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\H
I
WORLD'S ATLAS
A UXIVKRSAL ASSISTANT AND THEASURE-IIOUSR OF INFOUMATION ON EVERY CONCEIVABLE SUBJECT,
FUuil TlIK IIOISEIIOIJ) TO THE MANVFACTOUY. OIVKS INFORMATION ABOUT EVEHYTHINO,
IS ABSOLUTELY INDISPENSABLE TO EVERY ONE IN ALL WALKS OP LIFE;
IT IS TO BE CONSULTED ON EVERY QUESTION THAT ARISES IN
E VERY-DAY LIFE BY OLD AND YOUNG ALIKE.
AKD CONTAINS
m
INFORMATION OP SOLID VALUE AND PRACTICAL UTILITY FOR WORKINGMEN OP ALL TRADES,
OCCUPATIONS AND PROFESSIONS, THE STOCK RAISER, THE HOUSEHOLD, AND EVERY
FAMILY WHO WANTS TO SAVE MONEY; CONTAINING A REMEDY FOR
EVERY ILL, A SOLUTION FOR EVERY DIFFICULTY, AND A
METHOD FOR EVERY EMERGENCY.
PROFESSOR D. L. WEBSTER.
ILLUSTRATED.
CX)PYR10HT, 1U8S, BY OGILVIS * GIUUETT CtX
PUBLISHED BY
w^]V[. oobik: & oo.,
aii AND 34 Front St., Wbst,
TORONTO. ONT.
Esssfina
ACCIE
CALC
MINII
WON
EPARTMENTS
ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES.
ATUS DEPARTMENT.
COOKERY INSTRUCTIONS.
BANKING DEPARTMENT.
BUSINESS LAWS.
BOOK-KEEPING.
CALCULATIONS OF ALL KINDS.
THE CIVIL WAR HISTORY.
HORSE MEDICINES.
FAMILY PHYSICIAN.
MEATS AND VEGETABLES.
MINING DEPARTMENT.
POLITICAL HISTORY.
TWENTY THOUSAND THINGS
WORTH KNOWING.
MULTUM IN PARVO.
SPECULATIONS.
WONDERFUL BUILDINGS, TOWERS AND MONUMENTS
AND HUNDREDS OF OTHER TOPICS.
.tjemt,
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ILLUSTRATIONS.
.....,......i.i,ii.ntrf
Alabama, Map of
Abiakii, Mupof
An Aiiioriuim FurmBoeos.
A I'oiil
A HvtiM Sti-cot
Arizona, Miipuf ,
ArkiuiHit^, M;tp<)f
AT( HI- l,(K«(t'i)i'thlKh
Alius (if tlloSllllc'SDftl
ArtluliH. Illlliif Siili'.
PAOB
.. 806
... 804
... e»
... HTM
. 8411
... 300
.. aor>
... 415
tho Amoiicun Colon 272-23
2;J4
Aiictldii Suleiif I'oi'Hoiml I'loperty ^ -..
Iliiltliuoru^Olilo Idiilroad Elevator, trooust Point, Boltliiioce
Zffii
4I>U
lliiiilt ("ouiitcr 4S
Itiiiilt (if lliiulaiid. <3!l'>
llaiili III .\<H'(li Amui'icaPH<irtorS40 .'IWi
Uaiikof Ndilli AmiTli'iiSiiii'olH40 8117
Bfflmc 171
ll<micl(ifT>H(iu lliiildiiiif, Now, Clilcago 4«1
lUiok-ki'Cpur'ii om<'c, llliiatruti'd HuadlnK of Book-keeping 4r>0
ItrloklHyti-iatWork W
Uulliiaiid Hears (if tlie Now VorK Stock Ezabange 54.S
Bunker Mill Moimmeiit 415
Biiiiiinirdf fhicaa(>. OetobcrO, 1871 337
llusinu^ U'rliintf. Tl-iSH
Caiiilul U'ttois on .Sailo. Sliowina RelnUve ProportJ-JM 35
Cajiiial IiCHip I.(nt(>i->i, Kiglith Principle 3B
Capital SltMU, L'aiiilal r,u"p 33
Capital Stem I,(,'il('is Scvi'iilli I'l'lnolple 80
Dincieiit .MovctiKMit.-', Lateral and Holling Combined 33
l''iKin'L'8and ('npicH tor Practice ■ 37
Form and Liioiis (d'Sina 1 liCttcrg 35
Movement Ivxcrcises, <)\al9 33
Ornamental l*eiinian.'<liip • 88
Oval Caps ."^iv! h Piiuelple. • 36
Posltioniif till) llddy WlilleSittinE 30
Position (if tlio llddy While Btandmg . 30
Position (if tlic Hand and Pen 31
Prineiples in Writiuff Xi
Pritaiples \|iplied. Small I<ettors. .. 34
8inall Aljilialiet, l.ettersof . 34
Types, Uesemlilaticeot.and aaAUUldite .... 84
California, Mai) of 306
Capitol at 'iVoshinston i!U
Cathedral at Cologne 415
Central America, Map of S9T
Cbamlier of Commorco, ChioaffO 480
Colorado, Maput 808
Commission Honsos IHO
Conueetient, Map of 807
Cordw()(jd 185
Corn Cril), Flared , 17B
Cotton Itiid and Blossom ^ 5M
Cotton Compressor 507
Cotton ViekiiiK • 605
Cotton Pressing and Baling 600
Counsel and Advice 215
Cylindrieal Vessels 181
Cutting LciKS . 858
Dakota. Map of 308
Damage by Fire 24C
Delaware, Map of 809
Deteeting Counterfeit Money 08
DictionaiT Mercantile and Legal Terms, Illustrated Headlnc 283
Dog and Safe, Beehive 817
Domestic Animals 245
Elevator and Grain Trade, Illustrated Heading, 495
Exterior Cotton Excliange, New Orleans 609
Exterior of the New York Stock Exchange 549
Firemen ata Fire 168
Florida, Map of 309
Fruit 246
Game 244
Georgia, Map of 310
Globe Shiming Converging Lines 183
Grnln (litis 180
Grain Bins, Partial View 499
Grain Hnekct. 503
Grain lOlevator Boot and Tank 503
Grain Elevator Shoveling' Mnchiae 501
Grain Kievator, Transverse Section 498
Grain House. Partial View 497
Handful of Currency 251
Hay IMc;
179
Highest lluildiii)23 in the World. 415
Hydraiilie Mining, Full Page 644
Idaho, Map of 811
Illinois, >:<ipor 8U
Indiana. Mapof 313
Indian Territory, Mapof 312
Interior Cotton Kxehange, New Orleans, Full Page 511
Interior Fiivit National 'iank, Chicago 398
Interior of Bank, Cashier and Book-keeper's WindOTW 318
"owa, Miipof 813
()oul(1 in HlB Private OfBoe 565
tMBB
Kansaa, Mapof • US
Kentuekv, Mapof ■•■,. 803
Ijiud anil Water Scene , iSJ8
Law of CiuiyrlKht, Illustrated Heading, 3&'l
i^OKHiiiK I,oe(aiiotlve aH
lA>usiaiai, Mapof.. jjii
LiiiiilK'r Interests, lliiuitrated Heading ;ial
I.unilKrMiil
dOl
liUinlier Vard 184
Maine, Map of 31B
.Manilolia, Manof 299
Marsiaiii Fieiil & Company'* Betail Store, OhiMgo
Maryland, .Mapof.
Ma.'<saeiiusett.s,.Mupof
MeetuiK of tlie Board of Directors of a Bank..
.Miner's l!low-|iiiic
841
315
81A
890
pijic 688
Mo.\ie.i, .Map of 297
Miehiifiin, Slap of 31fi
Miiiini; Camp 540
Minini,', Illustrated Heading B3B
.MiiiUfs.iia, Mapof 3|7
Mi.ssissippi, Ma|> of 318
.Misiioiui, Map of 3IH
Montana, Mapof 319
Nebiiiska, Miipof 319
Mowers at Work iJU
Nails. Speeiimiisof 187
Nevada, Mail of ;0)
New llantiwiure, Mapof 301
New .lei-sev. Map af 3ao
New Mexico, Mall of .121
New Vork, .Mnpoi ;)3ij
New Voik I'c-tOilice 297
New Yiakst.ei E.vchange in Opanitlcn 553
Nort'i .\iinii>n. Map of ZH
.Vortli Caiolina. Mapot 802
Ocean .>teatiii'r 57
Ohio, .Mapof 822
Ontario, Mapof 299
Oictfon, Mapof 321
Palmer House, Chicago 334
PayingTeller 401
Pennsylvania, Mapof 333
Politieal liailv 73
Pyramid of Cheops 415
Pyramid of Ccphren 41.^
Quebce, Map of 800
Iteeovei y and Collection Of Debts, IliustratedHeadlmr 271
llcideneo . ..,." 249
llhtvle Island, Mapof 324
Koad in thuCiaintry 230
itrad Seero ..... 316
Kuinsof ltieCbli3afc4 Vhe , 268
Hun on the Bank 412
Scene in London , SB
Selling; Flour liySai^ple 184
Selling Grain by. Jam^.l 483
South AiU':rica, Mupof 294
South Carolina, Mapoi , 303
Spmid Eatrlo and Shie;d 303
Stampede of T .\a.= Cattle 6?6
Stationery Stock 144
Steamship at Sea 266
St. Mark's, Philadelphia 41fl
St. Pniii's, London 416
St. Petei-'catilomc , 416
Stnisliii.g Cathedral 416
8urve:,iti!? 181
Tennessee, Map of 300
Texas, Mapof 824
Treasury Buildingat \,'asbington.0.0 70
Trespass 238
Trinity ChuiohN. V- „ 415
Union Depot, Chica»ro& Alton Railroad, Cbloaso, 111 452
Union Stock Yards Exchange Buildin.'' and Bank 628
Union stock Yards OK^uoral "lew. Pull Page 533
Union Stock Yards Gran " Entrance 536
Unit.Ml st.itcs Patents, lllustr.ited Heading 26k
United SlatesBuprem Court in Session 32tl
Utah,Maiior 83.5
Vormmit, Mapof 301
Virginia, Mapoi 303
Wall Street Broker's Offlce 601
Wall Street Custonicr't, Hoom 563
Wail Street, with Treasury Building, and Trlnttsr Cburch 547
Ward 2M
Wiishinirton Homestead, Mount Vernon 25.1
vVashinjrton Territory, Mapof 33«
Wastiin^rton Capitol ilh
Wi^st Indies, Mapof 297 ,
West Viiifinia. Map of 803
Wisconsin, Mapof 331!
Wreck atSea 2ii0
Wyoming, Map of 33i
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INDEX.
iiiEiSiiiiiiiiiiiffiEiiEEliiEiiiiiiEiiEi#
A PAiir.
Ab()lltli)Ul8tg, AlKjlltlon of Slavery 7a
AbdtriH't i>r lldiueAtnnil iiiiil Gxninptlon LttWH S72
AhyBHiiilii, llcmrlptloiiof 2114
Aoclili'iit, Insiinincc.HlinwIiiK Formuf AculdoDtTloket '(It
Aecldf'iits iiml Injuries -
IlitcHiii ISlinnai f Iiisncts, How toCure lOa
llitijh, llarvcdt lliiif, lli)Hrt()<;uro 1(13
Kites, Mini I)i)K, I viwtoCiire 103
llllm, Serpent, IIdw to Cure 103
llleeillnKiit the NiM), TlireoMothoda 1U4
l)ie..liiii{frc)intliuIli)wels,To Htop 104
llliT.lln« f mm tlio Linilfn, To Stop 104
Bleed InK from the Moiitli, To Stop... , 1U4
II eeilinif from the Stomiieli, To Htop 1(H
lUoeillntf from Vurleone VelnH, To Htop 1(14
llurnBiiiiilHciilila.Huvuii MotliodgtoCnre 104
Cliuklmf, To r'revent 104
Colic, Cure for 1115
Convulsions, ('uro for Kk'i
CrRmp»,Ciiro for li>."i
Cuts, euro for KB
Deiith, How to DIstlnirulsh .1(15
DWoeiitlon, Temporary, Kollef In Casoa of Id.')
Eur, l( .elirii lloillos In the lUfl
Eur W:i.v,To Uoraovo Hiirdonoil.. KXl
Eve, To Itemovii Foreign llidleslntbo Kill
Fiilntliiif , Wlint to do 111 Cases of liw
Fits, 105
Plr\), How to lOxtlnuulHliClotlilniron lOll
Fractures, Ocnenil Kulea tor 106
Frost-bite, Trent mentor lOfl
Poisons, Their Syrnptixns and Antidotes KW
Sprains, How 1 1 Cure 110
SiiCToe^ition from Foul Air, Oua or Fire-damp 110
Sunstroke, Treatment for. .. llo
Account asil
Dealers, OvwdrawUin Tlieir 418
Of Dailv Hales in KetttU llualneaa aS4
orstoek XA
Hales, Form of 167
Accumulation, Faeidty of 67
Acre, Table for Measuring an i3&
Addition. Methoils (it 104
Admlnistrttlionsoftlio United States Government »[i
Advertisements, When First Appeared 155
AlBdavit, Form of Mlnlntf 54a
AfKhnnistan, Deserlptlon of 293
Africa-Its Location -Ship Canal-IsthmuB of Bucz-Entent of Africa-
Its ("oust -Islands -Intorlor-Elcvatlon— Mountains— Sahara Des-
ert - Oases — Heat -Uains — DroutfhtM-E(inatorial Heiflon -The
Iliver Nile— The ("onifo—Stnnlev audi, IvInKStono's Rxplia')ition.siu
Africa— Wild Animals -Mines -Its People — Ilailroad'*- Animals lor
Travel —The Camel — ('ivilization— Forests-Climate— Important
Product,s-Ex|)orts—A(jrluulture— Commerce, Etc aitt
Agency 226-r7
Aiireement and Assent S£i
Air Consumiition of in Activity nnd Repose 473
Extraet.Ml from Water V>r>
Of What Ciimpoacd 45ri
That Fish Ureathe 455
Vibrations of the 472
Ale, How to Mull afi'i
How to Hplce ;186
Allen, Ethan, I-lfe of 437
Algeria, Description of 203
Alpine Snow, How M Make 370
Alpnach, Tlio Hiido of ,. 454
Alps, The— Description of -Number of Mountaina and their Height—
The Summit -Timo Uequlrod to Ascend— How Many Guides Ue-
nulred and What They are Paid— Remarkable Ascents— The Intense
Cold— The Barometer -How It Affects Human Flcings— Perils of As-
ccndinit-Tho View from the Top— Care Required— Limit of Vine
and Tree Growth 4.'i4
America, When Discovered 1156
Aiaorloan Association 73
Wldgs 73
Anam, The Kingdom of 302
Ancient Roman Aqueducts .456
Ancient Tem|)les and Pyramids, How Built 412
.\nimals. Designation of Grou|>s of 4,38
Animals, Periods of Gestation in and Age Attained by 455
Antarctic Polar Region, The 441
Antilles, The Greater 297
Anti-masonry, Antl-rontiam 73
Apple Charlotte, How to Make 370
Baked, How to Cook 371
Cream, How to Make 370
Cuatard, How to Make 3r0
Fancy, How to Make 870
Fritters, How to Make 370
Tree Wood, Hardness of 454
How to Make Essence of 467
.Snow Balls, How to Make 370
Arabia, Description of 203
PAOF.
Araba,Tho 208
Arliit ration, Form of General Submlwlon to 280
.Vward, .Muiual Iteleasoonan 281
lloiiil, Form (.1 180
■{evocation. Form of 381
.'Xrchitectural Itulus In Tbobnt iA6
Aridiiteeture 108
llond 800
Art. Illundersand AlmurdlUea in 471
.Arctic Kxploriitions.
Area of Nortii .America
Ark -I 'omi>aratlvo Htu' of the Ark and Great Eaatern.
Army of tiie ICev.ilution, The
Aspen Leaves. Why .Always In a Quive
Kehitivn Whitt'iiessof
440
4X8
447
481
464
Asli. White,
Asia Description Id' Its >*i«> Where It Mes-Its Greatest Length Size
Compared to the I'liitisl .Htates- Islands, Mountali.s Mt Everest,
Highest 111 tile Worlil Caspian Heii--Sea of Aral- Lakes llelnw .Sea
U'vel The Largest Lakes- Rivers— Ilimloostan The Obi River
Valleys - Pluins Feilillty -TemiKirature Huinfall Cliniiite Si-
beria India I'yeloni'S -Hay of llengal Southern Asia -Vegeta-
tion Products Plants- ("entriil Asia— Forests Wheat— Tea Hiee
-Western .Asia- ('oir«H"-Tobaeeo- Dates-Figs- Olives - Domestic
Animals llea.sts of llunlen— Southern Asia Animals Ilirds and
Heptih's -Wild Cattle (lold, Hllver and Tin Mines IVti-olenm-
PreelnuB Stones Pearls—The lllrthplaco of the Human Raee . 200
Assa.sslnation of Presidents 73
Assaying Gold Ore 642
Assignment 221
Of Demand for Wages or Debt 233
Form of llonil . 224
Association, .New Orleans Cotton, When Formed 6(17
Atlantic Cable, The First 442
Atlas of tlie World 20(1
.\utoeracy. .. 73
A wanl by Arbitrators, Form of 330
A.xle Grease, How to Make Four Kinds of W
.Azores, The 204
B
Babel, Tower of 466
Babies, Superstitions Regarding 4'.'8
Bahama Islands, The 21(7
Bttiik,Oiganl7jitionof a 397
Discount 173
Frauds, Embezzlement 413
Methods of Defraudliiga 414
Note Paper, Manufacture of 69
Of England 306
Of North America, Prior to 1(U8 896
Of North America. Biuee 1846 397
Run on a 412
Stntement 411
Bank Ciieeks, Showing Forma 44-46
Cortilleate of Deposit 4«
Crosseil Checks 45
Banking Facts and Suggeationa, with Forms 395-414
Book-keepers.. 409-410
Cashler.llis Duties 397-308
Cashier's Reference Book, Showing Notation 389
Certillciition, Form of 401
Collection Clerk, His Duties 405
Note Book, Paire from 40«
Paper, Prote.it 406-407
Register, Form of 406
Collector, Messenger or Runner 411
Dot<'itiiin of Counterfeits 404
Devices for KestoriiigConfldeuce 413
DItlerent Classes of Customers 40S
Discount Hook. Discount Le<lgcra 408
Clerl£, His Duties. 407
Day and Offering Dav 407
Register, Form 408
F.tp'-nse, and Profit and I/osa Account 410
General Book-keeper His Charge 410
Kiting 406
Meeting of the Board of Directors 800
Notice, Form of 406
OITering Book, Pago from 407
Opening a Ledger, Vowel System 409
Organizjition 397
OverCertltlcatiii.i 414
Panic, Want of Confidence 411
Paying Teller, Hia Duties 400
Paving Teller's Estimate of Signatures 401
Power of Credit 414
President 397
Receiving Teller, Hia Duties 4P3
Short Term Paper Preferred 407
Stamp for Cortlfled Notes, Form of. 406
Tickler, or Record of Notes Due, Form. 409
Bangkok, City of 292
Bannocks, How to Make 366
Barnacles, Destructire Work of 469
INDEX.
PAiir.
Until, NniirlMliiriirHtoHin MU
llulii'i'liiu Kiiin, I'lio Aiii'Uint 4M
Halii'i'HtMr I'lMikin,; Mi'utri, Kriilt, VevvMbiM, MtQ, i JM)
Ih'iiiily In lln'r<'<, 'I'lii' Artut IW
Iciiily, I'liiiM'i I'l'iaiir 41"
li>ii\i'i'><, Atfi< Alliiliiil by , 4IW
kMlllllK I'lllXCIIH , 4(11
IIi'.i'Iih'ihmI, Ki'lKtlvo llurdnoHor i^«
ii'.r ■
4,V,
li'i'^wat, I III w III lli'flii)> 4ill
llillH, Till' I.m
lli'i'H, At(i> AllillMi'il liy
• lliflili'
rill' l,mitiv<i .,,
lli'liriM hlrtliiri, lliiii'mitlnn of
4ii;
467
I 4AI)
llcll.i. IImwi iMpllou
IImw Id I,iii'<i
lliiW to Cliilll Illl'IOII
Iii'iii'iii iiiiv, III' i'M.ii|iiM'ail\oIiiiiiir«noii ilii)
III rliiT'i, Tlio 'Mi
llilili', I iii'luiii Ill4.sri'tliin<irtlii>. ^llt
Mll'li'i, llir-lnrvi>r thu \ iiriiimiil'tlio WorM.
Hill iilSilii', !■■ il'lli 111'
Ilil'ill, Whiti', llclulUli llkt'illieiM of
Illi'ils. \^i' Am I'll liy
Iliiiil- III Mi'l'ily
s I Ml wiiii'liTlicy Fly
Illiiuiiliii, linw toMako
I'rrillll . .
Krciuli ..
^lMh^^■.^^^^'.■^^/^■.'.^^v^^■^^^^^^^^^^'.'.' .'.'.'.' .■.■.'.'.■.■.'.■.■.■''.'.■.'.'.■.".'.■.■.■.■; we
■ivii im
rtlH<'Ulii'ii'y.'<vriip, Iliiw III Miike Oiifi
Illackhlnis, A'-'o AH. luii'il liy 4M
Ilhli lviai>, Ani' Allililii"! liy ... 46(1
Hliiiit lii'Mlh I'l'iiJ'ii', 'I'lii' .:■.***
HIiiMi'Miiiitfi', lliiwlo Miiki- 871-384
IIUiiiil, lll^liM') III tliii liiM'ovcry of itsClrutiliitlon 403
(iimiilitv Dl'tnliiiti il liv tha I Iciirt's Athlon 4JMt
HI UP Laws, IlliU'-liKlit I'i'ilcmll.st TU
lllir l.iiws/l'lii' 449
noiinliif Tiaili', I'liiiiiij 479
AI'iirniii'lMiiiUi't, Ciriinn) 486-487
Ai'liitialiiiiiiinii Appt iil.Ooiuiultto<i«of 480
ArliilniMoii <'i>iiiiiiltl''oln Si«8inii 487
ll'iiiimiH-i CI llati-i , 484
Klaunimiir lliianliit'l'iailp 483
l''"VMi.<iil' i'<iiitrii<'i'4,0nilii.<iildan<i lliiiiKlit 48tl
Mai'jiiw, ltat«'» 4(10-491
Ollii'.'i-Hatul Staii'linn Ciiintnlttooii 4SO-4H1
()rnaiil/.aili'n,l)li.li'i'in 470
I'r-itliiil W.iikiiiKH il<0
I'uis I'al'H am! StmiliUea 487-489
It'll' •( .if .■^liiniirc 490
lli'.'i'iviii'r 'rni.l ', The 481-483
Uiili'< iluviTiiliiit hiipi'otlonot Omin 483-481
Si'lliiut ri'iilf liyHiiinpIo .... 484
Si'ilin r liiMiti by Siimplo 483
SiilinitMi'irt 488
f^i'tiliim'iili 493-404
Phippiiilf 'I'railo, TliP 48+-485
Sni'iiilativi.'Trnclo.Tho 4B5
Vlmtnri 481
Waii'liiiii'"' lli'i'i'ipts, Formof 490
\Vlii'.;i,Miirkit,'l'lii' 488
Hoilv, Mi'aii lli-il.or lIiimHii 458
lloilV, 'I'liolluiim'i, FailsAlxiut 42"
Iliillui'H, Tiilailar 480
Iliikhara. Descrlpt lull of iilC
Itiiii.ls, Korraol' 223
KoDkliiiiillii.' 300
Doiik-k'i'piiiir -i^iiiu'Noanil Coraprehonslvo Rxplnnatlon of SliiKleaud
Uinilil " l.'.iiii'V.SyHtpins -Neuesflllynud AitvantaKegofn Knowledge
III' Hiiiik-Krcjiillif 450
llniiini'oSlii'i't.HliiKlo Entry 4.'>1
Diiulili) F.nti'y 4.'>1
( ii'tiiral I'l'iiiuiplcs 4'i4
SiiiKlo Kiitiy 4.''iO
Th.i faiih HoDk 451
ThoCaih Itciok Fxnmples 4.j3
The Day Ilruk 4.V)
Thu l>av lliiiik, I'ostlnif 4.'i3
The Mi'irlmiiillso Acc'onnt 4.'i;i
Tim I'i'ttv Cash Hiiiik 4.')3
Thu I'lopiT .System 450
noot, Itiirli-hc'i'lid 419
Biirili'i' ItiilllaiH "3
BoBtmi Ciouni, Hmv to Make 3i'i5
Brass, l'a-:t,c> for I'lcariinL' 480
To Ueinovo Spots flora 488
Bruzil, I'll! I I> '11 riplivc and Statistical Matter Ilelatlvo to 298
Hreiid, Ilowtii -Mako (ioo'l .. 300
Brown, Iloivto .MiiUeFhoKluujof . 366
Corn, How to .Make 3tlB
K'ioillc'iit. Ilowto Mpko 366
Vii ■■ "li, I low t'l Jfaki' 3iJ8
tim.iam. Mow to Make !1«8
rtalia'i, I'.ov.'toMakf im
HIl'O 11 lid Whiat, How to Make 366
Sa'to, llow'o Maki' 3fi«
St^'aiiii'il, How to Jlake 3tifl
nreakfii: tc.il-p'i, I low to Make 366
Brewinn ■■ 2(0
Urioklavor'snndStoneransonsWork 1U)-187
Urioks.: 300
Antkpilty of 4.57
UMil llik'lilayi-r.s 455
Brick Willis, Strcn(?tli of , 470
Bridircs 200
Ari'hed, Huspenslou, Tubular 197
Form of 192
N'i'w \orkaud Brooklyn Suspension 193
'm-^
llrliliti«— Cnntlnuad.
VurliMiii 11... '
Ilriliiili ColiiiiililH ,
Ilriillicr .lonullmii
llrothK, How to Miikii All KlinH of,
Iliii'ktalli >
Iliii'kwiii'iit Caki'H, How to Muku i.<<
ym. k. How to Miiki' '"lli
MiilTiilo. I'lrlodof (l«4t«tl<mlll *5J
lliillilliiir, llliili on •ialiifTi?
Iliill.|liit(% VV hiliil 4a»-4»7,48i
lliiiikir Hill .Moiiii iil.Tliu ,*'''
lliiii'<. .S|iaiiinli, How to Muk« I •••" il!.
Ilatli, HowtiiMake ij"
Biirniiili, Kliiuiliiiii (if rr
llii.uil CiiMtonis , ^'jj
lliii«ini'i.4. How to t'lindiictanuooeHful |<J*
lliiiiliii*iis lorinii ilv
Arri'litiiiire 54
Hank Chi'i'k «J
Hill tor HirvU'i". 40
OvrlPhatiMif Hi'poalt 4il
O'rtllU'il Chuck 45
l)i'i:<ani| Noto '50
linn Bill 47
l,o. V 47
,lolnlanilHi'\i'riil Nolo 60
Miri limit's mil 41
Ni'tfollalile Mild not NotlutlableNuUl* 49
Oi'ili'rs, VarloiiK 5'J
llo'i'ljits, V arloiis 43-4M
Si'tol l':.(i'lmuKe 55
HlKhtliriift 54
niishU'ns I.iiws In Brief 423
lIuslni'K.t Wntiiiu:, IturorilKiif thu I'cii 27
Apiiliiatioiiof thol'riiielpli's, Hniall t,fitten One Bpaeo Illvh 34
Ciiiilliil 1,1'ttern, Anahuls Aiinrillnif to I'lnclplose, 7,8 85
Loop 33
Loop Lettem, KiKlilli I'rinclpio il8
Htoin :I3
Hti'iu l.i'ltiirs, Si'Vi'iitli rrliK'Ipki ,16
roiik'sror I'l-arlfri' 87
lllfl'i'irnt MoieiiieniaCoinliliied ill VnrlouA Fornil 33
l':s'<i'nlliil F.leinont8 of Capital Letters 33
FlKures 87
Flinjcr Movement 32
Lateral niid ItollinffMovuraeut Combined 33
Ijileial Moveni. nt Fxerclaea 3'l
lA'lfllilllty, Finlah 80
Letters of the, HiniiU Alphabet 34
Materials t'si'd In WrltiiiK 27-28
Mo\ iiM'lxeri'lHi'S !)2
OviilH Umwii I lilt mill Ovals Kvon :i3
Ovull.i'llers, Sixth I'rinciple 35
Peii.s, Ink and Paper 28
I'osllionof tho Holly 29
I'lisilionof thu Body Wlillo Htandlnir 30
Position of the Hand and Pen 31
Principles In Writing 33
Rapidity, Beuiily ai
Ilufiiulntf, an Krror ii5
ShiidiiiM: 20
Hlant 2«
Stiid> with Priictico 28
Types, Ilesemblaiice and Alisurdity 84
Uiill'orinity 29
Upper Iaiii| "i,Ci'iisslnKat IlelKhtof One Space 36
Whoio Ann, or Free Moveniont 82
Hiittornut, Itelatlvo Harduesd of m
Cakes— Mow to Make—
Almond aog
Cinnamon aeH
C'lidcolate, Frosting tor atw
Cocoamit 3(ih
Ciiooannt Drop gujt
Cocoamit Jumbles jxjjt
Composition )m
Ciiokjci. ;ina
Cookies, Drop a^ji)
Cookies, Molasses 860
Corn Sturcli a68
Creinn ajg
*'"P ■■•■ 809
Currnnt sus
Delicate jjuj)
DeliclonsSwlss '. 309
Doiiiilnuits jjf,B
'>''"1>' ; 369
!',''l"l. ■•;' 309
Frostintftor ijgg
F™!'',,-,-; .889
Fruit, Plain 3-9
fiintrerSnaps [ ^g
(linicer Drop " ^g
(irahiim 3^9
lee ("reara Telng for White 'jos
IciiiRfor '..'.'..'" mt
Indian Breaktiist Patties '309
.liihnnle 007
,lninlmll3 , 3-,'
i',"."'''e9 ■'". ■.'.:; ;. soo
KL^-sef
369
Lemon PutTa and Tarts 0?,
LlithtFrult oflA
Macaroons 07,
Marble, Llifht Part '.'.'..' onA
Marble, Dark Part , ; ; oig
Molasses (^lokies «,n
Muniii.') ; S^X
Nut ""'
INDEX.
fHki'H lluw eoMiiko- rAiii.
mil ,,,• iiTii
Di'iiiiui' rriiiii|icitii in
llriMiiri-, MimCllKlli'itUiVbuni It 370
I'liiin 870
I'mU m
I'.niiKl BtO
IMIN 1170
■■I
870
HiM.ii, uiuh :nii
Mil iw a7o
Hii'iiini'. h;i)
Hpoimi., Whllu ifiii
Hiriiwiii'iry .Hhiirf.«'iik« il>-
Hiitiui'.iiiiiiia fur MiikliiKt'iiko iKif
Wii'liiii'/l(iri „ . ,., 31)
l.ull'lllufi', .''CO ■•llmvlilOlllollluUl,'' uiicj«r H J''^i}L'
I'uiii I'll, l''.ni|ili'<' III' . (OS)
CaiUil-, .\w .Vti.iliii(|li.v 4M
ilniil i:ii<liiniMi'ii<ir Wf
I'l'iiiiii or 11. 41.11 1< III III 4 A
i'iini|ilinr, Siiiiill i,)ii.iiiillli'niif for lionin |fM 4AI
I'limiili'ir lci., llmvl.i MuKo 401
(.'iiim''i riiii liiiiiiliiliiii uf-Full Uiwcrliiliiin uiid fltntlii>li'iil Mnitur
ll.'liiilvc til ,. Z'9
CiiiiMl, I'lii'.'iilu* mo, 4i7
(!itimrli'H' \',U'.n, tlosi l.iiii'f ItTaki'H Id llnti'h. iM
I'lUuii'V Miiii.l.., |i '.oi'll'tlKiior i.'^M
Ciin.l'i'u, I'litciiu'i'l III (111 mill (liu 4^1
CiiiinHii, \'iiii 11, 1 Ivliiil.tiil' S'l
I iiiiiiiiii ilaiN. I low I'liKt thry Tmvul, iiml tliu Alr'a IIchUNidco tii Thfia. 4V'i
L'aini.ltviir ll.ivi-i ... l-ll
(it I'm Si'.«iN, liinvid Aw'Ttiiln 4'iW
CiI|ipTihvii, 11 ii|.||.iiiiir Wl
Ciljic! Vi'i'li' l.hiihli, l>iv..rl|.lliiiiof !!lil
Ciililtiils, Till' I'wi III' i-i
O.ll'll, Alt" Attllllivl liy .|.li
Cill'jiiMllrv .. SH
Cii'lii'I". II ivv t I ('!< 1111 Mil til.' riiiiir 4IU
t'linlii;' •. V.iiM.iH KiinK Kl Sill
Wh.Mi l'ir<l r-.'.l ill l.'iiiiiiio l.'id
Ciinliiiiil I'l ,1,1 llii-.iii,-,.^ ...!t«.S-ni|>
C'liliicnml 1 nl' I'liili, The .. 4411
,'<fllliiT D'vilsi'.ir 347
'jiiti, iMiiii .r III It. 111. Ill of ... 4iri
CilMillii, llii'.v 111 Miiliii »-'7
IMw til K I'll (liiiiilTwimt'/ Yuiira ... 3x7
Miisliruiiiii .nnV
llVHtm- :W7
Timmtii, 11 OoikI ...... .387-.'t^«
Wiiliiiit :tHT
Cnttii', .'<! Kt.v r 111 r Kliiils of Mcukliio for 131-i;m
OiiviM, iVdiuii'irui. 4111
Cii.Vi'iiiii" I'l'i'iMT .. 44J
C'lil.ir, It 1 111 (I lliiiiliii'nitof 4 '4
Crlluliiiil, ll.iiiK(i-sof 421
CVllR'llt.illl riiil.^llillly (I11111I 4lW
Kor rilliiiir I.i It ni'iit, innmsa 48U
Fur (lliLss ll.ill 1,-1 ... ills
li'iir Iit'utlicr, MiiuliN 4.-18
I'm- Mi'iiiliiii; Viitmiiul raiiH i^*-
CiimffiTlcs, (nil- Niitiiiiuil 439
OiMitnil Aiiii-'iii'ii-l'iill, Dr.scrliitivoand Statistical Matter Uclutiveto.. i»7
Chiillliiili, Al'ii .VtHiliirilliy 4(15
ClmiiiiiH. Aui' AttiilMiMlliy 4S!)
ClmiiiiHii^iioCiip. Iliiwtii .Miiko 8tV>
Chai-ccial, (,iiiiuitlt.v<)l' Wiioil |{ei{iilred tn Make 4.V1
Clmrt-'is, fur Iiiipi'utloii iif (Jralii 80.1
Kill- Storintf 497
Charlii;t<i Uiusc 371
Clieiks 401
Chci'k I.l.it. KoriiKir 401
Cherry, Willi, Itnialivo Ifiiriliiosaof 454
riii".u.j, Antli|iiltv 111' tiii'llumocif 447
Cluistiiiit, Hi'liitivi' lliiiiliU'SMfif 454
Clilll-riill l)c.'<irl|iHv.Minil,'',tiiHslii'al MHtterRolatlveto 298
Cliliiiiipy, Hlirlinst 111 thi' W'lirlil 4fl7
Chliiinryi, How tiiSlniiuhtiiii.Siittloil 400
Cliiiicsd Mnijilro.'nie— I'lipuhitiiiM -I'ortllity of Liinil— Itlvprsnml Canals
— Iliiw IHlViiiiliiLIVP -Kiiiiil— Rxiuirts— TrilM'Siit WamliTiiiif Pco-
nli'-Cityiif I'Di.iii— Wullaol'Clilim— lIi'tttUeiiToiniili's— ItsHousc'B,
Moiintiilm. lUi;
Cliincso I'riivcrlis
Chliicw Wall, nisi'rlption of
Cli(iciilati\ How to Miiko
Cliriiiiiiw, How t I Variiisli
Cliroiiolii'.'y of Iiu'inrtiiiii I'voiits, from 2318 U.C. to Date.
Ciller, Koniiiila f.ir Artill -iiil
Citloa, ThoOlilsf iiitno Woi-M
Citritiiof Mii^'iH'sla. Ilowto MiiUe
Civil I aw. Civil. '<iMvl(i>, lU'lliiMloiisof
Civil Klirhis Hill. Civil .Srrvioc Itilnrm
Civil Will-. Till' (Jii'ut.
291
.... 4.'a
4;u
3<I5
.... 40)
4-7
.... 4<17
W7
.... 4i«l
.... 2K4
73
158-lM
lloiiiiiiiM I'liKl by ViirliiinStntos I.'i.i*
Cluoii iloKicalTiibic'siil' llattios 159-Iiia
Colmi'il 'rrnnp.'i Kiina'-rc'l in tho Sorvloo l*iH
Nil mil rot M'li Drnrtcl, livStntos 15S
T,it:il NiimlH'iof Trl>up^ Fiinilslioil by Each State l.iv*
Civility, K^M'iit ill! nie'iii'iil. ill Civilization 217
Cleavinif lloiwii liei'orils 429
Clotli, llow t I Itcniovc'-ipot.s from 411!
Clothes WriiitfiM-.s, Mi.'tlioil of Manufacture 4.'j'.i
Coaches, When I'ir^t. irseil ., l.V>
Coal, Ant liniiite. Value nf as Oompared to NatiiralOM 4.'>7
Aiithnirite, Wiien First Usetl 8H
Fielilsol F, iKlanil m
Fli'lili. .Vnieiie.in 8.H
First I'atiMit r ir MaUiii',' Iron with Granted M
Oils, When First I'ueil Praitie'llv H8
(iieiitShiiftof l'liilii.i6lphm,V i;eiilini.'C'i 88
HowMiiny (Jiihio Fe"tlniiToniif Viirions Kinilsof 431
How Many Pounds to JIalntuin Given Horse-Fowcr per Hour 457
Inl'orinatlon About 88,437
&-
Colli' C.iilliiiii'il.
Mini', li<i<|H'iil in I'.nKlanil
('••i i| I", 'iiii'lliiiv' lion
Wliin l'n>i I'm, I
Fir-t Miiiiil
Flr«i 'III mi
Fir<l I 4eil rorHlillllilllir
I'li'fii lliiriii'l liiiliiite.4.
I'ir.i Miiii'il ill I lie I iilli'il Htiili'ii
Tiiv III 11 all il
Coal oil, ,' .1111 KirKt Iwil
I'lirlilii-'liiii'i, Kiiiiiii'uof
Coei'a.liinw
CinllMi. \je VHiillli'il by
Ciiir.i'. Howlo rliiKr -
li'iiil'ir itiiii'iii wli I'll DrawH 4iiil
Coins, Uii I, I'liiti 1 si.iii'<aiiii Fiiii'iirn li'l
Of F.v r\ I '011111 n III (111' W'li'hl 44"i
."llcr, I "I'el'.^ I ll.'.il I'lllteil .■J|aU'»... llil
Viiliie 111' 111,1 .\iiii'rl '1111 4;«i
Colli, H'W M , 1. mill 111 liwa'i !lci»l'e<'«lK'l(iw Zero 4iB
Colli. 'ii.i'iiy in the W. Till -"'I
Ci.liiHiM-lliii.'il.l.' i:iiiiiliii,ii, . , 4.'.7
I'liloleil I'ojilll llliill 111 ll.ll'll Cellllllll ^'*
Collins II I lit Iliillli'.'I'lie 151
Ciiiii|iri"'.si il Vrii.,1. How Millie ; J'W
I iiiii.iii—i'.ii, r iiimr .\i iitHiiii'ii ••. l'« lft7
l'i'iiiiiil<"l'iiisiiiii| 111 III I'l-nire, Cot loll '■2'.
Cilhlllloliweililll or lli'lilllille • ,•♦
I'oaipoiiiiil I III ,i-.tTiilile,hliowliiir$l from I loWyeam l.t
ciiiii|ii'iiiiii-i'i.f Wiu .I*
Coiiii'i'i,', \ Clieap..
Coliili'll-i'i . • .
I'l'lilllioil I'ow.Ut
loiiilor, 'fli '.of Peril
t'oiili'ili'iiiev, I'onl'ii 'erule Hiiitri,.
Ciiiili"l nili' 11, Arllili'-ii I'.
Coiuro I'l'i'.' Mules, lle.ii'rllilloli of.
< iim'ie^', \ nil rii'iill llinl (oloiilal. .
4711
sua
«l!l
t:r,
71
74
291
^
2S4
74
512
."12
71
2KI
•JIM -I'lH
Coii-iileriil
I'liiis 'Is, liiuliih. . . J,""'
Ciin-illutliin. Con>llliilliiiial riilini Parly
C'liiilni mill Ciiinrri'''S
I 0111 1 ml -1. .New (llleilllHCotliill, rollll of.
Coin eiil ion ol 17"7 ...
Co|i|.er M I
Cnpyritflit, Law of - i.,_- . ■ .«
Ciinimiinlialloii Eneliwinunn Assignment to Llbmrliin of Connress i*.
Forljilii'ls ,. , 3115 •v.il
Fiinii of .\MsiKiiiiii'iit, (ienerill ^1"
III iiliiiif, Certillealuol', Form '-'«<J
Coriu'i's ill Ibiilii, Fte *'*•
Corn, How to .Mi'iisme .. . .'i .•';•„•••: ■-"
Coiii,.'ipeeiiiallni{iii, Chieauollottrdgf Trodo 4ss
Cosiiiet iiiui's. How III Make i''i2
llamloiiiie '"''
C.iiiipli'\ioii Wash
Fine I'll will 'I-
nil III Make lliilr Curl
Peiirl Di'iitrillie ....
Pearl Wall r for the Kiice
'I'll Ki'iiiove Wrinkles from the Skin
To < 'leiir a Taniieil Skin
Wash for 11 llioleheil Skill
Cotton l';<ilittiiK'e,'riii! New Orleans i/., '.'"i
Cotton Speeiilat inn BUb-iiOi
CoiiKh Ciiinlv, How to Make *>'*'
Syrup, A (looil <"'
Court Pianler, How to .Make 4il2
Cows, Atfo Attaineil by and Period of Gestation In 4.i.>
rianes, .A«e Attained by ■•• *■!]
Cream anil Snow Wl-.IT-.
I1I2
ti-a
ll!2
l'i2
1112
li!2
1112
1112
Irt2
( 'ream, ( ioiweberi.v
Imperial
Ilasiiliurry
Hoek
Creams, Snow
.Sniinlsh
Whipped
Creilit Moiillier
Croimlil •, A'fO Attained by...
Cuba. Full lli^eriiitlon of —
Currant ('opiial, llliiek
Wine, How to Make ...
Cnriiiiis Ciileiilati'ins
Cnstanis, .\rrow lloiit
llakeil
Cliocolatii Croum
Oat Meal
I )i'e.nj,'e
Pice
:i71
;171
371
;rr2
372
372
372
,1il.-|
;ifi.-i
472
371
371
,'f72
372
372
372
441)
Hamaseiis, Deseription of ...
Damp Proof Walls
Danish .Vnnrica
Hark Aue.i. The
Dark Days, .'^'iniollemai'kable _. ■ ■ - - , _,., ... ,„ ,,
Deulhs from Dtplitlieria per l.OiKHn tlio Principal Cities of tho World..
Di'tiate, 'nieni.'.-itor '''•'
llei'islve ll.Utles of the World
Declaration of Inilepenilenee
Siirners oV the
Deeds, Parts of a. i'lr Conveyanco
Foiin of lioii'l forn
liittot lilentiire, Wiihont any Warranty Whatever.
Unit ■ 'liini Without any Warranty, Form of
'rni>t.'e's l''orm (.f
Warriinty, Form of
Deer. .\ife .Vttaiiieii by ,,j
Delivery of Cotton *'
Demoenitie Pi'rty
292
4.')M
417
41K
4i'i2
157
417
437
219
INDEX.
PAOE
Daposit, Indorsinff for. 68
Tk-kct, Form of <«
DepoditcrH, Uorruweis 89r >W
I)cpo«;tor'8l'asa Hook, Form of vfi
Ueutlisiif the Ocean, The Ore«to«t 447
DeloctinK <^o"'itcr:eit Money 07
AlttTtMl Iluiik Notes 70
Bank Note Paper 89
Coinpurintfiiad Kxttiniiiinir Notes 70
Counterfeit and Genuine Work 68
Couiitorfeit Money in Circulation 67
rounterfeit Signatures 70
Devices and Frauds. 68
Geometrical Lathe 68
Ijithe Work 68
Piiciutf. EU! 71
nulliiK Engine Work 69
SoliiiPriut 69
Vitrnettea 69
Dlamoniis a91-2i«
Dtana.TheTemploof 4.")B
Dictionary of Mercantile and LegeH Terras, Givlnsr About COO Terms
il Deflnitions Ki-8»
niBTPsti-n Tables l.V>
Dinner Menus, Twenty Choice i'JS
DiKcount, Itenk 173
Discnunts. Trade, Form of Hill 170-171
Doir, Period of Gestation in 4f)5
DiiKwood, Itelative Hardness of
Douif hunts. How to Make 3ti9
Drafts and llillH of Exchange £3
Draft Kiols, New York 75
Drauj-'litsmcn, I'soful Hints to 457
Dreil Siott Decision 76
DredRinif Machines— What WorUThey Cau AccompliBh ViT)
OreysniuKinif 431
Drunkenness. Certain Cure for 426
Duck Efgs, Ho w I,onif it Takes to Hatch 455
Ducks, Ilow to <'ook 375
Spwd at Which They Fly 457
Dyeintf, Uecelptafor 468-469
EaKlo, .Vsre Attained by 455
F^its. Whata Man 4CI
Kaiths (/enter, The 472
Eartlniuakes 440
Economy, Uiiies tor Economical Business 217-318
(ietf in)t a (Situation 218
Eel, Ap' Attained liy . 445
Ekks, Hiiwto TeH.\Keof 483
HowtoCook 873-373
Ilow Louii it Takes to Hatch Various 4,j5
How to Engrave on 443
Viihie of for Fo( d and Other Purposes 4(i4
Egjpt. Oescription of iiW
Ggypiinns, Tlie. 3'.'3
Electric Light 303
Elcmenn of Success in Dnsiness 215-218
Elephunt, Period of Gestation In 455
Aite Attained by 455
Elevator and Grain Trade 495
linsiness of Elevator Companies 495-49<i
t'Uar^^csfor InsiK'ction 6CKi
(.'ompcnsation for Storage 499
I 'onsi ruction, Various Differences in Elevators. 503
Daily Ueportof Sliipmenta 602
Ditl'ercntC lasses of Putilic Warehouses 502
Elevator n-sttu American Institution 495
Eievator, Hoot and Tank, Vertical Section of tM!
Elevator C »t Locust Point, Bal Imore & Ohio Railroad 496
Elevator Leg, Tile 497
Flaxseed, Inspection and Cliissiflcation 603
Foieinanof the Elevator, His Returns 501
Groin Hiiis, Partial View 499
Grainllucket 603
Grain of .Same Kind, and Grain Mixed 503
How Grain is Raised an 1 ' onveyed to any Partof the Building 496-498
Ili3P"ct ion Department 1 Inspectors 49.5-496
Noting tlioWeiglit of (ii.nii 497
Order for Delivery of G rain for Shipment, Form of 500
Registrar, IlisDuties 496
.Shovel 496
Trmaverse Section of an Elevator 497
Trimming 501
'■ loading Grain from Railway Cars 497
I iingor Loading Vessels 499-501
V, ■) ,iuse Receipts and Form of 499-500
^ ,1 o«:ia the Elevators 495
i lU,, atU-e Hardressof 4.54
v: ixj.ionee. Masterpieces of 154
' um- 'petion 76
; 111 I,- '"nts, to protect 470
X-.. r. 1. 291
r>eiyL'iotl;, Device for Stretching 457
203
.inglnes, t'seful Hints .\tiout 460
Bngineers, .ntorraation for 4.57
Engineering Appliances f'sed by the Ancients 4W
Envelopes when First I'scd 155
Braof Good Feeling 78
Bsquimaux 295
E'trope-Desoriptionof-Where Situated— Size— Population of— Water
Boundary -The British Iilcs- Extent of Coast— To Whut II Owes
Its Commercial Supremacy-The Islands of Europe— Description
Of the Land-Caspian Sea -The Netherlands- High Europe Tho
Mountains -The .\lp«— The Mountain Olaciem-The Rivers of Eu-
rope—The L»k«8— .Salt L«kee-Climate - Rainfall -Frozen Marshes
-Forests— What Its Products Are- Animals— Fowls aad Fish-
Minerals— People, to What Races They Belong 280
Excellency 78
PAGE
Exchange, New Orleans Cotton iii 52}
Lumberman's "^i?l
Executive Ability -■ JU
Executors and .Administrators, Duties of ™?"2j
Exemptions from Forced Sale in Different States '"^'S:
Expansion '"*
F
J'armers, Riglitsand Duties of itSt
Damage by Flro 240
Domestic Animals 346-248
Fixtures 2d6-S3e
Fruit, Who Owns It 246
Game 244
Hiriiiura Farm by Lease 240-241
H!-ing (;f Help 241-S42
lliilroiid Lines Through Farms 237-288
Hik'iit of Way 237
Roads, Trees, Etc 236
Trespiuss 289
Water Rights and Di'ainage 28S
Fastest Hoat in tho World 463
Federal (iovernmeot. Federalist 76
Fenian Movement 76
Fiction of Law 286
Figs, How to, stew 37;
Financial Panics ! 78
Finger Nails an as Indication of Character 4i;4
Files, How to Mend Broken 458
Fire Grenades. How to Make 40:1
Fire, How to Extinguish i'^s
Fire Insurance, How it is Conducted 327-1^1;
Account Current for a Month, ormof ... . 330
Ad luster, Tlie, His Instructions 329
Agent's Agreement with Insured 329
Contrait or Policy 827-339
Daily Report of Agent, Form of jcg
Frauds SiO-iBI
.Joint Stock 3»»
•Mutual ;aH
Noticeof Loss 328-329
Policy Register, Form of a39
Pniot of Loss, Showing Items of Policy Instructions, and Magis-
trate's or Notary's Certificate 331-,'!.'i3
Supervising Agent's Report, Form of 332
Fires, G reat of History 433
Fish, .\go Attained by 4'i5
How lokeepSoinid ,S74
Secret A rta of Catching 4311
Fish, How to Choose, Cook and Prepare Various Kinds of 373-375
Anchovies ;i73
Halls 374
Boiled 374
Bass, Black ,■173
Chowder 373
t^am Fritters 373
Cod-llsh 373
Eels .374
Herrings, Broil. Roast, Frj or Pot 374
I T ."'er. Buttered, Curry of or Chowder 374
M'leserel, Fresh and Salt 374
Oysters, Fry, Stew, Esealioped, Pickle, Corn and Patties 37,V-375
Potted. ,374
Salmon. :i7,"i
Salt Cod ,189
Salt, General DirectionsforCooklngBllKindsof ,375
Sauces tor Fish 38.'
.still geon 375
Trout ,375
White Fish 373
Flour Paste, How to Make 463
Flour, Quantity of Derived from Wheat 4,"i,-i
Flowers, Languogc of 15,3-1,54
Natural, a Preparation in Which Dipped, Will be Preserved 461
Fogs Olf Coast of Newfoundland 300
Forests of the World 46(1
?"orging. Chisel, Etc 4«o
Fox, Age Attained by ir,,',
Freckles, Ilow to Remove Without Injury to Skin 463
Freight, Comparative Cost by Rail or Water Transi>crtatJon 425
Fremont, .Iiihn ('., F.xpi i-atlonsof 433
Friction, The Law of 4,56
Frost in Siberia 4.56
Frosting, How to Make m
Fruits, Ilow to Preserve 131-130
Apples 121
Apricots , 123
Cherries 133
Citron 122
Crab Apples 121
Cucumber 122
Currants 122
Dewlierries 1 '3
Fruits, To Preserve Without Cooking— Without Self-Sealing Cans
—Without .Sugar or Vinegar— By Syrup Without Heat— In
Brandy— To Bottle— To Keep Fresh in Jars .. 131, 124-135
Ginger, G 'eet.' . . 123
Imitationof • 12J
Mock 123
To Preserve Melon-bke 122
Gooseberries 123
Grapes, in Bunches 122
In Vinegar 123
Hints on Preserving 121
Ilucklelierrics ]•<)
Jam, How to Make i:;,-.
How to Put Up While Hot uk
Jelly, How to Mate 12,^
Custard 126
With Fruit 12J
With Gelatine 131
tf
FAOB
W4
»8
871-182
ax
«t
S40
. !M6-248
. ads-sae
SM
ZM
. 340-241
241.S42
237-388
.... 237
.... 388
.... 2»»
.... 2W
.... 4«i
. . . . 76
.... 71)
,... S86
... Tit
INDIX.
Jell/— ConODued. page
UnclsM 126
Row to Color .128
How to Preserve from Mold 12S
Marsialade US
Mushrooms 123
Otmnrae, to Preserve Wbole UB
Oim&fe Peel . . 123
Peuhes 12*
Pears 123
Pineapples 123
PluEt, Damsoas Oreen Gaces, Purple 122-lS
Quinoee 124
Kaspberries 124
Rhubarb .124
Sttrawberrisa 124
Tomatoes 124
Trait Wines, How to Make ISS-ias
Apple 125
Apricot .125
Blackberry 126
Currant 128.368
Gooseberry 135
Grape 128
Futures, bectrine of Cotton 510-617
c
Galranic Battery 204
Game, How to Choose and Cook 375-378
Ducks 373
Partridge 378
Pheasant 37S
Plover 378
Quail 376
Rabbits 378
Snipe 378
Venison 378
Gar6eld. President. The Assassination of 442
Gas Compared to Oil 4.VS
Natural, Informatior. oil 4.^7
Time Required 1 1 Travel Through Pipes 4.".*
When First Csed 88
Gau^ ..204
Geese, Age -Attained by 456
Gems. Graham, Ho.vtoMake 3B7
Gerrjinander 77
G«ststion, I'eriodof ill .Animals 4.>5
Gintr^r Snaps, How to Muko 3^
Glass. How to Iirill Holes in 4.t*
H'jw to Polish Plate 461
How to Frost 489
Windows, When First Used 1 j
Glue, howto Make liiiuid ♦tiS
How to Ke«'p S^weet 480
Size, How to Make 480
G^ild and Silver Minerals 206,541-542
Discovery of in California 155, 431
Ho» to Make Artittoial 433
HowSmallit, May be Divided 473
Mineii 291-295
Goldfimh, -Affc Attained by 4m
Goose E(ri,-s, How Ix>n(f it Takes to Hatch 455
Governor 306
tUivemment, Forms of ;g5
Grat-clul, How to .\ppear 419
Grain lnspe<tion Charges 4^4-103
Mixe.i 48;)-4,.T0e
Grand ,1ury 285
Granjre, or Patrons of Husliandy 77
Granite, Enormous Illoeks of 454J
Graiit, General l'. 8., Tour Arouni. tho World 44^
Greenback 77
Gre-cTland 295
Griddle Cakes 3«7
Griyuiland West, Description of 294
Gruel. F-irtr, How to Make 385
Guaranty, Forms of 224
Indorsement, Form of, 64
Guardian, Duties of 254-255
Bond by Guardian, Form of 2.55
Petition for Ap(iointment by a Minoi Over Fourteen YeaiB,Form of 255
Guatemala. Description c*' 2fl4
Gnn. Gun Metal 205
Gunpowder 205
Charcoal in, of What Woods Made 4.i6
H
Hair, to Prevent Falling Out of The. .
Hard Ciderand Log Cabin Campaign.
Hare, Ape Attaineil by
Havana
Hawks. -Age -Attained by
Hayti
Haiel, Relative Hardnettsot
Hiadacbe, Cure ft T "'eivoiis
Health, Rules for"T Preservation of. .
Heat and Cold at Which Substances Melt, Boil or Freeie.
Heat Creating Power of Coal and 0ns
Hen E>rgs. How Long it Takes to Hatch
ed bv
Hens, -Age Attainec
Hickorv. Relative Hanliiessof
Highest Buildings in the World
point Reached by Man
Hints on Kitclien Work
To Young Housewives
Hiv«s, Thtir Cause and Cure
Holv Land. The
Homes, AUantagesof Owning
Homestead and Evcmption I.aws, DIfTorent States..
Hone^ivas an Eli-menti'l' Success in Business
llwnev.'Huw to .Make Arlillcial
Vvhat the Chemical CempositiOl oti»
4.V.
2ff7
4.W
,. 297 -.'.•>•
»-'>4
.... 4«I
439
.. . 425
457
4.55
4."m
. 4-4
41.V4I:
. ... 4'>:?
... . 435
... 4^1
'..'.'.. «o
271-2(*3
215
483
4<S
483
BoTM Remedies
Alteratives for Horses—
AlteraUveBaU 12T
Debility of Stomach 127
Defwtive Secretions 127
Disordered Stateof the Bkin 127
Simply Coeling 127
Ai»a*tbetic9 for Horses 127
Adhesive Plasters for Hoises, Various Rinds of 129
An'-dvnes for Horses— '
Anodyne Ball 127
Ball for Colic 127
Cl<"onic Diarrhoea Cure 127
Uiarrhtsa Ball 127
Drench for Colic 127
Antacids for Horses 127
Antbelimntics for Horses—
I»ronch for Worms 127
Worm Ball 127
Antispasmodics for Horses-
Clyster in Colic 128
Cr.lic 128
Drench for Colic 128
Aperients or Purges for Horses—
A Warmer Physic Ball 128
Cooling Drench for Colds 128
Condition I'(jwder, a Good 491
Gentle Laxative Ball 128
Ljucative Ball for Washy Horses 138
LAiative Drenches 1?8
Mild < i(K'nmg Drench 128
Ordinary Physic Balls 128
Purjr.'tive Clyster 128
Purging Balls with Culomel 128
suig^'r IS Mcdicin • for 128
Very Mild Laxative 128
Astringents for Horses—
ASJrmg( lit Lf ition 128
Bloodv Lrine 128
r»iaix-tes 128
<iintments for Sore Feet 128
ricx-rateil Sores 128
Blist'crs or Vesicant^.for Horses—
Bli'-ter Ointments 128-129
Kinglx.ne, Spavinand Splint Blisters 129
Sweating Blisier 129
rau«»»csandCauterie>ifor Horses, Fourt "en Kinds of .... 129
Civst«-rs or Enemata for Horses, Various Kinds of 129
Oot<lials for Horses—
Cc>rdiiil and Exiiectorant 129
Coniwl » lis 129
Cordial Drench 129
Detnulifiitsfor Horses—
Drench. iH-mulcent 129
Marsl.ini^rr.w" Drench 129
Diai'bor... lies for Horses-
Hide iKmud Drenches 129-i;!0
Varii lus Dn-nclii s for 129
Digertives for Hor es—
Digest ive Ointment 130
Diureiicsior Horses-
Active Powder 130
Coofing Diuretic Ball 130
P-.wdcrfoi Mash l;!0
Stimulating Diuretic Ball 130
Btol'.'x-ationsfor Horses—
A .-live Sweating 130
Mustard Embrocation 130
Stjm iilal ill ff Embrocation 130
Sweataig. for Wind Galls 130
Bmuls)<'iis for Horses-
Active Emulsions 130
Siinjile Emulsions 130
icton
130
1,10
13(1
130
130
Eipet'torants foi^Horses—
Cougti ExT'Cctorunt
Standing C<iugh
Strong Exiiectorant
Febrifuges or Fever Medicine for Horses—
C<»olmg Drencli
< "^>"ling Powder lu^
Fever Balls 130
lytionsfir Washesfor Horses-
Wash tor Galled Sores 130
Wash for Inflammation 130
Wash for ricers . 1^)
Sarf'XK-^ for Horses. Various Kinds i;tn
Refrigerants for Hors<-s, Various Kinds 1.10
Sedativiv for Horses, and Their Effects 130-131
Stimulantsfor Horses, Various Kinds i:(l
Stomach Meflicines for Horses. Various Kinds of 131
«ryt*i<-slorHorse.s, fur Stopping the Flow of Blood 1:11
Tonic UxlU tor Horses, Various Kinds 11)1
Hotse*. .Age .Attaine<i by 455
DuraJ'ility of 425
Hxw Fell in Norway 4.5H
PerJ"*! of <;cstat ion in 4.^)5
Ha«e«t Place on the Globe iM
Hoc Waitr Pipes, Joints for 4.57
Homc4K>M Becieipts 99-100
Beams. Kow to Shell Easv I'll
Beds. Feather, How to Cleanse 100
Bed-tJckK. How to Clean 9!)
Oari<ets. How to Clean 99
How to Remove Spots from 09
How to Remove Ink Spots on 09
How to Wash 99
Octh. How to Clean and Scour 99
How to Revive Color of Black 99
Httiovatitm of 99
Craj*. How to Restore 100
HamK English iU:-eipt for Sugar Curlaff lOO
MemtK, Hew to Pickle 100
^
f
t>.
INDEX.
chiilcl Itccelpts— Continued
I'lirk, How to Cut UpiuidCure.
>'tul II
\Va*i!uii-
iiisi'hiilil Ki^fuipts
'reptlftltii'ii'^
PAOE
... 100
... 41)0
1(10
Flow Poor liiiys Ik'cipmc Si res.^ful Men '-jj
Howl ho Woifills Wfiuluil ami ll.s Density and Muss Computed 4(i3
Howtho L'nitodStalo.stiot lis Liuids ■> M
How ti) He Hiiiulioine •'■'*
How to liny Iim Hales of Cotton ;•,.'?,','
How to (.'alinlato Various Kxiiraploa of ItM-llU
A<l(lilion ';i
Ai-i'i'Unt Sales, Form of l»c
lliii klajcrs', .'^tonema.sons' Work, Scille l»il
Ca|iai-ityof llo.tes jW
Cattle, To riiul Wuiiilit of liy Mwuiurement It-o
CisU'rnor Well.To FindCajiacity cf ISl
Commis-iinn ' , iSi
Coniponiicl Interest, with Trtblo ... li.»-174
ConverKinK Lines I***
Corn on tlio Col) in Cribs ii"
Kraetions 1(15-1IW
(irain,To Find tlioConfiiitsot a liin in lliishels l™
Hav, To i'ind tlio Nnnilicrof Tonsin Staeks 1"9
Hay, To I'ind Valuoof, Ktc 11*0
IiisuraiuT l'>*^
Interest I'l-lli?
Invctitments, Heal Instate lie
Land Snrvoyinif, Divisions, Etc IHI
LoaTisunlieal Kstnte, .Mi atKa(?e, and oilier classes of Investments. ITU
Multi|iliiMtion,Sliort .Mehtoils of 1(15
Nails, Various Kimls, Sizes, Ete., How Made 137-i:iS
I'airiters' and Cakiinincrs' Work It 1
I'laslon-rs' Woi k, to I'nui Nnm'er YardsPliusterlng in a Uoom.... l.sti
I'raitieal .Measnn'nientB l"'.l
rrineipalor .\stroiioniieal Lines, Diat'ram IS'i
Qiiantitv of LwiiiliiT in a Lot;, .Soun mess of Timber 1.^5
Kiil.'Slor Mei-lianU'S 1B4
Seaiuliiii? and Timber Mca.^nre Itediiced to One Inch Hoard
.Measnie, Table* 185
Sell (ioivU ;ilt'«
Small Savin^:.<". with Tables Showing Kesults of Savinsrs ^. 178
SiuKMilatu in Wall Street. BiiO-Wl
Speeinatij on tli-' Hoard of Trade 4711
Stocks, H aids and Investments, Showtne Markft tiuotations 175
Taliieto I'md Number of Acres in a Itodyot Land, Ktc 184
TinilievMiMisme 184
To I'iiid .\iiMii'ir of Teot in Seuutling 1B4
How to l)e:.trov i louseliolil Tests—
.\n!s. It" iaiel Hlaik 101
lledl)il -s. r.levill .Methods 101
11...
101
101
101
101
)'J!i
ioa
Wi
ha
iiE'riiiliara
(Yickcis
V'ly Paper, How to Make
Iliseils
Si isipiitoes. How to Drive oil
Mot 111, How to Destroy in Carpets Wi
Ilowto I'ri'scrvcClotliinsirora KB
Hals, l-oiirtc-n .Methods KB
Wa'M'. to I'rovent Vermin in 103
How to Tell ,\ 'ly Pi-rson's A(?e 4:i2
Hinnaii Hndyai! ; L.in^'i-, ity 427
io',n.i!e. Veri" I oi C'-.station In 4.'i5
Str'iit:li 4:.'8
nurrieiiiie, N'eloiity of a 15."i
Hyena, Al'c .\ilaiiied by 455
Hvdraiilie, or llvdr oilieal Kn;fincerinir, and Hydro-dynamics «0.'>
Hydto.static, or lly.li-ostiitical aW
409
4IW
;i(i7
Ice, Hard and Soft Water
The lii.i-ti.ityof
Sn-^taini'tr I'ower of
Which ICind Keeps Host
Tee f reaij. How to .Make Various Kinds of 3(j6
Iceland »«
Identidcatlon 30ti, 308
Illii-ti'ioiin .Men and Women 431!
Impcaehnii'nt, President .lolmson 7"
India. The Empire of— How Hnled—'^ize— Population— When Settled and
bv Whom -Laniruisfe- lleliirion-Kiust Imlia Companv— To What
Country Snbji it- .Momitains — Pl.tins— Kertility— Deserts-Cli-
mate- .\irriiiilliiro— Slock UaisiML'— Industries— E.\ports—Kood of
the .N'.Uives— Important Cities— Island of Ceylon— Colfee-Sjiiccs—
Pearl ( lysiei ••,— I'ishriie.s. Ktc Ml
Indians, Ameriian •JO't
Indeiienivii.-e 77
lnilori''nfntiol' Noie.s, Dral'tsand Checks fll-fifi
iia'ili Cheek, I'orm of, Showiin? Face and Back, With Indoi'sc-
nieii(- 02
C'.i'till' ate of Protest, Form of G.5
<;on.iilional 63
Criiaisxnty, Form of 64
In itlan Ba
In Full or Special 68
l,t:W fJovcriniiK 0()
.Note for Collection, How to Indorse, Form of 63
Protest and Not ico 64
Infants in Law 221-223
Injreroll'sOiatioM at the C.ravpof a Child 154
(jratiim at His Hrothor'sliravc 154
In-In,pe"tiona:i I Oot-Inspcotion of (irain. Charges for 4R4
Ink, l!ow t ) .'(fake Printer's 458
F.vtraetnr, Instantaneous 401
lieeeiptrorMuklMSf Violet 461
Inn, Hotel and Hnarding House Keepers 234
Inspection lit flrain in and i ui of store fM
Insurance, Life 261
Marine 280
InBiiranco— Continued, PAOK
Form of Immediate Notice of Loss. 258
Law KelatiuK to Fire 258-2.59
Notice, with Certillcute, and Assignment of a Policy, Form of Each 2.51)
Dr A.ssurance, Dclliiition of 286
Integrity, Itellaiice Ota Uusinesa Man 217
Interest on Money 473
And Usury 233
Compoun<l, Ciusting Up, and Table of 173-174
Different Merhodsof, and How it Accumulates 171-172
Interesting Industrial Items 103
1 ron .
, 200
Malleable, to Color 458
Prodnctionof 88
Halls, when First Used 88
Soapstone, Paint for 13;t
When First Made with Coal 88
When the Process of Galvanizing was Invented 157
Itemsof Intenat 156
items Worth Remembering 423
Jack, Jack Lever, Jack Screw 208
Jaguars, Age Attained by 455
Jamaica 297
Japan, The Empire of-lts Islands, Forests, Lakes and Hivers— Animals
—Motintains— Occupations of Its People— .Manufacturing-Mining
—E.vports -Principal Cities— Mikado's Hesidcnce— Tokio 201
Jellies, How to Make Twenty Kinds of '. 371-.!77
Jerusalem, History of the City of 443
Joint and Several Note, Form of 50
.Indgment Note 49-.50
.lumballs, How to Make 371
.1 u risprudcnee, (! enoral. Particular. 286
huv, Dilfeient Kinds 28«
Kansas and Nebraska 78
Khartoum, The City of 294
Knives, when tirst used 155
Kukli'X Klan 78
Labor, The Value of 472
Laud, Cultivation In .lapan 408
Measurement of 181-184
Ijinds, i'ho 1' nited States, How Acquired 436
Language Used by Christ, The 442
or HroKcrs 558-554
Of Gems, The 435
Languages, Number of 155
Law ivSIS
and Legal Forms 220-26j
Governing Hunk Checks 46
Governin-,r Drafts luid Bills of E.vchange 56
Goveriiiiig Indorsements 00
Governing Primiissory Notes 61
Govirning Iteccipts 43
Of Milling Uegions 542-543
Btatiite and Common 220
Lead 206
Mines 202
Leaning Tower of Pisa, The 431
Leases, Sugirestior.saiid Statements 242-243
by Grant, I'onn td" 244
Landlord's Notice to Leave at End of Term 243
Lardloru'3 Notice to Quit for Non-payment of Kent 243
^■|lo•■^ Korra, Without Conditions 243
Leather, Morocco.... 203
Liquid I'eaient for 458
Lecompii 'II Constitution 78
Lee's SinTeiKier to lirant 438
Legislaliire 78
Lenionade, How to Make 365
Leiiiiai Pulls and Tait.s, How to Make .371
Syrup, How to Make 365
Leopards, Age Attained by 455
Letter, How to Wrilo a Business 144-152
A Model Hiisiness 148
.Addressing tlie Kuvelope, Diagrams 148-149
Arrangement of Items 150
Hi id v of t he Let tcr 148-147
Hrev it y and Style 150
Husine-s Lit ters. Various Formaof 1.51-1.52
Itiai-'rani ofthoStruetiireota 146
Foil I iiig t he Sheet 149-1-50
Ileadiugtho 145
In Advertising 214
InstriH'tions, A Dunning Letter 150
Introduction 161
Literature of a 150
Margin and Address 148
Ordering (ioods 160
Paperaud Fnvclope 144
Sending Money by 160
Structure of a... 1*4
Letters of Credit, Circular • 67
('ircular Notes 60
Form of Circular IiCt tor of Credit 68
Level 206
Liberia, Description of 294
Liberty Hell 441
Liens, General, Specific, Mechanics', Maritime ■• ■ 2.56
Lite insurance 333-338
A pplicat ion. Form of 336
Declaration, Form of 33(1
Double Endowment for Twenty Years 334
Eipectation of Life, Constructed from ilortallty Table 335
Extent and Magniture of the Business 337-338
Frauds W
^^-
TAGK
!!5a
:, SM-l'SQ
Pormof Eacb aa
a«B
MI7
47S
za
173-174
171-17a
]«3
aio
458
8»
m
Wl
88
137
IM
4a
•• 30«
••• • 455
•••;■■: LW
s— Animals
Iff— Miiiiii(r
» 291
371-ii77
443
60
49-50
371
286
38«
INUKX.
Life I iisiimncp— Continued. I'AOK
Miirtiilily Table, Assured Lives IW
I'cilic'V, Form nl' !W7
rrcmiinns, Tiililpsof 33f>-:i:»l
s. iiu-l-')iilMwinfjiit lor Twenty Veurij k>4
Si'ui" iTc'iiiiuni Lil'o Pulicii's '.i'H
Ti'n l''c':niiiin iN()M-l'"(]rloit!nif I'lun ii->!!
4.Vl
•.Xi\
431
1^
A'n
■ihr,
451
l.-)5
457
, 4118
1.5
;j.->l-;«;i
MKliliiiiitr, HisturKo llollpctod. .
Iviinit.itintis
Llmitof Nutunil VIhIom
Linnet, A re Attained by
Lions, A.-'e Attaini'd by
reilddiil' (le^tationin
Lhinins
Lne, >miifi\(', Tiie I-'icst
Liieo.iotiv.':), lnl'<a-mati(iu About —
London lin l«"
Ijoom-s
Lossi'h. ViuiiMKin Mereaniilo liosine-
Lumber and (itl. IT Artiek'S, listimated Weiiflitoi 191
A Day at tliu ('ain|i K"
llooininur, Sortinjf nil 1 Sawiuif 3o3-!l'>:i
Oililoini I Hi dwood 'Hi!
Daiii-'-ei-s <il' I.outfini? 3.")8-:>'>tt
Interest.^, ilxtiul and Magnitude 3."ii
LoirHimt.r 357
Lossesa.id DiHi.'iiltics 3^U
Lu:ulppnn"'iV !;\eii:inBe 3ii.>-lHi4
Jtlllsiinil ll>i:id:i i;iii|.i.iyed in the United Stut<!s .Si^i)
Oregon and \^'i:.-!".i:j:,^to!i Territories -.. '''-*'t'i
I'riidm fi' n and Supplv, The Mill 3(31 -:>■>•;
llailroiid Loiru-jii),', I'orterV Loeomotlvc ^^^'t
Iteeejpts or l''oit'st I'rofiuets 3jU
Haw-Mill l"ir.-t Heard of, Kirst in the L'nited States .itX)
M
Mncnrn:^ , How to Cook
MiiKnct, N'atiiral, nndMatrnetism.
Mnhoi-'rtn.w To Stain and Polish. . .
Maine Liw
Malftv reniiisiiia. The
Malays, The
Maliie, Kinds of
Malk'iibiilty.
Mandulav, Tho City ot
Manliest ■...
Maiiitobn.
Maple, Itelutivo Hardness ot
Maps of
Aliibama
Aliislui —
Ari/.cinia
Arliiinsa^
Calirornia
Ceiitr:il Atnerlutt
I'oKinido
(^Miiu-eticut
Daliota
U.Uiv.'are
373
207
4H3
'•!<
Sift
21^7
, £07
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
IndianTerritory
Iowa
Kanstis
Iventiielcy
I,onisia"*>
Maine
Manityba .
Maryland
Massaolmsetts
Moxieo
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Miss'Hirl
Jlontaim
Nebraska
Ncviviii
Now llampshlro
New .Tersey
New Mexitro
New York
North Atneriea
Noi't'ii (.'aroiiiin
Ohio ...
Ontario
Ore)jon
I'ennsvlvania
Qiiebee
llhode I-.'huid
Soulh America
South farollna
Tennessee
Te.xiis.
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
WashiiiBtoii Territory
West Indies
West Vlrfflniu
Wiseonsin
WvominK
MBTklnii (loods. Letters and Charaetora Used
Itiipid Process id' at any Desired Per Cent. Profit.
Marshniallows, as Made by Confectioners. .. .
MoKon and Dixon's Lino
Matelies, Preiiaration tor Tops of
When Invented
leiksuiements. Practical
300
454
. 30.5
301
;iii<'i
305
. ;jo«
197
»i»
'307
, ,>I8
3f 9
. 309
. 310
311
. 311
. m-i
. 312
. 313
313
. 3ii2
. 314
. .•tl5
. 315
3U1
31l!
317
31S
318
319
319
,3:;o
Ml
320
321
32-'
291
169
.78,
322
S99
32;)
323
300
324
294
.302
302
324
325
301
303
820
297
aw
326
,327
-170
424
463
433
4,59
155
179
Meats, All Kinds, How to Prepare in Different Styles-
Hatter to IBO With, All Sorts of !IS3
lU'elsteak 378
lieei, Uoast 378
llrawn 378
Calves' Liver and Bacou 378
{.'old Meats .. 3:8
roriiid neef 878
Haniaiid (liiekoniujelly 378
How to Select 378-423
Lanib.Lem.r 379
Mmton 379
Oliserviitions (in "'70
■Pi(fs' Cheek 379
Pi^.s' Peet and Kars 379
P(M-k, 111 all Styles 379
Pork Saiisaires 379
Itollcd Heel 378
Koiiiid of Iteef 378
Sauces for Meats 3.H9
Sau.«a),'e Uolls 379
Spiced neef 380
StcwedUeet 3,S()
Ton^-ne -v^
Trill.' , 380
Veal, all Styles 3^0
Meats, VcKctables, Etc.— Various Heceipts for Ciii'inif, Pickling, Canning,
and Preserving-
Appies 110-111
neiins Ill
lleef Ill
Heets n9
Hirds 112
Hutter Ill
Canlillower 112,119
Celery 112
Cherries 112,119
Cider 112
Chopped Pickles 119
Chow Chow :. 119
CrahApples I'-'O
CiK-iinibers '19
Iv.a-s 112
I'l
ii!;eikins
'■;rit-.'r,Cireen..
f:i,:. SI berries
'li'i'l-es
K.iiiei
Ill rbs
-Money
Horse Hadlsh. .
Laid
I, lines
Meat
Mill;
Mime .Meat.
Mushrooms.
ll.'ilU
.... 120
. .. 120
lit
... 114
114
114
. 1 15
.... 115
... 115
.,., 1211
11.5-111'.
.... llti
.... 111!
12:1
Onions 117,120
Pai-siiips 117
Peaches 117, VM
Peas 117
Peppers 120
Pieeiiliili 117, l.'.'O
Pickles liil-120
Pliiius 120
Potatoes 117
Pumpkins 117
Rainwater 117
Hoots 120
Hosebiids 117
Saner Kraut 117
Sansaire 118
Suet 118
Sweet Potatoes 117
Tallow 118
Tomatoes 118, 120
Vesrctables ,118
Vinegar, Cider 118
Yeast 118
Mecca, Description of 292
?'Iechani( '.s Lien 2,55
.Mcchanieal I'owers !M7
«nd.Sciciitlllc Terms, giving Names and Detinitions in Architect-
ure and Huiiiiing, Carpentry andjoinerv,. Metallurgy, Nautical
Alfairs. and Processes o£ .-^rt and Industry 19S-212
Medical Department—
Ainicin tho Hreast, Curofor 89
AguoMi.xture 89
Anlile, Sprained, HnwtoCure 89
Apoplexy lieiief for 89
Asthma, (^iiri' for
Baldnes--, Cure for
Hilioiis Colic, Cure for
nilioiisComphilnts, Cure for.
Hlaekbcrrv Cordial ... .
nieeiliiv-'. How to Stop
Bhstci-snn tlio I'ect, Cure for
Hlood-ralsing
Hoils, Cure for
Dowels, Swi'llcd In Children 89
Ilreath, How to Cure Had 91
Hunions, How to Cure 91
Burns and Scalds, HowtoCure 91-104
Cancer, Ho<v to Cure 91
Castor Oil Emulsions 91
How to Disguise 91
Mixture 01
Catarrh, Cure for 91
Chnnned Hands and Lips 89,94
ChUblaius, S'uHoua Cures for K' HI
:1n
INDEX.
Medical D«partmen(-<k)ntlDued. rAOB
Cbildren, Sltni of DlwMe in S0.V7W
Chulera, How to Cure 80-81
Cold*. How to Cure 81
Conitimptloo, Cure for 81
' CoUKh Mlxtiiree, V'arloui 83
Corns, Hdw to Ciiro All Klodlof 80-82
Cruuu, One Miaute Remedy for 81
Dandruff, How to Cure 81
Deatnesn, Cure for 92
Dlarrhn?» If fmedles 92
ChriHiie, Cure for 92
Diphtheria, HowtoCure 91
Drfipsy, Cures for 92
I)runkL'M!ie!w, Cures far 92
D,V80nt*ry, Cures for 92
DyspepBla, Cures for 92
Euniche, Cures for 92
EryNlpelus, Cures for 82
EycH, (irauuhir InflainmaUoa,CurMfOf 83
Iiilliiniid, Cures for 93
8ty,Cure»f(>r 83
Weeplnsr. Cures for 83
Felons, Cure for 83
Fever and Afruo ... 93
Fever Sores, Cure for 93
Fits, Cures for 93
Flesh Worms, euro ."or 93
Freckles, How to Remove.... 93
Oravol, euro for 93
Hair, Mow to Clean the 9i
Restorative 93
Wash 93
Hands, How to Soften M
How to Remove Stains from 91
Howto Whiten 94
Headache Drops 94
Head,T<> Cure Scurf in the 04
Heartburn, To Cure 94
Hiccoutrh, To Cure 94
HiveSyrup 94
Hoarsi-nees, Remedies for 94
Humors, How to Cure 94
Hysterics, How to Cure 94
Iteh, Ilartier's, How to Cure 94
Ointments 9,5
Seven Year, HowtoCure. 96
Jaundice, Cure for 95
Joints, Stillened, Cure for 95
Kidney Discnae, Cure for 95
Lame Back, Cure for 95
LiccHow to Kill 95
Liniment, A Wonderful forSprains „ 95
Rheumatic 95
Sore Throat 96
Lips, .fore to Cure 96
Li\er ComplnintCure 95
Lock .law. Cure for 95
Moth Patches, HowtoRemove 95
Mumps, Cure for 96
Nails, Finfter, How to Care for the 94
Inif rowinif , To Prevent 95
To Whiten 96
Neuraluria Cures 95
Oftliel'nce 96
Of the Stomach 90
Ointment, Olycerinc gg
For Itch 90
For Hemorrhoids 96
For Soro Nipples '. 96
ForSuiphur 96
Pains, Cure fur ' g6
Pain-Klller, Instantaneous 96
Pimples, (7ure for 96
Plaster, Poor Man's \ 96
Mustard , gg
Strentrthenintr ' g6
Poultice, Bread and Milk 96
Linseed 96
On insy, Cu res f 1 ir and Treatment of ! 96
HlH'umiiti.«ni, Itcraedies \ ." 96
Rin^rwnrni, To Cure ,, .. 96
Salt Hheiun |. .' 97
Salve, HcalinMr !!!'*.' 97
Stomach, Blcedinir of the '. . 97
Sii'kiK's.s of the .'.' 97
Sunliuru and Tan, To Remove 97
Sweat, To Produce !..,......! 97
Tan, To Remove " 97
Teeth, Care of the
and (iunig, Wa.sh for ..
How to Preserve the. . .
Tecthinif of Chililren
ThroHt, Cure lor Sore... .
Tooftiiiche, Cure for
Tooth powders
ITrine, I'rec PassaifO of
SealdiUB:
rrifiary Ohstructions
Veiieri'al Complaints.
Wai'ts, How to Cure
While Swellinir, To C\iro..
Whoopintr Cou«li, To Cure
Wound.'", To Cure
Worms in Children, To Cure ,' .' .'.'!.'.'.'.' 98
Medical .lurispnidcnce. . 287
Medicine, Terms fsed in Mi. . ,"! !!.!!i 429
Mem<iry, Trniniudf of the Faculty of '..'.. ai6
Memphis. The Temple of 4,'i6
Mercantile Law 387
Metal. White.to M»ke ^3
Which Expands tue Moat Under Heat !. 463
PAOK
Metal WorklnK, Curioaitlea 4t>8
Mexico, Full DeseripUve and Btatiitlcal Matter Relative to 296
Mighty Hammers 444
Military Law 287
Tactics, Remarkable of Charles XII 46S
Mills, Useful Hints on 460
Mines and Minerals-
Coal 88
Copper 291-296
Gold 2ei.!!»5
Lead 293
Petroleum 291-295
Silver 291-295
Zinc f95
Mlnlni 636
Abandoned Mine 643
Affidavit, Form of 648
Assaying the Gold Ore 642
Blow-Pipe 638-639
DlBKram of a Claim 643
Gold and Hilvcr Minerals 641
Howto Examine a Mineral 63S
Improvements on Lode Claim 643
Laws of MIninf; Regions 643-643
Location Certitlcate, Form of 643
Ores and Metals 637
Prospecting.
Shark 546-540
Sliver Minerals 639-641
Tricks of Mining Swindlers 646
WorkingaMine 640
Missouri Compromise 78
Mohammedans 292-293
Monkey .Ago Attained by 465
Monroe Doctrine 79
Montreal 300
Moors, The 293
Morocco, Description of 2B3
Mortgages, General Remarks 247
Chattieaor Personal Property.Form of aChattelMortgage. . 262-263
Formof a Mortgage 247-248
Short Form of Chattel Mortgage 263-; 84
Mother Shipton's Remarkable Prophecy .. 430
Motion 207
Mountain, The Highest in the World 456
Moving Powers 207
Mozamt' I ue. Description of 294
Muffins, ^wtoMake 867-369
Graliam , 369
Mush, How to Cook . 367
Howto Fry 887
N
Nails, Varieties and Number to the Found 187-188
Native Americans 79
Natural Gas, History of 466-469
Naturalization , 79
Needles, When First Used 155
No,?ro Race, The 293
New Brunswick 390
New Orleans Cotton Exchange 604
As Between Members and Non-Members 620
Assistant Supervisors 621
Chief Suiwrviaor, His Duties 621
Commissions and Brokerage 522
Cotton Specuhition 606-607
DampCotton, Allowance for 620
Delivery and Press Room Inspection 620
Doctrinoof Futures Explained 616-617
Duties of Members 510
Expenditurefor Information 607
Failures 517
Form of Cotton Contract 512
Form of Tran8feral)lo Notice 513
Fraudulent Packs and Claims 621
Future Market of New Orleans 517
Futures 610
Governing Weighers ',,, 620
Herbaceous, Shrub and TreeCotton 606
Initiation Keeand Annual Subscription 610
Meral>ership, Conditions of 600-610
Numlierand Weightof Each Band to Each Bale 620
Object of the Exchange, Committees, Etc 608-609
Picking and Sending to Ginning Mill 505-506
Press Order, Form of 614
Press Supervision 521
Press Supervision and Leveo Inspection .. 619
Receipts and Deliveries 62C
Rejections .'6i9-.53i)
Salaries and Weight of Samples , 621
Sale and Delivery of Cotton 519
Seed Product ' gg6
Settlements 618
SpotCotton "\ 5jg
Supervision Fee " 522
Testing Scales '. bjq
Transferable Notices 8i2-613
Transfer, Form of Sl.1
Varieties, Height, Etc .'.'. 6^5
WeiRht of a Merchantable Bale ' 560
Newspaper, The Fiittin England 155
Niagara Falls, The Stoppage of 471
Description of 455
.Sending Vessels Over 4,'i7
Niagara Suspension Bridge ,.', 431
NiBkBames of States, Cities and People 7b
Nijihtiagale, Age Attained by 4,55
NireCou»try,fte , V.SIW, 457
Uiver, The 457
L
.. S45-540
. e3»-641
648
. . . 640
78
29J-293
.... 466
70
300
ige.
INDEX.
PAGE
North Amoricn-ltsIX)cation-Kxtcnt-Slmpo-Mountaln»-yolcanoe8-
Yukoii Itivcr- Other Uivcra -Sdil— Clinmto-I'roducta— Veitetu-
tion -Seal -Willi Aiiiiuiils— Kcptilus-lllrds-MlniiKf KeHdiiroes—
Petroleum — CliilJ, Silver ond Zinc-Esiiuiiniiux— Indiiina-Whito
Hnec-Indiistries-Commcree—l'isherios— Agriculture— Greeuluud
-Icelnnd *2g
Northwest Territory '"
Ncjies, I'romissory ,''?
Novii Siotin '^"'
Nuliii, Deaerintionof ;:'■'
NuiKupiitive Wills <"^
o
Onk Iliirk.Qiinnt'.ty UcqiiirpdlnTiinnintf 455
Oiik, He.l, Kehitive llnrtliiisa of 454
fiiTiili, Iteliitive Hanliicss of 454
Willie. Uiliitivc Hiii-dneas of 451
Yellow, iiclutive llnrdnesa of 454
Oil Cniiipiired to (ins 4.)rt
' (juiinlitylieipiired for Uilleront Colors ot Paint 4:.'4
Olives, V/hii-e I'roilueed -1|;1
Omelet, riieese, HowtoMiike del
Aspaniu'iis, How to Mnko .>;-
Err, How to Make d.J
Ontario, Deserlptiou of. -•»
Oraiitfo Free States, I)e.seriptlon of 2«4
Origin cdtlie Names of States JU
Oyst'erai HowtiVcoruVsti.'wi'FiyVPIt'ki'. Eseuliop and iiako Patties. 373-375
P
Paint Quantify liequired to Cover a Given Surface 424
Si«ii..i. 1 low til Ueniove 401
I'ale^line, lii'si liption of 2iia
PaneiiU''-. KiiRli^li, Mow 1.1 Make 3ti7
I'aiueiU l^.iV, lli.-l'irv of the 440
Paper, ll^iw to TiiUKlieu ■.■:••••. *'''*
1 low to Va..iten I'eiiiil Markg and Prevent lilurnnif 4,5»
Iluw to'i'ni'isl'er Newspaper Prints to (Jlass 4'>H
Parrot, Aire Attained liy ...^ ,,VV 1C''5
I-..'S How l.ontr It lakes to Huteh 4.i;i
Partnership, Sliowinif Arlielesof SSS-fflll
Partridge, How to Cook 310
Pateuts, porek'n and rnited States 208-270
ApplieantK, Applieatioii.5 for 2ti'.i
As.^it-'imiicnl'' of 270
Caveat.^, ConveyaneeT'onn 2iiK
DesiifU for Ornamental Purposes 270
Uraiviii"..-, HowThev .Must he Made 209
Uurali.MilMthe I'nited States 2iSll
Fees In the I'nited statesund Elsewhere 270
Ir '■"oreirn Countries 270
Mo.lels, How 'I'liey May 1)0 Made 209
Payment and 'lender 224-225
Peaeoek, Auo Attained by ir.'t
Pearl ine, In^'redientsor 40!)
Pearls "'dl
Peliean, Awe At tallied by 4.")5
Pennian-liip, lirnainintal.. .••••■■: 38
Peisever.inee, F.h'ineut oL Success in Busmess 217
Persia, liescrlpt ion of 2'.i2
Petroleum ■ 2!il
Theory a.s to the Orltrin of 403
Plialan.v.'l'i'ie Ancient Greek 4.'i5
Pliai.^aiit, How to Cook ... . 370
Pickles, How to Put up Sf'O-S.s?
lieetlluots 380
Chow Chow 3W
PffL's 3.S7
CrienCorn 3.-7
Indian Pickle 3)<7
Mushrooms 3H7
Piihlc Sauco i\x7
lied CaliliaBO 387
Tomatoes 387
■ Tomalol.illy 387
Walnuts 387
Pics— How to Make 381 3.11
lleelsteak ,WI
Chicken .381
Cocoaniit 381
Cream .381
Fish Wl
Ci II mo 38 1
Gililet 381
Hum 381
Lamb .381
Jlinco Meat Wl
Mince, Moclt 381
Minee.Good 381
Potato Pastry 3,s!
Potato 381
Salmon 3si
Veal 3S1
Vinegar .3^1
Pigeons, Au'o Attained by 4.''5
Carrier, Speed of 4,'>7
Eiws, 1 1' iw I.oii!? it Takes to Hatch 4.'i5
Pike, Ai'M Attdiic d by 4."o
Pine, Yellow, lielaiivo Hardnessof 4."i4
White, Uelative Hardnesa of 4.54
Platotilass, ilow to Polish 401
Platinum Mini'.! ■ .' '"il
Plover, llini' to Cook 3:8
Pliiinliers, Hecoipt.Uor 4';&-lfitf
Plymouth Hoek, History of 440
Poems, ( hoice—
liinircn on tho Rhino 1.37
Changes 138
§^ =
Poems— Continued. PAOK
Hereafter 135
Maid of Athena 142
MaudMuller 134
Oft in the Stilly NiKht 136
Oh, Why Should tho Spirit of Mortal bo Proud 136
'Ostler .Ii
1«7
141
140
139
1311
140
Hock Me toSleep
Tho Old Oaken Ducket
Tlio M u rdt rer
Twenty Years Abo
Tho Haven
'Tls tho Last Hose of Summer 130
We Parted in Silence 1.14
Would Wo Hcturn 134
PoUtc'ne.sj in SellliK? Goods 347
Political History of the rnited States, Vocabulary of Party Names.
Measures, Terms and Ma.xims 72-8;)
Poiiiilar Vote for Presidents 88
Tallies Showing the liesiilt of tho F.h.'ctoral CoUetfO, Proceedings
bvStates, Kvliiliitlnu' atatilanoo What States Were Carried liy
tl'a' Sueeesstul luid Insuccessful Candidates, from Washiimton
toDati; 82-85
Votes by States, Showinpr How Each State Went in Presidential
Elect ions from 18.'4 to Date, and by What Majority tho Party
Carried It 80-87
Pommes-BU-lilz, How to Make 372
Pomiiey's Pillar, Hescriiition of 4.'iO
Poplar, Uelative Hardness of 4."i4
Popovers, How to Make 3ii7
I'opularSovereit'uity 80
Portau Prince 293
Pi.irtoliieo 207-2'Jfi
Posts, How to Preserve 409
'J'iinlierfor, How to Preserve 451
Potato Cakes 373
Poultry, llow to Icoti^t, llroil or lioil—
Chi'.'kcns 3."^
Chickens, Eacallopcd 388
Geese 388
Piireons 388
Sauces for 388-it.8il
Turkey 388
Potnidsma liushel, Dlllerent States 191
Precious Stones 291
A rrauKid .\eeordinj? to Color and Hardness 4;X)
Pre-emption liinht HU
Preserve Ornauic objects. How to 400
Preserves, How to Make —
Apiilo.lani 381
Apple .Marmalade 382
llarlierry Jam 3-..'
lllaek Curicuts .. 382
Cherry ,liun 382
Cherry Marmalade o---
Currants for Tarts 3,s3
GrcenfiaKO Plums ., 382
Green Giuto. lam 3^2
Marnialade, Transparent 3.^2
.Marmaltide, Tomato 3r2
Pears, Dolled and Pickled 3'-3
PieklcdCitron 3«t
(Juinees 3Kt
Kasplicrries 3.^3
Spiced Currants SSJ
Stcived Pears, Whole 3^3
Strawberries Whole ""3
Strawlierriesin Wine 3.'.3
Tomatoes 383
Prince Edward Islands 3(.o
Printers' Inks, Ilow to Make 4.V<
Prollt and l.n.s.s, iteekonini-'Gainsand Losses.. .. ]08-lilii
1 Promptness I-^sseiitial in ilusincss 21ii
I'rotectni),' Water Pities 4i)9
PuUdint's, Ilow to JlakonU Kindsof—
Aihber 3.'^3
Ap|ile,llaked 3.s;i
Apple, Itoiled 383
Apiileiind .Sago 3^3
Arrow^ltoot H-s;!
Aunt Nelly's 383
Ilaked I nilian <3.s3
neel.steak 3>4
lllaekeap 381
nianc^ Manue 371.3-4
lioiled Matter 384, 3'0
liread 384
Christinas 38 1
Cottaue 384
Crnmli 384
iJamson 384
:i84
r,irn.
E\tra.
Fin
Gelatine.
Gooseberry...
Ground liiee.
885
iiiilian 3--.}
Kilney 385
l.eiiion 38.1
Mae:u-oni i;8j
7.[arrow . . 3^-5
Meat and PoLlto IS i
>'esselrode ii'-i
Plum 3.'-J
'otato
rinec of Wales S.'-j
net n 3-'i
tice. Plain and Plch 3.--tl
Rice, with Fruit 380
Horaau 3>-0
Sago , 380
INUKX.
rucMinjfs-Cdiitinucd.
8|):iriiuli
fmt
'l'u|iliK':i
V.rm.iM.Ml
PiiUc, .Viilmil I'lilsiitlonof
I'lit.s, r.ii mi I. 'I HtmiMIca, OniiuTnido .
I'.vninii'!:, Tlir Ltrvi'tii"!
Qllllil, Huw t'lfnliU
ijuhiilit.v lil I'lu'ri ill II Crilp, Ti) I''inJ ...
Ill' rdituii lull Hull'
ol (lii.Ml.stu liiiv 111 lit t.iil Tmilu
III' thi.v iM a ."^t u'lt
of I.MI'lln-f iilil l.uy
ol' Vf licMt in a itiii
Qiiiirli-r, (Jiuirtu, i.iiiintal, Qillro .
Omhc*', lii^ii'iiptinii i)t
Qiiotatiun.s
l'\iiuiliai' ■
(ir,
.. . iw
. 4r)(i
. y,'.)
. i"\
oil
1.-.-)
, 111!
Ill)
iiiK;
142-1 W
Hnbliit, Aup Attained li.v i'i5
flow lo fook ilT'l
Itailival, ll.a-.S", Till- Kiist J.V.
\'iailia't. III! .\ur'traliaii 'tiiH
Kailnmils 111 liiilaiiil 4Zt
Uail-i, 1 1(111 and Wimd, U'licii First Used hH
Kaihv;i\-.s in .M'rifii ... l.''.';!
Ka.-|»l>fn'v \'iiu'*7ur, H 'W to Muko oi>."»
Itawii.s A(/ii Attained li.v ■l.Vi
Itc'ci-'ilJt?, X'sii'iiiu.-i rianisdf 43- 1!
I.aw (invcrninif 4:!
HOl'i|hS, Isrfiil 4;«i
r.ir Hi'-liiiiiii^'Tv|pc' liililiiMiH 4''M
liwiivi IV and lullri'IiulKd' 1)( lil,< 271-X'N.'
.\l..-.ii:nt 1 1' Koiiu Hlf.id and Mvciuptldii I/iiws, Diffureiit States ~?-
Itcnioval Inan t'liili-' totitate it-
Itclci'tilM'S.Cultoll SlO-.V.t)
Hclfi^e', l'cina.<id' (Ina.Tal .'"il
t'.onMi'kalto Insfrij-tiaiH . 17-
Ut'puUiu an Tartv i?i)-Nl
Uutail Ilnsiiic--i, C.ipit il.rt',' ;iU
lt.l.Vinrflinoc|.-; on ClVilit lit'.'
ISiivlni? iiiaiid <; lliiiirstaiird lUl
< a-liS,il sTicki 1, iMirmof K.i
Employes iiU
liateriiiKintii I'li'iiu l•^tlip H-I'i
Klltei'illTl f (in. lis IliaiKllt 3 :i
r..\!-.i.'n^".-;iind I'r ^litd Il-Vi
l-'ia ni 'if a i.eUer ;(!-
Ihnvti)^ I'.'ei'^ds iltll
Ke.'ianu' tac lluniiu Xi'.
Lnsse3 3oJ-!l."i2
Meinoi-amlinn or Slate :i41t
i'aviiiu' Inr (i.iodf, a"jl»-;Sl
I'e'.tvrash M.pipk, Kiinnof ;VA
I'r.iprietiirtliu MostbiiiMM'ssfiil Seller ;!47
Keoi'lvini^ancl MarkiiiK (inod.-* iJ4C-:vi4
Ueplenlsliimrtlio.st'iek ;H',)
Suinmarvid" ItiHinc.^s liM
'talk. Some SaU'>iinii Apt Too MiH-h ;U7
'I'liu Alereliant. Sonallv ... Sri.'i
W'liitin;.^ on I'lmtoiiiers, Dcmi-aiK I'ofti.iO Salesman JltT
Hajii'iiir IS, \tf ' Aitaini'd liy 4'i'i
l.'ie.- ■ roppii'lt! >. How iPLMako 372
(iNtard, lion- til M.i;;i' ;)r3
riiiiiiiiierv, llowto Mako 37'-'
riitl.'i-s, lli.w tD.Maku 37.;
Hivi'i-s, So'iio final , 4;iil
Solil .Matter in 4.-Ji
ItoSilH, .\ae .\tt:rlii'd liy 4.'yi
Uo;!-, I) •lii.iiiiis, ilij.vtci Mako ;!t)T
I'l.iieli, lliovioMake :iii7
It'' i,m I.e^rioii.The . . ^rC}
li.'-^ I'ii.iili ■, Tho l!eni:irkaliioPi. ry cf 44s
Hnyaltv in ICnuiaml, f.ii't of 4:11)
Kiiliiier, Mow 10 Cut HisilT 41.ii
U,.: ;,\..-v'v,..v round '.",M
Itnlesti'ivrniiij the Jiispcctlcn nf Gnuii In tlie Cit y Of Chintgr) 48:)- 1'^ I
for .Mechanics IM -Is.-)
Uiisks, How to .^laKo ;i'"7
Hus-iiu, Description of Sil
8
Sahara Desert. Tile .......
Saiiron. The Cit.v of
Salaries of l.'niied States OfTicera per An.^um
Salmon, A'/u Attaineil by
Salt
Lake, Tlio Great
Mines
.'^ahii'.'", ('ireiiinstances Govei'iilnflt the Amount
San 1) .miii!-'o
Sandy Soil, Pile Driving in
Sappliires
Saiieesfor All Kiiidsnf Meats, Fish, Poultry and Game
Sconriii;{ Paste, An r\ecllont
Screws, Varion.s Kinds •..•...•■ ...
Sea, Teineeratureof tlis .i.> ,
Dead ,.
Galll.'G
Peees-loii and Be-Admlsslon <'£ Heliei StaAen,
Se'-d. Viiar.tity Iteoiiiriil toSwo ftuAOW.,
.''^enate
.•sene^'ami'ia, De.sci-fiiticn rt
Settlement?, hy nxi;liurib-« nt EmftS
ForOraiu .V .'.".V
2114
ail-,'
4."..T
4.V
!.",'l
3rS
4i«
^10
. 440
. 4;;.-.
. «
. 4:5»
61 (!
'MM
.•Seven Wise' .Men of f^rcii ", The
Wiilldi rsi.f t!ie V'lMld ■■
Si wiiiK .Machin''H, Wl Invented aial by W liom
Sllavln^.• i-oap, llowto .Make
siiecp, Twciiiy-iv.'i) Kiiid.s of .Medicine lor
.Xue .\r uiii'l by •••
I'l rl'id of (iestaiion in
Slilii'.'i.s, II' wtoSt.'P.loinis 1!' 'tween
SldiMiici.'-, Dadv Ki'poriof Flevut.<>r
SliiiijHM',', Law of
A»i raw-
II 'itomiy. Charter Party
lonii of Chaiii'r Party "
l(c,/istiatioiianl LiLciise of Vessels
Ships. History of itiK
Shoe I'olisli, How to Mako
Shoes, Odd Faci.-. Aliiait
Silicna, Hi'scrlpiloii of ,',■„■,
tfiher .MIneiiils "•'"
How to 0.\idize
To Kemove irom PliiteU Ware
Sinvraiiore. I)es('ri(ttion of
Si'ikiiitf Fund
Sk,\ larks, .Vite Att'dned by
.'•'.i\e Trii'loiiiid ^iavery
SliiM'ry War
t*mol\e Consumers
.Siii.\ riia
■.'.1,1
;B7
:.";:|
2,Vi
4ld
4IW
4'.'4
•M
.MO
4>iU
(tiS
2(*9
4 ■)
tl
?l
4'1'.)
at;
t^nipe. How to Cook
Sim pine. Inrxredieiitsof
Sol'Icr, How t.i .\ial.o'i'liii'ty Kinils
Soil, Pro'liiciivenesaof the onthu Nile liii or
SoloniotrH'i'i-nipIf.
Solid) e(.|ii.s.s lor Floor.^
.Siaiiii'ii, 'I'tie
Siaiii'l.riu' Speed if, ill Air, WaierundOtheirSubtaiices
Soii|ie, How to .diiko Various Kill Isof
Alii I'.oke
Asi'iiiiiMiis
11. ■, I ill'olll
He, r I'ca
ilicf I'ea, l.iebltt's
Kouill'in
lliow 11 Gravy
I'll
Clam
CoMSoieme
Croutons
(iHllie
.lidii'ime
Lobster
Mi'Ck Turtle
(i\ster
(i.v'l'ail
lioval
Sci.il h Ilrolh
SplitPea
Toiimto
Turkey
\'aiiini3
\cal
\ I'll I Gravy
Viyebiblo
Vermicelli
South
Soiitli America '•■|ill Descriptive and Statisticul Matter Hclntlvc
South .Sea iialible. The
Sow. Pi noiiof Gi station 111.
So'.iidont, How to .Make
Siiectro cope
S|icllintr, Uiilcjifor
S'poiiKe Fisheries
SpoiitaiiconsCo.iibiistion
Spriiiirs. Heiiiiirkalileof California.,
Iloiliii'-', F. plaiiationot
I'r.ilcr the iJcean —
Sqiiirrel, .\i,'e Attnined by
Still.', A no Attaiiied by
Slain i'j.ntriii'lor. Instantaneous.
Si aiiipiii'^- Powder for Ladies
stareli Fnainel lor St ilVening Collars nud Cliffs
Stai'IiiiLT. .\ife -Atiaincd by
Slate liiTlils
Statiieof leter till Great
Statues, Enormouii
yteam
l-'n^ine
Kn,;iiie. First Sent to This Continent..
I'^iijfiii'-s, How to Go\'(-rii
Fiiyincs. Ii-rei^ulnr, Power in.
How to Deaden Noise of.
.b.ints, llowto Head
Power, Ncces.iity of Oilin'fnll Parts
Steamboat, I^'ii'st .\seeiiilid th • lliidson
I'ii-st on the Mississiiipi
Steamship Ui'iite, Most DanLrereiisln the World.
Sleiimsliips, How Many Tons Due Consumes on a Voyase.
Steel, Ilov.'t.) F.teh on
How to Ca.sehiirden
Pens. 'iViier. 'mciifed
I'lale, 'I'll Color P.liie.
^^lllle of M:'.nuf'U'tiirod
Stew, Irisli, How to Mal'O
'"-t. Helena ""^
St. I'l ter.-.l 'iirii
Stocks, Hoiiiisan.-I Tevestm.Titii
Stone, Kvi'-ii'^i. ill of by Heiit
Ihn'ihiessof 1 firioi:? Kindsof
(.niaiitiesof Good IlU'.liu'lil' .
Stn-iiL'th of.
To 1 rrest, 1 ii ^ar In ...
StiippaL'e in Triiiislr.
Pt'i.-TH. V-Moeisy ol
8tr:'V-:«!i'ry and .Apple «0'.iiiK, Hot to Owk.
'1
'i'^^'
Mfmmtimimm''
i
INDXX.
XV
S"tr. M' I I^r'nas, ilnwtoMnke ..
Suii, l.itrl'.tof tlio .......
KuTiiiirkiiliiu (.uicuiatloDstteerurdlDB the.. .
Toinploolf liio
SwiilliiHH, tilK'c'ildl
Swuil. Auo Attalnc'l hy j.
KlfvTH, Iliiw 1,1'n^.' .tTiikot to Hatch
Swino, Aro Alliiliu"! by
VarluiiaMudluiiiesldi'
Synonyms, IJst of Twelve Thousand
PAOE
.... »i6
.... 4*ia
.. . tii
.... 450
.... W
.... ».V.
.... 4.'>c
.... 4r,6
.... l.Tit
47U-47e
Tnlil J IiitiTost. Kiitosi, t.iinitiil iipiis, FAn., for the Oiiitda States and Caniulii
Tiilili) iViiri', Wlilti' Jl'i:il
Tiililis, Wfi.-litsaml Measures 180
Tiimmuny Sock'ty
I'ank.s 1 low to .Mimlsiiic Itouild
Taiiiiini^, Infonnatior. on
Ta.xatiori
Tea, llii\vtoMali"OoiuI
llfll, ,\ iU I'll."-'-
Ti'iniHTatiin' at Which It If Drnnk
Ti'li'ftnisiMi|M>, 'ri'i^'uiaph, Tcloiihono. Telescope
Teli'h'iapli Wires, H.nv Often They Itenuire llenewnl. Cost of, and what
(ll.l W in IS U'ortli
Telephone, Ilistcpry of the
Telescopes, When I ii vented
Teiupe rat lire, Increa.so of, the Deeper ^.'0 fSO Init: thr Earth.
Of tlio yea
or Celestial f< pace
TeneinenLs
The Art of llenntvnnd Dross ilK.
Loftiest Inhaliited.Spotoa iheGlobu
ol.leBtL'lty ill tlicWorid
ThriiRh, .Vire Attained by
Tleki't, I'olitlcai
Timers, Aku Attained by
Timlier, L'estsfor
Charred in iteroulaneum „
I.iiioon the Alp.'^
Llnoonthu Andes ..
Timlieiv, Heavy
Time, Diiierencoin Whenit isNoon atWaaUngtOD
Tin
Till'irk,AtfO Attained by
Tomato Toa.st, How to Make
Tuul.^, Ilowto Keep ...
Mow to .Mark
Mow toSiiarpen
Tortoise. A^c Attained by
Township, l)<a)(raiu of
Trade D.ilfir
Trade Mark, Law of, iti the United States 360.
Transeaneasla, Deseriptloa Of
Tran3tuisHl«)n of Power •
Treason •
Tree, A Church Ituiltfrom a Single
Trees, liltr, of Califoiila
ThiitSlnk in Water
Tripoli, Description of
Trusts. Form, 1 )eed of Trust for Benefit Of a Married Woman
(10
4rei
IIKI
Hi
4li7
4;">5
Wfl
mr,
360
im
SI.
,177
410
IW
4o«
45C
4M
:J(1!)
■-ik;
455
282
iUTi
82
4,Vi
457
45.5
45o
455
4IS;!
2i;'
211
4.55
Se!
4ro
4?)
4CS
ISi
Ti:nis, Description of
Turkestan, 1 )eseription of
Turkey, Description of
Turkey Kuifs, How Long It Takes to Hatch
Twenty Thousaml Thinm Worth Knowing
Typo, .^izes of \'ariou3, Showlnsr How Many Unes of Each it "Takes to
Makoan Inch
Typewriter
u
UneloPam
Cnion Stook Yards of Chlcniro
.\"rouiit Sales, l-'orin of
At'jrnwite Operations of Union Stock Tarda Bank
Amountof Money Uegnlarly Employed In Paj-iDif I>iflet«nt Rail-
roads, Vieiirht and Other Cliari,'es
Artesian Wells
" naeiiout" of a Trade, DamaKlni?
Itank a Valuali'.oA(?ciit in Collecting Droits
Hulls and Hears .... ,
Hiivers
Car-loads r.ivoStxick That can be Taken Dally "
Cattle, Fuels Al>out 53J.
Ctiaiws
Chronr.io(,'1.:;u Heport
Commissions Firmslu Chicago Ll-eStoc)- Market
Commission Men 527
Coriisot ."issistanta
Daily Houttiic
Depiirtiiicnt for Dead Animnls
DuplieatnW luhmanN Ticket
Easternaiid Western Livestock Freigh* Ooilectlons
Kxchaniro liuildinij'
Feed Trousf lis
Form of .'teller's Order on tho Union Stooir Ykrds dortituiny fo"
Delivery of Stock to Purchaser
Frciiihtaiid Other (;hnri7es ',
GnnK'Sof Hoe's ":'.! ,-..'ii.„-n ' ' ]
Hoirerr(.\i."^:n ii Vear '..",.
}loi..?Sliiii'-,''iti.iT;J in a Year
jjov- the V;'!-', .iie Oivide<j, Divisions, Bkicto, Pfins, NtanhKis '.'.'.
Hydnmt.s lor i_!sfinCaso.;t ?lro
l.ivo Slock Commission Men ', ,
N.TSpccTi-irion ami njr </fft'itlinafcfJomfttifl«ioi!i Men ...
Olliei^of I h-' ' '(immiss|,)n Men
Onr'nizi;t.toii and (Jrowtb ,...."'!*,
Taveini Ids
l'e.v.U.;ll !......».'..".■■""■
I'e.isfor Hog*. ojvemi „ ,.. •;;;
.207
2fll
455
83
466
44
taa
2(12
222
2t«
2(11
»)2
4fi5
451
455
312
624
529
529
.520
KIO
52!!
52»<
5'!S
•'}Jii
5y;j
KV.
.5';s
52U
wo
.■'!6
381
62?
ax
521 1
as.'
528
o^
B211
Sim
S2e
Union Stork Taris— ConMniirvl PAOK
I'oM.e I'olii- , sa»
I'ricea, AveriiBe In Chlciuro Market forSU Venn KIS
I>>-:een, Hlijhest and l^owest lor Sixteen IfewB.
weeipt .1. and their Sale
Shipiiiiiit of Live llo)rs
SlilppiiiK Depart mei.tH.
Shiitesl'or Loading .uai Unloading
.S|.H'Ulators
Superintendent, and Yardtnastijr
Switeii and SIdu Trucks ,
Thf Conipaiiy.
......••.a.
...........
63A
.. 6ai
.. K15
..628
.. 620
.. 62«
.. 520
528
527
Te.vajiCatlle 680-.527
linderdriiinmcp, .streeti ami Alleys r,jn
Water TioukIis 111 tbo Various I'ens iin
Weitfhinn Slock ., rM
WelKlinian's Ticket to tho Commission Firm, Form of 5H0
When the Vardsaro Open and Closed ri2U
United States Iliaids m
United Stales, The— aenenil- Full Dracrlptlve imd Statlstlcnl Matter
lielatlvoto the... 2uo
UnltodStales, The— SpiH'lal— Tho followinif Pl"'eial description of Ala-
baniii will siiltlcotoBhow with whatdeiall tho matter relative
tliei-i'to Is written, and wiil show in n ifeneral way what can lie
found und a- thoheadini«of the various SliitesaiidT<'rritorlea,
thoiii.'li but one linoisiisc<lln tlieiiide.i tosliow 011 what piii^ra
they laii bo found.
Alabama Derivation and Mcanlni? of the Naini'-- When Settled
and by Wliom— When Admitted tolhi' I'nioii-Wlieii Secedinl
— t'apitalot Confederacy— Wh 'ii Stat4. lie-onlered the Cnion—
Niiiiibjroi Countips-W'hen Kl etlons are Held— NuinlK-r of
Seiiatorannd Ueiaeseiibitlves— iSessiiiisof U'ulsliit lire— Terms
of Senators— Terras of Letflslatoi-s-.Niiiiii er Kle):toi-al Vot<'s—
Number of Ciai/rcssmen- Who are flvcpi.led from VotiniJC—
Meniberof Coiletii^— School Systeni-Seli lol Ako— I,et,'iil liiier-
est — Penalty tif I'surj-— Number of .slaves in 1800-(ireMie(t
Lenuthaiid Wiltliof Statj — Description id' State, topot'raph-
iciilly— Miles of Sea, Coast — Harbors— >1ile,s #11 ^a\'ljfii''! 1
Wa.erways-f,>iialltyot' Sial -Timlier- lines -Sliiplo Pro-iii .(a
Cro|is -Averai.ee Value of Farm and l.'oiesl Ijinds— C.liiiMie •
ncat,Siiow 'lid Frost— KaiiiluU-Chiel ClUes-- tiCuUict.' [c... >..
trios and Number of Same
AInska .
Arizon.i
Arkansas .
California.
11
.■■'4
. I
1
\o.-l
■■:>ii
:jiii
ill I
:;il
Colciradii
Conn ■! tieut
Dakor.i
I.><'iawan'
Florlila
(leor-riu
Idaho
Iliilii.is
liMli.iua
Indian rotrltory
Iowa ,1)
Kans.ns '{ji
Kentucky . «)'
Ixiuisiana m
Maine , . . Jl|
Maryland ' j')
Ma-.saeh'isetbj aill
Michiifan aV\
Miiiiu'sria , . iii7
Mis<i.;^ippt. -. air
Missia ri. . ais
JloritjKia
Nebrii.-ka . .
Ni?vafi.i ,
New Hampshire
Now .Icr.sey
New .\Ie.\lio....
New Nork
North Carolina.
Ohio
Ore^'on
IViuisvlvania..
n;i"de Island
Sotuli Carolina
Teniiessi'e
Te.vas
Ctali ,
Vermont
Virifiiiia
Wi'sliinj.rton, I). O....
"^'lu'-liiiiKbin
Wt.-^t Vir!?iaia
Wis.'onsin
Veiimiiitt-
tJjefu! H::it3 and ttecuipts.
Valvp. Vrdve Gear
Vaseline, How I'lirlHed
^'ls?^r Colioire. History of
Wgetables, How toCook—
Artichokes
Asparaijiis...
■ leans
"i!rnecoli ,
tYii;lni?o , „.
Coiilili.'iwer
CVlerv. To Prepare
Cue iribero, 'I'D IVopare...
Vif> '•:<\px
MU:>it*,tA*>mS
Oni'-! s. Vc Ploitie
P;'.r.ii!p£ ....'..
Pen^
Potatoes ,-. .. ,
Tomatoes ,. .,..,...
.».>;-;•'
n
SI
.'rt.t^ia^jtr' ^it*»er^**.t*^
INDEX.
Vc'ifetablos— How to Cook. PAOE
TiirnliM , aM
Vi'triitiible Miirrnw 3M
Veifctulilu!', Seo Also "Moiitg and Vegetables."
ViiDuitlt'MDf ViirlDiia IloiUt'a 4S4
Vi'iiJHon, How ti> Ciiiik 3Ttl
VisHil, ('nrnitmciiniinrof'Toniiaifo" of a 4.'i8
Vt'Hei'lB, I'liwi'i' lt''c|iili('il totititi'C 45.%
ViirioiiHKlriils iiT 21:.
Vliu'wir, Ciilor, Hmv ti> iiiiiko, Various Mctho<ls lis
Vocftliuliiry. .Mt'clmiilral iiinl Scieiitlllo Turms l«>-ai-'
Mci'i'iiiitiloMiKl I,('K»I Terms 2ty) :;8y
I'ollticul Tfrms K-IS3
w
Wnnies.IIiiw to Miiko 887-3:0
\Vii«c8iM Enj;liiii(l ill 1086 437
Wall StrcotiUKl tlio Ni,w York Stock Exclinngo !47
Accountol II I'i'olltiUilu Truiisuutluu AS8
lllHik Frldiiy .Mki
lloiirsc, or (.'pen Itoiird &60
Ilnakintliu .MiirUot f>'9
KrokiTMiinil tliolr Olllcea US-.Vm
llrnki'i's KiM'orUoCTrniisuctlona ."W^}
lliiiiaiiii.', Tlio 5ftO
lliiHlness (If tlu! Old llrokors, Character of Some M'.>
liutloii-wood Tree, tiio Old fil9
Cull of StoikslnlStook K.vcliiiiiKO .V)6
Cll'iiie, Corner, in ritocka fi&t-.Vu
Coinniiasiioiis, Uiilua lU'Kiu'ding &.'ir
Crowd, in stocks , &'>4
Oiiith il Minilitra, Asr.issment Fee, Orotuity Fund 632-'i5-'i
ll'.'iiliiitr ill riitsiiiidCiilLs .'.<'<0
IlillLiiiu'.H, How .'^otlkd on Stock Hoard 5.Vi
DiitiLSoi tlie ['resident and Secretary. 5i:
Floor DliiKnini TmI
Form of ii full ,5)9
Form of n I'lit fud
Form of aHtraddle .^W
Goveriimont !,oniia in Wn II Street rJli
Government Assisted by Wall. Street fiiil
How Keponaof I'lirilaiseaniid ftileanroObtoinod oi'4
How Stoi ka iiro Listed and Forgeries ODViatod. .Tiil
How to .Spciiilato AVS-.VX)
LiinKu:i-e of lirokcrs « 5&i-'w>4
List, in I'tocks S-'A
Mnr:.nn , ''i7
^leili'idnndOnvernmcnt... (t^'-Vil
MiniiitfKiiterpriaea &»)
MiM e'.laneoiisSiifenlations 6lS3-.'.iV4
Number, Kacli Memberof New YorkStOOScBscbangtiIkiaa.. .. o:i6
Operator, ill Stocks .'v>t
Origin ot flic Name. ,M7
Fotroleiini ^'A
Point. Pool, I.amija, in .Stocks. V>1
Pre=.>nt.Stoek lixehamro bi'i
1', in n;ise of Shares, Urok -'sNotloeOf £->
Hijutiu'.-, Daily , &5&-.Vi«
Kill xOoverning Dishonest Practices 6.^'
t^al' sHowMado .M'.'
Set ret. Meetings 5tn
Securities, Dealings in 54'.'
f-Iieeiiiation. Warof 1813Gavo FirstGennlne ImpulsatT 5(9
Ftaiuiinjrt'onimitteos b-il
Siiu"-'estion-iiii)d StatementafortlieCnIaformed.. .V)7
I'sc of tlie Ticker in IteportingSalesand Quotations 564-.TdT
Wli'TeConfereneea are Held 5<y
Walnut, Iteliitive I lard -s of 454
War, The liieat Civil, History of, Showing Number Of Men Drafted,
IiUiiortant H.ittics, Etc 158-1C3
.°nnirs, Famoiia _ 4^11
Wareliouse lieecipts. Form of Elevator 5c»)
Warts, Howt'i Hriuovo 461-4'J2
Wasliiii;.''ton Monument o^^r
Watch, Tlio Fiist , l.Vi
Water, Expansive I'owcrof. 469
Enormous Power of 456
lees. How to Make , 37&-bT7
Life in 4V3
Pipes «8.4C'.'
Powe. .... 4.V3
Supplv, Tlio Loudon 470
Test fur Acid iu 469
Water-Continued. rAOF.
Test for Alkali In 4f.U
Tr!>t for t'HrbonIc Aoidin 4riU
Tout for I lard or Soft 4fi9
Teat for Iron In 4.'il)
Test for l.linii In *'>V
Tivt for iMagiiesl'iln 4.MI
To Purity 4110
Wheels iW
Water Kalis, Noted-
Awe In llavnria 4ri.')
Moiitniorencl 4h6
Niauiini , 4^1.5
stoppatriiof Niagara 471
Stiilibaeh InthuAlps 4.'>r>
Yosemlte 4B,')
Waterloo, Tlicllattlo ot *'M
Wuvi>. Motion oftho 4tlH
Wealth (d the liiiteil Sliiteaper Capita 4;i.'>
Wcightid'a .Nlerchaiitable Hall of Cotton f)"ll
and .Measures, Various 189-190, 1B5, 4lW
Of aCiihiclootcd' Stone, Earth, Metal, Etc -i'M
Of a cm. ie foot of Solid Gold orSUver 4riH
West Indies, The , ;!II7
Whale, Ago Attained by 4.'i'i
Wheel. Largest 111 the World 470
Whetstone, Artillclal 4"i7
White Hcaise, What itCoatstO Itunlt. » 4--'
White .Metal, How to Make 4iW
Whitewash.il I 'ire-proof 4IHI
Wills, Stall luents mid Suggestions Z61-'.'."i!!
Codicil and Niineupiilivi) . !.'"):.'
liisposiiig of lloth lieal and Personal Estate, Oonoral Form of S.W :,'u;i
I'ersonal Property <d' iJeeeased Left Undisinisod of. Order in
which it l.iSlmre.l by Kin .- Ziit
Exeeiitoraiuid AdmistrntorSiOlIiccsof 233-i.'5l
Wllmot Proviso Ml
Wiro Hopes , 4.''w
Wires, Telegraph !.'77
Wolf, Age Atiained by 4.W
I'erio;'. of (jestation In LVi
Women's Iliglits Ni
Wonderful liuildings, Monnmcntsond Towers 4Btt457,U17
Ancient lioman AipieiUiets I')i'>
Arcliiii'etiiral Uiiiiis in Thebes 4.*iii
Cido>M inn at Homo 4iMi
Enormous Statues , 4.'rt
EiryiiilKii Pyramids ^.^...m, l.'iii
P.aiipev's Pillar , 4.'iii
i.l.inioii'sTempIe • 4ritl
, jitiieof liter the G root 4"«i
' .'niploof Diana ,.... t.'ii'i
Temjiloof Memphis « • 4riii
Teniploot thcSiin ,, 4"iii
Templuof Vpsambul , 4'>l'>
T.iwernf Habel , 451)
Wa>liiii.'ron Monument » .'1°-'.'
White House, Washington '•>-'
WonderaofS, i.iK e 4;^.'
Wood. Artilici:il,To Make , , 4i'.ii
Engraving, Tho lust I'l'i
EiiorinoiisForceot when Wetted 4i>7
How to stain ,,., 4iKi
Woofien liails , sa
Woods. Ucl.itlvo Hardneasof , 4.'>t
Toughness of Various ..* 4''i7
Worcestei^hire Sauce, Ueeeint for Making ...^ •.....• 4il'-'
Horkmanship, Wonders Of Minute. «...<■ ••>•••. 471
Workshop Hint.< ^ iw
»ren. Age Attained by «..•••••.• t. >..., Va
83
Yankee. Yankee Dondlc.. ,. ...<..i..t......r..>.>MM«....
Y'east. The Ucst Kind totae ,.
Yellowstone Park, I)<«criptkXI Of tbe 4iSl
Tpsambul, Temple of ..,..,......«..,......,,......•(,,., iX
ZamAmi, Description ot ai4
Zinc .....,M> ..r.— M... SU
Wenroindcbtedtotheownerof the Copyright of Secrets of Success In Business, copyright ?8a3byO. L. Howe«ndO. M. Powers, fbr rennLssion
to use tho articles in this book on various fgibieotB that are on pages 37 to 63, lu to 153, l&4to21^S£toai&,28iito£89,8S6toa6i.8e6to414and479tu5«i3
inoluslve,
OOILVIB ft QUJJITS OOMPANT,
I
^ic
a
!P®4
^"^'^l fe-
HERE Is no easy road la success i— I thank God for It. • • • •
A. trained man will maka h.s Ufa tall, Without training, you ars
left an a ebs af luck, whara thousands gn down, whlla ona maats
with succBss.
JAMES A. G-ARFIELD.
.*>^i*^
-m^'
<>>
s:
I
k
^<:^-^'^.
HE pulijiH't nf tlio inniortiiiu'o of
f,'0(](l writing i^ us liruail as iu luc
licacliiiigoiitiii every (lii'et;lion,iiiul
prrvii'.liiig every eonier of civilhietl
.-<i)eiety, from llici liuiiil)lest up to
tile hii^'lu'steiiiploytiienls, it iiusir-
viiiit (if man, secoiiil only iuimjiort-
lUU'u to tliat of .^pt^ecli itself. lu
tlio worlil of l)n.-iines3 its valuo id seen,
from tlu) .'^iinplcst record or memorun-
(Inm, ii|) to the jiarclunent ■\vliicli eouveys
a kingdom. \\'itliiiu(; it, the wlieel.s of
eomnieree eoiikl imt move a ginirlo hour.
At night it lias nM'in'iIeil the (ran-actioiis
of the ]$aiik of En^jland during the day;
of London; of tlio whole world.
^v^'^<^ Through, tlio art of writing, the deed^i
^ ^ of men live after them, and wo may sur-
round ourselves with t!ie eomjianionshij) of pliilosoiilur.:,
scientists, historians, discoverers and jioe.'s; and their (i ice v
cries, and reasonings and inuiginings bcconio ours. In tlie
amenities of social life, through the medium of the j en,
heart speaks to heart, though ocean rolls betwu. ;i.
Thoughts of tenderness and affection live when wo are
gone, and words and deeds of kindness are not jirctervdl
by monuments alone. What fonntainsof grief or joy have
been opened in the liearts of those who hav" read the ree
ords of the pen! The pen has recorded the ra^jturous emo-
tions of love reciprocated. The pen has written the
message of sadness which has covered life's ])ilgrimage with
gloom. The pen has traced the record of noble and useful
lives, spent in humanity's cause. The songs of the poet.
tao beautiful tints of his imiiginntion, the lli.jlita of the
orator in the realms of fancy. ;"id the facts of history,
W(»iii<l all per'sh ai tiioduw of mon.iiig, without this noble
art of writing.
As means of livelihood, tlu re i^ ])erhap3 no other
deiiartment of education which iillords avi-h universal and
lirofUablo employment, as writing. Fiom ii.otnero cop-, -
i>t, up to the prac!lii'al aeeountaat, and onvM'.rd into that
department of i)enman.>hip desigmittd a.i a lino art, the
lemnneralioii is always very ample, con.iidoring tiie time
and elIortre(pi;red in its acquisition.
Teachers, editors, farmers, doctors and all persona
sliould posse.-s a practical and substaiiti.il knowledge of
v,-riling, and.^houhi be nady with the \w\\. i'.utincss men
must of course bo ready writers, and heihc, in n treatise on
liusiness, de.-igned for the education tind i'lvancement of
tho youth of the country, it sjcnis eniiuuntly (Itting to
iirst make tho way clear to a idain, practical handwriting.
Neatness and accuracy should characterize tho liand-writ-
iiig of every one. Roteh-wurk and bungling are inexcusa-
ble, as well in writing us in fee tiaiL-action of business.
No person has a light to eau-e a tinge of shame to their
correspondent, by sendirg a lei'm- addressed in astiqiid
a'ld awkward manner, nor to C(ii;.nUi.c the time of aiiniher
ia deciphering theiilegible hool;sand .scrawls of a me^.-■:lge.
Kvery one .shoultl have the ambition to ('ViVi-respectably i.s
well as to uppvar ii'^pectable on any occasion.
MATl.KIAI.s 1 -Ki) IN v;i;riK(;.
Having a ?^uiiable desk or table, arranged with refer-
ence to light, in order to learn to write, it is necessary
to be proviiled with proper materials. AVriting mate
'■^c.
w
rial- nil' <ii Mliiiiiiliint iitnl f<o ilii'iip ii> tlic.-o' tiiiit'-< tliiit
no cM'ii-c i' .'iirni'drd )'i r ii-iiiiir mi iiit'i'iicir nr w ciitlil(--»
.|ii;ilily. 'I'lic iimtoriiiU <<iiisi-t oi" /'«//,v, ////• mihI
PENS.
Sled poiift nro considtTcil tin- ItcHt. frnld pciix liiivc
I 111' tid\iiiil:iir«' (if iil\vii_v-i priidiic ii;,' till' Miiiir (|ii;ili(y of
\Mitiiii.', wliilc >lii'l pens, iicv (1. old, pnidiu'i liner or
rniii-cr iiiH'-. Nut witlist!iiidiii<.' tir-tMd\iiiiti|i."' in I'uor
(if lll('i;ip|d pen. Mtccl pell-* lldlicrc to tlic p:ipcr, iliul
pi'iidiK (' :i lii'tli'l' line. 'I'lic pell ^lio.lld lie !ld:ipl('(| to
I 111' liiiiid of I 111' wrili'i'. Some persons i'(i(|uir<' ii course
pen. Mild siillie fllie. 1'i!il>lii' pell- ill llii' ll.'llld ol (Uie
writer lll.iy pl'odlU'e I lie lie-t resllil.-, wliilc II le-s lle\i-
Me pell liliiy suit tlie lliilid of oilier- lie-t, I'ellS liro
lliailllliel ilivil iif ;iin,ii-t llIl illllllile irrade llllil (plillily.
Ill ol'ilii' til -nil the rei|llir('lllellt- ol' illl, Aliolll (lie
Hilly rule that ean lie giNcn in M'leetiny pens, is lo
wrile a tew lines, or a patro, with eiieli of the immis on
trial, and then emiipare the wriliiii;-. if it lie slmded
till! lii:r. il_\. -eleet a less tlexilile pen, if the liair line-
are Inn delicate, select a ciiarscr pou.
INK.
lllai'h ink is always prel'eralilc. That wliieli is tVee
tVolll -rdinient and lloWs well, should lie -elei'led. I'-e
all ink--liiiil with lirnad lia.-e as liciniij- le.-s lialile In
iip-ei. \\'iih ]ii'rsonsii! leurninir til write it i- pei'liap-
hest ti) liinca (piality of ink wliidi is perfeelly lilaek
when put on the paper, in order that they may -ee the
rcsi.'ts (if their lalmr at luiee. l>n-ine-> men and
aeeoniilaiit- prefer a llnid ink, liiiwe\'er. x\hiih,
althoiiirh not lilaek at lirst , eoiitimies to erow lilaik,
and lieinnies a very liriirht and dnralile hlaek, imlwilh-
standini:' the aetimi nt' lii;']it and heat. A\(iid the n-e
of t'aney colored ink-, especially the inoi'c iraiidy, siidi
as liliie. red or irrceii. ill writinir all doeiimciits which
)U de-ire to command attention and respect.
PAPER.
There are almost as many irrades of paper to lie
fomid in the stationery stores, as there ave of |)cns.
For pract ici nir penmanship, iiotliiiiir is more -iiitahle
than foolscap, which may lie easily sewed into liook-
form, with cover of some ditferent color, and tlius
serves every requirement. The paper should have a
medium surface, neither rouirh and coarse, or too line
and <rliize(h Have a few extra sheets b(\side the writ-
ng hook, for th( puriiose of jiracticing the movenvMit
exercises and testiuL"" tlie pens, lie jirovided at all
times with a larL'e-sizcd lilotter, luid when wriliiiL'.
keep this under the hand. Do not iiltempt to wrile
with a NinL'le »hccl of paper on a hare talile or dewR ;
theie should lie iiiiiny sheets of paper uudcrueath, Ilk
oi'der to make nn elastic surface.
STUiJY WITH PRACTICE.
.\iiiile— , indiirerenl, or careless practice, never tniido
a iriiod writer, and never will. In order to succeed in
tin-, a- in other thin;;-, there must he will and dcter-
Miinalion tosii 'cd, and then persevering' and studi(Uis
ell(."t. Study the models until tlieir forms arc ti.xcd
ill the mind.
\o one can execute thai whiili he does not elearlv
ciiiiceive. The artist niii-t lir-l see the picture on the
white canvas, hefore he can paint "t, and the sculptor
niii-1 lie aide to M'c in the roiii.di ami 'nin\iiin'.>' stone,
I he lUlt lines nt' the lieailtil'ill illiaire " ii'ill he is to
ear\e. In writing;-, a clear idea of the fo. 'nation of
the dilVcrcnt letters, and their various proportions,
inii-t lieioine familiar liy proper study, examination
.iiiil analysis. Study prcicdes practice, it i'-, (.f
loiii'-c, not necessary, nor e\en well, to unil("tak(^ the
inasicry of all the forms in writinii, liy study, until
.-nine ha\i' liei'ii i'\eciiteil. It i- he-t that eacli fonn
-lionld, a- it i- taken ill), be Ih'st measured and ana-
lyzed and then praitircd at once.
It i- (he act whldi crowns the thought. After
stiiil\ . careful and eirncst practice can hardly fail to
make a ifood writer of any one. .Some persons seeiii'c
a irood style of penmanship with le-s labor than others,
and attain to th(> elegant, and beautiful formation.
But it is only '"lir to presume that ii.) greater diversity
of talent exists in this dire(ti(iii tlum in the study of
other things. All do not learn arithmetic or history
wiih like ease, but no one will assert that all who will,
may not learn arithmetic or history. .\nd so, all who
will |. lit torth the proper exertion in study and prac-
tic(i „i;,y l(.at'ii to write a g-ood business style, while
many of the number will attain to the elegant, 'i'lie
loiiditions of practice in writing are, Pimli(»i of tlie
Boihj, Position of the Hand and Pen, and Murc-
menl.
i.i«4«v.v>igsja
sH
f
UL'tti.Nt:.'<M wiiin.Mi.
.'•♦•• M
^1 POSITION f BODY.
••^
c(iTTlNO Hqimrrlv tVoiitini: f!ii' •Ick, with iVct |il!i<c,|
^ tiniily (111 lilt' iloor.iiiiil l)i>tli .inn-nii iliiili'^k,i-*,ii-a
I nilc. tliolit'-il position toriifmti(fiinvritiii^',or<(. I'-
ll'. IMimlfiii'f. 'rill- ri.L'lit !-iili'. limy, liowcvcr, In- plarcd
tollii'dc-'U. with th.'ii,i.'ht arm. oiiiy.
rcstiiiif lluTi'oii, and r^dim' pcr-oin
pri'lV-r tills position. Avoid i ro-invr
the fi'i't, sittini: on the »•(!;.'•' ol' iho
chair, or assuming,' any
cai'dosMiittitiidf. The hody
shoidd ho erect, hntsliL'ht-
ly inclined lorwani. ii
order that the eye may fol-
low the pen closely. This
position will never canso
iMiMitnre of the spine.
I he hody should
never he allowed to
-ettle down into a
criuniK'd and nnhoa
thy position with the
lace ahnost on the
paper. Hy liniscom-
prc'sinfr flit' liin^rs
and the di;:estive orjrans they
arc soon inJnriMi, and il' tiic
stomach lose il- tone, the eye-
siirht is impaired, there is such
a clo-e sympathy hetwei'n these or^ims ot' tlie
liody. The practice ot' writinir sli' nld he. ami
jiroperly is, a healthful exercise, and injurious
elicit, result only from improper positions of
the liody, at variance with jrood writiiiir as
well a- L'ood health.
^\ lieu wearied hy sittinjr and the etl'o.t at
SHADING.
As a h<'anti(1er of the handwriting?, by eiuixlntr a
iliversity of liirhl and shade ainonu the h'tter-, -liadinir
has Its value; hut in the [uactical handwritini.' for
husiiie" pnrpoM", il sIkuiIiI, as a rule, he cla-'cd with
ilonrinhm^', ami left out. Ueipiirin^ time ami etl'ort,
to hriny' down the ^hailcs on letti'r«, hu-ine»s nieii.
clerks and tele^'iaph operat(M'^ tind a uuitonn and rci:n-
lar stv'h" of writin;.', without 'hade.
the hest, even tliiuij.'h il may m>l lie
UNIFORMITY.
nio-l necessary ele-
hi all <rood pemiiati-
is uniformity. lu the
) of the letter* and
Is which torm a writ-
)ii!.'e there must Ik- no
rroemeut. With the
letters jpaiiin;: about
in \!iriousdirection-.
writing' is pre-ented
in its nio-t ridicu-
lous phase, I'ni-
forinity in the .i/.e
r>. throu;.'honl the
paire; Imw ^M'cally it
■~ to nealnes- and
.Ml letti'i's resting
ine, and hcin^'<if nni-
liirlit. add. aunt 111 r
coiiiUtion towards "dod peiiniaii.hip.
This essential element of uiiifoiniity
^ may t)c watched and •ruarded closely and
cultivated hy any Icainer in liis own
practice.
BUSINESS WUITINO.
m
|{i>i
m
^PositioniBody While standing.*!}
Q^r
TiiE practical book-keeper fiiuLs it advantageous to do
Ids writing while standing; in fact, wlicro large
books are in use, and entries are to be transfciTod from
one to another, the work of the
book-keeper can hardly be i)er-
formed otherwise than in a
standing position, free to move
about his ofEce. Cumbrous
books necessitate a diiferent
position at the desk, from that
of the correspondent, or the
learner. Since large books must
lie squarely on the desk, the
writer, in order to have the
proper position thereto, must
place his left side to the desk.
The body thus has the same
relative position, as if squarely
fronting the desk with the paper
or l)ook pluoed diagonally. In
other words, th.; writer, Avhile
cuiragcd in writing in large,
heavy books, must adjust him-
self to the position of the books.
Slimdd the correspondent or bill
dork perform his work while
stauiling, ho would assume the
same as the sitting position —
squarely fronting the desk.
LEGIBILITY.
Children, in Icurningto \mt8,
are apt to sacrifice all other
good qualities of beauty, regu-
larity and grace, for tbo quality
of legibility, or plainness.
"With some older persons this
legibility is considered of verj'
little consequence, and is ob-
scured by ail manner of mcau-
i.igless nourishes, iu ■which the
writer takes jiride. In the esti-
mation of the 1)usiness man,
writing is injured by shades and
flourislies. Tlie demand of this
pnictical time i-a plain, regular
style that can bo Mritteu rapidly, and read at a glance. | of letters may bo soon nuistcrcd or corrected.
FINISH.
By a careless habit, which many pei-sons allow them-
.-.cives to tail into, they onut to attend to the little
things in writing. Good penmanship consists in atten-
li(in to siii.iil ilctails, each letter and word correctly
formed, ni.;!.c.. the beautiful page. By inattention to
the tiui-^h oi or.Q letter, or part of a letter of a Avord,
oftentimes the word is mistaken
foranother.andthc enlircmcan-
ing changed. Particular atten-
tion should be devoted to the
finish of some of the small let-
tei-s, such as the dotting of the
i, or ( rossing of the t. Blend-
ing tile lines Avhi( Ii form a loop,
often cau>cs tlie letter to be-
come a . tcm, similar to the t or
d, or an e to become an i. In
many of the capitiil letter.-,, the
wail I of attention to th'j fiiiish
of the letter converts it into
another ordi'stroys its identity,
siicii, for iustarue, as the small
cross on the capital F, which,
if left off, makes the letter a T.
The AV often becomes an M, or
vi'ri' '■, rsa, and tlie I a J. !Mis-
takes in this regard are more
the result of carelessness and
inattention than anything else.
By cneful practice a person
will acquire a settled hal)it of
giving a i)erfection to each let-
ter and word, and then it is no
longer a task, but is performed
naturally and almost involun-
tarily, whilethediirerencein the
appearance of i] ' written jiage,
as well as the exactness and cei-
tainty of the meaning conveyed,
may be incalculaldy great.
"While practicing penmanship,
or M"hile endca\oringto ooiToct
a careless habit in writing, the
mind must be upon the Mork
in liand, and not be allowed to
wander into fields of thought or
imagination; by thus cr liining
the attention, any defect or
inipcr ection in the formation
I
i
c"
■■Ml
iiToet
work
•.I'd \o
jj-lit or
fiuiiii;'
■ct or /' '
nation v\
KUSINESS HTirnNO.
:;;=>cv.^
■*i^^^-<czz;r^
^
Position of the Hand and Pen.
^— i.^^j-
-^-^§2'^-
THE rijrLt arm should rcsl on tlio tnii-< Ics just Wow
the elbow, iind wrist .sliould Ix'olcviitcd.soiis to move
free from iwjjor and <losk. Turn tlio lianil so that
the wrist will he level, or so tliiit the hark of tl:e hand
will faee the oeilintr. Tlie third and fourth fimrers
turned slightly nndcrtic.itli the liaiid will form its su|v
jKirt. and the pen, these lin^rers and tii" muscles of the
arm near the elbow form the oidy |)()ints of rest or con-
tact on desk or paper. The pen should point over the
shoulder, and sliould be so held tliat it may ]):i-s t!)e
root of the nail ou the seeond fnigcr, and about opjx>-
sito t!ic knuckle of the hand. An unnatural or cramped
IKTsition of the hand, like such a position of the body,
i.s on|K>.«e<] to irood writinir, and after many years of
ofic»('r.a;;on and study, all teachers concur in the one
pa^-itiou alMive described, as bein<^ the most natural,
easy and irraieful for the writer, and as aifording the
most fr«-e<l()ui and streiiirth of movement.
Avoid gettinir the hand in an awkward or tiresome
IK>>iti<iii. rollinir it over to one side, or drawing- tin;
fore finirer up into a crooked siiape. Hold the pen
firmly l.-ut liirhtly, not with a irrip as if it were about
to cacajK? from service. Do not say, '* I can't" hohl
the [K-n oorre<-tly. Habits are stiong, but will may be
strouL'er. and if you hold the \tr\\ corr.'t tiy in spite of
old habits, for a few les.^ons, ail will tlicu be easy, and
I
the ]K?n wii. take its position at each writinir exercise,
with no ell'orl whatexer. Kverythin.ir beiiiir in readi-
ness, and the proper position assumed., the writer mii^t
niiw obtain complete contri/1 of hand and pen, by prac-
tice in mt)vement.
RAPIDITY.
One of the essentials of a practical business style of
^vr;li',ij.' Tutist i)e rapidity of execution, in order to be
t'f ."..iy avail in tlu' necessities and pr"ss of a l)iisine.-s
I !><•-. ion. The demand of tli'.- mci. ii.iiit is. tliat hi.s
clf-r'i shall not only write well, I. it with iai>i.liiy, and j
f the volume of letters to be answcre.!, bills to be made j
out, or iK^ms to be entered on the iiooks of ;i'cotiiit,
I coiujK'l the clerk to move the t>;'ii with tlextirity and
f rapidity, as well as skill. Wirile there is irreat diver-
sity :(nion«: persons as to the rapid.ily as v,-(dl as qnality
of iheir i)enmanship, some lieinij naturally nuu-e alert
and active than others, yet by sectiring the proper posi-
tion of the hand, arm and bo.ly, f ivorabh- to ei'.--e and
frecJom of execution, then toiiosvini;' this with careful
practice in movement, until all the\aried motions nec-
essary in writiiiir are thoroiiifhly masti'red, the jierson
may, with suitable etl'ort,ac(iuire the quality of rapidity
in writinir, jrradiially increasing the speed until the
desired rate is accomplished.
BEAUTY.
In the handwritiiiir, as in other things, beauty 13
larcrely a matter of taste and edu( ation. To the man of
bti-inc-.^-i, tlie most beautiful handwriting is that which
is writtc-u with case, a p.d expresses plainly and neatly the
thoiujht of the writer. To tlu' professional (U* artistic
taste, while such a \\\\w\ may lie regarded as "a good
basinc~.» liand," it would not be<'onsidered as beautiful,
(H^caiL-* it conforms to no rule as to proportion, s'lade,
and .^|)acing. In the p-ractical art of writing, it is not
verv untiir to mciisure its beauty I; rirelv by its utility,
BUSINESS WBITINO.
r
(2.^ •♦-
=€ MOVEMENT.
^ C^.
iNOEU movement,
oiMvritiiigln'thc
iisiMif tliofiiiirfis
as the motive
power, iseTitire-
\\ iniidcquiite to
tlicreqiiireniciits
ofljiisincss. 'I'lio
liiiirers >ooii lic-
coiiie tired, tlie
liaiul heromes criiniped, the writing shows a lahored
ellbrt, and lacivs freedom and ease so essential to jrooil
business })(>nmansiiip. In the oflice or eonnting-room.
M'iiere tlie clerk or correspondent ninst wrile tVom
morning till night, the linger movement ol' course
cannot he used.
\\\\\\.X is designated hy writing teachers as tii(> ^\'holc
Arm. or Free Arm ^lovcment, in which the arm is
lifted free tVom tiie desk and completes the hotter witli
a dash or a swoop, is necessary in ornamental pcmnan-
sliip and Honrishing, hut has no j)lace in a practical style
of bnsines.-. writing. The man of business would
hardly stop, in the midst of his writing, to raise the
arm, and e\-ceut(> an "off-hand capital," while cus-
tomers .'ire waiting.
But adapted to the practical pnr[)oses of business is
tiie )ii>tscuh()' tnovemenl, in which the arm moves freely
on the museles l)clow the elbow, and in cases of precise
gAsv^-
writing, or in the more extended letters, such as f, is
assisted by a slight movement of the fingei-s. The
third and fourth fingers may remain stationary on the
(laper, and be moved from time to time, or between
words, where careful and accurate Avriting is desired,
l)ut in more rapid, free and flowing penirunship, the
fingers should slide over the paper.
MOVEMENT EXERCISES.
Having everything in readiness, the student may
begin his i)ractice on nu)vement exercises, the olyect
of which is to obtain control of the pen and train
the muscles. Circular motion, as in the capital O,
reversed as in the capital W, vertical movement as in
I", long s and capital J, and the lateral motion as in
small letters, mu>l each be jjracticed in order to be
able to inoNc the pen in any direction, up, down, or
.siilewise.
The simplest exercis*! u\ movement. Try to follow
around in the same line as nearly as possible. Do not
shade.
The same exercise, only with ovals drawn out and and slight shade added to each down stroke
4a2fi>
Sides of ovals should be even, forming as nearly a straight line as possible. Reverse the movement as in
third form.
:^
it as in
I
BUSINESS WRITING.
Tlio following three exercises embrace the essential elemonts In capital letters, and should at first be made
large for purposes of movement :
Capital O, down strokes parallel.
Capital stem. Down stroke a compound curve. Shade Iom-. Finish with a dash.
Capital loop. Curves parallel. First curve liiirhcst.
Ilavinir su(»ccednd to some extenl with those exercise^, the learner may next uudertakc the vertical movement.
In order to (il)t:iin tiie laleral nioviMUcnt, which enahlcs one to write lonir words without lifting the pen, and
in()\(' easdy and gracel'ully across tiie page, exercises like the I'ollowing slioiild lie practiceil-
Down >trokcs ^.traiglit. Kven and resting on line.
III all ni.ivcnicr.t exci'i ise-; the third and nxiith iinirers should slide on th(^ ])aper, and the tinger n"o^■emcnt
should he careftdly a\-oidcil. The diU'erciif niovenients having been practiced, they may now he combined in
various forms
Latei-al and rolling mo\-emeni
.'omhined. Vertic:;! nidvemcnt
and rolTmir movenie'.il londiined.
Do not shade the circles. Lines
should he parallel.
Movement cxereises may he midtiplied alnio-f indefniitely hy .-tudyin!> the forms u>cd in M'riting and their
condiinalions. l\(>pcatinu many of t'.ie small htter-, sueh as m, u, e, r, s, a, d, h and ?, also capitals D, J, P,
etc., forms an excellont exercl.-;) for tin: le;:;-i;'i'.
PRINCIPLES IN WRITING.
In order to enable the learner to ex i;;ii:'e, amdyze and < rillci c !ii> writing, t'.ie following principles are
given as his standards of measureuicnts :i:i 1 form. By I'omhining them in viuions v.-ays the essential part of all
fetters in the alphabet may be fo^ ..u d.
lc^57 '^'i^ principles must he fust carefully studied, and separated into ilie pnnKiiy lines which compose tliem and
tnc form of each principle well understood. The student may then form a. scale like the one following, bv
BUSINESS WHITINO.
y diviiliii!.' till' ilistiiiicc lu'lwocii tlic liliic lines on the p.'ipor into lour equal spacer, with a li-rlitly ruled line. Tlu
letters of tlie small alphabet should then he placed in the seale and the hisrht of each h'tter fixed in the! mind.
if
:. ../^J.11jL1 ZZZj OSO. rrr^f^gfe^
Noliee that the contraeted lett"'i's. or tliose whieji oceupv' oidy one spaci'. as a. ni. n, o. s, \-, w and e, and that
part of d, IT, h, i| and y, found in the first space, aic all widl roinnicd and devcdopeci. 'I'hese letters and parts
of letters, found in the lirst -pace, I'orui the essential par! of all wriiini;-. and liierefoie deserve espei ial care.
Also notice that *he loop Ictlcfs, alio\c Ihc line, -avAx a- h. f. Ii, k and I, extend two and one-half sjjaee-, ahove
the l)lne line, while the loop helow the line, such as (.r, t", J, ' y and /, extend one and one-half spa^'cs helow
liie blue line, thus two and one-half and one and one-half niajvinir the four sfjiiees of the scale, and the u)>pcr
loojis on one line will just meet the lower loojis of the line ahox'e, hut never eonllict, to fl;o destruction of neat
liody writinir. Notii'i' tlu' type of the printer. 'I'he extensions al)o\-ethe shoi'ter letter."* iire ([uito iusiiTiiifieant ,
and are only tised to savi' the letter from resemhlin;.'- some other letter of the alpliahef. Thcv never conflict,
and how leyiljle \.\\c\ an-.
-0^1^2^1-1^
The Tyi)ey,
A Kes'.Mnbhiucc.
An Ab-surdity.
Besides, to make louir loojis, requires more time, and more power with the pen, while shorter loops are in
ev(>ry way easier to acipii:.', .jnicker. and better. Tideirraph operators, tionie of whom are among our best
business penmen, niaUe all extended lettei-s very short, while iicoonntants, .-md business men, favor the style of
short loops, well developed letters, and .small ea])ilals.
Apply tlie pi'ineiples. Observe regularity. Muscular movement.
Down strokes straight.
Up strokes '.'urved.
Principle No. 1. Well formed loop.
These exercises should bo practiced with the muscular movement, until they can bo made with rcirulanty
and ease.
4th principle. Let 3d and 4th fingers slide. Notice the top.
O closed at top. \o retracing.
Two spaces liigli.
Down stroke strai'^hf.
,^C^^L
'fT
^ /
A rnie in ^vriting may bo laid down, that all small letters should commence on the blue lino, mid end one
sjiace hi^h.
(t
n
■. iinil lli.'it I
I
jiiid part- |»
icnal I'iirc.
11
inccs ahdvc \l'
;;.■(•> lu'ldW
1 llip upper
ion of iK'iit
-iirMificiint,
LT conflict,
i
loops are in
ig our best ' ^
tiio style of
rf'inilarnv
7^.-
■ ^ /
(1 end ono
.([
r
nrsiNF.ss AvuiTmo.
Discover fiic principles. Avoid rctraciiijr.
Notice t'orni. In w, last |iart narrow. >.Iai<c witlioii-t rais^n'r ilu' [;c.i.
Kxteiid two spaces ahoxc tlic liiu', ami oui' liclow.
:^;^^^^i^^^^^^:^>^--" v^^^^
lielracin".' i< an error. The only exception to tliis is in il, t, p and x, wlicn^ it heconus necessary.
e^^-a4y;^2^^/7-^/''r77^,7^^'n^y^i^^^^^^
Jm^ J^yn^^u7yn^^/yi^y^y^' ^^-^^^/^^^^^V'-'^^/^C^'
,11
''zwuy^iay^'?'?^^^
Upper loops iiii, (hoir crossing at tiie liiglil ot' one space, while lower loo[is <'ross at the M . iin(
/^/^^:^-truAy/2/-t^Z^^yU^^^.
-^/^'Uy^t^
\*\
I?!
iSl
'/t^i4dyM^/^^an^/^/i^y^^^^^
I'liice the capital letters on the scale, analyze Ihcni aceordnig to )iriiici[)les (i, 7 and cS, and notice their
relative pi-opcn-tions.
^^^^^^
m
-T^-
TZl
^2
^
.... — ■■'■y"^:
^z:^2i
r^:^'
jK:yL^A
i-V-
UtHz
in order to practico capital letters (o iidvantaire. as well ;,. io suidy Iheiii, colI(>i( i:i n prnnp or fatJiily ail
those Utters wliich have soino one form or [irincipLi ;..-. an c-siuilial part. Taice lirst ihc I'nii principle, or ovai,
Huu we groui) the letters as follows:
rt^i-^ '^'~ ."'^? ^ ■; ■^■S-'.^.^ •- '':'
!1
_. ....^ ,.»t.f^.
The cvcoUeuc© of an oval depends largely on its fullness and roundness. No corners or t^at «i(}eft.
I -! !^
I
IU>IM:>.s WKITINCi.
l)owii strokes parMlld.
("apitnl I) i- a ("iqiilal () with a knot on the lower roriier
€y O.^^/^ (J^^j^a^^ G^u^J^^U>^^uyy^'MiJa/2/7^a^l^^
fy^U/T'Z^y (jytcsy?y^-fyL
The letters in which tlio caiiital stem, er Ttli iniiiciplo, I'ornis a Icndiiii,' part, may he g-t'oupcd as follows:
I lu the II and K, tlio capital stem is alnuot strai-iii (m tlio down stmko, in the F and T it is little more of a
; wave line, and in S and it the lino is much of a coniponnd or doiilile curve.
I ,^^ .^<^Va^^yi^ ^/A^^^yt^ ^^'//y^^T^
'^^ /^T^
/^^
/J7^
/^^
>^ ^:^a';^^^^<^y>' ..^^.^Z^y^^^^Ty-^^^^ j^ ^d/yyiyyyy^^>7^ jt^4^t
T
^r^ .<d<C^-^^yf2'
■Jyh..
v>^ya^^^/?na^
The oapitnl 1, and also the J, -which is u moditlcd I, are sometimes classed among the capital stem letters,
from t!ip resomhknoc of the I to tliis primlplo in all hut tiic top.
/Z
^/ruU/i^yuu-:^'^Ct^J^a^'^z^'^f^^^
i^^
The capital loop, or Mil pruinplo, is found as an o>=ential cleinont in
wor corner.
tie more of a
stem letters,
BUSINESS WRITING.
In tho ciipitiil 1()()|), or 8th principle, another oval may bo made within the largo turn at the top, but lor
practiral purposes tho letter is perhaps better without it, and may be simplified even more, as in tiie N
below.
0^^
/^.
'.^^^
FIGURES.
Make figures small, neat, and of form exact. Each figure must show for itself, and cannot be known by
those which precede or follow it, sut is tho case with letters. The common tendency is to make figures too
large and coarse. ^lind tho ovals in figures and have them full and round. The chief excellence of the zero
lies in its roundness; tho 3, 5, 6 or 9, without care in making tho ovals, may degenerate into a straight line, or
simply a meaningless hook, which it would hardly bo safe to uso in expressing sums of money, ordering goods,
or tho transaction of other business.
^p-*
•I COPIES FOR PRACTICE, i*^^
- i^~rii %n
Having proceeded thus far in the study and practice of writing, and having obtained the proper control of
tho pen through +ho movement exercises, all that is necessary now in order to seeing a good handwriting, is
continued and wcn-directed practice.
p/00^
'x^^^.
j7 yr
%^dr
!l 1
^jy^'y^-J^ \ iiAi;.Mi.\(i and fasH-inating arc thoprracofnl and
■''^"•'^'~- '(^ |V liaitiMiiiioijs curvos produced, wlicn, wielded
l>y soiiH' fiMincd ami skillful haml. tiu' pen
bocnnies an mstrnmeiit of htaiify. As In* llio
pdwcr (<i sp('('( li, men may pas* fmm the cdni-
moii tone of ooiivpr*ation tip to tlie melodious
.strains of musie, or may si)ar in fliirlits of
oratoiT into the suttlinie. tnitil the nmltitudo is
entranced; so the capaliilities of the i)en are not
limited to tlie common uses of life, hut niay
taice on forms of l)eauty in tdcirant outlines of
bird, or landsetipe, or graceful .swan or bound-
^- inir >^tag.
Ornamental writing is not a practical art, ami ha.s no connec-
tion wliatever with tiie practical bu.-ino?s of life. It is in the
realm of poetry. The imagery of graceful outlines must first be
.seen by a poetic imagination. While the great masses may
acquire a good style of plain, practical penmanship, fvw have the
necessary conception of mind, combined with the skill and dex-
terity of hand to become successful ornamental penmen.
The ornamental pages which follow are given, not as models for
imitation or practice by the learner, but merely to .show the jws-
sibiiities of the pen in the hand of a ma.ster, and as a fitting
closing to this, our chapter on ))enmanship.
To any one who may Iwnc an artistic quality of mind, and
delights in beautiful lines and harmonious curves, these pages of
ornamental penmanship wdl .serve as models for practice and
imitation, and c\-ery attem|)l at su<h an exercise as the one on
this, or the following pages, will give greater strength and
iVeediim of movement, and better conunand of the pen, so that
it will conduce to an easy, flowing and elog-ant style of plain
])usiness writing, while all'ording a most i)lcastint and profitable
employment in the cidtivation of the taste.
A'arioiis b(>au1iful designs or pictures may be made with the
]>en, in the hands of one that posses.ses the skill ot a penman and
the e)e of an artist.
^
-. iiv;
.n__
JIUHINKMH KOHMS,
USINESS
-i'?
ORMS.
In tho transnotion of biisinoss, men have
found it noccssary to ailopt certain forms or
written instruments whicli are passed from
one party to tho otlier a-s evidence of tho
transaction, or intention of tho i)artios.
These aro called Husiiic'^s J'ljrms, and are ia
such extensive use that every pei-son shojdd become
familiar witli their form and peculiarities, no matter
how limited their business experience may chanco to
bo, and no one should presume to affix his si<i:naturo to
such documents without fully comprehending the
meaning and responsibility of tho act.
For tho sake of convenience and readiness of reference,
aa well as uuifonuity, accuracy and legibility, most of
the forms used in business are printed, leaving blank
spaces for names, amounts, dates, etc., Avhich aro tilled
in with pen and ink to suit the roquiremanta of each
case.
These fonns aro then an-anged in tablets or pads, or
bound into books, and are detached as they aro needed.
It is the design in tho few pages following, to so
acquaint tho reader with the various business forms
and ihcir peculiarities, that ho will lie able to write
out a document in correct manner, either with or with-
out tho printed blanks, and will at the same time
nndci-stand tho legal significance of such acts.
These forms consist of Bills, lleceipts. Due BiJh,
2Totes, Orders, Checks, Drafts, and Bills of Exchange.
BILLS. a*^
BrLL is an itemized
statement of goods
bought or sold, or la-
bor or sen'ices per-
fonned, together with
the price of each ar-
ticle, the amount of
the whole, date, etc.
Tho heading of a
bill should consist of
the name of tho city
or town, state, and
date, and in many
cases, especially in
professional bills, tho name and number of tho street is
iilso placed above the uumo of tho city, but perhaps tho
more general custom is to place tho nimiber and street
under the name of tho firm, although this is not theo-
retically so correct. The name of the pei-son or firm to
whom the goods are sold or for whom tho service is
perfonned, is placed at the left, and in case of a non-
resident, it is well also to insert tho address.
When a bill is made for labor or services, the name of
the pcivon rendering such service should be preceded by
To and followed Fiy Du., while in ;ase of goods sold, it
is now quite customtiry to use the words "Bought of."
Tho custom is now common, of placing the advertise-
ment beneath tho name, thus causing the bill head to
bear the business card of the person or finn issuing it.
Among merchants it is customary to have printed on
tho bill head the terms of sale and discounts allowed,
together with rules in regard to rebates, etc.
! I
■1
I )
hi;hin£88 fuumh.
FORM OF A BILL FOR SERVICES.
U To SAMUEL B. MATTHEWS. Dr.
'Mpi-.
ATTOHNKY AT LAW AND CONVliYANCliR.
)PUa^.
/
'
^
s^
cnf
Ux^ttde^^ .£u/L/y^ ^^^nidAyM^/ntyyt^t^a^^rvuca^
. /
/per
6(^
too-
Oi^(:3e<^^2:??z^C^^^>^c^^^z<*^eX
■0LnM£^QMm!iui^-
as
HE dates on tho left of the bill are used to show
when eaeh servieo was perfonned, but in ease tho
bill is rendered immediately after the labor has
been eoni])leted, no date is then nerossary hero,
tho date at the he«d of the oill will suflioe. If
labor is eharfjed for by tho day or hoin*, the number of
days or houi-s and tho price of each must be put down.
When tho bill consists of one item only, it should be
l)laced in tho total column, but when several items,
then* sum only siiould bo extended into this colunni, as
in the above bill. When the bill is paid, it should be
receipted by writing lieceived Payment, and signing the
name, by the maker of the bill, and is then passed over
and beh)ngs to the party paying it, and should be care-
fully jn'oseiTcd as iiis receipt.
In malting out a bill of any kind, it is alwap best to
obsene those conditions which give perspicuity to the
writing. Any paper that is neatly drawn has a certJiin
prestige as compared with such as arc; rendered barely
intelligible, either from bad or careless writing, or have
their sense killed by brevity. Every item should
appear full and plain, and if there be occasion for
expressing numbers and prices in the bod}' of the bill,
as already indicated, these ought to be so -vvi'itten in, as
to be easily read and uudei-stood. Sufficient room must
be taken to write tho matter in so that no part of it may
be mistaivcn.
If indeed it ho necessary to economize siMiro in tho
body of (lie bill in order to set down all that is desired,
the writing UiUst of coui-se bo smaller and tho lines
closer togetlier. In a bill of goods, which is mado
similar in f r'u to the above, tlie price of articles that
are enumerated in a single line is sometimes written
immediately above each article in small figures, then
the several amounts are added together and set down in
the colinnn in wliich the simis of items are shown.
To avoid much crowding of matter in small space,
it is usual among most business men to have the foi-m
of the bill head printed upon paper of different sizes,
large as well as small. Generally the same fomi is
printed on longer sheets, without any increase of
width.
lyiucli time is absorbed every day in most departments
of active })usiness, by reason of careless or inacciu'ate
making out of l)ills. The sending back and forth to
have bills corrected or explained, often affords an excuse
for delay in the payment of a bill, and sometimes pro-
duces unpleasant friction between business men as well
as the disadvantages which arise from lack of prompt
settlement.
irt of it may
nwe in the
is desired,
the lines
ch is made
rticles that
ics written
urcs, then
et down in
lown.
null spaoc,
the form
ent sizes,
le fomi is
icrease of
|)artments
inaccurate
forth to
an cxense
imcs i)ro-
'H a.s well
f prompt
■':■■
ui;»ifi£tia I'OiiMs.
FORM OF A MERCHANTS BILL.
All Otolma Car Paniff or HhortoKo uiutt bo inatio within 5 limjt from the re««lpt of the CMiadfc
Folio
9f4
Salesman — ^^•-^•^•.
^^^ke<md>.
''■^r,yt>, (^^«4*t<*^ //^^'(^S^.
"P^u^
f Feankun MagVeaoh & €o.,
AVHOLESALE GROCERS,
Tennai Caah.
Claoovmta: Two per oent If t^'ii. at our offlM atrlcUjr within 10 daya.
a
>^f/
When n hill has been paid by note, or otherwise than
by cash, it should bo so stated on the bill. As in the
above bill one-half is paid by note and cash given for
the balance. Instead of allowing the note to draw
interest, the merchant usually prefere to include the
interest in the face of the note, and then have the note
written without interest. In this case the interest
must be charged in with the goods as in the above
bill. Wholesale merchants and jobbers send a bill with
each purchase. Retail merchants usually render a bill on
J^ the first of each month for the past mouth's purchases.
When l)ills have ])oen reuJcrcd for gootls sold from
time to tiine during the month, it is customary where
settlements are made monthly, to render at the close of
the month, what is called a Statement. This is a sjniop-
sis of all of the bills rendered during the month, show-
ing only the total amounts of the several bills, together
Avith the dates, etc., but not specifying the various
articles sold. This sJ^lopsis of the monthly account
enables the merchant to check over the various pur-
chases and readily ascertain the conectuess thereof
before settlement.
i:
ii
' t
Jtll
^^:
'^ Q e e i p t s
■■J
^t^
kw^^^'
i)^«-
'iiKN nioiioy IS imid for tlio Hottlpiuout of dobt,
or ti) apijly on 11 debt or cliiini, for llio piiy-
inoiit of rout, or for payment ailvimced on ti
contnut, a receipt should always be taken.
Never fail to take a receipt unless you liavo
Honio other cvideuco of pajniicnt ho tliat a re-
ceipt becomes unnecessary. Parties may die, witnesses
move away, and memory fail, and then, in settling ni)
tlio estate, yon may l)e put to troiilile ami lo.xs unless
armed with a receipt.
As a rule, every one liavini,' liusim --i wilii otlicrs,
whereby money or its e(|iii\aleiit is passed, sluudd
rerpiire a receipt, which ouL'lit to be (piickly friven, iis
.' i\ 1 ..I :i' 1 :il
if lie will
I
a matter of course. |)o mil iisk any one it ..
liMve a receipt for \iiliic; reiuKn' it at oii<e witliout
words.
FORM OF A RECEIPT.
^2^^.2:^^-.=^Z_^/^^/^Z<^,^;
■^^'Z^Z-i^.-i^/t^'
i).
nUrmfi^TinltJatml'aiaS'^'^ T"^ '^ '-'-^-^— ^^^-- "-^^ .» ir^rr^-
A reeeijjt written ■with jjcncil is legal, Itiit a prudent
and careful business man would hardly give a rcceii)t
in pencil. Never fail to have a receipt properly dated,
as it is frequently of gre^it importance to know irhcn a
payment was made. The receipt should state elciirly
and fully what the pa}iuent Avas made for; if on a con-
tract or note, specify what <'ontract, or note; if for
rent, state for what premises, and y/w/t whav date /<>
Avhat date the riMit is paid.
FOR PAYJIKNT OS A CONTRACT.
1500. PiTTSiirunii, Nov. 18, 1884.
Received of Watson D. Brown, Five Hiindrod Dollur.s,
being the lir.st iiistallinont paid on a contract to build for him
a brick dwelling house ut No. 933 Vine street.
CoLBUKN & Dewey.
I'OU MONKV TO AI'l'LV OS ACCOUNT.
If 100. Omaha, Neb., Jan. 10, 1884.
Uocciveil of .JoJHi W. Siiiitli, Oiio lluiulied Dollars, to
ii[iply on account. II. M. WiNSLOw & Co.
IN Fi;i,l, or AIX DEMANDS.
*38.0r). Drrnorr, Mich., Jan. IG, 1884.
Uoceivcd of Peter Hind, Thirty-Eight and 05-100 Dollars,
ill full of all demandB. ' J. AV. IIuNTEli.
FOR RENT.
*--25. Coi.LMBUS, Ohio, May 1, 1884.
Rocoivwl of II. D. Soutbworth, Twenty-Five Dollars, for
rent of dwelling No. 187 Elm street, from May 1st to June
1st, 1883. jAMEd S. Goodrich.
TO APPLY ON A NOTE.
1150. IlicuMoxn, Va., Jiuio Ist, 1884.
Roccivcfl of Wm. L Irwin, One Hundred and Kfty Dol-
lars, t<> upjily on his note for JiGOO, duo August 3il, 1883.
James Duncan.
n-^-
I loxs imli'ss
lIL'ttlNKHH I'UUUH.
IlKOKIIT VOH NTOCK TO WIXTKII.
I'AKKKIl. Ill . N..\. m, l«fi3,
Ifcccivwl from Jiioknon WckmI, Iajii Iu'smI nf lioriuil cuttlo,
imnic'iy four i'hwm and m\ y<""iK oxen, tojji'ilicr with lliroo
liorM'H, iind ll\(! >\riiu', \Tlii(^h I iiroiiiiso In \nv\> lliniii;;li tin-
Miiiliraml iVf*! with i^dihI huy, corn, ctf., urnl ri'turii in wxxl
ciinililion, on tliu lil'tcontli day of April ni'xt, ciiMUullioH
I'.xi'clittHl, hii inlying inu oi^ht liolliirM cite!! for tlio i^iltlo iind
liorHi'H, ami t>\\v dollui' and lifty cont* each for tliu Hwine.
\Viti«;s« my hand. John Sciiuodku.
IlKOKIIT TO UDAJUIIAN FOK TAVMF.NT OV ACCOUNT OF IIU
WAllU,
tViO. Mii.WAiKKE. Wis., May M, 1H84.
Kt'coivcd from .Tolin Hell, >,'nar<lian of Harrii'l, Ijindon, one
(if tiio minor chililron and lioirH of ,Focl Uimlon, di'iviu^iHJ.Ono
llundrwl and Twunty DoiiarH, in full (or Ixiard and tuitiuu uf
8uid llarriut Luuduu, from March t, IS84, to date.
Henjamin Simmons.
to kxkcl'tok fok i'avmknt of a iikuuimt.
♦3,000, MoNTUOMKUY, Ala., Ik'v. yi, 188;j.
Ilcooivott of Edrii- HiK)nicr, executor of the last will and
toatamontof Warnui Hizer, doeoa.sod,thortuni of Two 'I'honaand
Dullars, in full of a Icgucy txstiuuutlicd uio bv Raid la^t will and
tuslamoiit. Samuel, ILvne.
FOR A NOTE.
♦376. ritoviDENcE, U. 1., May 35, 1884.
IJocoivcd of Geo. D. Woo<lworth, hin noto at thirty dayfl, for
Two Hundred and Sevoiity-Fivo Dollars, in full of account.
S. 1). I^NU & Co.
ron iNsTiiiicTioN in muhic.
Lake Zi lucii. 111., .July 18, 1834.
Rocoived of Charles IJurher, the sum of Ten Dollars, in
full of all dcmuudd on accouut of histruction in music.
M. E. WlNTEU,
AUENT'M UKCKU'T TO IIOlHi; OWNKIl KOIl I'AVMKNV «".
accui;nt uf kf.i'aiim.
ClIKArio, Miinll '^tl. 1H8!.
Kcrpivp(l of Oplen Whitcomli, Kifty Dollarr*, for ^laildill;.'
and calcimininK liousu at Hyde I'ark, and conimi'''<ioiiH for
HU(ieriiitendin^' same, Ki.a.vk I). Uau.
FOIt HONKV I'Ain OS AN INHt'llANCK I'OIJCV.
Clin Add. .luly io, 1^84.
IU>opivcd of Au;;uHt Ki.^cher, the sum of Tlirce Dollars and
Sev('nly-Ki\c Cents, in full on insurance prciniiini in A. <i.
Insurance Co., No. lo.riHt. Ciiahi.hs Wav.
I'AIIT I'AV.MKNT ON INTKIlK'tT NOTK-IIOKUOWKU MONKV.
Si'iiiNUKiKi.i), (>.,.Fuly 111, 18«4.
Ileccive*! Nineteen Dollars of tin' Twenty Ki\c Dollars du.'
on Anthony White's note of Five Hundred Dollars, to onhr II.
Hanker; Baid 130 being due .Fan. P.", '84, halaiice, *•;. to Ih'
paid Jan. 30. Ciiaui.es (iuEENoiuii.
ron I'AVMKNT OF rilltCII.VMK MONEY.
Kniiii' nil Mill III/ llirnf /'ir.srut.i;
That I, Allicri I'iiKT, of (icncvn lioreby ackiiowl(;dj.'o the
receipt from Aimer I'ick, of Hatavi... of Si.x Hundred Dollars,
being tlio last |taynient, and in full, of tweUe tliou.-and dullar-",
d Aimer I'ick paid as the consideration of the piircha.'e
ertain tract and iiareel of land situate in etc., (as
by said Abner I'ick paid as the consideration of the piircha.'i
of a lertain tract and narcel of land situate in —
in the agreement, hoiul or conveyance described)
That the entire sum of tbosi.x hundred dollars aforesaid, and
overv part thereof, I do, by these presents, for me, inv heir-',
c.xeculors, and administraiors, aci|Uit and discharge said Abner
I'ick, his lieirs, executors, and administrators forever.
In witness, etc. Alueut Pipeii.
ANOTIIKU.
Roccivcxl this fifth day of November, of the within named
Abner Pick, the sum of Six Ilundreil Dollars, l)cing the full
consideration and purchase muuey witUiu mentioned remain-
ing to bo paid me.
Witness : George Whitney. Aluekt Pii'EU.
-•-I-
\ « a tfoEMHaWe
^t
;?
Ih
LAW GOVERNING RECEIPTS. m^
I'
_(r'iH2-
UECEIPT IS not certain proof of payment. It nuiy bo
iuDiwrativo from mistake or fraud, and is open to
explanation or contradiction. In this resfiect releases
differ from receipts. A release cannot Ix) contnulictal by evi-
dence, oxce{>t on account of fraud, but if the words are
ambiguous, the law jwnnits the introiluction of evidence that
the meaning may bo determined.
An entry in the books of tho creditor showing u payment is
not a receipt.
A release is in tho nature of a contract, and must bo taken
to mean what it has set down in writing, unless for rea-
sons alromly indicated. A receipt that contains any writing
to the elfcet of an agreement as to tho use to bo made of the
sum paid — as if it bo paid beforehand on tlio score of future
transactions — is legal, and not i» be modified by {)arol evi-
dence.
Where a receipt is taken for a noto received in payment
of an account, it will not always constitute a defense to ii>
action on tho account, unless it should bo proven that the
creditor consented to take tho noto in payment, and assume
the risk of its being paid.
A receipt for the consideration money in a deed of real
proixjrty is generally conclusive as against tho seller and hU
privies.
Where a payment is nnulo in a particular kind of money or
a promissory noto of another [lerson, it is frc<iuently so
specified in the receipt. In most states, it is presumed that
negotiable pa|)er is received on the rule or condition that it
shall not work a discharge of the demand unless it shall pnne
good and satisfactory. K such pajier given in payment turns
out to bo dLshonoral, the creditor is entitleil to return it,
and demand to bo paid again. If the receipt docs not siiecify
an absolute acceptance, it is subject to explanation, and
the creditor may contrailict it by proof, and show that the
money, noto, or check given as papnent, was afterwanl found
to 1x3 counterfeit, or check on a bank that was insolvent
though not known to be so by the parties.
A receipt "in full of all demands" means what it says; it
settles all demands or accounts on both sides.
An attorney's receipt that was given for securities he was to
collect and account for, has Ikjcu held as presumptive evidence
of tho genuineness and soundness of the securities.
'Il
1 li^
: <
f|-p'^'-f ONV-.\ir..NCE aii'l .-atoty, as well jw otlior
^-W"!?-' it>ii-alfratii)U!?. iiidiK'o iiio.-t liusiucss men aiul
m
iloiiiir il c-oiisidiialilc cash business, to
V?^ Ii'f :■'! i'<oiint at tlio bank, ami near tli(> close (if
t <- ■
*«' ■•(■(i lav's liu~ii>c's-,, ilepo-it the liulUot thocasli
I rei ■! ■•. <';■;• I i.i" ilay, reserving a riutBcicnt sum on
liauil tv) meet 'Le imiuediate nced-^ ofevcniuir or morn-
FORM OF A BANK CHECK
ing. This extensive use of the banlc as a place of
deposit, has brought into equally extensive use the
Bank Check as a method of payment, until it would
now be exceedingly diSicult if not impossible to
transact the business in the irreat centers of trade, if
all pa_\nnents were retpiired t< be made in currency itud
coin, handled and cotmted.
^J^^?/y/(^.f/^i^t<^^^^k
The merchant, ha.ing a depo>it in the bank, and
bei.ig supplied witii a book of blank checks, writes out
.1 'heck for the payment of his obligations. The
\ per>-:,i r-^'ceiving this check may transfer it by indorsc-
■ nil nt to another (see Indoi-sements), and thus it may
p!;->s through several hands, and discharge several debts,
before it finds its way to the bank on which it is ditiwn,
and is then charged up to the merchant and canceled.
The pei"son who writes the check is called the drawer,
the cue to whom it is made payable is called the payee,
and the pei-son Avho writes his nanio on the back of it is
called the indoi-ser.
BUSINESS FOKMS.
In filling ont a check the amount should Iw exprc*>€<l
in fifrures at the mnrgin and also in Avonls in the Ixwly of
the check, as a guani against errors. If the wonls
expressing the amount do not fill up the l)lank space
entirely, a dasli or heavy wave line should be used to till
in, thus preventing any dishonest person from raising or
changing the amount of the cheek.
Should the person receiving a check not desire iho
money, he maj' present it at the bank, and have it
"Certified." By this act of certifying, the bank prom-
ises or obligates itself to pay the check, whenever pre-
sented.
After the checks have been canceled by the hank they
are, at stated inter\'als, usiially once a month, retume<l
to the drawer. These canceled checks are then called
voucher^, or evidences of payment, and should bo care-
fully presen'ed by the depositor as his receipts. Hence
many business men prefer to pay by check, than by cur-
rency or coin, and arc in such cases not so particidar
about a receipt. All checks shoidd be numbered for
convenience in describing them, aiul the numbers should
continue m consecutive order, as long as the fonn
remains unchanged or until the signature is altered. In
haziness, bank checks are always s' .)ken of and treated
a« ca-sh. tL:» presumption being that the dnxwer has
money on deiJosit to meet his check when presented.
CROSSED CHECKS.
In England, where there is no bank note of a less
value than £5 ($25), a great use is made of checks;
FORM OF A CERTIFIED CHECK.
skh.^rY,
^£}y,^y y<^u^^y/^, J ?<?S.'
h(^n<^ypu!yit/
and it is no imusual thing among the small tradesmen
to meet checks which have been in circulation some
months. This being a recognized fact, the banks pay
without difficulty or question all ordinary checks pre-
sented at their countci-s, made payable to "cash," or
" bearer," or to a pci-son. In the case of such checks,
identification is, at least in the large towns, never
asked for.
Tliis facilitj' of having checks cashed, evidontlv re-
quired a modification. A check for a large amount
might ea^^ily be stolen or lost. *" Hence arose the system
of crossed checks, which has proved of great value and
convenience, and which may be thus briefly explained:
Supiwsing that A wishes to send Ba check for $1000,
\ and is doubtful of the honesty of his messenger. He
^^ -J knows that B banks with, say, the Alerchants' Na-
tional, of Boston. Ho makes out the check a.s usual, I
and then writes across it Merchants' National Bank, of
Boston.
No. 1.
FiBST
Pay to the order
One Thou
$1000
Boston, iVLirch 4, 1884.
NATIONiVr B.VNK,
of Charles BroAvning,
sand Dollai"s.
Wm. Anderson.
Under the English system, A's bank will only pay
tht check when presented by or through the Merchants'
National Bank.
The ordinary- way is to cross a check so that it may
be paid through any bank. This is done by writing
dc Co. insteiid of the name of a particular kink.
■m^^Wt
nrSlNKSS FOKMS.
'I'lii' ii(U:uitiiiro t)l' till' system will hi' at oiici' evident.
A stolen eliedi. if crossril, is ot" no use to llie thief.
Thieves, at least of t lie kinil who would steal a check,
have no h.oik account, and if they hud, it would bo
all till same, for the check known to have l)een lost or
stolen would ho at once traced to the dei)ositor.
The systi'Ui has received tho sanction of various Acts
of I'arliamopt, intendetl to protect hanks rofusin*,'- to
pay a crossed check over their counters, wiien presontoil
evoa by tho person to whom it is made payui)le.
l-rauds in checks by forfreries and altorutious, often
(li>l)end upon i)oor styles of chocks, poor paper used,
and I'.wkward tilliu"- out.
CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT.
Should ii person depositing money in a bank not
desire to dniw it out by cheek, ho may receive from tho
bank a Certificate of Deposit, showing date, name of
depositor, and amount of deposit in the following form:
FORM OF A CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT.
;:»<'
^"■1
7//f/rM€j:^aiiA
'A^iZ/Z/rzii;/^^^^^^
m ^mm^^m
ij*«**^*4s4fii«i*i
n^ J^my
<• LAW GOVERNING BANK CHECKS. -^^^^
CMF.rKs are L<> l)c presented for jiayiueiit without unreason-
ahlc delay.
'I'heru is no payment by i;ivinL: a check unless tiie chock
is }iaul.
The jiarty on whom a check is drawn is obliged to honor it
if he has fluids belonging to the drawer in hand. Until
disiioiiorcd IL nnist he regarded a-s payment.
The drawer of a chetJv lia.s no occasion to complain of the
jjoi'son (holiier), to wiwim lie hits given a check, for not exer-
cising dili,',ence in presenting it at tlie bank, because, if the
bank fail after he could have got his money on the check, the
loss is siiftaiiied liy the holder.
If the laidc before he j)rcscnts his cheek pay out all the
money of the Jrawer. on other chocks, he may then look to the
drawer.
A bank must know tho writing of its deiK)sitors. If it pays
a check that is forgcd.it is liable for tho loss.
If a chock Ijo drawn when the drawer r.eiLlier has funds in
the l)ank, nor litis made any arrangonieiit by which ho has i'-
right to draw the check, tl.e drawing of it is a fraud.
A check not drawn within tho state where the bank is situ-
ated, is suijject to tho law governing !)ill.s of exchange, — the
holder of it must jaotest in writing, usually through a notary,
against all parties liable for any lo.ss or damage by tho nou-
jiayiueiit of it.
Joint doiiositors must join in a check, and if any of the num-
ber iibscond.s, tho remainder may draw the money by iwrmis-
sioii of a court of eciuity.
The drawer of a cheek is not ijound with and for another,
as is tho drawer of a bill, but a principal debtor, like a maker
of a iiot.e.
An ordinary check is male payable to a certain jier.son or
bearer ; this is to guard against loss or theft, since no paymeut
will be made unless the [layee writes his name on tho clieck.
If a check is jiaiil by a bank i)cf()ro receiving notice of the
death of a drawer, the iiauk is not lilamable or responsible. If
a check is given in [iros[icct of death, it must Ijo presented and
paid while tho donor is alive, because his death countermands
his clieck. Othsrwiso, the holder o' a cheek woiilil present it
for acceptance to tho legal representatives of tno deceased.
D-^'.
BUSINESS FOUM8
J mk"^^^
jJU
HEN an account or claim has been adjusted, ap J
the amount due from one party to the other
dofinitely agreed upon, an acknowledgment of
this indebtedness may be made in writing, to
prevent further controversy, and this written
acknowledgment of indebtedness is called a
Due Bill. If a due bill is payable in merchandise or
property, it should state the exact quantity and
quality, for if nothing 's said as to how payable, it is
presumed to be payable in money. The date also should
be given.
The words or order may bo inserted in the due bill
immediately after the name, and would thus make it
negotiable by indorsement, the same as a note.
FORM OF A DUK BILL,
/yj-^.
■j^ys, yj^cp'j.
^mM
This form of paper differs from a promissory note,
wiiich latter usually contains a promise to pay, at a
time specified therein, a sum of money to a certain per-
son, or to his order, for value received.
PAYABLE IN MEatCOAN'JISE.
180. Omaha, Neb., Jan. 10, 1884.
Due A. S. Woradell, or order, Eighty Dollars, payable in
merchandise at my store. James Hume.
PATABLE IX WHEAT.
Monmouth, 111., May 10, 1884.
Due Henry Seymour, or order. One Thousand Dollarf nay-
able in No. 1 Spring Wheat, at the market price when deliv-
ered. Edward A. Hudson.
I. o. u. *
Another form of acknowledgment of a debt is used,
and is known by tiie abbreviations I. O. U. It is dif-
ferent from a promissory note, being merely evidence
of a debt as a result cf a contract previously made. A
miiiiaturo form of si'fh an obligation is as foUovs:
$30. B.VY City, Mich., March 12, 1«84.
John Smith, Ivsq.,
I. O. U. Thirty Dollars.
JiVJiE.s Hood.
;!i!
II
I (
BUSINESS rOKWS,
^^prluppn^,^ ■ prI lB ppny^^|pfll,r ■ P'"uJi:■"'upp a u^ | JJ ■l ^t^ | p<|'u^,^j>kA ■ ^j g L^^jj'""f'p'^^'P
romissory
S.^J-.-'JI-J'-'-l-u-'.V l l i rf J^ il ^•"'' '^"-' '^"■'' '^ •'^ rf . 1n„ i rf,tn„ .■f,ir,„,rfJn,rfJrmrf,Jn i urtjavurJO-i , ^Jn„rtLln.,rfjnr j. - .
T would be Impossible
to carry on the cntcr-
prisi's liiul business of
the -world without
credit. Credit, or
mutual I'iiith, lies not
only at the foundation
of business, l)ut also
of our iroveriunent
and institutions, and
it is only when, ))y
over enthusiasm , spec-
ulation, and the ex-
treme use of credit,
that the people have their faith shaken, and panic and
disaster ensue.
Tliis credit, whicii forms a portion of the capital of
almost every business man, does not always consist of
booic accounts, but may taice on the tangible foraa of a
written ]n'omiso to pay, and is then called a promissory
note.
The extended and varied use of this form of credit is
beyond all power to estimate or control. It repre-
sents ail forms of senMce, all articles of merchandise,
and especially all frrcat works and interests, as manu-
fiictorics, ships, railroads, public and private contracts,
as well as public debt. A housekeeper's passbook is
balanced by a note at three or six months, while the
retader buys goods of the wliolesale merchant and
settles with his note; the jobber receives notes from
the wholesale merchant, and the former gives notes
to the manufacturer or producer; notes are given for
raw material by the manufacturer, Avhile the factor is
already under acceptance to the grower, and the notes
of the latter are given to the bank long before his crops
are gsithered. The sugar from Havana or our OAvn
shores, has notes in sets 2'i'edicatcd on it before it is
rolled in hogsheads from the vessel to our whancs,
and it continues to accumulate notes as it passes through
on its way front the refiner to the grocer. After it has
gone into the moutiis of c(>nsmners, its notes arc still
alloat, iu)t settled, in the market. The millions of notes
thus carried ou the market, serve to represent untold
millions of dollars of value, no matter what the form,
nor what the condition. Notes may be for services yet
to be performed, goods to be delivered, or oven for some
form of life as yet uidiorn.
Tliis tbrm of credit is spread out all over llic region
of active business, and serves between man and man as
currency. It passes current like the notes of a bank
tiiat docs not suspend. It dillris from baiUv liills only
in tiiis, that it is transferred by indorsement, and ma-
tures at a »tated subsequent time, while the indorsers
are liable to the owner in ctuse of non-payment by the
maker. It is a species of currency forced upon the
sj)hero of active life from actual necessity, and its use
in good faith has been of incalculable advantage to tlie
civilized Morld. For example, a man of sound mind,
of known integrity, and strong will, may be credited
and intrusted with a large sum of money, for which
he simply gives his promissory note, even wjtiiout
security. His creditor has confidence in iiim l)ccanso
he is the possessor of reason and common sense, and iias
a disposition, coupled with a will to meet all obligat ions,
or force an undertaking to succes.s.
A pronnssory note is a written or printt^d i)ro;uiseto
pay a certain sum of money at a sj>ecitied time, or on
demand, to a person therein named, or ins order or
assigns, or to the bearer.
The per.son signing the note is called the maker, and
the person to whom it is made payalilc is called the
payee. The person v .lO writes his name across the back
of the paper is called an inJoi'ser. Notes are said to be
negotiable when they are transferable from one person
to another by indorsement, iuid when in<lorsed it is
in some respects similar to a bill of exchange.
OS through
U'tcr it has
'S aro still
us of notes
Mit untold
the ibrni,
(TV ices yet
n I'or xinic
I he rcirioii
11(1 uian as
ot" a l)auk
bills only
, and nia-
indorsors
1 I-y the
|i(iu the
1 its use
re to the
1 mind,
ci'e'lited
)!■ which
Mithont
Ix'canso
»
and has
^rations,
diiiise to
', or on
order or
BUSINESS rOUMS.
FORM OF A NEGOTIABLE NOTE.
'r /z^^TrA
^^t
/</)/ ^<? O^ ^ <y' S
\S
^y.
7A^^-t:?l^7^yi
/^CjyTyJ^irf^ /"ZfX^ ^
iiC^a:^^^
llJfd^ldH:^^^^^
.x»x-v«K»X-X*V'^-*S^*'>*v*K*^*»X«!«fi!S^^
A fonii of a Xogotiable Note is here shown, by whieh
may bo seen at a glance the difference between that and
a Note not Negotiable, as appeal's below. The fii-st is
written "pay to the order of H. AV. E." (otherwise
"pay to II. W. E. or bearer"), while the other reads
" pay to John D. Hendci-son." The negotiable note is
payable to the person holding it at the time of maturity,
but the one not negotiable is payable to the particular
person in whose favor it is drawn.
A Produce Note is on(> written to the puri)ose of a
delivery at a certain time and place, or on demand, cer-
tain named articles of value, at current nites, and to a
limited amount. The maker of .such a note must be
prepared to prove that he was ready at the time and
place expressed therein, and continued ready, to deliver
the articles; otherwise, he may have to pay their \iilue
in money. A produce note may be assigned.
A note that is given over and above the principal
NOTE NOT NEGOTIABLE.
/^s/. S^.
■e^fo^
^^^^<?^<^^,
.^
€l^d /, ^^(^4^.
■i<t>^^ ^/irr-^d rrj^l^yf- ^t^'^ (^rV^'*^^^^'^^^ -^ ^^'f^'?■f -^
<!f^4e<?^
^l^f^Z^ 100 X^)
^€^^ i^eic-e^^'i^
^
^. (9f-M/j..y/
itself, is called a Collateral Note. It is additional to
sometfving else, and given as secnrity.
A promissory note that is written in the customary
foimi, with the addition of a power of attorney to con-
fess judgnKMit for the amount specified, is called a
Judgment Note.
In the settlement of a defendant's estate, a scaled
note must bo paid before one Avithout a seal. A judg-
ment note li.is a seal, and is executed in presence of at-
testing witnesses. "When a judgment note becomes due /
and stands unpaid, a suit may be brought on it, and *>
judgment obtained at once, upon which execution may
i'-
i
i
"J
< i
1 ;
• !
i- 1
;
lirsiNKSS KOUMS.
DEMAND NOTE.
AV^^.
(Q... .^..
A -ri-A— fc.
\>>\\\'. It usually contaius ninny stipulations as to the
time (if coufcssiuir the judirnicnt, against a[)i)(>al, and
dtliiT ronuHJii's for ^ottin^ thii judirnicnt aside, etc.
When a promissory note is written payable on de-
mand, it is called a Demand Note, as shown by the fcnn.
Such a noic, not known to have been dishonored, is
rea-ui-ded dverduc after a reasonable time, and, in deter-
miuinir what is a reasonable time, the eireumstances of
a ease must Ije eoiisidereJ. In some states the period
within whieh the note shall not be overdue, is tixed by
statute.
When there are two or more makers to a promissory
note, it is eallcd a Joint and Several Note. The makers
may be liable thereon jointly, or jointly and severally
— eaeh one separately — aecordinir to tiie (eiuir of the
note. (See form.) A Joint Note reads " we j)romise
to pay," etc., value reeciveil, and is si<rned by two or
more persons. Or it may be written, " we pronuse to
JOINT AND SEVERAL NOTE.
J$2,S0.
pay," and siirned John .Smith, principal, and William
Jones, security. By the temis principal, and security,
arc shown the relation of the makei-s to each other;
these terms haviiiir no c*^her effect. A note bcfifinninir,
"I promise," and signed by one partner for his copart-
ners, is a joint note for all.
Notes are usually dniM'n with the words "value ro-
eeived" written in after the amount; and sometit^es
are used to begin with, a.s "Value received, I promise
to pay," etc. The phnise suoidd lie written in every
note, but is not necessary. If not written it is pre-
sumed by the law, or may be supplied by proof.
aidir^
10, is fix I'll l)v
BUSINESS FOUM8.
-5fe
LAW GOVERNING PROmSSORy NOTES.
~H i>
-Va-g-
t^XUfe:^
^=-v-
NOTE is piiyablo iit all events, not ileiienilcnt on imy cou-
ffi tiiij^'oiicy, nor piiyiiblo from any siwcial fund. And it is
''^ jiayalilo in money only.
No purtienlar form is necessary to promissory notes. A
promise to pay the money, or be resiwusible for it, is cinito
suftk'icnt.
A promissory note is never made under seal. It is not com-
plete until il is delivered. If any contingency that affects the
promise itself apjHjar on its face, it is not negotiable.
lu drawing the note, the payee must bo designated, unless
tlie note be nuulo pay.ible to hearer. It may reiul "I promise
to pay to my own ordiT," and then it would not be effective
until signed and indorsed by the promisor.
If a note is not dated the time is computed from the day a
ku(iwle(lgo of it is first gained. If there be any difference
l)etwfen the amount in figures and that written in words, the
words control. A note does not bear interest until after it
matures, unless so written.
One who cannot write should have a witness vrhen he makes
liis mark.
Bumk notes are a kind of promissory note, and issuhig from
an institution that is regulated by law, they do, by common
consent, and for oixlinary business purposes, serve as money.
Bank notes or bills are good for the payment of debts, if not
objected to by the iwrson to whom they are offered, and on
the ground that they are only promissory notes, and not legal
tender.
The necessary consideration of a note or negotiable paper is
that which confers some benefit upon the person who makes a
promise or njwn a third party at liis instance or request , or
some disiulvantagc or loss sustained by the one in whose behalf
the promise is mivle. A note as a present is void for lack of
consideration.
A note is void if procured from the maker wliilo he was in a
state of intoxiciition. If a note be given on Siuiday, or if it be
founded on fraud, it is void, unless in the hands of a bonafde
holder, purchiising before maturity and without notice. One
who has notice that a note is vitiated by fraud or upon legal
grounds, and yet takes the note, he places himself hi the
same jx;rilous position of the {)erson he got it from.
A note is not negotiable when it is nuido payable to a cer-
tain person only. It nuiy bo transferred by assignment.
In most states a note that is not negotiable may be trims-
ferred liy assignment, and the si't-offs and defenses existing
between the original parties go with it.
Payment must bo demanded ujion the hist day of grace.
If that day falls on Sunday or a legal holiday, the denumd
must be made the day before, fresentmcnt of a note must
be mude by the iiolder or liis authorized agent. A written
denuuid sent through the post-otHco \rill not suffice. If no
time is siiecitied, a note is payable at once.
If a note bo payable at a certain place, it must bo presented
at such pla(;o on the day it is due, in order to charge iin
indorser. Payment nuist Iw demanded during business hours
at the place of business of the maker or at his house at sea-
sonable hours, if no place is designated. In ciiso of joint
makers, the note must be presented to each one. No pre-
sentation is necessary if the maker has absconded ; and in
case of his death, it should Ixs presented to the executor or
lulministrator; or, if no such officer has been appointed, at
the house of the decea^^ed.
The maker of a note must jiay it at maturity, or any time
after, unless he has some defense in law or is barred by the
statute of limitations.
A note that has nuitured, if not paid by three o'clock,
should be put into the hands of a notary for protest, as that
will be evidence that the note was duly presented for pay-
ment, and payment was refused.
Notice of non-payment, written or verbal, but well authen-
ticated, should be given to the indorser of a note to hold him
liable. Denumd, protest, or notice, is not required ^o fix the
liability of the maker of a note. If a note has been duly
presented and payment refused, the notice should desigiuite
the fact in wonls, and should contain such description as
would show its identity.
If a note be guaranteed by a party, such guaranty is equal
to a promise to pay it, and the party is not entitled to notice ;
if not paid by the maker or debtor, it will be paid by the
guarantor. In case of a guaranty of collcctability, however,
it is rerjuired that the holder shall use diligence without
success.
Where a note is sent to a bank for collection, and the bank
places the note in the hands of a suitable sub-agent or notary
for presentment or demand, the bank is not liable for the
default of such sub-agent or notary. In such case the sub-
agent or notary becomes the agent of the holder of the note.
A note that reads "I promise to pay," and is signed by two
or more jMrsons, it is joint and several. The holder can sue
either signer, or all jointly. If it roiuls, "We promise to
pay," without words to the effect of a several responsibility, it
is a jouit and several note, and all nnist be joined in case of
a suit.
A note that has been accidentally destroyed may fie recov-
ered upon adeiiuate proof. If a note is lost or destmyed,
notice must bo given, and payment must bo demanded the
same as if tho note wius still secure in form.
In case of the loss of a negotiable note, equity alone will
grant relief where the premises arc not covered by statutory
provisions ; and the claimant must file a bill in chancery to
enforce payment, indemnity being offered to the debtor.
A note given by a minor is voidable at his elcctii>n, and of no
effect until ratified by him when ho arrives at full age.
■ I
IirSINESS FOi.jMH.
^^r«s^ ;
-«-r— -•
If N Order is ii written request from one jwrson or finn
M to iiuotiici', for tlie delivery of ii sum of iivouey or
I arliclcs of niercliandiso. These orders are usually
drawn hv one merchant on another, or by ix-rsons in
the sanie town or neiirhliorhood, and arc a kind of
informal draft, not intended to be transferred by in-
dorsement, nor (;irculiito us do the several forms (f
negotiable papi'r.
The person or firm on whom an order is diiiwn, must
in filling it, know that it is genuine, and the order
itself should then be earefully j)rcsci'vod a« a voucher,
in ease disairreemeuts should ever arise.
ORDER FOR MERCHANDISE.
r?
■C4:
^/.^^(TJ.
i-ti^^*^^ .'
•^e^i^i^ t^ie^^t^z^i' -^ir- •^^:8^^«^^ ■/^^^-^^ -^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^
_^J^<3^«rf.
FOR MONST.
Bloomington, DL, Jnne 19, 1884.
Mr. Gr. C. Duncan :
I^lease pay John Sanford, or order, Rve Dollars,
and charge to my account.
Daniel Hesdeesok.
fob goods stored.
Chicago, May 18, 1884.
Empire Warelionso Co. :
Plcii.-^e iillrtw the bearer, Leonard Jones, to remove
ten Ciises of Dry (ioods, st/ored by us in }r)Lir warehotBe.
Marshall Field & Ca
FOR AnsnCHANTJISE NOT EXCEEDIXG A SPECIFIED .VMOfXT.
St. fjOfLS, May 'Xl, la64.
Messrs. J. M. Rice & Co. :
Please deliver to the toarer, CJeo. Bartlctt, <?ach
goods as lie may select from your store, not exceeding One
ilundrcd JJollars, and charge the same to my account.
James A. Hawlbt.
TO A BROKER FOR MININO STOCK.
Boston, April 1, 1884.
Harrison & Hart, Stock Brokers :
Please buv for my acoopnt and risk, ten shares
stock in W. 0. Copper Mning Oa
John Wbight.
m FCI.Ii OF ACCOUNT.
OoDENSBURQ, N. Y., May 35, 1884.
Messrs. Roe & Doe :
Ploa«) pay to John Jones, or bearer, Seventy-
Five Dollars from your store, and hold this as your receipt m
full of my account.
James Merit.
FOR LD.ttBEB.
Marshall, 111., May 16. 1384.
Mr. Edwin Booth :
Please pay Valentine King Fifty Dollars in lum-
ber from your yard, and charge to my account.
J. Steeeteb.
i
<o.
BUSINESS FORMS.
venil forms cf
is drawn, niu-jt
ami the order
us u voucher,
'(r<rj.
^ "^f^^.
€t'ft4:
pril 1, 1884.
isk, ten shares
N Weight.
ly 35, 1884.
arer, Sevont^-
3ur receipt m
MEs Merit.
ly 1(5, 1884.
ollars in luni-
Stbekter.
-oR
^t^^^^«^eK^-
J^RAnS AND^ILLS OFjExCHANGlI^^
IflE oldest class of com
mcrcial paper is tho
Bill of Exchange,
which was originally a
security invented among
merchants in dift'ercnt
coimtries for the more
safe and easy rcmittano of money
from one to tho other, and has
since spread itself into almost all
pecuniary transactions. It may
be defined as an open letter of re-
quest from one man to another,
desiring him to pay a sum named
therein to himself, or to a third
pci-son on his account ; and by this
method a man at the most distant
part of the world may have money remitted to him
from any state or trading country.
Bills of Exchange arc used not only in remitting
money from place to phicc, but idso in collecting debts
in distant cities and places. Tims the wlioh^salc mer-
chant draws a draft on his customer, payabK; to himself
or to tlic banlv, and forwards it to the bank in tho town
where his customer resides, for collection. The ship-
per draws 11 dral't on the connnission merchant, to wiioni
he has consigned ills live stock or produce, iuid disi'o\uits
the draft in bank, thus receiving the money for liis
shipment before it reaches its destiimtion. And the
niercliant, M-lien pressed to meet payments, even draws
a draft on his nciiilibor, witli the understanding that he,
the drawer, shail take up the paper at maturity, and by
this use of Ids neighbor's borrowed credit is able to
raise the jiecessary funds to meet maturing ol)ligations.
The terms Draft and Bill of Exchange are almost
synonymous, the real ditlerence l)eing that drafts are
drawn on persons residing in tiie same state or country
as the drawer, while bills of exchange are drawn on
])ersons residing in a distant country, and were origi-
nally drawn in sets of three, and forwarded by dillerent
routes, so that in case one or tAvo bills Avere lost in
transmitting, the third would reach its destination and
be paid. But Mith the modem and improved facility
for transmitting commercial i)aper from place to place.
the risk of tosing in the mail has
become eo inconsideral)l<^ that the
practice of drawing three hills has
been largely discontinued. And
the term bill of exchange has also
been largely displiwed by the more
brief imd rciulj term dnift, which
is now pencndly applied in busi-
ness usage to tho ialand and foreign
paper alike.
Tho person who -vrrites the draft
or bdl of exchange is called the
drawer, the person on m hom it is
draAvn is called the drawee, and tho
person to whom paynient is order-
ed to be made is called the payee.
The address of the drawee is usu-
ally necessary in order that ho may he found, and pay-
ment or acceptance di'niandcd.
The pre.-umption or theory upon which drafts or bills
of exchange rest, is that the drawer has funds in the
possession of the drawee sutlicient to pay the draft, ".iid
a bill ought, therefore, to be so drawn as to ini])ly an
order to i)ay the amount specified.
Drafts which are dra^n "at sight" are called Sight
drafts, and are payable wlicn presented, or wlion tho
drawee sees the draft. Tims, in the form given, when
James II. Raymond, or whoever may l)e the holder,
shows tho draft to A. J. White &. Co., it is then due
and payable, and if payment is refused it is said to be
dishonored, and is returned to the drawer, James Rol-
lins. Drafts which arc not payable at sight are called
Time drafts, and are usually written "at ten days'
sight," or " ten days after sight," or "ten (bys after
date.'" In the fomi of a time draft given, the words
"at tliirty days' sight," menu thirty days after the draft
shall have been presented to the drawee, John Thomp-
son. If the drawee, John Thompson, is Avillmg to pay
the draft, ho writes acn)ss tho f.ice of it, usually in red
ink, when presented to him, the words "Accepted
August 11th, 1884, John Thomixson." This writing is
callt'd an acceptance, and the paper will thei
thirty-three days after this acceptance.
During this time, this piece of negotiable papc
I i
I
r
^
BUHINKMS FUKMH.
1)0 imlf>r>i('(l over Mini pass tln'oiiirli liiilt'a do/.rn lioiiscs,
piiyiii;,' liiiiKlirds of didlai's of dchts l)('l'oic (iiidiiiir its
way t() John Thoiupson's place ol' buyiiu'SH for payiiieiit
at maturity.
'I'lic voi'ds "with cxchani,'!' at par in New Vork or
Cliiciipo," aro Insorlcd in tiir dial'l for tin' purpose of
covorin^' tlw diirfrcni'e lictwccn tiic current finids of
N<nv Orleans and Now Y'orij, or tiio cost of transniittiujir
the money from tlio fonuor to llio hitter city, eitiier Uy
means of drafts or hy express. Thus, in tho form fe'ivoa,
FORM OF A SIGHT DRAFT.
^V -<^^^^^^^^ ^/^ :;^Rfe?^z^
"/r*^— --^^^^
'^
.,
/t/d^f^f^/^ ,'
the face of tlic draft, $150, is due Mai-siiall Field & Co.,
in Chicago, and whatever expense may be necessary in
transmitting the money, or its equivalent, to Chicago,
should bo borne by tho drawee, John Thompson, and
this is exacted by tho wonls "with exchange," etc.
» i » »i rtfMt f >m ii»i fi»»it»i^ i i^' i » i » i » it n i 4i» ii } ii i|i ij i i)» j B
The person on whom a draft is drawn must know that
the signature of tlie drawer is genuine, and also that
the amount as written in tho draft has not been altered
or "raised," for if he accepts a draft which has been
forged or raised, he is liable on his acceptance in case the
FORM OF AN ACCEPTANCE.
'If
^^ . —
try .(^n^«>«!^-^-^
^/I^^^^!a6^::^i^i^(?^
paper should afterward be sold to a person who is not
aware of tlie forirory. The drawee may claim a reasona-
ble time, ustially a few hours, when a draft is jjresented to
him for aeceptanee, in -whieh to examine his accounts
and ascertain whether he is iridebted to thi^ drawer.
The use of the draft in business transactions is much
more convenient than money, which in some respects
it represents. Let the following example illustrate:
Suppose that A, of Chicago, sells and ships to B, of New
York, 1000 l)bls. of flour. lie has the flour insured,
I" llii- |)iir|i()se of
eiUTciit liiiids of
t of tmnsiiiittiii^^
crcity, fit her hy
II tlio iovui t'ivou,
iniis IS lunch
lino respects
illustrate:
toB.ofiVew
our insured,
uust know tlmt
and iilso that
ot Ix'en altered
Inch has been
nco in case the
"I
BUBINEttd FOKMS.
|)ni'-,.rcs II hill of liulini; from the riiilroad company,
Mid IIkmi draws a draft on U, of New York, payalilc to
the i)rder of the hink whoro A tranciuts hiH hnsinoss.
Til'' dr.ift and hill of ladinjr arc then pinned lo;rctlier,
and witii IIichc A stc|)s into his. hunk, where he oiitains
the money on his draft on the security of the hill of
ladin^r. By this means A hiw actually received yniy-
nicnt for the (loiirlM'fore it has left Chieajjo. The hank
charges a compensation for advancin;,' the moiu'y, and
afterward forwards the draft to Now York for collec-
tion from B.
It is plain that all parties are accommodated and hen-
efited hy this tnmsuction, although i ot a dollar has
passed hetwoea L and A. A has rocei l his pay for
the floiir much aoonor than lie couhl have possihly done
wer(i it necwsjiry to wait until the flour had reachotl
New York, and then until returns could have hcen i-e-
ceive<l from B, while the compensjition charged hy the
hauk IS much leys than the expn-ss charjr<'il <>n the
money from New York to Chicajro, tofrothcr with lo8«
of time, d(!lay and risk attondiii;; such transmission.
When three liilU of exehaiijre of the same tenor are
drawn, they are iiuinl»cied one, {wo and three, and arc
called a Set of Exchangt>. l-jich bill provides that it is
jiayahlo in caw the other two fail to reach their desti-
nation. The words "second and third unpaid," nimu
that in case the hills numhered two and three are un-
paid, pay i,liis the first, or if the first and third are not
A SET OF EXCHANGE.
ft
tpf,laff« m Vf>< ' uff!i '
X
i » ff ^ i '*MriiJ ' *wPi p* "C'M
mi
imPJ for £1000. JVew York, Jan. 25, 1884. ; ;
nirly (lays after sight of this First of Exchange, , '
{Second and Third unpaid), pay to the order of v
James S. Seymour, Ono Thoiisiiiid rounds Sterl- i \
iiig, value received, and charge to account of ^ i
To Charles Lawson, V' illiam C. Morse. ;
Liverpool, England. 'No. 1670. ^ ,
imm for i;iOOO, ,reif York, Jan. 25. /884.
Thirty days after sight of this Second of Ex-
change, {First and Third unpaid), pay to the order
of James S. Seymour, On<> Thousand Pounds Sterl-
ing, value received, and charge to account of
To Charles Laivson, HVliam C. Morse
^ Liverpool, England. j^o. 1670. ^
" ii ri « i j i ^ I ) ii«i r> ' ^ ( S^B ' i' iD it ii i ■ i »»» Mit- i» ui'M"'-i'»j * "i >j" f
EXClailge for £1000, ^VV/c York. Jan. 25, /884.
Thirty days after sight of this Third of E.v-
change, { First and Second unpaid ) , pay to the order
of James S. Seymoui; One Thousand Pounds
Sterling, value received, and charge to account of
To Charles Lawson, William C. Morse.
Liverpool, England. Xo. 1670. ^
i t
paid, pay this the second hill, and if the first and second
are not paid, pay this the third. These bills are then
forwarded to their destination by different routes, or
by different steanici-s, and in case the vessel bearing the
fii-st bill is lost, either the second or third will reach
itr. destination and be honored.
But it is possible that two of these biils may thus
be lost in the passage, and to provide against even
such a remote contingency, the third bill is sent, and
"will probably reach its destination safely.
It may therefore be seen that it would be among the
impossibilities to do the immense business which is now
carried on in the commercial world between merchants
of different states and comitries were it not for the use
of this instrument called a draft or bill of exchange.
By the use of the bill of exchange the trouble, haz-
ard, expense and loss of time, which would amount in
many cases to Avccks and even months, of sending large
sums of coins from one country to another, are nearly
avoided, and would be entirely avoided were the exports
and imports or sales and purclnises exactly equal in value
lietween the countries having commercial intercoui-se
with each other. Not only so, but since a oil 1 of ex-
change is p.iyable in the coin or currency of the country
where the drawee resides the inconvenience of changing
funds from the cuiTcncy of one country to that of another
is also avoided. Thus, a draft di-asvn on a party residing
in England is payable in poimds,as the pound is the imit
of money there, or if the payee resides in France, it
would be payable in francs, as a franc is the unit there.
' ;
I • .
II
\
DU8INGHH rOUMfl.
^ lAW GOVERNING DRAFTS AND BILLS OF EXCHANGE.
S^ f — 4, —
If s IS tlw ciwo of n proniiHsory iioto, no piirticuhir fonii in
U Muccssiiry Id inlniftor bill ol' (<x(:lmii;,'(\ Mostof the ruliw
■* I wliicli aiiply to iioU'D. Iioiir tlio miiiio ruliitmii to bills of
■^ cxtlmngc.
Af, liny tiiiio bofitro ii bill bd'omi's (hu>, tlio luiMiT iniiy prc-
ft'iit it to liio ilnuToo for iifceptiiiico.wiiich iiiu«it, in cuso of m
iiiliMiil bill, bo by writiii^ron tlu' instruiiit'nt ; but. in ciu^o of ii
fiiR'l;,'n oni', il may booitliiT writtt'ii ov verbal, but it Is to 1ki
rcj,'rottC(l that anytliinj,' sbort of tho U!*ual, rojjular, and proiK;r
niiidi' nf ur(('|pian(0 in \rritin;,'Hlioulil, under liny circumstuufes,
bo <0Msi(li'ri'<l an aiicptanic.
AI'liT acc'optaiiie, if a Idll bo not paid on urrivinj,' at
nialiirily, tlio lioMir ba.-i a n,i.'bt of notion iiirainst any, or
oitlior, of tlio parties whowi nainoHiipiieurtlioriMin anlocodontly
to his ; but siR'li riijlit is suiijoct to tlio oondition that bo sball
liavo presented it to tliu drawoo on tho day it iK'caino duo, and
that iio jravo roa.sonablo iiotioo of ils dishonor or non-paynient;
that U, under ordinary oirt iiinslaiui's, iiutico on tho followini,'
day, or, to persons not ro^idiii.i^ in the I'aiiio town, by tho |)ost
of that day, or in ease of ii foreign bill, by tho noxL ordinary
liost or coiive}iiiito, to all tho parties wlmni bo intends to
eliarge, or at loa-t to him who^o name was last ;.laood on tho
bill, in order that the latter may give tho liko notice bo tho
party next before him ; and so in sueLes.-iion, ouch party being
allowed in turn a similar linio for tho pui'iK>sc.
An orittinal payee can only resort to tho drawer. If tho
drawoi' refuse aeeeptanee,— the law will imply a refusal, unless
ho iieoepts iit onoe, or within twenty-four hours after tho liill
is left wit li him for thai- purpose. — the drawer and iiidorsors
are liable to make immediate payment, though tho bill has
not arrived at maturity ; but notice of the noiwicceptanco
must bo given, as before state<l in n'fercnco to tho case of
non-payniont. After this notiee, the holder may hold it, and
prficont it for payment when it tionies to maturity, without
waiving his right of rcoourso against the other parties,
A bill need not bo presented for aeeeptanee, unless it be
drawn payable ul a siicoiliul time after sight or after demand.
Wiiero the ceremony of iiresentmont for aeeeptanee is (except
111 the ca.«es last menlioiied) omitted, tho bill must bo presented
for payment; and the sauio law of proec(>ding against the
drawer and iudonsors will then apply, as already slated in ref-
erenco to the case where an a<;ceptod bill is presoutod for
[xiynient.
Tlie most common form of a bill of oxchango is for the
drawer to address it to the intended payer or acceptor, who
acteijt.s it at once. It then becomes subject to all the uici-
dcnts above mentioned in the case of an accepted bill.
It is always safest to protest a bill after its acceptance is
refused.
After 11, bill has been protested for want of acceptance or
payment, it may be accepted anjira protexl by a party not on
the bill, to save the honor of the drawer or a particular indoraer.
Two or more |H'rsoiis may lioeonio rtccpptor« »Hpra protest for
I ho honor of dilToront individuals. An aeeoptor supni protest
is iHitind to pay the bill if it is not paid by the ilrawoe.
Any material altoralion of a 1)111 of oxebango vitiates tho
bill, and it caiinol U' logallj enforced against any of tho parties,
iinlesH tho alteration 1h> made bofnro tho bill Im! aocrpted, and
also before it has passed out of tho hands of tlio drawer.
'i'hus, if a bill bo loft for iieeoiitaiico by tho drawer, and tho
drawee alter tho note, either time, or amount of the bill, ami
then aecept it, the alloration docs not afTect tho validity of I ho
bill, but if it 1)0 left for aceoptaiieo by a third party, and llio
ilrawco then alters and accepts the bill, tlio bill is vitiatul.
Any alteration in the date, sum, time, name of drawee or
payee, or appointing a now place of payment, is a material
alteration. l$ut any alteration made with tho view of correel-
iiig a mislako d<H's not vitiate a bill, provided it lie iiiailo with
the ooiiourronco of all tlio parties.
If a drawee accepts a bill. and before ho gives the liill out of
his pos.sessioii, corrects his, acceptance, ho cannot be comjiclled
to pay it.
A bill given for an illegal consi deration cannot bo oiiforcod
by the drawer, but it may bo enforced by an innocent holder,
who hail no knowledge of the illegal cousidcration, and who
reccive<l the bill before it was due.
The priiici[ial illegal considerations are those arising from
usury, gambling, and smugirliiig.
A iKTson under twenty-one years of age, whether aeeoptor,
drawer, or indorser, of a bill of exchange, cannot lie sued at
law, and compelled to pay, but if ho draw a bill and transfer
it to the third iicrson, tho third party may sue and collect of
tho acceptor.
If a banker or other [lerson should receive a bill by post,
they would not bo re<|iiirod to present it until the next day.
The holder of a bill payable on demand has the whole of the
banking hours of the next day after he receives such bill,
within which to iiresiiit it.
A tinder of nogolial lie paper is under obligutions to make
reas.iiablecirorts to discover the owner, and cannot use the
property found until he has failed in his elTorts. If ho con-
ceals tho fact of tinding, and appropriates the thhig found to
his own use, ho may Ix) charged with larceny or theft.
Where it is evident that words are wanting iii a bill, such aa
arc deemed necessary may bo inserted afterward, and if any
ipiestion is raise<l over them, the jury will decide it. Missjicllctl
wortls will not lessen the force of tho bill.
If a draft is drawn on two persons who are partners, it
should Ix) presonlcd to each, ivs m this instanuo one cannot
bind the other ; but if drawn on the firm, it may be accepted
by either one of the memtjers.
If the drawee of a draft fails or refuses to pay it in aca)rd.
anco with its terms, tho holder can come upon tho drawer for
payment.
[•^-^0-
*«
I it bo mudo with
oso iirisini' from
^6^
CIRClTLAIt LETTKItM OK flimiT.
ft.rtP"-»-''«Jiiij»
»«<Hjh»i-lJ>"«
^>-(-#J-^ C I R C U L A R ^
©tt©r
£f-
OUIUSTS in foroifrn lundu, and Aiupricans
tnivclinp alu'oud, an Inisinrss, have l)cen
the moans of calling inlo existence in this
country Letters of (JreiJit. To eany the
ncee.sHary amount of money for one or
more yoai"s' journey would not only be
veiy inconvenient to the tourist, but un-
safe, and in every new country witli a dillerent coinajro
this money would need to bo exchancrcd for current
funds, at a broker's office, another inconvenience and
an (>x|)enso.
liillri of exchansfo are not suited to the tmveler's
needs, as ho must l)o identified at any bank where he
desires to cash a bill of exchange, and in a stranpe
land this is troublesome, if not impossible. Not only
so, but ho nnist dniw all the money called for by the
bill of exchange at one time. Thns, a traveler from
America, having a bill of exchange on Paris for 5,000
francs must draw the amoimt when he arrives in Paris,
and then, if he expects to visit Berlin, he may buy a
bill on Berlin. But this entails an extra expense for
exchange. And even if our American banks could sell
the tmveler a separate bill of exrhango on London,
another on I'aris, another on Berlin, Home, Constan-
tinople, and all tlie jjrinciiial cities of the Orient, this
might prove an inconvenience to the traveler, as it
would limit his expenditures in each city, if it did not
tlecido tin; length of his stay. And it wouhl 1k> alnnit
impossible to provide against this on a long journey, by
any forecast or calculation.
The Letter of ("redit as adopted by our banks at the
present time, obviates all these ditlieulties, and places
the funds of the traveler as nnieh at his dis]K)sal,
wherever ho may be, as though he were at home near
his own liank.
The method of managing the finances on a foreign
trip is about as follows; Having decided upon the
amount of money necessary for the journey, the would-
be tourist steps into any bank where Letters of Credit
arc sold, eitiier in his own town or in the large cities,
and purchases a Letter of Credit similar to the fonn on
the following page, i)ayable in pounds, in London, and
addressed to a niunber of banks and bankei-s in all
iwrts of the world, whose names will appear on the
back of the letter.
The baidv here then inuuediatcly notifies the London
bank that such a letter hius been issued, and for the
issue of the letter the banks usually charge a small fee.
Anned with this document, he proceeds to London,
and there finding his funds becoming short, he goes to
the City Bank, or to any other bank, as well, and
draws a draft on the City Bank of London, payable to
himself and signed by himself, for whatever sum he
may need, just lus a depositor drag's a clieck. The
bank compares the handwritnig and signature of the
draft with tho signature at the bottom of the Letter
of Ci'odit, and if genuine the amount is indorsed on
■></'*
ll
: f
\i
.. Q,
Martin Beem,-
^
Five Triindrcd—
c/// mim
f/cu {^^m
^t^l
/
founds Sterdni:^,
/c ^r///(/f f'j'/f'j// /f //frrrjfc?^ /(^ JuN^m^ aJ ifmf^^r/.
f)/j^}f?f\y /ife f//jffu/// M'i JrJf/ <?u ///e f'ar/f rf ma m/^l. o^/
if^//fr// //r <'j/a{7^f J/if/^ miff/ mm r/ff^ /^r-^/t^l.
/<0?(>l /r /^
J^^^i/dmeu,
^jm
<!%^ fifimf?'// JHf^nf.
(^j ^U(0 f4 m Auf JifM^ / Januan/ 1st, ^ M
^&f^ nafif If "J/Sd
we Mm rV
Sterling,
CntCLLAK LtTTtKii OF CUEOIT.
ih*" liack of the Lottor of Credit, aiul the money i.-*
inid over, after deduethig a coiiimissioii of two jx;r
o?iit. In Paris, Rome, Coustantiiiopio, Imlia or Aus-
inlia. -whenever the tourist needs funds, lie repeats
the above oi>erition, of drawing on tlie City Bank of
London, and the money is paid over to hini, less the
commission and five jjer cent interest for the time
required in eoVieetinir tlie (h'aft in London.
The drafts as they arc dr.iwn, are sent at once to
the Citv liank of London for collection, and are then
CIRCULAR NOTLS.
These are drafts dniwn l>y an American bank on a
LoniJoD bank and issued to the tourist in amounts of
£5 or £10 for fonvcnicnce. They will be cashed in
any |Mrt of the world by banks and also by merchants,
ami are hence coming to Ikj extensively used by trav-
eler* instead of Letters of Credit, and by many pro-
ferre«J. Ilavin^Lr sei-ured the re({uisitc number of these
smuii <lraft.-. the toiu'ist carries them with him as he
w old money, and whenever he desires to dispose of
Scene in London. Thames River, Thannes Embankment, Houses a' P3U^ iaflner,*, Westm ■ .'.er Abbey, and S. W. R. R. Bridge and Depot.
chsnred to the acc(>;int of the Fii-st National hink of
Chicagw. 'When !ho last draft is drawn by the tourist,
wherever he may then be, the Letter of Credit is
retume<i with it. Should the traveler complete his
journey and ret urn lumie without drawing the entire
amount of the Letter of Credit, he may present it at
the hank where it wa^ purchased and receive the
impaid remainder.
*>ne, he simply indorses his name on the back of it,
ami prodwes fnmi his pockot a small certificate from
the AttieritTai! l>ank bearing his signature, to show that
the indci^ement is good.
A draft on London M'ill pa.ss a.s money in all the
civilized tomitries of the world, less charges and inter-
est for the time recpiired in forwarding the iraft to
London Cur ixtUoction.
«•- .i--
'.>
I :
1-;;
it
MISCELLiVNJiOUS.
TABLE OF INTEREST RATES FOP THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA.
I'xnaltlxH for UmuTi Stututo of Limitations on IJelits, Noti>s .lucl|$inantii und Spuleii Iniitnimnntx.
tl'
sr.vTi
TH l>
•■
STATES
Legal
Rule
Iluto por
Contract
PRNALTIES fob tTgURY.
I.I.'MIT.XTIONS.
AND
.- «
X
'■r2
~p2
UBXMARKd.
TKHUITOUIE.S.
PcrOont.
I»erCent.
^1
Y.
- 5
III
Alabama • ••
g
8
Forfeiture entire Ins't...
■i
(i
20
10
Jndfrments of other sintps limited io20venrs. Jlxemp.
ti(eis— I'ersomii propertv $|iKK), Homestead $•2000.
Arii^onti
AikiiniJW
10
Any
10
;i
4
5
10
4
10
Kxeniptioiis- I'roni #I'.KH) io ts'dMHi.
Forfeiinre jirhiciiml and
interest.
Judgments reiiuired to be remiwed ever>* three years.
Exemptions- f200 to if-2.1IKi.
T
Any
-
4
.'>
,")
Oujuilifineuts tor money loaned 7 per cent only. Ex.
empllous— From *1IKI0 tof.iOOO.
If ilebtaaroconiiiietiHl wiibiu tlie suite the .statute of
M
Any
:i
3
li
e
liniiiations extends six years. E.vemptlona— $300 to
♦•20(10.
«
T
\/
3
u
3
li
6
20
17
20
Exeiuptions— tJflO to ♦500.
Forfeiture of Interest. . .
Kxeinpt ions-ffioo.
6
»
Forfe'tnip I'finelpal,. . . .
•.>o
•20
Exeniidions— ji.i to ^275.
Pi^^t. of ColurobiOt
6
10
Ft>rfeittU'eentito Ins'l...
12
12
Exemptions— J.iKi to $10"
Florida.
Gpoi-^'iii ..•■
«
r
Any
4
li
JO
7
•20
20
Exempt ions- *li»)0 to ♦•2000.
Forfeiture excess
l^xemptions— ♦IMH).
M
I*
Forlcit .Itiinesanrt paid;
line #;t'K» <u- ti tnos. iui-
5
,')
li
Est iui>tlou9-$100 to ♦5000.
«
S
prisontneut, or Iiotli.
Fncl'ejtnre excess Ins't...
Forfeiinre excess Ins't...
»
10
20
20
Exemptions— ♦lOO to tlOOO.
C
8
6
10
20
•20
Jud^^ments luuiit bo renewed, if not executed, within
live yeurs. Exemptions— ♦tiOO.
•
10
?"orfcit\ire entire Ins't...
6
10
20
'20
On notes, If partial jittyment has been made, date of
llinitalion beudns from lust iniyinent. Exemptions—
Cuuutv, 40acres; cltv, y^ acre with buildings regard.
less of value.
Kansas .....
t
10
Forfeiture double excess..
8
5
."i
1.1
On open accounts, limitnl ion exteudsbut two yearsfor
niui-residenlsof Ilio slate. Exemptions— ;i^3(>U to ♦lOO.
Kontnrkj
a
«
Forfeiture entire Tns't...
2
5
15
1.5
ExempI iiuis— ♦.'jOO to ♦l.)00.
6
a
Exce~.s al)ovi> s, after lua.
3
S
10
10
Jud .'lueuts may be renewed at anv time l)efore explni.
luri'v. forfeits uiitirc
ttnn. Exeiuiitious— None in cities; country home*
'nterest.
>tead,J-2oi)'
Main? ..•.
«
Anj
6
li
20
■20
If uotesare witnessed, --'O vears. Exemptions— ^VX).
Jlarvlanil
6
H
Forfeiture of excess
3
3
iJ
12
Ex.i ipi.ons-^IIKi.
>I:l»sa(-|lUHCtt3
?
Any
6
20
12
12
Notes witnessed, ^20 vears. Exemptions— $.100 to ♦soo.
to
Fiufeituro of exeess If
tJ
li
10
ill
Executions tm judgments not euti'red witidu •J years
must bor. iiewed. Exemiition^— ii.iO Io$l.'i00.
T
10
Forfeiture entire debt —
'
(>
Id
•20
Jud:<nicnt liens cxpiie utter .^> vea.rsif not attJichGcl.
Exem|itlous-$5liO t.) ♦liKHi, beside, homestead of so
acres In countv, and one lot to ).■ aeri! In cities.
^lissi'wippl
•
10
Forleit\ire entire Ins't...
3
15
7
(
Exemptions— ^^.W to $500. Kcsidenco in city, ♦2000;
conntv, W) acres.
Missouri
8
10
T.on-ltM- f'»rfcil-.ieiilire in.
tcri>.^t. l.oriiiwcr i.av 10
].crct. t.> veil. ml fund-
Forfeiture entire Ins't...
o
10
.0
■20
Kxeinpiions— f3iH). Homestead in conntrv, 100 acres;
in cities, liomestead ju value Iruiu lloOO to ♦iiOOO.
Alontanft
10
T
Any
lu
4
li
10
I)
5
Exemptiims— $S00 to ♦•2.500.
Actiouonforeiuu in dements must becoimneneed-vlth-
in .) years. Exciiiitious— Persona, proi)ertv, ♦MKI;
eouutrv, loOaeif . cities, two lots.
KovuUa.
10
Any
-
4
5
5
Mcrcbauts', or St' ■ accouuis, one venr onlv after last
iiurcbaso. Exi ptions— ♦200 to ♦."jOO; hotiicsteud, to
bead of laTUiU, :i^"«.n)0.
.New llamiMliIre
6
<
Forfeiture of .! times tlio
excels and co..ts.
U
(i
20
•20
Actionson.luilKinents must bebrou.aht wlthlu2 years.
Exempt ions- ♦loo to $400. Interest in homestead, to
wile,iiurliisiite, $.')(Ki.
New ,I(;rHoy
6
6
Forfeiture entire Ins't...
li
U
20
U
Exemptions— I'eisonality, ♦•200; hotnest«ul, under
staiutin-y notice, ♦iin«).
Now Mexico
6
12
Forfeiture of excfws
Exempti<tns — To l.e.id of Cimily residing on property,
If Claimed, ♦IIKKI.
New York
S
8
Voids eontnu't and is a
ini>iteniea?;or.
fi
G
20
■20
Corporations l);iried defense in actions lor usury. Ex.
emptlons— ♦■2,')0; homestead, if riiorded, ♦1000.
6
8
Forfeituiii entiri> inter-
est, iHirtv luiviu^ uiav
3
3
11
ill
Exeentions mus; be renewed witain one year and one
(lav fiinii duo of 1-sue. Exemptious— rcrsonaillv,
reeo\'er*ioultb-ani't pd.
♦.Kio; home dead, ♦laoii.
01. in
6
8
10
Forteitnre ol exci'ss
Forfeiture ori^'inal sum
t;
ti
1.1
i>
l.'i
10
1.-.
10
Exi'iuptions-*.'iOii toijliKiO.
Oiegoii
Exemptioiis-*iiiO to tTOO.
and costs.
Prnnsvlvania
6
6
6
Any
(i
II
li
20
•20
20
•20
Exempti.ai — ♦:ion.
No hjsjruerrate thun li percent interestcan b« c.'^Uected
HliuHe Island
by law. Kxi^mptions-J-JdO to $.)00,
flontli Tarollna
3
T
6
V '.rfeilureof all interest..
Ita-feiluii* of excels, line
li
8
«
20
10
20
10
Exemptions— Personality, ♦.Wo; liomestead, $1000.
Excmiitious-^-i'iO, hcuuestead, ♦looo.
Tennessee
and iiuprisoninint.
Texas
a
12
Forfeiture of all Ins't....
■i
4
10
10
Exemptions- Furniture and farmlns; Implements and
•2li<)acres. In cities, rcui estate, ♦.'moo.
Utah
It
Any
2
4
5
.1
Exeniptions- Per-ouality, ♦^(Kl to $400; horaenlcad,
♦ IIKIO, and ♦■2.'i0iulditional to each meuil>er of family.
Veniinnt
8
6
Fcjrfeiturn (>f «'xcesH
6
K
1)
8
Exempt ons— Pers. nslitv, ♦2.".0; hoiucstead, $6(10.
Vir;.'inia
8
•
Forleitureof all Ins't
-
5
•20
•iO
Exetaptioiis— Persoiuii:iy, ♦200; liomestead exemp-
tiini. leal or peisoual propertv. ♦•20iKi.
WasliinRton Tcr.
to
Any
3
li
t!
i;
Exemptions Per^onal:t\, *150 to $.500; lioraos%oad
occ^upicd by famllv.iiOOO.
West Vlixinia
e
a
Forfeiture of exeess
3to5
ti
lU
•20
Exemptions Per oiialitv, I»"i0 to ♦•2iiO, homestead, If
recorded beiore cieation i>f debt, ♦lio).
Wisconsin
T
10
Forfeiture of all Ins't
6
II
20
20
Exemptinn— Persoinlliy, ♦200 to$-i'ifl, | rintluf; mate.
rial^, ♦i.iOO; homestead, countrj-, 40 acres; town or
eltv, W of an acre.
12
Any
4
21
5
E xempt ions- J.')liOtoi»soo, and woarlni;nppiin'l for every
person, ll.anestead, ni tualiy occupied, in country,
11.11 acres; i..wn oreity lots.^l.'OO.
Canada
8
(
Any
Any
Any
Ito.-.
ti
II
11
li
■20
•20
•20
ExempI ions- ♦on to !? lull.
Exemptions- lloii.seh.iUletrecIs, ♦HO; homestead, $000.
Exemptions- \Vearinj{ap|)nrel and beUdlnK forlamily,
tools, one Htove and one cow.
New Urnnswlolc
Nova Meotia
'20
NoTK.— Tlielejinl rate of interest for England ond France is R jierceut. Ireland li percent. When the rate of Interest Is not sjieclfled, the legal rate
Is always understood and so allowed by the (•ourts. Debts of all liin.lsdmw IntiTcst from the time they lu'comedue, btit not before unless siieclfled.
Jl
lot cxi-cutecl, within
•-xeinptions— ^500.
riii)lciBcnts and
P
:^g
INDORSEMENTS.
)
HOW TO INDORSE NOTES, DRAFTS AND CHECKS, AND THE REASON FOR SUCH INDORSEMENTS.
PROTEST AND NOTICE.
II ^ « »
♦^
^
-*-!'—-•
TAST beyond appreciation, is the volume of
business transacted each day by means of
checks, notes, drafts and other forms of
commercial paper. And as the actual coin
or currtmcy involved, beais a small proportion to the
amount of value passed from hand to hand daily, in
business, so the aggregate value of the checks, notes
and other negotiable paper, themselves bear a small
proportion totlic whole indebtedness canceled by means
of these indispensable instruments to modern com-
merce. A single check, note or draft, may, and often
does, by being passed over from one person to another,
discharge five or ten times its equivalent of indebted-
ness.
The transferring of the title to commercial paper is
thus a great vehicle for the furthcnuue of l)usiness
transactions, and on account of its importance to the
commercial world, the law recognizes it and hiis thrown
about it a peculiar sanction and protection.
Centuries ago when commerce was in its infancy and
commercial paper in its formative state, tiiis quality of
negotiability or transferability did not exist, but the
jviyco of a note or draft was supposed to hold it until
i, ii('( anie due and was paid. But as the necessities of
connnorco grew, it became desirable to pass the title of
notes and drafts like other species of property, and
thio was done by writing the transfer or assignment on
the back of the instrument, and this writing was
called an Indorsement.
The subject of Indorsements may at first thought
seem to be of comparatively small importance, but
when viewed in all its various phases and bearings it
assumes an importance only second to the paper itself.
An indorsement is anjlhing written on the back of
an instrument pertaining to the instrument. Thus a
name written on the back of a note, eaeck or draft is
an indoi-sement. The person who writes his name
thereon is called an indor.ter, and tlie person for whose
l)encfit the name is tiierc written, and to whom the
paper is transferred, is called an indorsee.
As there is no limit to the number of times which
the paper may be transferred, so there is no limit to
tlie numl>er of indorsements wliicii may be placed
thereon, and if tlie back of the paper is entirely cov-
ered with indoi-sements, an additional piece of paper
may he pasted thereto for the purpose of receiving
more indoi-semcnts. Indorsements may be made njion
the face of the er as well as upon the back, and the
custom of indorsirig on the back only arose from tlic
fact that the back is always clean and more suitable / "
for receiving indorsements. "When a note or check is vvl
held in proper position for reading, the left
I t,
h'
,»«
i ''
t
I
il
'mm
INIJOIiSKMKNTS.
bo tlio iipi-.T oiul
wlicii reversed I'ortlK"
l)ur|ios<i of indoiNe-
niont, aiul tlio first
iiidorseiupiit .should
bo iiiiide iio:ir the up-
per cud so as to leavo
room ("or auy future
iudorseuiouts whieh
may bo desired.
Au indorseniout.as
a ride, uot only
trau>fers the title to
the ii!.-triuu(Mit in-
dorsed, but also irives
additional security
for its ])ayiueiit, as it
isau iiiii)lied((iiitract
oil llie jiart of ih(^ Mi-
dorser that the siirna-
tiircs of all the previ-
ous ])artics are fsen-
uiuc, and also that his
title to the iustrn-
nieut is perfect, and
that if the check or
note is not paid at
maturity, he -will
take it up after jjaj'-
mont has been do-
raandcd and refused,
and duo notice has
been given.
feimply writing the
name is called an in-
dorsement ill blank
and transfers the
ownership of the pa-
per to bearer, and the
paper may then be
pa-ssed fvom hand to
hand without in-
dorsement. In case a check or note so indorsed be
lost or stolen, the owner incurs the risk of the finder
disposing of it for value to a bona fde purcha.ser, who
could collect it. It is not safe to send paper so
Indorsed through the mails, or to indorse paper in
blank any considerable length of time before it is to
be transferred to the indorsee.
When it is desired to make a check, note or draft
payable to a particular person, above the name
"fj
FOR DEPOSIT
to the credit of the
Book-keeper Pub. Co.
should be written " I'ay to or order," and such is
called an indorsement in full, or a special indorsement.
After a special indorsement, none but the indorsee, or
l)ersous to whom ho may order pa\inent to be made,
can demand payment on the nistrumcnt. Paper which
is to bo sent through the mails should be indorsed
l)aya])lo to the order of th(> person to whom it is sent,
so that in case it is lost the finder can make no use of
It. In the example on this page, Abin. Wilkins,
BB
n^DOBSEMENTS.
who IS supposed to receive the check from Suith
indorsed specially to Wm. Jennings.
When a note is left at the bank for collection it
should be indorsed thus •
By this indorsement the title of the imper is not
passed to the bank, but remains in the indorser, ■while
the bank is only authorized to collect, and in case the
bank fails while the paper is still in its possession the
owner could reclaim the note and save it from going
into the hands of the assignee as assets of the bank.
When an indorsement is made subject to some con-
dition without the fulfillment of which the indorsemi^ni
IB void, such is called a conditional indorsement. Thus,
" Pay to Amos Brown or order upon the deliverj' by
him of a Warranty Deed to lot 28 in block 14, Haine's
subdivision to the city of Cincinnati," signed by the
indorser, would be a conditional mdorsement. This
class of indorsements are rare in business.
An indorser may release himself from liability on
hia indorsement by writing under his name, " Without
recourse," or similar words, which indicate his inten-
tion to thus release himself, but the indorsee would
seldom be willing that the indorser should thus indorse
unless by special agreement and under peculiar circum-
stances.
"Pay to John Smith only" when signed by the
mdorser, would limit the career of the note, check or
draft aa negotiable paper, to the indorsee, John Smith,
or would prevent the instrument from being further
transferred. The words "for my use, or "for my
account," when included in the indorsement, signify
that the ownership of the instnmient is not transferred
but merely an authority to collect, and in this respect
is similar to the indorsement •' For Collection."
The indorser of a check may, m the indorsement,
direct how the payment is to be applied, M'hether on a
note or otherwise, as, for instance, the chock on
the preceding page, is indorsed by William Jennings
" for one year's subscription." Now when the publish-
ing company indorses the check for the purpose of
receiving value on it the indorsement becomes a receipt
to Jennings for subscription.
In indorsing a check or note, sign your name just as
it is written on the face; if " J. Smith," write "J.
Smith," or if " Jas. C. Smith," write ' Jas. C. Smith."
If this is not your usual method of signing, or if the
name is incorrectly spelled, indorse both ways, first the
wrong and then the right.
When it is not desired to draw the mon«y ob a chsck
but io deposit it in the bank, the following form is
largely used :
FOR DEPOSIT
IN THE
Commercial National Banh,
von CREDIT OF
MARKLEY. ALLING & CO.
The handling of numerous chf^ks makes such a
lengthy indorsement quite a laborious task, and hence
large firms have a stamp prepared by which the letters
are stamped upon the back of the paper with ink which
is not easily erased. The bank soon comes to know
the stamp as the signature of the house, and the writ-
ten signature is not necessary. This printed signature
would not, however, be considered good outside of the
city where the firm is located, nor would it be consid-
ered good where the transactions of the firm were
limited in number. The object of indorsing " For
Deposit," aa above explained, is to prevent fraud or
collusion on the part of the employes of the deposit-
ing firm. For instance, the messenger, upon going to
the bank to deposit, could easily abstract a check from
among the others, and by telling the bank officials a
plausible story, that one of the partners wanted to get
the currency for this check for his private use, could,
if the checks were indorsed in blank, draw the money
thereon, and by " doctoring" the pass book, cover his
default for weeks, mttil the amount would reach large
proportions.
The statutes of the various states have modified the
common law in regard to indorsements. For instance,
in some states, when a draft or note is discounted at
the bank, the law requires the bank to first exhaust its
remedy against the maker before it can proceed against
the indorsers. But as a large portion of the notes and
drafts discounted in our banks, is taken upon the credit
of the discounter, while the maker or acceptor is
;mknown to the bank, perhaps living in a distant city,
it is evident that if the bank were compelled to look
to the maker for payment, such paper could not be
llj|!l
I I
\^
I I
iii
I x"^^ 5
INDOKSEMfiNTS.
roiidily (liscouiitoil. Toavoid tliis cnibaiTassnicnt which
the .statute uuposos, the following indorsement is used.
rii/ri'Cd-
g-^-ltf^/^n
c~.
For value rcceiveil, .... lioroby guaranty tlio pay-
int'iit of tlm within note ut maturity, or at any time
thereafter, with interest at eiglit per fent iwr aniinm,
until paiil, ami agree to pay all costs or expenses i>aiil
or iTicurretl in collecting the same.
c/.
a^-y-^Cii-
The name is written both alxwe and below the
printed guaranty, in order to cstiiblish the fact of an
intention on tho part of tho indorscr to guaninty the
p.ajTncnt, or, so that it could not l)e alleged that tLs
l)ank stampotl tho words of guaranty above the signa-
ture without authority from the indorscr. Hut by
thus having tho signatures at an appropriate distance
apart, the object of the double indorseuu'ut becontes
apparent. Tho first indorsement may be regarded as a
transfer of the title of the paper to the bank, while the
second is a guaranty of its payment.
PROTEST AND NOTICE.
ILLS OF ExCH\NOE are distinguished as either
f()r(>ign or inland. They are called foreign
wlicn drawn in one state or coimtry upon a
person residing in another. The states of the
American Union arc foreign countries so far as
bills of exchange arc concerned, for the reason tliat the
laws of the dillerent states concerning negotiable paper
are not iniiforni. Inland bills of exchange are those
wliicli arc drawn on a jxM'son residing in the same state
or country as the drawer.
AViicn M foreign bill of exchange is dishonored, that is,
when payment or acceptance is refused, it is not only
customary but necessary, in order to Iiold the drawer
or indorsers, that tho paper should be properly pro-
test(>(l, and notice given iiv due form to tho parties to
be cIiargfMl.
Tiie object in protesting foreign paper is to ail'ord
satisfactory evidence of its dishonor, for the benefit of
t'.e parties to the paper, who, from residence abroad,
in a foreign country, or another state, might experi-
ence great diilicully in ol)taining reliable .uul sufficient
evidence of the fact, and perhaps be at last compelled
to rely upon the representation of the iioldcr alone.
Courts always give due respect and consideration to
such an official act as a protest under the seal of ii
foreign notary. Although not necessary in the case of
inland bills, tlie iiractice of protesting negotiable paper
has yet Ix'cn extended largely to inland bills of ex-
change and promissory notes, and as these have found
their way extensively into bank transactions in the ordi-
nary course of business, the protest has become a cogent
and ellcctual method of exposing the breaches of pimct-
uality which occin- in payment of commercial paper at
the bank, and the merchant or business man who allows
his note to "go to protest," is advertised as incum-
bered, embarrassed, or financially disgraced.
Protest and notice must l)c made l)y a notary public,
except in certain cases where the law provides tiiat
should there ])e no notary in the jilace, a i)rotest may
be made by any respectable merchant, attested l)y wit-
nesses, and will tlien have the SJime ellcct as though
made by a notary pul)lic.
A notary was anciently a scribe, who made writings
of all descriptions, both public and private, but with us
he is a public officer appointed by the governor, and
])roperly provided witli a notarial seal.
In ca.se of non-payment or non-acceptance of a foreign
l)ill by the drawee, protest must be made forthwith by
a notary, tmder the formality i)rescri'bed by tiie law of
that place, and projjcr "notice given to indorsers. This
protest must be made on the day on which the instru-
ment Incomes payable; that is, on tiic^ tiiird or last day
of grace, though it may not be dniwn u|) and completed
in legal form until afterwards.
After protest, tho next step is to give proper notices
to all such persons as the holder of the bill designs to
hold responsible. The holder may notify all tho
parties prior to himself, so as to avoid hazard of some
3 in the ordi-
INDOR8EMENT8.
^tatc of JXIltioiB,
„ County, [ S3.
CERTIFICATE OF PROTEST
Be it Known, That ou tliia.. day of..,
in tlie year of our Ix)rd oiio thousand eight hundral and.„..,
I,..
- a Notary PubHc, duly coniiuiasioned and sworn, and residing in the
^ _ hi said County and State, at tlie request of _ _ _ _.
wcntwitli the original which is above attached, to the office of
anddcnmndai .thereon, which was refused „
Wiioreujwu I, the said i-Totary, at the request aforesaid, did PROTEST, and by these presents do Solemnly Protest,
iis well against the - of said the indorsers thereof, as all others '.7hom it
niav or doth concern, for exchange, re-oxchange, and all costs, charges, damages, and interest already incurred by reason of tlio
nou- of the said
And I, the said Nocary, do hereby certify, that, on the same day and year above written, duo notice of the foregoing Protest
was put in the Post Olhce at as follows:
Notice for _
" for. „ _. „
Each of the above named jilaces being the reputetl place of residence of the {xjrson to whom this Notice was directed.
In Testimony Wueueof, I hava hereunto set my hand and affi.xed my official seal, the day and year first above written.
Notary I'ublic.
Fees.— Noting for Protcsl,
Ceitlflcato and Seal,
!S cents;
25 cents;
Protest 75 cents;
Pobtoge ;
Noting Pi-otest, . .
Vol. . . ; Page,
ffi cents;
Notloos,
»
of the parties being discharged by the omission of the
notice, but if he is sati-sficd with the responsibility of
his ininicdiatc indorscr, there is no necessity for giving
notice to others, and if this indorscr desires to hold
those prior to him, it is his business to talac -care of
himself, and sec that the party rcsponsi<l)lo to him is
duly notified. Notice must always be sent with dili-
gence, for if it is not given within tlie prescribed
time, the remedy of the holder on these parties is lost.
Notice may be either verbal or written, but it is gen-
erally wrilten, and must be precise, either to describe
accurately the instrument by giving the name of the
drawer, indoi-scrs, payee, amount, and also of the fact
that presentment and demand for acceptance or pay-
ment has been refused.
If the notice of dishonor is given in writing, it laay
be left at the residence or place of business of the per-
son to be notified. If the party resides at a distance,
the notice may be given by letter. Should his residence,
plaioe of business, or present post office address be lui-
known, the notice is to be sent where he is known to
have formerly resided. If all of these be unknown, and
after the exercise of due diligence, then want of notice
will be excused.
NOTICE OF PROTEST OF NOTE.
^•tlltC Of lUlttOlB,
County of.
> S8.
..^....188
Sir,
X.....
...../or $.
Dated „
Payable „
Signed by
Indorsed by.
Being this day due and unpaid, and by me Protested for
non-payment, T ha-d>y notify you that the payment thereof
has been duly demanded, and that t/ie holders look to you for
liayment, damages, interest, and costs.
Done at the request of...
, i
Ijf
§1
I. 'i
I-
r, r
I"!
1
^N.
;?^;
iA^i: ->5^' LAW GOVERNING INDORSEMENT i. PROTEST AND NOTICE.-^
'^^i^
-^^-i-
If I'IRST iiiilorscr i^ liiibk' to all suhawiiicnt imlorscn".
ll All iii(li)i'sc'iiiont iii sulijuct to the hiw of |«lac%* where
■A I the iiiilor.scmeiil is imule.
A An iiulor>er of a chock is on the same footing iis on
all otiier foniis of iiewtiiihle iiajier.
A iiiesuriiiilioii of law is, tiiat- iiulorsenieuts and transfers
have Ijcoii niailo hcforo the jmix-T became due.
Wiiero there iirc joint jiayees of a bill or note, all nm^t join
in an iiulorsciiiunl, iink'.-s tliey are jiartners.
All parties to iie;;otiable pafHT, whether maker, drawer,
indorser, or acccjitor, have a defense as aijain.'^t fraud.
A fimler of a bill or note, lost by the owner, atrjuires no
ri^'iits thereby as against maker, drawer, acceptor, or indorser.
All i.'krser hiw certain coinitionai responsibilities, but he
can qualiiy lliem in writinn; his indursemeut if ho chooses,
L I. le letter coiitiiiniiii: a prote '^ of non-payme:;t '« put
into tiie po^*t olliee, any miscarriage does i; jt aii'ejt the party
giving notice.
A negotiator may g laranty the payraeu* of a uote at
'".' nty, iuiJ the imrchaj<er will have the advauta^ of an
uidorsement without its disiul vantages
III case a holder begins a suit against an i;;Jorser, tlie Ijegiu-
ner cannot be allowed U> strike out the name of any one who
has indorsal Injfore the defendant.
If an indorsement be stricken out throagh miiiake of a
holder, he may restore it. If he strikes it out on puqiose, the
indorser is released fiuni all obligation.
A purijluw-^er of a bill or note may prudently in-Lst on a
waiver of demar.iMprotest, mid notice, at the time of tiie trans-
fer; especially when the in.vir.ser liv^s ai adi.-tance.
A jierson leteiving a note under a idank indorsement, or
when drawn pa-'aMo to bearer, he is on first view the lioUer,
and entitlei". *;•_> recover the amount due on tiie note.
A payee who parts with a note for value by indorsement,
has no further iiiterest in it other than its payment at maturity
tiy the maker, .«o its to save him harmless.
Where a person puts his name on the back of an iii.stni-
mi-'it on demand or on time, at the time of its inception, he
is liable, not as indorsu', but as original [iromi* '.
,\ jierson that transfers by delivery and not by indorsement,
a bill of e.xclutnge or promist;ory note made payable to bearei,
Joes not rent' r himself liable on the bil) or note to the jxTson
who receives it.
An indorser of a note is entitled to notice when it is due, in
order to hold him for payii.ent. If an indorser chooses he
may waive notice before maturity of the paper by writing, •* I
waive notice."
A holder's right of action ari.ses at once when a bill ii di£-
lionorsfl. The drawee's refusi'.l toai«ept involves the breaking
of the contract, since, l-y the «''t of drawing and indorsin^',
the drawer and indo-scr guariruity acce|)i,»iice.
An indorser i.ir.,!t be notified, whet ler a drawer is entitled
r
to notice or not. Even if the other parties are guilty of
fraud, that would not deprive the indorser of his right to
projior notice, unless he is guilty of fraud himself.
rai>er that is indorsed solely for the accomnxKlation of
another is called accommodatioii |)aiH?r. If the maker,
drawer, indor.-er, (ir acceptor is coiniielled to pay such pajx.'r,
lio may recover the amount, together with costs, from the
accommodated ]party.
Xoticeof tlie dL^lionor of a bill must bo given, oven if the
drawee Ijo (ic;ui. The bolder will not be e.xcu.sed from giving
notice, on account of tlio death of the drawer or indorser. In
such ca.se8 he roust use due diligence, if necessary, in giving
notice to the surviving re;>resc.ilatives.
A lost b:'l or note must be dosciibed with certainty, or a
copy ot it must bo ."-'lown. When a demand i.s made on a
lopt not*", a l)<>nd of indomnity iiuist t)e executed and tendered
to t'lC jiarty on whom demand is made; '/lljorwise the remedy
on drawer or indorser will 1x3 lost.
A lull or note is not finally di3(;hargpd vrhnn i^aid bv an
indorser, ^xiejit in res " t to sulisei|iieiiL indorsers. It is not
e.ttinguishei. ;intil paid liy the maker in case of a note, or
aciieptor in cise of iv bill. Hence an indorser, who takes up a
dLshonored note or bill, may put it again in circulation:
whereas, if paid by or on behalf of maker or acceptor, it is no
longer negotiable.
A check drawn payable to Richard Roo, or bearer, may be
transferred to any other jierson by handing it over as if it were
a bank bill. If the wonl order, instead of bearer, were writ- ,
ten, the one who is to receive pay must put his name on the I
back in onier tn transfer it to another. Then the paveo '
Ijec-omes indorser. and tiie i)erson receiving it from him
iijilorsee. The check may be indorsed Ihe.-eafter by many
parties, as in the case of a bill of eichaiige or promissory
note.
A maker or acceptor of a note or bill, lx;fore I>aTing it,
should know that the indorsements are genuine, if indorsed
in blank, to knoir that the payee's indorsement is genuine,
Tlie holder caiiDot acquire any title through a forged i><tj)er, no
matter how many indorser-i there are. The holder's title
arisen through the first indoi-ser, and hence the maker t
acceptor is protec'ed in making jiayn 'snt, aa if the pajier '."^eic
payable to a certain jn^Tson or order,
A negotiyble note that is ))i'of)erly traiioferred to an inno-
centhc'der for value before it is doc, rniiy be coUe-'ted by the
holder without rcard to liie rights and c<|iiities which cristeil
as l»etween the original ),arties. A i.egotiablo paper ''at is
tran«ferre<l after it has bi.„omo due is t>',ken by a p n^haser at
his own j)eril. Though nO{,otiable as iK^foi'c maturity, the
pjTty tfcke.-; it subject to ever/ defense exi«tiiig against it in
t'lC hiiud.s of the ho!i!»'r \?heri it matiireo. Over due pu(jeris
•onaidered payable within a reasonable time, on demauil, when
it is tracsfened.
. «^
ii j,A,i,ii^*,*« "-«>'^
r^''
'- T"^
1 nro gnilty of
i>f his right to
■eir.
•mriKKliuioii of
f the iiiiikor,
iiy siitli pajx-T,
:osts, from tlio
on, oven if the
^(1 from piviiig
p imlorser. In
sary, hi giving
certainty, or a
is niiwlo on a
and temlered
ic tiie remedy
n j)i«(l Ijy an
!rs. It is not
of !i note, or
ho takes up a
circulation ;
*I)tor, it is uo
i»r(T, may be
JW if it were
were writ-
wne on the
the pavec
froiri liim
i'y many
irouiissory
f
/>HTing it,
indorsed
geiiiiine.
l^itjK^no
ler's title
maker t
laper ■'■eie
an iimo-
e'i hy the
li ''risted
''■<it is
:lll»S(?r ut
rify, the
iiisit it in
pujjer is
111, wjien
' hi: desire to ticcumulate property is one
of the noblest that nature has im-
planted in man, and it is through the
Buc<e88ful results of this desire, wo
are enabled to point with unerring
certainty to the disembarking line,
. . ^ which so Hurely characterizes the ad-
^^^>^^fnl\^%^^ vanced, educated, refined and civilized
■•ijMk**' man from that of the wild savage,
whose highest desire is to slay and rob his fellow men,
and proudly exhibit their scalps, or the plunder he has
acquired, as evidence of his cunning or courage.
It is through this inborn desire to accumulate that
man is willing to labor, toil, suffer, and forego
present gratifications for the hope of future greater
satisfactions; that has resulted in the building and
e(|iiii)ing the mighty ships of commerce, whose white,
spreading canvas dots eveiy sea where commerce may
bo known, or where the interests of God's creatures
may best be sei'ved. It is through this desire, coupled
with unremitting toil, that we owe everything of per-
iiiauciitenjoyinent, of enlightenment and of prosperity.
The millions of dollars of paper money ^vhich is
liandled every day as the natural fruit of toil and
.^aving through the many and diversified transactions
in the vast, illimitable and ever rapidly developin;;:
field of commerce, is but the represeBtative of owner-
siiip of property.
If this rei)resentative is what it purports on its face
to lie, eacii and every one who receives it in exchange
for services or commodities, owns not merely a piece of
paper, with designs, words and promises printed or
engraved thereon, but an interest or an undivided whole
in a farm, a block of buildings or a store well stocked
with merchwmlise, which, in Ids estimation, at least, is
more desirable to him than the labor or commodity foi
which he has voluntarily made the exchan^ ; but, if
on the contmry, it is other than what it purports on
its face to be, he finds that he is the owner of a piece
of paper whose value is nil.
There is, at the present writi"", 1884, nearly eight
hundred million dollars of ])aper i arrency in the United
States, consisting of gnvuKicks and national currency,
a great jwrtion of which is in actual circulation, and it
has been estimated by eminent authorities who occupy
positions of trust in the various departments through
which the financial machinery of this vast sea of paper
money is daily circulated, that there is in circulation
nearly one-fifth of this amount in counterfeit money,
or about one hundred and sixty million dollars; and
not one dollar of this counterfeit money owes its circu-
lation to any excellence of the work in its inamifacture,
but wholly to tlie general ignorance of those who handle
it, SIS to what is reipjiretl to constit;ito a genuine bill.
The time will come when the United States will r'nleem
all of its issue of paper money, Avhen those who are
holding any of this count<*rfeit money will have to
stand the loss to the extent of the sum in their p<>sses-
hioii.
Toallof tho.«j wIk) are willing to take a small jiortion
of their time each day for a few weeks in learning just
what it takeii to constitute a genuine bill, there need
be no necessity of ever losing anything by eoiinter-
foiters, as it is impossible far them to make bills which
will in any way approach the beauty aud exactness of the
genuine ones. There is not at the present time, nor
has there ever been in the past, nor will there ever be
in the future, a counterfeit bill made that cannot be
detected at sight ; and the positive knowledge of how
to know at all times when a bill is genuine and when
"ot is within the reach of all those who may have the
privilege of reading the following information or in-
L-^.r^
,f I
BhTEOrriNO COUNTERFEIT MONET.
killiblo rules with a genuine desire to bo bcnefitetl
thereby.
DEVICES AND FRAUDS.
Various devices are resorted to by a numerous gang
or l)()fly of porsons, to get on in the world witiioiit
tui'iiing tiicir attention to legitiniato and useful fiii-
ployinents.
This class ini'liidos many that are not engiiged in the
practice of counti-rleitiiig and j)utting forth bad inoncv,
but who nudce themselves I'cit in various wa3's through
vain tricks iind schemes, which are, to all intents and
pui'posfs, frauds.
business men are generally apt at detecting and
turning olf petty scheinos, but they find it licst to have
tlje mean.-, witii wiiich they may deal successfully as
against rogidar swindlers, forgers im !. counterfeiters.
COU.NTERFEIT AND GENUINE WORK.
As indicated above, counterfeit notes are issued and
put into the channels of circulation In nlMuidance every
year by those engaged in the
]) r a c t i c e of counterfeiting.
These notes are often such
good imitations of the gen-
uine that it is quite dillicult
to discern the ditference.
That he may protect him-
self, each bus iness man
should have some definite
knowledge of a genuine bank-
note.
The engraving of a gen-
uine Iiaidv note, in most all of
its parts, is done by machinery, and it is more exact
and perfect. On the contrary, most all parts of coim-
tcrffit notes arc done by hand.
Counterfeiters cannot afford to purchase machinery,
such as is used for tlie prt)duction of genuine n^tes.
The cost of such miiehincry is between $100,000, and
$ir)0,tiUO, and if it were in wrong hands it would be
always liable to seizure and confiscation.
In order to prevent the foi'gery of l)ank-notes, a
greiit deal of ingenuity and art has been expended on
their production. The principal features of the manu-
facture ai'e described as a peculiar kind of paper and
water mark; an elaborate design. ])rinted with a pecul-
iur kind of ink. and certain private marks, known
only by the bank oflicial.s.
The Avork of counterfeiter can never etpial that of
the makers of genuine notes, whose skill and faciUties
for producing the highest grade of ^/ork known to the
art, are the best that the world aflords.
DETECTING COUNTtRFEIT flONEY
Uidess one is .somewhat learned as to the quality of
engraving, that he nuiy be able to distinguish a lino
specimen of the art when ho sees it, ho is likely to
become a victim of the counterfeiter's operations.
LATHE WORK.
■\Vhen the genuineness of a bank-note is doubted, the
Lathe AVork on the note should lirst be closely seruti-
nized. The several letters of denomination, circles,
oviils. antl shadings between and around the letters in
the words, etc., n\v. composed of numberless extremely
line lines — inclusive of hues straight, curve<l and net-
work. These are all regular and unbroken, never run-
ning into each otiii'r, and may be tracetl thi'oughoiit
with a magnifying glass.
Without the skill or machinery, by which the gen-
uine is jircMluced, the same (jiiality of work cannot bo
done. Therefore, in a counterfeit, the lines aro im-
perfect, giving the paper a dull or ha/y aspect, that
jnay be all the betti'r appre-
ciated by coni[)aring it with
the genuine. The lines in
the counterfeit will be found
now iind then irregular in
size, and broken ; not uni-
form ill course, sometimes
heavy, .sometimes light ; no
two stamps or dies on tlio
same note l.einge.xactly alike.
The line, uniform, shade-
lines, with which the letters
on the genuine arc embel-
lished, are wrought by a machine that cjannot be repro-
duced by counterfeiters, nor used for other than
legitimate i)urposes, by authority.
GEOMETRICAL LATHE.
The fine line is the ciiai'acteristic of the various and
beautiful ligures which are seen on a genuine note.
'J^iis line is produced by what is called the Geometri-
cal Lathe. The ])atterns made by the geometrical lathe
are of every variety of form. They are not engraved
directly upon tiie bank-note plate, but on pieces of soft
steel plate, which are afterwards hardened. The im-
])rossions are then transferred to a soft steel roller,
which, in its turn, is also hardened, and the impressions
remain there, in relief. Tiiis roller is then capable of
transferring the same designs to the bank-note plate
1)} means of the transfer press.
In counterfeit engraving, the design is loade
upon the plate, and not by transfer, as in the
«0— ,
IlKTKCrriNCJ COUN-IKHKKIT MONEY.
lion of plutort for ^('iiuiiio iiotfu. Tho oseoiitial <Utfri-
ciiic' l)«'t\v('('U (lie two iiicIIumIs of prodiirtioM in, tlic
t'oiiiitd'fcit is luiulf In liaiid, iiiid i.s incxucl aiid iinpcr-
fiM't.wliiio tilt) gciiiiiiK^ i.s iimdo on ^roonictrical priii-
cipl<'s, ai)d is tlicn'ton* exact, artistir and iH'antiful.
In all tlic j,'(iv('rnni<'nt issues the jreonu'trie lathe
work is lilxM'i.lly used. 'I'iiis should lie .studied »'are-
fidly, as it eoiistitiites the chief test of ^'enninene««.
Fine lint's, ofunerrin;,' exactness, neNcr hroken, are
seen on the ^'cnnine medallion heads, or shields, upon
which tliedcsiMf|iation of the note is sometimes stamped.
This nicety cannot ho yiveu hy hand, or with the use
of impt^rfect machinery. Ky dose .scrutiny
the lines will Im' found to break oil' in
the pattern, or appear forked, irre<,'ular in
.-izc, and not well tlellned t hroui,dioul.
On most counterfeits the vignettes are not
well engraved, and the portraits have a dull
appearance; the Ictteis are usually wanting
in clearness ; the printing is soinetmies faulty,
hy which some features of tho noto are
ohseured.
RULING ENGINE WORK.
In Ruling Kngint^ Work, as it is called,
tho fine liuo is present, also. Tho engraving
is produced ami fninsferred in tho same way
as the geomclri<"il lallu^ work. In this they
arc paralhd and not in circles. Those which
constitute tho shading of letters iiro ho fmo
that they form a perfectly even gray shade.
They may he printed so that the shading
will appear darker, hut th(> aspect will Iw
uniform. Tho spaces iM^tween linos are
exact, whether the lines l)c horizontal or
d'lgonal. The lines are iiltto made crooked
or wavo-liko, not ahsolutoly parallel. Rul-
ing engine work is generally used for shad-
ing of n.imes r'" hanks, and also for tho
namo.s of town, siuie, etc.
VIGNETTE&
While latho work and <.'iat of tho rulinir
engine are invuriahly machine work, and thereforo
cannot ho successfully reproduced iiy countorfoitors,
th«^ Vignettes are chiefly the work of the hands. In
all genuine work they Hre made hy first class .artists,
who are well paid for their services, and who therefore
Iwve no inoentive to exercise their skill for illegitimate
purposce.
.Sometimes water and sky arc done mth tho rnling
engiiM', and when thoy are, no ooimterfeiter run sur-
cesHfnlly imitate thcin. Fine vignettes are seldom .seen
on counterfeit not«'s. If the lathe and ruling engine
work Ih> genuine, iin ordinary vignotto cuniiot make a
note counterfeit, and if that Ik* counterfeit, no vignett**
can make the note gcmiine.
The vigni"ttes on genuine notes are exeeulod liy men
at tho head of their v(N-titiun, and are very life-like and
hcautifiil. Connterfeit vignettt's u>ually have a sunken
and lilelcs.-. appearance, (ieiniinc \igm'ttes, as seen
u|i(ni government issues, consist of out-door scenes,
portraits, historical pictiiros, and allegorical figures.
They are idl ex< cedinirly licanliful, and it i>
not likely tliMt Mich uork will ever Ih' su<'-
eessfnlly iniitatetl.
SOLID PRINT.
Tho lettering, <»r soliil print, in gemiiiie
work is done hy a first-class artist, who
makes that kind of work his exclusive con-
cern. The name of Ihi' engraving tompany
is always cngnived s^itii great pains and is
very accurate. It will \m seen on the upper
and lower margin of tho note. Tiiis, in
counterfeits, is not (julte uniform or even.
The words "one dollar," as on the one ilol-
lar grccid>a<ks, are to Ik,- considered u.t a
sjimple of solid print.
BANK-NOTE PAPER.
llank-iiotcs are printed upon jMipci com-
posed of linen, the (piality of which is not
always tho sjunc, and it vai'ics in thickness.
Therefore, the paper is not always a sure
test, hut it is important. The manufacture
of this paper is a profound .-ecret, as carefully
kept as the comliinations to the great
vaidts whore the government's millions lie
awaiting further river and harhor hills. It
is made only at tho Dalton mill, which dates
hack almost to colonial days. What its
combinations are uoIkkIv knows except tho>e
intimately connected with its manufacture. The.secret
of tho paper-making is jealously guarded, a-s i.s also the
paper it.solf. From the moment it i-j made until it gets
into the treasTiry vaiilts it is carefully guarded. It
»o(> there in small iron .sjifes, the sheets carefully
conntv^d, and all precautious against its loss being taken
both by tho govermuent officials and by the express
companies which carry It.
I , I
' t I
DKTKrTINU CXJUNTKKKKIT MONKV,
COUNTERFEIT SIGNATURES.
Soiin'tiiiK'H jjriMiiiiiK' iiiili'K iii't' »li)li'ii iMflorc Ihoy lire
hiiriK'il; iIm'Ii till' iiiily tliiiii.'' iiIhiiiI iIu'Iii nm<li> t'oiintrr-
f'cil i« till' .•<i;.'imliiri'H. TIki-ic who un- t'lniiliar with
111" »iL'li:ltlll<'S ot' till' (itlifCIN of llli'llllllk wluTl' IIOtcH
;ii" |iiirli>iiH'<l, iDiiy iiiil III- ii-iiil iiiiii cniir, an Hiich
xiirnatiin-.t iiMiniily a|i|ifiir inim' or Ioxh cniiiiiK'il or
nnsd'iiily; Imt llicrr is no siirr proti'i-tion airJiiiint u
riiiiiitrrfrit nt' tliis kiml tor tliosr wiio ilu nut iiiivo
Hpt'rial knowloiijifi' ot'tlii* Hi^niiliiroH.
ALTERED BANK-NOTES
HiUiii-iioii's ail' altcn'il la two wayn, naiiu'iy; riiiaiiig
tlii< ili'iioiiiinatioii, ami rhaii;,'iii)r tlii> tuiiiio of a lirokcn
to that of II r*>H|)unMil)|i> ItiinU.
KirHt.iii alt('riiii.'a note, i( is niTiipcil until thin; then
li;.'iin s ot' lari;i'r ili-noniiiialioii arc [ta-^ti'd over. A
pasti'cl nofi- may In- ilctnti'il liy holdinir it np to Iho
li^'lil, wliiMi till! paxtoilpartH will ap|H>ai'iliii'koi', as tlioy
ar« liiiikrr.
Si'i'oml, till' ili'iiornination of a iioti' is raii4i>i| hy tak-
Uxfi out II low mil' with an arid, and printing' in a hi^hor
oiii' with a roiintrrfi'it Hiainp. Tlii' ink Jisnl in ;,'i'nii-
ino liank-iKito pi'intiii;i; is ii priiiliar kind, and not
fanily to Ih) obtaliinil hy connti'rfi'iterM; thcrofons thoir
printiii!.'' will not appear as rlcar and liriirht as that of
till' ''iiviTiiiiii'iit, whiih is done with ink of tlici
UNITED STATtS TREASURY BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D. C.
tini'st fpiality. If tiip ink is hlack, it <;ivc's a rlciir and
glossy imprt'ssion, without any of that smutty appear-
ance, as is sometimes seen in foiMitei'f'cit bank-notes.
It is almost impossllile to imitate the <ri'eei\ ii.k tliat is
used liy the isi)\v\ \ient, and it is nearly as ililHcuIl to
imitate the red and other colors. Counterfeit inks
look dull and muddy, while irennine inks have a "rlossy
appearance.
Ill the lii.sc of !i note altoved hy the use of : 'd, it
may he noticed that the acid, hy -in-cadiiiir more than
was intendeil liy the couiitirt'eitei', has injured parts
of other letters, and the paper will appear more or less
stained hy the acid.
COMPARING AND EXAMINING NOTES.
A counterfeit should he conii)ared with one that is
•renuine, in order to familiarize one's self with the dis-
tinjjfuisiiing features which have already l)een indicated.
It is best to acijuire the habit of <ri^ in<i- each note a.s
received a searching ^'laiicc, turning it over to see the
back, .•mil if there be any defect, it will probably catch
the eye If there 1mi the least siispiciou. a critical
c»
iiiiio t>(' a hrokoii
until tliiii ; tlicn
iuHti'(l ovor. A
ni; it lip to tlin
I- ilaikcr, as tlicy
irt ruirtod Ity tnk-
itiiii.' ill a lii^rhor
ik \iM'i\ ill ;,'iuiii-
' kiiiil, iiiiil not
tlioreforo, thoir
liriirlil as tiiat of
ith ink of tlio
r luoro or less
TES.
Ii ono that is
with llic (lis-
cu imlicalcil.
r cacli iioto as
vcr lo sec tho
•(ilial)ly catch
II, a critical
DETCCmNO COUNTKUKKIT MUNKT.
'
pxaminution «tf all iU* piirtit hIiouIiI t>n niatln.
In cttue of doubt, llm lutho work mIioiiIiI Imi cttrofully
oxumiiiiKi, iiii'l it iiiuy Iw cotniiun'd with u |K>rlVctly
good bill ; thoii nxuiniao tho 8hiidiiig uroiind tho IcttorM,
and Hcurch for Hiiy nlgtx of altorHtioii in tho titio or
donomination of tho noto. If thoro arc any ni(Mlullion
lipmU or ahiohltt, notice tho linoMj if thoro in any rod
lctt4!r work, designod to appear on Iwth HidoB, look at
tho character of tho work on tho faoo, thon turn tho
noto and oxainino tho back. If tho printing is not
oxui'tly aliko on both HidoH, but varioa in any part tho
not« if counttirfoit. Thon olisorvo tho vignotton and
portraits, to sih) whcthor thoir ntylo and |M'rfootioii
comimio well with tho work on genuine iiotoH. 'I'hcn
oxamino tho wolid print and ongnivors' nainoH, ad well
118 tho printing, ink, and paper, liy niioh thorough
oxamination, one can hardly Ikj at a Iosh to dotoruuno
tho Hiatus of tho noto.
Good magnifying glasses are nocesHary, In most
InstaiKW, to brhig out tho fine linos on bank-notos.
SomotimoH a microscope of great |)ower is recjuircd tc
discern the gonuiuo line.
PIECING. ETC
Countorfoitors soinolinu's make ton bills of nine by
what is ti'nncd picciii<j. Tliiis, a counterfeit not«> is
cut iutu ten piucvs by the cuuutertieiter, aud tbuae
piet'CM aro uHml in pitH'ing nine genuine bills, from each
of which 11 pioco has Imh'u cut. Tho nine grnuine
pieces, thus obtained, .iro then ptisted t^igethor, an<i
with tho tenth <-oiiiilerfoit pie<-o added, make a t«iith
bill, which i-< tiio gain.
l*iiM'ing bank-bills is not a very Hucoeasful prartico.
Olio who possesses sik h iiifomiiition a^* hero given, cun
remlily dotoct the difl'eronco liotweon tho ••«»iiiiterfeit
and the genuine. This difl'ereiice is, however, made
loss apparent by tho counterfeiter, who defines the
<-ouiiterfeit part, so aa to give the note a worn appear-
ance,
(Counterfeiting is rondorod very ditHrult in cons«-
cpieiice of the remarkable excellence of the wiirk on
tho government and national currency, as also from
the difficulty of imitating tho green. Hut this cur-
rency, if successfully imit^ited by counterfeiters, will
repay large outlay and care, iw tho greeiiliucks puss
aiiywluTo in the nation, and a counterfeit may lie
earned to other states or sections as it liecomi's known
ill any imrticiilar hHtilily. National bank <-iirreiicy
may Ist counterfeited by pn'paring a plate, ami thou
with simple change in tho name of tho liunk the coun-
terfeit can be adapted to tho various towns where itiinks
are l(Haled, This much is written, not to lessen the
value of or confidence in tho issues of the government,
but to admonish tho public agumjiit the daugeni uf a
false security.
Vt%^
;:!rsiir-' ^s^^-
It!;
I'OLITIC^U, miSTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES.
w
. . ^ -erj ^i
lUmted States.
Vocabulary of Party Names,
|/\ Measures, Terms >f Maxims.
jr ImllttonlatH, Alxilition nf Slaverx. Tlic
11 ','arne?t opiwrn-nt-* of the institution of
rm Hlnvrry were so.cuUeU, Irom their iincom-
\ proniii*luif spirit an<l |>erelst<'nt effort.* i:i
^ tile <l..-ection of :ii»oitt''jn. Tlie di!*cover>*
and tiettlenient *tf Ame»,^ \ gave r* ^e to tliat foul
stigma on ehri'tenili .11. the African slave traile,
by wliieli nilllto-.i ot the iinliappy Africani
were torn from tiieir native countiT", anil sub.
Jected to a n i!<eraMi- servitude. Tiie vessels
wliieh transi>iirteil tlin slaves from Africa to
America wcr»* uverciiiwdcd. and ttie extreiiiest
aiilTering, re^ui;ing in ttie<leatti cf tnany. was
theor.'y onti r in itiMl iahiuiian business. (For
niatterconcemin'^ tlif supprej.siikn of tli slave
trudeand the nlnilitioii of slavery lbrou;iliout
the Rritl«Iietnpire. see Slave Tradeand s|aver>'.^
FiTuii the be^'nniiitf of our national hLstory up
to the war of HilVi, negn) slavery existed i-i
this c(*initry. It wiw op]>H«Hl prior to ITTtj by
the ijiiakers, i>r Society t)f Kri»'nds. slavery w;is
!i>Mlished in lije northwest territor>- by tiie
ordinal. V..' of 17i<7, in the state of New York by
Ifradu.d cuianci|Kition act in 1.'''.^, and in the
territories wi'st of the Mi«-si)*sippi by the Mis.
sonri couipromi.se. Tlie tntttlc in slaves wiw
suppresscil by law in (jreat Ttritaiii in l-*)?, :.nd
likewise by liie Uniteil States m 18W. The colo.
nizaliiiii society >. is or„'uni.:cd at Wxslilni;ton
in Ulii, to colonize free white negroes, and a
colony was estal'li^hed i»ennaneutly at t'a|K'
Mesumuj. This colony l»ei-anie a- inde|it»nd»'nt
republic itl PM7, under the tifiiueoi i.it>eria, witii
Monrovia a.s its capital. From l-'Ji, William
Lloyd Garrison, and others, favoietl aliolition
wttlu'Ut i-egani to colonization, un the first of
Junuary. IKIl, (iarrison Ix-ifmn puiilishing The
LiViiT'-'r in Boston. This was fullowe<l b^ the
K.:^\? I'inul.ind antlflaverj- society, In 1$!-^. orj^.m.
Izel in January, >>n the In^is d immediate
£iboUtK)ti. In December, I**), the .\mer:car
r.iitUtiveiy society was fo.ined -.1 Pbiladelphia,
jUuU*!: (ireun being president, and I.ewli Tap.
psa And .lolin (".. Whutier K«cretarie§ of the
00B7«ntlnn. Tbe slarery que^rioti *Uuk t>e«ane
imtx>null/'.Kd, and the alioiilinn |urty asiumeU
the Impurtanee of a (rana moTemanr The
origlual anMslr.TarT aocltty split in iiM. Whit.
tier, U«rnt •: :'h, anUother* well known, leav. |
lag Mae radliMii Uarriaonianv, aad foiialag. iu '■
l*l», the Ameiieaii and Korelgu aatUlaTer>'
sooiety. Mr. Garri:ton, throusii bis neweiMt|i«i-*,
-•lullahed mcoeskivBlT. and Jo«hua R. U id ding*,
ot Okie, iu coni(re<<, laited tkeir rei. re se Uut
the Ttieie country h«ar^. tkeai. Mr. Owrlaan
was fln*t ^:^,;^;c:el. to most bitter denuncia.
tions. Pud aft<»r T.) rtl, in Octidx-r, is;r>, on the
occas^.in (fa inceiinirof tlic Female antislaver>'
socic;.y in '*'»ston, In "ore whidi lie lntende<l to
spc.ii, ',ic was seized I y a mob and dratjged
tl-ouj^'h the streets t^i the cilylmll, and ccuil.
mitted to jail. Mr. tiaiTison printe*l an tiie
forefront of the I.ilicr.itor: " My country is the
world; my countrymen are all mankind."
Wendell I'liilllps, wlio, iniudl'iil of the Inddncss
and pl-.ick :ls displnyc<l by (Jarris'iu in the jiri's-
i nee of p^-i*secution and cruel abuse, became an
avowed friend and co. worker wit/i him "n isai.
Mr. riiiUips afterward withdrew fi-om the i)nic.
ticeof law, sin< ehe conceived that the constl.
tution o' the ruited States was tainted witli
tlie spi.it 'tf slavery. He thevefore drnouiu'ed
tiiat document a? "a covenant witli death and
an aiireiincnt with hell." lie foiu-ht a«a.nat
.slavery ami oppression for upwanl of thirty
years. In tin; fall of IsJT, (Jwcn I,o\ejo\' was
muniere(l it)r printing atH>lition -'iitiuients,
lie resitled at Alton, Illinois, where iiis printini^
otllte wiLs l»rok---n up !*y ;; i,\o\: of iiicii diietly
from tile slateof .Missouri. One of tlie princi.
I^il fell lures ot the abolition mo' ciienl, wius the
]!ro«biction of " I'ncle Tom*... Cabin," by IlaiTlet
Ueecher Stowe. The matter Ilrst appeariMl as
a serial story in tin' Natiniml Km, at Wa^hint^.
ton, ISi'd-",;. The inonilof titat .--tor^'WiLs forcibly
ilniwn as airainst tlie awliil curse of slavery, and
the rise of the reimblican [Mirty iu ISV; was, in
tact, ilue to the renins of Mrs. stowe, as <lis.
[•laycd in lliat work. .Vs a I>arty, the nbolitiim-
i.ii.M met at Warsaw, Xew York, 1;J Novein»-c:r,
Isii, and place<l in nomination for iv.-<'sldent,
Jani'S G. Ilirney, of tliat state, and for vice,
liresiiient, Fmncls J. I.cMoyne, of Pen'.syiva-
nla. Altiiousjli these gentiemen I'.iilin d, they
wen; votol lor by 7,0ii» pei-sons, us utntinst
Harrison, the whig candidute, and Van Iluren,
who had t)een nominated for iv-eleetlon by tlio
denicrafe. Ii- the caiU|i«iKii ot 1X44, the alioll-
tioiii.'ts, er the name of llbeml |>arty, let n!
nnfraiG, in Aiiguxt, and again noin.nat* ' di
Kirn^y, then of Michigan, and Thouia* .Uorris,
of nido. This ticket for preeident and vlce-
preeirtent, recelred «-2„ioo vote*, cauting the
defeat jf Henry "lay, whig candidate, and the
eieetlOD of Jama* K. Polk, demociat. Thaabo-
Ulianimaa^baequrntly vutea with the free.tuil
and republican partle.s. Froin 11.^ to IMM, the
ai>olitioniRts aided fugitive sljves (in spite of
tlie 'uginre slave law) toescajie from theaoiith
aad pllottKl tkemthrough the northern state* to
C'anoila. The oripinization was known as the
''iiderground ralliw.id. In the exigencies of tlie
war for the union, the fu{jitive slave laws were
tlually alKili.shed, is .!une, IS'd. The complete
alMiKtionof slavcrj' viLsaccouiplislaiias a result
of that war (ISdl-Ti). For inloruiation concern.
in;f t he iireat measures involved in the abolition
movement, see ( irlinance of 17S7, Missouri Com-
promise, Wilinot I'l-ovi.ao. Comproniiso of 1850,
and KansiLs and Nebni.ska.
AllHiny Regency. A name given t*i the giolltlcal
faction wh.cli, frxim IS-J*! till l.s54, managed the
dt'iuo^'nitic party iu New York.
.\li Talk and No Cider. .\n expression used
by dis^ustid luemtK'rs of tlie iMsly |>olitlc Iu
Bucks county, I'ennsylvania, where a com.
puny met to test u liarrel of cider, |iresum-
ably d.irlng tlie liard. cider 'iid log. cabin
cainiwitni Political topics were discussed with
.so iiiuc",! enthusiasm lliat too Iwrrel of fluid
wa-s ibrgotten until sevcml iiepHins got up to
retire fniui the meeting, saying at the same
time tliat the concern ot the S|>uakers was "all
talk and no cider."
Antalgamatlnn. .\ term often used to indicate
the prociss of ."eiuiratiiig gold and silver from
their ores, or the combinations of iiiercui-y with
othvr uietal.s. In the I'nitt'd States It is improp.
irly applit'l tot'ie mixinif 0/ nu'cs, as the black
anil the white.
.American .\ssoeiatlon. The name of an lusso.
elation, as proimsi-d by the continental con.
gress [1774), the niemlx'rs ot which should
agn.H> not to trade Willi Uront Kritalii, the
West Indies, or with |urties engaged lii the
shivo tr.idv.
.Vmerlean I"arty. See Know-nothings.
.Vmeriean Whigs. First American jiolltlcal
|t\rty. Fpjm 17(i:) to 177.'), the tories favored
|v<ssivo obedience to the crown, but the whigs
lade nunil'e.st their spirit of independence.
Klnif iJeon-e IT dii-lareit his American subject*
out ot their dleglanct, ivla-ii .ih ..:t:r<leclared
their imli iiendfiice oi liiui. The name whij
then Itccaine synonymous with patriot, and
tho»e who supimrted the crojrn were called
tories.
Amaeitr. An act of obliriun, by which crii»e»
and offentee against the government up to a
certain time art so obliterated that they cannot
again be brought against the guilty paitiaa.
President Johasoa issued a proclamatiati of
ainaenty, by which the lu-ssofaoutliei-acithtene
could receive pardon, •» May, IMS.
Aatt-r«<lerallai*. 8e* Fe4enl!ata.
POLITIC;VL, HISTORY OF THE U>1TEI> STATES.
ty Names,
^Maxims.
wus known aa the
liooxigi'niicsof the
ivc Slav.' l.iKH were
l^A. Tlie complete
>ini>li.s;ic(l IIS a result
luriniilioii concem-
ve<l In Ihrubolition
17*7, Missouri Com-
'oinpronil«o of 1850,
iven t<)tlieiH)lltIcal
1 1.S54, iiiHnii^e<I the
rk.
n expi(r:Mii)n used
he IxMly ixilltio In
lii, where ii com.
of elder, jiresum-
ir -nd log.eiiblii
eredisoUHHTd with
lie Iwrrel of nuld
persons gut up to
yluK nt I lie Kitme
sixaukers wus " all
I used to Indloute
d and silver from
sof merc'ui-y with
-iiitesit Is Iniprop.
nu-es, as the lilack
name of an luiao.
continental con.
of which should
ont Ilrltain, tlie
s en(,tifc'ed In the
lothlnga,
■lericun iwlltlcal
le tories favored
in, hut the whtpi
of Indejiendence.
Vmerlcaii siilijeet*
!>■ "i! ": ilrdtred
The name whi^
ilh patriot, and
"*u were called
by which crimes
eminent up to a
that thejr cannot
e BolIt.T partlea.
prarlamatlaii of
oiilliei'H citizens
M.t.
ts.
AntlBMaarr- The iiociety of free iniuonn was
riata^*<J in the I'nitwl jsiutes during laat < c?u.
tiiTT- ^iUiam Morpui. of Batnv'n, New York,
tarsals, la lilK. irittcn a Inxjk i^piliiet uiuaonry
— c-xpaslaK ^^ aocreta of the order— ho wus
-wiml aad tjiken to Niattara, in Septcmlrar, and
<.<::tJ.z^ fnrilKT wa."" ever bouni of him. Tho
i::t:.=i»*>ns in Sept<jnd>er, t-^Sl, nominated
WU;jia» Wirt, of Maryland, ;;nd Arao3 EUmukcr,
'>{ PemnsTlraiiia, for jtnsidcnt and vice-presi.
<!*n« rwport''' Jt. These citndldatcs recoivcti
«ti* ei«ct<»«l vot^ of Vermont. See Morgan.
.%aair*aUaB> An orBrantzrd op]K>sition to ma.
auTitl rijiits of afnioultural lands in New York
ita^e. Tcmaats had deeds for their farms, but
paid aaual rental in kind in lieu of a principal
mm. wUcb oaasKl diwontent ai.iong the ten.
mai» alter IT'^'i. After is.2i the tenants beinin a
reifB of loTX'T and refu»<*d to iiay rent for some
t«* jcara. In IMC the antircntcrs procure<l tlio
(^■rtioa of a clause in the new state const itu.
lioa. ahctUbing all feudal ti'nun'8 and inci-
dcaU^eCc After lri47 all disturlianceg cuascd on
■ccooBt of aiitirenti><m.
ABtisiaTT- Oj'vpo^iiion to slavery.
Ap|Mili»»— *wt- An apiiortlonment in n'pre-
veaSaitHa; a# that uuide 1>y iK-t of apjiortlon-
BMBI. paasnl in eonsrress, Kehmnry, liWJ, by
-irbarlairB* ««qatilisbe<l anillo ^'iviug 3'U nm.
NfT* ao lib*" bt>n!»e i»f n'pre!.fiitut tvca,
.%H4<orv»«7. Se^ roramonwealtli.
JkMaMimattam of P midenls. Abniliam Lincoln
w:i# <4K<t thrwUi^h the hejid by John Wllkt's
I;.i».'!!i. »t FoTilV theatre, in Wasuiiifiton, after
!«^ -ei«»rk<wi lliel4thof .Viuil, l*;i, and expired
a iK»atT.f«ro sninutos )i;i«f seven o'clock the
iv-Tr -3ftf«Tain2. An attemjtl niton tlie 111'? of
Mt i ttary William H. S<'wanl was made at the
jB^wtsnar, viiilebe wa.«eontlne<l to his beil from
lhe«fl^'rt*o!ra fall from a carrln^^e ; thi'^a.HSiL^sin,
L«vS* Pavnr Powell, inflicteilscvcre wounds by
»r fkljksal the thrxiat of his victim tliree times,
Htmraoknl olT t<.save l-.is own life. James A.
GoifleU wa* tixA in the u|>]ier ;.!, ■ ,,<' ||ie ami
aiMt !■ f^e «Meor liack. near the ttackbi>iie, by
*G«il«tan. tit the IliUtimore and Potomac
la Wa&hln:rt«n, at iirin a. m , on tlieJd
Jslr. no. aBdan.r a ivtinfiil illness of nearly
IbRC iCTlha. SBddenly explri'd at ia:r> p. m.,
Miadar. ScfilCBlier 1!>, issl. See Execulion of
\.4«ia«i^BiL
Amtarwmrf. Tlial fumi of (tovermnent In wlilrb
tbit tovtr^gn exercises nu'-ontrolletl i>owir,
TBrtitry *■■ • Mi^dfWf tl>e1el^i^la1 ive and e\</ciitiV"
pownsof the Mate. AlnKxt all Kaxttrii nations
hare tUs tuna of fn>veriinient.
>ratt«»l States. \n institution that
I faMSVpo''"'^ in 17111, but did not ^o Into
I till 17M. It was the tli>t one of tlie
kfnl la theooaatrr, and c.«tAbllshed at t he su^'.
B« J tip w of Alenai'.er Ilamilt<m, seen-tari- of tho
tttamarf. It»c*ai1er was to r".n twenty years;
hMdk^aattcrs ia tlie city of Phlladelpliia. The
csfatalof tlir tauik was tHi.<ii».i«i>. Its charter
e sy t e eiJ hy Hmltat ion in l«ll. andtheelTort to
ms<lef«Hl«-d liy one rote In the liousi',
bjr the Tot* of the vice-pnwldent In the
' fteoond fniteil States bank was
I ia KKifor the same tenii, wMli a ci\\A-
tal of SSumjMi. An act of congress In K't-i for
e«*eoiilior it. was retried by President .lacksim,
wl»>oc4n«<d the funds kept in the l>ank to Ui
vishdmwa fimn It in Septemlier, 1M.1. This net
pnadaecd iDnrli excitement thron^dunit the
aaioa. Tlie wrnate jiussol a re^olutlon of cen.
a«i« la Hairh. 1KM, which was expunged by
ocilerof the «enate in January, IS37.
■artiw a s. $<« Hard Cider and Log Tabin Cum-
arte. Oaewboattacbeshlnwelf tothe iHxly
puTiosefi.
An epltUrt a|>|ill<>d to the anil.
iher« of the democratic party in
."be uune wasKircn by those who
the old story of the man whoso
iBfenred vlth rata, anil who knew of
no tiettpr way to rid himself of th^^vi «x «« ti « by
burning tlie barn. The lrruim«aa; Iteiwdi
crats who Ui'flirefl to nb•lll.4^ all
because of :,lietr dis.'^utisfiw'tloa ^^^ith theooipo-
rutlon and system of the (.'nicer. *t*tf» taalL.
(See rtank of tho t'nited State*) The tinra.
burners met at I'tlca, •--June, L-rt*,
nated Mr. Van Ilun'n fi «r presidf^nl,
DiMlge, of Wisconsin, for Tlce-pmUcat Se»
nnnkeiM.
liluck Repiililiran. .\n eptttetuedtiyacsber*
of the demoenilii' piirty in lUtnotf tdil *•>*»•-
where, to I'.stinguish a nuli<.\>i n»ti>ibti<B»«L Ttxr
alxilitionists were often eiUcd biacti
tionists.
nino<ly Shirt. Applied to the pnlitletaa
disiMised to iiamite acta of violeiu*.^ jori i
eominlttet! iiTider carp«'t-t)tti,p sroTeritQD#at.
Blue LuwH. An epitht;t appUerl to eerlaia r^ip.^
]iositltlous regulations which wev« isatjn mc«3
uiioii tlie ir habitants of the -^tate^of Staaaa ira-
BctUi and I'ouiivcticnt in the sereaucalh aad
eighteenth centuries; any law of the |«Ifaaii,
who were so.calletl from thetr |nnffilm»ilra-
onlinary purity In wonhi p .'int t Cfittdart.
itlue-llglit Federalist. iMinn;; t(-*> vjir Ok' Sfltl^
wiiile the Itriii.-h tie. t Uiy off S«»
f'onn., blue lights were of.,!n attm
shore; ami it wa.sclaimerl that these
iisi'd us signals to the enemy bythOMr who had
opposed t' <• war. The ei>itbet wa» !k •
as it was never shown that an A niai i sa
a blue light in such aciioae^
RoU. To hiivo a polit'eol istitr j i Maal y: to
neglect or refuse to vote for.
It<irder Kullluns. Citizens of the ^ trier cnoatie*
of MIssoimI will. i:ivacled the t»T- ttrrir of Rui-
sas 111 the interi.-st of slavery wcvc so^aUml.
Freiiuinl raids were nmiloliy slave Maaeacttlcn
in K'MI, and Lawrence and ijij fla aot t niie wrrv
nt.irly dcstniycd. John P.romi, vlth tHrty
men, was sun e-i-uil in opponin.' *»»
men who at tucked (Jssuwiittotnl*^. lie
waril called "iissawuttomie Broraa." Sm-Ksos-
sas and Nelmiska.
floss, llonslsm. The net or pta c tlee <cf a |niliti-
ciaii wlio diit.ites t'le dNtribstUta of pu«en>>
meiit iKitronagu in a commimity^ fltale. or
sectliMi.
It is trim tliut he wa.s remnml tar Kf* better
reason tban to make riKiui (for *>n<^ c^f Oaaaenai^s
IieiK-hmeii. and thereby strengthen the pffwrrui
lb,' I'eiiiisvl van! 1 '•'««.■.. . . It w :.« iCn^ulami
sei|iiil to the pie^idi'iit's In'I'.ruTnentoO'aiarrua
as the Ihius of I'cnu-sylvanui.— «JltiraguTtil«Bia«'.
.Liiie.'i, Ivs-J.
We denounce the svstem which auke* imnmL-
go and spoils out of pmllc ome«», ae ifca waix *
the lioss Mile wlueii, » li.'^n tamely , nrtTf^rJ, aualaa
leadei-s Into autiM'rats und r*"'. -■ja«scif
iltlzensliiii into p.ilitle:il U :: ' . -raaad.
Iiwtead of III,' iiisi,|t'iii'e, ir' -. • ■■» t^T.
Miiny ot b<,s-.i iin, 11." tree ui;d ■ -■ . • i :-
else' ol private judgin*'nt l.i r,.iir:."». i "i.*-. —
Major Merrick, rtiinsylvania. Jnr :. .*!•_
Some maile a fuss, asof tH\*s it t.
About the bllUbte, refmia:;- ..i .
Bill III 111*! iiincii my price fl *- ri^f*
And I'm the lios« of leir'- ,
Itoiinty. A preniiiim paid by g r. .■;. — .l: ;._ iht
priHliicers, exporters, or importer* of ecrlBia
commodities, >.-:tb tl;e view of eti«»»>iai':i«p»gr tSae
prosecution of these bmnrbeHOf larfaMry; alKt.
a sum of money given by irireraaseat to |*t.
sons enlisting ill the army or naryp fa ovtfcr to
induce thi'iii to eater these
Ilrother Jonathan. (Mivemor
bull, the elder, of ('onni-cttral. «■» the
live of the state named at tlw tiSK Gcacnl
Waxhington was In comnHOalof
ary anny. The genenU p
In the wisdom and sympathy of thi»
nor, who was in a ixMition to tM MlB
lug the wants of the \:my. 9« the Una
originateil fnini a remark of W»bia«laB. IhM
he must consiit " lipither Jonsltaev'* Tbe
army was confronting the BrftNb trtnrr Bon-
Ion, ami Itnither Jonatlian. on lirtr^ m i'i iiwl lod
by tlie commander. <arae furwar»I »air* «>«.-* iiid
as rendered the army more tfcal ir* *" a
difficulties afterwarfl arose In the uriay. It
bwanie a by-word, "We must consult Ilrother
Jonathan." This lonii has now become charuc.
tensile of tile whole country, as J.ihn Bull has
for England.
Barktalls. A term applied to the political oppo.
iients of I>e Witt Clinton, a publicly active
r:tizen of New York, wlio lllleil the ollli e of
mayor in l!?l.'». The biicktai; i w<ire In their hats,
on certain occasions, a iwiti'ii •>/ t.'ie taP of tho
d*'i'r. Hence the name.
BaC^M'ar. -V notlointr fancy lliat Is rei.iili-l from
tlie 'dunipor through a iiev simper by a political
»4-nsa11onallst, to scare the unsophisticated pco.
pie into the supjKirt ofaincasnre or party; a
wareerow; a man of straw; aixilltical sensation.
Balldozp. To inlimidate. The term orl;;inated
iu Louisiana, where it wa.s used after the war
of 1H»;1-.S, in connection with tlie alleged Intlml.
dtttion of negro voters In that state.
Bnllionl.4. One tliat prefers coin, Instead of
]iai»».*r, iLs money.
Bunimpr. A woiihless pei'son, without any Tlsl.
ble means fif sup|>irt. In iKilitics, a sort of all.
lalk-nnd.n<. cider fellow.
Baneome. S]>cecli-niaklng for purposecof poLltl.
<'.al intrigue; mere talk.
Oaaipal^n. The four or live months whlcli iutar-
Tenes lietwi'cn the nomination of cundidatM
lor preiiident, and the liny of elect Ion in Xorem-
ber. "<'anviLss," t • seek for Inflnenco or voteij^
alio. lyJt used in the I'liited States, to cellmate or
t" eonnt votes.
Clarpet-tncKer. One of those unprlacipled ad.
venturers who sought t^i prollt by iiliindrrlng
the defenseless people insonieiiartsof the south.
.Mter the w:ir of ISi;|-.". the term was used with
effect during the jierlod of reconstriu tioii.
The?-** is fliK.dhi'r InfliieiH'c efimilly injnrloiiH
aHtli tbeii-s (kn-Kl!ix).andiigfeiitdeai"iiioriMletrl.
■aei'tal to the tame and chaiHcter of the lepnhli.
can juirtv. 1 allude tti what are known as tlie
"thievingt^ariM't-liaggers."— Honice (ireelpy, New-
York. June I'J, ls71.
Caaeos. .\ meeting of the leaders of a iiollfieal
jcirly, to consider and agree uism a iiliin of
anion for the camiiaign.
C^^n^us. .\n i'liiimeritiou of the people, made
ever^' leu years in the I'liited Stales.
Charleston, Kraeuatlon of. Sec under tlie liead
of "~wamp .\ngel."
Charter nak. A tree in wliich the colonial
cbsrI'T was secreted, at lliiitloi-d, i.'onn.. In
luss. p.lowii down In ls.",tt.
Ciril lUeiits Hill. \ iiieiusiire, having iiassed thn
wr.ate, .tpi-ii 'J, was adopted by the bouse con.
trary to the president's veto, by a vote of I-'-' to
4L This wa.s for tlie protecllon of llie freeil-
men. but did not glvi? 1 liem tin' rigid to vote.
For til is latter purixisethetlftecnth a mend men t
to the national constitution was adoptefl by
ocmcress -Jlitli February, W,!i, and having been
mtifl'il by thri'<'. fourths of the states, was
deciim-"! effective .Hit h March, ls7(i.
Oril MTTlee Iteforin. In acc<irdaiice witli an
a<t of eongrefw. piuwe*! :id March, ls71,a lioard
of wven eouimlssloiici'9 was U|i]H>inte<l by
President t;r.uit to Inquire into tho matter of
refonninrthe civil si'ivicc. Iiiirlng rresldent
Hayes* udniinistiutlon an order was issiiml to
the lollnwing efleet : "No ofllcer should lie
rerjnirwl or iM'nnlttiMl to take part in the man-
a^:iient of iiolitieal organizations, caucuses,
conventions, or eli^tlon camimlgns. Their
right tovoteaiid to express their views on luib.
lie cinesllons. either orilly or thrfiugh the press.
Is not denied, provide<l It does not interfere
»-itli the discharge of tlielr otllelal duties. No
■sM-osment for iwiliticnl purixiscs on offlcers or
fiulKU-dlnates should be allowed." The criMllt
for Ktartlng the movement in favor of this
ol))«t iK-longs to I'rcslilenl (imnt, who rociuii.
aaended it in his second anuiuil message, fitli
DeeienitHT. l«7o.
OaUHw] Soldiers. Persons of African deeccnl
wtTC receiviHl into service of government by
antburity of congress, 17 July, l*i.'. In MU,
^
A'
l<
:;i
rOFJTICWL UIBTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES.
thoy wcTo uncoinUtlnnally acc( ptwl iw trtMijw,
niKl (X.1 many ;n isfi.OlT wuro In llm Unitotl States
MTvicn (luring <'»'^ ^\':»r.
Commoii'r. IIr:iry (lay wm.s Hct.calle<l, rj* also
wu-H Tlioni:n Corwin, Ity ailmlrci"ii. Clay was
niHO CttUcd thi) f^rcat jKu-iacator, froiu his con-
oiliatory tlis;x>sltlo:i -ln', o:i two iK-ca-slon.M, in
lt^:Oaii'I i:i ! .">). hiK*co€(U'(liji cffoctliiK * lOiiipm.
iiilsn tx'twccii Iho Klavo Ktat^i!! and the aliuU.
tlonlstH.
Coninonwralth, or Urpubllc. A J'onn 'if gov-
fniment in wliU'ii tli('iH">plc,i>rfttlca:itrti)orlion
of ihrni, ;;:■ ' u'-Uu twl^'l^tnl \]\o snnir(M)f p«iwor,
and liavri ili'^diriTt apiKJlntm^'iil of tlionfflcora
of 111© U'gishil\i:*' aji'l txn- .: ivi?. When the
ImmIy of the p<"'oiiU) Ui i»or<rtos.siNl of tlii.-*f*npreiim
j>owrr, tliii i-t rallcl a ili'inforary ; when thr
suprenm iH»wf r Is Kwlged la tlio hamU of apart
of the I'wiple, this U callcU an «rl«t4»cra('y. Sec
Ext'ollrni'y.
. . . Thp rXatri wa^ wllHnR that ln» MinnM )>r
anvthiiiif HO that liflid not intru'lp nitliin thv
Holivt cliclf whtrh rnli"! th^ o«>mmcmwf»Hlth. Hv
I ho w:iy, Ma-sHi-husftl^ mpmi- ha-^ htM-n asiiU4>; it
liuai Iway^ Irr^n a '■c->ijnnonwfiillh,"an'i inHtHli
ciii^iml tli*» union, an 1 r**taiiiH limt offlri.il (Icrtin-
natlon lu ihls tlni*?.— Chicago Tribune, NoTenii'«'r
10. I'W'i.
Community. A i^ihrine of ^K'ial llvin-j ostbl*-
lishe<M)T John Mumj-hrcy Noyr>, al OtitM'la, 1
111.' .^tatr' of Ni'W V.rk. in \M7. Thf I.'a^!in^'
prini'lplesof ihft comniunity arc: niconoiliatlon
toi;<)'I, salvatiiin from .••in, .eiMwinltion of tho
hrothrrtuHxl nwl r^piulity of uian and woman,
and tho lummunlty of UU)r and it.** fruit**. The
riMuninmly wa.s iH>or at fli-st. Imt It hus ♦-ur-
viv^Nl nil vi(*i?<HitiHU''*, and it.^ I-4ndo<l p)-iiiM»rty
and hiiildinj:^ ftr" now Tulufd at upward of
ComproniUe of IH.%0. Thn frdin;^ lM'tw*»on tlio
luu'th and f-outh on ftifonnt »>f ^tuvrry, had
iMM'onir ho intonsi* that llii' h'adli^ ^latrsmm
thoiij^ht It ht'St to fffiTt aiKdhiT (N rnpi-oinlsff
{sv** Missouri <'onipr<imls»\ A I«:i>i-4 of spitlr-
m<'nt \ia-* iiniposf^l by Hrnry Clay, UTrhninnaii
of aH<'lri't committer of thirttH-n that lud In-otx
KpiKiint»'<l to cony^idnr th** wholo snltjf*!. This
romi)n)mi^t»iidin-i<4'd Califomla a-a tn^^Mtatr.
«'r#»ct4*d rtahandSi^w Mi'xiro into trnitoricM.
h'«vlnwtliiMpif«lion of s-I.tvci y t«» iM'dt^jih'd Iiy
th*» jKNipli) thi-TOuf when llioy cainr to form
Htalo constitutions; Hiol tin- wc«.t<'ni Ih»unda:-y
of IVxju-*, awanlin^^ ten million doi;ni-« to that
state for Io^ms during tljt» Mcxiran w:ir of
lH4*i-4S, alM)iishtM| tho slave ti-ade in the Di.-trlct
of Coluubla, and <diaJij,'»'d the lu^itive slave
law in onler to render it more eff«n'tivo. The
sevffnl jiroiMwitions were disens-ed in <"nijt^ri*s*
antll'V Ihi^ P<'om1ii fir ujiward of four month-,
Mr. CUy havin;; reported llieuion tl,e>th May,
an<l the final aet was jKioried thmuffh rouKn'-HH
tn Septemhrr.
ConfMlrnftey, A ntinilicr of fonfiMlo •uted but
lndoj>rndent states, tho centp.tl authority of
whi(h havhi>c »'> [wiwer to cnforee any of
Itri niou-Mun^ nj>on the ludiviiJual statcH, that
lH'lni< In the liand.s of thi'ir own >;overnnuMitJ«.
Tho Ornianie confudcmtion heluugfl to this
clasH.
CiHifrdrratfo Statei. A Hr[Mnite K*'V<*rnn)ent
formed hy the Hcvcns(tuthem states whiehwrrr
the llrst to seoodc fn>m tin* nutiomil union in
ls61. Coiisrt^sHof dele^pites met, Kelmiary 4, at
Mont;^oni'>ry, Ala., whero. l»y joint uetion of
South Carolina, deorKia, Alabama, L.tni^iana.
Florida, and Misiiisslppi, (T^xa.-* dt'h;;ales not
tK'ln{< Rirpolnted till luterV a provisional ron.
stltutlon was adopted, and, ni\ Kehruary !»,
JefTcrson Davis, of .MiHslssippi. waa circled a-*
|Trwtl<lont,and Ah'xander II. Stephens, of (ii^or-
pla, aJ< virc-presldent. on May 6 th« Confed-
crato ( ongrti9>< [Kissed an a<t i-woxni/in^? a state
of war w itlt thn CnlK'*! States. Virfrinia, North
Carrdlna, Tenncsflce, ant! .\rkan'>us, May '', N;i,
p(U«*<Mt onllnanee* of Hfrehslon. DavlH and
Ht^'phena wcmehwte*! to their ofllccfl under the
permnnont 'constitution, NoTomber 6. ItMl.
CunffMlf ration. Artlelm of. Tho articles as
adopted, 1,» November, 1777, hy tho Hceondeontl-
nentul eon^;ress, and Wiiich formed tlu' biisi.sof
the federal union in Auierlea. This eimfedenu
tlon wa.s milled on lln! tlrst of Mareh, iTsi,
\vho;» thr liLst one of the original stales .slj^ned
the eonipaet.
Con|p-ess, an .inirrlean. A nicetlnKOtdclcf;n(t4'H
from tho colonial astu'mblinfl, held at Albany,
Nfw York, lif June, IT.'M, to eonelllate the Iit)-
ipiots and fonnarlotwr alllaneeof the eolonle.s,
A plan dmwM up by l»r. Frmklin was adopted
hy the convention. It was opiKJsed by the
I.ntfMsh lonlsof tnule, who thought it toollb.
eral for I he colon h's, and t he assem lilies rnjpote<l
It InH'aus« It seemed not truly American.
CoDipresH, Colonial. The (li-st eon;;;rehM held In
America. It w.is comjHiseil of dclr;^'ate.s from
nine of the colonies, who mrt in New York.
October", I7«.>, a:id puiillsluHl a deelanitloil i)f
their ri^litJ* an<l ^fU'Vimeei, i?i.sistin;i iKirlien-
larly on tlm ripht of exclnslTidy luxinK them
helves, and eomplainin^ loudly of the Stamp
act, whhdi s^e. Seeal.-ioConlinent.nt ConRTe-ssi's.
Cnuj^rttsnuin. A member of lb" It^iMatlvc
branch of the T'nited States fTovermnont,—
strictly, a nifml*er of the housiMtt reprej*enl«-
lives.
C'onsrnHii <.r thf> United States. TbeHenateand
h'u:seo( repreHcnlatives.
Connertl'*iit KeMrrw. A largo distrlet of land
retaluLsl by C'ounoctlcut wh<'n the laiid.^eom.
jiriKin^ the n<irthweMt territory werecedcil to
tho rnltcl colonies (American confedcnicy).
Thedistricl is det*criU*il jts ino nurthea.st jiart
of Ohio, iJMniles from (Mtsl to we,sl, and .'.J Irom
north to Si)Uth, couipl isin^; seven counties, and
a(ronUni;IouriniI!l4>na*'reH. Calhtlalfo Wt'sU'ni
Uescrve. .'^ee Northwest Territory.
Consrrvallvr. One who.so aim Is to prtw^rve
from innovntiunur radical clian^o theexistin^
institution!) of tho country, both civil and
ecelesiiisllcul.
Constlt4ition. The estubllsliiHl form ot f^overn-
mcMt iu any countiy, stale, or eommuMily,
wUetluT that Ik; a body of ^vntten laws or T>e
founded on prescriptive us;i';e. Iu re^.»rd to
political i)rlnci]iIeH, etmstitul ions iire (1) demo.
ei-ulic,iLs In th'5 Cniled Stales, where the k<iv.
ereiyn jMjwer is vested in I people, (i) aristo-
cralic, when the K"vernn.cnt is ehieily or
entin-ly In tho ha:al(* of certain privileged
claa-^e.^; i^:^ inonfti*eLleal, when in the hands of
one person; (1} *d' a nil.xed chumeter, aa In
Ihllain, wheie the H«)verei»;n iM)wcr is dis-
ti'iliuled over t !ie kiiw, lords, and c unnions.
Coiistltutlonul I'uion Party. A nameadopteil in
\^'A\ by the reniuininf; elements td' the whi;;
p;irt\ . May U, Im*}, a ctuiventitni uhtaiid nomi-
nated John Ile:i, of Tennessee, for president,
and Kdwaiil Kvendt, for vlce-presiilent. The
Ibll-Kven'tt tldict ciirri***! Kentiuky, Tenne.*'-
he»*, and Vii-winia, but nveivcd a very li^dit vole
inthenorllt. Tliis viis tin; liwt vesti^'e of the
M hi^; i>ai ty.
Continental. A term that was ns<'d before tlu'
American derlatulion. It hul s;H*clal tippllca-
tb>n to the e4iloiiies as a whole. In colonitd
Ihnc.-* a meelintr of delegates fnnii tlie various
colonies Rtrmed a continental eon^;i-ess. M'hen
Kthan Allen was asked hy what aullH>rtly la-
demanded the surrender of Tlcondenij^o. he
replie<l "In the name of the ^reut Jehovah
and of llie ( 'on' ineidal congress! "
Continental Coii^resHes. The Ili-st (■<>« Mnt'ntnl
congress, coMsiritlnK of Ilfty-llvetlehrj;. ! ., 'nan
nil tta* eoU>nies except (leorKia, met at Phila-
delphia, 4ni the. Mh SejitemlMT, 1774. This Iwidy.
on behalf of the ixKipte, as KUbjectH of the
Uritish |N)wer, Inimed a dei-laration of rt^bls,
and drew up an address (o the kin;,', at. other to
tbe|M'oplr of lireiit Britain, a id a t lilnl (,> ili<< 1
eolonies, T'heeotonist:* demandeft t heir lights, i
imrtleularly In relation to u Just shaiu In Ihej
regulation of tlielrowndomoatio nUUIra, and in
lm|K>slnr; 1 heir own ''iJtes; the right of a speedy
trial by jury In the btrality In whieh tho offense
should lsM*omnillte<l,and the rli;ht to hold pub-
lie me«din^'s ami iwlltitu as a;,'ainsl wrbitniry
rule. Thes.'nnid Cotitiiienlal cont^ress inet at
rhilad<'l:ihia, M May, I77.\ and adopti'd tl")
apju'llation ni the Cnlled r»donies. .\ petition
was preivm-^l undM-ntto Kri,'l.ind I'-.-kinj; for ii
redre.s.s of jirievances. Tiie thirteen colonloa
were, therefore, orj<anize<l into n f.th r.d unhni,
and couRresa ilelibei-utely ussmuuhI tiie gen • ml
dinM'tiou of alfairs. A ihvlanition was diuwu
np, Justifying the eon.'S<'of ri-slstanee lo Ih it Ish
oppi-esslon; a loan of money was atdliorized;
the tr(M)j« were formed lutoaeoiitint-ntul ; my,
ami (Jeorge Washington, a member of tin. on-
gn ss from Virginia, was placed In eo;Tiinaud.
Thii Americans Iiad hitherto b en contending,
not for Indejiendence, but f.r constitutional
liberty. .See r>e<'laralion of Indepcmh re.
Contraband. lit I.-<i;I, whihMienend H. V. Uutler
wofl In command of Kortri'ss Monroe, a nnin-
lM;r of Hluvi's, having escaped fn>m thfir mas-
ter, were brought l>rrore him. Kach was
i'xamlned and then tn'i at wot k lor tlie benefit
of the government. ^Vhen they were applied
fur by onfedenite ofTlcers on belmlf of tho
owner (Colorii'l Mallon ), tlie general replif*d
that he should detain the ne;:.oesascontnibaud
of war.
Convention. A nnndlng orassembly of Indlvid-
n;il *. This term is \nv*rv particularly applksl to
a formid meet in;:, '-v ai; asH'mMy (d' dele;:al.';i
fir representatives t- >ri hi' tnm.saelion of In.jwir-
tant busiiies-, civil iir eci-li-^iastieal.
Ckimentlon 4»f 1*87. The Utdy (d 4lclt'gate.s fixmi
the4>ri';inulsl.H4'S, whi.h irat at Philadelphia,
•i.'i May, 17-7, to rev i>e and p4'rlecl tin- fundamen-
tal laws 4.f the eoufeib-nicy. At tiiat time tlm
neee^siiy f'f M mon-enicieut gen4-ndf;overnnu»U
was4'\ten:-iv) ly felt, and after a session of about
four niontli-^ the eon V4 -a Hon agn-eil on the fed-
4'nd const itui ion. That instrument was tnins.
milt«'d by 4'ongi'4'ss to tho .several stall's, \n
nearly Us present form, ami was, In 17v4, niliih>d
by 4deve;i of them (aft-Tward by the otiier two)
and beeann; tlie e<mstilution 4jf tho I'nited
Sl:it4's. S4'e Ordiuan4-e of 17-7.
CiMidlrs. A iK)litical h'rily In the stato of New
York, in iSM. 4»f which " Abhm-Wck Coody '•
((Julian (*. VerplaucU) w;is tlu- leiding spirit.
Ih wusa writtr ofaitlcles, a;id 4ti leavoreil U>
m«)ld public HiMit hnent in f ivor of ili" war tla-n
be|n%' \\iu:4d against (;r4'at Urltain (M.'-U— tho
siHNuiil war tor IndeiHMuh'Uce). II(> attacWe4l
He Wilt t'llnton, i.nd was ..nswer4'd by a shurp
writ4'r, wlio«ditirg4'd with all but a vo4-alm!ary
4if sariMstie terni'^, among wliich one cbai"ucter-
l/.inglhi- C-MHlies as the "s;i;iwn "t fi ilcralisnj
and jin*iibinism."
Cuoii. T1u!i>opular emblem of the whigs in tho
4'am|ttiigti 4)f IS44, when Kei:ryClay and Theo.
FiTlini.,'bnys4'n W4're <':in<l:dat4's for pre>:dent
and viee.pr4*sldi'td. Mt. Vmm Pureu h mI iieeri
called "the ^ly lo\ of KimlerlKMi!;," In cons*;.
4pH-uceid hispreviouiieaudiiliicir', Mr ('ia\' hud
lM'4*n siMdci'n <it as '■ that sane* ol 1 eoon." The
whi'-Hwere clmrged with huMtiiig nCer 'Mliat
sanm 4)lrl e«Min." Ihuiee tint i"::ec'(M)h - - 'lu
emblem. " A g4»ne eoon," haid »»f 4um t»so
eas4- Is hojH'less.
Copperhead. Northern sym|Mitbizers with the
4i>nfe«lcr.iiea w4to so-eulled, during the civil
wttrof l%/!l-.'i.
C^irii Klt^ht. A right to 4>ne hnmlri I acr4's of
land, tliat wasae.piired in 4'arly tlrms by t.ttiso
w Iio plant4>d nil aero or moie (d corn. la \'ir.
gtnltitla^ prlvilegt* l(»so4ibtain l.i id wits t alletl
('4>rnrigbt.
i:4»rp4iraPrt Oimnl. Tlai nnwi in 4-ongress who
snpjKUled I'resident Tyb r alter he l..el Is'en
iiMiotUH'ed by the wliIgN, tn Is41.
Cradle (ir Liberty. Fain-uil hall.iu I'ntston. Tho
orators of tlic revolution raised their \ olcea
theruHgninHt IlrlllHhojiprevaion.
I
m •
i
Ill' right iifftRiK.o(ly
ill "lilrlKliooTriiso
II' rl;;hl lul.oM j,,,!,.
ii^'aiii.-l urljltniry
llll roMcn-M imi lit
ii:ii| a.ldijtci ti-T
liinli's. A pi-iitloii
n,'l.in.l .'..-kill- for a
IllillfCIl <',)l.)|il08
nil) 11 f,(li iij iiiilmi,
'mil tiic KL'ii ral
ai-itli.ii WM iliun-n
I'Slslllllc,. ),, iJiliisli
ty was aiil!i<)rizeil;
iK'imtincnljl ; 'iiy,
nciiilK'f (if till nil.
Kill ill co^iiiimiiil.
I' rii ('luitpiiiliiiff,
f'l' I'l'Il-tlluIlDiiuI
IKli'iKlllll IT.
K'l-il II. r. Iliitlpr
IS .Miiiinir, a nil,,,.
I Inuii iiii-ir luu.s.
Iiiiii. Kucii ,v[^
I'll liii- lllc llPlioflt
<<'fy «<'ii'«j,p|ji,(j
"11 iii'iuiir iif (1,0
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•y tlU'ilIlHT tWil)
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I I'll liavorcd to
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The «
tlll'l
I- ^ >
lIl'CS
POLITICVL HISTOHY OF TIIK UNITED STATES.
Crf>(Ht Moblllflr. In FmiuT, u tri'linnil niK-lPty
crttnblislHMl In ls.Vi,ui»in Uw priiK'tpU-' of IhnitM
linbillly.untler tlio BiLiictioii of tlir povcninuMit.
The ciipitiil wiisflxett al*:n,0()(',noo fn\nrx, (liviilfil
into Hliarrfl of .VX) franco au'li. (Mijccts of tho
Booii'ly: To aM the progn s of publio wnrkH,
tiiifl pnjiiiotf tlmdovolopint-nt of iiatlonHniuliitt-
try, iimkinj^ nillwnyH, iniiiia;<ln{^pw cvniiimnies,
nnd, 111 f.ict, tKroinliij; ii kliiil tif unlrrn^al tmd-
ln{?n.ssorlutii>M, for tin buying up of tlic slmrcH
nnd boti«iH of oxlstliiK trading' N(K*iPtlfH nnd
t'oiuj»imlc8, for tho pnriMwu of consolidivtin^
them int*) on*! comnioti stiK-k, nnd forlho tmun-
artion of jri-ncnil haukliif^ nnd bn>kcmpr oi.cm-
lions. The funds for thu wirrylnj? out of thuMi
divorce oprmtions aro, (I) tlio cnpltAl of tlio
company, nnJ (J) thiMl;^|H>ultH nHt*ivo<l fnmi tho
Foclnty hy the puhllc. lu tho t'nltrd Rt-xtf**,
con?»T('!"H |XL«*flod an net rliartrrfnf^ tho Tnlon
rnrlflc niilwfiy, in l^.-2. In aniirrch, dolivwrcMl
in Scptrnihrr, I'^Ti, at ImliaunpoiU, Mr. (ircoloy,
«H IV prcrtldcnlhil cuiididivtt', niado KtaloinontH
substantially as follows: ritn;<rr!4fl roHolved to
nid tho rnlorprlso j^cncrousl} , .\nd fcnvntcd tho
riftht of way throi:;;li tlio pnlilic hind:*, wltli the
right to tftko nmtorial.s from any pfirt of tho
jiuMlo clonmin. Thou a lar^r ^rant wiw inndo in
nidof ih<! i'(Kid, and bonds of tlu govenunent
oalHnu for $"25,(100 a milo wrro hxinoil to tho com-
I>flny, Rnd tho lli-sf mortj^ai^i! on tho mih*ond
tnk. n tliorofor; thud tin; building of tho n)ad
was prrividofl for with ])ublio funds. Tn ft feu*
ypui-s. this ont«'rpriso havlnj; |>Rflso<l Into tho
hau'N of Hrhomlnjj n»ou, houio boing membors
of oou^froHs, tinothor stop was takon, nnd con-
fjnss \vi\^ prcviiiird uihhi to authorize a now
lonn of f-jA.nnu a milo. V socond mortiyngo of
ofpinl amount was takon on tlio road, nnd so tho
floourlty of tho flrst mortgage wfia dofltroycd.
Innlittio whJIo u i)rivatn compnny was somo-
whrroohartorod, ontitlod tho Crodlt Moblllorof
Amorioa, and Iliat privato company, or ring,
was oomiH»sod of a numbor of aollve mombors
of Ihol'nion racitlc inilroad comi)#iny, ft^nio of
thorn nnMubers of corit^ross. No Urtt of this
Crrdit Mobillor was ovor publiahod.or can bo
obtAlnod. Ib;t thos4» gmtlomon proccedud to
innko ooiitnvotH virtually with lhom»olvofl, i. r,
thonamoinonasotlloorsitf tho I'nlon Pftclflc rail-
road Cfintnirtoil witli thrmsclrca as ofTlcrrsfif
tho Crodlt Moblllorof America to conMruct tho
roftd at enormous jtricos, which ausorlwd lK>th
tho bonds loano4| by tbn ^iovernnient nnd the
jirlvatoloan of tho coinin-ny; this contracting
with thomsolvoH to jiay tlnunsolvufl twice the
fiiir cost <if out iroly builillngaud oqu tipping tho
road, and after butldiiip: tho road wU)i tho pro-
CtM'ds ot the money loauoil by the govommont,
they ppMcodoil to divido aini)ng themselvea the
other bonds, equal to tho amount wlilch con-
groHp hiul mado mortgage on tho entire roail.
ny these moans twmty or thirty millions of
dollars wnro dlvldod among tho partloa, and
after all that money wius bo divided and they
weio called uiM)n t<» jHiy, Ihoy divided tho Ijonds
anil iMillt tho n>ad with tho government iMinds,
which wore a Hocoiid mortgage on that com-
pany. "Now, you Ho*',"siiid Mr, (iroeloy, con.
tinning, "those gontlonion who engmooi-od
tlirongh cfmgress this project of innklng the
road cohI double what it Hhould ct>H*, and nmk.
lug half the cost a dividend appropriated among
thomaelvoH, those gontlonion now appear before
congrcsa for additional advantages." In Feb.
niar>', 1R7:I, the committeo ap]x)li)to<I by con-
gress to Invo.stlguto the comipt Credit Mobillcr
matter, made a reix>rt wlilch aikiar.ed the ]>oophe
at largo, nn<l a long Investigation grew out of
thla. As aconsoqnenco, Oakes Ames and .Jiinu*s
Brooks of the houso wore censnrod, md the
reputAtion^ of Hovrnd pronilnont iKjlltlclAns
wfre mmiowhut dnniaged.
OovcMie Invefltlfctttlon. A eointntttoo aut:iorlziMl
by tho hou.sn of reprosontutlvos to IncinUu Into
thnchlo«ncr>' of the Iluchanan admlnlstmtton,
In attempting to foist tho Lccompton constUu-
tlon u]H)n the iieojileof Kanwis. An examina-
tion, after the aptwilntment of tho »^jmmltleo,
.'ith March, I'^iiO.roHidtcd In developing tlio tnith
of the cliargcd of corruption. Soo Leoonipton
Constitution.
I)urk ITorno. No donht thnt this phmso orlgl.
natofl fnmi the coloring of horses by J<X'koys in
onler (U bring them Into a race under different
nami 4 and win tho prlEo**. In iM)litics, the snc-
c«««f,.i nominee <if n iwrty who Is little thought
of a* tho nominee, Hayes, nnd (iartleld wen*
" dark horses." S«>o Surprise Candidate.
From whencn Is lo como the "dark hoi-«ie?*'
Some say It will Ijo Druniniond. some miv Hyde,
HoTiio say Spring, and others Ulalne. The inan
whom tlie ring luw determino<l nfx>n t/i load tlie
republlcnn party Is now cngnfotl In the lionest
and peaceful occupation of a flshennnn, and his
name is WllUnm 1*. Frve.— Boston Post, Maine
jKdltic^ 1-wj.
Declaration of Jntlep«ndeno«. The thlrte<>n
c^donles slowly awoke to tho Idea of Indeiiend.
once, Karly In the struxgle against (iront
Hrltaln, any such de'*ign, tlmugh favontbly
entert«ine<l by New Kn^lnnd, waa dlsavnwiHl
t>y tho other colonists, and by omipx-ss, July,
1775. Tho sentiment In favor of seiAration
became more marke^l as tho war wa« trans,
forrcd to tho south In May and June, 17T(<, nnd
tho Virginia convention inHtrncte<l tho delo-
gntcs of that state In congress to lnln*duce
n rowjlutlon favoring Independence. Hlchanl
Henry Loo presented tho resolution, which was
formally ndopted, Jaly % Pennsylvania, Mary-
land nnd New Jersey, l»efon; that date, had
changed from tlio attitude of disfavor, and
onicred their delegates to vote for the dcclam.
tion. By the third of July, the delegate's of
.South t'nrollna, who hu<I oppowsl the niuisuro,
came forwnni and IndorwMl It, Oelawan' yielded
her consent on the fourth of July, and on that
day, tho dtHilaration «tf indejiendenct; was
jxissed, the New York wmvention refusing to
vote, but afterward consented, and it thus
bocaino "The Vnanlmous Doclaralicm of tho
Thirteen Tnlted Statoaof America." Jefferson
was tho antlior of the l>eclaratIon of Independ-
ence,
Demagoynf*. A politician who attemptfl to gain
the i>eople over to his own wlflsh views by
employing decoll and falselHMxl for tliat pur-
pose; acliarlatAn,
T>emocracy. So<^ (Vunmonwealth.
Demncratlc Party. The ihoory of the old demo,
oratlc. republican party was, popular govern-
ment, with limitation o; *he powers of the
general or f(*<IerFO government, In ordernot t<i
restrict the rights of stAtes In the nmnagenienl
of local Interesta. In the last dccadeof the jjost
centi:r>', tho party assumed the name of repub.
lloan, by which It waa jiopularly known until
n1>out iSTn, when the more radical jjortlon s*'p-
ar.ito«l fnim tho cojiscr^Titlve element, and
assumed the nnmc of national rcpubllcjin. The
conservatives wen^ called deraocrata, but that
term being regarded as equivalent to republi-
cans, they were known aa republicans till nliont
1^*30. These pArtti«, until after the elwtlon of
Jackson, In 1^2«, clnlme<l the name of republi-
can. Tho friends of Adama were styled the
mlmlnlstrutlon wing, and thoeeof Jackson, the
oplK)slti.»n. The Jackson men nfterwani fixed
ui>on the title of deinocmt, nnd then* has lieen
no furtlier variation of tho name of the paiiy
hIiico, The democmta were suceeasril In sue-
oos-iivo presidential elections until that of 1S40,
when tho whips, with C»eneral Harrison, came
IntoiMtwer. ProHidont Harrison died in Just one
month after his lnai4niration, and thoHdmlnlH-
tratlon under John Tyler lK>camo ilemmTatic.
The administration of Jamcti K. Polk was next
In onior, ikud then the whl^ again sucroodwl iu
imA, when Goneml Taylor was elected. The
democrata followed mltli the election of Frank-
lin Pierce, In 1S.V2, and James Bucluumu In 18.V't.
The attempt to force a pro.hlaver>* constltuti(Ui
upon tho territory of Kansas, waa followe<l by u
split in the demoomtic party. Tho popular 1111-
nols Honiitor, Stephen A. Pougliw, assiiuu'd the
U*«dershlpof tho nnrthon\ wlnir, while tho pro-
slavery men that fornuvl tho soutliern \ving
weie leil by the administration. In H;o the
democratic c*uivetition, which mot at Charb ■<-
ton. April 'if, failed to agri'O u]ion n-^olutlons
and candidates. There wore tif!yHO\en Inof.
footual ballots, Mr. Uouglas, for ]iresidcnt,
always leading. Many of the delegates with-
diow from this oonventlon and met inanotlier
hall, adoptofl ros4>lMtions, and itdjoiiriied to meet
in Ulohmond, on the second Monday in .luiio.
Tin- regular convention adjourned, Maj* ;;, to
meet at P.altimoro, June H. In the r.altiniore
Cfuiventitm there aro>*<' a disagreement on
account <d the admission of del(Hj:itos froni ihe
states wlilch had withdniwn from the Cljailes.
ton efinvontlon. The result of it was the with,
dmwal of a consitlenible number of delegates,
including the chairman iif the convention, Caleb
Curbing, and Uonjamln F. Ibitler. >t('plien A.
Douijlas wa-s then nominated for prosldi-nt, and
Her»'ohel V. .lohrison, of (leorgla, was nflerward
selected t)y tho *'Xoeutive committee as candi-
date for vice. president. The didof^ates who
withdrew fntm tln' ortnvention at Baltimore,
boiufx joinofl by dele.trations which !i:id born
retused admission, assembled at Maryland insti-
tute, .Tune '^s, hihI jtnt In nondnntion, ftir firekt.
dent, John C. r.rookinrldge, of Kentucky, and
J(ts»'pli l.une, of Oreg<»n, for vtcepro.sldont.
Those who liad withdniwn fnim tho Charleston
convention nnd at lUidmiond, Ju>\o U, and
adjiUirned fnun time t<^> tii'.e until the Hecoden-'
convent ion at liail ituore had nominated P,rc<'k.
Inridgo ancl I.nno. when tho^o nomlnntinitH
wen! Indorscfl. The demtuntt ic party, thus
<livlde<l, while tho ropubllcun party Inul l>ecoitie
a unit against slavery o\tenvi,iii ainl for the
iinhui, wont before the country with small
chaiicoM of success. Mr. I >ouglas took the stump,
luid ina series of spoochc* in "liffoM'ut seeti«Mis
of tho country, exiK)un<lod his views to great
cri>wds <»f his country:. tu. He w:is all bitt idol,
i/.f^l by tho free-soil doTiiornits, who r.iilied to
his stiuidanl with enthusiasm. At the cIo( ion,
the jxipular vote for Mr. Houglas was viry
gnmt, but his c'.octoml vote was nimll. Tho
defeat of Mr I'ouglas and tho democralic inuty
by the republicans, with Mr. T Incrdn as tho*tuc.
cessfid candidate, jtn>ved a cleatb-deallng ilisap.
]Mdntment to Mr Douglas, wliose ambition to
rise to the presidency w:lm earnest, and seconded
by the balU)ts of upward of one million three
hundred and seventy ■ five thoti«iand of his
friends. In his dying days he made very e (.
plicit expressions of loyalty to the fotleral union
an<l the government of tlu' Fnited States. He
died on the ;id of June, ISiU, In the fnrty-nlnlh
your of his afc'e. Since the third <d Marcli, Istii,
tolho jiresent time (|K«:t), tho roputilicans luive
Ikh'u in ixissesslon of tho presidential ofTlce.
Se(! Uepubllcan Party.
DfoputJitlnn. A nuHd)er of persons selected In
oi*der to represent the views of a larger txxly
orcomimny on any imrllcular itm-stion, to lay
their cjise Imforo somo jXTstin of influence or
in office, or to net for them In any particular
affair.
Don't Hive up the ship. 8ald by Captain Law-
rence, c»)mmander ctf tho I'nited Stat*'*' Chesa-
Iteako, after he was n;ortally wounded, and was
being taken below. His vessel was capturcil by
tho British ship Shannon, after an action thirty
niilea from Boston light, 1st Juno, 181.1.
DouKh-Cuee. An oj ithet appllofl to tho northern
iqndogist forslavorj' In the south.
Ih-uft lllots. A dnift commenced In New York,
III July, IHta, when u great riot broke out, and
continued for three days, during which time
tho building la which the dm ft had begun waa
dofltroyed by tire, lumses and stores wen' plun-
dered, cltizcutt wcru mistreated, colored persons
wore killed, a colored ttrjihan asylum waa
burned, the lumutcs scattering In all dlrec
'■m
' I
■^^^
POLITICAL IIISTOUY OF THE IXITED NT AXES.
tions lor tli'ir livfs; f<nn- ln.n'lrr<l llvrs wrr«'
Hi<ril!».-.l. aiMl i)ii.l»t'r»y worth *^2,(XNmi<h» wih
if.-str vx..!.
Droi) Si uH l>n<Ulo«, A (trt'Ulon >?tvrn l»y the
I'mti'l '*t:H''?« ** Min'im* rrnu-t, Mtiuli (i. lK,i7,
wtion-by llpMl '^i-ntl, wild h:it| hrrn t-l:ihn<'<| im tk
h!iiv(* ill n fn-o *(:i!n, wiw n-niaiiilf*! toslavnry.
<n' Iln'Hi'v<'n Iniltroi*. two ilfclurpd lor hi-iln-t'.
ilnm. Uy thi-« "Ifcislon tli*' Mi-^-oMil ii.mpiu.
iniM* of H'JO ^^!H ilccliir)''! )iM('oit<-lil nI iomil, ami
tlir>r-t>ii)wm aro»C' tli<^ i>'>|>nl:ir phrtsf, "Nr^'n»i».'4
hnvr no Hirlits tlmt wlitle men iin* bouixl to
ll'-ilU'I't."
Kniancipatlnn, The net n!" Hotting fn-*' tlioso
piTttuvM li"!'t lis Hi'.ivrs. ri*<'sMt*lit I.tiuoln
issiH'i! I'M pt'iclatnation '•! t'lnanripatioii, Jan-
uary \, I^'i:'..
Era of <JoiMi 1'<»p1Ii|(». \n "spri'-^sirnmnplinl to
thf a<liiiiin>H\.l i"'ii di rrrvj, t,.|ii .M.>i)rt»t< (Isi;-
*-*.v. Tilt' iiv-i'N'iiI siart.'.l, ;i! May. l-^i;, and
vi-itcd tin' inrtluin -itat.-i, liiH Joiiniry ct)n.
timiiiitr tlirotitrli si'vni:;! tiioiitli^. Tli" ptttjilo
rtM't'ivc'l liiin ''.t'lly.un'l tlr^ iMliM't o( ItU pi'r«.
I ait' was Ini- ii'll liy alt wlut, lii Iionoroi his
I Mill'. lii"*ti»uc<l 1 la' (Mnipliinriil of Iho-« iiia^^ic
\M»nN: I'.n \ nr ikhip rr.i:i,(\';.
Exri'llrnry. \ lltii) roric<vli-d hy many to the
(jovt-nioi-s lit' states, (orci^n iiilnist«'rH, atnl the
pn'-ith'iit of t'l.' t'hitnl -talcs. N..I a.itlioiizod
hy 111 • itatlon:il(*on»(itiil ii<n,iuiil Ity wry li-w of
t In* s|;it('«MK)stirtjlif)n!*. i^ifi* l> nionwiitlth.)
Thi- olllcc (>; j-ovt'intir <»f III" Htalf fs Ih'M |n
hi;;h c-ttt'i'Mi i'l .Uaxsarli!i-.i'tt?«. 'Ilh* iiioi who
i-r.c 111 > that p- -ilioii i-; i<-.iuii"l !<■ Ix' n| ii.>hl<-
liiiu'liipiisof llar\'.ir<l i<
t " i'isn'.i'«'Mi'lU'>'." mikI
r.
on
or*
lo :ri-'»:;iii/
to fonli-i 11
th.'.lr.-r
ha- 1m
(.aiit
Tri-r
if t!i<' un-iii
tl.i' tti .niiv o
i'lt lillii, \\ ilh
.I- I» r-it.roi I
I fllM't-
r't)ini!li'
Nov. l;
sr-'Vcr
ioii lis
, oiiip .ukI lit
av. s." ' Kvot .■ man \\ ho
or tMvifs t lii'nc' t..'th in
!o<'ior of laws.— (Miiravro
KxiTullvi'. Th»- h'ad of i!u' cxccntiv* drpirl-
iiu'iil of Ihi' :rovi rnaniil ;!s, iln* ^'o\ rrnor nl' a
sUiIe. "I- pjoi.UiiU'f I ill I list I'd -talf. uiiuT
wise ihr .'liitf inaLiislmtf, or tin* klnix.
]E.\t).-utloii«ir As'^iMsUis. Im\ id I*:. Ilarold,<ii>ortfv'
A. Ai/« roit, law is I'ayn.' Powcd, and Mr*. K.
Mtrratt.aiainnvIii'iHof Uooih hi tin- as-*U'>,sina.
tloiiot Prisid'-nt 1. hicohi. wrro huiip^ 7th .July,
Ww. oihcts wi ri' .-oat np to |>iy Tortnirai for
lit!!. Ijt'iuy \'^ iiz, for iiu'liy to luihrn pi i>oii.
fisiU \ndci-oiiviIU'. was Iniii'! In \Vash!ii::ion,
10 Novi-nilii I. InkV (,'harl''^<>id1i'uti; Un- niunii r
of rn*'-idt nt <>arl)<'ld, vm-* hini'f, :«i .liiiir, l-'-O.
S"o \ssiw.-lnai:on t*( l'n'>id('nls,
Fintton. A t< nil iipplh'd 1m a ha<l simisi' tti any
I'Tty in M -t tf or country that oif.rs niuoni-
pi-omi-intf oppo-ition i.i tlin nnMsuM-s of the
jr-»vi'rnmt'i>t. or (hit I'nd'-.iVor-, to rxcit*' pnJilii*
di-»roiUriil N}>on nnrt-a.^oiial>h' ni-omid'.; one
w lnK<»r divi-ion «d a j^irly.
It<'ptil>lii'aii f.i 'lion tl;;hlsniay this ypanrivo the
(U'iiin, r.its a iii.i.,irtt> m con^rVt -.- aiid a niiinlM-r
of.rovf. ,r ]., ' ,r un !»'•■> thi.s faction ii;,'litin_' rtm.
t lii'h's for t wo yi'ars l-in:it>r I'm' i-c^mIi oI lo-d iv
wiMwnai-anli'fiioIliiii^'foriSN^.— New Vork Ihrald,
Nov. 7, jsvj.
FathtT of liK Country, (inor'^c \V;i.«h!n^toii,
P itrtot and lirst picsiilrni of the I'nilt'd Statos,
WHS so.raljftl. Ill' was cinniimndrr-in-rhii'f of
tli(» AiiM'iir in annli's a man of iht- h ippi»'>t
iiiifoii of Ko4id iinalitlrs. Horn on his f.iihcr'.s
pslutf, hi \\ «-*tinc»it'himl ciniiity, Va., '.^-J Ki'Oni.
iiry, 17-'.-.', and ail"-r a Ilf'- oi iinsnllit'd ;.dtiry, lii'
died. II I>' .. i!il..-r. I?*;*.
rnili*rul <H)\i riiiiKMit. A j{ov«'rnincnt formed
hy th<» nnioii of >4.»vi'ral sovfrciiin >-t itc-*, rarh
state fi^'ii'LT np a |i<M'ion of Its [Miwcr to the
c'iMitnil liiilhortly.and yid retainhi;; its (Mtwers
of '•elt-'fovorttnii'iil. Thi^ {jovernaient of tlii'
t'nilt'd -^tat"--! i-u f.flei-.d i.'ov«rnin.;it.
FiMleriiliot. Tilt' name of a political party In the
I'nM.d '*lalrs, i.iniied in \7<'i, tin- nu'ialM-is of
which elainird t<» he th.- p< .-nliar Iriet.d.sof tin-
constitution and fed t nil ^,n>vernriient. The
most 'li^ll'ii^iilshed leadiisof llie feth-rd partv
were \Vu-hln>rton, Adams, Haniilton, and .1 >y,
the l.',.l:'!u' hderdi-t states wt-ie .Massi.
uhnHells and t onnet llcnt, supportisl Kenenilly |
hy tho nthrr New Enjjlund tttatos. Oppotwl to
this parly, W"Mi' Jellerson, Mudliton, V -t : w,
Ituir, andiiaUatin '.lepiihlicans), who werucalanl
antldVdnalist-i. iind cliarjied with heinj; Indif.
fereiit or hostile to tlK'ciiti'it itntioniind ^'Overn-
inent. linrin^ the coMtests of tho Fremli revo-
hillon th<* ledeinitist.s leantnl to the Hide of
Kntxland, tho repn.iUeanH to that of Franco.
The r|iNH«iliition of the hdeml purly was luts-
teaid hy na.-on ol its opposition to the M^cond
\vaiMlsr2) lor indrpendeneo. This war came lo
pa.ssprinctiKUIy Irom tlie unjii>iclulms of tiivat
ItrUain lolheri«taof soai-chiiiK American ves-
ttclM for UodortefH and UrlUsh -•'amen. Ah a
nnie<ly for the eviLs which tho fedemlists
cliariredovera-tainst llietfovernment tmaccuiint
ot the war, a convention was held (commencing
IJth Deci nilier, isllj al Hartford, Conn. This
Ijody rccommenueil Ck'rtain mt-asnres fo tho lej^-
islalnre-sof ihiMiLsteni ftatos, hiokinK to a limi.
tutionof tho iH»\verof tho fedoinU government
over tin' mililla of tin .-tales. It also prop<ised
Heveral ami'iidnicnts to the conslilnthm. Itut
thelalMiisof tile convention W«ne bion^^litto ti
cht.se hy t la'iiewsol t lie treaty of peace l»ctween
111'' ruitcd States andtin-at Ihilatn, si>fnetl on
the'ilth, ninth day alter the as-emhliii;,' td' that
hody. The i)M>ral and visible elfcit of this con*
venlion was felt alittte later when In Ks.H), thu
f.'denil party wa.s completely disbanded.
Kenian .Ui»v<Mnenl, Ai. oi;;aiii/at ion btai'ted In
the liiited >tates ,u Ids, aiwl atliibutcd to
Jame* sii-phens, whit comiiu ncd the work of
lenlanism in this country by lak'n>.'advanta„'o
of the military or;.'ani/ation of the states to
li.ixe Irishmen armetl, nnifornied. and drilled.
Before the war of IsCI-o, there was formed n
>i>!ei*el army of tliiify thotisand lli^htlii^ men.
The lenians litu^'lit bravely dir'im; that war. and
toward the *h'-e of |si^;, Ihey a-sinnei! a civil
eonstitiition and e-tal<li-<h"d an Irl.-h lejxihlte
in Amvilea after I he mode: ..f lin' I'nitcd SlaU's,
lor the pnrt^>-.eof brinfiin;;aboiil "the rr^uireo.
tion of Ireland to indeiH'ad -nt nationhood.*'
This idea iHiittribnteil tt» John *»*Mahoney, the
llrst in-ejiidenl. In .January. \^l\ Ihemeuiljci^
of tin' b'ni.in .s<a'i**ly resolved lo include Ire-
land. 1. upland, aiul all lis depeiiileiicies within
the scope of 111* ir oprntiiolis. Slepheu:^ and a
Ktmn;^ hand <if oij;:'::! '"rs translV-rrud their
aelivily lo I re Ian 1. The tlr.--* funian rovoln.
ti. mists were arrested hy tin; I»"itl^i' ';overn-
nienl in ScpteiulHn' of tliat year. o'l>onov.kn
Uoss;i po.s,ses.ses I le hlsturie renown of liavinjf
been Ih-slarie-.ted JaniesSleiihens.as the head
eeiitc! of ihe mo VI meat, was at lerwaiil arrest. "d,
and hiscM-apc Irnu custody wasalh'i t"d by U.e
aid of fenians. Since Is7\ when the land b-a^fue
w.Ls formed, it i.s i>resiimi!d that fenianism
enteietUnto till) working powi'r *»f llie league,
and i*slix)ii;^i'r now than the land iejiyue proiter,
a^n'picsented by Mr. raruell. The Ulslnatlonal
conj^ressol iheb-niun brotherhood w;ts licld in
('hieai<o, ,ld N(«v., H..;, when uboul la.lNM) fenlauH
W.-re re,ireNent» d.
Fifly-ftxir Forty or Fii^lit. An exproHStlon u?'ed
durin;; the noi Ihwe.sirrn boundary dispute t liat
anme soon after rre.sidenl Polk's inaii^nritton.
The tire^rmi quest l<m, hs it is called, was llrst
1101101*11 ilia ptiblie manner by rresiilent Tyler
In hi- imssa^re to cotiuri>s, ,'ith DminlH'r, IMi.
Tht' territory of the nation known its theoie-^on
territory, lyin^r "ii the i'acille »K*eaa, north of
till' flirty -second de^^n-e ol latitude, w.ts chiimed
in jKirt by (iieat Ihitain. In Hl;{. a liii: wua
lurried thron^di tln'senati* hy a inajorlly of onOf
for laMnjj iHisse^siim \>t the whole of the di>.
pnlcd territory, but I hi' hou-e refuseil to concur
In this measuit'. In his mi'ss:i;;'.> of Is^i.l, the
prcf^ident. (I'ylei) asserte-l iIm' claim on liclialf
of the Inited Slates, in re^'uid to I hut territory,
to the tmnillel ot :d de;4. 10 tuin. north latitude,
and .lames K. Polk was cleitcd, in Isil, tw one
dispoKfii to insist njM>u the .'d di*;;, I't udn. par-
allel as the bound. iry of uri'^on. It was under-
stoiHl that the rniled Status were to absorb Ihe
whole of tho territory— the whole or none,
"W-40 or flRht." However; tlie new proaldtMit
felt that It was best to act In the lijiht of previ.
ons eflTortA at coni|)romlse, In consiKiuenco of
which tlio forty-ninth iwinUlel wa."* to bo tnc
northrni limniriary of the territory of Hit
nation. Finally (Is June. IMC*), all jirevloua
ctfort.s having fjiiled, an adjustment of the
northwerttnrn Ihumdary dNpnle was reaehml by
m(*an<«oi »i convention, proposed by the nritLsh
ndnlster. which decided n|M>n thr forly-nlnth
dt*icre*of nor:'' latitude. From the Htand|»oint
of thoseopi»osed to compromise, this wiw "tlui
back-ilown frmn.'>4 4a."
FillbuKtor. A corruption of the English free.
boctor or bnccanrN»rs. " Filibustering;," a cant
term mneh used 'vf late yeai-s in tiie lej;islative
assembliesof the rnited states |o ileslgnate tho
emi>loyment of |>arliame itary tactics to deteat
a measure, by nilsin^ frivolous questions of
onior. callH to the liouse, motions l(» adjonni,
etc., in onler to weary out the opixisite [Kiiiy
nnd to |?iin time. " FiMbtihters," Ihe imme
given to certHin adv^ntureiN; the most noted
lllibuMer was William Walker, who led an o.\pe.
dition against Nicarij^ua, in IsVp, and succewlerl
in maintainini< himself in that country for
nearly two years, but was at leii;;lh expelled by
the union aiurainst him of tlie other Centml
Ainorican Mtatos, Walker was Hubse^iuenlly
taken and shot at Tni.villo, in Centnd America,
in HK», wlien enf,'ax«'d on another tilibustering
t'.Tpedilion.
Finu4iclul l*anlrH. The tinancial Iiistory of tho
C(nuitr>' was marked by distress in IHU, wlien
rnllod States treasury notes were seventeen
per cent below p.ar. The situatiim was a^^^ni.
val*Ml by the peace i>:irty, whose leadei-s per-
Miadi'd the n<*-I -n hank'* loiifpiire ih.it the
noleson Honth'i '1 hanks, then in tle-ir pos-scs.
sion, ha redeemed. In lsj:i, the linaiicial dilU.
cullii's were *"ry serious: paper money had run
down lo .Vt per cent, there liad lieene\ce.sH of
imp^utalion, American staples had declined In
loreiy;n countries, cott<»n and brea'Istulfs were
down .lO jwrceBt, and thei-e wasgeneml business
ihliression. 1:. >^il the distre.'^s was jjreat wirst
of the Alle^lianie.-s farmei-s w<'re unahlo U) pay
their debts due to i;oviiniuent at wi*t idiK
i>tliee.s. Con^ros ^milled relief by permitting
jwrtions ol land to be surrendensl, ami tne
money |Kii 1 over tube apjil led on the i<*matnder
to secure It. In Km. a cmsh came on the heels
of a Mi'f pension of tlie New York banks; many
other banks went down, corixinitions shut up
their wor';»i, business lum.ses lailed, the products
of the farm declined, and credit jrave v.uy lor
want of eontldence. This crisis w;m duo to
excessive t-pecnlatlon, laix»? importiulons, and
businc-^s depres-ion for want of capit:il. (^di-
fornia felt tlio stniin of depp ssion in February,
InV). Anj^ust 'Z4, K^7, the Olilo Life Insiininco
and Trust company failed, many hanks soon
suspended imyments, nil owinj; to land and
"rallroatl " si>eoulat ion. Septemlier l!i, t87:t, the
linn of J ay fixjk ,t Co.. of Philadelphia, failed,
i'rojn wdiich ii Ki't'ct^il llnancial i>:inle came to
|K*s.*, destroying con.idenee, thronln/ working?
{H'ople out of cm}>loymenl, 2>i'«>'l<iclng stagna-
tion and misery. Ttio causes iissl^neil in this
case were v:.rious, including reckless specula-
tion au'l Increasing cxtrava;;ance of the peojile,
too libeml iJ'i(>ortiit ions, careless coatiiicts, etc.
Many |R'ople lost all their ciiuhly iMissessions,
and Jolmsl the army of tramps, and the dull
tread of that army, little ii*duce<l in numlrt>rs, is
still heard in the laud.
Flrv-outrrs. An epithet nnich ns^wl In the n«M'th
before the war of Wd, and applied to the ad vo.
catps of strict sc»uthern views. "Southern
extremists. "
Freeilmikn's Iturpnu. .A bureun that congress,
:td Maivli, lHi;'t, esiabllshcd for im-eilnjr Ihe pi-rss-
ln« neislsof the freedmen, and helping Ihem lo
secure some of Ihe blesslntrs of education,
tienend O. O. Howard w*)is at the head of this
e lOiiKllsh fico.
"Ifiiiif;," 11 cant
1 tiio hxlilatlve
l()i|i'«|gnntrtlio
actlcH to <liil>-at
IS <icji>>lloiis of
>'is to mljoiini,
opiKisIti' iKiify
'■^." llir imiiie
li" iiiiMt noted
lioli'il iin o.ipe.
and Hucieedert
t oountiy for
tlieijiellud by
otlitn- Ccnlral
HIllwillUlMltly
ainil Aniprica,
'• llliljnHteriiijf
rinnni{s.''lon. Tliii fioiMlinun'it bank, ii;ivins
bwii ('>4tal>llsli("l litter tlio war for the iimimiI' tln^
iMnancipatcil, bccanii', lhron;,'li iriklips man-
uRiMiicnt. 11 faibnv In ISTI. Thron;;!) InvcNtiKa-
tlons in Kit' Willi ri'KanI lollii' iiuit lor, no bluinu
coiiM 1)0 (*liarix(*(| to tti(> eoiiiiiils8lont'i'.
Frci- Noll rurly. A iHilillcal p;iily wliU-li, as an
linnifiliato result of tlip a;?ilalion of tii" W'llinol
pro\-iM», wiH foniHMl In ISIH. The imrt y noiiii.
natiil Martin Van Uiircii for pri'.slil.ait ami
Charlrs Fnincis Ailanis for vlcn -prt'slihnit.
Tlii'S'* ranili'lati-H roL'oivi'il llii-Hupport of nearly
m>f»*> (<vv.~'i-'<-:.,, oi.t the wliitf party, coiii-
IKiMi'd of those who wi'i'fi ilinrfatisllfd Willi tin;
condiicl of alfairMniiilf.r 1 he so. culled tlenuH'nitie
parly, lanied tin' elcilimi for Taylor and Fill-
iiun'i*. In IKVJ, the free.Hoil paiiy named John
I', Hall', of New llaniiwliire, lor pr'-Hldeni, ami
George W. Jnlian, of Indiana, for vlee-prcsideiil.
Theie candidate.^ received I.V),(<i^ votes. Tlie
whii^Hiind free.Hoiler^i- the latter liavinj; nonii.
nuled .Seott and lirahaiii — wero iletVated by the
Htrai^lil.ont denioerit'4, and Genenil KranUIIn
I'ierce.of New Hampshire, and Williani IE, Kliij;,
of Alabama, were elected lo tile otllci's of presi-
dent and vi<e. president respectively.
And then the question of f.eiisoil, wlint shall Ijc
the fate of that:-' I nresnmc llieriMire here Honie
fri?e-soil nn'ii [Ves! ye.s! all frec.soill-I mean
those to whom the iinestion of cMeiidinK or
restricting slavery out weighs all other consident.
lions. — llonicu tfrei-le>', N*'\v York, Sept. 'J7, l!^!."^.
FiieltlvK Slavn Ijiw. .\ law enacted In KVtas a.
liart of the compromise measures of that period.
It provided for the return of any slaves who
inlKhl have escaped. This law wasodlons in the
eyes of ev3r\ nti. slavery man and woman of
the north.
GenerHl Asstinlily. .\ represeiitali\*e body in
wdiieli is vested the power to enact laws; as Illi-
nois ^:eiienil assembly,
Gerryinaniler. To (l.x tlio poiitlu'.l divisions of a
state in siieli manner that one party may obtain
an advantiifie lor it-self, as a^nuiist it.s opponents.
. . . Deiioimces tlii> rtetion of Ihe lej;isla.iire
in red i strict iiij< (^eriAioanderinj;) 1 1 le st:tii' solely
in the iiiteifsl of the demtieiatie party a-* aii
Httompt to ilisfmnchise IIKMKK) volei-s, .mil as a
crime au'ilinst sutfiii^e wliieli sliould be relnikiHl at
til'' poll sal I lie iic.xt election. - K.\t. Keporl (irecn-
baek Conveiilion, Mnbeily, Mo.. May :vi. l-^*:.
(ioverniiient . The lliree bmiu'le's which consti-
lute liie j^overnineiil of Ihe Tnited statcit,
Tiiesc arc- le',iislativ<', exccutivi', und Judicial.
The followlii^f are ipiotiil ions Irom the ledoral
constltntiun:
LEOISIATIVE.
.Article 1, section I -.\1I leplstire powers herein
^riMited, shall I';- vested in a conf^ress ot tlie
1 iiited stales, which shall consist of a senate ttiirt
u Iioii.se of representatives.
ICXKIITIVK.
.\rticlei, section I— The eieeutlve imwer shall
be vested in a president of the L'nlted States of
Anivrion. . . .
.IIPICIAI..
Aiticle .1, section I - The .ludiclal jiower of the
United States slrill be vested In one stipi-eme
court, and in such inferior courts as the connres^
tuny, from lime to time, ordniii and establish. , ,
Grnuge, or l*iitriiiirt of lliishiaiidry. An or^uil-
zaiio. of the a.;ri'nltiir.il interests. It orl:;i-
nated In \Vashlnj;ton, I). ('., In Wi', nnd the llrst
Kraii^ie was estalilishcd at Ilarrisbnr^, Pennsyl.
vaniu. The j;miij;e, as an order, is opposed to
all tlieextreinoaiid oppressive s<dieines of per.
8on.sor<'lasscsaciin);f on thepri'senleomiietitive
system. %Vllhre»?ard toco.o|M'nition, tlie L-ninj^e
is favonibly dis|H)seil, and the national or^aiii-
zatlon has re|K>rtfMl In favor ol Incorpor.vled
aMuciiitioiis of that class. The grunge advises
buying as far us pmetlcable from tlie pro.lucer
and nmnnlaetnrer, and selling to the lon-nmcr.
If iMissible, itiifl declares empiiai leally ill fcvor
of buy In;; and sell inj^ for cash. It Is a rule of tlie
{{ruii^e to " neither fear nor court coinis'tition."
/ su |K)l!tical party, llie j:nim:eisi met with the
lalmriHK '»en at Cleveland, Ohio, in Maicli, |s7.i,
and adoiited a phtttorni of principles as cxjircss-
Ive of the views of the i^r.in^e imrty Ihronch.
out the c.iiiiitry. The older has many branches
111 the various statics of tho union. Men and
women stand upon an eiraal fuottnt; as imuu-
be IS.
(ireenhuck. A form :;f i«per money, Issnetl by
the ledenil government. The act autliorlzln^
the Issue of Kieen backs says that they ".shall
al.so be lawful moiiey and le^ai tender." Tlu^
honor of the addition of the term creiMiback lo
onr vocabulary is Justly attribiitalile to Salmon
r. Chase, .secretary of the treasury, Isiil-I. It
was chiefly his |Millcy that carried the nation
thiiniKh tho war of that period. "Green,
backer," an advocate of greenback or impcr
money.
When he was nominaled by the Kreenbackcrs
this fall, evervbody iauKhed, but thiwe laugh best
who laugh last— Uiitler thinks.— Chica^u Journal,
.Sov.lP, ISS'i.
GreenlMi'k Reptililican, orneinncrat. A repnb.
licaii or a democrat disposed in favor of legal
tender (government) paper money.
This increases the repiililican membership of
the house to liy, or, coniiting 11, e six greenback
republicans, to I.W.— ChiciBO Inter Uueim, June
:t, l.ssj.
Gubernatorial. Vertaining to n ffovernor.
"Hall Coliinihia." National ode of America;
written by .losejih llopklnsoii. In the Duiiiiner of
I7!ts, for a young actor, named Fox, to render on
his beneiit night.
Uair llreoils. An epithet, used to distinguish
those of the republican imrty who were friends
of (!arP" d and liisailniinistmtion; followers of
niaine, '.d other prominent men behinglng 'o
llie tiarllcid faction, (ipposed lo Slalwurls,
.vlileli see. (See exlniet un'ler the head of Inde.
pendents.)
The election to.day Is properly lo bo regarded
asa pitched battle lietween the stalwart and the
halt'.breed wings of the reiiubllcan party.— New
Y':,K llenild, \ii\-, 7, I—-:
Half >luve and Half I'ree. Said by Abniham
I.iiicohi. See llcpublican party.
Hard Cider and Log <'aliin Campaign. The
camiiaign of isui, which resulted in tlu' election
of WllUani Henry Harrison for priMldent, and
John T>'ler, for vice-president, \\.is »i!ic of tlie
most exciting, jolly, and Interesting if liny in
the history of tiin I'liited states. The demo-
crats noininateil Mr. Van Ibiren for re. elect ion,
and the iiimlittonisis naiiisl James li. Ilirnev
lus their candidate for president. Tho or-itors
and iournalsof the democratic party rlJl'.'uled
the w higcandidate for president (Harrison), and
callid lilinan oldtiranny. One of the editorial
fraternity nnwlttingiy wrote: "Give him a log
caldn and a barrel of hard elder, and he will be
content on his farm in oliio, wliLie iilTairsonly
Is he capable of inanaging." Thereupon the
whips took lip the cry of hard elder and log
cabin, and the hitler became most appropriate
and eflcctiinl me.ins In Joining tlie issue In favor
of tlie wliigs. Log cabins wero raised and haril
cider was drunk at tho various meetings; a
paiM'r with tho lillo of Log Cabin was )iublisliod
by Horace <;reeley, and 'he music of Harrison
gleo.clnlw was echoed and re-echoed from liiU to
dale. At the larger meetlnssor l«rbiK'UOS, the
jieople were fed during the d»y without charge,
on which occasions animals were roa-sted bod.
lly; log cabins and barrels of hard cider were
mounted on wheels and drawn by oxen or horses
in the processions. It wasdiiringtliis campaign
that the expression " Tippecanoe aiuTTylertoo"
wassoimiled In song, a stanza of which is here
given.
" Wluit h;.s caused this great commotton-mo.
tion.niotion
Our country llirough?
II Is the ball aixilling on
For TiplM'eanoe and Tyler tw»,
For Tlnpecanoo and Tyle.' too;
Ami with liiiii we'll IhmU little Van;
Van, Van, Van is a ustsl up man,
And with lliein we'll lieat liUle Van."
To this song was 'Hided th"s.> other well-known
lines, which are co'iiinenioi'atiV' of the whig
victory in the stall of Maine-
have you hcartl bo'
wont?
It went li I bi'iit
For (Vovernor Kent,
For Tippei'iinoe and Tyler t(xi,"etc.
Hard Tan. In tluaiiclal afTiiirs, hurii money—
gold and silver -or hard. money basis. "Com-
ing down to hard iiaii," s:iidof a reti, "ii to specie
payments.
Haril-sliell Drmoerats. ■see S'lft-sliell Di'tllo.
cnits.
Hickory. See Old Hickory.
" Higher Law." .\ii expression used liy Willlain
H. Seward, In a speecli on freedom In the terri-
lories, delivered in the rnltc'l States senate,
11 March, ls.'i0.
" It is true, iiid I, tiiat the national domain is
ours. , . . idit there is a higher law llinii the
constitution wlii. Ii le^ul.it'S our iitithorit v over
thedoinalii.aiid devotes || in thcsami' noli'le piir-
iKises. 'i'he territory (California) is a iMirt, no
Inconsldenible part. "of the eoiiiiiiiiii lierllHgo of
uiaiikiiid, bestowed ii|ii,ii ilieiii by till' creator of
the universe. We are bis stewar'ds, ami must so
iliscliartre our trust as to eeme in the highest
attainaljle degn-c, their happiness."
Honorable. Meni'iers of l.tdli litinses of con-
gress, and of stale legislalnres, are st>.ealle<l
from cmrtesy. Tlie title is extended lo heads
of departments of tlie governmeiit.
Hotheads. ReiMiot partisans.
Ten days of the time of igressan 1 thousands
ot dollars of pui'lic ii.'Ui y Ii.im' been inisspeut
mill wasted by IMli Springer mid Ids fellow hot.
heads and tlciiiagoLrues in bolstering up a most
seiindalons iiiteiii)it lo cheat a majority of the
voteisiof acongre^slnii-il district out of repre.siai.
lati.'ii, etc.— Chicago Tnljunc, June .'i, Iss-i.
House. See Seliule.
HuiiltiTS. .\s pertaining to the ilemocratlc party
of -Sew York, In \M7, a seiuanite body of men
who favored the election tif Genenil Lewis 0as3
to till' presidency. OpiHised totholjarnburners,
who iiominaleil ,^Ir. Van Buren, See Barn-
burners.
Iiiipeacliinent of President .Tolinstin. .Articles
of linpeachnient were agreeil upon i>y the house,
•Id March, NW, and preseiiled tothesenatoon the
.'(111, Spccilications were liased u|h)ii the presl-
dent's removal of Secreiarj' Stanton In riolatlon
of the tenure of ofllee bill, his expressions In
public spe.'cli**sof contempt forcongress, deelar.
ing the thirtj-niiilli not a constitutional con.
gress, and his liindrance of the uzecution of
stitne of its acts. The honso of reprcsentatlTCS
has solo powi r ol liiii>eaclimcnt, and the senate
lias sole j)owerti>try all impeachments (see art.
l.iecs. -iand :i, const.) The trial bei,'aii"i3 March,
ami closi^d '2il May. In the Boiiato the vote
stood: Kuilty, .T."!; not guilty, l'.t. So the preal.
dent was iicfinllted.
Independence, neelaraliun of. See Diilar:itlon
of Independence.
Intlcpentleiits. Those who take a stand regard-
less of party, and who are not subject to bias or
liartisan influence. The term Is idti'U applied
to those who break away now and then but do
not entirely aliandon their party.
In Pennsjlvanla the liidependents deliberately
iiiudi' up their minds to turn I he si at cover lo the
tlemocrats nitlier than to see their |Kirty used for
the beiicllt of one man.— Chicago Journal, Nov.
'.I, lss-.>.
As In all clTli wars, a good ni.iiiy i«'oplo who
heart il\" say, " .^ plague on both your lionses,"
are yet" tori'-cd to tak'- siilcs. and Iliiis we see some
bid I'e rolls s peclacles, such as t lie Independents and
civil si'i'vice i-efornurs voting witli the half breed
muchiiie, au'l marching in eileet under the ImiiTier
of .Mr Itlaliie, who luia as:<umed the Icadei-sliip of
the half breeil army.
The liidei«'n<lentfl who unwillingly vote with
the Itlniiie macbliie lo defeat I be Mtburor Cam
eioii maeiiiiie still give no signs iliiii iliey am
riMitIv lo aliandon llie republican part v. -New
York Herald. No\. 7, Iss^.
liiliatlonlst. One In tavor of IncrcitstHl issues of
paper currency.
Iron-elad Oalli. Theoiiih which those engaged /' '
In the late war against tho ledeivl government I
wero ii'Miiirtsl to lake, In order lo legniii llieir \ 'j
rights of citizenship. St> called from Its being
dlslastefiil to them.
^
.«Jkit^)^HR
, '»
m
t -I
I
rOLITICAL HISTOUV OV TllK UNITKl) STATES.
' IrrpproiwUilf t'onlllrt." Sulci tiy WIUliiiii II.
Si'wiinl. Sec Kcpulilliun imrty.
KaiiHusuiid NXiriiiikH. Arii'r till' iin)|mao(l ooiu-
piOniUlMif lUlfl, Wllllll »!H Sllnil'rit In CllllglTH!!
In l.«iO,'-*rii MiH-ioiirl ('<Mii]iriiiiil»*i'), tlm Hluvery
(inrslion roiiiiiiiiril ill iil>ryutu-r iiptil IMil, wlii'ii
Kavld Wlliiml, 11 n'liri'si'iittitl/r fi-iim ri-iinsyl.
viiiilii, ftllriiMl what Itfi-uiiiM known iwtluiWil-
nidl priiviso (wliii'h Hpr). Thlti pi-niKiKitlnn wns
folliiwi"! Iiy till" t'lMiipriMiiisiKpf Kiil(wli|pli «ri'),
lit wlili-Ii timt' tuiotliiM* tiMiipormry NOttli'iiiunt
was eflv-cti'il. .January i"t, KM, tlm slriYrr;' qiu-n-
tliin was ri'iipcnnil In ron^rrwa hy Stcji ipn A.
DoiiglA.*. Hrniitiir from Illinnifi, who rp{virt«^U u
bill (i-alh'!! tlir Kun!<tis-N<'!"-«iika Mll)<ir);i nlr.lnK
t<'nlt<irii<(if K»n>>».i iinil I^plirmsha. TIh' ctfrvt
of oiifi of tlmdct'liijiis wft.4 to repeal I ho H l«'MMirl
winipnuMiMii law. Tho propotierl hlU eauaod
lnt<nHO fcnlinK In thfl nation, hnt w»i i(1u|it«d
liy Ihonpiniti', MHr-h 3, unrt tiy thn hoi in May
29, licini{»ppnivoil liy I'rfnlilrnt Plfn'P, SI May,
l^<ft4. Tin* (loclrine of impiUar HOTcrrljinly, lut
spcrlnlly »ilr«iui«l hy Mr. DullKlvfl, wiw IiimiItliI
In the K«n.«.M.!1<<hrMki> hill. It wM thr iilcjt of
tin- Illinois MPniitor, who nMcrwanl rwrivril the
imnK' of •' Utile Khiiit." th«l the ixiMil.' of «ieli
.itatr or ti'irito-y shunM lie alloweil to j^oTcrn
thriiirf^lTc* in their own way, and ho opjxiHeil
llip I.econipion oon^tltntion Itocansi* it din not
r -present tlie will of the pcoi>lo of Kansn.-*. In
the presidi'iitial c'aTii|«i«n of IsiV), Ilie "little
jrlftiit " was noiniimtiil us candidat4i lor presi-
(U'lil, and It'll otf nndiT tlio iHilitiottl ilnrtrini'
III' had proniiiltfnti'd, that ronprresiilmii no jwiwer
I'ither t'l sanrtion or lorhid aliiTery in tini ti'rrl-
lortiti. T!ie stniKj^lr for and iiKainst Hlavi'i*>' In
Kansrw WMS ti'rrilili'. iind i-ontiiiiii-d until the
hi'-tnniii^ of till! fivli w.ir, in l^u'd, when that
slat» rami' into the union. S'-ii Iioi-ili'i' Ifnfllans.
Kiwc: <'fitti>n, or Coltuii U KJn^. A phntsp iniii-h
ns(.il i,y sontiiiTU iHxipli' lip to and a yi'ar or two
allT Ihi- hr.'al;iiii<ont of ihewaro.' lt^l-.\ Tlu'y
sai'l till' north roiild not ilo withont cotton, and
that it w.nild I'VontiiallT triumph.
KiintT-nidliinffs. Thi» niiinii of a si'cret political
I«irty whioh oriuinatid In is»Vl. The |iurly, or
ratlirri-oi-ii-ty, aistati'd hy tlii'Ni.'W York Tinii'M,
was llr^t fornii'd hy a piTson of Monio ni.torlrty,
wliooaili'd hiniHClf Ned llililtline the wrlti'l' of
sea storii'S. Ned was once a niidshlpninn in the
I'liitiil states navy, hut li'ft the sei'^-ien and
coninii'iH'i'd till' hiisiiKss of loiindin;; a si'cri't
order, of so I'xi'lusive a clianictur tliat none
weri' to he adiiiitti'd a.s nu*iiilN'i*!< whose (,'nini|.
fulheri were not imtiTes of the TnltiMl StateH.
Ned jjKve instriietloiisto his followei-slori'iiiy to
all 11 nest ions in respect to the inovenientaof tlie
new p;Arl>' " I don't know." Sothey were at fli*Ht
called ilon't-knows, and then know-nothlnfci,
hy initsMlers, Ttie Cni.sader, a party op,^hii,
pHnted the priliilples of tlie society as follows:
liepeal of all natnrallr.iition laws; none but
native Aiiierieans for ofllce; a pure .\nierlcan
roniiiion selusil system; war to the hilt on
Koniunisin. In the year I'^j.vr, the slavei*y iinoa.
tlon h:id assumed imrumount iinivirtiince, and
the civil wur between the flee state men and
the pni.slaveryltes In the territory of Kansua,
soovei-shado-:\ed the public nitiid, that foreij!n
citUenship was for(»otien, und the know.noth-
iuifH as a Ixidy disaii|s>aM'<l. The nearest ap-
proach to kno\r-no(liini;l.sin or A ricanUtn, In
Is-Vi (as Indicated by lln' name), was the Ameri.
can party, whose nominees for president and
vice, iiresident were Millard Klllmore, and
Andrew ,1. Donclson of "ennessee. In that
year there was a ^'enenil i-xi-itenicnt, and crush
of IMihiieal elements, which resulted in the com-
plete annihilation of the Ainericun und whij;
IMirlies. TlierouiKHi rose the Uepiibllciin |nrty,
whi'-l; see,
Kiikinx Kliin. A secret jvilltical orgnnlzation
that arose fnnn the preJuiUeiis of iinrr'coiiciled
l«>r*oiis in some |xirtlonsof the soiitli. It orlj^i.
natc<l In the Htnte of Teiines.<ee, presiimalily,
early In the year iHBU, und houu ulterwurd
extended Itrt nieinbership and inUchlevoun
liithieneo over various Heetlons. The ulle>;i'il
object of the kliin wiw to redeem the »outli.
Alter its fashion 1^ opjMisiHl the enforeeuieiit of
the reconslruction iu:t.s, and endeavonsl to
maintain tlic dominion of Ihii while race iis
aptliist Mie eoloreil race. Hie mule )iortton of
which hitler were enfniiicliisisl by cflect of the
llftceiitli amendment, SO Maix'li, IHTO. Wilhln a
few niontliHof llH Incepliin the niinibeisiof the
various divisions of tlie kian '»ere l)icriY\M>il to
a total or.'WO,(KIU persons. Later on. Hie |silitical
lUipiratioiiH of the klan weri'Kiven up, and mem-
liers of tlie order abjuidoniMl thcmselvei* lo
Hcheme-sof imtraguand miinler- May :il, ISTU «
ixiiijfressior.al act was pas^iHl, whicli provided
for the jtrotectlon of the lately-cnfninchlrti'd
ooluri'd men, as aKUiust the " laiUdozlntf " pni.
punslllesof thckiikliix. In February followiag
a striiim'iit act was (lassed for a similar piuiiose,
and on the third day of May, I'TI, a pMclama.
tiun t^ilnst llio kian wus Issued by ri-i>.-,i(lent
lirant. During the next year C1S72) efforts were
made to exiHise the kian. .\ conimlltisi waa
upiHiliiterl by I'onffiess to make an liivestiKution
of tiiekiikliix mystery. Many witnesses wcro
examined by this committee, and the fact.s were
revealed us perlalnin,i< to the existence of llic
ktiklux bands and their horrible doing's.
Lerotnpton Cnnstilutlon. An Instrument that
was fniiiii"! in co'iventlon at I,*'com]itoii f.ir the
Htute of Kansas, In September, IH'7. It pnivldiHl
forllie iiilrodiiction of slavery, and at an elec-
tion III DecemlieralMiiit l!,.i<K) votes (incliiBlve of
many fruiidiilent ones) were cusi for It, The
free slate men refmlneil from voting, until the
elertion, till .laiiiiary, |s.")S, when the Lix-< niploii
coiisUtiitlon was voted down hy lii,(i(XnimJovUy.
In .Inly a froo constitution wim uduptud ut
Wyniidot.
I.eiril Tender. See (Jii'enbai'k.
I><<Kiiilature. Tlioliody or IxidlcH In natAto or In
the I'nltisl States veeted with the jviwer ol
maklntf laws: thus, the novemor and general
as-senibly co'.stltnte the legislature. The pn-si-
deat, Uoii-s*' and nenate constitute the uatioiml
livl'latiiii'. See (lovernment.
Let the I'nlon Slide. An eipre*«lon usdl during
a deliate In coiKrniis bv lieneral Tlatiks.
Uberal Itepubllcanii, and Oemnr rat.i. Those
niemlM'i-H of tlieold jiartles who iwrtlciiiatiM In
llie new deiuiiltire movement of l^.», when
Horace (Jris'ley was nominated for president by
the llbeiiil repiibiicnn. ut rlnclnnall, and the
demoerntaat Ilaltlmore. T'lelilHTil republican
nominee for vice-president, II. (ii-atr. Iln^wn, of
Missouri, wa.s also Indorsed by lip* deinoci-ats.
Tlieseeandirlates were defeati»il at the election
by the reijiihir republicans, who hud renomi-
nated (iener.il (Irniit,
Liberty Cap. .\ piiikivl cap placisl on the lii-ad
of the >;'sldi'ss of liberty. "I.ilH'rty Pole," u
lla^-statf surinount4Kl with the symtiolH of
liberty.
LlVerty Party. SeO .Mmlltlon of Slavery.
VJttle fiUnt. StuiilM'n A. l>ou;,'lns, who wn.i of
fc'mall stature, but a »<reat onitor. See Kuiihils
and Nebnwka, and DemiM'mtlc |«ny.
Lobby. The individuals who frispient the 8|Micn
In a hnll of li'^^isiation not iihinI by regular niein-
IjerH. (Se<! I.oi::rolliii)?.)
Indeed, the lobliyistH and loifrollers around anil
In congress an' aceustonied lo rei'kon iijion the
thermoincler in the middle of .liine every other
Hiimnier, niueli ii-s they reckon on twelve o'cliH'k,
Mnn'hl, In the altunmtu yiMini.— Now York^)Ull,
IfW.!.
I.«eofoeo. .\ term iijiplled lO the ullni deniiM'-
nic.v or lory i>arly In the I'll It I'd Stall s. I.iieifi r
luati'lies were lerineil locofocos, and theupplicu.
tlon of the wonl lo this iiartlciilar |s>lltlcal
XHirty arose thus; In t.-^'U, a cerbilii iiiimber of
the extreme deiiiis'nicy met at Tammany hall.
New York, and therehapiM'nlii^;atrre;it diversity
of opiiilon, tho ctiairman left his si'at,andthe
lights were e\tln(?nlshed, with a view to ills-
sol vo the mevtini;; but thoso In favor of ex-
treme ineaNureu pn»areil loeofoco inatchos,
reklndleil the lli;htH, cont4niie<l the meetliiK,
ail'l uc<:ompllslleil their olljei't.
I ask IheseifriH'.iioliers) what ho|H' they liavn of
keeidiiK slavery out of calitoriiiaund New Mexico
with (o'lierni (Slss presidi'iit and a Iim-oI'ih'o €*on.
xres*r lloruoeHreeley, New York, Sept, •/!, IMH,
I^icmlllnic. A ciislom peciillurt<i liimlierreKloniL
In tlie lo^Klni(cam|Mof Maine, llie several ptir-
tieHlielp each otiier at loTnilllii),'. In fMilltiea,
the term denotes an exchange of voti^s lietween
imrllen, iu onler to can-j- Ihroiiith citraruKaut
meofliirea In which they are liiteruNled.
Withall hia extravagant nolloiis, (General (irant
amothereil a bill of this kind (river and harlKir),
when only one.ililrd ot the present umoiiiit waH
aiipro;irta'te<l; and the n'Hi>oi'table |inv4M, wilhout
illstini-tion of iHtrtv, Iihn Ims'ii more deciiUsI in
condein.'iitior, of 'this loh-rollliiK Jcbberj by
means of which miilioiis arc uiiiiiially siiuanilered
and Htfilen, tlian of any othvr nieii.siiru before con-
uresH.- New York Sun,' May H>, \!Vi.
Marhlne. The hoily of politichins belonftluf; to
any party, who aim to use the pisiple for aelUsh
puriMises, Inst "ad of serving them In thelroITIcefl
iw they should.
lle((iov. romell) wiw sintrleil out for defeat by
the Art hur.ronkiin^ machine beci.iise he had
declined t'l use his otilcliil iiiliiu me In favor of
I onkllnu's re-election t.i the senaie and liecainm
he had liroken away from till' miicblne. .
The repiiliiicjins of New \'irk have ri'Klstere<I
their luolest ui.'iilii'-t fi'deial and iiiaehlne liiler-
ference wllli an einjiliasis mat inakeH it flnal.^
Chicai o Triliiine, Nov. |s>fj.
It may Im' said of this Hint It Is the way iKKwea
of eiiM-tion iiiiiciiiiie.s alwiiyiy talk. The shrewd
Imish iilw:iys says "the pei'iple " when he ineanH
the ni'Mlijie.or tla' cabal of jirofesslonal jtiolit l-
clans who iiuiiu>4{u tliu miu'hine.— chlciiKo 'Times,
Nov. l.'i, IS-.-:.
Uulne Ijiw. .\ law enacted in \Mt\ and amended
'n ISM ill tlie stale of .Maine, beiiiK tlie fli-st to
pni..lliit the .sale of Intoxlcat ini| liiiuom, anil
lieconilnKci lebnited for her lei;:slatlon on this
Kuhject tliroii„'li tlie active etlbrls of lieneml
Keal I low. I'he Maine law was adopted b.v otiier
8t vtes, iiotalily Kansas, Out of Mi cities and
.owns 111 Illinois, M'l wore n()-llc>vniiu place:iin
IS(«I.
Muann and IMinn'a Line. A line ;BI dr-urees, 4.1
mliiiilesaii'rxs wtsinds north lutltuile, estnb.
Il-'hed in I7i;4-T, by Charles .Ma.son und Jeremiah
Dixon, two KnKlLshmalhematlchinsand nstron-
oniers, In onler lo divide the disputed question
of Isiundary 1)1 twix'u I'ennnjlvanlu uiel Mary.
land.
Muss Meeting. .\ p'liera; meetlnt! calhsl for
some siiifial pni-iKise; llrst t^tlkeil of during the
)Militlcul cuni|ulK» "f l'*<". when Ilarrlsin was
electi'd president. The term now ilenoteii any
lan^e me^'tin^^ without regard to iiarty.
Messuife. In t he Cnitt'd states, a communication
Iiy a 1,'evernor or the prcHldent, on state afluira,
to Hie b'^islatiire.
Mississippi s<'heme. In AiiKUHt, 1717, John Law,
a linincierand noted Kumbler, obtained jiennlit-
Hlon from Fninee to start the MissisHippl com.
puny, a wheme which had for Its object tho
juiyiuK off the national debt, und the enrlchiii);
of It.s suiiserilH'r!!. Finally, l.aw'a entablish-
Iiicnt wa-s cn-ated the Koyiil Uiiik In 171s, and,
In I7'jii, he wan nomlnatisl coinptroller-generHl
of (Iiiance. Hy iiMsiKninu Louisiana to the Rank
of Kmnce, S(»l,n(io hIiiiii'h of ii'i'i each wei-e added
to the 1,2(10 slmeHofii'icieaeh, which latter wei-e
for ltsli'(,'itlmati'pur|Hisea. .\flei ward the farm-
Ini^of lol)ae<'o, and theexcliislve trade lo Iiiillu
wcreconfernsl, on wlilcli .')<i,(«i') new sharea were
cn-ated, and llnaily It conslsteil of iidii.onOHhnreH.
Tho p"ije<'t iHH-ame extravai^actly isipular, and
every one apiHiiiiMt anxious to convert his (fold
and silver Into |iapei; but tliebubbie.it length
biii"sl, and many tliou.stnids of tamil es, onco
wi^illhy, 'R'ereiwlnceil loiMiverty, Lav liecaino
the object of j^enenileTecml ion, und wax obllgc<l
loipiil i-'nuiee. He wuiidered iilKiut tiernumy
during Heverul yeurs, and died in li)dlgen*:0 at
Venice In 17;i. See South Sea nubble.
Missouri ('■■■i|>rainise. So-called rtMin an act of
con;;n'SM paasisl in |s-J(), anil ajiprovitl by I*refll.
dent .Momuo, oth March oi thol year, by wh
riK'o iimtehna^
tliu meeting,
' thf»y havoof
il Nrw Mexico
|iH'n|'(H>u ot»n.
<*»|it, 'i7, IH4M.
mlMTroRlona,
Ti) iMiUtlra,
ot*fl l>pt ween
rx|p*ra«ant
(t4>(l.
Jt-nrml <irant
'athl liftrlKM'),
uinoiiiit wuM
riVMt, WlllHIIlt
I' (l^Ttdwt in
J<I>l)fr» hy
■' miiiandri't'd
e boforo co».
roLiTicAi. iiiarouv or the united states.
Hl!*fionrl wnA permlttofl to enter thn union as a
Hluvc-holtlln^ Htut4% with tlu^ OfcrotuK'nt that
aiiivcry uhuiiUl l»o fonivnr pmhiliitv^t lit Ihe tcni-
t^irir^ of the nation lying noi-th of latltuUu liH
tWiXr*^'H :m> Mtlnuti'S.
Monroe Durtrlne. Tn IttiK.duringlho pnwidenry
of .luiiiiM MonnM\ thn SpanUh-Anu'rlran (*o|n.
nh*s having fought their way to Indciwnilpnt'c
lis i(gal"Mt 8|ittln, thry wrrr itTogni/.rd iih iir*
tiid)*;«'ndent i)ow»>r by lln' rnltfil Statn«. In
hlH annual nifanagotot-otigroNsln lH-2.1, tho pretd.
d^nt pnx'.iaimwl tho < ch-hnitcd doctiino of noii-
'.it^rU'r«n('rt, an follown- ''That hh n I'rtnfiplt*
thf Ainerifan contlni'MtM. hy tlio frtM' itid liidi'-
pcndont |M>Mltl<in whlrh thry havnatu-iiintHl und
maintuinrd, ara lionrcforth not to !>«< onHldtred
iiH fliihjfirt4 of fntui'ft colonlKatlon by . ny !- in><
)>f«n |K)wftr." ThU dootiine U attrloiii4>d to
Adams, who wiw aocretarj of uial' under
Moiir*>e.
Morgan. ** He'aagiMMl enough Uiirgan," wn.s huM
!iy H prominent politician uimhi l>riug nMnindn<l
tliat the dead IkMj found In Mflgam rivov would
not (tOM tor Morgan. The phnxsft irt applied to u
n-al or ttnppoiHDti Irlrk or im|ioHltlon, |>artlcn-
InrlT of a jiollticnl niitiire. Sro AntiiiuLsonry.
Mormnna, "Mormon War." \ H4>et of religionu
fi»u*lt.i<^ ♦hat liBj* arisen wltldn tlie prewnt gen-
«>i*<«tI<\T.\ Rli'i pitnrd ovrr many eimrert^. Itn
rinnr^tef Vi^.? Joseph Smith, an Anierlcnn. Uilg-
(i;*5tt!^'3<r^ aucoreiletl, after the dwith of Smith,
t')l3is^^»l.of pntphflt, and retnlned It until hlM
death, ni Bait iJtke city, ju August, ih77. In
I'cbrwiry, 1W7, an at nn-d ImmIv of Monn'ms dis.
perae<1 the United States diMrict court, in T'tnh,
iukI o)>only ucIUmI iho Itiws of IU<* milion.
hfM'ttUie their territory wiw not udmltl4-d ti.i ii
Htato. PrcaidiMit Hnrhanun a)>|)oint4Nl Colonel
Cnmmlng governor of the territory, und sent
lr<MiiM to suppnwrt the r«t>rlllon. Young l>*Hued
a nuinifeJ4i'», and iletennined on n«drtlanee to
nut lout*' iinthorltT. hut Tlirn the Kovennu'
■:-..> ed there, in April, lf\V<, Voun^,' tonrluded t4i
Hunender, and «o th»t " Ihjmion w:ir " 4'nile(l.
Aftern'maiuing for atlru4*, the t!-<M»))H, tn May,
ItW), left \\\v terrilijnr.
Nation. The 04iuntry at large More Btn-nslm^l
lM»*n liid on iliis tenn hy Aiaerlcana shuv the
win- of l-r.l-.v
Nutlotial <ireenl>»ekera. The Mdvocatca 4>f legnl
tender or ;;<ivern*nent money,
I detiiiind Ih;it th:it <1ollar shall h(« Issued hy tlu)
gctverumeiit iiloue, ... I want Ih«t dollar
wtamp'd ui«ui siuue convenient ami eh('apmat4>-
rlftl. ... I also desire tht^ dollar to Im* mado of
Huch uuiti rlMl for the ptii i>o^e that it shall tievia'
he 4'Xi»orte(l - desiiuh'.e to currv on' of the r-Hni.
try. . . I desin- ihitt *lie <I.,;! ir ^■o i-,^M.-.l .-^hull
ne'ver l»e r^deenu'd. . . . For eouveiueuf'e only,
1 pmiMi^r that the didlar si» Issuetl <4lmll iHMiulle
eipial tt». or ii little Indter, than the pn'smt uv*r
Uk'e;;"M doll.irof the woilil, . , . so that when
all th"' pnip -tiv of the (otinlry adjusts Itsi-ll to II
!iHii meiwureul* vulu'? It shall rcinahiallxtNl staml-
ar<l forever. N. V. Ileiuld reiM>rtMiM*«eh of iionend
II. F. lluller, IS7.-I.
Native Anierlejinn. The na Me of ii im>1 tieal
IMrty that had ri nhort exlsten ^e, innn IMl, and
was founded u|M>n thn notions of Individuals
who utlvociited the rights imd privlU'g**^ of imt-
Hitu* Iktu In tho l^nit4'il Stat4>s, as opifused to
those of forcignivH. It proiHist'd uu extension
of the tenn 4>f residfUU'e reipdnMl by law pre.
ceiling udinl.sslon to full eitUenshl|; fnun seven
(o irt cnty-one year-*. Ttii-* party ^ive way
iK'foro the know-nothings und the Anu'rican
IM.rty that lollowe<l in IHM and IHOtl msiMH'tlvely.
See Know-nothings.
Natarullzuthtn. The act of cimferrlng n|Kui an
iilien the rlghls and i)rivileg(s of a native
Inkahltant or eitlzen. Aliens nuty iHt'onw rill,
zona 4)f the I'nitiMl stales after residing in tin'
nation live years. Fir-<t ntituralir.atlou art in
the colonies W1U4 thai ■ aj^>ed ly the assemtily id
Maryland. A law of this kind was iKissi-d hy
congrr . .M Mareh. ITao.
Negro I:\4m1iis, A movenntit fnuu Ihe .*oulh to
tho Htute of Kansas and other nonliern states,
cointiicncuU In Mandi, 187ll, und ctuUluueil for
Roverul yinirs; cnusml no douht hy tho hard cou<
dttlouNof living In the south.
New Knglitntl dtnfederatluii. The union lorintr<l
l»y I he .'DlunieH tor Hclf.protfCtliui UMu/^iinst the
Indians and French, In H^iil.
Nleknanies of tttutea, Clilea tiud I'eople —
Arkan.Mu*'- Hear Htutv.
Alhiulu tiatciity.
nulllmon- .Monnnnuilal city, frutn tho fnuid
nionumenlK.
Itoston Athens of AmcriciL Tho lIuU
Ilro4»klyn— City of Cliurchra.
Uu1Iiih>'<^IU4>en city of the lakes.
California- (-olden state.
(*anacla Canuck ; u Canadian la ko-<.>&1Icx1. Also
written Cannuck, and K'nuck, a French Can.
ad Ian.
Chicago (iardenclty.
Cincinnati— ijue4<n city (»f tlw west. Turk.
4)|Mdifl.
Cleveland— KorcHt city.
C(dorailo-C4*ntennial state.
ColumhliA- l*almett4> city; tho capital of Hfnith
Carolina is H't.calliMi inun the armn of the
atnt", wliich contain a lulmetto.
ronneetleut-Illu4'.law hlate. Nutmeg or Free
stone. I. ami of sU'iuly hahlts.
l>4'laware Ulamontl state. Itlue Hen.
netrott- City 4if tin? slmllM.
Florida I'enlmtula st«t4'.
(U'orgia- F.midro4if the south. Cniektuf*.
(Jul t states - Florida, Aluliuum, Mitwlsslppl, Loui-
siana, and Texaa.
Illinois I'niirle or Sucker state. Nntivtw ealh'i
Huekers from the hahlt. In early days, 4>f such-
Ing walrr Irom crawllsli liohs with holhm-
wei'ds. Southeastern i»<uti<ui culled Kgy|»t,
fnnn fertility of the S4>11, autl alh'g4sl nu'ntal
darkn^^M.
Indiana MiK)Mier, a c*)rruplion of the t4'nn
hnslur, ai'plird to -ongh nn'n from Indiana
who exhililted u t1is]K>sit Ion to hti-ili ui* their
4>pi><uients. Applied hy the K»'ntnckians to
n4'lghtK)rH In Indiana who res]K>nd tu u knm'k
(Ui tln^ door, '* Who's ycre?"
Indlana|>ol is— Kail road 4-lty.
hiwa llawkcyo stale, fnun old llawkeye, an
Indian chlet".
Jayhawker- A cant nan.e f(»r a lawless or other
aoldier not enli<"ted.
Kan.sas- Jayhawker, or (ianlen of the west.
Kuntucky lilm* gnt^s, 4»r l>ark and hloody
ground, Corncrackers.
Ke<)kuk (Iowa) (iatc city, fnnn Its jajsltlon on
the .Mississippi river, a natural center of navi-
station.
I,onWla:ia Pellean state. Cr«S)le.
I,..ulsville-^FallHcily.
Lowell (Matw.)— city of spindles.
Maim'— Pine Tre4f state.
Massaehusetts- Original name, Moaauchnsctta
Hay. Hence, Ihiv slate.
Michigan \Vi)ivrrine.
Mlnnes4>tu tJoiiher, or North StJir btut<>.
Mls»iisHl)ipi Itayou state.
Ml'tsouri Ihilllon state, from Senator Hon-
ton. who was jKLrtlal to eoln nnuiey. 114! was
called Old Uullitm. NatlV4's an> nicknanu'il
I'UKes.
Montreal-Clly of the Mount4dn and the Kai)idd.
Na.-hvlili'-City of Itocks.
Neviida Silver.
New I'.runswick- Illne Noses.
New llam)».sidre— (iiiinltu slate.
Nt'W Mavcn (Conn.) City id" Lima,
New .Iriscy Jersey Itln*"*.
NiMvOvlenn-*— ''ri scent city heeauseof ltaHhai>o.
New Yotk Uotham, so-ea'.icd Iroui theallegcd
o4hl trndilion disp1a> e<l hy its luhahitants, A
dcsi-«>ndant of one of tlie old lUitch families
wasealied a KnIckerlKHk4'r. (New York was
tli-st setlh-d hy the Low Puti h, in If.ll.)
New York (stat4') Kmpire.or Kxc4'lsior. Knlck-
erlMM'ker.
Stulh Carolina old North state. Tur|K'ntlne.
Tar Heels.
Nutmeg stnt*— Connroticut, on Account of tho
story tluit vtNxlen nutnutgsare manulacturml
there for 4'xiMM-tat ion.
Ohio Ituckeyo Htiit<% from the huckcyti tree
which grows there.
Oroffon— Weh-foot state.
I'ennnylvania- Keyst4U)eHtat4>, from ItMc^ntnil
]M)fittlon as regurdn the 4)ther4)rlglnal statea.
rhllailclphiu-V^uikor city. City of Brotherly
LoTe
IMttahurgh- Iron city.
Portland {Malm-) Forest city.
QuelM'c (;lhi-ullur 4>f .\nierloii.
ItlHxIe |slai><l Litth'Uhofly.
San Fnineisco City of the (;olden ilfttO.
SprlngHeM (in.)-Flower city.
South Candlna- Talmetto Plate.
St. l^tntU' Monnd tdty, from themound.i found
there l»eforc Ih^ city waa huill,
Tennetwee— Mudhcuds, the natlv4^sof tliatntate
arnsoxalled. Big Uend state.
Toxaa Lone Star, fnnn the single atar In the
center of the flag of that stutc. iloetheada,
Ton)nto — City of C4)ilcge«.
rp-C4tuntry— In New iLaui}>9hlr4;, used ou tho
coaj«t.
I'tah — .Mormcm.
Vermont -!;rt'*"-u MountAin atiitr.
Vfrginla— Old i»omlnlon. Wln-n a colony, th*»
king 4'uU4>d li "The Colony and Dominion of
Vlivlnla." Mother of Stat4'H.
^Va^hlng1on— *'lty of ll(ignlflc<!nt I»Utance8.
West Virginia— Panhandle state.
Wl«*c4inHln — Ita<lger Ntat4»,
N4>rtli. In a i>olitlcal .sens*', the northern statof.
or those states lying north of Mason and I)ixon*fl
and the .Missouri compromise line.
North Americana. Those of the Anu'rican or
know-nothing p*»t-ty In the north who were
op|H)se4l to slav4'ry.
Northwest TerrlU>ry. The c4>lonle«of Virginia,
New York, Mas«>a<'hurt4'ttH, and St)uth Candlna,
nt an early 'lay, lu^pil red claims to lamls ex tend-
inis' from the Atlantic ti» tin* raelllc. In r.s:t,
-■ongress nrgtsl ujhui l!H*44'colonles Ihe necessity
of yielding Iheir siM-t-lal claims In favorof tho
I'nited colonies. Virginia ucc<»rdingly ceded
her claims t4> the northw4->l4'rn territory In
March, \7M. The claimsof New York were like-
wis4! c(Mle<1 to the rnlt4'd *x»lonU'H, and tho
wcatern lM>unds of that 4'4)lony were described
by "u line from the luu-tJH'iLst corner of tho
cohtny of Pennsylvania, along thenortli l)i>nndR
thereof, t4> Its northw -st (■orn4'r, eontinue<l dtu)
west until It shall he intei'sected by a meridian
line, to he drawn from the lorty-llftli d' gree of
north latitude, thi-ough a isilnl twe.ity niilca
dvuj west from the mtist west<'rly oent, or incli-
nation of th" river, 4»r St nil t 4if >l:igura; thence,
by the said nn'rldlan line, a> tho fortyllfth
degr4'e of north tatitutle, th4'nee by the siiid
forty-tlfih di>,'r4'e u( north latilude." M:i-shi-
tluisetts eeded Inr 4laim, in April, 17s.>, to all
lands W4'st of the line alK)ve 'uflic4Ue<l. C4ui.
ntitlcut. In Sept4Mnh4'r, 17HI, cedeil ull lands
within the limits td hergrant lying r^) ndles
w 'St (tf the western Nnnnlary of I'(?nnsylvanliu
Sou^h Carolina, in August, l>7, surrendered nil
luT right t4) lamls W4'sl »d tin? '*halu of numn-
talns, which a4'i«imt<'s the ea,stcrn from tho
west4Tn writers. So the Ciiiti'd colonies ah.
Hcu-hed all the landn northwest of the Ohio, and
a goveMnn4'nt tor the northwest territory
iH'Ciimc imiHiiithe. This latter waselfccted hy
th4'Celehnite4lnnUnaneo of 17f^7, which see, see
CotnuM't icut Kescrve.
Ntillfflenthin. I»lvers4« Inter4'sts which involvml
the imrthern and sontlurn scellous of tho
Cnitisl states In frei|Ui-nt and 4-xi-illng disputa-
tions and eon tent ions, were elearly Indicated In
tlu' single Instance of the *' nnllllleatlon move.
ment." During tin' tlrst term of I'reslditit
Andn-w Jaiksim, the tJirlir (luesllon iwsnnn'd
fpilte formidable proixutitm^. Tho south hud
no manufactures to foster, and ikKiHossetl a sta-
ple article wl ;ch It desired tt) sell, there:'or4' It
1)
»■ *
(
1 ■
1:
1 ' .
1 ■
' 1
i -
1 '
1 '
^^.-^c
I'OLITIC^VL IIISTOUV Of THE I'NITED STATES.
w»«opixinr»l til II prntci'llvii lurllT. On tlioiNt
toi'itli .lanuiin , Hai, UdImiI V. Ilayiic, i-imjuldr
of Joliii <". CaMlnllll, iliul Ncillllor flnim *«inUll
riiKilitiii.fli'Iivfri'il liU ^rt'ut H) ( h In l;iv»ir <if
niillilli'iitiiin.iinil tlir r< lilinili'il reply »( nniili I
Wrlwli'i- w:w iiiail"iiii Ihi'-lltli. I'ri'slili'fit Jack-
MIII.UlM iMIKjIH't, Mill Apl'll, tlllci-l-ll 111)' I'ilUliHIH
tiKwt: "iiiif iVili ml inilDu: It iiiii-.t lie pr<'-
ktvimI." In 1 •;■.', Iiavln;^ n>iic|ir(| tlio )ii>iiit «»1'
I'Xtrc'iii.' i>pi»ntlliiii I'ltlii'tiuiir, iirli. ■ Iniii'iiHcd
mtiMif (liilli^, wliirli cniif^rK?*'* liail liihl, thr stuto
of Smlii I'uri'llmi, In convriitliiti, Nnvi'inluT 111,
mtUri'il that llii' larilV acln wi!ir nni'unstitu-
tleiiHluirl \iii<l. Thar Mt.ait' at oiiro pri'iiiiicfl ti>
H'slst till- iiatiiiniil aa'iiiiril/ Iiy fiirt'r cif iinii^j.
ProcKuut Juikiioh, iiivliiK 1 "I'll rciliTtifl, In
IH.1i, WM III iinic" ami (l><tui'iiilnc'(l lucxi'iutu
tlirlnws, wlili'h I c ilil by prdclaiiiatlim, Issiiril
Dtrciiilicr In, ii'.'l an (inirr for (Ji'iionil Srntt to
pi'tMTrd t«> « liarlr-tini wllh all tlin nallonul
troops 11' irr liiri loniiiiaiiil. Ilr also t-ciit a vi'S-
8rl of war to tliat ])ot-t,anfl luul tin* It'iulnxof tin*
UlOVPIlHMlt illtorilll'll ol' lli.l llllMllloll to Hcl/e
and liuii;? IIkmii as hooii um tl<"v tilioiild firotliu
first xnn atraliwl tlii' iial:' iiitliorily. Tlio
danger of ili-tiiii ion wa-*, I'oi .!..■ Ilinr, avrrteu.
Ilrnry Clay pro|K»''iH| a i-oiiiproiiiise tiu'a.<mro In
tlip form of a laililMII, uliali prcn iiliil for i
tcrudiial ri-ilni-t ion of dutli'.^ daring till' follow iiifc
di'Ottdr. Thf iiirumirn laa-uiiiu ii law, .Mairli -J,
I-,tl. S.-o stain ItiKlilM.
OIHe'#*-lioM#T. niir Avli ) liolda an oIlliT iiiidnr
Kovt-rninont. oileii iii nd as a tt-rni of rrpioai'li,
"Ofll<OMikii-,"oiu> wlio Htrlvcs to (-it ft puMIc
|>o«ltioii oiolllci'.
Old .Mm-. MiiiiliHiii IliK'oln wa.'iKo.i'alli')!. Diir.
tiiK tin' war of N;i-.'Miil()i4'd jit'oplc of tin' south
(\dlrd lilin Ma«sa I.lnkinii.
OIH I'oiO'. One who 1.1 not iiji to thr spirit of
the aj,'!'.
Old Ilh'kory. liciicrul Jmrkson. picshhiit of tin-
I'liilc-il Niati'S. Socallnd Iroin Ms t()iij;li iiatiiri',
and Ills lnt<lllr*:ciit flriiiiw-s. I'arson IJiownlow
wa-- lallt'd the IlicKoi\- iih'.olilsl,
Onr-liorap. A Ipnii applird toaiiy siiiull coiicirn ;
as a oni'dioi.-i' hank, onchonir town, rlr.
Till' twin iiiisi- of Kan-as, innv tliut 1 hr iKjitli-r
riiltlaiiB have stopiicd i-avuRlnR hrr, »ri' laml "pri-.
Illation aiid onchoisf iiulltltiiiiia,— ]lo:itc'0 liree.
Iry, IK.'.ii.
On 111 Uli'liiiiond. A phrusc hillcved to have
orlKinalfil with Jlr. I'itz Ilrnry Wui riii, ilsso.
<lat« odi;or of llin Nr» York Trlhiinc, who
wroti' II, " Korwaid lo lilcliinoiiil! " TIn-cipies.
8lon was jMipiilarlztMl usaliovc,
I wlslilohr ilistlintly understood as not st-rk.
Ini; lo lie irliiviil li'oiii unv ii'spoiislhilItT for
iiri,'lii(,' thnadvanci-of thr union ;:iniid army Into
Vlrtiniu, thoimli the onal-.' |ihrHs«., •• 1 orwaid to
Hlohinond!" isn.it minp, and Iwnnid litivc i.if.
furred not to llimte It. — lloruce (Jri-eley, .Inly
Onllnunrp of t7Hr. Tlin rclrhniiiil ordiimnoe
tind artli'lrs of coini^K't, us fninird hy thr run.
Krrits of till' Anu'rlian coiilrdrnny. I!y thr
ado|itloii of this mra.snii', l.i .Inly, I7s7, a liiiriiH
wu«r»lahl|shrd for thr u'lVi'innirnt of tin' vast
nrrfhvrrst Icrritoiy. Tin- arllclrs of thr roni.
part piovld.d lorrrlih'ioiisliri'dom, llii' hnicllts
of the writ of hahnis corpus, trial hy Jury, t'tc. ;
for thr I'hriairaKi'inrntnf .schixiln; for Just treat,
mriil of thf Indians; and liy theslxlli and la.^t
»rt|rlc fiirlialr any "slavery or involiintai-y
servitude exeept li.rei iiiie," nlihlii l!ie IkhmiiIs
<if the tiiiltory. Artlair St. (lair was eleetrd
Iiy loiDjn-ss, .')th (X'tolicr, ITHT, aa the tli-st (.-over,
norof the niirthweHt trnllorj'. .Sec Northwest
Territory.
Orlcin or the Nnmes of htHtPR-
Alalaiii.i conns f.-,.|„ aiireek word, 8l)?nlfyin(t
" Till' lai d ol re-t."
Arkansas isd.nvcd from tlio Indian word Kan.
««, "smoky Waiei>," wltlilhe Fifnch proflz
of ark, " a liow."
CaJlhiinla, from aspiinish TMnanre. In whieli Is
deM<rll)(«l "the Kreat .sland of (all lorn la
where an iiliiindance ol gold and procions
stones urc found."
rolonido. ruddy or Wooil-reil. from the color of
the wai cr of I'ului vlu river.
l,'onne< tleut'ii WM Mune^D, ciwllisl originally,
(^inn.*di.ta.ciit, -iKnlfymg "a lonj; river."
IH'Iawai.- derives ltd name from TlKiiiuui WcHt,
I.onl K« lu W.irt', povcmorof VtrKinlu.
>'lorldu K«li> lis naiue from KiiM|ua;t du Klorcn, or
" f'etwt ft the llower*."
IlUiiois' name H derived fhini lh« Indian word
-mini," men, and the Frendi alllx "oIh,"
nm..liig "Trllwof men."
Indianit's name chdm' froui ttut of the Indium*.
Iowa sihMillles, In \'Mt IiidUii \A,ig\Mge, " Tho
drow sy ones."
KansiLs t-s an Indian word for smoky wat<ir.
Kentucky, iUs<i, U an Indian name, "Knin.
tnk.ae," signifying, at llie lieail of tho river.
Louisiana wiu isi nainni in honor ' f I.oiils XIV.
Maine take:) Its name fn)m the jiixjvlnieof .Main,
In Fmneo, and was iwi.c«lle(* In eoniiih.iient to
theiinevnof riiarlea I., Uenrlelta. Its owner.
Maryland recelvi-t lt« name from tit;" nmeii of
Cluirli-s I., Ilcnr'- 'fa Maria.
MaKsaoliuselt«, fr thcind; agiw '^, alfpl.
fy'm; ''i ■ • oupl .i u» • i 'ill'
ilU-: . ir - nam. \ ■ .'^ . »( .-"^lu tl 'i;.':e,the
Iiiil.a'i name fur i ■' •.•;•)■, o ' ^ whuh tlio
shajK) of tbc I ' .e »>...■ ' . -J
Sllnnesoto, an i- kin i ." '"t.i'.Jy wafer."
.".:'ssi,,.ilppi deriveil ita >. . .• fttnn ■'■■ .if the
Kreai .'ve!., which !», In th." Natch ,; 'UO,
"The Katherof Waters."
Ml.ssonrl i.s an Indian name fur mtiddy, liavlnK
reference lo the inuddincui of the Ullssonrl
river.
.Si'W llainixhlre — flrst called Laconin — from
llami<ehire, KngLuid.
New- Jers^-y w*.i3 naiiM^l by one cT Its orijflnal
proiirieton'. Sir tieorgel'arter, alter the Islainl
of Jentry In the Itritbb vliaiiiuJ,of which liu
was Kovrmor.
New York wa-ss«> nami^l asaconijillincnt to the
Uuke of Y'ork, »!ii.-e lirother, Charles II,
KRinlLsl him that territory.
The Can din:i-s Were naiiitsi In lionor of Charles
I, and (■•'Orsia In honort.f CUirles II.
Ohio Is the 3liiiwue« name for "The beautiful
river."
on'Kon, from It* river. In Indian mi'aiilng
"i:nerof Ilie Wi.st."
Pennsylvania, as is tieiicrally known, takes Its
name from ^\ illUuu Tcnn, and tlw word "sil.
van la " tni^nln); wmwIs.
Kiiode Ii.kiiid gels lis name from the fancied
re^eml.lanceof the ULuid tottiat of IlhiKirs In
the ancient Levant.
Tcnness>'e Is an Indian name, meaning " The
river with the i.:>f 'nern^"
Vermont, from tueGr«'n mountains. (Krench,
irr/f inunt.)
Vlr.finla ftefs Its name from «,'uren Kllzabeth,
the iitiTnarrie*!, or Vir,;iri Qnfrn.
West Virjrinia is simiily a i«<'U(.'ru)ili|eal deslfina-
tlon Kroin ltj» «liai.e, the northern jKirt Is
call..; " I'anlandie st.ite."
Wlscoi: 4ln*s name is said to be the Indian name
for a wiM rushing channek
IVeulb>r InatHution. Said of nngro slavery,
wlili'h was peculiar to the 9«jiith.
Pfrkhi^s and Stealjnir>< reniulsltiv of office,
will' h are not always lioni^tly obtained.
I'latfurnt. .Vdeclarscon of |'iinci|>Ies to which
mrmlK'rx of a political |«rtr declare tlii'lr adhe-
sion.
rnlltleal Capital. The means of imlitlciU ad.
viincement.
ojmlar .Sovereignty. The 1 1^1:1 of the whole
|ieoiile to i-jrtleip«ite In forming the constitu.
tion, and iiiuctini; the Utws under w hich they
arc to live and hr which they are to be gov.
erned. "S<i natter sovereignty," the right of
Hinalti rs li; a territirjr of ti.e (iiittsl States lo
form and lej-Miiati- their own 'iomestic relations
inllielrown vsy , the^4|tialler "siverei^insof Cal.
ifonila voted ur.iinst slavery, and entered the
union as a free state. See Kansas and Nebraska.
Piv- flmpllnn Klghl. The rikdit Klven tnsettl
of piiljlU' lands, to purchase ilieiii In preferonea
toothers. Inorderto maintain this ri^ht, Mm
pre.eniptoru'iist haveeiei ted a house or entereil
niKin the work .if Improving tho land, of which
he Ii!iH taki^n jiosseiislon.
I'resldeiit. In the I'ultud. States, tho chief ezeou.
live oi the nathin,
rrohlbltlonUt. one In fovor of iirohlhltlng by
law Mill sale tif alcoholic iM'veruges.
I'ro-slnvery. In favor of slavery.
KuK llnliy. The Iditt of niakliig greenbacks tha
le^'iil. If not the only, money of the nation.
opiHisi'd to nullonal.bnnk money. The green.
Uickers I'l'^^ard the jireelous metals as cumbrous
and expen.dve articles for currency. Sf Na.
tloiiiil (iriS'iiliackerH.
Itag .Money. Paper uioni-y. This term was
aplilled to lhogiiM>nliiick currency by the hard.
money press.
Ilebelllon, War of. See Slaverv War.
Ilrd nog. An epithet applied 'o certain tiank.
notes, uiion tho hack of whirl tho f ini .i i
sta'ai) was printed In red l.k.
V st ( f Lake Ichl^an we never had a |iH|ier
doll. ir that ^vas worth exactly as iiiitch asagold
dollar. . . . lied dii^^and Htnni)i. lull were the
di'scrlptlvo tenns aiiplled by us lo our eiirreney
beliiie the war.— 1). II. Whoeler, March .'i, lst;»<.
Ite|iu)>lleun I*arty. The nntl. slavery jiarty tliat
rose into vljiorona life during the jmlltlenl
Ulilieaval of ls.i(i. The luiino has been used sev.
enillliiies In tho history of American [lolltles.
(.Sen Deniocratlo Party.) The democrats wero
the ] Mil I Ileal iVIemIs of the south, or of siavei-y.
The repnliileans were their |K>litlcal opiHinnnlH.
Previous lo its organization In KW, the ele-
ments of tho republican party op|x>sed tho
extension of slavery, and geneiidly, were In
favor of aboittion. The lirst national conven.
lion inel at Plilladel]ilila, June 17, of the year
named, and nomlnaled Colonel John C. Kre.
inont, of Calllornla, lor piesldenU William 1..
I>ayloii, of New Jeivey, wa.s ehosi-n Itir vice.
pi .'sldeiit. The nominations were luade uniini.
inous. The democmlM had previously dosli;.
liated tlielr candidates, Jiiiiies Itiichanan, of
I'ennsylvanla, lor iiresldent, and John C. llrw^k.
Inrldye, of Kcntiieky, lor vlce.prrsideiit. The
eanii«ilt,Mi followliii; tliesr and otlirr nomina.
tlons, was one of ureal ex> Itcment, which the
war in Kansas tended to Intlaiiie. .\i iheelte.
Hon the republicans iKilled a viry larye (sipular
vote, and llniily established llieniselves its the
most I'ormI li.ble party In opposition to the
natio! .1 deniocriicy. The denuierHlic adniiiiis.
t.atlon tliHt hillowed was marked by the Hrrd
Scott decision— (kIIoiis to Hie repiiWl leans- tin-
njipnival of the I.ecompton constiliilion by
President Iliichnimn, wliich was asodl'ins, and
the exr<'ntioii of John llrown, which uniiisi'd
the feellnus of the alolllionlsts. Mr. Lincoln,
atS|irlii(;(1rld, 17 Jiinr, IKW, Hnnouiiced that the
governmrnt could not |>ermanently eudnir half
Hla\eand half free; and later, Oetolier 'i.^, in a
speech at llochester, Mr. Seward ilei'larrd, as
between slavery and frrrdom, there existed an
Irreiiressllile conflict. These plimscs were often
repeated by tho repiibiicaiis, and llieKoulhern
democrats tiMik notice of tlirm as declarHtloas
utterly hostile to the Institution of slavery. In
tlieiauiy jmrt of the year, .senator Douglas, of
Illinois, the great northern ally of the sonthejn
drniocraey, took issue witli the admlnlstrnlion
on account of the attempt of Hie iillni demo,
ciats to force u jiro. slavery constitution upon
the people of Kansas. Jdr. Itiichanan hud
Indorsed the Leconigiton silicme, us Indicated,
and theopiMisltlon of Mr. Douglas had the rlTeet
to weaken the democmtlc party in the north.
In the elections lininedlately following this
remurkaiile contest, when most members of the
thirty. sixth congri'ss were cluism, the republl.
cms showed Increased strenutli, and the demo,
cmtie minority of the bouse was again over.
thniwn. iMiriiig the year liUit, the brmoh
widened between the north and south, and In
i
POLITKIAL lllhTOIiY OK Till: INITKI) KTAVKH.
iHflO, Mm ivpublleiin iwrty, ull HoMdltliMl nixl
Htroug, Kiitrrpd tlir |<r*'Hl<l('nttul ciiiniMilRti with
renewal vigor. Tlio rrptililti-ui niitlonHl con.
vnitlon iiifil In ('ril(>ti4<i>. May Hi, nti'l i>ii tlit* Ir^lli
ttir iKJiiitnutloii <il Ahnitmiii I.liiniln.nf llUfiolfl,
for i>r<*Hl(1f>iit, Hint llaniilt);il ll.i..ilh), ol Matno,
Inr vU'A-|iri*Hl4liMit, wiirt iniiMc iinaiitiiioiw. op.
IH^^^O to |.liH'4tln mill lliuithii, urn* ltciitt(lii>^ iin<l
.liiliiiw.i ( I>4ni;.'liiM <l<'in)K'ri(c'y\ lM*ii klm lili(f
itii<t l.)i!i(* (Un'( klnrltlut iUMn<irrm-\ ), ami lli'll
Hii'l Ever t* tCdh tlMitUi 1 niijoir In lli'tC •<•.
tliiri ri>lln\« iip; nil t . Hc iioiiiltintfoiw, the vvv
HtnUr* wryt r- iTlt'il l-v !'»■ M'lMihlU aii" ami Ml
l.lricoln r<T. iv((| a liii^rrr (Kiptilar voir tliuii
Ihii* '-tu^t for .)iuiit"4 r<iM lianiin, loni- yi'iiiN ltt>
Wll.'il till' U'MllU WItH ili'icriiilMivl, ?*I»VC1-1 .(1.
mill onicopi In Sonih Carollnii rrsljfncd ll»!lr
IMwilions, and tin' jwojilo of that >*l 'If |iri*j>ariM|
t4» stHNMh* Troin ttiiMinlon. I'lt. .itcni Itnchanan,
by IiIm nn'HHm'i', Itrornitui* 4, Airlinilly ri'cojf.
tii/.«Hi »Ih» t Jit of Hi'ci'MMion, • rl onn ul'ti-r
ji,u)tli4-r vrtrl»>nH Honlhrrii stiifi- -■■.■im*iU'«1 fmni
tJH' union, iH'xlnnin;; with >ontli Carolina,
|M'r<TnlMTJ<», ls(i*), »n<l rndin^ w Ith the sn-c-iNion
of T# niU'HHci', which wwh riTcctcd .lunc H, IhiU.
Mr. Mnc'oln was ltiant;iimtr<l iis prf'stdrnt llh
March, 1j*(1I, when the war f'lr tlic nnlon was
commenced and lamhed to a Hucci'MMfnl Icrmlna-
lion. KroiM the year H'.l t<. the time nl Ihl^
writing; ( I'^H.n till) national re)inl)tican pni ty hnn
iKH-n lnc<>nMtanl iMmsesslon of the pre^ldcntlnl
odlee. -^ee I>entocniti<* party. and Wide awakes.
n4>|MidUitliml*<t. f»ne who favors or mlvitrate?*
repudiation o( dehtn.
Tlif •^♦inth was never at ftny timo niorc ftdly
repiiventetl at Washington liv ii famitieal and
Inuat Ic pni.sla\'erv set t liaii Is the west al pre?«enl
bv a fainttical aiid Innatic Het of silver inoney
re|tndlHlionlsts. — N(!w Vork lleiuld.iilHtiil Decern-
her. IK77.
Ketiirnlnic Itnurtl. A number of men whosr
duty Is that id eanvaj*s|nj^ tie ^oIi-m cast at an
olrcthm, and niakliu; kn«>wn Uie result. Certain
MoutlHTn states,
Itteltinond. Cuptial of Virginia, and dmln^' the
hluvery war ft H 1 ■'» wnslbr si-jit of jfovernnuMil
In Iho Sontbei.i confedenu*y. Tlin capture of
Pt'trrsbur^' an<l Uichnnmd '»y tho nntionat
troojis under (ittint, was ctfected "M and ;til
April, Wk'). For surrender of l.eomtd .lohnston,
I'ti*., sec under the lipmi of Slavery War.
Kln^. .V set of opcnitoiN for seir-intorest orsclf-
H^Krundl/.ement, whose uetH are detrimental lo
the iMilille. This sort of rln^' was aptly Illus-
trate* I in a iMiok by the useol a cut showlnji the
rlnjf men of New York standing; In a circular
lino, Utw* Tweed beluL; prominent, each one
IHdnttn^ at the one nex' to him. Theplctui*c
was lattelled, '* T'was hhn."
I{4>os|er, I)4-inncrutlc. Itlid It. Clinpman. a |m>II.
ticliinof rcpiile in Indiiuia. aliout l>lt, published
a dcmocrM*ic pnpiT, and on the occasion C)f a
victory at ^oiv local eltict ton, was felldtati'd
by an actlv«» democrat, who wrote, "it. w.
(?hupman, crow. '* These won la were used as a
hoadllne In hU next day's edition, and ho tlio
drnuK nit ie roofilci* wtia flrnt IntnKlnccfl as tho
harbin^crtd vicl^u-y.
Suit lUv^r. An Iniajxlnary rlK"er, up widch de.
le/tcd iMilitieal candidate^) aw sujuwaod lo bti
wnt. The pbr.ist' " to row up salt river" bad its
origin from salt ilver, or Salt creek, a small,
winding? stn'am In tho state of Kentucky.
(>wlnt< t*i th« many bars undhiiallows lij whlcli
it \n clmnictffrli'.cd, It \h dinicidt to row up tin*
strfttui. Tho defeated indlvidti.il 1.-+ mwed up
Suit river.
Hcrntch. To scrutch the nainr of n cundldntc, ho
thul it will not »ppi*ar on the lieket. .\
Mer*toh»d ticket Is onr uitli the nuuieof i can-
diil«t« rnwcib A " Imdiy seralclipd ticket" U
on« with Ihft namas vt .se>.*:n*l eandidut^s
rrrw«l. "wr T!cJt»*t.
S^c«ifl»iMi|«ta, TkovM of tk« jMirty In the nouth
in f .^i 4t{ wlthdiiLWln; U'im\ the feUcml uiiiwn.
Til" tftim HOCMh «a;* commuinly applied to »*ctvefl-
sionints. "Sei'eMU," tho conlrdei-ul«aUtes.
«..r<jn'\-
:Pl
as 1h
•y
.i Vl 11
I
■i.-ii
■Ml lliui
n
furl
•Ini s.
(
'. I'i
H^MInnnlUm. A fo^llntfof flii4<<*lii' IntcrrHt InoiiM
sei'tlun nither than In the whole ci>>intty.
Hcnuti*. The higher brt'K-h of the congrfHs of
the Cnlled >tat4-H. It U eom|M>H4'd o| I wo sena-
tors from each htHt4» of the fi-deiutlon. chiM«cu
for a term «)f mx yearn. The pritsiilln^ oftlcer
1h the vice-president of the I'nit4*d stal4-*.
"Uous*','* lh<' lowrr hraiudi »d the con^nvs-* oT
tho CniltHl Stati'H; It In comjioh4'd of memlMM'H
chosen every HufMind year bytlai pi>op|e of tin*
sevend ^tatt'H.
Nlilnplu>l4 r. A Nink nolo (u- any paiMT miih4*y
that Is ijf low dpnominulhui or d<'pn'rlat4'd In
value.
Sllv4'r Ihdinr. Se*' Tnide l»olIar. ^
SlUiT <*niys. ,\ Itrrn applied to eon-<ervativo
wld^s In the state (d New V«nk, who dlsat{r4'4-d
with (dl'.er iueuihei*s at u convention, anil
conseipiently wilhdfew. The dinsrnlers wi-re
ohserv»'d to b4» f;4'nttetneu <d' inatiirer yea I'm, iirtd
many wer4^ irniyhaind. Wlnrcnism some one
remarked, as they lell I ho meelln}{, "Th4'ref!4>
the silv4r K'^'y^'* 'I'bo youuirer 4d4>ment. lU'
radii. d memlH'rs of thu whi^ I>a< ly> wer<' 4-aUcd
woelyhearls, a-* distinct from sllvir !?rays.
Slate. A term applied to an luiii^Muary slate,
upon w hicb is w rilteu tla* nauiesof lanilldalei*
fori>nico. Those who csp4'ct !«> be<>om4>eandl-
datts strive to jjet lladr names on tin; slate,
which Is alMiut 4Hiulvul4^nt to ^etlln;? tho iiuml.
nation.
NIhvo C'«m|4'. a dlK4st of laws ivl '^1, ' .v'.ji
and the slav4' Hystem.
Slavery War, 4>r K4d>ellloii. Th
(d shivery in the rnil4'd State-
the con federal 4' ■*, uiwh-r llcauf
with thirty heavy guns and »>
StmiliT, In the harlKtr of ^ .j
April, lH»il. During four y4*HfH. i.. v ;.«'■* W4»n',
killed In battle, (il.lttij; 4tU^<. of w nds. :M,:37;
db'dof disi'use, IKt,'.*,.;; tit, ' dhd, -JTIU:!;; t»dal
deseiled, Ilf.'.HC). Confctl '4>ldl' -s whodted
of wtaindsor disease, l.t'i,. i mt\, lai. im-
partial Ilguies. Tidal cimi. <lei.ite and unhui
dead. U;l,l'.»7. Kstlmated cost (tf the war. f t.ixio,-
(N)0,(iOO. Kxp4>ndltun>s arising from the war
wore, on June 10, l.s,s(>, as roiMtrted by Secretary
Sherman, ♦C.lW.iei.Jt^K.'K ('(Uifi-deintc fi)Tvcrt
nnilcr (JonernI l-ce surr4*ndered to Cieneral
(imnt, April !t, HhV rr4's|di*nt I.I?H'oIn was
ass:isslimt4'd at Washint-'ttm, \pr!l II. (tciund
Jidmston's coubslemte army surrendered t4>
(i4'nenil Sherman on tho '2«lh, and early in May,
Hh'i, the war embMl,
Slavo Tra4l4^ .ind Slavery. cSuppr4'S)»ion and
abolltlmi Ir the HrlC b emplre)^Tlio fH'cu|>n.
tlon of pn curintf and sellin;; persons who arc
at the disposiU of id hers. The l»or»u^rU4'se
lic^an Ui tmnsiK»rt m'^fnM.s fnuti their pos<i ■.
sions hi Africa to Spanish .\merlra in l.'>id.
In 1M7 the emp4'ror, Charles \\ le^'all/.ed the
Hlave tmde, and it whs p4'rmltt4'd by tho French
umler I.nuis XHI.nnd tin- I'.nirlish uuder^'uein
Kllzabeth. The tlrsi KuKlislmuin to en^niK'' '»
th.' tritHe wKMSlr John Hawkins, and betwwn
the x^ars Itisn and ITno, tho Knslish tnvlcrs
oxported .jno.dOd slaves fn)m Africa, jiml fn>m tho
year last nanu'd up to ITHd. Mut t;iu,(»i*i to
Jamaica, the prlnelpnl of the Hrltish West
India Islands, The most im|>4)rtant marktds f<ir
slaves in Africa were llonny and Calabar, *mi tin:
coast of (lUiiwa. Here tho slaves who came
from the Interior wore exchan;;e'| for runv
brandy, toys. Iron, salt, etc., and the nuintH'r of
■ ISO bein-is who havr beeu thus torn from
their country durinpf three crnturb's is lalcn-
Ittted to amount to upward n^ forty millions.
Almost from Iho very ibno that this tniflic was
established, there wne persons who moro or
less |M)werlu!ly declatnl iifttlust it; but thr
honor of 1iuv|ui;systoniAtlcully and sueve^afully
taken upthe cuu'^oof thi* sIrtcs li(*Ionjs to tho
(juukor«, and thn moroin^nt bei^an nioro par-
ticularly about I7?7. lu IT-M thr gualMm ou-
tirely ubollshe^l it umou$ tli«msWveii, ttnd In
177i GruuvlUu Sluu-p ohtaiucil a decision ol the
F.nffllsh Judifofi, Iti tlm famous 4-HH4t of \\\p> iH>gro
S4jmeisfct, that n KlHve, OH siHin as la* Mi<t hla lo4>t
np«m KngUsh gruund NhonJd Uvtun* fr«w. la
l7H;i a t"dlllim for thu Hlsillllon of iho slavo
tniile wiiH uddii'siM'*! to |«irllMnu nl by the (^ua<
kor<, and In I7*C u » b'ty Un Its suppietotitui
WAS esiiiidlshc^l In Imiiltin. In \'f** fin onler
was tditiiiit)'*! for a C4Mtiuittl4>H of t!u' privy
council to Imitiiri* Inio It. May I'.', I7hi*, Willair.
force made h\n iir«i sfh^t n in the *• uw on tha
e, Ko\. ninvlllfi,
ut utt4*i ipts wore
le obh'4't was iu»t
Ah4>n a bill that hud
. I he n-yal a^si'Ml,
M'd, ■> ,\nixust, Ktl,
aixbont the Itrlthh
snbb'Cl, NMpiMM-t^d by f
iMid ritt. Various .--.dis.
mtde w lllion' HUCi-i's-*, ,ti
eftrtfd until Manli . ■ ^'
|Kt-sed Uitli lious«»* ns V
Uy tln' teriMH t>f an tut •
slavi-ry was to v>4»asc ihr
ompli'4>on Iho flr<«t 4>f Am.rust, |s:M, ami at that
llmo iHMriy soa.no" novfp»es lM<<*ame nominally
free. They were t** U' wholly if*'*' atlora low
yi-ars' apprentieesiiip nnibu' 1h4dr l4a-iuer own.
eis*. !»ee Alsiliticuiists, etc.
S4iclulUtM. Those who Mi'o«'pt tho pvbndplos of
stHdahsni as lautrbt by Ihdiett uw4<n, who pro-
|Mt^* d to reofKiiiil/o MK'iely by banislilnif old
nnitivex <if aelUm. ineludiiv^ - ll^ion In any of
lis s|M'eiid forms, and to enlabli-h tlie soeial imII-
tlco on the Ihisis 'tf co-ofM i-ition and mutuul
ii!>4'fiilnet>s. As summed up I y llonu'i *ir4'oif>,
tlM*thre4 proJe4ts for soelnl reform aro -
OtrcM.— Place human belnys m pitiper iidatlons,
under luvoiiriiT i lieimistaiu es cnnonf/ wldch I
include 4*d)H a «m imd intelll({ent i^ luid (hey will
do riLlil Hither than wion^. Iliilnito, theheil.
ta/4' of thi< L'l-eat majorily has been (ill It, squalor,
lamiTM>. i.rnoi-iinee. siiiieisiii iim -, and th< s4^ hai'ti
hii|M-ll4-d many t<» indoiitM e and vice, if not t4>
erime. Make lln Ir ixtenial 4nnditlons w lint they
.•*bould be, and I Im-^4' will ^ive place to industry,
s'tbrb'ly, and virtue.
St. Siinnti.- " I.ove is ihe fidtlllinK of \\w law."
S*M-Mre to every 4»ne op]¥it tunit\ ; let each (h>
w hiitc'-er ln'<-an do lM'«t , and tlio'biijl.esi ^ihhI 4»f
the w hoh> will be lu'ltii'V <'<! and perpclualed,
/•''nirifi: Sis-ietx. us n*' find it, is 4M';;ani/,ed
riiKicily. Halt ol* Its fonsj' Is spi'iil In repr4's»ing
itr n"*wtln;r the Indonsies and rowu4'ries 4)f Ita
inemU'ix. We m-ed toor«:tni/e uitlvei-sal Justice
l«ise<l on f.(doiue. The iru-* l-.di ti lies bctiire, not
iM'hind Us, We niuv so provide that labor, now
iX'puhive. shall be attra'tivt*; w hile Itseniclency
in prtNluctioii shall Im- lncrea-<Ml by tho Improvt*'
mcnt in machinery lU'd tlie extciub'il us4» of
naluml |or4'es, ^♦o as to scfure idnindanci', edin'a*
thu), and 4|i pint luxury to all. What Is ufiMlod
is toprovid4>tdl w lib hoini's. employment instnic-
Ii«ii), ^immI living, the mo<*t 4-lb(-ti\ e iniplenients,
marhlner> , 4tc.. sei-uiiutf to eiudi the lair and full
r*somiH'n"'*4' of his a4-hleM>ment ; iiihI this can
ts'-t be attained tiirotigli the iissociat hni of somo
tour to tive hundred famtlle-i in a common house*
hold, and in the 4iw neiship and culllvat Ion of a
4'tuuinon domain, kiv td' 'J.hio acres, ornboiit unu
acre to i-aeli |H-rHon lUiin,' tln-reon.
S4»fl Monry. A l4'rm applU'd to paper luonoy,
«*s|M*ciaIly the green'iiicks. l-(u- llaid Monoy,
see Hard I'lm.
>o»*-sln>ll I>^ni4M'ritts. That iHirtlon of tho
d4'm(Kn4tie party in Ni'w Vork, which favoroil
':Mioi» and harmony, and ipjMised IliR election
of t;cii4*ral Lewis Cass, in ls*s. The "softs"
supiMUied \ an Ibiren fur pit»id4-iil, a.s HiMjdid
tin* llarnbunicr-, which s<'4'. The hard -shell
domocnils supiMtrted Cuss, fuvorod the o\ocu.
tlitn of I iio lu)rltl\e -shive act, and w«ro for
ilividin;; theonici vh among tho pmslaviuy hun.
kei-s, Soo Hunkers.
«4>ll(l. A term applied lt>a )M>liticuJ party, w hune
momlHTs vote as a unit for il-s rogular nuininces
aiwl principles; also, thr various leealitlos or
^(■ctlons wlu'ro vot^'sare ni.st.
F4»ur years uao tho miuIIi v.^a solid for free
tmde. .* . . There are niore deiuucratlc umtrc-
tl'inists in tho M>utn than in vny other sAcrlon of
tin* C4>utitrv, except l'4'unsylTanU, and on ihU
issue th^ i-artv will split.— Chlcagi> lntorOco»n,
Jnne.'t, I'W-J.
Sons of Liberty. Tho namo assumed by those
ci>lonists whit, in I7t>r>, united In oppusltlon !•
the odhms stamp uct,aad other unlawful mean-
uresoi i;reut Rrilain.
S«reh«ad. A itolltician wUu U disMtisHed with
c)*rlain acts of his party, and dls|ieso<l toc<
[ilaln.
Ho wa-a wimt tho virtuous i>olltlctan< gf tkft
prei*eut day woulil call u sArehead. a soreheml
!
POMTICAIi IIIHTOUV OF TIIK IMTKI) HTATKH.
1^-
iNMttK A |M^r«Min with •w>inn Iflciutiir hU own, iinri ti
iiiiin not -^Iffnc*!, Hrultil, iin<l ili<llvrt'i'<l up In t<*^
•)iii|)li' to imriy. -Inui I'miII's l.lli' of (inrli'v.
Huiitli. A t)<nn lipplt*'''' t«> till* Hiutrrt lythK Miiitli
or MiKoti mill IM\<iii'>4 lln«, hi wlilrli nluvriy
t'xislril. Mil' North.
fkiiilh H»'it lltilililx. Ijiw't Mliwlnl|i|il iirhfiiit*
U'triit, In KiikIiiu'I, it c-iini|iiin.v for innlhiK to the
Hoiitli HcitH, iinil It Hlnilliir iniiniA hi'I/oI on tl))>
Knull"h nullon. Thrri' wi'ri'':i>,i<«iiihuri'iiol iliio
iiU'h, iiii'l thi'>' roMf, In n f^'w Hci'ki*, to llfty and
UNttlnifH their viilur, Imt tht'»)M'r<>tary uhnt'onil-
Init witliii luriti' |iiHi|iortlcHio( tin' riijiltkl, iiinl It
Utlntt 'lUrovt'it-il tUiit litiuilnh'nt nhiircn wt-rc
iHani'il llicy frll '•\ prlci' iw mi'lilly iw they roMc,
ami Mioiiiun'l4 ni'ic lift In ili "tltli.tlon. The
ti^uiiiornry Mnrct" h t*f tin' South uru huhMr khvc
ri'4t! to Minniny Th'^nn-ianil c-oitiiHinU'H that tho
yntr I7J- U Ki-m'ntlly ciillril thi' hnhhlt' ycur,
M..,' Ml .,i-iK|[i|il Hch.nw.
Nnr<•rl•I^M. A illlzi'n of thi' I'lllti'd SIlUc*
Nplll. 'i'o.llvlili'or'<|>lit In lH(i.
An 'rlmt wiw niii'If to towi' u imKHliivi'ry cott-
"tliMlni npon till' iinitorv (KitnHiixi, iinil II Mpllt
III'' linioiniili' ikirly Into two wlnus.— lIlMlory of
th.' Illltlll Stutl'K.
Hplll Tl.'kft. M'l' TIrki't.
HpollH. The piiy , hoiiorrt, und cTnoliinii'nt'i of oill-
(-lilt |K>'4iilon.
To till' \irioiM holoiiK ihi' siioilH of tho I'noinv.—
Wllllinn I.. Miiri'V, I'<.I7.
U'hil'' ilrnoiirii-ti"r thr "Infiitnotm «ii.«»ll'* syn.
Icni," Ihi-H iKMtinii- :T;:|or Mrrrk'k, rmn.)
holiN ilu'ht to oiii' t'lindli' of '4ttoMs until hi' ici't.**
ri'iuly to ii'iiih out for iinnlhi'r und luritiT liunillu
t)f spotl-4. Ni'W Vol k Min,. .llllH* 5, |SM*.>.
Spri'uil l':aKli-. Thr fIvurA <>f nil oiixlo, nyiiiilly
with ■'lili'hl «liM«|iiK Mtrii*!* niul -^tHrM, nrrow-*,
oliv«> In-iiiicli, iiiiit Moi.ii'tlnu'ri horn of plnity;
III!' imtioMiil .'inlili'Mi of thii I'liltt'il .Hhiti'H, itii
I'Hu'h' » ilh i'\tt ii'li-il wlni;'4.
.S<iniitlrr Sovcri-lKnty. Sir I'lipiilnr Son'ri'lvrnt}*.
SlulwiirlM. A I linn nt-il to il|s|iii>;nl.li tl.o«i'of
llir ii'piilillriin inuty who wit^ iiiifrM'nilly to
till' uiliniiilstnitloii of (oit'fli'lil; followi't-s of
Conklliii,'. iip|v.-i'il to llulil.rri'cU, whlrhH»H'.
The two IHclioiM III Ni'W Voik. thitt liinv liti
(iilh-cl lor lonniiji nil' llii' <otrfli-lil iinil thi' Conk-
lliii; ii'piil'lii'iini. h:ili' I'lirh othrr wlih iin Intrn.
mIIv timt fhariHti'i i/f'* all qiiMiri-N ol thr kiiiil,
ami ihi'V ili'cluiiil wnr to thr kiilfi', lunl thi' kiilfi-
tolhi'hilt. (:hli'iii,'o,loiirniil. Nov.'.i. Iwj.
Ntitnip Art. An ml hy wlinh u illri'i t tux wa-i
Inipo-'i'il n|nin Ilir I'oloiiii'i hy (inat Urltain In
I?'!-'!. It wa-^ piopoHi'ii (hat Ihi'i'XjK'n'*''*! InrnrriKl
111 ili'ti'iiilliiu' Anicricuii jni'isi'^Nloiw ilnrin;; the
Kri'iii'li am' liiillaii war ^ IT.VWiTiti) •-houlil In' oif-
Bi't hy la\allon, hrnri' llii' stiimiMut. Tin- vIk-
OBiiis <ip|«i-ilion ot thr I'olonixtH i'an'«i'il the
sIninpMrt tohi'i'pi'ali'il thi'iu'Xl yrar. AiiotliiT
atti'inpt to lav till' i-olonisis wa> niaili* In I7iI7,
hilt il rami' to iiaii^'ht hi'lori' tin' wnilh of tho
pioplr, \iho wi'ii' ili'trriiiiiii'il to npliolil ihi>
))rlii'-iph' of " no taxation \viihoiit rriurti'iita-
tioii,"
Stur< anil '^Irlpoa. Thi' iiitional i'iii|«n of the
I'nitril ^lali'-. It wan ailoptiil hy ai't of ion.
Krc.-", 11 .Iniii'. 1777, In Ilir hillowliiK wuiili;
lirsnh:;!. Thai till' fliik' ot Ihi' thirli'in I iiltcil
coliinii'-' i 1' ll:irt'i'n •.Iii|i''< altii nati'lv iihI ami
Whili'. Ih.ll llll' Mllion III' IliillH. II '■I.U>. Hhili' HI
tt bliii' II. '111. II |;'-.". iiiiiK a i.i'W roiiHii'iiatloii.
Slur-spaiiuli'il Itii.incr. Tlii' national 11ii« was
tlrst Ho.i.;ll.(l liv Kmnil.'i'~. Ki y, in his hfautlfij
Kun^of that naine-
Ohl say, oaii yon si'v, hv thi' ilawn'H onrlv llu'lil.
What so proiiilly wo linll'it at thr twillj.-ht'i' last
irl" niiiij;.
Whosr hroi'l -lrl| It anil lirlKlit xtari, tlii'oii;.'h thii
IM'illoiiH ll«:il,
O'rr tho mipnrt.s wi' watch''! wi'ii* '.o j,'allantly
i*Iri'aiiiliiu'-'
Ami till' loikit's ii'il irlan', tin' l»)iiil« hiirxthiK
in air.
Oiivi' piiMit ihroiigh till' nli,'ht that our tliii.' was
still III")'!'.
Oh! Hf'.v,tloi'sthatslar-rtiian«li'il iNUinniyct wnvii
O'i'r till' iaiiil ol ihi' frci' uiiil thi; hoii'ii' of thu
liiaM'?
Mntps. Sci' Mikniimi'sof smtpH, ntlrii, and I'co-
pli'. si-i-. also, (irij^in ol Iho Niiiii«< of smtux.
(•tut* IliehlH. The rixhls of thr .si'viral •t.itrs iw
opposi'd to thn frdrml govorninrnl ; thr Jiidg-
Diont of u.stiitu ax opiKMed t<> the two huiuas of
('fHmrrHM. till* |in>ii|il(>nt, und thi' Mupreiiir court
of tli)> I iilti'ilsiiiii'H. Thxorlulnot ihr fKiinnii
rPMolntli'im of ITIIh, InlriMhn'isI In iMm»(ri'Mii hy
JainSH Maillaon, U ntlrlhiilfiil lii Thoinai .IrtTrr.
will. Till' Hoiilh wtM tlui hoiiin of thfl fltutc
rlKhlM piirty w hi'ii John .\duiiiH U'l-niiui prc^l-
di'iit In 17:17. Ki'iitiirky it'lopt'il i|7:iN)lliii HtJili'
rlMhlii niaiillViito whirli .Ieirrr>iiin wim prlviiti'ly
Milli'lli'il todnift,aiid hy which lliul Ntitli' pni-
claliniHl hrr opiMiMlthm To 'sdi'nil riilr. Kiinohi.
tloiis in favor of niillinrk . ,ii wi'io uflnrwanl
drallid liy ^ladlson mid Intrmlnrrd In tin-
li'Ulslaliirn of Vlrxliilii 'loliii I' ( ulhoun WM
ii'Kiirdiil iiM priiiic Kutlioi ol Htutii rightjk Sru
Niillilli'iillon.
HtralKht. t'liiiiliKil; im n ntiitlKhl llcki'l, h
Htrul^lit rrpiiliIU'iin. "stmlKht.out," Ki'iiuliiri
trill', uii, n ntnilxht-oiit di'iii'icmt, or, HtinlKlil.
lint Kti'i'iiUu'ki'r. S«'h Tii'ki't.
Slump. Till' nprlitht imrt of n tri'i' mmnlnlnK In
till' ground ultrr Ihi' trri' Is cut down. In
foriucr tliiii's, this was used as a Htaiid for
upcakcnt. To lakf- llii' nliiinp and ){<> <>i> •i"
ch'ctloni'i'rlnK lour, Irt Itic oi'i'ii|>alloii of noiiic
rundlilati'ii ilnrlnx it |M>lltli'itl caiii|iitliri'
Nluinp-lttll. Si'i' Kill Itou,
Surprise CiiniMilHli'. A |H>llllral randldatn Hud-
di-iily put uji hy wiri'.piilli'rs.
Swamp AiiKel. ,\ .Mii.|<<iiimli'r I'liriidt uuii that
was |i|anli-d In 11 tuitrsh hi'twi'cn Morris and
Juiiii's' IslaiidH, within tlvc iiiih'sof (harh'sloii,
H. r., under Ciiininaiid of (irni'ral (illniori',
August, ls(i:t. .ihi'lls wire Ihrowii Inlotheclty.
At* a result of the o|K'nitioiii, fort Warner wan
i'viii'iiati'd hy the conledrrali'.s and oi-i-npled hy
the national troops 71I1 Sep!., |si;i, charliston
\t:is ilnally evaciuti'd, und oi-i'iipled hy t;enentl
•ihrniian's lioo|»<. Is Kehriiary, MUI.
SwlnicliiK Aniunil thn i'lrcle. \n <'.xiin'M»loii
nsid hy I'ri'-idrnt Johnson, who laid tlu'corni'i'
stone of the ItouKtiu iiionniiicnt, at t'hiciti^o,
litliSi'pl., !-(»;. Ilii tiHik advantat,'e of hi 1 tour
to make many H|M'is-hi's throiiirli tlie nnintry,
and the tthove r.\prr«iloii wu.s used In uu epi.
thetlcul Hense hy thuue wliu dtsiippixivod of IiIh
coni'si'.
Tummitny .torlety. An oivniilzatlon "turted in
Si'« York, rj .May, I7s!i, for eharltahle pur|«isi'S,
hy Ullllaiii .Misimy, un Irishniiiii, wlio wiut
prliui' iiioviT. The name Is deriveil fiiim an
Indian chief of K'i'cat a^e and vlitiin, who was
patron sjilnl. This siK'iet\' was modeted after
the Jai-ohln cliili ot Paris. In later >eai>4 It was
alisorheil hy the deinocratlc fiaity, or Iiei'tuui'
one Willi; of that |iarty,aiid 110111 the iissiKlatlon
of such men as William .M. T« I, the late .New
York hoss, received a had name. Imt Nitice the
hn-akiii^ iipot the Tanimany rln;^, 'Js octoher,
|s7l, the Taiiiinany deiiiociiicy seem to liitve
noiirislied.
Ti-rrlliiry. A ureiit district of ciiiiiilry, owned
hylhernlted states. It U ills|in;ful<hed lioin
u state In that It Is orKuulzed witli a sepanitii
h'Uisliitiire, placed iiiider it lei ritorial Kovei'iior
and other olllcers ap]H>liilei| hy the president
and senate ot the I'liited Slates,
TIrkt-l. The liinii of names printed on n »ll|i of
paper, and used as a halhd at an election.
" lteKiiiar,"or " stiiii;;!!!," tlekil, a list ol can-
dlilati^ it-s iiumed hy an a.ssemhlai{e of liele^^ate.s
Irom a hinly of constitnents. "('lean ticket,"
same as regular or Ntniluht ticket. "Spill
ticket," one that Is t'ormed to meet the reipilre.
lueiit.'f of till! diirerent divlsioiiH of a political
jiarly ; a.s, tho two wintfs. (Sei'Scnilch. "Mixed
ticket," one ill wliicli is coillhllieil tho elenu'llts
of dlirereiit IMirtioH.
Have they fortfotleii tho ffroolcy dlnaiiter? A
mixed ticket this year wini'd ii'jiol deiiuK'mtH on
the one side luiirrepuhllcuiis on the oilier, unit
lieilllcr sl.ie collhl poll 'Ls lull vote for It.-.New
Viirk •^iiii, .May 'Ju, Iss-j.
Tippecanoe »ni| Tyler Too. See Ilnixl Chlornnil
I.oSCaiiin ( 'aiii|*iiKii,
Tory. .\ tei-iii vv liieii fortwoceiitiirhvs, hasHi^rrod
toilosi«imteoii<> of two prlncliial |>olltlml ixir-
tied In Kngland, nnd wm iiaed during thu war et'
tho n*Toliilhin hy tliA vhlgt or |«trlota wi
nunliiHt thoMA who HiipiMirtoil tha cniwn. Tho
llrst ilrtlnltliMi Klvrn hy Dr. Juhnunn Ic "A
runt turin, derlvod, I (upiiiM, (Voin an IrUh
wopI, Mlfiilfylng mva/ii." Ur«|iertln|f tint prlii-
idpU'Nof u tory. Iho IriiioKitiphor itdUa "Oiia
whoitdlirrt* to the uiiclenl coiiHtltiillon of ihn
Ntutii, und tliM HiMjHtullcMl lilfliitrf'by of the
rhiiix-h of KuKland"
Trade llnllar. A aiiverilolhtr of (MKntliia Tniy,
that wiiH eolnod hy Oct of coiiKrofe*, I'i JiAiiiiMry,
IK7.I, In consi'ipieiii'e of u 'lemaail on tho ritcillo
count for u coin to ho iiHod in riiiiiiiiarrlal tmiiit.
ftctioiiM with nrverul of the Asiatic iiatlontt,
• |M'<'lally Jiipan and China. TIiIk rokii oanm to
Im' i|iil*e oxtennhrly olrcnlnti'd In tho varlouH
Hlnti>sor the union. Prevloim to the colnitKoof
thn undo dollar the old «ilv T dollar of :I7I^
Kiitins was tile icily Hi:^ 11 ilnlUtr known, hut Itii
loliiaffo wiiK discontinued hy thn net of ItTJ. My
sulMi'ipiont h'Klftlutlon, tho tntdo dollur ooiiih
were lotlicd; Ihii coinaue is llinitist, and the
dollur U no longer le^iil tender iia t>ef ivooii
InhalillantKof the I'niled Stat*.*.
Troawin. .V hetnirlnii, Ireiu'hery, or hroiich ol
tultli. In the rullcd stales, tlio nctiati lovyliiK
of war aLTitliist the iiiilon, itiid f;lvlnt{ aid und
t'omlort to IIH enomleji. .lotterson Ituvlit, on
trial fortreitMin, in M'.?, at Klchmond, waa iHh.
charucd on nccoiint of a nii//o friMi'^iii. i. 1*., thn
Kovernmenl lieiii^ tiiiwiUiiiK t4i priM'eoil flirt lier
In the jinifccutloii ot Ita Muit. See Conltsli'Tiile
stalls.
Uncle Sitm. The impnlnr tlllo for the rnlled
statca. In the yiiir ISIS, it htrKO i|iinntlty of
provisions for the army wits pnrehiuied at Tiiiy,
New York, hy Kliart .Vinlois n Kovcrnnu'iit
ointructor. Tlic kikhIs •ere inM|iecti'd hy two
hrolhers, Kheni'^er und Saninol Wilson. The
lust nunied <tas invarialiiy known iiinonK thn
workmen a.s rm'le Sam. The (Pickaxes 'verii
inarkeil K. A. V S. (in heliu ii«kisl thn mntn.
Inn of tliose Initials, It workman Jokliif,'iy ropllod
tiiut he did not know unless they iiii<aiit i:ilH'rt
Anderson and riicle Siuii. sotiio title hocainn
oinrrnt anioiiK woikinen, soidieni and |Mople,
and the rnlted stales pivernmeiit Is known
now hy those who alTccti'iiiaii'ly cull It I'ncle
Sum. Nee.iNo llnilhei .h'liatlmn.
rnilorirroiinil ItMllroad. see \ Imlitlon ofslitvery.
IJnhin. The isiilllcal connection hetwreii the
Hhitesof .North Ainerlcu. Tlie rnlled stutiii.
I'lilonlsls. oeeConslltiilloiml riiioii I'urty.
I'pper lliiuno. .V Hcnale. The term In iiiieil In
Home stales, where the h'Klslatlvo hranehes of
^'oveniment are calhsl iipinT and lower; ii-s,
iipis'i house, lower house. Said iilao of Hie two
houses of i'oll;;i*l'ss.
Vlailunce <,'ommlttoe. An oii/aiiized Uidy of
clllzens w ho, l.ein;< satistli'd III the ujiathy und
lack of hacklsiiin on the part of Iim'hI iiiilhori.
ties, piiH'i'iKl to rcKiihito matti-rs In the com.
iiiiinlly ; especially to puiiKli crlinlnaS.
\VuIk Over, roliilc.illy, iiii etisy vieioiy. Op.
[Ktsed to hirloi n hope.
WoKt. Thn slal.s ol llir niii'.n I .ujr -.icst of
I'ennsylvanlu, \ irixlnia, ui I .s.a to 1 .iioiina.
The iiiireitsonahle dominution ol llie we^l i.s no
iiiore III he siiomiited toihaii wa.-, Ihe unri'.-l.soti.
ilileiloniitiatl'ill ol the solltll.- .New ^ 01 k lU'lllhl,
Nov. I.-|, ls77.
Wentern Keaervn. See Conneet lent Kcservn.
WhiK I'urty. A political imriy which may he
said to have had its inception, loui'tlici « itli tlHl
ili'inoci-atlciHirlViln isis, when pii idle .si'iit linen t
hii'ii illvlded u|K)n the tailtr i|upstloii. The
llrst wlilj,' iiailonal convention mot at I'ltts.
hiirtih, III IiiccmlMr, KB, when llaiTlstin and
Tyler his'itine caiidtdati'a lor presldenl and vice',
president. (See Hard Chirr and l.i« Cahiii
CnmpalKn.) This later whitf inirty, as dU
tlnct fiiiin the .\uierioun wliltfs (wlilili siii),
fill iiied the ponservHllve party of the coimlry,
and Henry CUy, who waa ll« nomliice for iiresi-
iloiit In lst4, had itoen, kti .Mr. iirwdey sniil, a
ebuutplou of liiUM-nal linpniTCUI(iiit«, protuotlon
uf home lii(liiali'y,a80uaUairfiRalform itfltkiiul
l|«lrbiU M
Iniwn. Thn
wm la- "A
lin tn IrUli
|iK tliA prlii-
Ijlliin «t Ilia
jliy iif the
^nilii* Tniy,
Vi Jttnimry,
tli^ Puclllc
•rclil Imim.
jllr iiAtlurtH,
[ohi nmiu) to
Iflf^ vurliMiH
le cnliiifc^f* of
)l«r of ;i;i^
rn, lint ItM
[iiri»73. My
r Iiicilt'h lit
I iiiil li^vy titg
>iiM uld nnil
KiivIh, (III
ml, wan illn.
7'". * '., Ill"
■i'«l liiiniiM-
['iMlltlllTIlIl'
IHiLITirAI, HIHTOUY OK TlIK CM-nih HTATCH.
currrnpy. Tlin nUilllliinliil*, wlin hatl mtiiln
n'liiiliiiit vl Ml'. lll'ii'V r I' |HT>Mi'iil, Kuvn ii
litrvf-ly liiiTiMiM'il Mitf hir tli*'lr niiKltiUt*'. uii'l
tliU n'Miilti'l III lliii ilrfi'iit or llnirv I'liiy. In
IHM Ihli wIiIk^ lliijiliirili'il illiil rlivtC'l lii'lll>litl
/.iii'liiirv I'm I'll I >r (innlili'iit iiiwt ^IIDumI t I.i
iiiiii« for virr pill lili'iil. IIimI lli4» frill ili'iim
cmtiittiiil liAriiliiirii(*nivolfil for l.f*wl<« rKM, tlii'
mrattilit iliiiiiocml, III! wiiuM Iiuti> Ihiii iIi'iIimI.
In l<V'i, iM'iiinil WliitliiM Nrott viw llm iiiiiiiii'
rnwhil ntiilKliiti' iwii|i|iiMt'<l to |i nuikllii I'Iitci',
who w;i< I'liitiil. Ill tlmri!ii;«il Ml III KjI, tlii'
iriimunt of thn wIiIk imrty iiml llin AiiHTlrnii
luuty iiiilli'<l mill nul i<7«,.'i.U votri lor Killiiioio
mill D'Hii'lMiii, im luuliiil till' rf|iiiliUciin4 wllli
Kri'ttiorit mill llm i|< miN'mti, wlio mim>c«>i>iI^i1
with ,)iitiii-4 lliirliaiiiin. 'I'liiiii thr whu( |iiirly
|IM*Ni'i| iiwiiy.
Whito l.fHvpio. All iirxiknlzntliiii of aniH'il mi-n
III Sow iMi 11, III l'<:i, whiKfi •latoiinllilcolijoct
wiM tliiit of |iii(tlii|( ilowii till* iii*^i'iH-i< who «rrn
r»'iMirl«'i| IIS oil ihi< imlnt of iiti ii;ir|i|iiix. TIio
li*ii)Ciii' Hciil fiiriiniiw, w htchikri Ivril on it i*t<iiiiM*r,
hut thiiiity iiiithoilll. 1, h.i>.;i{ I. .iivi for thn
WI'lllnlllKof tlH' MtlllH KilVITlllllinl, ll'flHIil to
iilloH- Ihr li'iiunn to tiikii iiohmi'skIoii of thiuii,
ThU |iroviikii| till! Ii':i.;ii<' to l|i>oil4 llrtloli,
which, on thi' mil Si .iIiiiiImt, p-iiiltiil In thr
(Ii'iiih of nioi'i- I hull n hiiii'Iri'il |h'P4iiim.
Wliltfi l.lni'r. A |iio.:<liiv<'iy imrly in I.oiiiitliinii.
WIiIk Awnkf-ii. A liiilni- r.|iiilliil to tin' I'llltliMl
oiuiiiii/iillon uhlrh liml f<irll« ohli'i t tin' rli'c.
tliin III Minihuiii l.lnriiln to tii«< pri-stilriu'y
Till' «iiliul«ilKi-i \vi IT ri|;il|i|ii .1 « Ith »-» Ili.jlliK
toiTlw's mill 111 uk ciiiii mill niin'n. 'riii- onlrr
orl:;lniiti'il In llartlonl, ('oniiiitli'nt, iiml tlin
iiii'iiilninhlli ii'urhnl iii^Kir.l of half II inlllloii.
Till' llril wlili'.iwiikii dull wiw fnniiiil In that
citv .III Muri'h, Kill.
Willi Cat, Thn latnk ntiliia of an Innlltilllon In
tliii aliitii of UlrhlKiiii, lutvliiK on thilr firn a
ri'prmrhlatiiin of a |iiiiilhi'r, Wliin tUI« Imiik
falliil thn ilHunttisI li.i'ih'iiiof IK hlllt it|.|illf<i|
tlixi'lilllint of wlMi'iit to tliii |>iinllinr iiioni'y.
lli'iii'K till' Ir'iiiN, Willi -nit iiioiiA>', Willi rut iHtnte.
liU liitllliilloii'', I'Ir. ,xi'« lli'il Doi;.
Wllftiot l*rovlM». \ tiiiwunri* |irfi|HiM«<l In niri.
(jr."". \iii{iml, l'«il, hy liu\ II Wllnint, a njirr
Hi'iitallvii fi'oiii Pi'iiiinylvitnlii. Tli.' i'I-hvIho mum
olTi'inil iw nil uihlitliin to it hill llirn iHlorii thn
hull"!', n;i|iro|ill.ltln,{ iiiotii'y fir Imari' lii't{lill:i.
tlonit Willi Mi'tlni. It iirorliliil that ■';„ „,
rxiiri-nn mill liiiiilniiiitiiUil I'linilltliiiito ttin iiri|ii|.
Bltlon of any U'rrlUiry fi tli" ri"|iii'illi' of
Mcxlio liy thn rnllnl stati'H, liy vlrtimof nny
tM'Uty wlilrh may hn n^nllati i| Ih'Iwi'i'ii Itinin,
nil I t'l till' itw l-> tliii nfcrutlvn of lli« iiiiini>\'4
hi'M'tn a|i|<ro[irliilnil, iinllhiT Mlavnry nor Iti\'oI
nntaiy norvltmloiilutll •vnrnilnt In nny (airt of
Balil tnrrlKiiy, njci'i.t for rrlinn, wlinmof thn
imrty iihiill hn flrit "Inly I'onvlrlnil." Thn pni-
vIho win* uil'iptnil mill rituloptfil liy tint honiM'.
lint irjcntcil liy thn Nnn.itn. mhi Kn«i Soil
I'iirlv,
WIrf I'lillvra. TIkmii who plot Hnil xrhKiiin In
iiiili'i III liavn iKiiniit Inlliioiu'n In llm tn,(tuiiof
imlltli ».
. . . Alrinvly tlwt rllvirhlliuloltihlni III mini
with w Irt'-pnllrn*, liiihlin ii|>iiiion niiiiiiifartiir*ii'«.
i'iiil(r\ ciriililiii't iiflli'i-r*, Int urn ainlnt-0'a'lon«, hiiM
llm Whoin liniiiil III jmlllll'rtl niltki Kllilln, »hii
I'.intrivn tolU'i' mil oi^ thn piiliMi' piit^n liv alniii-
liiK pnlillu vii»lnlity. — Nuw York Miri'ur, Jiinn
,•■, I- 1".
Woman'* lllfhl"* An Inhiip, nilin<l liy numtwt
ami now i-nlniiiulnil wonifii, who Imvii lM*4'n
HccoiiiU'il liy nion, In favor of woiiiaii*'* P'piality
iH'fori' thn law, tlin rlirlil of woiimii IoImmi volnr
iinil cltiznn the iMinn h^ iiiomu oI thn opiMmltn
Mf. rint woinitn'* rl(hU mnrflKlIon wm
KullOfl, UJulT, Wt-, lit tnnKrn Kall», Nnw Vmk,
tlin naiiina •ti[N'n<l(il to t|i,i rail v nri* I nnri'tlii
Mi'tt,K.lliitla*tlii Hilyotaiiloii, M irtliix , WrUhl,
Kml Mkiy Ann Mn'lintoi'k I h» at,itn«ot Maa.
■411 hi,<4«'tt«iin'l KaM4iia mIIow v < hi m !•• vot«i for
any *,• t.<K»l ufflinia, m'iiI til'* t' I r. lory of Wyu*
111 Inn lor nny atnlMiipi-iiinf y ofllrpr.
Mr. I'rPHlilcnt, I n«ii nrnki* tin' mimi'i'Ii oiir frinrul
Mfinlriil 111 .Init onu niiinili . I lioll it thn rulit
of pvi ry wiiiiiaii to il i any ami nvrrvthlnx ihitt
ilin I'ltii ilo »■ II, provi'lnl It oiinlil to I"' ilolin. If
!• .iiii;lil II..' I I li.'il.iiin Hi ,11. or If Hhi'i iimiit il'i
II, lllnii aim hi4a no ri||lil ti ilii II , Iml II II oii^llt
I'l |m.iIiiiii . (Ml all MM I .111 II, limn Imr rl^hl toilo
It I-, to ii.y inlnil, liiilUpiiluMn. Ami llntl H all
III It I lli«\ a to any, now or I'Vnr, on llm a.|Ii)».|.| of
w.iiiiiin'a rlMhlM. - llonu'n (irrcl.'V, lit Hull l.ikkv,
J il> liVi.
Wnailjr ll»*lU. Thiamiif llm whlH imrly.ao nulliiil
t«i iliatlnniliah Ihaiii Iriiin llm iiiiiin iiiiiai.r\iiti\ n
I li'iiirnt. Thn «iMi|y Ima.ls liiriinin ai'iNii-ulml
from thn ronaprrntU'raiilaiiit tlin^aur Ki4i. Thn
liittPr wrrn r^Un I HUvrr iir^y.*, wli.rli i*i'i'.
Y»nWrf*, anil Vanlifr IIihmIIp. sntil to Im a i-or*
nipt I. in I. r till- w'.ril Kn, lUli. |iroli'iiiiirni| I.y Ihii
Inillnr.ii Vniit(n#i*i>, ami la now thn |Mipiilar iiiiinn
for tliu New KllKlKnilnra. Ylinknn llooilln la thn
ntitiip t(l\'i'ii t I lltp nntioiinl air of thn I'liilcil
htatmi. It firlKlinilpil In I7.'■.^. whi'ii IIik lliltlah
I'olonlca III Ainnrli'a i-inili ilmtn.l tin Ir anvnnil
iinotiwof inrii to ulil thn llrlllah army In riilim.
Iiii; llm rri'imli laiwnr In i luiri'la. Tlmir nwiii''«a
Mini awk wttnliiiHa U'laiiin thn a|airt ol thn
llrltlih nriny, iiii'l an KnKli.<h plivih lan iiaiimil
shankliunf roTinaiai'il a 1 linn, ami rnniiiniiii;iiil04l
It, liy wuy of Jokn to thn Aninrlnmin, ami It
liiiiiuili..!' ly la'camn cell. Iimt nil,
Taiikwiliiiii. All nplllml appllml at thn aonlh
to llm iiurtli, I'jtpi'clally iliirinu I ho war ol
:• ADMINISTRATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. :- -^K 'fC0^
;#
va
1. tirorifn WuahliiRton ;Kni|nnili*l). Horn at
Wi'siiiiiiii'laiiil, Va., JJ I'llirnary, 17Ti. Dnlliiary
Hi'liiail tnilnlnif. rrn.aMnnt two tprma. lTr«t-17!i7.
Iiliil II Imi'iiniliur, I7:>'J. John Ailani«, vicii-
pn ■.I'lniit. >nn Katlmr of lila roiintry.
•I, ilnhn .Ailania(Kn<li'niliHt). Itorn at llntlnlmp,
MiisM.,:;<ii>rt., 17.l"i. Kir»l aiiilaisMuilorClT'Ci) fi.iin
I'lillnil statni to (Jrnal llrltuin. rrnnitlont mn.
tprm, 17117-Wil. Uhil 4lh July, IH-JII. Thomas
,|pffiii<iiii, vlcn pri'-lilniit.
:i, Tliniiiiia .Inft'nrMiii i liriniM'rut Ic-Unpiihllcan).
Horn atshailH-nll, Va.,.'il April, I7«1. Kilnnatcilat
Wllliaiii mill >liiry liiillrgn, WIlllamaliiirK; t'on.
tliiiiital iiiiiKi'H^; liov. of Virginia I7?.i-'.'<l; M.
('., \''<\. mill, to Kniiinn. .\iitlior of " Sotnami
VlrKinla." I'liwlilpiit two tnrina, IHDI-ii. Dlml
nil July, KJii, Aaron Uurr uml lioorvc Clinton,
vli'i..pn'.slilniil.H.
4, •lunira Mnillwin (licmnnmtlc . Knpnlilli'Hn).
Iloiii at Kiiir( >i>.ii>tn, Va., Ill Man li, 1701. (,ia'|.
iialril from rrlnni'ton oollnjjn. Piralilent two
tnrmi, I'^iKi-'l?. DlnirJH Junn, IKW, Uooni« I'lin-
Ion mill i;. tinrry, vlcn.pr<'silileiit8.
A. ilunira Miinmn iDninocml le . KnpuhllPaiiV
Horn In W'p^tmornlaml connty, Va., 'irt April.
r.lH. William anil Mary collflftn (Va). Mnmlirr
InKlnlaturn, r. S. snnator, iiilii. to rmni-r, ifov.
in I7:h. IMnslilint twotnniia, IHI7 "il. I>. N. V.,
4tn July, Kll. |i. I'. Tompkins, vli'n.pn'al'lniit.
C John Uiiliiny Ailaina (Natlnnid Itrpnhll'nn).
Morn at Hniliitrii', Mttsa,, 11 July, I7tr7. Ilarvanl
t'ollc^;!'. AmIiiiH!4R(liirtoTt('rlin,(*oiiff. of ViPnim,
and court of si. Jainna. I'rnalili'iit oiin tprni,
:«•»-». I>loil,it Wii.sliliiKton,-£J rnb.. Wit. John
O. Cnlhoiiii, vtcn-inTMlilPUt.
7* AnHraw .furkaon (Nnw I>piiioci-atlo |airty).
Born In Mcx-klnulmv^ noiinty, S. ('., 1.1 Marcli,
17(7. r. S. Hdiiatiir in I7!i7, then (anarnl of atntn
Iruupa; In 1814 iiii^ur-isenrnil V. ^. .'M-rvlcn; In
Irtl ((ovcmor of Klnri4a', In IWia ajaln arnntoi.
11'uaklant two t«nuii, lil)»-'37. inrd near Nosh.
villi', atli Jiinn, im.1. John ('. Calhoun ami Mar-
tin Van niirnii, vlcn.pri"<li|pntn.
R. Martin Van Ktirvn (lininonrut). Horn at Kin.
lU'ihiiok, N. v., ,'iih Ixv., 17*.'. Uuiliiimiitary
truliiliiKi Htmllril law, stntn apiiator N'. V. In
|s|-.'; V. >*, ^.nnnlll^; (iovrnior. I'rfalilPnt onn
U'liii, KI7-'4I. Iili'ilal Kln(lrrliiHik,'J4 July, l,Hi;j,
II. M. .I'lhiijio I, vli'i'-prnslilent.
O. Wllllain llnnry Ilarrla4in (Wliltf). Horn at
llnrknlny, Va.,lilli K.li., 1771. Kon«lit Imliani In
N. W. Tir., M. ('.; liov. Tnr. Iml., HU '1.1; MaJ..
(Inn. r. S. A.; M. C Innn Cinninnatl, ami In l*J4
aniiator. I'l'n.Mlilnnt oiin moiilli, IMcil 4th April,
IM\. JoliiiTylnr, viin.iiriiiilcul.
ll>, .liiliiiTylpr 'linmocrit . Horn inChnrinaClty
county, V.I. , .".I .March, \TMi. .Mninhnr of lr)(ialik.
tnrr , M. C.miiliiov. ; I', s. -i.natn; mcui.Cinfcil,
coii;^. l*rn^|l|nnt ihrrn yoiii>innil nli'Vcn inontlw,
l'<ll-.'i. Dliilat Ulchmonil, 17 Jan., l.-mj. Samuel
I., -oulhanl. W. V. M.in::u:ii, vicn.prcHl.lnnN.
II. .lainra Knnx rolk (Dnmormt). II. In .Mnck.
lunliiiiTC'oiinty, .N. i'.,'*l .Nov., MXi. rnlvnmlty
of N. C. Tinn. Ingislafiirn; M. C. II yniir-; (niv.
Tnnn. I*rriiilniit Olio Innn, Is4'-'t!t. I>.atNa.ah.
vIMn, l.\.liiiin, l'<i:i. Ii. M. IMillin, vIcn.piTfilili'nt.
I'i. Zacliary Taylor ,\Vlii«). II. oninKn county,
Va., ■.'! Sept., 17*1. I.lnat. major, limit. .col., and
aftcrwanl ^fni^ral. I'ri^aidrntoiin ynar and four
inontli.a. I>. mil July, liUO. Mtllnnl FlUiiinrp,
vlcn prnaldi'iit.
1.1. Millard Flllinnrn(WhlK). H.at Siiminrrhill,
N. V.,7tli Jan., l.'«iii. Limited ndncatlon, .N. Y
Injtlolutiiin; .M. ('. four tcriii«. rrcaldnnt two
y«iis, rl({lit months, liM'.W'.Vl. I>. Nth Mnn-li, Ml.
14. KrankllnlMari'ftnnniocriit). H. at IIIUhIkii-
ouKh, N. II., il Nov., IHfil. Howdoin collc^'p.
Mnm. Ifflslatiim, N. H.| M. C. twlc^; f S. Brna.
tor, lrt.17; col., then brl^.-grn. I'rnnideiit onn
tnnn. 1>. al Coiicord, N. li.,KthUct., IS«i.
15. Jaaars Durlianan (Damocrati. H. at stony
Hatter, Tcun., 'ti April, 101. Dlnkinaon coUaf «,
Carllal', Pfnii. Mlnlatir to .-t. pniirslniri,', to
KCI; M.I .; aiiiliajwailnr t.i liiiKland, K'll till K'al.
I'r««lil«iit tmn tnnn, lHfl7-'id, l>. at I.mii'ii.Hti'r,
I'nnn., 1-t Jiiii», Wui. John C. Ilrncklnrldirn,
Vlcn.pri-alilnnt,
la. Aliraliaiii I.lnrolniHnaul Itnpniillnnn). II, In
Ilanlln i innty, K.\., 1: Kcli., Is«i. Siif, ihn atnil.
Mpinla'r llllnoNli-Kialatiirfl, Nil. Ilptoof Ainorl.
can repiitillcaniam. Hn^ildpiit una tnrm and min
montlL 11. at ^Va.«lllllLtloll, l.'i .\prll, liio, llaii.
nllial llanillii and .Viidrnw Johnson, vlcr.prnsl-
drnta.
IT. Aiidrrw.lnlinaon . Iininonnili. ILatUalnlxh,
N. C.,'-i 111 I . 1 <a.. 'nlf.n.liirali-l. Aldirnian in
(in'niivllin,miil mayor; Tnnn. li'K'lalatiirn; .M.e.
IS4.I; lioT., Miiutor; mil. piv. Tnnn. I'rnsidniit
thinn ynars ami i Ii-m ii inonlliH, l-ii,ViSi |i. at
limnnvllli-, Tnnn., Ill July, I.s7.'i. l.aKaynttn Foa-
tnr and llnaj. t'. W.cln, \ lcn.pr(...*lil|.nls.
IH. I'lyasns s. <iriinl ^lt<.plll.licalp, II. at I'oint
I'lnasant, iiliio, .7 April, l-.V. Wnat I'lilnt; Jd
l.t. 4tli Inf.. I apt.; Adj. -(inn. III.; Col. JNt 111.;
Hrlij.'linn.; I,li.iit,.iiniinrar, tinimnil, l'rn..lili'nt
two tnrini, N:i-'77. SnliiiylnrCollax and llonry
Wilson, vlcn.pmaldniits.
10. Kuthrrford I!. Ilayos vUnpuhlkaii]. II. In
uhlo, llhiict., !«.•■:. KnnyouCollnun, Camliridjjo
Law School, Is4.'i. .Major 'ild »i. VoN. in W. V.;
Hri|{..ti»'ii.; M. C; tl.iv. iiiiio. I'm^lilini ono
tnnn, lsT7-'sl. Win. \. Wlmrlni, vlcn.prcsidnnt.
'io. Jamra .\.<iarH«ld Iti'piiliiicnii). II. iir.iiivp,
( uyaUofH connlv, uhlo, l:i Nov., Kll. (icaiiira
(dhio) .\ia(l., and Wllllnni's collrun. Mass; Col.
4idO. ItPSft.; Hrii,'..iinn. ; MiiJ..i;nii., .M.c; V.H.
arnator. I'msidmit ..ix iiionthsaml ilftnnii day.s.
I), at Kliirriiii I. unit Itr.in.h) N. .1., l:iSnpl., ISHI,
chrslrr A. .Vrthiir, vlcn.ornaldinl.
ai. Chi>«trr A. Arthur ilinpiihlicaii), 11. at Fair-
llclil,Vt...Mli Oil., l«:io. IMucat.-iUt Vnlnii, VI
admlltrd to tho liar in N. V.; quartnnna.stnr-
(tnnrral atjite .N. Y ; coil. |>ortof N. V,, Iftl-H.
^S.
I I
roLITK'AI. INrORMATlOir.
Ti, (fnoTKK (;r,r,TKi,ANn (PemoiTHt). Former ocoii-
iiutioii, UwT^r, uli^riff, muror and ^ovcriiKr. Currinl New
Vorii when eleetfil ^'iiTcriior lir tli« jiliminfiinul niitjiiiitv
of o.ri' I '.1(1,(1(1(1 Tolfi. TuoHiS A. riUNIIUKKM, of llllll'-
Hliii, Tiro-|iriMi>lt'Mt.
'i'A. ItKN.IAMIN llARItlSdN (UaplllillCAIl). Fornicr men- I
imtit'ii, ltt>vv<*r, j,'i'iirn»l in l'. S. *rin_v, nml I'nili'il Slali'^
Kf-nul'ir. ituil 4;'.i,.'lii't iiopiiUr Tott's Ii'hh lliaii liin (i|i|iii-
ncntB, \vl hill u iiiiAJiirily of (\'> in tlio clui'iuriil cdIIc;'!'.
Iii:vi I'. MouTos. of Novr York, vic(i-|)roniilunl.
POLITICAL INFORMATION.
iti:(*il.T III' TIIK i.i.i,iriii;.\i. toi.i.i.iii. |'i;o(i:i;iiin(1s iiv
MTATIH I'KiMI ir>'.t TO AND 1 NCMMd NO I SSII.
Il.'^!>, Wii'tliiiij.'loii i'.ii'l Adums — WiiHliiiiuton liml tin-
vole of nil tlio Sl.'itiM, vi/., Ni'W llainp-iliiie. .Miissiiclni-
Hi'lis, ( 'oiiiii'ci iiMit, Si'w tlcrscy. I'l'Miisylvaiiiii, Id'luwarc,
.M:ii\ laiiil, \'ii-;^'iiiia, iS.)iitli ( 'arollim a.iij (iciirjlia.
A'laiin liaij all of X" . Ilampsliiri', .MaHsarliiisctls, 5 of
till' 7 of Coiincrtii'iit, I of llio li of New .IcrHcy, H of llio
1(1 of IVnii-iylvariia, r> of tlm lOof Virt'iiiia; lolal ;14.
ITlt.'l, Wasliin^'ton and Adiinis — Wasliin^jton had tlui
votcH of ail thn Stati'H, viz., New llainjiMhin', New York,
Now Ji'rst'V, I'eniwylvaniu, Pclawari', .Nfaryland, N'ir^'iiiia,
Kcnliii'ky, Nortii ('iirolinu, .Suiith Curoliiiu und (Jourgiii;
total i;fv'.
AdtiiMs carried all tlirsc States with tlio exeeption of
New York, Virj^inia, Kontmrky, Nortli ('urolina and
(Jeorjjia; total T7 vnicH.
IT'.K'. .\ilaniM and .lefferflon — Adiim!) had the votes of
New llHin|)Hiiire, .Ma'^^achiiii'ltii, l{l\oil« Island, ('onneeti-
cut, Vt'rnioiit, New ^'ork. New Jcr^ev, Pohiwart', I of the
16 of IVniiHylvania, 1 of tlio 'iU of \'ir;;inia, 1 of tho I"-.'
of Nortli (!urolina, and 7 of tho 1 1 of Maryland; total 71.
Thonnw ilclTerHoii IkhI II of fiio !."> votos of I'cnnsylva-
nia, 4 of tho II of .Maryland, '-.'(> of tho 'Jl of Yir^rinia,
Kentucky, 11 of iho I'i of North (!uroliua, Icnnessee,
Goorj,'ia and ISonlh Caroliiiii; total 08.
1801. .Ii'lTersin and Hiiir — Had tho votes of tho States
of New York, S of tho 1.") of I'cnnsylvania, 5 of tho 10 of
Maryland, Vir;;ini.i, Kentucky, 8 of tho 1'-.' of North Caro-
lina, Tonne-isec, South (.aroliiui and (ieorfjia; total 7;t.
House decided .lelTcrson Presiilontand UnrrN'icc-Prcsident.
Adams and Pinckney — Had tho votes of tho Slates of Now
IIam|)Hh!re, Mas^achusettM, IJhodo Inland, (lonnocticnt,
Vormont, New .Icrscy, 7 of tho J5 of i'eiinsylvania, Dela-
ware, 5 of tho 10 of -Maryland, und 4 of thu 1^ of North
Carolina; total 05.
180,'), JifTer-'on and Clinton — Had tho votee of tho
States of New llainjwhirc, MasHachiiMctts, Rhode Island,
Vermont, New York, N«w iJersoy, Pennsylvania, Mary-
land, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, (ieorgia,
Tennessee, Kentucky lind Ohio; total 1C3.
Pinckney and Kinj^ — Had tlio votes of tho States of
Connecticut, Delaware and 2 of tho 11 of Maryland;
total 14.
IHOii, Madison und Clinton — Had tho votes of tho States
of Vermont, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 9 of
tho 11 of .Maryland. Virginia, 11 of "tho 14 of North Car-
olina, South Carolina, (ieorgia, Kentnckv, Teuiiesseo and
Ohio; total K't'.
Pinckney and King — Had tho votes of the States of
New Yoik, Massachnsettn, Kliode Island, Conneotiout,
Dolaware, ;.' »! the 11 of Maryland, and '3 of tho 14 of
North Carolina; t«tal 47.
18i:i, Madiiion and Gerry — Carried Vermont, Ponusyl-
vania, 6 of the 11 of Maryland, Virginia, N«rth Carolina,
South Carolinii, Georgia, Kentnoky, Tenneifee, Ohio and
Loiiiniuna; total 1;.>H.
('liiiton and liifV'ixoll— Had tlm votei of tho States of
New lIuiiipHliiie, .MuH.'aehnMt'lt-, Khode iNland, Connec-
liciit, .New ^'ork, .Sew .lertiey, J>elawar« luid 5 of the II
of Mui'ylaiiil; loia! t*\K
l><l!', .^!onrll(• und 'roin|ikins — Hud tho votes of tho
Sl.'iltM of Ncv,- HampHhii'e, Uli'MJe Inlatid, N'ernioiit, New
Yoik, New .leriiy, Pennmiiiinia, Maryland, V'irginiu,
Nortli Caroliiia, South Carolina, (ieorgia, Kentucky, 'I'en-
nt'.sHce, Ohio, Loui-iana Mild fndiana; total |h;|.
Knit^iilld lloward— Hud the Votes of the States of Mas-
■achtisetis, Coiincclicnt ai'il Di'lauiiie; t<itul -'U.
l.S','l, .Monroe and 'ronii kins— Had tho voles of every
Stale in till, lliinii; totid 'i;l|
Adams and Stocklon — .\<liiiu8 had 1 vote of tho 8 of
New llainpsliiii , und SioiUion 8 of tho lA of .Massatdiii-
Kelts.
|f"X'.'), Adaiiwuiid (';iIhoun — Had the votes'/ the Stiiteii
of .Maine, New llampsliire, MafftachusettH, ({liodc Island,
('oiinecticiii, Veinmnl, :.'(! of the Uii of New York, I of
tlie :i of Delaware. :J of t:,o II of Maryland, V of the f)
of Lonisianu, and 1 of tho .'I of Illinois; toinl 84 for
.\dams. ('atliiiiin for N'ice-PiesiiU'iit earrieil several States
that Adams did imt carry, and had u total of \H'i votes.
Crawford— Had 5 of the .'K! votes of New York, ',! of the
:i of Delaware, ami 1 of tho 11 of Maryland, Virginia and
(ieorgia; total 41.
ilacksoi: — Had 1 of the HO votes of Neu- York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania. V of tho 11 of .Murylund. North
Cai'olinu. South Carolina, Tennessre, •') of the ,'i of Louis-
iana, Missi-tsipjii, Indiana, Illinois and Alaliania; total {•!).
('lay —Hail 4 of the HO votes of Now York. Kentucky,
Ohio and Missouri; total 117.
No choice hy tho electoral oollege, it dovolviig upon tho
House of Itepi'e.sentativcs. A choice was reached nil first
liailot as follows: Adams— Connooticnit, Illinois, Kentucky,
Ijouisiana. Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri,
New Hampshire, Now York, Ohio, Ulifido Island and
\'ermont; I'.i States, .lackson — Alahama, Indiana, Mis-
s.inii. New .Jersey, Pennsylvania. South Carolina and Teii-
in!S-ec; 7 States. (Vawford — Delaware, Georgia, Nortli
Carolina and \iiginia; 4 States.
18'^'.), Jackson und (-'ullioun — Hnd I of tho votes of tho
of .Maine, ^'0 of the HO of Now York, I'cnnsylvania,
T) of tho 11 of Maryland, Virginia, North CJarolina, South
C.irolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana,
Mississippi. Illinois, Alaltaniaund Missouri; total 178.
Adams und Rush — Had 8 of the votes of Maine, Now
Hampshire, Mussachnsetts, Uhodo Island. Conueeticut,
Vermont, IGof tho HO of New York, New Jersey, Dela-
ware, and (i of tho 11 of Maryland; total 83.
IH.'iH, Ju(!kson and Vun iUinr — Hud the voti ,sof Maine,
New llaiiiii.shirc. New York, Niw Jersev, Pennsylvania, .'J
of tho 8 (It Maryland. Virginia, North ('uroliiui, (ieorgia,
Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana. Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois,
Alahama and Mist^ouii; total '^'10.
Clay imd Sergeant — Had the votes of tho stutosof Massa-
chusetts, Rliiido Island, Connecticut, Delaware, 6 of the 8
of Maryland and Kentucky; total, 41).
18.17, Van Buren and Johnson — Had tho votes tf tlie
states of Maine, New llainpehire, Rhode Island, Connecti-
cut, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina,
Louisiana, Mi.<(ais;;ippi, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkan-
sas and .Mii'higan; total, 170.
Harrison und (Irauger — Had the votes of tlie states of
Vermont, New .lersey, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky,
Ohio and Indiana; total, 7H.
1841, Harrivon and Tylf-r — Had the vates «f tke states
«f Maine, Maesaohusetts, Rhode Island, Oonnectiout, Var-
T(C3g^
•^f:yr
POLITICAL, IMFOHMATIOM.
Lioiiii*iuii;i, MidriiHMipiii. liiiliiiiiM, IlliiiciiM, Aluliuinik, Mis
Boiiri, ArkitiiriikH, Miirliipin. Kl
iilii. 'IcxikH, lowii, Wiscon-
iiiKiii, N'kw York, Nuw Jeracy, i'l'imitylvitiiiit, DvUware,
Mitrylaiiil, North ('aroliim, (Icori^iu, Koiitiicky/riiiiiitfiuivc,
Ohio, liOiiiHiiiiiii, Mitniiuiippi, liiiliikiii hii'I Michit^mi; toUl,
•i'M.
Vitii Huron — llud tho votes of tho ittutoi of New Iluniji-
Hhirii, Vir^'iiiiii, Hoiith Citrolinu, Illinoiii, Alitbuiiia, Mil-
Mouri uimI ArkniiHHM; totitl, OO.
IHt:i, l*<>lk mill Ditlliw— llud tho votoH of the itatea
of MuiiK*. Nt*w Ilittii|i8hiru, Now York, I'vnniylruiiia, Vir-
ginia, Soiiih Cnrolinit, Ocoruiu, I<oui«iiia. Miititai|ii>i, In-
(liunu, IliinoiH, .Vluhuniu, MiMMunri, Arkanuu and Michi-
gan; total, I7<).
Clity ami Kri'linxhuyiion— Had (hn votvi of tho itatei of
Rhodi) Inlaiiil, Cormi'dtiiMit, VcrinoiU, New Junvy, Dela-
ware, Maiyliiml, North ('urolimt, Kentucky, Tennvitiii'o
and Ohio; total, 10^.
IKI'J, 'Taylor and Kdlniori> — Had thu votcH of tho 8tat(>ii
of MikSriuoliimcttH, Itliodo litlanil, OonnucticMit, Vrrnionl,
New York, Now Jimhi'}, I'ennHvlvatila, Delaware, Mary-
land, North (^'aroliiia, (ieori^ia, Kuntticky, 'reiincHHee,
LouiBiana and Florida: total, l*i.'l
Cam and Butler Had (ho votes of the States of Maine,
Nuw HainjiHliire, Virf^iniit, South ('arolina, Ohio, Missis-
sippi, Indiana, IliinoiH, Ahiliania, MiHHonri, Arkansas,
Mi('hi((an, Texan, Iowa and WiMeonsin; total, I'iH.
18i).'J, I'ierco and KiiiK— Had the votes of the States of
Maine, New Hampshire, liliode inland, ('onnecti(Mit, New
York, New .lorsey, I'eniiHvlvania, Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia, North ('arolina, S'oiith Carolina, (ieorgia, Ohio,
niH.iipp
, Mi.-h
Hill and California; total. '^'.*i4
S<!ott and (Jraluiiii— ll;i i the Votes of the States of Mas-
sauhuMcttH, N'cniioiit, Kt'iitiicky and 'i'ennoHHoe; total, 4*'^.
1H,')7, liuclianan and Mreckinridgo — Had the votesof the
StateH of Ne>v .Icrsey, IVnimylvuiiia, Delaware, Virginia,
North Carnliiin, Smiili Cnrolina. (ieorgia, Kentucky, 'IVn-
ncHce, liOiii 'iiiitk, .Mi,-i->i-si|i|ii, Indiana, HIinoiti, Alahania,
Mi-;soiiii, A kiinsas, Klunda. Texas and California; total,
1T4.
I'Vcniont lid i>ayt<iii — Hail the votes of the States of
Main.% Ni'v, lliini|iHliire, MasMai-hiisettH, lihodo Island,
Connecitiriil, Nirmonl, New York, Ohio, Michigan, Iowa
and W'isciitisin; total, 1 14.
Killnioro and DonelHon — Had the votes of the State of
Miirvland: total, 8.
isili, Lincoln and Hamlin — Had the votes of tho States
of Maiiii', Nuw Hainp.sliiiv, .MaHHaoliusetts, Rhode Island,
('onnciaient, Vermont, N(>w York, 4 of tho 7 of Now Jer-
Hov, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, IliinoiH, Michigan, Iowa,
W'iHeonsin, California, Minnesota and Oregon; total, 180.
Hreckinriilgo and liiine — Had tho votes of tho States of
Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Georgia, Fjouisiana, Missinaippi, Alatianni, Arkansas, Flor-
ida iiiid Texan, total, 7'i.
DiiiigliiH and Jolinson — Had tho votes of tho States of
Missouri, and ',i of tho 7 of New Jersey; total, 12.
Hell and Kverett — Had tho votes of tho States of Vir-
giniii, KiMitiiikv and Teiinesnee; total. 30.
18<1.), Liiici. and Jolinson — Had the votesof the States
of Maine, New latnpHhire, Massaihnsetts, Hhodo Island,
Connecticut, Vcimont, New York, Pennsylvania, Mary-
laiul, Ohio, Indian:. Illinois. Missouri, .Michigan, Wiscon-
sin, Iowa, Califon. 1. .MiiiMcsota, Oregon, Kansas, West
Virginia and Neiira.ska; tolal, '-il'i.
McClellan and reiulletoii -Had the votes of the .States
of New .lersey, Delaware and Kciituckv; total, 21.
Kli'ven States did not vote, viz.: .\labania, Arkansas,
Florida, (ieorgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South (Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia.
1877. Haves and Wheeler— Had the votesof tho S
of Mhiite, New Haniphiro, Vermont, MassachusettH, I{
Island, Ponnsvhania, South Carolina, Ohio, Lonis
IH(;ii, (irant and Colfax— Had tho votes of tho States of
Maine, New Hampshiro, Vermont, MiuwiachusettH, Rhode
Island, ( I'linei ticiit, Pennsylvania, North (Carolina, South
Carolina, Alitliaina, Ohio, Tenneswe, Indiana, Illinois,
.Missouri, Arkansaii, Michigan, Floridl^ Iowa, Wisconsin,
California, Minnesota, Kansas, West Virginia, Nevadaand
Nehrikska; total, 21 1.
.Seymour and Itlair— -Had the votes of the States of New
York, New ilersey, Delaware, Maryland, (ieorgia, liOiiiMi-
ana, Kentucky and Oregon; total, 80.
'I'lireu States did not vote, viz.: Mississippi, I'exa* and
Virginia.
I87:l, (irant and Wilson— Had tho votes of the .Htati-s of
.Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Mitssanhusetts, Rhode
Island, (Jonneiaiciit, New York, Now .rorsov, Pennsyl-
vania, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro-
lina, Alahama, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, .MissisKiniii, Michi-
gan, Florida, Iowa, WiKconsin, California, Minnesota,
Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia, Nebraska and Nevada;
total, 28(;,
(ireelev and Brown — Had the votes of the States of
Maryland, (ieorgia, Keutuckv, Tounesseo, Missouri and
Texas; total, (13.
Three electoral votes of (Ieorgia cast for Oreelev, and
the votesof Arkansas, )>, and lx)uisiiina. S, cast for (irant,
were rejected.
~ States
Rhod«
. . isiana,
Illinois, Michigan, Florida, Iowa, Wisconsin, California,
Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, Nevada. Neliranka and Colo
rado; total, 18.^.
Tilden and Hendricks — Had votes of Connecticut, New
York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North
Carolina, (ieorgia, Alaliam.t, Kentucky, Tennessee,
Indiana, Missouri, .\rkanHu., MissiHsip)ii, Texas and West
Nirginia; total i^*4.
1881. (iartield and .\rthur — Had votes of Maine, New
Hampshire, N'ermont, Massiudiusetts, Uliode Island, (on-
necticiit, .New Y :k, lennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illhiois,
.Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, 1 of the <i of (Jalifornia, Min-
nesota, Oregon, Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado; total
214.
Hancock and Knglish — Had votes of New Jersey, Dela-
ware, .Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
(ieorgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mis-
souri, Arkansas, Mississipjii, Florida, Texas, 6 of the ef
California, West Virginia and Nebraska; total 165.
1884. Cleveland .uid Hendricks — Had votesof Alabama,
Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, In-
diana, Kentucky, Ijonisiaiia, Maryland, Mississippi, Mis-
souri, New Jersey, New Yrrk, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia;
total 203.
Blaine and Logan — Had votes oi' California, Colorado,
Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan,
Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, .New Hain|)8hire, Oliio,
Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Wisconsin;
total 1 (if..
1888. Harrison and Morton — Had voles of California,
Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, .Maine, .Mas-
sachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, New
Hanipsliire, New York, Ohio, Oregon. Pennsylvania,
liiiiiile Island, Vermont vr:.ponsin; total 2:i;i.
Cleveland and Th:ri!'i!i—-!i.ul votes of .Mabaina. Aik-
ansas, Connecticut l),'l;.\vure, Florid';, Georgia, Kent'icky,
liouisiana, Mar.l iid, Missis-sippi, .Hi! soiiri. New Jersey,
North Carolina. . Suit h Carolina, 'J en.iessee, Texas, Vir-
ginia, W. Va. ; tot.-i! 168.
n
! -t
VOTE BY STATES.
Alubttnitt — IH'i-i, Dtiii. inuj. 5,'-JtiO; 1628, ')ent. aiuj.
15,200; lt<;}';, J>eni. iimj. ;5.431; 1840, rem. iiiiij. 5.520;
1844, Deiii. iiMJ. IJ.OJO; 1848, f)«>m.!n:ij. 881; 1852, Dciii.
inaj. 11,8411; Iti'ilj, Dem. inuj. 18,187; IhtiO, Diiii. iimj.
7,35.5; 18f;s, 1{.-|> iiiiij. 4.2:8- 1ST2, Ht-p. niaj. 10.82t>
18TG, Duin. iimj. ;1;J.:T2; 188t'. I),.|ii. maj. 2U,8G7; 18f4,
Dem. plur. 33. 520; 1888, Ih-ui. j.lir. 00.113.
ArkaiiBiiB — 1830, IJcni. iiiaj. 1,102; 1840, Dem. »..ttj.
889; 1844, Dem. maj. 4,042; 1848, Dem. maj. 1,712; 18,V2,
Dem. maj. 4,709; 1850, Den., maj. 11,123; 1800, DiMii.
maj. 3,411; 1808, Hep. maj. 3.034, 1872, Itep. maj. 3,440;
1870, Dem. maj. l'J,113; 1880, Di-m. ii-aj. 14,749; 1884,
Dem. plur. 5J2,208; 1888 Dem. plur. 27,210.
California — 1852, Dem. maj. 5.119; 1856, Dem. plur.
17,200; 1870. Kcp. plur. G.iT; 1804. Hep. maj. 18,293;
1808, Hep. maj. 500; 1872. Hej'. muj. 12,234; 1876. Rp.
miij. 2,738; 1880, Dem. plur. 78: 1884, Hep. plur. 13,128;
1888, Hep. plur. 7,080.
(Jdloni'la— 1880. Hej). maj. 1.308-. 1884. Rep. maj. 8,507;
1888, Hep. plur. 13,224.
CouiK'oiicut — 1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) maj.
5,001); 1828, Loose Constructionist (Hep.) maj. 9.381; 1832;
Loos'i CciMstruetionist (Hep.) maj. 0.480; 1830, Dem. nuij.
708; 1810, Whi;? (Rfl>.) maj. O.l.il ; 1.S44, \Vliig{Kep.) niuj.
1,0(8; 1848. Whig. (Hep) i>lur. 3. -.'08; 185'^. Dem. i)lur.
2,8'.t2; 1850, Hfp. Hiuj. 5,liC>; 180O, H,.p. niaj. 10.238;
1801. Hej). maj. 2.4nii; ih(;8. He]>. niaj. 3.043; 1872, Hep.
maj. 1,348; I8;i;, Dem. maj. 1.712; 1880, Hep. maj, 1.788;
1884. D<Mi. plur. 1,2:4; 1888. Dem, piur.330.
Delaware — 182 , Loo.se Con.^tructioiiisi (Itep.) niaj. 420;
1832. Lo.iso Ci'iisiru. tioiiLst. (Hep.) maj. 100; 1830. Wliig
(Uep.) maj.583;ls40. Wliig (IJep.) mij. 1.083: 1844, Whig
(H.'|). )!naj.2-i::: lS48,W!iiu(H. ,1.) maj. 443; I8."i2, Dem. plur.
25; 18.')0. .U(.:i. i!iaj. l..')21: 18C0; Dem. plur. 3,483; 18(;.|,
Dem. Iimj. 012; 180». Dem. maj. 3,357; 1872, Hep. maj.
422; 1870. Dem. -uaj. 2.029: 1880, Dem. maj. 1,023; 1884,
Dem. plur. 423; 1 v>. D. 111. plur. ?.441.
I'i..ri.i.i 1818, Whig (li.ji.)maj. 1,20'.); 1852. Dem. 'iiaj.
1,443; l8.»ii, Dvm. maj. l,.'i'.'>; 18(;u, D.'in. -'mj. 2.7:)'.t: 1872,
Hep. iii.ij. 2,330; 18ti;, !{,.[.. maj. 920; 18,s!i, !)• lu. maj,
4,310; ls><4. Dmu. plui-. 3,;38; 18S8, D.-in. jilur. 12.002.
(Jeoigia— 18!0, W hi;,' (Ki'|i.) iii.ij. 2..8or; isio. Whig
(Hep.) maj .h,3.>; 18l4,Dem.iiiaj. 2,0", I ; |8-)S, Wliig (Hep.)
maj. 2,742; 18.-)-^, Dem. maj. 18.01.".; I8."t';, i».iii. maj.
14.350; I8O11, D.-m. plur. 9,»io3: !80'<. Dem. maj ».').588;
1872, Dem maj. 9, 80O; 18"'0, Dim. iiiaj 79,012; 1880,
Dem. maj. l.i'.i'.i; 1884. Dem. plur. 4';,9.;i; 1888, Dem.
p'ur. 00.029.
Illinois— 1824. Dem. plur. 3.")0: 1828, Pem. maj. 5.182;
1832, Dem. maj. 8,71s; l,s3" . Dmi. maj. 3.1 14; 1840, Dem.
maj. l,79o; IS44, Dem, maj. s.i^ti; 1>48, Dem, plur.
3,253; 1852, Dem. maj. 5. OoT: 1n50, !), .-n. plur. 9.150;
IPOO, Hep. maj. 5,029; 1804. H.p. maj. 30,100; 18i;8. Hep.
maj. Si.lCO; 1872, Hej). maj. 53,948; 1870. Hep. maj. 1.971:
1880, Hep. maj. 14,358; ;884. Hep. plur, 2'i.l22; 1888, Hep.
plur. 22,042.
Iii.liaiia— 1884, Dem. plur. 2.028; 1«28. Dpjii. maj.
5,185; 1832, Dom. maj. l';,o8ii: 1830, Whig (Hep.) maj.
8,801; 1840. Whig (Hep. > maj. 13.0o7: 1844. Dem. maj.
208; 1848, Dem. plur. 4,s38: i,S52. Dem. maj. 7, old; 1850,
Dem. mh:j. 1.9(i9: I8OO. Hep. m.-ij. 5,923; 1804, Hep. maj,
20,189; 1,S08, Hep. maj. 9.508; 1,872. Hep. maj. 21.098;
1870, Dem. plur. 5,515; I880. Hep. plur. 0,041; 1884, Dom.
plur. 0,527; 1888, liep. plur. 2,348.
Iowa— 184.S, Dem. plur. 1,000; 1P53. Dem, maj. .303;
lasr. Rep. plur 7,784; 18C0, Hep. maj. !2,4S7;1804, Rep.
maj 39,479; 1808. l.{ep. maj. 40.359; 1872. Hep. maj, 58.-
140; 1876, Ii»}p. -./laj. .-iO.lOl; J8S0, Hep. maj. 45,732; 1884,
Hep. plur. 19,790; 1888. Rep. ).lur. 31,721.
-;rT^. - -
Kan.sa.— 1804, Hop. maj. 12.750; 1808. Hep.mij. r..058;
1872, Hep, Iiiaj. 33.482; 1870. Rej). niiij. 32.511; 1880. Hop.
maj. 12,021; 18.84. Hei).plur.04.-i74; 1888. l{ei..plnr.',!i.901.
Keiituikv — 1824, Loo.-o Constru.itiouist (Hep.) majority
.0.32','; 1828. Dt 111. niajiritv 7.912: 1832. Lo-ho (".)t,Htruc-
li; .'.i.-c (Hep.) majeritv 7.149; 1830, Whig (Hep ) luajor-
t- 5. 20; 1840. WiM::"(Hep.)majoriiv 25,873; 1844, Whig
(Hep.) majority 9.21)7 ; 1848. ^Vhig (Htp) nuiiority
17,421; 18.52. Whig (Hep.) majority 2.997; 1850. J)em.
majority 6,912; 1800. Constitutional Union jilurality
12.915; 1804, Dem. majority 36.515; 1868, Dem. ma-
jority 70.324; 1872, Dem. maj. 8,855; 1876 Dem. maj.
59,772: 1880. Dem. maj. 31,951; 1884, Dem. plur. 34,839;
1888, Dem. plur. 38,666.
Louisiana — 1828, Dem. majority 508; 1832, Dom. m».
jority, 1,521; 1830, Dem. majority 270; 1840, Whig (Hep.)
maj. 3.680; 1844. Dem. niajor:ty"099; 1848. Whig (Hep.)
najority 2.847; 1852. Dem. majority 1.392; 1856. Dem.
'najoriiy 1.4.">5; 1800. Dem. plurality 2,477; 1808, Dem. ma-
^ nty 46,902; 1872, Hep. majority" 14.634; 1876, Rep. ma-
/ .rity 4.490; 1880, Dem. majority 33,419; 1884, Dom.
plur 16,260; 1888, Dem. plur. 54.700.
.Maine — 1824, I.,oose Constructionist (Hop.) majority
4.540; 1828, Loose C .nBtriietionist (Hep.) majority ti,848;
1840, Whig (Hep.) majority 217; 1844. Dem. majority
(>,5')5; 1848; Dem. plurality 4.765; 1852, Dem. majority
1.0J6; 1850, Hep. majority 24.974; 180O. Hep. majority
27,704; 1804, Hep. majority 17..V.I2; 1808, Rep. majority
28,0.33; 1872. Hep. majority 32.355; 1870, Hep. majority
15.814: 1880, Hep. majorify 4.400; 1884, Rep. plurality
20,009; 1888. Hep. plurality 32,252.
Maryiaiiii — 1824, Loose Construetionist (Hep.) plurality
10'.'; 1828,LooseCoii8tri.ctii.iiisi(Hep.) majority 1.181; 1832,
I oo.-^e Coiistructioni.-t (Hep.) majority 4; 1830, Whig
(Hej).) majority 3, 08.'.; 184t», Whig (Hep.) majority 4,776,
1844, Whig (Hep.) majority 3,308; 1.848, Whig (lie]!.) ma-
jority 3.049; ls-,;>, Den.." majority 4,900; 1850, Know-
Nothing majority 8.00,4; 1.8i;o, Dem'. plurality 722; 1804,
Hep. majority 7.414; 1808, Dem. niajomy 31,919; 187"
Dem. majdrifv 9o8; 1870. Dem. majority 19.7"iO; 1880,
Dem. m:ijorily 15,l;tl; 1884, Dem. plur. 11,305; 1888,
Dem. ;ilur. 0.182.
.Ma.'^.-aenus'tts — 1824, Ixjoso Coii.-triietionist (Hep.) ma-
jority 24.071: 1828. 1joo.-;o Conslruelioiiist (Hej>.) majority
22.817; 1832. L00-" Con.struetioni.-t (Hep.) majority
IS. 458; 18.30. Whig (Hep.) m.ijorit v 7.592; 1840, Wliig
(Hi'p.) iiia;nritv r.t.305; l.'<44, Wilis,' (Hep.) majority 2.712;
1848, Whig (iilep.) i.liirality 23,oi4: 1852, Whig (Hep.)
hiiirality 8,114; 1S50, H.'p". majority 49,324; 1800, Hep.
majority 43,981; 1,S04, Hep. majority' 77,997: 1858, Hep.
iiiaji-ritv 77,O0'.i: 1872. Rep. inajorit'v 74,212: 1S70, Ifep.
majority 40.423; ls.80, J.Vp. m ■'. 49/t97; 1884, Heji. plur.
24 372;"l888, Rep. plur. 31.457.
Mi. hiiraii— 1.830, Dem. majority 3,300; i840. Whig
(Hep.) majority 1.514; 1844. Dem. plurality 3,423; 1848,
Dem. plurality 0.747: 1852. Dem. majority 740; 1856,
Hep. majority 17.906; I860, H- p. majority 22,213; 1864,
Hep. maiorit', 16.917: 180S I..,., majority 31,481 ; 1872,
Hop. majo,-it"v .'>5,908; 1870. Heji. majorit"y 15.542; 1880,
Hep. majority 19.095; 1884, Rep. plurality 3,308; 1888,
Ro!). plurality 22.903.
Minnesota— I8O0. Rep. majority 0,339; 1804, Rep, ma-
jority 7,085: 1808, Hep. majority "l5.47(i; 1872, Hep. ma-
jority 20,604; 1876 Rep. majority 21,780; 1880, Hep. ma-
jority ■J0..5S8; 1884. Rep. plurality 38,738; 1888, Hej).
plur." 30,005.
Mississippi— 1824, Dem. m.-ijor! 1,421; 1828, Dem.
majority 5.182; l.>^32. Dem. majority 5,919; 1830, Dem.
inajorit'y 2',il, 1840. Whig (Rop.) m'ajority 2,523; 1844.
Dem. inajority 6,020; 1848, Dom. majority OiS; 18J)2,
■^fc^.-;
=^
[).niij. 1 ; .O.'iH;
11; lHS(i. Kop.
Iii'li.) iii;ij.)rity
) '^^'! ("oiintruc-
(Uf)i ) iiiiijor-
; IK44, Wliig
,»>]).) iimjority
; 185(;, J)em.
liou ]iluralitjr
8, Di'in. iiiu-
li Dcin. iiiuj.
plur. 34,839;
2, Deni. ma-
. Whig (Rep.)
Whig (U.T-)
; 1850. Deni.
(iS, Dt'iii. ina-
870, Kep. ma-
i; 1884, Dom.
■p.) inujorit»
iijority 0,848;
cm. iniijority
)ein. nmjofity
Jep. niiijority
Hop. Iimjority
Hi'p. iiiitjority
IJop. plurality
lop.) plurality
;v l.ISI;18;t2,
■ 18;i(), Whig
ajniily 4,7:6,
'.- (''''I'-) ""''
18.")0, Kiiow-
V V2-i; 1804,
:il. '.•!!!; 187"
l'.i.7"iO; 188G
11,305; 1888,
si (Kop.) iiia-
lop.) iiiiijnrity
p.) iiiujiiiify
.': 184(1. Whig
iiijdi'ily '..'.712;
Whig (Hop.)
4; ISOO. Hep.
: isr.s, Ivop.
I: ISTO. liop.
54, Ui'ji. plur,
i840, Whig
;i,4-.'3; 1848,
ty 740; l.S.-iO,
•!•.'.•.' 13; 1804,
31,481; 1S7V',
l,').,VK';lShO,
3,308; 1888,
04, Rep. ina-
^7",*, lio)). ma-
<(i, li'op. nia-
;; 1888, ]{ep.
1828, Dem.
1830, ■Deni.
v\5J3; 1844.
,v 0i5; 18i»:>,
5»9^
POLITICAL IXrORllATIOS.
I
i
C^
Decc. majjoritT 9,328; 185C, Dora, majority 11,251; 1860,
I)«in. tM^ority 12,474; 1872, liep. majority 34,887; 1876,
D*ni. mmjority 59,568; 1880, Dem. majority 35,099; 1884,
D«m plurality 33,001; 1888, Dem. plurality 55,375.
Mi««ouri — 1824, Looso Constructionist (Rep.) majority
liU; 1848. Dem. majority 4,810; 1832, Dem. majority
b.lvi; 1S36, Dem. majority 2,058; 1840, Dem. majority
6,7?.S; 1^44, Dem. majority 10,118; 1848, Dom. majority
T,4*;»*; 1852, Dem. majority 8,309; 1850, Dem. majority
d.MO; iS60, Dem. plurality 429; 1804, Rep. majority
4l.i)?S; 1866, Rep. majority 21,232; 1872, Dem. majority
\:*.S>iH; 1876, Dem. majority 54,389; 1880, Derr. majority
r>.»»7; 1884, Dem. plurality 33,059; 1888, Dem. plurality
25.:<:'j.
XebTMka— 1868. Rop. majority 4,290; 1872, Rep. ma-
jority 10.517: 1876. Rep. majority 10,320; 1880, Rep. ma-
joritj 32,603; 1884, I'ep. plurality 22,512; 1888, Rep.
pioralitj «7,873.
N'eTada— 1864. Rep. majority 3,232; 1808, Rep. ma-
jority 1,262; 1882, Rep. majority 2,177; 1870, Rep. ma-
jority 1.075; 1880, Dem majority 879; 1884, Rep. plural-
ity l,f!15; 188, Rep. plurality 1,930.
Ser Ilampsiiire — 1824, Loose (Jonstructionist (Rep)
nuj'iriiT 3. 404; 1028, Loose Conatniotionist (Rep.) ma-
jontT3,3H4; 1832. Dom. majority 0,470; 1830, Dem. plur-
ality 12. 4<*4; lS4it, Dom. majority 0,380; I8M, Dem. ma-
jonty5.13;i: 1848, Dom. majority 5,422; 1852, Dem. ma-
j-iriiy '.155; 18,^0, Rop. majority 5,134; 180O, Rop. ma-
jority 9.085 ; 1S04. Rop. iniijority 3,529; 1808, Rep. ma-
jority 6.1W7; 1872, Hop. majority 5.444; 1870, Rep. ma-
joriiV 2.954; 18M0, Rep. nmj. 3,530; 1884, Rep. plur,
4.«>59: 18!>8. Rop. plur. 2,370.
Xew Jersey — 1824, Dom. majority 079; 1820, Loose
Con«tnicnonist (Hop.) ni:ijority 1.80H; 1832, Detii. major-
ity 4<£i: 1836, \Vhig{I{oi).) in.ijoritv 545; 1840, Whig(Rop)
majoriiy 2.248; KS44, Whig (Roii.) iniijority 092; 1848,
Wb:g (t{«'p.) majority 2,285; 1852, Dom. maj'oritv 5.399;
I45«, l>em. plurality 18,005; 1800, Dem. majority 4,477;
ls«J4. Dem. majority 7,.30l; 180s, Dom. majority •..'.870;
Kt. R«-p. majoritv 14,570; 1870. Dem. majority 11, CW);
l>S»-». IVm. plurality 2.010; 1884. Dem. plurality 4,412;
IsS*. Dom. plur.Hlity 7,149.
Xew York — Is2k, Dem. majority 4, .350; 1832, Dom.
majoritr la.Oul; 1830, Dom. majority 28.272; 184tt. Wliip
(Rie-p.) iiisjuriiy 10.,">00; 1K44, Dom. "plurality .^. 100; 1848.
Whii(ll?p.) iiiijority 98,093; 1852, Dom. nnijority 1.872;
1»»5«;. R^'p. plurality 80.129; I81IO, Rop. majority' 50. 130:
lS»;i. Bep. majority 0,749; 1808, Dom. majoritv 10. (kX);
K:. Rep. majority "51,800; 1870, Dom. majority 20,5r,8:
l>'<*». Kep. majority 8,000: 1884, Dom. plurality 1.148;
1».N Rop. ]>liirality 14.373.
Xonb Csrolina— 1824. Dom. majority 4,794; 1828,
IVm. majority 23,93!t; 1832, Dom. iniijority 20.299; 1836,
Uem. majoritv 3,284; 1840, Whig (Rop.) maioritv 12.158;
I'm;. Whig (l^^i) ) majority 3,945; 1848, Whig (Rep.)
majority 8,081;* 1852, Dom. iniijority 027; 1850, Dom.
majoriiy 11.300, 18t'>it, Dom. majority 048; 1808. Rop.
majority 12.108: 1872, Hop. majority 24,(;75; 1870, Dom.
majority 17.010; |88h. Dnn. majority 8,320; 1884, Dem.
plarality 17.884: 1888, Di'Ui. plurality 13,11 '.
Ohio — 18-24. Loose Coiislruotic)iii.-<t (Hop.) j lurality 798:
IftJS;. I>em. majority 4.2<il; ]^:Vi. Dom. nnijf.iity 4.707;
is^W. Wiiijfdlon) inajoiitv '■457; 1840, \Vhig (Rop.) ma-
jority 22.472: 1844. Whiir IfoP') I'lnralily 5.94(1; 1848.
I>eni. piuraiitv li;.415; 1852. Uoin, plnialily 10,0',>4; I8,Vi.
Itfp. pluraliiv 10.023; l8(;o. Rop. niaiority 20.; 79; 1804.
Rrp. maj'trily 59. ."80; IS08. IJoj). majority 41.017: 1872.
K.i-p majoritv 3J.2fi8; i870. Hop, majority 2,747: 1880,
llep. majoriiv 27.771; 1884, Rep. plurality, 31,602; 1888,
R^P plnralitV 19,599.
^*. ^^^
t.
Oregoo— !«(«<:», Eep. plurality 1,318; 1864, Rep. majority
1,431; 1««*, Dem. majority 164; 1872, Rep. majority
3,517; l»7e, Bep. majoritv 647; 1880, Rep. majority 422;
la84, B«p. plurality 2,250"; 1888, Rep. plurality 6,769.
PeoiiaylTaaia — 1824, Dem. majority 24,846; 1828, Dem.
maj'mtj 5«'.N(.4: ]k32, Dom. majority 34,207; 1830, Dem.
majontV 4.3^: 184<t, Whig (Rep.) majority 2; 1844, Dom.
majori:y 3.11*4; lt>48. Whig (Rep.) majority 3.074; 1852,
Dem. m'aj-.niy IO.mjh; 1850, Dem. majority 1,025; 1800,
Rep. maj'-ritj 59,018; 1804, Hop. majority 20,075; 18(18,
Rep. laajority 28.8i<8; 1872, Itep. majority 135,918; l!;70,
Iter- Bimymtt 9.375; I88O, Rop. majority 10.008; 1884,
Rep. ploiality 81,019; 1888 Rep.jilurality 79,458.
Rhode bJan<i — 1824, l^oose ConstructioniHt (Rep.) ma-
jority 1/M5; 1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep,) majority
1,93.3; 1*TC, Loose Constructijjnist (Hop,) majority 0,S4;
183^;. D<em. majoritv 254; 1840, Whig (Hop,) mujority
1.935; 1M4, Whig '(Bop.) majority 2,348; 1848, Whig
(Rep.) majoriiv V.403; 1852, Dom. majority 405; 185(i,
Rep. nMionty'3.112; >800, Hop. majority 4,537; 1864,
Rop. majority 5.222; 1808, Hop. majority 0,445; 1872,
Rop. majority 8.3.30: 1870, Hep. majority 4.947; 1880,
[i»'p. majority 7.180; 1884, Hep. jilurality 0,039; 1888,
Rep. pinnlitr 4.427.
Sooth Carolina— 1808, Rep. majority 17,004; 1872, Rep.
majoritv 41».4<.<': isTD. Hop. majority 904; 1880, Dem.
majority 54,241: 1^^4. Dom. jilurality 48,112; 1888, Dom,
plurality 5 V"^-
TenneiBHK^— 1K24. Dem. majority 19,009; 1828. Dom.
mJijoritT4I.K.V«: Ik.32, Dom. majoVity 27,301; 1830, Whig
(Rep.)maj'.ritT 9.M2: 184(», M'hig (Hop.) iniijority 12.102;
1S44. Whiz <Rep.( majority 113; 1848, Wliig (Hop.) ma-
jority <5,?3SC: 18^.-^. Whig (Hop.) iimjority I. ,'■80; 1850,
Dem'. in*y>nir 7.400; 18<;i), ('on.stitntiiiiiiil riiiini ]iliiiaiilv
4. .505; !«««. Rrp. majority 30.499; 1872, Dom. iniijority
8.73«; l»r«. iMa. majorit'v 43,000; 1880, Dem. nuijority
14.5W: 1««4. Dem. plur. 8,275; 1888, Dom, nliir. 18, '1118.
TeXiU — iNl*. Ik-m. ma^i>rity 0,150; 1852, IK'in. mujor-
ity 8..V»7. !**«, Dom. majoritv 15,530; 18(10, Dom, iimjor-
ity .T2.1h'»: 1»»72, Domniajority 10,595; 1870, Dom. iiia-
jo'ricy .W.itV»: 18W, Dem. majority 7o,878; 1884, Doiii.
pIuraFity 132.1CK; ]K88, Dom. plurality 140,003.
Vertnonl — 1*''28. I>»oge Const mot ioniKt (Hop.) majority
10 57?»: 1*32. lx«»Be CoiiRtruoiiunist (Hop.) ni.ijorilv 3,282;
I.H.3>7. Wfc!2 <Iioj..) majoritv 0,954; 1840, Wiiig" (Hop.)
majoritv 14.117: 1844, Whig (Ifoj),) inajoriiv 4.^:5: ls|8,
Whi-ziiU-pi pJundity 9.285; Is52, Wlr',_' (Hop.) iiiujoiiiy
.V),S: l!0;, liep, majoritv 28.44';; I8ti0, I'oji, nnijoriiv 24,'-
772; l*»-l, Bep. majo.iM- 29,098; 1808. Hoj). mujority
32.1*2: I*T2, feep. majority 29,901; 1870, Hop. majority
23.83H: I»»!Hfi, Rep. majority 2t;.O30; 1884, Rep. jilurality
2-i.t.<l; l*«K«. Rep. jilurality 28,404.
Virginia — 1^'24. Dom. majority 2,023; 1828, Doin. ma-
jority HjCl: 1K.'»2. Dom. majoriiv 22.158; isi'.O. Dum.
majority <5.*«t3: ]sJO, Dem. niiijori'ty l,;!'.i2; 1814, Dom.
majority 5.*<«3: ]k48. D.ni, majority 1.453; 1852. Dim.
majority I5.2><6: 1850. D<ni, majority 29,1(»5; 18(lii, Con-
fltItnlionalUni<'>n plurality 358; 1872,"l!o|i. innjorily l,';:2;
187^. Dem. majf>rit V 44.112; 188(i. Rogular Dnn. inaj<.iitv
12,810; Dem- pJaralitv 0,315; 1888, Dom. jiliualilv 1,539'.
W.-.t Virpima— 1804. Rep. majority 12,714; 18(";8, Hoji.
roajorrty ««.*<C9: 1872, Rep. majority 2.201: l8;o, Di'in.
maj'ritV 1?..1M: 1880, Dem. mitjoritv 2.0i;9; 1884. Dcin.
ptiiriUty 4.?2I: 1888. Drtii. jplnialty 831i.
Winciinriii— 1S48. Dom. jil-irality 1.254: 1852. Don;.
majority '2.<<(>4; 18.50, Roii, iniijoi"it\ I2.(i08; Isoo, Hrji,
{ majoriry ■i.\».i(i4^.*: 1804, liop, mujority 17, 5M; 1808, l.'cj.,
majority t4.1S<#; 1872. Roj>. majority 17.08(5; 1870, Hoji,
I majority 5>.2<'.<5: 18s(i. Hoji. mujority 21,783; 1884, Roji,
I plurality 14,«(3: 1888. Re,>. plurality 21,271.
i
iti i
HOLIT CAI. INFORMATION.
POPULAR VOTE. 1
SHOWINO HOW KACH 8TATK WBNTANI) BY WHAT MAJORITY I
THK PARTY CAKHIhl) IT FROM 1824 TO DATE.
For l'ru.4iil'jntial uitiulidatfa from ISH U> liinl iiiclmlin^
1.S88. Prior to l^H electorij wuro clxtsfii by tho lugislu- I
turiM of tho (lifTerent StittcB.
18.U, J. Q. A.iiiiiis— lLi.1 U)i.:m to 155.872 1-. ...ick-
801), -ILvVsa for Cniwfonl, and 4<!.587 for ('Any. J.ichson |
over Ailiiiim, 50, 551. Ailatns It-si tlmri coiu'Diiied vote of
otIa'iH, U(t,8(i!t. Of I ho wliolo Vftc Adams liiid aO.il'J jut
cent., Jiicksou 41. .?, (,'liiy I'-i.'i'i, Crawford 13. '-^3. Adams i
elecli-d l>v lloii.'fe j( Koprcsfiitativo*. |
1828, Ja.-kson— Had 647,231 to 5()lt.01)7 for Adams.
Jai'kiion's majority, I3H,].'I4. Of tiie whoiu vote JackHoii
had 55.i(7 j)erct:>f., Adams 44. o3.
l-t;).', J,i(:k8oii — ilid 087,50,! to 5;)U,189 for Clay, and
33,108 for Floyd and Wirt c'lniltiiifd. .I^ickson's majority,
121.205. Of tiio wholo vote Jackson had 54.00 jur ci-nt.,
Clay 42.39, and othrrs coinhiiKMl 2.'!5.
1831), Van IJuren— lliul 701.54'J to 73»i,(J5t!, tho com-
liined voto for llarri.son, Whiiu, Wi'hsiiT and Maguin.
Vail Hiircii's majority, 21. H'.)3. Of tliu wholo voto Van
Huren ha<l 50.H3 perrcnt., and tho others fomhiiuMJ 4!t. 17.
1840, Harrison— Had 1,275,017 to 1,128.702 for Van
Huron, ami 7, (159 for Hinify. Harrison's majority, 139.-
25<!. Of tho whole vote Harrison had 62.89 per cent.,
Van Huren 4'1.82, and IJirnev .29.
1S44, I'olk — Had 1,337. 243 to 1.299 OOS for ."'hy, and
(i2.3oo for Hirney. i'olk over Clay, 38,1 7«. Polk loss
than others combined, 24.125. Of "tho wholj vote I'olk
liad 49..')5 percent., ('lav 48.14, and Hirney 2.21.
1.S48, 'i'avlor— Had 1.360,101 to 1,220,544 for Cass, and
20l.2(;3 for Van Huren. Taylor over Cass, 139.557.
Taylor le.^s than others combiiied, 151,706. Of the whole
voto 'I'avlor had 47.36 per cent., Cass, 42.50, and V^aii
Huren li>. 14.
IS.-..'. 1' ore. — H:i 1 1.001,474 to 1.386,578 for Scott, and
156. 149 f .r Hale. I'ler.o over all, 58,747. Of the whoh
vote I'lvreo had 50.90 |iereei.t.. Scott44.IO, and Halo4.97.
1856, Hiirjianan— Had 1,838.169 to l,341,2t!4 for Fre-
mont, and 874.534 for Fillmore. Hnchaiuiiiover Fremont
4'.Mi,905. Hiiehanan less than combined voto of otherti,
377,629. Of tiio wholo vote Hucliainin had 45.34 per
ont., Fioiuont 33.09, and Fillmore 21.57.
ic''0, Lineoin— Had 1.866.352 to 1 .375,157 for Douglas,
845,763 for Hr.'ekinridK<', iinil 589.581 for Hell. Lincoln
over Hreckinriilge, 491,195. Liiu'olii less than Douglas
and Hreckinridge eombined, 354.568. F>incoln less than
'•ombined vote of all others, 944.149. (.>f the whole vote
liiiicoln ha I 39 91 percent.. Douglas 29.40, Breckinridge
1>< 08. and H II 12 61.
1864, F.iiicolM — li id 2,216,067 to 1,808.725 for MeClel-
lan. (Kieveii Stj'.tv ■( not voting, viz.: Alabama, Aikan-
sa-, Flori<la. deorgia, [joiiisiana, Mis-*isHip|ii, North
(' oliiia, Somh Carolina. Terine-rtee. Texiisund Virginia )
'.iiic'olti'.^i inajnil; V, 4(is 342. Of the « hole vole Ijliicoln
had 5;.. (Mi percent., and .McCleliMn W 94.
1868, (!i:iiit — il.id .1.0l5.o;i lo 2. 71*9,613 for Seymour.
(Three States not voting, viz : Mis«is-iippi, Texas and
\'iiL'inia.) (irant's majority, 3o5.45"<. Of the whole vole
liraiit liiel 52 67 p r cent., and McClellan 47. .33.
is;-.'. <.'iaMt — H.id 3 597.070 to 2.831.079 for flreeloy,
29.408 fir O'Connor, and 5.608 for IMiuk. Crint's major-
ity 729.975. Of thewholo voteOranthail 55.!i3 percent.,
Oreelev 43.83, O'Cof.nor .15, Hlack .09.
1876. Haves— Had 4,033.9.50 to 4,284,88,') for Tildon,
81,740 for Coo(>er, 9.52'J for Smith, and 2,630 scattering,
'■'ilden's majority over Hayes 2.50,935. Tiidon's majority
n tho entire vote cut, 157,037. Hayes lera than tho
combined voto of others, 344,833. Of tho whole vote
cast Hayes had 47.96 per cent., Tilden 60.94 per cent.,
Coope- .97 per cen'.., Smith .11 per cen»., scattering .03.
1880, (Jarlield— Had 4,449,053 to 4,44'xi,036 for Hanc(»ck,
.307, 3o0 for Weavir, and 12,570 scattering. Oartiold over
Hancock, 7.018. (Jarfield less than the combined vote for
others. 313,804. Of the popular vote Oarlleld had 48.26
per cent., Hancock 48.25, Weaver 3.33, scattering .l.'i
1884, Cleveland— Had 4.913.248 to4,848,150 for Ulaine,
151,062 for St. John, 133,728 for Hiulor. Cleveland over
HIaine, fi5,098. Cleveland less than entire vote of oppo-
nents, 219,712.
18W. Harrison— Had 6.4;}0,607 to 6,638,045 for Cleve-
land, 257,243 to Fi^k, anil 114,623 to the liabor issue.
Cleveland over Harrison, 10i,438. Ilarriaon less than
entiro vote of opponents, 479,304.
If turtied oTerevpiv S iiionlhii,
'6 "
• 8 "
12 "
'• "2 vi'srs,
5 ■
HOW TC CONDUCT A SUCCESSFUL
BUSINESS.
That short credit and small profits form the golden rule
for sueceK.-4 in trnde nniy be iieen from the following table,
exhibiting the amounts realized for HOO at various percent-
ages during various periods.
Ani't at Ain't at Am't at Ain't at
a pr. (1. 5 pr. et 8 |)r. el. 10 pr. ct.
|a2t5.aO |7O3,0U ♦3,172.4.'i (;4..'>-'.'5 02
18(1.01 26.V:t2 460 111) 072.76
1>W.70 207.89 317.21 417.72
lH4:tll 102.88 'iV,H9 2.'i0 37
U.'i.Oa 127.02 UO!»:t 101.05
lOO.iiO 110.26 110 04 121.00
(.'oncerning Coal and Iron. — First notice of stone coal
is H. C. 371.
The coal fields of Kngland were the first jiractically
developed.
First record of stone coal used in England was .\. D. 820.
Ueeordsof regular mining in Knglanti first nnide in 1180,
Coal first 1136(1 in London in 1240.
First tax laid on coal in Kngland in 1379.
Ta.x was repealed in 1831, having been laxed 400 years.
First patent for making iron with pit coal was granted
io Simeon Sturtevant, in 1012, but was not sncceHsful.
On (loa!. Steam Heating, Etc.— In 1747 iron was made
in EnglaiKl with pit coal, suitable for the muniifacture of
eatmon. In 1788 the production of iron with pit coal in
Kngland was 48.;iO() tons; with charcoal, 13,000 t<ins. In
1S64 tho pioduction of iron in Great Hritain was 6,000,-
0(10 tons. Wooden rails in mines were used ir. 1777.
('ast-iron rails in mines were used in 1790. Wroughtiron
rails in mines were used in 1815. Coal gus lii'st inuile use
of |M-aetically in 1798.
Anieriean" Coal Fields.— First coal fields worked in
Amerii:a were the bituminous fields at Kicluiiond, Va.,
discovered in 1750. This coal was used at Wesiham, on
the .lame.'t river, to make shot and shell during the War
of Fiide|iendence. Tho first use of anthracite coal was in
I7(;8(i9. First used for smithing purposes in 1790. First
used I o burn in a common grate in 1808. First succcbs-
fiill ii.so of anthrai'ito coal for tho smelting of iron was in
1839, at the Pioneer Furnaco, at Pottsville, Pa It had
been tried on tho Lehigh in 1826, but was unsucccsKful.
Tho great shaft of the Philadelphia and Reading Iron
tJompaiiy lias been sunk to ii depth of 1,609 feet from tha
siirfiwe to the gr'iat mammoth coal vein wliich attains a
thieknessof 25 feet, in that distance passing through no
less than 15 coal seams, of whicli 6 are workanle and have
an avc' If" thicikness together of 64 feet. Even then
there arc a number of coal Eeama underlying these.
> of stuiie coal
!♦ >--^
t»:e family physician.
THE .
pamily pi^ysigai^
Tlio foUowitiR receipts written by DU. J. H. GUNX
will III' fomid of jiroiil valiif, i'S|M;c'iully in einergi-ncicis :
Asthma. — 'i'uko hyssop water aiiii poppy water, of eaoii
ten ounces ; oxyinei of si|iiilis, six ounces ; syrup of niaiiieii
hair, two ounces. Take one spoonful wiien you lind any
(litViriilly in lircatliinp.
Ague In the Breast. — 'rak(^ one jian of gum camphor,
two jiaris M'liuw hces-wax, three parts clean lanl ; lei all
melt .slowly, in any vessi'l learlhen best | on titove. I'.-e
cither colli or warm ; spreail \ery thinly on cotton or linen
clotiis, covcriiifi those wiili llannel. No matter if the
breast i.< bn)kcn, it will ciu" if persevered in. l)o not, no
matter how painful, cease from drawing milk from the
breast that is Mtfeeted.
Ague, Mixture. — Mix twenty ^'rains i|iiinine with one
pint ililiiinl j,'in or port wine, and iidd ten {,'rains s:il)ear-
iiona'e of iron. Dose, a wine-trlass each hour until the
aj;ue is broken, and then two or three limes a day until
liie uholo has l)een iincil,
•,'. Take Peruvian baik, two ounces; wild cherry tree
iiark, I ounce ; cinnamon, onedraehm ; powdered capsicum,
one leaspoiiiiful ; Hulphur. one (Uiiici^; port wine, two
(pntrls. Let it stand ii day or two. Dose, a wine-;rhis.sful
every two or three hoin-s until the disease is hroivcn, and
then two or three times a day until idl is taken.
Sprained Anitle. -Wasli the ankle frei|uentlv with
c.ild ,-all unij uaier. which is far better I ban w.irm vine^'ar
or ilei'octiolis of herbs Keep your fool iis cold as pos>ib!e
to prevent iiillammaiion, and ril with ii elevated on ji
eu.'hiou. Live on very low diet, and take every day s.^r'ie
eiiolin;,' nicdicinc. Ky obeying; iicse direciiond only, a
spiaiiieil ankle has been cured in ii few days.
Apoplexy. Occurs only in tii. corpulent or o!)ese. uiid
till' j,'ro>s oi bij^li livers. 'I'o treat, raise the head to a
nearlv tipii;.'ht ))osiiion ; unloose all ti;.'ht clothes, strings,
etc.. ami appiv cold water to lh«' liead and warm water and
warm clotns to the feet. Have !he apart nent cool and
Well ventilated (live nothin:; by the nioulh until the
breathing is relieved, and tlicn oidy draughts of cold
water.
Preparation for the Cure of Baldness.— Unni.one
pint; alcohol. >ine ounce; di-l illed water, one ounce, liuct-
iire of eantharides, a half dracjiin; cail>onateof potash, a
half drachm: cari)onati> of ammonia, one drachni. .Mi\
llic rn|tiids after haviuLr dis^iolvcd the mdts, and lllter.
Afti'r the skill ol theliead lias been wetted with tloj pi 'pa-
raliou bn- several minutes, it shoiihl be washed with water.
Bilious Colic. Mix I"" tablc^poonfllls of Indian meal
HI bail' a pint of told water; drink it at two di'(iu>.'hts.
Bilious Complaints.— Take the mot, and brniich of
dandelion, and steep it in wd'l water a stiHicient h ngth of
time to extract all the es.sciice; then strain the liipior and
simmer until it becomes ipiite thick. Dose: l'"rom one to
three glasst s a day may be taken with good clTect.
Blackberry Cordial.— To one (|uart blackberry juice
add one pound w liitc sugar, one tahles|)oonfill each cloves,
allspice, cinnamon anil nutmeg. iioii togciiicr tifteeii
minutes, and add ti w iiie-i;lass of whisky, brandy or rum.
Mottle while hot, cork tight and seal. I'sed in iliarrhica
and dysentery. Dose, a wine-glassful for an adult, half
that (jiiantity for a child. It can lie taken three or four
times a day if the casi; is severe.
Blisters, — <>n the feet, occasioned by walking, are
iiired bv drawing a needleful of worsted thread through
theu;; cli|i it oil at l>oih ends and leave it till the ^kin
peals off.
Raising Blood.- .Make a ti.i of white oak bark, and
drink freely diiiiiig the da\ ; or lake half a pound of yellow-
dock loot, boil ill new milk, say oi." ijiiart; drink oih' gill
three limes a day, and take one pill of white pine pitch
every day.
How to Stop Blood, lake the liiie diisj jif |im, or the
scrapings <if the in-lde of taniid leather. liiiiil jl ll|ioti
the Wound I'tosely, and blood \ull n»>\\ cease to Ibiw.
Boils. -Make ii poultice of ginger and Hour, and lay it
on ll'e l..iil. 'i'his will sunn di-aw it to a lu'ad.
Swelled Bowels in Clijidren. - Maihc the -lomaeh of
iheihild w'th catnip Nieejieil, niixcil with frc-li biili'r and
sugar.
Chilblains. — Dr. i'\'rjjiis recoiiunends piilphnrons aiid
in tiiis allei lion. It should be applied with a earners hair
brush, or by ineiins of a spray iirodiieer. One applieaiion
of Ihi- I llects a cure. The acid should be used iPiire. A
giHiil wash for hands or feet alTeeted with chilblains i< sul-
phurous acid, three parts; glycerine, one parl.iind water
one part. The acid will be found |iariieiilarly useful in the
iiritat'iig. tni iiieiiiing stage of ■■ hilM.iii,-.
Chilblains and Chapped Hands. Winn diilbiain^
manilest tbeiuH'hes, Ihebcst remedy not only for prevent-
ing tiuir ulecratiiiL', but overemning the tingling, itching
pain, ami siiiniilaling the irculation of the part to licaltKv
action, is the liniment of bclladona, two ilracbins; the Ijni.
meiit of aconite, one dracliin; cailiolic aciil, ten iliops:
1 iilloilidii lU'xile, oni' ounce: |iainleil w it h a cainers hair pen
cil over their surface. When t be chilblains vesicate, ulcer
ate or slough, it is bi'tter to omit the aconite and applv t In
otheri ompouuntsof the liuiiiiuiit without it. Theeollt.ili.M
ini
i
l)
! '! i
MiT
r >:
■tnft FAMILY PHTBICIAN.
flcxilo furiiiH II coiitiiij; or protect iiijj liliii. wliicli t'xcludcs
tlio iiir, whilii the Hciliitivo liiiiincntM allay llio irritation,
>;oiic'rally of no triviirf nature. For ehapiied lunula wo
advise tiie free use of >;lyeeriiie iiiul j;ooil oil, in tlu^ propor-
tion of two parts of tlio former to four of tlio latter; after
tliiri hart heeu well riilibed into tlio iiamlrt Hn<l iillowett to
remain forii little time, ■ . d the lianda Hul).se(jiUMitly wiiBlied
with Castile soaj) and Wi.»er, wo recommend tlio bella-
donna anil (N)llodioii llexilo to Iks |)ainted on, and tho pro-
tective tilin allowed to remain permanently. 'riies(> com-
plaintrt not, iinfri'quently invade persons of [anguicj circula-
tion and relaxeil lialiit, wiio nhould be jmt on a pMieroiis
rcfjinien, and treateil with ferruj;inou.s tonics, (tbstinato
cases aro occaHionally met with which no local application
will remedy, unless some disordered Htato of tho system is
reiiioved, or the ^'.'iieral coiuiition of tlie patient's health
improved. ('li:iii|Kd lips are also benefited by tii(( uliinu-
latinj,' f'lrm of ajiplication wo ;nlv.; 'ate, but tho aconite
must not be allowed to get on the lips, or a disagreeable
tingling results.
Chilblain Balm. — Hoil together ten fluid ounces oMvo
oil, two Ihiid ounces X'enico turpentine, and oiu; ounce yel-
low wax; strain, and while still warm add, constantly stir-
ring, two and a half drachma balsam of IVni and ten
graitH camphor.
Cure for Chilblain.— Make a strong lyo by boiling
Wood ashes in waler. I'ut your feet in a snuill tub and
cover tlieiri with the lyo as hot as you can bear it. (irad-
nallyadd more lye, hotter and hotter. Keep them in half
an hour, bathing and rubbing them continually, and bi'ing
very careful to keeji the lyo hot.
Chilblain Lotion. — Dissolve one ounce murnite of
ammonia in one-half pint eider vinegar, and apply fre-
(pienlly. One-half jiint of alcohol may bo added to this
lotion with good etTects.
Chilblain Ointment.— Take mutton tallow and lard,
of each ihree-fou. (lis of a pound avoirdupois; inel* in an
iron Vessel, and add hvdrated oxide of iron, two ounces,
Htirring continually v*itli an iron sjiooii until the .'nasa is of
a uniform black color; when nearly cool add N'enice tur-
pentine, two ounces; Armenian bole, one ounce; oil of
lierganiot, one drachm; rub up the bole with a little olive
oil before pulling it in. Anpiv several times daily by put-
■ ' . It ■" ■ ■ " ■ " '
(iavH.
ting it upon liiit ur liiieit. It houla thu worst cusua in a few
Russiaa Remedy for Chilblains.— Silecs of tho rind
of fully ripe .iiciiniliers, dried with the soft parts attached.
i'rcvioiis to use they are sofleiieii by soaking them in warm
water, and are tiicii boiiiid on the sore parts with the inner
side ni'\t thciii, and left on all night. This Ireatment is
said to lie adopted for btith broken uiul unbroken chilblains.
How CO Cure Itchinj? Chilblains.— Take hydrochloric
aciil, one part, and water, eight parts; mix. Apply on
going ;o bed. 'i'liis must not be u.seil if the skin is lirokeii.
Sal aminoTiiac, two ounce* ; rum, oiU'pint; caru]ihor, two
drai'hms. 'f lie alTected tmrt in wetted night and morning,
aii'l when dry ia touclieif with a little simple ointment of
any kind — cold cream or pomatum.
(>il of turpeiiline, four ounces; eaniphnr. tiix drachniH;
oil of lajepiil, tw(i drailiiiis. Apjily with friction.
How to Cure Broken Chilblains. Mix together f«.nr
fliiiil iiunces eollodioM, one ami a half lliiid ounces N'eiiicu
tur|ientine, and otic fluid ounce castor oil.
How to Cure Corns. — Ti . equal parts of men u rial
and galliaiiuni oiiinieiits ; i',\ I 'ii w' I t('!::''ther, spread
on a piece of soft leather, and ;.;,'* ! t.. tliu c^'ms morn-
ing and eyeiiing. In a few <!iiy.; b« mi f',- will i. deriveii.
Take two oumreH of gum jirnmoniiK!, tw-; ounces of yellow
wax, and six ounces of verdi:,Tia ; pv-li theiu togetiicr, and
spread tho rompoBition on soft louther ; cut away n« much
of tho corn as you can, tliiti njtply the plaster, and renew
it every fortnight till tlio corn is away. (Jet four ounces
of white diachylon plaster, four ounces of Flioemaker's wax,
and sixty dro|)s of muriatic, ucid or K|)irita of salt. Hoil
them for a few minutes in an earthen jii|>kin, and when cold
roll the mass between tho h wuis, and upjily it on ii jiieco of
white h'athcr. Soak the feet well in warm water, then with
a sharp iiistrumeiit jiaro olT as riiucli of tho corn as can ,0
dono without pain, and bind up tho j)art with a ]iiece of
linen or muslin thoroughly satunited with sperm oil, or,
which is better, tho oil which tloata upon tho surface of the
herring or mackerel. After three or four daystho dressing
may bo removed by scraping, when the new skin wiil bi!
found of a soft and heaithy texture, and less liable to the
formation of a new corn than before, t'orim may bo jire-
vented by wearing easy shoes. Bathe tlio feet freipiently in
lukewarm water, with a little salt or potiuihes dissolved in
it. 'I'lio corn itself will be completely destroyed by rubbing
it often with a little caustic solution of potiuih til' tho ..oft
skin is formed. Scrape to •■. pulp suflicu-nt Spanish gi.-lie
and bind on the corn over night, after first soaking it we,'
in warm water, and scrajio off as much aa possible of the
liardene<l portion in tlio morning. Hopeat tho apj.lication
aa reipiired.
How to Cure Soft Corns. — Scrape a piece of common
chalk, and put a pinch to tho soft com, and bind a piece of
linen rag upon it.
How to Cure Tender Corns.— A strong solution of
tannic aiid is saiil to bo an excellent application to lender
feet as well as a preventive of the offensive odor attendant
upon their profuse perspiration. To those of our readers
who live faraway in the country, we would suggest a strong
deeociion of oak bark as a Biibstifiite.
Caustic for Corns. — Tincture of iodine, four drachms;
ioiiide of iniii, twelve grains; chloride of antimony, four
drachms; mix. and apfily with a camel's hair brush, after
paring tho corn. It is sjiid to cure in three times.
How to Relieve Corns.— Hind them up at niglit with
a cloth Wet with tincture of arnica, to relievo the pain, and
during the day occasionally moisten tlio stocking over tho
corn with arnica if tiio shoo is not large enough to allow tho
corn being IdiiiuI up with a piece of linen rag.
Remedy for Corns. — 1. The pain occa.sioned by corns
may lie greatly alleviated by tho following preparation:
intoa one-oiinco vial put two draclimaof niiiriati(wicid and
six drachms of rose-water. With this mixture wet tho
corns night and morning for three days. Soak tho feet
every evening in warm water without soap. I'ut one-third
of tlu^ acid into tho wat(>r, and w ith a little |)ickiiig the corn
will be dissolved. 2. Take a lemon, cut olT a small piece,
then nick it so as to let in the toe with the corn, tie this on
at night HO that it cannot move, and in :he inoi ning you will
liiid that, wiili a blunt knifi', you inuy remove a cousider-
abl(! |iortion of the corn. .Make two or three applications,
aiul great relief will be the result.
How to Cure Solvent Corns.- Kxposo salt of tartar
(pearlash) in a w iile-iiiotii h vial in a damp ))laco until it
forms an oil-like liijiiid, and apply to th<- corn.
How to Cure Cholera. — Take landanuin. tincture
r'ayciiiic, con 1 1 Mill nd tiiuiurv rhubarb, i>eppcrniint and cam-
plio , of each cipial parts. Dose, ten to thirty drops. In
jihiin lernis, lake e(jiial parts tincture of o|iiiini, red pepper,
rhubarb, peppermint a. id camphor, and mix them for use.
In case of (jiarrh(i>i;, take a dose of ten to twenty drops in
thret^ or four teaspoonfula of water. No ono who has liiia
by him, and takea it in time, will ever have the cholera.
Signs of Disease In Children.— In the case .r a baby
ot yet ibie to talk, it must cry wlien it is ill. The c<'lic
•^-
Ill
niiikus a baby cry loiiil, long, and iiasnionuti'ly, aiuJ shod
tears — stoppinf? ^)r a inoiiicnt anil bi-^jitiniiif; again.
If Ibn ('hunt irt alTcctt'iI, it gives ono sharp cry, breaking
<)(T iiiiincdiatclv, an if civing iiurt it.
If till! Iii'ud IS alTi'i'tcd, it cries in sharp, piercing shrieks,
witii low moans ami wails between. Ur there may be fpiiet
dozing, anil startini^s between.
Jt is ea«y enough to perceive, where a chil.l is attacked
by didoasp, that there has some change taken place; for
cither its skiii will bo dry imd hot, its appetite gone; it is
Htujiidly sleepy, or fretful or crying; it is thirsty, or jiale
and languid, or in Koino way betrays that something is
wrong. When i\ child voi.iits, or has a diarrho'a, or is
costive and feverish, st is owing to some derangement, and
needs attention. Hut these various syniptoms may con-
tiiuio for a day or two before the nature of the disease can
bo dotermino(l. A warm bath, warm drinks, etc., can do
no harm, and may help to determiiio the case. On corning
out of Mm bath, and being well rubbi'd with the hand, the
skin will show Bymptoms of rash, if it is a skin di.sca.'<e
which has commenced. Hy the appearance of the rash,
tlio nature of the dise!i.s> can bo leariieil. Afeasles art! in
patches, dark red, and comr> out first about the face. If
Bc -let fever is impeiuling, the skin will look a deep pink
all over the body, though most 8< boui the neck ami face.
(;liicken-pox shows fever, but not so miicli running at the
nose, and appearances of cold, as in measles, nor is there
as much of a cough. Resides, the spots are smellier, uml do
not, run much togdluT, and aro more ditT,.sed over the
whole surface of ilic skin ; »nd enlarge inlc ui^sters in a day
or two.
How to Cui'e ConS'.inptiori.— Take one tablespoon- I
ful of tar, and llie yolks of three hen's eggs, heat them well
together. Dose, one Uiblespoonful morni^ig, noon and
night.
Croup, Remedy for In One Minute.— This retncdj i-
simpl) all. ill. Take a knife or grater, and shave or grate
o(T in sn.M'l particles about a te!i.s|)oonful of alum; mix it
wit!i about t wici' its ([uan'i'y of sugar, to snake it palatable,
and administer as (|' i. Kly as pos^^ible. Its elTects will be
truiv magical, as almoBt instantaneous relief will lie
affordiMl.
Cholera Remedy, Hartshorne's.— Take of chloro-
forin, tincture of (ipiiini, spirits of camplKir, and sjiiritsof
aromatic amnioiiia. each oiu and one-half lluid I'lachnis;
creosote, tiirec dro|)s; oil of > innamoii, eight dro|)s; brandy,
two lluid drachms. I)iline a tcaspoonful with a wine-glass
of water, and pve two teaspuoufuls every livo minutes, fol-
io wi.-d by a lump of ice.
Cure for Dandruff. — Oood mild pnap is one of the
safest remedies, and is sutlicicut in ordinary cases; car-
bonate of potash or poda is too alkaline for the skin. Every
applicaiiou removes a jiort ion of the cuticle, as you may
oliservc by the smoothness of the skin of your hands after
washing them wilii it. hoi'ax i;; rei'omme' deii ; but this
ia also soda combined with a weak acid, boiiicic, acid, and
may by protracted use also injuriously act on the anil]}.
Soap is also soda or potash < oin'mu'd with the weak, fatty
acids ; and when tiie soap contai"s an execs of the alkalies
or is siiarp, it is as iiijuiious lus the carbonate of potash.
All that iiijurea till- seal' 'iijurcs the growtii of the iiair.
OiU! of the best a[iplicat'ous fi'o:ii the vcgctalih^ kiiigdoin is
the niiieilaginous di'coction of the root of the burdock,
called bardane in Fcii'h (botanical name. Lappa .\fnior).
In the mineral kingdom the best remedy i-: a solution of
flowers of sulphur in water, which may be niaile by the ad-
dition of a very small jiortioii of suljihideof potassium, say
ten or twenty grains to the pint. This soluti(Ui is shaken
up with the saTphur, aud the clear liquid reniuining on the
top is used. This recipe is founded on the fact that sul-
iihiir is a poison for inferior vpj^ctablc or animal growth,
like dandriitT. itch, etc., and is not at all a poison for the
superior animal like man.
How to Cure Diphtheria.— A Krrnch nhyHician ex-
presses his |iic'fereiice for lemon juici , a.<! a local applica-
tion in dipiilheria, to chiorati! of pctash, nitrate of silver,
percliloridc of lime water. He iises it by diii|(ing a little
plug of Cottonwood, twisted around a wire, in the juice,
and pressing it agaiiiHt the diseased mrface four or live
limes daily.
How to Cure Bad Breath. - ih;d or foul breath will
be i'moved bv taking a tcaspoonful of the following mixt-
ure ufiT ei.eli meal: One ouik'c lifpior of potansu, one
oiince chloride of soda, one and one-half ounces jdiosphate
of soda, and three ounces of water.
5?. Cliiorate of |iotasli. three drachms; ro;-e- water, four
ounces. Dose, a lablesjioonful four or five times daily.
How to Cure Bunions.— .\ bunion is a swelling on
the hall of the great toe, aod is the result of pressure and
irritation by friction. The Ircatmonf for cortis ap[)lies
also to bunions; but in conseiiiiencc of the greater exten-
sion of the disease, the cure is more tedious. When h
bunion is forming it may be stopped by pfuilticing and
carefully opening it with a hincct.
How to Cure Burns and Scalds. Take half a pound
of p<iwciii(i| alum. diss. live it in a <piart of water; bathe
llie liurii or scalil «ilh a linen rag, wetted with this riiixt-
ure. then bind tlii' \m t rag on it with a strip of linen, and
nioi,.^teii the bandnire with the alum water fre'|ucntly,
wilhout rciiKiving it during Mvo or three days.
Tea Leaves for Burns.— Dr. Searlcs. of WarBaw.
Wis., reports the immcdiale relief ficiin pain in severe
liurns and scahls l>y the a|ipliciition of a poultice fif tea
l.-aves.
How to Cure Cancer. - Hoil down the inner hark of
red and white oak to the consistency of rnolius.scs; triiplv as
a plaster, shifting 't once a week; or. burn red oak mirl< to
ashes; sprinkle it on the sore till it is eaten out; then apply
a plaster of tar; or. take garget berries and leaves of stra-
monium; simmer lliem together in cpial parts of nealsfool
oil and the lops of hemlock; mix well together, and ajiply
it to t!;i,' [larts iilTected; at the same time make a tea «f
winter-green (' A and brancli); put a handful into two
'juarts of water, add two ounces of sulphur and drink of
this tea freely limiiig the day.
Castor Oil Mixture.- Casmr oil, one d(*«sert spoonful;
magnesia, one dessert s|ioonful. iiiih together into a
liaste. Hy this ■ ■mDinatioii, the tasti^ of the oil is almost
entirely concealc' and children lake it without opposition.
How to Dis! se Castor Oil. -Hull up two drops oil
of <inuamon " ii ounce of givi crine and add an ounce
<d' castor oil. iiildren will take it as a luxury and ask
for more.
Castor Oil Emulsions.- 'lake castor oil ami svmp,
each oi..' oui! the yolk of an egg, and orange (lower
water, oiu-lui ; ounce Mix. This makes a very pleasant
emulsion, wh*- .\ is readily laken 'oy adult" as well as chil-
ilren.
How t Cure Catarrh.— Take the bark of sa"sa'ras
root, dry oimd it, use it as a siiiilT. taking two or
tiiree pile h, i day.
How to Cure Chilblains. Wash the parts in >lroii;'
alum walci, ;,.iply as hot I's can be borne.
How to Cur3 Cold.— I'ake Iim-cc cents' worth of li((
uorice, three ■[ rock candy. Iliiee of gum arable, and f'Ui
them into a ipiart of water; sininuT them till thoroughly
i
•
IB
I
THR FAMILY PHYHICIAN.
I :?
knsiii\i'ii, tlit'ii mill tlin^i' I'i'iit.s' wortli pHrcgorii!, iiiul li liko
ij.iaiitit y of iiiitiiiiiiiiiul wiiu'.
How to Cure Corns. — Hi'il tnimcro ilown to itit cx-
liHct, ilii'ri mix uilli it ii i|iiaiiliiy i>f wliitc |>iii(' i)iti'li, iiiiil
i»|(|il\ it III liic coi'ii; ii'iu'w it (nicc a week until tlio coin
cllSU|i|lrai.>.
Good Coug'h Mixture. — Twh oiiiucs itniiiioniu i><ixt-
iiif; ri\(' iiiitircs ciiMpliiir iiiixliiii'; nnc (Inicliiii tiiu'tiirn (if
iliyjitalis (fi)X>;li)Vc); (iiic-ljiilf iiiiiii'i! cai'li of sweet, niiiritrt of
nil re and sM'ii|i "if |"i|i|iies; t wo (Iraeiinis sohitiou of huI-
(liiale of nn)r{)liia A talilespounfiil of tills niixttirti is to
lie taken foMi' linu s a i!av.
'4 'I'inelure of l)l(Mii||()iil, line (innee; snip'naie of inor-
|iliia, one ami a lialf ^'lain-*; tineiure of di^ntalis. one-half
ounce; ttJMu of aiiliinoiiv, one half oiinee; oil of winter-
(^reen, ten ilrops. .Mix. |)ose from twenty to forty (Irojm
Iwiee ur tlirt'o times u day. Exei'llunt for^ii huril, dry
l!OUi(h.
.'l. Common sweet eider, hoiled down to one-half, mukes
a most, exeellont syi'iip for colds or eonj;hs for ehildreii, is
lihiii.sani to the taste, and wiil keep for a year in ii cool
i;i!llar. In ivcoverinj,' from an illness, tho Hyslem iia.-, u
oraviiii,' for some plea.sani drink. 'I'his is found in cider
which i- placed on the lire as snon as made, and allowed to
come to a hiiil, then cooled, put in casks, and kejit in a
itool cellar.
1. Riiast a large lemon very carefully witliout hiirninjr;
when it is thoroiiu'hly hoi. cut and sijuee/e into ii cup upon
Miree ouiicesof su^Mri'aiidy. liiielv piiwilered; take a sponn-
I. I whenever your ciiuf,'h trouliles \oii. It is as good as it
i i plea-aut.
Cure for Deafness. — Take ant's ej;j;s and union juice.
.M : V rddioptiicm into tlie ear. l>roji into the I'ar. at
ui;^ht, ; or ei;:ht ilrops of hot sweet oil.
Remeaies for Diarrhoea. -1. T.ik(> one teaspoonful
of .-dl. I lie .-ane- iif j;impi| \ine;:ai'. and a talilesponiiful of
w.ilci ; mix and drink, li acts like ii charm on tho s\.^lem,
and even onii dusu will j,'cnerally I'ure ohstiiutte cases of
di.irrho'a, or the tii>l .>.ta;.'cs nf chnlera. If the first does
not liiiii^ eompleii! relief, re|>eate the di^se, as it is fpiite
h.irmlcss. 'i. The hest rliuliarli root, jiuherizcd, I ounce;
pcpperndnt leaf. 1 ounci', capsicum, i ounce; cover with
iioiliu;,' water and steep thorouf^hly, strain, and add lii-
I ailionale of potash and essence of cinnamon, of each A
ounce; with hrandy (or good whisky); eipial in ninount to
the whole, and loaf su;:ar, four ounces. Itose- — for an
adult, I or y talilesjiiiiins; for ti child, 1 to 5J tea.s]ioons,
fiom H 10 fi times per day. until relief is ohlaiued. .'!. 'I'o
lulf II Imshid of hlackherries; well mashed, add a ipiarter
of a pound of idlspic(', '-i ounces of cinnamon, '■i oiincesMif
clii "s; pulverize well, mix and Imi! slowly until |iriiperly
iJonc; t li. n strain or sijuee/.e the jiiico through hiMiie-spiin
or tlaiiiiel, and add to each jiint of the juice 1 pouml of
loaf -'i^'ar. hoil aj^ain for snnie time, take it olT. and wliiio
eooliu'r, add half ii gallon of the hest t'ognac lirandy.
Cure for Cnronic Diarrhoea.— Iiuyerrecommends the
ftSKoci.iiiiin of cinchona, chari'oal and liismuth in the treat-
ment of chninie diarrlnea, in th" fiillowiiig priiportions:
Sulinilrate of liismuth, one ilrachm; ciniliona, yellow,
powdereil, one-half drachm; charciial, vegelahle, one
drachm, .dako twenty powders and take I wo or three a
day d iiing tho intervals lid ween iikmIs.
Cures for Dysentery. Tincture rhuharh, tincn.-e of
capsicum, linciuic cf camphor, essence uf ginger and
laudat'.iim, (tipnil parts. Mi\: shake well and take from
ten to Iweiifv drops every thirty miiiincs until relief is oli-
t.iin :d. Tins i ; a dose for an adult. Half the amount f<>"
a . iiild under twelve vears of age. 5J. 'I'ake sonie butici
olT th(M'liurn, iinmediately lifter being cliiiriied, Jiiat as it
Trrs"
is, without being salted or wiwlipil; clarify it over tho fire
like lionoy. Skim <ilT all tlie milky luirticles win n melti^d
over a clear firo. FiCt the patient (if an adult) Like two
talilespoonfnis of tlie elaritied remainder, twice or tlirico
within I lie day. This has never failed to <'!Teet a cure,
and ill many cases it has heen almost instantaiieouH. II. In
diseases of this kind tho Itulians list the roi.vc anri leaves
of the hlacklierry hush- a decoct ion of which, in hot water,
Well hoiled down, is taken in do.ses ol ". gi!i ' efore er.eh
itn-al, and before retiring to bed. It is an ii.;n.*l infallible
cure. 4. Beat one egg in a teacup; add omt tablespoon fill
of loaf sugar and half a teaspoonful of ground s|iice; iill the
cup with sweet milk, (five the jiatient one tablespoonfiil
oticii in ten minutes until relieved, ."i. 'i'ake one table-
spoonful of common salt, and mix it with two talilespoon-
fnis of \inegar and pour unoii it a half |iint of water,
either hot or eold (only let it no taken cool.) A wineglass
full of tliiM mixture in the above proportions, taken every
half hour, will he found (jiiite etlicaeious in curing dysen-
tery. If the stomach be nauseated, a wine-glass full taken
every hour will Rullice. For a ehild, the ipnintity should
b<< a teaspoonful of salt and ouo of vinegar in a teacupfnl
of water.
Dropsy. —Take the leaves df a currant bush and niake
into lea. drink it.
Cure for Drunkenness.— The following singular
means of curing hahitnal dninkciiness is eni]iloyed bv a
Hnssiaii physician, I Ir. .Schreil er, of lir/ese I.itewski : It
I'onsisis in contining the drunkard in a room, and in fur-
nishing hi-ni at discretion with his favorite sjiirit diliiteil
with two-thirds of water ; as much wine, beer iiiid colTee as
he desires, but containing oiie-l bird of spiii' ; all the food
— the bread, meat, and the legumes are .■bleeped in spirit
and w;iter. 'i'he poor devil is ciiiitinnally ilriink and dort.
On the (ifth day of this regime he has an extreme disgust
for spirit; he earnestly rcipiesis other diet : but his desire
must not b(! yield'Ml to, until the poor wretch no loiii.'i'r de-
sires to eat or drink ; he is then certainly cm. d of his pen-
chant f<ir liiunkcniiess. lie acipiires such a disgust for
brandy or other spirits that he is ready to vomit at the very
sight of it.
Cure for Dyspepsia.— 1. Take bark of while poplar
root, boil it ihick, and add a little s]iirit. and then lay it on
the stomach.
'4. Take wintergreen aini black cherry-tree bark and yel-
low dock • put into two (|uartsof water ; boil down lo three
jiints ; take two or three glasses a day.
Here are two remedies for dyspepsia, said by those who
"have tried them" to be infallible. 1. Kat onions, 'i.
Take two iiarts of well-<lried and ]i(iunded poda of red peji-
]ier, mixed with one part of ground mustard, and sift it
ov('r everytliing you eat or drink.
How to Cure Earache.— 'lake a small jiieee of lotton
batting or cotloii wool, make a depression in tho neuter
with the tinger, and then till it n|) with as much ground
nepper iis will rest on a live-cent piece; gather it into a
oall and tie it ii|i ; diii the ball into sweet oil and insert it
ill the ear, covering the latter with cotton wnol, and use a
handagi- or cap to retain it in its jilace. Almost instant re-
lief will he expel iemcd ; and the ap|ilicalion is so gentle
that an infant will not get injured by it. but experience re-
lief as Well 1- adnds. Hoast a pieceof lean mutton, sipu-e/e
out the juice and drop it into the «"ar as hot as it can b<'
home. Itoast an onion and 'uit into the ear as hot as it can
be borne.
How to Cure Erysipelas.- Hissolvetive ouncesof salt
ill one pint of good brandy and take two tablespoonfnis
three times per day.
^
"vor tho fire
will n iiu'ltdd
It) l.iko two
or (hrico
!T('ct u Clin',
• 'OllH. I). Ill
iintl Iciivt's
ill liof wiitor,
iforc ('(U'h
n( infullililo
ll)l('S|H)l>llflll
I'iri'; lill tlw
lll)l('S|)l)(lIlflll
one tiililc-
talll('S|MM)|l-
it fpf water,
\ willc-;,'lllHH
taken every
iriii^' (lyseii-
is full taken
ility kIkiiiIiI
a tea('ii|iriil
Miiil make
K Kiii^'iilar
iloyeil l)v a
itewski : It
mil in fiir-
irit ililiiteil
nd coiree as
III! t he fiMxl
■li in s|iii'it
k ami (liirt.
•nie (lisjrnKt
I his (lesir<*
1 liiiiL'er (le-
I <if his pen-
(lisL'HSt for
at tlio very
liite |Hi|ilar
en lay ii km
trk anil yil-
iwn lotru'ee
tlioNe wild
onions, '2.
of reel pc|)-
md t-ift it
1' of I'oiton
tlio renter
eh pround
r it into u
d insert it
and use ii
instant re-
so p-nlle
erienee re-
in, K(|iiee7.o
it can 1)0
ot MH it can
ncesof wait
espoonfnis
TIIK tAMlLY PHYSICIAN.
Cure for Inflamed Eyes. —Tour hwVwn water on
alder Ihiweis, iii:d steep tlieiii 'ike tea; when cold, put
llirec or four dropK of laudaiMiin into a small glass of liic
alder-tea. and let the mixture run into the eyes iwoor llirce
times a d.iy, anil the eycrt will liccoiiie perfeutlv stronjj in
the 1 oiiise of a week.
Cure for Weeping' Eyes. -Wash the eyc» in diamo-
niile tea ni'.'lii jmJ iiKiniiii'.:.
Eyes, Granular Innammatlon.— A promiiu'ut ocu-
list sa\stliiii I lie iHiita;,'iiMis K;;yptian or ^'ranular inllam-
malinii of the eyes is -picidiii!,' tlirou;,'liiMit the cciiinlry,
and that he has liceii uMe in many, and indeed in a major-
ity "f cases, lo tiaee the disi'a,':e to what are commoidy
called rollinjr towi Is. 'I'mvcls of this kind aic j;eneri:ll\
found in c'liiiiiry hotels and the dwellings of the workiiif,'
classes, and, k'ing thus uscil hy nearly every one. are made
the carriers of one of the mos'. troulilesonie diseases of the
eve. This lieinj; the case, it is urfreritly reconimeiided that
the nsu of these rolling towels he iliM'arded, and thus one
of the si)ecial vehicles for the spread of a nmst daie. emus
disorilcr of the eyes — one hy which t housands of wmking-
nieii are annually deprived of their I'leuns of support — will
no longer exist.
Cure for Sty In Eye.— Hathc fre«|uently with warm
ualcf. When t he stv hii'sts. iisean omlnient compose I of
one part of citron ointmcni and four of spermaceii. uell
riihlii'd together, and smear along the edge of the eyedid.
Cure for Felons. — 1. Stir one-half teasooonful of
water into an ounn' of X'enice turpentine until the mix-
ture appears like granulated Imney. Wrap a gnod coaling
of it around the lin-.'cr with a clnth. If the felon is only
recent, the pain will he removed in six hours.
'■i. As soon as the part lii'irins to swell, wrap it with a
cloth saturated tlioroughl\ with llie I inciureof lohelia. An
old physician says, that he has known this to cure scores of
ease-., and tlia it never I'ai is if ajijilied in season.
Cure for Fever and Ague. — 'Pake of cloves and cream
of tartar c;i''h one halt oiiiirc. and one ounce of Peruvian
hark. .Mix in a small ipianiily of tea, and take it on well
day-, in sit'h i|'i:inlities us the stomach v;i\\ iiear.
Cure for Fever Sores.— Take ,,r hoarhonml, balm,
sarsa ai'illa, loaf sugar, aloes, gum iiinphor, honey, spike-
nard, spirits of tur|ieniine. each ino ounces. l>ose, one
talile.-i .lonfnl. three moii ;jej.-. missing three: and for a
wash, make II strong lea of sumach, washing th. alTected
|iarls frci|ii iitlv. and keejiing the handage well wet.
Cure for Fits. -Take of tincture of fox-glove, ten
d rolls at each liiiie twii-e a day, iind increi4.se one drop at
each lime as long iis the stoinaeh will hear it, or it causes a
inillseolis feeling.
Glycerine Cream. — Kcecipt for cimpped lips: Take
of si'ciinaeeti. four .iiachms; whiti wax. one drachm ; wl
of almonds, t»vo tniy niinees ; glyeeriiie. one troy oiintre.
.Melt the spernmcc!i, vax and oil together, and wlien inol-
ing stir in glycerine and perfume.
Glycerine Lotion. — Kor softening the skin of the face
and ha;id~. i -.pei lally during the eonuneneeinent of cold
Weather, and al.-o for allaying the irritation caused hy the
razor: Triturate, four and a half grains of cochineal with
one and a halt llnid ounecs of lioiling water, adding grttdii-
itlly ; then add t»o and a half llnid ounces of alcohol.
Ahii) make ail emiilsioii of eight drops of otiar of roses
with thirty grains of gi*tn aialiic and eight llnid ounces of
water : then add three lliiiil ounces of glycerine, and ten
i.id diiiehins of i|uince iiiueilagc. Jlix the t wo lii|uids.
Flesiiworms. -The.'^e spmks, when they exist in any
niii.iiier, are a cause of much iinsightliness. They are min-
ute corks, if we may iisp the term, of coiignlated lyinji, which
cliiHe tho orilieeH of Rome of tho pore.? or exhulent vcHsels of
the skill. On (he skin iinmediatelv adjacent t<> them lie-
ing pressed with the linger nails, tliesi- hits of coagulated
lymph will roine from it. in a verinii iilar form. They are
viilgai'lv called "llesh worms." iini'y ner.'ons faticying
them lo he living ereatiiri'S. These mav he got rid ol' nliil
prevc.itcd from returning, lis washing with te|iid water. I>y
, proper rriciion with a lowd, and hy tin application of ii
little cold creMiii. '{"he longer thesi' little piles are per-
mitted to remain in tht skin the more lirmly they heeomo
I lixcd ; and after a lime, wli n I In y lose 'heir moisture they
are converted into long lioiiy |i.'iies as dense as hristles, and
' having milch of t hat char;. eler. They ar known hy the
name of spoiteil aehne. Wit' retard to local tre-'incid,
the follow ing lotions are alciiit'eil to ho servieeahlc^ : 1.
I hislilled ro-e water, I iiiiit ; sulphate of zinc, 20 to (iO
I grains. .Mix. "..'. Siilpinte of copper, '..'(> gniiiis ; rose-
■ w.'iler, -t ounces ; water. T.' Minces. .Mix. .'J. ;;ilof sweet
; almonds, I oiiiiee ; llnid potash, I dr.chm. Shake well to-
gether and then mill rose-water. 1 ounce; pure w: ter, '>
I unices .Mix. 'i'lie ■ lode of n. ing these reiiie 'icR is to rui)
the pimples for some minutes with ii r-Miidi towel, and thoii
ilali tlieiii with the lotion. 4. Wash the face twice a day
with warm water, and riili <lry with r c arse towel. Then
with a soft towel mil in a lotion made of two ounces of
white hiandy, one ounce of cologne, and one half ounce of
liipior jiotassa.
How to Remove Freckles.— Freekles; si persistently
regular ill their annual letiiin, have annoyed the fair sex
from time imniemoiial, and various means have heeii de-
vised to eradicate them, although thus far with no vlceidedly
satisfactory rcf'iilts. The inniiinerahle remedies in use for
the reiiiov.il of these vexatious intrniicrs, are either siinple
and liarinlc.-s washes, such as parsley or horseradish water,
solutions of liorax, eti ., or injurious nostrums, consisting
liriiieipally of lead and nierciiry salts.
If the exact cause of freckles were aIiowii. iv remedy for
thee '. rht ho found. A eiiemi t in .Aloravi.i, ohscrving
till :>'eii. ii'iig elTcit ol inerciiria! |irepar ''oiis. .iiferred • hat
tlio>-ri ..,;1' of a local parasitical fungus was the (•■•tu.eof the
disi oioraiioii of the skin, which extended lie ripened its
spines ill the wanner season. Knowing that si:l; h - arho-
lale of zinc is a deadly enemy to all iiarasiti ■ egetalion
(il.scif not heiiig otiiciwi.^e injiiriius;, he aiiiill d tlii Fult
for the purpose f reiie viii ' he fre kles. '. he (■ompoiiiid
eciiisi-ts of I »\o parts f siiiphoeail. lateof /inc. twenty-fivo
parts of (li-tillc'l e!\c riiic t eiity-tlve p.rts of rose-water,
and live parts of .^ceiii d alcohol, and is o he amdied twice
daily for from half an hour' >anli< ii , then w:t.slied olT with
cold water. I'roiei lion again! * th sun h\ veiling and other
means is reeoiiimciided, and i .ddition. for p rsouuof pale
eomplexion, .<-ome mild pn-paration f iron.
Gravel. — 1. -Mak a stnmj^leaof tho low lierb called
luyirt's eiu«e, and drink freely. :.'. Make if .laeoh's ladder
u strong lea, .'inil ilriiik freely. .'!. Make of bean leaves a
strong tc.'i. and dniil; frcelv.
Wash for the Hair. — ( .n-iile soap, fin«-Iy shaved, ono
tea>| 11 III I; .piriis III' ha rl. shorn, one draehin; alcohol, livi^
ounces; cologne water and bay riiiii. in ei|nal ipiaiitities
eiioiigh lo make I'iglit ounces. Thin should In* ]ioiired on
the head, followed l)\ 'Aariil water {.-.oft water); the result
will he. on washing, a eopioiis lather and a smarting seii.sH-
lioti to ili(> person operated on. Ifiih this well into the hair.
Finally, rinse with warm water, and afterwards with cold
water. If the head is very niiieli clogged uiih dirt, the hair
will come out plentifully, but il;'- sculp irill become white
and perl'ectly elcatl.
Hair Restorative. — Take of (yistoroil, six flni! ounces;
alcohol, tweiit\-six lliiid ounces. Dissolve. Then add
'&■-
;
!
I I
II
n
'il
liMi
!■; ,t
TSI PAMII.T I'llYHtCIAN.
lii ctiii'c of c'linllmridcs (miulo with strong iilcohoh, one
lliiid oiiiiic; cHui'tico of jt'HHUiniiie (or other pi'rfunir), one
and a Imlf Iliiid oiiiicom.
Cure for Heartburn. — Sal volutihi combined witlicam-
Jlllor is !l >.|ll -lllfid lllllrllv.
sick Headache. — 'i'alti'uteiwpooni'ul of jKiwdered char-
f'ii;d in iiiiiliif'MW i\rry inoriiinfj, uiid vauiii it down with a
iittli' Icit, or drink liall h ':l!U<.'4of raw rum or gin, and drink
fri'i'lv of riKiv weed leu.
Headache. I'r. SiivcrH, of Ohio, in the PhilMieiphia
.Ui (/Kill and ^'iiiyiiiil I't/itirler, rrconitiii'nds t-rgot in head-
ni'lic, i's|ii'i'iitlly t lii^ ijcrvdiis or .sick hi'.tdache. He sayii it
wdi iiiro II lar;;(r |iroiiorticiii of iwna tliununj other ronitily.
His tiirorv of itsai'iiui) is tliat it h'bttcna the nuaiitity of
lilood III till' liiaiii liy coiitractiiij,' tiio niiiBCiilur liKrtsot the
iirtiria! walls. Ilcfrivcs leu U. twenty droim of the fluid
c-xtnul, rf|icat('d every lialf hour till relief n obtuine<l. or
four or live doses used. Jn other ftirms of di.>caf<e, where
<i|>iiiiii idiiiui is eontra-indii'iiteil, it.4 had ofTecta arc moder-
ated, he says, liy eoinliinin^' it with ergot.
Headache Drops. — I'or tho euro of nerTons, «nn, and
siek iieadaelie, lake (Wo ijiiiirls of iilcoiioi, thri-e otincea of
Castile soaii, one oiine<- eaiiiphor, a:id twuonneesumnionia.
Ha! lie liil'eiieail and teui|ileil.
Hive Syrup.— I'ut one ounce each of squills and lenc-rs
Ktiakt -rii.ii into one pint of water; boil d<'Wii to one-half and
stiiiiii. 'I'll. 11 Held one half pound of el.iritied hoiit-y eon-
l.iiniii- t U( l\e (.'rains tart rati' of iintiiiion\. I)o>e for a child,
tell drops to one teaspooiiful, according to age. An eicel-
leiit reiiii dy for eroiip.
How to Clean the Hair.— From the too frequent u§e
ol I'li- ill Ihe liair, iiiai \ l.idicH destroy the tone uiid color
ol their tresses. 'I'lie Hindoos have a W'ly of reniedyiug
tlii^. 'I'liev take a liaiu lla^iu lilleil with cold water, and
ha\e nai' • ••11 (|iiani ity of pea (lour. Thehaii is in the
lirs p'l. Aid III the operation of iM'ing waj^hi-d in
lold water, a iiandfiil ol ;!<(» pea Hour is tiiei applied to the
head and nililied into (i r r for ten minuted ut leu«t, the
scrsaiit adili'ij; fresh water at short intervals, until il be-
ciiiiies a perfect lather. Thi' whole head id then washitl
ipiite cle.n with eopiona (<np|ilies of the aqueous fluid,
eoMihed, aiiil ufleiwards ruohcii dry by mcun.s of cfiarse
towels. 'I'hr hard and soft brush id then resorted to, when
the hair wili lie found (o lie wholly free fn .i; sill encumber-
ing,' oils and other iiii|iurities, and assume ;. ;.. <..-!.sy softnciw,
eiiiial to the most delieate silk. This proi.T t ;ends to pre-
serve the (one and natural color of the hair, wijeh isso fre-
quently destroyed by the too constaut use of caustic cos-
metics.
How to Soften Hands. — After clcan-'ing the hands
with soap, mil lliem veil wuh o'ltmeul while wet.
How to Remove Stains from Hands.— Damp the
hands lirst in water, then rub (hem with tartaric acid, or
salt ol lemons, tm you would with soup; niLsctheni and nib
them dry. 'I'arlarie acid, or salt of lemons, wiil quickly
remi>ve stains from wlii'e muslin or linen. Put k-^ than
lia!fatcas| nfiil of salt or acid into a tat>les|Hxjnful of
wat«r ; wet tin- stain wilii it, and lay it in the sun for an
hour; wet it oiu'c or twice with ci,|i| wiiterduriiig thetime:
if this doe.s n"t quite remove il, rejicat the acid waiter, and
lay it ill (he sun.
How to Whiten Hands.— 1. Stir i of a pMind of Ca^
tile snap, and place il in ,i jar iii'iir the tire, pour over it J
jiiiit of alcohol: when the soap is dissolved and mixi-<! wnh
(he spirit, adil i ounce of glycerine, (he sitme of oil of al-
monds, with a few drops of essence of violets, or ottar of
roses, then pour it into moulds to cool for ii.se. 2. A wine-
glassful of CttU-de-cologue, and one ol" lemon-juice, two
taikc* of broken Win<lsor soap, mixed well together, when
hard, will form an excellent siilmtaiiee.
How to Cure Scurf In the Head.— A simple and
efTeetual remedy. Into a idm of water drop a lump of
fresh (piiek lime, (he si^^e of a wa'iiu(; let it stand all night,
then jioiir the water o'T clear from the se(limeii( or deposit,
mid i of a pint of (he best vinegar, and wash (he head wi(h
the mixture. Perfectly hurmloas; only wet the roots of (he
hair.
How to Cure Chapped Lips.— Taki 2 ouii<esof whi(e
wax, I ounce of sjiermaccli, 4 ounces of oil of almoiiilK, 2
ounces of honey, | of un oiilici' of essence of bergamof, or
any odier scent. MeU (he wax and spermaceti; then add
the honey, and melt all (ogetlier,and when hot add the a|.
moiid oil by degrees, stirring (ill cold. 2. Take oil of al-
monds .'(ounces; spermaceti. 4 ounce; virgin rice. A ounce.
.Melt (liese (ogethero er a slow fire, mixing witli them a
little powder of alkan ■ root to color i(. i\eep stirring till
cold, and then add i. few drops of the oil of rhodium, il.
Take oil of almond.-i, spermaceti, whi(e wax. and wlii(o
sugar cundy, ecjuul jii.r(s. These form a good, wlii(e lip
salve.
How to Remove ("oth Patches.— Wash (he oaiehes
widi sulii(ioii of common biciuhonate of >•' i\u ami water
R'Veral times during the day for two days, or until (he
|ia(clie8 are removed, which will usually he in for(y-eiglit
hours. After the proeesj wash wi(h some nice (oilet soa)t,
ami (he skin will lie !ef( lice, smooth aticl clear of patches.
How to Take Care o.' the Nails.— The nails should
be kept clean by (he daily use of tin nail brush and soap
and water. After wiping Mie hands. bu( while thev iiro
still soft from the action of the water, gently push hack (ho
skin which is apt to grow over Ihe nails, which will not
only jireserve them neatly rounded, but will prc\eiil the
skin from cracking around their roots (nail siuings), and
becoming sore. Tlie points of the nail should be jiared ut
least once a week; biting (hem should be avoideil.
How to Cure Hiccough. — A con\ubi\e moti.-m of the
diaphragm and parts adjacen(. TIk- common eauws aro
flatuency, iiidigesdon, acidity and worms. It may usually
l>e removed by the exhibition o| \iarm carminatives, cor-
dials, cold water, weak spirits, eamph.ir julep, or spirits of
sal volatile. A suddeii fright or surpri.se will oflcn pnx.uco
the like e(Tec(. An instance i.'? recorded ofadelicale young
hidy that was trouhled with hieeoiigh for sotiii' months, and
who was reduced to a stale of extreme dcbililv from (ho
loss of sleep occasioiieil (hereby, \vl o was enied by a fright,
after medicines and to|iical apiilicat ions had failed. A
jiinch of snulT i glass of cold soifawiiter, or un ice-cream,
will also frequently reiiicve this coicplaiiit.
How to Cure Hoarseness.- .Make a strong (ea oi
lior,-e-radish ami yellow dock i'oo(, sweetened witli honey
and drink freely.
Remedies for Hoarseness.— Take ono Jnu-hm ot
freshly siiape 1 horse-radish root, to be infused with lour
I'lineo of watci in a close vessel for llirce hours, and mado
into u hyriip, with double its (|iiaiility of vinegar, .\ teu-
-{MMjiifiil has often proved clTcctiial.
How to Cure Humors. — Take ecjuul parts of s:itTron
and ^eneca snake rooi, make a strong (cii, drink one lialt-
' jiint a day, and this will drive out all humors from tlio
syst4-m.
How to Cure Hysterics.— Take the leaves of mother-
wort and thoroiiiihwcirt. ;:iiii the bark of pioplar root; equal
]Mtrts. .Mix (hem in molasses, and take four ot' tlicm wiieii
the first svmptoms of d'.s irder are ftdt, and they will elb^et-
! ually iheck it.
How to Cure Barber's Itch.— Moisten the i>a>-ts
affected with saliva (spittlo) and rub it over th' -ouglily
^
C '
as
•=g
;i ihcr, when
TlIK rAUII.Y PHYHIOIAN.
tlir('(> times u duy with tlio iwIioh of u /ooil Kuvuim ci/iir.
Tliiit !•< n ciinjile ruiiu'dy, yot it iiaa curi-ii tliu nioBt olmti-
nati< r:i-:i'-(.
Itch Ointment. -I. Tiilcf iuni, oih' iihuikI ; biu'I, oiu-
|Hiiiii(i ; Hiifjiir of Ii'IhI. cifihl nijiici'.s; vt'l'liiilliiiii. two
oiiiucs. .Mix. Hc'i'iit with ii little ht rjjmiiot. 2. 'I'like
hii-hliiriihi of iiiereiirv, iiiio oiiiiee; hiril, imtt |ioiniii ; Hiiet,
one |ioiiii>l ; hvclriM'liJdride uric], one uiid ii half (hiiicih.
Melt, Mill! well mix. ami when |ieifeetly eiilil.Htir in (>j^en<('
of li'iMini, fiiMi- iliaehniK; ( .^enre of hi in.imnt, mu' (jraehm.
<°<, 'lake iiiiw'ilen.l chlnriile of lime, >i\\t' ounee; liini, one
jioiiml, M\:\ Well, then aihl essence of lemmi, two tlraehniH.
4. Take hiehloriile of inereiirv, one part; liinj, lil'ieeii
piirtK. Mix well lu;.'ether. i^. 'lake while |iicii|iilati'. one
jiarl; lanl, twei\e pails. Mix. \ iicjitioii "f either <'f
ihe-e ()intinenlr< must he well iiilihi'd on thu parts iilTeeted,
ni;.'hl and inoiriiii;.'.
How to Cure Seven-Year Itch.— 1. U«e plenty of
eastile snap and water, ami linn apply freely iodide of
Kiilplinr oinlinent; or take any j^'iveii (pniiitity of simple
snlphiir oiiiiiie'iit and eolur it to a li^'hl hrown or ( lioeolule
( olor with the snhrarliiiiiale of iron, and then perliiino it.
Apply this freely, and if the ea.-e Hlniuid he a severe one.
adniini.ter ndlci alleiJitives in eunjiiiietinn with the oiil-
waril apjiliiMiicin. X'. Tho sulphur hath is a ^rood remedy
for ileh or any other kind of hkin diseases. Leprosy (th<'
most ol)>linate of all) ha.-i heeri ei)m]iletely eiired hy it, and
the eoiiiiiiiin it'll .mil recpiires two or three ajipliial ions Id
completely eiiiilieato it from the system. II. n"n;',ine, it is
Raid, will elTeet u eciinplite cure for seahies in ilw I'onr.-e of
half (ii three ijn.'r'teis of an hour, after whi<'h the patient
should lake a v.a'iii hath from twenty to thirty iiiiiiuteB.
How to Cure Jaundice.— I. Take the whiter, <.f two
heii'.s ei;;^ , heal them np well in a jjill of water; lake of
thi.s a. little Very niiunin^r; it will hooii do ^ooil. It also
creates an apjiv'tite, and slrenf;;henH the slotnaeh. '.'. Take
of hhiek I'iierry-li'ee hark, two ounces; hlond root and ;;old
thre:(d, each half I'l' ounce; put in a pint of hrandy.
Dose, from u tcu8poonfiil to a tahlesponnfnl morning aiul
ni^'hl.
How to Cure Stiffened Joints. -Take of the hark of
while eak and suiel ap]ile trees, c(pial parts; hoil them
down to a thick suli!<t,'ini'e, and then add tin; same ipiantity
of fjoose-grease or oil, siinnior all together, ami then ruh it
on the jiart.s wiinn.
How to Cure Kidney Disease.— K<pial parts of the
oil of ri'd cellar und the oil nf spe.irminl.
How to Cure Lame Back, 'i'ake the herries of red
cedar at. d allmv them to sininier in neatsfoot oil, and use
as an ouitnirtit.
How to Kill Lice. — All kinds of lice and their nil.s
may he got rid nf hy wasliiinr wiiii u simpler decoction of
Httivi'^Mcre (/>i !/i/iiiiiitm ylii/i/ti>i(igri(i), or with ii lotion
made with the hruised seed in vinegui or with the tinc-
ture, or hy riihhing in a salvo imule »viih the scciIb and
four times their weight of iard very carefully hcateii
together. The acetic solution und tho tincture are the
cleanliest and most agreeahle preparations, hut all are
eipially etVicaiinus in destroying hoth the creatiirc« and
their eggs, and evi'n in relieving the intohrahle ilching
which their casual jiresenre leaves liehind on many Bciisi-
tivo skins. The alkaloid delphinia may also he eniployei<,
hilt possesses no advantage except in the preik"— atinii of iin
ointmenl, wlicii fmni any reason that form .t application
should lie preferred.
Rheumatic Liniment.— Olive oil, spiritH of camiihov
and liiloroforni. of each two oiini'es; sassafnw oil, 1
rachin. Add the oil of siusFufras In the olive oil, then the
Hpirits of <'U"iphor, and »i|iiike well before putting in tho
ohlorofonn ; Hhake wlien uHcd, nml kwfi it eorkcd, hh tlio
chhirofiirm evaporates very fast if it is left open. A[iply
lliiee or four tinieM daily, riihliing in well, and iilwayH
toward llii^ hody.
Sore Throat Liniment.— 'inm camphor, two onnceH;
cast lie K'lap, sli:i\< d line, uiie drachm; oil nf lurpenliiie and
oil of origanum, each one-half ounce; opium, oiie-foiirth
of i:n onni i> ; iilcohnl, one iiint. In a week or ten dayn
they will lie (it for n.~c. Hatiie the purls freely two or three
tinics daily until nlii f i-i nlil.iined.
A Wonderful Liniment.— Two ouiicch oil of Hpike,
two ounces nriganuiM. twii ounces lienil(>ek, lw» ounced
wdrinwdod, four ounces Kwect oil, two ounces spirit of
ammonia, Iwn oiinees gnm camphor, two oniiccsHpiritstiir-
peiitine. .\dd one ipiavl xt roiiK alcohol. .M:x well together,
ami liotlle tight. 'I'his in an uiiefptaled hnrst- liniment,
und of tlie hest ever made for huinaii uilmentH viieli ua
rhenmali-im. sprains, etc.
' v to Cure Sore Lips.— Wiwli the lijw with u strong
tea, ..laile finui the hark nf the white oak.
Liver Complaint.— Make a Hirong tea of syrup of
hiinhick, wormwnnd and dandelion, eipial parts, and drinlc
freclv.
Lock Jaw. — It is sahl that the upplir4jtion of wnrtn lye.
made of ashes a.s simnj.'uM pos-ihie, to a wounded i)urt,
will prevent a locked jaw ; if a font or hand, ininierse in it;
if aiinther part of tho WKly, butho with lluiiiiel.s wrung out
nf the Warm lye.
Mumps. — This tlisease, most common among children,
hegins with snrcness and stillness in the side of the neck.
Soiiii u swelling of the parotid gland takes place, whit h is
painful, and continues to increase for four or tiv(! days,
sometimes making it dilVicnit toswallnw, or open tin- mouth.
The swelling sometimes comes on one side at a time, hut
commonly upon hoth. There is often heat, and soiuelimes
fever, witli a dry skin, quick piil.se. furrc<l tongue, cniisti-
piitcd howls, and scanty and high-colored nrint . The dis-
ease is contagions. Tho treatment i-i very simple — a mild
diet, gentle laxative, wi iisional hut fomentations, and
Wearing a piece of thmnel round the throat.
How to Prevent Ingrowing' Nails.— If the nail of
your toe he liard, and apt to j:rnw rnund, und into the cor-
ners of your toe, take? a piece of hrokcn glass nnd scrapo
the top very thin; do this vhenever ytm cut your .lails.und
hy constat ' um' it makes the corners Hy ii|> and grow Hat,
so that it is impossihle they should give you any pain.
How to Whiten Nails.— The liest wiish fur whitening
the nails is two drachms of diluted seiiihiiric acid, ono
drachm of tincture of myrrh, added t i four ounces of
spring water; first clean.-ic the liandf, and then ajijily tho
w.ish.
Sure Cure for Neuralgria.— i. Fill a tight-top thim-
hle with cnlion ^..11!, and drep on it ;l few drnp'^ nf ••irnng
spirits of hartshorn. The open mouth of the thimhle is
then applied over tho seat of pain for a minute or two,
until tho skin is hlistered. Tho sk-.i is then rulihcd olT,
and upon tli(> denuded siirfuee a sma.. 1. entity of morphia
(one-fourth grain) is applied. Thi.; allnnls almost instant
relief. A second !ipplication of the ne rp'iia, if reipiired,
is ti. he preccilcd hy first riihhing oil Uf new foriimtiou
that has sprung np over tho fnrmer hlistered surface.
2. |)r. J. Knox llndrre recommends the follnwingas an
a|iplication which will n.lievo facial or any other neuralgia
idniost insiantiineously: Albumen of egg, one draiditn;
rhigoleiie, four ounces; oil of peppermint, two ounces;
colodion and chloroform, each ono ounee. Mix. Agitato
occasionally for twentv-four hours, and hy gelafinization
al"'autifiil uud seiiii-sofidifleil, o|K)deldo(;-looking compound
i^^
I
L.
■ji'i
♦ I
■I
II
i. !■
5 '
m0 ' 1 I
K
TIIK rAMII.Y IMITSICIAM.
n'Hiil'H, wliicli will retain itM ronaiHtonrynnd ImM the injtrc-
ilioiiiH iiitiiiiiitcly l)lt>ii(l<>() fur tnoiitliH. Apnly liy Kinart
frii tioii uilli tho imiiil, or >;i<iitly with u loft oruHli or iii .p
ullMg tli<> COlirMU of tho IKTVC* ill\<>lV('(l.
8. Mix ono iiiid ono-lnilf ilracliiiiH icHlido of potiuth, (If-
ti'i'ii ^'riiitiH of (|uiiiiiio iiml on« oiiiico );<"P''' -^vriip, ai.il
lu'oaricl II liiklf ouiiroB wiilor. |)omc, u tiklil(>|ii>oiifiil every
tlirco liiiiirf*.
•I. Of the Stomach.— Tttkr of iliMtiliGd water of cherry
l.tiircl, live parlH; iiitirinto of morphia, oMe-teiilh purl.
Mi\ and (lissiiUi'. (Mii'dropoii a lu(ii|) of xii^'ar iiiiiiu'di-
at(l\ lirripif iiicals.
Ointment for Sore Nipples.— <ily<'iTiiic. n>Hc water
and laiiiiiii. cipial wci^dits, nililied to^^eliicr into an oiiit-
iiieiil. is very hi^chly rucoiiiiiieiided fur «oro or cracked
nipples.
Glycerine Ointment.— Melt to^M-ther Hpermaeeti, two
(InK'luii-; » iiiie »a\. uiii'-lijiif drai'hm; oil of Hweet (ilinoiids,
two oiiiii'es, and then add ^'l\ri'rine, onu ounee, and stir
hri.skiy until cool. An adniiralili' application for ehappeil
hands, etc
Ointment for Itch.— White jimripi'ato. (Iftocn j;rains;
Haltpelrc, iMie-half drarhin; Hour of Kiilplmr, one draehni;
.Mix wtdl with lard, two ounces. Long celchratcd for the
cure of iii'h.
Sulphur Ointment.— Flour of Hulphur, oiglit ounccH;
oil III' liri'L.'aniiit iw'i drachms; lard, ono pound. Hub
freel; ' iii r uui a dav, for itch.
Ointment for Piles. -Tannin, two dradimsi water,
two tliiid drachms; triturate to;,'etiier, and add 1,'iid, une
and V. half drai'liniH. An cxcelli'Mt application for piles.
Ointment for Hemorrhoids.— Sulphate of morpliia.
liiir. '^i-iins; e.Mracl of Miainnnia, thirty ^rrains; olive oil,
one drachm; carbonate of lend, sixty grains; lard, three
dnirliuis.
Pains. — 1. Steep iuari|.'old in go<rd cider viiu'pir and
rrii|iienth wa.sli iln' alTeiied parts. This will alTord speedv
rciiid'.
'■i. Take half a jiound of tar and the sjimo qniuitity of
toljaccd, and Imil them dnwu Kcparately to a thick 8ub-
staiiic; then simmer them ii)|retlier. Spirad a plaster ami
appiv il to the allccted paiis. and it will allord iinmudiuto
relirf.
Painters' Colic. — .M'.ke of tartaric acid a syrup similar
to I hat (if ieiiinii svnip; aild a sullicient (|U!Hltily of water,
and di'iiik tuoor I Inn' ^da-ses a day.
Instantaneous Pain-Klller.— Another and oven more
install I cure id' |iain is made as follows: Takeaipia-amm inia,
sulphuric utiier u.ud t^lcoUol. cuual parts, and aiaily over
till' pain.
How to Cure Pimples.— Take a toaspoonful of tho
tinctuic iif ^nm j^nuiiacinu and one Icaspoonfui of vinegar;
mix Well and apply to the alTected parts.
Poor Man's Plaster. — Melt together beeswax, one
ounce; tar, three ounces; resin, three ounces, and .spreuil
on iiaper or muslin.
Rheumatic Plaster.--<)ne-fiiurth pound ,f resin and
<ine-riiuith jiniiiid of sulphur; nu'lt liy a .■^low lire, and add
ono oiiiue of t 'avenue pepper and one-fourth of an ounce
of camphor gum; .stir well till 'iiLxed, and temper with
ncatsfiiiit oil.
Streng-thening Plaster.— T.ithargo jdasfers, twenty-
four parts; whii,. rcsin. six parts; yellow wax and olivo
oil. of each three jiarls, and n-d oxide of iron, eight parts.
Let the o.vide he ruiihed uitli the oil, and tlu^ other ingredi-
ents added melted, and mix the wludo well together. The
plaster, after being spread over the leather, should be cut
&
into atripi* two inchoii wide and strappoil tlrmly urniind the
joint.
Mustard Plasters. — It is stated that in nuiking a miiH-
tard plaster, no water what(>vcr should he used, but the
nnistard mixed with the white of an cug; thn result will be
a plaster that will "draw" perfectly, out will not priNluco
a idister even upon the skin of uii infant, no matter how
long it is alliiwcd til remain upon the part.
Bread and Milk Poultice. — Take stale bread in
erundis, pour boiling sweet milk, or nnlk and water o\er
it, and simmer till soft, stirring it well; then take it from
the lire, and gradually stir in a lillU- glycerine or sweet
oil, sons to retalcr tlu! poultice pliable when applied.
Linseed Poultice. —Take of lin-eid, nowdered, four
ounces; hill water sullicient, mix and si ir Well uitli aspooii,
until of snitaiiliM-onsistence. A littie <iil hIioii d be added,
and son>e Hineared jiver tho surface an wdl, to prevent its
gelling hard. A very e.xcellent poidtice, suitable for many
purposes.
Spice Poultice. — Powdered einnunion, cloves and Cay-
enne pep|icr, of each two ouiu'es; rye meal, or Hour, spirits
and honey, of each sullicient to make of suitable con-
sistence.
Quinsy. — This is an inflanunntion of the tonsils, or coin-
iniiii inllammatory sore throat; commences with ii slight
feverish attack, with consideralile pain and swelling of the
tonsils, causing sonuulillicidty in swallowing; usthe attack
advances these symptoms become moie intense, there is
headache, thirst, a painful scnsi :if tension, and acute dart-
ing pains in tho ears. The attack is gciu'rally brought on
by exposure to cold, and lasts from live to seven days, « hen
it subsides luiturally. or an abscess may fiuiu in tonsils ami
burst, or the tonsil may rcnniin enlarged, the inllammalion
subsiding.
TiiiArMKNT. — Tho patient should renniin in a narm
room, the diet childly milk ami good broths, some 'ooling
laxative and diaiduirclic nicdiiiiie maybegnen; ..'t the
greatest relief will be fmind in the freipii nt inhalatio.' of
the steam of Iml water through an inhaler, or in thcoli'.-
fasliiiiiied way, tlnuiigh the sp'Hit of a teapot.
Other Remedies for Rheumatism.— I. Hathetho
parts alTected with water in which potatoes have been
boiled, as hot as can bo borne, just before going to bed; by
morning it will be much relieved, if not removed. One
application of tlii- .>-im[do remedy has cured the most (d)sti-
nate of rheuniatie pains, 2. ifalf an ounce of pulveri/ed
salljietre j)ut in half a pint of sweet oil; bathe llie|iarts
alTectetl, and a sound cure will be speedily etfectcd. U.
Hheumatism has freipientiv been cured by a persisicnt use
of lemon juice, either undiluted or in the form of lemon-
»de. Suck half a lemon every morning befort* breakfast,
and occasiiiiially during the day, and jiarlake of lemonade
when thirsty in ju'cference to any other drink. If severely
alllicted a jdiysician should be (U)nsnlted, but, in all cases,
lemon juice will hasten tho cure. -l. Ky the valerian
bath, iiiadi* simply by taking one pound <d' valerian root,
boiling it gently for about a fpiarter of an hour in one gal-
lon of water, straining and udding the strained liipiid to
about twenty gallons of wa'u-r in an ordinary bath. Tho
temperature should bo about ninety-i'ight degrees, and tho
time of immersion from twenty minutes to half an hour.
Pains must be taken to dry tho piitienl perfectly upon get-
ting oiitof th(> bath. If the iidlammat inn rcnaiin refrac-
tory in any of the joints, linseed meal poultices should be
made with a strong decoction of \alcruiii root and ap|diod.
How to Cure Ring'-Worm.— To om- part sulphuric
acid, add sixteen to twcntv parts water. I'se a brush and
feather, and aijjily it to tlm j)art8 night and morning. A
few dressings will generally cure. If tlie solution is too
kf:j^i
THR rAMII.T HIIYHICIAN.
ttrtmn iind oauiioi pnin, dilute it with watnr, and if the irri-
tation ill (>x<'t)i«ttiv(<. mil on ii littUt oil or uth(>r Hoftcning aji-
I>li(!Ution, l>iit iilwiiYx avoid tlitt iiHit of Hoap.
Or, wiixli tliti lii'iid witli Hoft Hoaii cvitv iiioriiiiiK. and
apply tliu followin)/ lutinii cvi'ry ni^lit : One half drachm
of Huli-cui'lMinatu of Hodii diHHoivcd in out' ^iH of vinrgar.
Healings Salve. Swtct oil, thrco rpiartH; rcHin, thrur
ounocM; liccHwax, tlirco (iiincoc Melt toffcithor; thi-n add
|K)wdi'n'd ri'tl h'ud, Iwii poiindH; lioat all tlicHo to^ctlu'r and
when nearly cold add a piouo of camphor as largo an u nut-
nipg. (iood for liiirnH, etc.
Salt Rheum. I. Make a strong tea of elm root hark;
drink the ten freely, ami wanh the atTeeled part in the
Mime. 'Z. 'I'like ono ounce of liliie (lag root, Hteep it in
h.'dfapint of gin; taku a teiiKiiooiifiil three titneM a day,
niiirning, noon and night, and wauli with the mtmo. 'A.
Take one ounee of oil of tar, one draehin of oil of eheokei
herry; mix. 'i'like from live to twenty dropn morning anil
night as the Hlomai'h vtiil hear.
Bleedingf of the Stomach.— Take a teuMpoonfiil of
canioniile teaevtury ten minuleH nntil the hieetling HtopH.
Slokness of Stomach.— Drink three or four timeH a
day of the Hteep iiiudii from the hark of white poplar lootH.
Sunburn and Tan.— I. Take two draehnm "f horax.
one draelim of Konian alum, c.ie dniehm of cam lior, half
an ounc'u of Hiigar i aiidy, and a pound of ox-gall. Mix,
and Htir well for ten minuteN t ho, and repeat tluM hI iriug
three 'ir four timert a day for a fortnight, till it appearH
clear and transpannt. Strain Ihroii^'h hlottin^' paper,
an<l hottle up for use. ;;.' .Milk of almondH nuttlo tfuiK:
Tak(< of lilanched hitter iiinioiicU half an ounce, Hoft vtater
half a pint; nntke an cp iilnion liy heating '.' n almoniU and
water together, Hirain ti roiigli a muHliu doth, and it in
made. 'A. A preparation composed of uipial jiarta of olive
oil and limu w.iter id ahto an excellent remedy for sunburn.
To Produce Sweat. — Take of nitre, one-half <! ichm;
Hnake'n head (lierh), HutTron, t'aniphor, nnake-root, Hciieca,
hark of HaHHufniH root, each one oinic) ipeca<', and oiiiiiu),
eatdi one half ouikc; put thealio\c in three ipiarta of Hol-
land gin, and take a tahlc~|>oonfiil in catnip tea every few
minutes, till a hwciii jm prmiiiced.
Teething*. — Yonng children vvhiixt cutting their first
set of led ii often hiilTer Kcvere i uiiMlitnt ional diHiiirhance.
At tirst there is rc.slleHKnc,->j and pi'c\ inhneHH, »ilh slight
fever, hilt not >infi'ci|uently tlicKe are followed l>v convul-
sive titH, a-< they are coinuioi.!\ called, whicli depends on
the hrain liei'oniiri<; irritated: nod Homelinirs uiuler this
condition the chili' iseiili< rent otTsiiddciilv, or the founda-
tion of wrious mi- lief to (lie lirain is laid. Tiio remedy,
or riiMur thosafeguinl, against lliesefi ighlfiil cniise(|uences
is trilling, wafe, and almost ceri;iiii, and consists merely in
lancing the gum ro\eriiig the tooth vt liich ^ making its
making its way through. When teething is , out it may
hi! known by the spittle constantly iliiveliiu from the
mouth anil vvetling tiiu froi k. Tlio (diild has its lingers in
its mouth, and hitcs hard any snlistance it can get hold oT.
If the gums ho carefully I'Mikcd at, the imrt where the tooth
is pressing lip is Hwolleii and redil. r lli.iii usual; aid if the
finger he pressed on it tlie cliiM Hliiiiiks n' d cries, hhowing
that the gum is tender. When these HVHiptonm occur, the
j'f.iu should he lanced, ind sometinu's the tooth comes
through the next day, if in ar t 'le surface; hut if not so far
advanced tlio cut heals and a si ,>, forsiis, which is thought
by Home objeiilionahlc, as rendering the passago of the
tooth more ditlicult. 'I'his, however, isuninie, for the scar
will givo way nnich more ciiHily than the uncut gum. If
tlio tooth does not como through after two or three days,
the lancing may bo repeated; ai I this is more especially
needed if tne onild ho very fractn is, and seems in much
pain. liHncing the g\\mn is further advantngeoiu, t)oeauM)
It emptieN the inllamed ]>art of its IiIimhI, and so relieviM the
pain and inflamnuttion. The relief rhildtcii experience in
the course of two <ir three lioiirM fmm the operation is
often verv remarkable, as they almost immi'diately become
lively and cheerful.
Wash for Teeth and Gums.— The teeth should he
wiuihed night and morning, a iiKHlerately Hinall and soft
hriiHh being used; after the morning aliliition, pour on a
second toolh-brush, slightly dampened, a little of the fol-
lowing lotion: Carbolic aciil, 20 drops; apirits of wine, 2
drachms; distilled water, ttoiinci's. After using this lotion
a shoit 'iiiie the guiiih U'come firmer and less tender, and
impurity xf the breath (which is most commonly caiise<l by
bail t<>etli). will be removed. It is a ((r(*at mistake to use
hard tootli-bniHlu ', or to brush the teeth until the gums
ble*«l.
Tetter. — After a slight feverish attack, lasting two or
three days, clusters of Hinall, transparent pimples, tilled some-
times with a colorless, sometimeH with a brownish lymph,
appear on the idieeks or forehead, or ou thu cxtrcmituiH,
and at times on the Ixsly. The iiimples are about the si/e
of a |M'a, luid break after a few (lavs, when a brown or yel-
low crust is formed over them, wliiidi falls olT aliout the
tenth day, leaving the skin red and irritable. The erup-
tion is attended wiih heat; itching, tingling, fever, and
restlessness, especiiillv at night. Hingworm is li curious
form of tett< r. in which the inflamed patches lutsiime tho
form of a i : _■.
TUKATUKST — .Should consist of light diet, and gentle
laxatives. If the patient be advanced in life, and feeble, a
tonio will be desirable. For a wesh, white vitriol, I
driu:hm; rose-water, bounces, mixed; or an ointment made
of alder-llower ointment, I ounce; oxide of zinc, 1 drachm.
To Remove Tan. inn may be removed fnuii th" fine
by mixing magnesia in soft water to the consistency of ]iaste,
whicii should then be sprc:id on the face and allowed to
remain a minute or two. Then wash oil with Castile soap
Hiiils, and rinse with soft water.
Care of the Teeth. — The mouth Ims a temperature of
Its degrees, wanner than i- ever ex|M'rienced in tho shade
in tho latitmlo of New I' ind. It is well known that if
beef, for c\amph>, be ■ \posed in the shade during tho
warmest of our Hiimmer davs, it will very hikui decompose.
If we eat beef for dinner, the particles invaiiably fiml their
way into thespaces lielvveeM the teelli. Now, ii' these par-
ticles of beef are not removed, they v»'ill fre<piently remain
till they are softened by decom]iosition. In most niouthn
this process of decomposition is in constant lungress.
Ought we to be sur]irised that the ijums and teeth against
itrefvi
become subjects of discaiH-?
which thes(* decomposing or put
nng
masses lie should
llow shall our teeth he preserved? The answer is very
simiile — keep them very <'lean. How shall thcv be kept
clean!'' Answer — Ky a toothpick, rinsing with water, ami
•he daily use of a brush.
The toothpick should Ih' a fpiill, not because the metalic.
picks iniure the enamel, but because the ipiill pi<k is so
tlexible it fits into all tiie irregularities between the teeth.
Always after using the toothpick the inoutli should he
thoroughly rinsed. If warm water be not at hand, cold
may be used, although warm is much b(>tter. Closing the
lips, with a motion familiar to uU, eviiything tnay be
thoroughly rinsed from the mouth.
Kvery moniing (on rising), and every evening (ou going
to bed), tho tooth-brush should ho used, and the teeth,
both out i do and inside, thoroughly bruslu'd.
Much l;as been said pro and com., npon the use of soap
with tho tooth-brush. My own experience and the
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IMAGE EVALUATION
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4S03
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,A..vttt^>iacM»BrSfei«ili**'i«S,i.^.
lii I
THK PA.M1I.T I'lIYSICIAN.
ux])ori('ii(o of members of my fiimily is liij;hly fuvorable to
the rr^^'iihir niornijitj ;iii<l ovcniiig use of soup, t'astile or
otiicr jrooi) soiip will iiiinwor this purpose. (Whatever is
u'ool for Ihi! li.iiiils ii' (1 fuel' is good for tlie toftii.) The
slightly uiipU'iusaiit. tasio which soap bus wbeu we begin to
use it will suiMi l)o uuiioticcil.
Tooth Powders. — Many jiersons, while hnulably atten-
tive to the jiriservatioii of tlicir teeth, do tliem harm by too
nuR'ii otli'.^iousnoss. Tiu-y daily apply to tbeni some denti-
frieo powder, which they rub so hard as not only to injure
the enamel by excessive friction, but to hurt the gums even
more than by the alnise of the toothpick. The quality of
some of the dentifrice powders advertised in newspapers is
extremely suspicious, and there is reason to thi"kthat they
are not altogether free from a corrosive ingredient. One
of the safest and best compositions for the purpose is a
mixture of two ])arts of prepared chalk, one of Peruvian
bark, and one of hard soap, all finely powdered, which is
calculated not only to clean the teeth without hurting them,
but to preserve the firmness of the gums.
Besides the advantage of sound teeth for their use in mas-
tication, a proper attention to their treatment conduces not
a little to the sweetnesa of the breath. This is, iiuleed,
often alTected by other causes existing in the lungs, the
stomach, aiul sometimes even in the bowels, but a rotten
state of tht'. teeth, both from the putrid smell emitted by
carious bones and the impurities lodged in their cavities,
jiever fails of aggravating an unpleasant breath wherever
there is a tendency of tiuit kind.
Remedies for Toothache. — l. One drachm of alum
reduccil to an impalpable powder, three drachms of nitrous
spirits of etlier — nnx, and apply them to the tooth on cot-
ton. 2. ^lix a little salt and alum, equal portions, grind
it fine, wet a little lock of cotton, fill it with the powder
and put it in your tooth. One or two applications seldom
fail to cure. ii. To one drachm of collodion add two
drachms of Calvert's carbolic acid. A gelatinous mass is
preci|iitated, a small portion of which, inserted in the cav-
ity of an aching tooth, invariably gives imn.ediate relief.
4. Saturate a smnll bit of clean cotton wool with a strong
solution of ainr.ionia, and apply it immediately to the
alTectcd tooth. 'J'lie jileasing contrast immediately pro-
duced in some cases causes fits of laughter, althougii a mo-
ment ])reviou3 extreme suffering and anguish prevailed. 6.
Sometimes a sound ti>oth aches from sympathy of the nerves
of the f'ai'c with other nerves. But when toothache pro-
ceeds from a decayed tooth cither have it taken out, or put
hot fomentations upon the face, and hot ''rinks into the
moutii, such as tim^ture of cayenne.
To Cure Warts. — Warts are formed by the small arte-
ries, vciuf, and nerves luiiieil together, taking on a dispo-
sition to grow by extending themselves upward, carrying
the scarf-skin along with them, which, thickening, forms a
wart. Corns are a similar growth, brought about by the
friction of tight boots and shoes. 1, Take a piece of dia-
chylon ])laster, cut a hole in the centre the size of the wart,
and stick it on, the wart ])rotruding through. Then touch
it daily with aquafortis, or nitrate of silver. They may be
removed by tying a string tightly around them. 2. 1'ake
a blacksmith's jiunch, heat it red hot aiui burn the warts
with tlie end of it. When the burn gets well tl.'O warts will
bo gone forever. 3, Scrape down enough dry cobwebs to
make a ball large enough to. or a little more than, cover
the wart and not touch the flesh around the same; lay it on
top of tiio wart, ignite it and let it 'w until it is all burnt
up. The wart will turn white, and in a fewdayscome out.
4. Pass a pin through the wart; apply one end of the ])in
to the llamo of a la»ip; hold it there until the wart fries
idir tiie action of the heat. A wart so treated will leave.
Dissolve as much common washing soda us the water
will take up; wash the warts with this for a minute or two,
and li't theindry without wiping. K.ep the waterin a bot-
tle "id repeat tiie washing often, and it will take away the
lar"est warts, fl. They may be cureil surely by i)aring them
down until the blood comcsslightly and then riibl)ii;g them
with lunar caustic. It is needless to say this hurts a Utile,
but it is a sure cure. The hydroehlorateof limeaj)]ilicd in
the same way will cure after several applications and sumc
patience; so will strong good vinegar, and so it is said will
milk weed. The cures founded upon superstitious prac-
tices, such as muttering some phrases over the excrescence,
stealing a piece of beef, rubbing the wart therewith and
then burying it under the leaves to await its decay, etc.,
etc., are all the remnants of a past state of ignorance and
are of no use whatever. Warts are generally only tempo-
rary and disappear as their possessors grow up.
How to Cure White Swelling-.— Draw a blister on the
inside of the leg below the knee; keep it running with oint-
ment made of hen manure, by simmering it in hog's lard
with onions; rub the knee with the following kind of oint-
ment: Bits of peppermint, oil of sassafras, checkerbcrry,
juniper, one driichm each; simmer in one-half pint neats-
foot oil, and rub on the knee three times a day.
How to Cure Wounds. — Catnip steeped, mixed with
fresh butter and sugar.
How to Cure Whooping-Cough.— Take a quart of
spring water, put in it a large handful of chin-cups that
grow upon moss, a large handful of unset hyssop; boil it to
a pint, strain it off, and sweeten it with sugar-candy. Let
the child, as often as it coughs, take two spoonfuls at a
time.
How to Cure Worms in Children.— i. Take one
ounce of powdered snake-head (herb), and one drachm each
of aloes and prickly ash bark; powder these, and to one-
half teaspoonful of this powder add a teaspoonful of boiling
water and a teaspoonful of molasses. Take this as a dose,
night or morning, more or less, as the symptoms may re-
quire. 2. Take tobacco leaves, pound them up with honey,
and lay them on the belly of the child or grown person, at
the same time administering a dose of some good physic.
3. Take garden parsley, make it into a tea and let the pa-
tient drink freely of it. 4. Take the scales that will fall
around the blacksmith's anvil, powder them fine, and put
them in sweetened rum. Shake when you take them, and
give a teaspoonful three times a day.
Scalding of the Urine. — Equal parts of the oil of red
cedar, and the ofl of spearmint.
Urinary Obstructions.— Steep pumpkin seeds in gin,
and drink about three glasses a day; or, administer half a
drachm uva nrsi every morning, and a dose of spearmint.
Free Passage of Urine,— The leaves of the currant
bush made into a tea, and taken as a common drink.
Venereal Complaints.— Equal parts of the oil of red
cedar, combined with sarsaparilla, yellow dock and burdock
made into a syrup; add to a pint of this syrup an ounce of
gum guiaicum. Dose, from a tablcspoonful to a wine-glass,
as best you can hear.
How to Cure Sore Throat. — "One who has tried it"
communicates the following sensible item about curing sore
throat: lict each one of your half million readers buy at
any drug store one ounce of camphorated oil and five cents'
worth of chloride of potash. Whenever any soreness ap-
pears in the throat, put the pota-sh in half a tumbler of
water, and with it gargle the throat thoroughly; then rub
the neck thoroughly with the camphorated oil at • jlit be-
fore going to bed, and also pin around the throat a small
strip of woolen flanDel. This is a simple, cheap and sure
remedy.
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HOUSEHOLD RBCIPm.
S HOUSEHOLD RECIPES
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MISCELLANEOUS.
Axle Grease. — l. Water, l f Jlor; ,5o(la. \ ])i.iriu!; jiii!iii
oil, lu iiDiiiids. Mix liy lieiit, and s^tir til! lu'iiriy cold.
I. Water, raiie oil, of each 1 piiii.ii: sJciiu, ^ ijoiiiid ;
palm oil, 4 jiouihI.
3. Water, I tjalloli ; t;dlo«-, 3 pounds ; jialinoil, '1 iiouiids ;
soda, \ pound. Heat to-Jlo de|_'. Falirenlieit and slir until
cool.
4. Tallow, s ]ioii!id.!: palm oil, 10 pounds; plumbago,
1 pound. .Makes a good liilirieator for wagon axles.
How to Shell Beans Easy.— Pom- upon tlu; pods a
quantity of .scaldin;,^ water, and the iieiins will slip very
easily from the j>od. Jiy jxiuring scalding water on ajiples
the skill may he ca.sily slipped olT, and luueh labor saveil.
How to Clean Bed-Ticks.— Apply Poland starch, by
rubbing it on thick with ii cloth. Place it in the sun.
When dry, rub it if necessary. The soiled part will be
clean as new.
How to Wash Carpets. — Shake and beat it well ; lay
it upon the door and tack it firmly; then with a clean flan-
nel wash it over with a quart of bullock's gall nii.xed with
three quarts of soft, cold water, and rub it off with a clean
flannel or house-cloth. Any particular dirty spot should
be rubbed with j)ure gall.
How to Clean Carpets. — Before proceeding to sweep
a carpet a few handfuls of waste tea-leaves should be
sprinkled over it. A stilf hair broom or brush should be
employed, unless the carpet is very dirty, when a whisk or
carpet-broom should bo used, first followed by another made
of hair, to take oS the loose dust. The frequent use of a
stiff carpet-broom soon wears off the beauty of the best
carpet. An ordinary clothes brush is best adapted for su-
perior carpets. When carpets are Tery dirty they should
be cleaned by shaking and beating.
Beat it well with a stick in the usual manner until all
the dust is removed, then take out the stains, if any, with
lemon or sorrel-juice. When thoroughly dry rub it all
over with the crumb of a hot wheaten loaf, and if the
weather is very tine, let hang out in the open air for a night
or two. This treatment will revive the colors, and make
the carpet appear equal to new.
How to Remove Spots on Carpets.— A few drops of
carbonate of ammonia, and a small quantity of warm rain
water, will prove a safe and easy antacid," etc., and will
change, if carefully applied, discolored spots upon carpets,
and indeed, all spots, whether produced by acids or alka-
lies, if one has the misfortune to have a carpet injured
by whitewash, this will immediately restore it.
How to Remove Ink Spots on Carpets. — As soon as
the ink has been spilled, taKe up as nnicli as you can with
a sponge, and then poui on cold water repeatedly, still
taking up tlie liquid ; next rub the place with a little wet
oxalic acid or salt of sorrel, and wash it off immediately with
colli water, and then rub on some hartshorn.
Cleaning* and Scouring^ of Cloth.— The rommon
method (jf eleaning cloth is iiy lieating and bi'ushing, un-
less when very dirty, when it undergoes the operation of
scouring. This is best done on the snnill scale, as for
articles of woarit^g apparel, etc , by dissolviii<j a little curd
soap in water, and after mixing it with a little ox-gall, to
touch over all the s]'ots fif grease, diit. et<'., with if, and
to rub them well with a stiff brush, until they arc removed,
after which the article may be well rubbed all over with a
brush or spong" dipped into some warm water, to which
the ))revioMS mixture and a little more ox-gall has beo'i
added. When tliis has been pnqierly done, it only remains
to thoroughly rinse the article in clean water until the lat-
ter passes otf uncolorcd, when it must be hung up to dry.
For dark, colored cloths the common lu'aetico is to add some
Fuller's-earth to the mixture of soap and gall. When
nearly dry the nap should be laid right and the article care-
fully pressed, after which a brush, moistened with a drop
or two of olive oil, is passed several times over it, which
will give it a superior finish.
Cloth may also be cleaned in the dry way, as follows:
First remove the spots, as above, and when the parts have
dried, strew clean, damp sand over it, and beat it in with a
brush, after which brush the article with a hard brush
when the sand vvill readily come out, and bring the dirt
with it. Black cloth which is very rusty should receive a
coat of reviver after drying, and be liung U]) until the next
day, when it may be pressed and finished off as before.
Scarlet cloth requires considerable caution. After being
thoroughly rinsed, it sh.ould be repeatedly ])assed through
cold siiring water, to which a tablespoonful or two of solu-
tion of tin has been added. If much faded, it should be
dipped in a scarlet dye-bath. Buff cloth is generally
cleansed by covering it with a paste made with jiipe-elay
and water, which, when dry, is rubbed and brushed off.
Renovation of Cloth.— The article undergoes the
process of scouring before described, and, after being well
rinsed and drained, it is put on a board, and the thread-
bare parts rubbed with a half-worn iiatter's card, filled with
flocks, or with a teazle or a prickly thistle, until a nap is
raised. It is next hung up to dry, the nap laid the right
way with a hard brush, and finished as before. When the
cloth is niuel; faded, it is usual to give it a dip, as it is
called, or to pass it through a dye-bath, to freshen up the
color.
How to Revive the Color of Black Cloth.— If a
coat, clean it well, then boil from two to f(>ur ouni'es of
logwood in your copper, or tjoiler, for lialf an hour; dip
your coat in warm water, and squeeze it as dry as you can ;
then put it into the copper and boil it for half an hour.
Take it out, and add ajMcce of green copiioras, .ibout the
size of a horse-bean ; boil it another Jalf hour, then draw
it, and hang it in the air for an hour « .• two ; take it down,
riuso it in two or three cold waters ; dry it, and let it bo
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well brushed with a soft brush, over which a drop or two of
the oil of olives has been rubbed, then stroke your coatreg-
ulurly over.
How to Restore Crape. — Skimmed milk and water,
with ii little bit of ghio in it, made scalding hot, is excel-
lent to restore rusty Itiiliiin crape. If clapped and pulled
dry like muslin, it will look as good as now; or, brush the
veil till iill the dust is removed, then fold it lengthwise,
and riill it smoothly and tightly on a roller. Steam it till
it is thoroughly dampened, and dry on the roller.
How to Cleanse Feather Beds.— When feather beds
become shIIimI ami lu'Mvy tlu'y may be made clean and light
by lieitig treated in tlio following manner : Rub them over
with a still brush, (lipiK'd in hot soap-suds. When clean
lay them on a shed, or any other clean place where the rain
will fall on them. When th(iroughly soaked let them dry
in a hut sim hir six or seven successive days, shaking them
up well and tniiiing them over each day. They should be
covered over wilh a (hick cloth during tlio niglit ; if ex-
posed to tho night air they will become damp and mildew.
This way of washing the bed-ticking and fcathei's makes
them Very frc<h and light, and is much easier than the old-
fashioned way of emptying the beds and washing the feath-
ers sepai-i'tely, while it answers quite as well. Care must be
taken to dry tiio bed perfe<'tly before sleeping on it. Hair
mattresses that have become hard and dirty can be made
nearly as good as new by ripping them, washing the tick-
ing, and ])icking the hair free from bunches and keeping
it in a dry, airy ]ilace several days. Whenever the ticking
gets dry till it ligiitly with tiie hair, and tack it together.
How to Cut Up and Cure Pork.— Have the hog laid
on liis back on a slont, clean bencii ; cut off the head close
to tiie base. If the hog is large, there will come off a con-
sideralile collar, between head and shoulders, which,
pickled or dried, is useful for cooking with vegetables.
Separate tho jowl from die face at tho natural joint ; open
tho skull lengthwise and take out the brains, esteemed a
luxury. Then with a siiarj) knife remove the back-bone
tho whole length, t!i(>n tho long strip of fat underlying it,
leaving al»nit one inch of fat covering the spinal column.
Tlie leaf lard, if not before taken out for the housewife's
convenience, is removed, as is also the tenderloin — a fishy-
shaped piece of flesh — often used for sausage, but which
makes delicious steak. TIic middling or sides are now cut
out. leaving the shoulders s(|uaro-shaped and the hams
Tsointed, or they may be rounded to your taijte. The spare-
■ibs are usually wholly removed from the sides, with but
little meat adhering. It is the sides of small, young hogs
cured as hams that hear the name of breakfast bacon.
The sausago meat conies chielly in strips from the back-
bone, jiart of which may also bo used as steak. The lean
trinuniiigs from about til Joints are used for sausage, the
fat scraps rendered up with the backbone lard.
Tho thick jiart of the batkbiiio that lies between the
slioulders, called griskin or ihine, is se]);'.rated from the
tapering, bony part, called baiklionc by way of distinction,
and used as flesh. The chiiK s are smoked with jowls, and
and ii.:cd in lato winter or sjiring.
Whi'ii yoiir meat is to be pickled it should be dusted
lightly with saltpetre sprinkled with salt, and allowed to
drain twenty-four hours; then plunge it into pickle, and
keep under with a weight. It is good jiolicy to jiickle a
])ortion of the sides. They, after soaking, are sweeter to
cook with vegetables, and the grease fried from them is
much nun-o u.seful than that of smoked meat.
If your meat is to be dry salted, allow one teasiioonful of
pulverized saltpetre to one gallon of salt, and keep the
mixture warm beside you. Put on a hog's ear as a mitten,
and rub each piece of meat thoroughly. Then pack skin
side down, ham upon ham, side upon aide, strewing on
salt abundantly. It is best to put large and small pieces in
different boxes for tho convenience oi: getting at them to
hang up at the different times they will come into readi-
ness. The weather has eo much »o do with the time that
meat requires to take salt that no particular time can be
specified for leaving it in.
Tho best test is to try a medium-sized ham ; if salt
enor.gh, all similar and smaller pieces are surely ready, and
it is well to remember that tlie saltness increases in drying.
Ribs ami steaks should be kept in a cold, dark place,
without salting, until ready for use. If you have many, or
the weather is warm, they keep better in pickle than dry
salt. Many persons turn ancl rub their meat frequently.
We have never practiced this, and have never lost any.
When tlie meat is ready for smoking, dip the hocks of
the loints in ground black pepper and dust tlie raw surface
thickly with it. Sacks, after this treatment, may be used
for double security, and I think bacon high and dry is
sweeter than packed in any substance. For sugar-cured
hams wo append the best recipe we have ever used, though
troublesome.
English Recipe for Sugar-Curing Hams. — So soonastne
meat comes from the butcher's hand rub it thoroughly with
the salt. Repeat this four days, keeping the meat where it
can drain. The fourth day rub it with saltpetre and a
handful of common salt, allowing one pound of saltpetre to
seventy pounds of meat. Now mix one pound of brown
sugar and one of molasses, rub over the ham every day for
a fortnight, and then smoke with hickory chips or cobs.
Hams shouhl bo hung highest in meat-houses, because there
they are t. liable to the attacks of insects, for insects do
not so much infest liigh places-^unlike human pests.
Pickle. — Make eight gallons of brine strong enough to
float an egg ; add two pounds of brown sugar or a quart of
molasses, and four ounces of saltpetre ; boiland skim clean,
and pour cold on your meat. Meat intended for smoking
should remain in pickle about four weeks. This pickle can
be boiled over, and with a fresh cup of sugar and salt used
all summer. Some persons use as much soda as saltpetre.
It will correct acidity, but we think impairs the meat.
Washing Preparation.— Take a i of a pound of soap,
a i of a pound of soda, and a ^ of a pound of quicklime.
Cut up the soap and dissolve it in 1 quart of boiling water ;
pour 1 quart of boiling water over the soda, and 3 quarts
of boiling water upon the quicklime. The lime must bo
quick and fresh ; if it is good it will bubble up on pouring
the liot water upon it. Each must be prepared in separate
vessels. The lime must settle so as to leave the water on
tho top perfectly clear ; then strain it carefully (not dis-
turbing the settlings) into the washboiler with tho soda and
soap ; let it scald long enough to dissolve tho soap, then
add 6 gallons of soap water. The clothes must be put to soak
over night, after nibbing soap upon the dirtiest parts of
them. After having tho above in readiness, wring out the
clothes wliieh have been put in soak, jmt them on to boil,
and let i ■.'h lot boil half an hour ; the same water will
answer for tho whole washing. After boiling each lot half
an hour drain them from the boiling water put them in a
tub and pour upon them two or three pailsful of clear, hot
water ; after this they will want very little rubbing ; then
rinso through two waters, blueing the last. When dried
they will be a beautiful white. After washing the cleanest
part of tho white clothes, take two pails of the suds in
which they have been washed, put it over the fire and
scald, and this will wash all the ilannelsand colored clothes
withont any extra soap. The white flannels, after beiii<r
well washed in the suds, will require to be scalded by tun
ing on a teakettle of boiling water.
i
Ho\
gardeil
half al
or earf
ward 1
powdi
die or]
Ho^
HOW TO DESTROY HOUSEHOLD PESTS
'»--2^r~^
How to Destroy Ants. — Ants that frequent houses or
gardens niiiy ho (k>slro}-e<l liy taking flower of briiiiHtoiio
half a jiouiid and jiota.sh four ounces; sot them in an iron
or earthen iian over the fire till dissolved and united; after-
ward heat thcin to a jjowder, and infuse a little of this
powder in water; aiul wherever you sprinkle it the ants will
die or fly the phiro.
How to Destroy Black Ants. — A few leaves of green
wormwood, scattered anujug the haunts of these trouble-
some insects, is said to l)e ofToetiuil in dislodging them.
How to Destroy Red Anis. — The host way to get rid
of ants, is to sot a f|iianiity of cracked walnuts or shell-
barks on plates, and i)ut tliein in the closet or ])lace8 where
the ants congregate. They are very fond of these, and
will collect on them in myriads. When they have collected
on them make a general auto-da-fe, hy turning nuts and
ants together into the fire, and then replenish the plates
with fresh nuts. After they have become so thinned off as
to cease collecting on jjlates, powdersomo camphor and put
in the holes and crevices, whereupon the remainder of them
will speedily depart. It may help the process of getting
them to assemble on shell-barks, to remove all edibles out
of their way for the time.
How to Destroy Black Bees.— Place two or three
shallow vessels — the large/ kind of flower-pot saucers will
do — half filled with water, on the floors where they assem-
ble, with strips of cardboard running from the edge of the
vessel to the floor, at a gentle inclination; these the un-
welcome guests will eagerly ascend, and so find a watery
grave.
How to Destroy Bed-Bugs.— 1. When they have
made a lodgement iu the wall, fill all the apertures with a
mixture of soft soap and Scotch snuff. Take the bedstead
to pieces, and treat that in the same way. 2. A strong
decoction of red pepper applied to bedsteads will either kill
the bugs or drive thorn away. 3. Put the bedstead into a
close room and set tire to the following composition, placed
in an iron pot upon the hearth, having previously closed
up the chimney, then shut thedoor, let them remain a day:
Sulplnir nine parts; saltpetre, powdered, one part. MLi.
Be sure to open the door of tho room five or six hours be-
fore you venture to go into it a second time. 4. Rub the
bedstead well withlampoil; this alone isgood, but to nuike
it more effectual, get ten cents worth of quicksilver and add
to it. Put it into all the cracks around the bed, and they
will soon disappear. The bedsteads should first be scalded
and wiped dry, then put on with a feather. 5. Corrosive
sublimate, one ounce; muriatic acid, two ounces; water,
four ounces; dissolve, then add turpentine, one jjint; de-
coction of tobacco, one pint. Mix. For the decoction of
tobacco boil one ounce of tobacco in a -Jpint of water. The
mixture must bo applied with a paint brush. This wash is
deadly poison. (5. Hub the bedsteads in tho joints with
equal parts of spirits of turpentine and kerosene oil, and
tho cracks of the surbase in rooms where there are many.
Filling up all the cracks with hard soap is an excellent
remedy.
March and April are the months when bedsteads should
be examined to kill all the eggs. 7. Mix together two
ounces spirits of turpentine, one ounce corrosive sublimate,
d one pint alcohol. 8. Distilled vinegar, or diluted good
vinegar, a pint; camphor one-half ounce; dissolve. 9.
AVhite arsenic, two ounces; lard, thirteen ounces; corrosive
sublimate, one-fourth ounce; Venetian red. one-fourth
ounce. (Deadly poison.) 10. Strong mercurial ointment,
one ounce; soft soap one ounce; oil of turpentine, a pint.
11. (Jasoline and coalipil are l)oth excellent adjuncts, with
cleanliness, in ridding a bed or house of these ts.
How to Destroy Caterpillars.— Boil together a quan-
tity of ri. . wormwood, and any cheap tobacco (equal
parts) in ('oinmon water. Tho li(|iiid should bo very strong.
Sprinkle it on the loaves and young branches every morn-
ing and evening during the time tlu' fruit is ripening.
How to Destroy Cockroaches ana Beetles.— 1.
Strew the roots of black hellebore, at night, in the places
infested by these vermin, and they will be found in
the morning dead or dying. Black hellebore grows
in marstiy grounds, and nuiy be had at the herb shops.
2. Put nhout a quart of water sweetened with molasses
in a tin wash basin or smooth glazed china bowl.
Set it at evening in a place frequented by the bugs.
Around the basin put an old piece of carpet that
the bugs can have easy access to the top. They will
go down in the water, and stay till you come. 3. Take
pulverized borax, 4 parts, flour 1 part, mix intimately and
distribute tho mixture in cupboards which are frequented
by the roaches, or blow it, by means of a bellows, into the
holes or cracks that are infested by them. 4. By scatter-
ing a handful of fresh cucumber parings about the house,
f). Take carbonic acid and powdered camphor in equal
parts; put them in a bottle; they will become fluid. A\ ith
a painter's brush of the size called a sash-tool, put the mix-
ture on the cracks or places where tiie roaches hide; they
will come out at once. Then kill. (J. Mix up a quantity
of fresh burned plaster of paris (gypsum, such as is used
for making molds and ornaments), with wheat flour and
a little sugar, and distribute on shallow plates and box
boards, and ))iaco in the corners of the kitchen and pantry,
where they frequent. In the darkness they will feast
them.selves on it. Whether it interferes with their diges-
tion or not, is dilTicult to ascertain, but after throe or four
nights renewal c f the preparation, no cockroaches will be
found on the promises.
How to Destroy Crickets.— Sprinkle a little quick-
lime near to the cracks tlmjugh which they enter the room.
The lime may be laid down overnight, and swept away
in tho morning. In a few days they will most likely idl be
destroyed. But care must bo taken that the children do
not meddle with tho lime, as a very snuill jiortion of it,
getting into the eye, would prove exceedingly hurtful. In
case of such an accident the best thing to do would be to
wash tho eye with vinegar and water.
How to g-et Rid of Fleas.— Much of the largest num-
ber of fleas are brought into our family circles by pet dogs
and cats. Tho oil of pennyroyal will drive these insects
off; but a cheaper method, where the uerb flourishes, is to
throw your cats and dogs into a decoction of it once a
week. When tho herb cannot be got, the oil can he pro-
cured. In this case, saturate strings with it and tie them
around the necks of tho dogs and cats. These apjilica-
t.ons should be repeated every twelve or fifteen days. Mint,
•;
■I
HOW TO DESTROY HOUSEHOLD PESTS.
Croslily cut, and hung round a bcdstoad, or on the furni
turo, will prevent annoyance from bod insects; a few dropi
of essontitu oil of lavender will l)o more eflicacions.
How to Destroy FliOS. — l. Take an infusion of qnas-
hiii, one j(ii;t; biMwn .sui(iir, four ouncrs, ^fi'oiiiiil i){'|)pi'r,
two ounces. To be well niixcil li i^cther. ami ]mt in small
hIiuIIow disbt's u'lu'reriMiuircd. ;.'. ISIack |i('])|ifr(|)o\v(l('i-cil).
one drucliiii; brown sii;,'iii', ono dracbm; milk or creuni,
two di'ucluii.s. Mix, ami phua' itoiui j)lute or saiiicr wben?
tbe fli(!s lire most troublesome. ;!. Pour a little simple
oxymel (an article to be obtained at tbe druijgists), into a
oonwnon tumbler glass, and plaou in tbe glass a jiiecui of
cap inipcr, nuide .nl.o tbe sliape of tbe upjier part of a
funnel, wilh a liohi »t tbe bottom to ailinit tbe tlies. At-
tracted by liie smell, tbey readily enter tbe trap in swarms,
and by tie f bousandrt soon collected prove tbat tbey bave
not tliev.il or tbe disposition to return. 4. Take some
jars, niug^, or tunibk'rs. till tlicm balf fidl witb soajiy
water; coser Ibem as jam-])ots are covered, witb a ])iece of
pap'T, eitb.T lied '](t\vn or tuc!;ed under tbe rim. Ijet tbis
pap'T be rulibed inside wiib wet sugar, molasses, honey, or
jam, oi' any I bing sweet ; cut a snndl bole in the center,
large eu'digli for a fly to enter, '{'be Hies settle on tbe top.
attracted by tlie suu'll of ibe bait; tbey tben craw! tbrougb
tbe bole, t.) fee.l upon tjie sweets l)(ineatb. .Meainvbile tbe
wai.-iilb (/f lb(^ wcatlicr causes tiie soapy water to ferment.
and p:-''(]ii(;t'S a gas wbieb overpowers tlu^ Hies, and tbey
drop (b(\vu into tbe vessel. Tliousand.s may be destroyed
this way, and the I ra])s last a long time.
Fly Paper.— .Melt resin, and add thereto while soft,
snnicien' .-vveet oil, lai'd, or lanii) oil to nuike it, when cold
about, tbe (u)n;;isteucy of boney. Spread on Avriting paper,
and i)!uce in a (ionvciiic'it spot. It will i^oon be filled with
ants, .'lies, and otbcv vcrniiii.
How to Expel Insects. —.Ml in.seets dread pennyroyal;
tlie Kn:c|| of it destroys some, and drives ethers away. At
the time that fresh ]ieii)iyro\al eamiot be gathered, get oil
of pennyroyal; pour some into a saticer, and steep in it
small i)ieces of Wadding or raw cotton, and place tiu'iu in
norners, eloset-shelves. })i;reau drawers, boxes, etc., atid
the co(!kroai:bes, ants, or oilier insects w ill .soon di-ajipear.
It is also Well to ))iace .some between tbe niiittre-sse-, and
around tbe bfd. It is eiso a splendid thing for brushitig
oir tbat terrililo little iii.vci. the seed lii-k.
How to Destroy Mice.— 1. U.-i^ tartar emetic ini'igii d
with some favorite food. Tbe mire will b-ave tbe ]iremises.
3. Take o.ie part calomel, five jiarts of wlu^at tlonr. one
part sugar, and one-tenth of a part of ultramarine. Mi.\
tog't lier in a tine powder and place it in a disii. Tiiis i> a
niosi efficient poison for mice.
3. Any one desirous of keeping seeds from the depre-
dations of mice can do .so by mixing pieces oi' cani|ihor gum
in with the .seeds. Camphor ])laced in d-,:u-ers or trunks
will ]ire\ cut mice from doing them injury. The little
animal oiijects to the odor and keeps a good distance from
it. lie will seek food else .'.here.
4 (lather all kinils ^ mint and .>eatter about your
.shi , arid they will forsake tlie [uvmises.
How to Drive Away Mosquitoos.— 1. A camphor
bag hung up in an open easenient will jjrovo an elfeetnal
barrier to llieir entrance. Camphorated spirit.'a applied as
perfume lO the face and hand.s will prove an eflectnal
preventive; hut when bitten by them, aromatic vinegar is
the best antidote.
2. A siiiull amount of oil of pennyroyal sprinkled
around the room will drive away tlic mosqnitoes. This is
ail excellent recijie.
Take of gum camphor a piece about iialf tho sizo of
Ru egg, and evaporate it by placing it in a tin vessel and
^
holding it over a lamp or candle, taking care that it does
not ignite. The smoke will soon till the room and expel
the mos(|uitoes.
How to Preserve Clothing- from Moths.~i. I'ro-
cure siia\ iugs of cedur wood and cihIo-c in muslin liags,
which sliould be distribule(l Irecly iinuuig clothes. 2.
I'roeure .shavings of eampbor wood, and enclose in hags.
H, Iipi'iiikl(! pimeiiio (allspice) berries ainoiig the clot lies. 4,
Spririklc tlie clot lies »''tli tbes-eedsof Ibc musk |ilaiil. ."i. An
ounce of gum campliorand one ot'tlie ]iowdered sbc!i (d'red
pepjier are macerated in eight ounces of strong alcolud for
seve'.al days, tben strained. With ibis tiiuitnre (be fiir.s or
cloths arc sprinkled over, and rolled u)) in sheets. (>.
Carefully sbake and brush woolens early in the .spring, so
as to be certain that no eggs ai'e in them; then sew them
up in cotton or linen wrapjiers, putting a piece of camphor
gum, tied uj) in e bit of muslin, itito each bundle, or into
the chests and closets wliere the iirti<'les are to lie. No
moth will appida(di wdiilt^ the smell of the camphor
continues. \Vbcn tie* gnin is evaporated, it niuBt bo
renewed. Knclose them in a moth-proof box witb cam-
phor, no matter whether made of white paper cr white
pine, before any eggs are laid on them by early spring
moths. The notion of having a trunk made of some par-
ticular kind of wood for this ])nrpose, is nonsense. Furs
or woolens, put away in spring time, before motli eggs are
laid, into boxes, trunks, drawers, or closets even, where
motiis cannot enter, will be safe ficuu the ravages of moth-
worms, provided none were in them that were h.id late in
the autumn, ftu' they are not of .S])ontaneon8 production.
How to Kill Moths in Carpets.— Wring a coarse crash
towel out of clear water, s[(iead it smoothly on the carpet,
iron it dry with a good hot iron, repeating the operation on
all parts of the carpet suspected of being infected with
moths. IVo need to press hard, and neither the pile nor
color of the carpet will be injured, and the moths will be
destr.'iyed l;y the heat and slcani-
How to Destroy Rats. — 1. When a honse is invested
with rats wbieb refuse to he caught by cneese and other
baits, a r\ >v diops of the highly-scented oil of rhodium
ponied on the iiotiom of the cage will be an attraction
which they caiiiiot refuse. '2. I'lace on the floor near
wliere 1l;i-ir holes are sui>posed to be a thin layer of moist
I'aiisti',! |iotash. When tlie rats tn;vcl on tliis, it will ean.se
tiieir ieel to become sore, wbicii tluy li(^k, and tlieir
foiigncs l.'oc'uue likewise sore, Tju. consc(|uence is, i hat
tbey shu:i (bis iocalitv, and seem to inforin all tbe neigh-
boring rats about it, and the result is tbat they .soon abtin-
don ii house that lias sindi mean lloors. 3. Cut some
corks i;m thin a.s wafers, and fry, roast, or stew them in
grease, ;ind i)iace the same in their track; or a dried sp(uige
fried oiuipped in molasses or honey, with a small (|U;iiitity
of bird lime or oil of rhodinm. will fa.sten to their fur and
(■aii.^'o them to <lepai't. -1. If a live rat can be caught and
smeared over witli tar or train oil, and afterwards allowed
to escajie in the hole.s of other rats, he will cause all soiui
to take their departure, o. If a live rat be eanglit. and
a small bell be fasrened around bis neck, and allowed to
escape, all of his brother rats as well as himself will very
soon tro to some other neighbor's house. (1. Take a pan,
about tvv.dve inches deep, and half till it with water; then
spriiikle some bran oil the water and .set the jian in a place
where the rats most frequent. In the morning you will
find several rats in the pan. T. Flour, three jiarts: sugar,
one-half jiart; sulphur, two parts, and iihosfiborue, two
part-s. Smeiir on meat, and idaee near where tho rats are
most troublesome. 8. iSquills are an excellent poison for
rats. The powder should be mixed with some fatty sub-
stance, and spread upon slices of bread. The pulp of
^
onions
Take tw
pounil o
holes iiiK
duces gr
is a very
odorless,
one ouiu
about tl
Make a
one thai
one oiiiii
and one-
mixturcf
on thin
greedil
plaster
about 01
ter. Wl
the wate
sprinkle
dium.
pouudec
■■ }
#'ftr,
I
it does
il oxpel
HOW Tl) I)F,8Tli()Y HOL'SKHOLl) I'EdTS.
onions is also very good. Kiittt are very fond of oitlior. 9. '
Tuko two oiinci's of ciirbonati' of l)iinto>, and mix with oiio :
)ouiid of stipt or tallow, place a portion of this within thuir i
lok's and ah.iiit thoir liiiiintr!. It. is ^tcimHIv utiten, pro- I
diit'i'ri jtrriMt thirst, and death fii.sncs aft'T drinking. This
is a very clIi'ctMa! ]ioirion, liccausc it is hotli tasteless and
otlorless. U). Take one ounce of tliK'ly powdereil ai'senic,
one ounce of lard; luix these into a paste with meal, put it
about the haunts of rats. Tlicy will eat of it greedily. 11.
JIake a paste of one ounce of tlour, one-half gill of wat(n',
one drachm of phosphorus, and onc^ ouiu'c of Hour. Or,
one ounce of Hoar, two ounces of jiowdered cheese eruiuhs,
and one-half drachm of phosphorus; (uhl to each of these
mixtures a few dro])s of the oil of rhodium, and spread this
on thin pieces of bread like butter; the rats will eat of this
greedily, and it is a sure poison. 1',*. Mix some ground
phister of j-aris with some sugar and Indian meal. Set it
about on ]ilate s, and leave beside each plate a saucer of -wa-
ter. When the rats have eaten the mixture they will drink
the water and die. To attract them toward it, you may
sprinkle on the edges of the plates a little of the oil of rho-
dium. Another method of getting rid of rats is, to strew
pounded potash on their holes. Tiie potash gets into their
coats and irritates the skin, and the rats desert tlio place.
Vii. The 1 Hitch methfxl: thi.-« is «iicl to I)e uwd f!ne(;essfully
in Holland; wo ha<e, however, never t ried it. A numberof
rats are left together to themjelvt-» in a very large trap or
<?ago, with no food whatever: tlieir craving Ininger will, at
last, catise them to light «"d the weakest \Mil be eaten by
th(^ others; after a short time the fight is re.ewed, and the
next weakest is the victim, ."'."'l i^o it i:>>v on till one strong
rat is left. When this im-- hun fi'.i-u the hist rcmftius ot
any of the oti'eis, it is set h",-sv: ilie u< inc.l has now ac-
(jtiired such a taste for rat-tU-li that la- is liie terror of rat-
(loui, going round seeking what rat lie may iievour. In an
incredibly short time the prenii.«-s are abandon icd by all other
rats, which will not conie back Wfore the cannibal rat has
left or has died. 14. Catch a rat and smear hiia over with
a mixture of ])liosphi>ni.s and lanl. and then let liim loose.
The house will soon be emptied of the.tm pests.
Vermin, in Water.— 0» to the river or pond, and with
a small net (a piece of old nn>squ!to bar will do) collect a
dozen or more of the small fi*hes known i(s minnows, and
jiut them in your cist.-ni. and in a slif»rt time you will luive
clear water, tiie wiggle-tails and reddish-eolored bugs or
lice being gobbleil iii> by t!ie Sshes.
;syKai^s!i!gajj^ai«aiigagaaKaKaa.?snaMfe;siMs^^
ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES
s^nsriD Eco^u^ to 3veeet tietttm: . .
As accidents are constantly liable to occur, the imj)ort-
anee of knowing how best to meet the various emergencies
that may aiise can hardly be over-estimated. In all cases,
and under all circumstances, the best help to assist a party
in this trying moment in presence of mind.
Harvest Bug" Bites. — The best remedy is the use of
benzine, which immeiliately kills the insect, A small drop
of tincture of iodine has the same etTect.
Bites and Stings of Insects.— Such as bees, wasps,
hornets, etc., although geiuMally painful, and ofttimes
causing much disturbance, yet are rarely atteiuled with
fatal results. The pain and swelling may generally be
promptly arrested by bathing freely with a strong solution
of er|ual parts of common salt and baking soda, in warm
water; or by the aitplieation of spirits of hartshorn; or of
volatile liniment (one part of spirits of hart.shorn aiul two
of olive oil). In the absence of the other articles, warm
oil may be used; or, if this is not at hand, apply a paste
made from fresh day-earth. If the sting of the insect is
left in the wound, as is frequently the case, it should
always be extracted. If tliero is faintness, give sonm
stimiilant: as, a tablesjioonful or two of lu'andy and water,
or brandy and auinionia.
Mad Dog" Bites. — 1. Take immediately warm vinegar
or tepid water; wash the wound clean therewith and tlien
dry it; pour upon the wound, then, ton or twelve drops of
miiriatic acid. ^Imeral acids destroy the poison of t'.e
saliva, by which means tlio evil elfec^ts of the hitter are
iieutraHxed. "v*. .Mutiy think that the only sure preventive
of evil following tiie bite (>f a rabid dog '.s to suck the
wound inuncdiately, before tiic iwisoii has '.lad time to cir-
culale with tlic blood. If the person bit cannot get to the
wound to suck it, he must persuade or )»ay another to do
it for him. There is no fear of any harm following this.
for the poison entering by the stomaich cannot hnrt a per-
son. A spoonful of the poison might be swallowed with
impunity, but the person who sneks the place should have
no wound on the lip or tongue, or it might (>e dangerous.
The precaution alluded to is a most important one, and
should never be omitted j>ri>>r to an excision ami the appli-
cation of lunar caustic in every pirt, especially the intei'ior
and deei)-scated portions. Xo injury need be anticipated
if this treatnietit is adopted promptly and effectively. The
poison of hydrophobia remains latent on an average six
weeks; the part heals over, bnt there is a pimjile or wound,
more or less irritable: it then l<ecomes painful: aTid the
germ, V, hatever it is, ripe for dissemination into the svstem,
and then all hope is gone. Novenheless, between the time
of the bite and the activity of the wf.iind jn-evious to dis-
semination, the caustic of nitrate of silver is a sure prevent-
ive; after that it is as ustless ai a!) th.- o'her means. The
best mode of applii^itiiiu of tl^e niinite "f silver is by intro-
ducing it soliilly into the wo^srd.
Serpents Bites. — Th>? |H>i.-=<^t!i inserted by the stings and
bites of many venomous reptiles is so rajadly absorbed, and
of so fatal a description, as frHjUeiitly to occasion Icath
before ;iny remedy or antidote can be applied; and they :\re
rendered yet more danger>>ns from tije fact tluit these
wounds are iiitlicted in p:trt.i of the country and world
where jn-ecautionary meiunrie^s fare seldoi;i tiiought of, and
gciu'rally at times when pi-«->ple are least p.i'ej.ared to meet
them, 1. Iti absence of ai:y reme<lies, tlie liist lies* );hiii
to adopt on being biite:i i'V aiiy of the j'oisoiions .^^nakes is
to do as rcconiip.ended al>>ve iu Mad I>og Bite.s — viz., to
wa.sh olf the place immetiiatelT; if po.ssiljle get the mouth a-
to the spot, and forcibly snek out all the poison, first apply- (J
ing a ligature above the woand as tightly us can bo borne.
2. A remedy promulgated by t!ie SihitJisonian Institute i.5
1
I
i
I
!
■!
hi
! I|
'i
I
ACCIDKNTS AND INJl'UIES.
to tuko 30 grs. ioilido jiotiissiimi, 3(1 j;rs. iddiiic, 1 oz.
wut(ir, to ho a[ii)li('(l I'xtpniully to tlio wound liv satunitiiij^
lint or Itiiitiiii,' — tlio wiiiio to lio kept moist wltli the unli-
doto until tiiu cnro 1)0 cITcctt'd, wliicli will Iju in onc^ Imur,
and HonictiiucH instantly. 3. An An.straliaii physician lias
tried anil riM'oinnicndH I'arholio ai'id, dihilcd and adniinis-
tcriMl internally evory few niinntcs until recovery is cerlain.
4. Another Australian |ihysician, i'rofessor llall'ord, of
Melhourno University, has diseovered that if ii jiroper
uii'.D'.'.nt of dilute ammonia ho injected into tho eireulalion
of u patit^nt HulTerinfj from snakehito, the curative elfect
is usually sudden and startliiip:, so that, in many cases,
men hav(! thus heeii hroiif,'ht hack, at) it were, by magic,
from I lie very shadow of death.
Bleeding at the Nose. — 1. Roll up a piece of paper,
and press it under the upper lip. 2. In obstinate cases
blow a little fjuni Arabic np tho nostrils through ii quill,
whieli will immediately stop tho discharge; j)owdered alum
is also good. 3. Pressure by tho linger over tho small
artery near the ala (wing) of the nose, on tho side where
the blood is ilowing, ia said to arrest tho hemorrhage
immediately.
Bleeding* from the Lungs.— A Now York physician
lias relateil a casein which inhalation of very dry persul-
phate of iron, reduced to a ])alpablo powder, entirely
arrested bleeding from the lungs, after all tho usual reme-
dies, lead, onium, etc., hud failed. A small quantity was
administered by drawing into the lungs every hour during
part of tho iiiglit and following day.
Bleeding from the Bowels.— Tho most common
cause of this, whoii not a complieatii>u of some disease, is
hemorrhoids or piles. Should serious hemorrhage occur,
roat and quiet, and cold water poured slowly over tho lower
portion of the belly, or cloths wet with cold water, or
better, with ice water applied over tho belly and thighs,
and to the lower end of tlie bowels, will ordinarily arrest
it. In somo cases it may bo necessary to uso injections of
cold water, or even put small pieces of ico in the rectum.
Bleeding from the Mouth.— This is generally caused
by somo injury to tho cheeks, gums or tongue, but it some-
times occurs without any direct cause of this kind, and no
small alarm nuiy be caused by mistaking it for bleeding
from the lungs. Except when an artery of some size is
injured, bleeding from tho mouth can generally bo con-
trolled by gargling and washing the mouth with cold water,
salt and water, or alum and water, or some persulphate of
iron may be applied to the bleeding surface. Sometimes
obstinate or even alarming bleeding may follow tho pulling
of a tooth. Tho best remedy for this is to plug the cavity
with lint or cotton wet with the solution of persulphate of
iron, and ajiply a compress which may be kept in place by
closing the teeth on it.
Bleeding from the Stomach.— FowjjViw^; Mood.—
Hemorrhage from tho stomach is seldom so serious as to
endanger life; but as it may bo a symptom of somo dan-
gerous affection, it is always best to consult a physician
concerning it. In the meantime, as in all other varieties
of hemorrhage, perfect quiet should be preserved. A
little B*lt, or vinegar, or lemon juice, should bo taken at
intervals, in a small glass of fresh cool water, or ice-water,
as ice may be swallowed in small pieces, and cloths wet
with ice- water, or pounded ico applied over the stomach.
Bleeding from Varicose Veins.— Serious and even
fatal hemorrhage may occur from the bursting of a largo
varicose or "broken" vein. Should such an accident
occur, tho bleeding may be best controlled, until proper
medical aid can m procured, by a tight bandage; or a
"stick tourniquet," remembering that the blood comes
toward the heart in the veins, and from it in the arteries.
The best thing to prevent the ruptureof varicose or liroki a
veins is to siipjiort tlii^ limb by wearing ilastic si iugs,
or a eiiicfully ap[)lie(l handage.
Burns and Scalds. — There is no class of accitn.-isthat
cause such an amount <if agony, and none which are followed
with more disaslrons restdts.
1. IW putting the burned ])art under cold water, milk,
or >ther lilMiid lluid, iiislantaneous and perfect relief from
all ])uiii will he expeiienci'd. in\ withdrawal, the burn
sluuild he perfectly covered with half an inch or more of
common whcaten Hour, ]>ut on with a (lre(l;.'ing-lio.\, or in
any other way, and allowed to reiiiain until a cure is
elTected, when the dry, caked Hour will fall off, or can be
softened with water, disclosing a lieautifiil, new and
healthy skin, in all ca^es where the burns have heen super-
fieal. X'. Dissolve white lead in llaxseec! oil to the con-
sistency of milk, and apjily over the entire burn or scald
every iive minutes. It can bo applied with a soft feat !ier.
This is said to give relief sooner, and to be more jier-
manent in its elF(^cts, than any other application. 3.
Make a saturated solution of alum (four ounces to a
quart of hot water). Dip u cotton cloth in this solution
and apjily immeiliately on the burn. As soon as it becomes
hot or dry, replace it by anothoi, and continue doing so as
often as "the cloth dries, which at first will bo every few
minutes. The pain will immediately cease, and after
tweiitv-four hours of this treatment tho burn will be
healed; especially if commenced before blisters are formed.
The astringent and drying qualities of the alum will
entirely prevent their formation. 4. Glycerine, five
ounces ; white of egg, four ounces ; tincture of arnica,
three ounces. Mix tho glycerine and white of egg
thoroughly in a mortar, and gradually add tho arnica.
Apply freely on linen rags night and morning, washing
Sroviously with warm castilo soap-suds. 5. Take one
rachm of finely powdered alum, and mix thoroughly with
ttie white of two eggs and one teacup of fresh lard ; spread
on a cloth, and apply to the parts burnt. It gives almost
instant relief from pain, and, by excluding the air, pre-
vents excessive inflammatory action. Tho application
should he changed at least onco a day. 6. Al. Joel, of
tho Children's Hospital, Lausanne, finds that a tepid bath,
containing a couplo of pinches of sulphate of iron, gives
immediate relief to young children who have been exten-
sively burned. In a case of a child four years old, a bath
repeated twice a day — twenty minutes each bath — i he sup-
puration decreased, lost its odor, and the little sufferer was
soon convalescent. 7. For severe scalding, carbolic acid
has recently been used with nuirked b' nefit. It is to be
mixed with thirty parts of tho ordinary oil of lime
water to ono part of tho acid. Linen rags satured in the
carbolic emulsion are to be spread on the scalded parts,
and kept moist by frequently smearing with the feather
dipjied in tho liquid. Two advantages of this mode of
treatment are, tho exclusion of air, and tho rapid healing
by a natural restorative action without the formation of
pus, thus })rescrving unmarred and personal appearance
of the j)atient — a matter of no small importance to some
jieople.
Choking. — In case of Choking, a violent slap with the
open handljctween the shoulders of tho sufferer will often
effect a dislodpment. In case the accident occurs with a
child, and tho slapping process doos not afford instant re-
lief, it should be grasped by the feet, and placed head
downwards, and tho slapping between tho shoulders re-
newed ; but i.T case this induced violent suffocative par-
oxysmg it must not be repeated. If the substance, wliat-
ever it maybe, has entered the windpipe, and the coughing
and inverting the body fails to dislodge it, it is probable
that nothing hut cutting open the windpipe will be of any
ISC fir fipoki i)
U «l illgH,
i'1'it.i..iH tlmf,
ail' I'ollowod
'Viitcr. milk.
I'l'liff ti-((iii
tlio burn
1 (11- IIKIIC of
ik'-lid.x, (ir in
a euro is
tl', (ir can he
new 1111(1
lit'cn snjier-
to the con-
irn or suuld
iol't fciitlier.
nioie jicr-
ication. 3.
unccs to a
lis solution
I it hcc'(-nies
doing BO as
3 cvei-y few
ivnd after
"II will he
iro formed,
alum will
erine, five
of arnica,
of egg
;ho arnica,
f, washing
Take one
uglily with
rd ; spread
ves almost
10 air, pre-
ipplication
kl. .loel, of
epid bath,
ron, gives
ecu exten-
ild, a bath
—I he snp-
ifferer was
•bolio acid
Ft is to be
of lime
red in the
led parts,
e feather
mode of
tl healing
mation of
jpearance
B to some
with the
ivill often
rs with a
slant I'e-
3ed head
ildcrs ra-
ti vo par-
e, wtiat-
ioughing
probable
'6 of any
ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES.
avail ; and for this the Bcrvicos of a snrgoon should always
ho jirocurcd. If food has Btuck in the tiiroat or gullet,
the forefinger should bo inuntuliatcly iiitrodu('i'<l ; and if
lodgtMl at the entrance of tiio gullet, the Hulistaucu may bo
reached and extracted, possibly, with tlio f(iri'lin;rcr almic,
or may bo seized with a pair of i)in('crs, if at band, or a
curling tongs, or anything of the kind. 'I'liis iiroccduro
may bo facilitated by directing tho person to ]iMt tlic toiigiu*
well out, in which position it nuiy bo retaiiUMl by the in-
dividnal himself, or a bystander by grasping it, covered
with a handkerchief or towel. Should this fail, an elTort
should bo made to excite retelling or vomiting liy jiiiss-
ing tho finger to tho root of the tongue, in liojies that
tho ofTending substaiu'O may in this way l)0 dislodged ; or
it nuiy iiorisibly bo cITected by suddenly and unexiiecteilly
dashing in the face « basin of cold water, tlio shock sud-
denly relaxing tho muscular spasm present, and the invol-
untary gasp at tho same time may movo it up or down.
If this cannot \m done, as each ;,. slant's delay is of vital
importance to a choking man, sicze a fork, a sjioon, a jieii-
holdor, pencil, quill, or anything suitable at haim, and
endeavor to push tho article down tho throat. If it be
low down tho gullet, and other means fail, its dislodgmeiit
may sometimes be effected by dasliing cold water on the
spine, or vomiting may be induced by anemeticof Bulpliale
of zinc (twenty grains in a couple of tabiesiioonfiils of
warm water), or of common salt and mustard in like man-
ner, or it may bo pushed into tho stomach by extemporiz-
ing a probaiig, by fastening a small sponge to the end of
a stiff slrip of whalebone. If th.s cannot bo done, a sur-
gical operation will bo necessary. Fish bones or other
sharp substances, when they cannot bo removed by the
finger or forceps, nuiy sometimes bo dislodged by s\valIow-
ingsomo pulpy mass, as masticated bread, etc. Irrc;;ularly
shaped substances, ajjlato with artificial teeth for instance,
can ordinarily bo removed only by surgi(.'al interference.
Colic. — Use a hot fomentation over tho abdomen, and a
small ciuantity of ginger, pepcrmint or common tea. If
not relieved in a few minutes, then give an injection of a
quart of warm water with twenty or thirty drops of
laudanum, and rejicat it if nocessarv. A half tcaspoonful
of chloroform, in a tablospoonful of sweetened water,
with or without a few dro])s of Ri)irits of lavender or
essence of peppermint, will often give proniiit relief.
Convulsions. — In small children convulsions frequently
happen from teething, sometimes from worms or from
some irritating substance within the stomach or bowels,
and somelimes from some ailcction of the brain.
Wiien ii child has convulsions, place it immediately in a
warm of hot bath, and sjiongo its head with cold water.
Then apply a hot mustard plaster to the wrists, ankles and
soles of the feet, or, in case a plaster cannot bo obtained,
apply a cloth wrung out of hot mustard water. Allow
these to remain until tho skin reddens, and uso care that
the same do not blister. After the fit has subsided, use
great care against its return by attention to the cause
which gave rise to it.
Convulsions in adults must be -treated in accordance
with tiie manner which gave rise to tLem. During the
attack great care should be taken that the party docs not
injure himself, and the best preventive is a cork or a soft
piece of wood, or other suitable substance, placed between
the teeth to prevent biting the tongue and cheeks : tight
clothing must be removed or loosened ; mustard poultices
should bo applied to the extremities and over the abdomen ;
abundance of fresh air should be secured by opening
windows and doors, and preventing unnecessary crowding
of persons around ; cold, water may be dashed on the face
and chest ; and if there be plethora, with full bounding
pulse, with pvidenco of cerebral or other internal congps-
tion, the abstraction of afow ounces of blood may bo bene-
ficial.
Cramp. — Spasmodic or involnntary contractions of the
muscles gi'iierally of the extremities, accompained with great
jiain. Tlio muscles of the legs ami feet are the most cum-
nionly alTected with cramp, especially after gi'i^at exertion.
Tho best treatment is immediately to stand upright, and to
well rub the part with the hand. The application of
strong stimulants, lus spirits of ammonia, or of ano-
dincs, as i/piato liniments, has bei'ti recomtnonded. When
cramp occurs in the stomach, a teasiioonftil of sal volatile in
water, or a dram glassful of good brandy, should bo swal-
lowed immediately. When cramp co!ues on during cold
bathing, the limb should be thrown out as suddenly and
violently as possible, which will generally renidvo it, care
being also tiiKen not to become flurried nor frightened, as
presence of mind is very essential to personal safety on
such an occasion, A common cause of cninip is indiges-
tion, and the uso of acescent licjuors; these should be
avoided.
Cuts. — In case the flow of blood is trifling, stop the
bleeding by bringing the edges of tho wound together. If
the tlow of blood is great, of a bright Vermillion color, n:\d
flows in siMirts or with a jerk, an artery is severi'd, and at
onco should pressure be made on the parts by tho finger
(between tho cut and tho heart), until a compress is
arranged by a tight ligaturo abovo the wounded part.
Then the finger may bo taken olT, and if the blood still
flows, tigliti'ii the lia'ulkcrchief or other artii Ic that, forms
tho ligature, until it ceases. If at this jioint the utteiid-
anco of a physician or surf,pon cannot bo secured, take
strcuigfeilk thread, oi wax together three or four threads,
and cut them into lengths of about a foot long. Wash tho
parts with warm water, and then with a sharp hook or
small ])air of jiinccrs in your hand, fix your eye steadfastly
upon tho wouiul, and directing the ligaturo to be slightlv
released, you will see the month of the artery from which
tho blood springs. At once seize it, draw it out a little,
while an assistant passes a ligaturo round it. and ties it up
tight with a double knot. In this way take up in succes-
sion every bleeding vessel you can see or get hold of. If
tho wound is too liigh up in a limb to apply the ligature,
do not lose your iircseiice of mind. If it is the thigh, press
firmly on the groin; if in the arm, with the hand-end or
ring of a common door-key make jircssuro above tiic collar-
bone, and about its middle, against its first rib. which lies
under it. The jircssure should bo continued until assist-
ance is in-ocured and the vessel tied up. If the wound is
on the face, or other jdace where pressure cannot etTectuully
be made, place a piece of ice directly over the wound,
allowing it to remain thereuntil the blood coagulates, when
it may be removed, and a compress and bandage be applied.
After the bleeding is arrested the surrounding blood
should bo cleared away, as well as any extraneous matter;
then bring the sides of tho wound into contact throughout
the whole depth, ic urder that they may grow together as
quickly as possible, retaining them in their position by
striiis of adhesive jilastcr. If the wound be deep and ex-
tensive, the wound itself and the adjacent parts must be
supported by proper bandages. The position of the patient
should be such as will relax the skin and muscles of the
wounded part. Rest, low and unstimulating diet, will
complete the requirements necessary to a spectly recovery.
How to Distinguish Deatll.— As many instances occur
of parties being buried alive, they being to all appearance
dead, the great importance of knowing how to distinguish
real from imaginary death need not be explained. The
appearances which 'mostly accompany death, are an entire
^
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ACCIDKNTS AND INJUBIBH.
>l(>;i|>,i;,'t' of I)iviitliiii;r. "f tin' liriirt's ai'tinn; llio cyelidrt
arc [iiirily iloi'il, the ovfs l'I:i -y, iiiul tin- jiiiiiils usimlly
ililiiiril; till! ,ian» afo clciu'liiil, tliti ruiL,'('i(i [larlially coii-
tr.ii'ii'd, and tin- lips ami iiDstiil.-) iiidi'o or li'ss covcriMl with
I'mtliy iMiiriis, wiili incri'a^in;^ pallnr and ('(iMMcsH of wiir-
Uuf, and tlio imiscli's siidii Ix'cnnio ri;,'id and tlic lilnll^^ fixed
in ilii'ir jioqtion. Hut as tln'so Haino cnuditiiiim may ulsd
exist in cirtaiii Dtlu'r ca.-cM of unsjicndiMl animal ion, j^rcal.
caro Mlionld lio oli^crved, wlirufvcr tlici'o is tlio least doiilit
concern inf,' it, to prevent tlio unnecessary crowding of the
room in which tlu> (■iir])S(' is, or of jjarlics crowding aronnd
the hody; nor nhonld the Imdy ho allowed to remain lying
on th(! hack witiinnt the tongac hcing so secured as to iire-
vent the glotiis or oriliiH^ of tlu) wiii<lj)ipo h>i'ig closed hy
it; norsliiMild l he face he closely covered; imr lou^vh usage
of any kind he allii\vc(|. Iti ease (iicre is preat dmiht, the
body Hhonld not he allowed to lio inclosed in lluM'otiin,and
under no circuiusianc csshonld iairi.d he allowed until ther(^
are uninislakaMe sii,'us of deconiposition.
Of tlio iiumernii.-, incdidils |(roposed as signs for real
(lotttli, wo Kidect the f(dlowing: 1. So long as hrealhing
continues, the surface of II mirror hold to the monili and
nostrilf will heconie dinimcd with mcisliire. '.'. If a strong
thread or flniall Cord ho tied tiirhily rmnid tin* finger of a
living poraoii, tlio ])ortion hcyond tlio cord or tlirea<l will
become rod and swollen — if dcail, no change U proiliiceil.
3. If tlio hand of a living ])ersoii is held hefore ii sli'oiig
light H portion of the margin or edges of the lingers is trans-
lucent — if dead, every part of it is opaipie. 4. A coal of
fire, a pioco of hot iron, or tho fhunuot' a candle, applied to
the skin, if life rcnmins, will lilistcr — if dead it will merely
seur. 5. A bright steel needle introdnccil and allowi'd to
remain for half im hour in living flesh will ho si ill hright —
if dead, it will ho tarnished by oxvdatioii. *>. A few drops
of a solntif a of atropia (two grains to one-luilf ounco of
water) introduee<l into the eye, if the person is alive, will
cause the pupils to dilate — if dead, no cll'ect will ho pro-
duced. 7. If the pupil is alrcaily dilated, and tho ]ierson
is alivo, a few drops of tincture of tho cahihar hcan will
cause it to contract — if dead, no etlect will be piodnceil.
Dislocations.— These injuriescan mostly he easily recog-
nized; 1. l?v the deformity that the dislocation gives rise
to by comparing tho alteration in shape with tho ot licr side
of the hody. 'i. Losa of some of tho regular movements
of the joints. 3. In case of dislocation, surgical aid should
be jirociired at once. While waiting tho arrival of a idiy-
sician, the injured portion should bo placed in the jiosiiion
most comfortable to the patient, and freiiuent cold bathing
or cloths wrung out of cold water, applied to tho parts
affected, so as to relieve suffering and prevent inflamma-
tion.
Foreig-n Bodies in Ears. — Great care should he taken
in ivinoymg foreign bodies from the ear, as serious injury
may be inflicted. Most foreign bodies, especially those of
small size, can be ca.sily removed by the use of a pyringo
with warm water, and in most cases no other means should
bo used. Should tho first efforts fail, re])eat tho operation.
A syringe throwing a moderately small and continuous
streatii is the best adapted for the purpose, and the removal
may generally be facilitated by inclining the ear downward
while using the syringe. Severe inflammation may bo ex-
cited, and serious injury done, by rash attempts to seize a,
foreign hoily m the ear, with a forceps or tweezers, or try-
ing to pick it out with a pin or needle, or with an car
scoop. Should it bo nece.-sary from any cause to use iii-
strumeuts, great care sliouhrbo observed, and but very
littlo for' e exerted. It haslatcly been rocommcnded, w hen
foreign lodics cannot bo removed by syringing tho car, to
introduce a small brush or swab of frayed linen or muslin
cloth, or a bit of sponge, moistened with a solution of glue,
and ki'pp it in conlact with the foreign hoiiy iiiiiil
adheres, when the body may bo easily rc^moveil.
Insects In the Ear. — Insects in the ear nuiy lie easily
killed iiy [louring oil in tho car, irfter which remove by
.syringing. (Heo foreign bodies in ear.)
To Remove Hardened EarWax.— Hardened car wax
may lie Mit'lcned by iliopping intollioear some oil or glycer-
ine, and then syiitiging. (See foreign bodies in ear.)
Foreig'n Bodies in Eye. — To remove small particles
from the eye, unless they havo penetrated tho globe, or bo-
come fixed in tho conjiincliva, cioas follows:
Orasp the upper lid between tho (hninb and forellnger,
lift it from the eyeball, and having drawn it ilown as far as
possible ontsii'o the lower lid, let it slido slowly back to its
place, rcsling uixm tho lower lid as it goes iiack; and then
wipe the edges of tho lids with a soft handkerchief to re-
move the foreign sulpslauce. 'J'his may iio repeated a iinm-
her of times, if necessary, without injury. Should this
means fail, evert the lids iiiid rcmovo the foreign substiiiuHi
by touching it lightly with tho fold of a handkerchief, or
with tho point of a roll of paper made like a candle-lighter;
or, if necessary, witliusinall jiair of forceps. A drop of
sweet oil instilled in tho eye, while perfectly harmless, pro-
vokes a flow of tears that will frecpicntly wash away any
light substance.
Hits of metal, sharp pieces of sand, etc, sometimes pen-
etrate thoglohoof the eye, and, unless removed, may excite
so much inflammation as to destroy tho eye. They should
bo removed by a competent surgeon.
Faintinfif. — Tjiy the jierson who has fainted in a current
of air, or in such a jiosiiion that tho air from an open win-
dow or door will havo full play upon the face. Do not
allow parties to crowd closely around, but give the sufferer
plenty of room. Hei-overy will take place in a few min-
utes. Tho clothes also mav be opened, and cold water
sprinkh^d upon the face, liands and chest ; and some
pungent substaiico, as smelling salts, camjihor, aromatic
vinegar, etc., may be applied to the nostrils ; and as soon
as able to swallow, a littlo fresh water, or spirits and
water, may be given. Persons who faint casilj^ should
avoid crowded rooms and places where the air is close
Fits. — See Convulsions.
Clothing on Fire.— If a woman's clothes catch on fire,
let her instantly roll herself over and over on tho ground.
In case any one be present, let them throw her down and
do the like, and then wrap her up in a table-cloth, rng,
coat, or the first woolen article that can be found.
Fractures. — As we can only give general rules for
treating the various fractures, wo would advise any one
suffering from .such to immediately apply to the nearest
surgeon, and not rely upon an inexperienced party.
Frost-Bite. — Place the party suffering in a room with-
out file, and rub tLe frozen or frosted parts with snow, or
pour ice- water over them until sensation begins to return.
As soon as a stinging pain is felt, and a change of color
appears, then cease the rubbing, and apply clothes wet
with ice- water, and subseqiuntly, if active inflammation
follow and suppuration results, a s.diitinn of carbolic acid
in Witcr, one pait to thiny, should ho applied. If morti-
fication set in, amputai'on is generally necessary. Where
persons siilTer from tic constiiiitioi a! effects of cold, hot
siimulantpshonld'jc given internally, and the hody rubbed
briskly with the hands and \vaiin Ihmnel.
Poisons, Their Symptoms and Antidotes.— V, hen
a persMii has taken ))ois')n, the first; thing to do is to com-
pel tho patient to vomit, and f"r that ]inrpo.-o give any
emetic that can bo most readily and (piickly obtained, and
whiidi is prompt and energetic, but safe in its action.
i
C\
llilil llir ;;||in
liny 1)1' ciiNily
ii'inovct hy
■lU'il cur wax
il "I- glycer-
in oar.)
ill |iartioIp8
flobc, or be-
forcllnjrer,
ttii (IS far 08
:ick (o its
iiiid then
■cliii'f f«) ro-
ti'tl a imin-
ii'iild tlii.s
Hlll)H(lUlCl)
i!n'liii>f, or
llf-li-Iitor;
A (Iroj) of
niipHu, pro-
I II way any
tinioH pon-
niay excite
hoy should
I a current
open win-
Do not
lio siifTerer
few ni in-
old water
Hud Bome
, aioniatic
d as soon
>irit8 and
Ij^ should
oioso
•h on fire,
3 ground,
lown and
oth, rug,
•ules for
any ono
I nearest
■y-
»n wiLh-
snow, or
> ii'tiirn,
of color
lies wet
iiniation
ili(! a<'id
f niorti-
U'liere
Did, hot
rubbed
-When
Id coni-
ivo any
ed, and
actio!i.
(tl
For ihia purpose there is, perhaps, nothing better than n
largo teaHpoonfiil of ground mustard in a tunibicrful of
warm watet-, and it iiai the adva.'*i4ge of being ulnioHt
always at liaiid. If the dry miislui . is nut to be liad, uise
mixed niiisiai'il from Hit! niiisturd pot. Its operatidU may
geiiprally l>o faiililated by theaildilion of alike (|iiantity
of common table salt. If the niiinlard is not at hiin<l, give
two or thriiO teaspoonfiils of powdered alum in syrup or
uiolaBses, and give fieely of warm water to drink ; or give
ton to twenty grains of stilpiiiito of ziiio (while vitriol), or
twenty to tlii'My grains of ipecae, with one or two grains
of tartar emetic, in a large cup of warm water, and repeat
every ten minutes until three or four doses are given,
unions free vomiting is sooner produced. After vomiting
has taken placo, largo draughts of warm water should be
given the patient, so that the vomiting will continue until
the i>oirtonous substances have been thoroughly evacuated,
and thou suitable antidotes should bo given. If vomiting
cannot be produ'ied, the stonmch-punip should bo used.
When it is known what particular kind of poison lias been
swallowed, then the proper antidotufor that poison should
bo given, but when this cannot be aHcertained, as is often
the case, give freely of eipial parts of caltMiied magnesia,
pulverized (diarcoaf, and sesipiioxiile of iron, in sutlicient
quantity of water. This is a very harmless mixtnie, and
is likely to bo of great benetit, us the ingreilients, though
very simple, are antidotes for the most common ami active
poisons. In case this mixture cannot bo obtained, the
stomach should be soothed and protected by the free
adminisiratioii of demulcent, mucilaginous or cleagiiKUis
drinks, such as the whites of eggs milk, mucilage of gum
arable, or slippery elm bark, flaxseed tea, .><larch, wheat,
flour, or arrow-root mixed in water, lin.sccd or olive oil, or
melted butter or lard. Subsequently the bowels should be
moved by some gentle hixative, as a tiiblespoonful or two
of castor oil, or a toaspoonful of calcined magnesia; ami
pain or other eviihdice of inflammation nius^ be relieved
by the adminisi ration of a few drops of laudanum, and
the repeated application of hot poultices, fomentations and
mustard plasters. The following are the names of the
articles that may give rise to ))oisoiung, most commonly
used, and their antidote:
Mineral Acids— Sulphuric Acid (Oil of Vitriol),
Nitric Acid (Aqua Fortis), Muriatic Acid (Spirits of
Salts). — Symiitoins : Aciil, burning taste in the month,
acuto pain in the throat, stomach and bowels; frequent
vomiting, generally bloody, mouth and lips excoriated,
shriveled, white or yellow ; hiccough, copious stools, more
or less bloody, with great tenderness in the abdomen ;
difficult breathing, irregular pulse, excessive thirst, while
drink increases the jiain and rarely remains in the stomach;
frequent but vain efforts to urinate ; cold sweats, altered
countenance ; convulsions generally preceding deatli ;
nitric acid causes yellow stains; sulphuric acid, black
ones. Treatment: Mix calcined magnesia in milk or
water to the consistence of cream, and give freely to drinlc
a glassful every couj)le of minutes, if it can be swal-
lowed. Common soap (hard or soft), chalk, whiting, or
even mortar from the wall mixed in water, may be given,
until magnesia can be obtained. Promote vomiting by
tickling the throat, if necessary, and when the poison is
got rid of, flaxseed or elm tea, gruel, or other mild drinks.
The inflammation wliich always follows wants good treat-
ment to save the patient's life.
Vegetable Acids— Acetic, Citric, Oxalic, Tar-
taric. — Symptoms: Intense burning pain of mouth,
throat and stoniacli; vomiting blood which is highly aci'',
violent purging, collapse, stupor, death.
^
Oxalic Acid i.t freipicnily taken in miMtake for Kpsoni
saltM, to whiidi in shops it often bears a strong reHeiii-
blaiire. Treatment: (live chalk or magiusiii in a largo
iiiiantity of water, or Iiiij;c dniiights of lime water. If
tncHe are not at. liiind, derape the wall or cei'iug, and give
the Her.ipingM, mixed wiili water.
Prusslc or Hydrocyanic Acid-Laurel Water,
Cyanide of Potassium, Bitter Almond Oil, etc.—
Symptoiim: In huge doses almos't iii\arial'ly inslaritane-
ouwly fatal, when not inimediutely fatiii, sudden Ions of
sense and courrol of the voluntary muscles; the odor of
the poison generally siisceptiblo on the breath. Treat-
ment: riihtiiiie, in the ftu'iii of ciiloiine water, in doses
of from one to four fluid drachniH. (liltited, Weak solu-
tion of ihloride lime of soda; water of aiiiinoniii (spirits
of hartshorn) largely diliited may \w given, and the vuji'jr
of it cautiously inlialed. Cold atTusion, and chloroform
in half to teaspnonful doses in glycerine or mucilage,
repeated every few minutes, until the symptoms are
ameliorated. Artificial respiration,
Aconite — Monltshood, Wolfsbane. — SymptomB:
Numbness and tingling in the nioiuli and throat, and
afterwa'ds in other ))ortions of the bo(l\,wiih sore throat,
jiaiii over the stomach, and voniiliiig; dimness of vision,
dizziness, great j)rostration, loss of sensibility and delir-
ium. 'I'reiitment: An eni'.'tic and then briindy in table-
spoonful doses, in ice-water, every half _ hour; spirits of
ammonia in half teaspoonful doses in like manner; the
cold douche over the liead and chest, warmth to the
extremities, etc.
Alkalies and their Salts— Concentrated Lye,
Woodash Lye, Caustic Potash, Ammonia, Harts-
horn. — Symiitouis : Ciiiistic. iiirid tasli', excessive. IkiiI in
the thidiit. stomach and intenstines ; vomiting of bloody
matter, cold sweats, liiecoiigh, ]iurgiiigof bloody stools.—
Treatmeiii: The common vegetable acids. Common vin-
egar being always at liand, is most fre(|iieiitly used. The
fixed oils, us castor, flaxseed, almond and olive oils form
soaps with thoalkalies and thnsalso destroy their caustic
effect. They should bo given in largo (juantity.
Alcohol, Brandy, and other Spirituous Liquors.
— Symjitonis: Confusion of thought, inability to walk or
stand, dizziness, stiijior, liighly flushed or pule face, noisy
breathing. — Treatment: After emptying the stomach,
jiour cold water on the licad and back of the neck, rub or
slap the wristsnnd ])alms, and the ankles and soles of tlie
feet, and give St fong, hot cotfee, or aromatic spirits of
liartslioni.in teaspoonfiil doses in water. The warmth of
the body must be sustained.
Antimony, and its Preparations. Tartar Emetie,
Antimonial Wine, Kerme's Mineral.— Hymptoms:
Faintness and nausea, soon followed by painful and con-
tinued vomiting, severe diarrhoea, constriction and burn-
ing sensation in the throat, cramps, or spasmodic twitch-
ings, with sympto'us of nervous derangement, and great
prostration of strength, ol'ten terminatingin death, — Treat-
meiib . If vomiting 1k;s not been prodiucd, it should be
eff'ected by tickling flic fauces, and administoring cojiiouB
draughtsof warm water. Astriiignu'nt infusions, such as
of gall, oak I)ark, IVruviaii bark, act as HUtidotes, and
should be given ])roniiitly. rowdered yellow bark may be
used iiniil the infusion is piepured, or very strong green
tea should be given. To stop th(> vomiting, should it cim-
tiniie. blister over the sloinach by a})plying a clotli wt't
with strong spirits of ]uirlylio''n, iiinl then sprinkle on (lie
one-eighth todtii^-t'ourth of a ^rain of moi'iihiii.
Arsenic and its Preparations— Ratsbane, Fow-
ler's Solution, etc. — Symptoms : (ienerally witliin an
hour pain and lieat are felt in the stomach, soon followed
t
I }
I
A<V"IDKMH AND
•.11 IKS.
liy vomitinp, with n biirninp (IrviifH^ of tlin tl'.niM( mid
grfiit tliif't ; tlio timttpr.H voiiijh-il an' K'''>''i"iilly colorcil,
*ii!ii r ({lY'oii yi'llrtw, ^r iTowniili. iiinl noiiicliiiifs lilnntly.
T)iurrh(i'ii wtlvHoiitiry onsiii-", Nvliil(> tlu< jiiiIhi' Ih'ciiiiics
srimll uiiil iiifiiil, yet irregular. Bri'iilliiii;; iimi'li Kitini'ssi d;
dittl' iilly iiivoiiiiliiif^inayoi'ciir, while (riiiii|is, ciiiivilsKins,
or t'V(<u piilalyMis often pri'i'nhMliath, wliicli wiiiiictiiMi'.-i
takes piiu'c wiiliii) live orsix iioiii.-t al'lcr ai-seiiir. jum \iri\\
taivcii, — Treat iiuiit : (Jive ii prompt ciiietie, and then
iiyiiratc of peroxiih' of iron (recently prepared) in tuhli'-
Hpoonfnl (IcHcH every ten or (ifteeii minntertuiilil llH'iir;,'ent.
HyniptoMH are lelieveil. In iIk* ahseneu of tliiM. or while it
is lieim; pri'pare(|, f,'ive iar),'e dran;;htM of new milk and
raw eLTLTs. liniewaler and oil, inelte(l hntfer, ina^'ni'^'iii i" ii
iar>re (piantity of water, or oven if nothin;; else isrt hand,
lloiic anil water, iilways, however, ^fivini; an einetie the
lirst (hin;:, or <'aiisiiiK voniitint; hy tickling; I h(< throat with
H feather, eti<. 'I'lie inllaininalion of tlu^stoiiiueh whiidi f'>l-
lowrt iiiiist lie tic. lie. 1 hv hli-iler-, hot foineiitai ion.M, niiicil-
nginoiis ihiiik.'i, ele., et.'.
Belladonna or Deadly Night Shade. —Svmptom.s :
Dryness i<< the month and throat. <;\vnt thirst, ditVK'iiltv of
swallovviiii:, nausea, dinin.'ss, confusion or loss of vision,
j;reat eiilar','ement of the pupils, di/ziness, delirium and
coina. — 'I'lciitine'it: 'i'lici'c i.s no kin;.\ ii antiilote. (Jive ii
proiniit eini'iir anil then relijiiiie must lie placed on eoii-
tinual stimnhitiiiii with hrandy, whisky, etc., and toneces-
Kary arlilicial respii.uiDn. Opium and its preparations, an
nioiphia. hiudainim, etc., iiriUlmu :lit liy .some to counter-
act theetTictof hellailiiiina. and may lie;,'iven in .small and
repeated i|, urs, as alsM strniiLT hiack coiree and f,'reuii tea.
Blue Vitriol, or Blue Stone. —s.v foi-pcias.
Cantharldes (Spanish or Blisterlngf Fly) and
Modern Potato Bug'.— ^ympmins; .sick'ninj,' odor of
the lii'eath. Hour ta-!e. uilli huiiiiii;; heat in tho tliroat,
Btoinach, and lowels; freiiuent voinitinir, often liloody ;
copious bloody stools, great iiain in the .stomach, with
l)urniii!^ sensaiiim in tho hladoer and dilliculty to urinali',
followed with terrihlo conviilsiuns, deliriiiin ami death. —
Treatment : Excite voinitinj,' hy drinkin;; pleiitifidly of
KWoct oil or other wholesome oils, siiuMr and water, milk,
or Kli|)pery elm tea; give injections of castor oil ami
stari-'h, or warm milk. 'l"he inllammatory symptoms which
generally follow must he treated hy a medical man. Cam-
phorated oil oi camphoriited spirits shoiihl be rubbed over
the bowels, 8lomacliand thiglis.
Caustic Potash.— See Alkalies.
Cobalt, or Fly-Powder.— Synijitonis : Heat and pain
in the throat and stomach, violent rctihiii'faii.l voinitiuv'.
cold and chunniy .skin, ptnall and feel'lo jjiilse, hurried and
ilitlicult breathiiiL', diarrlnea, etc — Tre.itment . An emetic,
followed hy the free- administration of milk, I'ggs, wlx'at
flour anil water, uiul mucilaginous drinks.
Copper— Blue Vitriol, Verdigris or Picl<les or
Food Cooked in Soul Copper Vessels.— Sympioins :
(leneral inilanuiiatiun of the alimeiitary canal, .suppression
of uriiu^ ; hiccough, a disauTeeahlo melallii' taste, vomiting,
violent colic, excessive thirst, sense of tightness of the
throat, finxiety ; faiiitness, giddiness, and cramp.) and con-
vulsions genei;:lly precede (h-ath. — Treatment : Large
doses of siinplfi Fyrnp as v.:irm as otiii ho swallowed, until
the stomach rejects the amount it (.'ontains. The whites of
eggs and largo quantities of n. 'Ik. Ilydrated peroxide of
iron.
Copperas.— See Imn.
Creosote.— Carbolic Acid.— Symptoms : Burning
]iai 1, acrid, pungent taste, thirst, voiniling, imrginrr, etc.
— Treatment: An emetic, and tho free administration of
alhiimen, as the whites of eg^", or in tho uhHuiiRu of tliuMo,
milk, or Moiir and water.
Corrosive Sublimate.— Soo Mowury.
Deadly Night-Shade. .Sce llelladonna.
Fox-Glove, or Digitalis. SMnptonn : F-ohm of
strength, feeble, lllllterihg pulse, faintliess, nitUseU, and
Mimitiiig and Htuiior; cold |>crspiration, dilated puj)ilH,
sighing, irregular lirealhing, iind Hoinelimes conviilNioiiN.
— Treutinent: After vomiting, give brandy iiiid ummonia
in frei|ueiilly repeated doses, apply warmth to (he extrem-
ities, and if i ecc.sary resort lo iii'iilicial r.'spii.itioii.
Gases -Carbonic Acid, Chlorine, Cyanogen, Hy-
drosulphurlc Acid, etc.— Sym|itoms: (Jicat drowHJ-
ness, dilhciilt respiration, features swollen, face blue as in
sirangulation. — Treatment: .Artillcial rcHpiratiotis, cold
douche, frictions with stimulating substanci's tolheHiirfHcd
of the liodv. Inhalation of steam containing pic|iai'atiiiii8
ofammonm. Cupping from nape of neck. Internal iiso
of chloroform.
Green Vitriol.— See lion.
Hellebore, or Indian Poke.— Symptoirm: Violent
vomiting and purging, bloody stools, great anxiety, tremorn,
vertigo, fainting, sinking of the jmlse, cold sweets and con-
vulsions. — Treatment : Hxciti' speedy vomiting by large
draughts of warm water, molasses anif water, tickling tho
throat with tho finger or ii featlu'r, and emetics ; give oily
and mucilaginou.s drinks, oily i)urgatives, and ( lysters,
acids, strong oolTee, cam[)lior anil opium.
Hemlock (Conlum).— Symptoms ; I)rynes.s of tho
throat, ticinoi's, dizziness, ditliculty of swidlowing, prostra-
tion and faintness, limbs iiowerle.ss or ]iaralyzei|, pupils
dilated, pulse rapid and feeble ; insensibility acd con.id-
sioiiH siinielimes precede death. — Treatment: Kmpty the
stomach and give brandy in tablespooiiful doses, with luilf
leasiioonful of s|)irits of Ammonia, frequently repeiiteil,
and if much pain and vomiting, give l)roiniile of ammon-
ium in tiyo-grain doses every lialf hour. Artitieiul resjiini-
tiim may bo required.
Henbane or Hyoscyamus.— Symptoms : Mu.scuhir
twitciiing, inability to articulate jilainly, dimness of vis-
ion and stupor; later, yomiting and luirging, .small, inter-
niitteut pul.se, conyulsivo movement of tlio extremities mid
coma. Treatment : Similar to (»i)inm Poisoning, whicli
see.
Iodine. — Symptoms: Hurninir pain in tliroat, lacerating
]iMiu in the sloniach, fruitless etfort to vomit, excessive
teiiilerness of the epigastrium. Treatment- Free emesis,
)pronipt adniinistration of starch, wheat flour, or arrow-
root, beat up in water.
Lead.— Acetate of Load, Sugar of Lead, Dry
White Lead, Red Lead, Litharge, or Pickles, Wine,
or Vinegar, Sweetened by Lead.— Symptoms: When
taken in large doses, ii sweet but astringent inetallic. taste
exists, with constriction in tlio throat, jiain in tho region
of tho Btoniach, painful, obstinate, and frequently bloody
vomiiings, hiccough, convulsions or spasms, and death.
When taken in small but hnig-continned doses, it jirodiices
colic, called painter'.s colic; gretit ]>ain, obstinate constipa-
tion, and in extreme cases par.ilylic symiitoms, especially
wrist-ili'o]), with a bine line along tlio edge of the guni.s.
'I'reafmcnt : To counteract the poison, give alum in water,
one and a half ounce to a quart; or, better still, Epsom
salts or (Jlauber salts, an ounce of eitlier in a quart of
water; or dilute sulphuric acid, ti teaspooiiful to a quart
of water. If a 'argo quantity of sugar of lead lias been re-
cently taken, empty the stomach by an emetic of sulphate
of zinc (one drachm in a quart of water), giving one-fourth
hoi
It
itil
taJ
inl
fttl
oil
It.
I'll
iHi
■rill
Ml
aiiij
ijiilH,
(iiifi.
I II ill
III-
Hy.
IIH'Ni-
•t in
.•old
iim
INU
AOriDENTH AND IK.tURIKS.
to (iominonno.nnil ropoatinir smnlliir donen until fro« vomit-
ing in prodiu'od ; ruHtor oil nhoiilil lio Rivnn to ricnr tiio
bowoln, anti injiu'tioiiH of oil unil Htiircli frouly adniiniBterud.
If tiio liii<ly JM I'lilil, ii.Ho tli(< wiii'iii iiatli.
Meadow Saffron.— Sco lUiiimlonnu.
Laudanum. ><i'i< (>i>iiiin.
Lunar Caustic— St(. silver.
Lobelia.— Iniliiin I'okc — Syniptoms : ExoMHiye Toni-
itin||(uii(l ynru'wxa, piiiiiM in tlio IiowcIh, cont ruction of llio
piipilH, ilcliriiini, coinu, iinil coiivnlMionM. 'rri'iitin(>nt: .Mus-
tard ovi-r tlin Htoiniicli, and lirandy and aniinoniii.
Mercury. -Corrosive Sublimate (imn p'-innnM frc-
rpiontiy . oiituin this iioisoii). Red Precipitate, Chinese
or Eng^llsh Vei million. —Synii)l()ni.H: Acrid, niclallic
Uu<tn in tint nioiitli, ininiiMiiatc conr'triction and linrii
ini; in lli» tiiroat, with anxiety and toarin^' piiiiiH in both
fitoniacli and IiowcIh, Hickncss, and vmnilin;,' of various col-
ored lliiiils, und Hiiinetiniert liluody and profuse diarrliiea,
with dilViciiltv and pain in ni'inatin<^r ; pulse (jiiick, HiiniU
and liard ; faint sensations, Kreal debility, dilllenlt breatii-
ing, cramps, cold sweats, Hyneope and convulsions, 'i'li'iit-
ment : if voniitiii^ does not already exist, emetics ninst be
ffivtin iinnuMliately— albuinoii of ef;gn in oontinnoiiH large
aoHOH, and infusion of cateclm afterwards, Bweet milk, mix-
tnrosof Hour and water in successivo cupfuls, and to check
oxooHflivo salivation put ii half ounce of chlorate of potash
in a tumbler of water, and uso freely ad u gargle, and swal-
low a tables|ioonfnl i^very hour or two.
Monkshood.— See Arnica.
Morphine.— Seo Opium.
Nitrate of Silver (Lunar Caustic.)— STinptoms; In-
touBo pain and vomiting and purging of lilond ; inueus and
shreds of mucus membruneH ; and if theso stand they be-
como dark. Treatment: fiivo freely of a solution of com-
mon Halt in water, which decomposes tiie poison, and nfter-
wards flax-seed or elm bark tea, and after a while a done of
castor oil.
Nux Vomica. — See Strychnine.
Opium and all Its Preparations— Morphine, Lau-
danum« Paregoric, etc. — Symjitoms: (iidiiiness, drowsi-
ness, increasing to stupor, and insensibility; pulso usually,
at first, (piick and irregular, and breathing liurried, and
afterwards pulse slow and feeble, and respiration slow and
noisy; the pupils are contracted and the eyes and face
congested, and later, as death upproaches, the extremities
become cold, the sin face is covered with cold, claniiny per-
spiration, and tlu^ sphincters relax. 'I'l.n effects of opium
and its preparations, in poisomius doses, a])pear in from a
half to two hours from its adnunistration. Treatment:
Empty the stomach immediately with an emetic or with
the stonuich pump. Then give very strong coffee without
milk; put mustard plasters on the wrist und ankles; use
the cold douche to the head and chest, and if the patient is
cold and sinking give brandy, or whisky and ammonia.
Belladonna is thought by many to counteract the i)oisonous
effects of opium, aiul may be given in doses of half to a tea-
epoonful of tlio tincture, or two grains of the extract, every
twenty minutes, until some effect is observed in causing
the pupils to expand. Use warmth and friction, and if
possible iirevent sleep for some hours, for which purpose
the patient should bo walked about between two persons,
and if necessary a bunch of switches may ho freely used.
Finally, as a last resort, use artificial respiration, and a per-
Bistance in it will sometimes be rewarded with success in
apparently liopeless cases. Galvanism should also bo tried.
Oxalic Acid.— See Acids.
Phosphorus— Found in Lucifer Matches and some
Rat Poisons, — Symptoms: Symptoms of irritant poi-
•oning; pain in tho stomach and how«l«; vomiting; diar-
rliiea; t«ndenu)HHand tension of the abdomen. Treutmont:
An enii'tio is to be promptly given; copioiiH draughts con-
taining magnesia in Hiisp.'iision; mucilaginous drinks.
(General treatment for iiillaniinatory syniptoms.
Poisonous Fish. — SymploniM: In an Imiir nrt wo — oftc ■
in iiiiicli shiiiltr time — airier the (Ish has been eutmi.
weight at the slomach iiimes on, wiMi slight vertigo nml
headache; seiiHO of heat abuiit the head and eyes; consider-
able thirst, iiikI often an eruption of the skin, 'rreatnient;
After full vomiting, an active imrgative should he given to
remove any of the noxious matter from the iiitestineg.
Vinegar and water may lie drunk after the above remedies
have operated, and the body may bo sponged with tho same.
Water made very sweet with sugar, with aromatic spirits
of ai/imonia added, iniiv lie drunk freely asa corrective, A
Hohitioii of choloriite of potash, orof alkali, the tatter weak,
may be given to obviate the elTect of the poison, if spasms
ensue after evacuation, laudanum in considerable doses is
necessary, if inllamiiiation should occur, combat in tho
usual way.
Poisonous Mushrooms.— Symptoina : Nausea, heat
and pains in tliesloinarli ,iiid bowels ; vomiting and purg-
ing, thirst, coiivnlsioiisand faintings, pulse small and fre-
((iieiit, dilated pupil and stupor, cold sweats anil death.
Treatment: The stomach and bowels are to be cleared
by an emetic of ground mustard or sulphate of zinc, fol-
lowed by frequent doses of (llanbcr of Kpsom salts, and
largo stimulating clysters. After the poison isevacnatod,
eitlier may be given with small (|uantities of brandy and
water. Hut if inllammatorv symptoms manifestthemselvos,
such stimuli should be avoided, and these symptoms appro-
priately treated.
Potash. -See .\lkali.
Prusslc Acid, Hydrocyanic— See Acida.
Poison Ivy. — Symiitoms. Contact with, and with
many persons tho near aj'proach to tho vine, gives rise to
violent erysipelatous inflammation, especially of tho face
and jiands, attended villi itching, redness, burning and
swelling, with watery blisters.
Treatment: fiive saline laxatives, and apply weak lead
and laudanum, or limewater and sweet oil, or bathe tho
parts freely with spirits of nitre. Anointing with oil will
prevent poisoning from it.
Saltpetre, Nitrate of Potash.— Symptoms. Only
poisonous in large ([uantities, and then causes nausea, pain-
ful vomiting, purging, convulsions, faintnesB, feeble pulse,
cold feet and hands, with tearing pains in stomach and
bowels.
Treatment: T'rent just as is directed for arsenic, fo""
there is no antidote known, and emptying the stomach and
bowels with mild drinks must be relied on.
Savine. — Symptoms: Sharp pains in tho bowels, hot
skin, rapid pulse, violent vomiting and sometimes purging,
with great prostration. Treatment: Mustard and hot
fomentations over the stomach and bowels, and ico OTily
allowed in the stomach until the inflammntioti ceases. If
prostration comes on, food and stimulants must be given
by injection.
Stramonium, Thorn-apple or Jamestown Weed.
— Symptoms: Vertigo, headache, perversion of vision,
slight delirium, sense of suffocation, disposition to sleep,
bowels relaxed and all secretions augmented. Treatment:
Same as IJelladonna.
Strychnine and Nux Vomica.— Symptoms: Muscu-
lar twitching, constriction of tho throat, difficult breathing
and oppression of the chest; violent muscular spasms then
occur, continuous in character like lock-jaw, with the body
S^
i
If
I I
I
m
ACCIDENTS AKD INJfRIES.
situpor, fuintinfjf,
liility, cold sweiit,
Treatment: After
tlie iibdonien ami
lieiii l);iik\v.irtl.-i, sometimes like n bow. Treatinei\t: Give,
if olitiiiiiiible. one ounce or more of lione ciiurco-' mixed
with Wilier, and follow with mi active emetic give
chloriiform in te:i.sjioonful doses, in flour anc u-r or
glv<'erine. evciy few minntes while tlio sjiasms k.m, and
afterwards brandy and litiirinlants, and warmth of the
extremities if n<-ce?s;iry. H.'eoveries liave followed the
free and [iromj.t admini-tratiun of oils or melted butter or
hiril. In all cases emjuy the stomach if postiible.
Sulphate of Zinc, White Vitriol.— See Zinc
Tin-Chloride of Tin, Solution of Tin (Used by
Dyers), Oxide of Tin op Putty Powder.— Symptoms:
\ omitiiiL'. pains in tiie ?i'>;naeli. anxiety, restlessness, fre-
(|iient pulse, delirium, etc. Treatment: Empty the
stomach, and irive whites r^f e<rirs in water, milk in larrje
quantities, or iloiir lx;ateu up in water, witli magnesia or
ohalk.
Tartar Emetic. — Soc Antimony.
fobaCCO. — Symptoms: Vertigo,
nausea, vnmiting. sudden nervmis de
tremors, and at times fatid prostration,
the stciuuuii is empty ajij^y mustard to
to the extremities, and give strong coffee, with brandy and
other stimulants, with warmth to the extremities.
Zinc— Oxide of Zinc, Sulphate of Zinc, White
Vitriol. Acetate of Zinc— Sympto 's: Violent vomit-
int;'. :i-'iin_'''!it last-, hurtling pain in the stomach, pale
eoiinte'ianre. ccild extremities, dull eyes, lluttering pulse.
Deatii suldoin ensues, in coiisefpieiiee of the emetic elfect.
Treat iiient: 'i'he vomiting may be relieved by copious
draughts of waim water. Carbonate of soda, administered
in solution, will decompose tlie sulphate of zinc. Milk and
aliiunu'ii will also aet us antidotes. General principles to
bo observed in the subsequent treatment.
Woorara. — Symptoms- When taken into the stomach
it is inert: uiien absorljed throi.gh a wound it causes sud-
den stupor and insensibility, frothing at the mouth and
speedy death. Treatment: Suck the wound immediately,
or cut it out and tie a cord around the limb between the
wound a;id the heart. Apply iodine, or iodide of potas-
sium, and give it internally, and try artificial respiration.
Scalds. — See Burns and Scalds.
Sprains. — The portions most frequently iinjilicated are
the wrist and ankle; no matter which jiortion it may be,
iiowever, rest and qnietn':i5g '.■ ■ ■■•■;■ important part of the
treatment, and, when p«aitir*U. .;. in elevat-eci position. If
the wrist ia sjirained it fhoaM ttc carrio^J in u sling; if the
ankle, it should be anppoited on a touch or stool. Cold
lotions (see Bruises) srtonM be fw-r-lv ajijilieil, and irriga-
tion by pouring water from a pi5.''-her <t t«i-kett]e resorted
to several times a d-^y Ut yn'^^'.A inflammation, filter,
frictions with op.-)ileId.'«'-, or wilth Jiome wimulating liniment,
at'd suippfirting the p-it.4 bv ji-neiRSure ma<]e wiili a flannel
roller, or laced stocking when ihe asike is involved, will
ho useful to restore toiie: or fIripi^ of adhesive plaster
jiroperly ajipli'd will be usefnl Unr the name iniriiose. Ke-
covery from severe sprain.* \s tAwtx^ \*<\\o\\f. It is an old
saying "that a bad -['rain U wof"-.- tlian a broken bone."'
Stings of Bees and Wasps. — '^.' Bites :ind stings.
Suffocation from Nozioas Gases, Foul Air, Fire
Damp, Etc. — Remove to fnesJn air liud dash cold water
o\cr the head, neck and cheffl: 'aiffully ajijily 'lartshorn,
or smelling .salts to the n^'x-trils, aod when the breathing is
feeble or has ceased, resort \tamfiiiaX*:\\ to artificial respi-
ration (see Asphyxia atfl hnwmnz). Keep up the
warmth of the body, and a» w<o>!i as t&e patient can swal-
low give stimulants in small qaaiilities.
Sunstroke. — This is caiued by long exix»Bure in great
heat, esjiecially when acoompankd w'rth great fatigue and
exhaustion. Tiiough generaDj happening from exposure
to the sun's rays, yet pretis^lj Hinilar effects may be and
are jiroduced from any andue erposore to great and ex-
haustive heat, such as workmen are fxpoetxl to in foundries,
gas factories, ba'eries, and Mber amilar emjiloyinents.
Its first .symptom is pain in the bcadand dizziiu'ss. (juiekly
followed by loss of conscioasnear, and »*«uhing in complete
prostration: sometimes, hows^Ttfr. li*e aitla^k is sudden, as
in apoplexy. The head i.-^ genenHj bnriiing liot. the fitce
dark and swollen, the breathing lafaonnd and snoring, and
the feet and hands cold. Remore tL<e patient at once to a
cool and shady pl.ire, and lav him dovn witli Jiis head a
little raised; apply ice or ice^l wairer to the Jiea<l and face;
loosen all cloths arourd the nw.-k or 'mds.i: batlie the chest
with cold water, apjdy mastani i«l2L-i«-rs. or cloths wetted
with turpentine, to the calves ar.»l r*']'^ of the feet, and as
soon as the patient can ^valloir, giie weak brandy or
whisky and water.
fumiliiiiiiililiiiiiiii^il^f^iS^^ll^^
M ^^_ HOW TO CURE, STORE -^' PRESERVE _ ^ «J
1^ MEATS AND VEGETABLES "^
How 10 i'f^^'j} Appies. — The followijig is a good plan :
The ai.pies s'r. -i i be nlaci'd in glazed earihen vessels, each
containing about a g:ilion. and surrounding the fruit with
paper. The vessels being jx-rfect cylinders, about a font
each in iieiglit. stand very eonveiiieiriy ujion each other,
and thus present the means of preserving a large quantity
of fruit in a very small room. If the sj)ace between the
toj) of one vessel and tiie base of another be filled with cem-
ent, composed of two parts of the curd of skimmed milk
the
and one of lime, by which the air will befxduded
winter kind of ap})les will hf- i>7*»fn'*\ •witii iitile change
ill their appearance from Octofer i-t March. A drv and
c(]l(l place in which there is Irtde i-faanire of temiieratnre is
the best.
How to Dry Apples. —Tb*' m«^ general method /It'
adopted in drying ajiples is. afttr thev an- jmred. to cut \
them in slices, and spread thfrm on eUAha. liibies or boards,
and then drv them out-df)ors. In tletir and drv v.cather
of tllf
Pn. If
if the
Cold
liiwiga-
piTted
[filter,
Jiiiiiriel
ll. will
I'laKfor
lie-
this is, perhaps, the most pxpcditious and host wav; hut in ,
cloudv and stormy weather this way is attended with much ,
inconvenience, and sometiiiRS loss, in t onf-'cquenco of the |
apples rotting before they drv. To some extent they may |
be dried in this way in the lioupe, though this is attended i
with much inconvenience. The best method thut we have i
ever used to dry apples is to use fram(;s. These combine I
the most advantages with the least inconvenience of any 1
way. and can be ni^ed with equal advantage eith.er in dry- !
ing in the house or out in the sun. In plea.-iunt weathc. |
the frames can l>e set out doors against thi; side of the :
building, or any other support, and at night, or in cloudy i
and stormy days, they can bu brought into the house, anil
set against the side of the room near the stove or fireplace. I
Frames are made in the following manner: Two stri[)s of \
board, 7 feet long. 2 to '2i inches wide — two strijis 3 feet 1
long, li inches wide, the whole J of an inch thick — nail i
the short strips across the ends of the long ones, and it
makes a frame .3 by 7 feet, which is a convenient size for :
all purposes. On one of the long strips nails are driven 3
inches apart, extending from the top to the bottom. After 1
the apples are pared they are quartered and cored, and
witli a needle and twine, fir stout thread strung intf(
lengths long enough to rear-h twice across th(! frame ; the
end;; of the twine are then tied together, and the strings
hung on the nails across the frame. The ap])Ies will soon
dry so that the strings can be doubled on the nails, and
fre*h ones put on or the whole of them reiiioveil. and
others i)nt in tlieir place. .\s fast as the apples beiome
snfiiciently dry, they can l-e taken from the .strings, and
the same striuL's us<»d to dry more on. If large apples arc
used to dry. they can be cut in smaller pieces. Pears and
(juinces, and otHer fruits that can be strung, may be dried
in this wav.
How to Pack Apples in Barrels.— Wiien the farmers
find out that the manner of jiacking apples in barrels
greatly induences the j)rice of the same, they will take
more care than they usually do. A neatly packed barrel
will bring from one to two dollars more than one in which
the apples are thrown in without any effort to make a good
show. When you begin to pack tlie barrel turn it upside
down, the head resting on the ground or floor; then take
the b.>itom out, leaving the head in. Then choose about a
peck of your prettiest and finest apj)le3 ; wipe them clean,
being certain that there are no spots on them, or in any
other manner disfigured ; then place them in the barrel
with their stems down, first placing them around the rim
of the barrel, entirely round the same, after which make
another ring, until the whole is covered. Then throw in
your apples, and when your barrel is full, press them down
and put in the bottom, after which turn them head up-
wards. When the barrel is oj,ened from the top, your
apples will \te found in good condition, even and nicely
packed.
Apple Batter. — Select two bushels of sour apples, and
peel, core and <juarter them. Take a barrel of goixl. sweet
apple cider, and boil it in a copper kettle until all the im-
purities have arisen to the surface. After this is done, and
the impurities skimmed off, take out two-thirds of the
cider. Then put in the apples, and as the f|uantity boils
down put in the rest of the cider. After putting in the
apples the butter must be stirred without interruption
until it is taken off. it will take about five hours' boiling
after the apples are put into the eider. It should be boiled
until the whole nitiss becomes smooth and of the same
consisrtency, and of a dark brown color. Sjiice with ground
cloves and cinnamon to taste. The butter can then be
taken off and put into vessels for use. Earthen crocks are
best for this purpose. Tie the vessels over with heavy
paper and set them away in a dry place,
keep a year if wanted.
How to Keep Beans Fresh for Winter.— I'rocuie a
wide-mouthed stone jar, lay on the bottom of it some
freshly-|)ulled Frciich beans, and over them put n layer of
salt: till the jar up in this manner with alternate layera
of l)eaiis and salt. Tlic beans need not all bo put in a' the
same time, but they are better if the salt be put on while
they are quite fresh. They will keeji good all through the
winter. \Vlien going Id usi? them, steep for some hours in
fresh (I lid water.
How to Dry String Beans. — Dried siring beans are
very excellent m '.vintei'. Cut the beans up in the u-iial
lengths, dry them. jMit theui in a bag. In winter, soak
them and cook tlicni in tlie usual way.
How to Pickle Beef. — Rub each piece of l)ecf very
lightly with salt ; let them lie singly on a tray or board for
twenty-four hours, then wipe them very dry. Pack them
closely in a tub. taking care that it is perfectly sweet and
clear. Have the ])ickle ready, made thus : Boil four gal-
lons of soft water with ten jiounds of coarse Siil'. four
ounces of saltpeter, and two pounds of coarse brown sugar;
let it boil fifteen minutes, and skim it whilt; boiling very
clean. When i)erfectly cold pour it on the beef, laying a
weight on the top to keep the meat under the i)ick)e.
This quantity is sufticient for 100 ))ounds of beef if closely
packed.
How to Preserve Butter. — 1. The best methcMl to
preserve butter from iIk; air is to till the pot to within an
inch of the toji, and to lay on it common coarse-i:rained
salt, to the depth of one-half an inch or three-quarters of
an inch, then to cover the pot up with any tlat article that
may be convenient. The salt by long keeping will run to
brine, and form a layer on the top of the butter, which
will effectually keep out the air, and may at any time l>e
very easily removed by turning the pot on one side.
'i. Fresh butter, sixteen pounds ; salt, one pound.
3. Fresh butter, eighteen pounds ; salt, one pound : salt-
peter, one and one-fourth ounces; honey or fine brown
sugar, two ounces.
How to Make Pennsylvania Apple Butter.— Let
three bushels of fair sweet ai)ples be jiared, quariered. and
the cores .•emovcd. Meairvliilo let two barrels of new
cider be boiled down to one-half. When this is done,
commit the prepared apples to the cider, and let the boiling
go on briskly and systematically, stirring the contents
without cessation, that they do not become attached to the
side of the kettle and be burned. Let the stirring go on
till the ..nialgamated cider and apples become as thick as
husty-pudding; then throw in pulverized alispice. when it
may be considered as finished, and committed to pots for
future use.
How to Pack and Preserve Butter.— Packing but-
ter that is gathered up at country stores i; a nice o])enition.
and needs to be carefully performed. As it is of all shades
of color, from white to pale yellow generally, a coloring
may be prepared by melting some of the butter aiul dis-
solving in it the ])repared annatto, which may lie prneurecl
at any drug store. This should be kept for use as it is want-
e<l. To use it. take a quantity of the butter to beenloretl
in the mixing-liowl. cut into it gashes with the butter ladle
(iliin't touch it with the hands), place a small portion of
tlie coloring preparation in eaeh of these gashes, and nnx
until the color is evenly s]n-ead and no streaks are to be
seen. Then gash it once more with the ladle, sprinkle ime
ounce of salt to the p<iHnd of butter, and leave it twenty-
four hours. Then piMir otT any water i ollic,;, .'■ in ii. and
pack it in a new' oak tub that lias lieen soaked «Hh brine
for a day and night. Water should iie\er be used for
working butler at anv time.
•I
.:
MEATS AND VE0ETABLB8.
How to Preserve Birds. — Birds may be preserved in
11 fresh stale for some time by removing tlie intestines,
wipiiiif the inside outi|iiito dry with iitowel, andthenflour-
iiif,' thern. A jjit'ce of blotting paper, on which one or two
drops of creoste have l)een placed, is now to be ]>nt inside
them, and asiniilarly i)rci)ared jjiece of paper tied around
them. Thev should then bo hung i\\) in a ccmiI dry jilace,
and will bo f.iund to kci'pmuch longer than without under-
going this J)fni'cs.:.
How to Keep Cabbage. — Oat her them before tb.e
severe fall finsts. Lettlu^ coarse outside leaves reniiuii on
them. l'"ix a strong string ar()Uiul the stalk, and suspend
the cabbage from the timbers of llu> ceiling, heads do'iii-
wivrd. The cellar should be cool and dry. This will j)re-
servo them with a certainty.
Another good method is to cut the cabbage from the
stump, jiaek chise in a ( ask, ttiking care to till up all the
vacancies with dry clialf, or bran, and keep in a dry cellar.
How to Keep Cauliflower.— They can be kept in a
cellar by covering tlu! roots and stalks with earth, tdl Feb-
ruary. " Or they luay be placiil in a trench in the garden,
roots down, tind covered with earth, np close to the heads,
and tiien cover with Jiay or straw, four or tivo inches thii'k,
placing just enough soil on the straw to keep it in its posi-
tion. 1'his method does well in the latitude of New York;
but in colder climates a thicker covering would be re-
quired.
How to Keep Celery. — This may be kept in good con-
dition through the winter in a cool, dry cellar, l)y hav-
ing it set in eartli. When a small fpiantity oidy is wanted,
take a box and stand the celery np in it, placing a little
earth about the routs. The farmers who raise (pmntities of
it oftei: keep it in their old hot-beds; standing it up, and
])roteeting it from frosts. There is no vegetal)le more rel-
ished than this, ami every person who has a garden should
raise euougli for his own use, if no more.
How to Keep Sweet Cider. — Use only sound apples.
Make the cider when the weather is almost cold enougli to
freeze the a])i)lcs. Expose the cider during freezing
weather, and stir it till the whole of it is reduced as near
the freezing point its possible without freezing, 'i'hen bar-
rel it, bung up tight, ami place in a cellar ke])t nearly
down to the freezing jmint. As long as you can keep it
cold enough it will not ferment, and as long as it does not
ferment it will remain sweet.
How to Drjr Cherries. — Take the stems and stones
from ripe cherries; spread them on flat dishes, and dry
them in the hot sun or warm oven: jioiir whatever juice
may have run from them, a little at a time, over them, stir
them about that they may dry evenly. When they are per-
fectly dry, lino boxes or jars with white inipor, iind pack
them close in layers; strev. a little brown sugHr, and fold
the paper over, and keep them in a dry place; or put them
in muslin bags, iind hang them in an airy jjlace.
How to Store Eggs.— Wright's illustrated Book of
Poultry says that a systcnuitic trial for two seasons has
shown that, lor purposes of long keeping for eating or
breeding, eggs should be packed with the largo end down-
ward, msteail of placing them on the small end, as is com-
moidy done. The longer tlie eggs are kept the greater
diiTereiico will be found in the results of the two methods.
Experiment has proved that eggs i)laceil as roeomniended
may be set and .suecessfidly luitehed, with remarkable uni-
formity, at ages which with the usual method of storing
would render suet ess almost hopeless. The practical phi-
losophy of the case is alleged to consist in delaving the
spread of the air Imbble and it» detachment from tlie mem-
braneous lining of the egg, thub retarding nlterations de-
structive to vitality.
How to Dry Eggs. — The eggs are beateji to uniform
consistency, and spread out in tnin cakes on batter platea.
This dries them in a paste, which is to be packed in close
cans and sealed. When required for use, the paste can be
dissolved in water ami beaten to a foam like fresh eggs.
It is said that eggs can be preserved for years in this way,
and retain their fliivor.
How to Pickle Eggs.— The jar is to be of moderate
size — wide-nn)ntlied earthen jar, suflicient to hold one
dozen eggs; let the latter be boiled quite hard; when fully
done, place the same, after taknig them up, into a jian of
cold water. Iveniove the sheUs from them and deposit
them carefully in the jar. Have on the lire a quart or
more of good white vim^gur, into which jint one ounce of
raw finger, two or three blades of sweet mace, one ounce of
alls])ice, half an ounce of whole black jiepper and salt, lialf
an ounce of mustard seed, with four cloves of garlic.
When it Inis simmered down, tiike it np and pour the con-
tents into the jar, taking care to c)bserve that the eggs are
wholly covered. When quite cold, stopper it down for use.
It will bo ready after a month. When cut into quarters,
they serve as a garnish, and afford a nice relish to cold
nu'at of any kind.
How to Keep Eggs. — 1. Parties in the egg business in
a large way build brick vats made water-tight, in which is
lime water, made by putting lime in water, and when it is
slacked and settled to the bottom, drawing off the liquor.
Into this liquor the eggs are placed and kept beneath the
surface. They arc kept as cool as possible. These are the
limed eggs with which the market is supplied during the
winter.
2. Another mode of keeping eggs, tested by the Agricult-
ural Department, is as follows: Hub the eggs with flax-
seed (linseed) oil, and place tlietn, small end downwards,
in sand. Eggs so prepared were found at the end of six
months to liave the same taste and smell of perfectly fresh
eggs, and to have lost in wei 'bt only three per cent.
Greasing eggs with lard or tallow Jias not been successful in
preserving them, except for short periods.
3. Take a thin board of any convenient length and width
and pierce it full of holes (each one and a half inches in
diameter) as you can. A board two feet and six inches in
length and otie foot wide, has five dozen holes in it, say
twelve rows of live each. Then take four strips two inches
broad and nail them together edgewise into a rectangular
frame of the same size as your other board. Nail this
board upon a frame and the work is done unless you choose
to nail a heading around the top. Put your eggs in this
board as thev come from the })oultry house, the snniU ends
down, and they will keep good for six nu)nths, if yon take
the following precautions: Take c;n'e that the eggs do not
get wet, either in the nest or afterwards. Kee]> them in a
cool room in summer, and out of the reach of frost in win-
ter. If two boards bo kept, one can be filling while the
other is emptying.
4. I'^g'Ts can easily be kept from October to March in the
follov.ing manner: A ])iece of lime, as large as a quart dip-
jier, is jiiit in five gallons of water, iind salt added until an
I'gg will float. This is straiiu'd and ]>ut into a clean keg,
into which a louse head is nnide to lit easily; a knob is
fitted to the liep.d for a handle. The eggs are i>ut, as they
are gathered, into the lii|uid, and the loose head iilace<l on
them to keep them below the surface. The keg should be
kept in a cuol jilac,^ in the cellar. The l;(|Uor will not
freeze e.xi.ept at a lower temperature than freezing point.
Eggs thus preserved will sell readily as limed eggs until
fresh eggs come, and are almost as good as fresh ones,
6. Take one quart of unslacked lime, pour to it water
enough to make it the consistency of whitewash, add one
teaspoon of cream tartar; let this be in u wooden or stone
vessel, and put the eggs into it.
C. Hung them by hooks in strong enbbago nets, and
every day liook tiiem on a fresh mesh, so as thereby to
turn the eggs.
7. Apply with a brush a solution of gum arable to the
shells, 01 immerse the eggs therein, let them dry, and
afterward:! pack them in dry eharcoaldust. This prevents
their being afTeeted by alterations of temperature.
8. Mix together in a tub. or vessel, one bushel Win-
chester measure of quick lime, thiiiy-t v.o oMiiccs of salt,
eight ounces of cream of tartar, with as much water as will
reduce the composition to a sufficient consistence to iloat
an egt;. Tiieii put and keep the eggs tliercin. which will
preserve them perfectly sound for two yciirs at le-ist.
tt. Eggs can be preserved by keeping ilicm at a temper-
ature of forty degrees or h-ss in a refrigerator. Kggs
have been tested when kept in this manner for two years
and found to be perfectly good.
10. Dissolve three or four ounces of beeswax in seven
ounces of warm olive oil; put in this the tip of your linger
and anoint the egg all over. Keep the eggs in a cool place
and tlicy will keep fresh for five years.
How to Can Fruit. — The jirinciple should be under-
stood, in order to work intelligently. The fruit is jire-
served by placing it in a vessel from which the external air
is entirely excluded. This is effected by surrounding the
fruit by liquid, and by the use of heat to rarefy and expel the
air that may be entangled in the fruit or lodged in its
pores. The preservation does not depend upon sugar,
though enough of this is used in the liquid which covers
the fruit to make it palatable. The heat answers another
purpose; it destroys the ferment which fruits naturally
contain, and as long as they are kept from contact with
the 1 air they do not decompose.
The vessels in w Inch fruits are preserved are tin, glass,
and earthenware. Tin is used at the factories where large
quantities are put up for commerce, but is seldom tised in
families, as more skill in soldering is required than most
people jiosse.ss. Besides, the tins are not generally safe to
use more than once. Glass is the preferable material, as
it is readily cleaned and allows the interior to bo frequently
inspected. Any kind of bottle or jar tlnit has a mouth
wide enough to admit the fruit and that can bo securely
stopped, positively air-tight — which is much closer than
water-tight — will answer Jars of various patterns and
patents are made for the purpose, and are sold at the crock-
ery and grocery stores. These have wide mouths, and a
glass or metallic c;ip which is made to fit very tightly by an
India-rub't>er ring between the metal and the glass. 'J'iio
devices for these caps are numerous, and much ingenuity
is displayed in inventing them. We have used several
patterns without nnich difTerence in success, but inive
found there was some dilference in the facility with whicii
the jars could be opened and closed. The best are those
in which atmospheric jiressure helps the sealing, and where
the sole dependence is not upon st^rews or clamps. To
test a jar, light a slip of paper ;rd hold it within it. The
heat of the flame will expand tli air and drive out a por-
tion of it. Now ])ut on the cap, when the jar becomes
cool the air within will contract, ai\d tlie pressure of the
external air should hohl the cover on so lirmly that it can-
not bo jitdled off without first letting in the air by jiressing
aside the rubber or by such other means as is jirovidcd in
the construction of tlio jar. When regular fruit jars are
not used, good corks and cement must bo provided.
Cement is made by melting 1^ ounce of tallow with 1
pound of rosin. The stiffness of the cement may be gov-
erned by the use of more or less tallow. After the jar is
corked, tie a piece of stout drilling over the mouth. Dip
the cloth on the mouth of the jar into the melted cement,
rub the cement on the cloth with a stick to break up the
hubbies, and leave a close covering.
The i)ri)cess. J-]verything should be in readiness, the
jars clean, tiie covers well fitted, the fruit picked over or
otlicrwi>e 'ircparcd. and the cement and corks, if these are
used, at hand. Th.e bottles or jars are to I'eci'ive a very
hot liquid, and they must be gradually warmeil beforehand,
iiy placing warm water in them, to which boiling water is
gruduallyadded. Commence by making a syrup in the
lU'opoition of a ]ioMnd of white sugar to a jiint of water,
using lesssngar if tiiis quantity will make the fruit too
sweet. Wlun the syrup boils, add as nuuh fruit iis it will
cover, let the fruit lieat in tJje syrup gradually, and when
it comes to a boil, ladle it into the Jars or bottles which
luive beci: warmeil as above directed. Put in as much
fruit as possible, and then add the syrup to fill up the in-
terstices among the fruit ; then jiut on the cover (u- insert
the stopper as soon as possible, llave a cloth at hand damp-
ened inhot water to wii)e the necks of the jars. When one lot
has been bottled, ])roceed with more, adding more sugar and
water if more syrup is required. Juicy fruits will diminish
the syrup much less than others. AVhen the bottles are cold,
put them away in a cool, dry and dark jjlace. Do not
tamjjcr with the covers in any way. The bottles should be
inspected every day for a week or so, in order to discover
if any are imperfect. If fermentation has commenced,
bubbles will be seen in the syrup, and the covers will be
loosened. If taken at once, the contents may be saved by
thoroughly reheating. Anotbr r way is to prepare a syrup
and allow "it to cool. Place the fruit in the bottles, cover
with the syrup and then set the bottles nearly up to their
rims in a boiler of cold water. Some wooden slats should
be placed at the bottom of the boiler to keep the bottles
from contact with it. The water in the boiler is then
heated and kept boiling until the fruit in the bottles is
thoroughly heated through, when the covers are juit on,
and the bottles allowed to cool. It is claimed that the
flavor « f the fruit is better preserved in this way than by
the other.
What nuiy be preserved. — All the fruits that are used in
tiieir fresh state or for pies etc., and rhubarb, or pie-plaiit,
aiul tomatoes, (treen peas, and corn, cannot be readily
preserved in families as they require special apparatus.
Strawberries — hard-fleshed sour varieties, i;uch as the Wil-
son, are better than the more delicate kinds.
Currants need more sugar than the foregoing. Black-
berries and huckleberries are both very satisfactorily pre-
served, and make capital pics. Cherries and plums need
oidy picking over. Peaches need peeling and (piarter-
iiig'. The skin nuiy bo removed from ripe peaches by scald-
ing them in water ur weak lye for a few seconds, and then
transferring them to cold wafer. Some obtain a strong
peach flavor by boiling a few peach meats in the syrup.
We have had peaches keep three years, and were better
then than those sold at the stores. " Pears are pared and
halved, ir quartered, and the core removed. The best,
high-flavored and melting varieties only should be used.
Coarse baking jiears are iinsati.sfa-tory. "A])ples — very few
]iut up these. Try some high-flavored ones, and you will
bo plea.- ed wit II t Item. Quinces — there is a great contrast
between quinces pres rved in this wav and those done up
in the old way of pouiul for pound. ^I'liey do not become
liard, and they remain of a fine light color. Tomatoes re-
quire cooking'longer than the fruits proper. Any intelli-
gent person who understands the principle upon which
fruit is preserved in this way, will soon find the mechanical
part easy of execution and the results satisfactory.
How to Protect Dried Fruit From the Worms.—
It is said that dried fruit put away with a littl bark
}■
i-
■t
I.
MEATS AND VEGETABLES.
Siinsiifrud (say ii large hiuulfiil to tlie Imshcl) will save for
voiirs, iiniiiolet*to(i by those troiiblesoiiie little insects,
wliipji so often destroy huiulreils of bushels in a single
eason. The renieily is elieap and simple, but wc ventuie
to say a go.Ki oi'e.
How to Keep Canned Fruit. — 'I'ho preservation of
canned fruits (le|icnds very niiicli oti the place where they are
stored. If])iiiin a cellar, unlw-s it is exceptionally dry,
they will gather imiuld and loose all the tine, fresh flavor
it is so desiral)le lo retain. If kept in too warm a spot,
they will ferment and linrst the cans, and in thatcase, even
if tlio fault has not Iteen spilled over tlie sheivor, it will
have been made so sour that no re-scalding, etc.. can nuike
it good. .Severe cold does not injure it unless the weather
is below zero.
On-; stinging cold MKirning we entered our milk room to
find long rows of greuiidiers in red coats, standing trium.
pliantly amid the fragments of numerous defeated bottles,
Tiic tomatoes being presei'ved entirely witiiout sugar or
spice were frozen to ii solid red ice, but the fruits put nj)
with a small ijuantily of sugar were only slightly frozen,
and as we immediately immersed the jars in cold water
until the frost was extracted, they did not burst. The
tomatoes were saved by an immediate re-bottling.
A double-walled closet in a fireless room on the second
floor is one of the best ])laces for storing canned fruits in
the winter: and in summer a cool milk-room will be found
Biife.
How to Dry Gooseberries.— To seven pounds of red
gooseberries add a pound and a half of powdered sugar,
which must be stewed over them in the preserving j>an; let
them remain at a good heat over a slow fire till they begin
lo break; then remove them. Repeat this process "for two
or threo days; then take the gooseberries from the .syrup,
and spread them out on sieves near the fire to dry. "This
syrup may be used for other preserves. When the goose-
berries are (|uite drv. store them in tin boxes or lavers of
paj.er.
How to Keep Red Gooseberries.— Pick Gooseberries
vheii fully rijie, and for each quart take a quarter of a
pouiul of sug.ir and a gill of water; biiil togethcruntil quite
a syrup; then i)ut in the fruit, and coidinue to boil gently
for liftecn minutes: then jmt them into small stone jars;
when eold. eovor them close: kee]) them for making tarts
or pies.
^ How to Keep Grapes.— 1. They must not be too ripe.
Take nil any imperf.Tt grapes fronithe bunches. On the
bottoin of a keg put a layer of bran that has been well
dried in an oven, or in the sun. On the bran put a layer
of grapes, with bran between the bunches so that they n'lay
not be in eontact. Proceed in the sanm way with alternat'e
layer.-: of gr.-ipes and bran, till the keg is fidl; then clo.se the
keg so tliat no air can enter. 2. In a box first lay a paper,
then a layer of grapes, selecting the best bunches and re-
moving all imperfei't grapes, then another naper, then
more grap;>s, nud so on until tiie box is full;' then eover
all with .several folds of jjajier or cloth. X.ul onthe lid.
and KQl in a cool room where it will not freeze. We
use sifudl boxes, so as not to disturl) more than we want
to use in a week or so. Oive e;u;h biuuh plenty of
room so they will not crowd, and do not u.se newsjjapers.
Some seal the stems wiiii sealing wax and wrap each bunch
by itself, but we get along without that trouble. The
gra'ies should be looked toseveral times during the winter.
iShou'l any mould or decay, they should bo removed and
the good (UT's ag;ii:i re])aolced. "P.y thi.s means we have
IkkI. with oiir|)itrher of cider and basket of apples, our
plate of grapes daily, besides distributing some among our
friends and the sick of the ueiLdiborhood. 3. [Cliinese
Method.) It consists in cutting a circular piece out of a
ripe pumpkin or gourd, making an aperture largo enough
to admit the hand. The interior is then completely
cleaned out, the ripe grapes are placed inside, ami thu cov
er replaced and pressed in firmly. The pumpkins are then
kept in a cool place — and the grapes will be found to retain
their freshness for a very long time. We are told that a
very careful selection must be made of the pumpkin, the
common field pumpkin, liowever, being well adapted for
the purpose in question.
How to Cure Hams. — The committee on bacon hams
of the Second Annual Exhibition of the Frederick (Mary-
land) County Agricultural Society awarded the first j)remi-
um to Mrs, (feorgc M. Potts, and the second to W. II.
fjeiuso, Esq., and observed " that the hams were remarka-
lile for their excellent flavor, and were at the same time
juicy and tender.'" — The followinnj arc the rcijies:
Mi£,s. Potts' Recii'K. — To each green ham of eighteen
pounds, one dessert-spoonful of saltpetre; one-fourth
pound of brown sugar applied to the ilcsliy side of tln^ ham
and about the hock; cover the fleshy side with line salt half
an inch thick, and pack away in tubs; to remain from three
to six weeks, according to size. Before smoking rub off
any salt that may remain on the ham, and cover well with
f round pepper, particularly about the bone and hock,
lan^ up and dram for two dajs: smoke with green wood
for eight weeks, or until the rind assumes a light chestnut
color. The pepper is an effectua' preventive of the fly. I
never bag hams. This recipe took the first premium.
Mit. Lease's Rkcipe. — AVhen the liams were cool ho
salted them down in a tight ciisk, putting a bushel of salt,
well mixed with six ounces v saltpetre, to about one thou-
sand pounds of pork; after it iiad been salted down four or
live days, ho made a strong brine, sufficient to float an egg,
and cured the meat with it, and then let it remain five
weeks longer; then hung it uji, dusting the fresh •sides
with black pepper; then smoked with green wood.
AxoTHEif. — After cutting out the pork, rub the skin-side
with about half a teaspoonful of saltpetre, well rubbed in.
Rub the pieces all over with salt, leaving them well covered
on the fleshy side. Then lay the hams in hxrge, tight
troughs, skin-side down. Continue this process until it ia
all salted down. Lot them remain in the trouglis without
touching or troubling them for four or live weeks, accord-
ing to the size of the hog, no matter liow warm or change-
able the weather is. Then take them out of the trough,
and string them on white-oak sj)lits; wash all the salt off
with the brine, if sufficient; if not, with water; then rub
them well and thoroughly with wood ashes. .Let them
hang u|) and remain twenty-four hours or two or three days
before you make the smoke under them, which must be
made of grei'ii chips, and not chunks. Make the smoke
under them every day, ami smoke them five or six weeks.
After the smoke stops, let the hams remain hanging all the
time. Shonlderscurc in the .same manner. Always kill
your hogs in the morning, and let them remain from twen-
ty-four to thirty-six hours before cutting them up.
How to Keep Smoiced Hams.— Ma':; .;-.,!;s of coarse
cotton cloth, large enough to hold one ham, and fdl in with
chopped hay all around about two inches thick. The hay
prevents the grease; from coming in contact with the cloth,
and keeps all insects from the meat. Hang in the smoke-
liouse, or other dry, cool jtlacc, and they will keeji a long
lime,
How to Dry Herbs.— 'J'hey should be gathered in a
dry season, cleansed from <li.scolored aiul rotten leaves,
screened fro. a earth or dust, i)lacs'd on handles covered
with blotting ]iaper, ami exposed to the sun or the heat of
ii stove, in a dry, airy place. The (piickcr they are dried
the better, as they have less time to forment or grow
P^^
H,
^»
MEATS A NO VEGETABLKfl.
moldy; litm o they sliould bo spreutl tliiii, and fro(|H(.'iitly
turjiod; « lion dried they should bo Hhiiken in a iiirgo
iuosIicmI sievu to get rid of the eggs of any insects. Aro-
nuitio iierl)8 ought to bedried qniekly with a nioilcrato lieat
tliat their odor may not be lost. Cruciferous plants Kliould
not be drieil, as in that CHse they lose much of their anti-
8Corbuti(; qiuililies. .Some persons havo propo-^ed to dry
herbs in a water bath, but this oecasious them, as it were,
to bo half boiled in their own water.
How to Keep Honey. — After the honey is passed from
the comb, strain it through a sieve, so as to get out all the
wax; gently boil it, and skim otT the whitish foam wliich
rises to the surface, and then the honey will Ijeconio per-
fectly clear. The vessel for boiling should be earthen,
brass, or tin. The honey should be put in jars, when cool,
and tightly covered.
To keep honey in the comb, select combs free from jjoI-
len, pa(!k them edgewise in jars or cans, aiui pour in u sidli-
cient quantity of the boiled and strained honey (us above)
to cover the condjs. The jars or cans should be tightly
tied over with thick cloth or leather. These processes
have been in use for twenty years with unvarying success.
How to Make Artiflcal Honey. — to ten jiounds of
food brown sugar add four pounds of water, gradually
ring it to a boil, skimming it well. When it has become
cooled, a<ld two pounds of bees' honey and eight drops of
peppermint. A better article can be made with white
sugar insteatl of common, with one pound less of water.
and one pound more of honey. To twenty pounds of col-
fee sugar add six pounds 01 water, four ounces cream of tar-
tar, four tablespoonfuls of vinegar (strong), the white of
two eggs, well beaten, aiul one pound of bees' honey,
Lubin's extract of honeysuckle, twenty drops. Place the
water and sugar in r. kettle, and put it over a fire; when
lukewarm add the cream of tartar, stirring it at the time;
then add the egg, and when the sugar is melted, put in the
honey and stir it well until it come.^ to a boil; then take it
off, let it stand five minutes, theustrain, adding the extract
last. Let it stand over night, and it is ready for use.
How to Keep Horse-Radish.— Grate a sufficient quan-
tity during the season, while it is green, put it in bottles,
fill up with strong vinegar, cork them *!o'lit> ^^^^ set them
in a good place.
How to Keep Lard from Moulding.— It is not likely
to mrld if properly tried and kept in a cool, dry place.
Earthen crocks or pans well tinned are good to put lard in
for keeping. Lard made from intestinal fat will not keep
so long as leaf fat. It should be soaked two or three days
in salted water, changed each day.
How to Keep Lard Sweet.— Even during the warmest
weather lard can be kept sweet by the following i)lan
When rendering (melting) it, throw into each kettle a
handful of fresh slippery elm bark. Xo salt must be added
to it at any time. The jars in wliich the lard is to be
kept nnist be thoroughly cleansed.
How to Bleach Lard. — Lard may be bleached by
applying a mixture of bichromat'3 of potaasa and muriatic
acid, in minute proportions, to the fat.
How to Try Out Lard. — This should be done in the
open air. Set a large kettle over the fire, in some sliel-
tereil ])hico, on a still day. It will cook much quicker in
large (piantities. Put into the kettle, while the lard is
cold, a little saleratus. say one tablespoonful to every
twenty pounds; stir almost constantly when nearly done,
till the scraps are brown and crisp, or until the steam
ceases to rise; then there is no danger of its molding;
strain out into pans, and the first will be ready to empty
into crocks when the lust is strained.
liow to Make Lard. — cut the fat up into pieces about
two inches square; fill a vessel holding about three gallons
with the pieces; put in a pint of boiled lye made from oak
and hickory ashes, and strained before using; IkiII gently
over a slow fire, until the cracklings have turned brown;
strain and set aside to cool. By the above process you wilt
get more lard, a better article, and whiter than by any
other j)rocess.
How to Keep Meat Fresh in Winter.— In Minne-
sota, where winter thaws are not nuicii to be feared, it is
quite common to hang u}) a porker or a leg of venison or
beef, and cut from it as it liangs, week after week. It
seems to us that meat so kej)t must greatly deteriorate in
flavor. AVe like best to cut the beef or venison into good
pieces for cooking in various ways, and pack them down in
snow. Of course they freeze, but thawing a piece brought
in to cook is a simple matter. Put frozen poultry or meat
in cold water, and all the frost will shortly leave it. A
coating of ice will be found on the outside, which will
easily cleave off.
How to Protect Meat from Fly.— An effectual way of
excluding the fly is by using a wire meat-safe, or by cover-
ing the joints with a long loose gauze, or some thin cloth,
and hanging them from the ceiling of a dry room. Pcjiper
and ginger should be sprinkled on the jiarts likely to be
attacked by the fly, but should be washed off before the
joint is put to the fire.
How to Cure Meat. — To one gallon of water add
one and a half pounds of salt, half a j)ound of sugar, half
an ounce of saltpetre, half an ounce of potash. In this
ratio the jiicklo to be increased to any quantity desired.
Let these be boiled together until all the dirt from the
sugar rises to the top and is skimmed off. Then throw it
into a tub to cool, and when cold pour it over your beef or
pork, to remain the usual time, say four or five weeks.
The meat must be well covered with pickle, and should not
be put down for at least two days after killing, during
which time it should bo slightly sprinkled with powdered
saltpetre, which removes all the surface blr.od. etc.. leaving
the meat fresh and clean. Some omit boiling the pickle,
and find it to answer well, though the ojieration of boiling
purifies the pickle by throwing off the dirt always to be
found in salt and sugar. If this recipe is properly tried it
will never bo abandoned, There is none that surpasses it,
if so good.
How to Preserve Meat in Cans.— A new method of
])reserving meat in tin cans, which is favorably ccmmeuted
upon, is that of Jlr. K. Jones, of London. In this process
the meat is first packed in its raw state into tins of any
desired size. The lids are then soldered down, the top of
each lid having a small tin tube inserted into it, which
communicates with the interior of the tin. These tubes
are next inserted into the exhauster, which is a receptacle
connected with a machine designated a "Torricellian
vacuum," iin a])panitiis in which the air is exhausted by the
action of water. The tins are then placed in the cooking-
bath, and at the proper juncture the vacuum is created
and the meat most thoroughly cooked, at a temperature
varying from ISO to 2'iS degrees. At this stage another
feature of the invention comes into play. The vacuum
liaving been created, a suppl}' of gravy is turned on from a
rccciitacle, iind the tins tilled with nutritious fluid. The
feed j)ipes of liie tins are then nipped and the casc-s her-
metically scalcil. By thus filling the tins with the gravy
the dilliculty of collapse, which has always hitherto pre-
vented largo tins from being used, is obviated, while the
whole space of the package is utilized. Testimonials, from
captains of ships and others who have used it, are furnished
by the inventor, certifying to the excellent quality of the
W \ I
iiR'at, Ry this improved ijrocess, overcookiiisj tlic iiiciit, !■<
j)rcvoiiti'(l, 1111(1 as now prepared it would si'i'iii to merit
goncnil a}>probation.
How to PicklQ Meat. — .Moist sugar, '^ pounds; bay or
common salt, 4 jiouiids; saltpetre, i pouiui; fi'esli {ground
ails|)ice, 2 ounces; water, G to 8 (puirts. Dissolve. Used
to iiicklo nu'at, to whieii it imparts u tino red eolor and a
superitu' flavor.
How to Keep Milk. — Milk may bo preserved in stout,
well-corked and wired bottles by heating' tluiu to tliO l>oil-
infr point in a water batli, by wiiieli the small (Hiantity of
inclosed air becomes decomposed. Jlilk, or green goose-
berries, or j)eas, thus treated, will keep for two years.
Some persons adil a few grains of calcined magnesia to
each bottle of milk before corking it.
Mince Meats. — Three pounds of raisins, stoned: three
pounds of currants; three pounds of beef suet, chop|ie(l
fine; one pound of bread crumbs; tlirec-<|narteis of a
pound of mixe<l candied peel; one and a half iiounds of
fillet of beef, previously cooked; salt, sugar, spices and
ginger to taste. Each ingredient to bo choj>))ed up sejia-
rately, and very fine. Mix all well together, and take
especial care that the beef is well mixed with the other
ingredients. Moisten with a bottle of brandy and stir
occasiciially. Another: Half a ])ound of candied peel,
cut in delicate slices, then cho))ppd; two wineglassfuls of
brandy. Mix well together with a wooden sitoon, and jnit
the mince meat, well pressed down, into a covered jar, tied
over ver\ ivell. The mince meat should bo made some
days before it is wanted, and when about to be used a
little more brandy should bo stirred into it. Another:
Quarter of an ounce of fine salt; half an ounce of mixed
epice; three pounds of moist sugar; three pounds of well-
cloaned currants; two pounds of stoned raisins, chopped;
two and a half pounds of beef suet, finely chopped; the
thinnest peel of two lemons and their juice; two pounds
of apples, baked to a pulp, and weighed when cold.
How to Keep Unions. — (Jather in fall ami remove the
tops; then spread upon a barn floor or in any open shed,
and allow them to remain then' until thoroughly dry. Put
i; to barrels or small bins or boxes and jilace m a cool place,
and at the approach of cold weather cover \vh]i straw or
chaff, if there is danger of very severe freezing. Onions
are often injured in winter by keeping them in too warm a
Slace. They will seldom be injured by frost if kejit in the
ark, and in tight barrels or boxes, where not subjected to
frequent changes of temperature. It is the jternato
freezings and thawings that destroy them, and if pliiced in
a position where they will remain frozen all winter, and
then thawed out slowly and in a dark jilace, no considera-
blo injury would result from this ajiparently harsh treat-
ment. Onions should always be stored in the coolest part
of the cellar, or put in chaff and set in the barn or some
out-house.
How to Keep Parsnips. — The almost nnivcrsal prac-
tice among farmers is to allow their parsnii)s to remain in
the ground through winter, just where they were grown.
AVe believe t!io quality of this root is improved by being
frozen, or at Last kept cool, but it is not necessary to leave
them in the open garden during winter, where, if the
ground remain frozen, they cannot be got at until it thaws
in spring, and then used in a very few weeks or not at all.
If the roots are dug up late in the fall, leaving all the tops
on, then carefully heeled in thickly together in rows, after
which cover with a little coarse litter, they can be reached
whenever wanted during winter.
How to Dry Peaches. — Never pare peaches to dry.
Let them get mellow enough to bo in good eating condi-
tion, put them in boiling water for a moment or two, and
the skins will come olT like a charm. Let thorn be in the
water long enough, but no longer. The gain is at least
sixfold — saving of time in removing the skin, great saving
of the peach, the part of the peach saved is the best part,
less time to stone the i)eaclus, less time to dry them, aiul
betti'r when dried. A whole iiushel can be done in a boiler
at once, and the water turned off.
How to Can Peaches. — Pare and halve your peaches.
I'ack them as closely as possible in the can without any su-
gar. When the can is full, pour in suflicicnt pure cold
water to fill all the interstices between the ])oaehes, and
rt'aeli tlu! brim of the can. Let them stand limg enough
for the water to soak into all the crevices — say six hours —
then pour in water to replace Avhat has sunk away. .Seal up
the can, and all is done. Canned in thia way, peaches re-
tain all their freshness and flavor.
There will not bo enough water in them to render them
insi])id. If prt'ferred, a cold syrup could bo used instead
of jiure water, but the peaches taste more natural without
any sweet.
How to Preserve Green Peas.— When full grown,
but not old, ])ick and shell the peas. Lay them on dishes
or tins in a cool oven, or l)eforo a bright fire; do not heai>
the peas on the dishes, but merely cover them with peas,
stir them frequently, and let them dry very gradually.
'When hard, let them cool, then pack them in stone jars,
cover close and keep them in a very dry place. When re-
(piired for use, soak them for some hours in cold water till
they look plump before boiling; they are excellent for
soup.
Piccalilli, Indian Method.— This consists of all kinds
of pickles mixed. and put into ono large jar — sliced cucum-
bers, button onions, cauliflowers, broken in pieces. Salt
them, or put them in a large hair sieve in the sun to dry
for three days, them scald them in vinegar a few minutes,
when cold put them together. Cut a large white cabbage
in quarters, with the outside leaves taken off and cut line,
salt it and put in the sun to dry three or four days, then
scald it in vinegar, the same as cauliflower; carrots, three
parts, boiled in vinegar and a little bay salt. French beans,
radish, pods, and nasturtium8,all go through the same proc-
ess as capsicums, etc. To 1 gallon of vinegar put 4 ounces
of ginger bruised, 8 ounces of whole white pepper, 2 ounces
of allspice, -J ounce chillies bruised, 4 ounces of tumeric,
1 pound of the best mustard, -^ pound of shallots, 1 ounce
of garlic, and ^ pound of bay salt. The vinegar, spice,
and other ingredients, exccj't the mustard, must boil half
an hour; then strain it into a pan, pnt the mustard into a
largo basin, with a little vinegar ; mix it quite fine and free
from lumps, then add more. When woll mixed put it into
the vinegar just strained off, and when quite cold put the
jiickles into a la'-go pan, and tlio liquor over them ; stir
them roi)eatedly, so as to mi''' liieni all. P'inally, put them
into a jar, and tie them over first with a bladder, and
afterwards with leather. The capsicums want no prepara-
tion.
How to Store Potatoes. — Potatoes should not be ex-
posed to the sun and light any more than is necessary to
dry them after digging them from the hill. Every ten
minutes of such exposure, especially in the sun; injures
their edible qualities. The flesh is thus rendered soft,
yellowish or greenish, and injured in flavor. Dig them
when dry, and put them in a dark collar immediately, and
keep them there till wanted for nse, and there wonld not
be so much fault found about bad quality. This is also a
hint to those grocers and marketmen who keep their pota-
toes in barrels in the sun — that is, if they wish to fnrnish
their customers with a good article.
How to Keep Potatoes from Sprouting.— To keep
potatoes intended for use at the table from sprouting until
pari
thrJ
Sull
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MEATS *KD VEQETABLKS.
now potatoes grow, tako l)oilin;i; Avator, pour into a tub,
turn iu ua iniiny potatoes as tho wnter will cover, tlieu
pour oil all tho water, haudlo the potatcn riircfiiDy, liiyin;;
up in ft dry place ou boards, only one layer deep, and see
if you do not havo good potatoes the year round, without
hard strings and watery ciuU caused by growing.
How to Dry Pumpkins. — Take tho rij)e pumpkins,
pare, cut into small pieee.s, stew soft, mash and strain
through ft colander, as if for making pies. Spread this
Snip on plates iu layers not quite an inch thick ; dry it
own in tlio stove oven, kept at so low a temperature as
not to scorch it. In about a day it will become dry and
crisp. Tho sheets thus made can be stowed away in a dry
place, and they are always ready for use for pies or sauce.
Soak tho pieces over night iu a little milk, and they will
return to nice pulp, ns delicious as tho fresh pumpkin,
Tho quick drying after cooking prevents any portion from
slightly Bouring, as is always the case when the uncooked
pieces are dried ; the llavor is much better preserved, and
the after-cookii»g is saved.
How to K«»ep Rain-Water Sweet.— The best way to
keep rain-water sweet in a cistern, is to first collect it m a
tank, aiul filter it into tho cistern below the surface. This
will remove tho organic matters, and prevent fermenta-
tion. Care should also be taken to prevent surface drain-
age into it.
How to Preserve Rosebuds.— A method employed
in Germany to keep rosebuds fresh into tho winter, con-
sists in first covering the end of the recently cut stem
with wax, and then placing each one in a closed paper cap
or cone, so that tho leaves do not toucli tho paper. The
cap is then coated with glue, to exclude an-, dust and
moisture, and when dry it is stood up in a cool place.
When wanted for use, the bud is taken out of the cap and
placed in water, after cutting off the end, wlien tho rose
will bloom in a few hours.
How to Keep Sweet Potatoes.— Sweet potatoes can
be kept by placing them in bulk in a bin or box (the
more the better) without drying, and maintaining for
them a uniform temperature of 45° to 50°. Putting
something between, among, or around them, may serve
to keep them at tlio i>r()i)er temperature, but it is of no
value whatever aside from this ; and if it ^houId retain
dampness, it will be a positive injury. Afier the sweat
takes place, say iu three or four weeks, scatter over them
a light covering of dry loam or saiul. In this way it is
easy to keep sweet potatoes for table use or for seed, as
well as "the inferior and less nourishing Irish potato."
Another way is to i)aek in barrels, and pour in kiln-dried
sand until the intervals arc full ; or boxes of uniform size,
piled up on tbp side of a room where tho temperature
never falls to the f iee?,i:ig jioint, which is a condition of
first imjiortance. This wall of boxes may bo papered
over, and left undisturbed until sjiring, when tho potatoec
will command tho highest prices.
How to Keep Sweet Potatoes in Bulk.— A sweet
pc ..to grower in Southern Illinois states that sweet pota-
toes will keep in bulk. He has kept seven hundred
bushels in one jiile. The potatoes should be dug before
the vines are injured by frost, sunned until dry, aiul then
placed in a cellar on a clay fioor, putting fine hay or fiax
straw between the potatoes and tho wall, and covering with
tho same material. Tho deeper and larger the pile the
better. The hay or straw sliould bo covered with clay, a
thickness of one or two inches being sutticient for tho
climate of that region. At the top should be left one or
more air-holes, aceonling to tlio size of the pile, for tho
escape of steam. In damp, warm weather open a window
or door in th' day-time.
r^
How to Make Hard Soap.— After the raw soda or
barilla is ground or joundc-*!. it is jdaced in a vat in alter-
nate lavcis with u«.;lackH lime, tho bottom layer being
lime. \Vater is allowed to infiltrate through those layers,
and the lye is securcfl as it trickles througli a liole in the
bottom of the vat. The lime absorbs tho tarlionic acid of
tho soda, nuiking the lye c:au?tic or fit for the soap-ketlle;
and the quantity of lime applied must be in proportion to
tho quantity of rarlwtiic acid in the soda. To every twen-
ty pounds of tallow add one gallon of weak lye, and boil
until the lye is spent. The mass nnist then cool for one
hour, the spent tye drawn off, and another gallon of strong
lye be addud; the mixture again boiled until the second
doso of lye is spent, and the same process must bo rejieated
for several davs, until the mixture, if pro])erly numaged,
is converted into white tallow soap, which should be
allowed to cool gradually and settle, when it is poured iiito
molds, and when solid it is cut into tho bars which are
found in our markets. Twenty pounds of tallow ought to
make 30 pounds of first-quality hard soap, allowing three
pounds of soda-ash for every 2Q j)ounds of tallow. Tho
balance of the weight is m^de up by the large qiumtity of
water which enters into combination with tne grease and
alkali in the course of gaponilieation.
AVhen yellow or resin stap is required, the hard soap has
to bo made in the nsnal manner, and at the last charge of
lye, or when the soapy mass ceases to absorb any moi j lye,
one-third the weight of pounded resin is introduced, tho
mixture constantly stirred, and the boil kept up vigorously
until the resin has become incorporated with tho soap.
The whole must stand until it settles, and tho soap then
dipped out. liesin soap, when well made, should be a fine
bright color.
How to Make Soft Soap. — The principal difference
between hard and ioi: ?■ i]- is. that three parts of fat
atford, in general, fully ■;••- ji.irtsliard soda-soap; but three
parts of fat or oil wili ;i;!'j.3 ^ix or Feven parks of potash-
soap of a moderate C':':-?ijteucc. From its cheapness,
strength, and superior solubility, potash-soap is preferred
for numy purposes, particularly for the scouring of wool-
ens.
The lyes prepared for making soft soaps should be made
very strong, ami of two densities, as the process "f making
potash or soft soap differs materially from that ,-C making
soda or hard soap. A portion <if the oil or fat being j)lace(l
in the boiling-pan, and heated to near the boiling ])oint of
water, a certain por:i->n of the weaker lyo is introduced,
and the fire kept up so as to bring the mixture to the boil-
ing point ; then some more oil and lye are introduced
alternately, until the pan is filled. The boiling is continued
gently, strong lye being ad<led until the saponification is
complete. The fire should then be removed, and some good
soap, previously made, added while cooling down, to pre-
vent any change by evap^j-ration. Onejiound of oil requires
about one-third of a p*:<and of American potjish, and will
make one and three-qtiarters to two pounds of wcll-boilcd
soap, containing about 40 ]>er cent, of water. Sixty pounds
of lard will make 1»» fKiunds of first-class soft soap, by
using one and a half cans of concentrated lye, which is
made from salt, and is r»j-;illy a soda-lye.
How to Make Sauerkraut— In the first place, let
your "stand,"' holding fr<'m half a barrel to a band, bo
thoroughly s(^aided out. the cutter, the tub and the stamper
also well scalded. Take off all the outer leaves of the
cabbages, halve them, remove the heart, and proceed with
tho cutting. Lay some clean leaves at the bottom of the
stand, sprinkle with a hamlful of salt, fill in half a bushel
of cut cabbage, stamp gently until the juice just makes its
appearance, then add another handful of salt, and so on
until the stand is fnlL Cover over with cabbage leaves,
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MEATS AND VEOETABLKS.
pliu'o on top a cli'im hoard fitliiij,' tlu' spaci^ jirctty wi'll,
ami on top of tliali a stono wcif^'liiiii,' twclvo or fifteen
lioniids. iSiaiiil away in a. cool place, and when lirrd
freezing,' coMie.-i on reniovi* to thi^ eellar. It will ho reaily
for use in from fonr to six week^i. 'I'lie eahhau't' Miionld he
I'lit, toierahly coifse. 'i'hu Savoy variety makes tlu! hest
nrtiele, imi, it i.s only lialf as jiroiluutivo as thu Drunihead
and Fiat Dutch.
How to Make and Keep Sausage.— To make faniil}
sausau'e, I lie I rimmiii;,r,s and oiliei' lean and fat ])ortioiis
of pork are used, takini; care that there is ahout twicu as
nuu'h lean as I'al ; sonic consider it an improvement to add
ahout one-sixth of tlio weight of lean heel'. As to season-
ing;, that is a matter of taste. 'I'lii! majority of ]ieoplo nso
salt, iiepper, and saiic only, some nsc only salt and jieppcr,
while ol hers, in addition totlieahove, put in thyme, inaue,
cloves and otlu'r s]iice3. 'J'liero is somethini,' repulsive
aliout the intestint's or "skiii.s"nsed forstiitliiig sausafie,
mid the majority preserve the meat in hulk, in cold
wcnther it will kee[) for ii lonj; ti'ue, but if it is desired to
presc'vo it heyoiid cold wcaliierit needs some care. Wo
liavc found that muslin haijs, made of ii size to hold ii roll
two and one-half or three ineln'S in diameter, keep the
meat very satisfactorily. These hai^s, when tilled with
sau.siigo meat, are dipped into melted lard, and hnuj<; up in
a dry, cool place. For scasoniiiij, wo use to one hundred
jiounds of meat forty ounces salt, and from eight to ten
ounces of pepper.
How to Keep Suet.— Snct may bo kept a year, thus:
1'ake the lii'i'iest and most free from skin or veins, remove
all traces of these, ))ut the suet in the saucepan at some
distance from the lire, and let it melt gradiudly; when
melted, pour it into a pan of cold spring water; when liard,
wipe it (Irv, fold it in white paper, jjut it in a linen bag,
and keep it in a cool, dry place; when used, it must be
Bcrajied, and it will makcun excellent crust with or without
butter.
How to Can Tomatoes.— The most thorough and
reliable mode of canning tomatot,, is as follows: They are
just sutliciently steamed, not cooked, to scald or loosen the
skin, and are then poured upon tables and the skin re-
moved, care being taken to preserve the tomato in as solid
a state as possible. After being ptudcd, thev are ])laced in
large jians, with false bottoms perforated w'ith holes, so as
to strain olf the litiiiid that emanates from them. From
these pans they are carefully placed by hand into the cans,
which are filled as solidly as ]iossihlc — in otb'n' words, all
aro put in that the cans will Jiold. They aro then put
through the usual process, and hermetically sealed. The
cans, when o]»ened for use, present the tomato not only
like the natural vegetable in taste iind color, but also in
appearance; and moreover, when thus sealed, they are
warranted to keep in any climate, and when opened will
taste as natural as when just plucked from the vine.
How to Clarify Tallow.— Dissolve one pound of alum
in one rpiart of water, add to this lOU poum's of tallow in
a jacket kettle (a kettle set in a larger one, and the inter-
vening space fdled with water; this prevents burning the
tallow). Uoil three-rpiarters of fin hour and skim. Then
add one pound of salt dissolved in a quart of water. Boil
and skim. When well clarified the tallow should bo nearly
the color of water.
How to Harden Tallow.— We havo used the following
mixture with success: To one pound of tallow take ono-
foiirth of a pound common rosin; melt them together, and
mold them the usual way. This will give a candle of
superior lighting power, and as hard as a wax candle; a
vast improvement upon the commou tallow candle in all
respects except color.
How to Make TomatoCatsup.— Take of perfectly ripe
tomatoes 4 bushel; wa.sh them clean and break to pieces;
then ])ut ovt'r the lire ami h't fliein come t(j a lioil, and re-
move from the tire; w hen they ai'o Hiillicieiitly cool to allow
your hands in them, nib through a wire sieve; and to what
goi's through, add salt 5.' tea-cups; allspicoand cloves. grouiul,
of each, 1 teaiiip; best vinegar 1 (piart. Put on to the lire
again and cook one hoiii-, stirring with great care to avoid
burning. ]5ollle and seal for use. If too thick when used
imt in a little vinegar. If they wore very juicy thoy may
need boiling over an hour.
How to Keep Vegetables. — Sink a barrel two-thirds
of its depth into the groiiirl (a box or cask will answer a
better ])urpose); heap tlie earth around the ]iart jirojectitig
out of the ground, with a slope on idl sides; place the vege-
tables that y(ai desire to keep in the vessel; cover the top
with a water-light cover; and when winter seta in, throw
an armfid of straw, hay, or something of fhiit sort, on the
barrel. If the bottom "is out of the cask or barrel, it will bo
better. Cabbages, celerv, and other vegc-tahles, will keep
in this way as fresh as when taken from the ground. The
celery should stand nearly perpendieidar, celery and earth
alternating. Freedom from frost, ease of access, and espe-
cially freshness, and freedom from rot, aro the advantages
claimed.
How to Keep Yeast.— Ordinary boor yeast may bo
kept fresh and fit for use for several months, by placing it
in a closo canvas bag, and gently sipieczing out the moist-
ure in a screw ])ress, tho remaininjK matter becomes as still
as clay, in which state it nnist be preserved in close vessels.
Yeast Cakes, or Preserved Yeast.— Put a largo
handful of hops into two quarts of boiling water. Boil
thioe large potatoes until they are tender. Mash them and
add them to wo pounds of Hour. Pour tho boiling hot
water over tlr. Hour through a sieve or colander, and beat
it until it is quite smooth. While it is warm, add two
tablcspoonfuls of salt, and half a teacupful of sugar. Be-
fore it is quite cold, stir in a pint or more of good yeast.
After the yeast has become quite light, stir in as much In-
dian meal as it will take, roll it out in cakes, and place
them on a cloth in si dry j'lace, taking oirc to turn them
every day. At the end of a week or ten days they may bo
j)ut into a bag and should bo kept in a dry place. ^Vhen
used, take one of these cakes, soak it in some milk-warm
water, mash ft smooth, and use it as any other kind of
yeast.
How to Make Cider Vinegar.— 1. The most profita-
ble return from such a])ples as are made into cider is tho
further transformation of the juico into vinegar. To do
this, tho barrels should bo completely filled, so that all im-
purities that "working" — fermenting — throws off will be
ejected through tho bung-hole. This process should bo
completed before the barrel is put in tho cellar', and when
this is done, tho purified juico should bo drawn out of tho
original cask and put into others where there is a small
amount of old vinegar, which will anuiziugly hasten the de-
sired result. If no vinegar can be obtained to " start " the
cider, it must remain in a dry cellar six months, and per-
haps a year (tho longer the better), before it will be fit for
tho table.
2. Save all your apple parings and slice in with them all
waste apples and other fruits; keep them in a cool place till
yon get a pailful, then turn a la-go plate over them, on
which alight weight should bo placed, and pour on boiling
water till it comes to tho top. After they nave stood two
or three days pour oil tho liquid, which will be as good eider
as much tluit is offered for sale; strain and pour it into a
cask or some other convenient vessel (anything that can be
closely covered will do), and drop in a piece of " mother,"
or vinegar plant, procured of some one that has good
MEATS AND Vi:aETAI,E8.
viiii'^^iir. If Kct ill a wiirni pliioo, tlio viin'j,'iir will bo fit for
iiso ill tiii'ctt or four wiu'kH, wlu'ii il chii lie dniwii oil' for
MM', and tlio viMk liileil wilii v.'uh'V iiuulu from liiiKt to tiiric
by Ibin |)roc('SH. 'J'lu> |)iiriiii,'.s HJioiild i)o nrcnscd coiiiiniijly
into ii till) or pull, and only viilcr cnoii;;!! poured over to
i'oni(» to tlicir Htirracc. otiicrwisc tlic cider would Ik! ho weak
UH to re(|iiiro tluMiddil ion of nxplasserf, l?y lia\ iM;,Mwo casks,
one lo contain tlio vine;,'ar already made, and llm oilier to
nil iiilo from timo to time, one never need he willioiil, ;,'o(id
vine^'ar. Th?. rinHin;;M of preserve kettles, KWcatnaat jai's,
and from lioncy, also stale lu^or and oM cider, sliould all Ijc
saved for tlio vinej^ar cask; only caution should ho used
that there bo siillieieiit sweetness or body to whatever is
poured in, or tlio viiiepir may dio from lack of Htitiij^th.
3. A barrel or ii cask of now Bwcet cider, buried so as to
be well coverod with fresh earth, will turn to sharp, clear,
delicious vinegar in three or four weeks, as good as over
sought airmity with cabbage, pickles, or table sauce, and
better than is possible to nuiko by any other process.
How to Preserve Pickles.— The strongest vinegar must
bo used for pickling; it inusliiot be boiled, or the strength
of the vinegar and siiices will bo evaporated. By jmrboil-
ing tlio pickles in brino they will bo ready i much less
timo than they are when done in tlio usual manner, of soak-
ing them in cold water for six or eiglit days. AVhen taken
out of tlio hot brino, let them got cold and quite dry before
you put them into tlio piokle.
To assist the preservation of pickles, a portion of salt is
added, and for the same purpose, and to give ilavor, long
pepper, black pepper, allspice, ginger, cloves, mace, osclia-
lots, mustard, liorse radish and capsicum.
Tho following is the best method of preparing the pickle,
as cheap as any, and requires less care than any other way:
JJruise in a mortar four ounces of tlio above spices, put
them into a stono jar with a quart of the strongest vinegar,
Btoj) the jar closely with ti bung, cover that with u bladder
soaked with pickle, set it on a trivet by the side of tho lire
for tlirco drys, well shaking it up at least three times in the
day; the jiicklo should bo at least three inches above the
pickles. The jar being well closed, and tho infusion being
made with a mild heat, there is no loss by evaporation.
To onablo tho articles pickled more easily and speedily
to imhibo the Ilavor of tho picklo tliev are immersed in,
jirevioua to jiouriiig it on them, runalarding-piu through
them in several places.
Pickles should bo kept in a dry place in unglazed earth-
enware or glass jars, which are preferable, as you can, with-
out opening them, observe whether they want lilling up;
they must bo carefully stojipcd with well-fitted bungs, and
tied over as closely as jiossiblo with a bladder wetted with
the pickle; and if it be jireserved a long timo after that is
dryi it must bo dipped in bottle cement.
When the jiickles are well used, boil up tho liquor with a
little fresh sjiico.
To walnut liquor may be added a few anchovies and escha-
lots; let it stand till it is quite clear, and bottle it; thus
you may furnish the talde with an excellent savory-keeping
sauce for hashes, niado dishes, fish, etc., at very small
cost.
Jars should not be more than three parts filled wiuh tho
articles jnckled, which should bo covered with picklo at
least two inches above their surface; the liquor wastes, and
all of tho articles pickled that are not covered are soon
spoiled.
When they have been done about a week, open the jars
and fill them up with picklo.
Tie a wooden spoon, full of holes, round ea»h jar, to take
them out with.
If you wish to have gherkins, etc., very green, this may
be ciisilv iiceoniplislicd liy keeping tlii in in vinegar, siilll-
cieiilly liot, till they become so.
If you wish ciiiilillowers, oniims, etc., to be while, use
distilled vinegar for them.
To I'litirely ]ire\('nt the niiscliief arising from the action
of the acid upon the metallii' utensils iisnally eniploycil to
prepare pickles, the whole of the process is directed to bo
jierrornied in nngla/.ed stone jars.
How to Pickle Beets. --I'>oil your beets lilltindcr,
but not cjuite s(jri. To four large beets, lioilthret^ ''r-'K**
hard anil rcniovo the shells; wlieii the beets are done,
take otf the skin by laving them for a few minutes in
cold water, an<l then stripping it off; slice them a quarter
of an inch thick, put the eggs at the liottom, and Ihen imt
in the beets with a lit lie salt, I 'our on cold vinegar enough
to cover them. 1'lie eggs imbibe the color of the beets and
look beautiful on the table.
Beet-Root, Plcklod.— Simmer the roots till three parts
(lone tfrom one ami a half lo two and a halt' hours) ; then
take tliem out, peel and cut them in thin slices. I'lil lliem
into 11 jar, and pour on sutlieient cold spiced vinegar to
cover them.
Cabbag'e, Pickled.— C'hoose a fine, close calibago for
tho jmrjiose of pickling, cut it as thin as possible, and
throw some salt upon it. Let it remain for three days,
when it will have turned a rich purple ; drain from it the
salt, and put it into a ])an with some strong vinegar, a few
blades of mace, and sonii! white pe])per-eorns. (Jive it ii
scald, and when (^old, jiiit it into the jars, and tie it up
close.
Cucumbers, Pickled.— Make a brine by putting one
jiint of rock salt into a jiail of boiling wiiter, and pour it
over tho cucumbers ; cover tight to keep in the steam, and
let tluun remain all night and part of a day ; make a
second brine as above, and let them remain in it the same
length of time; then scald and skim the brine, as it will
answer for tho third time, and let them remain in it as
above ; then rinse and wipe them dry, and add boiling hot
vinegar ; throw in a luni[) of alum as largo as an oil-nut
to every pail of jiickles, and you will have a fine, hard and
green pickle; add sp'ces if you like, and keep the ]ncklos
under the vinegar. A brick on the top of the cover, which
keep tho i)iokles under, has a tendency to collect tho scum
to itself, whic'.i may arise.
Cherries Pickled. — Take the largest and ripest red
cherries, ri'inovi! the stems, have ready a large t;lass jar,
fill it two-thirds full with cherrie.;, and fill iiji to the top
with the best vinegar; keep it well covered, and no boiling
or spico is iiocessary, as the cherry Ilavor will be retained,
and the cherries will not si'.rivel.
Chopped Pickles. — What we call chopped pickle goes
also under the name of chow-chow, ]iieklette, liigduni. etc.
It is liked by most persons, is readily made, and admits
of the use of a number of articles. There is no particular
rule for making it, and the bases may be of whatever
liiekle-niakin^^ material is most abundant. We have just
put up our winter stock, and this time made it as follows:
(Jreeii tomatoes fiirnislied the largest share; then there
wore nearly ripe cucumbers with the seeds removed, cab-
bage, onions, and green-peppers. These were chopped in
a cliop|iing-machinc, and mixed, sprinkled freely with salt,
and allowed to stand until tho next day. The abundant
juico was then thoroughly drain off, and enough spiced
vinegar prepared to cover tho material. No rule can be
given for the spico, which may be according to taste.
Whole peppar, cloves, mustard-seed, broken cinnamon, or
whatever spice is fancied, may bo boiled in the vinegar.
Wo prefer it with the addition of sugar. Some mix up
mustard and add to the pickle when cold, and others boil
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MEATS AND VKOKTAIU.F.a.
tiinncrin in tlio viiicpar to ;;ivp it ii uiiif(irm pllow color.
ft in II (licklc tluit ciiii III) iimik' uci'onliiijr to fiiiicy ratlicr
tliuii iicronlin^r to nilc. Jii wiiilcr, riilil)ii;;i', ci'lcry iiml
(iiiiiiii.-^, ticiilcil in tlio saiiiu wny iiiiiki' ii very linn pii'ixli'.
A;* witli otiiri- ]iicl;li's, lli(i vincjiar hlioillil \n< jiolircd olT iilid
Itoilcil, Ml iiilrrv;il-f of II fi'vv (lays, two or llirctj times Ijuforo
it is [lilt, a\v:iy Inr tlm winlcr.
Cauliflower and Broccoli.— 'i'lios'o pIiohM Iw sliced.
and Sidled for (wo or tlircc days, then drained, and sjiiead
u|Min I', dry ciuili liel'oro tlioliri' for twenly-l'oiir hours ;
then |)ut. iiilo !i jar and covered with spiced vinegar. l>r.
Kiiclieiier says, that if vcgetahles arc )Mit into cold salt
and water (a (|iiarter of ii ])oiiiid of tialt to iv (juart of
water), anil trradnally heated to hoiliiig, it answers the
eaiiie [piiriiose as letting theiTi lie some days in salt.
Crab-Apple, Sweet, Pickled.— Boil tlie fruit in clear
water iinlil ii hrconies ii little soft; then drain tlunioiiii
large dish ; then to every poand of friiil add quo of siigiir,
and liiiil hard until they are jn'eserved.
To make the pickles', take one-half synip and one-lialf
vinegar; till the jar with the preserves, and pour on t ho
syrnp and vinegar ; add sjiiees to suit the tuste.
Gherkins, Pickled. — Steep them in strong brines for a
week, then pmir it oil', heat il to a Imiling point, and again
juair it on tlie glurkins; in twenly-fonr liotiis drain the
fruit on a sieve, put it into wide-iuoiithed hot ties or jars, till
them up with strung pickling vinegar, boiling hot, Imng
tlown immediately, and tie over with iv Madder. A\ hen
cold, dill the corks into inelteil bottle wax. Spico is
usually added to the liottles, or else steeped in the vinegar,
Jn a similar way iiro pickled : onions, mushrooms, cu-
oiimhers, waliuits, Haiuiihiivs, green gooseberries, ciUili-
flowcrs, nuliiiis, barheriies, peaches, lemons, tonuitoes,
beans, radi.-h pods, codlins, red calibago (without salt aiul
with cold vinegar), beet-root (without salt), garlic, peas,
etc., etc.; observing that the softer aiul more delicate
articles do not re(piire so long snaking in brine as the
harder and coarser kinds, and may be often ailvantagcously
jiickleil by simply jiouiMng very strong pickling vinegar
over them, without applying heat,
Green-Ging-er, Pickled.— (lean and slice the ginger ;
spriiiKle with salt; let it remain a few hours; then put;
it into a jar or bottle, and pour boiling vinegar over it;
cork it up when cool.
Limes, Pickled. — They shouM he sm.all, and with tliin
rinds. lUih them with jiicces of flannel, tlK'ii slit them
lialf down in four <juartets, but net through to the ])ul|i ;
till tlio slits with salt, hard pressed in ; set them upright
in a pan for four or five days until the salt melts, turn
them three times ii day in their own li(pior until ten-
der ; make a Rutlicient fpiantity of pickle to cover them,
of vinegar, tlio brine of the lemons, iiepperaiul ginger;
boil and skim it, and when cold jnit it to the lemons with
two ounces of mustard seed and two cloves of garlic to
every six lemons. In boiling the l)rino care should bo
taken to use a well-tinned cojiper saucepan only, otherwise
it will be discolored.
Mixed Piccalilli, Pickled.— To eadi gallon of strong
vinegar ])ut four ouncts uf curry powder, four ounces of
good llower mustard, three ounces of bruised ginger, tio
ounces of turmeric, eight ounces of skinned shallots, and
two ounces of garlic (the last two slighly baked in a Dutch
oven), one-fourth pound of salt and two drachms of cay-
enne pepper. Digest these near the tire, as Jirectcd above
for sjticcd vinegar. Put in'o ji jar, gherkins, sliced cu-
cumbers, sliced onions, button onions, cauliflower, celery,
broccoli, French beans, nasturtiums, capsicums, large
cucumbers, and small lemons. All, except the capsicums.
to be ])arb(iiled in salt water, draineil, and drieil on a cloth
before the lire. I'oiir on them the above Jiicklo.
Mushrooms, Pickled.— 'I'd lurserve the flavor, but-
tiiiis must lie iiililieil wii ha ]iiece of llaiincl and salt, and
from the large ones take out the red inside, for Avheii they
are black they will not do, being too old. Throwalilllo
salt over, and jiiit them in a stewpan with sonio mace
and white jiepjicr ; as tlut liipior comes out, shake them
W(dl, and simmer them over a gentle fire till all of il is
dried into them again ; then ]iiit as much \inegar into the
pan as will cover them ; make it warm, then put all into
glass jars or bottles, and tiednwn with a hliulder. They
will keep two years, ami are delicious.
Mixed Pickles. — One largo white cabbage, beans,
green tomatoes, gherkins and green pepper (the veins to
be (uit out), without regard to ipuintily; chop them up
linely, and place in sepiirato vessels ; salt them, and let
them stand twenty-four jionrs; sipieeze them through a
sieve, mix all together, ami llavor with mustaid-seed spice,
cloves, bh'ek pepper luul horse-radish ; pour on scalding
vinegar; cut up two large onions and throw in, and let
them stand twenty-four hours; then pour olf the viuegiu*
ami .11 u[i with cold.
Onions, Pickled. — Sc^ald one gallon of small onions
in salt water of the slrt'iigth to bear an egg. Duly just
let them boil; strain them olT, and jieid them after they
are scalded, jilai'o them in a jar, and covt^r them with the
best cold vinegar. 'J'lio next day pour the vinegar olf,
add two ounces of bruised ginger, one oiinco of white
jiepper, two ounces of Hour of mustard seeil, half an ounce
chillies; boil them twenty minutes, turn all together, boil-
ing hot, to the onions ; let tlii'in remain ten days, turn the
vinegar out agiiin, boil as before, turn tiiem hot on the
onions again. They will be readv for use as soon as (|uite
cold.
How to make Peach Pickles.— Take any quantity of
fine peaches just before they are ripe, stick into each live or
six cloves: make a syrup of three pintsof vinegar and three
pounds of iieaches; add cinnamon if you like. I'>ring the
syrup to a boil, and pciur hot over them; repeat the process
f(jr three days, or until they are shrunk on tlu? ]iit. After
the last scald they should be well covered and put away in
a very cool cellar until cold weather sets in. i'hey will bo
ready to use, however, in ii few days after they are pickled.
How to Color Pickles Green. — A beautiful green
color, entirely destitute of any poisonous qualities, may bo
made by dissolving live grains of salfron in one-fmirth
oune(! distilled water; and in another vessel dissolving four
grains of indigo carmine in one-half ounei! distilled wati'r.
After shaking each tip thoroughly they are allowed tostand
for twenty-four hours, and on being mixed together at the
ex]iiration of that time, a line green solution is obtained,
capable of colering five pounds of sugar.
How to Pickie Peppers.— Soak fresh, hard peppers
in salt and water for nine days, in a warm place, changing
the brine everyday; then ]iu't tlicin incold vinegar. Iftlie
pickles are not re(iV.:red very hot, take out the seeds from
the greater porticjii of the peppers.
How to Pickle Sweet Plums.— Take seven pounds of
fruit, put them in a jar with threi! ami one-half pounds of
sugar, one quart best; vinegar, two ounces stick cinnamon,
two ounces cloves; the whole boiled together and thrown
over the fruit three days.
How to Pickle Roots.— Roots, such as carrots, salsify
and beet-root, may be jiickled by being .sliced, or cut into
small ])ieces; ixnd -slightly boiled in vinegar without destroy-
ing their crispness, and" adding the common sijiccs; with
beet-root, put button onions, or cut some Spanish onion.s
in slices, lay them alternately in a jar; boil one quarl '"
§
tO
MKAT8 AND VEOKTAIILEa.
la
vinopnr witli ono ounce of mixed popnor, Imlf iin onnro of
giti^or, and hoiuo nult, tiiul pour it cold ovur thu bout-root
and onioiia.
How to make Sweet Pickles.— For picklinp all kinds
of fruit to keep j,'o(i(l till' \i;ii' loiiiiil, tliu follmvin;^ rulu U
snfo: 'I'd threo pdiiiuirt of isii;,'ar addotm pint of f;ood vinc-
pir, Hpici'M to your tasto; lioil it tii;,'t'tii('r, then lut it cool;
till tiiu jars with clean anil Noninl I'liiil, sni'li as ])ca(;lii'M,
pears, plums, cherries ami jfiapivi (eaeli kind in a neparato
lar); then, when tli(! vinej;ar is i imiI, put it on tho fruit;
lot is stand all ni},'hl, then tarn olf tho liiiuor, and lioil it
down a littlo; then let it cnol, and (Miur it in tho jar<;
cover them iiieely, and put tliern ill a cool plaic. If, in
timo you discover a while Hcinn on tho top, skim it olT,
turn ol! tho vinegar, add a littlo su^ar, and hoil it; when
cool, pour it on tho fruit uyain, and you will havo a de-
lightful pieklo.
For ]ieaeh niangooa, these are excellent. Tako sound,
ripe, fre(!-stone peaches; wipo olf tho fnr; split them open;
tako out tho pits; havo ready some lino chopped tomatoes,
cahiiage, horse-radish, and nuistard-s((ed; till tho vacancy
in th(! peach; then place them together, and tie them witn
a string; till your jars with pi'cpared vinegar.
How to Pickle Tomatoes. -Always use thoqo whicli
are thiironghly ripe. 'I'iio small, ronml onesare decidedly the
hesl. Do not priek them, as most reeipedxioks direct. Let
them li(! in strong hrino three or four days, then put ihein
down in layers in your jars, mixing with them small oiuons
and |iieces of horse-radish; then pour on tho vinegar (c'dd),
which should ho tirst spiced as for peppi'rs; let there he a
fipice-hag to throw into every pot. Cuver them carefully,
and set them liy in a cellar for a fidl month before using.
How to Pickle Green Tomatoes.— To one jieck of
tomatoes add a handful of salt, and t'uough water to cover
them. Let them renniin in this twenty-four hours. I'ut
them in a kettle (porcelain-lined is the hest), till up with
vincgai', and set upon the stove until tho vinegar begins to
boil, then set away to cool. When cold, set tlio kettle
a:rain uiion the stove, and bring it to the boiling point.
Then skim the tonuitoes, and put them into a jar; till up
with some new, coM vinegar, and llavor with mustard-
seed, alls))ice, cloves, etc.
The .'!amo viuogar first used will do to scald more to-
matoes in.
Hints on Preserving'. — A very common discovery
made by those who pi'eservo fruits, etc., is, that tho pre-
serve either ferments, grows moldy, or becomes candied.
These threo elleets arise from three separate causes.
Tlio first from insuflieient boiling; the second from being
ke[)t in a damp place, assisted in some degree by tho tirst
cause; and the third from being two quick and too long in
boiling.
Preserves of all kinds should bo kept entirely secluded
from the air, and in a dry place. In ranging them on the
shelves of a store-closet, they should not be sulTered to
come in contact with tho wall. Moisture in winter and
spring exudes from some of tho driest walls, and preserves
invariably imbibe it, both in damjiness and taste. It is
necessary occasionally to look at them, and if they have
been attacked by mold boil them up gently again. To
))aper over the frui
prevent all risks it is alwavs as well to lay a brandy
lit before tying down. This may be re-
newed in tho spring.
Fruit jellies are made in the ratio of a quart of fruit to
two pounds of sugar. They must not be boiled quick, nor
very long. Practice, and a general discretion, will be found
the best guide to regulate tho e.xaet time, which must
necessarily be affected, more or less, by local causes.
How to Preserve Fruits without Self-Sealing
Cans. — Prepare a eeniiwit of one ounce resin, ono ounce
gum shellacs and a cubic inch of beeswax; put them in a
tin cup and melt slowly; too high or too ([uick heat may
cause it to Bi^oreh.
PhuHi the jars where 'hey will become warm while th«
fruit is cookii.g. If th.'y aro gradually heated there is no
danger of breaking.
As soon as the fruit is thoroughly heated, and while
boiling hot, till tln^ jars full, letting tho juico cover tho
fruit entirely, llavu ready some circular jiieees of stout,
thick Cotton or linen cloth, and spread over with ciMiient a
piece sullicient to cover the inoiith and rim uf the iur.
\Vipo tho rim iierleclly dry, aiul apniy tho cloth wiiilo
warm, putting tho ceinent side down, bring tho cover over
the rim, and secure it lirmly with a string; then spread a
coining of ceinent over the upper surface. As tho contents
ol' ino jar cool, tho pressure of the air will depress the cov-
er, and give positive [iroof that all is .'^afe.
How to Preserve Small Fruits Without Cooking*.
— SlrawherricH, riisplieiries, blackberries, cherries and
poaches can bo preserved in this inaniu'r: Lay tho ripo
fruit in broaddislies, andsprinkloover it thesaineciiiantity
of sugar used in cooking it. Set it in thesiin, or anioder-
ately heated oven, until tln^ juice forms a thick syni]) with
the sugar. Pack tho fruit in tumhlers, and pourthesvrup
over it. Paste writing paper over tho glasses, and set
iliemina cool, dry place. Peaches must bo pared and
split, and cherries stoiieil. Preserved in this manner, tho
fiiiit retains iniich more of its natural llavor and healthful-
ness than when cooked.
How to Preserve Fruits without Sugar or Vine-
gar. — Pick tlu^ fruit fiuin tho stalks; put tliem into tho
bottles. Put one drachm of alum into four gallons of
lioiling water; let it stand till it is <iild; then filltho bot-
tles with this li(pior, bung them tight, juit them into a
co[)perof cold water, and heat to 1?U"; and then tie tliem
over with bladder and seal them.
How to Preserve Fruits by Syrup without Heat.
— Mmiy fi'uits when ]iri'served by boiling lost' much of their
peculiar ami delicate llavor, as for instance iiineapples;
and this inconvenience may, in some instances, bo reme-
died by preserving tliein without heat. Cut the fruit in slices,
about one-lirdi of an inch thick; strew jiowdered loaf-sugar
an eighth of an inch thick in the bottom fd' a jar, and put
the slices on it. Put more sugar on this, and then another
layer of tho slices, and so on, till the jar is full. Place tho
jar with the fruit U]) to tho neck in boiling water, and
kee[) it there until the sugar is comiiletely dissolved, which
may tidvo half an hour, removing the scum as it rises.
L;istly tie a wet bladder over the month of the jar, or cork
and wax it.
How to Preserve Apples. — Pare and core and out
them in halves or (piarters; take as many i>ounds of tho
best brown sugar; put a tea-cuii of water to each ]inund.
When it i.> dissolved set itovertlu> tire; and when boiling
hot j>nt in the fruit and li't it boil gently uiitil it is clear
and the syrup thick; take the fruit will a skimmer on to
flat dishes; spread it to cool; then ]mt it in pots or jars
and pour the jelly over. Leinons boilei' tender in water
and sliced thin may be boiled with the apples.
How to Preserve Crab Apples.— Take off the stoma
and core them with a sharp knil'o without cutting them
oi)en; weigh a pound of white sugar for each pound of
apples; j)iit a tea-etip of water to each ]iound of sugar, and
then put it over a slow fire. Wlien the sugar is dissolved iind
hot put tho apples in; let them boil gently until they are
clear, then skim them, cut and spread them on flat dishes.
Boil the syrup until it is thick; put tlio syrup in whatever
i:
I
fi
MEATS AND VEOETAIILKH.
tlii'V arc to lie kept, ami vvlicti tlio Hyriip in poM iiiul Hclllnl,
iKiiii' it cnrcl'iilly over tlic fruit. .Slices nf li'iiitui lioiicil
with till' fniit is to Miiiio all iiiipi'DVciiii'iit; oiki li'innii is
Hiilliiiiiit for Ht'vcral ihiiiikIs of fruit. Criil) iippN'S iiiiiy lio
pi-c.-t'iv('il wIk/Ih wiiii lliii r-(|iiiirU'iN of an imli of hIciii on,
tiu'ii'-ipiiirtriM of ii piiiiinl of .-iii.Mr for ciii'li poiiiiil of fruit.
How to Preserve Whole Apr jots.— 'I'iilvotiiolai^'ist,
ami fli'.iiit'st upi'ii'olH to lii' ;;ol ; pick out tlio hIohum wiiii ii
nilvcr wkcwcr, or slit tlicm down llio sides willi ii nilvcr
knife; t;ik(! iieiirly their wci;.'lit in f,'oo(l lump nu;,'ar; diii
("ich lump in wulerand put over tho lire; let it just lioil;
Hkim and put hy till cold; then pmir it over lluf fruit in the
preJcrvini^-can, w.iriii very fjcntly and only allow tlicrn to
Hiinmer; then put tlicni livtill next day, uimI warm them
a^'ain; conliiiiiiiij; this t ill they look clear; then take tlu'
fruit from the syrup. 'I'he latter must iiow he well boilud
and skimmed, and when i oM pound over tho fruit.
How to Preserve Citron Melon.— I'aro, core and
cut into slices some lino citron melons. Wciu'li tlietn. 'i'o
kIx pounds of nu'loii alhiw six poumis of reline(l 8Ui;ar, the
juice and {,'rated rind of four lar;.'n lemons, and ,i ipiarler
pound of root f:in;,'er. Boil tho kMccs of melon half an
lioiir or more, till thev look ipiiie dear and am ko tender
that 11 broom wtraw will iiicrco them. 'J'heii drain them,
lay them in a pan of eohl water, cover them, and let thcin
Btaiid all night. In tho inorniii;; tio tho root gin^or in ii
thin muslin cloth, and hoil it in threo ])intd of dear water
till tho water is liij;!'!} Ilavored; tako out tho hag of ^'inger
and ]ioiir tho water over tho jiieees of Biigar, whiidi is jire-
vioiisly broken and put in a preserving kettle. When tho
Hiigai' is melted, set it over tlio lire, ])iit in tho grated jicel
of tho lemons and boil and ^(kiln it till no moro Kciim rises.
Then put in tho wlicod citrons and tho jiiico of tho lemons;
boil them in tho .syrup till all tho slices iiro qiiito transpar-
ent, and KG Koft tliiit a straw vill cro through them, but do
not break them. When dono put tho slices, still warm,
into jars, and gently pour over tho syrup. This will bo
foiiii(l delicious.
How to Preserve Cucumbers to Imitate Glngfer.
— Take Hinall cucumbers, with llowers and stalks on them,
and some largo ones gathered dry; jiiit them in a stono jar
with salt and water enough to cover them; then juit cab-
bug'j leaves on tho top to cover them close, and set them in
tho chimney c. rner for a fortnight, until they aro turneil
yellow; then drain tho water away and throw away tho cab-
bago leaves, which will smell very strong, almost to putre-
faction; split tho largo ones, take out tho seed, juit them
in an earthen pipkin over tho firo with weak salt and
water; cover thciii close, and let them green gently for ten
hours, when they will look a liltio green, and are very
clean; take them olf the lire and drain them, and jnit them
into cold water, shifting them twice a day for two days;
then drain 'hem and dry them in a lino cloth. Have ready
a thin syru / with a good deal of whole ginger boiled in it,
and some I uion peel; when it is cold juit it on tho cucum-
ber. Boil lip tho syrup every day for a fortnight, and
when it is cold pour it on as before. Tie them down with
a bladder, and a leather and a paper under it, and keep
them in a cool, liry j)':ice. A jiint of water to a pound of
sugar is a good proportion for tho syrup.
How to Preserve Whole Seville Oranges.— Cut a
holo at tho .stem eiul of the oranges ihe size of a half dime,
take out all the ])ulj), jiut tho oranges into cold water for
two days, changing it twice a day; boil them rather more
than an hour, but do not cover them, as it will spoil the
color; have ready a good syrup, into which put the
oranges, and boil them tiil they hxtk clear; then take out
the seeds, skins, etc., from the pulp first taken out of tho
oranges, and add to it one of the whole oranges previously
boiled, with an equal weight of sugar to it and the pulp;
iw (Ire, iind,
aile, and put
boil tliix together till it looks clear over a
when cold, nil tho oranges with this marmal
on tho lops; ('o\er them with Nvriip, ami jiiit brandy paper
en the top of the jar. It is better to take out the iiiNido
at llrst, to preserve the lino llavor of the juice and pulp,
which Would be irjiired by boiling in the water.
How to Preserve Grapes In Bunches.— 'lake out
the stones from the grapes with a pin, breaking them as
lillle as possiitle; boil t'onuM'l.-vrilied Hiigar nearly to candy
hi'ight; then put in Hullicicnt grapes to co\er the bolloin
of the pri'serving-paii, without luwiig them on eaili other,
and boil for live iniiiulcs, nii'rely to <'\traet all t he juice;
l\y them in an earthen pan, awd ]iour the t^\ nip over I hem;
cover «illi paper, and tho next day boil the syrup, skim-
ming it well for live minutes; |iiit in the grapes, let I hem
boil a miiiiite or two; iiiit them in ]iots, and pour tho syrup
over them, after w hich tio down.
How to Preserve Imitation of Glng-er.— Moil, as
if for the tahh', small, tender, white carrots; scrape them
until free from all spots, and take (uit the hearts. Steeji
them in spring witter, changing it every day, until ail
vegetable llavor has left them. To every pound of <'arro'a
so prepared add oim (piart of water, two jioumls of loaf
sugar, two ounces of whole ginger, and a rind of lemon
shred tine. Uoil for a (piarter (jf an hour every day, until
t!ie carrots clear, and wlii^ti nearly done, add reil pe]ii)er to
taste. This ivill bo found a good imitation of Wt'nt Indian
lu'csorved ginger.
How to Preserve Melon like Ginger.- When tho
melon is nearly ripe, pare it thin, and cut it into jiieces
about tho size of ginger; cover it with salt water, (dianging
everyday for threo days; then jmt in clear spring water,
changing it twice a day for threedaya. Then make a thin
syrup, and boil it together with the inelon oneo a day for
threo davs; next make a thicksyrup, aiblingthe rind ofono
or tmu'o "lemons, according to the (piantity of melon, cut into
narrow strips, and tho juieo squeezed in; then add some
best white ginger, with t'lio outside cut off, so as to mako
the syrup strong of the ginger. This should be boiled, and
when cold put to tho nielui.
How to Preserve Currants.— Tak. ripo currants,
free from stems; weigh them, and take the same weight of
sugar; put a tea-cup of sugar to each pound of it; boil tho
syrup until it is hot and clear; then turn it over tho fruit;
let it remain one night; then set it over tho lire and boil
gently, until they aro cooked ami clear; take them into the
jars or ]iots wiih askimmer; boil the syrup until rich and
thick; then jiour it over tho fruit. Currants may be jire-
served with ten jiouiuls of fruit to seven of sugar, 'iako
tho stems from seven jiounds of ,ho currants, and crush
and press the jiii.e from the remaining three pounds; put
them into the hot syrup and boil until thick and rich; put
it in pots or jars, and the next day secure as direete<l.
How to Preserve Cherries.— Take fine largo cherries,
not very rijji; take ol! the ems and take out tho stones;
save whatever juice runs from them; take anei|ual weight of
white sugar; make the syrup of a tea-i'up of water for each
]iound; set it over the firo until it is dissolved and boiling
liot; then put in tho juice and cherries; boil them gently
until clear thronghontr take them from the syrup with a
skimmer and spread thc;non flat dishes to cool; let tho
syrup boil until it is rich and qnitetbick; set it to cool and
settle; take the fruit into jars or jiots and jioiir the syrup
carefully over; let them remain open until tho next day;
then cover as directed. Sweet cherries are improved by
tho addition of a])iut of red currant juice and a half pound
of sugar to it for four or five pounds of cherries.
How to Preserve Damsons. — Put a quart of damsons
into a jar with a pound of sugar strewed between them;
M
w
tl
(1
;t
-C.
illMl.
Mid jHit
iii^ido
1 IHlIll,
Hct till" Jiir in ft wiirin oven, or put if. iiiti> i\ ki'ttlo (if ciild
wiiirr mill Ki't it nvrr tJHi liro for itii Imur, llicti tal<i> it out,
H< t to iMTonid colli, liruiii tlid jiiii'x oif, Imil it until it \h
tliii'k, llii'n iioiir it ovor tlio 11111111.-; wiicn coll, mvit an
(liri'clril fur jirc-ii rvcM.
How to Preserve Dewberries. —Pick your licrricM
Mirly in tint iiiornin^', wci^^'li thctn, thun ti|in'iii| tlictu 011
iliflic.H, Hpi'inkld tlicni witli Hiipir in tlic (liic |ii'oportiou uh-
hI tncil tlictu ([louud for |ioiin(l). When the jiiico Hcttlct
from tlicni in thti dishes, jxuir it olf, and with it tiioistcii
llu! reiniiiiidcr of tlio Hnj,'iir; Hiuitucr tliin over 11 hIow lire,
iind, whilo HiniiiH-rin);, droj) in a purlioii of the iicrricH; let
tlictu iiecotiKi clear, iiliil return tliciil to the dishcH to cool,
while tlio reuiiiiuder takcK their place in the k"tt'('. Wlicn
all aro dear, uinl the nvnip lioilcd down to 11 rii'li cotisint-
eiicy, pour it over theiu, uiid wiiun cool cih)u;;Ii, triiUHfer
lluuu to j^las.s jarn.
How to Preserve Greeng'ag-es.— Select wdl-Krown
jjrceii;;a;;e.s, hut not the least ripe; luick them with a fork
to tlu) tttoiic, and an mum iis prickeil, put theiii in watcT iit
u jircseiN iii;;-pati. Wlieii they aro all done, juit tliciii over
H hIow tiro to Hitiinicr very ff^'iit'y, bo um to iiiako tlictu ten-
der without breakiiif,'; try tlieiu with afork,iiiid when ten-
der to tlio Rtotic, iiiit tliciii in cold water, and a.s nouio will
get HO ft heforo other) they iniist !.o watched carefully; let
tlietii liu in water ii day and a uigiit; strain tliein, uiul when
well drained, put thctn in an earthen jjaii, and jiour over
them Bottio boiliiif,' hot clarified Bupir Bufliciciit to cover
tlietii; jiiit 11 ;>aper over them; tlio next tlay jimir olT tlio
flynii) and hoil it; if three qiiart.^ (.r thereal)0ut.^, hoU fur
ten niinutoH, then jioiir it over tho fruit, ami again hiy *lio
paper over them. Hoil tlio Byriip every other duy in the
Hutno mauncr until it is about tlio coimiKtenco of cream (in
flvo or six boiliti),'.!). If tho syrup shrinkfl, so an not to krep
tho Iniit well covered, add a fresh supply. Whilo Imiliiif;
tho Byrup tho third time, put tho greengages in, and let
them sittimcr gently for a short time, vliich will bring
them greiui; and tho lust time of boiling tli^: syrup, let them
simmer u little in it.
How to Preserve Gooseberries.— Take full-gro-.' n
gooseberries before they are ripe, pi(;k them and put them
in wide-niontlied bottles; cork them gently with new, soft
corks, and i)ut them in an oven from which tho hrcail has
been drawn; iet them sttind till they have shrunk iiearlv a
quarter, then take them out and beat tho corks in tiglit;
cut them off level with tho bottle and resin tiiem down
close. Keep in a dry place.
How to Preserve Grapes In Vinegrar.— Grapes aro
preserved in vinegar by tho Persians after tho following
fashion : Tho grapes aro gathered when halt ripe, and put
into bottles half filled with vinegar, which so macerates
them that they lo.se their hardness, and yet do not become
too soft. Tho grapes have a sweet acid taste, which is not
unpalatable, and is especially refreshing during tho gnat
heats.
How to Preserve Huckleberries.— Tho huckleber-
ries may bo easily kept fur winter u.so by putting them in
bottles or cans, withoutaddiuganythingtothem,aiMl without
cooking. Tho moutlis of tho cans should bo tightly closed,
and the cans should bo buried mouth downward, in a bo.x
of sand. When taken out of tho sand for uso in the winter
tho color of tho berries is slightly changed, but tho shajio
and flavor is preserved in perfection. They make excel-
knt pies.
How to Preserve Green Ginjfer.- Scrapo and clean
your green ginger well; to each pound of green ginger put
a pint and a half of water ; boil it down on.. -third ; skim
carefnlly while boiling, then strain off tho liquid; add a
pound of !<ugar-candy, uikI boil tlui ginger in it until (piitn
ttUldiT.
How to Preserve Mushrooms.- 'i'he xnnill open
niu.slu'ooins r«iiit lust, 'rriiii and riili tlictu clean, and pi;t
into a Blew pan a i|iiiirt of tho iiiiHliriioms, Ihiin (iiiiiees of
'iiiitler, two teiispootifiils of Halt, and half a triu<pooiiful of
cayenne jiepper and mace mi\cil;Htew until the iiiUMlirooni,4
aro tender; take thctn carefully out and drain them on a
Hlopin^r dish, Wln-n cold, press into Htiiall pots, and |ioiir
clarilied hutter over thctn. Put writing paper over the
butter, and on that pour tiicltcil hin', which will exilnde
the air, and preserve them for many weeks, if kept in a
dry, cool place.
How to Preserve Mock Ginger.— Cut oiT the utocks
of Iclllice just going to Heed, Mini peel olf the ntrillgs,
cut tlictu in pieces two or three inches long, and throw
tliem into water; after washing them, put them into sugar
and water, mixed in th(< pro|ioilion of one pound of .sugar
to live pints of water, add t<i this (piantily two large spoon-
fuls of pounded ginger. Moil tho whole together for
twenty iniiiiites, and set it by for two (i;iys. Then hoil it
again for half an hoi , and renew this liMi or .six times in
llie same syrup. Then drain the stalks u|ioii a sieve, and
wipe them dry; have ready a thick syrup boiled, and niako
strong with whole ginger. Pour it upon the stalks boiling
liot, lioil them in it once or twice, or until they look clear,
and taste like the West-India ginger.
How to Preserve Orange-peel.— Clean earefully ;
cut in thill Htri[is; stew in water irilil the hittcruess is ex-
tructiMl; drain oil the wnter and slew again for half an hour
in a syrup of sugar and water, allowing a half-pint of
water and a pound of sugar to each pound of tieel. Put it
aside in jars, and keep it in a cool jilace. If desired, a
little cintuimon and ginger maybesti'wed with the peel,
but it id more delicately cooked simply with sugar. Lemon
jieel may bo iircparcd in tho samo manner, either alone or
mixed with orange-peel. These form jilea.sant " reb.shes "
eaten with eako or bread, or if eliopjied linely when pro-
pared, they form excellent llavoring for iiuddings und
pies.
How to Preserve Pears.— Take six pounds of pears
♦ '> lour pounds of sugar, boil the parings in as much water
lis will cover them, strain it through tho colander, lay some
pears in tho bottom of your kettle, ]uit in somo sugar, and
so on, alternately, tiien pour tho liauor off tho jicar-skins
over, boil them until they begin to look transparent, then
take them out, let tho juice cool, and clarify it; put tho
pears in again, and add somo ginger, ])re[iarc(l ua in the
above recipe; boil till done; let tlie liquor boil after taking
them out, until it is reduced to a syrup.
How to Preserve Pine-Apple. — Chooso ripe but
sound ones, ami cut them iu slices about an inch in thick-
ness, and cut off the rind. Weigh tho slices, and to every
two pounds of fruit put one pound and tlireo quarters of
sifted wliito sugar. Boil them together in u preserving-
pan for thirty niitiutes, and if tho slices are tender, take
them out carefully with a wooden spoon, and place tliem
on a wooden dish; boil tho syrup for a short time longer,
and then pour it over tho slices of jiine-apple. This proc-
ess must 1)0 repeated for three successive days, after which
tho preserves may bo put into Jars and covered.
How to Preserve Purple Plums.— Make a syrup of
clean brown sugar; clarify it as directed in these recipes;
when perfectly clear and boiling hot, pour it over tho
phiuis, having picked out all unsound ones and stems; let
them remain in tho syrup two days, then drain it off; make
it boiling hot, skim it, aiul pour it over again; lot them
remain another day or two, then put them in a preserving
kcttlo over the fire, and simmer gently until the syrup is
i
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MEATS AND VEQETABLEa.
reduced, and thick or rch. One pound oi sugar for ciieli
pound of plums. Small damsons arc very fini', jircscrvcd
tis cherrii's or any otlier ripe fruit; clarify the Byrup, ami
when boiling hot put in the plums; let thcin boil very
rrently until they are cooked, and tlie syrup rieli. Put
tluiuin pots or jars; the next day seeurc as directed.
How to Preserve Peaches. — Take the peaches wnen
ripe, pure thein, and if y./U de>ire to jtreservo th'iu whole,
tlirowthcni intocoKl waterasyou ])arotlieiu, toiisto prevent
thetn losing color. When you have everything ready, place
the ])ea(!hes in a can, adding as much sugar to each layer
as will make them palatable. Then -et the can in a vessel
containing hot water, ami allow it to remain in boiling
water until the fruit becomes heated through. This will
rei|iiifo, if a quart can be used, from twenty to thirty miu-
ute<. When heated sufticiently, seal at once by heating
tlie <()vor and pressing it at onee firmly into jjlacc, and al-
lowiiii,' a Weight suilicient to keep down th.e cover to
rein:iiii upon it uiitil the cement hardens. 'J'ho proper
teiiiiierature of the lid is easily and conveniently ascer-
tained I'Y jtutting a piece of resin, about the size of a small
])e:i, on •> cover when it is put on the stove; as soon as
the refill melts, the cover is ready to juit in ])lace. This
J fei'aiition is necessary, as the solder with, which the parts
of the lid are joined together easily melts. It is not ab-
solutely necessary to use sugar in this jiroc^ss, but as it
assists in the preservation of the fruit, they can bo sealed
at a lower temperature than if not nsed. As sugar is used
to render the fruits palatable, there can ho no objection to
using it when preparing the fruit for family use, as it will,
in any ca-^e, be nei-essary, and there is no reason why the
sugar should not be used iK'fore the can is sealed.
if si>tt peaches are preferix-d, they should be cut up as if
intended to bo eaten with cream, and must not be jilaced
ill water. When ready, t)>ey should be put in cans and
heated as describi-d above. It is not necessary to heat
them in the can, but a larger quuntitv may be more con-
veniently heated together and ])ut into the cans or jars
while hot and sealed. A flat stewpan, lined with porce-
lain, will be found well adapted to tliis purpose. It must
not, of course, be ])lacitl direetlv over the tire, but in a
vessel of water which is set directly on the lire. JJy this
means soft i)eaches may rea<lily and certainly bo ])i'eservod
for wi:iter use in sm h condititm as scarcely to differ at all
from the fresh ]>eaeh. A most delicious dessert may thus
be secured much n/ore readily ami at less expense, and
much more palatable than the ordimiry ])reserve. This
method of (.reserving f.esh peaches has been fully tested
and may be reliei! ujion.
Quinces, Preserved, Whole "^p Half.— Into two
qiuirts of b<iiliiig water, jmt a quantity of the fairest
golden pippins, in slices not very thin, ami not pared, but
wipe 1 c'Mn, lio' them very quickly, close covered, till
the wi.Lcr becomes a thick jelly; then scald the quinc ■>.
To every pint of pijipin jelly, put one pound of the finest
sugar; boil it and skim it clear. J'lit those quinces that
are to be done wh"le into the syrup at once, and let it boil
very fust; ami those that are to be in halves by themselves;
skim it, and when the fruit is dear, juit some of the syrup
into a glass to try whether it jellies, before taking it olf
the lire. The qu.iatity of quinces is to bo one pound of
sugar and one {wuud of jelly, already boiled with the
sugar.
Rhubarb. Preserved. — Cnt without peeling or split-
ting, six pounds of ordiiiary-sizeil rhubarb into pieces
aljout an inch long; put it in with the rind ol a lemon, into
the stewpan, in which nuist be about a tablespoonful of
water to licep it from burning; let it boil till tender, then,
with a strainer, take out the fruit, and add to the juice five
pounds of sugar; boil this forty minutes, then again put
in the fruit and boil ten minm**. Txiis is a delicious
serve.
Raspberries, Preserved. — Theae may be preserved
wet, bottled, or maib; jira or Mxaniialade of, the same as
strawberries. liuspberrir^! anc- vi-jy good d ried in the suu
or in a warm oven. Thej are reiy delicious stewed for
table or tarts.
Strawberries, Preserved^ — Use ripe strawberries,
but not soft. Mtike :i. - .- ,_ ■ t ' : •- ]".nijd of sugar to a
pound of berries. Miig:u* i;....i.i i* douMe-retined (though
retincd sugar will anawer), as it mak*-? the ])reserves have
a more brilliant color than simjAv refined sugar. To each
l)ound of sugar put a teai-onp of wralfr; set it over a gentle
lire and stir it until totaiij dimtAred. Wijon boiling hot
l)ut in the fruit, h a vioj^ picked off every hull and imper-
fect berry; then boil very genllj in » c<jvered kettle, until
by cutting one open, yon find iteooked through; that will
be known by it having the sauoe color tliroughout. Take
them from the syrtip with a skimnHT, and spread them on
flat dishes, and let them rK-nuain til] cold; boil the svrup
until quite thiik; then leE in '-fifAnsA tattle; put the fruit
into jars or pots, ami 3trj.i or pcHir the syrup carefully
over, leaving the sediment; »..;frh*iU beat the bottom of
the pitcher. The next day <:T>Ter with several papers wet
with sf.gar boiled to candy: «* tbem in a cool, airj' jilace.
Strawberries keep perfectly v^hll made with R^ven pounds
of sugar to ten of frnit. Tte*j should be done as di-
rected aliove, and the syrnp CfifAim quit* thick. A pint of
red currant juice and a ihokuhJ t..f sugar lor it to three
pounds of strawberries, niAki? tEae syrup very beautiful.
Tomatoes, Preserved- — ScaJd the tomatoes, take o£E
the skins. Weiu'h the tomato**, which must be full grown
and ripe. Allow to every two p/unds of the best brown
sugar, a largo spoonful of grontwi ginger, and the juice and
rind of one large lemon. MEi tine tomatoes and sugar and
white of one egg tugether. i:. ! iLit in a porcelain kettle.
Boil slowly till the scnm I - ipjx-tar; then add gradu-
ally the juice and gratr:-: ;- . :£ the I'^mons, and boil
slowly for an hour or more, llrc' tioma-toes must all have
burst by this time. When doEfe lakt them oH, and when
cool put them in jars.
Walnuts, Preserved. — PSctw jrmr nnts several times
with a fork, and boil them in. •a-av.r uutii they begin to bo
tender; take them out; of " ^ -. and when cold make a
hole through every one w. :. :-,y large bodkin, and in-
troduce a piece of candieii krnowjn tyr citron. Make a syrup
of brown sugar and a little wai!«-r (the sugar to the weight
of your nuts), and boil your nana well until the sugar has
penetrated to the center: then put them into preserving
pots, tilling them with a thick srnip, and tie them up like
jellies.
Peaches, Canned, by the Cold Process.— Pare and
halve the peaches. Pack ih^-rr. ii tj'.i»eJy as possible in :
can without any sugar. Wh-r. z'r.v can is full, ]»our in sux-
licient cold water to fill
peaches, and reach the to.
enou'di for the water to .^. ■;
hours — then pour in wat> :•
Seal up the can, and all i-
way retain all their fresii:
bo enough water in th'-m ry.
ferred, a cold syrup ce.uid i
but the peaches taste most; r
Fruit, in Brandy.— f^^'
crevices between the
■nn. Let it stand long
:':e crevices — say five
•. .hut has sunk away.
:-es preserved in this
' -T. There will not
m jnsijfid. If pre-
- -:ead of pure water,
v.: .'.out any sweetening.
it Ufure it is quite
rij)e; jirick them with a p:.. .. :- . - .•: ]>utthem into a
stewpan of fresh spring w . ■ w them gently until
you can })ass a pin with f.- . st.one of the fruit,
when take them from the fii.:. .,•..: ; them to 'irain on a
sieve. Whilst draining, prepa.--. i, =;-■ up, which, when the
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MEATS AND VEGETABLES.
fniit 13 nicely arranged in a tnrcen, shouM be thrown on it
boiling hot, and so left for twenty-four hours, when the
fruit is again put to a drain, and tiie syru]) boiled for one
hour, and jjonred l>o''iug Imt all over the fruit once more.
On the third day arrange tiie fruit in the preserving jiots,
ami Ixjil the synij) to a iiroj)er consisteney : when cool mix
it with brandy, in the ]proj>orti'jii of two-thirds syrup to
one-third bmndy. i;nd pour it over the fruit.
How to Bottle Fruit.— Cherries, strawberries, Bcliced
pineappli .-. piMu-, aprieots, gooseberries, ete., may be
preserved in tliu following manner, to be used as fresli
fruit : Gather the fniit before it is very ripe : put it in
wide mout lied )»ottles made for the purpose; fill tliein as
full as thevwill hold, and cork them tight ; seal tiie corks ;
put some iiay in a large saueepan ; set in the bettles with
hay !>etween them to ]irevent their touching ; the!i fill the
saucepan with water to the necks of the bottles, and set it
on the fire until the water is nearly boiling, then take it
off ; let it stand until the bottles are cold ; then keej) thoni
in a cool place until wanted, when the fruit will be found
equal to fresh.
How to Keep Fruit Fresli in Jars.— We advise the
use of silf-sealiiig gla^s jars. I'ut the fruit in a porcelain-
lined preserving kettle, sufficient to fill four quart jars ;
sprinkle on sugar, one-half jiound, place over a slow tire
and heat through, not boiled. While the fruit is being
heated, keep the jars filled with moderately hot water.
As soon as the fruit is rcaily, empty the water from the
^'arg, fill to the brim with fruit, and seal immediad^iy. As
it cckjIs a vacuum is formed, which prevents bursting. In
this way every kind of fruit will retain its flavor. .Some-
times a thick, leathery mold forms on the top — if so all
the better. The plan of keei)iiig the jars full of hot water
is merely to prevent tlie danger of cracking when the hot
fruit is insertc'.. Some prefer to set thf bottles full of
cool water in a Iwiler of water, ami heating all together
gradually • but the other way is much oimpler and equally
effective.
Jam. — Let the jam be drawn on a dry day ; wipe the
fruic dean, but do not wasli it ; jicel oil' liio skin anil
coarse fibres, and slice tlie fruit tliin. To each pound
thu-> prepared allow a pound of fine sugar in fine jiowder ;
put the fruit in a jian, and stew a <|U:irter of the sugar
amongst it and over it; let it stand until tlie sugar is dis-
solved, when 1^(11 it slowly to a sniootli pulp ; take it from
the fire, and stir in the remainder of the sugar by degrees;
when it is dissolved, boil the preserve (piii.'kly until it be-
comes very thick, and leaves the bottom of the pan visible
when stirre<l. The time required for preserving this pre-
serve will depend on the kind of fruit useil, and the time
of year it is made. It will vary from an hour to two
hours and a quarter. The juice should be slowly drawn
from it first.
How to Put Up Jam while Hot.— It is said that
onlinary jam — fruit and sugar whicii liave been boiled
together some time — keeps better if the pots into which it
is poureiJ are tied up while hot. If the paper can act as a
strainer, in the same way as cotton wool, it must be as
people suppose. If one pot of jam be allowed to cool be-
fore it is tied down, little germs will fall npiui it from the
air. and they will retain their vitality, because tliey fall
upon a cool substance; they will be shut in by the paper
and will soon fall to work decomposing the fruit. If
another jKjt, perfectly similar, be filled with a boiling-hot
mixture, and immediately covered over, though, of course,
some of the outside air must be shut in, and germs which
are tlmiting in it will Ik; scalded, and in all probability de-
stroyed, EO that no (kcomposition can take place.
Jelly. — To make a quart, soak one ounce of gelatine
in a pint of cold water for twenty minutes, then add the
r«
same quantity of boiling water, stir until dissolved ; add
the juice and peel of two lemons, with enough sugar to
sweeten; have ready, well beaten, the white and shell of
one egg; stir these briskly into the jelly, then boil for two
minutes without stirring it; remove it from tiie fire and
allow it to stand twenty minutes; then strain tiirough a
coarse flannel hag; this jelly may be flavored or colored
according to t;nte.
How to Make Jelly Custard. — To one cupful of any
sort of jelly, add one egg, and beat well together with
three teaspoonfnls of cream or milk. After mixing thor-
oughly, bake in :: good crust.
How to Make Jelly with Fruit in.— Put in a basin a
half pint of calf's loot jelly, and wiien it has bocomc stiff,
lay in a bunch of grapes, with the stalks ujiwards. or fruit
of any kind ; over tins put a few vine leaves, and fill up
the bowl with warm jelly ; let it stand till next day, and
then set the bowl in water up to the biini for a UKiment ;
then turn out carefully. It is an elegant looking dish.
How to Make Jelly with Gelatine. — Take two
ounces and three-quarters of gelatine, dissolved in about a
quart oi water, four lemons, one pouml of loaf sugar,
nearly half a bottle of raisin wine, or a little brandy, and
less of the wine , a little white of egg is necessary to clear
it. as the c^g takes from the stiffness of the jelly. Boil
together, strain through a jelly-bag, and put into a
mold.
How to Make Isinglass Jelly.— Two ounces of isin-
glass to a quart of watir ; boil till it is dissolved ; strain it
into a basin upon a slice of lemon jjcel pared very thin, sis
cloves and three or four lumps of sugar ; let this stand by
the fire for an hour ; take out the lemon and cloves, and
then add four tablespoonfuls of brandy.
How to Color Jelly. — To color jelly red, boil fifteen
grains of cochineal, in the fin: jt powder, with a drachm
and a half of creain of tartar, in ludf a pint of water,
very slowly half an hour. Add, in boiling, a bit of alum
the size of a pea.
How to Preserve Jellies from Mold.— Cover the
surface oiic-fi'urth of nil iiwli dcejt with fine ]Hilverized
lo!if sugar. When thus jirotected, the jellies will keep for
years in good coiuiiiion, and five from nioldiness.
Marmalade. — Pare and cut uptho fruit in small pieces,
and to a iiound of fruit add a jiound of sugar. When the
sugar is dissolved, set it over the tire, and let it boil till
it is a smooth jiaste. Stir it all the time it is boiling.
If you wish to flavor, add any essence yon desire. Put it
in the jars while warm, and paste them over tlie next day.
How to Make Apple Wine. — Take pure cider made
from sound ripe apples as it runs from the press ; put
sixty pounds of common brown sugar into fifteen gallons
of the cider, and let it dissolve, then put the mixture
into a clean barrel, and fill the barrel up to within two gal-
lons of being full, with clean cider : put the cask in a cool
jilace, leaving the bung out for forty-eight hours: then
put in the bung, with a small vent, until fermentation
wholly ceases, and bung up tight ; and in one year the
wine will be fit for use. This wine reipiires no racking ;
the longer it stands iipcui the lees, the better.
How to Make Apricot Wine.- Wipe clean and cut
twelve pounds of ajiricots ; boil them in two gallons of
water till the water has imbibed the flavor of the fruit,
then strain the liquor through a hair sieve, iind to each
(piart of it put six ounces of loaf sugar ; then boil it and
add six pounds sugar and one pound of sliced beet-root.
When feriiiented, put into the cask a quart or more of
braiidv or flavorless wliiskv.
How to Make Blackberry Wine.— Crather the ber-
ries when perfectly ripe, and in such a manner as to avoid
i ;
MEATS AND VEQETADLES.
bruising. Einjity tlieni, ns fiist as gutliered, into a tub
until you liiivi> a (luiintity suflicient to till, with juice, the
cask in wliioli you propose to nmko the wine.
Have the utensils, etc., ri'ouirt'il in the process nil ready
before you pick — (.r at least bi'foro you mash your berries.
Everything must bo serupulonsly clean. You want a keg,
a beater of seasoned hard wood, a jiail, a largo l)owl, tureen
or other vessel into wliieh to strain your juiee, a good
thick strainer — two or tliree folds of line white llannel is
the best material — a couple of yards of (' naburgs, a spare
tub or a bucket or two, and a tub of soft spring water.
Everything must be perfectly clean and free from dirt or
odor of any kind.
Crush Iho berries thorouglily with the beater, and then
after straining tlio lifjuor, wliieli runs freely from the pulp
through tiio folded llannel, empty it into the cask, nu'as-
nriug it as you put it in. AVhen the juice lias been all
drained fromthe pmlp, you proceed to jjress the pulp dry.
If tiie (puintity is large]! this had best be done by a regular
press, but if only a few gallons are wanted, the Osnaburg
answers very well. Stretch out the Osnaburg, put a gal-
lon or a gallon and a half of the pulp into the center, fold
the cloth over it on each side, and let ii strong hand at
cither end twist the cloth with all their strength; when the
juice is well pressed out, remove and lay aside the cake of
pomace, and jiut in more pulp. This process is apparently
rough, but is both rapid and elTectual. The juice so ex-
tracted is strained and measured into the cask as before
mentioned. The llannel strainer and the Osnaburg may
need rinsing occasionally during the work.
When all the pulp is pressed, put the hard cakes of
pomace taken from the cloth into a tub, aiul pour upon
them a little more soft spring water than you have clear
juice ; break up the balls and wash them thoroughly in
the water, so as to obtain all the juice left in the mass, and
then strain it clear; measure out as many gal'ons of this
water as you have of clear juice, say five gallons of the
water to five gallons of the juice, dissolve in each gallon
of the water six pounds of sugar (brown or white, as you
want common or lirst-rato wine), and when thoroughly
dissolved, add the juice (first passing it again through the
strainer), and mix them. Then rinse out your cask, put
it where it can stand undisturbed in a cellar ; fill it jier-
fectly full of the mixture, and lay a cloth loosely over the
bung-holo. In two or three days fermentation will com-
mence, and the impurities run over at the bung ; look at
it every day, and if it does not run over, with some of the
mixture which you have reserved in another vessel, fill it
up to the bung. In about three weeks fermentation will
have ceased, and the wine be still ; fill it again, drivein the
bung tight, nail a tin over it, and let it remain nndisturbcd
until the following Xovember, or what is better, March.
Then draw it oil, without shaking the cask, put it into
bottles 0. demijohns, cork tightly and seal over.
For a ten-gallon cask, you will need about 4J'j gallons of
juice, 4J J gallons of water, ami Sfi jiounds of sugar, and in
the same proportion forl.irger or smaller qtumtities. Some
persons add spirit to the wiuc, but instead of doing good, it
IS only an injury.
Another process is, after po'iring in the mixture for a
ten-gallon cask, to beat up the whites of two or three eggs
into a froth, put theiu into the cask, and with a long stick
mix them thoroughly with the wine. In five or six days,
draw tho now clarified wine off by a spigot, aiul without
ehaking tho cask at all, into a clean cask, bungujj and tin,
to be (Irawn oil into glass in November or .March.
The more carefully your juice is strained, tho hotter tho
quality of sugar, and tho more scrnptdously clean your
utensils, jiarticularly your kegs are, tho jyurer and better
will be your wine.
II r-
The best quality, when you gather your own fruit, and
make it yourself, costs you oidy the price of the white su-
gar, and when bottled will cost "you in money about twelve
and a half cents a bottle.
How to Make Currant Wine.— The currants should
be fully ripe when i)i<,-ked; put them into a large tub,
in which they should renuiin a day or two; then crush with
tho hands, unless you have a snudl patent wine press, in
which they should not bo pressed too much, or the stems
will be bruised, and impart a disagreeable taste to the juice.
If tho haiuls are used, put tho crushed fruit, after the juice
is poured off, in a cloth or sack and press out the remaining
juice. Put the juice back into tho tub after cleansing it,
where it should remain about three days, until the first
stages of fermentation are over, and removing once or twice
a day tho scum copiously arising to the top. Then put the
juice in a vessel — a demijohn, keg, or barrel — of a size to
suit tho quantity made, and to each quart add 3 lbs. of the
best yellow sugar, and soft water sutficient to make a gallon .
Thus, ten quarts of juice and 30 lbs. of sugar will give you
10 gallons of wine, and soon in proportion. Those who do
not like sweet wine can reduce the quantity of sugar to two
and a half, or who wish it very sweet, raise to three and a
half pounds per gallon.
The vessel must be full, and the bung or stopper left off
until fermentation ceases, which will be in 13 or 15 days:
Meanwhile, the cask must be filled up daily with currant
juice left over, as fermentation throws out the impure mat-
tor. When fermentation ceases, rack the wine ot! carefully,
either from the spigot or by a syphon, and keep running
all the time. Cleanse the cask thoroughly with boiling
water, then return tho wine, bung up tightly, and lot it
stand 4 or 5 months, when it will be fit to drink, and can
be bottled if desired.
All tho vessels, casks, etc., should be perfectly pweci , and
the whole operation should be done with an eye to cleanli-
ness. In such event, every drop of brandy or other spir-
ituous liquors added will detract from the flavor of the wine,
and will not, in the least degree, increase its keeping quali-
ties. Currant wine made in this way will keep for an age.
How to Make Gooseberry Wine.— Pick and bruise
the gooseberries, and to every pound put a quart of
cold spring water, and let it stand three days, stirring it
twice or thrice a day. Add to every gallon of juice three
pounds of loaf sugar; fill the barrel, and when it is done
working, add to every twenty quarts of liquor, one quart of
brandy, and a little isinglass. The gooseberries must bo
picked when they are just changing color. The liquor
ought to stand in the barrel six months. Tiiste it occa-
sionally, and bottle when tho sweetness has gone off.
How to Make Grape Wine.— Take two quarts of
grape juice, two quarts of water, four pounds of sugar. Ex-
tract tiie juice of the grape in any simple way; if only a
few quarts are desired, we do it with a strainer and a pair
of squeezers, if a larger quantity is desired, put the grajies
into a cheese press made particularly clean, putting on sutfi-
cient weight to extract the juiee of a full hoop of grapes,
being careful that none but perfect grapes are used, per-
fectly ripe and free from blemish. After the first i)ressing
put a little water with the pulp and press a second time,
using the juice of tho second pressing with the water to bo
mixed with the clear grajie juice. If only a few quarts are
made place tho wine as soon as mixed into bottles, filling
them even full and allow to stai.d in a warm place until it
ferments, which Avill take about thirty-six hours usually;
then remove all tho scum, cool and j>ut into a dark, cool
{ilace. If a few gallons are desired place in a keg, but the
keg must lio even full, and after fermentation has taken
jilaco and the scum removed, draw off and bottle, and cork
tight.
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MEDICINES FOK HOUSES AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
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MEDICINES FOR HORSES
AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Alteratives. — This term is not very scientific, but it is
in very general use, and easily explains its own meaning,
though the modus operandi of the drugs employed to carry
it out is not so clear. The object is to replace unhealthy
action by a healthy one, without resorting to any of the
distinctly defined remedies, such as tonics, stomachics, etc.
As a general rule, this class of remedies produce their
effect by acting slowly but steadily on the depuratory
organs, as the liver, kidneys and skin. The following
may bo found useful:
1. Disordered States of the Skin — Emetic tartar
5 ounces, powdered ginger 3 ounces, opium J ounce; syrup
enough to form sixteen balls: one to be given every night.
2. Simply Cooling — Barbadoes aloes 1 ounce, Castile
Boap 1^ ounces, ginger ^ ounce, syrup enough to form six
balls: one to be given every morning.
3. Barbadoes aloes 1^ drachms, emetic tartar 2 drachms,
Castile soap 2 drachms; mix.
4. Alterative Ball for General Use. — Black sul-
phuret of antimony 2 to -1 drachms, sulphur 2 drachms,
nitre 2 drachms; linseed meal and water enoueli to form a
ball.
5. For Generally Defective Secretions — Flowers
of sulphur ounces, emetic tartar 5 to 8 drachms, corro-
sive sublimate 10 grains; linseed meal mixed with hot
water enough to form six balls, one of which may be given
two or three times a week.
6. In Debility of Stomach — Calomell scruple, aLes
1 drachm cascarilla bark, in powder, 1 drachm, gentian
root, in p«wder, 1 drachm, ginger, in powder, 1 drachm,
Castile soap 3 drachms; syrup enougli to make a ball,
which may DC given twice a week, or every other night.
AnsesthetiCS. — Aniesthetics produce insensibility to all
external impressions, and therefore to pain. They resem-
ble narcotics in their action, and, when taken into the
stomach, may be considered purely as such. The most
certain and safe way of administering them is by inhala-
tion, and chloroform is the drugnow universally employed.
The modus operandi of the various kinds has never' yet
been satisfactorily explained; and when the comparisoTi is
made, as it often is, to the action of intoxicating fluids,
we are no nearer to it than before. With alcoholic fluids,
however, the disorder of the mental functions is greater in
proportion to the insensibility to pain; and if they are
taken in sufficient quantities to produce tiie latter effect,
they are dangerous to life itself. The ac^'ou of anaisthet-
ics on the horse is very similar to that on man.
Anodynes. — Sonotimcs called narcotics, when taken
into tlie stomach pass at once into the blood, and
there act in a special niann r on the nervous centers. At
first they exalt the nervous force; but tiiey soon depress it,
the second stage coming on sooner according to the in-
crease of the dose. They are given either to soothe the gen-
eral nervous system, or to stop diarrhwa; or sometimes to
relieve spasm, as in colic or tetanus. Opium is the chief
anodyne used in veterinary medicine, and it may be em-
ployed in very largo doses:
1. Anodyne Drench for Colic — Linseed oil 1 pint,
oil of turpentine 1 to 2 ounces, laudanum 1 to 2 ounces;
mix, and give every hour till relief is afforded.
2. Anodyne Ball for Colic — (Only useful in mild
cases.) Powdered opium ^ to 2 drachms, castile soap 2
drachms, camphor 2 drachms, ginger 1^ drachm; make
into a ball with liquorice powder and treacle, and give
every hour while the pain lasts. It should be kept in a
bottle or bladder.
3. Anodyne Ball (ordinary) — Opium ^ to 1 drachm,
castile soap 2 to 4 drachms, ginger 1 to 2 drachms,
powdered anise seed i to 1 ounce, oil of caraway seeds, 4
drachm; syrup enough to form a ball, to be dissolved in
half pint of warm ale, and given as a drench.
4. Anodyne Drench in SrpERprROATiON, ou Ordi-
nary Diarrhcea — Gum arable 2 ounces, boiling water 1
pint: dissolve and then add oil of peppermint 25 drops,
laudanum ^ to 1 ounce; mix and give night and morning,
if necessary.
5. In Chronic Diarrhcea — Powdered chalk and gum
arable of each 1 ounce, laudanum -J ounce, peppermint
water 10 ounces; mix, and give night and morning.
Antacids. — As the term implies, these remedies aro
used to neutralize acids, whether taken into the stomach to
an improper extent, or formed therein as products of dis-
eases. They are often classed as alteratives, when used for
the latter purpose. They include the alkalies and alka-
line earths, but are not much used in veterinary medicine.
Anthelmintics. — Drugs which are used to destroy
wovms receive this name in medical literature, when the
author is wedded to the Greek language. The admirers of
Latin call them vermifuges, and in English they receive
the humble name of worm medicines. Their action is
partly by producing a disagreeable or fatal impression on
the worm itself, and partly by irritating the mucous lin-
ing of the bowels, and thus causing them to expel their
contents. Failing, the following may be useful.
1. Worm Ball (recommended by Mr. Gamgee) Assa-
fffitida 2 drachms, calomel li drachms, powdered sarin li
drachms, oil of male fern 30 drops; treacle enough to
make a ball, which should be given at night, and followed
by a purge next morning.
2. Mild Drench for Worms — Linseed oil 1 pint,
spirit of turpentine 2 drachms; mix and give every morn-
ing.
Antispasmodics are medicines which are intended
to counteract excessive muscular action, called spasm or,
in the limbs, cramp. This deranged condition depends
upon a variety of causes, which are generally of an irritat-
ing rature, and its successful treatment will often depend
upon the employment of remedies calculated to remove the
cause, rather than directly to relieve the effect. It there-
fore follows that, in many cases, the medicines most
MEDICINES FOH HOUSES AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
successful ill removing spasm, will bo derived from widely
Bcpiinited divisions of tlio ■iiiuferia mcdicn, such as aperi-
ents, anodynes, alteratives, Btiniulants and tonics. It .s
useless to attempt to give nnmy formulas for their exhibi-
tion; but there are one or two niedicines which exercise a
peculiar control ovcrspiism, and we shall give them with-
out attempting to analyze their mode of 0])eration.
1. In Colic — Spirit of turpentine 31 ouncesj laudanum
lA- ounces, ISarbadoes aloes 1 ounce; powder the aloes,
and dissolve in warm water; then add the other ingredients,
and give as a drench.
2. Ci.YSTEii in Colic — Spirit of turpentine G ounces,
aloes 'i drachms; dissolve in three quarts of warm water,
and stir the turpentine well into it.
3. Astisi'ASMODk; Dimc.ncii — (iin 4 to G ounces, tinc-
ture of capsicum a drachms, laudanum 3 drachms, warm
water l.y i)ints; mix and give as a drench, when there isuo
intlammution.
Aperients. — Aperients, or purges, are those medicines
whicli (iiiicken or increase the evacuations from the bowels*
varying, however, a good deal in tiieir mode of operation.
Some act merely by exciting tlie muscular coat of the
bowels to contract; others cause an immense wateiy dis-
charge, wliirh as it wore, washes out tho bowels; whilst a
third set combine tho action of tho two. The various
purgcsalsoactuponditferent partsof iho canal, some stimu-
lating tlio small intestines, whilst others pass through
them witliout alTocting them, and only act upon the largo
bowels; and others, again, act upon the wholo canal.
There is a third point of difference in ])urge8, depending
upon their influencing the liver in addition, wliich mer-
curial purgatives certainly do, as well as rhubarb and some
others, and which effect is partly duo to their absorption
into tlio circulation, so that they may bo made to act, by
injecting into tho veins as strongly as by actual swallow-
ing, and their subsequent passage into the bowels. Pur-
gatives are likewise classed, according to the degree of
their efect, into laxatives acting mildly, and drastic
purges, or cathartics, acting very severely.
1. OunixAiiY Pnvsrc Ralls— Barbadoes aloes 3 to 8
drachms, hard soap 4 drachms, ginger 1 drachm. Dissolve
in as small a quantity of boiling water as will suHice; then
slowly evapoi-ate to the jji'oper consistence, by whicli means
griping is avoided.
2. A Waumkii PiiYsrf Ball — Barbadoes aloes 3 to 8
drachms, carlionate of soda iidrachni, aromatic jiowder 1
drachm, oil of caraway Vi drops. Dissolve as above, and
then add tho oil.
3. Gently Laxative Ball — Barbadoes aloes 3 to 5
drachms, rhubarb jtowder 1 to 2 drachms, ginger 2
drachms, oil of caraway 15 drops. Jlix and form into a
ball as in No. 1.
4. Stomachic Laxative Balls for Washy HonsES —
Barbadoes aloes 3 drachms, rhubarb ?• drachms, ginger 1
drachm, cascarilla powder 1 drachm, oil of caraway ]")
drops, carbonate of soda li drachms. Dissolve the aloes
as in No. 1 and then add tiie oilier ingredients.
5. PruGixd Balls AviTH Cai.omi'.l — Barbadoes aloes 3
to G drachms, calomel ^ to 1 drachm, rhubarb 1 to 2
drachms, ginger + to 1 drachm, Castile soap 2 drachms.
Mix as in No 1.
6. Laxativi-; Drench — Barbadoes aloes 3 to 4 drachms,
canella alba 1 to 2 drachms, salts of tartar 1 drachm, mint
water 8 ounces, ili.x.
7. Anotheh Laxative Duench— Castor oil 3 to G
ounces, Barbadoes aloes 3 to 5 drachms, carbonate of soda
2 drachms, mint water 8 ounces. Aiix by dissolving the
aloes in the mint water by the aid of heat, and then add-
ing the other ingredients.
8. A Mild Opening Dhench — Castor oil 4ounce8, Ep-
som salts 3 to 5 ounces, gruel 2 pints. Mix.
9. A Veuy Mild Laxative — Castor oil 4 ounces, lin-
seed oil 4 ounces, warm water or gruel 1 pint. Mix.
10. Used IN the Stagoeus — Barbadoes aloes 4 to 6
drachms, common salt G ounces. Hour of mustard 1 ounce,
water 2 pints. Jlix.
11. A Cently Cooling DuENCH in Slight Attacks
OF Cold — Epsom salts G to 8 ounces, whey 2 pints. Mix.
12. PiHGATivE Clyster — Common salt 4 to 8 ounces,
water 8 to IG 2)int8.
Astringents Ap()car to produce contraction on all
living animal tissues with which they come in contact,
whether in tho interior or . the exterior of tho body, and
whether immediately applied or by absorption into the cir-
culation. P)Ut great doubt exists as to the exact mode in
which they act; and, as in many other cases, weare obliged
to content ourselves with tiieir effects, and to prescribe
them eniiiirically. They are divided into astringents ad-
ministered by the mouth, and those applied locally to
external ulcerated or wounded surfaces :
1. For Bloody UniNE — Powdered catechu -i ounce,
alum 4- ounce, cascarilla bark in powder 1 to 2 drachms,
licorice powder and treacle enough to form a ball, to be
given twice a day.
2. For Diaijetks — Opium | drachm, ginger powdered
2 drachms, oak bark powdered 1 ounce, alum as much as
the tea will dissolve, camomile tea 1 pint. Mix for a
dreiicii.
3. External Astringent Powders for Ulcerated
Si'Ki'ACEs — Powdered alum 4 ounces, Armenian bole 1
ounce.
Another — White vitriol 4 ounces, oxide of zinc 1 ounce.
Mix.
4. Astringent Lotion — Goulard extract 2 to 3
drachms, water 4 jiiiit. Alix.
Another — Sulphate of copper 1 to 2 drachms, water i
pint. Mix.
5. Astuin'gent Ointment for Sore Heels — Acetateof
lead 1 drachm, lard 1 ounce. Jlix.
G. Another for the Sa.me — Nitrate of silvier powdered
\ drachm, (ioulard extract 1 drachm, lard 1 ounce. Mix
and use a very small portion every night.
Blisters or Vesicants — Busters are applications whicli
inflame the skin, and jiroduce a secretion of serum between
tho cutis and cuticle, by which tho latter is raised in tho
form of small bladders; but in consequence of the presence
of tho hair, these are very imperfectly seen in tho Iiorse.
They consist of two kinds — one n.scd for the sake of
counter-irritation, by which tiie original disease is lessened,
in consequence of the establishment of this irritation at a
short distance from it; the other, commonlycalled "sweat-
ing" in veterinary surgery, by which a discharge is obtained
from the vessels of the part itself, which aro in that way
relieved and unloaded; there is also a subsequent process
of absorption in consequence of the peculiar stimulus
applied.
1. Mild Blister Ointment (Counter-irritant) — Ilog's
lard 4 ounces, Venice turpentine 1 ounce, 2)owdered can-
iharides G drachms; mix and spread.
2. SruoNciER ]$LLSTER OiNTMENT (Countcr-Irritant) —
Spirit of turpentine 1 ounce, sulphuric acid, by mcfisure,
2 drachms; mix carefnlly in an open place; and add — hog's
lard 4 ounces, powdered cantharidcs 1 ounce; mix and
spread.
3. Very Strong Blister Ointment (Counter-irritant)
Strong mercurial ointment 4 ounces, oil of origanum \
ounce, finely powdered euphorbium 3 drachms, powdered
cantharides ^ ounce; mix and spread.
^
MEDICINES FOB HOnSES AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
4. Rapidly Acting Blister Ointment (Counter-irri-
tant) — Best Hour of mustiird Bounces, mtuie into a paste
with water; add oil of turpentine ^J ounces, strong liquor
of ammonia 1 ounce; this is to bo well rubhed into the
chest, belly, or back, in cases of acute iiiflainmation.
6. Sweating Blisteh — Strong mercurial ointment 3
ounces, oil of origanuui 2 dracbmn, corrosive sublimato S
draciims, cantharides powdered 3 drachms; mix and rub in
with tho hand.
e. Stuono Sweating Blister, for Splints, Eing-
Bones, Spavins, Etc. — Biuiodidu of mercury 1 to 1^
draolnns, lard I ounce; to bo wellriiblied into tliolegsafter
cutting the hair short; and followed by the daily use of ar-
nica in shape of a wasli, as follows, which is to bo painted
on with a brusli : tincture of arnica 1 ounce, water 12 to 15
ounces; mix.
7. Liquid Sweating Blister — Cantharides 1 ounce,
spirit of tur)H'ntine 2 ounces, methylated spirit of wine 1
pint; mix and digest for a fortuiglit; then strain.
Another — Powdered cantharides 1 ounce, commercial
pyroligneous acid 1 pint; mis and digest for a fortnight;
thou strain.
Caustics OP Cauteries.— Caustics are substances
which i)urii away the living tissues of tho body, by the
decomposition of their elements. They are of two kinds
— first, the actual cautery, consisting in tho application of
the burning iron, and called firing; and, sccomlly, tho po-
tential cautery, by means of the powers of mineral caus-
tics, such as potassa fusa, lunar-caustic, corrosive subli-
mate, etc.
Firing is described in the cha;: ier on operations.
The following are the ordinary chemical apiilications
used as potential cauteries :
1. Fused Potass, difficult to manage, because it runs
about in all directions, and little used in veterinary
medicine.
2. Lunar Caustic, or Nitrate of Silver, very valuable
to tho veterinary surgeon, and constantly used to apply to
profuse granulations.
3. Sulphate of Copper, almost equally useful, hut not
80 strong as lunar caustic; it may be well rubbed in to all
high granulations, as in 1 rokeu knees and similar growths.
4. C'uuKOsiVE Sublimate in powder, whicli acts most
energetically upon warty growths, but should be used with
groat care and discretion. It may safely be apjilied to
small surfaces, but not without a regular practitioner to
largo ones. It should be washed oft" after remaining on a
few minutes. For the mode of applying it in castration,
see lIoKSE Castration.
5. Yellow Oupiment is not so strong as Corrosive Sub-
limate, and may be used with more freedom. It will gen-
erally remove warty growths, by picking off their heads
and rubbing it in.
C. Muriate of Antimony, called Butter of Antimony;
a strong but rather unmanageable caustic, and used either
by itself or mixed with more or less water.
7. Chloride of Zinc is a most powerful caustic. It
may be used in old sinuces in solution, 7 drachms in a pint
of water.
Milder Caustics — 8, Verdigris either in powder or
mixed with lard as an ointment, in the proportion of 1 to
3; 9, red precipitate, ditto, ditto; 10, burnt alum, used
dry ; 11, powdered white sugar.
Mild Liquid Caustics — 12, solution of nitrate of sil-
ver, 5 to 15 grains to the ounce of distilled .vater.
13. Solution of blue vitriol of about vouble the above
strength.
14. Chloride of zinc, 1 to 3 grains to the ounce of water.
Charges are lidhesive plasters which are spread while
hot on tne legs, and at once covered with short tow, so as
l^
to form a strong and tinyielding support while the horse is
at grass.
1. Okdinary Charges — Burgundy pitch 4 ounces,
Bar'oadoes tar ounces, beeswax 2 ounce.-!, red lead 4
ounces. Tho first three are to be melted togetiier and
afterwards the lead is to be added. Ti:e mixture is to be
kojjt constantly stirred until sutliciently cold to be applietl.
If too stiff (which will dejiend upon tho weather) it may lje
softened by tho addition of a little lard or oil.
2. Arnica Charge — Canada balsam 2 ounces, pow-
dered arnica leaves 1 ounce. 'l"he balsam to be melted and
worked up with the leaves, adding spirits of turpentine if
necessary. When thoroughly mixed, to be well rubbed
into tho whole leg, in a thin layer, ami to be cohered over
with the Cluirge Ko. 1, which will set on its out.-ide and
act as a bandage, while tho arnica is a restorative to the
weakened vessels. This is an excellent application.
Clysters, or Enemata. — Clysters are intended either
to relievo obstruction or spasm of the bowels, and are of
great service when properly api>lied. They may Ix? made
of warm water or griKtl, of which some quarts will be re-
(|uired in colic. They should be thrown '.;p with the projier
syringe, provided with valves and llexible tube.
For the turpentine clyster "ii colic sec Antisp.\smodics.
Aperient clysters, see Aperients.
1. Anodyne Clyster in 1>iarriicea — Starch iiade
as for washing 1 quart, powdered opium 2 drachms. The
opium is to be boiled in water and added to the starch.
Cordials are medicines which act as temporary stini •
lanls to the whole system, and especially to the stomach.
'J'liey augmetit the strength and spirits when depressed, as
after over-exertion in work:
1. Cordial Balls — Powdered caraway seeds dr J jis,
ginger 2 drachms, oil of cloves 20 drops, treacle enough to
make into a ball.
Anothi-.r — Powdered anise seed 6 drachms, powdered
cardamoms 2 drachms, powdered cassia 1 drachm, oil of
caraway 20 drops. Mix with treacle into a ball.
2. Cordial Drench — A quart of good ale warmed and
with jilenty of grated ginger.
3. Cordial and Expixtorant — Powdered anise seed^
ounce, powdered squill 1 drachm, powdered myrrh l|
drachm, balsam of Peru enough to form a ball.
Another — Liquorice powder + ounce, gum ammonia-
cum 3 drachms, balsam of tola H drachms, powdered
squill 1 drachm, linseed meal and boiling water enough to
form into a mass.
Demulcents are used for tho purpose of soothing ir-
ritations of the bowels, kidneys, or bladder, in the two last
cases by their efTect upon the secretion of urine.
1. Demulcent Drench — Gum Arabic ^ ounce, water
1 pint. Dissolve and give as a drench night and morning,
or mixed with a mash.
Another— Linseed 4 ounces, water 1 quart. Simmer
till a strong and thick decoction is obtained, and give as
above.
2. Marshmallow Drench — Marshmallows a double
handful, water 1 qiuirt. Simmer as in the second part of
No. 1 and use in the same way.
Djaphoretics have a special action on the skin, in-
creasing the perspiration sometimes to an enormous extent.
1. Ordinary Diaphoretic Drench — Solution of ace-
tate of ammonia 3 to 4 ounces, laudanum 1 ounce. Mix
and give at night. Or,
Another — Solution of acetate of ammonia 2 ounces,
spirits of nitric ether 2 ounces. Mix and give as above.
2. In Hide-Bound — Emetic tartar 1^ drachms, cam-
phor i drachm, ginger 2 drachms, opium i drachm, oil
MEDICINKS von IIOHSKS AN'D DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
of uiirawiiy ladiop.'^.liiisecMl iiu'iil iiml boiling water to form
!i ball, wliii'li is to bo given twico or tlirico a wwk.
3. 1\ lliDK I)Oi\i) (but not>«o I'lliuiicioiis) — Antinioiiiiil
poudur ;! (li:i(;linis, giiigur 1 drac'lini, jjowdcrtd carawayn
(! di'ai^luns, oil of aniso si't'd ^0 drops. Mix as above.
'I'liu.so ruini'dioa rocpiiro modoralu exoroiso in (dotliiiig to
l)riMg out tlu'ir I'lIi'Cts, after whicli tlio liorso slioubi bu
wi.s|H'd till quite dry.
Dig'estives. — Digestives are a2)plicatioiis wliich ]iro-
nioto KMppiiralion, and tlio healing of wounds or idcers.
1. Diiii;sTivi; Oint.mknt — Keil i)reeipitato 3 ounces,
Venice turpentine 3 (/unces, beeswax 1 ounce, liog's lard
■lounces; melt the last three ingredients over a slow lire,
and when nearly cold stir in tlio jiowder.
Diuretics. — Diuretics are medicines wliich promote the
secretion and discharge of tirine, the elTect being produced
in a dill'erent manner by dill'erent medicines; some acting
directly niion the kidneys by sympathy witii the stomacii,
while others are taken up by the blood-vessels, and in their
elimination from the blood, cause an extra secretion of tlio
urine. In eitiiercase their effect is to diminish the watery
part of the blood, and thus promote the absorpti'Mi of fluid
eiliised into any of the cavities, or into tlie cellular mem-
brane in the various forms of dropsy.
1. Stiml-latixg DifUFTic Ball — Powdered resin 3
drachms, sal i)ninelle 3 drachms, Castile soup 3 drachms,
oil of juniper 1 drachm; mix.
2. A Moke Cooling Diuretic Ball — Powdered nitre
•J to 1 ounce, camphor 1 drachm, juniper berries 1 drachm,
soap 3 drachms; mix, adding linseed meal enough to form
a ball.
3. Diuretic PowDKU FOR A Masu — Nitre ^ to :J ounce,
resin ^ to J ounce; mix.
4. Anotiieu More Active PovTDER — Nitre 6 drachms,
camphor 1^ drachms; mix.
Embrocations. — Embrocations or liniments are stimu-
lating or sedative external applications, intended to reduce
the pain and inflammation of internal parts, when rubbed
into the skin with the hand.
1. MusTAKU Emukoc'ation — Best flour of Mustard C
ounces, liquor of ammonia li ounces, oil of turpentine 1^
ounces; mix witli sufficient water to form a thin jjaste.
2. Stimulatixo EMiiKOCATiiix — Camphor ^ ounce, oil
of turpentine li ounces, spirit of wine l| ounces; mix.
3. .Sweating EMtutocATinN i-qr Winhgalls, Etc. —
Strong mercurial ointment 2 ounces, camphor ^ ounce,
oil of rosemary 2 drachms, oil of turpentine 1 ounce ;
mix.
4. Axother, but Stronger — Strong mercurial oint-
ment 2 ounces, oil of bay 1 ounce, oil of origanum -^
ounce, powdered cantharides -J ounce; mix.
5. A iMo.sT Active Swi:.vtixg i; mis hoc a tigs- — Binio-
dide of mercury ^ to 1 drachm, powdered arnica leaves 1
draclun, soap liniment 2 ounces; mix.
Emulsions. — AVhen oily matters have their globules
broken down by friction with mucilaginous substances,
such as gum arable or yolk of egg, they are called emul-
sions, and are specially useful in soothing irritation of tlie
mucous membrane, of the trachea and bronchi.
1. Simple Emulsion- — Linseed oil 2 ounces, lioncy 3
ounces, soft water l})iiit,subcarbonate of potass 1 drachm;
dissolve tho honey and potass in the water; then add the
linseed oil by degrees in a large mortar, when it should as-
sume a milky appearance, it may be given night and
morning.
2. Another More Active Emulsion — Simple emulsion
No. 1, 7 ounces, camphor 1 drachm, opium in powder ^
drachm, oil of anise seed 30 drops; rub the last three in-
gredients togetlier in a mortar with some white sugar; then
add the emulsion by degrees.
Horse Expectorants. — Expectorants excite or pro-
mote a discharge of mucus from the lining membrane
of the bronchial tubes, thereby relieving inllammatiou and
allaying cough.
1. Expectorant Ball in Ordinary Cough without
Imi'Lammation. — Ouin ammoniacum bounce, powdered
scjuill ] drachm, Castile soap 2 drachms; honey enough to
form a liall.
2. In Old Standing Cough (Stomach) — As,safrt>tida 3
drachms, galbanum 1 drachm, carbonate of amtnonia ^j
drachm, ginger 1\ drachms; honey enough to form a ball.
3. A STiiOKo JLxi'ectorant iV\ll — Emetic tartar i
drachm, calomel 15 grains, digitalis^ drachm, powdered
squills ■;! drachm; linseed meal and water enough to form
a ball, which is not to be repeated without great care.
Febrifuges. — Genernlly culled fever medicines, are
given to allay tho arterial and nervous excitements which
accompany *3brile action. They do this partly by their
agency on tho heart and arteries througii the nervous
system, and partly by increasing the secretions of the skin
and kidneys.
1. FeVicr Ball. — Nitre 4 drachms, camphor 1^ drachms,
calomel and opium, of each 1 scruple, linseed meal as
above. Or,
Another. — Emetic tartar 1| to 2 drachms, compound
powder of tragacanth 2 drachms; linseed meal and water
enough to form a ball. Or,
Another. — Nitre 3 drachms, camphor 2 drachms; mix
as above.
2. Cooling Powder for Mash. — Nitre 6 drachms to
one ounce; may be given in a bran mash.
3. Cooling Drench. — Nitre 1 ounce, sweet spirit of
nitre, 2 ounces, tincture of digitalis 2 drachms, whey 1
pint.
Lotions or Washes consist of liquids applied to the
external parts, either to cool them or to produce a healthy
action in the vessels.
1. Cooling Solution for External Inflammation. —
Goulard extract 1 ounce, vinegar 2 ounces, spirits of wine
or gin 3 ounces, water 1^ pints; mix, and apply with a cal-
ico bandage.
2. Another, Useful for Inflamed Legs, or for
Galled Shoulders ok Back. — Sal Ammoniac 1 ounce,
vinegar 4 ounces, spirits of wine 2 ounces, tincture of arni-
ca 2 drachms, water ^ pint; mix.
3. Lotion for Foul Ulcers. — Sulphate of copper 1
ounce, nitric acid -J ounce, water 8 to 12 ounces; mix.
4. Lotion FOR the Eyes. — Sulphate of zinc 20 to 25
grains water D ounces; mix.
5. Very Strong One, and only to he dropped in. —
Nitrate of silver 6 to 8 grains, distilled water 1 ounce; mix
and use with a camel-hair brush.
Narcotics. — A distinction is sometimes made between
anodynes and narcotics, but in veterinary medicine there is
no necessity for separating them. (See Anodynes.)
Refrigerants. — Lower the animal heat by contact with
tho skin, the ordinary ones being cold air, cold water, ice,
and evaporative lotions. (See Lotions.)
Sedatives. — Depress the action of tho circulatory and
nervous systems, without effecting tlie mental functions.
They are very powerful in their eifects; and digitalis,
which is tho drug commonly used for this purpose, has a
special quality known by the name of cumulative; that is
to say, if repeated, small doses are given at intervals for a
certain time, an effect is produced almost equal to that
which would follow tho exhibition of the whole quantity
at once. Besides digitalis, aconite is also sometimes used
to lower the action of the heart, and by many it is
i ;ii
or pro-
icnibnino
ition uiid
loiiia jS
III a liall.
tartar ^
wwderod
to form
iro.
103, aro
IS wliicli
by their
nervous
tlio skin
MEDICI>fE8 FOll H0KSE3 AND DOMESTIC AN'INALS.
siijiposod to bo equal in pototioy to that drug, witliout tlio
daiigi'r which always attends its use
Stimulants. — By liiis term is understood those sub-
stancea which excite the action of tiio whole nervous and
vascular systcins; almost all medicines are stitnulants to
some part or otiier, as, for instance, aperients, whicli stim-
ulate the lining of the bowels, but to tiie general system
are lowering. On the otiu'r hand, stimulants, so called
■par vxceUcncc, excite and raise the action of the brain and
lieart.
Old ale 1 quart, carbonate of ammonia ^ to 2 drachms,
tincture of ginger 4 drachms; mix and give as a drench.
For other stimulants, see Coudiai.s.
Stomachs. — Stomachics are medicines given to im-
prove ilie time of tlie stomach, when impaired by badnuin-
agcmeiit or di.-iease.
Stomachic Hall. — Powdered gentian^ ounce, powdeii'd
ginger \\ drachms, carbonate of soda 1 drachm; treacle
to form a ball; or
ANOTiiEii. — C'asearilla. powdered 1 ounce, myrrh \\
drachms, caslile soap 1 drachm; mix with syrup or treacle,
into a ball; or
Another. — Powdered Colombo ^ to 1 ounce, powdered
cassia 1 drachm, powdered rhubarb 2 drachms; mix as in
second part of No. 1.
Styptics. — Stypticsare remedies which have a tendency
to stop the llo'.v of blood either from interijal for external
surfaces. Tliey are used either by t!ie mouth, or to tiie
part itself in the shape of lotions, etc. ; or the actual cau-
tery, which is always the best in external bleeding, may
be employed. Sometimes, however, the part cannot bo
reached with the heated iron, and is yet within the in-
.luenco of an injection, as in bleeding from the nostrils,
for which tl;e following may be employed:
Matico leaves h ounce, boiling water 1 pint; infuse,
and when cold strain and inject into the nostrils.
For internal styptics, see Astuingents.
Tonics. — Augment the vigor of the whole body per-
manently, whilst stimulants only act for a short time.
They are ohiefly useful after low fever.
Tonic bALL. — Sulphate of iron ^ ounce, extract of cam-
omile 1 ounce; mix and form into ball.
Cattle. — 1. Drink, Cough and Fever. — Take emetic
tartar 1 drachm. ])owdered digitalis ^ drachm, nitre 3
drachms; mix and give in a cpiart of tolerably thick gruel.
2. Drink, Purging. — Take epsom salts 1 pound,powdered
caraway seeds \ ounce; dissolro in a quart of warm gruel
and give.
3. Drink, Purging. — Take emetic tartar \ drachm, nitre
2 drachms, powdered gentian root 1 drachm, powdered
camomile flowers 1 drachm, powdered ginger -J drachm;
pour upon them a pint of boiling ale, and give the infusion
when nearly cold.
3. Drink, Expectorant. — Take licorice root 2 ounces;
bruise and boil in a quart of water until the fluid is re-
duced to a pint, then gradually and carefully add powdered
squills 2 drachms, powdered gum guaiacum 1 drachm,
tincture of balsam of tolu ^ ounce, honey 2 ounces; give it
morning and night.
5. Drink, Turpentine for Worms. — Take oil of turpen-
tine 2 ounces, sweet spirit of nitre 1 ounce, laudanum, ^
ounce, linseed oil 4 ounces; mix and give in a pint of
gruel.
6. Drink Stimulating. — Take digitalis 1 scruple, emetic
tartar ^ drachm, nitre 3 drachms, powdered squills 1
drachm, opium 1 scruple; raiz, and give with a pint of
gruel.
7. Drink, Sulphur Purging. — Take sulphur 8 ounces,
ginger ^ ounce, mix with a qnart of warm gruel. The
drink should be rep«rate(l evtry third day, if
appear to require ii.
«. Drink. Kheiiniaiio. — Take nitre 2 drachms, tartar-
izod antimony I druchm, spirit of nitrons ether 1 oiiiico,
anido seed powder 1 ounce; mix with a pint of very thick
griiul, atid rei)«at the dose morning and night, except
wlien it is neeessarv to give the sulphur purging drink,
No. ?.
0. Embrooation, Rbenoiatic. — Take neatsfoot oil, 4
ounces, camphoraied oil, spirit of turiicntine and lauila-
dum, each one ounce, oil of origMnnni 1 driichin ; mix.
KJ. Ointment, llt-aling. (.'leansing. — 'i'ake lard 2
[)ounds. resin 4 pound : melt them together, and when
neai'iy cnld, stir in caiamine, very finely powdered, half a
pound.
11. Camphr.ratetl Oil. — Take camphor 2 ouiiiis, and
break into small pte<-es : put it into a pint of s|iernia(!eti,
or common olive oil. and let tht' bottle, being closely
corked, and shaken everv day stand in a warm place until
the camphor is dissolved.
1"..'. Drink. Cordial, Bbenmatic. — Take rhododendron
leaves, 4 drachms, briil it in a quart of water until it is
diniinished to a pint ; strain the decoction, and to half
of the liquid, warm, add gum guaiacum tinely jpowdcred
2 drachma, powdervd caraway seeds 2 drachms, powdered
seed 2 drachms ; mixed with half a pint of warm
Totiic. — Take gentian root, powdered ^
anise
ale.
13. Drink
ounce, ginger powdered 1 drac-hm. epsom salts 2 ounces,
mix the whole with a pint of warm gruel, and give it morn-
ing and night.
14. Drink for the Yellows. — Take of calomel and
opium, a scruple; mix and suspend in a little thick gruel.
15. Drink, Physic, a Strong. — Takrf epsom or glauber
salts -J pound, kernel of croion nut 10 grains; take oil
the shell of the croton nut, and weigh the proper quan-
tity of the kernel, mb it down to a tine powder, gradually
mix it with half a pint of thick gruel, and give it and im-
mediately afterwani* give the salts, dissolved in a pint and
a half of thinner gmel.
16. Ointment, Blister. — Take lard 12 ounces, resin 4
ounces, melt them together, and when they are getting
cold add oil of tarpentine four ounces, powdered can-
tharides five ounces : stirring th" whole together.
17. Drink, Astringient. — Take prepared chalk 2 ounces,
oak bark powder**! 1 ounce, catechu powdered ^- ounce,
opium powdered 2 scruples, ginger powdered 2 drachms ;
nnx and give in a quart of warm gruel.
18. Drink, .\3tring1ent, with Mutton Suet. — Take mut-
ton suet 1 pound, new milk 2 quarts ; boil them together
until the suet is dissolved ; then add — Opium powdered
^ drachm, ginger 1 drachm ; having previously well
mixed them with a sj-^i^nfiil or two of iluid.
19. 'Uliey, Alcm. — Take alum -t ounce, water 2 quarts ;
boil them together f-»r K-n minutes and strain.
20. Astringent, S:Jmnlating. — Take oil of Juniper 2 to
4 drachms, tinctnre of opium 1 ounce, oil of turpentine
1 ounce ; mix and give in a pint of linseed tea once or
twice a day.
21. Drink. StimElating. — Take epsom or glauber salts
1 pound, ginger 4 ounce, carbonate of ammonia 4- ounce,
]>our one quart of 5>»ilJng water upon the ingredients ;
stir them well and gi^e when milk warm.
22. Stimulating Drink, Mild. — Take ginger 1 drachm,
gentian 1 drachm, spirit of nitrons ether 1 ounce ; mix
and give in a pint of gmel.
23. Astringent. Mild. — ^take oak bark powdered jounce,
catechu powdene»l 2 drachms. o])ium powdered -J scruple ;
mix together in a pint of gruel or warm water.
I i
21. Ointment, J[orciirial Garget. — 1'iiko soft soup 1
pound, mercurial ointmout 2 ounces, eumphor ruhbed
down witli a littlo spirit of wiuo I ounce ; ruo tliem well
toj,'et].er.
25. Ointment, Iodine. — Take hydrate of potash 1
drachtn, liird 7 drachms; rub tiiem well together,
2(!. Drinii, l)illreti(^ — Take ))owdered nitre 1 ounce,
powdered resin 2 ounces, ginger 'J draehins ; mix them
well together iu a littlo treacle, and give them in a warm
gruel.
27. Ointment for Soro Teats. — Take elder ointment 6
ounecs, beeswax 2 ounces ; mix them together, and add
an ounce each of sugar of lead and alum iu tine jjowder,
and stir them togolhcr until cold.
28. IJriiik, JSliinulant, Warm. — Take ginger powdered
+ ounce, caraway seeds drachms, allspice ^ ounce; mix
in a quart of warm water or mild ale.
21). Drink, Anodyne. — Take powdered opium Adraehm,
sweet spirit of nitre 2 ounces ; rub them together, adding
the Ihiitl by small quantities at a time, and give tho mix-
ture in a pint of warm gruel.
30. Drink, I'lirgative, .Strong. — Take Epsom or Glauber
salts 12 ounces, ilowers of suli)hur 4 ounces, powdered
ginger 4 drachms, spirit of nitrous ether 1 ounce ; to be
dissolved in warm water.
31. Drink, Cordial. — Take caraway powder 1 ounce,
gentian, powered {r ounce, essence of peppermint 20
drops ; mix.
32. Drink, Tonic. — Tako gentian 2 drachms, tartrate
of iron 1 drachm, ginger 1 drachm ; mix and give iu a
pint of gruel.
33. Drink, Tonic, Jfildest. — Take gentian 2 drachms,
emetic tartar -J drachm, nitre ^ ounce, spirit of nitrous
cthei' \ ounce ; give in gruel.
bt. Lotion, Disinfectant. — Tako solution of chloride of
lime, in powdered :Jr ounce, water 1 ]>iut ; mix.
35. JIurrain, Drink for. — Take Sweet Spirit of Nitre f
ounce, laudanum i ounce, chorido of lime, in j)owder 2
ounces, prepared chalk 1 ounce ; rub them well together,
and give them with a pint of warm gruel.
3(i. Drink, Tonic, for Murrain. — Tako Columbia root 2
drachms, caiiella bark 2 drachms, ginger 1 drachm, sweet
s])irit of nitre -V ounce ; rub them together, and give iu a
pint of thick gruel.
37. Fuinigatiou. — Tako common salt 2 pounds, oil of
vitriol 1 jiound.
38. Drink, Laxative. — Take Epsom salts + pound, sul-
phur 2 to 4 ounces, nitre + ounce, ginger 2 drachms,
spirit of nitrous ether 1 ounce ; dissolve in warm water
or gruel, and rej^oat o.ce a day for several days.
39. Liniment. — Take alum and white vitriol, of each ^
ounce, treacle 1 gill ; dissolve in a pint oi warm water.
40. Astringent Powder. — Take blue vitriol, powdered 4
ounce, powdered alum i ounce, prepared chalk 2 ounces,
armeniau bole 1 ounce; mix.
41. Tonic, Strong. — Take powdered ginger 1 drachm,
powdered caraway seeds 1 drachm, gentian, powdered
4 drachms, spirit of nitrous ether 1 ounce ; to bo mixed
slowly with gruel.
42. Drink for Inflammation of the Bladder. — Take
antimonial powder 2 drachms, powdered opium 1 scruple;
rub well together with a snuill portion of very thick
gruel, and repeat the dose morning and night.
43. Eye Lotion, Sedative (1) — Take dried leaves of fox
glove, powdered 1^ ounces ; infuse them in a pint of cape
or dry raisin wine for a fortnight, and keep the infusion
for use.
44. Eye Lotion, Sedative (2) — Tako extract of goulard
2 drachms, spirituous tincture of digitalis, (made in the
same manner as the vinous in receipt 43, No. 1) 2
drachms, tincture of opium 2 drachma, water 1 jjint ;
this should also he introdueeil into the eye. Two or three
drops at a time will sullice.
4."). Lotion for the Eye, Strengthening. — Take white
vitriol 1 scruple, spirit of wine 1 drachm, water 1 pint;
mix them together, and use the lotion in the same nmnncr
as Nos. 43 and 44.
40. Drink, Cordial. — Take caraway seed in jiowder ^
ounce, anise seed, in powder 4 oiiiuie, ginger ^ ounce ;
mix with a pint of good ale, made hot.
47. Physic Drink, for Locked Jaw, Strong. — Tako bar-
badoes aloes It ounces, kernel of croton nut powder
10 grains ; dissolve in as snudi quantity of boiling water
as jiossible, and give them when the liquid is sulliciently
cool.
48. Anodyne Drink, for Loek-Jaw. — Tako camphor 1
drachm, rub it down in an ounco of spirits of wine;
to this add: powdered opium 1 drachm; and give the
mixture in a small quantity of thick gruel.
40. Embrocation for liite of serpents. — Take hartshorn
and olive oil equal quantities. Shake them well together,
and rub the wound and the neighboring parts well with
the liniment morning and night.
50. Lotion, Discutient. — Tako bay salt 4 ounces, vine-
gar 1 pint, Wiitcr 1 qinirt, oil of origanum 1 drachm; add
the oil of salt first; rub them well down with a littlo
water; then gradually add the balance of the v/ater and
vinegar.
61. Embrocation for Strains. — Take bay salt 4 ounces,
oil of origanum 1 drachm; rub them well together, until
the salt is reduced to a powder; then add — vinegar ^ pint,
spirits of wine 2 ounces, water 1 quart.
52. Embrocation for Strains, Strongest. — Tako spirit of
turpcutino -^ j)int, oil of origanum i ounce, olive oil 1^
])ints, cantharidesl ounce; mix them together; shake them
often and keep in a bottle for use.
53. Charge for Old Strains and Lameness. — Take bur-
gundy pitch 4 ounces, common jiiteli 4 ounces, yellow wax
2 ounces, barbiuloes tar C ounces; melt them together in a
ladle, and apply the mixture to the parts when thoroughly
warm and liquid.
54. Mango Ointment. — Take flowers of sulphur 1 pound,
strong mercurial ointment 2 ounces, common turpentine
^])ound,lard 1^ pounds; melt the turpentine and lard
together; stir well in the sulphur when these begin to cool;
and afterwards rub down the mercurial ointment on a
marble slab with the other ingredients.
55. Drink, Alterative — Take flowers of sulphur 2 ounces,
black sulphuret of antimony 1 ounce, iEUiiop's mineral -j-
ounce, nitre 2 ounces; mix and divide into four powders,
give one every second morning in a little thick gruel.
Turning into a salt marsh will bo an excellent auxiliary.
50. Vermin, Jlercurial Ointment for. — Take strong
mercurial ointment 1 ounce, hud 7 ounces; mix them well
together, and rub the ointment well on wherever the lice
appear.
57. Vermin, Lotion for — Tako corrosive sublimate 2
drachms; rub it down in 2 ounces of spirits of wine, and
add a pint of water.
58. Tonic Powders, Alti itive. — Take flowers of sulphur
4 ounces, black sulphurcL of antimony 1 ounce, ^thiop's
mineral i ounce, nitre 3 ounces, powdertcl gentian 2
ounces, powdered ginger 1 ounce; mix and divide into six
powders, and give one daily.
59. Bull Burnt, Lotion for. — Take Goulard's extract 1
ounce, spirit of wiue 2 ounces, water -J pint; mix.
CO. Cow-pox, Lotion for. — Take sal ammoniac i ounce,
white wine vinegar^ pint, camphorated spirit of wine 2
ounces, Goulard's extract 1 ounce; mix, and keep it in
a bottle for use.
MKDICINKH HOK IIORHES AND DOMKSTIO ANIHAtiS.
01. Calves. — Drink, Aperient for — 'lako Kp^ioni biiUh,
from 1 to ^ (iiincos, iicicordiiig to tiio iigc luid hIzo of tlitt
culf, iirid (linsolvo in iiivlf ii pint of griit'l; tiu'n luid gingor,
Isornplu; csBuru^o of pupporniint, ',\ drop.s; mix.
6'Z. Diiirrhcu.i in — 'I'liko prepared olmlk ,'J dnichms, pow-
dered opinin 10 graina, powdered cateciui A draciini, gin-
ger .J draclini, osseneo or noppermintS drops; mix and give
twice 11 day in iialf ])int of grtiel.
G;t. I'lUfTing, to Stop — Take Dover's powder S scrnples,
starcdi or arrow-ioot in i)(iwder i onncc, comnonnd cinun-
nion powder Idrai'iim, powdered kino i draelini; Tjoil the
start'ii or iirrow-ioot in a jiint of water nntil it liocomos
well tliiekencd, and tiioii gradually stir in tiio other in-
grodientH.
C4. Ildovo in — Take oil of turpentine 1 onnec, linaeeil
oil 3 or 4 ounces, gniger powdered 1 draciini; mix. 'I'o he
repeated at the interval of a week, a.s often as !nay he re-
(piired.
U5. Sheep. — 'roiiic Drink. — Take gentian root powdered
1 draciini, caraway jiowdei' .1 (hacliin, tinctnre of caiaway
10 droi)a; giv(^ in a quarter of a pint of tliiek gruel.
CO. Purging, Drink foi' — Take Kp.som .salts ;i ounces,
powdered caraway ;t ounce; warm linn giiul snllicient to
dissolve tiio salts.
07. Astringent Drink for — Take eomiionnd chalk
powder with oiiiuni 1 drachm, gentian 1 sf^ruplc, essence
of peppermint C drops; mix with ii little thin starch, and
give morning and night.
08. Cooling Fever Drink. — Take powdered digitalis 1
scrnide, emetic tartar iD grains, nitre 2 drachms; mix with
thick gruel, and let it ho given twice eaeii day.
09. Laxative Meiliciiie. — Take Epsom salts 1 onncc,
gingor 1 scruple, genliaii 1 draehm, warm waters ounces,
linseed oil 1 on nee; tlio above may he given either alone
or with gruel, to a full grown slice]); and from one-fourth
to one-half to a I I'nh, a.^eordiny; to its age.
70. Stienu^tju'iiiiig Drink. — Take jirepared chalk 1
ouni'e,eatec!!U .}draclini, opium :20 grains, spirit of nitrous
ether '^ drachms, gentian 1 (Iraclim; to be dissolved in
gruel, and given twice a day till the purging ceases; after
whii:li the la<t two ingredients, with adrachni of nitre and
10 gi'Miiis (if lartarized antimony, should bo given in gruel
once a day.
71. I'liysio for Blown. — Take (llauber salts 1 ounce, and
dissolve in peppermint water 4 ounces; to this add tincture
of ginger I (hvudini; tincture of gentian 1 drachm; boiling
water 1 ounce. Tiiis should he given every six hours until
the bowels are opened, and half the quantity on each of
the four next mornings.
72. (leneral Tonic Drink. — Take gentian 3 drachms,
Colombo 1 dr»fihm, ginger \ drachm; give in four ounces
of warm gruei.
73. Mixture for the Rot. — Take common salt 8 ounces,
powdered gentian 3 ounces, ginger 1 ounce, tincture of
Colombo 4 ounces; put the whole into a quart bottle so as
to fill the bottle.
74. Seeor.ci Mixture tor the Rot — Take of the receipt.
Mixture for the rot (whicii see), one (juart. To this add,
spirits of turpentine 3 ounces. Shako them well together
when first mixed, and whenever the medicine is given, two
tablespoonfuls are the usual do.se.
7;"). Caiistie. \.=;triiigeiit I'owdor for Foot Rot. — Take
verdigris, arni'Viian l)oh\ and sugar of lead, equal parts.
Rub them wtll l()gether. until tiiey are reduced to a fine
powder.
70. Arsenical Wa.sh for Lice. — Take arsenic 2 pounds,
soft soap 4 pounds; dissolve in 30 gallons of water.
77. Mercurial Wash i'or Lice. — Take corrosive sublimate
1 ounce, spirits ot wine 2 ounces. Rub the corrosive sub-
limate in the spirit nntil it is dissolved, and then add
cream of tartar 1 ounce, bay salt 4 ounces. Dissolve the
whole in two quarts of water, and apply a little of it with
a small piece of sponge wherever the lice appear.
78. Fly Powder for.— Take white leacl 2 potinds, red
lead I pound, and mix them together.
70. Ointment for Sore Heads, — Take black pitch 2
|)ounds, tar I pound, flowers of sulphur 1 jiound; melt
thorn in an iron pot over a very slow fire, stirring together
the ingredients as they begin to melt, but carefully watch-
ing the compound, and removing tlie pot from the lire the
moiiient i lie ingredients are well mixed, and lieforo they
begin to fidil, for they would then rapidly swell to un ox-
traordinaiy extent, and tiic whole mass would run over
into the tire.
80. Astringent Powder for. — Take jircjiarcd ehulk i
ounce, ginger .} drachm, catechu powdered ^ flraclini,
powdered opium 2 grains; give this in a little gruel, twice
daily until the purging abates.
81. .Mild liaxitivo.— Take linseed oil 3 ounces, pow-
dered ojiium 2 grains; to be mixed with linseed tea, lin-
seed and oatmeal gruel should be given several times u
day, and the second day the astringent powder for sheep
should be given.
82. Tonic Drink for Debility.— Take gentian and pow-
dered caraway seeds, of each 1 ounce; Colombo and ginger,
of each i an ounce. Pour a quart of boiling water upon
them, and let the infusion stand throe days, stirring it
well every day. Then pour ot! the clear liquid, and bottle
it for use. Give a tablespoonfiil daily in a little gruel,
mixed with an .iqual quantity of good ale.
83. liotion for 'Jlondiness on the Eyes.— Take corrosive
sublimate 4 grain.i; rub it down with spirits of wine i
ounce; and add om pint of water,
84. .McrQurial Ointment for Scab.— Take crude quick-
silver 1 ]iouiid, venico turpentine^ pound, spirits of tur-
pentine ;! ounces; mix.
85. Mild Ointment for Scab.— Take flowers of sulphur 1
pound, venico turpentine 4 ounces, rancid lard 3 pounds,
strong niercurial ointment 4 ounces ; rub them well
together.
80. Powerful Ointment for Scab.— Take white hellebore
3 ounces, bichloride of mercury 2 ounces, fish oil 12
pounds, resin ounecs, tallow iV pound; the two first in-
gredients to bo mixed with a portion of the oil; and then
melt the other ingredients and add.
87. Smearing Mixture for Scab.— Take a gallon of
common tar and 13 pounds of any sweet grease. Melt
them together, stirring them well while they are cooling.
88. Swine.— Fever Medicines for.— Take digitalis 3
grains, antimonial powder 6 grains, nitre i drachm; mix
and give in a little warm swill, or milk, or mash.
89. Alterative Powder for.— Take flowers of sulphur i
ounce, .^Sthiop's mineral 3 grains, nitre and cream of
tartar i drachm; mix and give daily in a little thickened
gruel or wash.
SoAPSTONE Paint for Ikon. — Both in China and
Japan soapstono has long been largely used for protecting
structures built of soft stone and other materials specially
liable to atmosplieric influences. It has been found that
powilered soapstone in the form of paint has preserved
obelisks formed of stone for hundreds of vears, which
would, unprotected, have long ago crumbled away. See-
ing what a pre.servative quality this material has, it is
specially of interest to shipowners to learn that Mr. Good-
all has, in the course of manv experiments, "found noth-
ing to take hold of the fibre of iron and steel so easily and
firmly as soapstone." For the inside painting of steel and
iron ships it is found to be excellent. It has no anti-fou
ing quality, but is anti -corrosive.
(
i,
=^5..
'J •■.
I r
OUOIOR P0RU8.
.. ,«-h^;ir^f^k:=i., ..
CHOICK POEMS
"••T^5i^|^>5=^'"
WOULD WE RETURN P
Would we rotiirn
If onco the giites which closoil upon tho past
Woro onoiieil wide for us, and if tho du! r
Remomliered pathway stretched befoio ui clear
To lend us back to youth's lust land ut !tuit.
When oti life's April shadows lightly cast.
Recalled the old sweet days of ehildigh fear
With all thnir faded hopes, and brought anear
Tho fur oil streams with which our skies were glassed ;
Did these lost dreams which wake tho soul's sad yearning
Cat live once more and waited our returning,
Would wo return?
Would wo return
If love's ouchuntment held the heart no more.
And we had come to count the wild, sweet pain,
Tho fond distress, the lavish tears — but vain ;
Had cooleil tho heart's hot wounds amidst the roar
Of mountain gules, or on some alien sluire
Worn out the soul's long anguish, and had slain
At last the dragon of despair — if then the train
Of vanquislied years eaino buck, and, as of yore,
Tho sumo voice culled, and with soft eyes beguiling,
Our lost love beckoned, tiirongh times gray and smiling.
Would wo return?
Would wo return
Once wo had crossed to death's unlovely land.
And trod tho bloomlesj ways among tho dead
Lone and unhappy ; after years hud fled
With twilight wings aloi.g that glimmering strand.
If then — un angel came with ontstretcho.1 land
To lead us back, and wo recalled in dread
How soon the tears that once for us are shed
May flow for others — how like words in sand
Our memory fades away — how oft our waking
Might vex the living with tho dead heart's breaking.
Would we return —
Would we return?
-Boberl Burns Wilson.
WE PARTED IN" SILENCE.
BY MRS. CRAWFOUD.
We parted in silence, we parted by night.
On the banks of that lonely river ;
W here the fragrant limes their boughs unite
We met — and we parted forever I
The night-bird sung, and tho stars above
Told many a touching story
Of friends long passed to the kingdom of love.
Where the soul wears its niuntlo of glory.
Weparted in silence — our cheeks were wet
With the tears that were past controlling ;
We vowed wo would never, no, never forget,
And those vows, at the time, were consoling;
But those lips that eohoed the sounds of mine
Are as cold aa that lonely river ;
And that sje, that beantiful spirit's shrine.
Has shrouded its fires forever.
55
1
And now, on tho midnight sky I look,
And my heart grows full of weeping;
Each star is to me u sealed l»>ok,
i^omo tale of that loved one keeping.
Wo parted in silence, wo parted iu tears.
On the banks of that lonely river ;
But the odor and bloom of those bygone years
Shall hang o'er its waters forever.
MAUD MULLER.
BY JOH>f O. WIIIITIKB.
Maud Muller, on a summer's day,
Raked the meadow, sweet with hay.
Beneath her torn hat glowed tho wealth
Of simple beauty and rustic health.
Singing, she wrought, and her merry glee
The mock-bird cclioed froui his tree.
But, when she glanced to tho far-off town.
White from its liill-slopo looking down,
The sweet-song died, arul a vague nnrest
And a nameless longing filled Iior breast—
A wish, that she hardly dared to own.
For something better than she had known.
The .Judge rode slowly down the lane.
Smoothing his horse's chestnut mane.
He drew his bridle in tho shade
Of the upple-treeb to greet the maid.
She stooped where the cool spring bubbles up
And filled for him her small tin cup.
Anil blushed as she gave it, looking down
On her feet so bare, and her tattered gown.
" Thunks ! " caid the Judge, " a sweeter draught
From a fairer hand was never quaffed."
He spoke of the grass and flowers and trees.
Of the singing birds and the humming bees;
Then talked of the haying, and wondered wketber
The cloud in the west would bring foul weather.
And JIaud forgot her brier-torn gown
And her graceful ankles bare and brown.
And listened, while a pleased surprise
Looked from her long-laahed, hazel eyes.
At last, like one who for delay
Seeks a vain excuse, ho rode away.
Maud Muller looked and sighed: "Ah met
That I the Judge's bride might be!
"He would dress me up in.8ilks so fine.
And praise and toast me at his wine.
" My father would wear a broadcloth coat ;
My brother should sail a painted boat.
" I'd dress my mother so grand and gay ;
And the baby should have a new toy eaoh day.
ii
3 yean
m.
vrn.
lea up
vn
wn.
r draught
■ees,
aees:
i wketber
weather.
nel
•OOICK PORMa.
"And I'd fcL'd tho liniiffry iind clothe the poor,
And iili hIioiiM I)I(!hm iiiu w1k> loft our door."
Tho .Tiidj,'o Idokrd lincl; us lio climbnd the hill,
Aridsuw Maud Miilliu' HUiiidiiigHtill ;
" A form more fiiir, a faoo morn Hwcet,
No'or liiith it heuii my lot to moot.
"And lior modorit iuiHW,»r and graceful air
Show luT widu and good ud shu id fair.
"Would she wore mirio, and I to-day,
Liki) hor, a Imrvester of iuiy.
"No (l()ulitfiill)alani'(( of rights and wronga.
No woiiry lawyors with ondloss tongues,
" But low of ciittio, and song of birds.
And health, and (juiot, and loving words."
But ho thought of liis si itor, proud nnd cold.
And hid molhuj', vain ot hor rank and gold.
So, closing hid heart, tlin Judge rodo on,
And Maud was left in the iiuld t'loiie.
But tho lawyers smiled that afternoon.
When ho hummed in oourt an old love tune.
And tho young girl muHed bosido tho well.
Till tho rain on tliu unniked clover fell.
IIo wedilorl a wife of richest dower,
Who lived for fiishion, as ho for power.
Yet oft, in hi.i marble hearthV white glov,
lie watched a picture come and go ;
And BweotMaud MuUer'a hazel eyes
Looked out in their innocent surprise.
Oft, when tho wine in his glass was red,
lie longed for tho waysido well instead.
And closed his eyes on his garnished rooma.
To dream of meadows and clover-blooms ;
And the proud man sighed with a secret pain,
"Ah, that I were free again!
"Free us when I rodo that day
Where tho barefoot maiden raked tlie hay."
She wedded a man unlearned and poor.
And many children i)layed round Iut door.
But caro and sorrow, and child-birth pain.
Left their traces on heart and brain.
And oft, when tho summer Pun shono hot
On the new-mowu hay in tho meadow lot.
And she heard tho little spring brook fall
Over tho road side, through tho wall.
In the shade of tho apple-tree again
Sho saw a rider draw his rein.
And, gazing down with timid grace,
Sho felt hid pleased eyes read her face.
Sonietinies lu'r narrow kitelicn walla
Stritchod iiWiiy into stately ]i;ills;
Tho weary wheel to a spinnet turned,
Tho tallow candlo an astral burned.
And for him who sat by the chimney lug.
Dozing and grumbling o'er pij)e and mug,
A manly form at her side she saw,
And joy was duty and love was law.
Then she took up lier burden of life again*
Saying only, " It might have been."
Alaa ^or maiden, alas for Judge,
For rich repiner and household drudgel
r longuo or pen,
" It might havo beanl"
Ood pity them both! and pity ns all,
\V iio vainly the tlrcams of youth rorall.
For of all sad words of tonguo or pen,
Tho HuddcHt aril tlicHc
Ah, wclll for us all sonio sweet hope lies
Deeply l)uriod from hunuin eyes;
And, in the hiTcafler, angcU nuiy
Itoll the stone from its grave awayl
OFT, IN THE STILLY NIOHT.
Oft in the stilly night,
Ere slumlior s chain has bound me.
Fond memory brings tiie light
Of other days aroum' me;
Tho smiles, tho tears,
Of boyhooil's years,
Tho words of lovo then spoken;
Tho eves that sbono,
Now (limm'd and gone,
Tho cheerful hearid now brokeni
ThuH, in tho stilly night.
Ere slumber's chain hiid bound me.
Sad memory brings the light
Of other days around mo.
When I romemborall
Tho friends solinked together,
I've seen around me fall.
Like leaves in wintry weather;
I feel like one,
Who treads alone
Some bannuct hall deserted,
Whose lights are lied.
Whoso garlands dead,
And all but he departed!
Thus, in tho stilly night,
Ere slumber's chain has bound me.
Sad memory brings the light
Of other days around me.
— TiiOMAa Moosa.
IIEKEAFTER.
land beyond tho setting sun!
O realm nioro fair than poet's dreaml
IIow clear thy silvery streamlets run,
How bright thy golden glories gleam!
Earth holds no counterpart of thine.
The dark-browed Orient, jewel-crowned»
Pales as she bows before thy shrine.
Shrouded in mystery so profound.
The dazzling North, the stately West,
AVhoso rivers flow from mount to sea;
Tho South, flower-wreathed in languid reat—
What are they all compared with thee?
All lands, all realms beneath yon dome.
Where God's ovn hand hath hung the sttfi^
To thee witli humblest homage eoino,
world beyond the crystal bars!
Thou blest hereafter! Mortal tongue
llath striven in vain thy speoch to learn.
And fancy wanders, lost among
The flowery paths for which we yearn.
But well we know that, fair and bright.
Far beyond human ken or dream,
Too glorious for our feeble sight,
Thy skies of cloudless azure beam.
' an Tim
OROice puKMfl.
\Vi' kiiDW tliy Imppy viilloyg lin
III Rrofii ii'|)"80, Hiipri'iiiKlii' l)lc«tj
W'li know it^tuiiNt thy mippliiru iiky
'i'liy riiDiiititiii {u'aku HiibJiiiioly rest.
Ami "oiiii'tiiiiiM ovoii now wo ciitcli
Faint ;,'lcainiii^'H from tlio fiir-olf hIion,
Ami Hiill with t'aj;i'r ovfs wo watch
Fur oMO Hwui't sign or token inoro.
For oil, tho (l('i'|ily lovod uro thoro!
'I'ho liiav(>, ihi! i'air, tint jfooil, tiio wi«0.
Who iiiiicil f(ir I liy Hcrcnor air,
NorMhiiniir 1 tiiy hoIciiih inyHtorioH.
Ther« urn tho Iiopca that, ono by one,
Dicil even a-i wu ^javcthiMii birth;
Tho ilrciiiiM tliat pacsod oro well hogun,
Too dear, too beautiful for earth.
The iwpirations, strong of wing,
Aiming at heigiitH wu could nut reaoh;
Tho 8ong:i wo tried in vain losing;
Thoughts too VH«t for human speech;
Thou hiirft them all. Hereafter! Thou
(Siialt keo|) them naft ly till that hour
When, with (iod'ij sinl on luarl and brow,
Wo claim them in immortal power!
CIIANdlX
Whom lirat wo love, yon know, wo ^eldom wed.
Time rules iisiill. And life, indeed, is not
Tho tiiiii;; wo plaimeil it o.it, ere hope was dead;
And tiieii. wo women cannot choose our lot.
Much must boborno which it is hard to bear;
Much given iiway v/hich it were sweet to keep.
Ood help mall! who need, indeed. Ilia care;
And yet. I know, the Shepherd loves Ilia sheep.
-My little lioy lirgins to babble now,
tfpon my knee, his earliest infant prnyer;
He Inn IiiH father's eager eyes, I know;
And, they .say, too, his mother's sunny hair.
But when ho sleeps, and smiles upon my knee.
And I can feel his ligiit breath como and go,
I think of one (Heaven help and j)ity mo!)
Who loved ino, and whom I loved, long ago.
Who might havo been * * * nJi! what, I dare not
think!
Wo are all changed. God judges for us best.
(Jod help us d.) our duty, and not shrink.
And trust in Heaven humbly for tlic rest.
But blame ns women not, if some appear
Toocf.ld at times; and some too gay and light.
Some griefs gnaw dee]). Some woes are hard to bear.
Who knows the past, and who can judge us rightP
Ah! were we judjrod by what we might have been.
Ami not by what we are — too apt to fall!
My littlo child — he sleeps and smiles between
Theso thoughts and me. In heaven wo shall know all.
OH. WHYSnOTTLD THE SPIRIT OP MORTAL BE
PROUD ?
ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S FAYORITK POEM. BY WILLIAM SHOX.
Oh, why should tho spirit of mortal be proud?
Like a swift-fleeting meteor, a fast-Hying cloud,
A flash of tho lightning, a break of the wave,
passes from life to his rest in the grave.
The loaves of the oak and tho willow Khali fade,
Ho scattered anni' <! and together bt> laid;
And the yoniig ami tho old, and the low and tho liigh,
Hhall niolder to dust, and together Hhall lie.
Tlii> infant a mother attended and loved,
The mother that in Cant's alTection who proved,
Tho husband tiiat mother and infant who blessed,
Each, all, are away to their dwollingH of rest.
Tho maid on wliosi' eheek, on wlior^e brow, in whose eye,
iSlione beiMity and pliMisiire — lier triumphs are by;
And (he nii'iijory of those who |ove<l her and praised;
Arc alike from the minds of tho living erased.
Tho hand of tho king that the sceptre hath borne,
Tho brow of the priest that the mitro hath worn,
Tho eye of the sago ami tlie heart of tiie brave,
Aro hidden and lost in tho depth of the grave.
Tho peasant, whose lot was to sow and to reap.
The tierdsnian, who climbed with his goats up tho steep,
Tiio beggar, who wandered in search of his bread.
Have fadeil away like the grass that we tread.
Tho saint who enjoyed the communion of Hoaven,
The sinner who dared to remain unforgiven,
Tlie wise and tlii; foolish, (he guilty and just,
Havoipiietly mingled their bones in the dust.
So the multitude goes, like the flowers or the weed
That witheiH away to let others succeed;
So the niiiliitiido comes, even tiioso wo behold,
To repeat every tale that has often been told.
For we ani tho same our fathers have been;
We see tho same sights OHi fathers liavg seen, —
Wo drink the same stream and view the same sun.
And run the same onnrso our fathers havo run.
Tho thoughts we are thinking our fathers would think,
From the death we aro shrinking our fathers would shrink.
To tiio life wo are clinging thev also would cling;
But it speeds for ns all, like a liird on the wing.
They loved, but the story we cannot unfold;
They scorned, but tho heart of the haiightv is cold;
They grieved, but no wail from their slumljors will come;
They joyed, but the tongue of their gladness is dumb.
They died, aye! they died; and - 'hingstliat aro now.
Who walk on the turf that lies ■)\fr their brow.
Who make in their dwellings a transient abode,
Meet tho things that they met on their pilgrimage road.
Yea! hope and despondency, pleasure and pain.
We mingle togetiier in sunsiiine and rain;
And the smiles and the tears, the song and the dirge
Still follow each other, like surge upon surge.
'Tis the wink of an eye, 'tis the draught of a breath;
From the blossom of health to the paleness of death.
From tho gilded saloon to tho bier and tho ghrond,—
Oh, why should the spirit of mortal bo proud?
TIS THE LAST ROSE OF SUMMEE.
'Tis tho last rose of summer.
Left blooming alone;
All her lovely companions
Aro faded and gone;
No flower of her Kindred
No rosebud is nigh
To reflect back her blushes.
Or give sigh for sigh.
S
S=SE
are now.
1
OnOICIi: PDKMM,
I'll not lottro the, t'lou loiu' oiioJ
To pino «n tli«» Mrm;
Hiiicu tlio liivi'lv iiro blrutiini^,
Go itli'i'll l\a.A wilil IlH'Ili.
Thus kiiKlIy I - nttir
Thy li'iivcn o'l-r tlio hod
Wlu'nt thy iiiiiii'ii (<t iiit> pinlen
Lio HCl'lllh'nH aiul dciul,
So Honn nmy I folh)u ,
W'lii'ii fiii'ii(lHlii(n (ItTiiy,
And from lovo'ti Hhinin^ circle
Tho fjiiiis drop iiwiiy.
Whon tiiio hcan.H \u< « itliorM,
And foml oiH rt un' Ihiwii,
Oil. wiio woiilil iiiliidill
This hlt-ak worhl (lioiu'?
— 'I'liuMAs Moors.
niXClF.X ON TIIK l;I[IXE.
MV CAUOMNK ^. XcilCIUX.
A soldier of llu' f.i'jiioii luy dyin/ in Al;^it!r8:
'I'lioro wilt) hirJi (if \voni:in'8 niuviiii;. tiifrt; was ileartli of
wonirtii's t('ar.s;
Hnt a ('oniiad(« Miodd iiosidu hnn, \\liiU'hi.s iifit hhiod ebbod
away,
And hoiit witli pi'ying •{iancett, to lu-iir wl.itl he niigiit.
say.
The dying soldier faltcriMl, us lie took that ooninide's
hand,
And iiosaiil, " 1 never nioro nhail see iiiv own, my nulivo
hind.
Take a nu'-snge and a tokei\ to some distant frienda of
mine;
For I was l)oiii at IJingon — at Miiiu'eu on the Hhiiiol
"Toll my liro'hers and eompanioiiK, wlieii they meet and
crowd around.
To hear my moiimfnl story, in tlic pleasant vineyard
groini'l.
Thai, we foi:j;lit I lie hatile liravely ; and wIkmi the day was
done,
Full many a corpse lay ghastlv pale henealh the citing kuii.
And micfst. the dead and 'lying were some grown old in
war,
The death-w(jiiiuls on their ;.'aliant hicasts tiie la.sl of
many .-cars;
Rut some were young, anil suddenly hcheld life's morn
decline;
And one liad come from Hingoii — fair Hingcii on the
Hiiiiu>:
"Tell my mother tiiat her other sons shall comfort In r
old age.
For I was .shll a truant bird that thought his homo a cage;
for my fat iter was a soldier, and even as a child
My heart hnped foi'th to hear him tell of st rngglea fierce
and wild:
And wlicii 'i died, and left ns to divide his scanty hoard,
I let thoni take whate'er they would — hut kept iny father's
.sword,
And with boyish love I hung it. where the bright light
used t) sliino
On tlio cottage wall at ISingen — calm Biiigeii on the
Kit inc.
'•■ Tell uiy sister not to weep for me, and sob with drooping
head.
When the troops come marching home again, with glad
anil gallant tread;
D'lt tolook iiiioii tlieni proudly, with a culm and Ktend>
fii«t pye.
For lior brother was a Holdier too, and not afraid to die;
And if u coniiade mi k iier ii>ve, I ank iur iu my iiainu
'i'o listi II to him kiiii!!;', ivitlort ii gret or himiiie;
And to hang thi< old sword in its place, my father's sword
and mine.
For the honor of old Itingeii — dear Bingen on the Ithltie!
" Tlicre's another, not a sintr'r; in the happv days gone by.
You'd have known her by ilie iiierriinent ifiat sparkled in
lier eye ;
Too innoceiil for co<pietiv, too fond for idle heoiniiig;
friend I I fear the lightest aeurt makiH Hometimes
hea\iest mourning.
Tell her the last ni,:;lil of my lifi^ (for ere this moon bo
risen,
My liodv will be out of |iaiii, my soul Uh out of prison,
1 dreamed I ^tood \\iih her, a'.d saw llio yellow sunlight
shine
On the vine-clad bills of IMiigeii — fair Hingeii on the
lihine!
•' r saw the blue Kliine sweep ulong; I heard, t seemed to
hear,
The (Jeriiian songs wo used to sing, in chorus sweet and
clear;
And down the pleasant river, and up the sl.'inting hill.
The echoing chorus .soiiiiihd, thiongh the evening calm
and still;
And her g.ad blue eyes were on me, aa we passed, with
friendly talk,
Down many a path beloved of yore, and well-romcmbered
walk;
And her little hand lay lightly, confidingly in mino;
ihit wi'll meet no more at Biiu;en — loved lii.igen on the
lihino!"
His voice grow faint and hoarse — his grasp v. as oliildish
weak ;
His eyes put on a dying look — he sigtied, ui: I ceased to
speak;
Ills comrade bent to lift him, hut tiie spark of life had
iled;
The soldier of the Legion in a foreign land wu-: dead I
And the soft inooii rose tip slowly, am! calmly she looked
down
Oil tho red sand of the batlle-lieM, wiiii bloody corpses
strowii.
Yes, calmly on that ilie:ulful sieiic her \>tuv llu'ht seemed
to shine,
,\s it shone on distant Bin.'cn — fair llinj:','!! on the
lihiiie!
•''OS'lI.Hi; .TOK."
I stood at eve as the sun went down, by a grave where a
woman lies.
Who hired men's souls to tlie shores of sin with the light
of her wanton eyes;
Who sang tho song tiiat the siren .sang on tlie Ircachoroiis
Lnrley height.
Whose face was ns lair as a summer day, and whose heart
was as black as night.
Yet a blosscni 1 fain would pluck to-day from the garden
above her iliitt —
Not tho languorous lily of .-oiilles" sin, nor tho blood-red
rose of lust.
Uiit a sweet white blossom of i>o!y love that grew in the
one grei n sj I't
In the arid desert, of I'hiyiie's life, where all was ]iarcliei
and hot.
([■
I
i 1
I
CHOICE POEMS.
In the summer, when the meadows were aglow with blue
and red,
Joe, the 'ostler of the Magpie, and fair Annie Smith were
wed.
Plnnip waa Annie, plnmp and pretty, with a cheek as
white as snow;
He waa anything but handsome, was the Magpie's 'Ostler
Joe.
But he won the winsome lassie. They'd a cottage and a
cow
And her matronhood sat lightly on the village beauty's
brow,
Sped the months and came a baby — such a blue-eyed baby
boy!
Joe was working in the stables when they told him of his
Joy.
H.- was rabbin^ down the horses, and he gave them then
and there
All a special fetd of clover, just in honor of the heir,
i It had been his great ambition, and he told the horses so.
That the Fatee wonld eend a baby who might bear the name
of ./oe.
Little Joe the child was christened, and, like babies, grew
apaoe;
He'd his mothers eyee of izure, and his father's honest
face.
Swift the hapj y years \ ;.it over, years of blue nnd cloud-
less sky,
Love was krd of :h.M jmall cottage, and the tempest
pasiol then. by.
Passed tle'i by fo: jcars, then swiftly burst in fury o'er
t'.ieir 'ome.
Down the iane by Annie's cotti^^^e chanced a gentleman to
roam;
Thrice he came and saw aer sittinj by the window with
her child,
And he nodded to the baby, and the baby laughed and
smiled.
So at la-t it grew to know him -Little Joe was nearly
four;
He would call the "pretty gemplin ' as he passed the open
duor;
And one day he ran and caught him, and in child's play
pulled him in:
And the baby Joe had praye-i for brought about the
mother's sin.
'Twas the same old wretched story, that for ages bards
have sung,
'Twas a woman weak and wf.nton, and a villain's tempting
tongue;
'Twas ;i picture deftly pai jted for a silly creature's eyes
Of the B.ibylonian wondevs, and the joy that in them lies.
Annie listened and wap tempted; she was tempted and she
fell,
Ae the angel" Teii from heaven to the blackest depths of
hell;
She was piomisci wealth and pplendor, and a life of guilty
sloth,
Yellow gild for child and husband, and the woman left
them iiotk.
Home f^T'C "'c r^me Joe the 'Ostler with a cheery cry of
•Wifor'
Finding that which blurred forever all tlie story of his life.
She hiid left a silly letter — through the cruel scrawl he
spelt ;
Then he sought the lonely bedroom, joined his hands and
knelt.
"Now, Lord, O God, forfive her, for she ain't to blame,"
he cried ;
"For I owt t' a seen her tronbk, and 'a gone away and
died.
Why, a wench like her — God hiesa he.- ! — 'twasn't likely as
her'd rest
With her bonny head tonrer on s 'ostler's ragged vest.
" It waa kin! o' hert* b*ar me nil this long and happy
time ;
So, for my sake plea* So bl!e« her, though you count her
deed a crime.
If so be I don't pray prowr. Lord, forgive me; for you see,
I can talk all right to owes, but
I'm nervous like with
Thee."
Never a line came to tbe collage from the woman who had
flown.
Joe, the baby, died iiua «iat«r, and the man was left
alone.
Ne'er a bitter word he uttered, but in silence kissed the
rod.
Saving what he told the koEKe, saving what he told his
God.
Far away in mighty Loitdoa rose the woman into fame,
For her beauty won menli homage, and she prospered in
her shame ;
Quick from lord to I&to. dse flitted, higher still each prize
she won.
And her rival paled be^dd* h^rns the stars beside the sun.
Next she made the stage ber market, and she dragged Art's
temple down.
To the level of a show-r, '. >■ ' t the ontcast.s of the town.
And the kisses she hai r-.--\ - jKor 'Ostler Joe for nought
With their gold and cosijj jewels rich and titled lovers
bought.
Went the years with fijimg fooisveps while the star was at
its heicrht ;
Then the darknesa c^me on ewiftly, and the gloaming
turned to night.
Shattered strength atd £ad«<d beauty tore the laurels from
her brow ;
Of the thousands who had vorEhiped never one came near
her now.
Broken down in health aisd fortune, men forgot her very
name,
'Till the news that ahe wa« dying woke the echoes of her
fame ;
And the papers La their gwEEJp mentioned how an "actress"
lay
Sick to death in hnmtle HtdgingF. growing weaker every
day.
One there waa who r«wi the story in a far-off country
place,
And that night the djiaz »oman woke and looked upon
his face ;
Once again the strong" aroaf clasped her that had clasped
her long ago.
And the weary hea<i iaj p:Jl>jw«3 on the breast of 'Ostler Joe.
All the past ha<i he f«:«rgx>tten, all the sorrow and the
shame ;
He had fourd her lick aad lonely, and his wife he now
cof.'kJ claim.
Since the grand folkx who ha<I known her one and all had
slunk away,
He could claap hia loojj-krft darling, and no man can say
him nay.
lu his arms death foand ber laying, in his arms her spirit
fled;
't to blame,
away and
sn't likely as
ged Teat.
and happy
ij count lier
for you see,
as like with
lan who had
nan was left
e kissed the
t he told his
nto fame,
prospered in
11 each prize
ide the suu.
iragged Art's
f the town.
oe for nought
[ titled lovers
le star was at
:he gloaming
laurels from
>ne came near
got her very
echoes of her
V an "actress"
weaker every
,r-oflE country
looked upon
, had clasped
of 'Ostler Joe.
•row and the
wife he now
ae and all had
man can say
.rms her spirit
IS r
CHOICE POEMS.
And his tears came down in torrents as he knelt beside her
dead.
Never once his love had faltered through her base unhal-
lowed life ;
And the stone above her ashes bears the honored name of
wife.
That'3 the blossom I fain would pluck to-day from the gar-
den above Iier dust ;
Not the languorous lily of soulless sin or the blood-red rose
of lust ;
But a sweet, white blossom of holy love that grew in the
one green 8p<jt
In the arid desert of Phryne's life where all was parched
and hot. Geukge R. Sims.
THE MURDERER.
[as cspcblished poem by edga:. alles fob.]
Ye glittering stars ! how fair ye sliiiie lo-night,
And O, thoa beauteous moon 1 thy fuiry light
Is peeping thro* those iron bars eo /lear me.
How silent is the night — hnw clear and bright I
I nothing bear, nor aught there is to hear me.
Shunne*! byall,asif the world did fear nie;
Alone in chains ! Ah, me ! the cursed spell
That brought me here. Heaven could not cheer me
Within the=c walls — within this dark cold cell.
This gloomy, dreary, solitary hell.
And thou, so slow. O Time I so passing slow ;
Keeping my soul in bondage, in this woe
So tortaririL' — this uncontrollable pain :
Was I to blamo ? I was they say. Then so
Be it. Will this deep, sanguinary stain
Of my dark crime forever liaunt my brain ?
Must I live here and never, never hear
The sweetness of a friendly voice again ?
Mast I this torture feel year after year ?
Live, lie in hell, and Paradise so near ?
Am I dead to Thee, Christ ? Thou who sought
The prisoner in his lonely nell ; taught
Him to feel the enchantment of Thy love —
Am I dead to Thee ? Canst Thou not be brought
By prayer from Thy celestial throne above
Into this darkene<l cell ? Dost thou, too, reprove
My soul ? Thou, t-x), doom it to endless misery !
Am I so hardened that I cannot move
The divine, forgiving love in Thee ?
Canst Thou be Christ and have no love for me?
What ! lost am I ? ne'er will I feel the bliss
Of heaven ? Ne'er feel the joys above this
World of siu ? What I never ? Is my destiny
Hell ? Into that dark, fathomless abyss
Of sin and crime ? Into that misery
Etenial ? Into that unquenchable sea
Of fire ? Is 'here my future — is it there ?
Ah ! it coir before my eves. See ! see I Ye
Infernal fiends 1 Why come ye here. How dare
Ye come ? Away I mock me not with your stare !
Away ye fiends ! Whv at me now ? Am I
Not hardcnerl yet ? Am I not lit for hell ? Why
Test me again ? horrors, hear the groans
Of tortured victims! Ah I see them lie
Bleejlin;? .ind in chains ! IIe:ir the mocking moans
Of the ma>Men'd dem(>n>, in deep wild tone.^ !
See them hurl their victims into the hot mire !
Now see the devils dance I What I are they stones?
Have they no hearts, no love, no kind desire ?
Fearfully eveling 'midst Jehovah's fire !
Cries, cries I horrible cries assail my ears !
I see her ! My munlercd victim now appears
Before me I Hear lier pleading for mercy ;
Ah ! see herstare, with eyes swollen with tears;
Horrors ! see her white arms outstretched to me,
Begging for life ! O woe ! misery !
Take me demons I take me out of this col' ;
Satan, I'm thine ! Iliar, hear, I call on thee ,
Torture me — rank me with the piiins of hell ;
Do what thou wile, but break this madd'ning spell.
Listen I Wli;;t'o that ? My soul, they come, they come !
The demons come to take thee to thy honie !
See, see ! No, no ! O heavens ! What brought this
Pale skeleton liere ! Speak ! ^peak ! What I dumb ?
And has thou naught to say ? What is thy office ?
Away, fiend ! What ! move not for me ! What is
Thy want? Speak, devil, speak ! Come, come, unsheath
Thy tongue. Com'st thou from the dark abyss
Of sin ? Hold, hold I I know tliee — niv breath I
lla I ha I I know thee now — 'tis Death f 'tis Death !
TWENTY VKARS AOO.
I've wandered to the village, Tom; I've sat beneath the
tree,
Upon the school-house play-ground, that sheltered you
and mi.
But none were left to greet me, Tom, and few were left to
know,
Who played with us upon the green, some twenty years
ago.
The grass is just as green, Tom ; barefooted boys at play
Were ^porting, just as we did then, with spirits just ae
gay,
But the " master " sleeps upon the hill, which, coated o'er
with snow,
Afforded us a sliding-place, some twenty years ago.
The old school-house is altered now ; the benches are re-
placed
By new ones, very like the same our penknives once de-
faced ;
But the same old brick<< are in the wall, the bell swings to
and fro
Its music's just the same, dear Tom, 'twas twenty years
ago.
The boys were playing some old game, beneath that same
old tree ;
I have forget the name just now — you've played the same
with me,
On that s:ime spot ; 'twas played with knives, by throwing
so and so ;
The !oser had a task to do — there, twenty years ago.
The river's running just as still ; the willows on its side
Are larger tnan they were, Tom ; the stream appears less
wide ;
But the grape-vine swing is ruined now, where once we
played the bean.
And* SWUI12 our sweethearts — pretty girls — just twenty
years ago.
The spring that bubbled 'neath the hill, close by the
sproitding beach.
Is very low — 'twas then so high that we could scarcely
reach:
And kneeling down to pet a drink, dear Tom. 1 tarted so,
To see liow sadly I am changed, sinco twenty years ago.
Near by that spring, upon an ehn, you know I cut your
name,
Your sweetheart's just beneath it, Tom, and you did mine
the same.
8r<
Il'l !
lili'^
1:
CHOICE POEMS.
Soil!" ln'iiriloss wiitcli Im- p^-eleil the biiikj 't'.vjis dying
siiri' but hIow,
■ist ;i.s ^iii: ilit!(l, whose luiine, you cut some twenty years
.My liil.^ ii.ivo long been dry, Tom, l)ui iiai;! cauie to my
cvos:
I thoiiglit of her I h)ved so well, those furly broken ties;
I visited the old cliureh-y;ird, iind took some llowers to
tit row
Upon tlic ;_'r!iVL'.-; of those we loved, some twcnly years ago.
Soinc! 'ire in the o!iurc!i-y:ird laid, s'Mne sleep hpiicafh the
sea;
IJut tuw rtf-; I--ii of our ohh old class, exevpting you and
me;
And when our tine shall come, Tom, and we are called to
go,
I hone t'rioy'll lay ;h where we jiliiyed, just twenty years
ar^o.
THE OLIt OAKE.N HrCKET.
DY SAMfEL WOODWOUTH.
How dear to this heart are the scenes of my childhood,
When fond recollection presenis them to view !
'J'hi'oralnird, the meadow, the deep-tangled wildwood,
And every lovod spot wi;. 'i my infancy knew!
The wile -ipreading pond, and tiio mill that stood by it;
'i'he briilixe. and tiio rock whtie the cataract fell ;
The cot 01 iuy father, tlie dairy-house nigli it,
And e'en the rude bucket that hung in the well:
Th* old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket.
The ln■^^'s-covered bucket which hung in the well.
Tinit nioss-cDVtred vessel I hailed as a treasure;
For often at n on, when rolarncd from the field
I found it tile source of an exquisite ])leasure.
'i'he p'lrest and sweetest that nature can yield.
How ardent 1 seized it witli hriiids tliat were glowing,
And quick to the white-j)uublcd bottom it fell!
Tlioii soon, with the eui'.l.'i;! of truth ovurilowing,
.'\'id iliipiuiiT with coolness, it rose ^ oin the well:
Th(> old w.ikeli bucket, the iioii-bouud bucket.
The moss-covered bucket, arose from the well.
How sweet from the green. mos.9y brim to receive it;
As, jioised o!i the curl), it inclined to my lijisl
Not a full, biusii!nggobh-t eould t-'inpt me to leave it
Tho lirightest that beauty or rcveiry sips.
And n'i>v far removed from the loved u.djiiation,
Tli'i learof legrei will intrusively swell,
As fancy reveii.sfo my father's plantation,
.Vnd sighs fnr the bucket tiiat hangs in tho well:
The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket,
'I'lie moss-eovered b;'f>ket r]i:'> Iv.tng? iti {he well.
Till-; KAVKX.
Oiiee u 1 111 a iiiiduiirii- dreary, wiiile I pondered weak and
wu;try,
Ove' many a quai it and curious volume of forgotten
ore;
While i nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a }
tapping, ... ^
As of sotne one gently rappjui:, rapping at my (diamber
door.
'■ 'Tis some visitor. '" f muttered. •• tapping at my chamber
door —
Only this, and TiothiiiLT more."
Ah, distinctly T remember it was in th'^ bieak December.
And each separate dying ember v i-oiight its ghost upon
the lloor.
Eagerly I wished the morrow — vainly I had tried to bor-
row
From my books surcease of sorrow — sorrow for the lost
Lenore —
For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels named
Lenore,
Nameless liere foreverniore.
And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple
curtain
Thrilled me — filled me witli fantastic terrors never felt
before;
•So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood
repeating,
'■'Tis some visitor entreating entraucs at my chamber
door.
tSoUie late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber
door;
This it is and nothing more."
Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no
longer,
"Sir,"saiil I, "or Jladatn, truly your forgiveness I im-
lilorc;
Hut I he fart is 1 was napping, and so gently you came
nipping,
And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber
door,
That I scarce was sure I heard you:" here 1 opened wide
the door.
Darkness theie and nothing more.
Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there won-
dering, fearing,
Doitbting, dreaming dr-^ams no mortal ever dared to dream
before;
But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no
token.
And the only word there spoken was the whispered word,
'•Lenorel "
Merely this and nothing more.
Rack into the chamber turning, all my soul within me
burning.
Soon again I heard a tajiping, somewhat louder than before.
"Siiiely." .said I, '"surely that is something at my widow-
lattice;
Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mystery
explore.
Let my heart be still a moment, and this mystery explore;
'Tis the wind aiul nothing morel
Open here I Hung the shutter, when, with many a Hirt and
flutter.
In there stepped a stately raven of the saintly days of yore.
Not tho least obeisance nuide he; not an instant stopped
or stayed he;
But with inie'-. of lord or lady, perched above my chamber
door —
Perched upon a bust of Pallas, just above niy chamber
door —
Perched, and sat, and nothing more.
Then this ebony bird lieguiliiig tny sad fancv into smiling.
By the grave atid .-itein decorum of the countenance it
wore,
••Though thy cie.st be shorn and shaven, thou," I said,
"art sure tio craven,
Shastly, grim and ancient raven, wandering from the
nightly shore.
Tell me what thy lonlly name is on the Night's Plutonian
shore."'
Quoth the raven, '•Nevermore."
?J«
I ■
j^i
Jiucli I marveled this ungaiiily fowl to hear (ligooursc so
pliiiiily,
Though its answer little nieaiiiiig — little relevaiicv bore;
b'or we ciiniiot help agreeing, tluit no living hnnmn being
Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chaniber
door —
Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chanilicr
iloor.,
With such name :is ''Xevern?ore."
But the raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spokeonly
Thiit one word, as if his soul ii> that one word he did out-
pour.
Nothing further then ho nnU' .>red; not a feather then he
fluttered —
Till I scarcely more tlian muttered, "Other friends have
flown before:
On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown
before."
Then the bird said, "Nevermore."
Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken,
"Doubtless," said I, "what it utters is its only stock and
store,
Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful dis-
aste •
Followed fast and followed faster till his song one burden
bore —
Till the dirges of his hoj)e that melancholy burden bore —
Of 'Never — Nevermore.'"'
But the raven, still beguiling all my sad soul into smiling.
Straight I wheeled a cushioned .seat in front of bird, and
bust, and door;
Then, upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking
Fancy into fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore
ifcant in croaking •'Nevermore."
This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing
To the fowl who.se fiery eyes now burned into my bosom's
core;
This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclin-
ing
On the cushion's velvet lining that the lamplight gloated
o'er —
.She shall press, ah, nevermore!
Thfii, methought the air grew denser, perfumed from an
unseen censer.
Swung bv seraphim whose footfalls tinkled on the tufted
flo.)-!
••Wretch," I cried, "thy God hath lent tiiee— by these
angels he hath sent thee
Respite — respite and nepenthe from thy memories of
Len^rel
Quaff, oil quaff this kind nepenthe, and forget this lost
lA'norei"
Quotli the raven, " Nevermore."
"Prophet!" said I, " thing of evil, prophet still, if bird
or devil I
Whether Tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee
here ashore.
Desolate, yet all undaunted, on this desert Ian I en-
chanted —
On this home by Horror haunted — tell me truly, I im-
plore—
Is there — is there balm in Oilead? Tell me, tell me, I
iniplorel"
Quoth the raven, •• Nevermore."
• I'rophetl" said I, "thing of evil, prophet still, if bird
or devil!
By that heaven that bends above us — by that God we both
adore —
Tell this .soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant
A id in.
It shall clasp a .sainted maiden whom the angels name
Lenore —
(Jlasp ii rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name
riCnoro!''"
Quoth the raven, " Nevermore."
" r-e that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend!" I
shrieked, iip.starting —
" Get thee back into the tempest and the Night's Plu-
tonian shore!
Leave :io black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath
spoken!
Leave my loneliness unbroken! Quit the bust above my
door!
Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from
off my door!"
Quoth the raven, "Nevermore."
And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is
sitting.
On the pallid bust of Pallas, just above my chamber-
door ;
And his eyes have all the seeziiing of a demon's that is
dreaming.
And the lamplight o'er him streaming throws his shadow
on the floor.
And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on
the floor.
Shall be lifted, nevermore.
— Edgar AUati Poe.
ROCK ME TO SLEEP.
Backward, turn backward, Time, in your flight.
Make me a child again just for to-night !
Mother, come iiack from the echoless shore.
Take nie again to your heart as of yore.
Kis.i from my forehead the furrow.s of care,
Smooth tile few .silver threads out of my hair;
Over my siumber.s your loving watch keep ;
Rocic me to siei-j), mother. — lock nie to sleep I
Backward, flow backwanl, tide of the years I
[ iim so wcnry of toil aiid of tears, —
Toil without leconipense, tears all in vain, —
Take theni, and give me my childhood again I
I have grown w.ary of dust and decay. —
Weary of flinjring my soul-wealth away ;
Wi'ury of fiO'."ing for others to reap ;
Rock me to .-^leep. mother, — rock me to sleep !
Tired of the in.llow, the base, the untrue,
Mother ! mot her I my heart calls for you !
Many a .summer the gra.ss h:is grown green.
Blossomed, and faded our f:i<f-s between.
Yet n itli stroiiir ycaniitig an 1 i::issioiiate pain
Long I to-iiigiit for your presence again.
Come from the silence so long and so deep ; —
Rock me to sleep, mother, — rock nie to sleep I
Over my heart in the daya that ..re flown.
No love like mother-love ever has shone ;
No other worship abides and endures, —
Faithful, unselfish, and patient like yours;
None like a mother can charm away pain
From the sick soul ami the world-weary brain.
Slumber's soft calms o'er my heavy lids creep ;-•
Ro..k me to sleep, mother, — rock me to sleep !
f \
■ I
.1 ,
i:: i ■
OHOIOB POEMS.
Corno, lot your brown hair, just lighted with gold,
Fall oil your shoulders again as of old ;
Let it drop over my forehead to-night.
Shading my faint eyes awiiy from tlie light;
For witli its sunny edged shadows once more
Haply will throng the sweet visions of yore;
Lovingly, softly, its bright billows sweep ; —
Hock mo to sleep, mother, — rock me to sleep I
Mother, dear mother, the years have been long
Since I last listen'd }our lullaby song ;
Sing, then, and unto my soul it shall seem
Womanhood's years have been only a dream.
Clasped to j'our heart in a loving embrace.
With your light lashos just sweeping my face,
Never hereafter to wake or to weep ;
Bock me to sleep, mother, — rock me to sleep.
E. A. AUm.
MAID OP ATHENS.
Maid of Athens, ere we part,
Give, oil, give me back my heart!
Or, since that has left my breast.
Keep it now and take the restl
Hear my vow before I go.
My life, I love you.
By those tresses unconfined.
Wooed by each Egean wind;
By tho.-c lids whose jetty fringe
Kiss thy soft cheeks' blooming tinge;
By tlioso wild eyes like the roe,
-My life, I love you.
By tliiit lip I long to taste.
By tliiit zone-encircled waist;
By all the token-llowers that tel!
What words can never speak so well;
By love's alternate joy and woe,
My life, Hove you.
Maid of Athens, I am gone;
Think of me, sweet! when alone,—
Thouf.'li I fly to Istambol,
Athens holds my heart and soul;
Can 1 cease to love thee? No!
My life I love you.
-Louu Btbok.
Familiar Quotations
The following selection of epigrams, proverbs, " wise
saws," and original conceptions include some of the
brilliant passages of standard authors — gleams of sun-
light which here and there flash through the foliage of
thought — as well us many gems of anonymous origin.
They will be found not only full of entertainment and in-
struction, but useful where a pertinent quotation is re-
quired to illustrate ideas either in speech or writing.
WORDS OF WIT AND WISDOM.
'Tis strange the miser should his care employ,
ToKi'iii ihoue riches he can iieer enjoy. — Pope.
If yon would not have affliction visit you twice, listen
at once to uliiit it *Piiohes.
Some sort of eharity will swallow the egg and give away
the shell.
A word of kindness is soMom spoken in vain. It is a
seed which, even when dropped by chance, springs up a
war.
Mean souls, like mean pictures, are often found in good-
looking frames.
A child is eager to have any toy ho sees, but throws it
away at the sight of another, and is equally eager to have
that. We are most of us cliildron through life, and
only change one toy for another from the cradle to the
grave.
Learning is wealth to the poor, an honor to the rich,
an aid to the young, and a support and comfort to the
aged.
Love is the strongest holdfast in the world; it is
stronger than death.
Hope and fear, peace and strife.
Make up the troubled web of life.
False friendship, like the ivv, decays and ruins the wall
it embraces; but true friendship gives new life and anima-
tion to the object it supports. — Burton.
A man who hoards riches and enjoys them not is like
the ass which carries gold yet eats thistles.
People should remember that it is only great souls that
know how much glory there is in doing good.
Happiness is a perfume that one can not shed over
another without a few drops falling upon himself.
With love the heart becomes a fair and fertile garden,
glowing with sunshine and warm hues, and exhaling
sweet odors; but without it, it is a bleak desert covered
with ashes.
Prosperity is no just scale, adversity is the only true
balance to weigh friends.
To discover what is true, and to practice what is good,
are the two most important objects of life.
Life has its hours of bitterness,
It3 joys, its hopes and fears;
Our way is sometimes wreathed with smiles.
And then baptized with tears.
Prosperity is not without its trouble, nor adversity
without its comfort.
As riches and favor forsake a man we discover him to be
a fool, but nobody could find it out in hi,<? j)' ^perity. —
Bruiicre.
Troubles are like babies — they only grow bigger by
nursing.
You can not injure anyone by elevating poor fallen hu-
manity. It is the noblest work man can engage in, not
only to elevate himself but to elevate others.
Happiness is a butterfly, which, when pursued, is always
just beyond your grasp, but which, if you will sit down
quietly, may come and alight onyoii.
Purchase not friends with gifts; when thou ceasest to
give, such will cease to love. — PuUcr.
By humility, and the fear of the Lord, are riches, and
honor nnd life. — Proverhs.
Life appears to be too short to ho. sjient in nursing ani-
mosities or registering wroiig.s.
If thou wouldst be borne with, bear with others. — Fnl-
kr.
Lu<lies who have a disposition to punish their husbands
should recollect that a little warm sunshine will melt an
icicle much sooner than a regular northeaster.
A wise man knows his own ignorance; a fool thinks he
knows everything.
Cyrus, the conqueror of Bal)yion, of whom wo read in
the Bible, was once asked what w the flrst thing he
learned. "To tell the truth," was the rej)lv.
Every man can and should do sornethiug for the public,
if it bo only to kick a piece of orange-peel into the road
from the pavement.
A rich man who is not liberal resembles a tree without
fruit.
:
^ri
IIow brightly do little joys beam upon a soul which
stands on a ground darkened by clouds of sorrow! So»do
star.s coino forth from the empty sky when we look up to
them from a doep well.
It it not going into the furnace, but the coming out,
which demonstrates the metal.
Inutilging in dangerous pleasures, saith a Burmese
proverb, is like licking honey from a knife and cutting
the tongue with the edge.
There are more poor willing to give charity from their
necessity than ricli from their superfluities.
Wealth does not always improve us. A man as he gets
to bo worth more may becouio worth-less.
The greatest friend of truth is time, her greatest enemy
prejudice, and her constant companion is humility. — Col-
ton.
Beauty unaccompanied by virtue is a flower without
perfume.
Virtue, like a dowerless beauty, has more admirers than
followers.
iNCver trouble trouble till trouble trouliles you.
Whoso hath this world's goods, and scoth his brother
have need, and shuttoth up his bowels of compassion from
him, how dwelleth tlie love of God in him. — 1 John.
Every good deed is a benefit to the doer as sure as to the
receiver.
Wo should value affliction as we do physic — not by its
taste, but by its elTects.
lie that givcth unto the poor shall not lack, but he that
hidoth hiseyes slr.ill have many a curse. — Pmi'i'rbs.
Jlost of the shadows that cross our patliway through
life are caused by our standing in our own way.
Avarice is like a graveyard; it takes all that it can get
and gives nothing back.
It is not wealth, but wisdom, that makes a man rich.
Virtue, like a rich stone, looks best when jjlainest set.
The duties and burdens of life should be met with cour-
age and determination. No one has a right to be a wart
on the fair face of nature, doing nothing useful, produc-
ing nothing of utility or value. It is a gross and fatal
error to suppose that life is to be enjoyed in idleness. It
can never be.
If a man be gracious to strangers, it shows he is a citi-
zen of the world, and that his heart is no island cut off
from the other lands, but a continent that joins them.
— Bacon.
True friendship is like sound health, the value of it is
seldom known until it is lost.
All our affections are but so many doors to let in
Christ.
Much wanted more, and lost all.
Troubles a 'e like hornets, the less ado you make about
them tliG better, for your outcry will only bring the whole
swarm upon you.
God lays us upon ur backs that we may look heaven-
ward.
The more liberal we are to others from a principle of
faith and love, the more liberal God will be to us.
The flowers that breathe '.!)■! sweetest jicrfumo into our
hearts bloom npon the rod witfc which Providence chas-
tises us.
Be not stingy of kind words and pleasing acts, for such
are fragrant gifts, whose perfume will gladden the heart
and sweeten the life of all who hear or receive them.
Rare as is true love, true friendship is still rearer.
— Ro chefo ucaxild.
Tjcarning by itudy must be won;
'Twas ne'er entiiiled from sire to son.
—Gay.
The violet grows low, anil covers itself with its own
tears, and of all flowers yields the aweetegt fragrance.
Such is humility.
Wo should not forget that life is a flower, which is no
sooner fully blown than it begins to wither.
He who lias other graces, without humility, is one who
carries a box of jjrecious powder without a cover on a
windy day.
Heaven's gates are not so highly arched as princes'
palaces. They that enter there must go upon their
knees. — Webster.
God strikes not as an enemy to destroy, but as a father
to correct.
'i'liis may be said of love, that if you strike it out of the
boul, life would be insipid and our being but half animated.
It is better to bo poor, with a good heart, than rich,
with a, bad conscience.
From the walks of humble life have risen those who are
the lights and landmarks of mankind.
The universal lot,
To weep, to wander, die, ami be forget.
— Sprague.
The path of sorrow, and that path alone.
Leads to the land where sorrow is unknown;
No traveler ever reaehed that blest ubode,
Who found not thorns and briars in his road.
— f'ovper.
lie that does good for good's .sake seeks neither praise
nor reward, though sure of both at hist.
Living in the fear of God takes away the fear of death;
for the sting of death is sin.
Nothing is more dangerous than a friend without discre-
tion; even a prudent enemy is preferable. — LaFoutaine.
The grand essentials to happiness in this life are, some-
thing to do, something to love, and something to hope for.
He that has never known adversity is but half ac-
quainted with others, or with himself. Constant success
shows us but one side of the world; for, as it surrounds us
with freinds, who will tell us only our merits, so it silences
those enemies from whom only we can learn our defects.
— Colton.
Base all your actions upon a principle of right ; preserve
your integrity of character, and, doing this, never reckon
the cost.
Adversity is the trial of principle. Without it a man
hardly knows whether he is honest or not. — Fielding.
Never be cast down by trifles. If a spider break his web
twenty times, twenty times will he mend it. Make up
your mind to do a thing and you will doit.
A covetous man lives without comfort, and dies without
hope.
Whoso stoppeth his ear at the cry of the poor, he also
shall cry himself, but shall not be heard. — Proverbs.
Value the friendship of him who stands by you in
storms. Swarms of insects will surround you in suuRhine.
Pleasures have honey in the mouth, but a sting in the
tail, and often perish in the budding.
Religion teaches the rich humility, and the poor content-
ment.
It is far more easy to acquire a fortune like a knave,
than to expend it like a gentleman. — Colton.
Excesses in our youth are drafti upon our old age, paya-
ble, with interest, about thirty years after date.
Riches and true exeell'^nco are seldom found together.
The use of money is all the advantage tl-ere is in
having it.
Truth is a mighty weapon when wielded by the weakest
arm. — Fletcher.
ONsiuKHiNO tho vast amount of business Iran-
^wIhw) •''"'■^*^''1 by corrcspoiiloiicc betwoon the par-
^ ^■p y tics, Letter A\'riting seonif< only second in
iniportanec" to booiv-ivoeping. The niei'ciiant ot'tiie smal-
ler cities or towns, perhaps in the t'ai' west, desires to
order articles of merchandise from tlx- wlmlesale honse
in New York or lloston. I'ossibly a remillanci' is to be
>ciit. It iiiay i)c that an ei'ror has occurred and needs
coireclion. ('I'cdil is iii be ;islaid, I'oferonces yix en. ami
a midlitude of other matters call for adjustment
throuiili cori'opondence. To
wi'ite every coucei\alile \ar-
iety and shade of meanin*;,
ex press in ff the proper
tiiouiiht in the most fitting
and appropi'iafc lan^fuage, is
indeed a rare and \aluable
uccipuiplislnnent. And when
the i)roper lanyuaire lakes on
tlie irraceful and business like
air of the well written letter, with its several parts
harmoniously arrauircMl, it is a combinatimi of brain and
skill which can hardly be overestin;ated.
This subject , therefore, naturally divides itself into
two parts: Tlu' Mii-hnniml SlrHclnn-. and the Liler-
aliirc iif (I Lctli-r. The tbrmer of these bein^' the less
ditlictdt will lie tiist considered.
THE STRUCTURE OF A BUSINESS LETTER,
Consists in the arraiiiroment of its -<'\'ei'al parts, with
a \iew to the mo>t h;irmonious clfcct. I^xccllcnt pen-
manship is wry desirable, but not absolutely essential.
Tho i)cmnanshij) may indeed be poor, in 'he arranii'c-
meiit of the several parts of the letter, the neatness,
and finish, may be such as to <rive it an .attractive .ap-
pearance, while on the other hand, the letter may bo
clothed in the most tdejrant penmanship, and yet the
construction Ik; such as to stamp its author as a care-
le.ss and indiflerent jierson, devoid of precision and
order.
No one li'reat thing, but many little things carefnlly
watched, and attentiv(dy practiciMl, make up the slru<-
tiire and dress of a business letter, and give it a ])nsiness-
like air. The peinnanslii[) shoidd be a neat, strong-
hand, \ery |ilaiu and L,gible, anddo\(iid of all flourish.
PAPER AND ENVELOPE.
The paper and euv(dopcs
used in business correspond-
ence should be of a good, dur-
able (piality. and a white
color is prcfci'able. Cheap
materials are not only un-
satisfactory to the writer,
but may gixc the reader an
uufa\t)rable impression, which would be an injury far
excee<!ing the cost of the best stationery fbra life time.
Persons form impressions from very little things
sometiuK's.
The size of a letter sheet in business correspondence
sh(udd be about HxlO inches. This sheet afl'ords a
sufficient space for a connnuuication of ordinary lengtii
to be written on one side only, which is essential m
case the lettei' is copied ii\ a letter press. A ^heet of
paper, note size, (•").x^) i-* oftentimes usetl \:jv wicl
couniiunications of no special importance, and n(>' de-
signed to be filed for futui'c reference. .Vmoug prole.,
sional men the connnercial note sheet is moreex '>nsively
used, ])ut with business men the letter size is considered
preferable.
V)
iivcly A -
ilorod nl, ,t
HOW TO WRITE A BUSINESS I.
The t'lncloj)© ahnultl lorrcspond in size to
that ofth" li'ttor sliwt, uiul ^thoulcl 1h> a trifle
loiifjor tliaii ono-hiilf the l(Mi/ifth of the sheet.
Thus in a sheet eight hy ten indies, one-half
the lenprth of the sheet is live inches, and this
requires tlie h'nirth of tiie envelope to lie about
five and a (juarter inches. Its width is usually
about three inehes. .Vvoid the use of faney col-
ored and faney shaped paper and envelopes.
These may not he ohjectional in sooinl corre-
.spondeuce among ladies, but the gravity of bus-
iness attiiii's dooB not adiuit of such display.
THE HEADING.
With most tirnis cufraired in business rt has
become a I'tistoni to lia\'e the l)usiness lulver-
tiscnient plai'cd at tlic licad of the letter i)aire,
tojrether with street, iuuuImt and city. Thus
leavin:,' only tlic dale to be inserted lo conipl(>te
the headinj.'.
In case the headiiifr of thi' letter i> to be en-
tirely written, it should lie placed so as to
occupytiie riirht hand lialfof the tiist two lines
at the topof the paifc. If. lioweV(>r, th(> letleris
to bi' a very brief one, occnpyiuir only ih-'" or
four lines, the lieadiuir niay then be placed
lower down on the sheet, so as to briny the
body of the letter ai)out the ceut-r of the
sheet.
W'ritiuir from a lar<re 'ity the hcadiuir should
contain the street and nnud)cr. Vonr corrc-
spoitilent, in directinur his answer will rely on
the address given in the heading of your let-
ter. Never 1h' guilty of the blinider coiuinitted
bv ignorant persons of placing a part of the heading
under th? aignatnre.
DIAGRAM OF THE :=~;::7URE OF A LETTER.
I wr-»f 5.
coMm.mt.Kert.fr' tjoitESit.
PARAQRAPH-
PARAGRAPW
PARAGRAPH
C'CIWIPLIWEWTABT CLOSINa
SIQNATURE
The second lino of the beading should begin a lit-
tle farther to th<' ngbt than the first line, as seen
above.
If the writer has a box at the Post Office and wishes
his mail lolivered there, he may head his letter,
as on the following pogv:
OHAIL A. BOBBBT*.
Wm. J. Psama.
OFFICE OF
ROBERTS & DENNIS,
DEALERS IN FANCY AND STAPLE GROCERIES,
320 Jefferson Street.
; I
^ ( •
r i
V
now TO WHITE A 11USINES3 LETTEB.
AVritinir from tlic |tniici]iiil cities of the Uiiitcl
States it is nut nt'cesMiiy tu make tlie name of tlie .state
a ,iart of llie lieadiriir. as tiiat is supposed to ho known
and understood, hut with smaUer cities tlie name of
the state also, slionld l)e •::iven. Thus, there is a Quiney
in Illinois, and also in iNhissachusetts, and unless the
state were nienlionod ii person answering a letter from
Quiney, would not know which state to direct his reply
to. In writinir from an obscure town or villaire, not
only the state should ho ^iven, but the county as well.
The punctuation of tho heading and other parts of
the letter, is of great importance in the estimation of
cultivated persons, and something which can bo learned
l»y a little attention on the part of nuyone, in examin-
ing the forms here given.
MARGIN.
A margin three-quarters of an inch in »vidth shouM
be left, on the side of the letter, as shown in the din-
gram. This is convenient for any mark or memoran-
dum which your correspondent may desire to make
concerning anything containod in the letter, ))ut its
greater value lies in the open, airy, and cheerful dress
which it imparts to the letter. A margin too narrow
coiivi'ys the idea of stinginess, as if to economize
])aper, while an irregidar or zigzag margin conveys
the idea of carelessness or want of precision. On a
sheet of note p.'iper the margin may be onl^- one-half
inch in widtii, thus making its width proportionate to
the size of the sheet.
ADDRESS.
On the next line below tho heading, that is the third
line from the top of the sheet, and beginning at the
left margin, should be placed tho Address, which con-
sists of the name of the person to whom the letter i.s
written, together with his titles, if any, and his place
of residence or business. The letter is not complete
without all this, in the estimation of the business man.
It does not fully explain itself, if the place of resi-
dcuee is not down as well as the name, and in preserv-
ing a letter press copy, this is quite essential for future
reference.
S ii •
?J
Or if tho letter is written to a jiorson living or doing
business in a largct city, thus*
Tho names and residence should not be allowed to
extend further to tho right than about tho center of
tho sheet, thus leaving an open space Ixitwcen this and
tho heading of your letter. In case the names or place
of residence should be so long as to require it, they
may lie placed thus :
(of (c^ut^'nti^aui; 'O^S^/t^^diO^.
'tyyvtf€^ntfn.'
The words Dear Sir or OemUmen are sometimes
placed farther to the left, as in the above example, but
most business men in their correspondeuce place this
complimcntiiry address with reference to the words
above them , about tliree-quarters of aa inoh farther to
tho right, as shown below.
/yy (^ue ^/., Q&eutA»u
The custom of placing the address beneath the body
instead of at tho beginning of the letter, is not much
in vogue in business circles in this country, most busi-
ness men preferring to place tho name and address at
the head of the sheet, and then write at it as if they
were talking to the person himself. When, however,
the address is placed below the letter it should occupy
the same position as to the margin, etc., as if placed at
the Ixjginning. Tho custom is borrowed from the
English, and its use is confined mostly to government
officials and professional men.
BODY OF THE LETTER.
This constitutes the written meseapfe. It ahould
begin on the same line with the word* D«ar At*,
n
ft
b
iwed to
■liter of
this 1111(1
or pliicc
it, they
imetimes
iple, but
lace this
le words
arther to
the body
not much
lost busi-
iddress at
as if they
however,
Id occupy
placed at
from the
ivernment
now K) witrii: a husinesh lettek.
GfHtlnnen, ioiiviug iil'lcr these words a suiail space.
Ill r'ase the place of residence or business is not written
ill the address, tlieii tiie eoinpliinentarv adib'ess of Ihur
Sir or Gentlemen will be placed on tlie next line under
tiie name, or fourth line from I lie top of the sheet, and
tiio letter will liegin on the liftli line from the top,
thus-
Sometimes for the sake of convenience, and the
savinu^ of time and labor, the letter head has printed in
the loft corner, above the addresj^ a blank form of
memorandum as follows :
ReferrlriK to j
yoiira of.. . .\
OB.
In reply to
your favor of . . .
,(
and after this introduction the writer is able siieedily to
get at the marrow of his letter, without acknowledof-
iiig the receipt of a former communication.
The body of the letter should be divided into as many
para<;rapliii as there arc distinct subjects in the letter,
or a new para^rraph should be commenced at every
chan^fe of the subject. The habit which some persons
have of tucking one subject to the end of another, and
thus making a letter one continuous paragraph of
mixed up information, inatructions and requests, is
extremely objectionable. It destroys the force of what
is said, instead of fixing each thought clearly on the
mind of the reader ; it leaves him confused, and he reads
•A second time and tries to get his ideas fixed and
systematized, or he throws aside the letter until he
has more time in which to study it and get the mcan-
iag clear.
If the letter is long and is really concerning only one
subject, then it may properly be divided into para-
graphs by separating the different divisions of the sub-
ject, and giving a paragraph to each. These should be
arranged in their logical order. Wherever the letter
is to contain numerous paragraphs to avoid omitting
any of the items, it is best to jot them down on a slij)
of paper, then embody them in the letter in their
natural order.
The first word of each paragraph should be in-
dented, or moved in from the margin, usually about
the width of the margin. Thus if the margin is three-
fourths of an inch in width, the paragraph should
begin three-fourths of an inch from the margin. Some
writers, however, prefer to commence the firat word of
the ))aragra|)li an inch iVoni the margin, and it is really
not so essential what thedistance is, as that it should i)e
uniform, and all the paragraphs begin alike. \ little
attention is necessary here. In ordering goods make
each article a separate paiagiapli.
COMPLIMENTARY CLOSING AND SIGNATURE.
The complimeiilary closing consists of such words
as Yourn Inihj, lie.specf/iil/ij, etc., and should be placed
on the next line beneath the last one occupied l)y the
body of the letter, commencing a little to the right of
the middle. The signature should lie placed under-
neath the words of rcsjiect, and begin still a little
farther to the right. Thus the conclusion of the letter
will correspond in position and arrangement with the
heading.
<0^<li-ttid tUtCu.,
/^^.
The language of thccomplimentaiy closing should be
governed by the relation iK^twcon the parties, and
should correspond with the complimentary address.
The first letter In'twecn strangers should commence
with Sir and end with the word Iteapectfidhj. After
the exchange of a few letters and a sort of business
acquaintance nm}' be .sai<l to exist between the corre-
spondents,then Dear Sir, and Yours truly, may properly
1)0 introduced. A little more cordial would be such a
conclusion as the following :
d^e
att-id -UfAi,
11/ utifu,
The man of business is apt, however, to have one
stereotyped beginning and ending to all his letters,
and seldom stops to discriminate between strangers and
old customers in this respect. Often the conclusion
may bo connected to the closing paragraph with per-
fect grace and ease thus :
In the signature of a letter, especial care should be
exercised. Bear in mind that names of persons are not
governed by the rules of spelling, and words which
precede or follow, proper names will not aid us in de-
ciphering them if they are poorly written.
( ii
now T(t Wltni. \ llf.'lNKJHi* l.KTTKU.
A MODEL BUSINESS LETTER.
<Z7ht^ ^-inrdd .yfuZi/t> ,^^ Ct^, ^vtc/
m
Tho youn? jKTson who woiilfl loam to write a good
busiiics- letter, slioiilil, wifii pen. ink and suitablo
l)ai)Pr, >\\ down and iiractico t'aitlit'idly at'tor tho iilwvo
modt'I. A\'iitc and n-write it a dozen times or more,
until your l<'tt<'r rosi'nil)los it (do.soly. Then ttd\C any
of tlic n)od('!.- lor i('flcr> iriven near tlio dosi! ot' this
chapter, and witii tlii> matter, write a letter wiiioii
will (•(ailoiin witli the i'nrei;niiiir model in api)carMnec
and di'e>s. Writ*' the sain" matter over a^ain,
and ininro\c it in. its defect-. ■' ritieise eaeli line ami
word. .<(e that no word- (M- I'tteis are omitted, and.
that the punef iiation is a(< (irdiiiir lo tli<> models in this
Iwok. Kliiniiiate ali iiiiirainly letters, shorten the
loops, see that each letter rests on the line, and that,
withal your i)age is clean and reirnlar.
The person who will thus devote a little earneet
study and ])ractirc, may early acquire the valuable
accomplishment of writing a pleasing business letter,
so fiir as the mechanical structure goes.
ADDRESSING THE ENVELOPE
After the letter is finished, and tvhile it yet lies open
before you, the p^iivelope should Ik? addreased. As
before stated, the directions on the envelo|)e must <'on-
forin to the address at the beginning of the letter,
hence the necessity for addressing the enveloiw Iwfore
the letter is folded.
The first line of the address of the envelope should
consist of the name of the iierson or firm to whom the
letter is written, together with any appropriate titles,
and should be written across or ji little below the
middle of the envelope, but never above it, beginning
r^
10 valuable
iiess letter,
et licrt oi)en
resseil. As
must <'on-
thc letter,
}\o\K! Iwtbrc
lopo Hhould
o whom the
»riate titles,
below the
L, beginning
now r<» WICITK A m.xINK.SH I.Kn'KU.
Iff! vi\<
Th
iH-h
tliin tirst li
iliv'hlcil
til
.tiler li
•ll (if wli
near t:>(' Idl i'(l<,r('. riic spiirc Im-Iwccii tliH iu-sI lini' I ilivhlcd aiiioii;^ tin' oilier liiifs, each (it wIihIi Im'j,'Ui»
uiid till' lM)tt(i'!\ til' tli('('MV('!ii|H), should Im) about ('(|ually | Mtill t'lirtiicr to the riirbt lliaii tlio oin' aliovc, tluw:
When writin<» to a pcrnon in a larjrp city the numl)er
and street should Im' a part of tho address, and may
lie pla<'(!d art in the al)ove form, or in the left hand lower
corner iw follows:
^eW^S^
//cf
{c^/tiufti^ C'^-u*-,
<^//.
Ill case the lettiu- is addressed in care of any one this
should Ik) placed In tho lower left corner. If a letter
of introduction, the words In(ro<hinng Mr. John Smith,
or similar words, siiould bo iilaced in this corner.
Letters addressed to small towns or villages should
bear tho name of tho county as follows:
Or the name of the county may l>c placed In the
lower left corner. Tho Post OfKce lx).\ numlnir is
usually placed in the lower loft corner.
FOLDING A LETTER
Ilavinfr written an excellent letter, and fatiltles.sly
addressed the envelope, all may bo easily .stamped as
unbiisiness-liko, and spoiled, by iuiproporly performin<,'
so simple a part as the folding. Kemembor that ex-
cellent rule that, whatever i;j worth doing should lie
well done.
^N'ltli the letter sheet lying liefore you, turn the
bottom edge up so that it lies along witii the top
edge, thus making a fold in thi midiUe, which press
down with tho thumb nail or with a paper folder.
Then fold tiie right edge over so that it falls two-thirds
the distance lu-ross the .sheet, and press down the edge.
Xoxt fold the loft edge of the shoot over to the right,
Iireaking the fold at the edge of the i)a;t folded o\ or
just before.
In cas" a check, note, liraft, bill or currency is to be
.sent by letter, it should be placed on the upper half of
(he .'ilieot as it lies open, and then the letter should be
folded the same as if it were not there. This will fold
tlio pajier or document in the letter so that it will be
ditlicult tfi extract it while being transmitted in the
mails, and so that it will not Ik3 dropi^ed or lost in
opening the letter.
Tho letter is now folded so that it will l^e of equal
thickness in every part of the envelope. Insoii the
last broken or folded edge in the eiiveloiie lirst,
f • \
ilii
HOW TO WltlTK A Itl'KINKN-i I.KTllUt.
Il ri^riiijil i'ilj:cs ot' tlio Hlicct at tin- irnl of tlii'on-
M'li)|i(> wliii'li tli<> Htaiiip i^' on; wlicti tiikrn iVi'iii tlit*
(•iivcl(i|H' llic If'tli-r will then In- piuprr (»i<lr ii|k
THE LITERATURE OF A LETTER
To 'm' illil"' to iom|M>r.«' II li'tlrl' li(|iiiri'> I'loli' :iliilitV
than to <ri\f it tin- |iro|M'r ai'raiiirriiiciit ami incrliaiiiral
(liT^. A iiiiml "I'll >lor"il with useful kiio" 1<m1l'<> as
Well a> I'oiiiiiiaiiil i<\' iMMiriiMjri'. i-* iH'rcssary in wrilinj.' a
It'tlcr on ;L.'<'ii"'ial ■>iil>i<''t>. 'I'Ih' slrictlv liiisiiicss Irttt-i'
rc(|niri'w a llioi'oiiirli nmlristaniliiiirot' llic tui'tMcoiiccni-
iii;,' wliii'li till' litti I i- written, ami tlii'sc tin-is to Ix-
st>t I'ortli ill jiImIii ami iiiiiiiistalxaMt' laniriiairi'. All
ilisplav ol' rhi'tori"' oi- llmirisli ot' wm'ils i- cntiri'ly out
oCjilafi' ill Ilic .-(ihcr. prai'tii'til Irttrr ot' liii>iiirs>. 'I'lic
pirpiT iiM' lit' lapitiil li'ltfiN. pnmliiatiiHi. ami rorrnt
.-pi'lliii;: iiri' I'-M'iitial to tlir wrll \viitti'ii letter, ami
with a little rare ami slriviiiL' "lav he easily anpijreil.
ARRANGEMENT OF ITEMS.
As stateil tH'l'i)re, eaell item or slllljerl in a lettef
slioiilil lie enilirarcil in a separate para;>'rapli. Th-'w
slioiiM Im' airaiiL'i'il in llie uriler in wliieli tliey would
natiir.illy rdinc. either in |Miiiit urtinie, iiiiportanee, or
as irrriril- iMiliiy. Never lieirin a letter a!,ri [yt'ij with
;< roniplaint. lint rather hriiiL' in all 'irplewoiat 'y.jV-
jeel- tovvanl the elo^c. If an aii-wci' tc « L'^t«r ct
impiiry. lake np the i|ncstions ii.<? they iiro asiiSil, l««n-
fiitf> tirst what the iiiutetion is. and fciion state iiSftifly liie
answer. TIip first parair: mh .-jbouid iiCAat/Tr.eilije the
reieipt of the cinnmunMition now to be an>wereil.
•rivin;.' date and intliiating jta I'a-^uTe and eontents,
tlin>-
fffVuiftarf' r/f.f.r/j »j i,r,t,',,/^ r fc.
The ilosiiiir paiiiirrapii usnully heirins with sneh
words as llojtihij. 'J'tunHiifi, AimfliiKj. 7'/i(nih')i'j, or
similar e.xjii'essjons. and is coniplinieiitary in its tone
'id desi^rjied as a courtesy.
BREVITY.
Husino.s.s letters should lie In-iof and to tho point.
The U'sl letter .states elearly all the fiiets in the fewesi
words. Brevity is not ineonsistent with a lon^' letter,
as s(i nincli may neeil to 1k' .slid as to reipiiro a lonir
letter. I, lit all repetitions, lenirthy statements and niiil-
tipliiation <if w&rils .should be avoided. U.sc short
seiitemes, and make every word mean somethincf.
.sjiort seiitenees are more toreilde, and more ea.sily
niidi'islood or remembered, than loii'' drawn out utter-
K'
STYLE
Sty e r» f rs to the lone, air, or manner of oxpreHMion.
Di^rnily and ntn-iiL'th »lii>nld eliaraett rixe tho ntylo of
the lin.-ines-. letter. No ornament of exjiression or
eloipienee of lan<.'iia;:e is iieees.siry or appropriate in ii
rin'respondenee Iietw(>oii bnsin<'s.s men. Come to yonr
ineanini.' at ome. .Slate the laet-, l^ei every seiiteneo
bristle with |iiiinl-.
The >iieee.-.sllll liii-'ilie-^ man ninsi |)o«-.ess ellerjjy,
derision, and foree. and these c|iialitien shonlil Im> eon-
spieiioiis in his ei>rres|iondeni e in order to eoininand
res|ieel. Never use loose or slany expressicn.s. The
business man .should In* a tji'iillviiuni. Inilnl<fe in no
diHpluy of snpeiior knnuledire or edneation, but leni-
|)er each para,i.''riiph with re.--peet and det'ereme to
others. I'he learner who wonhl !t>pire to write a L'ood
letter, xhoidd, after havinj.' tinished hisallempl, ^'oover
eueh sent<'nee carefully and wherever the pronoun I
iM'iurs, miMlify the expression so as to leave this out.
ORDERING GOODS.
In ordtriiijf <'ooils of anv kind, care shnnld l)e used
to B«ak» f«ry (<xplii'ilty the color, .size. i|nality, and
qmuitity of the articles desireil. If niannfaclured
S^cxnIs, the name of I lie inannfactiirer, or his trade mark
or brand slioiiid be driven. .\lso >tate wlien yon desire
the ;rno.ls shipped and In what way. If by fi-eiL.dil or
express, slate what Freiirht line or Kxpre.s.s C'onipany.
SENDING MONEY BY LETTER
Pajier cnrreii'y should seldom Ih' trnstwl to pass
throuirh the mails, as the liability to hw^s is tfM» i,neat.
Ik'tter send draft or 1'. <). money order, and in every
case the amount of the remittance should lie stated in
the letter, ami also whether by draft orother\vise sent.
The letter may become important evidence in rej^ard
to payment at some future time.
INSTRUCTIONS
In jrivinp instructions to aL'ents, manufacturers and
others, let each order occupy a separate paragraph.
State in unmistakable laniruajre flic instrncfions desired
to 1)0 conveyed. If possible a dia<ifram or j)lan should
be enclo.sed in the letter. Cautions and complaints, if
any, should be clearly .set forth in parajrraphs near the
close of the letter.
A DUNNING LETTER
State when the delit was contracted, its amount, the
fact of it havintr been lon«r pu.st due, the necessity for
inunediate payment, and any other facts <lependin!; on
'^^::^-
IIIIW ru Wlllli; \ lll'nINKHM LKITKH.
till' |><'i'l||ial'itil-rt <ll' llic ri|M>, w||i( ll il IIIIIV M'I'III liot
til llluUl' llnt> ut', Hlll'll IIH |iriit|liM'H t<l |NI,V. Wllil'll llllM'
lint lio'ii iii(>| : tilt' iiK'niiMiiiriii (• MS Wfll iM iiijiiiy iiiiil
(listnitt rilllHt'tl liy »llr|| ill'';.niliirilii'M, I'tf.
LETTERS OF INTRODUCTION.
I'll' |ii>t Mini triillit'lit. MMijiliiiir Miiv -t i'r<'<ity|M><l tiiriii
ill Ic'iicr-i ul' in) I'liiliuiioii. N<'\«'r <:\\i' t\ IcHit nt' in-
I nil I ml il II I nil Ir-' \ I'll Iim\ r mlin' cdiiliilfiirc in llir |icr-
Miii Id wlinin il i^ yivcii ; il immv rcllcct on voiir I'luinir-
Icr III' Im' iisciI iiL'irin-t yon. lie \riy ;riiitr<l<'il llml no
i'\|ii'cs.-tioii.<4 iiiiiy Im' const i'iii'iI into ii Irllcr of 'I'cclii .
iIiiin iiiMlviiiL.' til"' writiT liuMi' for |ia\iiit'iil. r>r no
iinroiiiiili'il ■•iMli-ini-nt^ or a^-t'i'iion>, ovcr-rstiuiatiny
your tViciiil, M-- llii'>i' may |tioM' inilnic.
Willini: lo I'Xicnil m favor to a iVii'inl liy ^riviiii.' ■■!
li'ltir of inlroiliKiion, i|o not lie ■."•iiiity of inlrodiiciiiL:
liiiii III any onr in wlioni In- may not pliuu (untiiiciii i'.
MS lie llliirlll Im- a loMT li\- sllcli.
>^"i-
Form of a Letter Ordering Goods.
IJH .liirk-iin stHMl,
Uli'llMiiMi, Va., Miiy til, IK— .
Me«m-:i. Jusiv* A smith,
*;; Miirki'l si,, r'lillii<li'l|ilii.i.
Htmllfiiifit ■ I'll i«rNlit|i nil- hy Kiihi Kn'lalitiK-Miii UHptiiwIblethofot'
IoU'Iiil; CihiiU
:lliliil- N.o. .\|,,la".'i.
I lllil. linillMlllli'll -^lltilll'
.ti'lii'it-i i:ii!,'IUIi llrisikl'iixl Ti'ii.
■J s;u'k-* M.irli;! I nil'''!', wailird iimI i;)ttiniit.
.■| liiKi-iCnl^iiilc'H rMlli-l <,iii|p.
I will K'Milt lliiMiiiiiiiiiil of till- ImviiIi'i' liiiiiiiKlliili-ly ii|iim tliii rrci'lpt
of till' JfHIiU.
Vniii-x ii"|i('i'iriill),
.lA.MKS ( . A1>A.>I>.
OrderinjT Goods and Encloainj Price.
i;ii inniMi, iNii , Kit. 'JIi, IS—.
Mo8firs. MAn.«ini.i tinn .*(■•.,
cliiriiKo, III.
trftttlt'ntfii ; I'loiini' tiirwai-i| me liy .\iiiui-lriin ExpiTf^s Hi oiu'ti
I l.iuiri-'li'i' S|,ri.:i,l, ju.,'M)
IJ yiN. i^i'.i^'liaiii. -.111:111 rliiTk. (I.'m-.) i.sii
.Iclii/., SaiikiM- iif.:.ni\ j),(Ki
(14.:lO
Fill- wlili'h 1 ItifliiHr r. o, Mnni'v onlrr.
Iloiitii)^ to r»?i'rlvi' tlu' g i^ M-iihouI ili-lny, I am,
Ui'siii'ctfiilly.
WIl.l.lAM I,. MILI-KU.
Desirinir to Open an Acconnt.
MeHWlX IIOLMRH .* Wll.WlN
Di'tiiiil, Mich.
DWTiis. < llMii.Orl. I J, 1,1—
Di'tiiiil, Mich.
(Iciillriiieii ; lluviirj irroiitly I'.stalilislinl iiiyHelf In tlii' irlall Ilanl-
wiirf tntili- In lliisclty, wttli fair jiros.jcrt?* nf sm'tTi-J.anil lu'ln;^ in ihm'i]
of iirw ^'oDils from tiiiii' In limr, wonlil liki' to iipi'ii an acconnt with yon !■
lii^hly iispi'Ptalilc lionsi'.
My I aiiital |i Mmall. lint I liavH the Hatisfiutioii of knowing tliat wlial
little 1 \io-<scss is till' frnit of my own Inilnsti-y ami saving. I can icfcr
yon lo till! well known llrm of Smith, Hay ,* Co., of this city, an to my
chaiactcranil stumlinK'
Shonlil my referonco provl" HtttUfoctory, iiU-asc I'mwaiil meat onco liy
U. S. Kxpress,
'2 Rntcliei-ri' How Saws.
S ilox MitrtlM^ l.iii'ki, Hllh I'on-claiti KtiiilM.
i keM<« 1.11 NatU,
ami I'haiue lo iii> accoillit.
Ilophiii llmt my unler iiiny 1 Ivc yoni ii^inil pnimiil iitiniitliiii,
1 am,
Yuui'«riw|HK'l fully,
IIKNin M. U.UIItoWii.
Utter uf Oriiilll,
I.KXINUTIIN, KV., JllllP'JIt, lit—.
Menari. Kiiluil'., M.\Mi|l .t lUVOK,
Ni« Voik Illy.
tii'Hth'iitiuf rii-anc 11 How Ine lieiiiei'iir I liu, >l r. .Iiinies I'lirl 1^, a cieillt
for siii'h MooiUiui he miiy mi-ici-i, not e.xreiMlliii^oni* ThoiiNaml iloUum, iiiul
If lie iliii'H not pay fiu'lhem, I will.
riiasc notify me In cane lie liiivs, of Hie iiiiiouiil, ami » lien iliiii, ami
If the III lint Is III I Kelt It'll pi'omiitiv aeeoiilliiK lo aurei'meiit, wrile iiiii
III lllU'lt.
ViMU" Hilly,
I11UA.M IM SL'.V.N.
Inoloiing au Invoioe.
U\ l.iikestrix'l,
CIIU Alio, Ki>v. lA, lit—.
- VMII I, I). I'llKNTICK, Ksil.,
\ evay, liiil.
/'fill .Sir.- liiclostsi pliMsc llml Invoice oi ^ooiN aitioiiiiUni{ lo f>ilrt.fVi,
"lilppi'il you thlsilay liy I he U. ,1 O. Ktpii'ss, as per yoiii' oiilci' of tim llth
Inst.
lliipliiK that the ttoixls may piove sallsfaclory, ami that we may he
fuvuri'U with riittlii'i'uitlvi'n, we lemaliii
V0UI11 truly,
slIil.KV, HI Ol.KY AOU.
Letter of Introdnotioa.
KM I .live StrePt,
ST. lolls, .|illl»<4, IS—.
IlKNHY M. ni.lKK, Kltip,
Huston.
Iiiiir Sir: Tills will inliiiilut'e to yon the heiiier, Mr. William I'.
Ihiinliiif, of llilK cily who vMts Dustuii. for the purpose ..1 eiiKii^'liiji In
llie Mat, Capaiiil Kiif tnnlc
lie is a yoiiii^' man of cm r;jy itml uhlllty, ami with il. .1 )feiiil(>iiien In
ever}' sense.
.\iiy iisslstame yon may leielei- liiiii hy ».iy of liilnMlnclion lo yoiii'
Icailim; meTcliants or oliierMi..c, in 1 stalilisliln^; liN new caterprlHe
will lie (Inly uppi'uciuleil hylioth himself ami
Yoni-s tnil\ ,
.lAMKs W. llltooKINli.
Inclosing Remittance,
M 11 w Oh KK, Wis., Keli. Is, |s_.
Measfs. AR»oi,l), Ponht Mill; ,' ( "..
New York.
Ueiillemeii : The ({oixls onlitcil of yon on Ihe 'I'l ln»l. Iiave heen re.
eel veil ami are entirely sati^faclory i;t hotli iinalil\' ami price.
Kncioscil iilease llml New York etchaii;.'e tor ^lii.."!, tlie anionnt of
your hill.
TiiaiikinK yon for your promptness in llliint,' my onlei, I am,
YimiM respi'ct fully,
IIK.NI.'Y t.ooDFKI.LUW.
Inclosing Draft for Acceptance,
Skw YiiUK, .MlU. S, IS- ,
Mossl-H. WiaiSTKH ,^ DlIN.V,
Cuiro, ll,,
UciUlfiiwii ; Iiieloseil we hiiml you Unift ut 3i days foraecoptiince for
^•'JS.I.'l, llieaniomit ofhalanceilue from you to us to the present ilatc
We shall feel ohlii^eil liy your accept 1ii(j: thesauie, ami ret urn 1 111; il hy
due coui"se of mail.
Awaiting further ravin's, wc are,
Very truly yours,
DODllF., IIOI.MKS 4 CO.
I! ;
i II
'!!
'^^!i
now TO WKITK A IJUSINE.SS LKTTKK.
Inclosing . Statement of Account.
cmcAiio, Miiich 1, IS—,
Mf.Hsro. niAsr. A ll>>«-.»Bf>,
South IU'ikI, In<l.
flenttem^n : Inclas4>«l pU-si-*s4* fln(! a sf atninciit of your lU'coiint for t h«'
past threo nionttu*. <«i>...!i wo beiievi* you will llml t-orrect.
We slui». ffcl oMlged !iy > our <'X:iniininf^ tli<' siinie at your ('arlirst
convf nlenco, b»J siuUI be liap|>y to rf<tivi' yo ir click for tlio aniouut
or instruct ions to druw on you in the ordinary coui>- j.
We arc, tfcntlcuu'u,
Voui*H truly,
J. V. FARWELL & CO.
A Dnnmng Letter.
DExvKit, Cot-, Juno SO, 18—.
Jamrs C. Adam*. Esq..
Great Bond. Kanvi^.
Dear Sir: Allow ..je t.» rr-inind you that your account with n»o h:'s
boon standing forseveral nonths unsottlod.
I should not oven nov luiv.. nilli.<l your attohtlon to It, were It not
that in a few days I nni*t ni«?t a lii-ary bill, and ninst rely in part .>u
your account to furnish me the means.
I woul<l, therefore, esJcem it a gi-vat fa or If you would lot nie have
cither till irliole, or at least the greater pa' t of yourcccount In thoeoi"-so
of a wouk or ten days.
'^lianking you for iiast favors, I remain, Sir,
Yours trul>
... K. MORa..U>'.
An Application for a Situation in !?nsine8s.
Pattethe AilitrtitetnerU nt Ifie .'ie\ttl ufihe thetl, nmt urile at/oltciu's:
1J4 Fayette Street,
SVRACISE, S. Y., Sept. 17, 18—
K. JoURSAi. Office,
City.
Dear Sir : In repl^ to the aliovo a<lvortisoinont I woulcl respectfully
offer my services.
I am l.> ycari of p^o, liave a pood o<luoat ion, and liavc had aomo expcr'-
once In busines.^, *uvinir a.»>iste<l niy fatln'i- in his jrrocery store. I am
not afraid of -.p. k, and never allow ni\'self to bo idle when vhore i.s work
to bo done. I ran refer yon as to my chaniotor, to Jlr. J. II. Trout, piv U
doit of the tias f'ompany, who liis know:i im- all my life.
In reference t-jsuary, I l«ive llmt with you, but fool certain tliat I
could eum five dollars i>er we<k for yo i.
Ilopip-' to have the pleasuiie of .an inloiriow, I rom;ilM,
Bespoetfuiiy,
HENRY OTIS.
Asking Permisiiion to Eefer to a Person,
Sytia<'L-8K, N. v., Sept. 17, IS—,
J. U. T»oUT, E*i..
7V-ir.Sfjr.-
I beg to inform y^r tlMit In applySiir for a situation this momlni.',
advurtlietl in the y.art.a/, I took the liberty of using yournainoasa refor-
tnce.
Tli« li .inth of ti-T Z "lar* been honon..! with ynuracquninfanco, am'
the »-onUof eB'""-i>nement which you ha\ o given mo horototoro, lead
no to hop^ /oil would tpeak favorably in this instance, uddiug this to
the nu'ieroua obligations »lr»»dT conferred ui>on
Tour obed ien t servan t ,
HENRY OT
Inqnihn^ 3U tm BwsxAt ProEpectB.
Mr. J. I>. Shavlor,
I»'*nver, OH,
.yff/ Df'ttr Mir : A.^ I told yo^T * p^aur fcpo, I imvf 1km-*: ^liinkin^' st'iionsly
nf (li.^I)osin^ t'f my '*mall hn.'*nij«»* li*™*- jluJ li.»ruting li» mjiih' livi':;ii(!
MriMiiisiu:; city out vent.wba^VK- Icaottjfronr up nt iili lbi'iu>jiilry usyuii ww.
Will y«ni liiivf the kimta**'—
v»Miiciice, full inft>nn;iti(jn ia • -
rcnt.-i, cost of livinir. »-r.
ciiilly ill rc^iu^! U* f ho h:t;' v :
If you win thiw l»:int!., .
liitioi). ami all I.s favoril »
evcatuully become your n*
Mil ait'l write iiir al yjur cou-
]'Ti:»«inH'ts ttf Imsiness, i)ri('C of
' ;.' y oUicriiifonuution.t'j^po.
'.-. 1: . U VbiCll I fUIl bUM'U CUU'U.
tii-uiy viejt Denvfr thi^ fall, ami
T»>4i3« T'ieaj inaXy,
J. C. GOOUUICII.
Letter of E^'.aclhi' lidation.
»*aLA*-ii> R*v£K, Midi., Hay 17, 18—.
To Whom it Mat C'oNk-.'ETix :
Mr. IIenrj'McP*ier»')a, wbiv b* aiw ..'liiTin^: our omploy, lia^ been in
<nii otflco for t'ic piL-*t tw>> 7-*ar». ^xriix vLicli linif In luw fuithfully
altendtMl to hH (lutie;*, provin:?^ i;
reliable. ile I?* a ^^aoX p«nmAn, -^
oorrcspondonce.
WcHhall ut any time c\if.^r- ■
bu^'«rcg.\rUing hia character xi^'^
It'-iudurfrjousanl thorougiily
: u'. '■'.••jutitiit. andacquajnttHl with
• t.>udt<jiii] ujiplications we may
:>?t-., iLud viiih hill) t-ven.- £iucco»9.
TfwumriLij-,
W(X>1> ft HILL.
ITotice of Dicultnaps: ff a PartDersliip.
3'ATtK^f.»KT, 1a., I-€t*. 1(1, 18—.
JA8. L. Btwoham A0>.,
Cellar RapliL^^ Ia.
Gentlemen: On thf* L-t » f J-.^a-maey ai-t-rt lite partnership for the past
ten years eiirftinj^ l»etwei»n ix^o. H. Ciitff* JLud Uenr?' W'tbster, wholesale
yrocers in thi-* City, wilt t^xpir^ h-j ZiaxiSta-ticm <»f thf contract.
Tho firm takf-rt thi.^ opportrmrt:?" 'j" aiuoik lt¥ cQFtomers and friends
for tlieir {^fni'mu-t patrona^frt itruf w^^fjVX. irb«^>»T ibe business of tho
liouse grew to '^urli lar^f* propf^rtifto*-
After tlio fip*t of J:i.nriar7 tlii* t^^rut^jijtMs '■rUJ lie earriwi on at the old
stand, Nos. 7.1 -. ;d T* Main *r., ^y nraoy V«taC«T i*-»d Cyi-us I). iJmdford,
under the Ann nam** of TTpbrtti^rifcBaAiarC Wt'jir*', pentlf'iiifn,
CLAEK ft WEBSTER.
Recommending i SitoKEnor hi BnEineBj.
Ti> TiiF, rrnLic:
It l^ with
retlrc;nei.' from the hn.sine«w
.stock and premUe<< will tlua t« b'
Wrrren, whom we cheerfafly
to rocomnien'l tliem for it
patrnnairo which yon have N..»r
llotli those yonng gf^ntl^rr
years ])a.st, ami aro In ev.»ry w;fcy itA»iijtn\i MaiA
husines-s.
We»r»
TI, Ohio, I>e(
mT l^§l<et that we a 111. ounce our
of t lie n'*w yi^ar. Our
to Itesfrs. /'ranl;Iin and
>,and fe, 1 It ouiduty
■* -^ tirt liberal e<inlidencc and
• -iorir.p thejtiLMt twenty yeai-s,
.^.n f'lerk»< of ours for sevei-al
aiAblc tv eontinue the
jQBXsoiA rox.
\
i
t/^'u."
v..f<
i
^^
lANGUAOE OP FLOWERS.
. . Language of Flowers .
Acacia — '"oncealed love.
AdoDU Vemalis — Sorrowful remem-
brances.
Almond — Hope.
Aloe — Religious superstition.
Alysaum, Sweet — Worth beyond beauty.
Amorosia — Love returncj.
Applo Blossom — Preference.
Arbo." Vitae — Unchanging friendship.
Bachelor's button — Hope in love.
Balaam — Impptience.
Begonia — Deformity,
Btllflower — Gratitude.
Uiividere, Wild (Licorice) — I declare
■gainst you.
Blue Bell — I will be constant.
Box — Stoical indifference.
Briers — Envy.
Burdock — Touch me not.
Cactus — Thou leavest not.
Camellia — Pity.
Candytuft — Indifference.
Canterbury Bel! — Gratitude.
Cape Jes^mine — Ecstasy; transport.
Calla Lily — Feminine l>eauty.
Carnation (Yellow) — Disdain.
Cedar — I live for thee.
China Aster — I wlil see about it.
Chrysanthemum iiose — I love.
Co'.vilip— PcnsivenesB.
Cypreas — Mourning.
Crocus — Cheerfulness.
Cypress and Marigold — Despair.
Da 'odil — Chivalry.
Dahlia — Forever thine.
Daisy (Garden) — 1 partake your senti-
ler.t.
Daisy (Wild)— I will think of it.
Dandelion — Coquetry.
Dead Leave.^ — Sadness.
Dock — Pat i viicf.
Dodder — Meanness.
Logwood — Am I indifferent to you?
Ebony — Hypo ?risy.
F?lantine — I wound to heal.
Eli'er — Compassion.
Enf.ive — Frugality.
Eveaing Primrose — Inconstancy.
Evergreen — Poverty.
Everliisting — Perpetual remembrance.
Fennel — Strength.
FillK-rt — Reconciliation.
Fir-tree — Elevation.
FhiT — I feel your kindness.
Forget-me-not — True love; remem-
brance.
Fox-gloTc — Insincerity.
Ft: rze — Anger.
Fuchsia — Taste.
Gentian — Intrinsic worth.
Geranium, Ivy — Your hand for the
next dance.
Geranium, Nutmeg — I expect a meet-
ing.
(ieraniuni, Oak — I.,ady, deif i to smile.
Geranium, Rose — Preference.
Geranium, Silver leaf — Recall.
Gilliflov.er — Lasting beauty.
Gladiolus -Ready; armed.
Golden Rod — Encouragement.
Gorse — Endearing affection,
Gass— Utility.
Ilarebell — Grief.
1 luwthorn — Hope.
Hazel — Recollection.
Ilartsease — Think of me
Heliotrope — Devotion.
Henbane — Blemish.
Holly — Foresight.
Hollyhock — Fruitfulncss.
Hollyhock, White — Female ambition.
Honeysuckle — Bond of Love.
Honeysuckle, Coral — The color of my
fate.
Hyacinth — Jealousy.
Hyacinth, Blue — Constancy.
Hyacinth, Purple — Sorrow.
Hydrangea — Ileartlessuess.
Ice plant — Your looks freesf. me.
Iris — Message.
Ivy — Friendship; matrimony.
Jessamine, Cape — Trantient joy; ecs-
tasy.
Jessamine, White — Amiabilitv.
Jessamine. Yellow — Grace; elegance.
Jonquil — I desire a return of affection.
Junijier — Asylum; shelter.
Justli-ia — I'erfection of loveliness.
Kalmia(Mountain Laurel) — Treachery.
Kanuedia — Mental beauty.
Laburnum — Pensive l^e luty.
I^ady's Slipper — CapriciOv-.s beauty.
Larch — Boldness.
Larkspur — Fickleness.
Laurul — (ilory.
Lavender — Distrust.
lA'ttuce — Cold-hearted.
Lilac — First emotion of love.
Lily — Purity; modesty.
Lily of the Valley — Return of happi-
ness.
Lily, Day — Coquetry,
Lily, Water — Eloquence.
Lily, Yellow — Falsehood.
Locust — Affection beyond the grave.
Love in a Mint — You puzzle me.
Love Lies Bleeding — Hopeless, not
heartless.
Lupine — Imagination.
Mi'.llow — Swectnes'-; mildness.
Maple — Reserve.
Marigold — Cruelty.
Marjoram — Blushes.
M rvel of Peru (Four O'clocks) — Tim-
idity.
Mint — Virtue.
.Mignonette — Your qualities surpass
vour charms.
.Mistletoe — I surmount all diflBcalties.
Mock Orange (Syringa) — Counterfeit.
Morning Glorj- — Coquetry.
Maiden's Hair — Discretion.
Magnolia, Grandiflora — Peerless and
proud.
Magnolia, Swamp — Perseverance.
Moss — Maternal love.
Motherwort — Secret love.
Mourning Bride — Unfortunate attach*
ment.
Mulberry, Black — I will not snrriTft
you.
Mulberry, White — Wisdom.
Mushroom — Suspicion.
Musk-i)lant — Weakness.
Jlyrtle — Love faithful in absence.
Narcissus — Ecotism.
Nasturtium — Patriotism.
Nettle — Cruelty; slander.
Night Blooming Cereus — Transient
beauty.
Nightshade — Bitter truth.
Oak — Hospitality.
Oats — Music.
Oleander — Beware.
Olive-b.'Mnch — Peace.
Orange-flower — Cbaitity,
Orchis — Beauty.
Osier — Frankness.
Osmuiida — Dreams.
Pansy — Think of me.
Parsley — Entertainment; feasting.
Passion-flower — Religious fervor; sna-
ccptibility.
Pea, Sweet— Departure.
Peach Blossom — This heart is thine.
Peony — Anger.
Pennyroyal — Flee away.
Periwinkle — Sweet remembrances.
Petunia — Less proud than they deem
thee.
Phlox — Our souls are united.
Pimpernel — Change.
Pink — Pure affection.
Pink, Uonhie Red — Pi. re, ardent lore.
Pink, Indian — .\versioii.
Pink, \'ariegatc(l — Refus! 1.
I'iuk, White — You are faii.
Pomegranite — Folly.
Poppy — Consolation.
Primrose — Inconstancy.
Riiododendron — Agitation.
Hose, Austrian — Thou art all that's
lovely.
Rose, Bridal — Happy love.
Rose, ('al)Vage — Anib ssador of love.
Rose, Cliina — (irace.
Rose, Damask — Freshness.
Rose, Jacquoniiudt — Mellow love.
Rose, Maiden's Bliisli — If you do love
me. VdU will fiiul me out.
Rose, Mo.ss — Siip^rior merit.
Rose, Moss Rosebud — Confession of
love.
LANOIAGE OF FLOWEUS.
Rosi', Swcet-bi'iiir — Sy in iiatliy.
Rose, Tea — .Vlwiivs lovely.
Unri-, iViiili,' — lam woitliy (if you.
Rosi', York and Lancastor — War.
IJosi', \\'ilil— Simplioily.
iiiic — l)i.siiaiii.
S.ifrniii — Excess is ilaiigfrous.
Sanloiiia — Irony.
Sunsitive Plan t— Timidity.
yiiap-I)raj;oii — Presumption.
Siio»-l)all — 'I'liouglils of Ilciivcn.
Snowdrop — Consolation.
Sorrol — Wit ill-timed.
S[)earmont — Warm fcidings.
Star of Botiik'liem — Reuoaciliation.
Strawberry — Perfect e.Kccllence.
Siimao — Splendor.
Siiiitlower, Dwarf — Your devout
mirer.
SuMllower, Tail— Pride.
Sweet Wdliam — Finesse.
Syringa — Memory.
Tansy — I declare against you.
Teazel — Misantlirojiy.
Thistle — Austerity. "
Thorn Apple — Deceitful charms.
Toueh-menot — I '"patience.
Trumpet- tlower — Sejiaration.
Tulierose — Diingerous jilciisures.
Tuliji — Declaration of love.
ad"
Tulip, Vaiiega cd — Reautiful eyes.
Ttdij). Yellow — Hopeless love.
Venus' Flytrap— Have I caught you at
last.
Venus' Looking-glass — Flattery.
Verliemi — Sensihiliiy.
Viilet, J{lue — IjOvc.
Violet, White— Modesty.
Wallflower — Fidelity.
Weeping AVillow — Forsaken.
Woodbine — Fraternal love.
Yew — Sorrow.
Zeunai — Abseut friends.
-^^:^^
^^^if
J>L\
Y^?^^
MASTERPIECES OF ELOQUENCE
The following niasierpieces of elegiac eloquence are un-
surpassed in the rcporio.-y of the English classii s, for
lofty and noble sentiment, cm, 'lisite jjathos, vivid imagery,
tenderness of feeling, glo^^■ing power of description, brill-
iant command of language. ai"d that immortal a>' ' seldom
attained faculty of painting in the soul of the . ^"er or
reader a realistic [)icturo whose sublimity of conception
impresses the understanding with awe and admirtition,
and impels the mind to rise involuntarily for the time to
an elevation out of and above the inconsequent contempla-
tion of the common and sordid things of life.
.\T ills nmiTiiKn's ckavk.
The following grand oration was delivered by Hon.
Robert (J. Ingersoll on the occasion of the funeral of his
brother, Hon. Ebeii ('. Ingersoll, in Washington, June 'i :
" My friends, I am going to do th.'-.t which the dead oft
piomi.-ed ho would do t'or me. The loved and loving
brother, husband, father friend, died where manhood's
morning .ilmost toueiies noon, ami while tlicshadows were
still fa.lling towards the west. IK' liad not passed on life's
highway tiie stone that marks the liiglicst point, but being
weary for a moment he lay down by the wayside, iiml us-
ing his l)urden I'or a pillow ftdl into that dreamless sleep
that kisses down tiie eyelids. Still, while yet in love with
life an<l "aptureil with the world, lie pa.-<ed to silence and
pathetic dust. Y'et, after all. it may be best, just in the
happiest, sunniest hour of all the v..yagc, while' eager
winds are kissing every sail, to dasli against the unseen
rock and in an instant to hear the billows r lar, 'A
sunken ship;' for whi^thor in mid sea or among the
breakers of the farilur shore, a wreck must mark at last
the end of each and all, and every life, no matter if its
every hour is rich with love, and every moment jeweled
with a joy, will at its close become ii tragedy as sad and
deep and dark as cau be woven of the warp and woof
of mystery and death. This brave and tender nnin in every
storm of life was oak and rock, but in the sunshine he w.as
vine and llower. He was the friend of all heroic soius.
He clindied the heights and left all superstitions far bebrw,
while oi. his forehead fell the golden dawning of a
grander day. He loved the beautiful, and wa.s with eohu',
f(n'm and music touched to tears. He sided with the
weak, and with a willing hand, gave idm.s. With loyal
Jieart, and with the ])urest hand lie faithfully (iischarged
all public trusts. H(i wa.s a worshiper of liberty and
a friend of the oppressed. A thousand times I have heard
him quote the words, ' For Justice all jilace temple, and
all seasons summer.' He believed that happiness was the
only good, reason the only torch, justice the only wor-
.-liipcr, humanity the only religion, and love the priest.
He added to the sum of human joy, and were everyone for
whom he did some loving service to bring a blossom to his
grave, he would sleep to-night beneath a wihlerness of
llowers. Life is a nar.ow vale ijetweeu the cold and bar-
ren peaks of two eternities. We strive in vain to look be-
yond the heights. We cry aloud, and the only answer is
the echo of our wailing cry. From the voiceless lips of the
unreplying dead there comes no word, but the light of
death. Hojie sees a star, and listening love can hear the
rustle of a wing. lie who slcejis here when dying, mis-
taking the ai)proach of death for the return of health,
whis[iered witii his latest breath. " I am better now." Let
us i)elieve, in spite of doubts and dognnis. and tears and
fears, that these dear words are true of a' the countless
detul. And now, to you who have be. chosen from
among the many men he loved to do the i.ist sad oflice for
the dead, we give his saored duet. Speech cannot contain
our love. There was, there is, no gentler, stronger, man-
lier nmn."
AT TH- GUAVE OF A Cim.D.
Colonel Ingersoll uj)on one occasii^n "as one of a little
])arty of sympathizing friends who had gathered in a driz-
zling rain to assist the sorrowing frietids ofavoungboy — a
bright and staiidess flower, cut oil" in the hloom of its
beauty and virgin purity by the ruthless north winds from
the Plutonian shailos — in the last sad (iflicc of committing
the poor clay to the bosom of its mother earth. Insjiired
hv tliat true sympathy of the great heart of a great isian.
Colonel Ingersoll stejiped to theside f/f the graveands]Mike
as follows:
" .My friends, I know how vain it is to gild grief with
worils, ami yet I wish to take from every grave its fear. Here
in this world, where life and death are equal kings, all
should be brave enough to nieet what all the dead have
met. The future has been tilled with fear, stained and
))olluted by the hejirtless past. From the wondrous tree
of life the bi.ils iind blrt.ssoms fail with ripened fruit, an<l
in the common bed of earth the jiatriarchs and babessleeii
side by side. Why should we fear that which will come
to iill that is? We cannot tell ; wo do not know which is
the greater blessing — life or death. We cannot say that
ileath isnot a good; we do not know wdiether the gravt? is
the end of this life or the door of another, or wliether tlu^
night here isnot somewhere else a dawn. Neither cmi we
mm
1
tell which is the more fortunate, the child dying in ito
mother's arms, before its lips hare learned to forma word,
or he who journeys all the length of life's uneven road,
taking tiie last slow steps painfully with stufT and crutch.
Every cradle asks us ' whence,' and every coffin
' whither?' The poor barbarian, weeping above his
dead, can Miswer these (piestiona as intelligently and satis-
factorily as the robed priest of the most authentic creed.
The tearful ignorance of the one is just as good as the
learned and uiinit-aning words of the other. No man,
standing where the horiznn of life has touched a grave,
lias any right to propliesy a future tilled with pain and
tears. It may bo that death gives all there is of worth to
live. If those we press and strain against our hearts could
never die, jjcrhaps that love would wither from the earth.
May bo this common fate treads from out the patlis be-
tween our hearts the weeds of selfishness and hate, and I
had rather live and love wliere death is king, tiian have
eternal li'e where love is not. Another life is naught, un-
less we know anil love again the ones wlio love us here.
They who stand with breaking hearts around this little
grave ne -d have no fear. The larger and the nobler faith
in all that is and is to !ie, tells us that death, even at its
worst, is only perfect re-t. We know that through the
common wants of life, the needs ami duties of each hour,
theirgrief will lessen day by day, until at liist these graves
w'li be to them a place of rest and peace, almost of joy.
There is for them this consolation, the dead do not suffer.
If they live again, their lives will surely i)e as good as ours.
We 1 ave nofear: we are all the ciiildren of the same
mother, and the same fate awaits us all. We, too, have
our religion, and it is this: ' Help for the living; hope for
the dead.'"
SUNDRY BRIEF ITEMS OF INTEREST.
In 149v America was discovered.
lu 1S4S gold was found in California.
Invention of telescoi>es, 1590.
Elias Howe, Jr., invented sewing m tchinet in 184G.
In 1830 envelones came into use.
Steel pens first made in 1830.
The first watch was constructed in 147(1.
First manufacture of sulphur matches in 1829.
Glass windows introduced into England in the eighth
century.
First coaches introdnced into England in 15G9.
In 1545 needles of the modern style first came into use.
In 1527 Albert Durer first engraved on wood.
1559 .saw knives introduced into England.
in the same year wheeled carriages were first used in
Trance.
In 1588 the first newspaper appeared in England.
In l&id the first printing press was lirought to America.
The first newspajier advertisement appeared in Ki.iS.
England sent the first steam engine to this continent in
1703.
The first steamboat in the United States ascended the
Hudson in 1807.
Locomotive first used in the United States in 1830.
First horse railroad constructed in 1827.
In 1830 the first iron steamship was built.
Coal oil first used for illuminating purposes in 1836.
Looms introduced as a substitute for spinning wheels in
1776.
The velocity of a severe storm is 36 miles an hour; that
of a hurricane, 80 miles an hour.
National ensign of the United States formally adopted
by Congress in 1777.
A square acre is a trifle less than 209 feet each way.
Six hundred and forty acres make a square mile.
A "hand" (employed in measuring horses' height) is
four inches.
A span is lOj inches.
Si.if hundred pounds make a barrel of rice.
One hundred and ninety-six pounds make a barrel of
flour.
Two hundred ])oiin(ls make a barrel of pork.
Fifty-six pounds make a firkin of butter.
The number of languages is 2,750.
The average duration of human life is 31 years.
PHYSICIANS' DIGESTION TABLE.
SnOWIXG THE TIME IlEC^L'I KEI) Full THE DIGEST lOX OF
THE OKIJIXAKY AKTRLE.S OF FOOD.
Soups. — Chicken, 3 hours; mutton, 3^ hours; oyster, 3^
hours; vegetable, 4 hours.
Fish. — Ha.ss, broiled, 3 hours; codfish, boiled, 2 hours;
oysters, raw, 3 hours; oysters, roasted, 3J hours; oysters,
stewed, 3A hours; salmon (fresh), boiled, IJ hours; trout,
fried, 1^ hours.
.Meats. — Beef, roasted, 3 hours; beefsteak, broiled, 3
hours; btef (corned), boi'id, 4^^ hours; lanili, roast, 2^
hours; lamb, boiled, 3 iuurs; meat, hashed, 2^ hours;
mutton, broiled, 3 hours: mutton, j "jast, 3^ hours; pig's
feet, soused, 1 hour; pork, roast, 5^- hours; pork, boiled,
4i hours; jiork, fried, 4^ hours; pork, )jroiled, 3:^ hours;
sausage, fried, 4 hours; veal, liroiled, 41. ours; veal, roast.
4i hours.
Poultry and game. — Chicken, fricasseed, 3.? hours;
duck (tame), roasted, 4 hours; duck (wild), roasted, 4J
hours; fowls (domestic), roasted or Itoiled, 4 hours; goose
(wild), roasted, 2\ hours: goose (tame), roasted, 2^ hours;
turkey, Ijoilcd or roasted, 2A hours; venison, broiled or
roasted, H hours.
Vegetables. — Asparagus, boiled, 2^ hours; beans (I.inui),
boiled, 2A liou'^s, beans (string), boiled, 3 hours; beans,
baked (with pork), 44 hours; beets (vouiig), boiled, 3}
hours; beets (old) boiled, t hours; cabbage, raw, 2 hours;
cabbage, boiled, 4A hours; cauliflower, boiled. 2i hours;
corn (green), boili-d, 4 hours; onions, boiled, 3 hours;
parsnips, boiled, 3 hours; potatoes, boiled or baked, 3^
hours; rice, boiled, 1 iicur; spinach, boiled, 24^ hours;
tomatoes, raw or stewed, 2^ hours; turnips, boiled, 3^
hours.
Bread, Eggs, Milk, etc. — Bread, corn, 'i^ hours; bread,
wheat, 3A hours; eggs, raw, 2 hours; eluese, 34 hours;
custard, 2J hours; eggs, soft-boiled, 3 hours; eggs, har;l-
boiled or fried, 3^ hours; gelatine, 2A hours; tapioca, 2
hours.
THEMES FOR DEBATE.
Following are one hundred and fifty topics for debate.
The more usual form in their presentation is that of a
direct proposition or statement, rather than that of a
question. The opponents then debate the "aflirmative"
and "negative" of tlie proposition. It is well to be very
careful, in adopting a subject for a debate, to so state or
explain it that misunderstandings nniy lie mutually avoided,
and quibbles on the meaning of words prevented.
THEMES FOK I>EB.\TE.
Which is the better for Ms nation, high or low import
tariffs-'
Is assassination ever justifiable?
Was England justifiable in interfering between Egypt
and the Soudan rebels?
Is the production of great works of literature favored by
the conditions of modern civilized life?
t
TIIKMKS FOU DEBATE.
Is it politic to place restrictions iijioii the immigration of
till' CliiiH'so to the United StatoH?
Will coal ahv'iivs constitute the main source of artificial
heat?
Has tlio oxj)friment of universal sullrage proven a suc-
cess?
Was (inmt or Lee the greater general?
Is an income-tax C(>mnieM(lai)le?
Ouglit the naiionul hanking system to l)e aholished?
Slioiild tlio govcniincnt lease to stockgrowers anypor-
lion of tlie imlilic doiiiaiii?
Is it advisalilo longer to attenii)t to maintain both a gold
and silver standard of coinage?
Which is the more important to the student, j)liysical
science or mat hematics?
Is the study of current politics a duty?
Whicli wai; the more inlluential congressman, Rlaine
orGartield?
Which gives rise to more ohjectionahlo idioms and lo-
calisms of language, New Kngiand or the West?
Was tlio juirchaso of Ahiska hy tliis government wise?
Whii'h is the more iuipertant as a continent, Africa or
South America?
.Sliouhl the government iiiterfero to stop the spread of
contagious iliscases among cattle?
Was Ca-sar or Hannibal the more able general?
Is the study of ancient or modern history the more im-
portant to the student?
Should aliens be alloued to acfjuire property in this
country?
Should aliens be allowi'd to own real estate in this coun-
try?
I)<i the benefits of the signal service justify its costs?
Should usury laws Ito abolished?
SliouM all laws for the collection of debt be abolished?
Is labor entitled to more remuneration than it receives?
Should the continuaiu'O of militia organizations by the
several States bo encouraged?
Is an untariii-hed reputation of more iiui)ortance to a
woman than t() a n'an?
Dof's homo life promote the growth of seinshness?
Are mitieral veins aiiueous or igneous in origin?
Is tl.o theory of evolution tenalde?
Was Homo justifiable in annihilating Carthage as a na-
tion?
Which has left tlie more j)ermanent imj)ress njion man-
kind, liret'co or Home?
W^hicii was the gfcater thinker, Emerson or Bacon?
Whicii is the more important its ti branch of edncatio!!,
mineralogy or astronomy?
Is there any improvement in thcfunility of the literature
of to-day over that ct last century?
Should the "Spoils System" bo continued in Ameri-
can politics?
SlKUild the co-eduoation of the sexes be ciumui raged?
Whi(di should be tin,' more encouraged, novelists or
dramatists?
Will the African ami Caucasian races ever be amalga-
maied in thx United States?
SiiouM the militai'V or the interior department have
chirgeover the liulians in tin? United States?
Which is (jf moi'i; benefit to his race, the inventor or
tho ('X|)lorer?
U history or philosopliy the IjcUer cvcrciso for the
mindr
C:in any effect iial provision he iiuulo bv the Slate against
•' liard times ? "
Which is of the more Iji'iU'flt to society, journalism or
V?
^^
Which was tho greater general, Napoleon or Welling-
ton?
Should tho volume of greenback money be increased?
Should the volume of national bank ciculution be in-
creiised ?
Should the railroads be under tho direct control of tht^
government?
Is the doctrine of " State rights" to be commeded?
Is tho '• Monroe doctrine " to be commended and up-
held?
Is the pursuit of politics an honorable avocation?
Which is of tho greater importance, the college or the
university?
Does tho study of physical science militate against
religious belief?
Should " landlordism " in Ireland be supplanted by
home rule?
Is life nnire desirable now than in ancient Home?
Siioiild men ami wonu'u receive the same amount of
wages for the same kinil of work?
is tho prohibitory li(|uor law preferable to a system of
high license?
Has any State a right to secede?
Should any limit be placed b^' the constitution of a
State upon its ability to contract indebtedness?
Should tho contract labor system in public prisons be
forbidden ?
Should there be a censor for the public press?
Should Arctic expeditions bo encouraged?
Is it the duty of the State to encourage art and litera-
ture as much as science?
Is suicide cowardice?
Has our Government a right to disfranchise the polyga-
mistsof Utah?
Should capital punishment be abolished?
Should the law jilace a limit upon tho hours of daily
labor for workingmen?
Is "porialism" treason?
Should the education of the yonng be compulsory?
In a hundred years will republics be as numerous as
monarchies?
Should book-keeping be taught in the public schools?
Should Latin be taught in the public schools?
Do our methods of government promote centralization?
Is life worth living?
Should Ireland and Scotland be indejiendent nations ?
Should internal revenue taxation he abolished?
Which is of greater benefit at the present day, books or
news])aiK'rs?
Is hoiiusty always the best ])olicy?
Which has been of greater benefit to mankind, geology
or chemistry?
Which could mankind dispense wi.'i at least incon-
venience, wood or coal?
Which is the greater nation, Germany or France?
Which can siqjport the greater popuhition in proportion
to area, our Northern or Southern States?
Would nninkind be the loser if the earth should cease
to produce gold iiiid silver?
Is the Occasional destruction of large numbers of people,
by war and disaster, a benefit to the world?
" Which could man best do without, steam or horse
power?
Should women be given the right of sullrage in the
United States?
Should crennvtion bo substituted for burial?
Shouhl the govr leiit establish a ntifional system of
telegraph?
Will the populatioti of (Miicago ever exceed that of New
York?
THEMES FOR DEBATE.
Should the electoral college be continued ?
Will the population of St. Louis ever exceed that of
Chicago?
Should restrictions be placed upon the amount of prop-
erty inheritable?
tVhicli is more desirable as the chief business of a city —
commerce or manufactures?
Which is more desirable as the chief business of a city —
transportation by water or by rail?
Sliould the rate of taxation be graduated to a ratio witli
the amount of property taxed?
Will a time ever come when the population of the earth
will bo limited by the earth's capacity of food production?
Is it probable that any language will ever become uni-
versal?
Is it probable that any planet, except the earth, is in-
habited?
Sliould the State prohibit the manufacture aiul sale of
alcoholic liquors?
Should the government prohibit the manufacture and
sale of alcoholic liquors?
Should the guillotine bo substituted for the gallows?
Was Bryant or Longfellow the greater poet?
Should the jury system be continued?
Should the languages of alien nations bo taught in the
public schools?
Sliould a right to vote in any part of the United States
depend upon a property qualification?
Can a horse trot'faster in harness, or under saddle?
Should the pooling system among American railroads
be abolished by law?
Is dancing, as usually conducted, compatible with a
high standard of morality?
Should the grand jury system of makiug indictments be
continued?
Which should be the more highly remunerated, skilled
labor or the work of professional men?
Wiiich is the more desirable as an occupation, medicine
or law?
Should the formation of trade unions be encouraged?
Which has been the greater curse to man, war or drunk-
enness?
Which can man the more easily do without, electricity
or petroleum?
.Should tlie law interfere against the growth of class dis-
tinctions in society?
Wiiich was the greater genius, Mohammed or Ruddha?
Which was the more able leader, Pizarro or Cortoz?
Which can to-day wield the greater iuflueuce, the orator
or the writer?
Is genius hereditary?
Is Saxon blood deteriorating?
Which will predominate in five hundred years, the Saxon
or Latin races?
Should American railroad companies be allowed to sell
their bonds in other countries?
Should Sumner's civil rights bill be made constitutional
by an umoiulment?
Does civilization promote the happiness of the world?
Should land subsidies be granted to railroads by the
govcrnmont?
Whiili is the stronger militarv newer, England or the
Uniteil States?
Would a rebellion in Russia be justifiable?
Should the theater be encouraged?
Wiiich has the <;reater resources, Pennsylvania or
Texas?
Is agriculture the noblest occupation?
(!an democratic forms of government be made univer-
sal?
Is legal punishment for crime as severe (w it should bi-?
Should the formation of monopolies be prevented by the
State?
Has Spanish influence been helpful or harmful to Mex-
ico as a people?
Which is of more importance, the primary or the high
school?
Will the tide of emigration ever turn eastward instead
of westwanl ?
Should the art of war be taught more widely than at
present in the United States?
Was slavery the cause of the American civil war?
Is life insurance a benefit?
How to :\lHke 32 Kinds of Solder.— 1. Plumbers'
solder. — Lead 2 parts, tin 1 part. 'Z. Tinmen's solder. —
Lead 1 part, t-n 1 part. :j. Zinc solder. — Tin 1 part,
lead 1 to parts. 4. Pewter solder. Lead 1 part, bismuth
1 to 2 parts. 5. Spelter soldier. — Equal parts copper
and zinc. G. Pewtcrers' soft solder. — Bismuth 2, lead 4,
tin 3 parts. 7. Another. — Bismuth l.lead l.tin 2 parts.
8. Another pewter solder. — Tin 2 parte, lead 1 part. 'J.
(ilaziers' solder. — Tin 3 parts, leail 1 part. 10. Solder
for copjier. — Copper 10 parts, zinc 9 parts, 11. Yellow
solder for brass or copper. — Copper 3"^ lbs., zinc 29 lbs.,
tin 1 lb. 12. Brass solder. — Copper 01.25 parts, zinc
38.75 parts. 13. Brass solder, yellow and easi^,. fusible.
— Coj\i)er 45, zinc 55 parts. 14. Brass solder, white. —
Coppcj'r 57.41 parts, tin U.CO parts, zinc 27.00 parts. 15.
Anotner solder for copper. — Tin 2 parts, lead 1 part.
When the copper is thick heat it by a naked fire, if thin
use a tinned copper tool. L'se muriate or chloride of zinc
as a flux. The same solder will do for iron, cast iron, or
steel; if the pieces are thick, heat by a naked fire or im-
merse in the solder. IG. Black solder.— Copper 2, zinc
3, tin 2 parts. 17. Another.— Sheet brass 20 lbs., tin G
lbs., zinc 1 lb. 18. Cold brazing without fire or lamp.
— Fluoric acid 1 oz., oxy muriatic acid 1 oz., mix in a lead
bottle. Put a chalk mark e.ich side where you want to
braze. This mi.xture will keep .about G months in one
bottle. 19. Cold soldering without fire or lamp. — Bis-
muth i oz., quicksilver i jz., block tin filings loz., spirits
salts 1 oz., all mixed together. 20. To solder iron to
steel or either to brass. — Tin C p;.rt3, copj)er 3'.'^ parts,
zinc 7^ parts. When applied in .. molten state it will
firmly unite metals first named to each other. 21.
Plumbers' solder. — Bismuth 1, lead 5, tit» 3 parts, is a
first-class composition. 22. White solder for raised
Britannia ware. — Tin 100 lbs., hardening b lbs., antimony
8 lbs. 23. Hardening for Britannia. — (To be mixed
separately from the other ingredients.) Copper 2 lbs.,
tin 1 lb. 21. Best ooft solder for cast Britannia ware. — Tin
8 lbs., lead 5 lbs. 25. Bismuth solder.- Tin l.lead 3,
bismuth 3 parts. 2G. Solder for brass that will stand
hammering. — Brass 78. 2G parts, zinc 17.41 parts, silver
4.33 parts, add a little chloride of potassium to your borax
for a flux. 27. Solder for steel joints. — Silver 10 parts,
copper 1 part, brass 2 parts. Melt all together. 28.
Hard solder. — Copper 2 parts, zinc 1 part. Melt together.
29. Solder for brass. — Copper 3 parts, zinc 1 part, with
borax. 30. Solder for copper. — Brass parts, zinc 1
part, tin 1 part, melt all together well and pour out to
cool. 31. Solder for platina.— Gold with borax. 32.
Solder far iron.— The best solder for iron is good tough
brass with a little borax.
N. B. — In soldering, the surfaces to be joined are made
perfectly clean and smooth, and then covered with sal.
ainnioniac, resin or other flux, the solder is then applied,
being melted oa and smoothed over by a tinned soldering
iron.
I
M
? J
THE GREAT CIVIL WAll.
^'-z-^^;&=:L
^A^^^
THE GREAT CIVIL WAR •
THE ENROLLMENT IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY . . ,
fe^
f ^i>i<5:^
P
Tlio following tabic shows the total inimhcr of men fur-
nished by eaoh of the several States for the United States
army during the Civil AVar of 1>S('1-18G5. The first column
of figures shows the number furnished under tlie cull df
President Lincoln for 75,000 troops, issued April 15, 18(!1.
The second column shows the aggregate number of white
men furnished under all the calls:
STATES.
hire.
Maine
New Ilarups
Ve.inont
Massachusetts
Kliodu Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Peniisvlvaiiia
Delaware
Maryland
West Virginia
District of Columbia.
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wi.sconsin
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouri
Kentucky
Kansas ,
Tennessee
Arkansas ,
North Carolina
California
Nevada
Oregon
Wasliing^jn
NcbiusK'a
Colorado
Dakota
First
771
779
782
3,;;J(i
3,147
S.'lOd
l:i,tioti
3,123
20.175
775
All Calls.
New Mexico.
Total.. ,
900
4.720
2.557
4,(;.s(;
4.S20
781
817
!I30
9G8
10.501
C50
1,510
, . . 03.320
71,715
34.005
35,24(1
151,785
23,711
57,270
4(14. 150
79.511
300.320
13.051
49,731
32,(103
10.872
317.133
195,147
258.217
90,119
90,118
25.034
75,800
108,773
78,.54o
20,097
12,077
7,451
210
617
895
1,279
1,702
181
2,395
.088,523
The following exhibit gives the number of colored and
drafted troops furnished to the Union army by the differ-
ent States including the States which were in rebellion;
besides which 92,576 colored troops were included (with
the white soldiers) in the quotas of the several States.
Many who enlisted from tho South were credited to North-
ern States:
:^_
.STATUS AND TEKUITOUIES.
Ni:\V ENOLANU STATES.
Connecticut
Maine
.Massachusetts
New Hampshire ,
Kliodi' Island
\'erni(]iit
TOTAI
MIDDLE STATES.
New Jersey
New York
IVnnsylvania
ToTAi
WeSTIMIN ST,.TKa AND Tkiikitokies.
Colorailo Territory
Illinois
Iiuliana
Iowa
CoUircii
Troops,
1801-05.
1,704
104
3.900
1
1,837
120
Nunilicr
Driiltid.
msas.
Ki
Michigan ,
Miiiiusota
Ohio
Wisconsin ,
Total
UOUDEIl STATES.
Delaware
District of Columbia...
Kentucky
.Maryland
.Missouri ,
West Virginia
Total
routherk states.
Alabama
.\rkansa8
Florida
Oeorgia
Louisiana
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
V^irginia
T()T,\L
Gkand Total
At large
Not accounted for
Ollicers
Total ,
jr^o
1,185
4.125
_8.0^2
13.922
12,03
27.324
41,582
10,800
4, .321
__7,743
103,807
^ 0,887,554
7.837.044
22,905,550
9,030,313
820,709
4.528,775
070,005
32,325 23,808,967
151,488 8(1,029,228
178,873 43,154,987
302,080 153,(153,182
95
1,811
1,537
440
2,0,so
1,387
104
5,092
105
12,711
4.909
5.520
1,044
3,480
17,809
5,035
5,402
20,133
47
03.571
173,079
733
5,083
7.122
18"6'!or7
32,085
41,158
7,548
1,420
22,02v
10,79(
50,400
38,395
203,924
8,035
14,338
29,421
29,319
21,519
3,180
100,412
17.290,205
.354
,171
,407
,855
,404
23.557,373
5,855,356
7.290,
9,182,
1,015,
57,
9,604,
2,000,
(i9, 229, 185
1,130,599
134,010
092,577
6,271,992
l,2is2,149
804,737
10,382,064
C^
8f/
The viirioua Ciills for riiou by llio Prosiilont wore sis fol-
lows, not iiiclmliiig tliu riii'.itiii, broiiglit into service diiriii^r
the (lifTerent invasions ot Lt'u's ivnnius into Miii'vliuid atnl
Peniisylviiniu:
18'il Cull for threi-inonths' men. . .
lH(il I Cull forthiio Vfiirs
18t;2:rull for thri'o Vfurs
18(iv ; Call fur iiiise months
I'Stil Call f,ir throe yt'iirs, I-'obniary
18()4 Call for ijiroe years, March.. .
18fil (Jail for 'iiri'o veiir.^, Jolv
18<M
T.'i.tHM)
oiMi.tKin
.")ii(i, 0(1(1
ri(io.(MH)
3(1(1, 0(H»
Call for three yours, December
ToTAl 2,(j;5.()00
Tho Piovost-Marshal General in 1 ■<'J(J roiiortoil the fol-
lowing as the number of casiialtio.s m tlic volunteer anil
rejiular armies of the Unitcil Stales diiring the war:
Killed in battle, <^1,.'>(;-..' ; diecl of ."ounds, 3l.T^'7; died
of disease, 183.tJsr ; total died, ^'79,3;'l; total deserted,
19',l,10j.
Number of .soldiers in tho Confederate .-;ervice who died
of wounds or il sease (partial statement), 133,8"21; deserteil
(partial stati'ment). 104.4-J8.
Number of United States troops captured during the
war, •21"3,(3(>8; Confedei'ate troojis captured, 47G,lC'.i.
Nutnber of United States troojis paroled on tiie field,
1G.431 ; Confederate troops jia-oled on the field, y48,.j99.
Number of United States troops who died wliil-i prison-
ers, '.J9,T'^'.) ; Confederate troops who died wliile prisoners,
20.774.
A CORRECT AND CONCISE ACCOUNT OF THE VICTORIES AND
DEFEATS AND IMPORTANT BATTLES.
NoVEMHEI!, 18G0.
10th — Bill to eriuij) and raise 10,000 volunteers intro-
duced in South Carolina Legislature.
18th— Georgia Legislature voted *1, 000,000 to ami the
State.
20th-"-23d — Specie p.iyment suspended by banks in Rich-
mond, Baltimore, Washington, Philadvjlphia and Trenton,
also generally through the South.
Dkcicmukh, 1S(J0.
3d — A John Brown anniversary meeting in Boston
broken uj) by riot.
10th — Louisiana Legislature voted i'.X n.iUKj to arm the
State.
24tli — Election in Alabama — 60,000 majority for seces-
sion.
27th — Troops ordered out in Charleston.
J.VNTAUY, 1801.
.'">th — Steamer Star of the West sailed from Now York
with sujiplies and reinforeenionts for Fort Sumter,
arrivei' oil Charleston on Oili, was lired upon and driven
back to sea; returnel to New York on lv.Mli with two shot
holes in her hull.
7th — Senator Toombs, of Georgia, made a secession
speech in U. S. Senate.
18th — Virginia Legislature appropriated ><l.(i(i0.000 for
the defense of the Slate.
2Ut — .lolTerson Davis withdrew from U. S. Semite.
31st — U. S. mint at New Orleans .seized by State author-
ities.
Fi:i)KiAiiV. 1801.
9th— .Jolfersoii D ivis eleeted Pri'sident of C. S. A.
9th— U. S. *■.' j.(i(K).000 loan bill signed by the President.
Mauch, 1861.
4th — Abnham Lineoln inaugurated President.
26th — Sam Hoiuton, Governor of Te.xas, dejiosed for
refusal to take an oath of allegiance to the C. S. A.
May, isci.
2d — N. Y. iZnh IJeginient arrived in Washington.
:nn — ) rriier»l ISi.il V-r look jios.-iossion of Belay House.
Ilth — Charle>t"ia Moekaile establiihed.
ITth — S. C C«tigr«sg authorized issue of iii.50,000,000
S-;: •,'(i-ye:ir bonds.
■I'Jth — ['r«»tilrm IXarii re;u-hed Hicdimond.
:Ust — CuTalnr Jk3^nJi^ll at Fairfax C. II. , \'a.
Jl'XK, 1801.
~d — Batiie rjif PiaiJlippo, Va. ; Confederates routed.
10th — B,itc[f-f»f iSsg Bethel. Va.; I'nion forces repulsed.
11th— Col. Waillbcx- routed Coijfe<lerate force of 800 at
liOMiney, Va.
14t!i — CottfederaJf.? evadiated ami burned Harper's
Ferry. Va.
Istli — B^kttEeof iVxtueville, Mo.; Confederates routed by
Gen. Lyon.
:.'3d — Forty-eight B. & O. 11. B. locomoti\es, valued at
*<4(it».iii'(;. deatroyVi hy Confederates.
.29th — GeDeni C«>uiJCil "f War held at AVashingtou.
July, ]^01.
,5th— Praidmt LUnxdn called for 400,000 men ftiid
*40(.».tn)0.(>]Otoimtdowrj the rebellion.
otli — Battle of Carlljage. Mo.
loth — Battle of Laurel Hill.
11th — Battle at Kk-h Mountain.
isth — Battle near C*ijtreville, Va., called by ihe Con-
federates Battle (A Bull's Bun.
21st— Battle (A Ball's Run, or (by the Confederate.^)
JIanassas. Confik-t ]as1*>d ten hours, wheii j)anic seized
the L'^uion forces aiiid ihey fled in disorder to Washington.
The loss was:
Confederate —
0:5(> killed: 2.23.5 -wounded; 150 missing— 3.01.5.
Union — ^."^l kiOed; 1.011 wounded; 1,216 missing — 2.09h.
The number emgaifed were: Union 40,000 vs. Confed-
erate 47. ooo. wlijcli »*-re reinforced during tho battle by
20,u00 or -.io.wtX
Arcr.^T, 1801.
2d— Battle of Dag Spring, Mo.
4th— Bai;c!e of AiLejjg. Mo.
7th — Hampt:"'. Va.. burned by Confederates.
8th— Battle ^i Ijc-Tetttville. A'a.; Confederates routed.
10th— Battle of Walson Creek. Mo. Union force, ,5.200;
Confederate If'Ti--^. 15.H»('(.*. Aft<T six hours fighting, Con-
federate.s r> ;
• def-lared in St. r^nuis.
■' •. f? ordered all Northern men to
> :iLin fortv davs.
■iwk't: Nest, Va.; 4,000 Confeder-
i.Vgt.: driven back with 50 killed.
: : and Capture of ]'"i.rts Clark and
•j:e los.s. 705 prisoners and 1,000
14tli— M
l.-,tli_I'p - :
leave the (■■-.:'-
20th— S!<- r,,.
ates attaekul L '. -
28th— P..
Hatteras. i
stand of arnn.
2'Jth — [..esitigiitjc. Mo., attacked.
Cth--Padii.-.ir.
lO'h— Bnff '
18th — Bi . v^ .:
20th— C; -M .
with 2..5<Hi m n. :
24th — R.irnney.
States troopa.
Se3T5:mber, 1861.
K\.. occu]iied by United States forces.
•'"arTiifei Ferry, Va.
\'e» Orleans suspended s]tocio jiaymont.
Iz'-iTi purreniiered at Lexington, Mo.,
-,;.<.' C«!ifederates.
Va., stormed and captured by United
d
'|ii|
THR OnEAT Civil, WAU.
0(T()I1KU, 1861.
.'id — Biittlo at rirocnbiior, Vii.
7tli— Ceil. \V. T. SliiTiiiuii relieved.
ItJtli— Kiitilt) near I'iloi Kiiol), Mo.
•^Ist— I5ullle of Hall's Hliitr.
21st— Battle (if Wild Cat. Ky.
yStli — Battle of (Iroiiiwell, Ivv.
XOVK.MDKK, 1801.
Irtt — Wiiifield Scoii, C'oiiiiiiaiidi r of tlio United States
army, retired, and .VIaj.-(ien. d'eo. B. .McClelliiU waa ap-
pointed in his place.
7tli— Great navnl fight off Hilton Head.
8th— Battle of Belmont. Mo.
nth— Battle of J'iketon, Kv.
Ittth— Eiifilish jiiieket Treiii l)o.irdcd by Capt. Wilkes,
iind Mason and Slidell cafitiired. On the 2kli inst. they
were jilaced in Fort Warren, Boston Harhor, from wkieh
tluy were released .January 1, ISii'-i, on a demand of the
Biitish government.
')!:( Kviii:.i, l.'^Ol.
2d — Naval engagement at Newport News.
0th — Congress passed bill anthorizins; exchange of
prisoners.
i;ith — Shelling of Free Stone Point by Union g mbonts.
:." 'i— Battle of Drainsville. Mo.
.'!( '<a.i ks of New York. I'hiladelphia, Alb;.ny and
Bo;:, oj. ,.ued specie paymem.
.lANfAltY, isi!2.
2d— Battle on Point Boyul Island, S. C.
Kith— Battle of Middle Creek, Ky.
1"*!: -Battle of Mill Spring, Ky. " Confederate loss, 192
kilie !, fiH wonnded, .sO prisoners; Union loss, 39 killed,
20 ;■ woiinde(l.
FEnRf.. HY, 1862.
Otli — Fort Ilcnry captured by Union soldiers,
^th and 8th — Battle of Koanoke Island. Union los^
5(1 ..illed, 222 wounded: Confe.'M-ate loss, 1,'! killed, 'M)
wonnded. 2,.")27 prisoners.
1 Uh — liattle of Fort Donelson, which was kept np in-
cessi 'itly till the Kith, wiien the fort was surrendered to
the L iiion forces, l.'nioii loss, 44(' i;illod, 1 .T.'i.i wonnded,
150 iirisoners; Conf.^?ii ,iato loss, 2:{7 killed, I. on',' wounded,
Vi.'Mii) prisoners.
21si — Battle near Fort f'raig, N. M. Union loss, 162
killed. 4v; ..onnded.
Maucii, 1802.
Cth ti 8th— Battle of Pea Pidge, Arkansas. Union
lojs, 20.'i killed, 972 wonndod, 176 missine; Confederate
]o.^s, 1,100 killed, 2,4(tO wounded, 1,600 j)ris>>ner8
9th — First cncouuter cf iron clad vessels, "Monitor"
and •' Merrimac," in wliicli the .Merrimao was defeated.
Ki'h — Manassa. Va., evacuated by rebels.
14th— Battle of Newbirn, N. C.
2Jd — Battle of Winchester, Va.
28th — Battle of Valles Paiich, N. M.
31st — B. it O. H. It. reopencn, alter having been closed
nearly a year.
Ai'Kii,, 1862.
Gth anil 7th— Battle of Pittsbur;]? Landing or "Shiloh."
Union loss: 1,7;5.") killed, 7,822 wounded, 4,044 missing.
Over 3.IMIII (lonfoderates were buried on tlio lield.
7th — Island No. lo, ^!l.sslssippi Kiver, .surrendered after
a twenty-three iia'-^* oomhardinenf. C!,.iife lerate loss:
125 sruns, ]'.'i steain.;r.=;, lo.oiio small urm.s, 2,'>oo horses,
l.Oiio wagons, am', over fi.tiod prisoners.
nth — i'ulaski surrendered after a tliirty-hour bom-
bardment, j
10th— Battle of Leo's Mills.
19th — Batt''^ of Camden, Nor Carolina.
20th — Com. iodore Farragut demanded the surrender
of New Orleans.
May, 1802.
Ist — Now Orleans captured by Union forces.
6tii — Battle of Williamsburg, Virginia,
8th— Battle of West Point, Virginia,
loth — Surrender of Norfolk, Virginia.
10th— General Butler captured i{i800,000 in gold at New
Orleans.
2lM — Battle of Front Koyal, Virginia.
25th — li.ittlo of Winchester, \'irgiiiia.
27th— Battle of Corinth.
.■?i8t — Battle of Fair Oaks, Virginia.
31at — Battle of Seven Pines, Virginia.
JrxK, 1862.
4tli — Battle of Tranter'.s Creek, North Carolina.
Cth — (ireat gun-boai tight bef(,,-o Jlemphis, at the
close of which Memphis siirrenrlered unconditionally.
8th— Battle of v"rosi Key;:. Vi.giniii.
9tli— ''atth3 -f l',)rt Pe|)"ublic, Virginia.
26th — Battle of Mechaiiicsv'lle, Viririnia.
27th — Bombardment of Vicksburg, .Mii'sissippi,
30th — Battle of White Oak Swamp,
Jii.Y, 1862.
1st — Battle of Malvern Hill, the last of tlio seven days'
figiit before liichm iiid. Tot ' Union loss was 15,224, of
whie.h 1,565 were killed.
Ist — President liiicoln called for 000,000 men.
5th — Bonibaidiiiciit o' v'icksburg.
i(th — !''(jstage stamps made a legal tender.
20th — Morgan's (iiierillas overtaken and scattered,
AuoL-sT, 1802.
'.Ji — President Lincoln ordered .'!00,fl00 men to be
drafted.
5th — Battle of Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
5tli — Attack on Fort Donelson. 'ronnessee.
9th- -Battle of Cedar iMountain.
21st — Five Confederate regiments crossed the Rappa-
hannock and almost walked into the masked b.ittvries of
General Sigcl, which opened .'Ire on (hem with grape and
canister, mowing them down by scores, 700 being killed
and 2,000 captiired.
28th— Battle near Centrevillc, Mo.
28th — Union forces evacuated Fiedricksburg, Va.
29tli — Battle of (Jroveton, near Bull's Pun. Va.
30tli — Groveton battle rtMiewed. (ien i'oiio defeated
and what is known as the "Second Battle of Bull's Knn"
ended.
30th — Bittle near Richmond, Ky. Union forces de-
feated: 20(1 killed, 7Cli wounded and 2.000 prisoners taken.
SM'TKMtiKK, 1862.
1st— Battle nefir ('liantiily, \':<:
1st — Battle at Britoi;'s Lane, 'renii.
12th — Ifarj)er's I'^'rry invested by Confederates.
14th — Bvtlle of South .^'ountain, Md. Union InsJ-
2.325.
15th — Harper's Ferry siirreiukred; 1 l,ii00 Federa' ■ sui •
rendered.
17th — Battle of .Antietnm. l']a.:li army numbered about
tOO.OiiO; Union loss, 12,4(:it; Confederate 'oss, 25,542.
17;h — .Miinfordsville, Ky., surrendered to the Confed-
erates; 4.6(1) L'nioiiists ca..; iircd.
20'li— Battle of Lika, .>liss.
22(1 — Fui.iiicipatioii proclaiiuition issued.
*-v;
;r ^'
■'. T-^;
TUE nRKAT Civil, WAR.
defeated
ill's Run" i
OOTOBKK, 18G2.
3(1 and 4th — Battle of Corinth, Miss. (Jnion loss,
2,359; Confederate loss, !l,;u;:!.
8th and 9th— Batdo of IVrryvillc, Mo.
loth — Heavy fighting between Lexington and Rioli-
mond, Ky.
18th — Morgan, the raider, (lushed into Lexington mid
captured 1'-l!> prisoners.
a2d— Hattlo of Miiysville, Ark.
N()vi,.Mi)Ki(, I80:i.
Ist — Artillery li^riit ut IMiilmoiit, Va.
3d — Ueoontioissiinco ut tlio base of IMuoIlidgo Mount-
ains— tJonfodcrates literiilly driven into the river and
drowned by scores.
4th — (fiilvoston, Texas, surroiidorod.
KJth — Capt. Dalilgren, with i>i men, dashed into Fred-
ricksburg, Va., and routed oUO (;onfe(h!rati'8.
2l8t — Oen. Sumnor demanded the surroudor of Fred-
ericksburg, Va.
27th — Battle near Frankfort, Va.
28th— Battle of Cane Jlill, Ark.
DfX'EMIlEK, 18G2.
4th — Winchostor, Va., captured by Union soldiers.
5th — Rattle near Coffeevillo, Miss.
7th — Battle of Prario Grove, Ark.
llih — Fredrieksburg, Va., slielled by Federalists.
12th — Fredericksburg captured.
13th— Battle of Fredericksburg, Va.
29th — General Shormiin repulsed by the Confederates.
3l8t — Battle of Murfreesboro.
January, 18G3.
Ist — Battle of Galveston.
1st — Battle of Murfreesboro renewed, with fearful
results to tlio Federals. Union loss was 1,500 killed, 6,000
wounded and 4,()(i0 prisoners taken.
7th— Battle of Springfield, Mo.
March, 1803.
2 Ist — Battle of Cottage (irove, Tenn.
28th— Battle of Somerville, Ky.
AIay, 1S(;:3.
2d — Battles of Fort Gibson, Miss., and Ohancellorsville,
Virginia.
12tli — Battle of Ravmond, Jliss.
16th— Battle of Cliampicm Hill, Miss.
i7th— Battle of Big Black River, Miss.
19th — llepulse of the first Vicksburg assault.
June, lS(i:!.
15th— Battle of Winchester, Va.
2.')tli — Cliambcrsburg, l\i., captured by Confederates.
30th — Battle of Hanover .Function, Va.
July, :1863.
2d— Battle of Gettysburg.
4th — General Grant captured Vicksburg.
nth — Surrender of Port Hudson.
10th — Repulse of the assnlt on Fort AVagner.
13th — Commencement of the New York draft riota.
Ai'ursT, 18G3.
■Lawrence, Kansas, A\as burned.
October, 18G3.
17th~Prosidont Lincoln called 300,000 more men.
November, 18G3,
16th — Battle of Campbell's Station.
24th— BftttlM of Lookout Mountain and Missionary
Ridge were foupht at Chactanooga, Tenn.
March, 1804.
17th — General (iraut assumed command
armies of tlio United States.
May, 1804.
4tii — 'i'lio Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan,
and encam[)cd in the " WilderneMS."
Ttth and Oili — Battles of llie Wilderness, Virginia.
Otii — General Sherniiin began bis Atlanta campaign
flth — Battle of Spottsyivania, Virginia.
14th — Battle of Resiica, (icoiiria.
2.")lli — Battle of New Ho|)e ('lunch Station, Georgia.
20th — The Confuderutea were lepulaed in an attack on
City Point, Virginia.
JiNE, 1804.
ist — Battle of Cold Harbor, Virginia.
3(1 — A battle was fought near Cold Harbor, Virginia.
10th — Federals were defeated in an attack on Peters-
burg, Virginia.
19th — The investment of Petersburg. Va., was begun.
lOtli — The Alabama was sunk oil Cherbourg, France,
by the Kear.^arge.
2l8taiul 2>'d — The Federals were repulsed in attacks
upon the Weldon railroad, Virginia.
27th — Battle of Keiiesaw Jlountain.
28th- riio Confederates moved on Washington by way
of the Shenandoah V^alley, Virginia.
July, 18G4.
9th — Battle of Monocacy River, Maryland.
20th — Battle of Peach Tree Creek, Georgia.
22d — Battle of Decatur, (ieorgia.
30th — Another unsuccessful assanlt was made by the
Federals upon Petersburg, Virginia.
AcoL-sT, 1804.
f,th— Fort Gaines, in Mobile Bay, surrendered to
Admiral Farragut.
2l8t — The Weldon railroad captured,
aist — The battle of Joneaborough.
SlOPTEMIiER, 1804.
2d — The Federals entered Atlanta.
19th — The battle of Winchester, Virginia.
22(1— The battle of Fisher's Creek, Virginia.
30th — Battle at Peeble's I'arm. Virginia.
OcTOBIMt, 1804.
2(1 — Battle of Holston River, Virginia.
Otb— Battle of Allatoona Pass, Georgia.
] 9th— Battle of Cedar Creek, Virginia.
27th— The Federals were repulsed at Ilatchcr'a Run,
Virginia.
NoVE.iBER, 1804.
IGth — General Sherman began his march to the sea.
Decembeu, 1SG4.
13th — Fort McAllister was captured by the Federals.
15th — The battle of Nashville, Tennessee.
25tli — The Federals were re])ulsed in an attack upon
Fort Fisher, North Carolina.
January, 1805.
15th— Fort Fisher, N. C, was captured by tho Federals.
February, 1805.
5th — The Federals were repulsed at Hatcher's Rnn,
Virginia.
March, 1805.
Ifith— Battle of Averysborough, North Carolina.
18tli — Battle of Bentonville, North Carolina.
I I
I ! ■
THE OREAT ClVir. WAK.
•,'jtli — Kort StuiKliniiii. noiir I'otersbiirg, wiia oiiptiirud
»y tlie CoiifcderiitoH, uml rnciiptiircd hy the I-'odoralu.
3l8t — Tho buttlo of Fivo Forks, Virgiriiii.
April, \Mr,.
2d — Ilichmond was I'viiciintcd by iho CoiifodoratcB.
fitli — liiittlo of Fiirnivilk'. Virginia.
Ittii — fice siirreiidorcd witli X'<l,lir» iiipii.
9th — Ocnoral Loe witii h'M iirmy Hiirn-ndered to Oon-
inil (traiit. at Appomattox (^jurt IIoii.si', Virginia.
j;ttli — Moijiii! Hiirrt'iidi'red to a coiiibiiu'il army and
naval Httacl(.
14i,li — 'I'in' flag Oonoral Atidorson iiad lowered at Fort
Siirnter wiw restored to its position.
llth — President Liiieoln wasassofisiMHted at Wasiiington.
I[fl was sliot in the hack of the head at Ford's 'I'heatro by
Wilkes iJootli, and died next morning.
l.jth — Andrew Johnson, Vico-l'residcnt, took tho oath
of oflice as President.
'iHth — Wilkes Bootli shot in a ham in \'irginiaftnd died
iH twenty-four hours.
'■iCdh — (icneral .lohnson surrendered to General Shcrnnm
in \orth Carolina.
May, 1805.
5th — flalveston, Texas, rtirrendored to tho Federals.
10th — JelT. Davis eaptn red in (ieorgia.
l.'Uli — A skirniish took idaco near Mrazos, in Kaslern
Texas.
•^Cilh — Tho Confederates in Texas, under (Jonoral Kirby
Smith, surrendered.
Tho armicm of tho East und West were disbanded and
returned iiome, after a review at Washington.
Junk. IHiiS.
Cth — An order was issued for tlio release of all prison-
ers of war in tho depots of the north.
.'fi.Y, I8t!:..
7th — .Mrs. Surratt, llaro'ii, I'ayne an:l Azertoth hanged
at Washington for conspiracy in tho murder of Lincoln.
DEt'EMIlEH, 1805,
18th — Soeretary Seward otricially declared slavery
abolished.
COS.MKTIQUFS.
CoMPi.EXiov Wash. — Put in a vial one drachm of ben-
zoin guru in powder, one draclwn niitnicg oil, six drops of
orauge-lilossom t<a, or apple lilossonjs ]iut in half pint of
rain-water and bnijoii down to one teaspoouful and
strained, one pint of sherry wine. Bathe tlie face morn-
ing und niijlit; will remove all llesh worms und freckles,
and L'ive a beautiful couiplexion. Or, put one ounce of
powiierecl gutn of bfiiznju in a pint of whisky; to use, put
in water in wash-bowl till it is milky, allowing it to dry
without wiping. This is perfectly harmless.
To Clrau a Tavxep Skin. — Wash with a solution
of carbonate of soda and a little lemon juice; then with
Fuller's earth-water, or the juice of unrijie grajtos.
On. TO Make THE IIaik fU'ui,. — Olive oil, one pound;
oil of iirgauum, one drachm; oil rosemary, one and one-
half diaciims.
WitrxKLES IN THE Skin. — White wax, one ounce;
strained lionoy, two ounces; jiii<eof lily bulbs, two ounces.
The foregoi.ig melted and stirred together will remove
wrinkles.
Peahl Water for the Face. — Put half a pound
best Windsor soap s(!raped fine into half a gallon of boil-
ing water; stir it well until if cools, add a pint of spirits
of wine and half an oiinco of oil of rosemary; stir well.
This is a good cosmetifpie, and will remove freckles.
Pearl De.vtifrice. — Prepared chalk, one-half pound :
powilereil myrrh, two ounces; camphor, two drachms;
orris-root powdered, two ounces. Moisten the camphor
with alcohol and mix all well together.
Wa.sii for a Hlotchei) Face. — Rose water, throe
ounces; sulphate of zinc, one drachm; mix. Wet the
face with it, gently dry it and then touch it over with
cold cream, which also gently dry off.
Face Powder. — Take of wheat starch, one pound;
powdered orris-root, three ounces: oil of lemon, thirty
drops; oil of bcrgamot, oil of cloves, each fifteen droi)8.
Rub thoroughly together.
Bandoline — To one quart of rose water add an ounce
and a half of gum tragacanth; let it staml forty-eight
hours, freouently straining it, then .=tr!iin tbrough acoarso
=2!
linen cloth; let it stand two days, and again strain; add
to it a drachm of oil of roses; used by ladies dressing their
iiuir, to make it lie in any jiositioti,
TIIK ART (IF BKAUTV I.N DRFS
It is far easier to find fault with existing customs
than to devise and put in practice other and Ixitter onefl.
Ladies do not like to appear singular, and nuike them-
selves conspieiDUs by wearing such articles of dress aa are
laughed at, possibly, certainly not worn by any other ])er-
sons in tho city or county in which she may belong. And
so the matter goes on. .Manufiicturcrs, dry goods dealers
and milliners and dressmakers carry the day witli a high
hand. Yet there is alwa\s some choice, and as, th.i'ik* to
our civilized habits, a full-length mirror is obtaiiuiblo by
most ladies, given tho resolution to make the most and
best of themselves, the greater number of women can so
study the art of dressing well as to ])roduco Bomo excellent
results.
It will hardly do to copy tlie old miuslers of painting in
tho arrangement of drapery, at least anyways closely, for
no matter liow well the voluminous folds may look
painted, they certainly would bo very much in tlio way in
real life, and impede any free action of the muscles some-
what, while tho length of sweeping gowns certainly looks
more in place on painted canvas than it can do on an
ordinary walking dress, fijidies have realized this fact,
however, and the short walking-skirt, at once pretty
an<l convenient, has been the result.
In some pla(>c8 the common sense shoe can be found,
and this jiermits the muscles of the foot, if not the freest,
yet fair l>lay. One great mistake in tho dressing of tho
feet is iu getting tho covering too short. It will throw
back tho toe joiids, antl a bunion is only too frequently
tho result. If the soles of tho shoes are too thin, the feet
become chilled, atid disease ensues. Yet in repeated
instances they have been known to draw tho feet, and
made them exceedingly tender and sore. A light cork
sole sewed to a knitted worsted slipper will give a foot
covering, equally light and far less injurious in its results.
There are ladies who wholly ignore woolen hosiery, pre-
ferring lisle thread, cotton or silk. Yet, in winter time,
particularly for children, woolen stockings are almost a
necessity, particularly if woolen is worn over the rest of
be
Hr
fui
to
pl«
far
aril
is
hu
n _
pru""-
, hanged
iiicoln.
gluverv
rain; adjl
ising their
g customa
Hitter oni'B.
Hike lliem- I
iresa iia are |
other pcr-
ong. Ami
oda dealers
il)» II high
th.'.'iki to
iiiniiblo \>J
most and
lien enn so
10 excellent
pointing in
closely, for
niiiy look
the way in
iscles Bome-
ainly looks \
^\o on an I
thia fact,
lice pretty
be found,
, the freest,
ssing of the
will throw
,, frequently
lin, the feet
in repeated
lio feet, and
light cork
give a foot
in its results,
hosiery, pre-
winter time,
are almost a
fr the rest of
TlIK A lit DC IIKAl'TY IN IHIKSH.
till' l).<(ly. There are some jiuopic w! o cniinot nhido the |
rceliii'^ (if woolen giiriiiciits next the Hkiii, iiml tlie,> are |
olili>;t'd to get their warmth of (■loiiiing in otiirr than
thi'ir iinclori;urnieatH. llfiivy oulHide giirnieiiis an- not I
(|iiile HO griicerui us ihoKo of Hofler und lighter niiili'i iiil, '
hut, if they must l)e worn lliey will hear ii |iliiiner ent
tliiin su(di (chillies at are natiirully clinging and udupt
theiiiHelves to the ll;;iii'e.
Solid uiul j)liiin roliirs have ii greater rielines.s tlian
mixed Hliiide.M. If coniliineil tini.s are used, they Hlimihl
ituiy iio such as liarnionizo well, and in tlio fulllen;;th ti);-
ui(! give a good personal etleet. I'rohahly more ladies err
iu g''ttinggood general elTect.M than in any other one |iiir-
tieular. They iiave various garments, [iretty eiuiigh,
|)o.-isihly, in themselves, yi't which ilo r )t iiarmonize wi'll
together, either in nialtuial, color or cut, or possilily with
their |)articular stylo of figure and shade of hair and com-
plexion, l-'or oxamphs the skirt will have one style of
irimmiii:;, the waist anotlier, the bonnet may look exceed-
ingly well with one suit and bo ijuilo out of kee])ing with
another. A short, (luiiij)y person will wear llounces, a
tall, slim one stripes, while some red-haircil woman will
faiiey an exquisite shade of pin!:, while green or blue
would have been niueh more becoming.
IJIack generally makes people look smuller and wlutc
larger. A very palo person can bear a cerlain amount of
l>riirht red. Any <lelicati^ com])lexioii looks well with -oft
riichings or laces at neck and wrist. Lace is so expensive
tliiit it cannot bo so generally worn as it might be with
excellent elTect. Probably no prettier iiead-covering ha<
ever been desigiuMJ than the veils worn liy the .Spanisii
women. Certainly they are infinitely more graceful tiian
a modern ])oke bonnet.
lb-ess goods cut up into little bits and sewed together
into fantastical shapes called trimmings are apt. if loo
freely used, to give an air of fussiness to the dress, and be
withal a sourci! of endless annoyanoe in catching dust and
dirt. The former ideas of a border or hem to finish has
become the reater jiart of the garment.
Noihing is gained in grace by making any outside gar-
ment, skin-tight, while much is lost in comfort by so
doing. A sleeve, for instance, to lie serviceable .ind look
well, should ho loose anil adapt itself somewhat to the
curv(( of the arm. Likewise a dress waist looks far better
a little loose, as well as being more iiealthful and webring
better.
Large, stout persons can add to their appcarence much
by wearing all outside skirts buttoned on to fitted under-
garments below tiio hips several inches, for gathers about
the waist only add to their stoutness of look and are
uncomfortable to carry about. A yoked petticoat ansv^'ers
the purpose very well in lieu of the buttoned skirts.
A wrapper for a tall, slim person can liave a Spanish
flounce, while a slaslied skirt with kilt inserts is more
becoming to a short figure. Largo folds are always more
graceful than small pleats and ])uckers. One very great
fault of our dressmaking lies in not allowing the goods
to fall in large and natur.*' folds, but in bunching and
pleating it in folding, and pressing the goods down into
fantastic and inartistic shapes. Added to this, paniers
and padding, bustles and hoops, until an ordin.iry woman
is forced to appear like a stulled figure instead of a living
human being.
Every woman can modify, and arrange, and simplify.
and that without becoming either ultra or conspicuous.
It will take time. That cannot be helped, yet possibly
the saving in comfort and expense may fully compensate
for the few hours spent in studying her own dress with
the mirror before her and with the determination to ror.ke
the very best and most of herself.
ALL ABOUT KITCHEN WOIlK.
A lady who for a time was compelled to do all of her
own kitchen work says: "If every iron, pot, pan, kettle or
.p.
, III
any iileiisil used in the cooking of food, he washed as s>>"n
us emnlied, and while hIIII hot, half the labor will be
saved ' It is a simple habit to aiMpiire, and the washing
of potsnnd kettles by 1 lis tiieaiis loses some of its dihla>le-
fill aspects. No lady seriously objects to wasliingand wip-
ing I he crystal and silver, but to tiuiklo the black, greasy,
and forniiilable-looking ironware of the kitchen lake a
good deal of sturdy brawn and muscle as well as eommon-
selise.
If the range bo wiped carefully with brown paper, after
cooking greasy food, it can be kept brf'.'hl with little
ditliciilty.
Stoves and ranges slitiiild b(! ki'jit fri'c from soot in all
comp.'irtments. A clogged hot-iiir ]ias.sage will prevent
any oven from baking well.
When the draught is imperfect the defict freipiently
arises from the chininey being to low. To remedy the
evil the chiniiuv should be build up. or a chiniiiey-pot
added.
It is an excellent plan for the mistress to ac(|uaint her-
self with the p.aetieal workings of her range, unless her
servan!s are exce|)tionally good, for inaiiy hindrances to
well-cool<ed food arises from some niisiinilerstanding of,
or iinperfeclion in. this article.
A clean, tiily kitchen can only lie secured by liuviiig a
place for »'Veiytbing and everything in its place, and by
freipieiit scoiirings of the loom ami utensils.
.\ hand-towel and biisin me needed in every kilcbeii for
the use of the cook or houpe- worker.
Tnless didi-towels are washed, scalded and thoroughly
dried daily they become iniisly and unlit for U5e, as also
the disll-chilh.
('inde.-s make a very hot tire— one particularly jrood for
irotiing days.
Milk keens from souring longtr in a shallow pan than
iu a milk pitcher. |)eep pans make an c(pi>l amount of
cream.
Hash snioothly jilaKlered down will sour more readily
than if left in broken masses in the chopping Uiwl, each
mass being well exposed to the air.
Sauce, plain, and for iiiimediato use, should not be put
into a jar and covered when Mann, else it will change and
ferment very fpiickly. It will keep some days with care
in the putting ii|i. Let it stand until perfectly cold, then
put into a stone jar.
To scatter the IMiiladelphia brick over the scouring
hoard on to the floor, to leave the swip in the bottom of
the sccrubbing pail, the sajipolio in the basin of water, and
to sjiatter the blm^k lead or stov* polish on the floor are
wasteful, slatternly habits.
A clock in the kitchen is both useful and necessary.
INTERESTING INDUSTRIAL ITEMS.
Auburn, Maine, lias the biggest shoe works in the
world.
Tempering copper, a lost art, is again accomplished.
Pittsburg iias the biggest ax factory ; makes 3,000 per
day.
This country has 1,000 canning factoriea and leads the
world.
Over 1,000 cattle were recently shipped to England on
one boat.
Mexican railroads havo mahogany ties and stations of
fine marble.
I
!
f
■'J !
PRACTICAL RULES, SHORT METHODS, AND PROBLEMS USED IN BUSINESS COMPUTATIONa
» ■■^'
'^^ ^Ai'iDiTY and iKciinicy in iniikin;: of iiiiiitcs
J-^^ iiitl ill tiirnriiijLr out tlio result ot" husiiipss
JL Ik ir.irisiK'tioii.x is of the frroatost ncci'ssity to
\^llii' Tiiaii ot" tiiisiiioss. A iniscalciilatioii
may invdlvi' tlic loss ot' liiimli'ctls oi' tiioii-
snnils ot' iloliar^. in many cases, while a slow anil tfili-
ous lalcnlation inxolvcs loss of time and llie advantaire
wliirli >lion!d lia\r hecn seized .it the moment. It is
proposed in the I'oUowinir paires to jrive a few l)riet'
methods and ))r.ieticai rnles for porforminj: ealcniaf ions
whi<Ii ocenr in every-ilay transactions amonir nieii,
presnmiiii.'' that a fair knowledire of the onlinar^' rules
of arithmetic has i)revi<)usly Ih-oii attained.
ADDITION.
To 1)0 able to add up lonir colinnns <>f tiirures rapidly
an 1 correctly is of irreat value to the mercliaiit. This
re<piires not only a knowlo<lire of addition, lait in order
to have a corroet result, one that can he relied upon, it
reipiires concentration of the mind. Never allow other
thon;rlit- to lie Hitting' tlironi.'h the mind, or any out-
side matter to disturb or draw it away from the liirnres,
until the r^^i.lt is (d)tained. Write the tens to be
eariied each time in a smaller t'jrure umlerneath the
units, so that afterwards any ccdinnn can lie a<lde<l over
ugjiin without repeating the entire operation. By the
pnu'tiee of addition the eye and niiml soon ber'ome
accustomed to act rapidly, and this is the art of addi-
tion. Grouping figures together is a valuable aid in
rapid addition, a^j we group letters into worda in
reading.
862 1
53« ■
G74
813 '
2JI17
Thus, in tho nbove example, we do not wxy 3 and 4
arc 7 and 8 arc 1.") and 2 are 17, but sjHiak the sum of
tho .oiiplet, thus 7 and blare 17, and in the second
colimin, 12 and !l are 21. This method of grouping
the figures soon becomes easy and reduces the- labor of
addition about one-halt", while those somewhat expert
may grouj) three or nion' lii.'iires, still more reducing
the tinu' and lalior, and -oiiietiines two or more columns
may be adiU'd at once, by ready reckoners.
.Vnothcr method is to group into tens when it can
be coinciuently done, and still another method in
adding u\- long ((duiiins is to add t'roin the bottom to
the top, and whenever the mnnbers make even 10, 20,
.'50, 40 or .'iU, write with pencil a small figure opposite,
I, 2, 3, 4 or .'), and then jjroceed to add as units. Tho
Sinn of those figures thus set out will be the nimilwr
of tens to bo canned to the next column.
(i'2 8
2
8
4
9
t)
2
V
1
8»
8
;v
a
,')
2
7
1'
.{
2»
f)
8
8
5 2 8
t my 3 nnd 4
the sum of
the Kocoiicl
of irroiU'iiiir
the liihoi- of
•wliiit .•x\)ort
lovc n-iliK'i"?
morocolufuns
xshcn it Clin
■r luothoil ill
th,' liottom to
;,. l-V.'U 10, 20,
run; ()i)l)o>*itPi
.IS units. 'Hie
Kj the numher
BOW TO OALOVLATK.
SHORT METHODS OP MULTIPLICATION.
For ccrtjiiii i'1iim4«w uf cxniiiploft in iiiiilti|ili<'uti()u
HhoH iiii<tli()il.s may Im* oiiiployt'tl arid tlio hilior ot'tulcu-
latioii i<<(hi('f<l, Itiit of courMi' for th(> ^'rrat hulk of
inulli|ili<'ation.s no jinu tical ahhroviation rcniaiiiH. A
|H>i-Non liavin;; nuich nmhiplyin^ to do tthonlil l(Miri) tlio
tahlc up to twenty, which can Im) dono without nnuh
hihor.
To multiply any num>M>r hy 10, 1(K), or lUOO, btmply
unnox one, two, or tlire«' t-iphurM, um tho niMu may Im).
If it irt dcsiri'd to nudtiply l)y 20, 300, .'»(KK), or a num-
ttvr f^rcatcr than o'u> with any uuiuIkt of ciphurH
annexed, multiply fu-i^t hy the nundHT and thou uuQox
Ott many cipheru im the nudtiplier contuuui.
TAIII.K.
5 oooU (Kiual 1 'JO ot n
(luUur.
m
ci'n
la e<iuul l-ft ul u (luUm.
10 " •• 110 •'
I,
»
"
*' M ** *
an " " k
"
asK
It
" H " "
UK " " 1^ ■'
••
M
"
- H "
Example.
pound?
Articles of nierchaniliso arc often l)ought and sold
by tho pound, yanl, or pdlon, and whenever tho price
Ih an equal {)art of a dollar, iuh Hcon in tho ahovo tuhlo,
tho whole cost may bo on^ily found by adding two
cipboru to tho numl)or of pounds or yards and dividing
by tho equivalent in tho table.
Example. What cost IH dozen eggs at 16|e per
dozen?
6 )1800
♦3.00
What cost 10 pounds butter at 25o per
4 )1000
Or, if the pounds arc equal parta of ono hundred
and tho priro is not, then tho same result may bo
obtained by dividini^ the price by the e<juivalent of tho
quantity as seen in the table; thus, in tho above cose,
if the jirice were lOc and the number of pounds 25, it
would, 1)0 worked just the same.
Example. Find the cost of oO yards of gingham at
14c a yard.
2 )1400
$7.00
When the price is (ine dollar and twcnty-tive cents,
lifty cents, or any numluT t'oinnl in the table, the result
may Ix" quick'}- found by tindin^' the price for tho extni
cents, as in the above examples, and then addin;,' this
to the number of poimiJs or yards and calling tho result
dollars.
Ej-ntiijilf. Find the «-oi4t of 20 biuhvU potatoes at
$1,121 I'ci' biLihel.
8)2(HM)
U'i.W
If the price is $2 or t:\ in-ilciul of $1, then the num-
ber of liu.-i|ii>l» nniKl liixl Im' niultiplieil by 2 or 3, as the
ease may Im*.
Example. Find tho ( ost «)f i* hats at |4.33| apie<-o.
3)t;(H)
•J
21.00
2.00
$2t)
When 12.'5or2.')0 are multiplien* add throe ciphorn
and divide by tt and 4 respectively.
To multiply u nnmlicr consisting of two figures by
11, write tho sinn of the two ti;:ures between them.
Example. Multiply .Vi by 1 1. Ans. .')«3.
If the stun of tho two innnlKTs exceeds 10 then tho
unity only must Ik; placed between and the tens figure
carried and added to the next tiguro to the left.
Example. Multiply 87 by 11. Aiis. 1)57.
FRACTIONS.
Fnictional part* of a cent should never be denpiswl.
They often make fortunes, and tho counting of all the
fnu'tiona may con8tit\ito the ditVerenco between the
rich and tho poor man. Tho business man readily
understands the value of the fractional part of a l)ushel,
yard, pound, or cent, and calculates them very sharjjly,
for in them lies jierhaps his entire profit.
TO HKDUCE A FK ACTION TO ITS SIMPLEST JX)RM.
Divide both tho numerator and denominator by any
numbor that will leave no remainder and repeat the
operation imtil no number will divide them both.
Example. The simplest fonn of JJ is found by divid-
ing by 'J = J.
To reduce a whole numl»er and a fraction, a.s 4J, to
fractional form, multiply the whole numlK'r by the
denominator, add the numenitor am! write the result
over the denominator. Thus, 4 X 2 =« 8 -|" ' — '•'
placed over 2 is \.
TO \I)I> F« ACTIONS.
Reduce the fractions to like denominators, add thoir
numenitoi-s and wi'ite the denominator under the result.
Exoiiij^h. Add 3 to ?.
I — A. i — TJ. ^S +■ Ti — H — Irr Ans.
11
'"■<
■ m
I i
. G
now TO CVLCULATE
\\' T<» >l ItTH.VI T Mi.VCTIii.SS.
fl ui'iiii.c till* Inii'tio;!^ Ill liUi' (li'iimiiiiialoi's, siihl
>l met
(lie 'iiiiiu'Ritors ami writi- ihr iliMtniiin.'itoi's imdor tlu'
IT.-lllt.
r..Vil,:qil> . Killil I In- iliirtTi'lSCi' Im'IwcciI J lUld }.
g = J„' 4 = Ji' Ju So "= Jo- -iJW-
Ti> .Ml I.rir!.V IKKTIOXS.
.Miilti|>ly till" iiriu«'r:ili>r> loiritlu'r for ii now nimioni-
tor ;iiiil Uif «lciioniiii:itur> loiri'thci' I'lr ii *iew iloiioiiii-
iiat'.^r.
Krininih. Multiply ; Ity \.
; X i
4 1*
Alls.
TO IHVIIIK KI;.\(TIO\S.
Mii'tiply the 4liviil<>ii<l l>y tin- divisor invcrtoj.
ivi-iittiph . I>!vi<K' ; liy \.
j X 3 -- 1;. I{«'<lin-t'<I ti> >imiiii' form l)y dividiiif;
hyi i, |,< = 1 ' . Ai:s.
Ti> Ml I.IIl'l.V .M!\KI) M MIIKKS.
WluMi two niiiiilM>i-s :iri> to 1m> nniltipliod, one of
whi'h roi'tani< a fri< tion. tiist multiply tlio wliolo
iuumIm'i- toL'itlKT. tlit'ii multiply llic fraction liy tin
otlitT wlitdi' iiuiidKT. add tin' two rc.-^uKs tojjotlior fjr
tilt' lorrrrt an-iwor.
K.ranijih-. What co^t " j yards at \tW a yui-d':"
IN-
J±
1» X •'• - I'O
lf< X i *>
.•«.•
U'licii iKitli urinilicr> 'xiiUiiJi :i fnutioii,
Fii>t, multiply Xhtr wh<»l<- iiuuiU-rs to<:«'lli»'r,
S'«t)iul, niuitiply tLr low'cr wb«U' iiumbi'r by tho
iipjHi" fnii'tioii;
Third, multiply the Vfper wiiolc huiuIht by tho
l«(Wfr fraction ;
Fourth, multiply the 6actiou5 tofrctluT;
Fiftli, adil alt tbr re»uitr Ut \hv ccimnt au.swer.
L'.tiniiiph . Wbat cKfSt lij I»oulld^ of buttor at I8}c
jK-r pouml?
\H
l» X 12 =
il<i
12 X
1 =
y
1"*X
i =
If
X 1 =
h =
i
Common t'ni< tioik» maj" oftt-n }»»' <hanirod to decimals
Nt'ry r«*adily. and the mkubtioiis thereby uiudf much
•asi.r.
TO iHAxr.r. fojoir.^t itlmtionn ti> dkcim.vls.
Ai^uox one or nK^'nc if-i|»}«i> 1<» Ihc nuiiicnitor und
iii\ id<- b^' tht' th^nominailor.
Audiiijilt'. (.Taiuri* I toa dociiual. Aus. .75.
W<- add two ) lyiwn to tl»e 3. making' it 300, and
divide by 4, whkh »h«» us^ -T.'i. In the sjimo way
I = ..'). or { -= .7.>, awl *<• ffo. When a quantity is in
dollars and fr.uniofk> of * <loIliir. th< fractions should
ulv/aysi lie thiu reduced to <«nt» uiid luillb.
» .1 *
-^COMMISSION
&0A
-•♦-
-«*-
II ('0!MM!SSION incr-
M < !i;:n' is one
\ who sells iiicr-
cli.uidiso or
l)r--_ierly for
iumtiici'. The
former may
siiip. his stock.
p riMluce. o •■
t'3 iViiit direct to
(he i-onuiilssioi)
men hant in thn larci' city, who sells il at the IiiL'licst
ni:iikct pri'-e. or h<dd« il. nccordiiiL' to the iiHtruelioiis
of f he s!iip;M>r. for s.-de o-t his ac<'om)(. Thecomitrv
''>^"^' t^~ir - ' -- " r" '"' ~^ " - ~"
men h:int -h<|iH bottfT. «^j g ^ ribeew, jKiultry, and other
produ' e from th«» £inii, formic in this way. The city
men hail t timl* in hit* -Iw-k of fioot.^ and sIum-s, ilry
e-oods or f:mrrTie!i. «rr»'ii|* vfalcb an* uns:ilable for the
season, and not •lM*irinff to ** <::«rTy them over." he
sends tiierii to tltp '^>aini»H^ii(*n tii«'r<h:int to be di>posed
of at Ihe mii^t (iivfrnhlf prw*«". Heine may be found
in the larire eitte*. Gtain .yimaif^'ion Merchants, who
deal e\i|ii-ively in wheat, ««m. (cits. etc. ; i^tocU < 'oni-
mission Mi-rihant*. who i#!! <'att!e. sIkh p. and lioi.rs;
I'nidiice ('«mmus,*i«»n yiemiantii, vho handle oidy pro-
li.ice and fniit, an«I ^"*» <»n-
The f.'o<>«ls -hip|wt| to a fomniissif^n merchant are *^
said to \m* coa^rirwwl. aixl are cillwl a eonsiirnmeiit.
K
w -■ • » I
r.
ir hy tho
^,r by tho
iiriwer.
cr tit l«}c
1 to do^'iinuls
muile iiiuth
KCIM.VLS.
imonitor uiul
is. .T."").
' it iKH), tuul
hi' sJinu! way
juuntity is in
tiona Bhoultl
trV.anilothlT
l.y. Th.-«ily
1h1 shoos. «1ry
lll;lt.lf l"«'i" <1"'
|,.,H CMT." ll'"
,, ]»■ .li>i»"<''l
|,„:iv h<' t'ollll'l
•nhants, who
|. stoiMv <'oin-
li.lh- oiiiy \)V(>-
Imrrchnnt iiro
(H>i»si''nimMit.
now TO CVLCl'LATE.
The »hi|inor U mllwl th'> coiisifjiior and tho j>cr8on t<)
whom rthi|)|»«l U «illetl tho oonsi'^iKH'.
Cofnini.-i^ion menhants charfro a feo for their H^^n-ioos
in selliii"; the pkkLs, cither at a certain price jht r.ir
load, as in stock, or at a certain per cent on tho salcH,
a« in moHt articles of merchandise.
RatCD of commL-wion nuiy dofxjnd tipon the vol-
ume and kind of V>usiness tniasacted, hut the com-
mltfion mcrcbantrf generally have a uniform price
for hu}"lng and selling the various articles of mer-
ehaiulisi'.
After the proi)orty has lieen sold, a statement is
rendered l)y the consignee, showing the Kirtiinlars -ds
to tho sale of the consignment, the chaiijes, conunL*-
sion, and net proc«e<ls due tho consiguiT ; this state-
ment is calle<l an Ai-connf Salts. The 'hargt-s other
than commission, embruco, cooperate, storage, iiuur-
ance, measuring, otc.
FORM OF AN ACCOUNT SALES.
Pe-Ja **7.
'^..^ J"^'^^ ^^^
J*. S r /f(.. S^rJfZ-^o^.
Account Sales of.
Sot \\ FOR APr'T of ^^^^^--W^'^f?'' c/^^c^r^t^x. O^K^nr^/n^ J^
By Oe W. MaIson 4fc Co..
COMMISSION MERCHANTS.
Received MyJJi^-.^. Rendered "bj.J'^Mi: i67 south water street.
SOLD F. 0. Baxter,
250 bu. Earli <Rose Potatoes,
$1.A0
$350
rn.\iui»>v
rrrictit mnil CBrtA^r r»ld.
Marmcr.
16
2
48
Inaormiuv.
C'oniiiiU«lnfi anil Otianknty, /'ff
24
50
43
58
ti. *i n. i:.
$306
42
now T<» FIMJ TIIK (XIMMISSION.
Multiply the amount of the S4iiis l)y the mt« jht
<ent and the ])rn<hK't will N' tlie coinjiiisslon.
Fxouiph . A conuni>sioii mercliant sold a ctmsign-
ment for $<;«»i>om J |»er cent commission. Wluit was
liis conmii-'.Hion':'
.Sllc^, i^tiOO
Ifcite |K»r cent , 04
Commiiv'ion, $i'4.(^t
Examplf. A .-ommi-- ion merchant pohl a consign-
ment of :ipp!e> foe if\'l\, and clwrgi'd oj jkt cent com-
mission, lie paid freight, $8.40, and drayage, $2.75.
Wliat wcro the net proceeds?
■ — -•■ '■,,1
Itiic jKT cent, O.U
\>\ X ;; --
iU X I =
(iJ
Commission,
Kreii.ht.
Dniyage.
$4..l4
^.40
Salcfl,
Charges,
$124.00
15.49
Kct protx'cdi, $lu».5l
Total cimrge.*, $ir>.4y
r-
I
h;
i ■ i
HOW TO CALCl'L.VTE.
g-i^tt»3>3<^>i^»)
^•INSURANCE.
^'"Kj:x%i:*i^»
C'ONTIiACT l)OtWC0Il tWO pUltJC:?
in whu'Ii, till' 11 I'crtaiii fco,
op.o iigrcciJ to iiuleinnify the
other against loss by any spceics
ol' eiujualty is called insurance.
Companies organized for tlie pin-
poso of engaging in insurance
UKually confine themselves to a
particular class of risks. Fire
Iniinimce, Life Insurance, Acci-
dent Insunuice and Marino Insur-
ance are namcjj forditTcrent kinds
of risks.
The written contract between
the company and the insured is called a policy, which
recites the particulars in a special case, speoifj-ing the
premium or other consideration, the amount insured,
tlio risks, etc., for wliich indenniity Ls stipulated. The
sum paid for iubunuice is called the premium, and is
usually reckoned at a certjun nite jwr cent on the size
of the risk assumed.
In order to find the premium on a tire policy, nndti-
I)ly the amount iiLsured by the rate, thus:
Exanq}le. A merchant insured his stock of goods
for |3,2.iO at 1 J percent. What wiw paid for premium?
$ 32r)0
m
Premium at 1 i)er cent $32. .')0
" " i '♦ ><.125
" '• U " 40.G25
To find the premium on a life policy, find the pre-
mium, from the tables, on a ix)bVy of $1000, and multi-
ply this by the number of thousands in the policy.
— i^SC^^H^^PROFIT AND LOSS.*^«-
'\
■N THE calculations
of the l)Msiness
man, the reckon-
ing of gains and
losses form no un-
iniportant part.
An article having
cost a certain
anioimt, at what
price must it be
.sold to make a iust
])rofit, taking into
con>iilciiitioii freight or express cliarges, rent of store,
l)ad ilclits, cleik hire and otiier expenses; what is the
gain per cent on tlie ilillercnt classes of goods sold;
winch yields tlio liest income, and what interest on the
capital invested, do I make? are questions which tiio
prudent, carefid and successful merciiant is continuallj-
asking himself. It is not too much to sny tiiat the
Cailnri' nf a large proportion of the fannei-s and mer-
chants who do fail, is owing to a hareni-scareni, reck-
less nietl'iid of doing business, disregarding all rules
of aritlnnetic or Ijook-keeping, and in their ignorance
supposing that they arc getting rich, until the crisis
comes, and all at once the true condition of affairs
dawns on them and the sheritT clo.se.s them out. Their
neighbors sjiy, " bad nianagci.ient," but the thoughtful
l)usinesa man, speaking more definitely, saj-s it was
paying eight per cent intercut and only making seven
and a half per cent net profit on goods sold.
Having given the « ost of an article and the jxjr cent,
to 1)C gjiinod or lost, to find the g-ain or loss,
Multiply the cost by the rate jxr cent and the pro-
duct will 1)0 the g;iin or loss.
Example. A fanner bought a cow for $36 and sold
her at 20 ner cent profit. Wliat docs ho gain?
Cast, $3t5
Gain jier cent, .20
Gain, $7.20
Example. The cost of an invoice of goods is $68.00
and freight $t..30 additional. What is the gain by
soUini^ at 33J pci ent profit?
Goods, $6«.60
Freight , 4.30
3:^ percent = JjT^MtO
G.iin, $2t.;50
Having thus found the gain, the selling price is
easily found by adding tiie gain, or subtracting the
loss from the cost.
(
insureil,
u. The
, and is
the size
r, iimlti-
)f nroods
remium?
the pre-
lul niulti-
olicy.
of affairs
lit. Their
thoughtful
[ij-s it wiis
ing sevou
li> i)cr cent.
L\ the pro-
If) und sold
lin?
Ills is $68.fiO
ae gain by
jiig price 19
Iructiug the ']
HOW TO CiLCl I.ATK.
Given, the cost and the selling pri<'i', in oriw to fiml
the rate \^r cent of tr.un <>v loss.
Take the ditr«Ton«'<' Vtwoen tlio cost iind selling
price, anil divide this liy the cost price, the .luotient
will b«» the nite jK»r cent of gain or loss.
Exaniplv. A suit of <lothes «-ost $lii and sold for $20.
Selling pri<c. $20
CJost, Iti
1«) 4.(K)(2.') iH?r cent.
3^2
Exdiiiph . Puiught <'orn at ttiW per hushei and Hold it
at 4(ic per l>ii>liel. AVhat w.is tiic percent of loss?
Cost, ."iOc
Selling prici', It!
.'»0; 4.(M)( K percent, loss.
4.1MI
The gain or loss is ahcinjx re<'koucd on the cost,
never on the selling price, hence the reason for always
dividing hy tlie lost. and thus using it a.s u basis of
calculation or niea-surenient.
<SMARKING GOODS.i> ^1-^^
1 . 1 , » ■ J . f - .. . . t , 1 I . i f 1 n .1 l i I i f irii i f i 1 .1 . r , 1 . . ,. » »n„ . < In^rt 1-.„ i « »n„rl | i , '
This is easily done hy adoi)ting any word or phnisc
having ten letters, no two alik*-. to represent the nine
digits and cipher. Such wonls and ])linises as the fol-
lowinir nia\- Im* used :
— ' — ^ — ^ * «*»
OMPKTITION in tr:ii|e. the pecidiaritics of
custoiiiei>, cost of rents, clerk hire,
J advertising, freight or ex |)r<'ss charges.
and intercut on the capital invested, .are
factors which the merchant must con-
sider in «liH'idingat what jirotit he may mark his goods.
Certain ehusses of goo<ls whieli are salalile oidy during
a certain hrief |)erio(l in the year, should he sold at a
higher profit, to coni|H'nsiite for carrying over, any
portion of the sto<k which remains unsold, while on
other articles an ordinary rate t)f profit is made. In
order to se<'ure cu->tom, mt'rchant.s sometimes i-esort to
the method of >elling :-taple articles, such i\n calico or
sugar, at almost cost, and making iq) this loss on other
articles concerning the <-ost of whi<h the jjuhlic are not
so Well iut'ormed. I..iirge tnide is often attr.icted in
this way. and fortunes have l>y it In-en made.
In marking giKxls most menhants prefer to use a
system of chanuters or letters understood only In
themselves and their sidesmen, to represent the cost
price of g(K>ds,and in some <-a.ses flu- .selling price also.
the ohjei't Ix-ing to concejil from the customer, the
amount of profit made.
(lAS Fl.XTIKK.
Hl.vck IIohsk.
MlSIOItTlXK.
iMroirTWCK.
Fisii Tacki.i:.
C.vMi PiioKrr.
So FU1KM>LV.
Gainkil .Ion.
HlIOWN .'^rOAI!.
Now IJi: SnAUi".
Klicidatcji!.
Of iN'isTin.
I-Jich figure is given a letter to represent it, and
when it is reipiired to mark a Ik).\ or jmckage the letter
is used iiLstead of the figun-. Thas,
C A S H P R O F I T
I 2 3 4 .5 () 7 8 9
III nia .iug an article, the cost of which is $3.7.0 and
the selling price is $4. .'>(), hy sid)stituting the letters
we have S O I* — II P T, and as the cost and selling
price are usually written in the fonn r)f a fnietion with
tlie cost price alMive. we have f,^. An extra letter
called a repe.iter is ot'ten use<l to avoid the repetition
of a letter wliich might tlisclose the i)rivatc mark, thus
in writing $1.22. inst<iad of using the key letters,
which would lie C A A, we sul>stitute for the hust let-
ter, some extni letter, as W . and make it read C A W.
.'M-actions may l>e written thus; 42t)i. H A li-^.
Instead of letters, menhant.* sonu»tiines adopt a sys-
tem of chanicters. such as follows:
I 2 ;'. 1 .') <i 7 s !l Ue|»eatcr.
■lLl][lAuVAn+ O
A gre^it many article- are luiuglit liy men hants hy
the dozen, such as hats aiid cajjs. hoots ami shoes, and
notion.-, and while pricing such goods in the wholesale
house, it iMM'omcs im|M)rtaiit to know readily what
profit will he yielded hy .s«'lling the articles singly tn
■2^
u
4 I
^=:
now TO CALCULATE.
tlio liiiycr's niarkot a) ii cortain prico, or what tlii> arti-
ck's should rotail for to iiiako a prolit of 20 \)ov cent.
[ Divide llic ro.i( of tliC (irh'clcs bij the dozen hy 10,
w/iirh w done hy removing the decimal point one place to
the hj..
Thus, whon .straw liats arc wholesaled at $13.50 per
dozen, the huyor knows at once that each hat nnist 1k'
sold for $1.35 in order to yield him a ffross profit of 20
per cent, and ho can then decide whetlier it woiikl Ih"
profitable to l)iiy.
Using 20 per cent as a hasis, a larsror or snmilor
gain may he readily found hy adding to, or subtnicting
from, the selling piiee. The cost of an article is l(M)
per cent, and if 20 per cent gain is made, the sellii •
l)ri<e is representeil by 120 per cent. Suppose the
merchant desires to make a profit of 30 per cent.
Removing the decimal point one place to the left, he
has the selling price of the artich; at 20 per cent
profit, and as he denires ]() per cent more profit, which
is j'j of 120, <his is found by adding ,'j to the selling
price of file article. IIe>ice the following table:
To make 20 p. et. remove the jioint one plac(> to the left.
80 "
and a
Id
J
it.sclf.
(50 "
4(
h
t(
50 "
t(
i
((
44 "
u
1
T
((
40 "
4(
^
(<
37 "
((
\
<(
35 "
((
i
(.
m "
(t
i
((
To make 32 p. ct. remove the point and add iV itself.
To make
30 p. ct.
ren >
■alu
\ poii
land add ,'f
((
28 "
i(
" A
((
2(1 "
((
11 1
ill
a
25 "
t(
" i\
((
12J"
it
siibtriu'l ,'«
it
109 "
>t
" jV
a
18? "
a
" A
Example. If I buy one dozen shirts for 120, what
.shall I retiiil them at to make 50 i)er cent ? .\ns. $3.25.
Remove the jmint one i)hKo to the left, making 12.(50,
then add J, or (5.5e for extni gjiin, and the result will
1k! $3.25.
Merchants, in marking goods, usually m.ike the per
cent of profit some (^ven part of a dollar, for con-
venience, and when articles are not bdughf In' the
dozen, but singly, the following table for finding the
selling price will be useful:
To make 10 per c«'ut profit, add ^^ to th<» cost.
12i
i
1<)S
\
20
}
25
\
33J
i
40
I
50
1
mi
8
7.-)
J
87J
i
Example. A book cost the book-seller $1.08, at
wliat price must it be marked to make a ])rofit of 33J
P'^r cent? Aiis. $1.44. One-third of $1.08 is 3()c,
which, addcvl i-< the cost, gives the selling ja-ice.
-^*-
'-r.-^..
o^k
-V,
l»
TRADE DISCOUNTS.
"^
-«>-
K
EUCH.VNTs, in certain lines of business,
manufacturers, and j)ublishei's of books,
have a i)rinted price list of their goods
and wares. For all the fluctuations in
market value, it would l)e very inconvcniiiiit, if not
impossible, to issue a new catalogue of prices, jind
heu< (■ the market price is reached by giving disc(,uuts
from the " list price." Suppose the regular discoimt
on !iu article, " to the trade, " that is to other dealers,
is 40 per cent, and it is desired to give a greater reduc-
tion, fliis is done by an e.xfra discount, and we would
then have 40 and 10 olF, and if, on tucoimt of buyin<r a
large ([u:intity, it is desiiiible to give still a l)otter
reduction, we woidd have 40, and lO, iiutl 5 off, as in
the following bill:
BOUGHT OF The National School Furniture Co.,
Mann/ticturera and I>etUfrs in
SCHOOL FiniMTI RE AND .SCHOOL SITPLIES.
2i>
Double School i)?((Ay, A,
40 off,
70 of,
r> off.
at!)
ISO
72
PIS
II
S'l
■1
L'O
Sll
HOW TO CALCULATE.
To pci-soiis ignorant of tho principles of disrountinp,
in tho forogoinj^ hill tho cliscoiints would iii)poiir to bo
(■()niil to ii sin<,'li' discount of ')."> per cent, hut sudi U
not tlio ca.sc, as Ihcy arc in reality less tiiau .")() per cent,
seen hy comparing tho final re->nlt witii tho original
price. The reason of tliis is that .di tho discounts arc
not compute<l on tho list price, hut only on tiio sum
remaining ::ftci iiie previous di.scount h;us been de-
ducted.
EXAMPLES SHOWI.VO THE DIFFERENCE IN DIHfOUNTS.
List price, $2.50
70 otr 175
Net, $ 75
Net, $10.S
7.')
$ ',V.\ IVifTercnco between tho motbods.
In marking goods, as seen in tho pn-vious chapter,
tiic selling price is usually placed at n certain per cent
above cost, and in case a discoinit is given, it is im-
portant to know jr/i«< discount may be ailowiul. Thus
if an article is marked -10 per cent above cost and a dis-
"ount of 2") per cent allowed from the marking pr'ce,
the gain would not still Ikj 15 jjcr cent, tus might Iw
List price,
40 otr
$2.J0
100
20 off
\:>i)
m
10 off
120
12
supposed, but only 5 jwr cent, and if '.it) jht cent dis- Vil
eoimt wore allowed, instead of leaving a profit cf 10
percent, tho merciiant woidd l>e actually h/sfiuj 2 per
cent. Thus may losses arise when prnfits are supim^ed
to 1)0 made, througli lack of knowle<lgeof discoimting.
The reason for this seeming d«'«eptif)n 1>. that dis-
eoimts are reckoiuil on a greater sum than the ctist.
Tims, if tho cost is $1.00, and a profit of 4u in-r cent is
marked, the selling price is $1.40. Now 30 |K;r cent
of $1.40 is 42c, which deducted leaves the selling price
at 98e, which is 2c le.ss than the .'ictiial cost.
Examjjh'. AVhat is the a<tual profit to .» menhant
who marked an article of hardware whii-h < o-t him $10
at 50 per cent profit and in order to effect a sJile threw
oiF HO per cent?
Cost price, $10.00
50 per cent profit, 5.(K»
Marking price
$l.').t>tj
30 [ler lent discount. 4..'fO
Selling price, $10.."»0
Cost, lO.'H)
Net gain, ..VJ
Discounts should never l»o given at nindoni. but only
after careful calculation, as tho merchant may W tlms
very easily deceived and led into a loss while supix)sing
ho is making i\ good profit.
^B
"^
r— -»
-.^^ INTEREST. -^-^
-^-^^-^
Ni: 'I' tiic most
iu\portant cal-
culations uiet
with in busi-
ness is iU-ti of reckon-
ing interest. Timn wa.s
in tho dark agos, when
al' interest wjis usury, and illegal, for the rciuson, aa
said, tiiat money could not grow or incroiisc, and that
a ,nan wouhl " <udy borrow under the imptdse of hard
necessity." Hut later, men perceived that with money
theycoidd buytiiat which woid<l increase; aiul a.s com-
niene revived, instead of borrowing tmder no essity,
money was Iwrrowed aiul intorc«t paid for the Immic-
fits which accrue from the use of cajjital. In our
own time usury is the taking of interest higlier than
tho nitc allowinl by law, and a few of tho slates have
oven aholished usury laws, and idlow any rate of inter-
est to lie charged. There is no <loubt but that eventu-
ally all distinctions of legal and illegal interest will
disapi)ear, and tue laws of supply and demand will
regulate the price paid for money, as it now regulates
the price of tHJiumodities, or hdK>r, the e«iuivaleat^ of
money.
The legid nite of interest is the rate established by
law for all contracts in which no rate of iutcreet is
mentioned.
1 Tho pergonal charartpr of fjorrowor.
iiiituri' iif thi' iKi-iiK*-*.
haraiter of tin* };i>v<'rnment.
Rate of liitor-
t>st will <le- ■
pend ii|K)ii
1 Risk. -^2 Til.' II
1 3 Tli«-i-
■ 1 Facility of Traa-fpr.
i i't'nnaiiPiK-v of tli«- ioam.
2 (,'oiivoTiipm^of
liivestineiit. ^^ Puuctuality In ijayiueiit,
3 rmfltsot iisp.
4 Supply ami il«Mnan<L
The sum for which interest i> |Mid is cjilleilthe prin-
cipal, and the nuud)er of tents jwid for the u»e of every
dollar for one year is calletl the rate.
KJHWH
now TO CALCULATE.
I'nrortimiiti'lv no iiiiit'onuif y oxi.st.s in ciili'iiliitiii^
tiio timi' I'lir wUiili intiui'st is chiirgod. Tiic United
St;itp-i ^(ivonuiit'iit, in tlio ciusc of ImukIs, cstiiimfos i]Ct!>
days to the your, and wiiilo soiiu* iMiniiois Imv(! adopted
tliis ill caiciiiatiii^ iiilci'csl, oIIumn cKliinatc' ."•(!(> diiysi to
the year, and ;il) Aiiys In I In- nionth, tlu'ri'lnrc iis oiio-
twi'lftli (if a yiMi', and a day as ono-thirtieth of li
inoiitli. 'i'liis is most t'oinnioiily ii'Ctl, and calculatioiis
made an- n>iially I)iis,'(l on ',\iM) days to the year.
A very larjre pioportion of the uhulaliovis in inter-
est are in days, usually 30, tiO or !)0 days. Hanks «lo
not like to liandli- paper for ii longer time tlmn 90
day>, and nierchaiits sell <rooils en .30, (!0 or itO days'
credit. In most of liie states of the United States,
and in (.'anada, the Ic^al rate is (! per cent. The fol-
1 )wing- ride for liiidinv the interest at tl percent when
the time i> in day^, will lie t'ouild eA<'ellent :
.slXT^- DAIS MKTlloli (IF lNir,l!Ksr.
Hemo\'e the point twii places farther to tli(» left in
tlie piiii'ijial, thi^ will >/i\o iho. interest for (10 days at
t> per cent,
Extinipli'. What i< thi> interest on $2.')0 for (iO days
at tl per cent? Ans. $J..'iO.
To find the interest for .'iO days, take one-half, and
tor I'O days add one-half to the interest for t!0 days.
Exainph'. What is the interest on $(!rM) for .30 days
at i; percent? An.-. jSo.OO. For !tO days? Ans. |<).00.
Notes given usually have ',i days of grace, so that the
time would he ;'.'i, (i.i or \Ki days, in which ciuse, fii*st
find the interest for the time without grace, und then
add jf of the (10 days' interest, or ^V '>f 30 days'
interest.
Example. What i;? the intercut on a note for 1240,
:^.! days, (! per cent?
Intor»st for (iO days $2.40
" " .30 " 1.20
<< .> 3 .. 12
* " !>3 " $3.72
To find interest for U) days take I uf the iritorost for 00 days,
<■ « <• j2 *■ " . " " « «<
<. « « 20 " " I " « « <.
*•■ " '• 40 "SDtltraCi i from '» « «
« « « 4>j .. .. i .< « (( «
" " " 75 '• add \ to the " « "
« " 1-.J0 " double the « " "
Using (iO days a.i a IkisIs, the interest may thus Ixi
found for any ntunl r of d.iys liy adding to or sul>-
tracting from, the interest for (iO days.
TO riNi) Tin; inti:i£K.st at any uatk.
rirst find till' inten'st at )i per cent for the given
time, ami if the nito Is greater or loss than tj \)qx cent,
add to, or suhtni't fn^n, the Interest at (! per cent, its
follows;
«
k
To (Iml the interest at .3 </c take { tlio intei'ost at 0%
a u 4^^ « J u „
" « « ^ % "
" 7 % luld
« u (I 8 ^ "
" * « 10 ^ " i " "
The foregoing method will he found of great value
in all (Uses where the time is short, and a little prac-
tic<^ will load to its adoption hy all who desire a quick
C'ld simple method of casting interest.
to find tiik intehest at any uatk roK any time.
If the time is in months and days, reduce it to days,
or ii' the time is in years and months only, reduc(< to
months. Place the principal, time, and nite on one
side of a line, and if tiie lime is in nionths, place 12,
or if in days, place 3()0, on the opposite side of the
line. Shoi'tcn the operation hy canceling, multiply
togethe" the remaining numbers, and point otl" two
places for cents.
Exainph: Find the interest on I.WO at 9 per cent
for ."> months 12 (la\"s.
14
^hm
."i mo. 12 da
= 1(52 da
i(i2
46
.99
1(;2 X 14 =
$22.()8 A
Example. Find the interest on a note for $288,
ilmwing 7 per cent interest for 1 year 8 months.
24
^968 1 yr. 8 mo. = 20 mo.
20
.07 24 X 20 = 480 X .07 = $33.60 Ans.
1\\ some ca.ses very little canceling can lie done, but
even If none ia done, this mctliod is then as short as
any other, for working the same problem.
»
HOW INTEREST ACCUMULATES,
If one dollar lie inve.stcd and the intere.st added to
the principal, annually, at the rates named, wo shall
have the following result as the accumulation of ono
hundred years :
Onfi Dollar, TOO years, «t 1 V (»irt W.TB
2 " 7.2«
2>^" 11.76
3 " 10.25
3U " 81.25
" " 4 " B0.50
" 4>i " BL-W
6 " 13VB0
" " 6 " 840.00
" " 7 " 868.00
" »* 8 •» 2,2(«.00
» 9 " .r,,r)4:UK)
" " 10 " 13,509.00
" » 12 " 34,tJV."..ll0
" " 15 " l.i:4.'inr>.(K»
" " 18 " 15.14r).(H)7.(K»
2.1 " 2,551.700,404.00
VS^
[it viiluo
;lo pnic-
11 quick
TIME.
to (lays,
(mIiu'c to
1 on OHO
|ilii((' 12,
Ic of the
limit iply
I otV two
t per cent
as.
for $288,
IS.
.60 Ans.
one, but
sibort ns
luldcd to
wo shall
on of ono
•Q.7S
7.25
U.TB
10.2&
81.25
uo.no
81 ..50
131.60
84U.U()
fi(i8.0()
n.r)»:t.(Kt
13,90900
34,UV."..(H)
1 i:4.'iiir..(H)
15.14.'>,(H)7.(K»
51,7U'J,4»)4.00
ci
UOW TO CALCTXATK.
*-♦•— VfJ-^
[(?>•
- >tBAN K DISCOUNT.
•^--^^-^-^Tvfe-
frt«^
V-V»-V
^^^^^HftV^fS^ I
O FIND the value of a dtbt or note l)oforo it
I I f irt duo, the interest on u i'or the luicxpired
• A*" time must Iw deducted, and l)coau.so it is
- "• deducted this interest is called discount.
Discount ditVers in no way from simple interest, and is
calculated by tiic rules previously given for reckoninjr
interest.
In l^nik Discount three r/rtj/.t o/' 7wc»' are inclu<lcd,
and with some banks the day when the note is dis-
counted is added, makinir four extra days. The reason
of this is that tiie note may have been discounted and
the funds advanceil early in the morninfr, and paid late
on the last day of jrnne, so that tiie bank loses the use
of the money while tho boiTowor roccive.s ita use, for
really four extra days.
The iii.s«ount <J«lu<t«l from the face of the note, or
debt, leaves the Procredti. In case a note bearing:
interest is> lisctHinted, the interest to the time of
maturty mtt*t first be computed anil added to the note
and then the •li'^tount taken on tliis amount.
Tlic anii>unt tluc at nuiturily in tiiey«cc of the note,
ainon;» tiankcr*.
f'j-iii),j)!>'. Wbat 19 tbe disccumt lil t! jier cent and
I)roi^'ee«is of a note for f 1.'»(n> due ('id dnys hence?
Du<«unt for at davs, $1. ").()()
•• 3 " ^
.. .* ^3 ..
F«ee of ncitc,
Di^eount,
Proreeds,
1.'..7.')
ei.'ioo
l.'i.T.'S
$14»4.2.5
COM POUN D I NTEREST.
-»--a — tj^*i
IT
iiE.v the interest on a debt is payable at
stated iiiter>als, as yearly, half y« arly,
or quarterly, and is not paid when
due, it may, by agree.nent between
the parties, be addcil to, and benme a part of, the debt
or principal and draw interest with it. This interest
on interest and princiiml combined is called compound
interest.
In casting up the compound interest on a debt or
obligation, the interest must lii-st 1m> found for the
year, half year, or cjuarter, as the case may 1h>, and
adiled to the principal and then interest for the next
inter\al of a year, half year, or (juarter conipiited on
this amount and added, and so on.
Example. Find the an' >unt due at compound inter-
est of a debt of $i)U0. in 3 ycai-s, at 8 jjcr cent, com-
l^ounded amxually.
^ —
Principal
Int. for 1st year
$600
.C8
48
GOO
AmoanI at end of 1st vear.
G48
.08
Int. for 2 J year,
.'■)1.84
()48
Amount at end of 2d year.
(!Jt!t.84
.08
Int. fe>r 3d year.
t!
V>.})872
t<t.8i
Amonat doe at end of 3d j-ear. $7.5.').82-f-Ans.
Ke<konings for a loofl: period of time or with fre-
quent i-ompoundinss. entail considerable labor, ami it
is well, therefore, to liav<- mar at hand, a table which
can \)c easily referred to, and thus save the labor and
liability to error of a long talculation.
i! hi
ti'
i If
I 1
;''!
IK)\V TO f'ALCrLATE.
TABLE SHOWING THE AMOUNT OF $i AT COMPOUND INTEREST FOR ANY NUMBER
OF YEARS. FROM i YEAR TO 50 YEARS INCLUSIVE.
:;
Yea Its
4^ I'KU Cknt.
6 P21« Cemt.
6 PkuC'e.vt.
7 I'i;U ('ENT.
8 Peu Cent.
9 Peu Cent.
10 Peh Cent.
Yeabh.
1
1.04 JO 0000
1.0500 000
l.OOOO 000
1.0700 000
1.0800 ((((0
I.OIKM) 000
1.10((0(((«[
a
1.0K20 2r>00
1.1025 000
1.1230 000
1.1449 000
1.1004 0((0
1.1881 000
1.2100 (H(0
3
1.1411 (;tll2
M576 250
1.1010 100
1.225(( 430
1.2507 120
1.2050 200
1.3310 (H)0
4
1.1H2.') ),st;o
i.2155 003
1.2624 770
1.3107 900
1,3004 81(0
1.4116 810
1.4041 (((' '
■' 5
1.2401 81114
1.2762 816
1.3382 250
1.4025 517
'.4bi)3 281
1.5386 240
1.6105 loo
6
6
1.3022 (!()12
1.3400 1(56
1.4185 101
1.6<K)7 304
1,58(,8 743
1.6771 001
1.7716 lUO
7
1.3(108 »)1S3
1.4071 004
1,5030 303
1.0057 815
1.7138 243
1.8280 301
1.0487 171
7
8
1.4221 0001
1.4774 554
1.5038 481
l.-MSl 802
l.S '(0 3((2
1.1(025 020
2.1435 S^'S
c'
1.4S(;o !t.M4
1 551,3 282
1.0804 700
1 .84 50V
1.0' '(( ((40
2 1718 033
2.35 ;it 477
9
10
1.552'J <J'J42
0288 -^lO
1.70(( '"
l..-'7; h)\
•i 1.' 1250
'.!.3073 037
2.5037 425
10
11
1.0228 hM\h
1.7103 304
1.8082 080
•Ml.. ■ 'i-;!.
■ 3310 390
2.5804 204
2.8531 167
11
Vi
1.0 '.t.W SI 43
1.71(58 503
'>.0121 005
25 i ■■;
. '.ISl :oi
2.8120 048
3.1.384 284
12
\\\
1.7721 !M11()
1.8S,50 401
2...;2"2S3
2,4((08 .; .
2., •■•••237
3.((0.58 040
3.4.522 712
13
14
1.8.M1)44!»2
1.0:00 310
2.2000 Oh!
2,5785 342
2.1' .-W>
3,3417 2:((
3.70:4 1(S3
14
\u
l.U3i.2 824 i
2,0780 282
2.3005 582
2.7500 315
3.1721 0,.l
3.0424 825
4,1772 482
15
If,
2.0223 7(n5
2.1828 740
2.5403 517
2.9:21 038
3.4259 420
3,0703 050
4.5949 730
10
17
2.1133 :osi
2.2020 183
2.0027 728
3.1588 1.52
3, :(((((( 181
4.3270 334
5,0.544 7((3
17
IK
2.21 IS4 7.s:7
2.4000 11(2
2.8.543 302
3.3:00 323
;i.i(00o 105
4.7171 204
5.,551(1( 173
18
]!»
2.3U7S 0U31
2.,5201t .5((2
.,.((255 l(li5
3. 01 (-,5 2 75
4.3157 011
5.1410 013
6.1 150 300
19
•-.'u
2.4117 14112
2,0532 1»77
3.2071 355
3.8090 845
4.0(X'0 571
5.0044 1((S
0.7275 ((00
20
5>1
2.5202 4110
2.7850 020
3.3005 030
4.14((5 (i24
5.0,3.38 337
6.1((88 077
7.4002 409
21
^2
2.0330 ,5201
2.0252 0((7
3.0035 374
4.43((4 017
5.43(;5 4(.(4
0.05S0 004
8.14((2 749
22
23
2. 7.521 •;t;3.5
3.0715 238
3.8107 407
4,:4((5 21(0
5.8714 037
7 2578 745
8.9543 024
23
24
2.870O 1383
3.2250 000
4.04SO 340
5.0723 070
0.34 1 1 807
7.9110 8.32
0.8407 327
24
26
3.0054 3440
3.3803 540
4,2918 707
5.4274 320
0.8484 752
8.6230 807
10.8347 059
25
20
3.1400 7001
3.55,50 727
4,5493 830
5.8073 520
7.3903 532
0.3901 579
11.9181 705
20
27
3.2820 oo:)0
3.7,334 503
4,8223 450
0.2138 070
7.9880 015
10.24.M) 821
13.1 ((00 042
27
28
3.42'.I0 ',•'.•;•'.•
3.0201 21(1
5.1110 807
0.04S8 3S4
8.0271 004
11,1071 31(5
14.42((1( 03(;
28
2!)
3,5S4(» 31MH
4.1101 350
5.4 183 S79
7.1142 571
0.3172 749
12,1721 821
15.8(;30 03((
29
;)u
3.7453 1813
4.3210 424
5.7434 912
7.6122 550
10.0020 509
13.2676 :85
17.4404 02J
30
31
3.;"138 5745
4. ,5380 305
0,0881 000
8.1451 120
1((,8070 004
14.4017 (;i(5
10.1043 425
31
32
4.0SHH Hlo-l
4,7040 415
0.4533 807
8.7152 70S
11.7370 8,30
1.5.70,3,3 2S8
21.1137 708
32
33
4.2710 .3(1 IS
5.0((31 SS5
0.8405 81(0
0.3253 31(8
12.0700 4i((;
17,lS20 284
2.3.2251 ,544
33
34
4.4i:(;:> 0154
5.2533 4S0
7.2510 253
K 0781 135
13.01(f)l 330
18.7284 1((0
25,5470 000
34
35
4.0073 4781
5.5100 154
7.0800 808
10.0705 815
14.7853 443
20.4139 679
28.1024 309
35
30
4.8773 7840
5.7018 101
8.1472 520
1 1.4239 422
1.5.9081 718
22.2512 2.50
80.9130 8((5
30
37
5.O'.i02 0o4',l
0.OS14 ocu
8.t;300 871
12,22.(0 ISl
17.2450 2.50
24.2538 353
34.0039 4S(;
37
38
5.320',t 11(21
0.:t854 773
0.1542 524
13.0702 714
18.0252 7.50
20.4300 S((5
37.4((43 434
38
3!)
5.5058 '.t',(((8
0.7047 512
0.7035 075
13.9048 204
20.1152 1(77
28.8150 SI 7
41.1447 778
39
40
5.8103 0454
7.0309 SS7
10,2857 170
14.9744 578
21.7245 215
31.4004 2((0
45.2502 5,50
40
41
0.0781 0004
7.3019 883
10.9028 010
10.0220 000
23.4024 832
34.2302 679
40,7851 811
41
42
0.3510 1.548
7.7015 870
11,5570 327
17.1442 .508
25.3304 819
37.3175 320
54,70^0 002
42
43
0.03 VI 3M8
8.1400 001)
12.2.5<(4 540
ls.3443 548
27.:ioi;o 404
40.0701 ((OS
(;((.24(H( 002
43
44
(;.!(301 221(0
8.557! 503
12.0854 819
10 0284 500
20,5559 717
44,;t:i(;9 597
()0.2(;4O 701
44
4.')
7.2482 4S43
8.1(850 ((78
13.7040 108
21.0024 518
3l.92((4 404
48.3272 S(;i
72.8004 837
45
4r,
7.5744 lie; I
0.4342 682
14..5r04 875
22.4720 234
3l.l7l(( H.53
52.0707 419
80.1795 321
40
47
7.0152 08411
0.0059 711
15.4059 107
•,'4.(J457 070
37.2320 122
57.4170 480
88.10:4 853
47
48
8.2:14 555?
1((.I012 007
10.3038 717
25.7289 ((05
40.2105 731
(;2.58.52 370
07.((172 3.38
48
4I»
8.0130 710".
10.0213 331
17.3775 ((40
27.5209 3((0
43.4274 100
08.2170 ((83
1((0.7I80 572
49
50
0.0320 3027
11.4073 008
18.42((1 .543
29.4570 251
40.9010 125
74.3575 201
117.3908 520
50
w
fMBER
NT. YkABS.
o-.'t
XM
r''t
48
41)
50
SI
now TO CALCliLATK.
••X-^'
•<ii^S
^•^m STOCKS, BONDS i INVESTMENTS. <f:*^ -f-
a^
-i-Tf)*-
mi: ciipitiil stoi'k of
Itiiilwiiy, ToU'f;nii)li,
InsiiniiK'c, Bimkiiip,
ami otluT <()ri)(iiuti()iiH
is (lividotl into c(|Uiil
purls fiiU('(l nlmros,
r.iii^'iiifr tVom ^10 to
$l(KM)('iicli, hut iisuiilly
$l(M),aii(l tocach stock-
holdt'i" is issiu'il a rcr-
titicati^ »)1" slock duly
fiif^ucd by tho propor
officers, specifying tlu!
iiiunlM'r (if shares hy
hiui owned and their
par valu(\
This stock cortificatj in transfenihlo and :nay l)o
l>ouirht and sold tho same as other species of property.
If solil aliovc par it is said to Ih' at .a preiuiuni, or it
lielow par, at a discount. I'ersoiis wiio make a iiusi-
iiess of hnyin^ and sidling' stocks an; called stock
hrokeiN, and their occupation is deiiomiualed Stock
.lohhiiii,'. Tiie cause of the rise and fall of the market
value of stocks is due, tii*st, to the londitioii or success
of tiie corponition in which tiie sto( k is owiu'd, the
dividend paid and its prospects for tiie future, an<l
se<'ond, to the conihinations and niani|iulatioiif of stock
lirokers, us will l)« explained in another part of this
work.
IiLstoad o4' dividiiifi the profits, as is done hy a tirin
or partnership, the corponition " dei lan's a dividend,"
either annually, senii-annnally or tpiarterly, and pays
to each stockliolder the profits on his stock, reckoucd
at a certain percent upon its p;ir\aluc. 'I'liis dividi d
is frenerally jiaid in cash, hut w hen it is the wisii of tlic
(lire<toi's to nurease the eflicieiuy id" the coinpany h^'
retaining' the profits .•mil usiiiL' tlieiii for its henetit, a
ccrtiticate is issued to the stockholder, eiititliujr him to
the sum Hpceiticd therein with interest, and this i.s
called a scrip di'Mend.
f^ --— - -— -.
Out of tho not paniinpH is first sot aside what Is
called a " Reserve lAinil," or " Sinkiiiff Fund,' and
the remainder de< hired a.s a dividend. This fund thus
accniniilates and furnisius the means for any euierf"«ncy
without taxing the stiM'kholders, and if in any c»we tho
profits were ii<d siiflicieiit to justify the usual divideiitl,
this fund is drawn on to make up the deficiency, thus
keepiii<r the divi '( -^J 'V->m yenr to year certain — retain-
ing faith and cn.'i' ' ii -.o company and in the value of
its stock.
Wluui th-- ii.i, ter of a corporation forbids the
declaring ot .. d "i.K ,id which will exceed a certain per
cent of tho iiar \ . lue of its stock, then, new stock is
sometimes ■ "od, thus securing the stockholders tho
same profit ^ •e.rii at a smaller rate per cent of divi-
dend in consequcneo of the iiicrcjise of the capital btwk.
This process is called "watering" stcnk. Common
and preferred stock are so called liei'ause the latter ha-s
the preference ill the matter of dividends.
To timl tho dividend on stocks, multiply tho par
value hy tho rato per cent of dividend wliieh the stock
pays.
ErnmpJc. A owned !?.")( M) of Northwestern Rjiilroad
stoik on which a dividend is declared of 8 per cent.
What is his dividend?
Par value, fifM)
lilte jier cent, .OS
Dividend, fld.OO
When stock is hoiight or .sold above or lielow par, to
tiiid the c(»t. niiiltiply the par \aliie of the stock by
loo |)er cent plus the advance, if at a iireniiuin, or lOO
per cent less the discount, if at a discount.
Ev(niii>/r. What will 12 shares (fH(X) each) of Erie
lock cost ;il 43 p<'r cent premium?
Par value, $1200
Value of $ I won h of stock, 1 .04§
Cost of tho .stock,
S^
; )
i . i
I ^'
■t^
now TO CVLrCLATE.
BONDS.
A Itoiid if* ill till' luitiin* iit'a inomissorv iinfc. rroni
tile <l:iy lalioriT wlm |iavs as lie ^.'oom, am! Ilic ('(intcntcil
mail (.f liiiinlilo walk who never owes a dciit, ii|i to tlic
ntrporatidii with it-* wealth and power, we find indebt-
ed nes-* arid (Inaneial emliarrassmeiit iiien«i>iii;,', so tliat
the iiir reufnf/f of those under peeiiniarv dillieuitit's
njiintanthj auijmofit.i as wo jfo upwards, until we eonio
to inunicipulitieeii slut<w and irovoriuuen ti* whoso revo-
niie is counted hy millions, and wc hardly fin<l ono that
fs not deeply involved in delit.
Ill prosccutiii;,' Ihi' war ot" liio robcUion our ^'ovcrn-
lUPiit Ibund it nercsHiirj' to borrow Iiir^n sums of incmoy
to meet the enormous expenditure, and in return issue<l
Intel ' ' onriii!; bonds. States, counties and cities,
eu^riiK*'*' i" publi>' improvomenta nilHO money in tliia
way. A coupon bond is one with interest-bearin/; eer-
tlficutod, or coupotu attucbod, uud uti tluMu full duo they
FORM OF A SHARE OF BANK STOCK.
^
t-lrrrTrV^' ■
-;«tfUl.
k^t
VJ
■■^^
f APIIAIMOCK FlFfY IHOIJSAISll 1)01 1 \KS
Xo /zyt^^--'^^^^ • c0^ri'j^!/^^^^(^/'a^^^^'^ First l^ATioNAZ Bank
M^4^»r »r»-^ •-■TV V / m —-—«-.»- ■^,^,Miw. » M»- - /^ # "Ml /---- -j^ / ' '^
^fr^f^/m-X^M
"•a^t
arcclip|)edofrandea.vhcd, as in the exso of United States
IhjihLs, at any national iKUik, or may pass u.s money.
Coupon bonds arc jiayable to liearor, and if lost or
stolen the amount cannot Ik) rwovered from the f^ovoru-
ment or corponitioii i>suin^' them. lU'iristered bonds
are those payable to the order of the holder or owner,
and rejristered on the books of tlic United Stutcs
Treasury, fir eorjiorsition.
When lK)nds are is.suod by tho governuKMit and are
^3^-V ___
payable at a specified time, tho rate of interest with
the date, constitutes the name by which they are gen-
erally known, lus " .Vs of '81," or "4'« of '91, etc.
Those payable at the option of tho government within
a certiiin lumiber of yeaix liefore the date of maturity,
ius iM'tween ."i and 20 years, are generally designated by
combining the nnmlier of yours for which they wore
issued by the time within which thoy may lie called in,
its '• r>-20s," or '> 10-40S."
orost with
oy me fTon-
'Dl, etc.
lont within
iiiaturity,
ijijimted by
tiicy wore
(< ciilU'tl in,
llonds i.xsnod by stutos, count iw, or corpdriition^',
nsnally ilcrivc their name from the >onrto that \hmu'i*
Ihoni, t(»^'ethor wilii thf rate i>t' inton-xt tlioy iMMir.
'IIhh, " V. S. I'acitir rnin-nry HV " win- i-<siic<i by tht-
f.n>v(>i-nin<'nt to aid in tlio ('onstruction ut' i-aili'(iaiL< to
Ihi' ''•K'ilic coast, and on the completion ot'cacli twenty
niih's of tnick, to receive at the rate of tHl,(MK»,
I-'L'.IKN) or )>M,(MH) |ier mile, arconlih;: to tlie dillicnl-
tics of construct in;: the sune. They are payable thirty
years from date of insup and nvo rpjirixtered in iMind.x of
ijijINN). $:)tKN)ail(| $1<)()(M).
Money is sometimes borrowed by corponitions on
their property iLss<'<'urity. For loans tinis receixcd they
issue mort^rii^rc Iionds payable at a specified time with
interest. Thes(< bonds are secured by a mort^rage on
the pr<)|K'rty of the company.
INVESTMENTS.
The statement is perhaps true, that it is more difTi-
I'ldt to keep money than to make it. By injudicious
investment.s oftentimes the iiceunuihitions of years are
swept away; but hapjn- is that rich man who so wisely
employs and invests his wealth as to e.scupe thenn.xie-
tiesand cares which hani.ss and tonuent, in the evening
of life, when the ims.session of woulth should bring
enjoyment instend of misery.
Widows and youthful heirs, who have little or no
knowledge of business, are liable to have their fortimes
swept away by trusting their investments entirely to
otlieiN, or else through l)eiiig seduced by tein|)ting
advertisements of brokers and their re|)resentatives to
place their funds in worthles.s stocks or inadecpiate
securities.
The tii-st element of a good investment is that the
prhin'fKtl should l)e secure, that it shall not be dimin-
ished through depreciation of values, nor lost through
wiint of sound security. The second element is, that
the principal can be readily obtair.cd if it is wanted;
security must be convertilile, that is, easily realized.
\u investment, however secure, which ties up money
irrevocibly for years, is not a tii*st-class one. The
other and secondary elements of a gooil investment
are, that the interest or retin'u should be promptly
paid, and that it should bo as large as possible.
The legal nite of interest in most of the states of
the American L'nioii, is six (ler cent, anil this is con-
ceded by luisincss men to bi' a fair jiricc for the tiso of
money or capital. When this interest is collected
l)roiuptly and leinvested the inconu> will be cipiivalent
to the compound interest on the capital, and licifc a
net income of six per cent compound interest may he
regiirded as a standanl in measuring the value of ;nve!«t-
nieiits. It may Im' laid down as a rule, lliat where \'t
or I'D iMTcetit is promised from the lo;in or investment,
a |K)rtion of this is in consideration of the iii-ecurity
of the principal, and this is a fre<|nciit source of lo-*.
Through miscalculation and the temptation of a large
aimual |icr cciitagc, regarding )> per cent compound
interest as too .-mall, persons often make the mi-take
of not reci-Iving so much, Ihdncting cdmini-sions on
the |>nrchase or sub*, taxes, insiuiiuce, assessments,
buying ab(»vo par and risk of the principal, and an
ini'ome of \T^ \wr cent will often be reduced to less
than ti per cent, as the following calculation will -how:
.Suppose A buys unimiu'oved land to the extend of
*1:.'(M»<), and after holding it eight yeaiN, sells it at
$i'i(HK). Inasmuch as (120(10 at componml interest for
eight yeai"s would amount to only $l!tl2ti.lM, it woidd
appear that he had made a fine investment. Ihit mean-
while he had iiKinrcd unavoidable expenses for fencing,
taxes, surveying tlu- property, t'onnuissions on sale,
etc., which averaged 2 per cent u your, or |2K). Ho
must therefore deduct from the gros.s proceeds,
$240 at compound interest for 7 years, |3t)0.86
G " \\w:.\-i
5 " .•H21.17
4 " 3()2.98
3 " 2»h.VA
2 " 2tKt.(i6
1 " 2.54.40
- 240.00
$2375.23
$210(W
237.').23
$1«G24.77
$HU2r).18
lHt;24.77
Loss over t! per cent inve.<«tment, $ .')01.41
The most common investments are made in Real
I'lstate, (roveriunent Bondji, Corponition Bonds, Ruik
Stock, Manufacturing Stock, etc., the income l)eing
derived from interests, dividends and rents.
HKAI. K8TATE INVE.STMENTS.
In buying real estate the first point to l)e considered
is the title. A eomi)Otont person shouhl be employed
to examine the records. The purchaser shoidd also
a.-certain if there exists any incumbrance l)y gnuit,
pi-escription or necessity (not on record), such us u
right of way, drain, fence, privy, overhanging eaves,
treo>, water-course, nuisance, etc., and if all taxes and
assessmi-nts have iiccn paid. Mortgages an liens
should l)c closely scrutinized, and all rcccii)ts for taxes
^^
240 "
240 '•
240 •«
240 "
240 "
240 " simple
240 «wh
-
"
Liuul sold for
Deduct,
Net sale.
Amount
at (5 per
cent,
Deduct
«l
rS^M
now TO CALCULATR.
timl iiiniiniiiK* iHilirics kIkhiM In- iinxliKiHl aiiil ilclivrri-il
ii|i til till- iiiii'i'lia'Hcr. Finally, tin' i|ri>il Hhttiild Im'
ilntwil tiliil i-xi'i'iltcil with tli«< lltllliHt iirriilikry. (S4'i<
Li'fT'l r<>rm.'.. I
Iii'<ti':ii| lit* invi'stiiiu iiuun'v in n-al I'slati- many jmt-
w)iir< pri't'i r t:. Muiko luans on real r.-lalf Honirily, tliii-*
aviiiilin;: tin- ini'otivcnii'iK'o ot' <'iill«Ttin^ mits ami tlu'
vnriiuis iiiitlnys tor n'imirs, iiuidiMit tn the ituni'i"Mlii|i
«if proiHTty. Smli loans an^ iisiiiilly MH'unil liy mort-
pij^f* or il I-* of tni.Ht.
A iMorttii^'P i'* iin inHtniint>nt by which, if tin' ililit
WHun-il liy it in not paiil at tin* tinii- a;,'rrnl ii|miii, (In-
••rt'tlitor may tnki- iiossi'-viioii of tin* pro|M'rty, liy what
is trrniiil a fornlosuri', snhji'it, liowcvi-r, to the
(l(>litor'rt riv'ht of riMli-mption within a H|H>i'ilii<)l timt>.
(Si'i' Li'i.'til Forms.) Mortj;ai.'i>s an- tii-st, sci oiul,
third, etc., in tlii-ir order of n-iord. A tirsl mort<,'a;,'o
irt sn|H'rior to all others, and careful invoHtors refusi" to
loan inont'V oxropt on tii"st lieu. The reasons are, that
if the |)ropert\ is sold to |)ay the debts, the liiNt ir irt-
;rii.'<' mu>l In- paid in full U't'ore aiiytiiini,' is paid on
the seroud, and if tho property depreciates throu^'h
tire or flood the tir^t inorti.'sii.'e has still sntlicient
security, but subscipicut mortira;.'es may have all tiieir
security swcjit away. A safe rule is not to loan on
mortL'ai:e for niore than oiio-half of the value of the
real estate.
From re>|Hitivo eoasidcrations, it is doubtful that
the annual net ineomo from rcul estate in the «'(iuntry
at larjje, exi eeds four per cent. In .some business cen-
ters or certain localities, tho increa.se in value alone
^'ivcs hu'.'cr averaj.'!' yearly iucrea.se than the nite
named; but the fact that such increase is fii-st obtained
liy ver}' liln'ral expenditure for street imiirovcments,
M'wers, etc.. should not Im- lo>t sijrht of. This increase
in one liK-ality is sometimes made at the expense of
some other locality, who-e projiorty values are there-
fore reduced in i.'reater or less nitio. The <j-rowth
of certain l<Ma!itie> in some parts of the country is
promoted thus by the transfer of capital and po|iu-
lation. From this tnmsfer of capital and piipuiii-
tion. or other chanires aU'eetin;,' tiie irrowtli and
ijicline of town- and cities, there arises a disposi-
tion to discriminate in favor of other elas.ses of invest-
nieuts. But tliore arc many instances whijre money
ran be well invested in re.il ost.ate. by |»iirties who
use cMiition ill makiuL' selections iind then takin;r
pains to make Judiiious outlnys for tho ijnprovetnent
of tho property. It is In'st to bo well posted on
all the points relatiu}.' to real entato before invcst-
iii<,' in it.
INITKIi MTATKS IMlMlW.
United Stiites Itonds are re^pirded iu< exceptionally
^'ihhI investments, \mnri\ as they an> on the faith and
credit of the government. The nite of interest is not
liir;:e, lint owiii;; to the certainty of payment of inter-
est and principal they are miH h sou^'ht after by per-
sons who di'sire safe invent iiu'iits rathiM" than a larj^y
profit to^'ether with risk and incouvenioneu.
SMAI.I. SAVIMIH.
Kxperienco and oliservalion show that no mom cer-
tain plan of inciilcatin:; pruih-nt and teniiiorate Imliitit,
modest livin^r, and !.'eneral well-lK'iuL' in a community
can be devised than to atford the poorer clasM's facili-
ties for wiving their small indns, and increasing' them
with interest. The animosity lntween enpital and
lalnir, moiK'y and work, is diminished, for even the
poorest is thus ciialiied to t;tste the pleatiurt.>s of wit-
nessing his capital incrciwe without toil.
Fvcry man who is nblii^'cd to «'(irk for his livinir
should lay a.side a little money for the •' niiiiv day,"
which fill are liable to encounter, and the best way to
do tluH is to open an account with Home 8avin^>s Kank.
Accumulated money is always ready to use when
needed. Scrape toirether tive ilollai>, make your
deposit, pot your iKUik Iniok, and then resolve to
deposit a piven sum, small thou;;h it Ik-, once a month
or once a week, accordiu;; to circumstances. Nolnidy
knows without tryiu^r it, hojv easy a thinj.' if is to save
money when an aecoimt with a liiink has lieeu oiioned.
AVith such an account a man feels a d(>sire to eiilarfro
his deposit. It ^'ives him lessons in fni;.':ilify and
economy, weans him from habits of extnivaL'am e, and
is the very In'st ^'uard a^.'tiinst intemp(>rauce and dissi-
|iation. The laborinir man who >aves one Imndred dol-
lars a year, or alniut a (juarter of a dollar a day, and
deposits it in a savinp< bank which pays 7 per cent
Interest eomi)ouniled quarcrly, will find himself, in a
score of years, worth nearly //V lliou.vnul ihillnr.i, from
this source alone, without any troulile and very lift U?
self-denial. He shoidd aim to do this for every child
that is bom to him.
TMll.H >llnWIMi TIIK liFSII. r uK s WINOS.
BAVISd.
IIMWOKTKN
liKI-llklTKIl.
MonllUy.
ISTl.UKST.
now nrT»\
itlMlm N'll.
TI.MK
.\MI11 NT
TO
oil I.N
.\MOtNT
TO
tl
lilHTCC'Ilt.
.Suinl.iiii'ly.
liiyr
« Ml tl
•Jityr.
« t.VJ.4l
t
"
li ptTCnil.
,1
lit yr.
:i.>-j.li
Jiiyr.
imi SI
1
Weekly.
(Ijll 1 . ' Ml.
"
U> yr.
WW.lii
■Jii yr.
l:iiiO i;i
8
"
tlixrciiit.
(«
m yr.
IW.i*
•ill yr
.t.m\ •»!
8
M
rt|iii( int.
"
Ill yr.
2U0.SI'.
Jnyr.
.'l-Wl.iP
S
• •
IIIM !•( Illl.
"
Ill yr.
:ilH:i III
■Jiyr.
IWfJ.W
b
W
11 percent.
"
!uyr.
77lil.>i
.11 yr.
IJIlKI.U
(
•ptioiially
I'iiitli luit)
ri'ht is nut
t of ind'i"-
iT by l>«'r-
iiiit n liir^o
iiM)ni cci-
iito ImhiU,
(ininuinity
!?..■<(•(* tiK'ili-
i»iii^' tlwiii
npitnl mill
r cvorj the
iret* of wit-
liiM liviiiL'
rainy day,"
iH'jit wiiy to
kiiips hank,
use when
niaki- your
iH'solvo to
100 a month
NolMwIy
it is to srtvo
en oihmkmI.
to cular^c'
i;rility and
;itr!>M<<', and
1(> and iHssi-
iindrctl dol-
M (l;iy, and
7 pel- ('(Mit
linisi
11', in
lUnt-K, from
livery littlo
overv child
« t.VMl
'.mi Ki
.'11 yr.
5ssi.'a>
jip yr.
(Wttt.lS
;'t yr.
l.KiNl.U
IIUW TO (^ALCULATK.
1711
1^»
^%
■^»-
'^^iPRACTICAL MEASUREMENTS. V
•;.
-••-
TO MEASURE COKN ON THE COB IN CRIBS.
C
i»i!N is extensively
put up in orilis
made of rails, Imt
the rule will apply to
any kind of a crili.
Level the corn, then
measure the hi;.'hl
of the torn in the
eriii, llu' leuj^'th, and
also tile widlli, allow-
in;: for the thiiknes.s
of the eril) in oiitxido
me:i>ure, then multi-
ply the leilM'th in feet
hy the hreailth in feet
and this a;.'ain hy tlut
llitrllt in feet, wllieil
last produit multiply 1>y Handout oil" one tiirure from
the result. Thi.-' will givo bo many husliols and deoi-
nials of u liushel. .Vftor Itoinjr hholled there will, on
an averap , l>e uiK^lialf n.- many liu-heU of shollod
eorn.
h'jil)iijili\ \ erih of corn Ih !• feet hiL'h. 211 leel lunir
and I-' feet wide. How many hushels of eorn does it
eontain?
2(1 X It = 1^0 X 12 « 2Ui() X « " 172H.ti 1.11.
When a orih is tlared ut tho side.^, as ropre.-.enled hy
the illustnitioii, 11 riiU» in Ut inidtiply half the sinn of
the hollom lireadths in feet hy the perpendieuhir hi^rht
in feel, and the .sime apiin hy the len^rth in feet, mul-
tiply the last prodnet hy .(i.'l for ho:ipod hnshols of ours,
and hy ,\'2 for the ninidH'r of l>u>hels in shelled eorn.
This ride is ha.-ed on the pnendly aeeejited estimate
that three heaped half hu-hel^ of ears, or four evon
lull, I'orm one of shellod eorn.
A iMirrel (d" corn is live hushels shelled. Hy this
latt«'r measure erops are ostimatetl, and eorn bought
ami .sold in must t»uuthoni uml \viMtoru ututiu.
MEASURING HAY.
0'
K r<)t'KsK the only
aeeurate method of
lindin;r the amount
of hay in a given Imlk
is to weigh it. This,
ill in.iny ea.sos, is iin-
po>>il)le, owing to its
bulk ami <'haraeter,
inid il then In'oumos
nooossarv to havo Honio
'* If other met hod of arriv-
ing at the i|UMntity.
whieh oiiu only be done
appro.ximately. Some
kinils of hay are liirht
while others are heavy,
but for all ordinary
purposes of estimating,' the amount of hay in mows
and .-.tacks the following rules will be found sullieient :
When loiided on wag'ons or storcil in Ikihw, 20 cubie
yanls of hay make a ton.
When well settled in mows or staoks, l.'ioubie ynnls
make ii ton. Thi.s is for medium sized mows orstaeks ;
if the hay is piled to a great hight, it will be mm h
more comiiaet and near the lx)ttoiu will Ito mneii
heavier per «ubio yard.
TO 1IM> TIIK M .MIIKU OK TONS IX I.ONO M^I Al!i: ST.VrKS.
Multiply the length in yards by the width in yanls
and thai liy /((///' I lie hight in yanls, a'd divide by l.'>.
Extiiiiph\ How many tons in i rick of hay I'l) yarda
long, .'i yards wide anil M yanls hi^rh?
20 X -i = It'O X 111(1 -.= 4(Wi ■+■ \'> -= L'da tons. .\.ns.
TO KIND TIIK MMIIKK OK TOSS I.N t'lUC TL.VU .sT.VCKS.
Multiply the sipian- of the distance numd the stack
in yanls in the hii^hl in yards !ind <livide by 2."i.
This will o-ive the iiuinl>er > i' i i.bic yanls in the stack;
then ili\ide by 1.') fur tiiu n' ui'h'I of tons.
ExMiiii>li\ How ,ii;ii.y Ions of hay in . •in'ular stack,
wlnwo measureuient iiu'ind the ba-c itt yanls am
hight Si yards?
20 X -'0 = 4(M) X >< = •■5-!'»<' -: -^'» "- • ^'^^ + !•'' =
i^^f tons. .Vn.s.
i .i
I A'
III ; i
I
now TO r.\I.iI!„\TF..
Common ilovcr and timothy liay |K:<k<'(l niiilcr onli-
i:irv I'in-um-'taiii-os, will nK-a>iii'i< .'pihi inMr Irci In !'»•
ton. In i-iliiilatinv' the wciijlit of jiay in li;illx, \<iy
ot'tt'n many tliinL'-^ hu\o to Ih> taU'Mi inl i tonsiiiciation.
i and lieixc it i^ ditfii iilt to ii.-<-<'i-tain it pi'ci'ivcly.
TO KIM) THi; VAI.l K OK IIAV Oli Ollli;i! AlfTU I.KS Ml.,l>
IIY TIIK TON.
.Mnl!i|ily tli)> nnmlMi »t' |>onnd- ol' hay (< oal or anv-
thinir fl-f uhirh i» lMin;:ht or .«iohl hy ihi- Ion) hy one-
halt" the }»rii f |H^r ton. and point ( 11' three li<.'iiivs from
the result : till' remainin;r ti^nre.s will Im- the prire of
tho hay.
Kmiiipf' . What <«»>t 14t'>0 Us. of hay when hay is
sollimr at %\1 \nT ton?
$12 -r :.' = %\\ and \\i\0 x •« -= $M.7(i(t. .Vns.
Dividing l>y 2 jrivcs ii.-; the jmcc of a half tun or
1000 ft)n. in.l iM»intin»r off threo ti<rnres to the ri;rht I.m
(J Hiding by liXNi.
A ton of hay \s 2(K)0 ft«.
A Ijtdo •• '• " 300 "
A tra-vi *• " now is 60 "
A .Id " .^(> "
A •• •' straw " 40 "
A hxid •' hay " 'M *ru.s«o.s.
\Vhen hay solU at $16. (m a ton tha bali! i.s vrorth $2.40
*• '• •• l.'j.OO " " •• 2.2/)
When hay sells at 14.C0 a t :i the bale Is worth 2.10
Wh.n hjiy m'11.« ;»k |i.'».»»« a t<»n tije Isile i.n worth $l.!l')
Ii.W» " " l.M)
"• Il<iri •• *♦ '• l.rs
" 1».(WI •• " " 1..50
To y.s'.t riir. wrji.in *t f trn.K »tv MKAMifK.MK.NT.
.M.ilti|>l_\ flu- tsitxh \k iiw Im'^ \*\ the di>tan('e alonjr tho
iKirk from tl>«> tail to tlf fore |uit of the shonlder
Iilade. and divi'b'^ \ry IM 6* ll)«' fUjMrlii ial feet. Then
multiply lh>- -^iif-v^rftrjal Utri liy th<' nnmlK-r of |>(innds
allowed |,,r cittlf^ of tliirn-nl ;rirth» and tho |iiddn(t
will l»- the Mm\\wt f4 |«an<b> <>f Imh-I'. \eal or pork in
the a.'iiina'
tattle iuivin:r * jrilllii <»f frortj .'> to 7 fe«'t. allow 23
llr<. to the ."wrtii iai f.«j>l.
Cattle iiaviiiL' » ?irih '•( frwHi 7 to !« feet, allow 31
It»'. to the -n[i*Tlii ial fii>i4.
Small raftio :»ni»l ••aJ»<f* bavins' a pirth of from 3 to 5
foot, allow !i> ff>». to ibf )t«|ierfi< iai f<M*t.
\*'\<:* and ^•h**|» kavinf a jnrth of lo88 than 3 foot,
allow 1 1 ffis. to \l» •apr-r&uil foot.
Kj-amplf. What U the wf j<.4it of In-of in a steer,
whoso ^irth i.-* '••> larYttm ao^ \fm0h is G« inohes?
W) inehos in eirth x *>■ iwbt* in lonpth = 5440 -t- by
144 = 37 1 -fiuar^ Ccci x 23 = hcw^ ftw.
When tho animaJ k bat half {attono<l a doduetion of
1 fti. in everj- 20 ir» OMde, and if xery iat 1 tt». for every
2v.' nia-4t be added.
MEASURING GRAIN.
TO rivi» xnr. contt?.'^ or a bin in nimiKLs.
*^^\ Tin Inited .-^tate^ >tandard 21.>».I2 c;.l)ie
\^\^ inehi^ make a liu>hel. A> a ini)ie foot cnn-
JL J t:iin- 1 72'' « nbie inches, a lMi>hel is to a
.iibi. toot nearly as 2I.">0 to {',->>*■•, wr for all
praetieal pur|K>-.-s .t« ."> to 4. 'I !ierefor<'. to (f»ii\irt
outtir feet into biubeU, it i^ ouly noicssury to inulti-
, ply by |.
Example, linn nutoj hw^U of wheat in a bin 12
foot lonjr. f^ feet wuU- 4»! 4 f«*< dtM-pr
12 X > = 1^ X 4 = 3M <Tibic fwt: .3M4 X f =
3(t7^ bnshoN.
In order to tin«i tlx^ nmnbcT of bushels which a bin
of a ;rivon -ize will hobl. find tbc ooiivonts of th(< bin
in ( iibir feet, then •limu:t*li the «»iit< nts Ity ono-tifth.
ami the re:9ult will he tbenootente in ba-hebi.
rAtJUXTT or eoxsji.
The followintr tabi*' will ^fteo be found convenient,
takinir iVi.««VA' ditwnfww* ■
tfirli»'4il«-p irtll .Minta
A IHH JH In. h»« f-y L'.T i>. :,.••
lIu•^l»••• ilci'p will I'l.nra:!! t '
\ \i tx US in. hr^ iti'iiir*' •r
Isi.h.'ft .l.-,»p, will .-onf-iia k ttu*!'-'
A l«n i; m. h<» l.y II' I! •■i\o%. Mut V _
Iriilit'** <lrf(i wnl ^unru :t b liu* AU'X;.lfi<lH-p(«)Uiin i.i.*! I l—MnrlicH
•"» ► l-JilDclH'i' by "Inrhiiiwiuan',
' 1 ^ iticb*^ <l*^'p. *'!" i-otitalii n
• I *> Itif bon ir^iiarc and «>, liulu-x
-'••^ji. will <HJiiliilii H ifiUNin.
L '«•» T 111! tw» M|<u>n'anil<S iiiohpn
<»'»•}•. "ill •Hiiiliiti; II linif Kiillilii.
iMI^Il.'l
A 1 » > X II) I ni'h^!< i«i.stt»<" J-ii
((■■«> 1 1, win mnLun a hit.^
4m^>. wul i^mlulii .. iMit.
.\ wa>.'on-fiox ©r Im^ lit (r*t Ion?. 4 fwt wi>lo, and
l.'i 'n> hos deep, htu a oparity of 40 buiibels.
n a steer,
.')440 -i- by
<luctioii of
for every
a bin 12
[ith ii bill
If tho bin
(iiu'-tifth.
Invcnient,
lill ciintuhi n
ln<1 4', iiuluii
liil'i'i).
Iixt IS itichr-*
I 1 1 l.TillH'l"'"
,1.
1 1', imlio?)
,1.
/
I
HOW TO CALCULATE.
TO FIND THE CAPACITY OF A CISTERN OR WELL.
T'
CTLIXPRir.lL VESSELS OF UMKOIJM WU/TH.
'UK ^'•alloii is, arronl-
iii<^ to the United
States stamlanl, 'S.M
cnbif iiK-hos, and in
order to fwid tht nnni-
Iht of cubic iiiclics in
a cask, we s(|imre the
dJanieter in incltc:<, and mult i ply by the decimal .7H5i
to find the bUrCicu of the Iki.m-, then midtiply this by
the depth in inch(v*. Now since multiplyini.' by .7'<.'>4
and afterwanl* dividing.' by 2.'{I is eipiivalcnt to ninlti-
plyinir only l»y 34, it will Im? swn that we have the
following rule;
MultipiV the s<jnare of the diameter in inehcs, by
the depth in inchi*s, ami this hy ;J4, an<l poin'; off four
fi^irtw; the result will Ijc the caiwcity in gulloiu and
decimals of ft gallon.
Example, A can nieijaiires 15 inches in diameter,
and is 2 feet 2 inched deep. How many gallons of oil
w'U it contain?
15 X 15 = 22-^ X 34 = 7U50 X 26 = lU.eyo(».
.\J1S. l<.t,Vo.
If the can is not full, sUind it on the end, and multi-
ply by the height of the liquid instead of the length
of the can, for the actual contents.
CISTKUNS WIUEK AT ONK EM> TH.V-N" TIIE OTHER.
Ad<l the width at the top ami the width at the ha^KJ
together and take half, to iind the average diameter,
then scpiare this diameter, multiply by 34, and thi:*
n-.t;lt again by the de])th, and the result will l>e m
gallons and t'ecimals of gallons tis in the previous
rule.
In calculatine the capacity <'f cisterns, etc., 31 J
gidlons are estimated to one barrel, and 63 gallons to
1 hog.shead.
<F"
^^g:-::
-X^MEASURING LAND.!:-
r:(ruvEYiNO seems to
^ have arisen from the
\ pnutice of regulat-
ing tilt! limits of lands
which were from time
to time impaired from
the overtliiw of the
*f»> • ^^ H •*''''^" t'fo'" suney-
W^y9^ ilj 1 ^jfi '"-» *'"' ancient sci-
'■iic(M)f geometry t<Mik
it> rise, ami the Kgyi>-
tians iK'stowed atten-
tion to it at a vory
early period. '1 he
niatliematieal prih'i-
ples of geometry are
riou ns«'d in.-urveyin;.'-
Every • iii/< ii oi the nation has umic or Icvs relative
inff iT.-t in the art of detenuining the iMiiuidaries and
su|ierti<ial i-xtcnt of tniets of grounti, the plans of
fowiL*, tb«' «-oHixi» of rojids, rivers, etc.
In suncying, a n-presc-utation of all the alK)v»>-
!iame«l objects is made, and frwjucutly the -Ioih-s of the
hills are delineated as the whole would appear if pro-
jtHtcd on a horizontal plane. When railways or <-anals
are t<j Ik- <oustructed, a smvey of the ground is com-
bined with the operations of leveling, iii order to
obtain, Injsides a horizontal plan, the forms of verti<-al
se<-tiniis of the ground along the proposed cotiric of
th<" r.iilway or canal, ami thus to ascertain the quanti-
ties of earth to be removed.
There are many kinds of surveying in u^v, each «Us-
tinct from the other; thus we have marine .-uneying,
lau'l suneyuig, hou>e surveying, military ^urvt-ying,
etc. In the more limited acceptation of the word,
however, land snneying only is intended. This is
coudueled in .sevend maimers, aecordii'g to the nature
of the ground; for example, .-uppo-ing it should
In- an iiregular lield, it wouhl be measure<l by tak-
ing the Imuso line along the lield, and by nK>iins of
th< thiodolite, the cross, or some other instrument,
faking lines perpenilicular to this, reinliing to the
various angles. If the length of these lines l)o
taken, and also the various distances along the l>a-e
line where they .>tart from, it will diviile the field into
a number of right-angled pai-allelogi-ams or right-
dl
I ?
/><b .
' iiM»BIUUUK j!lt
HOW TO CVLCULATK.
aii^'lcd tri:in;rl('s. The conl«'iits ot i-iich is ciilculatftl,
;m(l llicii till' sum of all of (li('i;i is the coiitonts of tlii>
ticlil. Or tin- licld may he (livi(li'<l intt) trian^h-s, IIk'
c'diitciits of each IS ascoi'taiiiiHl, and tlic aivn iuuiid as
iM'turc, liy addiiifj their areas togeth)'!'.
Ot'tciilimc^ 1iu> iiitcrveiitioii of wi'er, wood, corii-
li.'id-, ett'., prevents the actual piussa/io of iiie .-urve^or
over the <j:ronnd; in tliat case he nuist contrive to take
some one ha.-e line a<ross a tield or alon^ a hedge, and
from the eud> ot thai line take the aui,'ular position of
di.-tant point-^, calculating; afterward tlit! remaining
sides of the t rianirles thus jjot out by trigonometry.
Marine surveying, such as that of harbors, I)a3s, etc,,
i.-> performed hy this method. The implemcits tised in
surveying are (jimter's Chain, the Cros.-. and the
I'heodolite.
Congress, in May, 17!M!, made provision for a uni-
form .system of surveys of public lands. 'J'homiLs Jcf-
feiNon is named as the author of it. A lot (No. Iti) in
eai li to\vn>hip \vius set iiptirt for the l)enetit of i)nblic
s<'hools. After 1K.")2, two sections in each township
were set :.part as the (pia:itity to be used for this pur-
l)o:.e. Survey.-* are not e.vtended acros.s Indian re.sen-a-
tions. nor over any lamb not property of the United
States. Much laud in the ten'itorics still remains
un urveyed.
Ill the United States the public lauds are divided
Into township-, and these urc divided into sections.
These towii-hip.- ami sections are denoniinat(>d by a
simple >ystciii of numbering, of which all the Western
and soui' of the .Southern states make constant use.
Through so:;'e convenient point in a territory to be
surveyed, generally some natural landmark, a meridian
or true iiortli ,iiid >oiith line, for instance, siu'h as those
running i- -pi > lively iVuni the mouths of Littli' lilne
creek ( Imliaiia), Ohio river, Illinois river (Illinois),
Arkaii.-as nsi-r, etc., is carel'iilly run to the limits of
the tract, or through sev«m states, lus the case nmy be.
This i> call 1 till' I'liiicipal Meridian. Throngli a con-
viiiieiit jj-iiiit iijion the priiiiip:il meridian, a Inic par-
allel of hititudc is run and mca.surt'd in liolh directions
from the nieriilian. This cross line is ealleil the IJase
Ijiie. At the (<in! of every mile and half mile, and
at the eml of every si.\ niilc.s, stakes, monuments, or
other iiiar!^-- are >i', , b^- which boiimlaries are m:iikcd
Additional parallel lines, according to later surveys,
.are callecl (orieitioii Lines, and are twenty-four or
thirty mile- apart; also, tru(> meridian lines tifly-fonr
miles 'lait, are known as guide meridians. 'I'hi'se
lines, liom prim ipal meridian iiiclu-ive, are astronomi-
cal lines. All iitliir lines are run with chain and com-
^1
piws. Tlu-se latter aro subject to mistuke.s which ari.so
from variation of the needle, and from the fa<t that a
p<Mtectly accnnite nie;»surement cannot be made with
the chain.
\ principal meridian line, a base line, corre<'tion
lines, township Iioundary or meridian liiu-s on the e;wt
and west, and pandlels of latitude on the north uud
south, are shown in the diagram.
rKINCir.VL OK AhTUONOUICAL LINES.
tion
1
r
ft
I.lne.
T.SN.
11. .1 K.
T.4N.
U. SW.
4
X
3
T.SN.
11.4E.
T.iN.
USW.
■c
9.
*
T.aN.
K. 3K.
naM>
1
T.lni>.
W "TT.'
T.3S.
U. S W.
"a
3
y
3
T.SS.
K. i K.
T.4S.
K. 3 W.
4
(•■irrro
Item
S
Mn.>.
T.dS.
R.4B.
Townships arc represented by the squares. Figures
on the principal meridian .show Townships North and
.South of the liase line. Nnmenils on the base line
show Hanges Iliist and West of the Trincipal Meridian.
k.iiiiniih'. Township 2 North. Itinge H West, is the
second square alM>ve the Icise liue. in the row of squares
whose nuige is west either north or south of the base
line.
As distinguished from tUe above example, a square
on the other side of the priiuijKil meridian is cast,
whether it In- north or south of the ba-e line.
hxdiiiiili. Township ,j .South, IJange t I'jist. Kx-
aniiiie tlu! diagnim.
Correction lines on the north of the base line are
twenty-four miles, or equal to four townships apart -
south of the Km • ' .,e they are live townshi|)s, or thirty /
miles apart, iu <on.se«pH'nee of the greater convergPiico ^\ j^
of th<! meridians in the higher latitudes.
cotion
10 oatit
h aud
'E
11 s(|iiur(i
is cast,
,t. Kx-
liiit' aro
a I 111 it —
or tliiiiy
HOW TO CALCU1.ATK.
A true meridian mast Ixj ratahliahwl, and thij serves
as a basis for all suneys. A 8ur>'cyor Iwgin/i a survey
from some partinilar jwint, setting a stake called a
"quarter stake" at each half-milt' i>uint, and a mark
called a "so<"tion comer" at earh mile ix)int. A town-
ship comer is marke<l at ea<"h six-mile jx)int, and is
called "township comer." Township lM)nnflaries aro
the linos six miles ajwrt — meridians on the caist and
west, and parallels of latitude on the north and south.
A Township, l>ein<j six miles scpiare, it therefore con-
tains 36 square miles, or 2.J,040 ".res. It is sulKlividcd
into Sections, ea<h a wpiare mile, containing (540 acres.
A Quarter So<'tion, a nalf-milo square, contains 160
acres, and is divide<l into lots of 40 acres each.
An Kighth of a .Section is one-half mile long and 80
rods wide, and contains SO acres.
M wrtlona.
TOWN8UIP.
N
»J,(MO«rrM.
w
6
i
1 tutlc
4
fquam.
t
t
1
7
1
t
10
11
1<
H
i;
16
u
U
\i
U
»
tl
n
»
u
m
»
»
S7
an
■a
It
u
n
M
nori'n.
■X
£
Sections of a townsliip are, strictly, each one mile
square "as nearly as may U-." The sections are num-
1 mile «q«UT ■
SECTION.
N
(iiiinrr
A\'
I
.<I.MS«ellon,X»acraa.
N. W. << of
s.E. V.lmMmi.
S. W. H of
S. W. H.
E
hcred, Itepinniii'r at the northejist comer, as shown in
ilie illiistnition of the township, and thpse nnmlieru run
in unbroken order, so that scotioas always join each
other in tht order of their numliers.
Ijjinds of the United Stato arc Riir\cyed into the
parcels callcil sections, and arc sulKlividcd into quarters,
and somctimejj mto eighths and sixteenths. The dia-
gnim shows the divisions and sulxlivisions of a section,
ami the mctliod of des< ribiiig them.
When the niinilM-r and range of a township are
given, it is re<piire«l to know from what meridian it is
reckoned, and wlicn- its Iisise line crosses that meridian,
in order to IcMate the town>hip.
There are as many lus twenty-three prim-ipal mcri<l-
ians in the United States, the first one In-iiig same as
west ]K)undary of Ohio, with base lino same its south
boundary of Western Reserve. .Se<oii(l jirincipal merid-
ian runs due north from the mouth of Little lilue
ircek, in Indiana, the l»ase line crossing it ncjir New
Alluiny. Other princijKil meridian lines are located
still further west and in other parts of the country.
CONVEROINO LINES.
Township comers on a Kise lino or on a correction
line, are carefully marked at distances of six miles
aiuirt. Owing to the ronvergeiiic of meridians, how-
ever, the townships armratoly surveyed aro not i>erfoct
stpiares, l»eing longer on the southern than on the
northern iMMindiirv. In conscfpience of the rotundity
of the earth, as well a< on account of our position on
its surface north of the equator or widest part, all
measurements of lh(> lainl iun>t bo accominodilted to
linos which inclino and approacji nearer logellier ii '
tlicyare extendcil in tin direttioii >f the pole. Till ■
coiivcrgeiiee of lines is ilbi-traled by a simple cut.
CONVKKUKNCK OF AsTIHlNUMU .U. LINKS.
/
All sections ai-e sun eyed from north tosnntii. With
regard to deticieiicics and ex( esses, the law reipiircs that
"In all cases where the exterior lines of townshiix*.
i|
11
i
I
'.■
,i 'I
now TO CUMULATE.
thus to Im' divided into soctioiiH or Imll-sortioiis, sliall
cxcoed or sIimII not cxtond six miles, the excess or
deliiiency sli;Ml l>e specially noted, and added to or
deducted iVoMi the western or northern ninges of suc-
tions in ^nl■ll township."
TAiiij:.
i; I'.i. X '1 mi. =" ;i'i HI. nii. =■ '..^JOlO iicres — I Township.
1 •■ Xl •• = 1 " = lUO " —1 Station.
1 •• vj .. = V •' =. D'H) " =. J Seel ion.
t • X i •• = i " = KlU " = 1 (iuarler-Scctinn.
.1 •• xi " '= i " == «0 " =AtJiiartor-Scution.
i" X 1 '• "= ,V " =- •*" " == iQi'iTtiT-Section.
'i'lioiitdi no snrvcy <"in Itc alisolntidy i'('rre(t, tiie
jrovcnnnent pres\nn"s that each township or reiridar
parcel or part of the same contains th<' nnndwr of
acres indicated hy the tahle, " he the same more or
less." Exceptions are only in cases of irre<rnlar lots
adjoininir lakes, ri\<M's, private claims, etc., and on tlio
north ant! west sides of a township.
In layini,' f)tr small lots the toilowin'.r admeasnreniotita
will he fonml to he hoth accurate and useful :
t)'i\ f(H't, .sipiaro, or '.i.^vJ'-.'.} siniarc fcet,=-,'j of un iictc.
;:tj " " S.-M.') " " =-■- I " "
UUI, " " lO.SitO " " — i " "
ViO\ " " 14,5i>0 " " —■ j| " "
i(r,V " " 2i,Tso " " - k " "
•v'(isi| " " ■t.'^.'iOO •' " - I acre.
To find the nunduM" of acres in a hody of land, mul-
tiply the len^'th hy the "iilth (in rods), and divide the
product hy KID; the rcsi.lt will he the answer in acres
and hnndreilths.
To ohtain th<' result re(piiretl, when the opposit(<
sides of a ])iece of land arc of micipial len^'th ad«i
them toirclher antl take one-li.df for the mean length
or width Multiply this hy the depth, niul divide
hy -m.
The numher of acres of puiilic lands siu'veyed in the
United .States and territorio, up to Juno ill), 1882, is
«3l,725,8()3.
n^^'^'^^r.
(T f ■♦
-'^§2^'
J
rMK c()nstrn< tiou or repairing of huildings,
it licfomcs n<'<c>sary to lorm otimatcs of
the «-xpensc, and Ihiicc all pcrsoii< >lii>nld
lia\c Minic knowledge of the rules hy which
nwcjivnii's make their ( alculatioh-^.
When the hoard is wi<ler at one end than the other,
take the average width, whii'h is fonml hy adi ling the
width of hoth ends together ;ui<l taking half tlic sum.
E.annjifr. How many .s<piare feet in a hoard 10 foet
long and II inches wide at one ciicl and ID inches wide
at the other?
14 4- 10-- 21 -7-2-= 12, average width. 12 X Ul =
120 ~ 12 = 10 feet. Ans.
TO ITM) TIIK Nf.MUiJt OI" KKKT IN .SCANTJ.INO.
Multiply the width in inches hy the thickness in
inches, :ind that hy the length in feet ;.nil divide hy 12.
Kniiiijili'. I low many ted of liimher in I.") joist 1-1
feet long, S im lies wide ami 2 inches thick?
M X 2 -= It) X I 1 ffct = 224 -t- 12 = 1«S feet in oiin
joist, l^ii X IT) = 2«0 fi'ot.
After h;i\iny ascertained the numher of feet in a
lul, min-
ivi(l(* the
• ill iUTOd
(ipixtsito
irlli :i<l»i
11) Iciifrtli
1(1 divide
cd ill tlio
I, 1««2, 18
[ ■♦■ *^
u< f)thor,
liiiir tlio
ill- sum.
Ill t'.M't
ics wide
.IN(!.
kiii'ss ill
d.' I>y 12.
Joist N
(•( ill ono
tVct ill 11
t , iniilti-
dtV Ihroo
will ivp-
i»» "Ti thrt
:>l't per
'-Ci
HOW TO CALCULATE.
TO FIND Tlin gUAMTmr of LUUBER in a LO(i.
Multiply the diamet»;r in in<Lp.-i ;it tlio >iiiall end hy
one- hill f the mimlHT of iiichos, mid tiiifi pnidiid l>y ih(>
leii^'ti; of tho log in feet, which liu<t jnodiKt ilivido
by 12.
A'.caiiiplr. IIoM- iiiaiiy t'eot of liinilxM' ran 1m' made
from a log ;^0 inrhos iii diainotor and 14 fort long?
aO X l/i = 4:)(7 X 14 = (!:W0 + 12 = .W.') feet. Ans.
TO TEXJ, Tin; SOINDNKSS OK TIMIIF.II.
Apply tlio car to tho niiddloc^f onoof tho oiids, while
another party strikos tho other end. Tho hlow will Ir'
clearly and distinctly heard, Ijowovcr long the l)eani
in.'v l>c, if the woocl is soiiiiil and of good ijii;ility, hut
if dei.iy lias .set in, the sound will 1m> iniilllcd ,iiid iiulis-
tiiict. The toughest part of a tree will always \m found
on the side next the north.
.SC.VSTLIXO AND TIMRKU MF.ASrRF. UF.DUCE0 TO OKE
INCH IlOAl:l> .MKAsrUK.
FxpfaiKi/inii. To a.s<crtain J he numlier of feet of
scantling or tiiiil)er, say l.s feet long and 2 liy .'5
inches. Find -2 hy .{ in the top columns, and 18 in
tho left hand column, and under 2 liy '^ and against IH
U 11 foot.
If tho .senntliiig is longer than contained in the table.
add two lengths togothi-r. If shortor, take jiart off
same leui'th.
J
u.
TIIICKNFUH ASH »It>TII I»l I^fTKEl.
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Ml.
WOOD MEASURE.
'^W
%
<K)i> is iiM-a^ured, and bonglit and sold
l»y the cfird, :ind fraction.s ot" a cord.
.\ cord of wdnd i> a pile .s feci long, 4
feet wide and 4 feet high, and tlicre-
fore contains 128 euhic feet. When the wood is cut 1
feet long and corded in a )iil< 4 feet high and H feet
long, this will 1m' a cord. Hence, divide l»y 12« to lieu
the iiumher of cords.
/■'.raiiijifr. How niaiiv corils of woo<I in a pile 4 feet
wide, .") feet high and i.** feet t! inches long?
1 X .") = 2(t X 2.S feet li inches or ixh feet = .'iTO cubic
feel -T- \2X -^-- cords marl v. Ans.
UKOWTII, (.il.M.ITV, \^
liiiilier griiwii ill i!i
hardy and niore iiieri 1
is inimical ti> nialinL';ii
\\TIKN TO sr.fTRE TIMBER.
lit hern «tates and Canada is
able, but a northern cHnuite
. box, liimum^ itic. and other
dense tropical wood- hich require a warm climate.
Trees grown in wet valities, with tl'C exeeption of
cedar, willow, po| ' ir. ■tc.,aie not so 'inn and dunible
as those grown oi. lirv and elevated iK>sition,'», where
the soil is largely coni|K).sed of loam, iiiteniperst^^J with
sand, gnivt'l and ntoin->.
TI10.S0 found in the • Cpths of the for '^t are a-ually
stniighter, U-ss kn"lt\. and more men^luiix.atjlc tlian
trees exposed to the ravages of stonns, etc., Iionlering
111 clearings, jir on hill -ides and exposed places. While /
sheltered positions ai .• ii.osi t'a\ orable for the growth of yi^
liniii( 1, liic i|iialily of hardness is 'iniparte<i l>yexpo-.nre.
m^
I
•""^^ToNK wmIIs arc iiicasiirtMl ninl ostiiiiatod I)y
^|L llic luTili, « liicli is ciinal to 2\i ••ul)ii' feet.
i«3^ Cut >t<iiic, urdi'icd to ('crtaiii h'v/a'h, for
f^^""^ anlio i>r iVmils to liiiilirni<,'>, is sold by
the culjic foot In ostiiuatinv' tlic ftoiic in a wall, no
deductions are madi' for tlic (ipcnini;s, nucIi as doors
and windows, less tiian one iumtIi, and llic pcrcli is
t lion usually rcfkoui'd at 2.'» culiii- feci. 'I'lic lalior of
plinnir. ' and si|uariuir opt'uin^'s for doors and windows
is o(|ni\ aii'ut to iayini;' tin' xdid uall, iirncc no deduc-
tions arc made tor tlie lalior on account of openin/.'s,
and, in fact, where tlioro are niany windows, soniethin;:
is added.
Hricklayer.s" work iscsiiniateil I>y the thousand hnck
laid ill the wall. A certain nnndier of liricks are
allowed to th(^ su])ertieial foot. The u-ual size of a
brick is S indies loiiir. I.| inclies wide, and 2^ inches
thick, liuf in dill'erent localities and !>y ditrerent manu-
facturers till' >i/.e varies a little. The mortar used in
the wall is alxnit ono-i'lirhth additional to the bricks.
SC'.VLK.
4J inch wall ( \ brick) per suporlicial foot, 7 liricks.
!) " " (I brick) " " " \l
la " " (U bricks) " " " 21 "
18 ' " (2 bricks) " « '« 2H "
•22 " " (2 J bricks) " « " ',]') "
and sovon l)ricks additional for each half brick added to
the thickness of the wall.
To llnd the number ol bricks in a wall, multiply the
len^'tii in feel by the hi;.''lit in feet, deduct for the
openings, and multiply by the unmlier of bri<'ks in the
alM)\o scalp, coi respond! n;r to the thickness of the wall.
A load of mortar measures 1 cubic yard, or 27 cubic
foot, and reipiin-s one cubic yard of sand, and !• bushel ;
of linio, and will till .'JO hods. .\ bricklayer's hoil is 1
foot 4 inches x 9 iiubos x \) inches, and will carry 20
bricks, or § cubic foot ot mortar, or nearly J bushel,
liricks absorb ,'5 of their weiirht 111 water.
Cla.sses of work in masonry are three, which coii.-ist
of rubble work, wherein the stones are not si|uare<l;
coursed work, in which the stones are set in courses;
and ashliir, in which each stone is s(|uared and dr(>ssed.
i'i,.\sTKi;r.i(s' wdiiK.
The s(|ua!c yard is the unit of measurement for plas-
tering' plain work, such as walls and ceiliii<.r>. Moiild-
m^'s, cornices, center pieces and panels are char^red for
by the s(|uai'e foot or by the linear toot. No deduc-
tions are iiiadi' for openiiiiis le-s than about ."> scpiari^
yards, and sides of chimneys and strips of plastering'
less than 12 inches are mea-iired a- 12 inclies wide.
ANTiere the plasterini.'' is liiii>licd down upon the w.aiii-
scot in;.' or ba>e boards, aild .six iii<lics to the hi:.'hl of
the wall. In clovei-, add oiie-lialf to the niea>uremenl .
Circular woik, moiildiiii.'s, etc., are usually chai'L'ed
for accordiiiir to the time and skill rerpiired, and really
bear no proportion to the cost of ordinarv plasteriiii,'.
TO IIM) illK NTMIIKK oT VAKDS OK I'l.VsTl.lilM; IN A
liOO.M.
I'ind the surface of each w.all separately l)y multi-
ply 1 111,' its leiiirtli by its breadth in t'eet , add loiretlier
these various surfaces, and di\ii|eby '.1 to lind the num-
ber of yanls of pla^teriii!_', and this mnltiiilied by tlio
cost per yard ol" plasterin;.' will .'ive the cost of plaster-
iiii.' the room.
One thousand lath will co--er 7n y!ird> of surface,
and 11 Itis. of lath nads will nail them on. S bushels
of LTood lime. 111 bushels ol' saiid. and one bushel of
hair will make eiioiiirh ^'ood mortar to plaster 100
s(|uare yards of wall two coats. loO lath mak«' a bun-
dle, and on the wall they shoiihl be set } inch apart.
I'.viNTKHs AM) ( Ai.( i.mim;i;.s' WoIIK.
Painters' work is estimated by the sipiare, which is
100 scpiare feet, (m- a surface infect loiiir and Infect
wide. Is'o deductions are made for window.-, and soiuo-
thinfr is added for ditliciilt I'oniici's, balusters, etc.
Multiply the lcn<rth of each surface painted i»y its
width and point oil' two place- I'ldiii the riirht, this
will ^..'ivc Ilic numher of sipiares, which miilliplied by
the price will /.'ive the cost of paiiitinir for one, two,
or three coats, iis tlie case may be.
\
a
HOW Ti> C.VLm_%T«.
AILS.
♦*-
[.■^ ^ tavll^iJii^■^
'•' liiOXZK nails \vi>io used in ancif^it K^ypt.
Tlif Tnhitiuns, wlio had no iili-a ofnu'tal,
at tii-st plantod nails in tho ;u;n)iin<l, and
w;fit('d lor tiiciii to ;.'i()\v. 'I'licy mistook
tlu-ni lor sliools of some liard wood.
'I'licir tool> were niadf of stoiii*, shrll.
Word, or lionc.
Nails wore t'orincriy lorircd I'roni I in' loir l>y hand.
As«-arlyas Itinti.in Kni.dand, Sir l)a\ iiv Uulnai- ohiaiiwd
li'ttors patent tor a nwmhino lor mltiii^ nail-rods )»y
\vat<'r powi'r. \n ini-
provoincnl on his ma-
chine was niadc in iill^S
by ("iemont Diiwln-ny.
'I'hcsc niacliini-s wore
))rol»:ihly oriittlcor no
linii'ticalu.se. Ma«hin-
ciry for splittini.' rods
for nail-mannfartnrc
wa.s lirs! inlrodnit'd in
Swollen. .Mr. Foley,
of Stonrhridire. Kiii:-
land.duriiiira jo^n-ni'v.
phiyt'illns tiddle iii'l'm .
the workmen at the
mills in .•^weden. and
thus, hy makinir inm-
s(df ai-coptahl*'. was
allowed to ottsene
cliinery. A liwtory
Kn^dand a> a result of
The tirst nuu-hine I'or
(•ontrived l»y Mv.
bonie,Statrordshire, in
Baved hy working' the
In IMIO a mix-hiiie was
Stutes h)- which nails
tlioir ma-
was estalilishf^l in
his ohservat ion-
nail -maki ML' waf
French, of Wim-
I171MI. In it, lal)or was
hammers by water jiower.
invented in the Unitwl
I were cnl and headed at one
of more tlian UK) a minute,
patents were jrr.inled for
of lurit
oponition, at the nilc
As many as twonty-thret
improvuinento in luui-niaehines at the close
century.
Nails are wrouirlit, cut, or ca.st. Until a com|)jiri-
tivf ly recent lUite, nails were miulo onlj- by hand, but
are now, of course, extensively made by machinery.
The making of hund-made or wroiif^fht nails, usually | Common.
n^taiii<t lb"? «-iMir*it<T of a domestic mannfact\n'e, an«l
fomw* Ihe employment of a ( liuss of bl.icksmiths. who
for2r»' Ihrm <«ii a M^-l anvil. Sonw blacksmiths ac(|uire
•ZTCAt Jpxtf^rity in their work as nail-miikers. One
tium hsk.-* Nhtii known to maki ;il,iiiHi lloorintr naiK in a
fortniphl. vhk-b would reipiirc on an avci'airi' ) .<i:)ii,ti.'i()
'tmkes of ll»f haniiiM-T.
Caist iKiil!> bMM' lon«r Ixn-n nst-il for the >amf purjKi-es
ik» wnm^l fijiii-. < "nt naiU w«'re lirsl made in liiis
ronntry; a tnanrbino for makin;.' them was invented by
Mr. Odin, (.f MasNa-
chn^etts,ii\ l.slil. 'ihe
machines of Heed, and
Hunt, t'oliowcd the
g la.st-namcd in 1^41 .
"° Hirminirhain is the
CI
i^-rca I sea t of nail
mannfaeture. .*^omiM(f
the establi-hiuent* proihli e
upwanl of iD.i 1(1(1,000 cut
nails i: week. Sixty thoM-
.smd persons wi'ie employed
H tiiere in forjring nails i)efore tht;
iiitrtMlnction of machine-made
ncuU. There are sjiid to lie three hundred
rurietieEoCiiaiU made in Kn<.dand.ea('h variety
nrladinff tea «ia».
Naik are of various >ort> and named from the u.-es
to whirh tbp%- are put. awclasjMiail, do(U--nail, t'eneing-
nuil. hono4io(<-oiil. .s<rew-nail, trmdv-nail, <'te.
SoDW rariptM* of naiU ninuber so many to the
pound. .V* l#rtw««i oun« and the Eujirlish mode of
nnmhtriitir lh«Te is much variation. Accordin<r to the
latter, seven ptmmls. eiifht poumls, e!'., denotes that
li**> of «arfa of those varieties would liavo those
weights. Several kinds and sizo of nail" in common
uae are «bo«ni in the illustr.ition. Lengths and num-
ber of naiW to the pound in sevc nd varieties are {,'iven
as neariy as^ may be iu the following table ;
Commoo.
i-penny.
1 inch long.
^oo
..
3 "
14 inches "
4f)4
M
4 "
n •• -
2%
• c
5 "
ii " "
224
ii
6 "
a «t i<
108
Common.
T-pmny,
24 mchea long,
120
)0und
i^
now TO C-AI,ri'l,ATB.
(Jasing
OIUIIIOII, H-|ii'IHiy,
<t '•
111 "
IJ "
2U "
;iii "
Jo "
iln ••
fl "
K "
Ul "
12 "
•20 '«
L'liiK'li,
Im'IUC,
l'iiiis|iii)<
Fine,
IJiirrcl,
Shingle,
30
C
«
10
12
20
•J
.!
4
,')
G
«
10
2o
2
;}
4
4
4
i;
8
y
10
12
20
4(t
10
i>
21 nxi-hoa long,
2f "
1) " "
:U
4
4J
f)
i;
2
Si
4
4 J
2
3
3i
4
1
u
li
u
2
:ii
•{
4
1
n
i
1
u
u
2
2i
2i
3
31
4
It
ti
t<
<•
<t
ii
<<
8H t<» iH)»m(l.
70 *•
(!(• ••
4h
24
17
13
»
(;2
4ii
42
33
20
^4
4«
30
24
Hi
1100
72U
.123
410
•2i')fi
ill)
1U2
.'■)4
lUOO
»CK)
3i;h
»uo
37f>
l.HO
3;»M
128 '«
110 "
yi "
71 "
40 '«
17« "
74 ♦'
tlO "
m "
12t;
♦M "
•).') "
55 "
40
27 to pouuil
Cut Spikes 10-peiiny, 3 iiidu's loiij^
20
30
40
()0
5J
('lit Bout Spikes are of various sizes uiwl iiiiinhor all
the viiy Iroiii cighteeii to three to the poiiiul.
CoiiiiiKMi nails are used for coiiiniou purposes — any
purpos(i they may he made to scrv* .
Cliiieli nails are a variety that are eapaiile of being
made fast hy heudiug over the point.
I-
eneintr
nail
s are lieavy, heing near
rlv t
Wlec
tl
»e
vt'igiit of eoinmon nails ol' similar iiuinlH,'rH. This
variety of nail is adapted for fastening on feiieing-
hoards. A specinuMi of the t\;><lng nail is shown in
the illustration.
rinishing iiuila aro Bpceiivlly adapted for tho interior
littings of a house, such iw the stairs, skirtinir-hoar^ls,
llooring, doors, windows, et.., and are used hy the
joiner, as distinguisheil from the carpenter, wh<»s<>
uiciipation ivqiiires that rough work of g^rcat stieiiglh
and diiniliility shall he put together.
Casing nails are smooth, slender, flat and wedge-
shaped; are suited to that kind of work next to linisli-
ing, as casing or framing in carpentry. Casing and
tiiiishing nails are similar in shape. .Vii cightTjienny
easing nail is represciitc(l in the illii-t ration.
A 8i.\-peiiny .shingle nail is a cut nail for fastening
shingles on n roof.
I-nds are a kind of nail used in hciildioir. tinvinif no
heads like other n.iils, as joiners' l)i:ids, llnoring hiads,
iKitten hrads. ,'^pikes are large and long (six inches,
more or less) having great lietnls. The.se are used in
fastening down jdanks of a Hoor or hridgc*.
Nails aro made hy machinery which cut sheets of
iron into .strips, each strip as wide as the length of the
nail to he m;i<le; this cutting is eirecled hy a kind of
enormous shears, worked hy sti'am powi-r. The .strips
are then cut up into nails. In one fonii of machine,
the ])UH'e of iron, after hcing cut fconi the strip, is
caught hy a kind of <dasp, and exposeil to a pressure
which gives it a head. Spiki- nails are made hy ma-
chinery in a did'eront way. A square rod of iron, of
the proper thickness, is cut into lengths; and e.ich
length (u- pit^ee is exposed to such powerful pressure
lus to squeeze it into the- form of a nail; this more
resemhlos a wrought than a cut nail. All cut nails are
annealed or rendered tougli hy keeping thein lor a
length of time at a very low heat, and afterward cool-
them very slowly.
f
X
HOW TO C'AI.CULATB.
TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
i,nN<i, on Lr.KAK mkami'rk.
Used to compiito ilisUiiue-* in iitiy ilinjotioo.
12 iiK'lios (in.) nmko 1 fdol ft.
a .1.
fij yd.
40 nl.
« fur.
I y.iid -yd.
1 hm] — rd.
1 fiirlonir— fur.
1 niilf — Mji,
AIho,
;} Imrloy roms nmivo 1 incli, iwod l>y rtliociimlxiTrt.
4 incIiPH " I hiinil, " to nicasnn' lioixos.
6 feet. " I fatlioni, ' iliptlis at sea.
1.15 Htatutf^ inilcH nmki' 1 ^'0();i.'rai)lnf mili', used tci
ini'aMtirc depths ut hcu.
.'{ pooprapliic mil(«r< " 1 li'Ji^'iu;.
(JO <'<Mii'iii|)liic miles ( , ,
f)it* HtMtlltf' " ( '^
360 dojijroos, tiio (•ircuiii(i'n'n<<- of ilic earth.
MARINKIIN' MK.\Mt'ni':.
'Phr dislnnro or speed \vhi<'li a siiip tiiivols is nieas-
ureil ]iy llie niniiher of ivnuts of tlie lo;,' line run oil' in
a lialf minute.
t) foot make 1 fathom.
120 fallioms " 1 caMe liriirth.
.M feel (ut'arly) •' 1 knot of lo;,' line.
1 ^feograi»Iiie mile " 1 knot of distaiicoutsea.
HrnvFvoKs' .^iK.xsrui:.
7.92 inclio.s make 1 link — 1.
cuvrn iiiKAM?nK.
2\ inehcH iiinke I nail -no.
4 na. *• 1 (piarler — rjr.
•1 <|r. " I yanl yd.
r, UT. '• I KM I'.nfrlish— E.E.
HyilAAK MKA-srili:.
Uaod in measurinj; surfaces.
.1 M(pmre inehej* muko i wpmre foot — «q. ft,
1 Htpiaro yard — tn{. yd.
1 stpiare rod — sq. rd.
1 rood— W.
1 aeic a.
1 sipiare mile — sq. mi.
CTBIO MKAsriti-:.
IJHed in measnriuir .-solids <>f all kinds.
172fi euliie inejies luuke 1 eu'iie foot — en. ft.
27 lultie feet '* 1 mliie yard — lu. yd.
l(j (Ulliic feet
M itird f(!et, or
12« eu. ft.
2l;')0.'t eu. in.
2C8.8 cu. in.
y s(i. ft.
m sq. yd.
•lu w|. rd.
4 s(i. R.
040 Hii. u.
I"
1 eord foot — erd. ft.
1 eord of Mdod — C.
I linsliel- Itu.
1 ;rallon — fpiX,
25 1.
4 rd. or (i(i fl.
10 s<|. eliains
640 a.
36 sq. mi.
1 rod— rd.
I eliiiin— <"h.
1 aere — a.
1 sq. mile — s(j. nu.
1 townsliip.
CIRCt'LAIl ItrEAsritK.
Used to determine localities hy estinmtin<T latitu<1e
and lon<ritU(le, and measure ditlen-nee of time. All
eindes, of whatever size, are supposed to he divided
into the same numlxM" of parts — as (piadnmts, de-
grees, etc.
00 seconds (") make 1 minute — '
24 hr.
7 da.
305} da.
10 yr.
10 dec
or 100 yr.
00'
30°
12 S. or 300°
" 1 de^rree— o
" 1 si!'n~S.
" 1 ciirle— C.
TI.MK Ml'.ASl 1(1'..
60 seconds (aco) make 1 minute — miu.
60 min. •' 1 hour hr.
1 day - .la.
1 week — wk.
1 year -yT.
1 deea().>.
1 century.
l.IUntl OK WINE MKASI'IIK.
Used in nneasurin}.' liipiids, such u.s niulu^iiied, milk,
p.nd various licpiids.
1 gills make 1 pint — pt.
2 pt. " 1 quart qv.
4 ([t. " 1 pallo.-. Lid.
3U<ral. " Ibarrcl— hid
2 hhl. " 1 hoirshoad— hh<l.
Also. 3(5 gitllons mak 1 liarrel of ale or beer.
54 " "1 lion:slicad " "
42 *' " 1 tierec.
2 hopshwids '• 1 pipe or hut.
2 pipes *' 1 tun.
231 cubic inches == 1 irallon.
^
M
i?
I W'
HOW TO CALCl LATB.
mil MK.lMVKK.
Uhc(1 111 incustiriii;; Ki^iin, iViiil iinii'vc;.'i<tal)led.
i piiiU (|>t.; iiiiiki- I <|u:ii'l i|t.
8 qt. *• I perk |ik.
4 jik. " I Ini-lu'l- Im.
Avniiii>ri*ni<t wf.khit.
I'soil ill wfi^rliiii;; liay, ifi'uiii, f,'nMcrio», mid all
(•oai*80 artiili's.
4;{7i ^'niiiw iiiaki' I (Hiiicc — ojs.
It! <i/. ** 1 poiiiitl — Bi.
25 Il>. " 1 i|unrlt'r- <|r.
4 qr. " 1 liiimlri'il wti^jlit — cwt.
20 cwt. " 1 i^.! (slioil).
2240 n«. " 1 Ion;.' ton.
The Ion;,' ton it ii'cd in the rnitcil Statos ciiMtoin
Iiuiisf-. ami ill Kii;.'iaiiil.
TIIOV WKKillT.
For wci^rliinir ;.'t>iil, .-"ilvci- and ji-wclt.
21 irrains if;v.) make 1 |)iiiny\v»'i;.'lit — pwt.
20 put. '• 1 OlllUt' - (»7.
12 *)/.. " 1 pound— 11).
AIM»TIIKI' \HIK!*' WKKIIIT.
r.-cd Ity drii;.'i:i>l- in i mnpoinidin;; nu'dicinos, al-
tli(>ii;.'li dni;,'» aiv Ituit^'lit lit whuli'.silt' liy avoirdiipuis
\vci;,'lit.
20 praiiis (<rr. xx) miilic 1 sii'iiplo — 3
3 HTiiplcs ( S) uj) " I dniin — 3
« drams (3 viij) " 1 oiiiico — J
12 ouiui-s (j xij) " 1 pound — fti.
rATKII AXD ItOOXS.
Flat liq)
-
-
-
11x17
inchoa.
Cnnvii,
-
-
-
-
ir)xl!»
11
Folio, -
.
■
-
17x22
It
IVpiy,
-
.
.
-
lt;x21
II
Mrdiiini,
-
-
lMx2:}
II
Uovai.
-
-
-
-
l!tx2t
II
Siiprr Huyal,
-
«
-
20x28
II
Impciial
, -
-
-
-
2;}x,n
K
Ki.'phanl
»
-
-
-
2;{x28
li
Kook jia
lors
-
-
-
28x12
II
sht'ct i'o
dcd
ill
2 1
oavos
is called a
folio.
14
4
11
II
u ipiarto.
(I
8
II
"
an octavo.
II
12
II
41
11
12 mo.
It
18
II
II
an 18 mo.
II
21
II
II
a
21 mo.
II
:}2
II
II
a
r52 mo.
24 sheets of j)apor make 1 quire.
20 quires " 1 renin.
2 rciim.s " 1 laindle
6 buiidlca " 1 hale.
IINITKU RTATKH \SU CANAItA MONKT.
The money uf C'uiiadu >vns ori/;iiially tlio ramo m
that of (ireal Hiitaiin, hiit was forcoii\eiiieiiee, chuiij^ed
to saiiH' denoiiiiiialioiis as the I'liiled StatCH.
to mills make I rent -<'t. ur y'.
10 Ct. " 1 iliine.
10 dimes '• 1 duliar— I
10 didlars " 1 ea^fle.
The mill is not coined but is used only in computa-
tioim.
MiHcri.i.Avr.ors T\iiLr.
12 units make I do/.in.
12 dozen " I u'ross.
12 ^Toss •• 1 ^rreat ;,'r<)«s.
20 tliin;.'s " I score.
loo puiiiuLs " 1 quilltMl of lish.
ll»() '• " 1 iurrel of Hour.
2lKi '• •' 1 '• polk <ir beef.
.')(! '* " 1 lirkin of butter.
It *' " 1 stone of iron or loud.
21 i " " 1 piir.
8 pi;rs " 1 Inli'T.
:i inched " 1 palm.
4 " "1 hand.
y '• " 1 span.
18 •' •' 1 ciiliit.
•22 "(nearly) " 1 sai reel cubit.
2i feet " 1 military pace.
3 " "1 coimiioii pueo.
F.STIMATKD WKKIIIT OP LITMIIKIt ANI> OTIIKK .IIITICLKN.
jVoA'.--From INMH) to 2oo(m» lbs. is considered a car
load in most places, each car it.-clf also wei;.'hin;r about
21MMK) lbs.
Urn. Kif(.
l.ltflit Lumber— Pln<>,ni>inlnrlt«nil Poplnr, tlmmiiRlily
HiMUiiMii'il, |ii'r IIiixixuikI li'i't .'l,(J(jn o..'MO
" " lUiii'k Wnlniil. Anii, Miiplii hihI (livrry
iM-i tliiiiisiiiiil li'i't 4,(Kia 5,000
Mtillum Lumlicr— einr, lli'iiiliK'k uikI l'i>|ilnr,Krccn,p<ir
thiiniiiKt liM'l 4,(ino 0,000
" " Illiii'k \V:>liiiil. .Mii|ili', AhIihiiiI Clii'r-
rv, itn'i'ii, |H'r IIkiii.hiimiI Iri't .. 4,Min 4,000
" " Oaii, llirkiiryHiKlKliii.iln.lX'i' lliiiii.
sjUKlli'iM 4,(J0O 5,000
Iluavy LumlKsr— Oak.llUkiirritiiil Klin, ur<!<m,|ll>^tl>ull■
|lall'l l^ci .. s,(ino 4,000
" " OMk, llli'kim- ■ml Kim, (xirt tmuMiniMl,
|H>r tlioiimtnil li^t 4,.VW 4..'KI0
IlfKip Poled, n^ftnoiinl, i> fi'ft rut) 4 fi. lilRh.
" iirr^ii " •• :i '"
Stiivea iind llni(liiiK, nmwinffil, (IM fact cur) 4 "
" " irifvii, " '• ;( "
ink lliirk. (jrcm, pt-r roiil ,v.«) .1 ronlii.
" <lty " ;£,fiiii 7 "
ililiiKli-n, (trri'ii, jxT tlimiMund .17.1 MM.
iliv •• i!7.1 70 .M
I.Hlli, |>rr Oioiiniinil ,',|<I ill U.
Itrii-k, rumiiiun, |ht cut liwil 4lbMi>«cli,. 1,(1(10
Klro rirlik, " o " li.niio
l.liit^ utiil CdiiI, " 'iV' 1)11.
(Nikl-, " ,1011 "
Sand, per riililc yiird .1,0(10 OH cii.ytl.
(inivcl, " . . 3,'MI H
StKiii', iiiiilii"«ai*(l, iicr cubic yard 4,uua 5 "
IMTiur liiail I0,0(yjlb.
8ti»({«"('oiiclirM 4,000
Two lioPMM^nriljiKM :i,floo
One home WintoiiB 1,500
siiikI" si»I|{U« i,o«n
C'RtllO. »,•
[10 an
luU-
lj<h.
now TO cALciXiVn:.
KOIir.IMN AND I'NITKII HTATKH CMII.I> ('(IINM.
ihcir Wfi^'lit, liiuiH'HS itiid vuliio iw ii>«iiy<'<l i»l IIh-
IJiiitiil States mint. 'I'lio woi^'lil in fiiww in Trdy
ouii<'(>H and (IcciinulH «)f tho huiiu<: the tinonocrt hUowh
lidw many \MviH in 1(KK) iiro tine ^'uld; tlio value is tin'
intrinsic rclativo vainc, an ('()ni|)ar(Hl with the ainoinil
of lint' HToliI ill I'liitccl Stall's coin.
('•ilNTHIItll.
DKMiMIMATIonit.
WdIkIiI.
1
Klllrlliiw*.
V'tilmi.
I'oiinil i>f lAVi
(fJHI
inlft
UIH S
II in
•ft m
Hiivrri'ltfll, l.lM mill IHHU
4 Hi?
AunlrU
Illll'llt
m
tINI
■I .'-a
••
Siithi'i'Ikii . .
11 O :l
mill
II 7.1
Ni»w (' iiliiii i'uin
11 ,V.7
AM
•«;7
mill
rem
H7II
It lili
Mfltfttiiii
iAKruiii'H
niMildiMiii
4 TJ
iimiTviu
ll •,■ ;i
UmiW
'1' » dill y tl Ui'i'l»
I'wii I'.Ki mliM
.'i;.i
VI7 A
111 llirii
t'l'iilnil AlliiTlcu
H -UlU
KVi .^
J li^ 1
M II
K'liir Hi'iiN
(r.'7
»•,:>
II 1 ul
ciiiu
Illil lllllllillHIII
II M,7
^;ll
1.1 .'. ;t
Trll I'riiiH
ivt
II 4i7
MO
It 1 .1
Iii'iiinnrk
T>'ii Thilii-H
7 IMI
iM-iiiitlur
1* ui" K»»*ii'l»ii*
11 fM
Kl«
7. v..-.
i:nt'l»ml
I'niiiiil iirsitvoM'l^n, tii'w . .
II . Ki7
OHl.S
4 w.a
uvi-niKu
II 'J.i4.i
lljii
4 Ml
rriiifi'
Twi'iily KmiH's, nnw
OiU7»
wni
11 *-.^
"
uvi'nign , ..
nai7
KH
.1 1117
(■rnimiiy, Noilli.
Ti'MTImliTu
fiJ
WCi
7,'.iii
" '•
" •■ l'niM»lt4n
II 4 .•;
WIS
7 1171
M M
Knino (crown)
n :i,'.7
INMI
II ill'J
" Soiltll
Inii'iii.
1) llj
•wii
■I 'l-i
(Jrri'CP
Twmily III ii'lmui
II IKV
MHI
:i 4ii
Iiimliiitun
Miiliiir
II -ill
nil.
7 •►■'J
V«'y
Juimii
II J.?
lUfl
3 sia
Illll I'llllHIlK
4 44
'•
'* "
U i-tl
'i7-'
3 .'.T'l
ti
Yril (lll'W, HHinilllHl)
Uiiitl'liMiii. livriUKU
,'iVi
u H.7;i
11 |i.'iil
Mi'xtcu .
1.^ r>:l
•1
Ni'w
11 «i7J
orii s
I.I i.il
•
Twciily |V«i)s(Ml«« )
" (Ui'iiub.)
1 IMl
l<7.N
l!i iii:i
••
1 ll!«l
h;."i
111 It
Ni.nli'S
six IMICIII-II
1 ^1.1
iim:
Ml44
NriliciliiniU
Tl'II (illllfll'l-H
II ■.'i.'i
•^-i
;i •i'i7
Ni'w (irrniitlu. . ■
Illll IhiilliliHitl (lliiKiillO ..
(I'iil«iyiiii)
!• mM
«;ii
I-. i.ll
" "
II .1.7
K.-|1
I-. a;-!
M II
Tni rciHiiii
u&a
mi.o
II ii7.'i
run
Illll lloillltOllll
oml
Nil
l.> .V,7
Twi'iilv Siil«
1 IM
rtH
111 il:l
I'lirtuwil
CriKulii
li.ilil 1 m» II
II SIM
lll'j
A iiti7
Svw 1 KIM II {itwiiiuiml)
II :i-.7
IKKI
U.lU.!
Iliillin
•i", M'Ucll (IIIIW)
II Uil
wn
H.IUk'i
ItlllHlli
Hvii Hiililm
II ilii
UK.
aiiM
spulii
ImilvuU
II '.MM
Km
4 IMI
MO "
iU
wiM.5
3 mil
SWI'illMI
Uurat
■< III
^T.•|
■i-.;t7
rtinilln. 111 fnt
I'll
mill
1 MX>
TniiU
ii I'lUHtri'n
II lot
INMI
•-• lilCi
Tiiiki'V
IIKI ■'
.'ll
iil.-i
4 .Hill
'I'lturttny
M'iriiln ..
II Hi
IfHI
•-• :M3
t'liltva Htntoti....
liiVlhir
IIIIM7-
mil
1 mi
i< '• . . . .
Umiil cr 1 :<mlo
Kn:i;
mill
•J .'ji
II M
Thill' l>(ill*r
O.li.lri
mm
3 mi
11 II
n.i'i Kivif
n •.'>i¥7:.
mm
.% iiti
• 1 11
Kiicli'
II ..1. ,
mill
In mi
II II
liiiuliU' KiiuWi- . .
1 07i
mm
';ii INI
itAii.Ko V I riiiniiiiT. TAiii.!-: iii' citohs wkioiitk.
riic iirtiilo nanicil arc iiilli •! at m tiiai uciiriits, jt'
]i(issililc, luit usually III tin" wi'i<riit«t in tho tabic liclow
when it is not ('(mvonicnt to wci;.''li tlicm.
Ali^ itiid IlL'ur..
Appliw, ilrlwl IM
• gn-on (ill
" " ISO
Itail.'v M
lluiii.4, wliltu Ml
" ciiHtur <rt
Hoof sai
lli-un *i
Iti-iioniii 40
iliii'kwiiiiit M
cl.liT -.W
I'lllllf'Olll ti
rli.vir suiril IKI
I'liiii IW
" liinir 70
'• MiMil 411
•• «ll
Fifits ■.im
kKTi.. :«io
Kliu S.M..1 8«
HiMir im
lli'.ni|)Nned 44
....3i«i!h.i. V>'''1-
...170
IIW
'i
bii.
Illll.
till.
1.1.1.
I'll.
it ••(■..
1. 1.1
liii.
till.
Illll.
bii.
lll^liuini'K. IIVI Bti.V I'll).
lliiiiKiiiiMniiniiM.si't.il. 4a
l.liiir ami
Mult 3s
Mllli't I.1
Siilln IM
IM* M
Oil.. 4l«l
iiiiloiii* .'i7
I'viu'lif*, Urieil IM
r«rk IMil
I'olittixni, ciiiniiion . ivi
.1.1.
kcK.
Iiti.
I.hl.
iMl.
1.1.1.
llll.
" " ... 141
" nwitei .^■^
Kvr All " '•
Xiiltittiie SH " "
•' " :«« " llll.
'• ('om>Hf iwi " "
" In *wk!i iiio " Hiiik.
TliiiMlliy Si><k1 4.1 " llll.
Tiiriill.-i .v; " '*
viiii'imr .ft) " hi!.
V'lrilt 141 " I.ll.
WliUWy .Vili " l.bl.
lino toil wt'lKlit ii.
.'XKi Bw.
FOIIKKiN AMI I'NITKII MTATKM Hll.Vr.H COINM.
As a^'iiycil at the rnileii Stuto niiiit,llic IkimI.h of
valuation ll 'in;; ^l.2i'.J |ier iniiieu of stiinilanl tiiienc^.
Wei;rht ill Trov oiimesj tineness in tliiiiisiin.lliis.
rol'NTUIIl.
IIKNIIMINATIIINK.
Wi'iKlil.
rinrni-M.
>'tilii^
.Vimtrlu
Illll lllv liiilUr
lint
KM
tl <>IS
'•
iinl Ml mill
n »ai
U'J
1 l»»l
I' llll III Inl.ini l<M
Niw Hi. llll
NiW rilli.ll llnlllir
V.I
»i7
.vm
HO
UMI
Ml
II
^M
•1
731
•• ,
Mill 111 Thiri'wi iHillnr, I7WI
.41A
KM
1 ntl
III ii/liiin
H> 1* Knincii.
II Ml3
■«7
M
Ili.llv. ill
Ni'H lii.lliir
Mil
Wai
(Ml
Ilr.i/.i/
ll.iill.lii.MlllvH...
II w.ll
111" .%
1 "i>
ruiiiuUi . .
I'Miiily li'iiU
U IM
va
ll*
••
rwiiily.llvii I'vnUi
Kl
iriS
Mi
I'i'ntml Aiiierlcii
Iii.lliir
n iwi
H'al
1 UM
( hill
iil.l liiilliii-
II t^l
n Mil
II Kill
IHH
ttai i
«l|
1 la*
Ni'w lii.lliir
lii.llMril';iiKn'<b)M«ilui4ia..
am
ciiiim
1 •«!
•'
I'ln Ci UIH
II 1x7
l«i|
I'ai
I)i*nniiiik
I'«.i lllK.iiliili'r
" ''."7
"77
1 wt
KiiKliiiiil
-^lilllliiKi niiw
l'j.^
•'14 S
■a
" iivrlliUP
11 171
Irift
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 873-4503
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BRIDGES.
j^mW YOR^ ]ip B^OO^LYj^
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Its Extent as Compared With the Other Great Bridges Throughout the World.
URiNQ the present century the science of
engineering has developed in a remarkable
degree, and its accomplishments are
of a more utilitarian sort.
In tho region of civil engineering that
includes the planning and construction of public works
of a special kind, as that relating to bridges, the results
of combined aud well-directed action are particularly
valuable.
The extreme supports of a bridge, whether consist-
ing of one or of many arches, are called abutments or
butmonts. The parts upright between these, if any
arc called piei"s or pillars. Thti foundations upon
which these rest, if widened out so as to throw off the
force of tlie stream, are called cutwaters, and the
fences on the sitles of the roadway are called parapets.
A greater extent of span can be obtained in suspen-
sion and tubular bridges, and those constructed with
cast-iron ginlcrs, tlian mi ])ridges of masonry or brick.
Long span liridgcs are trussed, arched, tubular,
and .suspension. The celebrated new London bridge
that crosses the Tlianies is aroliod, while the East
river span, by means of which tlie iniiabitants of
Brooklyn and New York are nioro closely connected,
is a suspension bridge of unc(pialcd length and pro-
portions.
The extent of tho New York and Brooklyn bridge
exceeds tlio London bridge in that its iongt li of river span
is 1,.59.H feet, while the total length is .■),y,s!) feet. To
those who have never seen it, the following data will
convey something of an idea of the magnitude of the
work :
CoHStriictlon comincneeil January 2, :870; cost al)0\it 11.1,000,000.
Thrown optii to tlie piiljlic, '2ltli Miiy, Iti*). Sizii ot New York c'tils.-<on,
rrSxlWfi'nt; si7,M of Itrooldyn caisson, KWxIW feet; timber niid Iron in
cittssons, 5,25J iul)ie yards; concrete In well holes, chumbcrs, etc., 2,609
cubic feet. Weight ol New York caisson, aboHt 7,000 ton; weight of con-
crete filling, 8,000 tons. Now York tower oontalns itfitS cable yards of
masonry. Brooklyn tower contains S8,2U cubic yards masonry. Length
of each river span, 1,595 feet six Inches ; length of each land span, 930 feet,
1,960 feet; length of Brooklyn approach, 971 feet; length of New York
approach, l,562;i feet. Total length of termini, 5,989 feet; width of bridge,
85 feet. Numbcrof cables, 4; diameter of each cable, 15.V Inches. First
wire was run out May 29, 1871. Cable making really commenced .luiip M,
1S77. Length ofcach single wi.o In cables, 3,578 feet 6 inches. Ultluiatp
strength of each cable, 12,200 tons. Weight of wire, 12 feet per pound.
Each cable contains 5,296 parallel (not twisted) galranized steel, oil-coated
wires, closely wrapped, to a solid cylinder 15>i inches ir diameter. Depth
of tower foundation below high wa*"r, Brooklyn, 45 feet. Depth of tower
foundation below high water. New i ork, 78 feet. Size of towers at high
water line, 140X.W feet; size of towers at roof course, 135x33 feet. Total
higlit of towers above high water, 278 fett. Clear hight of bridge In
center ofrivcr span above high water at »0» F., 135 feet. Hight of floors
at towerabo.e high water, 119 feet 3 inches. Grade of roadway, 3J< ft. In
100 feet, night of towers above roadway, 1S9 feet. Size of anchorages at
base, 129xn9 feet; size of anchorages at top, 117x104 feet. Hight of anchor,
ages, 8D feet from, 85 feet rear. Weight of each anchor plate, 23 tons. Ten
streets In New York and six In Brooklyn will be crossed with Iron girders
at high elevations, to clear obstructions. Englnaer: W. A. Roebllng.
LONDON BRIDGE.
The new ijundon bridge is set down in British prints
as by far the most superb work of its class in the
world, yet it is eclipsed in extent by such American
works as those at Niagara Falls, at St. Louis, and par-
ticularly the span across East river.
Briefly, the new London bridge, a work of granite,
is 928 feet long between the abutments, and consists
of five semi-elliptical arches, the center 152 feet, while
the next pair and the abutment arches are 140 and 130 [
feet respectively. The passage is fifty-three feet, or
footways nine each, and thirty-five for carriages. It
was commenced in 1824 and completed in seven years.
FORM OF BRIDGES.
"With regard to the form of the arch to be employed
in bridges, an elliptical or segmental arch is most ele-
gant in appearance, particularly the latter. In seg-
mental arches the lateral thrust on the abutments is
greater than in any other form; but as the voussoirs
or wedge-like sti>.ies forming an arch on this conBtnic-
/
BBIDOES.
tioii can all be cut from the same mold, as well as those
of the semicircular arch, they can be erected at less
expense than an elliptical arch.
The following bridges in various parts of Great
Britiiin and Ireland afford good examples of such con-
structions, with elliptical, semicircular, and segmental
arches. Elliptical: London bridge, Blackfrair's bridge,
"Waterloo bridge, and Limerick bridge. Semicircular:
Stockport bridge, the Royal Border bridge, Berwick,
and the Dec, Loekwood and Tyno viaducts. Seg-
mental : Chester, Coldstream, Ghisgow, Tcwksburj', and
Vanxhall bridges, with old Rochester bridge, and the
Vale Royal viaduct.
ARCHED.
Of arched bridges, Neuilly (over Seine) is more than
640 feet long, five spans, the longest of which is 128
feet; St. Louis, 1,509 feet long, three spans, the centre
one being 51.5 feet, and the other two each 502 feet in
length; its cost being $9,000,000. Southwark bridge,
London, next to new London, in size, is 718 feet
Ixitween the abutments, and consists of three cast-
iron arches, each forming a segment of a very large
circle; the span of the center one being 250 feet, and
the others 210 feet each; they are supported by granite
l)iers.
TUBULAR.
Victoria railway bridge over the St. Lawrence at
Montreal, is constructed after the plan of the Britannia
tubular bridge across the Menai straits. The former is
10,284 feet in length, having twenty-five spans, the
longest one 330 feet; it contains 10,500 tons of iron,
and 3,000,000 cubic feet of masonry. The spans arc
great tubes of wrought iron. It was built at a cost of
85,000,000. The Menai bridge is 1,600 feet long,
thirty feet wide, and 100 feet above the water. The
Mcight suspended Is 343 tons, and the power 2,016
tons.
SUSPENSION.
ThenewXiagani Suspension bridge, forcarria£res,one-
ciglith of a mile below the Ameri.an cataract, was
opened to the public 4Lli January, 1869, and was,
until the construction of the East river bridge, the
longest susi>cnsion bridge in the world, its roadway
being 1,300 feet in length. Its cables are 1,800 feet in
length. It is 1,190 feet from diirto cliff, 1,26s from tower
to tower, which latter are 100 feet high, and it spans
the mighty chasm fhrousrh which rolls its floods
toward Lake Ontario. 19(> feet above the water. Cost
of the structure, $175,000.
The railway suspension bridge, over Niagara river,
is two miles below the falls. It fonns a single span
of 821 feet in length between the towers, and consists
of two floors; the upper or railway floor, being
eighteen feet above the lower or carriage way. These
floors are connected at fSie sides by open truss work, so
as to form, as it were, an immense car, 800 feet long, 24
feet wide, and eighteen feet high — all suspended by wire
ropes from four cables of about ten inches in diameter
each. The elevation of the railroad track above the
water is 245 feet; there are 14,500 wires employed in
the cables, and their idtimate strength is i2,000 tons.
The total weight of the suspension bridge is 800 tons.
There are two suspension bridges in Friberg,
Switzerland, one remarkable for its great length, the
other for its extreme beauty. The latter connects the
tops of two mountains, swinging over a frightful
gulf that makes one dizzy to look down into. It
stretches across nearly 300 feet in the heavens, from
summit to summit. It looks like a spider's web flung
across a chasm ; its delicat>3 tracer}' showing clear
against the sky. The foniier is 905 feet long, 174
high.
OTHER BRIDGES.
A wonderful bridge, that of Lagang, over an arm
of the sea in China, is built in a similar way as the
bridges of Babylon, but entirely of stone. Its length
is said to lie 26,000 Paris feet, and comprises 3,000
arches, or rather openings of pillars. These are not
overspread with arches, but there are placed above
them large slabs of stone, which form the roadway, 70
feet broad. The distance of the pillars is nearly 74J
feet, the latter being 70 feet high, and 5 feet broad,
and strengthened with stone facings of the onn of
triangular prisms, which extend over the whc . j hight
of the pillars up to the transversed slabs. The latter
(of course more than 70 feet long"), extend in breadth
to 15 feet, and have nine feet in thickness. The para-
pet is a balustrade and everj' pillar supports a pedes-
tal on which is jjlaced a lion 21 feet long, and made of
one block of marble.
The Verrugas viaduct on the Lima and Oroya rail-
road, in the Andes of Peni, is the highest bridge in
the world, being 12,000 feet above the level of the
sea. It consists of four deck-spans, or trusses, resting
on three piei-s built of wrought-iron columns. Total
length 575 feet.
At Kieft', in Russia, is y beautiful chain bridge over
the river Dn«iper. It has seven spans, and a total
length of 2,562 feet.
', I
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'
VOCABULAItY OF MECILiNiaVL AND SCIENTIFIC TERMS.
% ^>r*v^ r
Mechanical and Scientific Terms.
-9- ^ZEA W
NAMES AND DEFINITIONS IN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING, CARPENTRY AND JOINERY,
METALLURGY. NAUTICAL AFFAIRS, AND PROCESSES OF ART AND INDUSTRY.
* BOinP-SI.EIX5E. A hammer of the
4 largest size used by smiths
/\ Accelerate. To qulclien. Acccler-
^f\jL atcd motion Is that which cc'iui-
Aj^k ally incrcftses In velocity, and
f^ accelcnitmg force Is that wlilch
4/ produces accelerated motion.
Adilenilum Circle. The space between tlio pitch
lino of 11 gear and the circle touclilng the ends
of th'i teeth.
Adz. A cariientcr's tool for chipping.
Aerostat. A machine or balloon holding weights
in the air.
Alr-lirakc. An appliance forstopping the motion
of a car wheel by the use of compressed air.
Alr-ehamber. A hollow space containingalrto
8cr\-e as a spring for equalizing the flow of
liquid in hydraulic machines.
Alr-draln. An ojiening between the outward
walls of a building as a guard against damp-
ness.
Air-engine. .See KngiBC.
Air-escape. A device for letting out air from
water ])ii)es.
Air-fountain. A device for producing a Jet of
water liv compressed air.
Air-gun. A contrivance like a musket, where-
with to discharge bullets by means of com-
pressed air.
Air-jacket. A Jacket with air-tight cells, used to
keep the body of a jierson from sinking.
Air-maehlne. .\. device for ventilating mines.
Air-pipe. A pliie to draw foul air from close
places.
Air-pump. A jnimp for extracting the air from
a closed vessel.
Air-sliaft. Holes niaile from the surface to the
adits or horizontal jmssagcs, to famish fresh air
to mines.
Air-trap. A device for the escapeof loul air from
sewers, etc.
Aiarni-gau|fe. A partof a steam. enginefor indi-
cating when the jn'cssure of steam istoj high, or
tlie water in the boiler too low.
Alloy. A natural or artificial mixture of two or
more metals. Tlio alloy-** of copper and tin are
of extreme iin]>ortiincc m the arts on account of
Ibeir great toii;j:hness, their Iiai'dnes5, and their
fiHlblllty. The alloys of sllvcrand tin arc vcrj-
hard.adu small (luantilyof tni overcomes tlie
duclility of the silver- When mercury Is one
of the metals, the compound Is known as
amalgam.
Amalgam. See Alloy.
Anchor. An iron weight for holding a vessel at
rest In water.
Andiron. A support for wood in ft flreiilace.
Android. A mechanical contrivance in the form
of a man ; an automaton.
Anemometer. A machine for measuring the
wind. " Anemoscope," ft wind-vane or weather,
cock.
Angle-iron. An iron bar made into the form of
an angle for strengthening the comers of safes,
boilers, etc. Called, also, angle-bar.
Anvil. .V thick iron block, frequently with ft
steel face, upon which metalsare hammered and
sliapcd.
.\qiiariuni. A vessel containing water, cither
salt or fresh. In which living specimens of
aquatic animals and plants are maintained in a
healthy state.
Aqueduct. A channel with a gentle Inclination,
for the transmission of water from one place to
another.
Archlmetleaii Screw, orSplral Pump, So-called
for Archimedes, Its inventor. It consists of a
pipe twisted spirally ixmnd a cylinder, which,
when at work, is 8up]xirted in an inclined posi-
tion. The lower end of the pipi^ is iminei-scd in
water, and when the cylinder is made to revolve
on itsown axis, the water is mised from b<'n<l
to bend In the spiral pipe until It flows out at
the top.
Archltecturo. The science of building oi- eon.
struction, and is of various kinds; as, civil,
miiitar>-, naval, and ecclesiastical. The walls of
antiquity nn; Cidlid ('yclo)ieaii, and dati? back
about 1,(100 yeai-s b.-fore riuisl. The (iieiks
Improved uixm the arcb if ectnri'id' the .\ssyriaiis
and Egyptians. Crci-U arcbitectun' is divldid
into the Doric, Ionic, and Corintliian. Itonian
architecture was borioweil IVoni tin- (IrecU.
The liyzantine, Suiaceiiic, (iotliic, and lienais.
sance architecture foilnwcil. (if tlie Ilist-naMicd
is the cluirili of M. Sophia ut Conslantinnple;
the second or Saracenic stj'le is used in MoIkii..-
niedau mosfiues; (iolhic was eliaracteristic of
wcsleni Knrope during the mitldle aj^es, and
ga\'e A-ay to a nii.xed style called Elizabethan;
UenaissaiK-e denotes a revival ol of I he classical
stylo of architecture, which had its origin in
Italy, where th« Gothic stylo never had n strong
footing. Every oountrj- had Its jiceuliar lienais-
sance, although each was derived from that of
Italy. The Renaissance in general was founded
upon the lioman antique; not ujion the style of
the temples, but ujion that of their triuntiilial
arches, baths, and other e<lillci's. The lienais-
sanco Is considered by French writers to liavo
rLsen to its highest imlnt of excellence uniler
Phillbert Delomie, In thcsl.xteentli (reiilury. In
the present century there h:us b.-en a reatllon
in favor of the Gothic style of arcbitcctui'e,
which, althcnigh admirably suited for ecclcsla-H.
ticiU purixiscs, is not well adapted for the con-
struction of iiiiblic otiices or private dwelling,
houses, as the comfort of the interior is too often
disregarded for the sake nf tlie symmetry of the
exterior. The architecture of this day, how-
ever. Is finite varieil and pictiires(iue, and par-
takes oi a soi't of new onler, i-hai-.icteristie of
the age of railways, and other important Im.
pi-ovenieuts of these times. See Composite, aiul
Etruscan Architecture; also, lonle order, and
Keystone.
Arcograph. .\ device for drawing a circular
arc <ir circle wilbniit a central i»pint, as in
the case of an iiistrnnit.-iit with a iioint ami
pencil.
.Vnnatiire. .V piece of sott inin alll.xed to the
extremities or imlesof a magnet, in tirtler that
its mafnietic \ iwerinay be preserved. In archi-
tecture, iron liiii-s or framing for consolidatioii
and supjiort of structures.
Annstrtin-r fliiii. .\ Ibriit weajxm of great jniwer
end precision, made of iiieces of the vovy best
wrought iron. Thisrideil i^un was constructed
by Sir William (JeoriiO .Vrmstrong, and was
adojitcd by Uw English government and llrst
nseil in the war with China, in ISIiO.
.Arquehiise. An old ppecirs of lire-arni.
Arlllieer 'or .\rtisan). (ine who makes accord.
in4 to ai't ; a skilful worker and contriver; one
traineil in the u^. oftools in some iiiecliunic art
or trade. " .\rtist,"an artisan.
Asli-furimce (or Oven). Used In making glass.
Ashlar (or .\shlcr). .\ term ajipUed to sttines,
whether rough or dressed.
.Vspliult (or .\sphaltniii). A bituminous sub.
Hlance, found in the tertiary strata in difft-rent
parts of the earth, evidently pro*luced from . oid
by the action of heat. It is much used as a
VOCABUL.VRY OF MECILVXICAL AND SCIENTIFIC TERMS.
pavnment wbon inlxml with cortain proportions
of lime, «"ivpl, or 'Hjiindcd stone. Coiil.tar Is
artlflcial asphalt.
AsMiylns. A term eonorally applied to the deter,
mlnutlon of gold or silver in alloya of these
metals. " Uutton," a round iiia.ss of metal
remaining In the crucible after melting.
AatragBl. See ISase.
Atlantes. See Caryatides.
Auger. An Instrument for boring holes by C4ir.
penters, wheelwrights, shipwrights, and others,
" Augcr-l)lt," a bit with a cutting edgo like that
of an auger.
Automaton. A nuuihlno 80 constructed as to
move in imitation of the actions of living
animals.
Awl. A pointed instrumontusert by slioemakers,
saddicre, and cabinet-makers-called, also, brad-
awl, saddler's awl, shoemaker's awl.
Ax (or Axe). An iron instrument, generally used
with both hands in liewingtiuilii ranil chopping
wood. Tlio liatchet Is a smii, . . irm of the ax,
and is used with one hand. The broad-a.x is a
carpenter's tool made heavier than tiie chop-
plng-ax, with l)roadcr and thinner blade and
shorter handle. The niiitluik is a kind of
pick-ux. Sec Pick, and I'ole-ax, under the liead
of Pole.
Axis. A term common to all tlio sciences. In
physics, the word it; used in many dlBerent
senses. The axis of rotation is the line around
which a body turns when revolving. The term
la applied to any line abo it which objects are
•yramotrical, around whiili tliey tuni, or to
whlcli Uiey have some common relation.
AxI«-box. A box In which the short, cyiiiKlrlcal
portion of a sliaft beara and moves, particu-
larly a rnilway axle; a Journa! box. "Axle,
e^uard," the part of a railway truck which rests
on the top of tlio Journal.bos, and holds it in
place.
Axle-tree. A piece of timber, or bar of iron,
nttod for insertion in the hubs or naves of
wiieels, on whicli the wheels turn.
Babbitt-metal. A soft alloy of copper, zinc and
tin, used for bearings or Journals, to lessen
friction, so-called after its inventor.
Bagrpipe. A wind instrument of liigh antiquity,
in use with the Hebrew s and Greeks. Generally
used in Scotland.
Balance. An instrument for detonriining the
relative weights of bodies. There are sevei-al
\arieties. In horology-, a small whtel in a watch
or time- piece which governs the movement.
Balance-knife. A table-knife wliicli rests on the
handle, leaving the blade free ami not touching
the cloth.
Balcony. A projection in front of the windows
of a house, supported on brackets of wood or
atone; the box of a tlieater. "Baldachin," a
tent-like covering or canopy, of wood, stone, or
metal, either supported on columns or suspended
from above, ond placed over doorways, statues,
altars, thrones, etc. " Balustrade," a row of
balusters sunuounted by a conilce or handrail,
used to give a finished appearance to the tops of
bnildlngs, or for the Inclosuro of staii-s, balco-
nies, etc. " Colonnade," a range of pillara ex-
tending round a building.
Ball-cock. An appliance wliich admits of water
running into a cistern, but shuts it off by means
of a fioating bail, wlien the cistern is full.
Balloan. A large globe or pear-shaped bag, made
of paper or vainlshed silk, and filled with rare-
fied air or liydrogen gas, so as to rise and float in
the atmosphere.
Ball-Talve. A ball, fitted into n circular cup
whic'.i has a hole at the liottoin.
Balustrade. Sec Balcony.
Band. A broad flat molding projecting n little
beyond the surface of the building or coUinm to
which it is applied. Tho band of a column
U sometimes molded in various forms, and is
then called 1/ skaft ring. In raechanloa, a belt
inseiBC ever '.wo ptiUejri, and oomBrKlcAting
motisn.
Handing-plane. An Instnunent or tool used for
cutting out grooves and inlaying string9 and
Uin'Is in straight and circular work.
Randore. .V musical instrument of threestrings,
similar to a guitar. "Banjo,'* an instrument of
five strings, li;iving a head B:id neck like the
guitar, and it.s body like a tamborine. "Tauilio-
rine," a small, shallowdrum, with only one skin,
playcfl on witii the liands, and having Ix'lls at
the aides.
Barbacan. A watchtower placed before or over
the outer gate of a castle yard, forming an
advanced work to protect the castle, etc.
Bargo. Sec VesseL
Rar-iron. Iron in long pieces-
Barium. A wliite, siiiTbtiy malleable mct-il, the
metallic base of the alkaline earth baryta.
Bark. See Vessel.
Barker's Mill. SeeTr.. inc.
Barometer. An instrument for measuring the
weight or pressure of the atmosphere.
Barrow. See Carriage-
Bar-shoe. A horse-slioe having a bar across the
usu.'U oiieningat the heel, for the protection of
a tender frog.
Bar-shot. A dcuble-hcaded shot consisting of a
bar witli a 1«11 at each end.
Bartizan. A small ronnd turret, with an arrow.
silt or very narrow window, generally project-
ing from the angle of a square tower, on the
comer of a gable of a building, and supported
on a corbel or bracket-
Base. That part of a column on which the sliaft
Is placed, consisting generally, in tlie flve or<iers
of architecture, of a square plinth and mold-
ings, formed of tori, fillets, cavettos, and astra-
gals, in various combinations, between the
plinth and the bottom of the shaft. "Astra-
gal," a molding in the capital of the Ionic col-
umn. " Cavetto," a hollowed molding. " Fil-
let," a little square piece or ornament, used
generally over a greater molding. " Baston," a
round molding used in the tase of a column,
called also a tore or torus. " Entablature," tUat
part of a column which Is over the capital, com.
prehending the arcliltrave, frieze, and cornice.
Base-line. A line taken as a base of oiierations,
as in surveying, in milltarv operations, etc.
" Base-plate," the lied-plate of heavy machinerj-.
" Base-ring," a projecting ring or band around
the base of anything; as, the base-ring of a
great gun.
Bass Tiol. A large Instmment, vioUn-like in
form, used for playing the bass or gravest part.
It lias four strings.
Battery. A tenn usually applied to a combina-
tion of several electrical jars, which may be
charged and discharged as one great Jar. " Re-
lay," a macnct that receives the circuit current,
and develops theixiwcrof a local batter}-, called
also relay lattery.
Bay-window. A window forming a bay or recess
in a room. It may project outward from the
wall either in a rectangular, jmlygonal, or senii-
circular form.
Beam. Either a larec piece of timl>er or metal,
used for sustaining heavy weight In buildings.
" Beam-engine," a steam-engine which com-
municates motion by the top of the' piston-rod,
being connected with a beam or lever moving
on n central pivot, the other end of the beam
being in similar connection with the cranio of
the driving-wheel. In the direct-action engine
no beam is used, the piston working the crank.
Bed-piece. Tlie main piece or framing of a bed.
" nod-plate," the foundation plate of an engine
or other machinery.
Beetle. A heavy mallet or hammer, made of
woo<l, used in driving wedges, l>eating pave,
ments, etc.
Beetling Machine. A machine or improvement
for giving to woven fabrics a glossy finish simi-
lar to that which is now produced by the ordi-
nary stamps in the machines called beetles.
B«ll. A matalllc instmment which gives out a
musical sound caused directir bv its- own vilira-
tlons. " Bell-crank," a triangular crank used to
ring a l)ell. " Bell-nictal," an alloy of eighty
parts (jf copper and twenty parts of tin.
Bellows. A inacliine lor pro|>ctl*ng air forcibly
through a tube.
Belly-brnee. A cross brace, Hxixi to the iKjller,
bet wt'i'u the fmiiii',s of a lncum4>tive engine.
Belt. A band f Ifiither, prepared India nibljer,
or other Ib-xiblo substance, i>assing around two
wheels, for the purpose of communicating
motion to iniielilnery.
BcHsi'iTrter's l'ri»ceH«, (For reflninjr iron.) A pro-
cess ft»r conviTting pi;^-iron (iriin in the rough,
as it comes frtnn the Inrnace) more rapidly Into
malleable ii'on and steel.
Bevel. A term used by builiiers to express a sur-
face sloiting from another, at an angle greater or
less than a right angle. In machinery, cog-
wheels, with beveled edges, or tjevetfd gear, as
they are tenned, are uscKi to triinsfer tlie motive
power fi'oni on*! direction to another.
Bevel-gear. Cog-wheels whose teeth are bev-
elled, so that two wheels work together at right
angles.
Bleyrle. Sec Carriage.
Bilge. Tho l)Ottom floor of a ship, or the breadth
of the part slie rests on when aground. AWi,
tlnr protui)erant part of a cask.
Bill-boards. Pieces of thick plank, plated with
iron, and attached t« tlie fore jmi-ts of a ship,
for tlie bill of the anchor to pass over.
Bismuth. A metal of a greyish-white color, with
a strong cliuractcristic tinge of red. It is hard,
brittle, and but slightly malleable. The peculiar
property it possesses of expanding aa it cools,
renders its alloys of great use to the typefounder
and die-sinker.
Bit. A small tool, of various sizes, for boring,
and turned by means of a brace.
Bitumen. Mineral pitch, closely allie<l in its
projiertles to coal-tar, whicli is produced l>y the
destmctive distillation of coal. See Asphalt.
Black L,ead. The common commercial name
for graphite, or plumbago, given to tluit sub.
stance from its metallic leaden-gray luster. It
is, however, nearly pure carbon, and contains
no lead.
Blacksmith. A smith who works in Iron, and
makes and reijaira Iron utensils.
Blanchard I.athe. A lathe for turning forms,
such as shoc-lasts or gun-stocks. So named
after tho inventor.
Blast-furnace. A furnace used in metallurgical
operations, in whicli the combustion of the fuel
is increased to an enormous extent by a blast
blown from a bellows, or by means of fans. .\
smith's forge is a blast-fumnce on a small scale.
Blast-hole. A hole in tlio Ixittom of a pump,
througli which water enters. " Blast-pipe," the
exhaust pipe of a steara-englnc, or any pipe so
constructed as to cause a quick discharge of
steam or nir into the outer atmosphere.
Block. An adaptation of the principle of the
pulley, by means of blocks, used in the rigging
of ships.
Block-Un. Tin, as It comes from the foundry.
See Tin.
Bloom. A mass of Iron that has undergone the
first hammering, called the blomary. After this
process it requires many more hammerings or
rollings to make it suitable for the use of the
smith.
Blower. A contrivance, of which there are vari-
ous kinds, for producing and maintaining a
strong current of nir for increasing combustion
in metallui'gical and other processes, requiring
inteiis*! heat. " Blowpipe," an instrument us€<l
by workers in metal for soldering on a small
scale. It is called a mouth blow.pii>e when used
Willi the mouth.
Board. Pasteboard, or paper nnifle thick and
stitr like a board for book-covers. I'.ooks are
suid to be boarded when bound in cloth, half-
bound when the back andcuriicrsare in leather,
and whole -Iionnd when notliini^ but leather is
u>ed. See Jlook.binding.
1 :
^ c
VOCABULAUY OK MECII-VNICVL AND SCIENTIFIC TEUBIS.
r ^
ti
B*bblH. A Bmall womli'ii |<ln, Willi u hoii<l, U>
wind thread on, iihinI in nirikinff \acv, etc.
Itodkin. A smnll jtointed t(io1, lined by ])rlnten)
and other artists ("f»r viirionH iMir|xwt'?<. Also, a
laryt' ki?id of ncedic, used iiy tlm women of
Hntitpiity for tlie H:»mr inir]K)wcs 'is they now
lire, :\nd iilso In fuslonlny tlio hair.
Bollrr. A stronjj vpsscl, usually inado<if wrouKht
Iron jilatPK, riveted tosjrthei, in which Btoain Is
generated lor drlvin;^ enj^lura, ete.
Holt. A stronj; i]ln,of Iron or ot her material, for
holding r"''" together. A liolt with an eye at
Its head Hnd rliiK alliielied Is called a ring-bolt.
Bond. A term anplied to a certain methoil of
laying briclis, and to ti.nbers l)uilt Into or
atuiched to the walls of a house i'or various pur.
poses. In brieklaying, eare must be taken that
the bricks are well bonded, that is, that the sue.
cesslve layers of bricks may be so placed that
no Joint in any layer shall come inimediatcly
over another Joint in the layer below it. " Hond-
stone*.'* so-called when tla-y are introdiiced
longitudinally Into a wall l)ullt of small rough
stones or rubble-work. " Hond-heart," a tcnn
applied when one stone is placed in the center
of a thick wall, over tho Joint fonucd bj' two
others, the outer faces of which appear opposite
to each otht^ron cither side of the wall.
Bookbinfllng. The number of opei*atlonB is
three: Preparing;, binding, and llnishing. The
sheets as printed are Ilrst gatli<'re<l — placed in
their order of pagination— fitldcd into four,
eight, or twelve leaves, as the case maj' be;
they are then stitched and s(nvn to stiings or
bands placed at the back of the volume. -\ saw.
cutis. In some inst.ances, made to receive the
string, otherwise tiie string is left to form a rib,
which is used as an element of ornament In fin-
ishing the book. The sheets being all sewn
together, the back edges are irhu'il Ifigether by
brushing them lightly with thin glue. Tlie
strings are cut oil withii half an inch of the
volume, an<l the back is roundiMl, either by
hand or by mciins of machinery. .\ groove is
formed by pressure against the back edge to
receive the boaril of the cover. The top, bot-
torn, and front edges are then cut level, and the
boards are fixed to the volume by the ends of
the strings being passed tiirough small boles
and glued finnly to the inside. Tbobook is then
ornamented witli gilding, inlaying of dilTerent-
colored leather, or blind tooling, i. c, plain
stamping by hcntcd stamps or dies, and the
edges are left plain, or gilt, or sprinkled, ."^ee
Board.
Boots, shoes, and other coverings for the feet,
have been marie of (liiferent substances, and in
dilTercnt forms, from very remote times. .V
boot is ustia'Iy made of leather, and the top
extends nearly to the knee, whilst a shoe
extends only above the ankle. .\ sandal con-
sista of a sole strapped to the foot, with an
enclosure at the heel and sometimes at the toe.
"Boot-crimp," a frame or last, used Ijy Iwot-
makers Ilt outlining and shajiing the Inwly of a
boot. " r.oot-l.x*t," an instrument to stretch
cntl widen the leg of a Ijoof. *' Last," a mold or
piece of wood resembling in fonu llio human
fc»ot. on whicli shoes are formed.
Bore. The cylindiical cavity of any weapon
used for projecting shot, shells, bullets, or any
missiles of a similar nalnre. Tho operation ot
boring cannon and gun-barreis is one retiuiring
great care and nicety, and is ctTected by the
rapid revolution of a steel tool called a cutter,
attached to a bhalt whicli is t\irne<l by machin-
ery. ** Boring- nualiiue," a machine with a vci-y
hard and sharp steel tool, which works at the
eni of !i long bar, somewhat after the manner of
a centf-rljit.
Bow. Onooftheoldest "I weapons. Inmarltimc
affairs, that portion of a siiip's side which forms
an arch toward tlio .=-lem. In nrchitecturc, any
portion of a building that projects from a
straight wall. •■Bo^.(,onjpiisscs,"a»mallpairof
compasses made with a bow.]>eii for describing
circles with Ink. " Bow. pen," a metallic ruling,
pen. " Ilow.saw," a saw with a narrow blade,
used for cutting cur^'cd forms from W(mm1.
limeket. A tenn applied toany projection, plain
or <iniamental, susiiended against, or fastened
to a wall, for the snpixirt of a c'ock, statue, or
other things.
Bruil. A kind of nail, with a .slight projection at
tile »opon one hlfie, in lieu of a bead.
Brake. A block of wihxI applied by li'ver or
screw prcBsure to the circuinlcrence of a w heil,
to slacken or arrest the moving )H)wer of tlu^
machine, by the production of a iaiRe amount
of friction.
Brai-.nli I-ock. .\ l<xk named after its inventor,
and for a long time wiw considered incaimble of
being picked. " Bramali press," a hydro.statlc
macliine of great ix>wer, invented by the Jiessi-s.
Hi-aniah.
Brass. .\ compound metal or alloy containing
zinc an<l copper in varying proiwrtions, accord,
ingtothe purposes for which it istobiMiscd;
the general composition is, however, two.tlilrds
copiier rnd one.thlnl zinc. " liross. foil," brass
made into thin sheets by ixiunding.
Braze. To solder or Join two pieces of iron
together by means of thin plates of brass melte<l
between the pieces that are to bo united.
Breakwater. A barrier or artificial bank of
stone, so placed as to break tho force of the
sea, before the entrance Into a roadstead or
harlxjr.
Breast. A bush connected with a small sliaft,
sm-all axle or axi.s. "Breast-beam," tlie front
cross-beam of a locomotive li-ame. "Itrexst-
ing," the curved space in wliicli a brejist-wlieei
turns. It forms a quarter of a circle, and
adapted to prevent the waste of wale" "IJrcast-
r.iil," the upper rail of a baieoin', etc. " Breadt-
wlieel,"a variety of water-wheel, \\ Iiieli may be
dividtxl into two classes, termt d high and low.
In the fonner c;i.se, the wheel is moved by the
weight of the water, which it receives a little
above the heiglit of its a.\i.s. In the latter case,
the wheel is moveti by the impulse of the water,
which It receives a little below the level of its
a.\is.
Breech. In naval architecture, the outer angle
of knee-timlwr. " Breech loading," a tenn aii.
plied to the metlicsl of making lieavy jiieccs
of ordnance and field-pieces, as well as rifles
and fowling-iiicces, with a movable breech, to
admit of the cluirge being inserted at the breech
end of the gun instead of the muzzle. "Breech-
pin " or screw, a strong plug screweil in at tlie
breech of afire-arm. "Breech-sight, "an instni-
ment used for jiointing a cannon or other fire*
arm.
Bressaminer. Any large beam used to support
u superincumljent nia.ss of masonry, sueli ils the
lieam placed over a shop-window to receive ■.he
weight of the front of the building that rises
over it. Cal'ed, also, brest -summer.
Brett. -V long four-wheeled ple.isure vehicle.
Brevier. A small body or reading type, in size
between lx>urgeoi9 and minion, the last being
the smallest rt tho three kinds here men-
tioned.
Brewing. Tlie art of extracting a Raceh-irine
si.'lution from grain, and afterward jiatiaUy
converting the sugar formed into alcolujl. Air.-
ot the cereals, wheat, beans, peas, etc., in;;; be
used in brewing, but liarley is tho best for 'lie
manufacture of beer. JIalt signities any grain
w hich has become sweet to tho t.iste on account
of the comuii'ncement ot pemiinatlon; as, bur
ley, from which ale, beer, aim ]X>rterare brewed,
all of wliicn arc called malt liquor-. Barley
steeped i n water for three or four (^a^ s become.;
malt, when it is taken out and allowed to s})rout
or germinate. It is then drieil in a kiln and
treated with Ixiiling A\:iter, in order to form
wort. Kearly all seeds contain a large <iuantity
of starch, and when they Ijcgin to germinate, a
lieculiar nitrogenous sulKtance called diiwtase
!• tormed. This product, acting as a ferment,
converts ttio starch Into su^r. This process is
callcil mailing, and the subae<)uent |nrtlal con.
version of tlie sugar into alcohol is called brew.
ing. The two pn>ce»si-s are Inllmalely con.
nected. In brewing, tho iiutlt undergoes six
processes: The grinding; the mashing, or iiifus*
ing witli liot water; the liolling of the worts
witli b<>|>s: IlieeiMjling; the fermenting, and the
elearing, storing, etc.
Hr!<>kM. The iiLiterial use<l in making bricks is
clay, wlileli is worked Into a i-kwlic state by
kneading, anci then ii.olded Into a rect;uigular
form, nine Inches long, fouran'l one-lutlf iiicbea
wide, and very ne-ar!y three inches thick. These
pieces are afterward ilrieii, and then lianlened
by li;iking In a kiln or In stacks. "Brick-
trowel," a mason's tool f*tr spreading mortar.
" Brickwork," the thicknes.s<>f walls of houses
built of brick is regiil.iled by the length of tho
brick, which Is nine inches. Walls are made
half a brick, a brick, a brick and a half, etc., in
thickness. In houses esually the outer walls
are from oni.' brick to two in thlckn(';s9, and the
partition walls only .' half a brick thick. In
puliiie linilrlings, Hnd walls in which great
strength is required, they are s<imetimes more
tlian fcnir briek tliick; but it Is c<.nsiderc-d good
substantial work w ben they nr- made of the
thickness of three bricks well bonded together.
(See Bond.) .V layer of bricks is called a course;
when laid side facing outward, and lengthwise
in the course, they are terme^I stretchers; an J
hence, stretching-course, endwise, they are
headers, or hcading.c(»nrse. See Plinth.
Bridge. ,V structure of woo<l, stone, or Iron,
tlirown across a river, or any water-cliannel.
ISridges may be clxssed as fixed or movable;
among the former are the ordinary bridge, the
suspension bridge, the tubular bridge, 1 .^ frame
bridge, the lattice bridge, and the .skew bridge;
among tlie latter, are the floating bridge, fly-
ing bridge, draw- bridge, and swing-bridge.
" Bridge-head," a fortification intended for the
defense of a bridge. Military bridges include
the pontoon bridge, a bridge of boats, rope-
bridge, boat-and-rope bridge, trestle bridge,
rift bridge, and pile-and-spar bridge.
Brig. See Vessel.
Brilliant. A diamond of the fint^t cut : also, the
llnest bo.ly type, used In the art of printing.
Broad-ax. See .Vx.
Bronze. .\ n alloy of copper and t in, to which are
siimetimes added small iXirtions of zinc and
lead.
Brusli-nlieel. One of the wheels which In light
machinery turn each other without teeth, but
with or without bristles or bmsbea fixed t«
their eireuml'erence.
nueklinard. Sec Carriage.
Bucking. Tile processor soaking cloth In lye for
l;leacldng. In mining, a term applied to crush,
ing ore by hand on a plate called a bucking-
plate, liy means of a tlat - headed hammer.
"Bnckiiig-klcr," a large round boiler, or kier,
used in lileacbing. A washing-block is called a
biicklng-stool.
Bufl'er. A rod witiian enlargcl end attached to
a spiral sjirlng of great strength, fi\e<l to the
striking parts of locomotives and railway car-
riages, in onb-r to diminish or prevent siioclis
arising from any suiMen movemeni or sto^'page.
Burin. An engraver's tool for cutting lini-s on
steel, copper, or zinc plate in making an en-
graving.
Burnisher. A tool made of agate, steel, or some
veiy bard highly-polished m.'»terial,and used by
silversmitlis, bookbinders, and otlwrs, to give
smoothness and luster to rough surfaces.
Slush. .\ perforated piece of metal lixed in cer.
tain parts ot machinery, to n.-ceive the wear of
lilvots, bearings, and the like, as in Ihv l.ub of a
wheel, etc. In larger machines, a similar piece
is called a box. " Bu"h.Iiarrow," an instrument
of Inishnndry for liarrowin^ graes lands, OBd
envering pmss or <il«reT seeds ; hushes are Inwe-
ven in it, hence the name.
I
VOCABULAIIV or JIKCHANIC.VL AN© SCIENTmC TZHitS.
Ratrhrr. A '\xnj:>:-j-t»r '.-f ritlJi- fcr llic tnlilc;
also a vou'li.r ■ r r-^juJ^T uf Ihe huiiu-. Tlio
lUPthfxU •>< k:.; -4 f.kXlU! rary In Ulffficnt
conntriMi, :i.i i1.> tt.^ ;i.»«iiii» by wUlcb the meat Is
UlsiMjmMl of t.n th»^ *"Oioi»'ttIiiW.
Butt. The wiau* cad of ■ c^onnectlng-nKl, to
which the |M»I>-I)«*ftair >• ilx'«l <>>' u nit'tiU ihuiji
or strap faaten' : ■ " ' ■\i\\ I i.v uitains of ii cot-
ter and^^ib. A" ' 'f » c(fiinc**tinjf-ro<I, 11
stmiuhtail l-«:i i .. -1- ' I- <"-<jlt<r iHii wcclBi'd-
shn|ic«t plpre of Wi^;'!, artii, c»r otli^r iimti-Tlul,
UMdl for securtndf {difiu o] i£iji('liiiipr>'. (iib la a
piece, notctMd or boI, u< bold otliiT i«i1rt
to^nther.
Iliittnn. S«« J>liWf linn
UuttrrM. A ktadotf tmiliiKut, CcmMructcd arch-
wisp, xt'nrincr to toppun a building or wall
Cabinet-maker. S*c Itupnitr;'
Cable. A AKt tena tor a Mrung roiio, or chain,
wliirU aprvei* to tLitfrp a ►hip at auclior. The
AtLvntic teleig^pfe cHAv «aut'i»'t»< of wire that in
enfolilcd by 'tnn't* ottwialed wire, luyer^ of
gutta-iierchit, b«np aad pUcti, etc. "Cable's
lenijth," the m*-i.- ..-■ ' 530 lathoms, or 7iO feot.
"L'alile.moldii..-' laoldjug, cut no as to
resemliNiii ropi .
Cable Street Car*. A tratk, wilh enUlesn ciible
undernrath ^nttte* <A li<e gi'ound, the latter
being propcUeil Iit*«««o«l MJdwaj- between the
rails componiOiS caeb tnM\k lae two strips of
Iron whicii rtin panUd wiUa tlje rails. A driver
on a car tliat cantos tim gti}', ' <y nieiins of a
lever throw ■* onnr^1?R?'j*'CT5l^'«bichruiiH down
-j( t.-.r:
: liu-yuj-'li between the
*.-J, where the eable 1h
' ~.x <-'i eight uiiles an
•■ii.l>)<-lii,'htly or other-
- : J" iabt or slow.
■Milt, eAtensively
i nuut. It forms an
from the floor
strips of iron To t':\.~
in motion at t..- :■:.■.
hour; the j?rip i ..,.- -•
wUe, lus the dri^-r v
Caen Stone, Aa >j'..r
quan'ird nt-ap Caer^,
adininbl'! iMuL'iin:^ *c*jCj*-
Calculatins-maeUa**. Ajre tliuse by which all
the common ariUancUcalajMiutions and others
of a more complex BatBi« may W readily
ctTected, tlierebraariaKa eciguideralik' amount
nf time to thoKe wbo tamemfte^'i in calculating
long series of agun»,mwA iawring results whicli
cannot fail to be cancel.
Calibe- ComtiiiMCi. AafaaMrmueut, with curved
Ivii^, iiseil for mOMu iag tit diamet'er of shot
and shell.-* anil cjUmStieti HuditiK.
Calklne-iron. AdOiel, atMnJ in driving oakum
into tlie Si anu tetvcra t3be iilanksof a ship's
decks or sides. .1. r»!«iiaitioe-iK*n or chisel is used
for openini; the seornts >rA jJliuikt.
Cant. \ plate with ^imrrtuS t-ides, fixed on a
revolvin;^ jahaft fr.»r eiooiTieraiiig a rolarj" motion
into a riM-tUinear.
Camera Laekta. ,vn *>5jT.udtl 2n^j-uiuei;t intended
to facilitate tlie per-^fi^i^^vf di-Jine.iition of ob-
jects. It iia.4 been awist vucKieM^-luUv enijiloyed
in delini'atin^ tbe fcc¥BW<tflf »'i.»nderand iK-auty
revealed liy the mierrj(*<ci'^ie- "< ame:"a Obscurn,"
an optical appvratua, rwrTTceti^'tJting an artificial
eye, by whirls the trr::_--
receiv.^il thron;^h a
shown distinctlv. :i.~
Cam-wheel. .\ ,\ . . ■ ' .
to iiroiluri. a va:-..i i
machinery; a cam. \
Cannon. .V holl. )W
revolving shaft pa.- ■ •.
great ;^un. •' Cam r..
non, Ilrst maib: iii ->
heavy piei-ft of orlr..:
tain qualities of till .
" Dahl^ren ^n.i." a _ .
what .similar to tlie -'. .-
and nai .ed after ir- .
Unltei. states nav; -
strong, and it tins -
*' Field-gun." a .-iiii:-...
piece. *' tiaflinar-QTi;;
8i.^ barrels, ant c.i u >>
shot.^ a minute, . .*—•■;
inventor, R. J. GatUaj^.
l.-l
■ * ''xUTiml cilijfcls,
u\ex ^lusH, are
■ -lalivc colors,
■.■ . ..Lir outline, used
* ■■.atinir motion in
■ ' ir'tu^li which a
liliay alTairs u
iid of short can.
•'(■oluuiltiad," ji
_' cunil lined ccr-
"I'.cr, ami niuitar.
■■ y calilKT, some.
■ ■ _' pnn, whicli see,
' ' ;iu oflk'f-rof the
■ ■ -r h ip extremrly
■ . 11 UB bolid .^hot.
•uTnion; a lieM-
■ nv ^un, bavin*?
" ■ --^iz two huntlred
. '.'T 1-be American
' Iknrilxer," a short
cannon for thrt>wlnff lartfe projectllfta, " Kropp r
Ktiii," a ^nii iiuutc at KnippS w(irks,at EiMec, In I
I*ruH-*iu; tlie l:iri;i'sl, an eiionnoMH plrte, wm« ,
oxhtliitcd at the Taris Kxhlhltion, madeof «r/lid
Htcel, and c(»nMtrncte<l to lire a shot weighing
l.'Jl'J jtoiuids; llH ealihcr Ih fourteen inch(»»UhJ
ItH lenKth weventeen feit. " Murtar,'* a variety
of nhnrt cannon of a 'iiryo lK)re, with chambers^
oniiiloyefl to throw MheIUf)rrarciut.'**->* at consSd-
embli^ dlHtaiu-wt*. " Swivi-l.yun," a jjun wttleh
may ho turned on a phot In any dlrfctiim.
runlllev<>r. A projecting pli'ce or bracket tor
sujiporlintf 11 cornice, haltMiny, etc.
Caimtcliouc (c»r Gtnn-uluHtic). See Indtonibber.
Capital. The uppermost inirt of acolntnn, snr*
In;; as the head.
Capstan. A lur^e piece of timber re^^^'mMii^ »
winding's, placed behind VkUf niainma.'«t. It te A
cylinder w'th levers, used to wcigli anchors^ to
hoist up nr strike down topmast?*, etc.
Canltac AVlieel. A wheel nnide In theshapeof a
heart ; a cam.
Canlinfc-niaddnn. A machine In which th*
Ilbrcs of cotton, uv wool, are ccimlrf^l urcardefl, [
to disentangle them from each other, and brinflp
them into a pn)i)er condition lor spinning into
yaniH and thread. The machine consists of
wo(Hien eylindein or drums to whicli -strapH of
leather are fastened, which are perfonUed with
numerous wireu■e^;ula^!y arranged. The exte-
rior of a cylinder retiemhlcH a circular bruah.
TIm! cotton or otlier material is ptit into the
machine at one end, and is rapiilly whirle»i
round Ironi cylinder to cylinder until it come;*
out at tluiothcreadinthcfonnof atUmy fleece;
this is received on another cylinder called the
doH'or, from wlUcli it is removed by the doflteg-
knife, and gathered into a narrow lajxna by paw-
int; through a I'nnncl-shaped aperture, when U Ia
ready to be spun Into yarns and tliread.
Carpentry. The exiiressinn is nic-e particularly
iipi)licable to the system of fnun. -r pifces of
timber together to form partitions, ro<*f;t, ami
tloora of buildings, tlie trusses and frames of
wooden bridges, and tlie centring or supports
on whicli largo arches and the arches of bridge?*
are built, as well as tin; keel, ribs, tindwr^, and
planksfonniiig tile hull of a vessel. The interior
ilttings of a lums.', such aa tlit^ stairs, -rkirtini?-
boards, flooring, dooi-s, windows, etc., are the
work of the joiner; and pieces of hoiweUoM
furniture, piuticuhirly those viadtiof the more
valuable kinds of wood, come from the liands of
the cabinet-maker.
CarriaKe. In geneml, a vehicle for carryiik*
goods and persons; in gunnerj-, the raachine
upon which thegui\ is mounted; in carpentry,
the trame ol timlierwork vhich support.s the
stejis of wooden stairs. •' Uarrc»w,"aliyht,smu.U
carriage, moved by Iiand. " Iluck-hoanI," a nide
vehicle of four wheels, wiiiiaseat for two per-
sons, the board. part springing with Its own
elasticity when the wheels come in contaLt
with an obstacle. " liicyele," a carriage for on*-,
having one very large wheel and one very small,
disix)sed one behind theotlier, witlxaseat aUjv**
the large w heel for Ihe rider. It is propelled by
movement of the feet u]X)n cranks tlxed to the
axle of the hirge wheel. "Cab," a small light
carriage forone hoi*se. *' Cabriolet," a cne-hor*e
pleasure-carriage. "Calasl'." a light, covered
carriage, with seats for four inside, andasef*.
aiiite seat for Ih'' driver; in Canatla, a two-
wheeled vehicle, having one seat, with a place
in front for the driver. " Carr^'-ail," a light,
one-hoi-se vehicle for carrying a number of per-
poris. **Cftrt," a carriage with two wheels.
"Chaise," a two-wheclcd vehicle for two per.
sons. " Chariot," a war vehicle; a four-wheeled
pleasure-carriage. "Clarence," a close four-
wheeled vehicle, with onescat inside, and a scat
for the driver. "Coach," a large, close, fonr-
wheeled vehicle. " Coupe," a four-wheeled,
close carriage for two i>crsons, and a sopamte
seat for the driver. " Dog-cart," a one-hor^e
cart, with two wheels or four wheels, used by
fpon.#TDen to carry dflfW for htintlTlSf. " Gig,'* a
very light kind ol two.whf>elrd chiur.e, "i.hul-
»loi»e,''a rcfomy four-wlietled pleasure vehiile,
Willi MAts for «<ix, including driver and foot nam.
" Jiini(>-itaat/* a carriage with a movable seat.
"KiljitkiL,** a wagon without springs, used by
Tutam as a kind of movable habitat i<Mi. " I.an.
dUL" a ^mreuient carriage, nuide at I.andau, la
GfTOiauy , it Is hung and fitted like a coach, but
coiutrTXr1<Hi mi tliat theupjHT jiartcan be I brown
open orc^i^K'nally In line weather. " Kocka-
•*y.** ■ jleatiure-iarriage, with tlxetl top.
"^tanhof*',' a light two-wln-eled carrUige, mo.
v^tatd after Lonl Stiudiope, fur whom It was
ms^. •* Sulky," a two-wheeled V4'hicle, for one
j<*-fw#n- "Tartan," a hmp, covered carriage.
"V*i<j«-ipw5e," a carriage fnrone, with wheels (pf
BDcqoal dl-tineter, sintilar in form to the lii( y-
elcv which iBcaiiable of heingdriven withgreat
«p««(L ** Wagon,** a four-wheeled vehicle for
earrytny freight,
CmrrUtr* A piece fastened to a faceplate in t\
Carrta^ A term applied more i>artlcularly to
lb* fTcrfu»tion of ligures, fruit, flowers, find
ixvaLMoentLl work, fror-. pieces td' wood or ivor.',
tqrcattlxtg the aame into the denired KlmtX' by
nMUuof cliiseU, gnuges, saws, and tliosofile
nccesiiiiry forms. The ait of carving is called
«ciiJ|Mture vben slrme is the material used, and
chaftin^ ■»"ben the work is executed in metal
CmrymtkA^** The term given to female figures
Ibblaie U¥»t«3 instoad of columns, toHup|)ort an
«lltaLAatl2r(>, Allantes is the name given by the
Greeks losuHli; ligures used insteail of columns
OTfiiMsteT^ for a similar i)uri)ose,
Ca«e. Ar«'e]'tacle dividcl into numerous coin-
|AniDimt£, lor holding types. The lower-ca.-^e
CKJOlaitt* fifty -fuur l>oxes, for each snail I lettei of
tfc« alphabet, each llgure (from 1 toO), punctua-
ttoa pirfntfi« (ijraces for placing between Ihe
wonts quadrates of four sizes for justifying
llnctf jumI landing jtamgraiihs. The upjx'rcase is
diTKled into ninety-eight boxes, and cuutalns
lli« cupiUJ letters, snaUl • caps, sign nairks,
tla^tit*. liTU-es, bi-acket, jiarenthois, etc. The
compoait'or (*els the ty]K.-s, according to the copy,
Tbith be has jiUieed conveniently before him,
OiliiS an ijvn instrument calh-d a coniiHising-
stiek. In wluchhe arranges each tyi)e— one alter
anottaer— in the jtrocess of forming words and
lioca. Wbeai the stick has received all the lines
it willhcild, tbe coiuiKisitor, by a i>eculiar grip
©"Otlietype uith histwo han<ls,lift.s it out and
deports it on a frame or galley. The gtUley, on
beinsCUed with matter (as tyi>e iJ called after
its tviDOv:i] from the stick;, is secured and an
impniBEkin of its contents is taken on a slip of
pMp*^» wrhieh i-s called a proof-slij) or sheet.
Tbeptoof-felip, together with the original copy
of tbe naat^er, i^then sent to the i>roof-rouder,
wbo,»iIb*na'^^isUiiit,rcadsand verities it with
the Off^^nal cxijiy, marking ndstakes, as they
are ftMiBd* on the margin oi tlie slip; tlie assist-
ant is call«<dl the cojiy -holder, and reads alo\id
fr'vni li«r tsjpy or manuscript to the proof.
reafler, wbo traces tlie jirinted lini's on the
pcooCsdip, ]*encil in hand. After being cor.
Ecctcfl by the ctjmixjsitor who set tiie type, it is
Goade op into jages or colnmns as required, and
sent frMntl3ecoUiiiot>ing-rooni tolheiircss-room
a4 a fiorm. The form i* tlicn jdaced upon the
smooth bed of a machine or i>ress and any
re«|aired nojubcrol imi)re-->iniis are made on a
5piMr:f£tid or uniform size of paper. From the
piriets^rcMJwa tiie printed slteets of the form go to
Ihe book-binder, if itrinte*! in book-form; if in
the totmof anews]ia]H'r, the sheets are folded
>n the spot, and delivered direct to the pub.
lidaeroraatborof the mattiT. (See Ilookhind-
Ing-i ''Casie-r»ck,"R wcKxlenlrainelorreceiving
prfntcta' cases when not in use. See Quad.
rat, em,
Ca^tia^ A Ifeiinapj^lied tothe proccsfiof pouring
a meiaJ or some other tiubstance, in a fluid or
setEsi-flraid elate, into a mold. The i)rocess i
i.
VOC.yULAUY OF MKCIIANICAI. AND SCIKNTIKIC TEh3lS.
ftti]>li'otl to till' iiiiiiiutiiriiin* of iirttcloM tn tnni,
l>n»nzt', lM-ll.|i)i'tnl, Iriul, Htcrl, t'opiHT, ponu'*
l.tiTi. )>];t-t)-i-, iiiKl rcMK'iit of variuiis UliuU,
Calluirlnp-whiM-l. A olri'iilar window, lii'^iunlly
r>tiinl iit riillit'tlniN iiinl churt'lirM Ixiill tn tlic
Uothic -.lylf.
C«*llul4ii(l. A ^ptM-lfsof MnlWdllnl nillodidn prn.
<lnitv! lA- <lN-Mtlvin;;guM*r()tton In ranipliorwtth
tli«* »Mo( lir:it ami prcrtrmri'; nsc t\H ]isiil»>ll.
lulf lor ivnr>', ami may Ix* inoldtMl mo that the
UK>*t 'li'llwilt* jind I'laVioniti-uiticU'dian be niml''
with 11.
Carrlto. '.cr Hasp.
Cfm**nt. A i-oniiMiund of pltrli, hrtckdiist, pla>*.
l*t -»( !*;iri.-.('tr.,ii-'r(! I)y fliaMTf^amt otliur ui! If.
it i-r- for niakim; tlu-ir work llini.
C^nt4T-htl. s.r I!lt
Crntfr nf (iruvlty. That ]»4>int almnt which all
lh<' pan* ot a U.dy in any ^»ituation hahmcc
«-.irli othtT.
CentfT or (iyralion. That jwlnt In a r*Uatin^'
!*<»'ly, or ?.y-ttin of l«Mllcs,al whioh, If tlic whoh*
u%'.tsi* wtMVcoIh'ct'vt.a (jivcii Inn-fappUiMl would
pnxluoi' thr !<\uiv a!i;;nlar vi'lotity thai It would
luvf cointnnnii'ali'd to tin- systt'n\ In its Ilrst
t-ondilion.
Onlrirucal. KiTciM'Xortt'd from tie renter out
ward. 'Centnivetal," tending' toward the center.
Chain* A nie:i-nre iif len><th, made ot a eertain
nuniN'r of li:ik"*ot iron wire.servin^; to measure
a certain quantity ot ^roun<\. (iuntur's chain
coni^istsof r. hnndrcil sueli link^, each measur-
Ing7/*'i inclH's.and therelon' ('{pial to sixty. hIx
fet't or four i*i>lerf. 1 KMpKire c' in = 10,(>no links
=s )•; jujIcj-. Ill ^Mpmro chains — 1(»,(HH) links = icd
poles =- 1 acre.
Cluiln-puinp. A device in thofonn of an tMidless
i.iuiin. ♦••piii'iHHl with jilates or huckotsnt re^ru-
lar interval-, jiassin;; ujuvard thronnh a wooden
tube:uid moving on two wlieels, lam above and
one l»elow. *' (^"hnin-wlioel," an inversion of the
chain-piimj>, whereliy it becomes a recipient of
j.uwer.
Cliair. >ee under the head of Hail.
Chaise, .^ee Carriage.
Chaldron. A dry measure, consisting of thirty-
>i X '-u^hels.
Champ. A small sloping surface in architecture.
<itanif*T. To cut a groove In ; to llute.
Change-wheel, (me of a ^et of wheels of ditl'er-
i-nt ^izes and number of teeth, which may be
e!ui7i;,'ed for other wheels in machinery.
Chapiter. See Ionic firder.
Cliariot. *(.-e Carriage.
Chai^. A s<iuare iron fmme, used by printers to
I'X-k up forms of type, when made up in col-
u:nns or ]iages.
Chasing. See < ari'ing.
Cheeks. A general name among mechanics for
pieci-i of timber in any machine, which are two
K'i u kind.
Cliee^e-pres*. A press in which lln' curds are
"■resri-e'l f» >r making cheese.
Chevron. A zigzag archilectuifil ornament.
Chill. To haixleii liy sudden cooling; as, a chilled
w hix-l. made of cast iron, au'l so hardened.
ChokeHlamp. A name given by minors to car.
lx>:.;o acid, as distinguished from lire-tlami),
■ahjcJi ].. carburet ted liydrogen.
Chorography. Art of dmwing maiis of parlieu-
lar iiroviuccs ur districts. It is, thcretore, Ic: s
extensive than geography, wliich includes a
description of the whole earth, and more exten-
sive Hum toix>graphy, which contines itself t()a
singk" phiceor luwn.
Chrome-yellow. A valuable pigment, made by
prt-ciiiiialinga salt of lead with bichromate of
potash. Much used by painters un account of
it- brilliant yellow color.
Chark. An appliance fixed to the shank of a
turner's l.ithe for hultUng the material to be
■w-jrked on.
Cinqaefoil. An ornament of live leaves united;
common in the tnicery of winilows, in i)apapeta,
etc., of Gothic buildings.
(;lre|p, .\ plain llgme IxMinded by one line only, '
eulle*l the ciretimfereiu'e, lo which all the Ihr I
(linwntolt from a jHtint In the middle, e:>
tho center, are eiiual to each other. The
which ilivides II into two i<|i>al i>artsi"*c. .
the dliuneter. Kvi-ry cirvle [■< sup)Hiscd to be
divided into .BUt inuts or degreo, wlUTcfore
angles are measured by the are of u circle. See
(jua<lnint,
Clreunit'erentor. .\ii Instrument u^efl by f*ur-
veyor-i for taliing angh's.
<'l(ieK-valve. .V .-Imple valve with a Map, which,
v\ \hu lilted, falls witli a clacking sound.
<'l(iinp. An instrument with a scr*'W by which
the w(trk iif a Julner Is lield together.
Ciurj'nee. Set" Carriage.
Clarion. .V ktn<l of trumiwt whose tube is nar-
rower, and lone more acut«<, than theconunoit
Irumpe* " Clarionet," an agreeable and sweet-
tmu'd y. ind Instrument of the reed kind.
Cleat. A small .strip of wood nailed to some
w()rk in thu hands (if the carpenter to hold it
together; a pico? of wood, having various forms
according to il« use, employed in vi's>4'ls to
iiusten rop<'s to; a piece of iron fastened tn a
shoe.
Clevis. A l)iece of iron bent to the fhajM' of an
()\-biiw, w itli the two en<ls jiierced to receive a
liin, used on the end of the tongue of a wagon,
or plow, to draw it l)y.
i'llpper. See Vessel.
Clod-crusher. An agricultimd instrument for
crushing and pressing the soil. It consists of a
cylindrical roller diviiled into many pieces or
wheel-, all strung ujion one axle.
Clout-nail. A nail used for fastening jiatcliesof
iron.
Clutch. A i>rojecting tooth or other form of
machinery, for connecting shat'ts, etc.
Cock. The wronght-piece that covers the bal-
ance in achick or watch; thesix)nt which is i)ut
into beer or wati'r barrels, etc, Seo Water-gage,
Cocks, etc.
Con'er-dam. A ca-'C uf piling tl.^ed in the bed of
a rivir. for the puriwiseof building a pier dry.
Cog. Tin,' tooth of a wheel. *' Cog-wheel," a
wheel with cogs or teeth.
Collar. A circular or ring-like jmrtof a machine,
nst'd to jirevenl irregularity of motion.
Colonnade. See Ilalcony.
Column. A i>iUar, used to supixirt a superin-
cumbent weight in various ways, — it consists of
three parts, namely, base, shaft, and capital.
(See r.ase, an<l CapiUd.) A c()himn that ajipcars
to bcciunposed of a cluster of columns, is called
a cbisTcrid column.
Compass-plane. A jtlane convex on tho under
side for smoothing curved timber.
Composite. Onetd'the five orders of architect-
ure, so-called because it is eoi iposetl of the Ionic
and Corinthian orders.
Condenser. A term used to denote any apjiara.
tus u.-ed for cooling lieatt'd vajxu-s and reducing
them toa Ihiuid form. The pneumatic conden-
ser is a syringe workeil on thesanic ]irinciiile as
the force- pumji, by which a large (luantity of air
can be foz'ced into a given space. See Kxhaust.
Conduit. A jiipe for the conveyance of water to
any particular jiart.
C4»nsole. Same as I'litickot.
Cotder. A ve>sel used by brewers, tor cooling the
beer after it is dniwn olf.
Coping. The stone coveriim on the tojxif a wall.
Copper. A Irani, sonorous, ductile, and malleable
metal, of a characteristic reddish-brown color.
It is next to iron in specific gravity, but lighter
than gold, silver, or lead.
Corbel. The name given to blocks of stone pro-
jecting from the surface of a wall to su]ii)ort the
openings (»f towers, or the ends of the beams of
the floors in old castles.
Corinthian Or.Ier. The most profuse and orna-
mental of the live onlers of architecture, the
third in order, and so-called becai'se columns
were lii-st made of tnat character ' > Corinth.
See Architecture.
Cor*lt<«-englnr. .\n engine liavinga variable and
^-elfiu' ting cut -oil'. (SeeCnt-oir.) \\ has t«o hilet
and two exliau>t viilve«, each of which vllmde
on its own rod or spindle, within a bored S|tace.
The valvesMci independently by na'ansof rods
iiinn a viljnttlng disk and an eccentric and rod.
At each stroke ot the engine, the valve. opening
mechanism Is thrown out of gear, when the
valve \H irwtanlly closed by a spring. Tho
instant at which the cut-oil takes place Is
itependent upon the poHitlon of the balls of the
governor' at the miunenl.
Cornel-a-IMHton. A new kind . wind Instru-
na'ut, \'cr>' popnlur anamg modern composers.
It is virtually n post-lau-u with the addition of
three pistons.
Cornice. Any molded projection I hat crownsor
hidshes the part to which it is atllxed, as tho
corn'c of a room, a door, etc.
CiJtter. See Itutt.
Coulter. The ton' part of a plow, with a sharp
edge tocut th(i earth.
Coiinter-lialanee. Adrlltlon of weight to the
side of a wheel (»pi)oslte to th-,it whereon a
<-nink.pin is attached ; as, tin? niass of iron cast
in the locomotive engine whetd opposite to tho
cnnk-idn, to counterbalance tl;4Mveight of tho
latter,
Coiipllnj;. T!io name given to various armngo.
ments liy which the parts of a machine may bo
connected or disconnectecl at iileasnre, or by
which a machine may \n' disengaged from, or
i*e-engage<t with, a revolving wheel or shaft,
through which it receives motiim from a steam-
engine, water-wheel or other iirime- mover.
(See Clutch, tilainl, Kngaged, and Friction
clutch, etc., under Friction,) •'Coupling-box,"
the box into which tlie ends of two shaft3 are
fastened and eonnecteil.
Crut». A kind of crane for moving heavy weights.
Cradle. A frame of timlicr raised on eat'h side of
a ship, for the more convenient launching of lier.
Cruinp-ifon-^. Irons which are used to fasten
st<mes in buihlings.
Crane, A nau'liine, with ropes, pulleys, and
hoo])s, for drawing up heavy weights.
Crank. A shaft or axis bent like an elbow, and
used for converting re<'tilineal into circidar
motion, or vice versa. '' Crank-pin," a pin join-
ing the ends of the cnmk-arms.
Crocket. An <miamental projection on tlie edges
of the sides of pinnacles, canopies, spires, vie,
consist ing ehielly of leaves and knots of foliage.
Cross-head. In a steam-engine, that part which
forms a cross-bar at the end of a i)iston-rod
where the latter isjoined to theconnecting-rod,
"Guide-bars," tlie bars in wliich tht! cross-heatl
slides, called also guide. blocks, .slide-rods, and
slides.
CrosH-tall. A!i in»n bar connect ing the side. lever
of a marine engine with tlie piston-rod.
Crown. The ut)pi'rmo-:t member <>i' a cornice.
*' 4'rown-post ," the jiost which sustains the tie-
b 'am and rafters of a roof, called also king-i>ost.
"Crown-saw," ni circular naw made by cutting
the teeth on the edge of a hollow cylinder.
"Crown-wheel," a cog-wheel witli teeth at right
angles to lts]ilane.
Cupola. A term ai>plicd to any covering placed
over a building and taking the ft)rm of a hemi-
sphere or spherical vault, whether round or
polygonal, at the base. The term dome, to 1)0
strict, is apjilied to the exterior, or ciuivexity of
the covering, and the woid cupola is applied to
its interior surface, or concavity.
Cup-valve. A \alvo made in tho form of a cup,
or a hemisphere.
Cutter, See \'cssel.
<'utting-engine. See Kngine.
Cut-oil*. An ai>plianci' of tin* steam-engine for
cutting otfthe passage of steam l'ro!n the steam-
chest or ^nl)ltly to th.> cylinder, at the time tho
piston has nuide \v.\vt of a stroke, in order to
allow the remainder of the stroke to be made
by the expansive forc<' of the steam already in
the cylinder. See Expansion,
slmrp
cornu'C.
i tlio tic.
iillL'llOSl.
iv (Mittinj^
i'\ liiulcr.
h at i-ijiht
placed
>I ;i litMui-
DUinl or
line, to be
i\'t'.\ity of
iippliwl to
of u cup,
Hf^lno for
liostetim-
DB(ni**rrnotyiin Pruoeiifi. Iixlltlo of hIIvit 1h ii
coiniMtiiiul vi-ry Hi^nsttivr to tin- tnllnrurr of
IljfhI. Iinlii|;»i(M'nH>lyiMM'.x|M'rlim-'ntf* ii jvollslii'M
lUutti of Hllvt-r Is liXiMiHcil 1o tlir viiiMir toiUni', or
Iimniifln vn|K>r, until It lMT<in»'s covrri'tl witliu
|Nil(t yellow lUiii of iiMlidc (.f Hilvt-r. It tin-
iodlztMl plnte 1m' put Into ii fiuiHim ol»^rum, uml
Hii object \»\ iillow4>4t Ut fiiU iiivin tt tltn>ut,'h a
voiii|x>uiul leiirt, till) lodliu! will \n) Heimnited
from tb»< HllViToii tlioso iMiit?*of the plate ni>on
which theliyht-my!-, from t3io object full. The
plate ir* alli-nvard cxiM>.-tt'il to the vapoi-s of incr-
cury -a certiiiii whito metal, like Milver— which
amtUK<Lii>i^tti with tlioHu partn of the hiii face that
lire frec'lfrom iodino by the interposition of tln^
]Hirticular oltjcct, whoHtj ontlinu and features
havo been rdlccli'dor cast uik)m It, ami tluis tlie
picture Is (h'vclopcil. Tlu-n the plate is iui-
HkerHcil in a saline snlution, wliicli removes the
excess of iodifln i^f silver, and thus prevents
tiny further action of the liirht upon the plate.
Dfinip. See ('huke-daiui>.
D inalile. A kind of horizontal wheel, moved by
a fall of water.
I>aHli-|mt. A cylinder containing fluid, and hav-
ing a liMtscly-litting i)islon, to oitso tlie blow of
any desccndinii weight.
DuvtI. .\ piece of timber projecting over a sliip's
bow, UfiiHl a.s a crane t(^> huint the anchor out of
tlie water in such u manner as to prevent lis rub.
bingaio^inst hor side; pieces of iron placed in
pali-s in certain jmrts of a vessi'l's sides ancl
stern, employed for hoJstingand lowering boats.
Derrick. A lcm|M>mry cnmo consistinj^ of a spar
supported by stays and guy.s, carrying a par-
ch a >4e for loiiding or unloading goods on ship-
boiucl, invented liy Sir. llir«hop, an American.
PeiTicks ure usetl in this country ju* lifting
p^jwerj*, and are veiy ustifid ami economical.
Dibblr, A i>oiutud garden. to(^>l for nmking holes
t.» plant in.
DifTerenthil (icur. A eouibinatiou of wheel-
mo veim.'nt by \\ hii'h a motion Is produced eipial
to th(^ dltferenci! between t wo t»I her movements.
DlscliarKcr. An in^tlrument made of ghu;.s or
baketl wool, by the help of which an electric jar
is di.scliai*ged; a di>.e barging rod.
IHstribiition. The throwing of tyix; into cases
by a comiM)sitor.
Ulvlng-lHdl. A hollow Vessel, by winch pei-sons
may descend lulow the water, and remain for
•*ome time witlioul inconvenience. It is nscil
for tlu' ri-eovr'ry ol'lo>t property, etc.
Doller. See CanlinLT-machine.
I>t>g> A grap|)ling iron tor tastt'ninLX into wood or
other heavy articles for tlie puriMJso of moving
tlM'm.
Dome. See Cuix>la.
]H>ric. The most ancient of the Grecian or^Urs
of architecture, made, as is said, in imitation of
tlie liovels creeled by tlu* original inhabitants
of (IreiH-e. See Arc'dlecture.
l>«»riner-\vindo\v. A window made in tin; roof
of a building.
Dtivc-tailing. A method ol* joining one board
inti) another, by pins in the one Iitt:?d to holes
in anotlu'r.
I>o\v«d. A piece of wootl fastened to a wall, so
1 hat other pieces may be naiUil to It.
Drag. A meclianical arrangement, by which the
speed cf a vehicle can be decreased by stopping
or blackening the rotation of one or more of the
wheels. In railway atfairs, it is called a brake.
Drain (or I-aud l»raining). Thejirocess of caiTy-
ing waterolT from the land.sonu'times by means
of open drains, but more commonly by drains
made to a certain depth under tho ground,
which are flUetl with bushes so na to admit tho
wat er.
Draught (or Draft). The llgure of an intended
building, described on paper; the ijuantity of
water which a ship dmws when she is atUmt ;
also, that which pertains to drawing, as draught
horses. '* I)raughl-eompa.ss(.'s," an instruuuMit
famished with sovei-al movable iK)ints for mak-
ng line lines in luchitectural dniwings.
I>mw-lieii(l. !!i railway iiiachtner>', a cuHhlon or
butTer to which a coupUutf li« uttachc<l. See
Itutrer.
DruwlnK-knlfi*. A long blade with a handle at
each end, used by hand to («hav« ofT wimkI.
surfaces.
Draw-Hprlng. The spring to which a dniw-liead
is fastened.
UreilKliig-tnurhliie. A machine empUiyed for
the )iurposH of elearing out or deeiH*ning the
clianncls of riv»'rs, harUirs, etc.
DrcNN. To cut to proper dimensions, fimtKtth or
finish, etc. In htisbandry any HtutT, Huch nn
loam, sand, etc., which is put on land to Improve
the soil.
Drift. A etmieal tool of Hteel for <>nUirglng holen
in metal, by oeing driven into it.
Drill. A tool used for boring holes in wtNid,
metal, Htone, bone, etc. I'rilts for boring iron
have ptjinted bends, witli sharju-dges projecting
from tln'm, that cut in (l.tferent directions.
Tho.-^e for boring wtMxl are like an auger or large
gimlet, orthey are broad and flat, with a pro.
jecting spiko In the center and cutting «'dges on
eitherHlde.—ilrllUof this form are called center.
Idts.
l>river. Any i>art which connnunicates motitm
to another iMirt ; iw the driving-wheel of a loco-
motive.
Drum. A short revolvinr eyiinder oi barrel,
furnished with means to communicate motion
to other machinery. When very short in the
direction of tho axis, It Is called jjulley, and
riggf'r.
nry-|Miint. A sharp, tlnc.jiotnted etching needle,
used to cut fine lines in a cojiin-r or steel plate
witliout biting them in with acid.
Ductility. See Gold, and Malleiibllity.
Dyke. An enibanknuMit of earth, sometimes
revetted w itii ma.sonry, *m* secured with a slop-
ing front of stonework to i)revent the water of
the ocean or any river from overfU>wing the low-
lands that have been druineil and brought into
cultivation.
Dynamics. See Statics.
l>)'naminnetrr. The nanu^ given to all Instru.
meats tlt;it are constructed for the iuirp.iseof
measiu'ing the power I hat can be everted l»y tin-
human frame, animals, or muchineiy, whether
by a single effort ttf strength or by a continuous
series of efforts e.vercisid during any given
time. A dynamometer »isually consists of a
spring, to be acted uiM>n by the applied force,
and an index an'' scale.
I-:asel. A frameon whicha paintersetslheeloth,
etc., to be painted.
Fhiuiite. India rubber maile hard by vidcanlza-
tion.
Kecentric. v\ sort of w heel or revolving disk, in
which the axis, or center of naition, does ntd
coineidt! with the geometiieal center. There
area great variety <d' eccentrics, and they are
very useful in converting one kind of motion
into another.
Kiasticity. See Stress.
Electric Liglit. A brilliant light that is pro.
duced by an electric current generated with the
aid of appropriate machinery. Kilison's ebx.'trie
lamp consists of a pair-shapeil glass globe about
4.'i inches in height, exbausti-d of air, into wine! i
is scaleil a tilanient of carltonizcd bambtK).
slightly thicker than a horsehair, which is
niisi'd to Incandescence by a current of elt'c
tricity. Kleetric lights are also produced by
means of the current and contiguous carbon
l«;ints, tlu* latter being shaded with globes open
atthetotL
Klectro Calleo-prlnting. Tlie art of producing
l)atterns on cloth by the chemical action of the
voltaic current.
Kleetro-niugiiet. See Moving jKiwers.
Klectrometer. .\n iuBtniinent for measuring
the (luantity or intensity of 4'leetricity, or
for Indicating the presenc,- of electricity; an
instrument f'^** dischargUig electricity from
a jar.
Kleetro-plHte. A precipitation of iillver orgold
on a surface »)f ci>pper, or ijerman silver
metal.
Kl«*rtro-tlnt. The art or pitHH'j»s by whh h an
et<-hing is jircHluced tbronudt the means of f^.
vani'*in,
Klerlrotyiie. The term <'onnnonly applied to the
art of depositing <-opper and other metals In or
njH)!! suitable nuiMs, through the ageiicy of vol.
talc electricity, so as to i»nM|ucc faithful cople«
of ctdns, medaW. statues, engraved bU>ck»,
W(MHl.<-uts, tonus of metal tyi^*, and other
workx.
Kllzahetlmn <»rtler. See .Vrchiteclure.
F.ntlHMH. T(» carve aflg. ire, so that It wtll|r)ject
from the plane in which It Is eat ; to ornament
in relief.
Kngitged ColumnH. A term applit-d to cohunns
sunk par'ly into the wall to which they are
attached. " Kngaged wherN" ,re those wheeU
in gear with each other, the driver In-ing the
engaging wheel, and the follow'-r is the wheel
.•ngaged.
Kngine, \ term applied to iin> comjKiund ma.
chint (■. Instniment comiK>sed of variou'i parts,
and Intendeil to prmtuce some eifecl by mechan-
iciil f»uce;such as a pump, a \s indhis**, i-tc. A
Iir*'-engine con-^i-its of two forcing pninjis so
combined tliat their joint action pro«lucesu con-
stant and powerfid stream of water, which, by
meansof a flexible pipe, or hose, may be directed
at pleasure t<i any imiut. ihe Bteain-engine,
first constructed by James Watt, a native iif
tirecnock, was forniising water by meansof the
exiuinsive force of steam; It ha-- •^ince nnder-
gom* many impmvements, and made applicable
toeverys4)rt of work which n'«iuire-«an e\tra-
onlfna-.y moviuLr imwer. Tin* sle-.ini-engine
was lii"St successfully adapted to navig:ition by
Kobert Kulton, <»f ihi- tniti d ^tatt s. A <ut ting-
engine, or machine for dividing an<l cut tint: tho
teeth of cog-wheels, is the Invention of an
Auieriean me<'hanist. An air-entriM- i-* an
engine put in motion by hot air. For llt>tar>*
Kiigtiif, liotary Pump, eti*., >ce Ilolary.
Englisli. Tln' name of a variety of printing type,
huirer tbjin plea.
Kngravln'-. The art of representliii: tluures in
metid, ^vi>od, or stone, by means *>f lines eut
th.-reon.
Fntahlature. See Ilase.
Kplcyelohlul Wheel. A stationary wheel or ring
tootht'd or. the inside, and geared with another
toothed whetl of half the diameterof the first.
The inner wheel revtdves alM)ut the center of
the outer wheel, the whole being a contrivance
for securing paniUel naition.
Eseappinent. In lioiiJh>gy. escapements are of
various kinds, as the crown escaiH'ment of an
ordinary watch, aia bin- eseapement of a com-
mon cloek, horizontal escapement <d' a watch,
duplex escapement, detached eseajtement. etc.
In clock- wt)rk the coinnum e-capements consist
of the swing wheel ar.d pallets only. P.y m(-.u\s
of the escajH'nu'nt, the impulse of the wheels is
communicated to the i>endulnm.
Escutcheon, A thin tnetal plate, place<l at the
key. hole of a cU)or i^s a guaiil or ornament.
Etching. .\ mi'tli'xl of engi-.iving<in nu-tal, ghtss,
or the like, in which the lines and strokes are
eaten in with aiiualortis.
Etruscan Arehltrcture. Tlieie s-.re but fewexi--t-
ing remains t»f the constructive works of the
ancient Ktruseans. It is certain that all works
of a public nature were eminently character-
ized by solidity of construction, and were prob.
nl»ly plain and devoid of elaUmite sculptured
decorations. The Tuscan tuderof ai-chitecture,
tho plaiiu'st and most ina->ive in style of the
five classic ortlcrs, is name<l after this jn'ople.
Eudiometer. An instrument for:Lscertaining the
purity of the air, or tlie (piantity of oxygen and
nitrogen in atmosplierical air.
Exhaust. The steam let tuit of acylintlerafter it
has been used. " Exhaust-pipe," the pipe that
I conveys steam to the outer air or to the con-
^
VOCAIUTLAUY OF MECIIANICAI- AND S(^IKNTIFIO TKItMH.
tlrnsrr. "(VnilrnHrr," tlint imrt nttiiohtMl ti> tlio
cylinder whcro tlni Ht.^nui In londrnHiMl.
KxprinNlnti, Th(> |ir<>H4iiro itixl oiHTitlnn of strain
111 II *-.TUintrruftiT It. 4 roininuninilloii wllh I In*
biilltr hiiH IxTM cut titr. •' KxiKUinloii-i^car," u
j;oiir orfut-(»n', vixiiiibln or U'lJiistatiU', Hint may
Im) in;ul(i to oprnitn nl ilnrrnMil jHiliit.-* i»f tlic
BtnikAdt tlHMiiston fur cultlnnolT Htram whili'
llHTiik'tno l-» In iMMilnii. (S<-r r»it-oir) " Kxpun-
hlon jiilnl,"* II jo. Ill l"!' ('(imu'i'llnf; t'l emu -itlpoH,
HM iM t > ii'Iitiil nl'onn ptpo Hllrtin^ within tli<
i-nlitrt^O'l rinl t>l' tlin iitluT wlu-ii tlin li'ii^tli
inrri'iisos tiy oxpniiMlon. " Kx|nu»si(ni.valvr," u
pnrt i.f i^ cut-otV, wlilrh kit.
Fin-i*. Tlio pi'iiH'li'nl Hilt Hurtiicp of ii part.
" KwT-i l;iir," tlic (U?*k liisli'mMl to tln' rnvolving
SlillnUi'..f 11 l;itl;c.
Fun. Any Iral'-llkr contrtvanco iisid fnr imMtur
In:^ current.-* t>\ air, In wliinowin^r npni, otl-cr
kin«l^ ( f gniin. bltnvhit^ a tlr»% vnitilation, tli .
" rim-wIuM'l," 11 fan. blower.
rant. Appli<''t to pnllr-ys, called fa^t nn<!1<Mw...
(leiKtti'M two ]>nUeyM i^ltuato Klde liy t-lito r-i a
.Nhalt tliat i-t 'Iriveii fp'nianothersliaft l>y r'enn>j
of a l'an<). In sloi^piiifj tlio nliiift, tin- l-i- 't t-
bliiftr-l fium tlio lixt'd pnllo>' to tlm ItMtMcotie,
aii'l vlc(» versa.
Feuthor. An elevation on an ftxls or rvthi'*"*'
■whic'li cnineiiles with a jiroovc In therycot ti
wheel, to e:insr' both to turn sit tli-^ h;iimc t:;!ie.
" Featherint? w heel," a jiaddle-whec I of wl»n!i
the floats, aeted upon by tho water, turn bo an
to dip nearly penHMidlenlurly to the surface,
instead of standing erect.
Fen*1. Those juirtH of niat'hlnrry that move the
work to tlie cnttinjx tool, or vice versa, in dross-
In^ wood (»r metal. " Frod-iicnd," n cisteni ho
nmdeusto supply water hy its own wciplitto
the l)oiier of an enf^lne. " Feed-heater," a vc-j.
sel In which feci water !•< lieated hy waste steam
before it in forced Into the iKillcr. " Feed-pipe,"
a pipe wliich HuppHes the hoiler of n steam-
engine with water. *' Foed-pnmp," a force-
pump which supplies the boiler with warmed
water thrfmi^h u feed-pipe.
Felloen. The ]iieces<»f wood which fonn thee4r.
cnmference or circular i>iut of tin.' wheel.
Fernilp. V rin^ of irmi or other metal jint
around anything' to hold ii Ilnn(fr prevent it
from Hplittinj?. In steain-lioilers, a bnshin;^ for
widening^ tlio end of a flue.
Festoon. An ornament of car\'ed work In the
form of flowers, otc, depeiidinj^ in an arch.
Flgiire-head. An ornamental fljriiro or bust,
emblematical of war, navi^'ation, or commerce,
etc., flxedon the topof tho pi-ojectiny ]X)rtion
of a sliip'.s stem or cutwater.
File. An implement used in many trndon to pro-
duce a smooth surface on hard Hv.bstances, as
metals, ivory, wood, etc.
Fillet. See Ha-se.
Finiai. Tlie upper extremities of pinnacles In
Gothic architecture, in the forms of knois or
bnncbe^ttif foli:i<^e.
Flrc-onslno. See Kncflne.
FlAli-hrum. A beam, ono of whose side;* swelld
out like afi:«li.
Flwh-jolnt. A splice l>olted on railway Iron tit
hol'l ends of r.x\\< I<»gether.
Flange, The metal rim bent over in gas-pipes,
water-pipes, etc., in order to join on other
lengths of the Kime. Tlie term is also applied to
the projecting outside circumference of a rail,
way-carriage wheel, by which tho wheel is lu-e-
vcnto<l from rnnnint?o.T tlie rails.
Flat. A car without a roof.
Float-lmard. A board flxed o tlie circumfer-
cncncif a wlieel, upon which the water acts to
set the wheel in motion.
Flue. A naiTOw passage in the wall of a house,
made of lire-proof material, for can-j-inj; otT
smoke. When a rumberof flues arc built close
together in a party-wwll between two houses, or i
in the gable-cnds of a 8in;;le house, tho wall j
it«elf is culled a stack, or cliimney-stack; mid j
that part of tt which rises above the roof is |
called tliechlmney-shaft. The wallH whl<di n«p-
urate flues Imllt Hide by nlde in a ntueU, iiro
called witlis, the walls which ritriri tlieir front
and hack behig named the breast and back
respectively. .See rarty-wiilt.
Fly. That part of a Jack which puts the rest of
the inarhliie lii motion. " I* lyu heel," awheel
Willi a heavy rhii, jilaced on the Nltaft of any
miirhlnery put In motion by any ii iej,'iiliir (M'
Intermitting force, lor the purpose of rendering'
the motion equal atut U'^ular by ineiiiis id' Its
niometilinu.
Flyliif^-inaclilne. A niiiehliie invented by I'rof.
Uitchri;, consl-'tiii}< ot a black silk cylinder
Home twelve feel In diameter and twenty. four"
in I ic' , with a capacity for nearly :;,(K'0 feettd'
(-'IS, tnin which cyllndir issuspeiiiled by nn*ans
if lords uiid rods a car coiniiosed of Hteiuh-r
br\-rt reds, wliUh extend the whole le;ij;tli of
th'MVllnder, taiM'rln;<to a point iit either end.
Thi' I I.itform ui>on which the oi>enitor sits Is
idtacln d 1o the center id' the car. Two cniiiks
Mltai-l.etl to a w heel, front the seat. The wheel
cnt:;ie('ts w 1th an upi'i^'ht >-hatt, and t<>ihlsnt
theh'wer end Is atladiedii tan <'Iosely resein-
liUnrtlie Hi'rewof a piDpeller. The hin, wlil( li
Is eonstnicted id" thin bniss plates. Is level with
I'l^ liottomof the platform. Another brass fan
Isnfli.veil tothe front end of tlu' car, and tliis is so
constructed that It can be turne<l iu any <llrtH'.
lion by the occuiiant simply natvinj; his feet,
while at the same time he can com fori ably WiU'k
the center fan with his ham Is. Tlie machine has
been patented. A tlyin;< machine, designed by
Frof. Uanmow 'i small model of which has
been repeated ,, laied with much success in St,
I'etersbnr^, Kussla. It consists of a ^jreat eylln-
der intended to have the form 4if a bird; the
interior is provided with steam machinery,
haviuf^ l>ower pntportioniMl to tlie size of the
appunitus; it has two lateral ]U"opellers, and one
rear jiropeller; the smoke, f;;a>;os, and steam
issue from tho end, which, when tlu* ntructure
jiasscs throu;;h space, will fjlvethe ap]ieanuiee
at' tlie tail of a lirilliant count.
Foil. A rouniled, leafdike ornament In windows,
etc. "Foliation," tlie act of cirnamentiiiK with
foils, or the oinaments themselves; feathering.
Follower. Tlie part c)f a machine that receives
impulse from another part.
Foot-valve. The valve that opens between the
comlenscr and alr-ianni) of a steam-engine.
Force, In mecluuiics, an action between a
l«iir of bodies, which chan;,'es, or tends to
chantfc, their relative condition as to rest or
motion.
FordnK-puinp, .\ ]iumi), with solid pisttm, used
for forcing water by iV-\,.i .^v inn\ of the piston.
It has also a side tube through which tlie water
is forced.
Forpp. A furnace, in which smiths heat their
metals re<i-hot, or in which the ore taken out <d'
the mine is metted down.
Form. See Cjise.
Foundry. The art of castint? metals In various
tonus; also the jilace where tliis business is
done. Small works are cast In hand, which,
bein;^ duly prejiared. Is put Into a wooden
fmme; then woodtui or metal modelsof what Is
Intended to be cast are put into the sand so as
to leave their impression. "When tlie molds are
fully prepared, this fused metal is jioured out of
the crucible into an opcnln}.'" whicli leads to the
sevenil jjatterns. After thj whole has been set
to ctiol, the cast work Is taV:en out of tlie sand.
The molil for very large articles is made of wet
temjiered loam, built up bydei;rees in a ])it. Into
which tlio melted metnl is made to run alonf^ a
channel on the t^^roimd W ^he mold.
Four-way. Allowing jiassngo in four diirerent
wa>":^, as a four- way cock.
Frame. A stand to support printers* cases. See
Case.
Fret. Small flUets intersecting each other at
right anfflcs, and used by the ancients on flat
members. See JRase.
Frlrllnn. The ri-nlstanco which a tnovliiK b<Mly
meets with from tint Hiirtaci) of the body on
which it tiioves. " I rict liui-clutcli," a kind iif
couplln;;hy which machinery Is put iiiiiialont
of gear. Frletlonluills or frlctUm-rnilers urn
used to I'ellevt* friction In revolving and mov-
ing bodies. " Frict liMi-concH," a klml of ^llp
<-oupllng by which motion is c<mimimicated by
means id' the 1 rict Ion of two cones. "Friction-
wheels," two wheels overlapping each idlnT
and Hiistalnln;,' at the point wliere tlieir cln-um.
h'nuices meet thti bearing of a revolving shaft,
for the pur|H)se of relhnlng It of friction.
I'Vieze. That |Kirt io*i of the entablature « hlch Is
betueeii the archltmve ntid the co-nice. (<eo
F.ntublatiiie, under base.) It was genenilly
adorned with tru-dyphs In the iHirin order, thn
Intervi'iiing spaces, calle<I metopes, Iwiug (llled
witlimutlptiiied llgures In alto relievo, fu* with
the skulls of (txen and wreaths nlternately;
while In I he Corint hianiind Com poMile orders !t
wasornanientei] with tiguies or scnill-work in
low relief. In uKMlern donu-stle un-hlteetme a
frie/4' is frectueiitly introduced imnied lately
below the cornice of an apartment. *• Trl-
glyi>h,"auieml)e;(tf llie Doric frieze, aslighlly
projecting tablet channeled with IwogrcMives or
glyphs.
Frog. A triangular crossing plate, at the t)oint
where one track bninches from another on a
nillway line. Cross-frogs are the pie<'es(d inui
at those points where one tnuk crosdes another
at right angles.
Fulcrum. Tlie prop or snpiiort by w hich a lever
is sustained, or tho flxed point alxmt whh h a
lever moves.
Furnace. A (Ire-iilaee for melting, distilling, and
other chemical processes, ho built as loeause tho
Are to Inirii vehe-mmtly.
Fiittock. See IJil>.
(talde. Tludriangular end of a house, from the
cornice oreavi -« to the top. '* tJablet," a small
ornamental galile, or canopy. A gable roof is a
sloping roof which forms a gable.
Gad. In mining, a small instrument of Iron with
a long wooden liandle, useil to break up the ore.
nailery. Aunuig miners, a long narrow passage
under ground; a passage leading to seveml
apartments.
fialley. See Case, and Vessels.
(tallows-frame. That part which supports tho
beam of a beam engine.
fialvanlc Hattery. An apparatus which is em-
ployed iu geneniting galvanism. " (.hilvaiUe
pile," the apparatus flrst made ity Volta, which
consisted of a certain number of pairs of zinc
and silver ]ilates, separated from each other by
pieces of w<'t cloth, in the order of zinc, silver,
and wet cloth In regular succession. The mate.
rials usually employed now are copper and zinc
in alternate disks. "Galvanism," a bninch of
the science of elei'trieity, flrst discovered accl.
dentally by (hilvani, a professor, of Itologna,
from whom it derives its name, lly experi-
ments on frogs, he discovered that all animals
are endued with a peculiar kind of electricity.
Volta followed (Jalvanl in his researches, and
discoverctl further wonders in this bmnch of
science. Galvanized iron Is iron coated with
zinc by a peculiar process to preserve it from
tlie action of nudsture.
Gas. The term is popularly atiplied to the impor-
tant mati'rial which is produced by tiie destruc
tivo distillation of coal, those species being
chosen which contain the largest auHmnt of
hydrogen, tiasollne Is a volatile fluid distilled
from petroleum. " \Vator-gas," a gas formed by
l«issing superheatcil steam over a bed of incan-
descent eual.
Gasket. Platted nemp. used for packing the pis-
ton and pumi)s of a steam-engine.
Gauge. Any Instrument or uiipanitus used for
measuring tlie state of a i)henomenon. Thus
the gtiugo of an air-pump is a barometer, con-
nected with the interior of tlio receiver, wdiich
shows the degree to which tho air is rarefied.
i
VOCMBIJL.UIY OK MKCllAMCM. AND HCIKNTIFIC TKllMH.
Mnny Kiiii^c'^i^rtnmixl In piirtliMilitr trndrri; mich
iirtthii ro'llroii Kiin^r, ttio niiil-MHl Hitii^r, tin*
)>tilt()n.iiiuk(>rM Kiio^r. rtr.; nthcrn mo ihoiI fu
wtitcli-wnrk; ffuiMiuikfirt ulHi> uho u Ki^iiK" 1"^
tlU' bOHH of KUIH llixl rttlcM. 'MilUmP.CIM'U," II
U\w\ fif wiitiM ■^fiiiit^r; li Htop.ciH'U to hIiiiw ilir
liiiiKJit of wiiU-r In H HtfumliDtU'r. " siphon.
f{iuiKO,"u yliiHf* Instniiiirtit i'linliilMln^ iin'icniy,
iiHi'il to ini'iiHiirn t) \trt)t of niriMiuiion pro-
tluiM'd hi tilt' ri'iHMvrrof an iilr-ixtinp.
Oour. A wlicrl wltli Irrth or rogH, or ti ntitnlHM-
of tootht'd wIu'i'U. WIh'oU iim in k*"'"' wlirn
ronnocti'd, out of RtMir wIumi (Itm-'iHincctciI.
" GcarliiK," tliii piirts l>i'twi>i<ii which ini)tluii 1:*
(•oininnnlciitctl to inuclilnrry ; nn, hf-ltKciirlii^,
frlrtlomil t;i'iirhi^^('*ro Kiictlnip, rti*. "(iciirtnK-
elmiii,'*im omUrsM dmln piwHlnj^ nnnnul toothtd!
wIh'oIj*, and coiiiiiiiiiilcatii)^; luotUin hi'twmi
thi'Mi.
Oenorator. An uptvimtni* foi* ticntin^ wairr
and fonnlnj^ Ntiiani for a Mtcinii-tMijxIiH'. Thn
Iciin \a uppllud to a pIiimm of ItiHtiintniiiMJU): Kon.
Cjn». Sro Ilntt.
OlflUrd Injortor. An inHtninu>nt lor Mupplyin;?
stcain.hollorH with watrr, ho ntnnoil from tho
inventor.
Cllmhal. A dovlco lor Mroniini< free motion in
snspi'nslon; iw, a Hhip'n conipftHH, inarlno buroni.
C't(!l-, VU\
Clin. A niarhinu for driving plluM.
Cilrtlftr. Tho principal \i\ovo. of ttnibur in a llnor.
Olnnd. A plcco for *'nj,'a^''.ntf and dIseiijfaKinK
tniu'hlncry movi'd liy lirllfi.
01u'/4>. To crust over carl lien warr; aH, In ^;liiz-
inf^, with a vitreous HnUstuncc; to put j;Ia.tH into
wiiiili>w-', nr iiiMkc t-'him ll^lils fur windows.
Gold. Tim rieliest and Iicavlcst metal except
platina, lielnir the iiKwt solid and least porous,
iiold is found pure, and not as tlic olhcr metals,
prodneed I'V smelt iii^'. The ductility and nial.
Ieal)ility oft,'..ld is such, tliat one^M-aln (tf It will
cover upward of llt'ty sipiaro inelics, and an
ounce Is cai>ahlc of licjni^ extended In the form
of wire or thread many liundrccl miles.
<i<>n(;. A stationary lidl w liosehauuner is moved
by a cord, or other means, as In tiieen'-iinc-room
ii( a steamboat.
Ootisf-neeU, A iiipn In form like tlie letter S.
Oollile Order. A style ot architect ure In whieti
pointed arches of greater heij^ht than breadth,
and a profusion (d" oniauuMiIs, in imitation of
loaves and llowcrs, are the ]>rinci)Mil character.
lstlc.->, !^ce Arrhit.'cture.
Governor. An in^'enjous mechanical arnuiye-
incut liy wlitch rc^^ularlty in the 'notion of a
steam. enftlne Is secured. Wlien new lii'e lias
.just been put on, more steam is likely to he^en-
crated than theen;,dnc, in its ordinary state, can
uae; and if free eommunicalion between the
iKitlcrand cylinder be permitted, more will he
genonitcd. To prevent this, two halls are set
upon a ey Under whicli revolves with tliecn;jiac,
nnd tlicHC tend to re^'olve faster, tin* faster the
cnj^ino^oes. U'hen it is;j;oin^ very slowly, they
exert accrtaiu action on a movable part to wliii'i
they arc attached, so u.s ti> keep open u valvi-
between tlie bolh-r and cylinder; when it is
goinf? very (piiek, the balls tly fast, and, bcin^'
connected w itli the valve, teml to close it, jiro-
portionally as they have diver^^iMl from the
spindle. The steam has thus less outlet from
tiie boiler, an<l is liclil in. until the euj^ineVs
reiiniremcnts and the supply become ecpial-
ized.
Oruftinfi'. In horticulture, the process of Insert.
U\i^ the branch of one tree into the stock of
another, so tliat it may receive nourishment
from it, wliile at the same time it produces a
new tree, like the old one whence the gmft was
taken.
Grunulutfoii. A process resorted to to obtain
metals in a coarse state of division. The metal
w melted in a cntcihle, and jioured into water
from the height of three or four feet.
Graphite. Seo Illack-leaU.
Gmpnf*l. A sort of miuiiII inelior with four t
live llukeH, orarnm, uHcd in boutHund muuiU vcit*
fii-ls and In ballooiiM.
Gruvnr. See ItiU'ln.
(lri'««k ArrhltiTtiiro. Thn curly nrchttfcturn of
(ircecc Is exeniplillcd In the iniisslve reinulnH <if
walls III Myccme, Ai^^os, und other* of the old
tjreclun cities, whlcli are com|MM4>d of lui^i>,
lingular, undreNscd blocks of Mtone roughly
piled to|{idher. It 1m devoid of ornutnent, MiiV(*
In a fi'w InHtanccM. see Arehile«'lure.
Clrnlned. The curve or line made by the Inter*
MtM'ttnn of two arches which cnms «iich olh**r at
any iniKlc; as, a u'rolned ardi, etc.
GrniMid. In i>alntlin;, Ihe tlrst sproful of color
which is put u|M>n tin* canvan. In Jolnor>'»
pleccH of wood even with the pliiMterlnKi to
which lltilshln;{s are attached.
Grniind-Jidnt. A Joint made t>y nihtiliitf totfother
two Hurfaccs with «incry and oil.
Gtuino. TUii excrement of seiwlowls, funiul prln-
dpiiUy In lar^e tinantltU's niM)n some parts of
the coasts (»f I'eru, Itollvia, and Africa. (iuain>
has been employed as manure by the inhabitants
of I'eru Iroin the niiwt remote periods, }\y Its
means sandy soils are rendered fertile.
<itidKeoii. In machinery, that pleco of Iron In
Ihe end i>f a horizontal shaft which turns in the
collar.
Giitde-lMirs. See ( 'n>ssdiead.
Gullloche. An architectural ornament formed
by Intertwiiilnt; bunds.
Guitar. A musical Instrument of a somewhat
ovat form, having a neck similar Loa violin, and
prt>vided with six ftriuKS. It is jilaycd ni>on
with the lln^'crs, and nio-^t commonly employed
in Spidu where it issui)i>osed tti have originated.
Gun. In military allalrs, a j^eneml term applied
to all species of llrc#arins. " (iun-mclal," an
alloy eoiitaliiin^;iO..'i per cent of cupper and I'...
of tin, used for cast in;^or« I nance and those parts
of luaelihiery whiidi are subjected to coiiddeni.
ble friction. *' (iuu.powder," a mixture of nitre,
charcoal, and suliduir, in i'ro]t.)rt Ions which vary
sliixhtly 111 dilVerent c<iuntiies, and aci'ordinj; tit
the uses to \\ liieh it isappUed.
<iuiiter's i'buiii. See ( haiu.
Giitta. An ornament ciuu-'istinK of ft row of
inv«'rlcd cones, attached to the loweri>art of the
irikdyphs in t ln»-itorh' urder.
<*iittu-perehu. The concrete Juice of the Isonatu
dra (iulta, a tree bclnn^'iuf; lo the fimily of the
Sapt>taceje. Its plastic i>roi.erlics render it ex..
tremely useful in the arts. It is a iHiwt^ful
insulator, and is consequently mucli used fur
coalin;^ the w ires lor tcle^rai)hie ]uuiH)>*es; it is
also (d' much use to tlm chemist, as a material
for luaKiiii; bidtlcs, carboys, baths, etc,
Gyrosc(»pi», A rotal liii^ w lieel mounted in a rln^^
or rinj^s in divers ways for .showing the dyram-
ics of rotatintf bodies, the comi>osition of rota.
tions, etc.
Ilalr-sprlnp:. A delicate ctmtrivance in the lock
of a lire. arm, which, heinj; unlocked! by a slight
pressure on the trij^'^er, strikes the tumlder, and
so discharging the piece. ** Tumbler," that ixut
of a lock which keeps theloail or shot. bolt in Its
place until made fvee la the act of shootlnj;.
Halyards. In naulica! lan^'na^e, tht^ smaUer
roi'cs or tackle b>' means of which yards, sails,
and signals arc hoisti'd and lowered.
llainiuer. A well-known t(H>l used by mechan-
ics, which consists of an iron heail fixed ci-oss-
wise uiton a h: ndle. The hammers used by
carpcntei"s, smiths, en;;im'ci"s, and umnerous
artisans, vary in si^^e ami form. The largest are
tln)seused in the manufacture of iron.
lIan»iTior-> ''im. A horizontal hrtim which
serves as a lie immediately above the IVntt of a
nifter, gcnemlly supported by a rib si>rlngin^
from a corbel, which sec.
Hanco (or llanch). In architeeture, the end of an
elliptical arch, a four-ccntored arch.
Iland'hole. An aperture in a steam-boiler, for
inserting the hand, cleaning, etc.
Hand-wheel. Any wlicol worked by hand.
HanfflnK'hiitlrriiii. A butlrcHH inpportrd uiion a
cull 14 1 al>ore the fun tidal Ion.
Ilarrttw. A dmir with Iron tooth, to bre&k the
cltHls after plowing.
llMlrhi*!. See .\\.
Ilawner. A Hiiiatl CAhlo.
llrad-tlKht. A WuUt with A lioworful roflootor,
ll\ed lit till' head of a locomotive. In .hrow ll^ht
on tlie m.iduay at nluld.
llf*art-wh<<«>l. .\ wheel Hlmiwd UkA a heart; a
cum, .*4ei) Cam. w heel.
llKlin-wheel. See Wheel and Axlr.
Ili'lli. In architecture, the NnuUl voUitPs Intro,
dnced under the tloworh Mt If - Corlnthlnn
capital.
Ulp-knoh. An f)mainent, iw n pinnnelo, place*!
upon a pKif, "Mlp-roof," a i«>f11riilar kind of
roof, which has neither ruble heads, stir<d Iiead-i,
nor JcrkIn heads. " Jerkln-head," the end wall
of a building which Is built up higher than thu
side walls.
Ilohnall. Si-e Nail.
IIno<l-miildlnK. .\ projecting molding, u« over
an arch.
Ilornf*. A frame or tresth' on which iHUirds or
planks IIP' laicl t<i hecnt ami utherwtso worked;
a stage on which pressmen set lliidr heaps of
jMiper for printing; a circular piece of iron fitted
to the foot of a horse,
Ilorse-p(>w(>r. A power cnimblo of mlslns 11,000
lb', through *ine loot a minute. Whenanengln«
Is said to beof so niany horse. jKiwer, it Is meant
that it could lift so many t lines .^1,000 lbs, through
a foot In a minute.
Ilotblust. A current of heated ftlr sent Into n
fnniace by means (»f a blowing machine. The
ma's ol air passing through a bla-t-furnace Is
alKMit six tons an hour. <d' hde years, nnich
time anil exiiense have been saved by using air
already Iicatcd by !i sepanite furnai-e.
Ilot-well. In low-pressure or cundeiislng steam-
engines— a well fur the hot water dniwn fi*om
thir cinidenscr by the iilr-iaimp.
Housing. The fnuning of a Jnnrnal-box, or that
w liii b keeps the lulter in jilaee; also, the pieces
sMppn.-ting thecr<>ss.slple of a planer. In aroir
tt «turc, a niche fur ii statue.
Hull. The frame la* budy nf a ship, <!xcluslve of
the masts, yards, i-ails, ur rigging.
Ilydruulic (or Ilydmulical>. Pertaining to hy.
dniulics. •* Hydraulic crane," a cnine t pernted
by the pressuni of water. 'Mlydmnlie lime,"
lime which contains a small amount of silica
and alumina, fonuin,; a nau'tar that hardens
nndir water. *' llydniulic press," a machine hy
means of which an Intense pressure can bo
niiplied bytlu' agency of water,— the prlncliUo
on which It acts is founded on t>ne of the funda.
mental laws of hydrostatics, that any non-
ehutie tluid, such as water, iM>ssesseH the prop,
erty uf tninsmitting pressure exerted against
it at any point Cipially in every direction;
hydp.mlie i>resses are used fur reducing such
substances as hay, wu(d, and cotton, and all
goods that will bear comju-ession without injuiy,
into bails and jiackages id" convenient size for
conveyance by mil or vessel. " IlyflrauUc ram,"
IV hydro-dynamic machine for mi'^ing water
without the aid of any ()ther force than that
pn)duce(l by the momentum or moving force of
a part of the water that is to be i-niscd.
Uy<lraulic Kiiglnrering. That branch of engi-
neering which tnnitsof theapi»lianeeof wateras
a motive i)ower for mechanical i)nrposes, and
the nu'lhods that must be adopted to offer an
effective resistance to the pressure which i»
exercised by any great volume of that fluid,
whether it be in a state of rest or in motion.
Hydraulics. That br:\nch of science which trcftts
of Iluidsiii motion and the methods by which
useful results are obtained from them. Among
the machines which serve for the display of the
phenomena of hydraulics, are the syphon, the
pump, and the lire-engine.
Hydrcxlynamlos. That branch of science, or of
engineering, which treats of the motion of
=e
^^;
VtK!.VHrL.\KV or MKCilANIC.VI. .VM> ItCIENTiriC TKKMH.
fliilil«, itiiil iUm) i>f lliu iimvlillica t>)r whifli wiili r
In rnl»<'<l,i<r In nliU'li niiiir I" iiki'iI im IIio llrat
luuvir. Till' aiiKji'i'l Ih ill\ Mill liilii t»M imrU,
liyilriMil.itli « Mill liyiliiiiilli K. Tlii> rnniiir \n-
cltKlfn till' |>i'i'i»iii'i', t'lilimloti, mill i'i|iillliirliiiii
of fliililii, Hlilli- till' liiltir i'iiiii|ii'rlii'iiiU tlii'lr
intitlon. IOn'('tlit*r ^\ tttt flir iitiu'liliiri \t ttli whii'h
Ihry nritniniii rtril.
llyilrorli*rlrl<- ^liirhltic. An ii|>|iiuiuiiii, In*
vci. It'll I'V sir Wlllliiiii AiniMti'Mii),', « In rrliy
il^ctrlilly iHiMilviil liy iiii'iUM iif llii' lili'tliin
lif >.tl':lln.
llyilruini'Irr. An lii'ilrnnii'iil fur iliti'iiiiliiliiu
llie rcltilht' ili'iixltliH, III' "pii'illr cnivltli", nf
fliinl*; nml tlniiri' tin' xlri'nKlln) of aiili'lliiiiint
lliliiiifK, wliW'li niK InvciiM'ly ita (lii'lr ii|mvIIIc
([rivllle..
Hyilraxtulli' ..r Ilyilni«liillc'iil\ I'liliilnhiK In
lln> r<|nllllii'liini i>r llniili. " ll\ 'liii>lnlli' l>nl.
ninr," n klinl nl linlninn t iinlilvi il lui' tlir llnil'
liiK 111'" "pi'i'lllo K"''''l'li"«i't liiilli'i, xiiilil in will
iwdni'l. '■ Ilyilnwlnlli' lit'llii«»,"ii niatlilnivlui'
ihiiw hiM III!' npuiinl piiKinir nf IIiiIiIk, nn<l llir
hyilriwlink' iKinnliix. " llyiliii'«l,itii' inirmlix,"
A ITinrlpli' In li\ ilriHtiitlrH, ku rnlli I licraiiM' II
hiu4 II p:tni'l(i\lriil iip]ii-:iranc-ii lit tli->it \ii'\v, it )■'
till", tliat liny i|iinntlt\- nf wiilir in- ullni- <!aM.
hiiwrviT pttniill, may In' ina<li' In lialanc'i' nn<l
nupiHirt liny qnnnttty or any wrtnlil, Imwi'Ver
Ifrt'al. " IlydruDliitlo prt'iia," hit nnili'r tliv lii'inl
lly.lrnilli-. 111'.
Ilyilro'ilalli'*. Sci' IIyilriHlynainl>"<.
Iil1t'<ulii'f'l. A \\ In rl pl.u I'tl In'Iwi'i'n two otlii'iii,
for till' pnriDiMMit tnin:irt'rrinKiiiutl(in froiiioni'
to tin'othi'r witlioiit eliuiiKlnK tlx! (lircetliui of
rfvolution.
Imparl. In nn'i-hanli'al m'li'ncr, tlieai-tioiioroni'
l>.i'ly upon nnollirr, to imt tlii- laltir, If nt ri'-it,
la motion, to Incri'aii', ri'taril, or nlli-r lis iltrrf.
lion. Tlio iHiInt ii;,'ain-l h liUli llio ImiH'llIm;
lioily aot^ U rallnl tlio iKiinl of Impact.
IinpoMl. In an-liiti'(-ttii'i>. Iliat pLi\-t of u pillar on
wha-li till' wii^'lit I'l" a linllil.n.; ri'»'tr.; or tin-
l>;iit \\ hii-h ri'ti.'lvt''* an ari'h.
Inrllnt'il riiinp. A plain' iMrlinril lo tin' liorUon.
or maklnt; an »ni,'li' with It, w lilili i.i oni' oT tin'
nnt'lianU-al i>ii\vi'r**.
Inilla Ruhlii-p. Tin' >oll'lllli"l milUy .Inki' olriT.
tiia tro;iii'al plant'', tlio lar^'r-t supply lii'lnvr
ulitaiiu-'l liom till' Kion-i claslifa, a trri' lirlon;,'-
ing to till' onlor of Moi-.n I'.i'. fonml In A-<anr.
fnmiotlii-r?.pctii'.'*;,'i'owiM;; in Java ami Ami'rifii;
from till' siplioni.i da-'tii'a.a natlvi' of (inlana
unil Ilnusil; nnil liinn tlio rruiolii rlx'^tiia, a
rlimliiti^' ]<limt fomnl in tlietalunilouftln' Indiiin
uriuiixlano.
Inillrator. A ilyimmoinctrr applifil to llnMli'trr-
mination of tliu work nctimlly (lono by stwiin.
fHjrini-*.
Inent, .\ w('<l);i' or liiirof ifolil; a niiiM In which
metal Is c.i>t.
InjprtloR WaliT. In liiml ptcam-cnjilnrH, the
water which i-iani'S fnim a tank callcii tliccoM
well, snmnintlint^ the con.len'»er, ami Mipiilirl
I'V the colli. water pnnip. In marine engines, II
Conic* iliroctly fnmi the aea. " InjecIion-ciK-k."
see nniler .^team.enj^ino.
lonlr OriU'r. So-called fifim Ionia, in Lesser
Asia. The Injily of the pillar Is nsiially clian.
neleil or furroweil with twenty-lour },'nttei>.
and its length, with the capital ami liase, is
twenty-nine modules, thechapiter hein^ chielh-
comix>s*'d of volutes or si'rolis. ".Moiiule," a
cenr a measure by which the proportions of
coluuins are re^^nlatcd. ' Chapiti r," the nppei-
Iiart or caiutal of a plllnr. "Volute," a Hplral
scroll in the Ionic and ComiKj.site i-apitais.
Iron. Tlii.s imiMiiiant metal is most extensively
dilTusi-il over iiaturi', occurring not only in the
intinraiiic kinpdom, l»ut entering into the com. !
position of vcfe'etahle ami animal structures. It
occurs in nearly evi-ry part of the earth, in the
form of ores, in the metallic state with nickel,
coliult, and other metals, in meteo: ic -stones,
some of which weiyh as much as fourteen or
fifteen tons. Iron Is the only metal that Is sus.
rvpllhlff iif niiitfnellf nllnu'tltiii. Piim Initi Ik
very niii'ly lo |.e fonml , the piinclpal varlitli s
of Iron an- the < ift or pm Imn. or I lial « hli h t>
Iniiiiiillali lye \l null d I mm theoie. " WmuKht
Iron," thai which haw itoni' IhroiiMh thepriH'cs^
of nielllnu In a fnimu'e. "Meil." that which
lia« iK'a'n hialed Inchnrcoul.and haidemd liy lU
ciintlilnallon v, Ith enrlMin.
llMlkiii .\ri'lill<'rluri>. .\ ntyle of arclilteclnri'
I. .milled oil the i.ld Uoiniin orileiit. See ,\ichl.
til liiii'.
JHi'k. An Inolrnnii'iil liicomm.in use for riiinlii^
very xrial uiixlilxof any kind. "Jack. lever,"
a Korl of cnine, coii"t-«liii^ oi nniiill pinions
worked with 11 cotiinion winch; the pinion
work* In lli« lei'lli of a lar;ie wheel, on h ho'-c
iixU Iheru Is lUed ii nmall pinion ultli teeth
wiirkln;( In a rack, ly Inriilnu the pinion, the
nil k is r.ilsiil, and witli II any wiiulil allai lied.
" Jack-xcrew." a |K'ile>tal or '•npport, In which
worksa ccn'iv, lever, nick and pinion, etc.
JupiiiiiilnK. The inelhoil ol tilvim^ a hard and
highly -I'l ■llnhi'dsurfai-e to art Ideii made of wood,
metal, ittiK'r, or Icsitlier.
■lur. .'•ee I-eydcn Jar.
•lun. A notch or o|<cntm( In wlilcli somethlntt Is
l.i-ieni'd.
.lerklii-hend. See under head Illp-knoli.
■let. .\ ili'i'p lilack hurt of lilliimeii, snsceplilile
of a Kood isilUli, and oltcii wrought Into toys,
moiirnlntt JcwcIb, etc.
tlllii The iK'amof a cmiic. from which the pulleys
and wi-l;;lit aie stis|M'iiiIed; also, the foremost
s-ill of a ship.
tfolncr. Hee tariH'niry.
•Iiilnlcr. f' masonry, a pici f iron used to
secure the Joints of a wall.
•Iidsl. A pleceof tlm'ier franiisl Into a u'li'der of
a liuil.llmx Sceliinler.
ilimrnul. The part of ii nlmft that hears and
nioN-rs in a J'luniai.lsix; II hearing. "Joni'iial.
l"i\," .-.line as .V\le-lKi\, w lllc.l see.
liiilflilosciipc, .\n optical instrument Invented
and iM'rfectcd hy -'•Ir David llrewster. Ily a
Is'cnllar arr.mjjeinent of mirrors, or ri'tleclin^
surfaces. It produces the appearain f ii per.
fectly symmetrical pattern, w hich nndernoes an
endless v.iricty of clian^'es, hy tnrnlni^ the tube
in which the mirrors are llxed, ll is cliicjiy
Used by calico-printers, ] 'ters, and carpet,
mannf.icturers, who are thus itnppliisl witli an
immense variety of patterns.
Keel. The hiwcst and princl|>al piece of timlier
Ilia ship. The entire fabric of a vessel is sup-
Isirtcd by the keel, as the stem and stern posts.
which all' elevated on its ends, are nierel\- con-
tinuations of it, and serve to connect and iaclo-e
the extremitiis nf llie sides by tc.uiMims, as the
keel forms and unites llie hotttim by timbers.
Some vessels are provided with what is termed
a false keel, consfstini; of astnmi? thick piece
nf timlH'r Isiltcd to tiie bnttnni of the keel.
Keelson. One of the principal limbers ofa ship,
1.1 i'l over tile kci'l.of w hich it forms the interioi-
oi conn ter|iarl, and across ail the timbers insiile
the vessel.
Ki-y. Till- last iKiard that is laid in a floor. In
mechanics, acotter, whidi see under the head of
I'.iitl.
Key-stone. The stone placedat thetopor vertex
of an arch to bind the l«o sweeps tot^ether. In
the Tuscan and lioric onlei^ it is merely a plain
stone projectiiiii a little; in the Ionic it is cut
and waved somewhat like consoles . and in the
Corinthian and (otiiisisileoidciN, it is a console
ornamentisl with sculpture.
Key-Heut (or Key. way). The (jrisive or morlise
hi receive a key.
Kiln. -V stnictun* or machine for drying sub.
stances by the apiilication of heat.
Kini;-|H>st. A beam risimi from the tie-he«ni to
the rid;;e of tho roof. " Kinu-trnss," 11 truss for
a roof with kinj^-jnisl attached.
Knee. A crooked piece of tinilxjr havlnfj; two
hnuiclies or anu.s, genendlv used to connect the
beams of a vessel with her sides or timbers.
Kiiiickli'-Julnti Till! iiiintmi of coiiiiiH'lhm In
Ilia. Iiliieiy, coiisl-tlm.' ofaplnlhrusl Into |li<>
li'i Ueil ends o I a ciinnei'lllu-iod.
laicniiiir* .\ii oi'iianii'iitai celhmi conslsllini of
del ri «-lotis or hollow comiHiilmchli*.
l4tiilcrn> In niecl.anlcs, a kind ol pinion; a lan-
tern' w heel. Ill archill ct lire, a Miiiall I Ionic iiiIsihI
over Hill roof III 11 blllldlntl In ulve llilllt liml
serve IIH a snrl of crow nilli{ In the edillce,
l4t|i. In niechiihl' s. llie anioiinl of lap over a
sicain-poil made ai ii half. stroke ol a aUdii-
\ alie.
I.1ISI, See Pools, elc.
I.iillii*. .\ iiiachliie iisi'd in turning uinhI, etc, tu*
llie Itlani'liaid machine, which i an turn out a
da plicate or lac-slmile of any laltein wluitever.
I.euil. line of the iiio"! liii|Hirlaiil nici.ils, Isdli
I I self and llsciim|sinnds bem;: .ipplii d to many
iiselal puiposes. It oi ell's In nature .1 lombi.
nation Willi a laixe niimbi r of snbdances, but
Its most valuable iire Is u,.leiia, or huI; hide of
lead, lonnd III laiue i|uantit.cs In various |iiirt«
of lliii HOI Id. Tile carl onitte of lead, uliicli Is 11
powder, is kiiou n iisuhite had; llie led oxido
of lead Is othi ru Im' called lol lead.
Lender. The prim 1) ai w heel la macliinery. In
Illinium, a Miiali \ elii Icadliii; to a jireuti r one.
I.f'Vid, -\n Inslrnmeiit n«ed to miike a line |ianil.
III lo Ihe hoi'Izon. The plunii'level Is th.it
which shows the hoi l/.ontal line by means of
another lim- pcrpendlciilar to that desirlbed by
a plummet or iieiidiiliim. The splrll. level con.
sists ofa ;{la'' tube, which issli^iitly ciiived,
atid nearly liUcil with ali-oliol or etii r. adjust.
I I lent to 1 he liorl/.on depends n;sin the position
of a biilible, w hicli is >i'i n in the tiiU' « hen the
liistrnmenl is In id hori/.ontiilly.
I.evep. .V solid liar nl each end of which a cer-
t.iin amount of bine Is applied In simil.ir dine,
thins, and wlilch issupiKirled on a pivot, or by
some fasleiilm; between the piiinls of applica-
tion, see I'lilctum.
Lewis. .Vu iu;;i'nlous conlrivaiici' lor si-cnrin;;
iieavy blocks of stone to the tackle Ii.r holstlni;.
Leydeii -tar. .\ Jar or phial used In eliftrical
exiierlmeiits. It 1-san cMimpleol a snlid illalee.
trie between two conductim; snb»taiices. I!y
means of t'lis iti'-li-miient ti hs-trlc lluld can
beaccumiilaled and piiservid in lar.rc liuanli-
1 Ics, Sii named Iroin rrolcssor .MusclienhriK'k,
III I.eyilen.
I.lfi'-linat. --ce Vessel,
Lifter. The pail of a slcam-ciiuine w hich mises
tile 1 nppet-valve. " I,ilIini.'-iiKi." a ro'l receiv-
ing motion Irom a vibratiiu; shaft called the
rock-shart. ami Impartin'.' motion totheliiier.
Link. .\iiy iiileniiedlate pi'n' tiansmltlint;
piiw a' In a machine, " l-iuk niiiIion."ei'centiic.
whirls and tlieir rods, coimecled by a i ii co
called tlii'liiik,a part of valve-yeai iiii ri vi rsinj;
the steam when the eiiftine is in o|K'nitlon.
Lolt'lstoiie. See Ma^'Ilet.
Lock. In sniith-woik, a Iiiiid of fasteniiii;. and n
masteiplece of that cl.iss, iwa i;ri ::I deal of art
liiid delicacy isiciinilc'l inc.iMri' in.ruici vary-
iiii,' the w arils, spring's, bolls, etc. Th" principle
of all modeiii locks Is tlie np| lication of a lever
loan interiiir bolt, by ineansof a comimmica-
tioii from without; so tlial, hy means of the
latter, a door or lid may be made secure fnim
any push or pall from wUlioiit.
Loconiiilive-emiiiie. The V i llknow n wheel. car.
ria<,'e opera led b.\' steam, and em ploy eil to dniw
loads In tnuisiMirt overland, e^iM-cially on mil-
ways.
Loom. A machine or fnime-wor:; of wnod or
melal, bir maiMihicturin!,'eloih by Interweaving
ii.serios of pai-.illel threads, which run h n^'lh-
wlso, called the wa.'p, with anotlicr series of
threads w iiieli run Iransvei^ely, called the v.oof
or welt, by ineansof the shnllle,
I..«w-|iressiire. -V term applied to a stelim-
emrinc, tiu motive fmve of which is produced
by Ibrmin^ ii vacuum within tlie cylinder by
draw injioir the steam into another vc-s-sel culled
the condenser and there condensing IL
el
VtM-.vm I.\l:V i>V MKCHVSH'AI. \M> WIKJ TIKIC TKItMN.
el called ilj
$
Miirhliif*. All riiiihii' >'iiiii|i<i«'r| i,( m-s i<riil |i>rt',
put tiiKi'llici'liy iiii'i'liiii.U'iil mi mill toiiliivmui',
I'nl' lliif )ilir|HI»lt llf mlnllllj Ini*IU*«, IIM*l«tllltf,
r< .nihil liiu, i>t' ■•ttippiuif tilt ti- mill Imii, t Ic.
Miii'liliil'<:, Mil niMirr till' luwl Mii'liuiiU'.
.IlllUlr l.llllll-ril. Aalii rlrKlirii|illiul Itl'linillivnt,
!>>' IlirullM lit u llli'll mil |-t'|ir ^ Itlt-il nil III! ti|i|Hi.
hllii uulMii 11 iliii'k liHiiHt ll^iiri"*, iiiat^iilllil tn
aiiynl/.i<ul pliiiiimri'. Tin' i milrlvmiri- intislulo
III It riiiiiiiiiiii Imili'i'ii nilli :| r:iiii|ii' In II, In
u lili'ti U uilili-il 11 Itilii*, anil II It'll* tluil IIihiuh
Ihi'lmhl nil llii<nliji>i't, iiinl minllii'r li'iit nliU'li
lllil;(lllllt"i I III' illi:iui'nli till- Willi. Tllt-ll liy i.-oll-
I I art! mi; Hi - lulu', ami lirinulii'^ llii'itl'i^*-'' iii^iiiT
■ 111' iiliji'ii, till! Iiiittt(i' will Ih' i'iiIiivmI. SVi-
^iili't\'-liiiiip,
.MilUlirt < Niltlllllll. A rtpi't'li'M iif lltiii nrt*, lalliil
l<iiiit:-tiiiii-, anil Initnil In Niii'lniit )4iit'« nf llic
(imtli 111 li'M'^tnlmiir •'ryttallliii' rniitiin'nii', ai|i|
tM'nii^liii)iill> in Iii'iIm nt' i'liiiMlili'mlili' tlii('knr««.
lit pnipt'i-t>' III' iitti-iu-ttin< Hinall plii-t-f nf li-nii
win ii'i'ii:;iiui'il '11 It viiy iMily il.iii' liy tlic
liri'ikH, iiiiil tlii wnntliniit illri'i-tlvi' iKiwt-i lia;i
liiin kiiiiun til tliii liiliitliUaiil>uf t liiiiu iiiiiii
tiiiH' liiinii-iiiinlal.
^laKiii'lliiiii. The iittnit'tlvi'iinil n'piil>lvi' jiiwiT
III till' Inai.ritiini', ui'iii'r.illy, tlial )K't-iillitr pii p-
frl>' pn^st,'H«ril by inaiit iiitninil ljt>:tii-ii, aril liy
till' \>l>ii|i' iiiiiKi III till' t.irtli, tliiiiiuli whlt'li,
iiiiiliT ciTtain i'in'iiiii-*taiu-t'>4, tlifv iti'itu.ilh-
iillriirt ttml riipi'l tint' unndii-r, itfcenllng tn
(li trnillllllti' lil\t!4.
MuliKiirinK nf a Waltli . A lliln Hi'xl'i'i- iIIiIhiii
nl Mti'i'l, iiHualty i'IhiuI HiAt('«'iiiiri'i^liU*t'ii iiH'lii*«
ill lin^'tli, wlilcli, wlii'ii t'lilliil Iniii 111!' Iiarri'l
iTiiiIt' t.i III' plai'i'il 111 I la' watiil,iK'C"iplC'«lt l*)<\ct■
Hllnll'tlllll<{ li'Hil Hum Iliii'i'-tiiuiilHiil tin llli'll In
iliaiiii'ti'i'.
Hullialilllly. That pmpcity nf n'Otalt whU-li
pri'iiiitt Itii'in to III' liiali'it nut itnlt-r tin* ham*
nirrni- I'xtfnili'il ill any way ln'iiealli pri-t'tiiri'.
Unlil (wlili'li sec) In I'MriiiK'ly iiutllralili'; It I'liii
111' liraliii l.jni Uiiu'h tlilnni-r lli.in nnlhmry
W'rititii,'p!ipi'r. Irnn liiis ln'i'ii vnllt^l intn sln-ct-*
ttii; 'J,.'iiKitli nt an i ii-li in tliti'kri'>s, niiil amtiiaie
imlKif till) li'af iiniy wiijjlii'il tiiiH'f.iiimrti'iMnf
a Knilii. Till' jii-oiH'ity of inallfaliility apixiti-a
to lii'ar sniiii' M'latloii, tlioii^h not that nf ikt-
fi'i't prnpoiilniiiUty, tolhuiliiitillly. Thus, the
fiillinviiit: I" IliiniiiUi- nf s.'Viral initals at unll-
miry ti'iiiprntlurvH/oi: Vhii**' tttni|uaUtled:
DuHUily. MiillfibilUu.
Golil. Golil.
SUvi'i-. Silver,
rialiiiuin. Copiier.
Iinn. Tin.
Nii'kPl. rkitinum.
Cnpiier. Lead.
7.1110. Zinc.
Tin. Iron.
I.iail. Nickel.
Mall. Sic UrowliiK.
Muiiilrcl. .\ wiMMlon jmllcy anil contlgiions parts
in lattic inaehiiiery.
Man-hoU>. An opening throu|,'h which a nian
may creep Into a »teuui.lH>ilvr, etc., to clean or
repair.
Marble. A term applied by lulnemlogista to
limestone, wlutoorcoloretl.caiMibleof rfcclvlng
a iKilisli.
MttHonry. The art of hewing, catting, or 8<iiuir-
IngstDiii's, ami iltting them for the luteof t'liilil.
liitT'. ; aliio ol Joining them together with mortar.
A wall built of unhi'wu stone, whether It Ih:
built with or witlioiit mortar, is calletl nibble
wall. For Brick. work, see luitlt-r the head of
liiicks.
Matrix. Theca\ ity in wliiclumythingU formed,
and wliicli gives it shape; the mold or form In
which printers' tyiws are cast,— called also,
mat lice.
Matter. Sec Case.
Mattock. See Ax.
Mechanic, One who works with machines Of the
imilnimcnts of a mcclunic. \n artitlcer (which
see) U a superior mechanic. A skilled mechanic
l"»niirtilli'i r. " Machliii»t,"oni'«liii inakcKnia.
liilni K, nr tt III! It Mkillril in llii'lr riiii..tnit'ttoii,
Mrrtiiiiili'iil lilVi't't, A ti'nii giti'ii IntliiMni'iMin-c
nf illiiilvf piiwei'. It Ih till' imwiM' tn ral"i' a
I'tTiiiin Hi'l||lil lliiniigha fnot HI at'i' In a delinlti'
tliiit'.
Mi'i'IiuiiIihI riillniMipliy. Tne mi. nf me.
elimili « iippili i| III pli.\ ^li'iil lni|iiirli' , nr, nil tlie
nllivi liaiiil, llii' appliratlnn of llii> liiWHofKcn
t'liil ttiii'iic" tn Hill inipi'oveiiH'iit and ciniHliiie.
linn III niiii'lilni'i-y.
Mteliuiili'ul I'liwprit. Hln Klandaid machliiit
w liirli ail' i-'ipMlile nf applying large Ini'i'i'i b*
pi-itiliit-t' Kinall I'Ib'i'tf* Willi I'i'iinniiiy, iiml "iiiiitl
Inlif. In plnilme gnat elbels III tlllir, lind
w llli'll are liirtliiT capaiile nf tnin.ttri'rlng InirfH
fi'-iii tlii'ir natiiial iHiInt of lu'tinn, tn miiitlier
Imlnl III iipplUlllliill. They air llie Irvil. tlie
w he) 1 aii'l ii\li', till' pnili'V. the inrlini"! ptiiiii'.
till' well)'!', iliiil tile fCletv, III lellllly, lliere me
only t wi. inei'liaiilriil powerH, tiir tile pulley anil
wheel are only iisMenililii^ieH id level s, and tile
Wfilgeail'l *eli'W lire Ineliliell pliines,
MoiiMnratbiii* The art nf ineaMiirlng liiieH, suimt-
lleies, anil sniiiit, whtell, 111 ciinHei|uenee nf lit
extensive itpptieiitinn to llie purposes nf lite, in
enntl'tereil a.t 111' tile i.l'eate-1 inipnl lance.
.Menliunl. In l-n^daml, niie that e< ports and
i I II I M iris 1 1 le re i III Ml I lie. In the I'm itei I Mates, the
term |i applied In large lUaleis giiiemily.
" Meri'liant -bar," certain comninn sizes nf
wrniiglit irnn and steel biiiH.
Melul. .\ ilinple bndy of peenllar luster, Insniii.
bit' in water, fusible by In at, ami eiipable, in tlie
St. Ill' lit an nxide, of Miiitiiig ivilli aeids, and
fnrniing with tlieni inetaltle Mills. Metals are
ili-.tliigui-lieil, in ililb lent degrees, by niiilieii.
bility,ilnetllity Insihinty, leiiinlty, t'lastUity,
anderyslallinile.\tiiii'. The prlmipiil nietalsan'
gold, silver, irnn, lead, zinc, copper, tin, nickel,
and iiMtininiiv ; but tlieieaii' iiiiiny nthei'S.
M<'lallnrH;y. Tlie ait of working luetaU, partlcn.
Imly Hie all nf extiiicting them lioin tb"irnres
and adapting tlium to viirlons processes ol man.
ulactiue.
Mrzxotmlo. A particular kind of engraving, sn-
cailed from Us resenibliiiu'eiodniwinj^s in India
ink. The work is purforined liy pniieliing a
copiier siirl'aee with agioumling UhiI, scraping
with a semper, and tiien burnishing, to prisliice
llieelbet desired.
311eropli(iiie. A vei'y sensitive Instrument of the
teleplioiii' speolofi, for making audible the most
feeble sniinds.
Mlcriisciipi', .\ii optical iustnimcnt which mag.
iiilie-i objects, sn tliat the sniallest may be ills,
lincliy seen and ileserilied.
Mill. Urigin.iliy a luaeliine used for dividing,
crnshlng, nr pulverizing any substance; but
iiinre exteii-ively applied in iiio'lern times tn
alninst all inachincry consist in;; i.i wlieel-v.irk,
whether Intended to change tlie fiiriii nr tlie
IMislttnii nf the olijcct to 1 penited iiixni.
Machines of tills kind, tl.erefoic, take their
name from tlie processes for wlilcli tli"y are
used, as saw-mills, stamidng. mills, fiilling-mills,
griiuling-miUs, etc. , frniu the mntive iinwer, as
wind-mills, water-mills, steani-mills,liaii'l-niills,
etc-; ortrom tlie :naterialopeiiited on, as cotton-
mills, iKipcr-milts, siigar-mllls, tlour-mills, oil-
mills, ct '.
3Ilne. .\n opening in the ground from which
anything Is dug. The undergnuind works con.
stitute the iiiine, but til',- term usually compre-
hends all the ground on the siirfaee, together
with tliesleani-englnes, water-wiieels, and other
machinery and iipiiendages fur ilnilnage, the
extnictinn of orcsand llieirmet'lianieal i're|iani-
tioii, with various buildings and erections.
Mineral. \ iKXly or substance found in the crust
of till' earth. M.nei-.ils i re tliose bodies wliieli
are destitute of orgaiii'zatiou, and wliieli iiatii-
ndly exist within tlio earth or at its siirfaee-
Minerai waters arc springs impregnated with
mineml substuncee.
Minion. See Brevier.
Mllrr. The Joint f.irnied by Ihe emit m' twn
pli^e«iir rule, at In piinting, nr nf molding, an
Inarehltectnre. an angle Just fiMiy-llvedegier*,
or liiiir a riKbi itngle.
.Mmlrl, \n nrlgliiiil |iilleri% or the •hape oi tie.
■ign of anylliing In inlnliitnn', pailleiiliirly iis
applleil 111 un artlllel.il piltein made in liaid
triKid or inelal iint iiinri' lliiiii ttvelve inehiH in
any i|imen<i|iin,ai nsinln^l by law in Hie rmti'd
staliii andwlHiall iln imrN and pnipurtinns,
in tinier In give a full Idea of Ihe work thai Is In
Im- exeeiitisl.
MiMllllhin. The bntckt'l like ornanient iiiiderlhii
I III nil I Ihe I orliiHilaii entablatnii',
MiMliilr. <ve Innle order.
-Molar. In inerhanlcs. a iiiasii of mailer, us eon.
tr.idlsiingul-ht tt fnun niolcenles,
Miilil. tie ('asllng.and Matrix.
>loldlnir>. I'rnjectnri » Uyond the naked wall,
siieli iiH cnrnlees, ilnni.eaM'S, etc., which are ent
-11 11^ In Im- orna iiental.
Monienliiin. ihe iiiiantlty of million in a iiiov.
imrU-lv.
Moiikey-wrrnrh. An article having a movabli
Jaw, and whiehmnv 1m' set by means of a screw
to Kimn anyllilng which II Is ib-slred to move
from |"i»llion liy liirning nr wrem hliig.
Mnrtar. I.iine, sand, and hair nii\eil togethei', so
as to make a cement. See I 'aniinn.
-Miirtlu-. A kin 1 nf Jnlnt eoiislsting of a hnie
nf a eiTlhin depth cut In a piece nf llinlur
stias to ncelve another pieee called Hie tenon,
which ntv.
Muiialr. .\ kind of nrnamenlid vnrk In wliieli
small pielun sanrepn-seiited by bits nf cnlnn d
marble, |>ebl>les, glass, etc., cemented nn a
gnntnil nf »tneco, and then polished.
Mnll»n. Thelan»of inidinii.as delivered by Sir
Isaac Newton, are: I. Kvery bndy perseveres
In lis slate nf rest, or imirnrm mntion in a right
line, until a change la etfeeled by Ihe agency nf
tMiiiie I'Mernal toree. -i, .\ny ciiange elTected in
the iinii'Hi'eiicy nr motion nf a body Is In tlie
illreclton nf the iniee tnipre-.sid, and is la'opni -
llonal In It in i|uantity. :1. -\elinn aid reaeili n
areeiiual and in coiilnir}' dliectlnns. see Par-
allel Mti'lon.
Mould, and MonlillnK. see Mold, etc.
Moving ruwers. Tlie prlneiinil ninving powers
are Hie strength of man and animals, wii'l,
water, steam, weights, springs, and magnet i-iu,
The ordinary strengtii of a muu is estimated it
the one. tilth of that of a linisc. .\ hmse ■ mi
draw 'JiiO i«iunds nver a pulley eight liniii s a day,
twn mid a half miles an hour; if Hie weight be
■.'Inllis. he ctin only work six lionrs a day, and
slower. Wind moving at .ilsint V2}i feel a sec.
ond, will stiike asnrfai fasiiuaie with a
force isiual to two ounces. Water fan. ng two
feet, with a velocity of elevi-n feet a leeonit,
will turn a wheel sons to give mot inn to a fniir-
fiMd slxindi iliameter millstone at a rate of ijn
revolnllons in a minute, the wheel nio\-ing with
a thinl part of the velocity of the water. A
cubic inch of water, fonning into a cubic foot,
or l,7.N inches c* steam, jmsscsses nn elastic
force of flfteen lbs. on Hie siiuare ineli, at a
teniiHraturi'of 'Jl-Jdeg. ; at 'i'lli cleg., thirty lbs.;
at '2711 deg., fnrty.nve llis. ; and at 'JiKi deg., siMy.
slv Itis. Weiglits are applied as the inotivo
IMiwerof clocks and ntlier mailiines, as also are
spriii'J*. which, like weights, liave to b^ wound
lip after lH»lng exiH'ndeil. If a bar of soft iron,
in tlie form n' '' horse. slioe, or nitlier that of a
eommne. d ■ 'V- tai'le. In* wrapped round wi.,i
coiUH^r win . 'er'. ."M'urrent of electricity passed
thnnigli the ■•, re, the iron bii-omes a most
IHiwertnl inagnet, cvlbsl an electro-magi. t, and
may Is'constnicteil so as to bear the weight of
many tons-
Miilr. .\ iii.li iiineuseil in cotton. spinning, called
also mule.Jenny.
Mullion. The pieces or strips that form Hio
divisions lietwecn the lights of windows.
Nail. Spikes of iron and br.iss, having heads,
and fitted for binding several pieces of wood
i
^
VOC.VBULAUV OF MKCIIAMC.U. AND SCIENTIFIC TEUMS.
■iimll with a thick, 8tron^
Hof horses, utc.
L for whiit belongs to Ihu
1 i
utiral. An rpm.
II ivy tiv i\n\ iiiUlUtn.
Nhvp. Tint iKHiy »ir iiiiM<IU> i>ait<»f ii chiii-oh, or
othrr liir^n huilMtiij.', hctwrcti th»' aisles, ami
roachiii^ funn the i-ail or ImlusttTof tho clioir to
tlKM-llicr (hlOf.
Nuviuratloii. As a nuvhanical art. oon.sists of an
UOfuunl i>t tlir HK'thtxIs of hinulUn^ a ship hy
iiK ;nis ol it,s sails, ftc., ho tliat she i>ass tliroui^li
the wators alon^ a rorlaln tU'IlailL' course.
Nejrativo Kli-rlriclty. Tlial stato of IxxUos, in
wliicli tliry an- (Icpi ivcil of soim; ixji'llon of the
clcctiicity which tliey natui-ally contain.
Newr!. Tlic i>ost or sliniduifl around whicli a
cii*cnlar staiivase is built.
Nickel. A metallic substance, mostly found in a
met all io slate, but sometimes in that of an oxide.
It-i ores have a copiu-ry red color.
NfMhile. A rouudeil re^tilar lump or mass.
Nonpareil. The riinall»!St size of body tyj e ex-
cept thire, namely, agate, jiearl, and diamond.
No7.7.1e. See I'ort.
Nut. A i»iece of iron, or other material, square
or hexagonal, having; a concavoor fcmalescrew,
nsc'I foi Iij;hteniut; a bolt.
Object-ffluss. la the telescope or microscope,
ibeleusor system of lenses nearest tlie object
(_ iteuiiilaled.
Oils. A u;i:!!" fjireu to three ditferent classes of
biMiies; 1. 'J'iif lixed oils, such as linseed, si)erm,
and castor oil; -J. the essential oils, as oil of lav-
eu'ler, ot rue, of nutiue/^, etc.; ,J. the mineral
oiN. which uvv hydrocarbons, more or less im-
pure. ^e^ I'etroleum.
Oil-box, etc. A box orcuj) at the top of an oil-
hole, fur oiliu}^ the machinery, "uil-cellar," a
re.-ervoir for a lubricator in a journal-box,
OriU-r. 'J'Ih' rub* of pro])orliou to bt; observed in
the eonstruction of any bnildiiiij:, wldcli is ai>-
plied mostly to the eolnnin and the eutablatun.-,
from the di\crsity in which have sprung the
tive^eviM'iil orders— the l>oric, Ionic, Corinthian,
Tuscan, and romi>osite. See Architecture.
Ordnance. A jrenenil name for heavy weapons
ol warfare. Sec fannon.
Or(;an. A wind instnnncnt blown by bellows,
ami containing numerous jiipes of various kinds
and dimension-, wiiicli, r)r Itssoienmity, j^rand-
cur, and rich volume of tone, is peeidiarly tilted
for t he purp))->e for which it is cnnnonly useil.
The oigi;n In tlie eathedml eliuri h at I'lm, in
Germa .y, is said to be ninoty-tlnee feet high
and twenty. eight bix)ad, its largen i)ii>e being
thirteen inches in diameter, and it havinj;r six-
teen pail" of bellows. This organ is exceeded in
size by thiM)ne e()n.-«tructed to: Ibelloyal Albert
h ill. in l.ou'ion. which lias incomplete registers
.'1 1 w dni\\ -siojis.
Os-niati(tn. In mechanics, the vibnition, or re-
ciprocal ascent and descent of a iH-ndulous body,
OvorslKil Wheel. A wheel. tluM-ircumference of
whii'li is covered with cavities, and which is
turncfl by water flowing on tlie top of it.
" Cndershot wheel,'* a water-wheel, moved hy
the water passing beneath it.
rack. To 1)11 in and ai-ound with some material,
so as to make certain cavities in machinery air-
tight or v.ater-tight ; as, to ])ack the jiiston of a
steam-cnglni', water-faucet, and the like.
PaekfonjjT, An alliy of nickel, zinc, and eopixjl*,
much used by the Chinese f<)r ornamental pur-
ixjses. It is similar to German silver in comix)-
sition and appearance.
Padlock. A kind of lock to haui^on the outside
of a door.
Painter. An artist who represents objects by
coloi-s.asa portrait-iKtliiler; also an artist who
lays colors on wi>od or stone, etc., as a house-
painter.
Panel. Kaised margins, in apartments, ils in ceil
Ings, waiii--coting8, etc. In joinery, a board
i user led in the Ir.une of a door. In in:us<»nry, a
face of a liewn stone; and in minint^, a heapof
ore ready for iuarket.
I'arallol Motion. A contrivance of Watt's for
converting rectilinear into circular motion.
The piston. rod, whose motion was the source of
moving power, went straight up and down, and
it was attached to the beam, which, being lixe<l
at Its center, described a circular arc. It was
impossible, thendore, that this circuhtr are
should b(> accumtely described if the beam and
jiiston-rod liad been directly conm^cted. The
contrivance through which they are connected
indirectly, so as to convert tlie rectilinear into
the circular movement, is called the parallel
motion. See Motion.
Parqu.'try, Inlaid flooring.
l^irty-wall. A wall that sejHirates two houses, or
teneu^entfi; as In a block.
Patera. A nmnd ornament frequently worked
in relief on friezes, etc. See Frieze.
Pattern. The model of full size ar^cund which a
mold of simd is made, to receive the fused
metal.
Pawl. A catch, or ratcliet.
Pearl. Printing type, in size smaller than agate,
and larger than diamcmd.
Pedestal. The Ictwest part of a coUunn. In me-
chanics, same as axle-guard, which see, under
the head of Axlc-oox.
Pediment. A low i)innacle, serving to crown a
fn)ntispiece, etc.
Pemluium. One of the principal moving iMwers,
consisting of a heavy Ixxly so suspended that it
uii\y vibnile or swing backward and forward.
Perainlnilator. An instnnnent for measuring
distances, otheri\is(!calh*d a pedometer, or sur-
veying wheel.
Perpetual Motion, In mechanics, tleclared to lie
iiniM)ssiblc on account of friction.
Petroleinn. Kock oil, a liquid, bituminous sub.
.-lance, which distils from rocks.
Pewter. A comiiound medal, or an alloy of tin
uith co]iper, lead, zinc, bismuth, and antimony.
Phonograph. A machine lor registering sounds.
A sheet ot tin-foil is >itretclicd around a cylin-
der, whicli is indented by a marker that vi-a-ates
in corresixjudenco with the sounds made before
aspe^rking-tnbe. Thecylinder is turned steadily
wh.ie .he sounds are being recorded on the thin
metallic sheet. Ky this means any song, speech,
or other characteristic of sound, may bo re-
corded and the record iu*eserved to be repro-
duced through the phonograph at any time
atterwanl.
Phatocrapliy. See Daguerreotype Process.
Pica. A variety of typo of two sizes— pica and
small-i)ica- larger than long primer.
Pick. A well-known iron tool tapering to a point
fnnn ahead, in which is flxed a wooden handle.
It is used for looseningground, in digging, mln-
ing, etc. *' Pick-ax," a pick with a jioint on one
end, and a blade at the other, with a wooden
handle inserted between. See Ax.
Pig-iron. See nessenier's process, etc.
Pilaster. A square pillar.
Pile. A large jdece of tlmlx-r, hewn off at one
end and driven into the earth, as in a river or
soft ground, for the suppiu-t of a bridge or otlier
superstructure. " Pile-driver," a machine for
driving piles or stakes in the beds of rivers, etc.
'* Screw-pile," see under the head of Screw.
Pillow-block. Same as Journal-box, which see.
Pin. Anything In t!ie shape of a pin, short shaft,
or l>olt, which serves to fasten. " Pin-drill," a
dril'. with a contml i>oint or i)roJection, to drill
in a small hole ami make it larger.
Pincli. A lever, nither foot-shaped at one end,
the heel of which acts as a fulcnim.and serves
to move heavy wheels, etc. " Pinchers," a soil
of tool us'jd by artiticers in drawing nails.
Pinion. An arbor, or s^indh-, in the body of
which anisevcral notclies to catch the teeth of
a wheel that serves to turn It round; or a pinion
in a small wheel which i)lays in the teeth of !i
larger
Pipe. A tube used ua a conductor of water, gas,
steam, smoke, etc., made of lead, iron, stone,
pottery, wood, India rubber, gutta-i>orcha, etc.
The large water and gas pipes are made princi-
pally of cast Iron, and are called mains; the
smaller ones (>f some alloy, of which lead is the
biLse, are called services.
IMston. A si>lid beam whose lower jtart jxirfonna
the oillciMif a cork closing the body of a cylin-
drical vessel in which it moves, wherever It is
api)lied along thelength. To tlils.ln theeentor,
a itxl is fasteni'd, which rises or falls with It;
and Willi this rising (tr tailing, the motion <d"tho
machines which use the pi?,ton. Is connected
directly.
Pitch. In wheel W(trk, tlie si«icebetwe(;n the ecu.
ters of two adjacent wheels. '* Pitchdine," a
line wliicli jKLSses thiougb the centers of all the
teeth of a wheel. " Pitch. wheels," wheels that
work together.
Pivot. The extremity of the axle round which a
iMidy revolves.
PlanA. An edged tool for paring and shaving
wood smooth. "Planer," a wooden block used
by printei-s for forcing down type fu a form.
For Inclined Plane, see under that head.
Plaster. See Mortar.
Plaster of Paris. A iKiste made of gypsum. In
London the tenn is also applied to gyiwuin
itself.
Plate. A copper-plate for printing on; any flat
piece of metal In the same form or shape.
*' Plating," see Electro.plate. '* Platen," thi' flat
upper ]«irt of a ju'lnting i)rcss which gives the
impression.
Platinum. A metal so-called on account of its
silvery ap;itnnince or from the river Plata, ii*.
South America, near which it was flisl found.
It is the heaviest substance in naturi!; will not
fuse with the strongest heat of the furnace; and
from its capacity of resisting oxidation in air
or water, itconstitutesoneof the perfect metals.
It is harder than iron, and malleaVile and ductile
like gold.
Pllevs. vn instrument by which anything is
laid hoi' of, so as to bend it.
Plinth. A large square member, in the form of a
brick, and sometimes called the slipper. It is
employed as the foot or foundation of columns,
being that tlat square table under llie moldings
of the base and pedestal, at the bottmnof the
wliole order. The plinth of a wall is a tenn
applied lotwoor three rows of bricks advanc
ing out fixim the walls; or, in genend, fi-om any
llat high moulding, serving in a front w.'ill to
mark tla- floors, or to sustain the eaves of a wall
and the larmier of a chimney. See Ilricks.
Plow. A well. known agricultund implement for
turning up the soil in prei>aration for reci'iving
the seed. It consists of a wooden Inime, witli a
handle; a share, or sharpened jjiit').' of iron,
flxcd t)n the I)ottom of tlie plow, and a coulter,
another cutting iron, that stands upright in the
l>low. " Wheel-plow," a plow with one or more
wheels, to render it steady, and also to regulate
thodepthof the cut. " Plow-share," thecutting
iron flxed iit the Inittom of the wood-work of
the phnigh, vidch forms the furrows. Annmg
bookbinders, a plough Is a machine f<tr cutting
the edges of Iwoks.
Plug. A piece of wcod or other sulwtance used
to stop a hole. *' Plug-rod," in a steam-engine a
rod for working the valves, as in the Cornish
engine.
Plumbago. See lUack-lead.
Plumber-block. A supimrt for the end of a
shaft.
Plumb-line. A i)erpendicular to the horizon,
formed by meansof the plummet. " Plummet,"
a leaden weight att:iched to a string, by which
depths are .soundtHl perpendicularly, and |>er]ien-
diculars are taken by cat j>enters, masons, etc.
Pneumatics. That brancli of physical .science
which treats of the mechanical proiMM'ties of
elastic fl lids, and jtrmcliMilly of atmospheric air.
Point. Among artists, an iron or steel insirn-
ment used fortnicing designs on cojiper, wood,
stone, etc. In niasonn.', to till the joints with
mortar, and smooth them with a trowel .
I
.7
VOCAIllLAUY or JIKCIIAMC.VL AM» SClEXTiriC TEIiMS.
.1
ti
1
Pol*. A I'ingljoroJ wckkI, cut iinil flttcil for viiil-
oiw \fi\T\^yi«^, an the jxjlo of ji ciirrhijje. *' role-
ax," an ax fixfl tia ]«lc or huiidlc, rnvnicntlj-
witliacLiir or iHMJk pnjjoftin^ frdin the hack
port, **orn'*lim'-» use<l in vtwiMiUoI wiirfor l)6iinl-
Polyehrom«? frintins. The name sonK'tlmos
appU-"'J to the r«'i)P(»<Iiictioii ol painlinjjs aii'i
coIorr<l drawiii^^ hy inechanit-al ninjins. Thi'
etTecti 'flaunt I'V pulyihr<Ji:ii; printint; may be
ohtainol Ijoth liy lithography and woodciit
printih:;, altltou^li liie former process is, ii]) to
tlie prf-iW-nt time, tlie one mint gencnilly
atlopt'-*!. Tile iaiitation of drawings and jialnt-
Ini;^ l>y tneansof lithojjraphy l9 usually termed
cI»n>ni*>-IItho^nipiiy.
Polychromy. A term apj)lie<l to tlie art of i)aint.
in^ wt>rk.-t of wrulpture and arehitecturo with
different colors, an ait well known to tlio
ancienH undiT a diflerent name.
Polyicon. In mechanics, when a series of moro
tiian three forces act in e<iuiliWr.um in one
point, they may he represented in direction and
intensity \iy a polygonal figure (a jilano llgure of
many angle* ; thialijfure is teniied tliciiolygon
of thr**e forceA.
Poljcraph. An inrention for making a number
ot writings or drawings simultaneously,— made
on the principle of the Pantagraph, an inatm-
ment for copying drawings.
PoIxtechnlM. The .science of all the mechanical
arts, aide*! or unaided hy niacliinerj'.
Fontoon* Se* Bridge,
Port. In mechanics, an opening tlirongh which
steam, air, etc., may pass to the valves of the
engine to which it imi>arta motion. Tlie udmis.
sionand discharge of eteam in a steam-engine
take place throngti jwrts near the ends ot the
cylinder, connected with jia^sages called noz.
zles, which are opene*! and clo&ed hy induction
and ednction valves. Sometimes tiie inductltm
and e»laction valves are combined in one valve,
c^Ili**! a niide- valve.
PoAt-mlll. .\ kind of wind.mill constructed on a
v.rtieal axis (a.stene'l to the gnjuiid.
Power. .V term equivalent to force, or mt her to
the origin of force; a mechanical agent, as
horse-p«*wer, wat':r<'rst€am-i*)wer, etc.
Pre«*. A machine hy which things are com-
I>rcscie'L It acts by means ot the screw, and
serves forrtiflercnt purposes, as for iire-ising tlin
Juice cat of grapes and other fruits for making
wine, the presising <.f the curd in iiiakin;
cheeses, etc.;arso. a machine used by printeis
and ptiMishers for taking impressions of foruis
of typ*:.
Primer. \ kind of type, of which there arj two
sj-ecifri — long-primer and great-primer.
Priming. The act of carr>'ing o\ er water from
tlie lr>IIer into the cylinder of a steam. engine.
Printer. One who ijosscsses the skill to set up
jijijs, make up forms, etc. . in addition to serving
as cornprjisilor. or type-scl .^Ton stmiglit or plain
reading matter. See Case.
Pndiiling. \ process for the conversion of cast
Iron into vrongbt iron.
Poe-mill. .Vmill forgrinding and mixing clay,
u.«e<l in brick-making and for other purjKiscs.
Pulley. One ol the simplest of the mcelmnlcal
p»>wers. In its plainest form, it consists of a
small wheel toming on a pin in a block, with a
furrow or gr^xive cut in its circumference, over
which passes the rope that turns 1' .See Me-
ciianical Towers.
Pump. .V machine cither for raising water or for
forcing it thioogh pipes. Its jxiwer is drawn
from the pressure or weight of the atmospheie
-omnK>n vasen, and from the olastiiity of
compress**! air in those forms of it that are
termerl forcinsf pumix Tl.:' lifting. pump and
the suction or Iwuseliold puniii have each a iiis
ton and two valves, which lattei- ojm'u upward.
The forcing-pump Is unlike the two pumps
above-named. The piston has no valve, but
there i4 a valre opening upward at the bottom
of its cylinder.
'k
Piinch. A tool, usually of steel, forstriklng holes
in any llun inate-rtal, as lealh* r, iron, etc.
Pupiiet-valve. \ disk, used in -team-engines to
cn\'erund uncover an ojienlng.
I>iitlog. A cross piece of tiinl>cr forming a sup-
IMn-t to the lloorot ascutfold.
Quadrant. Tlie fourth part of a circle. A qna<J.
nint i.s diviiled Into ninety ofiual iwrts, c:iikx]
degrees; each ilegrcc Is divide*! mto sixty wjujil
parts, cttlltMl minutes; each minute into sixty
parts, called seconds. The ancient form of
astronomical instruments for the detemiiiia.
ti.jn of altitudes was the quadrant; but that lias
now been wholly su|XTCedcd by the Circle,
which see.
Quadrat, ICm. In type. setting, a square piece of
metal, shorter than a letter, which is inserted
by the comi'Misitor, in the liody of reading m:it-
ter. Just alter a jieriod or end of a sentence. It
is, in composition, the standard of measure,
ment, and when the compositor luis filled a
space e<iiial to 1,000 cms In juxtapoiition, he is
jvaid accordingly.
Queen-post. One of two posts extending from
the ti6-beam to a rafter, used in a tmsseiJ
root^
Rablict. A cut made in a board to form a Joint
with another l)oard. A nibbet-plane is ase<l by
a Joiner in cutting a rabt>et on the edge ot a
board.
Rack. A toothed bar to work with a small cog-
wheel or iiinion.
Rag-bolt. \\\ iron. pin, loathed, so that it m?.y be»
retained in position. "Rag-wheel," a wheel
with i)rojeetionson tlie circiimb-rence to receive
tlu^ links of a chain which works with it.
Rail. -V long l>arot iron i-olle<l in a certain shape,
lor use in railway constniction. ■ Chair," a
liiece ot iniu made to receive and support a rail.
and which rests on the tie or sleeper of wood to
wliicli it is lixed.
Ratchet. A wheel liavi.ig angular teeth, by
which it may be turned forwaplas Ijy a catch or
i-.itehet.
Rnaction. .Vction and reaction are equal and
opjiosite. In mechanics, the force as illustrated
by the firing ■•! a pistol, there is a tack effect
uixm the pistol identically e*iual to that upon
the bullet. "' Ueeet ion-wheel," a wnter-wnecl
having curved spacer or buckets on which the
water ri-'acts, and thus causing motion.
Receiver, The vessel from which the air Is
exhausted in an air-pump.
Reelprocatlng >Iotion. .\n epithet for what acts
by alternati*>n, backward and forward, or rp
and down, as some parts of machinery.
Reduction. In inetallurg>', the operation of sep.
aniting a metal from otliersul»stance*. •' Rodnc-
tion ot a design or draught, etc.," the making a
eojiy thereof either larger or smaller tlian the
original.
Reel, A m.achlne turning round on an axis, on
wliicli lines ot ditferent kind are wotind.
Reoiiilng-iron, ."see Calking.iron.
Rrflne. To purify anything, but particulariy to
assay or rcline gold and silver, by separating all
other bodies from them.
Register. In type.tounding, one of the Inner
parts of the mold in which the printing types
are cast. Its use is to direct the Joining tlie
mold Justly toLtether again, after opening it to
tak(* out the new cast letter.
Regie!. .V little flat, narrow molding in iianels,
etc. In Job.pnnting, small strijw of wood for
use in si^acing between lines of type.
Regulator, In a watch, a small spring Ijelonging
to llie balance. In a steam-engine, the throttle.
valve.
Relay. See Ilattery.
Release, The opening of the exhaust. |irirt l»e-
twc^en strokes. In a stc.ira.cngine, in order to
diminish the back-pressure.
Rellof. The iirojectionorstandingont of a figure
above the ground or plane whereon it is formol.
There arc three kinds of relief, namely, the
bass-relief, in w Mcb the work is raised but little :
the demi. relief, in which one.half of the llguie
rises, and the alt^i-relief, in which the Ilgure pro.
jects as large as life.
Renaissance .Archllecture, A term applied to
that p<'ri'>d ol the Kevival when the classical
l*egan to be again iiitroducd after the media),
val styles. See .\rcluteclur(.\
Kesln. .V solid Inllaiuinable su'istance exuding
from trees, us the common resin, tn* turpentine,
from the i»ine. '* Itiv-ins," an Imiiortant class of
vegetable sul>stiin'.-es, c^xtensively used In man.
ulactures, obtained from various trees. They
are mostly insoluble in water, but dissolve
readily in alcohol, rormlng varnislies. They are,
:is solids, transparent, and brittle. Tliey are
insulators of electricity, and beeonie electrical
by friction.
Resistance. The energy with wlileli materials
resist the action of external weights or forces
tending to bend or break tlicin.
ReMilutlnn. In mecdianics, the tllvldlng of anj'
force or motion into several others ir otlier
directions, but whii-ii, taken toge-tlier, shall
luive the same effect as the single one.
Retoii. .\ chemical vessel in whicli distillation
is efTected by means of heat. Ketorts are inado
of glass, earthenware, or metal, according to the
purposes for which they aic intended. S'ery
large earthenware retorts are used in the maim,
fiictui-e of coal gas.
Reverse, in engineering, to cause to revolve in
the opixjsile direction, as the cnmk of a steam.
engine.
Rib, III carjientry, any piece of timber that
strengliiens the side. In shipbuildin:-', the tim.
1-ier of the futtocks, when the iilanks are oir,
which resembles the rilis ot tlio body. The
frame or rilisuta shiji Is composed of a great
amount of tiniiier, teclinically catalogued as
floors, cross-lines, lialt.floors, floors short an<l
buig-arme'l.lii'st-l'uttocks, second, third, fourth
and fifth futtocks, ami toptimbei-s. The miilctlo
timlKTS lixed between the floorand upper tim.
hers, are called futtocks.
Relievo. Pee I'LCllet.
Rlglot. «ce Iteglet.
Ring-lK>lt. ;"^ee niiig.) " Uiug.iicad," a contriv-
ance used lor stretching woolen cloth.
Rivet. .V metid jiiece clinched at both emls.
Rock-shaft. .V shaft for varying motion in the
valve. gear of a steam. engine, called also rocker
and rocking.shaft, from its rocking or vlbi-.Ulng
instead of revolving.
Rolllng-mlll. .\ machine for working metals
into plates or Uirs. This sort of mill Is chiefly
use<l for drawing out tho iron oars, alter they
have been manufactured into bar iron by the
forge and hammer.
Rotary. .V term aj^plicd to turning, as a body on
its axis. Hero, of -Vlexandria, jirobaljly first
wrote of mechanism, in which heat is made to
perform work by means of steam. That author
describes a rotary engine, driven by the reaction
of Jets of steam issuing from oriliees in revolv.
ing arms. Hotarj' <n' centrifu;-'ai pumps are
those in which a rectilineal vertical motion is
given to the water to be raised, liy means of
a wheel rotating with great velocity in a
close drum, iiu<l receiving its supply tlirough
aixTtures in the side of tlie drum close to tlio
axis.
Rough-casting. \ kind of mortar used as a cov-
ering lor external walN. wliicli is llirown on
ninglily, instead of being plastered on.
Rough-strings. In carix-ntry, pieces of timber
fixed under a wooden stairway for its siip|K)rt.
Ruhinkor(l"s-coll. .V machine lor inducing eluc.
trieal currentsof great intensity, so.named fmm
the inventor.
ftefety-Iamp. A lamp I nvented by Sir Humphrey
IVavy, with the object of lessening danger of
explosion in mines. It rests on tlie principle
tliat ftauie, to i.;nito adecjunte combustible
g.ises, will not pass through fine wire gauze;
althougll the HyW of the flame easily 1«SSCS
tlirough it.
VOCiUUrLAKY OK MIXUANKAK AM) XIKNTIFIC T?:UWS.
All jtppoiidiirtt' nf tln' lh)iUT of a
, r.ir iHTinill in;; Ilii' i-srap*? of
\\w piTMHuro ln'conu's liauj^rroiiti.
Sufoty-ralvo,
HtCUIl-i'll^illi
steam hoforc
St'i' Valvt'.
SuikUI. St'M Itoots, LlO.
Saw, \ futtin^i instniniuMt. fonnct'. fi-om a plate
of sln-et sluil, ami toollH'd by means of a prt'.ss
ami tools.
S<*aii'. An iiu'iustat ioTi In a vessel in which water
i- liiMtr.l, JUS ill 11 >team-boiler, cle. Also, a niowl
Useful instrument hi aeeurate (liawinj^, made of
any hard material. The principal divisions are
halt an inch, and the hori/oulal lines divide it
into ton jiart., or the twentieth <)f an inch;
whiU; by slopi'i;^ the lines in the leftdiaial
division, the tenths ivo divided intu tenths (d"
tenths, nr liMUhs of the half-inch, by i)ro'^res-
sively ;ficendin^ »)r descend inj^. '* SctiUng-huin-
mer," u lianuner for reniovin^f scaled.
Scantling. A term used to express tin- tninsversc
dimensions of a piece c»f timber; ami also, in
some c:t-;es, us a pMierd name for small timbeis.
such us the (luarterin^ fora partition, rafters,
purlins, or pole-ph\tes in a roof, i-te. All quar-
tcrint? or stpiartMl timber under live inches
sfjnare is (U'si^nated scantlinjjr.
Scarf. The cut endt* of each of two timbers to be
Joined lenjfthwiso. A .scarf.joint is tho point
where the eudn of scarfed timbers are joined
and sfcure<l.
Schooner. Sec vessel.
Scioptie, A sphere or globo of wood with a
hole, in which is placed a lens, so constructed
that it may be tnrne<l round every way, and
used in making; experiments in a diukcned
ix>Mn.
Scour, To rub and clean by friction. A scourinj;-
barrel is a machine for cleaning senip.iron, etc.,
by means *>f friction.
Screen. In husbandry, an implement which con-
sists (d' a fnime and wire work, with wliicli
wheal is cleared of the dust and the ('.ross ^raln.
In architecture, a inirtition risinj;, a certain
heicrht,asin tii' Gothic or pointecl style, form-
ing beautiful iniernal features of churches,
halls, etc.
Screw, oneof tho six niechanieal i^owei-s, con-
sisting of a siur.il thread or ^^roove cut round a
cylin'ler; when the thread is on the outside, it is
a male or convex screwy but when .t Is cut
alon^ the inner surface of the cylinder, \t Is a
female screw, otherwise called a nut, w hlch see.
As a ne-clianical power, the screw possesses the
property of an inclined i)lane, which see. "Knd-
Icss screw," a screw consi>tinM of two or morff-
spiral fillets on a r()d capable nf nilation round
its axis; these threads work in teeth on the cir-
cumference of a wheel, so that while the revo-
lution of the rod continues the screw keeps
movinj^ on itsown ax is— called also worm-screw.
"Ilindley's screw," so-named aftei- the persim
who llr^t used it, is cut on a solid and works on
a toothetl wheel. "Micrometer screw," a screw
for measurin;^ small spaces or ani;les with threat
nccur.icy and conv(!nit;nce. "OitTerenlialsi-rew,'*
one convex screw which works in the interi.."r
of another convex screw; the latter works in a
concave screw, which is tlxe<l, and the for;ner is
cajwible of movinty in a rei^tillnear direction
only, l>eing prcventetl fi-om turninjy on its axis
with therotalionof the exterior screw. "Uight-
and-left-?crew," a screw, the threads of which
on the opi>oftite ends run in dilferent directions.
*' Screw. Ijoll," a. screw with a head on one end,
for use in some tixed i)art. "Screw-jack," see
Jack-s<'rew, under the head of .lack. "Screw-
pile," a lon»; and iHiwerfnl pile, presumably tif
w<K»d,and madt^so that It may bescrewed down
flrndy tn the san<l, to serve as a Mni)iM>rt of a
liiiht I iniber i^litice itr Iij.'htdionse.
Screw-press. A strong; trame having a horizon-
tal bed, and a tollowerattaehed to a screw. The
screw works up an<l down in the concavity of
the frame, which, when screwi'd clown, pn'sses
on the upper surface of tlieaubstiUice oi>erate<l
upon.
Screw-propeller. A steam-ves-icl pi>)iH'lli'd by
a revolvin>; screw; also thewheel bearing tlonts,
used in the propulsion of stwim-vessels.
8cr.'w-*u|>, In screw-manutacture, an external
strew orcuttcr, uscil in tVirmin^ internal screws.
Si-rlbins:. In carjientry, llitinj^ the wige of a
bo:iid to the side t»f another.
Sculpture. An art which comprehends ntit only
carving; in w(mmI, >tone, or maiMe, but also
enchasing;, enyr.ivin;^ Iti all its kind;, and cast-
\u;X in bronze, lead, wax, etc. See (.'arvinj;.
Sector. A drawing instrument, having the ap-
pearance t)f a small carin'nlcr's rule markcnl
with scales on every iK»rt. The sector is, in
l)rinciple, an ag^n^ate of a largt; number uf
pairs of compa>scs iiackeii up iir.o one, each
jiieceof the ruler being marked with tlie s:ime
scales.
Separation. In steam-lioilers, the act of displac.
inj; water fiom steam.
Service-pipe. A pipe leading from mains to a
dwelling, as in wate".'-pii»es and the like.
Sower. A |>;iss:ige to convey waternnd tilth away
into the sea.
Sextant. An instrument fur mi-.isnring angles
between objects, the-;»ngle by rillection bein
doubled, so that a sextant meiLsures the thinl of
a circle, or I'JO degrees.
s'uift. The bar that carries wheels or revolving
parts, as the shaft of a steam-engine. In ndn-
iag, a hole like a well, which miners make to
free the works from the springs that are in them.
Also, the bod}' of a column.
Shank. The long and cylindrical iwirt of differ-
ent things. In founding, a large ladle.
.Share. See under IMow.
Shear. A to(d made In the fonn of scissors, for
clipping hedges, etc.; also, the bed-iiiece of a
madiine-tool, on which a slide-rest is fastened;
as, the shears of a lathe, etc.
Sheep's- foot. In printing, an iron naminer with
a chiw-end.
Sheet-anchor. The largest anchor of a vessel.
Shell. In boiler-work, the barrel and plating.
Shim. A thin piece of metal used in fitting i)arts.
Shoe. In machinery, a Ijottom piece usetl to sup-
port a body; a piece on which an object is placetl
while moving to prevent wear.
Shroml. One of the two round plates at the rim
of a water wheel.
Side-lever. In a marine steam-engine, a lever at
the side fur moving tlie crank. *'Side-pil>e," an
exhaust extending between the steam-chests of
a cylinder.
Silver. A well-known precious metal, 10}4 limes
heavier than water, so ductile that wires have
been made of it but the T.Vith jKirt of an inch in
diameter, and so malleable that a grain may be
beat out into fifty square inches. It is soluble in
nitric acid, or aquafortis. See Malleability.
Siphon. Avery simple instrument of great use
in the arts. In its simplest form, it consists <tf
a bent tube with untMiual arms. The short arm
is dipped in a vessel of water until the top or
curve becomeslevel with the water, which then
flows over down tin? long arm. The tube can
then be niiied until the short arm is just Ixdow
the water, all the rest of the tulMJljeingout of it.
The flow will still continue.
Sleeve. In machinery, a tubular jurt in which
another jmrt works, to steady a machine.
Slide-rest. A to(»l-supiH)rl, in lathe-turning, made
to slide on fixed liearjngs.
SUde-vftlve. A kind of cup-shaiHvl pieceof metal,
situati'<l in the steam-che^t, and made to slide
over openings thi"ough which steam iwisscs to
the cylinder.
.Slidini;-ru1e. A mathematical instrnment, to 1h>
•icd without eoniirissis in gaMiring.
Slip-link. A connection in which some play of
the |«irts is allowed to pn-vent s.nH'k.
Slot. A slit or mortise in a nuchine to lulinit
another jiart.
Sluice. Any kind of a fi)K)d-giite<)r trap to retaiii
water for a L'iveu time, or in a given direction.
SmlthH* Furge* Seu Ilhist-furnaec.
.Sinoke-*luck. An engine placed in chimneys and
turned by means ol the ascending smoke, wliich
answers tlie puriKi-^e »»f the kitchen-jack.
Snifting-valve. A valve 4>pening outward to tho
atnutr.pherf. Tlu' condenser of a steam-engine
isprovidt-^l with blow. through valves, commu'
nicating with tin; cylinder, usually shut, but
capable of beim; occasionally oiM'ueil. and with
a sni f ting- valve opening on twanl, the steam <'an
be blown olf to ex|>el iiir from the cylinder and
condenser before the engine is set to work.
Socket-bolt. A Iwdt whicli jmsses through a
thimble-shatied ap]>endage in c<mnecting i^jirts.
Sole-plate. T'le main cu'lied-plate of a machine;
a-- the sole-] . ite of an engine.
Spectroscope. An instrument for fonning and
exan\ining tlie imaire tspectnun; of the sun or
any other luminous iKidy. It consists of two
telescoiM'S arninged on a stand, with the two
glasses facing each other. The eye piece t)f one
is removed, and in its place is a narrow >lii
fonned by two strips of nu-tal, whicli can be so
adjustet! as to admit a line of light of any
dt^ired wiilth. The slit being illuminatiHl, the
observerat the other telescope will see a mag-
nllieent imnue of the slit in the form of a bril-
liant lini- itf light. If a prisni Im- placed between
the two te!es<*opes the observer will still .-'e*^ the
line of light, if the illumination Ite Iiy what is
called homogeneous light, like that from a
sodium fiame. for instance. lint, if the flame be
colored with some other substance, like lithi-.nn,
for examph', the observer will see two bright
lines side by side. o!\»' yellow from the sodium,
and ouf' green fi-om the lithium. The number
of snbstanci's, and the conse^iuent nmnber of
lines, can be increiused almost indefinitely.
"SjKH't rum analysis, "used to determine the con.
stitution of heavenly bodies, and is iKised u|>on
the a>certaiuetl fact that the healed vaj>ors of
certain sultstances, like inin, manganese, nitro-
gen, calcium, etc., exhibit ceitain definite and
easily-recognizable lim s and colors in the solar
sjK'Ctrum. Ttiese having been determined, it is
not dillicult to determine that when one of the
planetary bodies gives similar results in the
S])ectriun it is because of its bi'ing conqxtsed of
similar substances. If Mars, for instance, gives
the s:ime lines in the si>cctnim that iron and
nitrogen do when ignited in theelectric arc, the
inference is that Mars contains iron and nitro-
gen. A full explanation of spectrem :..>alysis,
and the results attained by it, fill the siKice of
several volumes.
Spike, A very lai"ge and long nail.
Spindle. A jiin or rod, ma<le to r.i]>idly revolve
by means of a wheel, on which locksof previ-
ously canlcd cotton or wool are drawn out into
tlireads.
Splice. Se*» Scarf.
Spline. A piece fitting the koy.seat of a hub and
a shaft, in onler to make them revolve tOL'cther.
Sprini;. In mechanics, an elastic plate or rod,
which is employed as a moving ixiwer, or a
regulator of the motions <»f wheel-work; also to
ascertain the w eights of bodies, or to diminish
the elTects of concussion.
Spur-wheel. A cog-wheel where teeth i)i*oject
ndially fnmi the center.
Square. An instrument used by canx^rters and
joinei-s for stpiaring their work or reducing it
to a S4piare.
Stamp. A kind of hammer, rais<'d by water or
steam jvower, for iMiunding ofe*i, <'tc.
Stand-pipe. A pl|>e between a hydrant and a
tank, tor eqiializing the flow of water.
Stutif*!». That sulxlivision of ni(rhanics which
tnats of l>odie^ at rest. In op]>osition to dynam-
ics, which tre:its of ijodies in inf)tion.
Stay-tmlt. A eou'ieeting Udi, used to ini'vent
opiMisite parts from bulging out.
.Steam. Water in the ^ajMuiais or griseous condi-
tion. Wider converted into steam occupies
more than 1.7<«» times its fi!rmer spiice. I'ndcr
tin- pressure of thirty -live pounds on thewiuare
inch and at the temiH-rature of Jtil deg., steam
I %
h
3«
I
I
it.
fe-
VOCABULARY OF MKCU.VNICAL .VND SCIENTIFIC TERSia
exert** a force equal to a ton weight mised
one Unit. Sui>erhcute(t Hteaiu i^ cuUeU iitcam-
stoum-rn{£lnp. Tlio first steam-engine which
fonncd the connectintf link Ijctwceii thestcam-
pmnps and the modern Hteam. engines, was
invented by Newcomen in 1700. The principal
parts of a wteani- engine, with their appendages,
are: 1. The furnace an<Mx)ilcr. 2. The cylinder
with its piston. 3. The condenser with its air-
pump (thc^o are wantin;^ in non-condensing
engines). In the mecliuni.smof these principal
jKirt-* may be mentioned (1) the furnace, with its
api>cndages; llie boiler, made of iron or copper,
and often contains intt-rnal flues and tulws,
among whoso appendages are, the fee*l-pump;
Hafely-valve; vacuum-valve; water-gauge cocks
and watur-gaugo tube (see Cock, etc.); pressure-
gauge; man-hole; blow.<»ir eock, etc.; (-) the
boiler and cylinder are connected by means of
the f team-pipe, in which is the throttle-valve
(SCO Throttle-valve), etc.; in non-condensing
engines, called high-pressure engines, the waste
steam dtscliarged fron) the cylinder escaiws into
the atmosphere thnmgh the blast-pipe, (which
see, under the head ipf niost-liole); the cyl-
inder cover has in It a stufflnp-lxix for the
passage of the piston-ro<l; the cylinder cover
also has a grease cock, to sujiply tlie piston
with unguent; in some large engines, a spring
safety-valve or escape-valve, at each end of the
cylinder; to prevent loss of heat, the cylinder
is sometimes inclosed liui easing, call(,'<l a jacket,
outside of wliich is a clothing of felt and w^mkI;
double-cylinder entriues have two cylinders, the
ste:xm being admitted from the l>oilrr into the
flrst cylinder, and then filling the second by
exTmnsion from the first; (:i) the ordincn.' con.
denser is a steam and air-tight vessel of any
convenient shape, wljose eaiiacity is from one*
fourt'i to one-lialf of tluit of the cylinder, and
the steam dischapfXed from the cylinder Is lique-
fied in it by a constant shmver ol eoiil water
from the injection eock (sre Cnndenser, and
Inj'jction- water;; in tin- surface condenser the
steam is liquefied by biin^iKL-scd thr*jugh tubes
or other narrow piissages surronndeil by cur-
rents of cold water (see Snifting-valve); tlie
condenser has also a vacuum ;;aut.'e, to show how
much the pressure In it falls below that of the
atmosphere; the water, the >m:iU jtortion of
steam which remains uncondensi-d, and tlie air
which may lie mixed with it, are suck*"*! from
the condenser by the air-pump (which secy,
whose capacity is from one sixth to one-eighth
of that of the cylinder, and dischar^e<l into the
hot-well (which see}, a tank from which the
fee<l-punip, formerly mentioned, dniws the
sujiply of water for the Injiler; the >nri>lus
water of the hot-well in land engines is dis-
chargcl Into a jwnd, tlierc to cool un<l forma
store <tf wiiter for the cold-well; la marine
engines, it is ejected into the sea; (4) the prin-
cipal parts <jf t!.o mechanism are noticed under
the headings, Parallel .Motion, Shaft, Crank,
Connecting-rod (imder PisKm), Fly-wheel
(under Fly), Valve-gear, and tiovernor. See also
Engine.
Steam-gauge. A i)re33ure.gauge, for indicating
the pressure of the steam in a iKiiler. " "^team-
pi l»e,"se(» Steam-engine. **Steam-tnip,"a vess* 1
so made as to |K'nnit the jxissatre of water but
nftalns the steam. "Steam-way," a channel
connecting a i>ort with a cylinder. "Steam-
winch," a combination for ralsiui; weight-**.
Steam-hammer. A name given to various
powerful machines worked tiy stt^ni. The
steam-hammer, iuvente<l by James Na.-myth,
has a flxe<l cylinder, and the hammer is attached
to the piston-rod by means of bars and a
eross-key.
Steel. SiKj under the heiul of Iron.
Stereotype. One entire solid piece of ty|>c east
from an impression In g>i>3ura, of a page coui-
IH>sed with movable tyi»c3.
Stick. See Cube.
Still. A largo vessel em)iloyetl i.i the process of
distillation. The common still consists of a
Utrge copiHT Uiiler, set in masonry, ove'r a
funiace, having a head or capital of a globular
form which connects It with the condenser or
worm-pi |>c.
.Stop-coek. A short tuljc of brass, intersected by
a nearly cylindrlcjil i>lug so perfomted or cut
tliat while in one position It completely pre-
vents the passage of fluid ihrouyh the jjiik;, it
may be turned so as to p(,'rmit the fluid to ftass
through it.
Strap, and S* .Tip-head. See IJutt.
Strpss. Applied force or pressure in any direc-
tion or in any manner. A stress may be applied
to a solid Ixxly In order to detcnninc its ulti.
mate strength, which latter deiwnds ui>on the
stress required to produce fmcturc in .some
si>eclUed way. The eliLStlc strength is the stress
required to jiroduco the greatest strain of a
sjieciflc kind, consistent with i)erfect elasticity.
.\ lx>dy is said to be perfectly elastic which, if
.■^trained at a constant tcmi>ei-ature Ity the appll-
cation of a stress, recovers its original volume,
or volume and figure, wlien such stress is with-
drawn, and gives i>ut, during such rccover>',
a qtiantlty of mechanical work exactly equal
to tliat originally exerted In producing the
St mill.
.Strok<?. The movement of the piston of a steam-
engine from end to end of the cylinder.
Stuero. A comiX)sitlon of white marble pulver-
ized and mix^rd with iilaster of lime. It is used
on walls, or in making ornamental figures.
Stud-bolt. A * olt with threads on each end, to
be screwed into a i)art and cajtpcd with a nut.
Stufilng-box. See Steam-engine.
Sucker. The piston of a pump.
Suet ion -pump. See Pump.
Suf,ar>mill. A machine for pressing out thejuice
of the sugar-cane. It ct'usistsof sevenil rollers,
l»etween w hich the cane is passed.
.Sump. In metallurgy, the pit for receiving the
metal on its fli-st fusion.
Swivel. A link that turns round on a pin or neek
in any direction.
Table. In machinery, that part on which work
is jjlaccd to Ikj openited uiK)n.
Tachometer. An instrument for measuring the
siK-ed with whi'jh vessels pass tlirougb water.
TunilxHirine. >ee under liandore.
Tangent. A line touching a circle or other ourve
w itliout cutting it.
Tap-lMilt X e Screw-lx)lt, under head of Screw.
Telectroscope. .\n apparatus iutcndeil to repro-
duee tel("_'r.qihically at a distanee the images
obtained In thecamur.iobscuni. This appai-atus
will be base<l (.»n the property iMissessed by
selenium of offering a variable and vei-j* sensi-
tive elcctrital resistance, aeeonling tothedif.
fercnt gr.ulations of light. Plan submitted by
M. Scnlecq, of Andres.
Telegraph. A woni signifying writing to4)r for
a distant iM)int, and applied to the various
inventions for conununicatiug news between
jxiints by fia^s or other means. "Electro-mag-
netic telegraph," an instrument or aiquinitus
for eomnnmicati'ig words or language to a dis-
tance by means of electricity.
Telephone. An iustrmnent for conveying infor-
m:itio:i by >ound,now extensively useil in cities
and towns. " Musical telejihone,*' a machine for
r*'pro<lucing nmsical sounds. The nuisie of the
Edi.snn machine is brought <Mit Iiy the action of
a cunent of eh'ctrieity upon a si;lution of sul-
phule (if MKliuin in w Inch strips of white i>a|H't
are Miaki'fl.
, TeleAr(»pe. An optical instrument, consisting of
a tuW' whieb eoTitains -i system of lenses, de-
signe*! toaid theexcin view imnlistant objects.
" Monocular telescoiH\"one having a single eye-
piece, and .so serving only for one eye at once.
Temper. ProiK-r mixture of ingredients. Tern-
!►• ring, in iron works, is making iron and
>t( el of a .suitable degree of haitlnois or »oft-
Tenacity. A property of material Ixxlies by
which their jiarts resist efforts to tear them
asunder. The tenacity t>f wood is umch greater
(apparently alwut ten times) along the grain
than transversely. Mixe«l metals liave, in gen-
er.il, gresiter tenaeitj* than simple metals.
Tenon. A i>rujecting end of a piece of timber,
fonnetl by cutting away a i)ortion on one or
more sides, for insertion into a mortise. The
tenon is of varioua forms, as s(iuare, dove-
tailed, etc.
Tension. The name given to tlie force by
whieh a bar or string is imlled when lurniing
jiart of any system. In equilibrium or in
motion.
Thermometer. An instrument for measuring
heat, founded on the principle that solid, liquid,
and giiseous bodies always exjiand In exact pro.
IKjrtiou to the temperature to which they are
suljjected.
Thimble. Any short tubular piece, through
which some other jxirt of Hiachinery jiasscs.
Iron rings used in the rigging of shi]>s are in
some instances called thimbles.
TlireHliing-machine. A machine for thresldng
wheat, instead of the old practice of threshing
with a flail.
Throttle-valve (or Kegulatorj. A valve in the
steam-pipe which connects the IkjIUt and cylin-
der of a steam-engine, for adjusting tlie opening
for the admission of ste;im to the cylinder, and
s*jmetimes also V-ie cut -off valve or exixinsion
valve, for cutting ofT the admisriion of the steam
to the cylinder at any requirctl jicriod of each
stroke of the piston, leuving the reuuiinder of
tlie stroke to l>e iK'rfoi-med by the eximnsion of
the steam already admitted.
Tie. See under the head of Kail.
Tile, A thin piece of clay in flat form, dried and
baked so as to fit it for covering tlie roofs of
li< (Uses.
Tiller. A piece of wood f;istencd in the head of
the rudder, by which it is moved. In suiuil
ships and Ixxits it is called the helm.
Tilt-hammer. A lanje hammer worked by ma-
cliinen,'. It is tilted by projections <in theaxis
of a wheel.
Tin. A metal of a silver-white color, very soft,
and so nudleable that it may be reduced into
le-aves l-lVOth of an inch thick, calbKl tin-foil.
Tin is inehustic, but ven.- lle.\.ible, when lieated
to wliitencss it takes fire, and burns with a
white Ilame, and is converted into pei-oxideof
tin. The jieroxide is found in comirnation with
other metals, in tinstone, and in loose rounded
masses called stream-tin. The former, when
rctlucetl to the metallic state, yields block-tin
(whieh see , while the latter yields grain-tin,
which is the purer of the two.
Torsion. The force with w hich a string or thread
returns or tends to return l«> a state of rest, after
it luLs been twisted.
Traction. In mechanics, the act of drawing a
lx>dy aU)ng a plane, usually by the ix>wer of
men, animals, or steam; as when u vehicle is
drawn on a roadway by means of a traction
engine. The i>ower exerted in ortler to produce
the effect is called the force of traction.
Trammel. An instrument used b\ cari)cnter3
ftir dr.iw iug ovals on a boiird.
Tran*ilatiun. As distinguished from n>tation,
consists in the movement of a i>oint from one
|M><ilion to another.
Triglyph. See under Frieze.
Trowel. See under the head of Bricks.
I Truck. The frame and w heels, etc., of one end of
a i-iilway lt)eoniotive or car; also, a freight-car.
: Trundle. A kindof whe<*l whose teeth are formed
I of sjiindles.
! Trunk. A tubular pist^m.rtKl.
Trusji. A frame of timbers so disiK»se<l that if
susi»endetl at two given iKiiuts, and charged
with one or more weights in certain others, no
timber would pre^s transversely \\\\o\\ another
except by tiinWr exerting etiual and opi>osite
forces.
^
I
VOCABrL^Un' of MECIUNiaSX AND SCIENTIFIC TKRM8.
Tiibo, In 8tcani-lH)ilpr«,ft pipe contniiiln;? wntrr
ami rxpuscd to the lipiit of tlic tiinmce.
Tiiinlilor. Soo Iliiir-ypiini;.
Tarblno. A water. uiu't'l uttiichcd to ii vortical
rovc'lving uxi?*. It consists of a dnini, \\\x)n
wliich lire a. mimlu-rof vanes curvrd in stich a
way iw to ail"w tin- water Icavin;; tlieni to ijo oW
with 111*' niiiiiiiinin of vrlfieily or jiower.
TiiNcaii Onlrr. See Klriisi-au Areliiti-eture.
T^'inpunutn. A drunusluiped wlh-el, used for
niisiiijj water.
T}'!***- writer. An iipiMUiitus about tlio size of a
Hewiu>;.umcliiiie for writiiiLf by uioans of type,
theojiemtor woikitu; krys wliii-h eon'esiM>nd to
tlic dilffp-nt letters of tlic alphabet, etc., in
order to niak<> impressions of tlie type on jviper.
Cnflershot-wlipol. See Ovei-shot-whcel.
I'nlvprsal Joint, A contrivance forjoininjj two
sliafts endwise.
Valve. An arningeniont by which air or anj*
fluid may I)0 alternately adinittcil into and
('ilH'lled from a vessrl. "Serew-valve," nstop-
coek luovideil witlja puppet. valve moved by a
pen-w. " Vacuum-valvi.'," a valve ojMuiinj; in-
ward, to ndrnit air and prevent tlio Iwiler of a
fiteani-on^ine Inun ec.llaivsint,' if the steam in it
shoulil be condensed. Sec Safety-valve, Slide-
vfllv*', ete.
Valve-trear. The series of parts by wliich a
valvf is worked " Valvelet," a small valve.
*' Valve--ic'al,'* the part on which a valve moves.
" Valve-stem," a rod by which a valve is moved,
'* Valve-yolve,'* an appenda^^e of a v:Uve-steni,
eonsistin^r of a simp, with sliile to move It.
Velority. That alTection of motion whereby a
movable body is dis|>o-^cd to run over a certain
space in a <*ertain timr.
Veneer. A thin. loii^', narrow i>ieoe of wood or
ivoiy atl:iclu'd toa jtiecc of other material, for
orn:iTnental purjioses
Ventilator. A eoutrivanee for supiilyin^; fresh
and reiuovini; vitiali'd air fn>m Inmsc-, mines,
and I'lhcr plaec-*.
Vessel, In maritime allaiiN. every kind of ship,
larjje or small, thai serves to carry men or ;:o<Kis
on water. *' P-aii.'*'.'* a bitat of state or pleasure,
with elcu'aiil apartment-^; also, tin- name of a
tlatdjotlonicfl vr?— cl of burden, nsed on rivei-s.
*' Hark," a three. masted vessel; any small vessel.
" Itri;;," a square-ri^riJ^ed mercliantman with two
ma.-ts. 'M'j'.taniaran," u rait made of three
]uece-i of wood lathed to-;ether, a tlat iKitlomed
l)oal constructed by I'.onaparte, ancl used in war.
"Clippei-," a >aiUn_r vessel built expri'ssly for!
speed, lonirei' and narrower Ihau other vrs-els.
"Cock-boat," a small Itoat used on rivers or near
the shore, "fuller," a small boat attadied to
ships of war; ri-^'-'cd nearly like a sloop, witli
one mast. *' Fly-lioat," aionj::, narrow boat, used
on canals. " Frifj:at<',"a lludit built ship of war,
from twenty. eij^Iit t(» forty-four guns, iitted tor
fa>it sailing, "(ialby," a low, llat-built vessel,
much used in the Meditemmean sea before the
Introduction of 8teftmi>oats. " Gondola," a sort
of Venetian pleasure barge?. *Htunl)oat,"a boat
Iitted to carry one or moreguna. " Jolly-boat,"
a ya\vl.lM)at. " Junk,"u tlat bottomed vessel, of
about WK) or VA) tons burden, employed by the
Chinese. " Keebboat," a large, covered boat,
with a keel, used on rivers for tr:msportati(m of
freight. •• Ivetcli,*' a strongly. built shipwitli a
main and ndz/cn mast. *' Idfe-boat," a small
boat eonstrucled with great strength to resist
shocks, for preserving lives in cases of ship-
wreck or other destruction of a ship tn* steamer.
*' I-ong.lwjat," the longe-^t and strongest l>oat
lielongiui; to a vessel of war. " I.uggcr," a small
vessel carr>'ing two or three mast sand a running
bowsprit, upon wlduh lug sails, and two or three
Jibs, are set. " Mercliantman," a trading vessel,
enijiloyed In the transi>ort of goods; so. called
to distingui.-h it from a man-of-war, or vessel
used for warlike puri>oses. " Pinnace," a small
vessel having sails and oai's, and carrying three
masts; also one i>f the 1 oats lieUmging to a man.
of-war. " rnnt," a small tlat-bottomed boat,
used in repairing slops, etc, "Schooner," a
small, fast-sailing vessel with two masts, whose
main and fore-tails are suspended by galTs,
reacliing from tlie miust to the stem. "Skilf,"
and "Skippet," small, light boats. "Skow," a
large flat boat. "Sloop," a small vessel witli one
mast; in the navy, sloojis are teiulers carrying
ton or twelve gnus and about thirty men.
"steam. ship," a largo vessel, with paddle-
wheels and sails. A vessel with a screw is called
a screw-iiropelier. "Tartan," a small coaster,
having one mast and a liowsprit. *' Xebec," a
small three. ma-^ted vessel navigated in tlie Med-
iterranean. "Yacht," a small ideaiiure.boat,
with saiN. " Yawl," a small row.lM>at.
Viaduct. A ridge, or series of arches, erected
for the purp<'>e of conducting a n)ad or i-ailway
over a valley or a thickly-inhabited district.
Violoncello. See IJassViol.
Vise, In smilheiy, an instrument used for hold-
ing fr-st any luece of iron whicli the artiilcer is
working upon.
Vis Inertia. The ]>ower in bodies that are in a
stale of rest, to resist any change that Isendcav-
oretl to be made uiM>n them to change their
state. This, according to N'ewton, is implanted
in all matter.
Voltaic IMlo, See under the liead of (ialvanie
battery.
Vulcanite. A black, liard, elastic substance, re.
senibling liorn in its texture and appeaiiince,
and capable of taking a very liigh juilish; is of
great use in the arts, for makingcombs, dental-
jilates, and hundretls of articles hitherto made
in ivory or Ixnie.
Vulcanized India Kubber. A moditication of
India rnliber, discov<'red by Mr. Char^.cs Good-
year, in this country, l)y which sulphur Is so
combineii with the rubluM- as to render it insen-
sible to atmo'^pheric changes. See Vulcanite,
Volute. See under tlio head lonlo OrUer.
AVarp, and Wcrof, See Loom.
Warping mill, A machine for laying out the
threads of a warp and sepamting tlicra Into
two acts.
Wasliers. Small pieces of meUil, ploccd under a
nut to reduce friction.
Waste-pipe, A pipe for tlio dlscluirgo of super.
tliions water, or water that has acrvocl its pur-
pose.
Water-closot, An nccommodatton witli ■water
supply for emptying the iMisir and diseliarging
the contents.
W^uter-pkuge Cocks and Wat^r-gnugo Tub«.
In a steam-engine, appliances showing the level
of tlie water, so that the enginemau may ascer-
tain whether it stands sufllcienlly liigh to cover
all parts of the boiler exiK>sed to the lire.
" i*ressu re-gauge," an appliance for indicating
the pressure of the steam. " Blow-oiT cock," an
instrument for emptying the boiler of water
when it is to be cleansed. *' Injoction-oock," see
under Steam-engine.
Water-mill. See Wheel and Axle.
Water-wheel. See Ovei-shot- wheel. "Breast
wheel " (under head of Breast), and Turbine.
W'eave. See Loom.
AVedgo. See Mechanical Powers,
Weight. Anything that is to be sustained, raised,
or moved by a machine.
Wheel. See Fly-wheel (under the Iio;id of Fly),
Jleclianical Towers, Moving Powers, and Water,
wheel.
Wheel and Axle. A machine consisting iisually
of a cylinder to which a wheel is ilrmly united,
so that the axes of both are coincident. The
capstan, the windlass, and the helm-wheel of a
ship are only so many ditVerent forms of tlie
same class of machines. Frequently also the
axle is made to carry a wheel with teeth on its
circumference, in order tliat, by revolving,
motion may be communicated to machinery:
sucli are tlie wind-mills and water-mills which
are employed for grinding corn.
WliltG Lead. Sec Lead.
Wineh. A small windlass, havhig a cylinder of
wood cajtable of turning on its axis between
two upright posts of the same material. A lever
at one or at each extn-mity ()f the cylinder is
attached to an iiT>u axle which passes tlirough
the cylinder by whicli it is turned. It is used
fiu" raising water from a well, earth from the
shaft of a mine, ete.
Windlass, and Wind-mill, See Wheel and Axle.
Work, As measured by horse-power. See Ilor^e-
jiower.
Wrought Iron. See Ii-on.
ZInr. A metal of a bluish-white color, Inittie
when cold, but malleable when lieatcfl; mucli
used in the manufacture of brass and <itlier
alloys. It is found in solid masses, sometimes
in six-sided prisms, having the ends terminated
in i>cntntfons.
if^
1
r^
v
foLiJiEs niifrht 1)0 writ-
toil oil tliu iieccs-sityof,
an<l tho viirioas meth-
[. ods t'liiploycd for, ail-
vertisinir. Manypros-
I; perous men owe their
success in life to juili-
ciousaiul lihenil adver-
tising. In this age of
strong competitiou in
the various avenues of
trade, ho who does not advertise his Avarcs Avill prolKibly
be outdone by a more ambitious dealer, with jierhajisa
poorer article, who advertises liberally. People go
where they arc invited, and the merchant who advertises
freely, places his store and windows in attractive order,
and leaves the door open, will do far more business than
he who does not cater to the public, is indifferent alxjut
appearances, grull", and comidaining of iiard times.
Horace Greeley laid it down as a rule that a merchant
should advertise equal to his rent. This, like all good
rules, ought to have exceptions. An old and well
established business would not require so mu<^h, while
a new enterprise would reciuire more than this amount
expended judiciously in advertising. The merchant
should decide at the beginning of tlio year almiit what
amount he may expend in advertising during the year,
and then endeavor to place that amount in the Ijest jws-
sible manner befcue the pulilic.
An advertiser siiould not be discouraged too soon.
Returns are often slow and inadequate. Time is re-
quired to familiarize the public with a new article or
new name. Some men liavo given up in despair, when
just on the eve of reaping a lianest of success by this
mojins. ilany of tiie most jirosperous and wealthy bus-
iness men in this country liave at times been driven
hard to meet their advertising bills, but they knew that
this was their most productive fuitlay, and by persist-
ently coutinuing it they weathered the stonu.
NEWSPAPER ADVERTISING.
.Select the ncwspajicr which circulates among tho class
of |)ersons desired to reach. Do not advertise a special
article or business designed for a limited class of cus-
tomer-, in a general newspaper. Almost all trades and
occupations in these latter days have their special
journals, and these afford the best means of reaching
that class of persons. Tho purpose of the advertiser
then should be to discover, first, the character of a
jwper's circulation, and second, tho extent of its circu-
lation. On these two essentials may then lx> based an
estimate of its value as an advertising medium. The
chanu-ter of a pajier's circulation is easily determined
by the quality of the reading matter whicii tho paper
contains, and the genenil tone imparted to it by its con-
ductors. The extent of a paper's circulation bear-
chiefly on the rates of advertising, which, other things
Wing equal, should have a direct ratio to it. The
extent of circulation is a matter of almost constant mis-
representation on the part of publishei-s or their .agents.
As a rule, the most prominent and costly pjart of the
liajjer is the best. In country weeklies the "local
items," or next to them, is preferable. In. 'ity journals
containing a large amount of reading matter, a well
displayetl advertisement on the outsid(! pages is perhaps
the Ijest for most classes of business.
i
I '
1
now TO ,U)VF.UT18E.
Pliico the iiilvcrtisoiiicnt hofon! tho pnldic at tlio
projM'r time, Just wlu'ii iioopk' ure lioiriiiiiiii^ tn loci tlu^
1100(1 (if such ii.» the iirticlc advertised, as f'uis, when
winter sets in. An advertisement may. however, prot-
itahly Ite k(>pt hcl'orc the pnl)lic coustantly, and in-
ero!ise(l or (hminisiied as occasion rc([uires.
CIRCULARS.
There aic many mcI! cslaliiisiicd linns who will not
advcrtUc in tiic newspapers at all. They ticiieve that
tho >amc amount of money spent in circulars, cataioirncs,
etc., sent direct to the persons whom they d(>sire to
roach, jtays hotter than newspajjor advert isiuir. This
is more (hrect, and atl'ords the adM-rtisor tho opportun-
ity of settinij forth his claims more fully. C'ircidars.
cards, (ataloirucs. etc., also atlord a means for the di—
play of taste in tlieii- typo<rraphical arranijrcmcnt ami
appearance, and often times this ha.s as much to do in
makim,' an imjiression on the person who recciv(\s it. as
the reading' matter containe(l therein. The [irinted cir-
cular goes out to the pnl)lic as the representative of the
house; it should, therefore, in order to command atton-
tiou and respect, have about it an air of appropriateness
and attniction. Such a circular will perhaps ho care-
fully jjroserved for years, wliiU' another which was of
not enouirh impoi'tance. ai>pareiit]y. to the pi'oprietor
or timi i>suinii- it, to command tlieir taste and skill, will
soon he thrown aside as of no imi)ortanec to the person
roceivin"' it.
."^evend circulars must often he sent in order to com-
mand the attention and secure the ( intoin of a jierson.
"Where circidars referring to the same ail icle are repeat-
edly sent out, the attention of the person who receives
them is like'v to he arrested at last, and his response
m;.y he maoe in the form of an order.
Perhaps thereaftei' he hecome;. a constant customer,
huyinir himself, and iccommendinir his friends to do
likewi-e.
CHARTS, CALENDARS, ETC.
An important idea in advert isinir is to enlist the ser-
vices of others, hy making' it to their interest to adver-
tise your business. This is often done by sendin-r out
charts, calendars, etc., containinir useful int'ormation,
toirether viith ihe advertisement. These, when prop-
erly an-anired and prepared in an attractive manner, will
be placed in a consjjicuons place in the store, (jffice, or
home of the pei"son receiving them, liail way, insurance,
and other corporations have vied with each other in the
' T) elegance and attnictivcnoss of tlieir charts, etc., until
they have gone into tho fine arts, and spared no expen.sc
Ji to captivate the j)ublic.
LETTERS.
Mori^ cd'octual than circulars, and nojirest a |x>rsonal
inteniew, is a personal letter. A-. an advert iseiiKnt
tho letter impresses itself upon the mind of the iktsou
receiving it, in an unusual way. A prominent firm
cmiiloyed ( lerks, and had written sevenil thousjiud let-
ters, at many times tho cost of printed <irculars, whidi
they maile(l throughout the country, calling os|K'cial
alleulion to their \l\n' of goods. Even thi- two cent
postage stamp, and thecnxclope being ^-ealod. impresses
the person receiving it with the thought that it is of
importance, and one of the largest dry goods houses in
Chicago, when issuing any circular which they regsird
as special, seal the envelope and jilace a two cent stamj)
thereon. They consider that this gives their circulars
a jirefereiuH! over ordinary printed matter. Certain it
is, that the public accept advertisements largely at the
value and importance attached to thoni by their owners.
DRUMMERS AND AGENTS.
Personal etlbrt exceeds all other means of advertising,
and competition in many branches of Imsiness Ikls Im--
come so strong in those times, and the tiiciiitios for
travel so excellent, that large numl)ers of solicitors and
agents tnivei-so the country. Good personal address, a
thorough understanding of the bu-iness. ,i knowlcd<re
of human nature, together with social (qualities, consti-
tute a good drununer.
HOW TO WRITE AN ADVERTISEMENT.
Befoie writing an adveiliscnient, one >houid always
place before his mind what is tlie most important thing
to impress upon the public. If he is advertising an
article of established trade, it is the name and loi-ation
of the honx' s(>Hing it wliicl. must !>(• the more promi-
nent, or at least cipialiy so w ith any other p.irt ; but if
he be introducing some nc^v article, or seeking tocxtend
the sal(> of something little known or lare. these items
are of far less importance, and the name of the article
itself shfiuld be more prominent. The advertir-enient
should be so constructed as to claim the attention of
the reader, and retain that attention mitil he !i:is read
it through. " Excite but never sati>fy." is the pi-inci-
l)le pursued by many successful advertis(MN.
The advertisement slundd nev(>r contain anything
repugnant to reSned taste, and nothiuL' irrotosfpie or
ridiculous. The most meaning shoidd be condensed
into the fewest 2)ossil)le words. The wording sliouhl
often be changed, and an attractive typogniphy :-hould
he used. It is well to choose an attra.-tive heading, /
followed by fairly spaced painigraphs, with appropriate u*
sub-hoiuLs.
A
jf OEDin: to =u<x-^'<l in Imsinoss lifp, it is noros-
■wirj' to f-ultival*' MiKi (Icvcloi) cortiiin (|iiiiIitios
iinfl trisit- 'if <]i;iract<^'r. 'i'licsoaro ii [)oi'ti(in of
tho rapitiil of th* smipefiisfiil iiiiin, mid n more osscntiiil
j)ortion than moaex or jroods.
HONESTY.
'•Sharp prac-
tice" may hrin^
a temponirj-gaiin
but in the lonff
run of life that
man will itty fur
uhoad who tfeaJsi
squarol yanfl EioD-
c.stlyat ali tinaea.
A thorouifhlr
honest clerk will
eonmianfl a hiirb-
cr salary- than one
of equivooat li^iib-
its, while the
merchant who
has a repntation
for honesty and
truthfulnesri in
reirard to tr ■'
qiialityand valii'-
of Ins irooifc. will
on this ac^-ormt
1)C favored with
a considerable
custom. Th«?
business man
whose '• wor»I i.-
COUNSEL AND ADVICE.
has discountcfl Lis fiit<ire "ut-cess. by taking an advnn-
tairo at the cowt of Xtn time* its value.
INDUSTRY.
Xo other qtuility can tiike the place of this, and no tal-
ents of m ind, however cxot'llont, will bringsuccess with-
out labor; persis-
tent, sj-steniatic
labor. Theyoung
man who expects
to find soDKM'oyal
road to success
with little or no
ctfort , or who
imairiucs that his
mental abilities
will compensate
for a lack of ap-
plication, cheats
and ruins liim-
Belf. Horace
Greeley prol)a-
bly never said a
grander thing
than tliis:
"The sa<ldest
hour ill any mail's
career is that
wlierein he, for
tin first time, fan-
cies there is an
easier way of
gaining a dollar
than by s(|uarciy
earning il ."" and
Horace (ireelev
as goofl as Lis hemd" can. in any emergency, control
large amonnt* of capital, the use of which brings him
a rich return, while the rn;in who sells his iieighl)or's
good opinion for a temjKiran- gain, will find that lie
-^
was himself an example of >uccess througii iniliistry.
It is not genius, bat the great mass of average peo-
ple. Avho iporl: that make the successes in life. Some
toil with the brain, an«l others toil with the hand, but
(11'.
■CEZtavrKfltm
I ! I
I t
ELKMKNT8 OK SUCCK^'S IN OUBINESS.
all nuu*t toil. Industry applies to hours in business
and out ot' )iusinos.->. It means not only to |)<>rt'onu all
re<jiiirfd work promptly, hut to oc^cupy spare moments
Tbx'fidly. not to idle evenings, and to rise early in the
moniinL'.
An employe shoidl not eontiue himself to iiis mere
oMiL'ittory duties. He should \k rwidy to work some-
time« over Imtu's or in other departments if it is desired
of him. Wiliinirness to vor/,- is one of tiie •inol
qnalitii*> in a character, and will compensate for many
other detieiencio.
MEMORY.
This faculty, aiw.iy^ >o useful, is |)re-eminently so t(
the liusiness man. It must l)c l)oth retentive and i|iiiik.
By pro|K'r tr.unin;r this fa<'ulty may be .so cultivated
that names, diites and events to a .surprising niunl)er
nuiy l>e re;idily recalled. The ability to greet a eus-
tonier by c-:»lling him by name is considered very valua-
lile in any chiss of business. It makes a very agreeable
impre>:«ior. when a man who has not s(!en us l)ut once
or twice, and who is not expecting us, meets us
promptly as we enter his store, with, " Why, Mr.
. how do you do? Glad to see you. "When did
you leave Newark?" We feel as 'f we had occupied
that man's thoughts since we sa% him l)cfore. He
appre<-iates us, and we feel like patronizing him.
Wherea-s, on the otlier hand to meet a customer Avith a
blank, inquiring expres^iion, and greet him with, "Your
face iii femiliar, but I can't recall your name," is im-
plea^ant and tends to drive away custom. Every hotel
keejjer knows the value of this greeting of customers.
Facts, tigures and dates are very necessary to remem-
ber in business, and these often form the basis of a
busines- transaction or venture by which large profits
are made. Superior ability in remembering prices and
their fluctuations has been the secret of more than one
brilliant success.
A TJC Desultory reading injures the memory,
Il/V I while close application to a subject, recull-
ing the various points therein, tends greatly
to improve this faculty. The clerk or em-
j)loye in receiving instructions from
his i)rincipal should endeavor to im-
press every point clearly on his mind,
and retain them there until
they are carried out in ac-
tion . Carele.ssness and for-
getfulness of-
ten causes the
discharge of
otherwise
S*
worthy and comiietent yotmg i)ersons, as employers do
not like to repeat their orders.
PROMPTNESS.
A vof)' essential clcmcnl in tiic character of the
business man is prom])lncss. Filling all engagements
at exactly the appointed time, answering letters oc
forwarding goods with |ii'iiniptness, the man of busi-
ncs-i tind> tiiat luurli more imu lie aecomplish(>d and
with far grcatei' -iiccnniey, than l>y a Iooho system of
putting oil' till tomorrow, or acconlmg to convenience.
Mot only so, but compctiticii iu business is such that
the merchant or tradoman wiio does not tleal with
promptness can hardly expect to liold his custom.
Young men starting out in tl:e world should form the
resolution of doing everything on time. Better to be
ahead in the performance of <'uties than behind. This
jiromptness then acts as a stimulant in itself, and is
oftentimes the means of winning success in an enter-
prise.
A thing that is worth the doing, ought to be done
quickly when the time is ripe for it. A prompt man
or woman is valued, as he respects his word and haa
due regtird for the convenience of others.
EXECUTIVE ABILITY.
Wavermg, timid and uncertain, the man with'^vt
executive ability never achieves distinction in acti\ 3
life. Intelligence to decide on any measure, firmness
in adhering to the decision, and force of will in carry-
ing it out, constitute exectitive ability, and are aa essen-
tial to the business man as his stock in trade.
The timid man never makes up his mind until after
the opportunity is past, or decides, then recalls his de-
cision, and feels incapable of promptly estimating all
the tacts in the case. This weakness is oftentimes nat-
ural, but more frequently it is a bad habit which should
be broken up.
Riishness is to decide and act without taking the
trouble to weigh intelligently the facts in the case.
This is inexcusdile folly, and always brings serious
trouble sooner or later.
Through executive ability the labor or services of one
man may Ik? made to produce largely, or without
proper direction such services may be almost worthless ;
a,i<l in the case of many employes imder one executive
head, the residts of this combined labor may be great
success, or where executive ability is wanting, a great
failure.
The successful farmer, merchant, manufacturer,
banker, and professional man must have this combina-
tion of ability, finuness, and A\all power.
i
ELEMKNT8 OF 8U0CK8S IN BCBINEflS.
ERSEVERANCE.
Those who put their minds on thoir work, whatever
kind that may be, and persist in its thorough execution ;
who get interested in something for their own ad-
vancement, that they may become more capable as
men and women of sense and tact; such persons have
a lively appreciation of the fact that success is never
more certain to be gained by any other course.
These people have a just pride in
learning the best methods of giving
expression to the faculties and powers
they possess, and which they desire to
make the most of. It is incumbent
that they do all in their power for their
own and other people's good. Feeling
this, an ever present incentive keeps
t. 1.1 employed, ami they are never
idle.
If one does not succeed from {xjrsi.sting in doing the
best he knows how, he may conclude that the ministry
of failure is better for him than any worldly success
would bo.
CIVILITY.
Good behavior is an essential element of our civili-
zation. It siiould be disi)layed every day through
courteous acts and becoming manners.
Politeness is said to be the poetry of conduct ; and
like poetry, it has many qualities. Let not your
politeness be too florid, but of that gentle kind which
indicates a refined nature.
In his relations with othere, one should never forget
liis good breeding. It is a general regard for the feel-
ings of others that sj)rings from the absence of all
selfishness. No one should behave in the presence of
others as though liis own wishes were bound to be
-T'-atified or his will to control.
In the more active sphere of business, as in the
larger localities where there is close competition, the
small iiiercha-* f!'e(iuently outstrips his
more powerful rival by one element of
success, which may be added to a uy stock
without cost, but cannot be withheld
Avithout loss. That element .s civility.
A kind and obliging manner carries with
it an indescribable charm. It must not
be a nuinner that indicates a mean, gi-ovcling, time-
serving spirit, but a plain, open, and agreeable de-
meanor that seems to desire to oblige for the pleasure
of doing so, and not for the sake of squeezing an extra
penny out of a customer's pui-se.
INTEGRITY.
The sole reliance of a business man should be in the
14.
integrity of his transactions, and in the civility of his
demeanor. He should make it the interest and th«
pleasure of a customer to come to his office or store.
If he does this, ho will form the very best "connec-
tions," and so long as he continues this system of
business, they will never desert him.
No real business man will take advantage of a
customer's ignorance, nor equivocate nor misrepresent.
If he sells gootls, ho will have but one
price and a small profit. lie will ere
long find all the most profitable cu.s-
tomei-s — the cash ones — or they will
find him.
If such a man is ever deceived in
business transactions, ho will never
attempt to save himself by putting
the deception upon f)thei"s ; but sub-
mit to the loss, and be more cautious
in future. In his business relations, he will stick
to those whom he finds strictly just in their trans-
actions, and shun all others even at a temporary
disjidvantage.
The word of a business man should be worth all
that it expresses and promises, and all engagements
should be met with punctilious concern. An indiffer-
ent or false policy in business is a serious mistake. It
is fatal to gi-asp an advantage at ten times its cost ;
and there is nothing to compensate for the loss of a
neighbor's confidence or good will.
The long-established customs and forms of business,
wnich in these times are assumed to be legitimate,
already have within them enough f)f the elements
of peculiarity, commonly termed "tricks of trade,'*
or, in the sense of any particular business, "tricka
of the trade.'' Therefore it does not l)choove any
active man to make g 'atuitous additions of a peculiar
nature to the law of business. On the contrary, all
should strive to render business transactions less
peculiar than they are.
ECONOMY.
One may rest in the as.surance that
industry and economy will be sure to tell
in the end. If in early life these habits
become confirmed, no doubt can exist .as
to the ultimate triumph of the merchant in attaining
a competency.
There should be no antagonism between economv
and a generous business policy. Xarrow sellisliness is
to be avoided in the use of money or means. In buv-
ing goods, one should not take advantage of another's /\V
necessities to beat him down to a figure \^ hich leaves \\.
him little or no profit, perhaps a loss, because he must
IWiiii
RL,EMK^a'8 or success in business.
Imvo inoMoy. Tliii
in ai.'iiinst niiiii-
hdoiliiml ir< II niiii
, <)iis|i(ilii'y,l)('ciiiis(>
it tends to picii-
jniiiishii('s>, and cliicaiicry. A
sii.Tcd ri'iriud for the l)l•in(•i^)l«^s of
justice forms the Imsin of ovory
(mnsartion, and roijulntort the con-
■ diu't of tlie nprifrht man of hnsiness.
If ecoiioiny is weaitii, il is not so l)e-
cniise (-f a ni<r<rardiy and j)arsiinoiilou8
jxtlicy. IViiiajis tile simplest, fewt'st and
iK'st rules foi'eccuiomieal hnsiness arc these,
hy oiiservanie of which a noted merchant
amassed a larije fortune: 1. Obtain the
earliest and fullest iuforniatiou j)ossibIc in repurd to
tliP matter in hand. '2. .\ct rapidly and promptly
upon it. 3. Keep your intentions and means secret.
4. Soouro the best emplojos you can obtain, and r«'-
ward them liberally.
Proprietors of institutions will oaily discover that
order, and neatness, are nceossarj' as economical apciit.s
in prose<'uliiiir a successful business. And the youth
who would irrow up to become well-to-do, to pain coin-
jilete success, to 1h> a valuable meml>cr and assume a
position in society, should take pains to acquire habits
of cl:>anliness, of order, and of business.
To this ell'ect each one may early learn the simple
rules of health and good order by paying rea.sonablc
attention to those so-called minor details, which per-
tain to the well-boinir of the person, and which must
be faithfully observed in order to avoid failure and win
8"cees.s.
A rerson, young or old, in or out of business, may
keep a memorandum-book in his pocket, in which he
notfs every particular relative to appointments, ad-
dresses, and petty eash mattei-s. An accurate account
of personal expenses shoidd be kept, which should be
balanced each week. liy this means each individual
will be more carof\d and economical in his expendi-
tures, and generally live within his income. He must
bo reasonable in spending, or his memomndum or
record-book, if it be honestly kept, will stand to his
discredit.
A well-kept memorandum-book is often verj' useful,
as it is very convenient, and sometimes serves to settle
a troublesome query, arising in other minds, by which
the possessor is absolved from the prejudice of doubt.
Youug people who expect to labor with their hands
for what they have of this world's goods, or rise by
thoir own efforts, Hhoidd l)y all means acquire habits of
economy, learn to save, form ccTreet habits, and no
lime will bo required overcoming these. So surely as
they do this, so surely will tlmy be in a situation to ask
no special favoi-s. Kvery man wants to lejim to look
(Hit for himself and rely upon himself. Every man
needs to feel that ho is the peer of every other man,
and he cannot do it if ho is penniless. Money is
power, and those who have it exert a wider mtlneuco
than the destitute. Ilenco it should be the ambition
of all young men to accpiiri! it, as well as to store thoir
minds with useful knowledge.
GETTING A SITUATION.
In seeking a situatton, it is always best to appear in
person if priutical)lc. A business man who requires
tho services of a salesman or clerk, a bookkeeper,
stenographer, or some one to remain in his employ u
considerable time, usually prefers to soo an applicant
and have a few words with him about tho work that is
to be done.
If an ajjplication has to ha made by letter, it should
be done in the handwriting of tho applimnt. It may
1)0 brief, and should include references.
it is iMJst for a young man to learn a trade. In this
country tho trades offer more stable means of subsis-
tence than do other departments of active life. His
knowledge of a trade will form no bar to any effort he
may afterward make to rise to a higher or more con-
genial calling.
When a position has been obtained by an applicant,
he shoidd at once proceed to render himself indispen-
sable to his employer by following up the details of his
work in a conscientious and agreeable manner. Thus
he will gain confidence and grow in favor with men
who arc quick to recognize merit, and who respond to
that which contributes to the success
of a meritorious man.
There is always room in every bus-
iness ibr an honest, hard-worker. It
will not do to presume otherwise;
nor shoidd one sit down to grumble
or concoct mischief. The most per-
ilous hour of one's life is when he
is tempted to despond. lie who loses ,
his courage loses all. There are men
in the world who would rather work
than be idle at the same price.
Imitate them. Snccess is not fixr
off. An honorabl and happy life
is before you. Lay hold of it.
f'O
ro luiltitM of
its, and no
5o suroly lus
itioii to ask
iini to look
ICvory man
otluT man,
Money is
sr mlluonco
e uniliition
store their
o np])par m
lio roquircs
lookkeeper,
s employ u
II applicant
^ork that ia
r, it shonUl
t. It may
c. In this
) of suhsis-
life. His
ly effort ho
more con-
applicant,
i" indi.spen-
tnils of his
ler. Thus
with men
respond to
S1I0WIN(J TlIK TIMK IN VAKKUS I'AIITS OF TIIK W(IHLI» WHKN IT IS NOON AT
-•^-WASHINGTON, D. C.-^s^
Alnskn T.-JH A.M.
Albany IJi:! I'-M.
Atiistcril:mi,Hi)Iliiiiil. 2.r>{^
Aii^'ni. Inillii :t.Ut "
Atchlsiiii. Kiis lit.-l" A.M.
Atlicim, (iroiH'c (i.i;) I'.M.
Atlanta, (ill 11.111 AM.
Auf,'nstii, Mf l:.2!' I'.M.
Haltlnioie 12.(12 ••
Hatli, Mf 11-2!) ••
Berlin, <ionnany ('i.<l'2 "
Bombay, India UMili "
Boston 12.-21 "
Brus.''pl.s, liclginni.. . . r).'2."i "
BiilTalo, X. V 11 .ri2 a.m.
('apoTown, Afriou.. 0,-22 i-.M.
Cairo, Ej;yi)t 7.13 "
(.'ali'iitla. India II.IH "
Canton, Cliina 12.11 a.m.
Canilnidj,'!', Mass 12.2:i f.M.
Charleston, S.C ll.i:t A.M.
CliU'aj,'o II.IV "
Cincinnati ll.WI "
Ck'vrlainl. 11.41 "
Colnnil)ia. S.C 11.44 "
Constantinople 7.(M i-.M.
Danville, Va 11.."'0 A.M.
Denver. Colo 10.(18 •
Des Moines, lowii lOJ),! '•
Detioil, Jlicli ll.:!<! "
Diil)n(ine, Iowa 11.0.") "
Diibliii. Ireland 4.13 P.M.
Kdinbur;;)!, Seotland. 4.."."i "
Galveston, Texius 10.40 A.M.
Ilalilax. X. S 12..>l I'.M.
Ilaniilton. Ont 11.49 A.M.
Hannibal, Mo 11.07 "
Hartford, ( ;ona 12.17 r.M.
Havana, < Miba 11 .38 A.M.
Houston, Tex 10.44 "
Indianapolis 11.24 "
.TaeU.sonville,lll 11.07 -
.Tetlerson City, Mo. . .ICIO "
Kalaina,'\Va.sii. Ter... 8.08 "
Kansas City, Mo 10.40 *
Key AVe<t, Fla 11.41 "
KnoxviUe, Teiin 11.32 "
Lai-ainle, AVy. Tr ....10.12 "
Leavonwortli, Kae.. . .10.49 "
LUbon, Portugal 4.31 p.m.
Lincoln, Neb 10.41 A.M.
Little Rock, Ark lOJiO "
London, Eng 6.08 p.H.
I.onlsvlIIe 11.20 A.M.
Mae..n.<;a 11.37 "
.Mellionrne. Aus 2.48 "
Meniplii'. Tenn 11.08 '•
M.Tidlan. Miss 11.14 "
Mexl.o' 10.32 "
Milxvankee 11. HI "
.Minneapolis, Minn.... lO.fi.'S "
Mobile, Ala 11.10 "
Monnton. X. H 12.18 p.m.
Moiilreal, ('an 12.14 "
Mo-cow. |{nv<ia 7.3H "
Xa-bville, ■I'eiin 11.21 a.m.
New Oilc^ans II.CH ••
Xcw Yolk 12.12 p.m.
Oinaba. Xeb 10.44 A.M.
Ottawa, Can 12.05 p.ji.
Panama. S.A '. .\\;-/(S AM.
Paris, Krani'e .").17 P.M.
Pen-aeola, Kla 11.10 a.m.
Philadelphia 12.07 p.m.
Pitt-lmrj,'h.Pa 11.4.S a.,m.
Port llnron.Mleh 11.34 "
Poitlaiid,Me 12.27 p.m.
Portland. ()n';;on ^..'ifi a.m.
Port-month, Va 12.n3 p.m.
Providence. K.I 12.22 -
guebec.ian 12.2:< "
Qnincy, 111 Il.vi7 a.m.
]!alei-h. X.C 11.50 ••
Ridnnond, Va 11.5.'^ "•
IJio .lanerio. Bra/.il.... 2.15 p.m.
Konic. Italy ."i.oS ••
Home. Ca 11.32 A.M.
San Trancisco ^.'& "
Salt I.akeCity 0.40 "
Savannah, Oa 11.44 "
Selma, Ala 11.20 '
Sionx City. Iowa 10.42 "
St. .John. X. li 12.44 P.M.
St..TobusX.r 1.37 "
St. .Io.-cpb.Mi> 10..-.0 A.M.
St. T.onis 11.07 •'
St.Panl.Minn 10..")6 •'
Terro Haute, Iml 11.18 •*
Toronto, Can 11.51 "
Veracruz 10.43 "
Vieksbiirg, Miss ll.OD "
Virginia City,M.T... 9.40 -
Wheoling, W. Va 11.45 "
Wilmington, X. C 11.58 "
Yankton, Duk. Ter. . . .10.38 A.M.
LAW Axn i.ro.vi, ronMH.
(l-G^
4 « ^ » ..ir>«-
-»— ,.i^=^S2^^^^
,» t ^S ^ ,»i
-'■3-«JW-
aw^Loo:al Form
-i.3--a*— >•—
r^ii
t-^c^Vii^->
--^^For the Business IVIan.>^^-
.— .><>.-^—
vF.iiXMF.XT, n siihjprt ilooply intorwovcii with i <tiuHo of half tho misor'u'M of hmiuin lifo, owing to tbo
tiu> liappint\s.H and cointorts of tin- liiiiiiaii
raco, has Itoeii lliat arnin^riiu'iit over wliiih
irindom htw nlwaj'H hud tho least control.
Most povemiiK'nt.H arc loniidod on usurpoil power, and
arc rosnlts of jirido and spIf-inttTcst. For llio most
part, thi'y have arisen from military ioixpH-st, or some
accidental asicndency, duriniraii insurrectionary move-
ment ; and tho rule
of frovenunont hiw,
inconsequence, Iwen
tho will of n leader
on one side, and ab-
ject suhmissiou of
tho rest of the com-
munity on theother.
No check on power
huA existed hut in
the forlK-aranco or
idleness of the ruler,
or in the scruples of
his a;nrents; and, if
checks have been in-
troduced, they have J
l)een either mere
concessions of jiol-
icy, or have been
rendered inetfieient
by coloral)le forms,
or by various sinis-
ter and counteract-
ing influences.
Law, in its froncral sense, signities a rule of social
conduct, which superior authority has ilictated, and
which the sei^arate members of the community arc
1x)und to obey. The law of nature is a principle of
self-love, or tho individual pursuit of happiness. The
law, in practice, however, is the primary and chief
UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT IN i'^SSlON.
chicanery of it profeHHom.
STATUTE AND COMMON LAW.
Business is ngulated by fonus of law, whether stat-
ute <ir connnon.
Statute! is an act of tho legislature, whether state or
national. It is tho written law of tho land. Statutes
are either public or
X''N?^*^ ''^=^-'7^ private — t lie former
\\j> a universal rule that
regards tho whole
community, the lat-
ter only allecting
"^ i^ particular persons or
private concerns.
Statutes are also
sometimes descril)ed
na declanitory, or
penal, or remedial,
according to the dif-
_ fcrent natureof their
., C rr object or provisions.
' • Statutes are to bo
constnicd, not ac-
cording to their
mere letter, but tho
intent and object
with which they
were made. It is
also an established
rule that remedial
statutes are to be more liberally, and penal more
strictly construed.
The common hnv is grounded on tho general customs
of Enghmd, and includes in it tho law of nature, the
law of God, tiie principles and maxims of tho law, and
the decisions of tho superior courts, which are founded
&
II .^-^
nring to the
,W.
[lothcr stut-
ler stuto or
. StJitutc's
r ijuhlic or
-tho I'onncr
111 rtilu that
tho whole
ty, tho hit-
uffccting
l)i'i*soiis or
irorns.
arc also
(losrrilMiil
iitorv, or
roiiiodial,
tothodif-
inoot'thoir
)r()visioiis.
no to Ihj
not ac-
to their
r, hut tho
1(1 ohjoet
ich tlioy
It is
stubli-shcd
remedial
nal more
1 customg
itiire, tho
law, and
3 founded
H
LAW AND LMaL rORM&
tliorcon; uiul in laid to Ih« tho porfertJDn of rowioii,
iii'(|niro(l hy lonj^ titatly, ol>8crviitiiin, nml oxpfriciicj',
iiiid rolltit'! liy li'ariicil mt'ti in all n^'i'i«. It ovcrriilcM
tlin camion and civil luw, wlicro they g» b«>yoii(|, or an-
liiconHlritont with it.
In till' illiisiratinn on tho prcocdin); Jutgc, it will l)i>
Huou thill tliuru uru uiuu jiuticu*, or onu chief juntico
and eight nM«neiute Juiticos. At it« tlnit scssicn iu
I71H), tho Hnpremo Court of tho Unitid StutiK eon-
HiMlnl of a I'hii'f JiMtii'o and flvo OMociiitoii. In 18(i7
IliM niinilKT of iu«.'40('iat«< JiHtii-i-H waM ineri'iised to Hix;
in Ik:)7 it wiih inereiMcd to right; and in 1^03, to nine;
in IHi;,'i wHri dciriMiHt'd to eight, then to levuu iu 1807,
and again incruiuud to uight iu itt7u.
■§«*-
If , X IKilN'N'IXO with infancy or yonth, all jwrgons
^1 ' <C III'' iiifiiiitJ ill law until they an- of h'pil ii^k
\l*s>3 — twcnity-ono yeari"; or oi;{hteen years, as
re;,'ar.Iti wonion in soriie States.
I'eoplo generally may hind thcnisolvea '-y contracts,
but 8omo aro i'lfapacitated from lieing innler giiardiaii-
ahip, or from other caufos, such m insanity, alienage in
timo of war, infancy and marriage.
A person under age — an infant— can neither sell his
lands, nor do any legal act, nor make a deed, nor,
indeed, any manner of contra-.* that will bind him;
but to these rules there aro some exceptions. Infants
have thus various privileges and various diribilities;
hut their very disabilities aro privileges, in order to
securo them from hurtiug themaelvea by their own
improvident acts.
Tho learned Judge Story has said that the " Iluman
life is divided into four periods, each of which is a mul-
tiple of seven." "Natural infancy ends at seven years;
puberty begins at fourteen; legal infancy ends at
twenty-one years; and tho natural life of a man is three
score years and ten." The law does not take any cogni-
zance of tho acts of natural infants, either criminal or
civil. An infant may be punished for crime after its
seventh year. Tho contracts made after that age aro
said to be voidable until the end of legal infancy. Tho
contracts of infants are said to be di tided into three
classes, those that are void, those that are voidable, and
those that are binding. It is clear and well settled in
law that all contracts made by an infant which would
be prejudicial to his interests would be absolutely void;
it is also clear that such contracts as might be to his
benefit would bo voidable on ids part. But as to tho
contracts made by infants, which are for necessitieb,
and are called binding contracts, it is so clearly defined.
The principle on which the law seeks to throw the
strong ai ^ of protection around the infant is, that from
his tender years and inexperience he is incapable of
giiardini? against the subtlety and artifice of those who
liu\e liml iiioro exporienco in businei-s, and whose minds
aro matured. It U truu that an infant has as niiieh
ri;;lit to live as an adult. It is also true, that if the
infant is not providcil with a protector through whom
lu) may ho fiirni.shcd with tho ntcossities of life and is
not alliiwcd to procure th»m. it would le iniposriiblo
for him to live, and as hiisines-s men would not long
continue to furnish these things without some legal
means of getting a compensation, the law would
ju;itly conipul tho iiifiint, after ho had arrived at tho
ago of niatiiiity, to give an equlvalont for tho iieceH-
sarics fnrni.-iiu'd him during infancy. Hut tho law
would not in any way recognize tho contract made by
tho infant, hut would carefully investigate all of tho
cirenmstances, nud would then make a contract for the
infant, or imply that tho estate of tho infant should lie
held for such price as the necessarips were absolutely
worth at the time they were furnished to him, and not
necessarily at tho price charged. If an in.unt should
purchase clothing, at u price fixed, or should contract
to pay a certain price per week or month for board,
though tho agreement be reduced to writing, aa a
proniis.sory note, tlio law would not enforce the con-
tract, hut uuiild allow the person who had f'lrnished
tho clothing, or who had boarded the infant, a reason-
able price, not on account of an existing contract, but
because the infant must live. An adult would be
hound hy a contract made with an infant a^s though he
had made it with a p?rson competent to make binding
contracts. When we say that a contract with an infant
is absolutely void, we have reference to the infant, and
not to tho party who was competent. The law relat-
ing to infants, is wholly for their benefit and protec-
tion, If A, an adult, should sell to i<, an infant, a
a horse, which was to bo paid for at a ilay in tho future,
and B, the infant, should use the horse in such a way
as to injure him and render him valueless, A could not
i
■i
I
LAW s\H\> LEGAL F011M8.
recover from V> aiiytliiiifr lor the hoi-se. But if A, the
luhill, slionhl sell to B, tlie infant, a horse for cash, ami
B .should afterward wish to return the horse, ho would
have 11 right to do so, and A would bo compelled to
return the purehase price to B, notwithstanding the
horse was useless.
An infant is responsible for frauds or misreprcscntii-
tions. If he should induce othei"s to let him have
goods through false statements he would l)e held
respousiblo the same as an adult under like circum-
stances. The protection of the infant is the object
sought by the law, aud not to shield him against his
wrong doiugs.
"-•# -^TRUSTS.
_r
THE CAPITOL,
RUSTS are gencr.dly cither to protect the interests
of married women and children, by placing in
the hands of trustees
for them the legal ^p^ _ *^^; ,
rights which they would
l)e incapable of exercis-
ing, or to secure the rights
of those in remainder, by
severing from the use of
property for a life the
power of disposing of the
whole. Tiic estate of tiio
trustee is at law subject
to all the incidents which
attend the ownership of
land, and is usually
called the trust estate, in
contradistinction to the legal estate.
Freipiently trusts involve the sale or purchase of
lands or other jiroperty, the investment of funds, etc.,
in which cases the trustee has to exerci.^e due caution,
or he may Uo rendered liable for any loss that may
arise.
DEED OF TRUST FOK THE BENEFIT OF A MARRrED '.VOSIAX.
Thin Indenture, maiit' tliis socoiid day of Dcccinljt'r, in tlu^ year
of our T.onl oik; tliousaiid oiglit hundred and oig'.ty-four, Ijotwcen
■William Tliorniloy, of Marietta, <?ounty of \Va.>-!iingtoii. and State
of Ohio, oi the one part : and Janie-; <',. West, of said Marietta, of
the other part : Witnesscth, that the .said William Thoniiley, fr)r
and in consnleralion of tlie .~nm of one hundred d. pilars, to him in
hand paid by the said .lanK s < ', West, for the uses and ii|ioii llie
trusts hereuiafter nit'iitione(l. iit anil tx'foro the ensealing and deliv-
er.v hereof, the rooeipt viiercof he does he -eliy aekuow li'(lge, has
granted, bargained, sold, aliened. enfi'iifTed, niea-sed and eounrmed,
.ind by these presents doth grant, bargain, sell, alien, enfeofl', release
and conllrm unto the said James C. West, his heirs and assigns
forever.all that eertair pieoeor parcel of land, sittinte, etc. {ileneriha
premises), together with all and singular the huildings and linjirovp-
nienfs to the same belonging, or In anywise appertaining, and the
revisions and reniainilers, rents, is.sues, and profits thereof. To
have and to hold the suiil piece or parcel of laiul, with appurto-
naiiees, hereby granted or intended so to be. unto the said .Tame."!
C. AV est, his heirs and assigns forever: In trunt neverthelexn,
and forthe uses following, and none other.that is to gay, for the .sole
and seiKUate use of Adeline AVest. the wife of .lames C. AVest, of
Mariettit, (.^ounty and State aforesaid, for ami during her natural
life, and so a.s she alone, or such iktsoii as she shall uppoint, shall
take and receive the rents, issues iuul profits thereof, and so as her
said husband shall not in anywise intermeddle therewith; and, from
and after the deccji-se of the sab] Adeline AA'est, in trust for the use
of the heirs of the Itody of the said Adeline AVest, by the said
.Tames C. AVe.st begotten, or to be begotten, forever, with jxjwer to
the said Jaine.s C. AA'est, to sell and convey, in fee simple, the whole
or any part, of the aforesaid premises and appurtenances to any
jx^rson or iwrsons, and for such sum or sums of money, as the said
Adeline AVest, by writing under her hand and seal, and duly
acknowle<lged at any time during her natural life, may apix>int
and direct; and the said AVilliam Thoniiley, for himself, his heirs,
executors, and administrators, doth covenant and agree, to and
with, the said .lames C. AVest, his heirs and iissigns, by these pres-
ents, that he. the said AVilliam Thorniley. and his lieirs, the said
above-mentioned and described piece or i)arcol of land, with the
appurtenances, unto the said
James C. AVe.st, his heirs and
■.■i. ;"",-... assigns, against him, the said
,■',,; ■-;;■-;■.• ,:. , ^„a»,, AVilliam Thorniley, and his
heirs, and against all and every
other person and ix;rsons whom-
soever, lawfully claiming or to
claim the same, or any part
thereof, shall and will warrant
and forever defend by these
presents.
Signed and sealed this second
day of Decemlx-r. A. D. 1884.
WILLIAM THORNILEY. [Seal.]
Witness:
JOHX DoF,.
(lUAS. lloK.
AT WASHINGTON.
'^^•C Agreement and Assent. 2>;
lIi)Ki;r.^ri;Nr is where a pi()inis<' is made on one side,
M and assented to on the other; or where two or more
persons enter into engagement Avith ench other, by
a promise oii litiier side. If such contnict is by deed,
it IS called eillicr ti contnict bj- deed or a contriict by
specialty; if not by deed, ii parol or simple contract.
The latter may be either written or verhil. An iigree-
ment is void if tlu're be no consideration for it, or it l)e
Moatiist piililf jiolicy or morality, and is voidnljie if
obtiiincd by fraud, force, or misrepresentation.
Every contract or igreement should be writU-n, a;id
signed by the parties concerned. It is best to have
su. h papers witnessed, and everything tigreed upon
!
!
I
c
9
te, etc. (^(lescrlht
gs ami Imjirovp-
•taiiilng, 1111(1 thfi
it« tlicroof. To
1. with appurtiv
tlio salil .lamps
nevertlielesH,
say, fertile sole
ines C. West, of
iiij? lier natural
ill apiHjiiit, shall
:)f. and so as hor
ivith; and, from
trust for tho use
•St, hy the said
, with ix)wcr to
mi)lp, the whole
:enances to any
iney, lus tho said
seal, and duly
>, may npiraint
nsplf, his heirs,
I agree, to and
•, by these pres-
•• lK>irs, the said
r land, with the
unto the said
. his heirs and
him, the said
iley, and his
t all and every
persons whoni-
claiming or to
, or any part
d will warrant
fend by these
led this second
r, A. D. 1884.
tNILEY. [Seal.]
it.
oil one side,
two or more
•li other, hy
: is by deed,
(•ontract l)y
le eontract.
An ji^free-
r it, or it he
void.'ihle if
on.
vritivii, and
est to have
^rocd upon
LAW AND LEGAL FORMS.
should be written out plainly. It is important
to say just what Ls meant and all that is meant,
and no more, since no oral testimony has
weight in connection with a written agree-
ment, unless fraud can be proved.
->> CONSIDERATION. -^
^■^oxsiDEBATiox is the material cause of a contract,
I without which it cannot bind the part}-. Tlie
> consideration is either expressed or imjilied. The
latter is when the law itself enforces a consideration ;
as, if a man goes into a hotel or inn, and staying there
some time, takes meat or lodging either for him-
self or his horse, the law presi'Viies he intends to pay
for both, notwithstanding there is no actual bargain or
contract between him and his host. Also, there is a
consideration of nature and blood, and a valuable con-
sideration ; and hence, if a man be indebted to divei-s
others, and, in consideration of natural affection, gives
his gootls or estate to his son, this is a fraudu-
lent gift as against the creditors (unless it bo
upon, or in consideration of, his marriage), be- 'J
cause this act intends a valuable consideration.
full sum of one thousand dollars, on the first day of Janu-
arj-, which will he in the year one thousand eight hundred
and ninety-two, and interest thereon at the rate of six per
cpnt per annum, payable semi annually on the first days
of January and July in each year; /(nrf it is hereby expressly
agreed, that should any default be made in the payment of
the said interest or any part thereof, on any day whereon
the same is made payable as ab;)vc expressed, and should
the same remain unpaid and in arrear fur the space of thirty days,
then and from thenceforth, that is to s;iy, after the lapse of the said
thirty d.iys, the aforesaid principal sum of one thousand dollars,
with all arrearage of interest thcre<>n, shall, at tlie option of the said
Allx;rt Koc, Ijecome and be due and payable immediately there-
after, although th- pcrioil above limileil for the payment thereof
may not then have t-xpin-d, anj'thing herein before contsiiuMl to the
contrary thereof in anywise notwithstanding, tlun this obligation to
be void; olherwije to remain in full force and virtue.
Sealed and dflirereri in the prt»enee of
JOHX CrXMSGUAM, )
Ja>ies Da>'ikl. \
JOHN DOE. [seal.]
_«t't'-:»_
^
%
ASSIGNMENT.
f
~^r-
f Y^ '^
BONDS
-^■r f»-— ;-^—
h-
r\ wRiiTES promise that is made, with a seal,
M by one person in favor of another — a kind
/ of contract — is in verycxtensive use, being
adopted in a great variety of cases, where the object is
to obtain security for the payment of money, or the
))erformance of any other act. There is generally a
condition added to a bond, that if the obligor does
some particular act, the obligation shall be void, or else
shall remain in full force.
FOKM OF BOND.
Know all Ken by these Presents, That I, John Doe, of the Comity
of ('(Mtk, ami State of Illinois, am held and (irmly iKiund \mto Albert
Rm', of Philadelphia, Penn., in the sum of one thousand dollars, goiid
aiid lawful money of the United States of America, to be paid to the
said .\ll)ert IJoe. or to his certain attorney, executors, administrators,
or assigns; for which payment, well and truly to be made, I do bind
myself, and my heirs, executors, and administrators, jointly and
severally. Iim>ly by these presents.
Sealed with my seal, and datwl this first day of January, in the;
year of mir Lf>rrl one Ihoasjiud eight hundred and eighty-eight.
The Condition of this Obligation is such, that if the above boimden
John Dc*, his heirs, executors, and administrators, or any of them,
shall well and truly pay, or cause to be paid, tmto the above named
Altjert Roe, hw cst-cutors, a('."?mstralors. or usigns, the just and
/\ ssiGXMEXT is the transferring in writing and setting
M over to another of some right, title, or interest.
/ The one making the assignment is called the
assignor, and tho one to whom the assignment
Ls made is calli . the assignee. Every species
of property, real or personal, is assignable.
An assignee is not required to show that ho
gave any valualjle consideration for the assign-
nient.
An assignment by a debtor for the benefit
of his cretlitors must be an unconditional sur-
render of all his effects. If he should hold
back any property, such withholding would be
fraudulent. An insolvent debtor lias the right
to prefer one creditor to the exclusion of all
others, if such preference be in good faith. AVhen-
ever an assignment is matle for the benefit of creditors,
it must be accompauieu by immediate possession of
the property a.ssigned.
ASSIOHKENT OF DEMAND FOR WAQES OR DEBT.
In Consideration of fift\ dollars to me in hand paid by AUicrt
Roc, of the city of Cleveland, the receipt whereof is hereby
acknowledgwl, I, John Doe. of the siiine jilace, have sold, and
by the.w presents do .sell, aRsign, transfer and set over, unto the
said Albert Roe. a certain debt due from James Kline, amounting
to the sum of seventy-five dollars, for work, lal>or and services
l)y me perfcrmed for the said James Kline (</r f»r goodn .sold and
delivcn-d to the said James KUnc), with full power to sue for, collect,
and discharge, or sell and a.s.-iign the same in my name or otherwise,
but at his own ttist and charges; and I do liereliy covenant that tho
sail! sum of stventy-five dollars is justly due as aforesaid, and that I
have not done, and will not do, any act to hinder or prevent tho
collection of the same by the said Albert Koc.
Witness my band, this Jan. 10, 1884.
.TOIIN DOE.
LAW AND LEGAL FORMS.
ASSIGNMENT IIOND.
For value received, I liorcby sussign, transfer, and sot over to
Tolii) Due, tUo witUiu ubligatiou, hereby guarantying payment
Uiorcof.
AVitness: CILVS. KOE.
John Brown.
:;;i=x>
'^BILLOF SALE."^.
«-1s"
w BILL of sale is an iustninicnt under seal, which iiasses
U the riglit and property in chattels from one to
I another; and, being under seal, and therefore a
solenni contract, the seller cannot, as he might m
the case of a mere verbal contract, show that it was
made without good or valuable consideration, and
that, therefore, in law, the property did not pass, and
no action can bo maint^iined to recover it. If the
original oMuer retains possession of the property con-
trary to the purport of his assignment, such act enti-
tles tlie creditors of the original owner to impeach the
transpction. The sale is made when the agreement is
made.
FOB.M OF BILL OF S<VI,E.
Know all Men by these Presents, Tliat we, John Doe and
Cliark'.s Roe, of tlio city of Chicago, in the County of Cook and
State of Illinoi;?, parties of tlio first part, for and in consideration
of the sum of two tliousand dollars, lawftd money of the United
States of America, to us in liand paid, at or before the ensealing
and delivery of these })resents, l)y John W. Brown, of the same
place, of the second i)art, the receipt \\heroof is hereby aciinowl-
edged, have granted, bargained, sold, and delivered, and. by tliese
presents, do grant, bargain, sell, and deliver, unto the said parties
of the second part, all the following goods, chattels, and projwrty,
to tvit: {Here /•numerate all the gno'ls to lie trans/erred.)
To Have and to Hold the said goods, chattels, and property
unto the said party of the second part, his heirs, exei'utors. admin-
istrators, and assigns, to and I'jr his own proper use and behoof,
forever.
And the s. id parties of the first part do vouch for ourselves to
he true and lawful owners of the saidgoods, chattels, and property,
and h.ive in our full power, good right, luid lawful authority, to
dispose of the said goods, chattels, and property, In manner iis
aforesaid: And wo do, for ourselves, heirs, executors, and admin-
istrators, covenant and agree to and with the s-iid party of the
second part, to warrant and defend the said goods, chattels,
.and [iroperty to thesaiil party of the second part, his exeeutors,
administrators, and Msigns, against the lawful claims and demands
of all and every person and jiersons whomsoever.
In witnesa whereof, wo have hereunto set our hands and
seals, the first day (jf uunuary. In the year one thousand eight hun-
dred and eighty-four.
Sealed and deliveredin presence of JOHX DOE, [5tfaZ.]
John Russell. CHARLES ROE, [Seal]
Stoppage in Transitu
s A RIGHT which a vendor has of resuming pos-
session of goods sold on credit to another,
while the goods are in the hands of a middle-
man or carrier.
This right may be exercised where the vendee or
consignee has become insolvent after the goods have
liecn forwarded, and before they have reached the ven-
dee or consignee.
The vendor would also have the right, if he should
learn of the financial embiirrassment of the vendee, or
that he has in a material manner misrepresented his
circumstances or his ability to pay. There must, in
order to give the right, be an indebtedness on the
identical goods about to be stopped; other indebtedness
will not give the right.
The right may be exei'cised at any time after the
goods have left the hands of the vendor, and before they
come into the possession of the vendee.
If a vendee should transfer the goods to another
pereon by mdorsing the bill of lading, while the goods
are yet in transit, the vendor's right would be gone.
The ven t's right of stoppage is paramount to the
middle-man's right of lien, for such charges as he may
have on the goods. When exercised in time the ven-
dor's right has a precedence over all other claims.
The right may be exercised by merely giving notice
to the immecHate middle-man or carrier, after which
notice, the vendor's claim is fully e.-itablished, notwith-
standing the fiict that the goods are afterwards deliv-
ered to the consignee or vendee.
After the gootls have been stopped by the vendor,
the vendee would have the right to tender to the ven-
dor the amount remaining unpaid on the goods and
demand them, as the ownership still resides in the
vendee; but if the vendee should not avail himself of
the right to pay for aiuLtake the good-*, the vendor
may then sell the goods to satisfy his claim, and if they
should not sell for enough to pay his claim, he would
still have recourse to the vendee for the balance; but,
if on the contrary, the goods should bring more than
his claim, such overplus must be paid to the vendee.
The right of stoppage does not in any way annid the
contract, and therefore the vendee or his assigns may
recover the goods on the T^nyment of the amount due
the vendor on the goods. When the goods have
reached the possession of the vendee, the right of sto})-
page by the vendor has ceased.
■O J
;s
l\
LAW AND LEOAL FORMSt
c<^ GUARANTY, f
'5>u
ou^vRANTV 18 defined to Ihj an \in-
dcrtaking to answer for the pajuicnt
of some debt, or the performance of
some duty in case of default of another per-
son. From this definition it wll Imj seen that there are
three parties to the contract, Principal Debtor, Cred-
itor, and Guarantor.
The principal debtor is the party for M'hom the guar-
anty is made, the creditor is the one to whom the
guaranty is made, the guarantor the one who makes
the conditional obligation to become responsible in case
of the failure of the principal debtor.
The guarantor is only lx)und by his contract after an
"cceptance and a notice of such acceptance by the
creditor. The contract of guaranty, like other con-
tracts, must be supported by a proper consideration,
but it is not necessary that the consideration should
move directly to the guarantor. It would be held suf-
ficient if the one for whom the guaranty is made
receives a benefit, or, the one to whom the guaranty is
given sufl'ers an injury or inconvenience.
A contract of guaranty must be in writing, and
signed by the guarantor. If one person should say to
another, " If you v. ill lat this person have goods to
the amount of twenty dollars, I will see that he pays
for them," tl.e contract would be one of guarauty, and
would not bo binding unless reduced to writing.
"Whore a guarantor pays the debt of his principal, he
has the right to demand from the creditor such securi-
ties as he may have in his possession Ijelonglng to the
debtor, and frequently the creditor cannot compel the
guarantor to pay the debt which he has guarantied
until after recourse has been had to such property as
the creditor may have had in his possession as security,
belonging to the debtor. -
FORMS OF GUARANTY.
QCARANTT TO BE WRITTEN OX A NOTE.
For value received, I guaranty payment on the within note.
January 8, 1884.
JOHN DOE.
LETTER OF OCARANTY.
Xkw Orleans, La., Jan. 4, 1884.
John Doe, Esq., Slemphit', Tenn. :
5ir.— If you will sell to Mr. D.M. Ray, of this
city, the articles he may wish to purchase, to the amount of one
thousand dollar?, I, for value received, hereby promise and guar-
anty that the price thereof shall be duly paid.
Rcgpectfully,
RICILVRD ROE.
-}.
FRAUD
NCLLUES all deceitful practices in defraud-
ing, or endeavoring to defraud, another
of his known right, by means of some
artful device, contrary to the plain rule of
common honesty. It is condemned by the
common law, and punishable according to
the heinousness of the oflense. All frauds
and deceits for which there is no rem-
edy by the ordinary course of law are
properly cognizable in equity, and, indeed,
constituted one of the chief branches of cases to which
the jurisdiction of chancery was originally confined.
Whenever fraud or surprise can be imputed to or col-
lected from the circumstances, equity will interpose
and grant relief against it. It would be impossible to
lay down any general rules that would be applicable to
all kinds of fraud, as they are innumerable and ever
varj'ing, the ingenuity of man ever finding out new
modes of deceit and new means of av jiding detection.
A fraudulent conveyance of lands or goods to deceive
creditors, is, as to creditors, void in law, and a fraudulent
contract to deceive purchasers is also to such purchs'-ers
void. "Where a person is party to a fraud, all that follows
by reason of that fnnxl shall be said to be done by him.
If a person be fraudulently prevented from doing an act,
equity will consider the act as done. In treaties, con-
cealment of a material fact by one of the jjarties, in
order to keep the other in ignorance, whereby to profit,
is a gross fraud, and the contract will be set aside in
equity. There can be no fraud concerning things
either within one's own knowledge, or to which one
has adequate means of knowledge.
S'
%
^Payme nt and Tender.p
P
the discharge of a
debt
due;
AVMENT is
by a deliverj' of the amount
and this is, of c rse, the most
direct and proper discharge of it,
and the most complete defense against
any claim founded upon it. The party
entitled to receive the money maj* give
notice that the pajTnent must 1^ made
directly to himself, and then no other
pajTiient discharges the debt ; but with-
out such notice the paj-ment may be
made in the ordinary course of business
to his general agent or attorney.
LAW AND LEGAL FORMS.
Tender, in a gencnil sense, is an offer to perform
some act. In law, it is an offer to pay a debt, or to
malie pecuniary compensation to a l)arty injvu'ed. A
tender, in order to be vaHd, must be made in money,
whifii must bo sliown to tlie eye. The otler nuist be
absolute, without any conditions; for oven tlie offer
witli the request of a receipt, or of a larger amount
with the request of change, ;s not legal ; but the offer
of a larger sum absolutely, without a request of change,
is good.
-g--cr\ ^
RELEASE.
^
jr UELEASE is a discharge of a right, which may be either
M in lands or tenements, or of actions, or things per-
I sonal. The former is a conveyance of a man's right
in lands or tenements to another that has some vested
estate in the lands. The person who quits or renounces
ihe right is the releasor; he in whose favor the right is
renounced is the releasee ; while the operative
words of the deed are "remit, release, re-
nounce, and forever quit claim." A release
always gives up some right, claim or interest
which the releasor had against the relesisec. It
partakes of the nature of a contract, which
cannot lie governed or changed by evidence
excepting in case of fraud.
It being in the nature of a contract, must
necessarily be supported by»a valid consid-
eration and Avould be ino))crative without it.
A release must be in writing and inidcr seal,
which implies a consideration, but it is
always well to mention the consideration,
as evidence might be admitted to slio\\' that
the release had been ol)tained without con-
sideration. AVhen a release has 1)eon proi>
erly drawn, signed, and delivered it will
operate as a ronijiiete dot'ense to an action
irrounded on anv of the claims or debts
released.
tiiem, of and from nil and nil manner of action and notion!), suits, cause
and taiiPcs (if action and actions, suits, drbts, dups, dntlps,sum and
sums of money, ncounts, reckonings, bonds, bill ,spocialtleg, coye-
enants, contracts, argtmients, i)remiscs, variances, damages, judg-
ments, extents,executions, claims, and demands whatsoever. In law,
cijuit y, or otherwise whatsoever wldch against the said T. A. Led-
din I ever had, now have, or which I, my heirs, executors, and ad-
ministrators liereafter, can, shall, or may have, for, upfin, or by
reason of any matter, cause or thing, whatsoever, from the bogln-
idng of the world to the day of flie date of these jjresents.
In Witness Whereof, 1 liave hereunto set my hand and seal,
this second day of DeceniLK.'r, in the year one thousand eight hun-
dred and eiglity-four.
Si(jne<i,seateii,(niil<Mivered^ QEOBOE SOULE. [5eo?.]
inpiPHonce of I
J
Wm. HlX)CK,
Amos Giiekk.
SnORT FORM OF ORNFR,\I. RELEASE.
Know all Men by these Presenta, That I, John D«e, of
Chicago, County of (Jook, and State of Illinois, for and in consid-
eration of the sum of two huiulred dollars, to me in hand paid, by
Ch;us. Roe, of tlie same jilaee, have remised, released, and forever
discharged the said Chas. Itoo from all claima of whatsoever kind,
nature, or character, against him, from the beginning of the world
to this day. As Witness my liand and seal this second tKy of
December, in the year one thousand eight hundred
; and eighty-four.
It
Siyncd, scaled, ajid delivered
in pifsence of
VI M. Bt.ock,
Amos Gkekn.
JOHN DOE. ISeal.}
r-rVlsj^Mfi^Xs^o
i
m
-V
b«^
CiENERAl, RELK.VSE OF ALL DKALVNTW.
Know all Men by these I't'esents, Tha,. 1,
Geor;;(' Scule, of tiie (,'ity of New Orleans, State of
Louisiana, as well for and in consideration of the sum
of one lnHidred dollars to me in hand j)aiil. by T. A.
I.eddin, of tlie same ])lace, at and before the ensealing
and ilelivery hereof, the receipt whereof I do hereby
acknowledge, as for (livers other good caii-es and val-
uable cnnsiilerations to me tlii'reto specially moving,
have remised, rele:i-ed, (jiiit claimed, and forevi'r dis-
charged, and by these jjresents, lorme, my hi'irs, exec-
utors, administrators, do remise, rcleiu^e, ([iiit cl.iini,
and forever discharge, the said T. A, Leddiii. liis heirs,
executors, and administrators, and each and every of
ns
•:(: ■
:.v-W-r
^4 AGENCY, h-^
OENCY is the relation existing between
two or more persons, l)y which one
jiarty known as the principal em-
ploys another jiarty known as tin iigent to do
certain acts in relation to the principal's
property. The authority exercised by tho
agent is usually in the name and for the ben-
elit of the principtil. The tigont's jiower may
be constitiitcil cither by exjiress ajjpoint-
nient, vorlial or in writing, or by implication
of law, arising from the circumstances in
which the piirties are placed. "When tho
authority is given by a written instrtnncnt,
this instrument is callcda Tower of Attorney.
An agent is not recpiired to be a person
alile to make a contract on his own account.
Minors, married women and aliens are com-
petent to act as agents, as they are not called
upon to act upon their own responsibility,
but where an infant acts as agent, he woidd
culy be personally liable for torts ct
by him, Init the principal would be
his acts as thou<rh he were tin adult.
i
o
.o
:^
LAW AND LECtAL FOUMS.
The roliitiou of agoncy supposes tlmt tlu-reare
three parties, who may bo dircrtly or iiuliroctly
intcrosted in btisinosB relations that flow
tliroiigh the agency; the first of these par-
ies wouhl 1)0 the principal, or the one authorizing
acts to be done; the second would lie the une
aiitliorized to do the acts, or the agent, anil the
third party is the one who through tiie acts of the
agent is brougiit into relation ^^ith the prineijwl.
From the above it woidd necessarily follow that the
relation of principal and agent, as l)ctween themselves,
can only be brought about througli the princip;d's dele-
giiting authority to the agent, which is asscntctl to by
the agent; this authority from the princi{jal to the
agent may bo expressed cither in words spoken or by
written instructions from the principal and assented to
by the agent, or tho agent's authority may Ihj implied
through tho contract of tho principal and the agent.
If an agent is authorized to make contracts for his
principal, which tho law requires to be in writing and
imdcr seal, tho agent's authority must also be given
under a sealed instrument.
An agency is termed to be either general or sjiecial.
A general agency is defined to be a power exercisetl by
a general agent, and a general agent is one who is
clotiicd with disci'ctionary authority in relation to the
principal's business about which the agent is apjioint*:^!.
A general agent may bind his pnncipai so lon<j as he
keeps within the general scope of the bitsiness he wjus
authorized to transact, notwithstanding tliat he may
have grossly disobeyed instructions given by his prin-
cipal, jjroviding the party with whom he was desiliui:
did not know that the agent was exceedinir or violatinsr
his authority. A special agency is defined to l>e a
power exercised l)y a special agent, and a si)eciai acrent
is one M-ho is not pennitted to exercise discreti«!nary
authority, but must follow the specific instructions
given by tho principal. A principal would Ik- bound,
only so long as the special agent keeps
within the special limits of his authority.
Persons having dealings with a sjiooial
agent are required, at their cwn iioril, to
know the extent of such agent's aiitiuiritv.
All agents are re(piire(l to obey instnic-
tions as long as the iiistnictions are loir.tl.
but if illegal, they may be disol)eyod with
imininity. Instructions may also Ik? disre-
garded in case of extreme ncccss'ty or
uiil'oresecn emergencies. In the alis4Mice
\o{ instructions the agent would l)e re-
quired to follow the customary coui-so of
business. He Is to exercise such skill as persons of
common capacity would when similarly enqiloyed, and
the same degree of diligence that persons of ordinary
prudence are accustomed to use about their own alfairs.
The agent ls required to keep his principal fully in-
foniied in relation to all the important atTairs connected
with the agency, and is also required to keep correct
accounts and be able at all times to render just and
true statements without concealment or overcharse.
It is his duty, if removed from the principal, to deposit
Sn a bank, in the principal's name, any money Ixdorg-
ing to the principal.
If an agent should exceed his authority, the party
with whom he was dejiling conhl make tho agent
resiK)nsible on tho entire contract, notwithstamling
that a jjortion of it was within the limits cf his
authority. Where one without authority acts as agent ,
he would l>e personally responsible. If a principal has
intrusted goods to a' agent who should sell them with-
out authority, tho principal would have the right to
either . lify the sale and si.e the purchaser for the
price, or disaffirm tho contnu't and repossess the goods
from * buyer.
P .• .lent made to an agent of money due to the
principal would bind the principal, if made in the
regular course of business, but whore pajTiient is ma<lc
to a sulvagent who received his appointment from the
agent, and unauthorized by the principal, it would
bind the agent and make him responsible to the prin-
<ipal.
Vt'herc a principal receives the benefit of an act done
by his agent, which act was out of the scope of the
agent's instructions or authority, the agent would })€
rolloved from any rcsponsibilit}-, or an unnecessary delay
on the part of tlii^ priiK'qjal ii; renouncing the act as
his would r':'lievo the agent and make the principal
responsible.
If an agent is employed to sell goods, he cannot
l»ocome the purchaser of such goods, nor couM he, if
employed to imrchiusc goods, become the seller.
When an agent's authority has been revoked, the
revocation takes eU'ect (as far as the agent is con-
cerned) from tho time it is made known to him, and
as to third jiersons, from tho tinu> they have receiveil
notice.
In order to avoid having to paj for contracts made
by an agent, in tho name of the principal, after
the agent's authority has been revoked, it become^
tlie duty of the principal to cause notices to-
Ik? sent to all who have luu' ,^5*^^ vi/^
desilings with the ncent.
^^^i^^^iU^
1
LAW AND LEGAL F0BM8.
cSrl
PARTNERSHIP.
lTS)
^5( 2r^r-jy «
HEN two or moro persons a/p-co to unite their
capital, labor, and skill, all or any of them,
for oarr^nng on some business, it is called a
Partnership. As commonly used, partner-
ship IS only ajjp'.ied to the smaller associa-
tions of individuals, comprising usually a
few members; whore an association, having gam for
its object, consists of more than twenty members, it
generally takes the shape of a cl;.trtered or joint-stock
company; otherwise, in general, each partner would
be lialile, singly, for the debts of the whole partner-
ship.
A jiartnership is commonly constituted by a written
instrument, usually by deed, the provisions of which
are denominated Articles of Partnership. It may be
for a certjiin fixed time, or foe an indefinite period, and
may be dissolved either by the natural expiration of
that jwriod or the mutual agreement of the jiarties, or,
in the event of disagreement, by decree of a court of
etjuity. The riere consent of the parties is sufiScient
to constitute a partnership, and they may distribute
their profits and regulate their affairs in any way they
please among themselves; but they cannot, by so
doing, limit, defeat, or elude, their responsibility to
others.
In ordinary partnership, each member, however
small his share, is liable for all the debts ox' the com-
pany. To constitute a person a partner, he must be a
participator in uncertain or casual profits depending
upon the accidents of trade. "Where the premium or
profit he is to receive is certain and defined, he is not a
partner; and if he is only to receive a
portion of the profits as payment for
his labor as a servant or agent of the
company, he is not a partner. A par-
ticipation in the profits without a
participation in the losses, constitutes
a partnership as regards third jKir-
ties.
Partners are ordinarily divided
^ into three classes, i. e., ostensible,
nominal, and dormant. Those
whose names ap-
pear before the
world as part-
ners, are known
as ostensible partners. If they have no actual inter-
est in the concern, but allow their names to be used,
then they are known as nominal partners. Those whose
names and connection with a firm are jiuqwaely con-
cealed from the world, arc known as dormunt or silent
jiartnera. A dormant partner is, in all rases, liable for
the contracts of the firm when it becomes known that
he is a partner, so long as ho remains a jxirtner ; and a
nominal partner is, in the same manner, liable duriag
the time ho holds him^f ont to the world as a i^irtneT.
The rights, duties, and obligations of the partners, are
usually laid down in articles of partnership, and each
partner has a right to hold his copartners to the speci-
fied purjjoses of their union while the partnersliip con-
tinues. The powers of partners are verj* extensive,
and the contract or other act of any member or mem-
bers of the associated body in matters relating to the
joint concern, is, in point o? law, the contract or act of
the whole, and consequently binding upon the whole,
to the extent of rendering each liable for it individu-
ally as well as in respect of the partnership property.
This power or authority does not extend to matters
extraneous to the joint concern, nor even to matters
which, though connected with it, are, by the ordinary
usage of business, transacted with the express and
formal intervention of each partner. Partners, though
they should act in a fraudulent maniter as respects their
copartners, bind the firm in all matters connected with
its peculiar dealings. Should wie of the partners enter
into a smuggling or other illegal transaction on the
partnership account, the other partners are liable for
the duties and penalties. When one of the partners
has been made liable for the debts of the firm, he has
his relief against the others for a portion of it.
Partners cannot be relieved froB frture liabiMties to
third parties without notice to them, and the world in
general, that the partnership has ceased.
A partnei-ship may, in the al)sciice of an agL«ement
to the contrary, be dissolved at any time either of the
partners may so decide, but should this power be wan-
tonly exorcised to the injury of the other member or
members of the firm, the party so exercising the power
would bo held for the damages he has caused. "Where
there is an agreement between the partners that the
partnership shall continue for a specified time, it will
be binding. An assignment of a partner's interest
would work as a dissolution, and while such assign-
ment would transfer to the assignee the entire interest
of the partner, or assignor, it would not in any way
give to the assignee the right of becoming; a member of
the firm. The death of one of the paztneiB would
<
LAW AND LEOAl, FOBMS.
work »s a diKsoltitioii of tlio imitiici'ship, hut
the heirs of tht' decpjised piirtiuT would not
hefxmtc' meml»prs of tlio fimi. If one of tlio
partiKr^ fhouM, from nny ciiusc, Ik-coiiio iu-
ronii««^t.'nt or uii;ililo to [)orfnrm hi.s duties,
the jtartnci-'hii) would Ik'couk' dissolved. A
dLti«olution inay take effect from the implied
limiutioij of tlic jiai-tncrsliip, ns if the event
haul ir»rieuiTO<l for whieii the partners formed
tb«» parlof'rship, or by th': destiuctiou of the
»ahjff*'t laaJt^T of the partnoi-ship. Courts
of c<(|uity Juive tlie j>ower of dissolvinir a
|nrt»c>t>'hip, ami will exercise this power
whcnc-Ter it can he uiado to appear that the
objeer. for wbioh the jiartiiersiiip was formed have be-
come impra(f-tKtiib!e or merely visionary, or, where it
can he showrn iJiat one of tin? partners has be<'ome
grossly immorsiS. or has wantonly abused his authoritj',
or where be habitually absents himself from the part-
nership.
The iliAsolation of a jwrtnership does not exonerate
the partners from the liabilities created while the part-
nership vrx-i in cristienoe, but in order to avoid future
liabilities thore must l>e notice given to all who have
had (lealins^* with the partnershiji. Such notice m.iy
be given by cither circulars, written letters sent by
mail, or by verha! notices given to the j)artios person-
ally. Let the- fiuna be what it may, they are entitled
to actual notke-
AKTICIJ* OF COPAKTXERSHTP.
ArtUrlei of Agrttvwnt, made :iiidcoiii'iuil('(I this socornl day
of J;iiiii;iry. i.. the- J"*atr <>1 nur Lord ono thousiiiid ciglit hiiiidrod
and ei^hty-i'/iir, lta(t»-'««i John iJuc, of Chicago, County of Cook
and State of Illiaivi*. «f Jiie oue pan. and A)'.jert Roe. of tlie .-ianie
plai'<\ iif thf> f'thiT littirL
The .-ail I pajtM* IkuiVie jig^'ped, and by tliosc iir('.<0!Us do agi'PO. to
assotiatp thrtit^Jrus a* tHijiarrners in tlic art and trade of Imyiiig
and ^pllir.^x all ^tnf 'i>f v^f.*. goods and coninioditics bclonginjr to
the trade n? i,.., :;
shall I'onti;.'; ■ r-
to the fiilW:!!'! ,
style, and tide :'
For the piirp< -
flay of the i!:i.r ■ r.
the sum of r .
invested the li* -
sums are to hi: .
the partii-s her'-f
mutual ailvanr...-
And in is her
gclf respei^tiv' ;
manner and t- "v
That they 4ha_
'-- i ijierebaiidisiug: whii'li said i-o partnership
"'• \d\i; of iIk'K' presents, for, and during, anil
•' ) lA four years next en.-tiing. The name.
;i;.rt:)ership shall be Doe and IJoe.
.: -•• -ajd. be. the said Jolni Doe hath, upon the
■ :;. jrat into said partnership, as eapital stoek,
u-l:ji] dollars; an<l the said Alb<!rt ]{oe has also
' -wotbousiuid dollars: both of wliieh said
. • out and employed in eoninion between
• .'le luajiairement of said business to their
! Tienveen the said iiarties, eaeh for him-
• his own si)ecia] and partieular part, in
^„ i V. iU not at any time hereafter, during the
period above Tamaf^i. ♦■xercise or follow the said trade, or any
other, to their priT4S<? letuolument or advantage; but sliall and will,
from time to Ximtt, itzid hH ah times diuing said period (if they
*-*v?tai
3*&;
shall so I.jntr lire), u** ihrir otiDORt endeavors, to the best of their
skill and abiUiT. '<>r ibrir mutual advantage, \ritb the stoek aa
aforesaid and it» ii»-m*<p.
And al-io, th;-.i lhi»^y *l>a]l and will, during the period aforesaid,
diseliarge efiuaiiv \0VKtxn Ibetn the rent <if sueh premises as they
may rr rit >>r Ur^. for Ibe (iuuujC«inent and conduet of the trade or
liusini'.-i af r>'!<aSi'L
.Vii.l that al! pmfit.j^nor IiKTease. that sliall or may arise from,
or by rea-f>n of tbn *ai-l yma bu-iness. sliall Ik- (f|ually anil proiK)!'-
tionately divide*! bMvcmi tbein. share luid share alike; and also all
josse: ffmt ^halllnppttiinllje Kiiil business, by bad debts, bad I'oui-
moditl<>»i. or how.-OMrfr o^lJ<-^"i^e, shall be jiaid by, and borne
e<in;dly Ijetween lfa«n.
Anil it :.i f'li-thfr t-jftrit that there shall 1h' kept, dn.-iiig the sai.l
perioil and jouu Ufioes*. f«erl<x't. just, and correct book accounts,
wherein eaih of tlu^ »au<I iiopartners sh.dl enter and :t't down, as
well all the morjsr hy him received and ex]K'ntled in and about the
business afi>rt^;uil. ac also jJ3«.iominodities and merchandise by him
bought ami -old. br r*oiK>a aud on acc^iunt of the said copartner-
ship, ami all oth*T manier* ajid things in anywise belonging or
ai>pert;iining thftr»t>>. «» ihut eitlier of them may at any time have
fre«.' access thereto'.
And al-o th:it :':■'■ ■ -' ' •••partners, once in twelve months, or
oftener. if neeil -r •'-. ujhui the requi-st of either of tliem,
siiall make arl r^ : . t<» llie other, or to the executors mid
administrators ot - j- r. a true and full account of all iirotits
and inerea.-e by tiKia ami «*ih of them made, and of all losses by
them, or eoeli of ItMnt. sustained; and. also of ail payments,
receipts and disbor ^wu i euU i. amd all other
things whatsoever Iry ibnn. or oi'her of
tliem. made, reeetve»l and disi<urs«'i acted,
done anil :-uB«re«] in tbesxid t^ijiurtner-
ship; and the aceoons to made, sliall :uid
will clear, adjiM, pay and deliver, each
unto the other, at il!»e tin«f of making
such aeeount, tht^ir «v|atal i^bare of the
[irotit so maiU? a.* .tJf'>ti«ftii<L
.\nd that, at ibf *<««l of tJ»e aforesaid
I>eriod of four yeaLT*. or •Ah^T sooner de-
termination of the:^ j»ipe~«it« ^whether
by the death of otvrf the jiajlies hereto,
nr othervvise}. i;h«y. il»i? f,aid <xi]i;irtiiers,
each to the oth»»r. or. in c:tse ot the death
of either, thesur^ivinsr putty t" tlie exec-
utors or adminr-T " '- of th..' pait}"
deceiised, shall ai. ' i.e a true, full,
and liiial aceo Ui" . - :i- afore-
said, and in ail . .■ ..;:d triJy
adjii-t the sa,:!.-: ,iit.i ii-.>. lliat. ufion
making sueh ai'e»>unis-. a]!i arid every the
stock. :!.'> well a« tfae gain and iiiereasc
thereof, whiih sbiall ^ifyfMiar. or is f.umd,
to !«? remaining. sha:II lj<e ♦^'jUaUy apiwr-
tioned and dividfitE rvetTsiwatiiem. thesiud
copartners, their eiKaaot% or adminis-
trator-, share a;.. '. ^_r» aliiiie.
In H'itne:*.-* ffJtervof ibe said par-
ties to thi.se present* hare hereunto set
their hands ^uid s«ak. tiip dity and year
fli.;t above writrert
.JOUS DOE.
.:VLBERT KOE.
Signed, sealed and deli'reroi
fyi pi-^^enceo/
John Witrrx.
Amos Grees.
iSeaL'i
[Seat]
LAW AND LKQAL FORMS.
-^ix/rfi?*-^*-
-H)?^-+
ARBITRATION
k^^^
■^5^
x:^>^-
"U^
I;
HE law favors arbitration as ii mpiins of sottlinj;
litfictiltics. Arl)itnitioii is wiicro coiiti'stinn;
f7>^ jiarties sulmiit the action, suit, or any or all
tti>' mattci-s in dispnti-, to the judirnicnt of an indif-
ferent person or jiersons, called an arbitrator or
arbitnitors, to decide t lie controversy; and where more
than one is appointed, it is iisuid to apjionit, or leave
the arbitrators to appoint, an umpire, to wiiose sole
jmlirnient it is then referred. Tiie decision, in any of
these cases, is called an award, which is final if not set
a?ide by a court for informality.
Any matter which may Ijc a subject of n suit at law,
mav usually be determined by arbitration. Crimes
■would Ix; an exception to this rule, as also might
btiuiidan- lines of real esfaite.
The arbitrators jiroceed on the difference as judges,
ar 1 not as agents of the parties Avho appointed them.
It is the duty of the arbitrators to ti.v the time ami
name the place where the evidence relating to the mat-
ters in controversy are to bo heard, and to notify the
paities of these facts.
FORM OF GENT.RAI. SUBMISSION TO ARBITRATION.
Whereas, (liflcrpinTshave for a long time existed, aiul are now
esUtiiig and pending, between .Tohn Doe, of LouUlnnn, County of
Pike and State of Missouri. and Samuel Roe, of the.annicplaee. In rela-
tion to divers and sundry matters of controversy arid dispute ; Sow,
Therefore, we. tlie undersigned, John Doe and Samuel Roe
afo»T~aid. do hereby mutually covenant, and to and with each
other, that Joseph Brown. John 'White, and Wm. Black of said
Loui-iana, or any two of them, shall arbitrate, award, and deter-
mine of and concerning a'l and all manner of action and actions,
cause and causes of action.-, suits, controversies, claims, and de-
mands whatsoever, now pending, existing.or held, by and between
tis, the parties aforesaid; and we do further mutually covenant and
agree, to .and with each other, that the award to be made by the
said arbitrators, or any two of them, shall in all things by us and
each of us. Jje well and faithfully kept and observed; Provided,
however, that the award aforesaid be made in writing, under the
hands of the said Joseph Brown, John AVhite, and Wm. Black, or
any two of them, and ready to be delivered to the said parties in
difference, or to smli of them as shall desire the same, on the
stcond day of December, A. D. 1884.
Witness our hands and seals, this seventh day c fovember,
A. D. lt*4.
.TOIIX DOK. {Seal.']
SAMUEL ROE. [5eat]
or others, an Arbitration Bond, of which the follow-
ing is the common form ;
AliniTIlATION nOND.
Know all Men by these Presents, That I, John Doe, of
Louisiana, ("ouiity of IMko and State of Missouri, am held and
llrmly bounil to Sanuiel Roe, of the same place, in the sum of one
thousand dollars, good and lawftd money of the I'nifed States, to
bo paid to the said Sauniel l{oe, his executors, administrators, or
assigns, for which iiayment well and truly to be made, 1 bin<l my-
self, my heirs, executors, and administrators, llrmly by these
presents.
Sr«/f»fl with my seal .and dated the seventh day of Xovember,
A. D. 1884.
The Condition of this obligation is such, that if the above
boiuiden John Doe, his heirs, executors, and administrators, shall
and do, in all things, well and tridy abide by, perform and fidtUl in
all things the award, decision, and linal determination of Joseph
Brown, .lohn AVhite, and Wni. Black, appointed and named on the
part and liehalf of the said John Doe, iis well as the said Samuel
Roe, to arbitrate, award, order, and determine of and concerning
all, and all manner of action and actions, cause and causes of
actions, suits, controversies, claims and demaiuls wliatsoever, now
pending, existing, or held now and between said parties; so that
the jaid award be made in writing under the hands of the said
Joseph Brown, .Tohn White, and AVin. Black, or any two of them,
and ready to he delivered to the parties in difference, or to such of
thenj .13 shall desire the same, on or before the second day ot
December. A. D. 1884; then this obligation to bo void, otherwise
to remain in fUll forc„ and \. -.ue.
Sijned, -ealed.aii'l delivered^ JOHX DOE. [Seal.']
in presence of
John Wells.
Richard Jones.
1
Si^'d, fffil^d, and deliv-
ered in presfm e of
Amos Gkken.
JoHX Smith.
At the time of submission of causes to
arbitration, each of the parties in eontro-
versv should sign and deliver to the other
Signed, scaled and delic-^ JOSEPH BROWN.
ered in presence of I JOHN WHITE.
J.uiN (JAIN. ( WM. BLACK.
Benj. Racer. J
S$»l.]
ffeal.]
'Seal.]
FORM OF AWARD BT ARBITRATORS.
To all to whom tliese Presents shall Come or may Con-
cern, Send Greetings Joseph Brown, .Tohn White, and Wm.
Black, to whom were submitted .as arbitrators, the matters in con-
troversy existing between John Doe, of Louisiana, County of Pike
and State of Missouri, and Samuel Roe, of the same place, a-s by
their submission in writing, dated the seventh day of November,
A. D. 1884, more fully appears ; Now Therefore, Know ye,
that we, the arbitrators mentioned in said submission, have first
been duly sworn, according to law, and having lieard tlie proofs
and alleg.ations of the parties, and examined the matters in contro-
versy by them submitted, do nniketliis award in writing, that is to
say: (//"re include the conclusions of the arbitrators as to all mat-
ters submitted for their decis ion.) And we do further award, adjudge
and decree, that the said John Doc and Samuel Roe shall, and do,
within ten days ni'Xt ensuing tlie date hereof, seal and execute unto
each other, mutual and general releases of all the actions, cause and
causes of .actions, suits, controversies, and demands whatsoever,
for, or by reason of, any matter, cause or thing, from
the beginning of the world down to the date of the
said submission.
In Witness JFhereof we have hereto subscribed
^ these i)resenls, this first day of December, A.D. 1884.
LAW AND LEOAL FORMS.
Following tho receipt of the alwve form of awartl
from the arhitrators, the i)artie8 in controversy should
execute and give to each otiier a mutual release, tlie
I'ldlosviiig ut' which is the ;rt nci'al form :
MUTUAL RELEASE ON AN AWARD.
/■ IV all Men by thrse Presents, ilnil I, .luliii Dcir. vf I.ouisliina,
('oiiiilv iif I'ikr 11(1 Si.ilf of .Mis.<ii\iri, f(.r and in (•(insiilcnilinn of the
sum of (ine dollar lo me in liiind jmid liy Siimiul line, of the wimi'
place, and in inirsiiance of an award made by .loseph Hrown, John
White and Wni. Hlack. artiitratoiM between um, the said .lohn Doe and
Sanuul 1!(H', and lieariiif; date the sK-venth day of NovendMT, .V. I).
IHS4, do hereby release and forever diMliarf;e the siiid .Simnel Hoe,
his heirs, executors and administrators, of and from idl actiiins, caiisu
and causes of actions, suits, controversies, claims and demands what-
.soever, for, or by rciuson of any matter, cause or thin;;, from the
iM'irinnins of tho world down lo the seveutU day of Novemlier, A. D.
iss-l.
tn Witness Whtreof, I have liercimto set my hand and seal, thi»
tenth day of December, A. D. 1SS4,
Kxci-Htiil in thf pnntnee of i JOilN DOE. [Seal.]
.M.vitviN Gates, >
Ai.kki;d D.\y. )
If, after the parties in controversy have 8ubmitte<l
the niiitters in dispute to arbitrators, they, or either of
tiiem should, thiotioh any cause, decide to revoke the
iiuthority given to the arliiti-ators, it may l)e done by
executing and handing to the arbitrators an instrument
tinder seal, tiic following of which would be a projKjr
antl legal form:
FORM OF REVOCATION.
To Jimijih limit It. ,hihn W'/iilf iiiiil Win. Jllifk :
Take Notice, that 1 do hereby revoke your powers as arbitrators
under the submission made to you made by John Df>e and myself, in
wrilinjr, on the seventh day of XovemUT, A. I). 1HS4.
Witness my hand and seal this twentieth day of November, A. D.
1884.
WilneuM: 1 8AMUEL ROE. [Seai.]
Joll.N DxNIKL. [■
Jamki4 Tit.i,i:v. )
An award is to be sealed, addressed to all the parties,
and opened in presence of all, or their attorneys, or with
the consent of those absent indoi-seil on the award.
?3f>;^
-.♦»
CARRIERS.
SRSONS carrying goods for hire, as
mastei"s and owners of ships, hoy-
men, lightermen, carmen, coachmen,
railway companies and the like, come
under the denomination of common car-
'riers.
A common carrier for hire by land or
water is answerable for every loss or
injury to the goods conveyed, unless oc-
casioned by the act of God or the public
enemy ; and, on tho other hand, is
bound to receive and convey the
goods of every applicant who
is ready to pay the price of
carriage, provided he has
room for them, and his
liability is capable of be-
ing varied by a si^cial
contract (if any
should happen to
;be made) relative
to the
tenns
; <5«5S
on which goods are to be carried on any particular
occasion.
The common carrier has the right of holding or de-
taining property which he carries until the charge
against it is paid. If there be occasion, he may recover
his compensation from the goods in any way in which
a lien ujwn personal chattels is made productive.
A carrier may be excused for injury done to passen-
gei-s upon proof that he took all possible care of
them.
"When an entire ship, or any principal portion of it
has been hired to a j>erson in consideration of the
freight he is to pay, for the conveyance of goods, on a
certain trip or voyage, it is known as a contract by
"Charter Party." This kind of contract relates to the
ship, alone. The charter party should contain a full
description of the ship, the voyage, as well as all
the conditions entered into by and between the par-
ties.
When a master or owner of a ship contracts with
separate persons to convey their goods to the place of
destination, then the contract is said to be for convey-
ance in general ship. Where goods are shippeil by
general ship the master or owner of the ship causes to
made, signs and delivers to the owner or
owner's agent of the goods shipped, an instru-
ment known as a Bill of Lading, which is an
acknowledgment on the part of the masier
LAW AMU LEOAL FOUMB,
tlmt tlio goods Imvo bcoii Hhippctl on Inmrd hirt vi-hspI,
and tliiit ho will deliver at tlio port of d«*rttination to
tlio pciNon iiuinod in the hill, as < tinsicrnco, or to his
assigns, on tho |)ayni('nt oftho pro|)or charges, inovita-
hlo aci'idcnt, public enemies, fire and all other dangers
and accidents of the seas, rivers, and navigation of what-
soever nature and kind excepteil.
Thus tile master hecomcs p(>i"sonally responsililo lor
tho tnllillment of his engagement, an, also, tho owner
of tiie vesM'l becomes responsible notwitlistaiiding hi'
is not named in tlie bill of lading. The 1)111 of lading
tn^eomes a jjroper evidence of the title of goods ship|>ed,
and is transferable to such person or persons as the
owner of the goods may contract with, nliidi transfer
would give to a buna jhlr lioldcr a property in the goods
represented in tho bill of lading. The bill of lading
implies that the goods arc to be stowed in a siife place
under deck; and if they should be stowed on deck
witliout the shipper's consent, or in the absence of cus-
tom, they are tlicn at t lie risk of the ship-owner and
master, and if tlie gootls should Ijc improperly stowed.
through tho negligence or want of Hkill of tho miwtor,
and in eonse(pieneo tho seaworthinesH of tho vossol
should be all'ected, and there should be a loss by an act
of God, or a jjcril »)f the sea, the master and owner
would bo held responsible for tho loss. Currici"H aro
held responsible for any and all losses which might
have been avoided by a ililigent exercise of prudence
and skill. They are always insurers against their
own nogligoneo or want of skill, or, in other words,
they are held for any loss that might lia\(> been avoided
by an honest exercise of such prudence and skill as
would, under ordinary circumstances, be ade<juato to
tho c.xeention of their trust and undertaking.
The common carrier has a right t:) refuse to reee'ivo
goods, for carriage, unless he is paid for carrying them
at the time they arc oflercd; and if ho should roeeivo
the goods without demanding pay ii\ advance, ho would
have the right to retain the goods for his charges, or
ip other words, the law gives him the right of li(>n of
them. This right of lien would also extend to tho
baggage of passengci-s until their fare is paid.
FORM OF A BILL OF LADING.
CIIICHGO, JULY2, 1884.
'^*^-*,,^^iJ"l^iprp'Cti^ in good order and condilion, by John Doe, as Agenl
and Forwarder for account and at risk of whom it may concern, on board
the .]fo>7iin(/ Star, wJiercof John Roc is Master, now in the port of
Chicago, and bound for Ogdcnsbur>j, ,V. Y., Die following articles,
as here marked and described, to be delivered in like good order and
condition, as addressed on the margin, or to his or their assigns or
consignees, upon paying the freight and charges, as noted below. ."Ill
the deficiency in cargo to be paid for by the carrier, and deducted
^ from the freight, and any excess in the carqo to lie paid for to the
carrier by the consignee. In case grain becomes heated while in
transit, the carrier shall deliver his enlire cargo and pay only for any deficiency caused by healing, exceed-
ing five bushels for each iOOO bushels. ( The dangers of navigation, fire and collision excepted).
In Witness Whereof, 77/.? said Master of said vessel hath affirmed to two 'Bills of Lading, of this
tenor and date, one of which being accomplished, the other to stand void.
LAW AM) I.KUAI. KOItMH.
KOIIM Ol- ('II Aid Kit r\l(TV.
Thin Chitrtrr I'artff, Mjiilr, ciiiii'liiilcil, iiml iinrfcil u|Hin
thiH ti'ritli <lay <•!' >liiiii', In tlio ypiir ht niir l.nril utii- tlioiii-niid
rlj{lil Immlrcil iiiiil i'l>;lily-l'i>nr, bctwi'cn .loliii Pur, ninxtci' iiiiil
owner (if tlic vis^i'l kiinwii iis tlii' " Ooldi'ii l'..i){li'," ul' llic liiirtlirii
(if niic llioiiDiUiil tiiM", III' the (ilic iHirt.iiml Suinacl lici', cil' tin- ''lly
ol' <'|il('a);ii, Ciiinity of ( 'oiik, lur.l State i>t' lllllini", nt' the iilhei-
part, U'llneHHrth; 'I'liat the naiil .lohii l<i>ii, Im' the nim^liieiatiiiii
hereliialler iiieiillnned, halhf;raiitetl amllo ti'r'i;;lil Icl.aiiil liy the-i;
prejteiitM ilnlh jfiaiit anil to iVclnht let.nntci the >aiil Samuel Hoe,
hJH I'xei'iitorH, ailnilnl^traloi'!', anil a^HJ^ns, (lie whole tonnage of
the hold, Ktern, xheet-', and half (leek ol the said vi»el, from the
|)ort of Clileajro, to the port ol Milwaukee, In Wl-con^ln, In a voy-
n^e tn Im> made In the Naid nlilp, In the manlier follow lii^, that U to
say: tint said ■lohn l>oi> Is to sail with the tlrsl fair »inil imd
weather that shall hapiH'ii next after the seeond day of li.ly noxt.
or liefore the tlrst day of Aiit;n<t ni"xt, from the said port ofChl-
ni^o, with floods and merehandise of the said Siunuel line, his
factors and as>l;{ns on hoard, to Mllwa.ikie, aloresaid, there to he
delivered and disrharjied of her saiil oaiffo within ten days next
ulier her arrival at the end of the said voyajfe; In (■onslderatloii
whereof the said Sailinel Hoe, for himself, Ids heirs, exei iitois and
administrators, and eaeli anil every of them, doth lo vena ill. prom l>e
and agree to and with the said dohn Doe, his cxi'inloi''. adminis-
trutoi-M and nvery of them, hy these presents, tliat the sidd Samuel
Roe, his exwutors, administrators, faitois or assljj;ns, shall and will
well and truly pay, or eans,> to he paid tmto (he said .lohn Doe, hU
executors, adiidnlstrators, and assijjns, for the lrelf,'ht of the same
ship on goods, the sum of two thoii>and dollars, within ten days
after the dischargL- of the said goods at Milwaukee aforesaid, for
®
thiMMid of tho vnynup; mid nli«o slinll and will pay for deniiirraf(«',
if anv Khali Im' hy dnraillt of him. the <'iild Samuel Koe, his faetors
or assign., the snm of twnnty-flve dollar^ a day, daily and every
day, as the same shall grow dne. And thosald John Doe, lor him-
self, his heirs, exeeitlors, and aihiiiiiistriitiirw, doth rovenanl,
promise, grant and agree, to and with ttio nafd Sainiiel Hoe, his
exei;itoi>, admini'-tralors, and assigns, and rvory of them, hy Ihese
pre-ienl". lliat the said vi-ssel shall lie ready at the said |iorl ol < 'lil-
rago. ;it wharf, to take in goods hy the lllteeiitli day of .time;
and within ten days after the said ves«il shall Im- ready at
wharf as aforesaid, the said Sani'.ii'l Hoe doth grant, promise, and
agree, to have liN goods ready and put on Isiard of said vessel, in
order that she may proieed on hersaid voyage, .md the said .lohn
Doe doth also eovenaiit, promise, grant, and agree, to and witli the
saldSamnel Hoe, his exerntors, administrators and assigns, that the
said vessel now Is, and at all times dnrlng the said voyage shall \h;
at the hest endeavor of the said .lohn Doe, his exorntors and ad-
ministrators, at his and their own projM'r eo-ts and charges, in all
things made and kept stitV. stanch, and strong, and well furnished
and provided as well w Itli nun and mariners siillli lent and ahli' to
sail, guide, and govern the said ship, as w 1th all mama'i of rigging.
Isiats. tackle, ap|iarel. f'irniture. provisions, and appurtenances,
titling and necess.iry for the said men and mariners, and for the
said ship during the voyage iiforesald.
In Wituena Whereof, we have hereunto set our hands arvl
seals, this touth day of Juim*, one thousand eight hundred and
eighty-four.
Si{ined, Healed, and delivered'
in jif fence of
r,v|,K.ll S. TlfiiltNIl.EY.
.IAME8 U. IIUVEY.
JH
JOHN DOK.
BAU1IKL KOK.
[StalA
[StaU]
LIMITATIONS
^.dy^^f^--
^v.
which
action
There
HK viiiioiis states liavcwhat arc termed Stat-
utes of Limitation.^. Limitation is a cerlaiu
time a.ssigned by sti)tute within whidi an
action must be bronpht, or other legal aet
done. Tho use of these statutes of limita-
tion is to preserve tho peace of the country,
and to prevent those innumerable perjuries
might ensue if a man were allowed to l>ring an
for an injury committed at tmy distance of,time.
is also the danger to the defendant that, if an
iiction he long delayed, the dociinKMitarv or other evi-
dence of his riglits niiiy litive been lost or destroyed;
and also the hardsiiip of rinding liiniself unexpectedly
deprived of wlml In- had long had in possession.
In tiie ditrereiit stiites, the periods of time within
wiiich the actions designated in the statutes must Ik*
l)rought, are: For recovery of real property, from
rive to twenty-one ycais — in most states, twenty yetirs ;
for actions on judgnientj* or on roiitrjicts under >t al, ten
to twenty years ; for other contnicts, six years or less.
•>>x^c«»;»
^.
^INTEREST AND USURY.
^
NTERE&T is the annual sum or rate agreed to be
paid by the borrower of a simi of money to the
lender for its u.sc. The sinn so lent is called
the principal; the sum per cent agreed on as interest,
the rate.
Generally, the nito of interest depends on the profit
that may be yielded by its employment in industrious
undertiikings. "The rate of interest," says an au-
thority, " is the measure of the net profit on capital.
All returns beyond this on the employment of capital
are resolvable into compensations under distinct heads.
for risk, trouble, or skill, or for advantages of situa-
tion or eonnection." The rate of iiitevcst also varies
according to the security for the repayment of the
principal and the diu"ation of the lotm. If there is any
degree of risk :: - to the repiiyment of the lotm, the
rate of interest must neces.-iarily be higher to compen-
sate tor that risk.
Usury is a term u.sed to denote excessive or exorbi-
tant interest, or the taking of a higher rate of interest
than that established by law. In most of the states*,
usurious contracts are void.
:^^
1.^
51
'r
ii:
:
s
LAW AND LKO.U. (CIKMN.
^•i»:
-:••:?•:♦- Inn, Hotel, and Boarding House Keepers.
H(8
/*%// NN, or liotol, IS 11 pliH'o (if ciitcrtiiliiiiii'iit I'lir ; jtikmIm urc los) t!inMi;rl> iniv in'irli;L'<'n"'«' <'!' ''•'' ••wikt
^B tnivclcrs. It'im iiik<'t«iK'ri>|>«iis |ii> Iuhim- tor i liiiiisclf. iIh'Ii i1i<> n's|ioiisiliility of tho iiiiiUii'|MT tcuws.
^BB tiuM-li'i-s, it is ill) iinplii'.l i'inrii;r<'iii<'iit to 1 An iiinl\ii'|iri' iim\ rif.iin tin* ;r<""l^ of liis •rw-'i imlil
r\^^ tiitci'taiii !ill |i('r.-oiis wiio tniM'l llinl wav, i tlic aiiioiiiit of |ii> liiij is |i!iii|.
aii<l iipoii this iiiiivorsiil uw<iiiii|itioii an action
will ii<< ajrainsl him tor ilainai.'fs, if lie, witlioni ;.'ooil
mason. rcfusi'> to admit a tiiivclor. Innliin-poi-s arc
also r«'s|>onsilili' lor llic xat'o ciistoily of tin* ;roo<l!< (»f
thoir quests wliilo tlicy arc untliT their roof; Imt if tiio
A Itoardin^r-liousc i- not an iini, ii'T is a rollV«'-hoiiKO
or i'atin;.'-room. A lioartliMi.'-lious(' jxcriicr has no lien
on till' jroods of a lioanlt-r. nrilhcr is he rcsponsiliK- for
their safe custody as is the imikcc|icr.
W'c have anlliority. lio«c\cr, lor saying' that a lioard-
C^^<^
inir-liun^i- kcciM 1- j linlilc fur lo-s c;!i:>cd \>\ tii.' n.-;rii- i ni h hini \ i. IumI^ or lodirintr, upon his tomlcriiig him a
p-nccofhis or licr M'rsaiits. ,Vn iniikicpci i- liaiilc ! rcasoiiaMc conipcu.'-at ion fort lie .same, ho wouM not only
l(;r a loss witliont m irliirence. i l>e held for d:i!!ia;re.s to the iujiircd jmrty. hut may also
Tlie ninlertakinjr <it' an innkcoper i- .i ir<'nei-ul one. to he pnliliely prosecuted, indicted and lined. All pcrson.s
ul>l"h liii," pu')li!- is a parly, am! imp(!~e> upon hisu a j cntovtaiii'd at a conuni.M liotel aic dcenu-d to In- <ruo.sts.
,'.•11 nil or puhlie olili;;alIon to receive as irnests, and '• An iiinkeepiT, like a common carrier, li^-comcs an
Uj-'i: tji'- same terms. all prop<'r jiersons \vli(> t:':ivel that insurer of the ^oods intrusted to him hy his ^'uests,!uid /T
'vav. II an innkeeper refuse, witliout prop( r rea.sons, j can limit his liahilily only hy an cxpro.s.s agreement, or ^^ -
to receive a traveler as a ^nit-st in hi- hotel, or to fur- j hy a spooial contract with the gur.st.
till* iiwiur
fl\w*i until
'OlIVl'-llOlIM'
luiN no lii-ii
MHisiltlc t'nr
lat M Ixiiiril-
ifi-Ji
ill!,'- Initi :i
<1 not only
t inuy :iIso
11 iicrsons
l)i'_irn<'sts.
'conu's an
iifs(-i,anil /
'•'incnf . or \v
LAW AND LKOAI. Htltl
I^j f Rights and Duties of Farmers. 4^ ^
■ .r^^amBWrn^.:-*
>^^^iii: ftirmor't title let \\\* farm iniiy iiriM> t'roni
^'M |uis.s(><4.-ii(>n, inlii'ritiincc, pnrciia.si', or liirini;.
ill IIi> may hitvi> ami hold it liy |iri'.'*rri|iliv(>
^^J/ rij^ht. If III' hit* lu'hl nnintt'rmptcil poxMCH-
nion for twenty ywir», niori' or h'.-.-* (tlit>
poriod in longer or shorter in tbo ditrcrcnt HtiitoH), tli*<
land is Win, iiiiIpms u claim is made liy a purty having'
tlio rijirlit, but 'vho, from disability, wu^ uniiblc to
attHort it.
In the United States tbero id no right of prinio^oni
tnre. Ik(>ai property may lome by inhcritAnrc, m com-
monly nuderHtoixl, i'. «'., by will of the decMBcd, <ir
under thi' law as heir of tlio dtMooMMl,
Hy punhase. the farmer ;/ets hi,* title in the deed,
tiie only mode of tran-fer of land in this eonntrv, us
indicated in thi' matter under llie |iea<l of Deeiln, whieh
see. l-'anns niay Iw Utii^'ht at auction. If no, the
plan or di'>cription of the pro|M'rty, in any eiwc, must
f.nve true intonu"tiua, ur tht< purihutter nuuU not
take it.
">% »
AN AMERICAN FARM SCENE.
FIXTURES.
Much imjiortarico i- iittached to the boundaries.
These .shoidd be clearly determined, in order to avoid
trouble ari.siuir tVoni their inaecunicy. Tii<' (|uo.stion,
what docs the tanner <rot. is answered by the bounda-
ries. Within them, he set. s w'latevor then' may Im' of
jrround or earth ; as meadows, )ji.sturr.s, woods, watei-s;
also, dwellin.<?-hourio^ and otlier improvements; for,
with the eonvejiiiue oi land, the sKruotures upon it
pa.s>. Land i^ <'onshlered to e.xtend indelinitoly iii>-
wanl, .lud downward to the center of ;!ic irlobe.
Tile (|Ucstion a.^ to what arc, or aie not fixtures, is
of some imiiort.'incc. as determininir the riirhts of land-
lord anil tenant, heir and e.xoi'utor. et<-. I'ixtures in
yeneral are personal chattels let into the earth, oi' ce-
mented or otherwise ti.\o<l to some erection )ire\iously /; ;
uttaehod to the fffound, and are thus leoridJy innuova-
ble. If they lie entirely clear of the sol!, thoy arc not
rfi:
« '.i
LAW AND LKOAL FORMS.
fixtures, and may be caiTiod off at pleasure. Hence a
tenant may eunstruct erections — even barns, sheds and
tlio like — upon bhx-ks, rollers, pillai*s or plates, so that
they shall not be deemed ILxtures but remain movable
ciiattels. The general rule is, that whenevei" a tennnt
has affixed anything to the ])remises during his term,
he cannot again sever it without the landlord's consent.
To this rule, however, various exceptions have been
made in t'-ivor of what are termed trade lixtures. A
tenant nuiy safely remove such things as he has (Ixed
to the land for purposes of trade or manufacture, pro-
vided the remo\al cause no material injui'v to tlie
estate.
As regards agricultural fixtures, a tenant of a farm
or lands sliall, with the consent in writing of the land-
lord tV)i' the time being, at his own cost erect any farm-
buildings, either detached or otherwise, or i)ut up any
other building, engine or machinery, either for agricul-
tural ])urposes or for the purposes of trade iind agiicul-
ture (which shall not have been jjut up in pui'suance of
some obligation in t'.iat behalf), then all such buildings,
engines and machinfv shall be the property of the
tenant and siiail be removable by him, notwithstanding
that the same, or any part thereof, may be built in or
permaiHMitly fixed to the soil ; so as the tenant, in mak-
ing sucii removal, do not in anywise injure the land or
bull. lings l)eloMging to the landlord, or otherwise to
put the same in like condition as they were in befoie
tlie ei'ection of anything so removed. But the tenant,
befoi'c making any such removal, should give the land-
lord or his a-^ent due notice of his intention to do so,
and tii(> huuUord or agent may purchase the things pro-
posed to be removed. Another e.\cej)tion to the gen-
eral rule is in favor of such fixtures as are put up for
ornament or domestic use, as hangings, ornamental
chimney-pieces, stoves, fire-frames, furnaces, gates,
l()ol<ing-gl asses, etc.
"When an owner sells his fai-m, such things as men-
tioned above go with it, unless he expressly reserves a
right to retain them.
,_^sjs^
-^^-^sfr'^-t"
«♦>.
-.!b_*
^^ ROADS, TREES, ETC. ^tV
-^
f\ N ADjoiNixcr road is, to its
M nuddle, owned b\' the
f fai-mer, whose land it
bounds, unless there are res-
ervations to the contrary in
the deeds through which he
derives title. But this own-
rM'ship is subject to the right
of the public to use it as a
road. If tlie farmer wishes
to do so, he may ])lant trees
next to the road, and these
must 1)0 respected as his
property. They may be re-
moved i)y ofJicei-s in charge
of roads, but private parties
are liable for their wanton
injury. A farmer who places
anytliiiig in the road, as
w(jod, sled or cart, or any
I)eriuaneni structure, is lia-
ble to any party who suffers
harm fi'oin running against
them.
At the time of the purchase of u farm, the purchaser
is, of course, entitled to all the trees upon it> but not
those cut for sale or fueL
-5!r-
If a tree grows so as to
come over the land of a
neighbor, the latter may cut
awr.y the parts which so come
over, for he owns his land
and all that is above or below
it. If it be a fruit tree, he
may cut every branch or twig
which comes over his land,
but he cannot touch the fruit
which falls to the ground.
The original owner of the
tree may enter peaceably
upon the land of tiie neigh-
bor and take up ihe branches
and fruit and take them
away.
Ail the manure, whether
spi-ead on the fields or is cor.
tained in th<; barn-yard or
other place, will go with the
farm when the farmer sells
the land. If the farm be let
to another, the manure goes to the les-see, unless the
lessor reserves the righ', to take it away. Manure
may be removed before selling the farm, ii it is not
done secretly or in a way prejwdicial to the purchaser
^.
uch buildings,
operty of the
twithstanding
be built in or
!nant, in mak-
re the land or
otherwise to
t'ere in befoie
ut tho tenant,
^ivfc the land-
tion to do so,
16 things pro-
i to the gen-
I'e put UJ1 for
, ornamental
laces, gates,
lings as men-
ily reserves a
ns
iV
vs so as to
land of a
ter may cut
lich so come
his land
e or below
•uit tree, he
nch or twig
his land,
ch the fruit
le ground,
ner of the
peaceably
the neigh-
10 branches
ake them
whether
s or is cor.
'uyard or
with the
n.ier sells
arm be let
unless tho
Manure
it is not
purchaser
LAW AND LEOAL FORMS.
of the property. Or, the manure may be sold sep-
arately.
The rocka and stones on the land belong to the owner
of the farm. It is unlawful for any one to take away
even a jjebble.
RIGHT OF WAY.
A private right of way n.uy be g rounded on a special
permission, as where the o.mer of the land grants to
another the liberty of passing over his land; in which
case it iii confined to the grantee alone, and ■ xnnot Ije
assigned or <onveyed to another. It may also be to
the grantee, his heirs and assigns. Inking ownci-s of such
a house or close; in which vaao the right passes with
the ownership of such property. The gnintor may
aW> imjio^e .«uch restrictions upon his grant as he
think.s proi»er. X private right of way may be al«o
constitute^! by prescription, as where all the owners
and occupiers of such a farm, or all the inhabitants of
such a hamlet, have for a loiig time used such ground,
such u.-?age supposing an original gniut.
To gain a private right of waj' over a farm by pur-
chase or grant, it must be by deed, full and rei'ular,
and executed in the sjvme way as a deed of the land
itself. If an arrangement l)e mad'" in an oral nuunior
or in a simple form in writing, but not in a fonnal
manner by dce<l under seal, notwithstanding the grant-
or receive full payment from the grantee, it would be
in law revf>cable. This right of way lieing in the
nature of an interest in land, it is by strict law to be
conveye<l by a deed.
A right of way ac(juirc(l by prescription, as indi-
c-ate<l, deiKMuU on a longer or shorter pniod, varying
acconling to usage «»f diU'erent states or coinitrios. In
ma t state>» of the Uninii the jjcriod is tw<Mity years,
but in some -tJites «»nly fifteen ; and the way must have
been used without opi)osition or peaceably, and while
a fiaim wa.» made to do s(>, not by permission or con-
sent of the Gimier. A way only very rarely used, or
used :igain^t the protest of tiie farmer — or even with
his tacit coasent — would not be legally used, no matter
how long such a<e had ••ontinned. A way nni>t 1k' in
a regular and uniform place, since no man can acquire
the right by pn^scription 'o wander over the land of
the filmier where he pleases, or where he finds it suits
his coiivenieiH-e.
This right of way is obtiiined. not necessarily by a
single owner who hius used it for tn'enty yeai"s, b\it it
is huffi'-ient if swcessive owneix have used it wunm
that length ;»f time. If gained only by using it for a
particular purpose, a.-; for gelling out wood from a
wood lot, that would not give the right to use it for
all purix>!>es, after the wood had been cut oil' and the
lot was covered over with improvements.
If a back lot l)e sold, it is necessary to grant a right
of way over your remaining land in order to enable
the buyer to jjass to and fro in getting to any high-
way; otherwise his lot would bo useless. This right,
by necessity, is given by law. Should you sell to
another one-h:ilf, or all that portion of your land lying
ne.xt a big' •vay, and liave no way out other than over
the jiart ? r»ld. the law woid 1 give you the right to
cross the land of the buyer, whether the deed says
anything about ii or not. Though by your deed there
lie :i warrant to the effect that the land is to be free
and not in any way incumijered, the right of way will
be given. " Ne<essity kni ws no law." This right of
necessity last* as long as tlie necessity continues, and
then it ceases. When the land in the rear is, from the
laying out of a new highway, made accessible from the
other side, the owner of the rear land can no longer
(•ros.s over the front portion that he sold and over which
necessity conii>elled him to pass. So long as it is neces-
s;irj- to crf>5» over another man's land, you must go as
you are dire<'ted if the way be reasonable. If the way
should liecome suddenly obstructed by natmal cnnses,
as a washout, something falling in the road, or deb.i-
pilfd .-o as to trench on the way, you would be allowed
by law to deviate from the track and pass around the
obstnjction until you had opportunity to make rci)airs
or remove obstructions. You nnisl koip tlie track
clear yourself. If there Jk' no stipulalious to tlie cdn-
trary, you have the right to make suitahh; gates or
hiirs at the entrances from the highwaj", and these must
\te respecte<l by the other party, who will not Ik*
allowed to lesive them open so that his cattle may enter
upon your land or your cattle iret out.
Right.s of way as al>ove descrii.o 1 are likely to be-
come nuisjinces to the fanner, and sometimes lead to
judici.-'l contests.
RAILROAD LINES THROUGH FARMS.
I{;iilro:id line> are extended over the land of the
farmer, a< a rule, by virtue of an easement, and not by
fee in any land that a company takes bjlaw for a road-
lied. If a ntilroad comjiiiny buys the land of a farmer,
of course the company's right to it is absolute, and in
some s'..tef a railnuitl company may have this absolute
ownership when the land is seized and coudemiied for
railroiid iL-^es contniry to the will of the owner. If the
company ha.« only an easement or right of way, then
tln> exclusivp rights of property in the land and the
^^0
U '
I
trees and herbage upon it belong to the fanner. But
tlie company would have the right to remove an}' trees,
buildings or other objects which may be within the
strip of land over which the line is constructed, and
which interfere with the opei-ation of the line. It
may he taken as understootl that the farmer would not
be allowed, if ho were so disjwsed, to go u{X)n the strip
that the railroad company was authoiizod to use, and
cut and carry away what was gro\,-ing thereon, or
remove turf or soil just as he pleased ; and if a stranger
should do so, he would be liable to the farmer for so
doing.
If a railroad line be changed and the road-bed in the
fanner s land is abandoned by the company, the land,
having been taken for railroatl purposes by law, reverts
to the farmer, wiio nuiy I'eoccupy it.
As regards the fencing on
both sides of the road-bed,
it is generally })rovidcd by
statute that the railroad com-
panies shall build and main-
tain it. A railroad com-
pany is liable for any injury
to the domestic animals which
stray on the road and which
l)el()ng to the farmer whose
land joins the railroad line.
If there be no law requiring*
a railroad company to fence,
then it is the duty of the
farmer to keep liis animals
off the road ; for the com-
pany, unless from negligence
in running the train, is not
liable for injury done to the animals. Railroad com
l^anies are not liable for injuries to animals of fanners
whoso lands do not join their lines, unless thi'ough neg-
ligence in running the animals dowTi.
WATER RIGHTS.
As regards water rights, the farmer may make rca-
sonal)le use of streams on his o\vn land. He mav dig
or cut the channel of a stream i/ii nis o^\ti land so as to
alter its coui-se, but he cannot divert it from the land
of his neighbor, nor cause it to enter his neighbor's
land by other than its natural channel. He may dam
the stream in (jrder to form ponds on his own land, but
not subject the adjoining land to the damage of over-
flow. If the stream be small, so as to affortl no more
water than he requires for reasonable uses, then, per-
hajis. he would have a right to use the whole of it.
Otherwise, the farmer would not have the right to use
all, or monopolize tiie stream to the disadvantage of
his neighbor.
Where an adjoining owner dams a stream so as to
flow on another's land, the owner of such land may
enter on the land of the one who has so dammed the
water, and remove the portion of the dam which caused
the overflow. Or where a natural stream becomes
obstructed through any cause, one would have the
right to enter on another's ground and remove the
obstruction, so the water may flow freely and relieve
his land from the overflow ; nor would tlie owner of the
land, in such case, have any just cause of complaint if
the rubbish from such stream was deiMssited on its banks.
A farmer owns to the middle of the main current of
an adjoming stream, if it be not navigable.
A farmer has a right to all
the surface water on his land
— that which does not flow,
but results from fallinf rains
and melting snows, or ofizes
out of the gri)Ui:d from
springs or marshy places,
lie can use it <'»11 on his own
land, and neefl not let any of
it flow on to a neighlwr's land
unless he chooses. And if
he chooses to do so. he can
turn it all off onto his neigh-
bor's land, even to the injury
of the latter. Wlien surface
water is gathered into a
stream, with be*l and banks,
it is flowing water and is
tiien subject to different rules. A farmer can protect
himself from surface water by building an .nibank-
ment at the edge of his own land, although by so doing
he may make quite a jwnd to the injury of his neigh-
bor's crop near the embankment. While a farmer
may turn his surface water onto your land witliout
being liable, the surveyor of a highway may similarly
turn the road-wash on you. even to sweep sand and
gravel into your best mowing grounds.
Should your neighbor, in digging u< . n on his own
land, even near the line, by chance cut rjff the under-
•'TOund water-course that feeds vour well, so as to
cause your well to run dry. you would have no right
in law to proceed against liim But he must Iw cai"e-
ful not to dig so near as to cause a caving in of your
land into the .'.\cavation.
As '('gjirds water rights and drainage, the law varies
in different states.
U"
the right to use
lisad vantage of
tream so as to
such land may
io dammed the
II which caused
ream becomes
)uld have the
d remove the
h and reheve
e owner of the
f complaint if
d on its banks,
ain current of
e.
i a right to all
er on his land
oes not flow.
1 faliinr- rains
ows, or oozes
Tcmv.il from
■■shy places.
1 on his own
lot let any of
iglilx)r'sland
es. And if
so. he can
to his neigh-
o the injury
'hen surface
"etl into a
and banks,
iter and is
can protect
m _-mbank-
bv so doinor
iiis ntigh-
- a farmer
id without
y similarly
sand and
n his ov\n
tlie under-
so as to
c no right
't b« cai-e-
n of your
aw varies
a
t5
LAW ,VND LEOAI. FORMS.
-i^^TRESPASS
N THE limited sense in which it is here used, the
word trespass signifies no more than an entry on
iinothcr man's groimd without lawful authority,
and doing some damage, however inconsidonible, to his
real proi^erty. The common law regsirds ovcry entry
upon another's land, (unless by the owner's leave, or in
some very particular cases), as an injury or wrong, for
satisfaction of which an action of trespass will lie; but
dctorniines the quantity of that satisfaction by consi<ler-
jng how far tli ■ .■ffonsc was wilful or inadvertent, and by
estimating
the value of
the actual
damage sus-
tained.
A m a 11 is
not only an-
swerable for
his own tres- tm^
pass. l)Ut that
of his ciittle
also, and l>e-
sides his com- ^
mon remedy
l>yaction.the d^^
law gives the I
injured party ft^^^
the power to
distrain the
cattle thus doing damage, till the owner sliall make
h'ni satisfaction.
A farmer may order ;i trespa.v!er olf from his land.
a.\d if the trespasser refuses to go, then the fanner
maj use such force a.s is neces.si»rj- to effect the object.
But he must do the trespiL>iser no grievous bodily
injury, nor use any more t'on^e than is recpiired in sueli
a case. The fanner may call for help, 'nd if iieces-
sjiry, seize, bind and carrj' off the trespiLs> r. and then
relea-'ic h'ni.
Crossi'ig another's land, with tin- ownier's pennission
(without regjird to the numlK-r nf ^ears). woidtl not
give an accpiired right to st. continue. To gjiin t!ie
right to cross another'* premi-ses, "t must appear that
such crossing must havn l)een without the ownerV jx-r-
inission, and through a legal claim to do so. Where
otiiers have been in the habit of p;issing to an<l fro
on an owner's premises, an<l the owner desires such
crossing to cease, it is advl.able for him to cause
notices to be put up ordering all parties to cease cross-
ing his premises under penalty of >)eing considered
trespassei-s.
The statutes of some states nwkos wilful trej<pass a
ci'iminal offense, but usually tresjiass is considered a
civil offense, and the owner's remedy would be through
an action at law for dauiage^i. which, at best, is a ted'.-
ous process,
I'ud does not
always insure
satisfactory
results.
But , where
;i pei-son en-
tersanother's
premiso for
the osteiisi-
>>le pr.rpo.se of
)u rl 1 i n i ng
fruit or other
~jr'. l'»f> pc r t y ,
such e n 1 r y
would l)econ-
-I side re <1 a
S crime, and the
person st) en-
teriuir could be irimii.ially [tunished, whether the per-
son has accomi)lished hi> object or not. and the law
gives to tiu! ownei- the right to forcilily ])ut sucli persons
otV his premises. i)ut would not be allowed to iis«' undue
\ioleuce. ( )wnei-- of lainl are not jK-rmitted Ity law
without duly postinv notii-es to that effect, to place ;wiy
instruments on theii- premise- which are eidculated to
kill or maim tiiose who might enter on the premises.
If another's fowls shouhl come on an owner's laud and
injiu'e his arrowing crops he would have the ritrht of
action airainst the own.M' for the ilamafev they had caus(>d
him, but slioidd h.' destroy them, he could hi' licid lor
their full \alue, notwithstanding he ma_\ have r< p<^al-
edl\- ordered the owner of the fowls to keei> them oil'
his premises, and warned him that if he did not do so
he would kill them.
I
It''''
1
LAW AND LEOAIi FOKM8.
«--^,
;*^fel
DAMAGE BY FIRE.
:-°'%<%|f^ V>~>
w KARMEK may kindlo u fire on his own land, lnil in
U tloin^f so lie must oxeivi.sc due cautiou, in order
I to prevent it from spreudiuf^ to the premises or
iionse of his neiirlil)or. If the latter suffers dam-
tiiife or loss throui^h the neirligence of the former, an
aetioii for <lamai:es will lie asrainst the farmer.
If the owner of a farm has materials, as brush, dry
j^rass, etc., which he would burn up or dispose of in
some way, he should carefully note whether it would
not l>e l)est to rid himself of sueh materials in some
way other than by tire. This
is s|)('cially incumbent upon
him it' his neighbor's fences,
woods, sheds, etc., arecpiite
near, and still more so if the
season be dry and all eom-
l>nstii)ii' ihiufisaretiierefore
extremely susceptil>le to the
daniicr of bnrniuir.
But one's own neirliirence
docs not, it seems, at all
times render them responsi-
ble foi- the residts of a fire
caused by tiicir carelessness;
unless it can be made to ap-
pear tiiat tlicfire was caused
intentionally on the part of
tlie one who set it in opera-
tion, he would not be helil
t'lir damag'es.
If a i)erso:i sliould care-
lessly drop fire from a i)ipe,
or in any other careless manner, on hi.s own premises,
from wiiich tlie flames should extend to, and «'onsinne
an adjoining owner's property, tiie one .so causing tlie
fire to spread would not be responsible in law for such
damage, as it wouhl be considered punishment enough
that the careless party sufier the loss of his own
property.
Nor would one be held for damages l>y a fire which
originated through causes l)eyond his control, even
though he w.'is careless after the fire ignited and per-
mitted it to go out of his control.
Should a sportsman while out hunting carelessly sot
fire to your woods, and if the fire should spread in siieh
a manner as to destro}- your fences, crops, out-build-
mgs, and hou.se, or any of them, ho woulu be respon-
sible to you for the loss so occasioned, notwithstanding
that he may have put forth extraordinary effort to
ijuell the fire ; he would also be responsible for all inei-
dental damages arising from the fire, as, if the sparks
from the fire should be blown by wind from one farm
to another, the entire loss would be attributable to the
first cause, and the one who wrongfully set the fire in
operation woulil be held for the remote, as well as the
inmiediate loss by the fire.
If a farmer loses his house,
or other bni'ding, by fire
thrown from the locomotive
or cars, the railroad com-
pany is liable for the loss if it
be occasioned by negligence
on the part of the company
or their employes.
As a geiu'ral rule, the
railroad comiKUiy, or com-
jianies, wouM likely be an-
swerable in such cases, with
or witiiont negligence.
As the liability from fire
communicatid fiom locomo-
ti\(' engines has become so
great there has been statute
laws passed in many of the
fifatesby which the railroml
companies, or the lessee.'; of
the road, are held resi)onsi-
ble for all damages arising
from fire from this cause, and this, irrespective of any
carelessness on the part of the company or its em-
ployes.
HIRING A FARM BY LEASE.
A written bargain of this kind Avill suffice if the
description o' the land be fairly definite. The law will
seek to car , "uto eflect the meaning of the parties to
a lease.
As to the renewal of a lease, the 'essor is not bound,
except in case of an express covenant to do so. This
expre-ss covenant may be in the lease or in a separate
j>aper.
Leasos are made to contain provisions to the effect
that the lessor may enter and expel the tenawt
'Tvi/fti^
^
ulu be respon-
Jtwithstundiiig
iiiiiy effort to
l)le for all inci-
, if the sparks
from one faiin
luitable to the
sot the fire iii
as well as the
•SOS his house,
ling, by fire
10 locomotive
iiilroiid com-
rtho loss if it
>y negligence
the company
'OS.
il rule, the
iiy, or com-
I<oly bo an-
I cases, with
gcnco.
y from fire
om locomo-
)ccomo so
)pcn .•statute
itiiy of the
ho niilroml
lessees of
resj)ons1-
ros arisino-
ive of any
31' its em-
Soc if the
G law will
parties to
ot bound,
so. This
separate
the effect
Jnaiit on
f
ULW AKD LEGAL FORMS.
account of non-payment of the rent, or that the ten-
ant forfeits the lease and all rights on aocoont of non-
payment of the rent. The lessor must first make a
demand for the rent due and for the exact amount, and
on the day it becomes duo and payable; he must make
this demand of the tenant himself, and at a certain
place, if so mentioned in the lease. Otherwise, his
re-entry will not lie justified.
When a landlord makes a bargain with one who
Ijecomes his tenant, he should give iwsunmces that his
farm will answer the purpose it is proposed to put it
to. Ho should know the defects or ill condition of his
land, and let these be nnder.stood by the inteniling
lessee. If the latter finds he hius lieen deceivetl; that
the premises will not suit his purpose, and he cannot
use it as ho intended, then the lessee may reject the
lease, and the lessor may not be able to onforce his
:;laim against him.
A farm that is leased to a tenant may be sold subjett
to the lease, and t'.ie buyer becomes the lessor. Or, the '
owner of the farm may sell a part of it, or may sell the i
whole in parts to differ-
ent parties, and the rela-
tions of the hirer and
lessee would Ik? the same.
But now there must be
an apportionment of rent.
The tenant will pay the
same rent, but will pay
it to the diflerent parties
entitled to it, etich his .share. In case of the des»th of
a lessor, before the oxpinition of the term for whi^l
the farm is leased, the lessee is liable to the executors
or administr.itors of the deceiised for the rent which
accrued before his death, and to the heir or heirs after-
ward.
There should be an understanding l)etwcen the les^sor
and the lessee of a farm to the effect that it shoulil he
properly cultivated and kept up in accordance with the
requirements of good husbandry. This should be set
down in the lease. Various things relating to how the
farm shall be used, such as gi'owth or rotation of
certain crops, cutting wood, what portions of lantl
should be broken up and sown, distribution of ma-
nure, etc., all may be set down and agreetl ujx)n in the
lease.
The owner of a farm may hire it out on shares,
the owner furnishing to the occupier such tools a*
may be agreed upon, and the latter paying to the
former a certain proportion of the p/oduce as agree<l
HIRING OF HELP.
In this countrj' the relation of the hired and the hirer
is in the nature of a contract. A farmer may make
such a Ixirgain as he wishes to with the man he hires,
or the latter maj' go to work without any words or
arrangement with regard to just what he shall do and
what he shall get for his services. He commences to
work with the knowledge and consent of the hirer.
Where a particular l)argain is made, to pay .so much for
a particular kind of work, etc., the parties will be held
to their contract. If no partioidar bargiin, or no bar-
gain is made, the law will .settle the matter for the
jKirties by presuming that the hired man has done hi.s
work rea.sonably well, or us well as usual in such cases,
and the farmer is bound to pay him a fair price, accorrl-
ing to custom, or as determined by the jury which
jMsses on the case.
If a man hires out to work for certain wages, for a
certain time, but leaves his work Ijefore the time con-
tr.ute<l for has expired — if ho leaves without sufliiient
caiw — he forfeits all his wages, and is not entitled to
any part of them, and
would also \)e held re-
sponsible to his employer
for any damages that
might arise through ha%--
ing left at a time when
his senices were much
needed. If a man Iia.s
agreed to work for an-
other for one year at a stipulated price per month, and
>hould leave the farmer, v.itiiout just cau.se, just at or
iK-fore harvest time, and the farmer should be compelled
to pay twenty dollars extra per month for another per-
son to supply his plnce, ho would have a right of action,
and cf)uld rcn-over the overplus of twenty dollars for
each month up to the expiration of the contract ; in
.<uch csi.se the workman could not claim ani/ comijen-sa-
tioa for the work ho had previously done and for which
he had not rooeivod jiay ; this will also lie applicable in
the hiri-.g of help whether by the day, month or year,
or by the contract to complete a certain amount of
work: sis if one is employed to erect and complete a
i-ertain building for a price mentioned, and without
just cjjuse should akmdon the work before it is com-
plete<l. he would not be entitled to pay for what he
had done.
If a form laborer should be guilty of any misconduct
so as to justify the former in discharging him before
the expiration of the contract, he might collect from
the farmer the amount the services were actually worth.
I4AW AND LSOAL FORMS.
If the iuhuror hIiouIiI have jiint luuse for quitting
work bpfoio liis tinio has expired, he would bo allowed
to do »o, and could compel hiw employer to pay him for
what he hud already done. If the laborer should l)e-
come i)hy8icully incapacitatod, through any cause, from
performing that for which Ik; was employed, he would
bo excusable for (piittin<r, or, if any contagious disease
should become prevalent in the neighborhood, or in the
family of the employer, would be a proper excuse for
leaving tiic employer.
Should th(> farmer ill-treat his help, as by not fur-
nishing them Avith sufficient or proper food, they would
be excusable for leaving his service.
If the employer should re(pure his help to |)erform
unnecessary or unlawful work on Smiday, it would give
them good cause for leaving before the ex))iration of
their time, liut not so, where the work required on
Sunday is necessary farm work, such as the c.ire of
stock, and what is ordinarily knor n iw
^ 4
? ♦ >^>^^^^j^« — ^
LEASES
'•farm ehoros," etc.) for all such work the hands are
not entitled to extra comiKinsation.
A farmer is roeponsible for the culpability of his
hired help in so far as this: If he ordere<l his hired
man to steal from his neighlwr, he would, together
with the thief, Ihj i-08j)onsible. Without his order or
iussent, the farmer would not be resj)onsible for the
wrong-doing of his hired man. But a farmer is respon-
sible on account of the extension of the rule pertaining
to negligence to his hired help, six, through the care-
lessness or mistake of his hired man, the property of
his neighbor might Ik? diimaged. Thu-s, if the farmer
or.iered his hired man to bum a pile of brush in a safe
phue, and through the carelessness of the man the
neighboring jjrcmises caught fire and was damaged, the
farmer wotdd Iw liable for the dire*"t effwts and conse-
quences of the fire.
The attention of farmers is directed to the matter
given under the head of Leases.
-»^
LKAsi; is defined to tw " properly a con-
\ cyance of any lands or tenements
(usually in consideration of rent or
other annual recompense ) madt; for life,
for years, or at will, but always for a loss
time than the lessor has of the premises :
for if it be for the whole interest, it is
more |)roperly an assignment than a
lea.se."
The usual words employed
to constitute a lease are, "de-
mise, grant, and t<> farm let."
Hy this conveyance, an
estate for life, foryeai-s.
or at will, may l)e
created, either in
corporeal or
incorporeal
hero<lita-
ment,s.
Being an instrument of much imix»rtance, a lease
shoidd always be drawn by a res|)c<-table attorney, who
will see that all the condition-, in the interest of the
les.sec, are fultilled.
In taking a lease, liie tenant's .solicitor should care-
fully examine the covenants, or if he take an under-
lease, he should ascertain the i-ovenants c>f the original
lease; otherwise, when too late, he may fiinl himself so
restricted in his occupation that the premi.-es may Ite
wholly useless for his purpose, or he may Ix- involved
in perpetual difficulties and annoyances; for instance,
he may lind himself restricted from making alterations
convenient or necessary for his trade; ho may find him-
self compelled to rebuild or pay rent in c.q.so of fire;
he may find himself subject to forfeiture of his lejtse,
or otli<-r penaltv. if he should imderlet tir a>si<rn his
interest, carry on some particular tnide. etc.
The <()venants on the landlord's part are usually the
granting of legal enjoyment of the premises to the
lessee: the saving him harmless from all other claim-
ants to title ; and also for future :i.>.sunuice. C)n tlie
tenant's i)art. they are usually to pjjy the rent
and taxes; to keep the premi-scs in suitable
repair; and todeliver up iKiis.>ession, when the
^e^^ term has expired.
i
the hands are
Mibility of his
lerc<] his hired
iild, together
t his order or
risible for the
nier is raspon-
jle pertaining
ugh the rare-
e pro])erty of
if the fanner
rush in a safe
the man tiie
damaged, the
t» and f'fjnse-
) the matter
£/^^
nee, a lease
toriK V, who
crest of the
hould f uro-
aii undcr-
tlie original
liiinseif .so
ises may l)e
X- involved
•r instance,
alterations
y rind hini-
!■<' of fire;
' his lejtsc,
JLssign his
Miaiiy the
'OS to the
her claim-
On the
y lli«' rent
II suitable
"hen tlie
I
LAW AND LEGAL FORMS.
If the Undlorvj agree U> pay all the rates and taxes,
it ehoiiid hf- *<» «<et down in the lease. If the tenant is
to he reajma^iMe for taxo8, it must be expressly agreed
in the leajs* tint b* nhall Vk'.
l'nle«» tbCT*- he a covenant against assignment, a
lea.se mar htr a.-»igned. that is, the wiiole interest of the
lessee may be conrt-yed to another, or it may bo imdorlet ;
if, therefore', it ii« intended that it should not, it is
pro{)er to ii»*«ert a <x/\'euant to restrain the lessee from
a.ssigTiing or niBKlerileltiug. Tenants for terms of yeara
may :i.s.sigTi or Miwlf-rlet, but tenants at will cannot.
A tenant "^r. -^'X .■u;iiit> to k<'ep a lunisi; in rejjair is
not answenbU- S": n- natural decay, I)ut is l)onnd to
keep it wiiwl ami wattr tight, so that it does not decay
for w.iiif; of t-orer. A lessee who covenants to pay rent
anil keep th*^ prr^THises in repair, is lial)le to pay the
rent althou;.'ii« tS*e |.«remi><^ may 1h> burned down.
If a lamllor"! if<«'«iant to repair, and neglect to do so,
the tenant mcajrulo it. ami witliliold so much of th(^ rent.
But it i* aflTMahk' that notice thereof should be given
by the tenant to the landlord, in the presence of a wit-
ness, prior to conimeDciDg the repairs.
A tenant muA (leliver up possessiim at the exjiiration
of the term itbe 3*iase being sufficient notice), or he
will continne liaMe to the rent as tenant by sufferance
without any wxew tiontract ; but if the landlord recog-
nizes su<-h tfttiir^y by uice]itinga payment of rent after
the lea.--e bi.-* .-.\a»Jr<'iL such acceptance will constitute a
tenancy; hert fiTW ious to accepting rent, tlie landlord
ma v brins' hr- >>''injcnt without notice; for tlie lease
having expire;*!, th*.- U'nauX is a trespas.ser.
All noti<», of whatsoever description, relating to
tenancies, ^boald l«e in writing, and the persons serving
the said nor.i«v- -tmuld write on the back thereof a mem-
orandum of tL«i^ -iaU' un which it was served, and should
keep a ropy of ibe said notice, with a similar memoran-
dum atta<^h*^L
Houses ATff KMtmsi-Jered as let for the year, and the
tenants arc- 3iTabj>e»ct to the laws atl'ectiug annual ten-
ancies, nnl<>*» ibene l»e an agreement in writing to the
rontnirj'.
No con-i'!'T-;--- ■ will waive the paynuMit of the rent,
should the ,1 insist on demanding it. Even
should the bouHe l»e burned, blown or fall down, the
tenant i' -tilt Sb^e for rent ; and the tenancy can only
he voidable hy ttlji-' jiroper notice to ipiit, the same as if
the house rt'KiaiiiK;"! in the most perfect condition.
The lindlopil bimself is the perscm most proper to
demam! rent. U- may cinidoy another person, but if
he does, be miKrt - .ihorize iiim by letter, or by power
of attorney; or the demauJ may be objected to.
When an agent h&s l*en duly authorized, a receipt
from him for any *ub!««|uent rent is a legal a( quittance
to the tenant, notwithi^tanding the landlord may have
revoked the autbority under which the agent acted,
unless the landlord sbould Lave given the tenant notice
thereof.
A tenant sbouKI he <:areful of his la.st qtiarter's receipt
for rent, tor the production of that document bars all
prior clainj. E*'en wljeii arrears have Iieen due on
forner tpiarters, tbe rw^ipt, if given for the last (piar-
ter, preilu»Ies> tbe landlord from recovery thereof.
When either tbe landlord or tenant intends to termi-
nate a tenancy, tbe way to proceed is by a notice to
(piit, which is drawn up in the two following ways:
LA.Nl>LORlr» TUmCK. TO LEAD'S AT END OF TER.>I.
(A'n/ie iiii'l addfi.** >>/ J*%aii.'-:
Sir: B»-«n» iu tbe poPBeRsion of a certain nipssimge
or t>'tiPmf>iit. with a[«{irjrs*-iuijjix'!-. .-iluate {describe the jiveiiii,ii-a
hri'-jtijj, whiih :»aifl fttvati-^r -Bere Oeiuised to you by me for u I'or-
tain term, to wit: frvm Jbe (Jay of A.D. 188. .,
until thf likj <rt. A. T). 188... luid whidi said term
will ti-rminate and tufim on tbe day ami year la>t aforesaid, I
hereby giv yoa DMk« Ihnit it is my de>ire to have again, and
rp()Os?<»>s the ~,ii'l mreswasi^ or leiii-nn'nl. with the apimrlenanecs,
and I therefore do boebjr jequirc you to leave the same upon the
expiration of the sa&l li*ieiiit>efore mentioned term.
WitneHM my ha&d this. . .d»j of . . . A. D. 188. .
(WUnesa.) (SlQNATUUE..
LAKDLORiyS XOTICE TO yriT FOR NON.PAY.^IENT OF KKXT.
«iIOKT I'OUM.
State '>f 188..
Ti> ( .V.TOI* 'i-f j.e».a»f ;. You Ijeing in possession of the
following dew.-ri!')'*'! fi«*iiois». « hieb you oeeupy m my tenant,
{hfi-'' 'Jeii^riKt rt^ ,r,"«7!iri;e»:» fvfUci^H'ly to i'lenti/ij them), iu {ci'tij,
toirn. or ronntij. -n r.h.^ ii* u.ri/ h' \ uforesai<l, are herel)y notitted to
fliiit anil deliver nf^ irr ts^ ibe ]iremlr.e> aforesaid, in loiirte<'ii days
from this d.ite. a< if-cEiitx i" iaM- your rent being due and unpaid.
Hereof fail not. or I ritkU Uit ^ due course of law to ejei i you
from the same. (Signatukk
( Witm-ai.)
A notice to quit on aineount of non-payment of rent,
may be given at any time, and will be effective at the
end of the period, which is determined by law. The
day on which the tenant must quit should be .specified.
SHORT rOfUf OF LEA.%E. WITHOIT CONDITIONS.
Thltt iHftenture, iiijuie tiiis day of A. D. 18. . ,
between ot in the Comity of and State of
>f the one piut. and . ol the of tlie other
])art :
fFitnesteth. Thai «be ijJd for the consideration lierein-
after expri— eti. h-icb ■ieitui'^ed. granted and leased, and by these
presents doth he^l^^J i'iciaiit<e, grant and lease \mlo the said
and :Ls-i^n!s •- -..At.*geih(^T witli all the privileges and
appiirtenaniK-s th<»n«iii«o brtong^g. TO HA VK AST) TO HOLD
tlie above deserih«d |■Rl■li{«^ for and during the term of
years from tbe iluebermC
And the s;iid "lolh covenant and agree to pay the said
.... or hi.* a.**igj»». tSw «iin of dollars, as yearly rent for
said premises, in enfusl payments of dollars each, at
the expiration 'T eacli and •every months from d.ite. durin"
the continuance of this Le.aw,
LAW AND LEOAI. FOllMS.
In n'itnrn/i ffTirrrof, tlio said pnrtlos hnvp to this anil out'
other liuitrumiMit of thn Hainn tPiior and date liiterrhniippnlily 'I'l
their haiidn HiidrieuJ8 tlio day and year Ilrst uIk>vp urlttoiu
SigneO, sfaleil, unil Jclireietl, nil
the presencf of \.
J
f^Vn/.l
[.S'w/.1
FORM OF I.RAHK HY GRANT, IN U8F IN THK WKSTK.HX
STATKS.
Thitt Indenture, inadi> and oiitored Into on tlii" sccoikI day nl'
.laiiiiary one thousand ulght. hundred and elfjlity-lour. I)y and
between .lolin I>oc, of Mcnipliis. Tcimu'-xm', party of thr lir-l part.
and Samuel Hoe. of tin- same place, of the second part :
WUnesBeth, That the saiil party of tlie tlrst pan. in eonsidrra-
tlon of the rents rmerved, and the covenants hereinafter con.ained,
dfM*. hereby grant, (iendse. anil to farm let, unto the said party of
the second i)art, the j^round tloor. cellar, .-econil and third -loriesnt
the premises known :i.s Ls" DeKoveii street, in tlieCity of .Mi'mjihis.
To Have and to Hold the Same, With ail the ri;rlits,
ininiuiiitie>, privile<;es and appurlcnaiices tliercto Ih'Iom;;!!!;;, unto
the .said party of the second p.irl. and his executors, admini-trators
and ii.ssijrns. for and clurin;; llic full end ::ud term id three years,
comuieneing on the Ilrst day of Mariti. IS.SI. inider and .-uhject to
the stipulations hereniaflcr I'ontaiie'd. I hi" s^riil party of the .second
pan yielding and payin-; to tin' ~aid party of the tlrst part, for the
paid prendse.s, the animal rent (d si.v thousand didlars. payable in
monthly payments; that is to .-ay. live hundred dollars in hand at
the eiisealin;; and delivery of this in-^trument, live lmiidn'<l dollars
on March lir-r tii'Xt, iind live Imndred dollars on the lir^t i if each
wisiiiiijr ludiitli thereafter, until the above-named sum of six thou-
sand dollars shall have well and duly Im'cu paid; which rent the said
party oft he seiond part, for himself and his cxeciilors.adm ini-t rat ors
and ;i--iiriis. covenants well and truly to pay. at the times aforesaid.
And the said party of the second part covenants and a<;rees
that if the rent aforesaidshnnld al any timeremaiii due and unpaiil,
the same-hall iK'ar interest al the rate of eifjlit per cent i)er annum,
from the time it so beci>mes due. until jiaid. .Viid the -aid ]iarty ot
the i-ecoml ivirt further covenants and agrees that it shall Ih' lawful
for the -;dd jiarty td'tln lir-l part, and Iho-e having Ireehold estate
in tlie ]ireini-es, at rea-onable limes, to enter into and uixui the
same, toexaininethe condition thereof: aij<l al-o that the said jiarty
of the sfM-fjiid jiart and his legal rei)resentatives shall and will, , at
the expiration of this leii<e, whether by limitation or forfeiture,
peawably yield up to the saiil party of the first part, or his legal
representatives, the said premises, in the condition received, only
excepting nutiirid wear and decay, and the efl'ects of Are; and that
the said party of the second part, for and during all the time that
he or any one else In Ida niune, hIuiII liold over the premises after
the I'XpIratlon of this lease, in either of said ways, shall and will
pay to said party of the Ilrst piirl double the rent hereinlM'fore
reserved. ,Mso the said party of the second i>art further covenants
and agrees thai any failure to pay Ihe rent hereinlM'fore reserved,
when due and within ten days aflci' a demaiiil of the sami<, shall
procluie an ab-oliitc forfeiture of Ibis lipase, if so determined by
said party of the first pari, or his legal representatives. Also that
(hi- lease shall not be assigned, nor the saiil premises, or any p.irt
lliereof, underlet, without Ihe « ritlen consi'iit of Ihe said party of
the Ilrst part, or his legal representatives, under penalty ot for-
feiture. And that all repairs id' a temporary character, deemed
nivessary by said party of the second part, shall be made al his
own ex|M'nse, with the consent of the said party of the first part,
or his legal representatives, and not otherwise.
I'rorldeil Alwayi*, And these presents are on this express
condiljoii. that if the said party of the second part, or his legal
rejirc-entalivi-. sliall fail to pay the rent hereinlK'fore reserved,
for the space of ten days after the s.iine shall have become due. or
>hall fail to |M-rf'orin any of Ihe covenanls hereinlM'lore entered into
on his andlheir part, then the said parly of tlie Ilrst part shall be
;it liU'rty to declare this lease forleiled. by serving a written notice
to that eflect on the said party of the second part, or his legal
representatives, and to re-enter upon and take possession of the
demised premi.-es. free from any claim of the lessee or any one
claiming under him. And all estate herein granted -hall, upon
service of such notice, forthwith cease, and said lessor, his heirs,
legal representatives or assigns, shall be forthwitli entitled to the
lios.-es-iou of the deinl.-ed premises williout ^ny furthei' juoceed-
ing at law or otherwise, to rei'over possession llicrenf. And the
said party of the Ilrst part covenants and agree- with the said
parly of tlic second jiart. and his li'ii;,.|l repre.-eiitalives. that the
covenants herein coiUaiiicd being Cailhl'iilly performed by the said
party of the second part. In- shall pea^ cably hold and enjoy the
said demised picmises. during the term aforesaid without hiniler-
anee or intirruption by tlie said lessor or any other person.
In WituesH ffliereof, the said parlies liave executed this
indenture in dnidicate. signing their names and allixing their
seals to both parts thereof the day and year in this behalf atnive
written-
In presence of t .TOIIN DOE. [.SV.;/.]
\ HAMIKI. HOE. [Seal.]
-* % -' '
;• ~-^>r-
^
GAM E . .^
--*—
-*— r»-
THEKE is 110 right of property in
wild animals. Any per.soii nitiy
kill or catch game, whether l)ea.st,
liinl or fish. But no man has any
right under the law to go on the land
of another to .shoot, or for ati}' other
purpo>e, unless by jiermission of the
owner of the hmd. In .'some locali-
ties it is usual to put up signs on the
roarl^ide, with the words " No shoot-
ing allowed on those premises."
From this one receives the assurance
that he will l)e pro.secuted if he shoots
on the land, but may infer that he
will be allowed to walk peacefully
over the land. If he has leave to go
on tiie land, tiien he may shoot anil
catch wild iuiimals and fish, and what
he gets is his. So he can l)e i)rose-
ctited for l)eing upon the land witiioiit
leave, not for shooting or catching
or taking game there.
A man may staml in a road adjoin-
ing a farm and shoot ti liird, but
should it fall within the boundaries
of the farm, ho cannot stop over the
line to get the l)ird without being a
trosp!i.s.ser.
A hunter does not acquire legal
ownership in wild animals until they /
are in his possession. A wounded ^
animal belongs to its captor.
fsof (Ire; iind that
igall tlietlrn.. llmt
tlio iin-niiscs after
iiys, sliall anil will
rtiiit licrclnU'lorc
(iiilliirrovcfiaiits
iiilN'ton' icscrvt'il,
I'l' rlic same, shall
■" (Iclcnniiicil hy
'illvcH. Also (Ii:i"t
iilscs, or aii.v part
I 111' said imty <,(
'• licnally dl f,,|-.
liaractcr, ilcriicd
ill III- iiiado at ills
of the llrst part,
•111 this oxprpsK
'iiil, or his Ii'^'al
iH'fdic reserved.
' liecdiiie due, nr
lore entered into
rst |)art sliall l)e
ii "ritten notice
lilt, or his lej;al
"sscssioii lit the
see or any one
ilf'l shall, upon
I'ssuy, his heirs,
•■ntitled to the
iither proeeed-
'ii'or. And I he
with the said
dives, that ihi'
'I'll li.v Ihe said
iiiid enjoy the
ilhoiii hinder-
I'eison.
I'Xeiuted this
■I'lixiii^ their
' liehalf above
{OK.
[•Seal.]
*iioot and
, and whiit
'>e prose-
kI witliotif
1" catcliiiio'
'<1 adjoin-
'»ird, hilt
iiiindMrifs
ovor tlio
t beiiio- a
II
local
til tlmy
ounded
LAW AND LEOAL I'X>RM8.
-t^<^5^
-.^-DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
I^>^»
HE law distinpru'whos animals into such h.h arc
tanic and .such its are wild. Tho foniior arc sel-
dom or never found wandoriii^ at laifro. while
I? the latter are usually t'ound at lilwrty. Tame or
lionu'stic animals are property. .V tanner has
certain rights and litibilities on account of them.
Those who kill or injure them are liable. If his
neiirhbor"s ctittle, or other four footed animals,
come upon his land, he may contim- them in a
pen, or turn them into the rotid. In the former
la.sc lie must give ii,)tice to the owner of such
animals; in tho hitter case, ho is not re()iiircdt<i
give notice.
The owner of domestic animals is Imund to keep them
at home; otherwise, he may lose them or be <il)liged
to answer for any injury or diiniage they do to the per-
son or property of his neiffiibor.
Dogs are naturally mischiev-
ous, and tho farmer is answera-
ble for «ny injury tiiey do to
others. If ii dog runs at any-
one in the public road in a
threatening manner, or runs at
anyone on his own land, tho
animal may be killed on the
spot. In some states tiic dogs
are required to be liceiis(>(l; if
the law is not observed, they
are outlawed, and may be killed
b}' anybody who is upon his
own or common grounds.
Hens cannot be penned up or impounded. They
may be driven away, but must not be killed. .V
neighbor might shoot a hen for habitutilly getting her
food from his garden instead of the grounds of her
owner, whore she ought to I)e; he might throw the
carcase ovor the fence and into tho lot of its owner.
For this, it seems, he would lie liable. Tmt a jury.
who fix the damages in ca.ses of trospa.ss. would |noba-
bly not give much more than a cent's worth of damage
to the owner, whose property had been actually koj)!
at his neighbor's expense.
Whore a farmer turns his animals loose in the public
highway, and they should injure another in either per-
son or property, who was lawfully using the high" 'ly,
tho owner wculd bo held for the damages.
" .\ farmer's old lilack sow was wollowing in a gut-
ter by the road side, and frightened a horse :ind throw
a young lady <nit of the carriage : the farmer was held
for (lamairos." " .\ man permitted his horse to feed in
tho highway, .'^omc children were there playing, and
.some of them iK'gan to switch him, whereupon he
kicked one of them, fiom the injury of which the child
dieil. The t'armer was held for inanslaiightei'." Severe
as this law may seem, it mii:lit l>e more haivh if the
owner was ctjgniziint of tlir t'a"t that hi- animal was
\icious, iis l»y reference to the old .Mtisaii- laws. t!iat,
•• If the ox were wont to push with his horn in time
pa.st, and it litith Im'oii tostitied to his owner, and he
hath not kept him in, but that he hath killed a man or
a woman; thi> ox shall l)e stoned, and his owner shall
also be put to ilcath " ( Kxodus 21-2",' ).
A jwrson who owns or keeps vicious animals on his
own premises would Ik? held for
any damages caused to persons
crossing, or going on his premi-
ses, notwithstanding that the
lx?rson so injured was a tres-
pissor on tho farmer's land, un-
less tho farmer has taken the
precaution to post up notices
warning pa.ssoi-s by of the dan-
ger. A man wa? tinod tivc hun-
dred dollars for injury done a
man from a vicious bull which
ho kept on his premises for the
purpose of ridding himself of the annoyance of i>oople
coming on his premises to catch fish from a pond
thereon. The owner's liability is even greater when
people are lawfully entitled to iross or go on to his
premises. Where an owner is aware that any brute oi*
brutes that he may have are vicious, and he does not
confine them, he is. in law. guilty of gross negligence.
IV,. t it would lie difi'erent if he was not aware of their
vicious proijcnsities. Without some carelessness can
be proven on the part of an owner of a horse which
ran away and injured some person, he would not be
responsible for damage. But where a thrmer leaves his
team unhitched and it runs awr;y and injures others or
their property it might be otherwise.
The farmer has tho right of ownership in animals
the same as in any other species of i^ersonal property,
^^
LAW AND LKOAL ruKUS.
and can only be deprived of such ovrnerehip by and with
his own consent. Wliere aniiniils liavo strayed away,
or hc(>n stolon for such a pori(Ml of time as to give tli'>
faniicr just cause to give tlioui up as lost forever, and
liiey should r.fterwards bo discovered, the ownersliip
would still reside in him. This would include such
animals as were ouic pul)iic property, hut which have
been reclaimed by num, as where a Hock of wild g(>eso
had l)een tamed, aiul afterwards strayed from their
owner and were shot by a siM)rtsnian, who sup|K).sed
that they were still the property of the public. Ilo
was held for the value of the geese.
Bees are held to he private pro|K'rty while in one's
own hive, and often when on one's own premi.ses; but
where they tak'c to the woods and hnlge in a tree
belonging to another man, a c|uestion might arise as to
the right of ownei'ship.
If ;i miin owns a dog. and allows him to I'un at large,
he will be held rcs|H)nsii)le for any damage tiie dog may
do. This will be the case notwithstanding that tlietlojr
was never known to be otherwise than gentle and good
natured. If, while the dog is at large, a ciiilil or chil-
dren should tease him until he became irritated to such
an extent as to bite one of ihein, the owner would have
to pay the damages, which might be <pii(e extensive,
iiut it woultl be ditfert^nt if a man should molest a dog
and get bitten, as the dog would then b», the victor.
.\ nuin must pay all danuiges his dog luvi caused, even
though the dog bo licen.sed, as the license is not
intetuled to protect the owner from tho dopreihitions
(ff his dog.
"When a person is assaulted by a vicious dog, ho nuiy
take tho law in his own hamls by sh(X)ting the dog to
death ; but ho would not be permitted to j)lac<( pois(m
where the dog might get it; or where a dog is chasing
any aniuuds belonging to other than the owner of the
tlog, th<! dog may be shot without rendering thc! jx rson
so killing liable for damages; and so, if a dog should
continually come upon your iircmiscs. and disturb your
pcii.ce by howling or barking, you may shoot him with-
out being liable for danuiges. Not so, if the dog was
merely crossing your premises.
^y.^^^ ^!*'-
.JiL.
^^ FRUIT, WHO OWNS IT? ^
-irr-
«>^-^-«,— I— ■
'i^
■ — 1- I>=^m(.
"tr-
(\^/ T oFTKx becomes a question involving some
/A nice points, and friMpiently troubicsonu* and
^B expensive litmation. between pei-sons whose
,'\_F^. liouinliiiy lines are joined, and where either
^>»— ^ or liotli of the ]iarties have fruit trees iieiir
sucii line, to know at all tinu's which party is entitled
to the fruit from such trees.
It is giiierally supposeil tliat a person who owns
land owns not only the surface, but also everything be-
low and above it. and that his propei'ty
extemls downward to the center of the
earth, and upward indefinitely, includ-
ing all that is above as well as all that
which is underneath the surface. I'ut
it seems that there is a limit to thi>
general rule. An owner surely owns
everything above his land which is
alli.xed to it, but it would be different where trees .stood
on the land owned by another, notwithstanding that
some of the roots fvom which the trees drew their sus-
tenance extended to and even imbeded in the soil of
an adjoining owner, as tiiis woidd not give him any legal
right to the fruit from such trees, though the branches
on which the fruit grew should overhang his line. The
owner of the land on which the tree stands would have
lie right to ])ick the fruit from the entire tree, and
! all
.should t'lie owner of the land over which the brnnchos
extended attempt by force to [)rovent the owner from
gathering his fruit, he might be liable for an assault and
battery If tiie fruit should fall intoan adjoining ovrn-
er's Held, the owner of the tree might have the right to
cross over and ])ick it up without being a trespasser.
An owner of land would be resjionsible for any and
111 damages arising from having j)oisonous trees, the
branches of which should overhang the land of another,
so that his cattle feeds from tiiem and
are thereby killed.
"Where a tree stands on a dividing
line. th(> tree as well as the fruit would
be owned in common between the par-
ties owning tho land, and neithw of
them would be allowed, without per-
mission, to cut the tree dt)WU.
Every one owning land has a jjcrfect right to plant
fruit or shade trees to any number, and at any ])lace on
such grounils, as nuiy suit his own convenience or taste;
and if the trees should shade a neighbor's ground in
such a way as to render it u.seless, or if thej should
cause his house to become damp and unhealthy, he
would not be excusable for injuring the trees in any
way. Any resort tending to the destruction of trees
on another's premises would be a daagarous business.
■*B««a
•MNMOT
LAW AND LF.OAL KOKMH.
- -•<i >^*»W(*ws •-
ji^t
..MORTGAGE.
; • • >^
B'
\\ >rMit'iiiA<ti;. tin- loiivcyiiii'T
(if an cstali'. real or |xt-
Hoiml, i« cinMtfil liya dolitor
in liiNoi" of lil> ircditnr, as a
plcdfii' or .H(?('uiily l<"" " <li'lit.
Till' ilclttor, oi iH'i-soii will) ron-
vcys imnHTly as sciurity tor
(1(1)1, i (hIKmI tho Moiliraircf.
Tlic crcililor, or jxTsoii to wlunii
projuTty is niorlpa^^'t'd, iscallctl
tho Mort^'a^i'c. Tln' coiivcy-
aiicc is absolute ill lorm, lv;.t siil>.
Jcct to a proviso l>y wliidi it is
to hfcoiiK^ void, oi' liy whicli tlic plcd^jc is to lie ri'ioii-
vcyiMJ upon I'cpayiiiciit to the irrantcc ot' tlic primipal
sum sccurcil, witii interest, on a certain tixeil day.
Upon tiie uon-pert'orinanco of tliisciuidition. tin' nmrt-
jjajfce's estate heroines alixilute at law, liiit remains
ledeemahle in e(|iiity dui'inir a limited peiiod.
Ill ^''eneral, every description ot' pi'operty. and every
kiml <>!' interest in i( which is capal)lc of aii-oiiite sale,
may lie the subject ot' a leirnl mort^'a^c, uv it^ ei|iiiva-
leiit ill e<|uity.
A deed, if really intended only as a s.'curity for
money, will be treatecl as a mortiru^re, altliomrli, in
t'orm, it pnrpoi'ts to be an absolute conveyance or
assiLrnment.
So Ion <f as the mortpiiror remains in poss.'ssion. the
mortiTiiyee"-* estate is not absolute. As to the riy-lits of
the mortiia^'ee, he is entitled to enter into posstv-sion
of the lands, ami alter notice to the tenants, to recover
the rents and jirotits, miles.-, there is some iijrroenient to
the contrary. He may irraiit leases, subject to the
eipiity of redemjition, and avoid by ojectment. without i
notice, any lea-ses iliat may have been made bv tho
mortu j»or without his coiieurrcnco sulxsequently to lii.s
mortiratro. Ho must, however, .aeeoimt t'or the rents
which ho receiver, and pay an oceupatioii rout for such
parts a.s ho may keep in his own po.sso.ssiou .
A mortirairce is not allowed to obt^iin any advantage
out of the security beyond his principal and interest.
Though th(! ni()rtgage(>, after thp mortgagor's default
ill payment of the prineipul sum and interest, has tho
absolute legal estate, ho is still considered in equity to
kold only as u .security for hisi debt. In order to obta'n
absolute pessession of the estate, the mortgagee has to
tile a bill of foreclosure against the mortgagor < ailing
upon the liittJT to redeem his oKtiite forthwith, by pay-
ment of the |)riii<'ipal money, interest, and costs, and
if ho tail to do so within the time speeitie(l by th"
court — usually three yeai-s — he is torevor barred and
fonu'losed of l>is e(piity of redemption, and the mort-
gagoo lu'comes owner in e(|nity as he iM-foro was in law.
In the "vont of a sale, the surjilus, after deduction of
tho principal sum, interest, and expenses, must lie
tUTonntod for and paid to the mortgagor, his heirs,
oxj'cutors, administrators, or assigns.
The above genenil remarks apply principally to
mortgages of land.
FORM OF .\ MOUTOAOG.
Thin TtHhutiirr, Mnili- llii il;iy iif . . In tlio voar
I'f uin I. "Ill mil' lliim-ainl ci^lit liiiii<lr<'(l ami iM^twcfn
I I 111' ill tlic ('niiiity III' iiiiil St lite of
party i>r ih" lli>l jiart, ami >!' tlr- in tin- ('(.iiniy of
mil St;r;<' (if parly 'if I In- sere mil part.
n hrmrn, TIk' >aiil party nf IIh' llr-t part i- jii-'lly iiiilclit(>il
111 llii' -aiii parly (if till' siM'niiil part in llie sum nf iluliar-
-ccnii'ii I" 111' pail I liy ci'itaiii.
Xoir, Thvri-f'orr, fhin Iiiilriiture h'llm'unrth. i li;ii llu-
-ail party cf 111'' lir>l pari, fm- Un' licttrr -I'lininj; ilir pa\ iiiriil (■!
till' inoiicy afiii'psai'l. witli Interest IlicrfMni lU'ciinliii^ to llie ti'iinr
anil I'tl'i-ii .if till' riiiil . . . .alMivc tiii'iilioiii'il. aiwl also in roiispl-
eratloii nf ilu- I'linhi r -iini I'f < Mii' llollar In in liami piiil liy
llii- <aiil parly nf the sconul iiart. at llii'ili'livcry nf tin' rri'-i'iit-.llii'
ri'iiipt \\ liiri'iif is liiTi'liy ackimu ii'il^ji'il. Iia. . ;riaiili'il, liari;aiiii^.
-(i|i|, reniisi'il. rcli'iusi'il. cunvcyi'il, alii'iicil anil roiiliinii'ii, aii'l liy
Itii'-c I*ii-i'iit- iln •;rant, liargain. srl'i, ii'iiii-c. iclra.-i'. rniiM-y. alien
ami I'oiillriii. iiiitn tin' -aiil party nf llir vimihhI pari ami tn
Iii'irs ami as-i;;iis fnrcvcr, all tlic fnllinviiiLi; ilcscribi il Int. ., piire. ..
nr parei'l. ., nf laml. -Itiiatc in the Cniiiity nl ami State of
ami known ami i|i'-i riliiil as I'nllnus, to wit: {Ilete ii.sirt
ih'Srrip'*0 ' ■'/ pi'nprrt ',)
To Have ami to HoUl tin- Same, 'rojrotlior witli all ami
siin.'nlar tho ti'iiciiii'iils, iH'ri'iIitaiiu'iii-, privili'itcs, ami itppiiiti'-
iiaiu'o. tli'ii'iinln iH'inngin^, or in any wise apiH'iiaiiiin;^: ami also,
ail the I'-tate, iiueri'st ami I'laiin wiiatsnever, in law as well as in
ei|iiiiy. whiili the saiil party nf the lirst pan ha., in ami tn the
premises hereliy lOiiveyeil. iilltn the saiil pally of the r-eeomi pari,
heirs ami assigns, ami tn their nnly proper um'. heiielit. ami
tiehnof fn rover;
I'rovi<leil ultra If. ^, ami these I'resents are iipnn this kxi'I{K,-s
ciiMililiiN, thai if the saiil party nf the lirst part. .. ....heirs.
cxei'iilnrs. nr ailininistratnrs. shall well ami truly pay, or cause tn
Ix' paiil. to the saiil party ot the scconil part heirs, oxeeii-
tors. aihninistrators, or assigns, the iiforesaMl sum of iiioney, with
intere.-t therpoii, at the tiiiio anil in the mam "i- siM^iitieil in the
above mentioned aeeonling to the true intent ami nnaniiig
tliereof, then ami in that ease these I'reseiils. ami everything hiieiii
expres,~eil. shall lie alisoliilely iiiill ami voiil.
Illlt it is further Provided and Agreed, That if default
he inaili* in the |iayment nf the said nr nf any part therenf,
nr the intrr(«st tlierfnii, or any part thereof at the time and in tiie
mauner uud at tlin pluce above limited and spocilied for the pay-
I
) i :
nioTit ilicrMif. "I- ill I'lino 111 wii»i»> iir non-pnympiit «\ t;ixi'« nr
ii..i'.«iMi<i.ii>, or iii'KliH't 1<> pniriiri- or n'lw'w lii'iiriincp. lu li<-n'li>-
uft'T iniivlilcil, nr III «':u«t' of tilt- lirraili of iiiiy i<( (In- ("ovi'iiuiilt or
u^ri'i'iiii'iiti licri'ill coiilallii'il, thru iilut In niirh >;!.-<■, tlio wliolo of
mill prliii'lii:il iiiiil liil('r("<t. -iiiiri'il liy ihi' "nlil ..In tlil«
Morl^iip- iiii'iiltoiK'il, kIiuII llii>ri'ii|Miii. at tli)' uptloii of tlif Kiiil
|i:irty of till- Kifoiid |Mrt In'lf<, i>xiH<iitor», llclllllnl^t^Ht•■^■.
ultofiii')^, or a>4lKii^i Im'^'oiiio liiiiiitdlati'ly duo Hiid payablr; iiiiy-
lliliit; liiTflii or III nald rontaliicd t» the I'oulrary iiotwllh-
i.laudliii:. .\nd till- Mortpagi' may In- lmiiii>dliitoly forwl I (o
|Miy llif •ami' liy ".aid pirty of tlii- ki-coihI Jiart Iiiir«. <x<'i-
utiT-. a'linliii-trator-. or it-iljiii*; or tin- >ald [iiirty of ilic -rrond
part Iii'lr-. rxiTiitdri-, udiiiiiil-lrator>', atloriicy-, or iv-ljiii".
afirr piililUlilii;; a iiotlic 111 any ni-wspajM-r at tli.it llnio pulill-hod
III til.' Ill till- .'italH of for wcfki Ixf.iro tin-
day ol Mii-li fall', may foil tli« nald prciiil-i"-, and all right and
iijuily of ii'ilcinptloii of thi' naiil party of the llr"! part
lifir-.i'Xfi'iitor!«.ndinliiUtrator''.or!i>"»lf;ii'<tlifr<'iii.at p.ililicauitloii,
Ht tin- Ill llio ■ ill lIu'HtatiMif or on f.iidpn'iii-
l-c!'.or any part tlirrmf, a..* may Ix' j'lM'rltlrd In the iiothc of such
!ial". to the hlirhi'-l hiddiT for ra«h, at thi' tiiiu* iin-ntloni'il In tiiii'h
iiotU'f. or may po>t|Hitii' or adjoiirii "aid falc front timi' to tiini* at
dl>i'ri'lioii, \\ itii or ^^ illiout ro-ailvt'rti.'.llig.aiid iniiy sell "aid pri'iii-
iT-i diina^-i'. or In "I'paralo pari'i-N.
.iMfl till' >aiil party ol tin' llr^t part iH'rchy •["•olally lovoiianl
and aj,'ri-'. to and with Iht'i-aid parly of tin' mn'oiid part to walvi'.
and hcri'hy « aivi'.* r'fjht "f e<liilty of riHloinptloii, and fur-
ther acne that will iirithcr a-^^ort or claim any muli right
on a i^alt'of tlio uIhivc di'srrilM'd pri'nil*e'» by vlrtiic of iiii'' Mmt-
i;:i;;i'. .\nd u|Hiii the making; of ^ui'li sain or sali»<. tlii' >.ild parly
of Ihi'tlr-t part do. hnilpy aiitlioriz<>. niiiiowcr am! diri'it tin-
>ald jiarty of tlii' sivoiid parr, hi- •■xt'cutors. adiiiinl-trati i>, attor-
iii'V^' or a.-^i^.'!!-. Ill hi- or Ihrlr own iiaint'. to inaki', <'XP<'utt* and
ililivi r to the inirrha-i'r or piinha-rr" tlitrpof, a difd or ilo'd* for
till- pn-miscs so sold, aiidcovi'iiant and agri't- that .ill the nvitiUs of
siieli dei'd or deeds setting forth the fact of due notice, advertise-
ment, and sale and any and .ill siiiti other f.n.'tsaiid statements a-
iiiay lie projM'r to evidonee the legality of such sale or sales orcon-
veyance or eoiiveyances. and that the same have lio^ii duly made in
all resjK'cts so as to meet the r<H|uiremen|s herein contained, or
ari-ing in law. and iiece.isary to convey a good title, shall Im- taken
and cnii-idered as prima facie evidence of all such (act.s and mat-
ters set forth in -iicli ncilals; and out of the proce<'ds of such (sale,
or money arl-iiig tlierefroin. the -aid party of the stvond part • •
. . executor-, ailmiiii-tralor-. attorney-, or assigns tlr-t to pay all
costs and exjien-es incurred in advertising, selling and oonveyiiig
-aid in-emi-e-. including the reasonable fees and commi-sions of
-aid iiaity of the -econd part, and all other exi»'iise-. including all
moneys advanced for taxes, and other liens or .tsspssnients with
interest thereon at [kt cent iM'r aiimiin. together with the
sum of . dollars for attorney's fees, then to pay the jirincipal
(if said whether due and payable by the terms thereof or
not. and iiitorpst fhereou up to the lime of such sale and to render
the overiilus. if any, to said party of the lir-t part legal
rejireseiitatives or .xssign-, on reasonable rei|ue-t, and in ciLse of the
f'ireclosiire of this Mortgage liy proceeding- in court, or in case of
any suit or proceedings at law or in ei|uity. wherein said party of
the second part executors, adniiiiistrators or .issigns shall
Ix-a party. plaintiff <ir defendant by rea-on of beluga party
to this Mortgage, lie or they sh.ill Im- allowed and paid their reason-
able costs, charges, attorney's and solicitor's t'ei-s. in such suit or
proceeding by said party of the llrst part, and the same shall be a
further charge and lien upon said |ireini-e< under this Mortgage to
Iw paid out of the prmeeds of sale therinif. if not olhemise paid
by said parly of the lir-f part.
And in CoHfiulcrafion of the money jiaid as aforesaid to
the .said party of the first part, and in order to create a first Hen
and iniiinibranco on .lald preiiil«es under tbi- MortgiiKC for the
plir|M)ses aforesaid, and to carry out the foregoing i-liifltlc applii ii-
I loll of the proceeds of any sale that may Im> made liy virtue ben'of,
the said party of the tlr't part do. hereby release niiiI naivi'idl i igbt
under, iiiid lM>nelll of, the exemption and liomixfead hv.* of the
fltate of Ill and to the lands and premises aforesaid, and the
proceeds of mile tlieieot', and iigret" to niirreiiiler up |)<i«ses«loii
thereof to the piipcliaser or piiriiha»cr« at such -ale. |ieaceably on
demand.
.ttnl the «ald for and heiri. executor-, and
ailminl-tralors, covenant and agree to and »itli the "aid parl> of
the second piirl -xi'ditor-. administrator'' and assigns, that
at the time of the onsealliig and delivery of tlie-e present* ....
well sel/ed of i-aid premi-e-. in fet> simple, and ha- good right, full
power and law till authority to grant, bargain and sell thi>saiii<' In
maimer and form as aforesaid; that the same are fri-e and clear of
all li'ins and incumbrances, whatsoever; and that • "illfor-
eviT warrant ami defend the same against all law(\il claims; that
the said party of the llr-l part w 111 in due seuj<oii pay all taxe* iiiid
a--e.— menls on saiil premises, and exhibit once n year, on deniand.
rei-eipts of the proper persons, to said party of the second part, or
a-.-igiis. showing payment thereof, until the iiideli|<.diie-s
aforesaid shall be fully paid; and will keep all biiildiiigs that may
at any time lie on said premises, ilnring the continuance of said
Indebtednc-s. insured in such conipany or coin|ianies as the said
party of the second pari or assigns may from time lo time
direct, for such sum or sums as such company or companies will
insure for, not to exceed the aiiioiinf of said Indebtedness, except
at the option of said party of the llrst part, and will assign, with
pro]H>r consent of the Insurers, the jxilicy or jmllcles of In-iinince
to -aid parly of the second part or assigns, as further
-ecuiity for the indeliteilni-- afore-ald.
.Villi 111 case of the refu-al or neglect of -aid party of the first
part, or either ot them, thus to Insiiri'. or assign the indicies of
insurance, or to pay taxes, .-aid party of the second part, or his
executors, adiuiiilstrators or assigns, or cither of them, may pro-
cure such insurance, or jiay such taxes, ami all moneys thus paid,
with Interest thereon at |)er cent |i<'r aniiuni, shall become
so much additional indebtedne--. secured by this Mortgage, and to
Ih' paid out *if the proceeds of sale of the lands and liremi-es afori--
said. If not oiheiw ise paiil by -aid party of llie tlr-t part.
Ami if in Stipulntvil mid .lyfcrd, 'I'h.it in case of default
in aii.v if -aid payments of principal or interest, accordliig to the
tenor and elVeil of said atore-aid, or either of them, or any
part thereof, or of a breach of any of the covenants or agreements
herein tiy the jiarty of the flr-t part executors, administra-
tors or assigns, then, and in that case, the whole of said pr'ncipal
sum hereby secured, and the intere-t thereon to the time of sale,
may at once, at t lie option of said party of the second jiart
executor-, administrators, attorneys, or assigns. iKM'ome due and
payable, and the said premises be sold in the manner and with the
same ellect as if the said Indebtedne.ss had iuature<l.
In Witness Whereof, the said jwirty i .f I he first part
hereunto set hand, -and .seal. . the 'day and year first abow
written.
iSeal]
ISeal.-]
•t. ISeaU]
Siijned, sealed, and deUvtni
in presence of
|ai'ill>' il|i|>li< II-
Y virliii- hrri-of,
I wiilvi'iill liKht
ml \;\\\* of tlin
irf«ulil, mill llio
ll|l |M>"!'f'««|llll
I*, iicao'iilily «m
i'XP«'ulor>. iiiiil
n> iialil |iaity I if
ml ui<»lKiiy, lliat
riiii'iit* • • • ■
I(<)imI ri^lit, lull
!>i'll llir HaiiK- ill
Vfi- iiinl 4 |i';ir of
. » ill I'lir-
Ail I'liiiinc ; that
ly all laxcii miil
i-ar, KM iloiiiaiiil,
»'«^'<iiiil part, <ir
lie liiili'l)|<'<lin'>!'
liJiiiK-' tliat may
liiiiiatiDMil' calil
lilt'?! H* till' caiil
nil time to tiin<>
n>niiianli'!< nvIII
itriliir--'. cxii'lit
illl a'^-l):ii. witli
Ifs of iii«urain«'
Igiis, ail I'lirtlicr
arty of ttio first
I till" lKillllo< of
ml jiart, or lii^
ilii'iii. may pro-
iticy'i tliii-' jiaid.
m, shall iK-i-Kiuc
Iiirtjjajji'. ami to
pr^•lIll^p» aforo-
t part.
caso of ili'faiilt
I'ltnllii}; to the
of thiiii. or any
s or agrociiiciits
rs. adiniiii^tra-
f call] pruiiiiial
10 tiim* of CiUo,
onil part
irtoiiif* iliii' ami
ii'r ami with the
lir>t part
vear first above
L4W AMI) I.KUAI. roKMI
i!
^fjKA.--«.- .- r- .V r. .->r^
I
■^?^— DEEDS,
I
II iiKKn is a fonnal iliwument, oii |)ii|HT or pjm'liincnt,
W (Inly sij;tiiil. swilwl ami ilfliv.-i-*-*!. In tliin conn-
\ tiy. pnor.illy. lan<U an* tnin>.ftTi'iMl only liy a
(ItTtl. wlrili is siyniMl, walf«l, aikiiowlrdgi'd,
(Iclivt'i'iMl ami rpconlwl. W'lwn iiuulo by one party
only, a tlffd is cullfil a tloo<l |><>ll; wlion Sfvcnil |iaitii'S
aro concrrncil. iin iniliMitun-. A ilf^il jiolliscut rvcn.
or polled at tilt' t'dj.'is. Tin* form conimciicfs in the
inodt; of a dfclaralion, "Know ail men by tlicMJ prt's-
t'lits, that," I'tf. Tlif fonii appnipriati'*! to an indon-
turc, or a dofd among s«>veral |)iirtu's. is: "This inden-
turi', niado, etc., between, etc., Witnossetli," etc.
A proporlyarrangiHl di'o*! of conveyance usually con-
sists of the followini.' piirts: First, tlit' date and names
of tht> parties; secondly, the recitals in which the
intentions of the partis and former transjictions with
reo-ard to the same are recount-
ed as far as necessary. Then the
o|)enitive jiart. consisting of the
habendutn, which «lefines the
estate or interest to be grante*! ;
the tenendum, usually joint>d
with the habendum, but it i>
unnecessary, since the tenure i>
never expressed, e.vcept u|K)n a
suli-grant or lease reserving
rent; the reddendum, or the
reservation of some new thing,
such as rent to the grantor. Next come the enii
ditions, if any. annexed to the grant, the cove-
nants, and the conclusion, which mentions the execu-
tion, etc.
A deed must l)e signed and sealed by the grantor,
and by the griintee also, if any agreement or covenant
is entered into by him. The delivery and recording
of a decHl completes its efficacy, and thence it takes
effect.
A deed is gcnid although it mentions no date, or has
a false or impossible date, prcjvided the real date of
its delivery can l>e proved. After execution, a deed
may become void by er.isure. interlineation or other
alteration in any material part; but, generally, such
alterations are presumed to have been made before
execution.
I6
FORM or A WARRANTY DEED
Thii Indenture, Maili' lliii day of In tlic ypur
of our Uml our tliiiUNind ilkchl humlrvd Mid clKhly- bttwuin
of till- Ill llie C'lHinty of nnd Sliilf of
imrty of the tint (virt, uud of llu' In the County of
and Siaic of pnfty of tlit- Mtond part.
Witnecaeth, That tlir Mild parly of ibi' Ilr«t part, for mal In
('oiiviilcralioli of llii' Miiiii of do|lar> in hand |>ald l>y tin' "aiil
parly of tlir mi olid |Kirt, tlii' nirlpl wlnri-of i« In-n liy in Unowl-
cdt'i'd and 111!' '•aid party of llifMiond i«nrl fonviT n li iiwd and dis-
cliarKni llicri'froin, lia. . . .irranlitl. Iinrcaiind. <.o|il, ri inixd, ri'lriisiil,
coiivfvid, alinird and i'onllniii'<l. and hy lln-«c priM'iilH do. . . .(;riim,
liarKain, sill, n iniHi'. nltiiM'. lonvey, itllt-n and (onlirin iiiilo llin suld
party of llif sfconil part, and to hiir< ami iiH-^icnt koiikvkh,
all till' following di'M'rili<.-<t lot. ., piece. .. oriwrcid. . . of land Hiluatiil
III the County of and State of uud iimiwii and
dcwrihcd a.i follow «. to-wit:
Toffetber with all and siapUar, The htnilltmnintH and
appiiilcnani 1 H Ihirinnto Ih loiigiiij; ir in ainwisc apiHTtainiiifr, and
Ihi' rtvcision and r(Vcr»ion!<. rt'iiiaiodt-r and riinaindir>, rents, Issues
and prollt.s thereof; and all the olalc. riiihl, title, interest, i laim or
deiinuid what.-oever. of tlie faid parly of
the first part, either in law or eiiuily,
of, in and to the alM>ve harpiined prein-
t*;*. with the In n-diiainenls and appur-
teimntf*: To Have and to Hold the
said pnuiises aN'Ve 1'ari.Mined and de-
scrihnl, with the appurtenances, unto
the s,'iid I«rty of the Mtomi part
heirs and a.v«ii:n<, kokkvkh.
Acd the said party of the
tir>t p:u1. for heirs, exeeiitors
and udniinislnitors, do. . . , civenant,
prant. harcain and airree. to and with
the Hiid l>arty of the weoiid part
heir* and aissiiins, that at the time of
the ensealins: and delivery of these pre.s.
nils well sei/id of the pr<nilse« aUive conveyed, as of a pmd,
sure, perfect, ahsiilute and indefeasible e>tate of inherilance in law, in
feu simple, and ha. . jrood right, full |>ower and law I'nl authority to
grant, harirain, sell and convey the .same in manner and form afore-
.said, and that the same are fn-c nnd elear from all former and other
granl.s, liaruaiiis, sjiles. lien*, ta.ies. ass«->.smenls and incumhrances, of
what kind or nature sinver: and the hlmve |iargaine<l premisis, in the
(juiet and piaceaMe |)os.sessinn of the s;iid party of the , second part,
heirs anil a^siims. against all and every o;her ixrson or in rsons
lawfully claiming or to claim the whole or any part thereof, the said
|)arly of llu- first part shall ami will Warrant and Forever Defend.
And the .said party of the tir-t i>art herehy e\Mri— ly waive. . . and
rciea.se.. any and all right. Unetil. priviU-ire. a : outage and e.vemp.
tion, under or liy virtue of any and all ."statutes ol ijie Slate of
proviiling for tlie exemption of homesteads from sale on execution
o' otherwise.
In Witness Whereof, the stiid parly of the first part Iutc-
tinto set. . . .hand, .and seal, .the dav and vear flrsl above written.
aij/md, nidUd, and ildivtnd iit pnt- < [■'^"'■]
em-e of. S [Sial
LAW AND LEGAL FOKMS.
FOKM OK TIlt'STKE'S r.:ED.
Thia Indenture, Maile tliis diiy of In tlie year
of our l.onl one thousand eight hunilred anil tighty between
of the In theCiiunly of and State of
party of tlie (Irst part, and of the In the County of
and State ol psirty of the second part.
W UnenHeth , l liat, wherexs of the In the Cojnty
of and State of l)y a eertahi Trust Deed dated the
day of V. D. 18. • • .did bargain, sell, and eonvey
unto as Trustee, liis heirs and assigns, all the prem-
ises hereinafter deseribed, to seeure the payment of certain
promissory note , in said Trust Deed particularly mentioned:
And, irhercas, it was expressly provided in said Trust Deed,
that, in case dctniilt should be tniiilc in the payment of tlie >?dd. . . .
promissory note . or any part thereof, either of principal or Inter-
est, according to the ten'ir and ctVect therof. or in case of the
breacli of any of the covenants or agri>ements in said Trust Deed
mentioned, then, on the application of the legal bidder of the said
promissory note , the said after publishing a notice
in any newspaper iirinteil in the l«'fore the day of
such sale, might sell and di-pose of the said premises, and all the
right, title, bcnetit, atid ecpiity of rcdemiition of the said
heirs and assigns therein, at public auction, at the in said
Comity of and State < if. to the highest bidder
for cash, at the time mentioned insuili notice; anil al~o make, exe-
cute, and deliver totli ■ purchaser or jpurcliiLsiTs thereof, a good and
sulUciiiit deed or deeds for 111"' iiremises so snld; whkli said Trust
Dcccl is ri'corded in llic I{ecordei"s Otlice of the Coinity of
and Stale of in book of page
And, ifhrrens, titso, ilefaiilt having l)een made in the pay-
ment ot said pro:iii-sory note , due, 1L< aforesaid
and the legal bolder then of having apiilied to ■ 'c, as socli
Trustee, to caii-e saiil prcnii-cs luTcin di-rribed to be soK' for iiie
])urposes nn'Mtioncfl in. and in accordance with the previsions of
said 'J'ru't Deed, 1, the iindi reigned jiarty of the tlr^l part, on the
day ot V.I>.lN>< ,cMit'd a notice lobe pebli.-hed
in the a newspaper printed in the County of
an<l State of tliatsaid premi-e-i hereinafter desp'ibed would.
ontlie day of \. D. 1"<^ .at o'clock in th(\
noon of said ilay. be ^old at jmblic auction, at tlie in
said County of to the highe-I bid lei- for Ciish. by virtue of
the power an'' authority in me vested l)y .■•aid Trust Deed- ><hh'h
said Moti J was printed for eonseoiitiv iy o! said
piper, commencing on the day of A. D. iss ^ and
ending on ilie day of A. l>. 1.S8 .
And, n-fierean, also, tlie said premises having been, by the
said jiaiiy of the lir-l parl.onthe lay of ., .. . ..\. D. ISS ,
at o'clock ill the noon of said day, in the manner
prescribed in and by -.aid Trii-t Deed, and at the i)Iace ' .st afore-
said. In pursuance of said notice, ofl'ered for sale at public auction,
to the highest l)iilder, for casli, and the said party of the second
part having been the highest bidder therefor, and havin^r bid for tlie
tract hereinaft' r named, the sum of Dollars
duly declared the |)urchaser thereof.
Kow, therefore, thin Indmture Witnenseth, that tlie
said party of the tirst part, as 'I'lu-tec. a~ aloiijsaid, for and in con-
sideration of the sum -i< bid as aforesaid, to in band paid by
the said party of the second pan. the receipt whereof is hereby
ncknouledged, has granted, bargained, sidd. aliened, reiiilsed,
released, and confirined. and by these I'resents does grant, bargain
sell, alien, remise, release, and confirm, unto the said party of the
second part, .'ind to lieirs and a-sign» K<)KEVi;ii. all the fol-
lowing de-cribed lot , piece , or parcel of land, situate in the
< oiinty ol aiid State of knowui and described as
follows, to tvit:
Together with All and Singular the tenements, heredl-
laments, and appurtenances thereunto belonging, n.s the f<aine are
descjihed and conveyed in and by llie said Trust Deed; and also,
all tlie estate, right, title, interest, pro|M'rty, claim, and demand
whatsoever, lM)tli In law and equity, of the said as .veil as
of the said party of the tirst part, of, in. and to the alKivo descrilied
premises with the appintenances. as fully, to all inieiits an, pur-
poses, as the said |>arty of tiie tirst part hath power and aiitliority
to grant, sell, and convey flie same by virtue of the said Trust
Deed, TO II-VVIC A.ND To IKtl.D tlie said alMive granted premi-
ses, with their appurtenances, and every part thereof, unto the said
party of the sei'ond part heirs and assigns, fokevek.
In Witiiena Whereof, the said party of the tirst part
liereunto .set hand and seal the day and year 9rst above
written.
Siijneil, unaled, and delirere<h 'a]
the preaenc" <ij' I [Seal.l
',"".'.'.'. .'.'.'.'.'...'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..] [Seal.']
DEEI) OK CilFT.nv IXDENTrRE WITIIOtTT ANY ""ARn.VNTY
WHATEVER.
Thin Indenture, made the day of in the year
one tlioii>aiid eight hundred and Ijetween (niwie, resiilKme
and occupatiun of the ijranlor) of the tirst part, and (name, resi-
dence and occvpatio:'. of grantee) of the second part :
IFitnesseth, that the said (;;n(Hfor) as well for and in considera-
tion of the love and alVection which he has and Iwars towards the
f:>U\ (fjrarUei) as for the sum of one dollar, lawful mritiey of the
v'nifed .States, to him in hand \r.i\i\ by the said party of the second
part, at or before the ensealing and delivery of tlie>e presents, t!ie
receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, has j;iven. granted,
aliened, eiifeoll'ed, released, conveyed and contirmed, and by these
)H'esents does give, grant, alien. eiifeofT. release, convey and conlirm.
111. Ill the said party of the second part and his heirs and as.-igns
lorever, all (Kere descriln: carefnlhj Die itnd vr prewinpn yrunlrd, h>i
meii s mill hiiunilut anil dinieiinions, eimlents nr ijiiantiln, or huundnry
innrku nr montoiieiUti, and nfer lij eoluiue and ptuje to the ''eed of the
I'lHil Id the grantor, unilf-r n-hirh li-' holds it).
Together with All and Singular the tenenu ..ts. heredita-
nieiils and appurtenances then lo belonging or in anywise apper-
taining, and the reversion and reversions, remainder and remain-
ders, rents. issue> and jirotits thereof. And. also, „ll the estate,
right, title, interest, pro|)erty. iKi-session. .laini and deniand
whatsoever, of the said ptirty of the lir>t pail. In and to the same,
and every part and parcel tliereof. witli their anil every of (hi ir
appurtenances. TD IIAVK AN'I> TO HOLD the said henliy
granted and described premises and e^ .'ry part and parcel thereof,
villi the appurten.iiicps. unto tho said party of the second jiart.and
his heirs and assigns, to his and their only pro])er use. Ix'iiclit am'
behoof ciiiii-.VKU.
In U'itneaa Whereof, the said party o,' me ib-t part ha.s
heieunio ^ ■! his hand and seal the dav aiulycur first at ove written.
(SlGNATUKE.; [Seal.]
Sealea and delivered in presence of:
yllTCLAIM DEED WlTHOtT ANY WARK.iNTT.
This Indenture, made the day of in tlie year
one thou and eight hundred and l)etw 'en (lianx; resiilenif
and occupation -if grantor) of the tlr-^t part, .md {na.i e, resulenci
and iicriipatinn of the grantre) party of the jjecond pr.rt:
Witnesseth. That the said party of tlie first part, for and In
consideration of the sum of lawful money of the I'liited
States of .\mirica. to him in liaiid paid, by the sai.l party of the
second part, at or before the ensealing and delivery of tliese tires-
eiifs, the receij't whereof is hereby acknowledged, lias remised,
reIeH.sed and (|uitelaiined.and by these presents does remise, reloase
and i|uitclaiin, unto tlie said jiarty of tlic second |)art, and to lilit
^
V.-l<
lents, heredl-
tlie same are
h1; mill also,
iind demand
... as .veil aa
)ve described
cuts lui. pur-
iiid uiitliority
ir ^aid Trust
•aiiU'd preini-
uiito the said
•KEVEU.
■t part
ar 'irst above
[Seal.]
\Seal-]
"ARRANTY
. . in tlie year
line, resi'leni''
I (^name, resi-
il in oon?idera-
rs towards- the
lUDney of tlie
v cfthe second
e presents, tlie
iven, grant e<1,
(1. ami by lliese
■y and vonlirni.
|rs and assigns
'upa yfanff'K 1*11
or h'lU-ivJnry
the '^eed of the
,ts. lieredita-
y\vi<(' aplicr-
aiid rcniain-
1 Hie estate,
ind demand
In till' same,
very <'l' tin ir
id licirby
aiicl thereof,
lid iiart.and
e, txMiclit am".
iM-i [lart lias |
il ')ve written.
:a¥..) iSeal.^
NTY.
hi the year
ihx; rt.tiilouf
' »>, resulfici
.It:
irt. for and In
if Hie I'liilfd
i parly of the
of these pres-
llias remised.
|cmlse, releiise
t, and to his
f
=^^
LAW A>'D UCAL rOEM.S.
beln: and aMlgnf: forev>''r {here carefully describe premise*
yrinted).
Together with all titiil Hlngnlar, The leneinents, lieredi-
tani<-iits and appiirli'iiaMces llieiiMinto lu'lonfing. or in anywise
apjiertaining. an<l the reveivioii and rovrsion-, remaindi-r and
remainders, rents, is^iiies and pmllls thereof. And aNo all the
estate, ri^lit, title interest. pioiM>rly, iMissession, claim and ilemund
what.«>ever. a- wi-ll in law a- In i(|iiity.of tlie said jiarty of the
firit fort, of, in. or to tin' alioM- de.-crihed preini-e-. and every
jiart and fiamd lln';cr,f, wiili the .";i|'intenanci'< : To Hare and
to UoM all ain! >iii^ular tl'.c almve nicntioiiid and ili^criU-d
f>r»?iuis*s to^'tlier w ilh the ao'iiiilcnaiices. unto the >aid |iarty <if
the 'i«'<'<ind pirl. .-ind hi- lii'lr^ and assii;ns iokkykII
In WitneuM irAr/ro/, ilio .-aid parly of the tirst part ha- Iiit<-
unt" si-t his Iiand an.. >eal Ilic day and year tir-<t atxive written.
Sfil^l 'iif' •Irlirerrii in presence of: (SkinaTI'HE.) {Seal.l
State <»k (^^
C'lttt^ 'f
On Thi» d.iy nf in the year one thousand eiiriit
huiidrwl and U fure nie persmially c ainc (ii'/i/i'" "/' yr'/<.t...- 1
whf» i* ktH-w n by inc \» ie Hie indiviilnal di-crilxMl. and wlu. i-n<-
cxile'1 tJi»* forejfoinjf insirunient ami acl^nowledged that In- e.M- iit<-d
the «anie. (.Sigxatike.''
'T^Q ^
nVfSTt FOR A IlKICn.
Knotc All Men by fhenr frrHriitH, Thai 1 {nampofohUijnr)
of tlie '-onnty of ... and Slate of am held and lirinly
bound to (nimr of ohliijee') of the (.'ounl.v of and State of
intliesuin of didlars. to he paid lo (n'oii/" o'</i>/^e)
or hi- executors, administrators, or iis-iirns, to the ;iaynieiit
wlien-of I hind niy.-elf, my heirs, executors and adniu.-trators,
liniily iiy tliese presents, sealed with my seal and dated the day of
-. .'..-A. I). l.S...
The condition of tliis obligation i> that if I, the said {name of
oii/ywr). ujion payment of dollars and interest thereon, as
a;rree<I and pnimised by said {name of olili(jee) agreeably to his
pi<iiiii--ory note, dated 18. ., and nnide jiayable as foUow.s,
to v'U: {'I't'tUte n'ltp), .Shall convey to said {name ohliijee) or
hi- Ik irs. exei-utor-. or a^^signs forever, the following dcscriljcd
rp;il <-tate. situate, lying and being in the county of and
Man- of. to wit: {hire ijive careful ilesrription of land)
ilf*-.I or (U-eds in common furni ('nly executed am] acknowlodjred,
ami in tin? mean time sliall permit said {name of ohligee) to oci i\>y
and improve said pn-niisc- for his own nsi', then tliis obligatiou
^■ll:ld \f voiiL otlierwise it shall remain in full f^iw.
(SitiNATLUE.) [Heal-l
.Si'jm^l, »»ile>iatvl delivered in presence of:
f
'■5^^^ II.).. or tcstti-
^i 1^,--^"^ tM.«'ii (Ictiiicd
t<i lie ill!' ilo-
(■lai^it ion. in
;ivo|H'r ''Mill.
of ivimt a iiiuii wills to
In- j^-rfoniH'il ril'tor his
.!.-:it!i.
.\li wil|>. v.Iiitliir
of n"!ll (If |K'fsoll;l
ftstatp. nja»t In- in writ-
iii;r. ami >i^iii*«l at the
fiMit Mr «*iiil tlnMNMil* liy
thft<">tator.or liy-nim'
Heis<>ii III !«i* |»;-o>ciic. .
and hy lii< ilirci-tion,
ill tlif prc-'fiiic of two witiicsso .u loast, |)tosoiit at
tin- liiiM'. ulio iinist siiliscrilM' siiul tiUcst tin- will in liis
prfs<-iK-c'. '•7;ipsi<rnaturi' iniisl lie so |il.i':.| ,il, aftor,
followiiijr. iiiidor. or liesidf, or opposiii' tlio oiid of tii<'
will, tluit it sliall ho appaiviit on llii' fare of tin- will
tlial tin- t«-statnr iiiteinlcd to give cirt'ct h\ such his
niiniaturf to the writimr siirnod ii.m his will."
In ;.'<-i,;Tal, all [xt-oiis who have -titliiient iindor-
staiidini.' aic <a|>al>Ic of disposin;: liy will of lioth tea'
4Z.A and pcivon;!! estate.
'^ j^-^-'-ll^, , -^ iiianii'il wointm can
'' f.J?^'^^ lutikc ;i will of l!io
A. proiicrtN- scitlcd to her
'^yi\ scpMiali' ii-c. Ill iiuist
of the slates ininofs
nitiy hcijiieatli )M'rsoii:il
properly ; in most itises
tlie ai^c for this piu-
lo-c i- riij-litcen foi-
ni:il>'s and -i.vlccii for
fcnmlfs. ()tlicrwiso,
no will niadr liy any
person under the tiiro
of twenty-one is valid.
A will is il revocahlo
in.sti'inncnt , and is re-
voked liy iiiarriaffp either in the ease of a man or
woman, Iml it is not revoked hy any i>ther ihanLre of
i-in'iini.staiMc. It may, however, he re\oked l,\ an-
other will siiliseipiently exeentecl. \ will mioht he
revoke*', hy twiriiifr otV the name, hnt the ipifstion,
••wild tni^' it otT," wiuild I'oiue up. If !i tfstator
wi.-ihes to revoke an existiii"' will, it is hettrr to
tle>tmy it; or, if the old our eaimot he uot at hy the
testator, bo should ni«ke a new one. In the liejinninir
(I
I I
^
LAW AND I.KGAL FOKJIS.
of this latti'iiii-
.-t niiiifiit. lit"
.-lionld .-:iy tliat
it i>lii>l:i.-t will.
)litt'r:itioii, inter-
or olluT altcni-
valid, i'xcopt so
clli'ti (if tli«- will
lion sjiaii 1k' ap-
altcnitioi!. But
testator and siil»-
de in till' niar<riii
■nit ion, or at the
the altenitioii, it
will he valid. j
A will taki - elleit as it" exeented immediately iK'tbre ,
the te.-tator"> deatii. nnless a contrarv intention 1k'
shown l>y '' will: and lapsed and void devises tall i
into the I- ..aie unless ti'e will shows a oontniry j
intention. j
W'lien a jieisoii has roohed lipon makinjr a will, he |
should select tVoin amonir his friends, persons ot" trust j
to liecome his e.xeeutors. and shoidd ol>tain their eon-
sent toaet. Anil it i> advisable that a duplicate copy
ot" the will should lie entrusted to the exe<iit<)r or
exeeiitors. Or he should otherwise deposit a copy of
his will, or the ori^'-inal \\ill. in the office provided l<y
the proltiit<' court for the safe custody of will.-.
Codicil is a sii|»plemeiit to a will, where anythiiiir is
omitted wiiich the testator would add, or which he
would explain, alter, or retract; and it i> the .same
with a testament, and taken .as part thereof; and
it must he executed in the >;iiiie manner a.- a wdl.
and he attested liy two witnesses at least, who must
Ije present when the testator sij^iis or aeknowledires
it; and iiey must sign their names, as witnes.-es
thereto, in his presence and in the prc-emc of each
other.
.Vny mimlM'r (»f co(' d> may i>e made to a will. A
will i> chan^red .somewhat l»ya codicil, l)ut not revt)ked
by one. .Vltenitions in wills or codi<'ils should Ik? very
clearly statetl, and it would l>c wtdl to use the follow-
injr words: " I herehv exitresslv contirm mv former
r* tit .
will, dated , exieptiuir ^o tar as the disjHjsition of
my property i> chan^red by this codicil."
.\ will made by word of mouth i> i;illcd nnncu|>a-
tive; that written entirely i>y the hand of the testator
is olojrniphii'. .\uother kind of will is the mystic, or
ii!»aled testament.-".
The personal property of any person deceased. I(>ft
undisiMscd of by deed or will, is divisible ainonir his
;l
widow— shonlil he leave one — aud his next of kin, in
tin' followinir order:
( 1 ) Chililren.
(rnindchildren,
(ireat-L'nindchildreu.
The next inheritor-, in the ab>ence oi these, are
(2) Father: if none.
Mother, and
Hidthers ;ind >i>ters. and their children, but not
their irnuidchildri'i).
(3) linmdfathers ;i;id irr.iudmothei-s; if none,
(4) Uncles and aunts; if none,
(.")) Cousins, and irreat-uephews and nieces.
If the ileieased leave :t widow, but no child or chil-
dren, one-half of liis jjersonal estate will fall to his
widow, and the other half will be divisible amonc th?
next of kin. The father of an intestate without chil-
dren is entitled to oiie-half of his estate, if he leave a
widow, and to the whole if he leave no widow. When
tile nearest of kin are thi' mother and the brothen- and
sisters, the peixuial estate is divisible in ecpLil j)oF-
tions, one of which will iK'lonjr to the mother, ami one
t(» each of the brothel's :ind sisteis; and if there Ix;
children of a deceased brother or sister, iMi eqiiid por-
tion is divisible amomr each family of children.
The more complicated forms of wills require the
sn|H;!ntendence of a professionsd advi.ser.
Ii the provinces of the Dominion of Canaib, the
laws in relation to wills are suljstantially the .sime as
those of the L'uited States.
GENEIt.\L FORM OF A WILL IHSPOSINC: OF ItOTH KEAt. AXD
l'EIl.S4)N.*I, KST.\TK.
Know (ill Mfn by thvue Prenenta, That 1 {name of tfnta-
tur) (it inhere name toirn vr city, Cuiinl;/ uml SlalP.littsiness calling
or profession), bfiii^ (in g<io-l or ill he^llth, us the cise mail he) and
iif .'oiinil aiiil <li>|i<>sliij; iniiiil :in<l iiipmory. tin iiiakt anil publish
tlii.-. my la.-t will ami ti-sianii-nt. hvrehy revokiiijr all iVirmer will?
l>y WW at luiy time JiorftoMrt iiiailf.
And as to my wurMly cstale. anil all tin" proixTty.
real. |X'r>oiial. i>r mixt-il. i>l which I shall dii' <t'izoil
anil |Mis«c<spil. or to « lihh I shall In- eiititli'il at the
tiini'of my ili'iv:i.-i-. I (IcvIm-. Iie<iin'ath. ami ilis|H)se
thiToit" in ihr niaimi'i- following, to ivit:
First, My will i-. that all my Jii-t drtds anil timeral
ox|><'n-i'< shall. Iiy my i-xirutor- hi'ri'ii:::!V'r namcil.
lio |iaid out ot my rstat"'. .i^- sixin alliT my drc<M>i' iL«
sliall hy Ilii-m In- lonnd i-onvi-nii'iil.
//'111. I givr. di'vi.-i" ami InniniMth to my iM'liivtd
wife (Name) all my hoiischolil tiirnitnre. my
lior>i-i. carriai;!". ■•mil ciiiiagi- liaini'.«s: ami
also ti'n Ihiinsand ilollar- in moni'V, to l)e
paidtoln'r liy my exi'ciiior>. In'ii'iii-
aftiT nami'd, within «ix month- alliT
my dru-asf: to have and
to hold the sami' to hiT
:uid to her <'XPCUIors. ad-
ministrali r>^. and assigii.<
I.W,- AND LKO.VL FOUMS.
forcvpr. I jiiao give to her the n<e. iinnrovoinPiit ami iiioonip of
my (lwelling-hoiL«e. land aiiil its apiiiirti'iiaiircs, ^i|llat('<l (Aere
describe property ) and my luml situalfd in (df scribe I'lml) tii have
and to hold the s^aine to her for and <liirinj; her natnral lifo.
I givp and ">o<iMPatli to my honored moilicr (ii'iw i dollars.
In money, to Ix- ]>aid to hiT t«y my exi-riitors lii'ielnaftiT a|)-
I'lointed, within six months al^er my dei'ease; to he lor the solf
use of hersell", her executors, administrators and assi<;ns.
I give and 'K-ijueath to my daughter («'»//!<>; (here ilescrihn anl
ttemize Ih^; prop'ity nnd Hfms to '.<• 'jiren,; to have and to liolil the
same together with all the ]irotIts and iniome thereof, to Iht. the
said (niiiK-). her heirs, exeeutor-. a<lininistrutors. ami a.-sigtis, to
her and their use and benetit forever.
I give, devise, and lM'<nieath to my son {ntime) the reversion or
remainder of my dwelling or mansion honsi-, and its appiirte-
nanees, situate in (dfs.'ribe property) and all protits. income, aiol
a(h antage that may result therefrom, fron) and after the decease
of ni.v beloved wife, (nanir : to have and to lndd the same to him,
the said (nnmp). his heirs and assigns, from and after the decease
of m.v said wife, to his aiid their iise and Ix-hoof forever.
1 give and iH-fjiieath to my second son (wihiej, the reversion or
remainder of my land situated in (describe iVj anil its appurte-
nances, and a'! the i)rotits. income and advantage that may result
tUerefroin, from ami after the decease of my Ijeloved wife (name).
to have and to hold the same to the said (ion's nam'')hls heirs and
assigna from ami after the decease of my saitl wife, to hU and
their use and Indioof forever.
All the re>t auil residue of my estate, real, personal, and mixed,
of which I shall die seized and jiosiessed, or to which I shall bo
eniitlcd at ni.v decease, I give, di'vi>i>, and lie<|ueatli to be eipially
clividi'd iM'tween and among m.v said sons (names),
.\tid, lastly, I do nominate and appoint my said sons (nam««),
to Im' the executors of this my last will and testament.
Ill Trutimotty Whereof, I, the >^:i\i] (navie of testator), have
to Ihi-, Miy la.-t w ill and t<->iament, contained (nuniber of sheets of
paper), and to ever.v sheet thereof, subscribed my name, and to
this, the last sheet tln-n-of, I have subscrilK'd my name and allixed
my seal this day of..._. . . .in vear of our Lord one thoil-
.sand eight hundred and
(SiGNATUUK.) [Seal-^
Signed, .sealed, puhli.shed. and deidared by the said (name testa-
tor), as and for his la-t will and testament, in the presence of U8i
who, at his request ami in hi- presence, and in the prcseiiccof
each other, have subscribed our names as witnesses thereto.
(SlliX.VTlKE.J
(Si(;NATrui;.)
(8IGXATLKE.)
^^ EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS. |
THE WASHINGTON HOMESTEAD. MOUNT VERNON.
N KXErvToit i-; .1 person intni ' -l liy .1 t<slator to
oanyoiit tho (lirootinii^ ami n |;'csts in his will,
ami to (li.spo-ip of his proiiorlyas diroctod thoroin,
after his (iotasc. When no extH-ntor is namod
will, or when those named refuse to a<t. then the
:^
IdolKite court iioniinat<'s certain ])er-.Mis to art as
ail!iiinistr;itori to the ile<'eastMl.
Bef.-.-e prolmte of the will, an execiildv may eil'ectu-
ally do most of the arts tliat he could en ton after-
ward; hut an expected administnitor ean proi)erly do
-tr
ike tlio /'
) cxcr- H
LAW \M> LKliAL KOUMS.
l)iiiiir liis wuril uiiilcr pioiKT (lisciplino. A irnanlinii
would hv. oxiM'ctod to I'liniisli liis ward with the nwes-
sai'(<s of lite, wliicli would include all of tlntM' thinir>
ordiuaiilv used liy those similarly situated in life, Imt
would not he lial)le if others siiould furnish like thiii'r>
whicli he had jiroxided. Mut a <ruiirdian nui.-t not fur-
nish his ward with things which would not lie coiujicl-
erecl necessaries, jest tiii; court iniirlit decide that he
could have the privilege of paying the bill ironi his
own exche(iuer.
l-KTITION FUK Ar lINT.^IKNT OF A OCAROIAX BT A XEtOB
OVEK FUUKTELX YEARS.
To III" Honorable, the Jwhje of the Probatt Court for the County
i,f, ;
The I'etition of {name of minor making application) r«*ijei-t-
fully ii'priv-c'iitsi Tliut tlio iwtitioiier i^ ii minor child alx>ve the
ago of fimrtorn years, of (name of father), I;ite of tlie County of
, tliat 111! has no iM>rsoii legally authorized to take care of
his iicrsoii and estate, and i)rays the court that he may U- permit-
ted to make choice of a suitublo jxirson for that purpose.
(SiGSATUEE.)
IIOND ItV <il'ARI>IAN.
Know all Men by Iheae PfmentH, That we. (nnM<f» of
'K/n«/«hte/i), iKjlhoi {toirn or city). County of uid State of
, are held and thinly Ixinnd unto the Commonwealth of
(Slat'') (^or the pifipi'r iihliijpi' nrcnnUniJ to statutp ). iti lll«» sum of
six thou-and dollars, lawful nioiiey, to lie paid to ilie •iiiil < '">n»-
monwealtli. her certain altoiiiey or a-signs; to whiili jKiympiit,
well and truly to tie made, we do Iiind oni-sclves. imr lirir-. ••xp»ii-
tors and adniinislralors, jointly and >everally. linuly t>y ttiese
pres*-nts: sealed with our seals, aM<l dated this I... A. I>. 1-..
The con lition of this obligation is ~urli. that if the alxivt- Iouih
den (naute of ijnartliitn), guardian <d' {mimi'nf n-ar-lj, a niiiHjr i-hild
ol (here yive name of the father of the irartl), late of saiil I'lwr.i/? of
/otm), dec-ejiscd, shall at lotust once in every three (or. as ttf rffvire-
tntnt if) years and at any otliprtimo when reijnired by the I'roMte
Court ("r the other proper ronrt). of the ( 'minty of render
a just and true account of the management of the proj>erty and
estate of the said minor under his care, and shall a!-o deliver np
tlie said property agreeable to the order and decree of the ?aitl
court, or the direction of law, and shall in all respects faltljfully
perform the duties of guardian of the said (name of xcar-l). then
the at)ove obligation shall be void; otherwise iti-ball remain in full
force and virtue.
Si-me^r sealetl and delivered^
in preaence of I (SigxaTUKE.; [.S«i/.]
(Si .;«-ATl RE.) I
(SlG>-AIUBE.) J (SlGXATUBE.)
[5«t]
'-^/cr
-^fe* LIENS. -^
<-^s~
HE right of a creditor to retain the proix?rty
of his debtor until his debt has ijeen {wid,
is ciillcd a lien.
Liens arc either geneitil or siiecitic. A
general lien is a right to retain certain
iroods initil all the claims of the holder
ajniliist the debtor are satisfied. This .sort
of lien is not ftivorcd by the law.
A specific lien is the right to rctiiin certain goods for
claims arising from these goods. Thus, in the sale of
any tirticlo, the vendor has a right to retain it until
the price agreed be paid. As a general rule, a work-
niiin nuiy retain any article which he has improveil or
repaired for the price of his Itibor ; as a tailor who h:V5
received cloth to make into :i coat may retain the coat
until he is paid for the labor of making it.
Liens are implied by law, or authorized by custom;
or they mtiy be created by express contract. The cu.s-
tom, however, to be legti!, must be reasonable; but
this does not apply to special contract, which is good,
though it uiav also l>e foolish or hard.
Tr
"eN^
Lien can exist only where the possession of tlie
goo<ls has l)een legally obtained, and cesises to exist the
moment they are parted with.
In some states a mechanic employed upon a hou.-e.
and. in some upon any property or work, has a lien
uijon the same for a certtun time, and he msiy recover
the amount of his wages, and the j)rice of materials
which he lias supplied, lie may sue for his wage^,
and lay an emiiargo upon the property; or, acconling
to the laws of certain other states, he may file a jieti-
tion in the clerk's office or proper court: and. in any
t-ase may Iwve the [uoperty sold to .satisfy his claim, if
the owner fails to meet it.
Maritime lien !ipi)lies to ships, freight, or cariro,
and diflers from the other in not tlopendiiig tipon jk>s-
session. and recpiiring ;i legal jiroiess for its enforce-
ment. It may arise liy law or by special contract.
.Seamen have st lien on the vessel for their wages.
Bottomry is also a lien established by special contract,
on a vessel lor repairs or necessary supplies to her to
enable her to complete her voyage.
Nt
! I
LAW ANU LKOAL FOI!M8.
-.ir=f!:^Sz^E^^?±=:..
LAW OF SHIPPING.
©
NK ol' tlio piiiifipiil .-iiihjpfts cnilinKi'il in the j iipoii. Iiowcvcr it may oxc.mI tho legal r.ito ot
system ot con. morn- is tluit of tlio law of intcrcsl, it hciii;.' coiisiderc*! in tli" iiatiiri'
sliii)j)in<r. The evidoiKO of the Amcrifuii
c-liaiMctcr of a vps.sol is M'<urccl liv rcirisfnition
of an iiismanco, anil not usiirA-. . <1 this is allowed
to ))(' a valiil contnict in all tnulin, nations. In this
ill 1 lie iiistoiii-iioiisc. \'f>-<'is may or may not i casi', the sliip anil tackle, if liroii'.'iit lioini-, are answcr-
lic rcirisiMcd. It is important that they should I altleO'swell as the j)€rs<>ii of the iMirrower) for the
l)e recisteri'd, in order to have certain pri\ i-
' lesres and protection under tiie <rovernment.
A ve,ss<'l of twenty tons iMirden, if t'or senii'e in the
coasting trade or fisheries, mn^t lM-enr<dled and lieeused
acc()rdin<rl>'. If less tiiaii twenty ton> l)nrdeii, she need
only lie lirensed, and if iii-enscd lor tiie ti^iieries, she
riay lie permit ted liy tiie collector to visit and return
trom t'creiirii port~. Sir* mn-t aNo Im» reiristered ifsiie
is to enira'j'<' in liie >ii:i~tm'_' trade or tishery, and if
licensed and eiirnlic;!, >hc
m:!y liecciiu' a ri-Lrisieli'd
shi]). and iiave liii' pi-ivi-
lei.fi's (it such \es»ci-.
A -iiip i- [■■ rsonal pro])-
ertv. l)i!i lis <i\vnersliip aucl
tran-ferare r<'Lrii]ated some-
ivhal as real jiropei-iy. It
may lie transt'crred or soi'l
liy ^iinie iiw! riimeiit in wril-
iiitr. It may li- owned )»y
tM(i or m(ir(> persons, who
mav liiiil 1 it lnL'^etlier. or
money lent. IJiit if the hciii i» not upon the ve.ssel,
Itiit upon the/joods and men-humliso, wiiicli must neces-
sarily hesohl or exchaiiireil in the •■oiirse of the vovjiire,
then only liie horrower. i>ers<»nally. is ImiuikI to answer
the contract, who, therefore, in this cjise, is .'^aid to
take n[i money at respondentia ( i. f^..u l(i:in npon jroods
laden on lioard a ship; res]Mini1eiitia difFering from
holtomry, which is a loan on the ship itstdf).
These terms are also appliei] tfi (ontnicts for the
rejKiynieiit <if nifiney lior-
ro\ve«l. n«»t on the ship and
irocxls finly. Iiiit on the mere
haz:inl of thevoyajre itself;
when a man lends a mer-
chant J.'i.fKKi. to )m. oni-
plovfd in a lieiieficial trade,
with condition to he repaid
7~~' 1 with ••xtnionlinarv interest,
■*^1 if. •ii.s^- -iich a \oyafre lie
•2^'^^ sjifi-ly i»erfoniied; whicii
kind of ;i;rre<'ii)ent is some-
tiin<-» <-:ille<l foemis naiiti-
joiii in pnrchasiniif it ; or ea<'h may pnrcha-i' Ids -hare, | cnm. and sometimes nsnni niaritima. I'lit as tliis o-a\c
an<l liMxe (Mjiial owner-hiii. A part-owner may sell his j an openmir f'H' usurious am] •.'^iiniiiL' contricts. cspe-
sliari'. In <ase if death, his share iroos to his repre- cialiy npon lonir voyae'^. it w.l< enacte<l liy the statute
seiit.iti\cs. I I'.t (leor'/e II. ('. 'M . that all inoiipys lent on tinttomry
r>nt1oiiiry is in tiie natnre of .-i mortirsiire of a ship, or respondentia, on vessels iMiiind to or from I lie East
ami is >aid liy I'laik-lone to have ori 'finally arisen tVom
permittimr the master of a ship, in a toreii>-ii country.
to liypoiliec ate the ship in (.rder to rai-c tlic iiioii'y to
retil. It .-.rises wiien the owner t:ikes np money to
en.-dile iiim to carry on his voyaLfe. and plcfl;.>-e-. tiie
keel or hottom <if the >liip as a sei-i:rity tor the repay-
ment; in wiiich case it is niulerstood th.at if the ship
le lost, till' lender loses tiie whole of his money; Imt
if it returns in safety, tlien he shall r<'<-eive liack his
principal, and also the premi;:;i! or inten-sl .airrei'd
3r
Indies, shall lie expri'ssly lent only n|ion the ship, or
ii|ion (lie merihandise: that tin' lender shall have the
lienclll of salvaLTc : and that if tlte Inirrower lia\(' not
an iiilerc>t in tlie<hip.or in the ellV-*-!* on Ixi.-ird, eipial
to (hi' Milne of the .-.inn li<(rr<>we«l. lie shall lie responsi-
1 lie to tile leiiiler tor .~o Hiiieh of the prin<-i|Kil ;is hath not
licen laid out, with leir.il interr-st and all other cliarfres,
(lioiiLdi the sliip and merchamlisi' l>e tot.allv lost.
( 'li.'irter-jiarty. is a men-iiitiit' iiistruinent in writ-
imr, witli or without .sesil, hy whieh a party ilesirin<r to
I
I
■>4
LAW AND LEOAL I'OKN.H.
export £»rj<[i*Jff &x«n this country, or to import tlieiii
from abrodwd. tmgjitreri with sonu" yhipowiu'r to taiic an
entire reiJttHel for the purpose, al a freiijiit or reward
thereby a^rwiJ for. UiK)n the execution of such an
in.itntmenit itJx- ^hipi- naidtolu' ciiartered oi- freifjlited,
and the party hv whom >lic is en;Lrairt'd is caUcd the
charterer or fmjfhter. But, where, instead of taking'
the entin? v«!i*Hel. the t)wner of jroods merely l)arirains
tor their f^yavtTi^juKe on lK)ard of her for frei^'iit (otlier
goodn hein^al tlte same time conveyed foi' other pro-
prietors,, *|jf i* deM-rilK'd, not as ii ciiartered, lait a
jreneral ^hip: and in this c;ise no ciiarter-party is usu-
ally exet al<e»l. iwX a 1»ill of ladinjr only. It may In-
here statie«l libuit tLe word frei<rht is sometimes synony-
mously Hh«*l witL that of cargo.
Manifest, i- ai ]«]<er i-ontaininir the jjarticulars of a
shi[) an«I "i-arsfic. in<]'i<lin<r the name and tonnage of the
vessel, the womm' of the place to which it ])elongs ami
name of mai-tier: the names of the places where the
goods on hfxitri have Ikx'u laden and for which they arc
destineti; .si jwinicular a<'count of the packages on
hoar 1. w-itL ihair marks, contents. shipi)eis, cou-
si.i'net'>. t-U .. ji- far a> may be known to the master.
The nuiailfiesil nju-t l»e made out, dated, and sigueil
by the zaatiftffr of the vessel al the i)lace or places
where ti»y j»>o«c*'l^. <»r any part of them, are taken on
boani.
>alTaEte if an allowance made to persons otlic^r tliaji
the crew, by vrbcMU ^hips or goods have i)een sa\ed
from the :*«ai. fii*-. pirates, or enemies. The olliccr-
and i-rew of a i4iij* <'suniot claim salvagi^ in respect of
-ervice!» ii«i*le'rc'«I i*< it. unless, indeed, their duty to its
(iwucTH hivl «;i«ji-<eKl ]i\ tile master'- bona tide abandou-
ment of it at ^*»i. wjiLout iiope ot 'rc((>verv. No lixed
po.-itive rail*? or rail*' ir- laid down fixing the amount of
-alvage, bcis the ^'ueral principle is, that a reasonable
rom()ea-<atMoa he made.
The iiij- l" *- that are to Ik? taken into accotmt in
deteniiirii _• " aujouut of salvage are (1) enterprise
in the -alvivri^ in goini'- out in tempestuous weather to
a.ssi.st ai ve*««1 iu <Jistres>. risking their owii lives to
save tbetr fe-tlow-^Teatun^s, and to rescue the jiroperty
of their 6^11Iow--^uliVicls ; (2) tin- <legree of danger and
di.strest* frtomn whi^-h the jiroperty is rescued, and
whether it wai- ju imminent peril and almost certainly
lost, if not at ibe time res<'ued and presi^rveil; i'A) the
degree of talxiv- ."imI ^kill which the salvors incur and
di.-play. an*I tbclii.ie <M-<'upied: (4) the \aluc. AVhere
all tbesc eiRuntitauivs concur, a large and libcr;d
rewanl oujebt to W given ; but where none, or scarcely
any, take fAae*. the eomi)ensation can hardly be Je-
nominat»?tl a .■salvage <-«mpensation ; it is little more
than a reoiunefation for )at>or.
The (lenton intruKte*] with the care luid navigation of
a ship is i-allc*] the master. He is the eontidential ser-
vant of the ttwnen. who are botmd to the porformance
of every lawful nHilnut entered into by him relative
to the u<«ual eir julojinent of the vessel. The master
has power to pledge ^toth ship and cargo for repairs
e;;ecute«l in <»»reiffn i«arts. Tint not for repairs executed
at home.
With rertpwt tw collit.iou, the rule is, that the party
in fault ^uffert his own lo»s and compensates the other
party who »n»taiii» loss through him. In case neither
party is in fault, the loss rests where it falls, and like-
wise if lioth pnrti**. are in fault, though it is e(pially
divid<><l in uihniralty.
Everj- s«>amau oii licwnl a vessel bound from a port
in thi.s euuntry' to any other port, must sign the ship-
ping articles whi*-h t'^erk' master of a vessel is required
to havt. Thers*" arti<-les must set forth the voyage,
and the temt* mi which «ich seaman goes on the ves-
sel. The 'ijurt- will prot<><t seamen from oppressive
articles.
The pilot i- the sti-crsman or |>erson on board a ship
who has cfuurg*' of the helm and the ship's course.
Pilots re»piint" to be found properly ipialitied ami ap-
pointed. .VlfttT a pilot is taken on board, if the master
is I»y law oblige«l to do so, the master has no lonirer
any comman.<t of the %'ei!ii!el till she is safe in harbor,
and the owners are not n'sjMjnsible for any loss or
damage that may arise in;!!! her mismanagement,
unit's.- it appear to liave arisen from the neglect or
mi.sccmdiKt of themai'ter or crew in obeying the order-
of the pilot. There are. however, eases in which it i>
lawful, ami e^en iK-*x^w<irv. for the master to interfere
with or sH|»ent;>le a pilot : in which case, of cotuse.
the res|»oaMbility of the pilot ceases. \iui if it be
optional tor the master to take on l)oanl a jiilot and he
do -o. the pilot i* reganle-l as the servant of the own-
ers, who are respoHsilile for his comluct. Pilots are
theiiwlves un*rferaib|e for any <lamage resulting from
their own u^^lisvifx- or inc'.miietencv.
.Vvcnige inq>li<-s wh.'itever loss or damage is incurred
by any portiiMi of a »hlp or cargo for the preservation
of the r»^!. AVIk-u swh damage occurs, the several
persons uiterested in the vessel, freight . and largo, each
contribute their proportion to indemnifv the owner of
the i«rt ill •{uolion. against the damages or expense
whicli ha- Ix-vM iiM'um^l for the genenil beiietit. This
allowance i- f»»r h**- or <lamage that hapnrus accident-
ally. fi»>nen»l areragie also implies jeopardy of all.
^-
n
M
* f^
s*-
LAW \M> I.K.d.VI, HJIt.tlS.
< mil lire ii.isi<rnal)lo,
ri'il ilml is (Ifsiiriicd
III it l)t' trimstorriMl
otiicc.
' I'Dimiiniil y ili\ idi'd
iii'iioiis. mill s|)('i'i!il.
I'lnittcil, IxTiMiM' it
(if ])(ilicy. wliidi it
iili iiiMV 1)1- iiijiircil
oi't' lliaii OIK' iirr.-dii
prdlicrty. ciit!' |M'r-
iiitcn-st to its full
ViiliU': lis a
iiiorl iiairor
iiiid a iiiort-
ojlnc' Iia\t'
(liircrciit in-
to ros Is in
till" sanit'
projH'r t y,
<.'a(li may in-
jure: t li i-
iiiorIi.''a:r»'>'
iiisiiri's ills
(li'Itt, ami
w lie n t Ills
tic lit has
luM'ii |iai(l
tlic policy
ceases to l.c
in force, Imt
sliouldtlicrc
liable, and l>ef'or'.'
insurers would be
iioltiimr tlic iiiort-
I the Sinn ill>III'ed.
titled to an assiirn-
ce, and could, hy a
he insurance from
ely as a tiaiist'er of
•e to t he insurance
1 have his intcfcst \J.f:)
he entitled to tlic
anioniit of the insunin<e, and the inortirairro would Ik'
<-()in;K>lled to look to him for a li(piidation of tlie mort-
jra<.'e. An aireiit •who may havi the custody of a prin-
cipal's <rof'ds, may have them insured. Imi ;is the
principal, a I -o, has the ri^'ht to |ia\etlie «.inie irooilx
insured, tliere nin^i he care taken to avoid i-onfoimdiiiir
these several Intercuts, that all of the >i'Veral >mn.- of
the insurance added lo^rethei' shall nut more than e(pi:il
tlie vali.e of the property iii>nred,
A\'here the iiisure(| (ie-^ire^ to make any re))air.s or
chaiiires in the premises iii.-urcd, lie slioniil mi iiit'orm
the insurer-', and when [iraci ii alile procure their writ-
ten assent thereto. The alterations. <ir repairs wonhl
not. in lheiiiselve>. render a policy voiil, unless siicii
altenitii.ii- have >iil)stantially enhanced the risk, lait,
it >eeni> that the iii-nier would not lie jicld, in the
absence of their assent, to a new risk arisinir tVoni
alterations or repairs, but shoidd a loss oi'cnr, while
the premise^ were underiroiiiir repairs or alterations,
from causes independepl of ,-iich ihanircs, the insurers
would be held. It i.- well to liave a clause inserted in
the policy providing.' for ne-es>ary and ordinary repair>.
FOKSI OK IMMI'JtIATK NOTK'K OK LOSS.
Tfikr Soticf, '\'\\m mi ilii- screiiil ilay nf .lamiiiry iiist., :i tin-
tdipkc mil in I'liiMiiii; Nn. VJii on Walnut street, in tlie < 'ily iit'< in-
liniiati. Stale t.|' (lliio. wIiitikiii I aie iii-iiiiMl \>y you. li\ yeiii' jkiI-
icy. N'li. i><.tH!l, I'l'i- the .-11111 lit ci^clit tlieii-ainMiillai-.
rill' lire was I'aii-cil ami taiifilit tViPiii tLi' liiiriiin^iil''l)Uilililig \o.
12''i. wliii'li joiiicil <iii to mini'.
Tlic Imiise was wliully ilcstroveil liv tlri', ami I >liall riaim a \k\\-
nient (loiii yell iimliT yinir iMiliiy.
AVfitton ami M'lit tlii^ tliinl ilay nf .liiiuiary in tlin year lt<84.
.lUllN DUK. [.NV.(/.j
I i"i7 »''.■<.■< /" tlip siijunt'ir'' mill nPii'linij:
Samiki. Kok.
Some insurance compani<'s insert a clause in their
policies re<piiriii<r tlie insiu'ed to make a sworn state-
ment, to be accompanied by a certificate from a notary
1)11 )lic or a mairistrate. >ettiiiL'" I'orth all the tacts and
ciiTiimstances known by the insured in relation to the
causes of the lire as well as the lo>s.
KOIi.M l)K .NOTK'K WITH CKISTIFU^VTK.
To till-.... Insiii-ini'i I'lniiji'iini:
If'lirn-fis, 'I'lii'saiil Iii>iifaiir<' (,'i>in|>iiiiy. liy their jMiliey.
nunilH'i'i'il ami ilatril oil the ilay ol iiillieyear
Itisi'il nil' to ]»• iii-iiri'il ill the sum nl' ilnllnr- aj^ain-t lo.ss or
kina>;i' hy lire to the I'oliow iiii: ilv.-erilH'il liiiililiiij;; that is to say
rye ili'srrilif* tiwl ilpsiijuatf tin' Imililinij siitltrf* itil't In .si, of vlfiirhj
ft^i-r nwl irlt'it it iC'tSf t'l'tiuij tlir ilt^si'i'ljitiiiH of ti,<' pnlini. hut not
fi'lhui it 'it I'-mjIli.^
LV««', I till ■^aiil ( XiDiii ii/thi'iisiivrriJ) haviiif: I'liii -oliniiily
foni. ill) ile|Hi-r ami say:
I. That on the day of now la^t iia>t, iM'lwoeii the
jli:-:iif ...ami... a live lnokc out in saiil Imililliii;, wheicliy tlii
pie was ;;really ilaiiia;;eil ("i' ilrn'roiicil). atiil the saiil l\re was,
boi.ling to my iH'st knowledge and iH'iief, caused liy ( //pre »W
will (lie CIIU.1IS nsj'ir an thi'ij ore kiioint, or suppox'il on ronsonnhlf
ixinth) and 1 aver that the said lire wius not caused hy me. or l>y
iny donifrii and eoiii'iirreme. or witli any previous knnwlod^e on
my part, or In :aiy manner atlrilait:ilile to me or to my atfeiioy,
iliierl or imiiri'i't.
2- 'I'lial I «a- liitere-ted in the -aid iirojierty in tlio following
manlier, that i- to -a> (Jiff' «•';/ •rU^thiT Ihi- tn^itn-l ii'rn,-lihp
i'rojiiiitii liiiiiiif'f, or irii* II IfiiuHl ii/ it, or n iinill'>ril,or iiiortjiiijor
iir i/i"/'/;/"i '^9 ttr trun'/'i', or A""" nthrririAf If irnf int^ffst'^'l.^
;t. That lliile was no other iii-urame a.jain-t lire of the -lid
pro|ierty (or. if there was any other, -tale what it «,i-i.
4. That the oeeiipaiils of the liiiildin^r at tlie time of the llm
were, so f.ir lis 1- known to me. the fidlowing |iersoii-: {Sftfuilh
ti.e Ml ii'-t ii/tUf> (>iTM/"'ii/.«, th- piirtg ofllif h ililinij orcupifl hij ni>k
oitf, mill tli/^ linrpii.ii' for n'lilih it i"/.« wrupifl),
5. That the aetiial value of the huilding in dollars at the tinu> ol
till' ill!'. wa«. iuiordin^ to my lie-t Ix'liif ami judjtaient
iloll.ir-. (Ifthn ii-o/ii rtij ir«.< /lo/'.son'.'/, d ijii'iili', firniliir- , ir th^
llki% ,«"•(, UK •Dill 'i;>yi. 'ir '"/ tho grlit^lul- nnnernl).
<i. That the wlmle of said value « as lo-t liylliPtlre; ami U'ing
more tliaii the -lilii iii-iired llnieiiii. I now elailll of -:iid ili-liraiice
eom|iany -aid .-iim of dollar^ (■ r if tin- liu'l m./ irm iitjnr"!
iinil ni-t ilftttroii*'!^^ thin imt/ thi't ko viuih of tUf t't'in — atiitiifj tht:
iimiiiiii'—'if »iiiil liiiililiiiy irim lost hyjir', iuasmwh nn the /fiililiiiy,
if rejuiiriKl, cnnniit lie ri-iitored to an good a eoniUtton tt* htforttfur a
lesK ifiioiiH' thiin tliiit »<liii').
}yitiienii my hand at this day of in tlif
year Sn.SATt l!K.)
CKIITIKIL-.^TK TO UK .VI'i'KNDEU TO TIIK FUUKUOINO.
MA.' OK I ^^
L'uiiittj/ of r ^'
I , a jilstiie of the i>eaie ill and for saideoimty (or wlwt
el-e may Ik' hi- ollii i-j ilwellins^ near to the jiroixTty atnive nieii-
tioiiivl. in the town (or city) of have iiive-tii;ated tlie eir-
iiiiii-taiires atti-mling tlie said lire, and am iM'r-oually ae<|iiaiiited
wit 111 he .-aid wlm-e character is jjood; and I U-lieve
that ihealMive stateiiieiit to « hieh the said. •• ha- iiiaile
oath in my pre-eiiee is true; that the los- cannot 1m> impiiii'd to
fraud or miseonduet on his part: and that he has -ulVeri'd hy the
tire a loss of dollars. I am not in any w ay iiiterestetl in tlie
.-aid pro|Hr!y. or In the said iKiliey. or any elaini under the -ame.
Jn Wilncin of all wliieli I have lu'ieimtu set inv hand ami mv
>eal (ofiijjice, if he hua «« ojjiciiil neal) at. • . .thi-
(1,1V of.
the vear-
(SlliNATfltl. i>r MAlilSTK.VTK. [Sfll.]
A.S-SICJNMENT OF .\ I-OI.UY lO UK INnOR-^Kn TIIKKKOX.
I iii-urc(| l.y thr ui liin )Kilicy. in ,.i::-iileratioii of a
dollar p.ild to nil' hy ali»l tor other good eoii-iili ration-, do
hereliy a--ii:ii. and traii>fer to the said tlii- poliiy. tojxether
with all the right, title. illtere^I. ami claim wliicii I imw have or
lieri uliir may li;ive. in. to. or inider the same.
ff'itiies.i my hand this day of in the year
Wit nig!:: (^*l<^^.\Tl■KK.)
Where it is not pract'icalile to indorse tlie tninsfer
on the policy a separate term may be used. The fol-
lowinir fnnii will answer:
Wlivrea.i. the Iii-uraiiei> «':>nipany. by their i>olicy.
iiiimlK'i'eU anil dated on day of in the year
oail.-'ed me to 1m' iii-iireil against l(»s or damage hy lire on
a certain huilding. Iwiiig (^•/<.<ii;ii"<e tite Iniil'lin'i) in the -iiiii of
dollar-: lio« l.the -aid in consideration of one
dollar paid to me hy and for other good eon-ideration-.
have tran-ferred and it— igiied. and do liy the-e pre-eiit- traii-fer
ami a-si:rn unto the said the said iniliey of iiw^rame. and
all the light, title, intere-t or claim, which I now have or evir may
have. in. to, or under the same, and in and to any -um of money
w hieh now is or shall ever Ik' payalile therii>n.
tyitneas my hand this day of in the year
Witiiisn: (.SmsATlKE.)
II
I.
h
i'^V^*^'" ''"*■'' "'■'■"* divisions of iiisurainc nrc
.^iJilKW niiiiiiif, lire, and iit'i' Insiiniiui'. Tlio last
two iiic of iniK'li Inter ori<;iii tliiiii tlw tii>it.
A niiiriiu' in^iiiaiHc is a tout met i-iitt-ri'd
iiil(» l«'l\\ct'n pci'M'Ms liiivinir Miini' interest
in vessels, llieir ■.•■M-;^i>, or tiieir earninirs, on
tlie one >ide, ami liii' Insurers, or [m'I'soms
who, on the payment of a eertani preminni, nnderlake
to indenniilV the t'onner airainsl speeiticd josses din'inif
II partieidar voyage, or foi' the time sjieeilied in llie
policy.
The insnrei's are usually ealliMJ miderwnteis, l)eeanse
they \vril<' their names at the tool of the [loliey.
Theioiilraet of insiir-
anee IS one pre-eminent-
ly lia^eil on the a-smnp-
tlonof perteel irood faith
l(el Wren ',iie parlies. ailil
lieiiee any concealment,
i.f liil:-repre>elltatlon of
material fact>, likely lo
all'ect the iiiiclerwriter's W'^'"*/-
e>tmiateof the risk, will
render the policy void,
i"\cii whcji'tl oiiceal- ,,^
iiHiit oi misrepresenta- \'jr-%
t loll niav have resiilteil
Iroin a mistake, withoet
the intent ion to <lecei\e. '"' ' '~*—' ^
The policy of insurance |s jinnted with lilank spacc>,
to lie filled up with the particulars of each (a^e.
In all \oyajrP polii-ios, it is implied in the contiaci,
that the ship shall lie seaworthy at the comi.K'iiceiueiit
of the risk; and in luiy ease, a ship must lie tit for il>
])urpose. whether a freie'htiiiir ship to Kiirope, a <'oasf-
iiiLT schooner, or a \('~-(d in port.
In ease of any loss or misfortune, the insurecl and
their servants are expected to lalior lor the recovery of
the i^oods, inereliaudise, or >hip, or any part thereof,
for the insurers, who will hear the expenses thereof.
\\'heii an ah>olule total loss occurs, the assured are
entitled to recover the amount oi' the policy, without
•riv inir any notice of aliaiidonmenl . In this coiinoc-
tion. the term. ali:indoiiinent , is used to denote that.
In compciisalion lieinir "lemanded for the loss of
a ship or troods, the owner must ahandon or •linker over
to the insurer his entire iiiterestt in any portion of the
re.seiied |)roperty.
\\'hen the siilijeet insured is so seriously <1a!na<r(>d
that its recoM'i'v miirlit cost more than its eventual
value, it forms a '* constructive total loss," and notice
of ahandonnienl reipiires to he ^'i\cn hy liio irisured,
when the iiiider\\ rilei's hecoine owners of the vessel,
and lioiuid lor the aiaount of the iiisiiranee.
When there is a partial loss, lU' diinia<re, arising' from
any of the caiiso iii>uieil a^L'amst. it is detemiiiiod hy
what is known as particular averaire. In everv <'ase
of partial loss, the nnderwriler is jiahle to pay such
proportion of the sum
he has siihseriheil as the
damaire sustained hy
1^ the siihject of insurance
hears to its ivliolc value
at the time of iii.sur-
ce.
It is ii()t necessarv to
name the.-'hip in a policy
on iioods, as the insni-
iice would he valnl il it
- iiientioned tha! the
y-oods are ahoard any
ship, nor is it necessjiry
to mention in the policy
-•-'-- — -' ' the name of the party
III whose favor the contract i.s made. ]f made to A or
•• whoniMM'v er it may concern," in such ease an act m
could 111' niaintaiiieil hy anyone interested and intended
111 lie iii>iir<'d
No \alid iii--iiraiice can lieeilectcd on a \'oyair<> mider-
takcn 111 \ lolalion of law, as in \ lohition ot an einhari:'o,
or l.'hickade, or fur the purpose of tradinjr with an
ciieiny; and any illcirality when the \(iya<re commences
woiihl render the entire loiitraci illeira!, and would
release the insurance coin[ my lioiii any liahility. But
if at the time of insuraii'(^ he Miyaire was lawlul. then
the insiiriMs would only he i 'leased Iron: liahility for a
loss from causes which the ill 'irality was the ininiediato
cause. It is a well settled princiiilo, that insuranco on
property for export or import, contrarv to the l.iu vvJ..>i-ti
the policy is made or soiclit to bo enforced, is void.
LAW \M> I KdAI. ntllSIH.
.tfes^-y
.3 A
'Ion or yiiako ovor
"y liorfion of \\w
■ri«iisl3' (liiiiia^'cl
Imn itH ovcntiml
loss," am] notice
I l)y llio iiisiircd,
-rs of the vcHscI,
ranc(>.
.•i;:*', iirisin/L' from
"^ "Ictcriniiu'il l)v
III (•\('ry caso
'••!<' to \y.\y siidi
fioii of till' sum
siihscrilu'd lis the
:? Hiistaiiicil by
•joct of iiisiirancc
i> its tvholo value
time of iiisur-
iiot neccssai'v to
lOishipina [loiicy
ilf<, lis the insiir-
•iil'l li" valid il It
tioiicd tha; the
ii<' ahoanl any
•r is it iieccssarv
loii ill the policy
le of (lie |)arty
If iiiade to A or
I ease an act m
edaiidiiiteiKled
II voyage iiiider-
ot an enihariro,
•adiiii: with an
;i,ir<' eoinnienees
111, and would
liability. But
!"*liiwlul. then
1 liability for a
i the iiiMiicdiato
•t insurance on
I till' jiiw vvJ
-!>--:• LIFE INSURANC E .Xh
■>• ^
■.i>
Bd, is void.
—'•—♦-
ill: insunmee, orassiiiiiiii'e, is a eoniract lor
payment of a certain Slim in the e^('lll of
the drath ot a paitieiilar person, in eoii-
sideralion ot' a pn'iiiiiim paid at oiire or
>5^?^:|^ peiio.liraliy.
i''rtTf Assiinmees are said to in' nlistiln/r whi'ii
the ainoimt of the assiiriiiK'e is payable on
the death of tho party assured ; rniifini/iiif,
when the |iaynient deju'iids al^o upon >onii'
other event, as Iheexistenreof some other
person or persons at liio time id' the death.
They arc also /I'liiporuri/ when the sum is
payable only on the expiry of the life
M'ithin a certain time; (/ff'irnJ, when pny-
able only in the event of the expiry of the
life after a certain time; and for tli<'wh<de
life, payable at the death of the indi\'idiial,
wdienever that may happen. Assurances
are also elfeeted on joint lives under various
eoutin/jencies.
The system of life-assurance seems to
have iK'en borrowed from the marine, and
the jjraetiee at tir.st was for indiviiluals to
underwrite life risks in the same way as
marine. But lite-assurance is now etl'ected
in this country in a manner ipiite similar
to that of (irc-insunince by the mutual
companies.
The proprietary, or joiiit-stcck eoni panics, are torined
of jiersons who have siibseribed a capital, on the assur-
ance of which the business of the company is carried on,
and who divide the profits entirely among themseh cs.
In tho mutual-assuraneo soeiotles, on tho other hami,
there is no proprietary, the assunul heiiifr likewise the
assnrers, and dividing the jjrotits among themselves,
after deducting the expenses of management, and ri'-
seiTing a guaranty fuiiil.
The i)reniiimis to 1)0 paid arc adjusted aceordinir to
ihc ago of the party on whoso life the assurance is
fliiade; being lowest on young lives, and increasing from
year to jrar as tho oxpoctaixy of life 'limiuishos.
B? Before ell'eeting an assnrance, there are certain forms
to be tilled up, and certain regulations to be complied
:j-ga-
-♦ » w
«ith, so as to ascertain the state of health of the pro-
p(i>.er; fur inite'-s lit' be in good health, the otiice will
not undertake the risk it the ordinary rate.
It' the proposer misstates or enueeals anytliing that
may alfect the rate of premium, it vitiates the policy,
though some otiices now iledare their ptdieies (o lie in-
di-piitable after a certain time.
It'ail assurance i* eli'ei'tecl iiy oni' person on the life
of another, the a~^urer is iri'iierally reipiired to pro\e
that he \iu> a sullicieni interest in the life to warrant
him in takinu: out a poli<'y to the extent pro|ios«ii.
Most otKce,« will generally Ien<l the value vd" a (loliiy
at a moderate rate of interest on its security. It is also
the praclicc among otiices to allow a policy-holder to
n-sign his assimince, :ind to return him a certain \»n-
tion ot the i.-^miui'is paid. The simi so returned is
genei-ally :ilH>iit >.iie-ihird of tlu' jiremiums paid and
the bonuses declared on the p«)licy.
The ]M'emium to cover the risk upon life-assurance is
usually paid in money, or l»y .a note at once, if the
period be tor one year only, or less. For mor(! than a
year, it is usually payable !mnually. By agreement, it
may Ik' paitl (piarterly, with interest from tho day when
the whole is due. If notes ;ire not given, tho entire
anioiint of the premium is presumed to be due.
A life-policy may be assigned, and the assignee of a
p(dicy is entitled, on the death id' the party in.-ured, to
receive fhe full amount assured. \u a.-signment may
l>e by a seiianitc deed, which should be properly e.xe-
cnted and delivered. In this way a j)olicy may be
assigned, without dtdivery. Otherwise, a (hdivery and
deposit of the ptdicy would be taken as an assignment,
without a written paper to that ellVn't.
\ en'ditor may insure the lite {>( his debtor to the
amount of all and any legal d(d)ts that may be owing
or due to liim; andsoa trn>tee would have an insnral)le
interest to the value in which he is trustee.
'I'lie insurance in the abovecases is mainly a <'ontniet
on the part of the insurers to indemnify the insured
against loss, theretore if the idaim on which the
insurance is based has been sjitisfied, the insured would
iiave no claim. Otherwise it would be a wager policy,
Hs the .assured would have no interest in the life insured.
i!
!>■■',
m
^jt^^-
I
I. AW AM) I.Kd \l. KOIIMm.
H«-^:
-jj^t(^)lS: —
HS
Mortgages of Chattels, or Personal Property.
' raL4\ II viin. MouTiiAoo iin- uIIomi-.I in inn't nf ilic
(I'iSir -i-iii-- <il" llic I'liioii. A'i\- loriM wliirli wonltl
p'tw* ^iitliir :i' !i l>ill <>r >:ili' of till- niiiiMTlN , ami
CT.J/* " ^iitl'nT :i' !i l>ill <>r .iili' of llif |ii'ii|M>i't y, mill
Vif li'i^iiii.' ill ixl'litioii to till' wtinN ot'Nilt' timl lr.iii>-
'^ I'lT, M |iriivi«i<iii lor llic avoiilami' ot" il when tii<'
ilclil i> |iaiil, uiiiilil Ih' ^ntiii'ii-iil.
( irlirl:lll> , till' ll|iirliril!.''"r retain- |iiw.i'»«i(ili il' llic
nii>fli.'a;,'i' )><• iiTdi'ili'd. I'iuTi' i^ |ii'ii\ isioii lor i'i|uity
oT ri'i|riii|it ion. ami a« ri'irai'ii> a nioi-ti'a;.'!- ot' pi-iNonal
jn((|» rl\. till' pi'i'ioii i> \<'iy ininli .ojiorter tli:iii thai in
*.y
I he (Use of laiiil. Ill the t'oiincr eaw, the peiicMl is,
nsimlly, sixty days.
A i>leil>.'e of iieisonal property is tlilli-rent t'roin u
morttriiv'''- riiin;r» siilijeet to p|e<|;.'e aro (inlinarily
;rooi|s anil eliattti-: Imt inoni'V, tielits, in'Cotialilt'
iiislrninents, ami. iiiileeil. any oilier \aliiaMe tiling ot'
a pelsonai nMlnre, may lie ileli\ ei-eii in pleilire. It is ol"
till" esseiiie ot' tin' eontraet, that there Ih' an lutiial
delivery of the Ihiinr to the iiledfoe. for liis risjlit is
mil I'onstnnniated exeopt liy posses.sion. In virtue of
the iiJedL^e. he aeipiiro^ a s]>o<"iMl property in the
thillir. -'ind is entitled to the exeliisive |Htss('>sioll of
it dnriiii: the time ami for the olijeets for which it i^
plodL'i'd.
The pli'dirfc has a riirhl toscjl the pledire wlien there
lias iM'cn a det'anlt in the pledirer in •oinplyin^' with
llie onir!ll.''('ini'nt : but the possession ol the pledL'i' does
not suspend the riirht to sue for the wlnde dolit or
other enirii,!.'"«'nient without sellinir the ]>ledirf. for it is
only .1 collateral security. A pleilgrc cannot heconiu
the purchaser at a sal(\
A liiini of stock admits of the priviloiro of sale or
pledu-e. The liorrower c;in n^e it as he chuiises in any
way as he may ha\c occasion : Init he mii^t n>turn the
same ainoimt of the same stock, when it i~ reipiiri'd.
If the stock lie piri/i/ii/ In him, it cannot Im- so used
unless hy special a<rreenu'nt.
FOKM OF CnATTKL MOUTO.IOE.
TIiIh ImU'tttnrv, ^liuio this socoiicl day of .Tau.iaiy. in llie
yc.ir of iiiir l.unl, oni! thousiiiiil riglit Imiulreil anil eijility-fiuir,
t)otwf<'ii .IdliM Doe. of the City of Qi'iiu'y. in the ' 'lunity of Ailatns
ami Slate of Illinois, party of tlir lirst part, ami Saiiiiirf Roo. of
rf."^
«?-— f.
..t
'*, I
>^m
I III- |ifri(Ml JH,
"I'li'ii) fioni II
re (inliiiiirily
*. iifpotial)l(<
!iM<> tiling of
• Ilto. It is of
Im> an ui (iml
I- liin ri^'lit is
III virfuc of
>f sail- or
|»«'s ill aiiv
rot urn tlu'
r('<|iiirt'(l.
laiy. ill the
I'ifrlity-foiir,
of Ailain<
lipr Hop. of
I.AW A.NU LKU.VL lllK-M.x.
tho niy nrQiilnry, In ihr f'mmty of A'lam* unit Htnt^ nf llllniilii,
|i;irf V i>r till- •cninil piirl :
WHttrnHftlt, Tli.il Ihf *a\>\ pnrlv <>f the flr-t |i.iri. Icir ami In
cMii-lilirailiiti of till' •Mill of oiw ilolliir. In ti.i.«l {kilil. llii' i'i'ri'l|il
" llrrrol I' iHTl'tiV lukliow lrll;{<ll, il«ii'« lliT«'li> irrillll.TJI. I'ulivi')
iiimI ronllrni unto ilio -alil party of iIm- ••■. i.n | pari. Iil- Ih'Ik jiimI
ii»-lKii«. all mill "liiitiilar tin- follouliii; ■l<->.rllN'i| j-oocU unit t'lml-
trl-. to IVitt )LI'I nwl $rhr<lHU </ llir ■•rlieUl. '/"itfilinjf Ihtm
irllh H'tfliitnl ititlinrlnf-a !•• i.i.il.- .' ^i"W>iin >'hnt thi-fi <if .)
Ti>i/ffhrr irUh all atui i»(Hgiihir, '\'\w appiirli-ii iiuf« iIhti'-
iiiiio lH'|on;;liiK. "r i'> aii>»l-i' ap|>Ttaliiliik'. To Iture find to
lloltl tli<- '•anil' iiiiio tiM- -alil '•utinM'l \i>»-. Iil« 1» lr». ixfciilor-,
ailiiiliil>trali>r> aihl a>-ih'ii~. to liU ami tln-lr -o|i' ii>i' loiiKVtii,
Ami lli<> "alil •loliii liiH. for iiiy«f|f anal my lii'ir*. ■•xitiiIoI'-, nml
ailniliiUlrator-. ilo. .iiiv.'iiaiil aiol a^n'"- w lili tin- •■;i|,l v.iinii 1 Koc.
unci » lili III* lii'lr*. i-Nii'iitMr'-.ailinlni-tralor') ami a»l);if. llial I am
lawl'njlv po>»'»i>i| o| till' -alil ;;ooiU ainl rli.itii'l«, a- of niv own
proix'ily : lliai llii> >.imi- ari-lr<'«> froinall Iih iinilirami-. that I will,
ami iii>' lii'li-, I'Mi'iitor* ami ailinliil*! rator>, >liail warrant ainl <li'-
Ii'IhI till' •ami' iiiiio till- •al'l |Kirty of tiK- xi-oml part. Ii'« lii'l>>,
I'Xcriitor", ailmlnl-lralor' aii'l a<>l;;n-. a^aiifl tlir lawful rlaliii>
ami ili'iiiamU of all |H'r'-on'>. ami tlial I will lti-<'p llii' <alil pimN
and rlialli'N ln'<iiri-il a;;ain'>t lo.< \>\ flr>' lor tin- full iii-iiralili> valni-
tlii'ri'of. In «in'li roinpaiiji'^ a- tin- IniMiTof tin- iioit.. . In'ri'lnaflrr
iMi'iitioiii'il may illri'i'i, ami make iIm- Ii"--. if aii\. payalili- to, ami
ili'|io-ll till' iMilJi'li- witli. till- IioIiUt of -a'll nolo... ,i- fiirllii-r
M riirily for llio lncl>'liii'ilin-< iK'n-iiiaftiT iiii'IitIoih-iI.
I'rorhlril, Svvvrlln'li'iut, That if tin- -ahl .lolm |>oi', hU
I'M'i iilor-. ailmiiii-ii iioi- or a—iirii-. -luill will and irnl,\ pay. or
caii-i' lo !«• palil. unto tlii' -aiil S imnd l{o<'. hi- lii-lr-. I'Xii'ittor-..
ailmiiil>lralors or a>«iirii-. tin- •iim of oim- tlioii>aml ilollai-. in -"Ix
liioiilh-' IVolii till' ilati'tlr-t al»>vi'wrllt<-n. with I'l^iht |i<r <ci t Inti-r-
I'M, a" also a rcrtalii promissory noli-. U-arin;; .'vi'ii ilnta- In n'wllli,
fil^iii'il hy till- sail! iiiort:;agi*r. ulnTrliy In- promises ti pav tli<-
calil -iiiii ami IntiTr-t at tin* tiim' afori-al'l. tiicii ami fron tliriu'i--
forlli llii«i' pri'M'iits. ami miTythiii;; tlicrciii lontaim-il. -hail «i'a«i',
anil III- mill ami voiil. oihi-rni-t- -hall n-nialii in full t ainl
virtni'.
Ami I'rovhlnl. Aluo, That it -hall !«• lawful fi i im- sjilil
parly ol iln'lii-i put. hi- t'Mfiitor-. ailmiiii-trator- aiiil i.-.s|j;ns,
to ri'talii pos-i'»-ion of tin- -aid ;;oinl. .-mil i-hallfl-. ami at lis own
i'X|n'ii-r 111 kri'p aiiil ii-i' tlio -inii' until li<- or lil- i-xii'iiti r- ailniln-
l-lralors or a-sijrn-, -lull iiiaki- ili'faiill In ihi- payiin'iit i t - ilil -iini
of imiiii'y ahovf s|H'riiIi'.|, i-ithiT in prim-ipal or Intin-t. a( tlir
tiiiii" or tlnips, ami in tho nianm-r hi-n-lnU-forc statcil.
Ami the miitl Pui'ly of the First I'ltrt, lit- . , iom'-
iianl< ami ai;ii'i'-. ili.ii In la-f ilifaiilt -hall Im- inaili- r ho pay-
imnl of till' noti- alon-aiil, or of any |iart llHT<'<if. or rln inti'ii'-l
thciroM, or any part tln-riHif. on llw ilav or days i<-i«iinflv on
whiili thr sainr. or any part I hiTi-of. shall |it>«'oim- dm- ai o .'ayahli';
or If I 111' party of llio sn-onil |uirt. his oxwntnrs. adniinisir ilorM or
assl^rn-, shall fi'i'l- .... .in-t-tiin- or nitsufc. or shall fi-ar llmiiiiitioii.
ri'imival or waste for want of prii|i«'r i-are of said iiropcrtv: or if
tho jiarty of the tlr-t p.irt shall soil or a!i.s|gii. or utK-mpt -o sell or
assign, till' said j^oods uiid chatti-ls. or any part thercoi. or any
inton-st then-ill ; or if any writ Is-ne from any iimrt. oi by any
justice of the peace, or any distress warrant shall iM-levic mi said
goods and rhattel.s, or any (Kirt lh«Ti'<i(; or if the party o. :lie lirs-
pint shall fail or negle»'t to ke<-p tin- pro|i.-ny in-iired im the fur-
ther .sei'iirity of the party of tlie sottind \an. and to dein.-it the
pnliiii's. as aforesaid: then, and in any or eiilier of the aforesaid
ca.sos, all of said note., .iml sum., of money. Ixuli prim-ipal ami
iiitorpst. shall, at the option of the pan y of the seiond part, his
exeeiitors. administrators or assign*. -.vithout notice of said option
to any one. heeoine at once due and pay.-ihle. anything in said
note. . or In this mortgage to the i-ontrary notwithstanding; and
the party of the second part, hi.* exet-iitors. ailniini-trators or
assigns, or any of them, shall thereu|K>n have tlie right to take
Immnillale mill exr|ii>|vi> |MiMM-u|nn of mIiI pro|irny. and every
part lliereoi'. mid for that piir|ii»<' mat piir>iie ihi'>aine or any part
thereof, whi'i'i'Ver It nia,\ In' fmiml. .ind ,il-i> may enter an} of the
pr l-i's I'f Ihii «:ild part) of the llr-l |Kirt, with or wlthoiil I'orre
or pioi'i'-s of law . wherever iIh- ••ild cooiN and ehallels niay Im'.
or III' siippo-ed to )»'. andseari'li for tlH- '•.iiiie, ami If loiind, to lake
|Hi><i'ss|on lit. and ri'iiiove ami •ell. and i||s|Hi<e of. >ald pro|ii'rl.\ .
or any part thentil, at piildle .iih-tlon. to the hlghe>l hldder. ufliT
giving ten da.N'- liotlre of iIh' time, plaie, and terni« of -ale.
togellier w lih ad riptlon of iIh- pri>|K'rty to Ih> void, either hy
piihllealloii in •onie new-|Ki|M'r In iIh- <'hy of (jiilnry.or hy simi-
lar iiollces po'iteil lip In three |Milillc-pl.ii'i- In the virliilty of -mil
■all', or at privale sale, with i>t without notiii'. for ra-li, or oii
credit, as the said Saiiiiiil IIim-. hi- hilr-. ixii'iitor.. administrators
or assign-, agents or altoriiej-. or any of them, may elect, at aii.\
^nIiIcIi -ale ;it aiicllon the -aid niortgaj^ei.. hi- hi ir-. execiiloi's.
adinliil-irators or assign*, agent or atlorm-y>. or either of them.
liia,\ hecoine the pun Iniser*. and oiil of the money ari-Ing fiolii
-iicli sale, to reliilii all lo-t- and i harge- for pnr-iilng. -earcliing
for. taklie.'. renrovlng, ki'«'pliig. -toriiig. aihertl-ing and -ellliig
siicli pro|H'rty, goods, challel-. and etfei-t-. .iiid all prior liens
thereon, together .. the anioimt due and unpaid upon said nole
or any part of it either In principal or Infere-t. rendering the
over-plus of money arising from -mil «a|e i I any there shall he)
lllilo 1101111 I >oe or Ills legal repre-i'iitative-. which sale or sales so
imide shall Im- a |M'r|M'|ual har. iMitli In law and ispilty. agalli-t the
party "f the llr-t part, \*-i.\\ repn-eiitatlve and
fyUuenn 'I'he hand and -eal of tin- |iimy of' the llr-l part, the
day and jearllrst almve w ritteii
Siiiw'l. sf'iled,iiii'' ili'lii-^rfl. in) .IMIIN |i(»K. [Sfiil.]
//,.- pi'/'.^n.M .,/ I >AMl'KI. H<»K. [.Vd/.J
JiillN Kamii.. f
.MaII-II.VI.I. liltKI-.N. J
HiioitT rouM «>F rn.\TT»:i. Mni(T(i.\«ii':.
Know All Miu hij thriu- I'rrm-iiln, That of the
Town I't in the i I'liniy ot and State of In
ciinslder.ilionol the.-iiin of dollar", to .. ..paid liy
of the ' ounly of and Slate of the rin-eipt whereof
is lierehy ackiiow leilged. do. . . Iiereliv grant, sell, convey, ami coii-
llrni.imlo the said ami to ...heir- and assigns, the follow-
liig goods and chattel-. f« irit:
To Jtilt'f ami to Itohl .Ml and -ingnlar the said goods and
challel-. unto the said iiii'itgagis-. . herein, and . .heirs, execu-
tors, adinliiistrators and a-sign-. to and their sole use. forever.
.Vml llie iiiorlgagor. .herein, for and for heirs, executors
and administrators, do. .. .herehy ii»venaiit to and with the said
imutgagci' heirs, exi'<iitors, adininistralors and assigns.
that said mortgagor lawfully iMis»e.-.^d of the -aid goods
and chatli'ls, as of own pro|ieny : that the same are free liom
all encuiiihrances, and that. . . .will, and. ■ ■ exo<"Utors and admiiiis-
irators shall, warrant and defend the -ame to the said
mortgagee.., ,..,liis heirs, executors, administrators and asiigns,
agaliis| tliei.'iwfiil ci.'iinis and demands of all [lersons.
Proriilfil, Xi'ffrthclenit, That if the said mortgagor
execiilors or adiiiinistrators. shall well ;uid tnily pay unto the 8aid
niortgagee executors, administrators or assigns
I lien this mortgage is to tie void, otherwise to remain in full force
and elVi'ct.
Ami, Provhieil, iiIho, Tlut it sliall Ix- lawful for the said
mortgagor executors, adiiiinistrators .and assigiis. to retain
possession of the said goods and chattels, .iml at own cxji^nse,
to keep and use the same, until or . . eseciitors, administrators
or assigns, sliall make default in the p.(ymenl of the said sum of
money al)ove s|)ecilipii, either in princiiwl or interest, at the time
or times, and in the manner heri-inliefore stated. And the said
mortgagor. ., herehy covenant., and agree., that in case default
sha'" lie made in the payment of the note., aforesaid, or of any
pai thereof, or the Interest thereon, on the day <ir days respi'c-
f '.
It'
I
ht
m
i
D
ij !
I.AW AND LKU.VL KOKM8.
tlVPly Oil wlili'li tlip >«iii«» 8lmll Imvoiiic (Uio anil iiaviiblc; or H ilu'
inort^iijfi'o .. .. i'\('riiIors, iuliiiiiiistnitors or ii-«i;,'ii*. slialMVi'l
. .. .lli^cfliro or iilisuri-. or sliiill fear cliiniiiiilioii. ri'iiioval, or \\ a«li'
of .-aid iircijiiTlj ; or if tlic iiinrl<;a';oi-. i-liall >c'll or a>si^-ii. or
at trill] It to M'll ora-si;;ii. tlii' said goods andilialti'ls. or any iiitrt-
pj"* llicri'iiu or it' any \\ rit. or any di-trcss w arrant, sliall \<f IcviiMl
<; 1 •:!id floods and (liatti'l-. or any part llicri'ol'. tlicn, and In any
or ril'ii 'r of tin- aforesaid casrs, all of said iiotr . and sniii of
liioiicy, 1 oih printipal and Inlcri'st. shall, at Hit- iplion of saiil
nior' ;agi'<' xt'riiloi>. adiiiiiii>trators or a<sii;n>, without
iio.'i'i' of sail! option to any ono. Iwroiiii' at oni'c dno and payahli',
and the Haiil inort;;a';('o ■xt'ciitors. adiniiii-trators or
iu signs, or any of tlicin, shall tliiTi iiimiii havo tin- ''igiit to take
;■: Miriliati- iHissossion of said propri i> . and for that pnrpos,.. nmy
)nrsni' tiir same wlirrrM'r it may lie futnid, and may entei my .t
the proml-e> of the mortgagor . « itii or w illiont force or proees-
of law. vvherex r the said goods and ehaltels may he, or he siip
posed to he. and > -areli for the same, and if foinid, to take posses-
sion of. and rei.iove. md sidl. and ilispo-e of the said property, or
liny ;>''i' then of at ;iooiii auction, to the highest hidder. after
giving days" notice of the lime, place mid tprms of sale,
•ogeilier with a de«crlption of the property to he -old hy notices
posted up III three public places in the vicinity of siich sale, or at
private s.ile. with or « ilhoiii notice, for cash or on credit, as the
said mortgagi'e. , ... heirs, executors, adiiiin stratms or assigns,
ayents or altorneys, or any of them, may elect: ami. out of the
money arising from siich sale, to retain all costs a:id charges for
pnr-iiing. searcliimr for, taking, renioving,keepiiig, storing, adver-
llsing, and selling such gooils and chattels, and all prior lions
thereon, together with the amount due and unpaid upon siiid
note. . reutleriiig the surplus, if any remains, unto said mort-
gagor. ., or. . . .legal repr f tatives.
Ifitin'HX The hand., ami seal-, of the said Mortgagor... this
day of ill the year of our Lord one thousand eight
himdreil and
'"il (inil itelirereil in lhe^
presence of I
[Senl-I
[.yea/.]
-•♦-
..>fr(4'>v.»—
OFP^
j:-3%'
<i° <-<zSi
C0pYl(I(5pT.
I'HK oopyrinrlit law.^ of tlic ''iiitod St.itcs. in force
I)ff(>',iilH'r 1. 1S7."$, iis !iiiicii(lt'il 1)V .Vet (if (.'on-
'Tfoss, approvcil .Tunc !.s. 1S74, is c(iii(lciis(>il sn ii.s
lud In ()c<Mipy iiiiich space, iiiid \ve;£rl\(' tlie j)r<ivi.>ii()Ms
.'IS follows ;
.•^Kc . AUA^i. .\11 rei'ords and other things relating to copyrights
and recpii ed liy l.iw to lie pre .i rved, shall he under the control of
the I.ilirarian of i ongress. and kept and "ireservcd i.i the '.ilirai>
of I'ongress; and the I.ilirarian of ( 'on^rrcss shall Innc tiie imme-
diate care ami siipervi-ion thereof, and. under the ■ iipervisimi of
till' Joint <ommittee of Congress on the l,ihrai\. shall piil'iirm
all acts and duties ly^iiiM-eil hy law tnnchlng copyrights.
Ski. A'M'.K The seal provided fir the olUce of the I.ilirarian of
f'ongress. shall he theseal thereo,. and hy it all records and i>a|K'rs
issueil fro'n the olllce. and !■> ho used iti i'videiice, shall he autlien-
licaied.
Ski-. liTili. The Idlirarl.iii < f < 'oiigross shall give a lioiid, w itli
sun lies. |i, th" Treasurer of the riiiled States, In the sum of the
ttion-and dolhir-. with the condition that he will render to the
]ii.'lHr otlicer- of the Trejisury a true account of all moneys
receiv'd hy viiu ■ ot hi- oftlce.
Sk( . I!i.'il. The Mhrarian of Congress shall make an annual
••Pliorl lo Coiigre— of the nuiiilM'r and descrlptloii of copyright
pnlilicatious for w hicli entries have Ih'pii made during the year.
Ski . '{Kti. Any citlzoii of the riiilod States, or rosldent
floroin, who shall ho the author, invenlor, iles|gii< or proprietor
of any iMiok, map, chart, liramatic or musical coiii|His|tion, en-
graving, 'ui, pr'nt, photograph or negali\e tliereol'. or of a paint-
ing, draw iiig. . ti.onio. -tatnle. statuary, and id' models or designs
intendiil to he perfected .as work- of the line arts, and the execu-
tors, admini-lrators, or ,'i»signs of any such person, shall, iipi n
loiiiplyilig with the provisions ol Ini- chapter, have the sole
lilMTly of printing, rpprlntlng. imhllshliig, ciimplotlng, copying,
ex.'i'uting. tlnishing, and vending the same; a :il, in the ciLsp of a
dramatic comiMisiiion. of |iulil!cly |>prforiuing or rpprofptitlng it,
or causing it to he jierformed or represented hy olliprs. And
authors may reserve the right to dramatize or translate Iheir own
works.
Ski'. I'JXt. i 'ojiyrights shall lio granted for tlip term of twpiity-
elglit ye.irs fr the time of recording the title Ihereof, in the
manner hereinatter directed.
Sic 4!i.VI. The author, iiivpntor, or designer. If he be still liv-
ing and a citl/eii of the I'nltpd States or resident tlieroln, or Ills
widow or children if he lie dead ^hall have the same exclusive
right continued lor the (urtlipr teiiii of fourtwii years, u|)<iii
leiording the title of the work or descriptloi. of the article so
secured a second time, ,'ind complying w III. all other regulations In
regard !o original copyrigiits, \\ iihiii six montlis liefore the expl-
lation ot the first term. .\ ml such person shall, w ilhiiitwo inonllis
fro;;; the date of -aid renewal, cause a copy of the reiord thereof
to Ik' piililished ill one or more newspaiKTs. printed in the riiited
Slates, for the space of fc-ir wtjoks.
Skc. 4'X>')- ' opy rights shall bo a.sslgnahli' In law hy any liistru-
ineiit of writing, and such assigniiiPiil shall 1h' recorded in the ojllco
of nil' l.ihrarian 'f <'ongress wiililu sixty days after If exeiu-
lloii: in default oi which it shall he void as against any snlise-
i|uent pnrcli:tspr or mortgagee for a valiiahlecoii-ideiiillon. without
notice.
Skc. I!t."i<i. \o person shiill Im' entitled lo a copyright uiile-s be
shall. Iipfore piililication, dellvpr at the olllce of lh,> I.ilirarian of
Congri-s, or di'|Hisif in the mail addressed to the I.ilirarian
'>\ < 'ongress, at Washington, nislrlct of Colmnbia, u printed copy
of the li:le of the hook or other article, or a description of the
p.'iinllng, draw ing. cliromo, statue, statuary, or model or design
for a work of the tine arts, for w hich he Heslres a copyriglit ; nor
(H.
anil trriMs of siilo,
lj(! ^(|l•l l)y notii'cs
of siioli sale, or nt
r on ncdlt, as the
tratiiis or a.'^sifjiis,
t : ami. oct of tlip
Is a:Ml rhiir<;ci for
njf, sloriii;;. advcr-
Mil all prior lions
inipaici upon said
, iinio said niort-
Mortgajjor. ., this
>nL> thousand eight
. . . [Son I.]
... [.yen/.]
-«♦-
iplotlng. ropj'lng,
I, in the citso of a
r rrprespnting it,
)y othrrs. And
anslafo tholr own
iMin of twonty-
lliprc'of, in tlip
r he bp still llv-
iIhtcIm, or Ills
same cxclnsivc
II years, nixm
f the arllcie sti
r rejrnlalions in
lefore llie expi-
liin two nmnlhs
iiMoril llicreof
I ill llie I'liiled
liy any iiistrn-
di'd in Iheolllee
after lti< execii-
iii-l any siilise-
I'lalion, wiihout
lisjlit unlpw lio
l.ilirarian of
llie I.ihr.-iriaii
a prilileil ((ipy
iriptioii of (he
loHel or desij;ii
iopyri;;lil : nor
LAW A^X• LEGAL FOKM.S.
• . ~- !.- -'.all al-o. within ten dayn from the pnhliration thereof,
d. liv r Jt the ofliie of the I. ihrarl.Mi of (Congress, or dc|H)-it in
tiK? mail aJdr --fd to the Llhrari; 'i of ('on;;ress at Washin;;ton,
I>i-trii1 of Columbia, two copies f sueh ropyrii;lit iHiok or other
arti.-l*". or. la lasc' of a ].aintliij;, li.iiwiiii,', slaliie. slalnary, model
orit--ign for a work of the line arts, a pholo;;raph of the same.
Si;r. 4'.Ci7. TIm- Librarian of Con^'ress shall record the nameof
sucln-opyright lxK)li. or oiIht arlii'le, forthwilh In a liook to tx?
ke|>t for tli.it i>iiri«>M', in the words follDwin;;: " Library of Con-
gTRs*. to wit: Ue It n-iiicinlHied that (iii the lay of
V. B_"f. balli !cp<i>ilcii in I Ills olUce the title of ii
hook '•»»/», rhart, or othfrn-isp, as III- cusp iiihij ho, or i/mrriplion of
llx 'irlieU). Of t'n\p or de-criplion of which is in tlie follow in;^
word-, to wit: ('«•/•<■ ins'Tl (Im till" or (lincriiitiDn), the rijjht
whereof In» cl«im- a« author (('ri;/i'n<jM)', ny ;;ro;)ri>/'ir, (i.« Chf cise
fn//y *<•;. in t-onfonnily w ilh the laws of Ihe liiifed States resiM-ct-
in^ i-opyrights. ('. I).. Libr.iiian of ( 'oiij ress." And he shall
give a ropy of ilK- title or description, lindei the seal of the Libra-
rian of « Vinffre--. to the pi.'iprieli>r whenevi r he sh.ill re(|nire It.
Ski;. V-Ci^. The Librarian of ('on;;n'>s shall receive from the
"wr-on to wliom IIh* S4'rvice- desi^naled aie rendered, the lollow-
in^fw-*: L For rvcordin;; ihe tilleor .!;scriplioii of any coi>y-
ri;:ht txiok or other arlii'e, llOy cents. •_'. Kur eviry copy nnder
se:il of -iM-h re«iord actually ^iveii lo the person i'laiiniii;; the copy-
right, or hi* a— i^ni". li'ty cents. ;(. Vi>" rccoidiiij; and cTrtiCyiiii;
any irtstnimeiil of writiii;; fm- llie a-sij;iiiienl of a copyri;;ht, one
dollar. 4. For every copy of an assi;;ni iciit, one dollar. All fe«'S
go retreivwl i-liall Ix- [wid into tlie Treasury of the I'nited States.
!*r-<". i'Xit. Tlie jiroprietor of every copyrijjht hook or other
articlr- sfiall "Hiver at Ihe oIlUi! of he I.lbiai ian of I 'oii;^ress. or
defirr-it in the mail addressed to ,,..■ Librarian of < 'oii^res>. at
Wa-hin;floii. Pi-trict of « ■iduinbia. within !• i. 'ays after its pii.)ll-
ration. two •■'■nipleie primed topics lb ■reof, of Ihe !„ -t edition
i-^iHtl.or <k-4T'pfion or i>holo;;raph of siicli article a-^ liereiidM'-
f..re rnjiiirtxt. .-uid a c<ipy of every subse<;uent e<lition wherein any
-lib-tamial ehaiij:<*s shall tx- madi>.
Si;«-. 4,'.t»\ For every failure on the p'rt of Ihe proprietor of
any copyright to deliver, or de|Mi<ii in llie in: il, either ol ibi' |.ii»>-
li-h«l i-opi'r». or <)e-<rip'.ion. or plioto^rraph, r Miuiri'd by Sii't ii.ns
-l!if>K ami 4f«r4i. tlH- proprietor of the copyri^jhl «hall Ik- lialileto a
p<-iialfy of tw«-iity-flve didlars. to be reci.vcrei' .>y Ihe l.ibrariaiiof
t'origre-*. in the name of the rniteil Stales, n an action in Ihe
nntiirp of an aiiion of debt, in any di^lricl court of the Inited
Sta'e^< within tlH* jurisdiction of whicli Ihe ilelini|uent may rc:-ide
or \tp found.
S»;r. VMM Th<> postmaste - to whom such copyrl;|ht Ixiok, tltlp,
or otfii-r ■rtiik-. is delivereci, shall, if n'c|iie-ied, fjive a receipt
then-for; ami wltcn so delivered In- shall mail it to ils destina-
tion.
Si:r. Vtii, Xo fx-rson shall maintain an action for the lnfrin;;(v
men! of hi-* •■'•pyritjht unless he shall fiivejiolid- lliereof by iiisert-
iii:; i't th«> wveral copies of <'very edition published, on Ihe title-
p.i.,'1- <.t tlK> iiajre Immediately following;, if it be a book; or if u
map, ih-iTt, niii'^^ coni|H>-itioii, ; il.:t, cut, eii^jraviiif;. photo-
jjni|>fi. [aii.'llnjr. drawin;;, < hroino, >lalue, slaliiary, or model or
de»i;fn ifitfO'V-tl to U- |»'rfec|ed and ■ omplclcd as a work of the
line ar1«. by lu-t-ribinj; ii[xin some vi>ilde port ion llicreof, or of the
siil>>tan>'<> on which tlx- same sliall 1h' monnied, Ihe following
wonl'. viz.: " Kiiten-d ai'cordiii^ to act of ( 'on;;ress, in the year
by .\. n_ in tlx- olllcp of Ihe Librarian cd' »'onf;re<s at \V;i.-h-
In^^ton:" or. at his option, tin- word "Copyright," tojjeiher with
the year tin* ••opyrl;;ht was entered, and the name of the |>arty by
whom I: «a» takm out, thus: "Copyrl^'hl, IS. ., by .\. U."
Si( . A'*^l. K\ery |icr-on who<hall in-erl or impress sueh notice,
or »ord» of ili^kanip purport. In or upon any book, map, chart,
niiG>lt-al i-«imiK»'ition, print, cut, engravinj, •r pholojjraph, or
other article, for whii h h^ hus not eblai:ied a copyri^jlil, shall lie
liubir lo a [x>iuilly of one hundred dollars, recuvrrableone-liulf fur
the pprson who shall sup for such penalty, and one-half to the use
of the I'nited States.
.S|;«\ V^A. Every person who. after the recordiiif; of Ihetltlo
of any ixxik as provided by this chapter, shidl, within Ihe term
llmitetK and without the consent of Iho proprietor of the eopy-
rljjnt lir-t <ib«aiiied in wrilin;r. si-ineil in presence of two or more
witiie -»•«. print, publi-h, or iiniHirl. or. kllo^vill;; Ihe same to be so
prime I. |xibli-lied. or im|wprted, .-hall .-ill or ex|K(se to sale any
i-opy «.f MK-li txM»k, shall forfi'it every copy thereof lo mhIi pro-
prieti'.-. ajid sh:ill al-o iMrbit an<l p.iy such d.inia;;es a- may be
revovere«l in a civil action by such [nopriclor in any coiut <d"coni-
ix-tent juri-di(.tion.
Sfif. 4'»V>. If any ixT'on, after the recording: of llie title of any
>;iap. chart, iiiu-ical coin|Mi-itii>n, piiiit, cm, eii;;iaviMi;. plioto-
gr.iph. or chnimo. or of the de-cription of any paiiiliii;;. draw in;;,
statue, .-tatiiary. or model or cle..i;;n intendi'd lo be perfected and
ex'tuted as a work of the line arts, as pr vided by this chapter,
•lull, within the time liinitei!, and without Ihe consent of the pro-
prietor of the copyright tlr-t <d)ta!ned in w rilin;;, si;;iied in pres-
ence of two or more w itne-ses, en;;rave, elcli, work, copy, prim,
publi-h. <ir iiii|>orl. either in whole or in part, or by varyiiii; llie
main drsijrn with inti-nt lo evade llie law , or, know in;; the same to
!*• -SO print»*<L ixibli-h<-d. or importe.l. shall sell or exiio-e to -ale
any copy of -iich map or other .irli.le. as alon-aid, he shall I'orl'eit
to the pHiprietor all tin- plates on which llii' >aiiie >liall be copii'd,
and every fl><-<-t then-of, either copied or ipriiilcd, and -hall further
forfeit one dollar for every sheet of the same found in his posses-
sion, either printin;;. printed, copied, publi.-hed, imported, or
ex|X)*«-<l for safc-; and in ca-e of a paintin;;, statue, or statuary. In-
shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of Ihe same in his posses-
si<m. or by him -<dd or ex[H(-ed for sale; one-half tlieieof to the
proprietor, and the other half to the u-e of the rnitcd Slate-.
.'•Kf. 4t»>i. .\ny jier-on publirly perl'oniiin;; <ir ii'pre-ciitin;; any
dramatic com|x»il ion for wliiiha copyii;rlit has been obtained,
without llie con-ent of the proprietor Ibcn'ol. or his heirs or
a.-si;;ns. shall Ix" liable for the daiiiaije- tliereror: such damage- in
all ca-o* to lM-a.--4— ei| at Mich sum. not le<s than oiii' liiiiidied dol-
lar*fi'rtb<' tir-t. an<l fifty ilollar- lor every 8ubj>e<iiient jxTforin-
aiicp. as to tlie i-ourt -hall ap|>e.ir to be just.
Sf.r. i'.»;~. Every ix-rson who -hall print or imblish any manu-
scrijit wfialever. wiihout the con-eiit of llii' author or proprietor
lir-t obtaiwd (if such author or proprietor is a ciii/en of the
rniteil States, or ri-i<leiit therein), .-hall be liable to the author or
pniprietor for all dain.i;;es m-ca-ioned by r-uch injury.
Ski-. 4;*;!*. \o ailion sh.ill be iii:iiiitaiiied in ,iny case of forfrit-
lirp or p«-nalty under Ihe copyri;:hl laws, unless the same Is coin-
meU'-Pil within two years allt r tlie caii-e of action has arisen.
Ski . 4'»Kt. In alIaciion<ari-iiigundcrtliilaws res|M'ctiTi;; copy-
right- tlie ilefemlant may plead Ihe general issui'. and give the
c[iecial matter in evidence.
Sec. 4&T0. The cin-uit i-ourts, and tlistrict i-ourls having tne
juriMliction of cin-uit courls.shali have power, upon Mil in ci|uity,
tlleil by any larty aggrieved, to grant injiiiutioii- I* prevent Ihe
violation of any right MHiireil by tin" laws rc.-pectiiig copyiij;lii<.
acconiing lo tin- t-.ur-i- and principle- of courts of niuily. on stab
tPnii-s as tin- oiurt may cl<i-m rea-ionable.
Sr.i-. 4;i7l. Nothing in llii< chapter -hall be construed to pro-
hibit the printint;, piibli-hiin:, impoi'ialion or sale of any hook,
map, chart, dnimatic or .na-ical com|>o-ilion, print, cut. engrav-
ing, or |>holo:;r.i|>h. written. com|x>sed, or made by any [lerson not
a citizen of the I'ulted States nor resident therein.
(XII'^lllCIIT.H tun LAIIKI.S.
Srr. 3. That lntliecon«tniciion of this act, the worrti« "pngrav-
Ing," "»iit," and -print" shall 1m- applied only lo piciorial
ilhi-<tration> or works comieiird withllir lino ails, amino priiit-
or VXitfU ilesigiied lo tx- u-ed lor any other articles uf nianiil'acluip
sliall be entereii un<lpr the copyright law. but may be regi-lered in
17
"XT
%
LAW AM> LKUAI, FOKMS.
tin- I'atoiil ()tl\i'('. Ami tlii- ('uminis-loiHT i«f I'litents is licri-liy
(•liar;;cil with ilii" sii|H'rvIsion ami I'luiirnI of ilii' fiitry or icjjistry
of .■.mil priiils or lalx'l.s, in I'uiifoniiity willi tlio n'pilalioiis l)r<>-
vlilril liy l:iu as l<> iip|iyii;;lit of |iriiils. I'xo'pt lliat tlicri' sliall Im>
paiil tor ici'iinliiii; llii' titli' nf any ]iiint nr laUO nut a Iraclf'-niaik.
sl\ (liillais, wl'lili shall idvit tlii> i'xi«'n»<' ff rurnisliiu); a copy of
llu' r.',-onl nndiT llii> scai of llic (Uniniis.sioni'r of ratenls. to tlic
party cntcrini; the saim-.
<iKM:UAI. FdltM OF ASSICiNMKNT.
For II Cinislilcriltion >>( ilollars, lln- ni-rlpt of
\\ lilrli is liiirliy ai!\no\\ hmIjijimI, (iitlicrwisc for valni- nfcivcii). 1
lirrcliy assij;ii. traiislcr anil set over I" Saninrl Kim-, ail my title
ami Iriicrrst in am! lights nmirr aciTtain t-opyriglit.aml tlii^ciTtif-
iiali- llnTriif. brarin:; dali" llii- ilay ol , tlio title (or
ilcsfriplicm) of wliiili is in lln' foliowinjj worils. to wit: (copy
from till" ii'rtilli'ari"; the ri-flit wlieroif I i-iaint as author (or
propri. lor..
To Hiil'e iiiiil to Hold Iliesaiiie unto tlie saiil Samuel Koe.
and 111' li i^al H'pn'-cnlalives f.irever.
In Witnenn Whrreof, I have herennio s,.| niy hanil. this
(lay of .loiiX UoK.
A iciiimiiiiiii-iiioM finlosino- Mil :is.-ii^iinn'iit to tlic
Lilirai-ian ol' ( 'oiiirrt-ss rori'i'ioi-iliiior, >lioiiM Ix- pfojMTly
(Intcd al \\w lio.iil, as ill tlic <:isi- of a Ictti-r. with
atltifos lino lo 111!" left. iiiiiicriK'ath, • Lihntriaii of
Coiiirress, WiL-*lii[iirtoii, D. C," ami then procecil its
foni>ws:
Kneloseil please tin ' an iiistrnmeni of writing for tin* aAsijfumtiit
of copyright No from J'eter I'oole v"lher« !-<•, author
or proprietor) to Samuel Koe (or |NiblUhei ), to be rt-
eerileil in your otliee in conformity with the laws of the I'nitod
Slates resiM><tinj; copyrij^hts.
Kinil also (|>ost otUce order, or draft, Xo , for)
dollars, fi-e for rwordiiig ami ciTtifyin;; said iiL^tniment.
Yours re-ix'ctlully.
Samiki. Rok.
Ill answer to the alM)Vo.a (•crtiticatc of ri'<'oriliii<r will
1k' retiiriictl Wy the Liltniriaii of Ctnigres.s, ami may road
ti.i foll(<ws:
I.IBRAIIV OF CoXGKESS.
[Sfttl.'\ WASIIIXIiToX IttS.
The within !ussl);nmcnt of eoi)yrij;ht is this day ri-corded in ihe
ollice of the Librarian of < 'oiigress. in confonuity with the laws of
the I'nited St.iti's resiH'cting eol)yrights.
Witness my hand, and the seal of said otHw. this. . . . d.iy of
V. 1>. ISS..
I.lbrariaiF of Coiigres*
A .-ihort fonn of ajvsijrnniout niav road:
I hereby assign i-oi)yright No.
Dated
to Samuel Kof. of
Juux Doe.
^/^^'W^^^'^--^ S—*^
y:-
^^m LAW OF TRADE-MARK. WM^
--^h
^a
"f^hiv. oriiriiial trjiil(>-iiiark laws of tho I'liitod Statos
-rif? Won- (Ifclarcil iini'oMstitiitioiial ami \ oiil by tho j
•'"■. Sii|ir('ii.o ( 'niirl, and nil (lie third of ,NIar<-li. IsNl, |
Coiiirross passed a new tnidoMiiurk law. tho text of (
whicli is ;is follows;
.\N Act to Ai Tiiiiiazi: tiii; KKiiisTit.vrio.v or 'ritAOi.-MAitKs
AMI I"l!OTK« T TIIK SAMtU
//■' i'( rii'tcU'l l"J Ihf >>«((/<' nii'l llDii.if iif lii-prraenUitirta <•/ tU'
I'nitr'l si'ili-M. lit Ciiu'jri.is (m.i.-hi'./c'. That owners of trade-marks
u-eil in comniene wlih foiiiir" nations, or «itli the Indian triU-s,
indvlded suih owners shall !»■ domi'iled in the Iniled States or
located In any fore!;;ii country or trilKs. which, liy tre.ity, (•oitveii-
li"n. or law. an'ords .-Imilar privileges to citi/ell^< of the I'lilled
Stales, may id)lalii re;,'islr.illoii of such tnule-niarks by cimiplyiiig
w llh till' following re(|nirements:
rir-l. By causing lo Im' rccordeo in the Talent Olllee a state-
meiil specil'yiiig name, domicile. locali>>n. and cill/ei|ship of the
|Kiny applying; ; llie class of mcrchaniiis<> and I In- particular di'-
scription of goods comprised in >uch cla>s to which llie |iarlicular
trad<--maik lia~ Imiij .(ppro,iriated: a ile.<crlptioii of ilieiradc-mark
Itself, with facsimile- Ibercid'. and a siatement ^f the mode In
which llie same is applied and alllxeil lo goods, and the length of
time during which the trade-mark has Imwmi iis4>d.
Second, liy paying Into the Treasury of tho I'lilted MUlcx the
Sinn of iwenty-Iive ilollars. and complying with such regulations
as may Ik> prescribed by the ( 'oniini--loncr of Patents.
Sr.r. :;. That the application pre«critxMl in the foregoing siv-
lioii mii-t. in order to create any right whatever In favor of tb"
party tiling it, lje ace<u!i|i:uiieil by a written declaration verllled
by the iwrson. or by a memU'r of a llrm. or by an otliii-r of a eor-
|Miral ion applying, to the elfect Ihal such parly has at thetiniea
1 iglil lo the u«e of the lraili--mark sought to lie registen-d. ami that
no oilier |H'r-oii, linn, or corporation has the right to such Use.
illler in Ihe iilenlical form or in any such near resemblance tlM-n-t"
a- might In- calculated lo dii'i'ive: that such trade-mark Is used in
coimnerce « lib foreign nalioiis or ''idiaii lril)es. as alxive Imli-
eated; aii<l that the descriplion and ficsliniles presented for reg-
istry truly rep^-sont the iraile-mark sought to Ix- n-gistereiL
Si:« . ;t. Ti .he thne of the r^^•eil< of any such applieallou
shall Ik- noted and rit'orded. Iliit no alleged tra<l<'-mark shall Ix-
ri'gl-tered unless the same ap|M'ar to In- lawfully iwd as such by
the applicant in fonigii commerce, or commerce with Indian
trilx's, as alxive mentioned, or is wiihiii the provision of a tre.ily.
convention, or deilaration wllli a foreign |xiwer; nor which |s
merely the name of the applicant; nor whicli Is idetilical with a
reglsi.reil or known Irade-inark ow ih-iI by another and ii|>proprl-
ale III I 111' same class of merchandise, or which co nearly nx'iuble.
some oiiiir |X'n»on"s law tul Iradi-mark as to Ix- likely to eausecoii-
fil-lon or nil-take In the mind of Ihe public, or to di-.'eive imrehas-
ers. In an application for regi-lratioii the (.'oiniiiissloner iS
Patents shall li cide the presumptive lawflUlieiM of claim to th*
allegi-d trudc-mark: and In aiiv disiiute Ix-twccn uii applicant and
'K;
c^va -
2i^-^
--o^tm
l>rococ»l as
lie iu.s!KiiiiK'iit
author
ihur), to be ro-
of the rnitctl
^r)
neiit.
\mi:kl Ruk.
ion ling will
ml niay road
IXdKESS,
, 188.
•(•cortlod ill [!io
•ith tlH5 law* i(f
I..... . . .day of
of Coiijjrcs.«
1 Ko€. ol
Jijiix Doe.
tfj4
■t
nil ivgulalioii«
It*.
forrj^iliij; mv-
II fivnr of tl'"
at ion vcrillcil
niivr of a I'or-
at tlH> thill- a
I'n'il. anil tliat
111 «lich IIM'.
M.iiifiMlii-n't"
Ilk i< ii-fil ill
- al">vi' IiuU-
M-iiti'il for n-g-
;i-t<'r«'iL
li a|i|ilii'alioM
nark rhall l«'
•il a* imch liv
Willi Iniliaii
11 of a trraly.
nor wliiili i-
iilii-al witli a
ami ai>i>roiirl-
arly n'^'iiilili'"
y t" raiisi'ioii-
".■oivf |«in'lia—
iiniis>ion»'r tU"
f claim t» th»
a|i|>lii-aiit uiiJ
LAW AND LEU.VL FOKM8.
a previous rejfistrant, or between applioants.he Hhall follow,so far
as the same may 1» applicable, tlie practice of courts of e(|uity of
the I'nileii Slated in aiialogoiw cases.
Skc. 1. Tliat certilh'ates of registry of trade-mark.o chilli be
Issued ill t le name of the I'liited States of America, under the seal
of the Oepaitrnent of the Interior, and shall Ix; signed by tlie
Coiiimissioner of Patents, and a record thereof, together with
jirintecl copies of the s|>eciflcations, shall l»e kept in l«K)ks for that
jinrpose. Copies of trade-marks anil of statements and declara-
tions lilcd therewith and certillcates of registry so signed and
sealeil, -hall lie evidence in any i-uit in which siiiii Irade-inarks
shall 1m' biTtight in controversy.
Skc. ». That a certificate of registry »hall remain In force for
thirty years IVoin its date, except in casJ-s win re the trade-mark is
claiineil for anil applied to articles not inanufactiired in 'his conn-
try:and in which it receives protection under the lawsofa foreign
country lor a shorter |>eriod, in which case it shall cease to have
any force in this country by virtue of this ail at the timelhat sihli
tradi'-mark ceitses to lie exclusive pniiierty cls<'where. ,\t any
time during the six months prior to tlie expiration of the term of
fliii-ty years such registration may lie renewed on the same terms
and for a like |>eriiiil.
.Sk<". <>. That applicants for re^ri -tr.it ion under this act shall lie
credited for any fee or part of a fii' lierelofon- paid intothi- Treas-
ury of the I'liited States \. ith inteut to procure protei-tion for the
same trade-mark.
Skc. 7. That registration of a trade-mark shall }>n jiri,na /•leii'
evidence of ownership. .Any |>erson who shall reproduce, coun-
terfeit, copy, or colorably imitate any traiU'-mark regi-tereil under
this act and alllx the same lo merchandise of siiltstantially the
same clcscriptive proin-rties a." those dcsi-riU'd in the reirisi ration,
shall be liable to an action on the c.i-e for damages for the wrong-
ful use of said tradiMiiaik at the suit of the owner thereof; and
Ilie party aggrleveil sliall also have hi* remedy an-ordiiig to the
coui-e of ei|iiily lo enjoin the wrongful use of such tni'lc-niark
ii-ed in roicigii ;'oniinerceor commen-e with Indian trilies .-.s afore-
siiil. and to ivfoviT ioin|M'ii-aliiiii tluTefor in any coii,t hating
JurisdictioD over ttio pcnoa guilty of sudi wruiiglul act: uiiU
courts of the I'nited States sliiil! have original :uk1 ap])ellate
jurisdiction in such ca- ^ without regard to the amount in con-
troversy.
Skc. tS. That no action or suit Mull be maliitniiied iincler the
provisions of tiii-. act in any case when the trade-ma'k is used in
any uiilawt'nl liusine.-s or u|Mm any articli- injurious in itself, or
wiiich mark has lieeii used with the design of ihi-eiving the public
in the pniilia-e of iiii'ivhandise, or luider any certificate of regis-
try fraudulently obtailieiL
Skc. !•■ That any ikmsoii who sitill prfn-ure the registry of a
trade-mark, orof biinself .is the owner of a trade-maik. or an entry
respecting a tradi'-iiiar!;. in the ofllce of the <,'oiuniissioiier of I'at-
eiils, by a false or fraudnleiit repn-sentatioii or d(?claralioii, orally
or in writing, or by any fraudulent ineaiis. shall Im- liabli' to pay
any damages .-nstaiiieil incon-e<|ui-iicetlH-reof to the injured party,
lo lie recoveri'd in an action on the ciuse.
Si:c. 10. That nothing in this ai-t shall prevent, lessen, ini|>each,
or avoid any remedy at law or in (-(luity w hicli any party aggrieved
by any wrongful iisi- of any tnide-inark iiiight have had if the pro-
visions of this act had not Im-cu pa-sed.
Skc. 11. That nothing in this act shall Ix- ••onstmed as niil'avor-
ahly allecting a claim to a trad<«-inark alter the term of regi-iia-
tion shall have expired; nor to give vognizance to any eoint of
the I'liited States in an action or suit Ijetween clli/.ens of the same
."state, unless the trail<>-niark ill n>iitn>veivy is n-ed on goods
inleniled to lie tran:-|Mirted lo a foreign i-ounty, or in lawful com-
mercial intercourse with an Indian trilK'.
."SKC. 12. That the t'oinmi'sioiier of I'at( nts Is authorized to
make rules and regulations and pn-^TiU- forms for ll;e iransler of
Ihe right to use trad(>-marks and for recording such transfers in his
oflU-c.
Sec. 13. That citizens and residents of this country wishing
the pr^;ection of tradiMiiarks in any fon'ign country Iln' laws of
which riiinlri' registration here as aconditioii precedent to getting
such protection there, may regi-ter their tradi'-niarks for that pur-
pose as is above alloweil to foreigt>er», and have certiticute thereof
from the Tatent Ollice.
Ap[)rove() March 3, 1881.
Fi
< |i
I'
OKKION AM) tMTi:i) STATI'.S I'ATKNTS.
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tates Patents.
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GENERAL FEATURES OF PATENT-RIGHTS -HOW TO GET A PATENT-COST OF PATENTS IN AMERICA
AND EUROPE,
©■
^ipa-
>
''ill. patciit-riirlit is :i ]»riviIci.'o irranttMl hy ^ov-
crmiK'nt to sin iiivciittir on account of a new
contrivance or iiniiroxcni'Mit In the maniitac-
tnrcs, ^'rantinir iiiin a nionoply in liis inven-
tion for a n'nnlter of years. The principal
classes (if patents enihraeo (1) now contrivances applied
to new ends : ( i' ) n"\v contrivances ai)[)lied to old I'lids ;
(A) now condiinations of old parts, whether rclatinir
to inatori':'.. ot)jects, or processes; (4) new niethotls
of ap])lyinir a wei!-known ohject.
Novelty and utility are the two "rroat features of an
invent) m, without which a patent would he invalid.
Tho d.'irrce of utility need ixot oe irreat, lint it must he
sonu'thiuf^ iil»plical>le to the production of a inarket-
aldc art'cle. It must also ho a manufacture.
W'hrn an invention has Ix'eii made for which it is
desired to procure a jiati'iit, tiie inventor should not,
on account of inii)Pcuuiosity or other iiinderinir causes,
proini>«" or harloraway a half or nn'.'vided p(Mlion of
th<^ device. It ;> too often the case that iincntors of
this class, for want of luonoy, and ;;ressuro of circnin-
stanc^s, ahandon or throw away tiie results of their
thought ami in<;onuily. M\ery inventor should hold
on to what h(» has couceiveil until he h,is iii1eHii.''ently
oxplaiiipd its merits to some one of means, who will
advance tke small sum r<*(piired to secure ii |)at«'nt. In
order to •»-.n the desired assistance, the inventor may
•rraiit a privdesre lor a town onouiity to tlio party who
Vwiks lip Ins appreciation of tiie improveinont hy a
loMii. For tlii> purpose tne toilowirig eonvoyaiico will.
i« g-enend, bo amp.e:
niterens, I, Rloli.ird Roo, of County of State
of liavo iiivcntcil u new and usot'nl iiniirovomont in Inll^^il■a :
instrunictits. for whicli 1 am abniit ti> apply I'lir Ictti'is-patont; uiiil
whereas, .lolin Dcic, (il liatli advanced to ine tlio i^uni of one
liiiiidred doIlai< loward tlio expenses of si'id patent:
Xow this Inilfuture Wltiiess.'th, That for and in ronsld-
eratioii of said jiaynient to nie ina<le. 1 do hereby f;rant and convey
to the said .lohn Doe, his heirs or assigns, a lieensc to make, use,
and sell the invention, within the limits of the eonnty of
State of for and dnriiif; the fidl end of the term for wliieh
said letters-patent are or may 1m> ^jranted.*
Ifitnrxn my hand and s<'al. this tirst day of .Tamiary, A. D.lSS..
'riie filinnf of a caveat alfords iinmediate protection
against the is.siic of u patent to any other person for
tlie .same invention. A cav(\itor is officially notitied
when another party has ap|)lied on account of tlu; same
d(vice, and called upon to tilr his application for a
patent. A caveat runs for a year and ean ho extended
from year to year. Caveats can only J)o filed hy eiti-
zeiis of th<> United States, or aliens who have resided
here one year and luivo declared tlieir intention to
hecoine citizens.
All caveats are seeref, niul no ono ran see or ohtaiii a
copy of a cuvetit without the order of the caveator.
The liliiiir of a caveat does not secure any exclusive
rifjrht of sale, and li;is nolhinof to do with the crrtint of
a patent, 'i'he ohject of ii caveat is to give time for
th(! accommodation and eonvenien<>o of the inventor,
who desires to lc,-»t or perfect his device. A caveat
•If fiirtlicrlniliiocniPnl ImleslnililP, tlio followlii;; nuiy 1m< liisi-rfcd:
" An«l I do hfreliy linthcr airnio, timt all of ttip net praHlH by nic; In luiy
umniier titittlo ttr rt-ecivf-fl ritiiii llie suM Invent inn luni puleiit sliiill belnnt;
to ami shall Ipe (l(!H\ci\'*l nnto the sahl .luhii l>or, until hi^ sliall hiive
roeclvi^d Unit th<^Mtild miiu ot one Immli'ou duUui'S, Wivu mwlni lntrir»t
thtTDO" '■
i
FOUKItiN AND UMTEU MATL.s rATENT.s.
IN AMERICA
y of State
omciit in luiisiiii'
"ttcis-imlcMit; ami
no the i-inn of oiio
[•nt:
for and in oonsid-
trraiit and lonvcy
•iis(> to niaiio, nsc,
nnty of
term for wiiicli
iiaiy. A. D.1S8..
ito, protection
UT person for
•ially iiotitiod |
lit of the- Miuue
ication for a
n 1)0 cxtondod
)(> filed l)y «'iti-
lia\ o resided
iiitoiition to
SCO or obtain a
I lie caveator,
any exelnsivo
1 tiie irriint <if
jrive tiiiu! for
'.ho inventor,
leo. A <'av«*!«t
my lH» in^t'i'tofl:
ii-«mH by iiio In any
1 )ial''lil hIiuII Uelniif
iiiiiil ii« sliall huvd
• ml mwliii intrir«t
ft
:■■$.•
eoiisisls of a petition, speeitieation, diawinir, and atli-
davil (if invention. '!"lie>c papers should Ih- ctirt^fuliy
drawn n[i ami (lie iincntion e.\|ilaiiied as t'liliy a> |M>s.-i-
hie. No model is re(piired, and liie ir<'\ eininent iiiiski-s
no examination as to new fealnres when a <-.iv(>:it i.-
lileil. ( »n tiliiiir tli<' eaveat in Washinirton the I'atenl
Ollii (■ i-sues an otlicial certificate.
'I'lie olli>iai rosi for applyinir for a >implo {Kttent is
$1."). and when allowed, $i'(i more are payahio, niakiiiir
in all ?!.{."). It' a patent is not i;niiited the upplictiiit
loses the »o.st of making:: the application.
Patents arc ''ranted to iiorsons of anv nationality on
payment of the same ollicial lee. and are al.^o <rnuite<l
to women, minors ami executors or adniini.strators cf
deceased inventors.
Onration of ])ateiit is seventeen yojirs. Extcn.siims
are prohiliited on all patents irnintod sini-o Istil.
Kxtensions can only lie f.'rantetl hy act of coiii.»ross.
Application *''ir extension must lie tiled and reipiisite
fee paid, ninety days l)ef<iro expinition of the intent.
The average tinu' recpiired to procure a patent Ls si.\
weeks.
In the event of a refusal to allow a psitent by the
exandner of patents, an inventor ha.s tlie privilt-jre of
appeal. Governinenl fee payable l>y tin- applicant, on
makiiiir an appeal to the I'^xaminer-in-Chief, is $10.
An appeal may Iw taken fr<iin vhe deeisiun of the
Kxaminer-in-('hiet to the (.'ommissioner of Pateiit.s;
ofovernmcnt te(>, $i(». From the decision of the CViin-
niissi<iner of I'atonts an appeal may lie taken to the
Supreme Conrl of the District of Colninbia.
"W'heri' there is any donbt about the patentability of
an invention, the applicant, thidUL'h a reliable agent,
may order a preliminary examination at a cost of ti%c
dollai*s.
Applicant.s for patents are not reipiired to fnmish
modeLs unless otKcially reipiireil to do so. Wlieri' a
model is called for, it should be neatly made, and
it is recpiisite that it.s bulk do not i-xceed twelve
inches. In makiiifr n model of an improvement on
some existinir machine, it is unneeessjiry to einbnn-e
the whole machine, as, for inst.nice. the nunlel of
a car-coupler need not include a eomplete ear. \vhe«d-<
and all.
Models may bo made in any kind o<' rnaterial, as. tor
instance, an applicant may make a mod<d in wooil of
Home article that is intended to be manufactimil in
glass; or motU'ls may be part wood, part metal. .V
model should lie made under close siipen'ision of the
inventor interested in its construction, if not made
with his own hands.
Inventors ean >ave time an>l money liy having their
l»u>ine-s at Washington attended to by a go«Hl agent,
wlio i~ (-imiliar with the details of proeuring patents.
The I'ateiil-Ollice does not prepare puteiit pajwr-. or
make nKHlels. These mn>t be provided by the appli-
cant or his attorney, according to law, othcrwi.-e hi.s
«-laini will not be considered. It is reipii>ite th:it all
dtxnments depositetl in the I'atcnt-Otlice shall Ik^> eor-
reetly and loo'ilily written, ami that the dnnvings
.shall lie of a specilied size, and fmi.-^hcd in un urti.stic
nianner.
The jHTsonal attendance of applicants at the Patent-
OlHce is unnei-essjiry. Their business can be tran.-aeted
by eorre-iuindenci-. .Ml business with t he oilier •.hould
Im' tnnisacted in writing. .Ml ollice letters inii.-'t !«
sent in the name of the " Connni-ssioncr of Patents."
Freight, postage, express charges, ami all other
charges on matter sent to the Patent-OlUee inu>t Ijc
prepaid.
Any person of intelligence and good moral character
may appear as th<' agent or the attorney in fact of an
applicant, upon tiling a proper power of attorney.
Applications for letters-patent of the United ."States
must l»e made to the Commissioner of Patent.-. A
cjiniplete application comprises the petition, siH^ifica-
tion, oath, and drawings, and the model or sp<-einien
when refpiired. The petition, speeitieation, and 0:1th
must l»e written in ihe English language.
" The applicant for a jiatent is rc(iuire<| by law to
furnish a dniwing of his invention where the nature of
the i-a.se admits of it. The drawing must lie signetl by
the inventor or by his attorney in fact, and attested by
two witnesses, and must show every filature «( the
invention covered by the claims, and when the inven-
tion eoasists of an improvement 011 an old machine, it
must exhibit, in one or more views, the invei.tlon
it.-elf. disconnected from Ihe old structure, and also, in
another view, so much only of the old structure as will
suffice t<i show the cotineflion of Ihe invention there-
with."
'•Dr.iwings must lie made upon pure white pjijier o*"
a thickness convsponding to three-sheet bristol luKird.
The surface of the paper nuist be calendered and
.-niooth. India ink alom; must Ik> u.sed, to .secure |iei-
feelly black and solid lines. The size of a sheet on
which a dniw ing is made must 1)C exactly ten by tifti-en
iinhes." All dr.iwings must b<> inaile with the \>en
only.
Drawings should 1h' made with the fewest /ines pos-
sible consistent with clearness. Letters and tigures
.should Ik" nin-fullv fonneil.
i
f
i
KOUKION AND I'MTKU STATKN l-ATENTU.
It' any iiiif applies for a |Kitc>iit. and i( ap|)oai's a
IMilont for the saiuf thin;.' has Imt'. /.'nintcil to aiiotlii r
pcixon. tilt' applicant may a.-k t'oi- a fh-clanition of
intri rcrcntc, when an iMV(>^4ti•nltion will Ih- niailf to
(li'i'iilc priority ot" claim.
Assignment of an invoiitioii may Ik> made hy the
inventor or author, either In-forc or after tho {tatont
has iM'cn applied for, or after the patent has heen
issiieil. The deed ot assiirnment of a patent, or any
portion o(" a patent, nm-t Im" vttorded at the I'ateal
Otiice.
Application papers must Im> made in the name of the
real inventor oidy, who ean siirn an assi/irnment in
favor of a partnci', when tlie Commissioner of Patents
will allow the patent to Ik- issn«'<l to them jointly.
Till' cost (it'tliis a>>ii.'iunent is $."». Joint inventors are
cut it led to a Joint patent: neither ean claim one .scj)-
aralely.
A inw patent will U' i.--ned ami an old one canceled
>vlierc inislakes ortlefects render it necessjiry. Heissnes
of patents may 1m> petitioned for as ot'ten as desired.
New iniprovements must U- se|>;irately applied tor ami
cannot i.'c included in a reissue.
.V |iatent fill' ornamental desiirn, as. .-tatiic. I>a>-
reliel". printin:,'' of falirii-s. |>attern, or any new. nsel'ul
and oriirinal article of manufacture may he i:nint<'d to
any one. whether citizen or alien. I'atents I'or dcsi^.^ns
are irranttMl lor a term of three :nid one-half yeai-s,
seven years, or fourteen years, a.s desiretl. A desiirn
patent expires at the end of the ti-nn for which it is
lirst irranted — no extension. No nxHlels are re<piired
of de-i;rns.
IV'^iiTii pitents an- o?ily i.'i'nited for ornamental pro-
duction-, III t t'or mechanical or other ii'ventions. 'I'he
hiisine— relating' to di'si^'n patents can Ih- done liy cor-
respondence wiih reliulde ]>at(>ut ;i>ront>. I'hotoLrniplis
of (lcsi;j-iis only iieccl to he lar<;e enonirli to represent
clearly all the features in any t-juse, and shmild not Im'
mounted.
Trade-mark- are rei.'ist«'reil at the Patent OlKce I'oi'
tho>e w ||o di'-ire their tl-e.
Altera |ialent is i— tied it is under the control of it-
owner, and not -iilijeci to additional piiymeiits or taxes
of any kind.
PATENTS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
An inventor ma\. at'ter a patent has Iteen allowed in
this country, arrana:e tor |)ateuts in. forei^rn countries.
while his liome patent r. mains in the secret archives
of the Patent ( )t!ice for u |KTio<l not execcdiiif; h\x
months. If the inventor |ii>nnilt> his homo patent to
issue liefore lie ha-» applieil for fon-iirn patents, he is
liable to sutler los.s in KuroiM-sui countries throuirli
others who niav appropriate the inuiii features of his
invent ion.
Till' followini.' s<he<liile shows the Ix'st countries in
which to take iKitent.s:
PAXrVT APPUCA-
rios 10.TS. rorri.ATioN.
(•aiiiiila 9 M .^iKKi.iMiu
I :il:;lilllil 7."i .|(l.(l(K),(MIO
(MTiiiany HIO ^.-..IHHMHH)
I "r: ino 4.-i,(K)0,l)(H)
l{il;,'iiliil tori (I.IHKMMIO
S|iiiiii 100 1.siKMMMK)
The Spanish ]Kitent inelmlos CnUi, Porto Kiio, Phil-
lipines, and all tlie .S|Kuii-h colonies.
In the lollowinir eountri*':' the eosts to api)ly for
patents are: .Vustria. ^liKi; Italy, $1."><I; Knssia, if.dH);
Sweden, $l(Mi; Norway. $ItN»: Portu^id. $4(MI; Hritish
India, $4()t>; Aastr.ilia ami other liritiijh eulunies, eaeh
aliniit $:UH).
UNITED STATES PATENT FEES.
On tiliiii,' ea.heave-at tlO.OO
( )n tiling.' e:ich oriirinal applieutiun for a ])ateiit,
except tor a de-iiru ----- l.").(M)
On issuing' each oriirinal jutent - - . 20. (M)
On every .apiM'al tVoni Kxaniinen*-in-Chief - 2().(i()
On application for a n-i.-sue - - - - ;j().(l()
( )ii a|iplication tor extension - - - ,')(). (10
(iranliiiL' :in e.\tensi<»n . - - - . .''lO.OO
PiliiiLT each dis< lainur . . - . 10.00
Certilied copies of |Kit» Mis and other papers,
per loo words .10
l{eeordin;re\ cry assi<fnment, a;.»Teenu'nt . power
ol" attorney. :iiid otlier |Ki|>er>>, of .'MKI wonls
or under .._... i.oo
If over ;iiH» and under l.<i"N> .... 2.00
If over l.(MK» wonfci ;}.00
Diawinv^-. co-f of m:ikin<r scinie.
Patents lor desiirn^, for tlin-<' anl a half years Id. 00
tor seven y ;ir> - - l.'i.oo
" •• for fonrtit-n years - ,'i(i.ou
Duration of p:itiiit in (in':it I»rit:iin, fourteen y<ars;
in Frame, tifteeii years; ii: Ikdgimu, twenty yiars.
»o<rrt iinliivcs
cxicctlin;,' hIx
Kline piiloiit to
])ut(>ntx, lio in
iilrii'H tliroiiirl
li-atuifri oi his
st countries ii
POrri.ATinN.
rp.(KMi.()(«i
4(l.n(K).<MlO
4,-..(H10.(HM)
4:).(K)0.(IIH»
(•..(HHI.IHK)
IS'HKMKK)
orto Hk»), riiil-
s to apply lor
); HllsMa,$;UK);
il. fl(M); Ulitisli
h loloiiit'ti, eacli
' FEES.
jiatfut,
lift" -
- tio.oo
1").0(»
20.(K)
;«).(!()
:)( 1.(10
10.00
papors,
powor
words
-
l.on
.
2.00
-
a.oo
r vcais
10.00
-
l.'i.OO
-
;?o.oo
t'oiirtccii
years ;
wciitv V(
ars.
m=^^^
n
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i
"^^^
.'72
KKCOVKIiV AND U'l.I.ECnoX OK 1)K .IS.
Ill inn t 111" till' s< lit r-1 tliiTf iili- pri . l>iiili^ lor tlic prct-
ti'-iiiii nt';i liiiinrsli'iiil iViiin i-ri'ilitnr-. 'riu-rc iirc iilsn
rM'ni|il inn l;iw>, wiiii'li iirnxiili' tli;il lliru. ir iK'cf»arv
arlii I I' riiniiliiri', I'ikkI aiil I'lii'l, -IimII nut Ih' ^iiliirrt
til iittarliini'iit III' (>\ri'iiti(iii.
^\'lll'll iin'iliiMi iiiir ;• I'l'inuviil I'nnii uiu' siatt' t<i
.iiiuilirr. il i^ iiii|iuitMiil III iiMTrlaiii what tin- |>r(ivis-
ioiis ot' t 111' r\('iii]it inn liiw 111' till' stiitr ari'. I.iki-wi.sc,
tliov xvliii liavi' ilraliiiir^ witli ur x'lnl nr trii>l nut
iTuiiil- In |ii'r>nii> n-iiiliiii;- in nthi r >tali'>. -Iimilil liavoa
clear iiiiiK'islamliiiir n*' tli>' cxi'iiiiitinii laws nl" tin" >lal<'s.
Tlii^ i^ till' iiinri' iiii|)i'raliM' a-< it m-i-ius in .-.niiu' .•>tat«'s
ait .11 ir nr liall'aiTi' nl' iri'miml. witlioi't rt'iraril t«> ItHji-
tinll nr \'llllr, i~ i'?i lll| ' t'rnin I'lirrril >air. >n iniuli
LM- I'lini. t'l iiiii '•••III Ills, it' li •ati'il in'ijr a liiv i
.1.1 |inr..i I' . <!:■■ ill VI' . V lllH' nt' a lillll>ll'rii I linlisiiul
ilnilar- ir i.m.i.-, *'.,! •. ; <• (i\vin>r nl'it. uinlrr tlm cxoinit-
tinii lav., iiiii. : iji V I'l i^iri'a t'nrtmu' witlmiit iK-iiij.'
{■<.::;jii'ili'i| tn pay Iii> iIi's'. .
ABSTRACT OF HOMESTEAD AND EXEMPTION LAWS.
t:
ALABAMA.
IK )M'rson.il |iriiinTly
f fViTj ri'«lili'iit ol
llii' >l;ili'. Ill III)' value
of diif lliiiii»aiiil iliil-
lai>,lii Im- ^I'jiTlcil liy siirli
n'<lilrlit.>liall Ih' i'\ciii|>t.
A liii|iir*ti'ail.not cxrri'il-
iii^iiiii-liiiiiilrciliiiiil.'^ixty
lUTi's iif laiiil. ami tli«'
ihM'lllii<r limi-^i' anil a|»-
)iiiili'iiaii<i- llirriim.iiriii
lli'ii ihiTiiil. al II jilimi
iirilii'iiwiici-.w hill « litilii
till' liiilils iif any rlly.
touii, ur \ illajTi', a l<il. ii>-
jiliiiif anil a|i|iiirli'naiiii>
tliiToiii. nut III rxci'i'i] III \aliK' I«ii Ih'iii-ainl ili"llar>; liicillicroa-r
tl«> lio'iii'sK'ail «i> rxi'iiipli'il iiniJit lir nwiinl ami i>iTU|il<' I lis a rf>-
idi'iiri' liy till- ili-liiiir. 'I'lii' almvi- p\i'iii|iliiin i- nut ii|i«Taiivr
a^a!ii>t a lalxin-r's lien for work in'rloriiiril fur I In' ilnblor, nor
:i^lill^I a iiii'i'liaiiii''s lli>ti lor lalior ri'nili'ri'il on tin- |iii-iiil<rs. All
f'inployi- or lalMiri'rs liavr i'xi'iii|il Iwrnly-lhi' ilollai-i of ihi-ir f^al-
arii- |iir inonlli. 'I'lw liiiiiii'>li'ail ami |ii'r-iiiial |iro|irrl> alMivi-
iiicnlionril, ri'vrrl lo lln' wiilow :iml iiilnor I'liilil or rliililriiiofllii'
(Wilor al 111- -li-alli.
Ami in aiMiiion |o tlii' l'nri>;;oiiii; r\i'iii|i||oii., ilii-n- N al>o
<'xi'm|it llii' wiMiiiifj a|i|iai'il of tlii' iIitim-i'iI, ami llir wrariii);
n|)|iari'l of iln' widow ami rliihlii'ii. all yarn ami rlolli on liaiiil
iiitonili'il for llii'lr ii'i' anil i'i)iisinn|illoii, llii- rainlly liihli's anil
ImhiIvs. all family |iirlnri's. ami siirh ;;raiii, -lon'-i anil jjron'rii's on
haml a- may In- nrri'ssary to kii'p Iln' family for oni' year. All of
llip alwiVf nionlioiii'd proiicrty Is ri'i|iiiri'il to Im- scI apart liy tlir<'«>
»li-iii|i'ii-lri| jH'r-on-, will) all' to In* siIimIimI, two uf iIhmii liy llir
willow, if iliiTi' >liiiiiii| 1m' our, ami till' oiliiT liy ilir jml^r of jmi-
Ikttf loiirl Stidi property shall forever 1m' exeinpl frmn Ihe ilelits
of Ihe iliiea.-eil.
I. Ill- n-i'd fur liiniil phue-, pew< in ihnrehe-.all neeo-iary wear-
'njj appaiel for earli iiieinliei ofa family ale al>o exempt.
ARKANSAS.
|/-"^ Ml e\iiiplii.ii- may U-
'' V lllll.ll 'll lIllMllll.lillllJoll.
l-).y wliiih pio\iile< ili.ii im-
mariliii re>iileiii> m.iy
\ M'leil I oiii iliilr peiMinal
\ properly, iml lo exereil In
^1 value l\Mi himdred dollars,
' i] w llii 1.. iiiilmlin;; IiLh wear-
/ In;; apparel. -hill In I xrmpl
from any el.\im« ol ered-
ili ri, except for ilelil- ion-
trailed for I lie pnnha.-e
money therefor while in the
Ikiml if the vi'iiilee, .Mar-
rleil re-idenl.-. who ale at
the head of f..,iil|i.-i, may seleel l.om their personal properly mh'Ii
irilile> i:s t|i,-, ma i lloose, lliil to exi'i't'il III Value the ■|lll ■ livil
hmnlreil dollars, whleli. In aildlllon In tin' We.irlnj; apparel of tlii-
faniil>. shall In- eAi'inpt. Tli" hoiiieslead of heads of families is
al-o eNeinpt, exeeptliij; where Ihe deht Is for one of tl., follow in;;
llenis: •• I'nri'hase money, or speeillr lirns, lulMirer's or niechanii'-,
lleiis tor Improving same, '.ir taxes, or a>;alns| exe»-uli>rs,ailmlni--
Iraloi-, ^'iiaiilians, reielver-. .illoriieys, for moneys eolleileil liy
lliem. and other Irn-tees uf an express (rust, for moneys due from
lliein ill their lidueiary eapaiily."
Where Ihe hume-lead is Imaleil outside uf a city. town, ur vi!-
i.i;,'e, and urcnpied a- a re-ideiue. il shall I'unsi-t of not exiii'iliiij;
one hiuidred and -ixly airesuf land, and the Impruveimiil- lliereun,
liru\idei| the same shall nut exi.id In value iwenty-tive hnndreil
ilullars, 1)111 the homestead eamiot lie reduced to less than eighty
acres, re;;arilless uf value. Where the lionii'stead is liia city. tow n
or village, anil Is owiiimI am,' ucciiplcil as a ri'siileiicc. It .shall lun-
si-l uf nut exi'i'i'illnjj one acre ut land, w lih impruvemeiils ilieieun,
siieli as the uwner may selecl, oNJiliiig Ihe land ami impiove-
menls do not exceed two Ihoii-and live hmidred iloilais in value,
and cannot 1h' reduced to le-s than oiii>-fuui'lh uf an acre, w ilhuiit
regard tu value.
II the uwner uf a hiiim-lear die. leaving a w idow . Inn wiilioiit
childieii. w here tlie -aid w idov lias no separale homi'-lead In her
o" n ri^'lil, Ihe same shall lie ixei.ipt,anl all rent- and piolils -hall
go to her dni'ing her life: if the ow ner has left child or children,
they or It shall share Willi the » idow, and III' i-ntilied lo half the
rents and prollls until their twenty-llrsi lilrlli-d.iy. alter which It
-hall go to the minor chililren, llicn lo the widow. .\t the death
of the willow , Ihe homesteail goes to the minor children of Ihe
leslate or Inle-lale.
CALIFORNIA.
K.
niiMi.sTi u>, eonsisting
'I the dwelling hoii-e
u w liicli the claimant
ii-iiles ami Ihe land
on which ti.e -ami' Is slt-
nateil. may In- selected hi
[inaiiiiei piovidei' tiy law, ami
■laiimil as exempt from
llmced sale, uf live thousand
ilollaisln value hy any "head
111 a family,'' ami of one
thous.nid dollars in value liy
any other person.
^Vithln this limit as to
value. Ilii'ie is no limit as to
extent. The hoinesleail inilsl he actually ii-ed as a lioinc-ti ad liy
the jHTsoii setting it apart, and may include the dwelling liuiise,
all u.sual, ncocHstiry, or cunvcnicnt uppurtciiaiiccs, ami the himl
— ^
(t1
'(iiii>litiilii>ii.
h\r* th.il iiii-
>iilt'iil.4 may
lli'ir |iiT»iill;ll
(11 I'Xiri'il III
kIii'iI (1ii1I:i1>,
iii; Ills wcar-
I iIIIh ' M'liijit
iiii« III' I'li'il-
iir ili'lil- iiiii-
llif |iiirtliaM'
I » hill' ill tiK'
iciicliT. Mar-
. w h<> :iir lit
iri'pciiy Mii'li
II' 1111 ., livu
|i|>alrl i>f llll'
if t'aiiiHii'^ i<
tl.. riillii« ill);
ir mi'i'liaiiii'-,
li)is,ailiiiiiii»-
cdIIi'iIi'iI liy
ioy» ilup IVoiii
. liixMi. iir vi!-
iioi I'S'iTiling
lll'lll< lIll'I'CIIII,
-t'lvr litiiiiliril
s tliaii ri){li>y
ilia rjly.louii
, il .-hall 1 .111-
iii'lil~ llii'iriiii,
mil iiii|iii>M'-
llai'-' ill valllr,
aril', w illiollt
, llllt Wltllllllt
I'.-trail ill litT
<l|>iMlil> >liall
I' rlliilllrll,
I !•• h.lir llll'
li'i' » liirli il
A I till' ili'atli
lililii'ii III' llll*
r.idsistiiig
iM'lliiii; li'iii^i'
llll' rllilliallt
ml llic laiiil
■aiiii' Is »lt-
M'll'l'tl'll ill
' liy law, hikI
xi'iiipt from
ll\i' lliiiii-iaiiil
liy any " lii'ail
and <if line
;< ill valm- by
II.
limit «■> to
no liiiiil a* til / ' "
li'imc-ti ail liy ^
liiij; liMii-i', (
il till- lanil
^<^
KK(l>VKK\ \Mi ( ti|.l.i;( HON (Il DKIITS.
?:••«
%
-hi
i
I
ortiiiilly u-i'il fiir tin" piiriio-i'i oT a liiimi'ntcail. ff In lln' rimntry.
It may ini'liiili' a >;.irilrii i<r I'lnii. H' In a rity. or li>\\ ii, ii may in-
c'iiiili' Mill' iir iiiiiri' liil-i, iir lilm k<.
If till' M'li'ctinn i« iiiailf liy a inarrii il |M'i-.in iii'iii lln' "rnni-
Uli.nily |irii|H'i'ly." Ilic lainl, iilmii llii> ili'illi of eillirr >i|i<ii|.<i',
b<H'iinirs llll' I'liiinTly of llll' Mirvlvur. rriainin^ llio ('\i'ni|iti<>tis
uii'l pi'ivili-^1'4 a* a liiinif.>lrail. If m'Iim'Ii'iI ii'oiii tlii* M-paralc
prii|H'rly iif lillirr c|>iiiist'. or liy oni- mil liiarrli>il. tlic lanil. ii|h>ii
till' ili'alli iif till' |H'r«oii from \\liii'<i' |iro|ii'iiy II wan si'liTiril, ^toc*
to Ills ln'ii-M iir i!i'vi-i'i"<, snliji'i-t In llii- imucr of lln- rmirl fo
a-'^iiKii it for a limili'il pi'rioil to tin- ii-i- of iIh- family of tin-
ilcri'asiil.
/« yKTjtiijn/;)^/)*-^;/ »pt<i'illi' arlirli's an- I'M'iiipl from rxi'ciilion;
iiulinlin;,' iliairs, l^ilili-i, ilr-U-. ami Imok-i, |o llii- value ..| Ci"l':
iir»'r."ary lioii-i'lioM. hihlc :iiiil l^iiijicn liiniiinri'. Hi-arinj; appari'l,
utrii-iU. ami ;iiipii'miiil-< of Iraili', n.ii'il liy ilii- ilililor in i'arr\ In;:
on his liii-iiii->: poiiltiy iml I'Xici'iliii;; fJ.'i.iK) in valiii'. ami rarii-
iiiK-i for pi'i-sonal si'rvirrs of ili'hior ii'iiili'ml wiiliin iliiriy tlayji.
%vlicii Mi.h I'aniinjr^ ari« m-rcssary fur the iim- of lii.-i family.
Ilnl In no p.-fo U an sirlh-li' rxniipt from I'xcriition i-^ I upon
II .iiiil;,'mi'iil for II- pnnlia-i' priri'. or uikhi a Jml^-mrnl of I". ,•!'-
closure of a luurt^'ugi.' tUuruuii.
COLORA' ">.
1 ■ '' •KIKII.Ii ji I- II.. t
L ' i"X I in xaliii'
I j{ I '■ ohmiiiii'il ilii|lar»:
^ lool-. Moik In Iraili'
or inipli'ini'iiH iio|
tl cM'i'cil in value two
' hmiilri'il iliillar-; jirovi—
Ions for till' lii'liior"'^ laiii-
ilj for six monlli-: il a
prol'i'ssional iiian. hi' may
I'l'laln a lihrary anil ini-
pli'iiii'iils to till' vaiiii- of
tlirri' hniiilii'il ilollars.
Working aiiiiiials to tin'
valiii' of two himilri'il ilollars, mii' row ami rall.li-n shi-rp. an.l foml
forlhi'iii for six monllis. I'arminjc iiiipir n|s not to ixrii-.I in
valni' iKiy ilollar*, ami a liomi'stcad |o the valiii' of two thonsaiiil
lioiiai-s^, «hiili, in ' nlrr to ho cxriiipMimst liavr llii' vvoril"liiii
sii'ail" cntiTi'il ill till' rri" "Iril tilli' of ihi- saiin-, wliii'li m!i«i hi'
-i;rnril li\ llll' ov HIT, ami allc-li'il hy tlir rrronlrr of llii' I'.nmly
wlii'ii' till' pi'i'mi-rs ari' lot'ali'il, iiirlinlin;; llii> ilatc anil linic llir
I'tilrv \\ a- iiiaili'.
CONNECTICUT.
^
111: property px-
I'ltiplril anil not
liahli' to Ih' l.iki'ii
hy \\ arrant or cx-
tH'niionfioiii any oiu'Ikt-
fioii i> -I'hi'ilnlril ami ron-
^i-|s of till' follow in;;
arliiii's : Nivi'««ary wear-
In^ appalrl. hi'ihliii;; ami
Iioii-i'liolil I'liriiilnri'. siilli-
cii'iil 111 support lilV': any
mrinhi-r of lhi. militia Is
all.iwcil. lor iiiililary piir-
po-i's, :iriiis, i>i|iilpim'iits,
miiforms or imisiial lii-
A iX'iisioni'rwiHilil In' allowi il. whiii' in liis haml-. any
I'iN.'il a~ a lull-ion troni llio I nilril Stati-s. .\ ilrhtor is
allowi'il Iii4 lihrary In Ihc \aliii' of ll\i> liimilnil i|oll.ir<: om- i-ow,
not |.i I'Xiiiil III x.ilni. oiif hmiilri'il ami ll'ty iloll.ir>: any imiiilnT
of slurp iioi III I'xri'i'il till, iior In rxi il ill valiH' oiji' hmiilri'il ami
llll> ilollars, poiiliry not |o rxriTil llir xalni' of iwinn -ll\i' ilo|.
lar-:tMii swini' ami lhi> |>ork from luo sw liif, or Mm> humln-il
, oiiml- of iiork aii.l two »« ini'. Wlici-.' tin- p.'r Is ai tin- ln'uil
of a lamil\ , III' NMiiilil hi- allowi'il iwi'iiix-iiM. hn-ln-N of rli-i.-coal
ami two lolls of oihi'r ro il. I wo him'lri'.l poiiinN « hi'al llmir. Iwi<
lolls hay. Iv. • liiiii'lri'il |i<iimil-of iH-i-faii'l ll-li, iwn conl' ol uoml.
Ilvi 'ln'l> I'M il of tnriii|f ami |HitaliH'., im Ihi-Ih I« i-aili of rvi*
ami Han i'o;ii, ami llii' im-al or lloiir iiumiifarliiri'il llirn from,
f "iii . poiimls I'arli of Max ami wool, or ihi- yarn or rli.ili niaili'
tl.' -fl oni: till' linr f any prarlhim; pli,\-ii'iaii or Miri:i'<>n, not
I'X. 'in;: till' vaiiii' o| two liimilri'il ilollar-. ami lii« saiMli'. hrlilh-,
hariu-s aii'l hii;;;;y ; oni' iKial, owm-il ami iisril hy oni' lu-r-on, who
|s ill ihi- hii-iiii'-s of tal.in;; or planliiiir i.ystrr« or ilam-. or takiii;;
-liail. inrliiiliiii; iIm' larkli', ri^x^xin:;. -ail-, ami tin' impli'ininls n-i-il
ill -mil hii-iiii'--. not |o I'M'i'i'il in valni' two Inmilri'il ilollar>: oiit>
|H'w w liii'li i- till' |iro|H'rly o| a in'r-mi liaviii;;a family w I riiipy
il ; oni' si'w iiiir iiiarlnni- w liirli is tlio prii|H'ily of ilii> (icr-iin n-ing
il, or of oiH- who has a family; lin- lots in ri'im-liTV or hiiryin:;-
;;romiil, •ipro]iriati'il hy it- pioprirtors as a plaii' to hiirv any one
pi-r-oii or a family: any iiinm'y ilm* tlif ilchlor tor his |M'r>oiial
si'r\ liTs. not ill i'xri's4 of ten ilo|lar'<; or If tin- ili'htor ha* u » ifc
or family, twi'nly-tlvi> ilollars; any Ih'iii-iIis allow I'llhv a—i.ii.iiions
fur till' >iip|Kirt of sii'k or liilirm mi'iiiU-rs is I'Xi'mpti'tl from for-
t'ljxii allarhim-nls,
Kxrrplili;; wIliTc siiils ;iri. hriiii;;lit • i ii'roViT IllotK-y iltH' on
Uon-i-ri'iit. prnvi-ion-. I'lolhini; or fml, fnriii-licil to iIk' ili'htor for
family n-i'. tin ilollar- onlv -hail Ih- oxi'inptiii. ami only llim' dol-
lars siiall 1h' I'xcnipti'il for di'hts aiiTiiliig for hoard fiiriiiz-lH-tl the
ili'hlor or hi- family.
Wap's of a minor to tln' amniml ol l.ii dollars an' I'Xrmpt
whi'ii llll' ailion is hroii^hi for other dehli' t ban tiiu.so urUiiig from
nive-ssarii-s liiriiished the minor.
r
DELAWARE.
^
III Mil, luMiKs. family
lihriiry, family pie-
liiri's, seat of |nw in
I'hiiri'li. f iiiiily hihli-
lot in hiiryin;.'- jrronml,
the di'lilor's an. I his fatii-
Iy"s weariii); appanl. an.!
siii'li tools and impii--
ini'iil- as an- iii'ie— ary in
inndni'liii^ a Imsiiii-.s or
Irade. not In exeess of
.seveiity-llvp dollars, in
Xew fastli' and Sns.s<.s
eoiinties, and tiPy dollars
in Kent loimty.
Iloii-i'liohi t;oods, to the head of a family, not to exi'<'«'il two
liumlred ilollai- in New Ca-lle eoiinty, and in Kent loimty not to
exi'i'i'd one liimdriil and lilly dollar-.
Sew in:; iiiai'liine- owm-d hy -eani-lre-ses or private familie-' an>
exempt.
In New la-ile loiiniy. all wa;;i'» are evempt.
Widows, in all e.i-e-. shall have the iK'iielit of the s:inii' )'xem|>-
llon oni of the hu-han.r- pro|H'rty that he would have had if
livlnj;.
liefore any applleal loll to Ihe exeeiilioii. the fniiiTal ex|M'iis<>.s,
all reasoiiahle hills for niedieal altendaiiee and medieine. and all
necessary ex|M'nse- for la-l siikiiess mu-i N' paid.
Unl if at the time of the exeenlion of tile proii'>-. the delHor is
not in |Hi-st'ssioii of all or any of the s|Mt.'iiii-il arlieles. otlii-r pn.jK
erly 1.1 thai value shall In- exempt.
! lli
lli:<OVKltV AM) COLI.KCTION (IK KKIITS
T
FLORIDA.
^I> K,.\< II iDMlllllf ufaiii-
llv.iini' (h<iu<:iiiil clcil-
l;iiV Willi li <i| |i<'r-
••oiKil |ii'ii|ii'i'l y, Kiicli
ii» In' <ii>lii' iiiiiN ••I'lcil ; II
lintiii'Mi-iiil III' line linn-
(licil mill -Ixlv iuir<. Iii-
rliiillii^ llic liii|'iiivi'-
liiriil> tlirrrini, Si'Vi nil
triu'ti iii;i\ Im'm'I iipMii III
iiiakf ii|i till' mil' liiiMili'i'il
iiiiil i-JMy iicfi'H, |it'iivlil-
luji tliMt it U lint all III mil'
IkiiIv, or III llrii of tlii>,
till' ncail lit" till" (aiiilly. «lii'ro nwiicil liy liliii nr lirr, ran lia\r niii'-
hiill' III' iiiii> aril' witlilii llii' lliiill'' III' any liii-iii'|Mirati'i| illy ur
town, Inrliiillii;.' Ha' iiii|iiiivi'nii'iit- tlini'mi. |i|-iivliliii^ tlial tliry
shall mil I'Mi'iiil III niiii'i' ini|>riivi'iiii'iii< than tlir ri'-lilniri' ami
liii«iiii'>i liiiii-i'or till' ii« HIT.
Xii rxi'iii|il lmi< alliiwi'il t'riiiii -ali' I'nr iaxr<,iir I'nr iilil|i;alliiii«
coiitnirlril till' till' imrrlia-i' iif |iri'iiiiM"i. or liii|iriivi'iiii'iii- mi
pniiii'. i>r I'm' any 1 ilior in'rl'mnn'il mi tin- pri'iiil-i's
Miini'y iliii' I'm' llii' |iii«mial l.ilmr nr m'i\ Iri'-i nf tin- mir wlm Is
at till' liwiil I'l a family !•< I'Xi'iinit Irmii iittiU'liiiR'tit or gariiii<li-
niviit.
GEORGIA.
Til i:vi:uv iicail »( a
family, m- ;;iiariliaii,
nr irii-^lri'nf a family
nf iiiinm'iliiiilnii.'iir
I'ViTy afiril nr Inllnii [wr-
sini, nr a |irr»nii liaviii;;
till' rail' 111 a ili'lii'inli'lil
fniiair nf any aj;r. wlm i<
mil the lirail nf a family,
realty nr |ii'r*nnally, nr
Ixuli. nut to cxixM-il ill
vaiiii". In tlir a;;;;rri;ati'.
the simi nf sixteen liiiii-
(Iri'il iliillars, cxci'iitin;;
wlii'ii' ilif lii'lit •iiiiiL'lit til Im" rri'iivi'rril U fur taxes iiskcssi'iI ainl
line mi llie i'Xi'iii|itiil |iii|iirly. nr im- tlie piiri'lia-e nimiey nf the
]irii|iiily. m- I'nr lalmr |iert'nriiiei| tlierenii. nr I'nr any nialerial
fiiriiMiiil wliieli leiiiaiii- mi tlie iTniierly. nr fnr Ilie eamelinj; nf
anv iiiiiiiL;a;;e nr ntlier iiiriiniliranee mi the -anie. The ilelitnr
eannnt waive, even tlinii;;li it he in m ritiiifr. hi- helielit nl exenip-
timi as tn weariiii: a|.|iari'l. ami tliree liniiclriil ilillaiv" \Mirlli nf
JioilselHilil ami kiteiieii fiiriiitnre ami innvi^inii^. mh-Ii a- lie may
selii-t.
Where a ilel'lnr. iM'ini; the lieail nf a family, ilne.; iml .l.iiiii the
alinve exelll|i!iiili.. lie lii.iy ilinn-e llln-e aiinWeil li> |ilii.i' la»-.
wliiili are as Inlinws ;
I'irty arii's nf laml. ami live aililitiniial aires Inreai'll eiiilil iiniler
sixtiH'ii years nf a;xe. iiiilnilin;; the ilweilin;; linii>e. if iini wmtli
over twn limiilreil ilnllar-. The laml iiiii-t I"' Imaleil in the iniin-
try, lint In a eity, tn« n nr viliaire, imr lini-t it have mi it any fai-
tnrv. mill nr ntlier miihineiy |iin|MileiI !iy w.iter nrsteani. llie
value nf wliieh e,Mei'il> two hliniiieii ilnllar-. When the ilclilnl's
|irn|ierly is wiihin a lity, tnwn nr vilia^'e.the hmin-teail must imt
exeeeii in value live hiinilreil ilnllar-. One hm -e nr mie niiile fur
farm ii>e; inie enw ami calf; ten Iieail nf liners, anil lll^y ilnllar.-'
worth of iirovi-imis, ami live (Inliar.-' worth aililillmiai I'nr eaeh
chilli; Im'iIs, lM>i|iliii^, ami eoininon iH'dstoails .-iiHieiem fnr the
family 1 one Inoin, mie ><|i|iiiilii^ wheel, two pair nf eanl'. anil onn
hiinilreil pniiinls nf lint entloii, riiimnmi tniii^ nf traileof himself
ami « lie; milinary innkiii^,' nteii"ils iiinl talile crneUery; weariii);
apparel nf iiliii>elf ami family; the illiraiy nf a pinfi'sslmml miiii
In ai'tiial praetiie, nr liliii ness, in it tn exi'eeil three hnmheil ilnliarK
ill \aliii'; lllly hi|s|ii'ls eorii. oiii' tliiinsaml pmiinls Imlilei. a mie-
liiir-i> wa^oii, one ret of eliiilrs, niie talile, ami linii'^ehnhl ami
kiti'lii'ii furniture, all lint tn exccciI one hiinilreil ami lifly ilnllarx
III value.
KItlier I'liiss nf the aliiiM' exemplhiUH may he aliownl, lint not
holh.
T'
ILLINOIS.
nil', necessary wciirilifj
apparel, -ilionl hunks,
lilhii's.iiml family pic-
lilies nf every persnii,
anil mie hmiilreii linilars'
« illh nf niher plii|H'lly,
Hiirh as till' liehtnr may
selerl ; ami in ailiiltimi,
where tile ileliSnr isiil llie
heail nf a finiily, re-iilini;
w ith Iheiii. Iliree himiireil
ilnllai's' wnrtli of prii|»-
erly, such as he may mo-
lect, proviiliiiK tliat It U
tint (Voni salary, mmiey, or wnjfpd due him. Kxc iptlons ari' not
allnweii wllen the lielit elaillieil |s for the Wlljfes nf a lahnler or
servant.
.\ limiwi'hnliier liaviiiij a family Is alioweil his resilience, liiclml-
lli^ a farm, or lot nf land ami hiiiiiliii);s Iherenn, and occupied as ii
resilience, tn the value of mii' thoiisainl ilnliars.
The hiinie-lead Is imt exempt fioiii liahllities inciirreii fm- the
purchase or impruM'ments. If the head nf llie finilly dies,
desert-, nr ilne< lint reside Willi the family, it would lie entitled
to the exempllmis.
P
INDIANA.
'IMIInlin n- are al-
l.iwed ii'il m- per-
nlial prnpeily Inlhe
iiiimiiit I'f -In Iiiiii-
Ireii dnil.'ii's. mi nny
cnnliacl made •luce .May
:il. H7!i. and may he
clainied liy thew ife if the
ini-liand -hmiid he ali-
scnl. if the ilelit was
created pri'vimis tn May
:ii. l"^"!!, the eMinplimi
would tlicn he three iiini-
dred dollars,
.Vii exenipiinii- allnwid fnr pun lia-e mmie.v, taxes, nr Hens fnr
lalinr.
^V'here .1 ijehlnr inaKe- a vi'hintaiy a-slu'iniient. he or -he wniild
he alliiweil six hnndnil d"llai- uillinni ii':;ard In the Ihiie dehls
were emilr.nled,
Xii hnnie-lead excniplimis.
It is prnvided fiirtiiir liy law that mi prnperly shall lie >nld mi
aicoiint of an execiiilon for less than two-lliirds of its uppralsed
cash value. The prnvi-imis nf this law can he waived in con-
tracts, and In iln this the iinie or cmitrait should hi' in the fol-
lowing terms; •• I'ayahle u hhmil relief rroni valnalimi nrappraise-
iiieiit lavs,"
II
riiriN, mill oiin
iulf of hliii'i'll'
ki'iy. \M'llllll){
iifrs-'ldliul iililll
iiiiili'i'd (liilliii'H
IimIiIiI, II (Hlf-
iiiiitIiiiIcI iiihI
i\ iH'ly iImIIiiih
lowi'il, liiit mil
'•'siiry «('iiiiiij{
l.>rliiiii| liiiiik'',
mil i'aiiiily pic-
'rvcry prisiili,
iiilri'il (|i>llai')i'
licr pi(i|M'rly,
I' ilclitnr may
I III mlililioii,
li'liliii' Nut IIh>
iiiily, ii'-idiii^
tlllrc llllliill'I'll
ii'lli lit' prii|>-
ii» 111' limy Hi"-
llii;; lliiit it U
plimiM iiri« not
if a labori'i' or
lili'iH r, iiii'liiil-
orcupiril iii~ II
•iirrcil fur tlio
faiiiily ilic",
<l III' I'litltli'il
HI II- all' al-
li'll nr piT-
pi'ily lollic
■f -IN tlllll-
llai-. III! any
li' •liiri' May
inl iii.iy III'
hi'W ill' If till'
iiM III' ali-
11' ilrlil was
liiiw to .May
' iNilnplinll
II' iliii'i' linti-
■• 111- liiiH f'lr
iir -111' uuiilil
II' li ll'lltS
II III' -iijil on
it- appial-i'il
ivril 111 run-
in till' f'll-
1 mappnilsi'-
IlKeoVKIlV AM) COM-KfTION OK KKIITH.
^<
IOWA.
^o IioiikcIioIiIi'In uIio
111!' n -jili'iii-i iif till'
>lati',lili o\\ It iiinl III
faniily'H w raring a|>-
piiri'l, Mirli ai l-i Ki'pl anil
ii-i'il tiy IlK'in.ainl I- fiill-
iilili' til (III li' I'liiiillll.in,
liii liiilii.;; lli'lr tniiik> In
wlilrli III kri'p till' saiiir;
one nlli', up inii-ki'l. iiiiil
sliiit-);iiii, family lilirary,
lilrtiii'i"'. family liililr.pnr-
tnilli'.|iiiliillii);4aitilmn-l-
I'lll liii| I'liiiiriit'', u lilrh ail'
Mill kept fill' >ali'; II prw
III cliiiirli; a )iil ill liiii'\ iii^ ^roimil, not innii' than mii' aiii'; two
ciiw - ami I nil' rail': one Ihu'm' , -In >l a in I uf liir-; tiM' Imi;-, ami all
pl;;s iiiii|i'i'-l\ iiiKiilli-: tifly slurp, Inrlmliii;; tlio wuulfi'iiiii tlu'in
ami tlii'iiiati'iial- iiiannfarliiri'il fiinn -mli \mio| ; ilii' m ri'.>ai'y fimil
fiii'all aiiimaN fur -is miiiilli-; llii' Max ral-cil mi im! rxri'i"Iiii;; oiii'
ai'i'i' uf ;;riiiini1 iiirli|illii<; llii' maiinfarliiri'il ;.;iioiN tlu'i'i't'ium ; uni'
lii'il-li'ail anil lln' iii'ii'.'oai y Ik'(IiIIii); fur rvrry two iiii'IiiIhti* ul ||ii>
family; oni' liiiiiiln-il yiiniK of rlutli iiiamifailiii'i'il hy tlir ilclitor;
nil liiiiiM'liolil ami kllrlii'ii fiiniltiiri- not i'MtciIIii^ two liiimlri'ij
ilollar-; splnnlii;; wlii'i'N ami luuiii- krpt fur iii'liial ii-i'; cnr m'w-
lii^ iiiarliini'ki'pt fur ii-i': provisiun-^ fur family ii>i>, liii'Imlln}; fml.
fur hi\ muntlis. All piupri tuuN, liuuki ami in-lrmni'nl'i uf tin'
ili'litur. If till' ilrlitur shall tw a nni'lmnli', lawyrr, farnii'r. ('li'i;ry-
liian, siii'^fiiin, phy-lriaii. tearhcr ora proti'ssur; tin' hui.c or tt'am.
If nut iniiri' than twu hiirscs orinnlr-; or t«o yuki' of oxni anil
ono \va;;iin ami llii' piuprr lianii's.i, liy tin- n-i' of «liirli tin' ilrlitur
lialiltiially caiii-* ii livini;. Wlnri' tin' ilrlitur is a prinlrr. hi' Is
iilluwi'il iiiK' pi'inlin^ pi'i-s ami tin' typi's. malirlal ami fiirnilnri'
ni'i'i'-sary fur sin'h pi inl in;; pri'-s ami a iii'W-pa|i<'r olUi'i' lonni'riiil.
nut to I'xri'i'il thi' valni' uf twi'hi' liiimlri'il ilullars. If tin- ilrlilur
at I ho lii'ail uf a family has starli'il tolravo thr sta o. In- wuiilil only
he allowi'il to liavi' oxi'inpt tho orilinary woarlii^ apparri iiml
si'Vi'iity-lUo ilullars' worth of siirli pru|H'rty as In- inl;;lit si'lrct.
Xu rxi'inplions ajjaliist piirrhasi- iiiuni'y, A Inuiirsti'ail In a rily
iir town iiiil in oxross of imo-half airi', or imt muii' than turly
ai'ii's ut laml uiil uf a town or rily, iiirlmlin;;, in Imth i a-i-. all Ihi-
liiiililiiius ami impruvi'ini'iits thi'ii'mi ri';;aiilli-s !•( valiii'. rmiiar-
rii'il pi'i-sons, iir iion-ri'siili'nls, thrir own wrariiij; appari'l ami
Iriiiik ill whit'li to ki'i'p tlir -ami'.
\
KANSAS.
lli'Mr.sTIAH 1. 1 < 11'
hninlii'il ami -..sly
ai'ii'- uf tarinitij;
laml, ur iiiii' m-ro
w llliiii till' limits of
an iiiiiirpuiati'il rity ur
tuwii, with all Ihr Ini-
priivt'inriits un tin' •aim',
whi-ri' uiiiipii'il liy ilii'
ou III r a- a ir-iili'iii'i> fur
iii- I'ainily; Imt nut cx-
I'liipt till' pnii'liaso miiiii'y
ur fur any iinpruvi'iiii'nl»
ttii'iiuii. ur lur tixi'!*,
iiiiii-i'liulili'i's ari'i'iitillril
to liavi' I'Xi'inpt Ihi' foUuwiii;: artirlcs: family lilnary, imi-ii'al in-
slrmnria-, a Mat or a prw in iliiiiih,um' lui in a liiiiial-;j:riiimil. Iiiit-
stoails, liiililiii^r. wi'Miiii^r appairl, stuvi's ami roukinj: nti'ii-il- ii-i'il
liy till' fimily.all impli'im 111- uf iinlii-liy. umi' -I'wiii:; matliliii'. livi-
iHimlri'ililollars* wiirlli uilirr huii-i'liulil fnniiliiri', uni- vuki'uf us-m.
ont- lior>r or iiiiili'. or In lii'ii ii -pan ol hursi's or innli's; ti>ii lio^^it
iiml (\M »>; tui'iity slni'p anil tin' wuul fium tin' s aim'; iirri'>-
»ary I I fur tin- "trnk for onr year, I'ltin r prm iiliil or (;iu\\ liij{;
farm in;; nli'ii-ll-, liariir—,!'!!'., imt to I'Ncri'il in valiic thiri' hnmhi'il
ilullar-; pro\i-iun« ami liirl fur family for uno yrar; all luoN ami
inipli'ini'iit^ of a mi'rlianli', niiinrur othrr pir-uii n>i'il for tin- pur-
posi- of rarryiiif; un hi- lui-ini'ss, ami in aililiiiun, a stork In Irailp
init to )'xrrril till' valiii' uf fiiiir hiimlri'il ilullar-; Ihi' Impli'iiii'iiln,
lilirary ami iilllrn I'liriiitiin- uf a profi'— iunal man. Wln-ro llii<
ri'slili'iil I- not at Ihi' liraii u| a fainily, ln> has cxrmpl his wi-arln);
iippari'i, rhiirrli seal, hiirial lot ; if a prufi's.lunai man, hi- olllri>
fiirnitiiri', lilirary ami Implrmrnt-; lu uni' rarr,\ Ini; on liii-ini'--, ii
sturk III Irailc not to i>xri-i'il In valiif tin' sum of funr Ininilri'il
iliilliiri'.
KENTUCKY.
T'
iiiK itsiiat iiuiisi'holij
ami kllrhi'li till iiiliii'i'
to till' valiii' of oiin
hninhrii ilullar-; uni'
yoki'of uxi'ii or two work
I'la-ls, two I'lius ami
ralM-. Ilvi' shrip, «i'ar-
iii;; apparri of tlii' family.
On all ili'hts cri'iiti'il afli-r
■Innr 1, iMHi. so luin li
laml, ini'lmliii;; tin' ilwi-ll-
lii;; Iniii-i' ami appiirti'-
iiami's owni'il hy Iho
ilrhtur. not lo cxii'cil Iho
Valili' of one tliuii-aml
ilollars; oin- sow in;; marhlin', oiii" iwo-liorsi' \\a;;un ur ox lart. ono
si'l of ;;i'ar, I'arpitin;; fur uin' luuni. all sihuol Imuk-, uin' prayer
aii'l one hymn IniuU, wa-hin;; apparatn- imt tu exieeil the value of
titly ilullar-, one wa-h -laml, mie wanholM', six I'lips ami -amers,
six plate-, one elink, -ix knives ami fuiks, ami un all ileht- enateil
alter Max 1, l><7", the lilirarli-s of preaiher-. the prufe— imi il lilna-
riesiif pliy-it'ian- ami siir;;cuiis ami their in-trnments lu the valiio
of live himilri'il ilullars. ami llie profes-lunal liliiarles of all law-
yers; one horse or eiirt for a lalHirin;; man. tools of a nieolianle,
nut to exeet'il the v.iliie of one hnmlreil ilullars, where the iiie-
elianie i- a housekeeper ami with hi- family; the \va;;i'- of all per-
-iiiis whu Will k fur wa;res, np lu llfty ilullars. Not appliialile to
ilehts eontraeleii fi il'uoil, iluthiii;;. ur liuii-e rent.
LOUISIANA.
H
II -l,llii|.iii;itsaie en-
tit leil to an exeiii|i-
t lull of property iMitli
real ami persunal nut
to exi- liii vahiethe -inn
of two lliuii-aml ilullars,
eiin-i-tiiiL; of the liumi>-
.-teail.i'ilheiul'l'arm lamls,
ur lily or tow n impiuviil
piiipiiiy, ami the fiilluw-
In;; |H'rsoiial pn iH'ity:
one yike of oxen, two
I'liw s anil ealxi's, one wurk
lior-e. one eart or wapin,
twenty-live ho;;s. or in
lien one iliun-.iml puiimls of liaeun or its ei|iiivalent in purk; !l Is
nut neie^-aiy that the-e -huiilil Ik' atlaiheil lu the lamie-leail, lint
if un a t'aiin the ilelitur wmilil lie alluweil euni ami fuihler -iitll-
eieiit f.ir one year, al-o all t'annin;; implements imt to exeeeil In
vr.ln- tin- -iim uf two ilnn-ainl ilullars, .\ Ini-liaml wunlilnut W
eiiiilliil III any 1 xempliiiii, whu-e wife owns In her own ri;;lit any
"" ' '"'»"'!^f®Br
■■^^Si
ff
UIHuVCia \Mi I UI.I.KCIIUN (t| DKItlK.
|irii|M'ri V iir any iiii'iin* ii> tin- Viiliw iil iwci iliiiii>aiii| il<i||iir«. Tho
aUivi' i'M'iii|>tii)ii>ari> jirnvlili'illor liy llifi-<iii>tltiit|i>iii>l IN'II, lly
aii III IsTil. I III' lii'iloi i'IiiiIk-iiI IIh- ili'litor <>r lil> u H'l'iH' laiiill> ,lil«
anil'- .iiiilai'i'iiiitri'iili'lil', liiiiU.x'U liii; lii.irlili''-", Imok-. I'lr., ini'ili'il
|ni III' •<■' iior imIIIiii; or IIvi'IIIiimhI, rannol Ih- ••■l/i-.l; imi liiai-i'lmM
liiniltiii'i' ai'il riMikliii; iiti'ii>ll>, tin- tiiii>ir:il iii>lriiiiiiMii> u><"l liy any
niriiilxT III . Ill' l.iiiiliv , anil II' any |ifr<iiii •li<>iili| liiilii< ■> uiihiIht in
► ll"!! away III- rl;!lil» 111 lllf alMivi' I'liiiiiiiTali'il |iri>|MTty, In' umijil
la- >i|li|i-i'l III a llni- lip I'l two IiiiihIk'iI ilaillao. anil may Im' Iiii-
|>rl»oiiLM| nut III t-Xi'ii'il •Ix nionili-
MAINE.
KT hiiUM-lliiMi I ■>! tll>'
li .i>|i>t'araiiill\ may
li iM' fNi'inpt frmii
lialilliiy loi'irfl ili-liiK
rX' i'|ll liir lli'll« III'
■(•■•'lianli'* anil nialiTJal
liii'ii. a lilt III' laiiil anil
lMii|ilin^> I'lir II liiitiii'-
hIi'.hI. Ill tin* valiK' 111" llvi-
hiiiiilri'il iliillar'i. |iriiviil-
lll;; I 111- iiWIllT ll|i"< II IIT
tillralf <l;;iH'il liy IiIiiim'!!',
ikt'larliij; III- wl-lii'« anil
(((■•rrililii); III' liiitnr'lrail,
with iIm' ii'u'i-lrr III' ili'i'iU
111 tin- coiiiity whi'iv till' pi^>|>«Tfy I'l lnoatril. anil al-o mir Inl in a
tiiirylnit-;;riiMiii|, Mini llii- rollinvin;; ihtmhi il prii|M'riy: mii' Ih-iI-
fli-ail ami lln' ni't'i'!>'ary iH'.ldinjf fur I'vi-ry tw" ini'iiilMr'- (il'I'amtly.
Ilii- 111 ri">.«arv Wearing appap I. family |Nirlrall-'. mIhmiI iMinks ami
liilili'- III ii-r; tlltx i|iillar> VMirtli nl lioii-cliujil liii'iiinni': mii'
■'•Miking, ami all irnii hoatili;; <liivi'ii; |h>\v in 'liiirrli, mii' liiimlrril
ami llliy iliillarM\\'iii'tli<>riiiHik'iii><-ilii- family litirary. ihi'Im" innl.
iif wiiuilat liiinir fiir ii-i', llvi- tuii^of :inllira>'iti- ami llrty lui-lii'l- of
lilt inn Mil III" riial.li'ii ilnllar'-' wnrtli of liiinlMr. \« I nr liark. thirty
liii-lii'N iif rurii. jrraiii ami iniImIiii-s, nni' liarn'l>>l lli>iir. all pnnlmi'.
half aiTi' llax anil niamilariiir>-' Ihirifrnin ti.r ii-f. «i'w inir marliiiii'
nl mil' liiimlri'il <liillar<' \aliii'. >paiii>r miili- ■■rli<>r<f> iii<l !<• rxr I
ill valm' III! IiiiihIi'i'iI ilullar-. ami hay In kii-p thi'in omt ninti-r.
Iiiol- III' traili'. ■•Ill' -I't iif liarni'" t" tin- xaliii- "t t«i'iil,\' ilnllari*
fnri'arh miili'iir linr-o, a Imr'i' m ox >li'il; mif mw ami a Ih'iI'it
iimlrr lliri'i' vrai-'' txvu 'Wliic: iwn i-nw*. if no oxi-n. Iim-i' or
liiiili*; ti'M >liri I » nil llii'ir wool ami laiiilK iiiilil oiit- yi-ar olil, liay
•■nniifjh 'D kiH'p ilii'iii tlitoii^li winti-i : on<' plow , one i-art or trink
wajjim.i'iii' yiiki'aiiilap|ii'iiil i:;i'^, a h irrow.lwoiliaiii'', i>ii«' <ix »|ril.
aiiiiiw in);niarliliii'. lii«iiram'i- |ii>llrii", iii:li><- annual f:i.''h p:iyim'iit«
nn- in i'Xri'>s ol oin' lininlriMl ami lil'iy ilollar-, a lioal of two tons
(.•apji.'iiv. If owiu'il I'Xi'lii-ivi'ly liy .m Inlialiitant "f Itii' '■tali'
MARYLAND.
C
5111. iii'K'." iij wi'ar-
lii;;appai'i'l for till'
fiinilv . faiiillv li-
paiil to him. K:
lirary in n-f. ini'-
cliaiilr '' tools whin ki'pt
lor ii-i' In I'arnin;; a liv-
ing, uNo uni' hiimlrril
tl«>Ilar^ Worth of iilhi'r
pro|M'rty mcli as tin-
ili'litor limy sclii't. If
IIm' .ih' linmlii'il iliillars
worth of pro|H'rty can-
not Ik- -i-lfrHMl thou a
sail- may In- onlon'il. ami
om- hnnilriHl iloiiurs in
■■mplion-i not allowi'il wlirii jiiil);iiii>iits
ail' lor M-ilmlioii or liri'arh of pvoiiiisi- of niarria;:i'.
Massachusetts.
Hill ■•».ll<i|.l>».Hit iiiiiy
lia\i' I'M'iiipl rrinii
I'XiH'iitloii ,1 hoini>-
"trail not to i'M'ii'iI
III viiliK' I'i^lil himilri'il
llnllar-. « lii-rr it I- il«-
Hi^iii'il to holil ihf lionii--
ulrail frii' lioin rxriiiliiiii
it iiiiint \h' 'o n-t'orilfil.
TIm- wi-ariiiK np|iari'l ol
cvt-ry lioii-i'liolilcr iiinl
Ihal of 111- laniily ; om-
In'iI, IhmIi!Iii); anil In'iI-
fti'ail for I'Xi'i) two mi-in-
Imt" of till- laniii,\ ; iim-
lii-aliii;; --love III IIM'. anil I'ni'l piinhawil tor ii-i-. not to i-xri'i'il
twi'iiiy ilollai', ami oiIiit hoii-iliolil liiriiiinn- to ih<' xahu-ol ihrri'
hiimlri'il ilollai'': laiiiil.\ lilirarv to thi' viilni- of lin> iloll.irs: liililrs
ami TJiooj I k- In ii>i': our hiimlri'il ilollar'' worth of iinplo-
mi'iil-, tlxliiri's ami |oo|>, nrri'ssary to rarry on hi* liii-iiii'»»; ma-
trrliils ami stork in tiaili- w liii'h wi'ri- piirclia'-iMl li\ liiinwith thi>
Inti'iitlon of roniliit'lin); li|s liii'.ini'ss. ami which ar<' tH'ci-ssary to
that liiisini'ss, mil cxci'i-illn;; tlic valm- of one liiinilri'il ilollars;
provisions prociiri'il liy hiiii for tlic nso of his family to the valm-
of lllty ilollars; om- |n-\v in tliiirrh, I'Xi'i-plin^ for pay of sunn-, or
any lax as^i-M-il on it . rl|{lits oftoinlKaml lunial uiiicli arc in ii-c
for till- iliail: one sew In;; niachiiie, in fainiiy ii'e, not to exceeil ihe
Miiiie of oiii' liiimlreil ilollar-: 'hares In a i'o-4>|H-rallv<- a— ocialii-n
lip to the value of twenty ilollars, ilie iiniforni, arm- ami acronlre-
liients of an olllier or soldier in tin- militia, w hirli I he law ris|iiire-
liiiii to keep, the ImmI ami tUliiii); tackle of a tl-hermaii not to
excel * ill value one liiiii<lr<'<l dollar-, whicli must Im- in use by him
or with vvliich lie i- prociinn^ a living
MICHIGAN.
TTii.MK-TKAKtothelieail
U of a faiiiilv, II in ii
ri villa;;e. to the value
^ I of ilfiii'ii linnilrcil
• lollar- if In iIm
iiiiintry. niii-t not exceed
forl> acre- of ground an-l
the l|on-e Iheri-on.
Wlieii tile propi'ri V <■• \
ceeil- tillii'ii iiimihi'd -l-'l-
lars in valm- it may lie
sold, amlafler pav in;; the
ili'litor that anioimt ilie
n-siiliie may Ik- laki-n liy
the creditor
Unii-eliolder- cannot -ell or iiiciiinlier their honn-iead- w ithoiit
the flee coii-enl of their w ivc-.
Iloil-elioldcl's al-o haveexenipt the follow iiiu' I "'''-""al IT' ' rty:
lioii-eliold ;;ooi|s and fiirnilinc. iml .xcii'diii^ I \o litimlr. mil
lll>y dollars in value, the wearin;; apparel of i-acii n emiH'r i.i tie
f.iiiiily. pew in cliurcli. lo|s in cenn'lerv , a-id riirlil- of Imrial . ariii-
aiiil acciiilieinent-. the sclimd iKiok- of eadi meml-cr of ihe Ian.
ily family iil-rary. imi excecdiii;; in valm- one hnmlied and llfl\
ilollars; all family pictures, two cowjS.ten -hcep and their lliiie-.
live swine, and provi-ions and fuel iniflicient to kei-p the liimse-
holiler ami his family six iiionths; ono yoke ofoxeii. or in lien, one
hona- or one span of horses, vehicie. Iiarni>ss, or otlM-r thiti;;s nec-
cssar.v for the pei-son in i';irryiii;; on the trade, hiisini-s or profes-
simi in which he is principilly i'ii;;a;;ed. not to excf-eil in value Ihe
-Mill of two hundred and lil'iy dollars; a i|uantity of grain, hay.
IIM'OVKKV AM* (Ot.l.»:(TI<>N )>»' IH'.imi.
fpf'it, •'li'., t<< kr*>|i IIm* iiliii%t< ciiiiiiK-nilril jiiiIiiimI< fur -K imiiiiIIi-;
oil wliiK iiiiirhliM' III ii-oliy fiiiilly.
Tlir iiii't'liiiiili-;il l>Mi|a iiimI Iiii|iI>'Iiii'IiI* ><( liii>li:iiiili'\' 'in' rMMii|>l
rniiii all <M'«<Hl"ii«. NooIIkt intmiii.iI |in'|»Ml> I- i'M'|ii|i| licmi
nil I'M'tiillKii f"i' |Min-liiiM' moii.-y.
WlllTf II iHillM-lf'I'fc'r wllo ll:l« lli« llnlllftl'llll l'\i'lll|il (III'-', III.
wlfoor iiiliKir ihlMnii •li.ill l>-<'iiiitli-<| in iIm' o.unr Itfiii'tll .n |iiii|(
iiK >li)> or llicy ntiilliMH' ••> •Hi-ii|>y || n> n liiiiiM>'*li'ii)|,
MINNESOTA.
T
i> I VI liV l|ill|>l'l|i>|>liT
:i lli>llli>lr,|i| iiill'-l>l-
lli;; III' iml I'Xrii'cllnj;
••L'lily iHTi"* tif laiiil
iiikI It ilurlllliK lli>ii>i'
llirriHiii, III III- i-t'li'i'li'il liy
till- il'liloi', l>iil iiiu>( imt
III- hirlinli'il III any Ii>\mi,
I ily nrx ill.ii;r.ip|' lM-ti';iil,
ir iIm- ili'liidi' >li<>iili| M>
Kflf<t. IKitCXfl'IMlIll;; (im-
h:iir mri' III liny tnwn,
illy "r X Ul;if;<' « liiTi' tlic
liilialiiliiiil. liiiliilH'r li"-"
llian ll\<'lli<iii-anil:iri>vi'r
llvo iIioiiiihidI iiili.iliit.iiii.'* then- ma-t imi In- lo ixi'itiI nm' Ini, imil
llii- ilwi'lliiij; liniifllM-n-oii :iii<l it* aiiiMiniMiniH'i'* <>\vin'cl ami imtii-
pli'il liy llic ili'liior :i«a n-'likm-p.
If a |H'r«iii i-iilitlr<l to 4 Ihmiii iit<-u<l rimll illr, liN widow or
minor chlMnii uluill huvt- lh<> faiiii' Ix-ihIIi clurinjc Hn' tlim- llii-y
ocrii|iy lilt' •aiiK-.
Uni- .-•■at or |>-w in |ila(-e of imlillt' wor>lii|>: out- lot in ccnii'lrry ;
faiiijly lilMi', family |>i< tiini'. wliool liooU'' or lilirary. aiicl nm-lial
In-lriiiiH'iil'i ill ux- liy family; all UMl-.lM'iMlii;;aii'l IhmUicmiN Kipi
mill In n-c liy thfili'lilor ami lii« family. amlllii' wrarin;,' aiipairlof
the family; all .«i<iv«-> inu«-liy tin- ili'liloraml hi.' family; all cook-
inj; iiti'ii.-ii-, ami uIIht Iioilx-IkiIiI fiiriiiniro iioi aliovc rimmiTatril,
not lorxiifil ill valiH- Hvi- liiiiiiln-il i|iillar>; li'ii ^winr. Iliri-f coW'',
oiii- yokf of iixfii. oni- lMir*<'. or in lieu tlii-n'of om- lipaii of lioi-sr*
or miili'^; twt'iity !-\ff\> au<i tlcir il<.f«'<'.i; liii- nifi-ssary fooil for
llic alMiM- >ti«'k fortlH-lerm of one yoar.i'illifr jirowin;; or aircaily
|iroviil<'il. orlmlh: on.' ilniy. <-art or wa-jon. om- ilraj;, Iwti plow^,
oni- ►li'i^ii. ami oiImt faniiiii;; iili'ii«il< inclmliii;; nccrssary liarni'^s
for li'ain. not tn i-xt'i-il in valm- llirK- liiiii<lrr<l ilollar<; niaiii iht-
r-.*ary for out- yi-.ir'« «.»hI. not cxriw-dinj; ruimi Im-lirN iiotalois.
Ilfly liii-lifl!< oat-, lliri-o Ihi.-Im-N rorii. Iliirly Imslii'ls liaili'y ; one
M'winj; iiiaihiiM': om. yi-arr* |irovi-ioii for drlilor and Iii» family,
and fuel siilllrit'iit fnr one yc-.ir: tlw wap'* of any lalxirinjf man or
woiniui. or of any of thrir minor rliililrcii. not cxrcrdinf,' Iwciily
dollar!<. lor any -••r>l«'»>s that may have Imvii ri'iidrird nliirty day>
pri'vion-' to jiiil;;mriit: all in*iniiiu'iil« ami looN of any ruH'liaiiic,
minor or oilwr |>i-r>oii. ii-e»I and kopi for tlio purpo-f of carryin;;
on Ills iradr. not to pxiih- 1 tiK' value of four liiimln-d dollars.
Also, alMivo and in addition to iht- artirli's already rnnmcralcd,
where tile debtor is an tHiitor. piililii-lier or prinler, lie Is.illowid
llie n-iial printin;; oiutlt, whUli may i'onsl«t of presses, lype, stones
and I'.'ises. not to exi'e<>d In value two tlioii-aiid didlars, and not
exeerdiiij; four limidn-d ilollars of stmk in trade.
Any nion;:a;:e that Is law tiilly iditHlnrd on the property i- not
ineliided in this exrin|Mioii. Iniwever, Imi' H.-h Hinrl;;ai;e or oilier
alienation of sneli land l>y tlio owih'',' 111' enf. it' he ho a married
raaii, shall iKit hr valid wittKHit the -ifrnaliilT m" hi« vile to the
same, inilesjt siii-h iiiortjf«}ie shall ''■'■ givi-ii to seeure the |...ynieiil
of the piirih-«.se money, nr a jiorti- n of '.he same.
'I'liis exemptiim I:i« is init te '■•• so ionslnied as to >■. i i pt iiriy
piopertT within tlw »tat^ froni '-xt utl.n or att.tf!:n«siit. iiy 'he
wuf^s of ( ier*«, laborJTs, or in«vluiiici<.
MISSISSIPPI.
pw^i
I VKUV person,
whether III llie head
if a i'inill> or imi,
the lojluwln^ per-
noiiid prii|Mil\ ; .Ml iifrl-
• illllinil llnplelllelils nee>
es-ary lor ii fiirnni, llir
two l.ilMirei'.'. llie lii.iiks
of a •tndeiii with whii'li
111 loiiiplele Ills ediH'ii-
tloii; Ihe |oii|s of ii liii*-
elianle nere.sary to earry
on li|i trade; lil> weariliu;
■tppalel; the lihrailes nf
thefidl'iw lii;;profi olonal
men. |ireaeh<-r<,llit>iiMilutinrtMys and pliy>hiaii>; al-o the in.irii-
llienl. of ili'nli>t> aiel >iir;;<-<iii>, iml |i> exii-ed In value two hninlred
ami lllly dollar*. Te.n Iwrs of |.tilli.^f.s, srlhmls and aiailemle^
have exi nipt all j(ioli«.s, m.ips .md l«Mik" Used liy lliem; lil'e In-iir-
aiiie polli-y, llie amoiint nf wlili h i< not In ex<'e>- uf ten llioii.aiid
do|lar>, from di'Ms of d<i-e;tsed. To eM-ry l|ol|.eho|der Iniiit; a
re-ideiii nf ihe stall-, and li-ivint; a f.imily, male or female, a hoiin--
sleail ll'i'd a- a re<id<'liii-, not to exreed ill value two llioii<atid ilol-
lars. imr more than one hundred and -ixly aeles. Where the
|ii'o|>erty Is Worth iiiori* than two iliou>and dollars, it may ho
ilh Ided, If prii'tii-alile; if nut, it may Ik* snld, and .ilter |i!>.vlri); the
ilelilor llie rem.iiiiiliT I- to lie paid to the eredilor. To il lloii-i.-
Iiolder the fiiliow ill;; |M>rsoiial |iro!M'rty : one yoke o| oxen or one
span of lior-is or iiiiilf*. two eows and lalve., ilvi' -liee|i, live
head of lioj;.. livi- -w Iih-. on.- hundred ami lllty liii-liels inm, ten
liii-liel- wheat or rill', thp'.> himdri'd liiiiidle- fodder, two hundred
poiiinls ol meat, one wa^on nr lart imt in exceed in value two
hundred diill.irs, one ...win;; inai'hiiie, lioii-eliold :iiid kilrlii'ii liir-
nllure not to exre«d one hundred dollar- In value. (;r>-.\\ii.; \ (^>|is.
Where a hoii-elii.lder i- a re-ldent of a eily, lov\ n ,,. » ,,, .4;,._ ||„.y
are allowed In Ii.ive |ier-oii.il projierly exeiiipl |i> t»ie valiH- of two
liimilri'd and lllly dollar-, -ii.h as they may selisl. wlilrli I- in lieu
of the l'ore;;oinjr. Xo exemlitioiis ailoned when the debt elalmed
|s fnr inireliase money, nr fnr nni|.|Kiyinriit of taxes or assessmi.ni,,
or for any inaleri iN furnislied ; r the prn|H'rty. nor for any debt
for lalmr on the pro|ierty.
P
MISSOURI.
t ■ s K K r K r i; n .s or
beail- of I'anillies are
allowed to hold ex-
em|)t Irom exeeiiliuil
or iitfinlimeiit, a
honipstoa!. If oirU|iied as
a re-idenee, not to exeeed
In value three lliousaiid
dollars, when in cities nf
over fnrly llmusand in-
liabltant-. and not exi'eed-
In;; in i|uanlity eii;bteeii
wjuaie rods of k'ouimI. in
I'ilies of leii ihousiind and
over, bill le-s ihaii I'nrty
thousand Inhabitants, a lioinPstoad not tn exeeed llie value of llf-
hi'ii hundred dollars, imr more than lliiny sipiare rods of ground;
In eiiies of le-s than :eii ihou-aiid iiihabilanls, live acres, uni |o
excc-ed In value tilti><'ii hundred dollars; in Ihe counliy, not lo
exiTedoni- biindreil and sixty acn-s. ii<it to exceed iliieen liundicd
dollar- in value. Where a hii-baiul abandons his w il'c, slie mny
till- a claim to the hoiiiestfad, describing the property, and state
that she js the w ift> of tlir owner of the laud, and in w iiose n.inn- it
i^^!^^:
'I
UKCOVKUV ANW COLLKCTION Of KKIITS.
I, wlili'l) oliiim must bo piitcrcil on record and nnist Ix'
lu'kimw lc(lf.'i il n-i clissli* nri\ after wliicli no Inrunibruni'c on or con-
^i'y;ini<Mii i-.it) 1)1' rnailo without lirr consent.
j'lt till' (leiili ol' :i liou«eli> ^ler who was owning n homostoad,
lejix''!:; a wiilnw or minor ■■liililren siirvlvlnj^ liln;. Ilie jiiuuesieacj
j,'oes •<> ilieni ilui in;; the .i idowS lil'eiiiiie. until tlie vouuijot rhihl
^llall have arrived a! :! ;e, alter w liii h the lee simple ol llie |mo|i-
ertv, Milij"et to the Imme-lead lln'rein will pas- \>y descent or
ilevi>e. and can In- sold lor thi' de-cenilaMt's dehiH a.s III other
ases. Ulii'ie tin' descendant, during: Ids lUetime, lias plai'cd
ail iiii'iinibraiice on Ins lioiiieKteuil, It may he enl'ori'ed alter Ills
diini-e.
The follow ill,' pi i-oiial ■operly is exempt when owned hv a
person not at the hi-ad c.f a lamily ; Wearing ap,iaiel the iieic--
saiy implements :md tends of any niei'haiiic w Idle I'arryinif on Ids
tIMde.
The follow in:; p.i-onal piopirty l» exempt tn tho-e w ho mav Ix'
at the he icl of a faiiuly. Ten head of choice sheep, and llie jiro-
dilct thereof in uool. cloth, or yarn, ten In'ad o| choice swine,
Iwd cows ami <alve« . two plows, one hoe, one axe, and luio set of
plow fji'ai's, and all necessary Ian ■ iinpleiiieiits lor the use of one
man. working aninciN to the value o| one hiuelied and lifl.v <lol-
lai's, iini> loom and appar.itns n-ed in mannfacluiiii^ t'lotli In a
privati- family, spinning whirls and cards, all the spun yarn,
thii'adand cloths mamifactnred tor family use', any ipiantlty of
hemp, tlax and we,d, not exii-edin;; twi'iity-llve pounds each; all
wiMrini; apparel of debtor ami family; four beds with necessary
beililinir. and such other hou-elndd and kitchen fuinitiire, not
exceedlm; the value of one hundfed dollars, as may be necess.iry
for the f imily. a;:reeabl.v loan inventory thereof. to Ik- ictiirned on
oiih with the I'xecniion by the olliier in.ikintr the levy ; all such
pi<'\ i>inns a- may Ih' on hand not aUive the v.aliie of on<' hnndii'd
dollars; iMioks .and bibles belon-iing to the family; all lettered
^.'lavi- stones and one [m-w in church; the necessary itnplenients
and li"il> i,f any mech.inie while carryiii;; on Ids trade. Ministers
of the f;o>|iel. lawyera and physicians can seleei siudi hooks as may
hr iiei'e>»aiy to their profe— ions in lien of other property above
inentioiii'il. ami doci. r~ <if medic inc. in Hcmi of above properly,
can select their medieine-.
The pfopi'rty of a non-rc-ident is not exempt, nor that of any
person whoi^ abimt toab-ccmd I'roni thestat'': noris an.\ propertv
e\cinpt Iroiii sei/ure and sale lor taxes. |f a maniecl man should
leave' the state, hi- wife may cdaim the pxemptb'ii; nor would per-
sonal pro|ierty Ih> exempt as ajraiiist the pMrch,ise money; there is
no exemption a;;.iiii»t a claim for wa^es of {i coniinoii laborer or a
hoiisi- servant to the siitn of ninety duUurv, if suit should he ccuii-
inciicecl u itliin six inonllis.
NEBRASKA.
1"
lliiMK,sTK.\I> to every
family, whether the
title resides in the
hn-hand or wife,
con-i«tini; of dwell-
ing lioii>e n.-ed as a re-l-
deuce by the clallii.int.
and the land.'iiiilappiirte-
nanee-, not to exceed one
bundle cl and sixl.\ aiies,
or if w iihin an inc nrpo-
raied city or vllla;;o n
i|uanlity ofad.ioiidn;;I.ind
not exceediii;; two lcit!»;
ill eillier cast! the value
thoii-and ilollars.
t h 1- 111' land-, ilic re I- then exempt personal
' of live hundred dollar-. The clothinjr of the
family, supplies siinicient to ke<'p the family for six monllis. and
enough to keep the doimvllc animals for tlnee imniths, civokln^
utensils, hou-ehold furniture, family bible, family pictures, certain
dome-tic animal-, tool-, implements of trade, etc., and sixty days'
'vai;es to any lalKuin;; man. clerk, etc.; provided tliat there shall
Im' no exempt ion for wa;;es due to any i lerk, mechanic or lalmrer,
or for inmiey due and ow iiif; by aii.v attoi iiey at law for imuiey or
oilier v lliiable ccmsicleration received by siicli .iltoriiey ;'or any
person or persons. There is no exeniption when the execnlion is
lor debts seciireil by a mech.iidcs', lalMuers' or vendors' liens upon
the pri'inlse-, or <ui debts secured by inort;;a^e upon the picnil-es
executed and ackniiw ledged by both husband aii.l wife, or by an
iiimiarried debtor
NEVADA.
T itoMf.sTFAli, to Ik' seliH'ted hy the husband or wife, or
■•^^l other head of family, not exceediiiff in v.due live thoii-
'■y V -and dollars, and the lollowin^ |M'rsonal properly, except
lor Incninbrance Iheroin for debts created fortlie pur-
chase of I lie -,'iiiie one horse, harness and vehicle of a physi-
cian, sur;;ecin <u- minister of the ^os|h'I, and food necessary to
keep the ,'iniinals cuie iiicmth: one sew in;; niachine in ii-e In
debtor's fiuiil\ imiI exeeecjin;; In value one himdreil and lilty dol-
lars, chairs, table-, desks and books worth imic himdred didlar-;
hoiiselicdcl t'lM'niliire, etc.. ,'ind provisions and tirewciod lor one
month, the f iiii^iii;; utensils of a farmer, and seed provided for
planlln;; w ithiii the eiisnin;; si.x months, not to exci^'d in value two
hundred dollar-, one span of nudes, or luie yoke of oxen, two
cows, and food tor such animals for one inuiith; one wapni or one
cart; the iniplcments and tools of a mechanle necessary to carry
cm his tracle; the libraries and insirmnents necessary to a sur-
veyor, physician, denti-t or surj;eoii;tlie profes-ional lllnarv of
an attorney andcoun-elor, or iniiii.-t"r of the gospel , the dwelling
id' a tniner not exceeding; in value live hundred dollars, and his
appllaiiie- and tools necessary to carry on his minjui; operations,
not exceeding in valiii> live hundred doll.irs; ami one span ol
horse- . in yoke of oxen, or one span of mule-, their liarne-s and
tlie necessary 1 cod for the animals for one nionlli, when they are
ncccissary In his mininj; o|M<ralioiis.
.\ teamster or other laborer whohahitiially oanis his liviii;,' with
a team has exi'inpt. one span of horses or mules, one yoke ot oxen,
and their h.irne.-s. a.id one wa;;on or cart
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
m: lot in a burying
.irioimd, the debt-
or'- intere-i inline
l"'w in a place of
wor-hip, one yoke of
fixeii, or in liiMi thereof,
one horse; the necessary
Ud- and lu'ddin;; for the
debtor and I'amilv : we.ir-
In;; .'ipp.irel of tlie debtor
and his family one cook-
In^ -tove and Its Inrid-
Inre houseliolil Inrniinre
to t be value ot one hun-
dred dcdiars bibles anil
and school book- in actual iiso, one h-w in;; machine' library to
the value ol (wo hundreil dcdhirs, one hog. one pi^. and the |Nirk
of 'he same when slani;lilered , ono cow . four Ions of hay. -ix
. I. cp ami their lleeces provisioiK and fuel to the value ot ItHy
liollat's, tool- ol the debtors ociiipallon to the value ol one him-
dred clcdlars.
An Mnmirrled iier-on may li.i\e exempt. If an owner, a home-
stead not to exceed in value ll\e hundred didlars; the wib' and
^
iiioiilh.'', and
mils, rooHiijj
tiltrs, )'i-rtaili
il hlxly (lays'
It llxn' hIiiiII
Ic or laUin-r,
I'lir iinirifv or
riiry J'or iiiiy
' fXiH-iitliiii Ik
s' liens niion
llii' |iri nii-cs
I ill', <ir l)v an
I or wife, or
II' llvi' tlion-
prllV, I'Xl'cpt
fur till- piir-
ot' a pliysi-
ni'ct'ssiiry In
IC in iiM- ill
anil lil'ly ilnl-
Iri'il ilollars;
Odd lor one
prnviilcil for
in value two
>r oxen, two
\ a^dii or oni>
■ary to carry
ry 111 II siir-
i:il Hillary ot'
till' (Iwrllin;;
lars, anil his
; o|H'rations.
OIK' s|iaii ol
liarncss ami
Inn llii'y arc
■ li\ In:: Willi
okc ol oxi'ii.
Ilia liiiryin;;
III, till' ilclit-
|cic-i inonc
I a |iiai'c ol'
• yoke 111
lii'll lllclcol'.
IC in'ccs».iry
liii^' lor llic
ii|i|y ; Hcar-
i I lie ilchlor
■ r.lIC iriiik-
I II- Inriii-
M liiriiiiiiri'
ol one linii-
MMes ami
lilir:iry l"
nil! Ille I'lirk
>r hay. kIx
aliie ol' llfty
ol oiii' hnii-
UF.COVKKV AMJ COLLECTIOX or KKUTS.
.•hiHrni "f <'V«>ry <nic who owns a hoinesieail, or any liilon-st In
tlM* 'ainf. arc ciilitleil to an c\ein|ilion In tlll■^anlc not to cxifftl
ill valiM- fivcliiin<lreil ilollars.as a;;aln>t ^ranlccs, eri'ilitors or h<-ini
ttf *tn-ii |«-r«4>iis. ilnriii^ Ilic lilcol'thc wiilow ami inilil the chililrcii
arTi%«- at iiiatnrliy.
■•■•ten- a «|)'c uwii», in her own ii};lil. a lioini-tca'l at luT ilcalh.
I,. .M-^^ile of the -iirvivin;; liiisliaml. not to cxi'cfil in value iIh;
tiu-. ''i :>«■' I'lnKln-il ilollars, I- excinpl to hini.
NORTH CAROLINA.
NEW JERSEY.
ii^^'K IVI.ItV hol|<4>lK>l-
V iler li.iv in;; a f.iin-
)./ ily theri' shall U-
excinpl from s:il>>
on cxei'iition for ili'lit, a
lioincsieail, where ounol
ami oci'iipieil iu< a n^i-
'liine li\ 111!' ilehtor. to
III!' value of one llHlll>atl<l
l|o||;||'..
A nicies iliat an' ex-
cinpl are: one U'l uiiil
lieililin;;, one craille, on<»
~lo\e, one-half cord •<(
llrcwood. oni-half Ion of
r»3L one taUe, <in<' fpliinllifc-whi'cl. six chairs, one cow, one \ffc.
■ >iw liuiidri'd |iontii|s of llonr, one cookiii;;-pol ; kiiivi-. forks.
r\tn»t: l-laU-', one do/cii each; six Ikiw Is. one Utrrcl, two |KiiU.
niie liih. niN' cofl'^'-iHil, one fryliij; pan, nccesiiary tools of a
Iraile-inaii to the value of ten dollar-, and all niscssary wcariii:;
a|>|ciri-l.
.\iT<>rdiiijt to Mippleincnlary act of Is."i.s, in all ca>e- of iL»i:ni-
iiM^it- of di-l<or- I'o liie iH'iielli of ircdilors, guilds and cliulte|. to
th<? valiM- of two hnnih'cd dollar-, and wcarln;; apparel for the
•krUor dJi'l hi" family, are excnipl from forced sale.
^
NEW YORK.
,^Nr 1 1 A lioiiiieholiler
\ liaxliif; .1 family
l.J I here Is cxem|>t tin-
lot and hiiildin^"
occupied. ow.'H'd and Ux'd
as a resident'' hy the
dchlor, not |o exceed in
\aliie one tlKMisaiid dol-
lar-, lull lun-l In' recordi-d
In Ihe ollio' of the chrk
of the coiiniy In » hicli
siicli property 1- silualeil.
as lioine-ti'ad pro|M'rty.
I'll.' pro|M'rt\ 1- not r\-
eiiipi I'l'oni noii-iKiyiiiitit
nf taxn or a«-<---'iieiit-, nor froin a delil coniracted for the pnr-
elux- m>»o<-y. itor fT any dclii contrailcd pri'vlons to the recorilinc
llw -aine !• home-tead pro|>erty. l'io|M'rly -o ri'iorded n ill con-
itntK- !<• !«.•« venipt after llie deinl-e of llic delitor, for Ihe U-netlt
of iIh' «iil»M and family, as Ioiil; a- any of them coniii |..
<i.iii|>y U »• » lioineslcad. nnlil Ihe death of the w idow. or niilil
Ihe \i-u:ist>-'\ child reaches niatiirlly.
M^rri*") women are allowed Ihe -aim' exeniptlon a- lioiis,».
hid'krs.
IVrwiii.'.l pro|M>rty. working looN and le.iiii. professional lii'tni-
meitt-. If ii-<-ho|d fiirniliire. and lihri'ry not to exct't'd in value tuo
liun<ln-l .iml fifty dollars, and food -iillli'leiil lo keep Ihe team for
ninety djy. WIm'ii the dchlor -iipiHirls his family wholly or in
|ntl liv III- lalxir. hi- ■•arniliL;- lor Ills per-olial scrvh'e- for »i\ly
• by« fiT«^-diii{j.are al-o e.xeliipl.
l\|. liinidrcd tlol-
^k l.ir-' Wot III of |H'r-
sonal properly,
such a- Ihe dclilor
may selecl, « ho nill-l he
n re-illeni of ihe slate,
and a home-lead incliid-
In;; llie dwelling and
hllilllillL;-, ll'il III excecil
in val me llinii-aiid
dollar-, to lie -elected liy
Ihe llehlor. 'riiere 1- no
exeniptlon from deliis
created lor I hi* purchase
of the home-icad, or
taxn-. Uljorer-* ami imilianic-' liens. .Vmony; certain art icics to
lix' laliH' <•! live Imndii'd dnllar- that are al-o exeinpl may he nicn-
tioiieil iiiti. (iiw .iiiil calf, one |. mm. one hed-lead and lieddin^ for
ever* two |i<T-<iii- of a family, neces-ary tool- for one lahurcr. etc.
OHIO.
■S) iik.uk the hns-
li.'iiid and wife
.lie living; to-
^' a tiler, or
where a widow or wld-
oucr i- living with im
iinniarrled d.iii;;hler. or
ininiarricil niliinr -on,
liave I'xcmpl a home-lead
not exceeding in \alin'
one ihon-aml dollars. If
Ihe llome-lead i- of II
jjrcaler \ aliie, .and cannot,
III Ihe opinion of ihc a|>-
prai-crs Ik' di\ idcd wiih-
oui hijiiry, tlir-n tlH- plainlilV in execiilioii Hoiild I niilled io a
y<irU ntital v.nliie of over one hundred dollars, nnlil -m h lliiie as
!lf <H4. «<H.t« and Intere-t -hall have Imh'h paid.
.Vny n->iik'nt of ih<' -tale, hcin^r .i hoiiseholdcr. and iml the
owner of a lnMiie-ieail. may hold exenijil oilier challeN .i, hi-
may <-!•}>■• t to the value of live himdred dollar-, wliicli -hall U' in
aiklili'.n lo iIh' utnoiml of other pei-i.n.il piii[»ii\ oilier«i-e
eX«1nli««-"l.
Vi> e\eiti|iiion> allowed oil a jml^meiil lendi'ied mi an) iiicmii-
braiiai- on the pro|>erty which had hceii inatle and -iiiin'd hy the
■k'lHor aixl hi* wife, ni'i' for any cl.iiin for laUn- of |e.- ih.in one
hiiiHln-sl ilollar-. or for a dehl cri'aled on acmiml ol purchase
iiioiH-y. iior fur a iiiislianlc's lien, nor lor material fiiriii-hcd, or
laUtr |M'rfoniie<l in erectin;: .my Imildiii;,'- on llie prcmi-i -. nor
for 1 1\<-.
Tlti- folliiu ill;; iH-rsoiial |>roiM'rl.\ i- also cvcnipi : 'Ihc wearing;
a|>|>an-lor>ii< hlamilx .U'ds. Iied-icad-. U'ddini; iiece--ary fortlicii-e
of tin- family : two-io\esaiid Iheneccs-ary pi|ie-.aiii| fuel for -ixlv
d.iy«: iiii|>l<-menis and lool- i es-aiy for carrv ini; i.ii hi- or her
iraik- or iMi-im— : ceii.dn ikiim-tic animal-, ami the nece— .iry food
lo U»l l>»iin -ixty diy-: or. If llie dehior has not ihe-e articles, he
may •sd'-.l -ixiy-tivi' ilollar-' worth of fnrnil inc. .\l| f.imily piciiires
anil ••N.k-: provi-ion- for family ii-e, to Ihe value of llfiy dollars;
oiip M-wiiu; ni.-icliiiH' ami one kiilllln;; machine; and in addition to
lin- al»i>»e. when' Ihe dchlor i- an expre—maii or a dravman, he
ran iKd'l ••xiinpt one wapui or dray, one set of harness and one
horse; if a fanner, one hor-e or one yoke of oxen, one waKoii, and
IIh' tiw«-s»4r\ cearlni; for III- team ; If a phy-ician.his professional
IxMtk*. medical In-triinieiit-. one hor-e. one saddle aiel oiiehiidle,
n»t !•• ex.-eiil In value one liiindrcd dollars.
(I
lit-
I '
ilM
ilM
ill
OREGON.
KECOVEUV .VM> COLLECTIoy OK I'V.HTS.
^ -^ liy Hjiy ixi-iiii.
vi_J 1 -iriiiiii'iil<i>» ii<'(i
>y HJiy I
ti> ilm valm- of crvi-uly-
•!••# Jtill;ii'<; ii<'«i'";iry
wearing :i|ii>iir<'l iavmiiI
l)y any jx-rson, to Uir
valiif ol'i'iii' liuiiilrfl ili>l-
lar- : aixl if mii li |»T-iiii
Im' a Iitiii-clinl'lfr, riirtaili
iiiriiil«r <'i' liU lamilj lc>
llii- \aliii'"!' lill\ cl.illar-;
IIk- I<»>I«. iiii|i|i'iiii'iil<,a|>-
(•aratiit, l<-aiii, v<'!iirlc,
liariii's!-, or lilirarv iuM'i'-sary to cimlili" any |htm>m t<> farry mi llic
traili', i>('ni|> itiiiii, or |iriit'<'-<ii>ii liy \« liirli ^iii'h |ifr-<>n liaditnally
i-arri' lil> li\ in:;, to lli<> valm- i>r four )iniiiln-<l ilullar-; al-n a onni-
rlriil i|iiaiilily 111' I'lirl lo Mi|i|Mirt >w\\ li'aiii, iranv. fur >-ixly ilay*.
'I'lii- w Kill " li'aui." in llii-i >Mliili\ i'ion, >liall nnl In- rnn-tnu'il to
IlM Incli- nniff tlian nni' ynVii- •>( oxi'n. <ir a «|ian of Imr*!--; or iMnl)-",
»■• till' ia«r max ii<\
II' a 111 Iicililrr "iwn* anil K('<>|» in arliiai, nr kM-lK fur ii«<-, liy
anil fur hi* I iinily, lln- full"" In;; |iri«|M'rty l« al-o lAciiipl : Ten
slnr|i, villi mil- yi'ar"- Mimit. nr tin- yarn or rlnlli nianiifiiliirril
llirrffrniii, iwi) ni« <. ami llvi> svnjih'; IninM-linlil pmiN, fiirniliiri-.
uml iiti'ii»iU. li> till- valiir of lliri'c liiinilri'il ilullai'^; al-o fuml
I'linii^h 111 iiii|i|Hirt -iirli aiiiniaNi If any, fur llir<'<' nii>iilli>, ami |iri>-
vl>i<iiii arliially |iri>vlili'il fur fiinily ii-<', ami iH'(i-»ary fur (In* mi|>-
piirt of jimli lioii-clioliliT anil family fur -ix nioiitli*; luif M'at or
|ii'\v ilia liiiii-i' of »oi <lii|i, anil oivii|ili'il liy |lii> Iiuiix-IkiIiIit or lil<
fiaiilv. No isiiiiiiilon « lien llii- ilrlit Miii^ht to bo ret'overi'il 1-
for the imriha.-i' |irli r or any [lari ilim-of.
PENNSYLVANIA.
^'
HF.KK \* oxpinpf
from cxii'iilion,
|iro|M-rly, I'illiiT
rial or |«'r»oiial.
not to cxniil in valiii-
llirii' liiimlrril ilollars. in
aiMitlon to liilili-'i. M'hoiil
l»Mik- ami wi-arin;; a|>-
Iiaril, wlii'ii claiintMl as
ixriii|it |iro|i<'rty liy tin'
ilili|..r: till' |iri\il«(;ii Ix^
ill); a |H'r-oiial oni'. may
Im- waiviil at any liiiii'.
'I'll!' ili'lilor'n willow or
minor rlilMiiii art' iiiti-
tiiMJ to till' >iaiiii' Sinn fmni 111- r«tali'. for Iwr or tluir
A -iMiii«lrr" may lioM rM'in|il fnim -akMir fXiimiinti, all m-w-
lii;; marliliii'4 iix'il In rarnin;; n »ii|i|i<irt.
No lioini-slcail i'\i'iii|illoM In llili* riati'.
A ili'liiiir N imt I'liillli'il to tliriT hnmlrpd clollni^ ft^iiii tho pro-
I'l'i'ili iif It -all' folliiwiii^ till* M'l/iir«> of real «-t.ili'. If Iw fall- to
liiaKr lilf rliolip In nlalii It. A rialni to (Mr-onnl i-lalp, to li)>
I'lVii livi', nin-l III' mailo ln-fori- Ihr-ali": iimlwliiro tli<' ilffinilaiit
iii';;lri'|< to riilrr 111* i liiiii, In- tlii-ri-liv ri'liiM|ii|-lic- all Iirm-
llt- 111 Ih' liail on 111 loiiiil of tin- -tatuli'. WIhti- a tlclitor (;iv<-
ii|i lii- ri;;lit to iliii I'Xrinjilii'ii liy an iimlrr-lamliii;; to lli.il ■■Itii't
Willi oiii- ritviilion ilililur. It I- a waivrr «•» to ail the otlwr
rii'illliili».
I^Mi-ptril from llu' o|u'ration i,( tlio •taliit<> arc inort);agal or
ullirr rontrat'H loi tin' piirrlia-<> money tif rral tttnliv
RHODE ISLAND.
r
lio^ ami olio pi;;
on<> |H-\v in a lion
alli-r till' ti-riiili
illK Dot-w^ary woariii^
apparrl of a ili-Uor
ami lii« family: lii'i
iH'»-«'>-ary workiin;
IiMil- not exii-eilliij^ two
hiimlrril ilollar') In valiii';
hou-i-liolil furniture ami
fuiiiily >-lon-. if a lii>ii>4>-
ke«'|i^r li«t exiTeilin^j
Ihri'*' hiueliril iloltar-i in
valm-: the l«itil<-.i. -fliool,
anil oiliir hook- in i|.»> in
lii» fimily: one row, ami
■HIP am I a Iri'f ton. of lny,
of a l|uii-eke<-|MT: om
ami the Jxirk from the -ame, of a lioii>. ki-elM-r;
e of w or-lilp: a liiirial lot : niariiH-r-' wa:;i-' until
alloii of the voya;;e in w hiili -line have lieen
ireil liy liill- of e\>'lian;;r on iH-;;oliali|e proiiii--
eariieil; ilehl- mm
iMiry iiuteji. ami ten ilullars iliie an the waue* of a lalMirer.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
T
> TtiK lirtnl of every
fiinlly a hoiiioteail
lo the value of one
thoii-ainl iliillar<.anil
the amiiial proilii.-t there-
of, ami |nT-oiial pro|M'rty
not to exi—eil in valiletlie
Kiiin of fl\e liiiniln-il ilol-
lar-. Where. I Woman lia"
t«-parate pro]>ert.» . ami i<
niarrieil to the heail of a
family, who ha- not a
lioim..teai| or tlie where-
with to priMiire one. >.lie
may then Ih> enliile<l to
the iiame exeiii|itiiiii as the heail of ii faniiiy. hut the joint of liif^
ham) anil wife in real i-t lie ami |ii-r-oiial pri>|M'rty iiiii-t not l»' in
I'Xn-'' of one thoil-anil ilollar" In a hiiiiii->leail ami live humlreil
ilii|l.ir< in |«T-onal pro|H'rt> ; no property I- exempt from a h-vy or
sale for taxe-. "T for olili:;aliii|i'< iiiiurriil for the pnn li;i.-e o>" ||le
pro^M•rl v or any iiiipro\eiiienl« oiithe.-ame. l|oim~ieai| ri;;lit not
Ih-Iii;; a iM'riiolial one, raiinot l>e waiveil, imr ran it he miIi! evi ept
for the purjiose of piinlia-int; another one. The proiliiifi from
the honii-teail an' not exempt from a ileht whieh ha* hwii en>atei|
In tlH'lr proiliK-llon.
\\
TENNESSEE.
^yillLP. in the
hami* of Itji-
lM'a'i>i of fiiiii-
lie* tllefollow-
tii;; pro|i«Ttv it exi-ni|il
from -ale or exii-iitlon:
iHo t(»'il«, Ited-teait-. ami
neet^s.Try elothiii); for
•Meh, anil fir e:irh tlin-e
ehililreii an aililitioiial
Im>iI, Id itteail. ami ilotli-
U\)!. the iH'il-te.iil not to
PXiiiil In value twenly-
Ih e ■lollar' ; I « o eow -ami
ciilvi". ami if tiM' faiiiily
eon»i»t« of -Ix per-oii< or more, three i own aiel lalvf"!: fliie ilo/i-n
kiiive« uml fork*, one do/en plate", half ilw/en ili-lM~i, one .u»t t iMe
^:^<:^^
rtl of :l ilfhlnr
liU ruiiily: liU
-ary wurUiii:^
l'XlT<>«llllJ{ tuo
liill;ir> 111 valiH-;
I liiniitiirf iiihI
iin*". if a li<>iM>-
IHil rxri-rflili;;
i<lli'il i|ii||ar< ill
I- iillil)-'. -•'Ii<..,|.
ImiiV.'- ill llx' ill
, : ■nil- (-■>», anil
lll'f |i«l:-«'f liiy.
ii-rl«f<-|<<'r: III-
f a li'Hix W'-cIxt;
HT-' wa;»i"< until
aim- li.ivi' iH-i-n
;otial)l)> pniMii!-
K lioail of every
ly .1 hniiiiMeail
lie value of one
>aii<l ilollar*. mill
il |iriiilu<'t IliiTi'-
iT^iiiial |iri>|MTly
iv<mI ill valiifllie
ve liuiiiln-il iliil-
HTi-aUiiliiali liai
proiK-rty. and i"
llie liea'l "( a
till lia" IK'I a
or tin- wlwre-
iriK lire one, >lie
Ih- enlllleil (i>
le jiiint of liii'^
liiii-t not in' ill
ml live liiimlreil
I from a |i-vy or
|piiri li;i.-e of Die
•-li-ail rifjlil 11"!
lie •ioli! exiept
|iroiliirt' from
!a* li«*ii er«ile<l
iiii.K ill tlm
II iiiiN if Itw
III .iii« of fainl-
ii' -i till' folio w-
V i« eM-lii|i(
rxetiilloii:
T..il~leail-, anil
rlolllllijr for
fir eaih tlin-e
ail ailililional
• all. iiinl I'lolll-
tt'iUtiMil not to
value t«eiily-
; |Ho ('0»>UII<1
it if lln' laiiiily
l\e<* ; one ilo/**li
<-^, OIH" 1*1 lalile
RECOVEKY AND COI.l.KniON OK I>E«TS.
(iIiooiii.oiieM't tea«lwv)ii». oiielireail tray, two iiitclier-, one waiter, I
one eo(1i-i'-|Mit, one tea|i«it. oie l■alli^ter, om- ereaiii Jiij;. one ilo/cii
eiip" anil Haiieer", one lilnin;; '.ilile uml two taliie elotliK, one iloziii
eliairs, one bureau not to exceed forty ilollar!i in value, one sufenr
|ire>^, one wa-li Iki^iii. one Ixiwl unil pitrlier, one w.iyliin^ kettle,
two u:i>liiii;r tiilr', one rliiirn. oim- l"OKiii;;-f;la-*. one ('liii|i|ijn);-axe.
one !'|iiiiiiin};-wlii el. one loom and gear, one pair eotloii i'aril>, one
jiair wool caril", one i-ooliin^ j-toM- and iiteii-ll-. or one w: of onli-
iiarv i'ool»inj{ iiIen>ii*.oiii- meal ?ii'Ve. and one w heat hieve.otie i ra-
ille. iiiieliilileiiniliiyiiiiil>ook.aiidallliook<iiM-diiiM'liool.tw<ilior~i'8
or t«omuli>,"roiielior*eaiidoiieiiiuleiiroiielior«eoriniile and one
yokeiifoxen,oiieoxeart,yoke.rinj;.'ta|ileaiid log^hain.onetwo nr
oni'-lior«i' \\a);on not ti>eXeeeilM-veiil)-live dollar> in value, and liar-
lie>>. one m.in'H ^alldll', one \\omairi> ri.uldle, two ridinji-liridli-*,
twiiity-live iKirrel- of <orn, twenty iHi-liel- of wlieal, live liiimln d
Imndlesof oati-, live hundred In indle-ol foilder,iine.'-tark of hay not
loexrii'd iwi-lity dollars in value, and u Iwre tliefaiiiily eon>i.>ts of
|)--i tiiaii nix iM'rxiiL-, oiH- thousand iMiiinds of |Mirk, ^lau^lltel'ed or
on fool, or fis liiindriil iniiind" of laeoii. or wtiere tlie family coii-
>i.<t- of iiioie than .-ix |MTMin<-, then twelve liiindred |ioiinds of
pork or nine liiindred imuiid- of baeon, and all the poultry on
hand, and fowN jo the value of tweiity-li\e dollar>; .-ix iord> of
wood, or oni' hiinilri'd Ihl-IiiIi of eoil. lifly head of ^lll'ep, and the
llee<e> that may \f ■•iiorii from tlM- ^allll•, and t«eiily-li\e ••t.iiiils
of iM'es and the prodiut of the ^aiiie; and to the liead.s of laniilles,
or lo a fiii){le female » iio ki-ep- in ii-etroiu »iii>'h to earn a li\ iiit;,
mil' ^e\\ inj; maiiiiiH': one liiindred gallon^ of >orf.'liiini niola.—e-i,
one liimdi'ed poiiniU of >i>ap. lilty |ioiiiiiU of l.inl, one hiindred
IHiiinil" of Hour, lil'ty |>ouiiiLi of .-alt. oik- liuiidred poiinil> of Lieef
or nmttoii, one ihhiiiiI of lilmk |><-p|<<'r, one |*oiinil of spice, one
pound of >;lii^er. twenty |Miuiiiki of cofiiv, lirty |iouniN of Kiiifnr.
three liii-lieN of iiieal. one |H|-Iie| of dried iM-an^, one liii-liil of
diiii! 1HM-, lllly liii-liel- of Iri-h |i<>t.itiM>. lilty bushel- of i-wiii
poialoe* (.»'"■•' kept for family u«e. and not for r.ile or inerchan-
di^ej. leu bu.«liel- of liiriii|>-, oim- pair of andiron-, one clock, all
the caimiMl fniit put up for I'amily ux' not to i->.re«i| i ucnty dol-
lar- ill value, t lehty l.u.-liil- of iN-aiiiit*. three -iriii.;- of nil |h|>-
ixr-. two j;ourd», two punier j;ouril-, a car|><-t in u-e by the
finiily not exceeding; ill value t weniy-tlve ilii|lar». and twolmii-
dred liu.-liels of cotton I: and wlicie the head of the family i-
a farmer, f*»Te it in addition, exempt uliile in ill'' |)o»e--|iin. t»o
|ilii»>. l,vo hiM->. one ^riibbin^ Ikm-, oih- ciilliiit; knife, one liarvi-r
craiile, one H>t of plo-v (»ear». one pitclifork. one rake, tlirec Iron
weil^e-, live head of -beep, and t'-n luad of -lock hugs. In the
liaiid- of each iiiiclnmii' »lio i* folloHinjj hi- trade, lie lix- exempl
one M't of iiHiliaiiii'- IihiI*. -iich a» would lie iiece--ary lo lii-
trade. and u iiere -lull itie<'li.ii.li i' at llie lii.id of i> f iniil> . f'^o
Imndred dollar^ -.^ortli of liiinlx'r or iiiatii ill. orproduil- of lii-
lal«ir! al'o one ;;uii in tlie |Mi--<r"ioi of every iiiali- citl/in to llie
a;;e of eighteen year- and upward, anil lury fiiiiale who 1- at llii-
he.id of u family ; to the hi .iil< of f iiiiilic-, lift) |>ound-> of picked
cotton, and lueiity-tive |iouii(U of uimiI. and -iilllcieht iiuantity of
ii|i|HT and >olc leather to pnivlde winter *lK«•^ for IIh- faiiiliy.
Where llie liou-i'lioliler di*-*. aliM-<iiii|-i or iltwrli' lii* family, ilie
pro|iertv '■hall Ik- ^et a|>iirt for the u-e of the u ifc and fiiiiily.
No pro|ii'rty -hail Im' exempt for ili-lti •:■ or ^ale for taxes, or on
a failure or refii-al to work oii |Im- |Hililic roail'. or for llne!< or
I'ovtii for ille)(al voliiig. or for ^ivIiiK away or M-llinf; inloxIcalliiK
lii|iiorii oil eliviloii <luy, or for earryltig coiKeuliil or deadly »'ea|v
on- contrary to law.
Ai-o, there 1- exempt to liolM-lioMer-. Ill* or her lioiuesteitd to
the value of one tli'iiisaiid dollar-, and nin-istinj; of tlio ilnellih);
liou-e and oni Imildiii;;- and 'lie land apimrti nant tin rilo. I'lie
dame Kimll Inure to the l»iient of u i|eiie:i.»ii| lioii-eholdrrK' willow
iuid till' minor clilldieii. but siiall not lie <>xeinpt from -air mi exi>-
cillion lor taxis levied on the preiniiM-*, or for any linprovemenln
made llieri'oii. Tlie hoii-eliililer may <Ii-<t wlier^ |Ih> lioiiiei^teuil
»hikll In' set upurt. » licllKr ri-iJiti{{ on tho miiip or not.
^
T
i«
TEXAS.
IIIK iioinesiead of the
faiMily. when in the
I'oiintry, not to con-
-i-t ofmoreilian two
hundred acres of land.
wliirh may or may not be
colltifruolis. or ill lieu
thiriiif. any lot or lot- in
a city, town or villaf;e.
ii-ed a- a lioiiH-ti ad. and
not to ixceedin value live
tboii-and dollar- at the
tin f ill -ij^nation.w iili-
oiit reference to the value
of the improveinents
thcn'on. No exinipiioiion homeiitead from purdia-e money, laxi -
due on Hume, or for work ami material UM-d in i oii-lructiiijr any
improvement » tlien-oii.
There is also exempt to every family, .all hoii-' bold and kllclim
furniture, any lots In a iiiiieii-ry. .ill iiupienient- of Im-bandry.
all tool- and app.iratii- iN-loii^iii;; to any trade oi- priire--ioii. and
all book- iHlonginjj to private or public librarie-, fmiily poruail-
anil pirliires; live milch cows and calves, two yoke of woik oxen,
two lior-i-- and one w a;;on.oiic carri.i;;ior bu^;^y. iiie ;;un. tweniy
sheep, twciiiy lioi;-. all provi-ionand foraire onlmnil lor boin ii-
.-iiMi|itioii, all liridle-. -addb- and harne— ni-t-i—ary for the ii f
the family. And to every citi/i-n not at tlii- head of a f.imily, one
horse, bridle and -addle, ad wearing; apparel, lot or lots In a ceii;i'-
lery. all tools, apparatus, and Ijouki Ixdon^iii}!: to hi- trade, pro-
fession, or private library.
VERMONT.
miMF.STEAIi to
llie \aliii"jf live
hundred dol-
lars, -iiiiable
iippari I. IhiIiIIii^, IooN.
anil-, and arliclcs of
lioii-ehold fiirnilnie. as
may In- necessary for up-
holding life, one sewinj{
nil chine kept for use. ono
• ow. the be-i sw inc. or the
meat of one swine, leu
sliei'p and one year'- pio-
dilit of haid-lieepiii Wool,
yarn, orclolli: forajje ful-
lU'lent for keepliijf not exceeding ten slK-ep and oi,e cnw thniu^li
tiie winter, ten cords of tire w<M>d or five tons of coal, twenty
liii-liels of pol.iiiN-; !.uch nnlitar.v anus and aiiouirenients as the
debtor is reipiired by law tofurni-h. ,ii! jrrowiii); crops, ten bushels
of grain, one barrel of iloiir. thri-<> swarms of Ui's and hives
tojjilhir with their produce la honey, two liimdred poutids of
sugar, and all lettereil grave stones, the bible and other Imoks n-i d
In a family, one [m'W or slipliia niii-tingliou-eorpl.ice of religious
worship. Um' iMiiiltry iio| esofiling In v.iln.' ten dollars, the pro-
fersion.d books and iii-tniinents of pliy-lciails, and the piofi—ionai
Ixioks of clercyiueii and i:;. mevs at law. to the value of two Inni-
ilred dollars, anil al-o one yoke of oxen or stin-r-. as the debtor
may sileit: two hor-e* ke|«t uiiii u*eil for team work, and such as
llie debliir may srlei l ill Mill of oxen or -leei-s. but not exieedlng
In value the -iim of two liuiidrefl ibdlat-s, w iih snllii tent forage for
keeping the same tliroU;!h Ibe winter: al-o the pi-io|-, -ui li arms
and eniiipMieni- |>ersona.!y ased by any -oldler In the service -.f
tliprniteil Stall's, and kepi I y him or liN Iw-ir- as menientoc- of his
(H.'rvlc!»; ulsooiie twt>-liorfc wap^n wlthwUilllctrees and iicck-yoko.
'C
#
fll
I i
I
I
=r:?.
KF.COVKin AND <<>I.I,i:(TION OF DKKTH.
or line <ix-"!irt, as tin- ili'litor may rlinosi'; nm- <lcil (ir mm nl" tni-
vi'iM' .«l('cl.«. i-iilitT fur JiiUM'* III- iixrii. ll!- llif ili'liliir may .-cliTt ;
t\M> liai iii-M>>, l\Mi liallci'<, iwii rliaiii«. oni- plow, ami iiiii'nx-yiiki',
w liiili. Willi llir iixi'ii Ml sli'i'i* or Iiiii-m'> wliiili iln> ililiiui' may
hi'li'il lor liMiii >Mirk -liall nut cmi'i'iI In value vwu Imiiilri'il anil
tifly ilollarx.
VIRGINIA.
'/•"\VKUY lloll-l'tliililiT
or lirail of a (ani-
lly iiri\ liavi- I'X-
I'liipi I'liim li'vy iir
(INlrr>«. ill aihliliiinti'tlii'
ailiili- liiifalli-r nicii-
ll<in''i|. ri'al or pi'i-onal
p'lipcriy iiiil I'xn Tiliii:; in
valiii' IvMi ltiiiii~aiMl ilol-
lai>, >iirli a* In- may «!■-
liMi : 111.' lamily liilijr.
lalnilN pirlliri'^. mIiimiI
lioiik-. anil lilirary for ilii-
iisi' 111' 111!' liimlly. not i-n-
ci't'illnf; <>ni> lumilri'd ilol-
" ' f< '
....'> ill valiii-; a 'I'M or p>'» in a plarr of piililir worship, a lol In a
ri'iiiflfry. wi'irliii; app ml. Ik'iI-. luililin;;. >Iiim*. I'li'.. six rliair»,
ami other luiii-i-hnlil {'iirniluro ami iilensils, one lior»e, one eow,
fue IvarrcN nl' ,• .m. Ilv l'n«licl- >•( \\ heal. l«<> Immliiil poiiml'^ of
I/aioii, Ihiee liai;«.teii ilii|lai>' wi'Vlli nf forajfe Mr hay. one i kin;;
slose, one -ew In^ mailiine. a mechanii's |mmI>. not exeeeiliii;; in
value one Immlied i|oll.ir«. Where the ileliior i- aiiiiaily en^ianed
in cairjin;; mii a;;rieiiiiural pur-'uil*. he wonM liaveexempl one
lie ia»» "I o«^*« III, ii> 1111^1 »'iin I 1 1 .11 » .-i.in .
There U no exempt ion on a honiesleiiil for iiny pail of the pur-
cha-e priee of the .-anie. or forMTvlees remlereil hy iinj laborer or
iniihiuili', fMi l.iul'iil elaim fur any laxe>. levies or asscsibmuuf * for
rent aecruing.
WEST VIRGINIA.
>'
IUiMK8TK.VI> not
to exeeeil in
v.'ilne one llmu-
saml iIollai>. |o
a liii»lianil or paniil. or
tile minor ihildreii ol ili^-
eeiMil parent^; (lie liome-
ste.'ul t-n -iet apart inii--t Iw
i-eeorileil iik exempt prop-
erly prevli'U» to the dale
of eontraetin;; the delit
from wliiili the delitor
M'ek" lo have hi- hoine-
s'ead exeinpleil; the
hoine'lead it not exriilpt
■ ! ii he exiinpl I'r. iiii any
riued lor iiiiproveliimit* therion; and lliere i-' al.-o, to ji
hi^hand or pareiiti or minor rliililien of ileee:!!!!'!] pureni!', tvvo
liinidred dollar-' worlh ol' pei>oiial piopeiix : anil : lany n.ei lianic,
iini-an, or lalHiier. w ho Is a ie<lilenl ol the stale, \\ hillier a hiis-
h.inil or parent or not. he has exeinpl -iieli lools as are necessary
lo eai ry on his Imsliie^" lo the value of illiy dollar", lint this iloex
not seem lo le in addition lo other pl'o|i<'ny exempted, as no one
|i<M>oii Is allowed, in all. to exeeeil two hiimlred dollaiit In |M.'l'Huiial
property.
WISCONSIN.
<5»Y AMit.Y Mhle. fimlly
Ik lihraiy and pief-
O.y ines, all ImmIs, hed-
sieail-aliil liedilili;;
ill use hy ihe ilehlor Jind
lii-^ family, all wearliijjaji-
parel ol' llie dehlor and
hi- famil\ . all -totes in
n-e. and oilier hon-eholil
lurnilnre, not ennmerat-
eil. not exeeeilin;; two
Inindreil dollars in Milne;
one ;;iin. rille. or oilier
lln-arm not exeeedin;;
lift) dollars in valiii'; Iwo
cows, tPii swiiip. niio yoke of oxen and one hor^e or mule, or in
lieu thereof, two horses or two nniles: ten »hee|>. ami the wool
fi'ini the same, either In the lleeet- or maniifaeliireil Into eloth or
yarn: the neeessary fnoil for all the ahovi'-named >lMik for one
year's snpiHirt. either oil hainl or ;;roH in;^, or ImiIIi. as iliedehtor
may ihoose; also one wa^on, earl or dray, one slei;;li. one plow,
one ilrau:. •inil other faiinin;; utensil-, ineliidinir taekle for team*,
not exeeedirn; Illly dollars in value; prii\ i-ioii- lor il, liior and his
family ^nlUeienl lor one year's siippioi, either on hand or ;;row-
in;;, Mr hoih. and neie-sary fuel for one jear.
The looN and imiilemeiils, or stoek in Iraile. of any liioehalile.
miner, or other ]M'rson, used and kept for the purpose of earryliifj
on his trade or hii-liiess, not exeeeiliiij; two hnndred dollars In
value; the library and implenieiits of any profe-sional iiiaii, iimI
eMeedln^ In \alue !wo hundred dollar*; one sew in;; inaehlne lor
family: all linenlions I'lMin debts a;;aiii-t the Invenlor; theeain-
in;;- of all persons for lliree monllis neM preeedin;; llie is-iie of
exi'iilion, allai'hnienls, etc., ami live liundied dollars in iiiMiiev or
oihei property, in ease debtor has no llMme^tead; all niMne\ aris-
ing; from iiisiiranee on an> exempt properly, wliieli has Ihtu
ilesii'MV I'd by tire, inelniiiii;; p(dieies on I lie bome-iead ; all monev.s
eoiiiin;; I'roiii a life iii-nraiiee |K)lie}'on tiie life of any per-on, made
for the benelil of a married woman, are exeinpl fiMin the debts of
Ihe insiir'd, and shall Ih' paid lo ciieh married woniaii or her heirs;
lIDeen linndred dnllai- worth of prinlil';; maleriai, pte-ses, ete. ;
p:ipers, pl.it e-, maps, ami hooks kepi ImI' niakin;; :ili-l r.iels ni' title,
when the annual leeeipls do not exeeed one ihoii-aiid dollars:
exiess over -neli ainoiml is not exempl.
The delitor ha- the ri;;hl to make all seli'iijoii- nniler exemit-
lloii i.iws. .\ homi'siead iMii-i-liii;; mI nut MMr lull) aeres nf
l.'ind, ii-eii fur :i4;rieiiilural purpo-es, inelnditi;; dwi llin;;-liMuse
Ihereon, ami all appurtenanees, to Ih" seleeled by the owner, or
Insleail, not exeeedlii;; one-foiirlh of an aere within any town plot,
■ily, or villa;;e, ineludin;; a ihvellin;;-liouse Iherefii,
Tills I'xemplloii doec not etleet laborers' or meehanh's' lien-, or
■ tend to any iiieunibranees wliiih have been |iriiperly and legally
entered into,
I'rivale properly is exempt I'lom -ei/ure lo pay niimiiipal
Indehtedness, « illi the exeepliMii ol' ililits eonlraeled belore a pro-
vision made in |.S72. rersonal properly is not exempt where
llieie is indi liiedncss on ;ieeoniit of its piirehilse prh e.
DICniONABY or MrRCVNTILE AND LEOAI. TKltMS
1 imii'iil!', t>v<)
I any iiicrliaiiii',
\\ liillirr II Ims-
.n tir.' iii'icssHiy
■i, lint llliH tlix'H
ptc'il, as no i>!io
lui'ii III |x>i-Huiml
i.Ybilili'. liinily
rary ami pii't-
•s. all ImiIs, IxmI-
Mcl-aiiil iH'ildlii;;
;|,i' ili'lilMi' and
.allwcaliii); a|>-
llii> ili'lilor ami
y. all >lin('-i ill
>llll'l' linll-i'lllllll
not mnniiMiit-
cxi-i'i'ilin;; two
ilollar-i In v»liii>;
rlllf, or oilirr
not cxri'dlln;;
irslii valiio; two
I' or niiili'. or in
p. and till' wool
I'd into rlotli or
il >i<Mk lor oni-
til. a- till' ilc'litor
|lci;,fll. ONI' |lln\V,
kU- for train-.
I. Iiinr and liU
land or k''"^^-
iiiiy nioiliaiiic.
of can .\ iiij^
died dollar^ in
iial man. not
; inarliinr lor
nliil : the lani-
in;; llif is-iir of
in iiioiH'V or
all IIIOIH'V aris-
ilii.'li lias Ih'imi
■ad; all inoni'vs
(ii'i'soii, made
I'm till' drill" of
laii oi licr lii'iis;
li, |ni-si"^. I'll'.;
iMrait^ of litli'.
ii-ainl dollaiv;
i> iiiiili'r ("\riiili-
foily aiirs of
d«i llinf^-lioii-o
the owner, or
any town plot.
I,
lianic'-' llrn-. or
rily and li';;ally
pay niiinii ipal
I'll lii'lori' II pro-
'xcmpl wlii'ic
■I.e.
^1 DICTIONARY g|»*-
■^.^^0
ERGANTILE
-i-
AN«iiilonm«>nt. Surrender of B
sliiD or iiiLirclmii(ll»u Insured, to
tlie liism-er.
Alwtement. A r<\Jectlon of a suit
on luiiiiint of wimo liiull cltluT
ill llie matter or i)n)"ei'(llnt{; di-'-
eouiit iillowoil f'T ituiiiiiKO donu
tii iiiireliaiiillsi!, or for other
rausrs.
AhHtno'l. A rtunuiuirj' of a deed
iir itiuaiini'iit.
Aeef|>li»nei>. All iiKrecmuiit to poy
tlie<-..atiiit<iir a liUl.
Aeeommmlutlnn. A l)tU of ex.
tiiaii};e lucei.lid liy iiu Individual
fill til'' iim\eiilin >f tliii limwe-, witli whom
II i-.'^isi,! liiki! II iipiit maturity.
Ari'imnt. A eonei.'<i> nconl of tlie l)ualnii>i tr.ins.
uilioin of merilianH or others. •' Klotltloiui
miDiintK," In hook kecpliit?, siieli iLi are iiuiiie
out to show I " iiii'fTliant'K Katun and losses,
under tlin Inals ehaiw ■•, Iii-otlt mid loss, lud.
anec, ele. " lli'al a'lounts," Htiitinients made
lint to show Ihii mi'rehant where, how, and In
what iiio|Mirtloiis his property Is Invi'sted, under
HUih liii'ls IIS issh, luindiaudlse, hllU recelvii-
lilr.un.l III.' like.
Aei'iiiinl Current. <lii<' that Is riinulnK, or
nnsiltli'.l.
Aeroitnlunl. A person sklllinl In mercantile HC-
i-iMint-*.
Arkiiii'.vleilifmenl. An avow nl of one's own not,
to K'ive I! \allility.
Aei|iiiltu,.<'e, A written dlseluirnr" for B sum of
iiiuMiv that hiLs Ih'i'ii puld.
Ai'tiKii ut luw, A rl).dit of prosecuting to Judi.'
iiiriit, Inii eourt of law, ii elalni for inleht, I"
ilamau'es, fur an injury siistuliied, or ft wn>ii-
diinc, or to olitaiu iMissussiim of wluit tlio rth-lit
owner is deprived of.
Aeliiury. 'the manager ofiijolntstoek eomp
iiii'ti-r a hoard of ilii-ei'tor^. )Mirtieiihirly in
InMiiaiui'ioiniviny; »l-oa pii^on sl<llliil In the
ilii.'trlMi' of lite luiiiiiitirs and Iniiiniiuus.
AiUustiiieiit. Ill marine insuninie, theaseertaln
I III 'lit of liu'eiiiet amount of indemnity to whir ii
tlie Insured is enlillcNl under tlie iHilley, whin
all deductions and pru|K>r ulluwuiicus liuvo been
made.
Ailnieumimiient. A writ iwiinst those who
ii^uri) more than f'.eir own sliari', ns tlio i.d»
iiieiwiir^i. cut of inij^lure, or of dower,
Ailinlnlstriitln.,, Thn laammeiueut of tlio ainilni
of inlnurs, lunatics, etc
Jl^JIUi
AilmlnMralor. .V penon to vbotn the estate
an 1 .tfects of an Inlntatc are committed, for
« tiich he {4 to he accountable vtien requinsL
AilulterBtlon. The tnttodoction of clicip mid
oftrn InJ'irloos materials Into nalnnU and uuin>
nfartur»s| prrvlTK'ta.
All Valorrm. A>«uiTlinK to tlie \-alae; u term
usisi f>r ttiosoduttesor customs ahlehure piild
aeeordin;; to the raloeof lbc|foo<l«.
Advance. In commerce, muner paid tM^fo^o
^(Mxts are ili'll7trre«l, vurk done, or any consld*
emlion Kivi-n.
AdTenture, IHII of. A vrlling RlKne<l by one
who nvi'ivi-^mcrclKUidl^.' on tnanlof hlsshlp
» IwiUy at the r*»k of the owner.
AdTl'.e. Incoiimerre, U Informatton respectlnt;
Iraile eomnmntcated by letlc-r.
AHIiUtvit. .V statement. In vrlUnx, of &ct« for
the Information ufaconrt tn a cau<Hi or matter
iindint;, or about to b« comrecnccal therein. .V
'Unter iitfldarlt U one made In opposition to
..1 nrtt'lavlt.
Aiflniuiltun. si^i^iijca tt^ nlif]rtn« or conflnn-
I 1 ;ii f nii'-r L»« orJiHl^menl.
Am-clKhtinent. Anartoracteement by vlUchii
- pit liiiTd forth"' lianjportatlon of poods
Ai:' lit. One who cuntDCU llw a(rair«. or is
rusted v'.tti the commiaton of anotln-r.
Av . A term <»e . to espreaa the dllfen>nce
vecn tlie value of inelalllc and in|vr money
. count r>*, or betveen the nn-tMllic moneys
lllTerenl count rle*.
•-emt'nt. Is wlicpe a promise is niaile lui one
:'>. and assented to on the utiicr.
\lttin|^e. .V luiier annexed to a bill of exchange
r pnimissor}- note, on which to write Indorse.
K-nts fur which llieTe is no room un the bill
t'llf
Ulowanee. .v deft-jrt >>n from the groM velisht
of t!oo<U. Si e Tarv.
Answer. In Liv, is a pieadinft or reply. wlieroliT
nil alU'ir^tion In a bill of r-* uplalnt In rhanei'ry,
or lni|uirhs arising iher»onl. nr In a libei or
iirtii-li-!* tn the ecc niiai>tica) and other civil
couits, is or are repi I'd to or rel<utt<sl.
\ppral. Is tlie rvmcral of a cimplaint of an
inferior to •» saiierlor '>«rt. Iictu; In the imtun'
of a writ of error. " .lij<.«l»nt." or "appcUor,"
one uh'> makes or brio^ an appeal.
Appraising. I* the TalalnK or x-ttinc a price
on K'loiis, An appraiser Is one sworn to ' luu
«i»vls fairly.
\, prentice. .V roimir peronn t«nrd by Inder.t-
t.i'-i«»r :irllclt-4i'f a^rpfmcnt ttia tm'iesman.or
iirtltlcer, t j b.'arn hu trole or mystcrj'.
LEGAL TERMS, b
y^'
^^^F
Arhllralinn, .V mo<Io of deciding controreralem
\'y iiu'iins of ai biters or iirliitnitors.
.\niele. In law, tlii' ciausi.' or condition In a cot.
eiiant.
Arrest. Tlie apprehending; uiel restraining a
man's person In oixler to coiii|i4'l him to be
olicdieiil to tiiu Kill. This, in uil cu."*^ except
treason, filoin-, or tireach of iln- |>c3ii;i-, iiiiisi in.
duno by tlie lawful warnint of soiiit; c«Mirt of
I'liurd orolllcerof Jii-'tice. .Vin'st of Jad^Tiient
iitliu staying of Jiid^fiiu'iit, or not pnM*f***tin:f
to Jiidi^iiu'iit.
AssesMir. line who assesses public taj' ■
raliivKeviry jicrson iierjnllnuto lilsmtai'.
.\*.sets. T!n''.torl< In truie aii'l er.f.rf profierty
of It iiierchant or u tmdtni{ iLssiK'iution ; KO<id»
ur estate ot a di'ceaieil iK'rson, s'lliji-tl t'j th«
imymi'iil of his debts, tliu pro|>erty of an Insut.
vent dt'htor.
.%sftiKiii'e. one wlui is avsii;ned or appointisl by
liiioila'r to '.lo any act tir iierfurm any l«islnesrt,
iiUo, oiii' wlio takes any riijlit, tltli, or I .terc-!t
ill pnipi-rty, l>y an iissigiiiiKiit trxtiu an aasi^nur,
or by lilt 111 lliehtw.
AsiiKnor. duu who makes an assignment.
Asal|[nnienl, A transler or inakini; oTer to
aniil liir llie ri|{hl one has In iitiy cslule.
,\»MM'lull»n. .V union of persons or u society
forioe'l lor inutiial asslitame, or for the J.inl
carryiii;; out of soii.i: iliUiiite object.
.IssumpKlt. .\ voliiiilarv promi.-o by which a
man lilii'ls himsi'ir to ;'ay anythtuK to another,
or tiiiloaiiy wri*.
Allttehinent. .V process lU-it issncsat tlicdl.<icre-
tliin ol the Juil^es of a eourt of rivortt a^citn'.l
II iM-rson, fur some i-ontenij.t, I'ilhcriu tu;tl or Iiy
I dlMiluyltiK ilsonler, for wliivlihi' iscommittisi.
I .Miuliider, Tlio IniMiiillate c. tu-iipicnco when
I senlenieof dialli Is I'lonouii isl. Tin' criminal
I 1 tlieii e.illed attaint, altiiR'tiLs, alAiml, or
liliU'kened, liaviUj; no loii;;t'r liny i ri'dll or repn-
1 lali.'ii.
Atloiutlon. of a deiil, will, .r other instm-
iuent,lstlin exeeutionot' It in the pn^ienceuf
witiii'sses.
Attorney, onu who Is lrifall\ apjioinlfsl to act
1 '1- another.
Auellnn. A pilliliesaleof kooiIs by iicrxinscalied
aiiel ioiiei'i's, who are I iconsixi todlsisise of ipM^i
to the hiKliest lildUer.
AuiKC. Toe.^amine, vourii, and certify the
rivliiesi of the aeeuiints of a publie, coiapumy m
Iwdy,
Aulhenlieatlon. Tlie firing of authority bj
pruiier or legal liNniialitle*.
I
I !
H:
f
) £3^!j^
t: ■
li
.!»!
I
DirTIONAllV OK MKKCA.NTII.I': AM) I.RO.VL TKRlli>.
It) "hliiiilnK, n conlrlliiillon to n lo-*
ii> mil' of It iiuinbrr for llif koktmI
Avf*rHfff*,
■.uir.'n.l
U'lii'lll
Ibiliini'i'. Ill Iniokki-oplnK. lo ailjiwl ■ml wlllr,
ii» lilt iii-i-oinif. •• liiUuiii-«* ^liiN't," II i-«iiitli>iiiM>4|
>• IriiKiil III II llli'rr(l:itll''iH'>M-l«Mli'l lialillllliii,
llcinil. All olillK^tloii or i-nvfiitiiil In wrillnff l»
IMiy liny niitii, or |N>rfiirtii iiiiy i-oiilnu-l.
lliiniiN. All cxirii iNtyiiiiMil ftirii -itvUt rrnil**n*<t
or II tlllliji riM-rlvril.
lliHik-lo't'iHT. Mlif uIhi Iuw rlulrui'of Ihr laif>k«
lili'l ki-i-liH till* ru-4 OIIIIN III lltll iittlri*.
Mr i» II ii|i III iinlir Illation lli<'-iiilcof lii»iiiralm. ! Ikitlnmry. A lontnut l>y » lilrh tln' iiwnrrofa
Ikiil. ^luMiillf. thi-.lcln.ry of :i iiu il of ciiii.
loilv, iiiiiii II:. liinliTliiltlMK of imi- or liiorv
|M'i->oii. I. I liliii I'uii hr ,!i:(H iipiD'ar III 11 i^iy
lliiiilf.1, toiiiKui'i mill U-Jii.fitl<'<l III iIh' lim.
ILilllll. \ -iilHinlttiitt*' itii^wir.ilf cr oflU-i-r up-
|H.iiiir I M ii'iii II |>iilii'iiliu'|ir<ivlnrf<>r<li'<lrii't.
-III. Ill-' ;>iiliiN iiiv oilk-i'rK i>|i|iuinU«l liy tin-
-ii.ilil 1..X..-.II,. «rli«.
"•'" "•• I'll.' ■! Il> rry of wmlt In «ni»t ii|hiii
' ■ ii-.i. I, . \|i..-.il .ir iiii|i||(.<|.
Ikiluiii'f ol Triiili-, 111 I inirni-. tlir ajorrrfiitf
iiiiioiiiil oi :i iiiiii.iii'a ■■xiiiiru iin.l iiii|>>it-, ..r
II. • I'.Iiuih' "il llif Ini.li- ..i oni' umion witli
iiii..ilii>i.
Iliilt-, \.|iiaiitll> oi iiH'n-h.tti.||><- lurki'.l up In
:i . lolli
lliillital. In iMiiililiiii'iiiti>lr<,arrr1alii|wirtl<infir
Iron. :.i..iii , m-.iv.l, OI 4iifli wriKliii iiiiiii-rliil,
|ilM..-.l III III.' U.iioiii ,,f 11 uliip mlH'ii 1.I1C lull.
lilli.r ii.>.iiii;o, ..r l.~>llllli' lo l.riiii; Imt »iini
l-ll'lllll Ion III III.. UI.I.T
ilank. All ■".iiil.lwhiiiint for flic r>.«-lvlnK of
iiioiii'V* mill l.'itiiiit ihi'iii out on Inlin-xl.
ItiuikK iiri- K''i>'nilly ioriiii-<l liy « niinilitT of
111..111 yi'.l iH'i-soiii, »ii... for i-ttrrylnir on tlir
I'll" " of loifolliilliii; I.IIU of rii-liantr'', ttii.l ■
.l.alliiK In l.iillioii, lie, uilviin.'i*itc<>iuititi'iiililc
"llllt 111 ;i iollit IVIplIlll.
Ilunkriipl. A Im.li'r wlio fiiiUor l.ntkks, miiut.i
U' iiniililf 1. 1 1'lirry on hU lnulniiw or pay lilii
.l.l.ls.
Ilarsaln ami Mnlr. An inntriimi-nt ohcn-l.r llii-
poM" ii> ol l.iinUiiii.l I iiiinln In, f.ir valiiiil.li.
.'..ii-l.linill.iii, Ir.iiKlriri'.t ln>in one |N'rMm to
llll.itll.T.
Ihilllwirk. Til., co.inly ..r .|i.trl<t In wliKli 11
ki lilt ..r.l.'pniy "111 itir lia« jnimliitlon.
Ilurtir. I., ilii- cxrltim-iii;; of one ronini.iillly |
.III. Illy l..r imolliii, willioiii ihi- i'iiipi..>ini'nl |
..r iiioiM'T .ir liny oihi'r iiii-<lliiin of •xi'luitiKc. A
-y-tiiii.il iKirirr win ..nly vitxi in llioivrlliMit ;
xhlp lili'.llCl" III.' k.'i'l .ir U.M. Ill ol III.' >lill>
x.-.'iirili' for ir|Hiyiii.'iil ..1 iiioin'y ii.|%'iinri-«l.
Ilrtiki'r. ()iii. uliii ronrlii.l.'. Uir;;:iiii4 or nm- |
Irai-I'. I"i- iin'rilianl-*, a.« fx.'liani:.' I.ii.kir*, «liip
liroki'i-s, iiiliiliiK lirok.'i>. I"'. " llnikfrau.'." t«
tlial w lilrli |4 pti.l lo 11 Iti-okcr for liU iroiil.t**.
Ilullliin. PmiMTly i4li;nllli'>. iinioiniil koIiI und i <'.
wlliri, or, niori' wlrtrtl
In liar^or ..lliri iimi-h.
oiiiy till' I. rill I" 111-. (I
|.ri'itoii.< ini'iaU ImiIIi <•
■. rrlliM-fl ;.'.i|i| ami •IItpt
-<. Iillt III l^.tlMi-at t-«-on
I'lilly II-.-.I to.l(Miot« lli^
.Ini-tl aii.l iitiroliii.il.
Klllilii »iii.e jmt-
army. In r<»iniii<'nM«. IIh* onlrr liy wlilrli any
«»nr 1rtfn<*k« or ni'tfolluti-" for itii'.tlmi-. iiNo llin
prr c^nl»ice iclvi*ii to farlor*. iiiiil hki-iiIs for
InpMM-iinic tl.f l»n«lni*iw of ollii'i-..
fmtmwMU-r. Ai'-nalii iiiinilH'r of prixoiis rliTtoil
<*r )i|.fN>]iitMl fnnii a iii.in- ntinirronn iNHly to |H>r-
fifTTfi -••<ii«- •i«n;jal ai't or iiivi'.*lltfiinoii.
Cmntwam. In lam, a rl_'lil or priv ilri;. rlaliniid
I.T *ntr ..r luon* iM-rMiiiH in iinotlin- iiiim V laiiilN,
«at«T^, miMHl*. (Mr, "roiiiiiion liiu ," I In* law of
tli«* rv'alni jfriHiii.liHt on ^.•nrral rii.*l..iii<4 or tin.
rivTfM»f-tal UMniff. Ill iri'iirnil tlio coinnion law of
t^n^lan** U c^.iiiiiion In tlil<* roiintry.
maliillaB. Tlio ■iilmlltiillon ol one |iiinl4li.
m«-nl for «ii.i(lM*r,
Cmtnpmmf. \nH*««M*lHtlo:iot iii«<n>liai.l<..tni'rhnn>
».-., ..r .iilH-r Ira.li'n", J.ilniil toKitli.r for ons
r«f!nni»wi lnl«Ti*«.l.
Ijiu'. a prlvali' lau iiia.l.' kIIIiIii »iii.e par- ' C'vmpaWttan. In i-oiniiK'rrlal atlairx, an iiKifi'.
ti. iiliir plarc 01 JiirlH.lK-tioti. ; irH'T.i (Titi-rcl Into In'Iu ii-ii tin lii-..>lvfi.l ili'litor
(ahlf. A Mil li'i'iii loi a ■.|iiMiKni|»', wliirliwYTr* aivl hi. rn^lilor, by uliirli 11..' lali.r ari'i'p|.<u
roinnirn iai "talc of a (miiiiIp,
lluzur. In i-a^ti'rn i-oiiiitrii'<, a niarki'|.|4u<'i',
iilli.i o|>'ii or i.iv.ri.l, wliiri' koo*'" «ro «•«
po- .1 f.ir -all", aiiil wlirti- niirclianlii in<*t for
111.- Ii-iiii!«a.'tioii .it liuMinivui. )
llf.ipifnl. >.•«■ Ilrvl-*-.
Hill. Ill lau. ailiK'lanillon In wrltlni; ixpn-Mlnir
aii\ urli'vani'i- 01 wronu mliicli om- |aTMJti liax
>iiir. r..| fniiii aii.illi.'r.
mil IhMik. In Uiok kwplMK, rontain* in oiip
Hill an a.roiliil .•! all llic •• hllU r«ifn al.lc,"-
1, ... Iillln of uhii h lif 14 t.i rit-a-lrc |Mynioiit;
ami In aiiotli.i an arroiinl ot nil ■■ lillln luyu.
I.ti',"— I. .-., tlioMr that li.iv*' to Ik* fuM. Il i-.ni.
laliiH a i.tati-iiiiMil ot tlit; .lati-H, Hinoui.ti*. vilK.n
iliir. anil otIiiT |«irtli'i;!iir.of tbi' avrcnU blllii.
Ml' l.i'ilfir.
Iltll of Kniry. \ written ittaK-mrnt ..I ipmkI*
.'III. 1. •! it till' I iittiiiii Imi1|'*«*,
Hill of l-:«rlianR<>. \ not.' lontiiininK « 1 oiler
lor III.' p^iriiii 111 ■■! .1 .11111 ol inoiifv, IoiijuT'iii
ralli'.l Ihi'ilniwer, »ln>, when lie Iuw ntKniil It
Willi lilH naiiie.aml Mrltlrn llie wiinlat-cepled.
Ill' l-.'alllMl tlip iirreptor.
mil nfljiilInK, lir Involrr. A ilreil .ltme<l t.y the
III I'll 1 111 ;. hip. I y Willi h tw nrknowh'.lKi'H the
riM'ilpt of ilie iiii'ii'Iuint'^ trmiiU. himI oli||f(Hi.
hiiii-i'lf lo .li'lpi r Ilieiii at III., plaw to whieli
tlii'\' Mil- r.iM •liflied,
mil of I'nrrel*. A Invteailian'. ai-colllll uf kcmhIh
•.'■I.I .111.1 . 1. 'liven-. I.
mil ot Knli>. ,\n inntninirnt for the ron»«'j'(itire
..' tl'.ii-l.'l "if )(o<KlKaiii| cluiuan.
litiuril'if Truilr. \ l«i'ly of liiiii|ii.«ii men topro-
iiiotf . .111111. Trial liiti.'rent'.
Iloiiu I'l.le. With Koud (allh. wllboiit fraiitl or
"ilhlrrfime.
I., keep a "hip at am-lior.
C'm|>Im.* Mil l(i..poiiilriiiliiiii. \ writ lt> arrewt a
.t.-l.-li<lillil who Ih aiN.iit I., alr.i-oli'1, ami kefp
hliii I.iaii^w. r III.- plaliilill III art loll. "I'liplcu
lel Hatl-iarlriiiliini," I. |..iii'i| on a jii'l.xiiienl
ohtiiliii'il In an iii'llon aK'iln>l the ili-femliuii. to
Mitl.fy the Jniluineiil.
4'apllitl. Ill i-oiiinieri'e, llieiii'.'iiiiiiilatetl ulurkof
ev.'iy .l.'-H'ripllon or Innil with wlii-.li i> mrr-
ehanl or laaniilartiin r rarri.'. .111 In* liiuinna.
rami, or KHrul. si.-mih'. the Iwi-nty l..iirth
IKirt of till- wi 'twill 111 mil pt.'. e .il irol.t or all.iy
ol t!.iM. TliMK, II the piece wi'IkIhiI I« all ifolil.
itNwI.I to he tweiily four eai'Ut uol.l . If only
half III It In i;olil, it |4 -al.l to he Iwilve iimt
^'olil, aiiil -40 oil.
Canpi. A K till name for all the kimmU and
nii'nhaiiill'.i' iiirrle.1 on iKianl .1 tRiilintt rnmrl.
Carrier*. Ml pei-Hon.'* carr) in;; (ii«i«N lor hire.
«a«h. Iliaily iiiiiiiey,ill»llin{iil.he.l imiii l.ilK
('a»li llook. \ hook In w lileli In kepi an nef mint
of all tli.'ra.ill rerelve.l anil |miil. an.l of tlie .II..
eoiiiil iceelviHi ami allowe.l. "itt.lmT." fin<:
who ha. eliaPife ol easli.
Churter I'Hrty. .\ eonir.tet Ih-i wi.<.nii.lii|>.oirnrr
anil a Ii. miller, liy wlilrli the entire ve*.rl l«
ii.i"l loi .arryliiK pkhIn at a Ireixlit or mtanl
lU^ri'iNl ii)Hiii,
! Clreullii. In Kiik'laml, rertaln .llvKlon. of thr
klnK.loni. lliioii|,'li uhU'li llie |ii>l«p4 fwum In
liohl i-oiu't. anil iiiliiiliiiHter JiiMiire, .V nlnttlar
lllvl.lon .'\i.t. Ill the I'llltCtt -tttlen In rei»|*^t
to the national eiiiirt.
{'llUell, line wlai parttel|iale. in the jiulirul
aiiil li'ift.latlve (kiwit In a ".tiite, rornnionl\
the li'Tiii elli/.eli t.. i-inpUiyiil to .leimie the
llllliiliitaiil ol a town,
Civil. Tlwt ulili-li ielat>~< to iheronimunltjr.nr
to 111.' [NiUi-y ami uovernnieiii ol the eiturt»
ami milileet. of a Htate. "rivll law." otIwrwiM-
I alli.l liii|i"rlal law ,- tlie law of the Konuin em.
J. If.', .|lt.'.'-l.'.| fi-oin the law.i.t tin- repuMie nn.|
tliii.e lit llii'eiii|M-roi^, ami niliipti'i! hy mant of
the nut Ion. . It Kiiropc. "Ciiil .u-rvi, • ," 1. jp
piled lo Hint ileparliiieiil ol tile i.'o%'emineni
.«-r\ li'i' lltat 1. iieltlier iiaiul nor nillitiiry.
I'wlr, In JiirNpriiileme, l.upplii.l ton ruapUa.
lion ol law. tiia.le hy piihlh- aiilliorlty.
Cmllell. .V .iippleim-nl toa will.
CncnlMinee. The liiiirliiir ol a thinir JwilFlally .
:ii-<. I ill' at' know le.lt{iii.-iit of a tine.
Cullalernl. In law, a li-riii tor » lull 1. -|.!e way»,
ornot ilinvt, as i-olhitenil klnnnien. iIi.im' arl«>
are not ileseetiileil fniiii one ennu.ion .tiH-k, lu
the l..iie of ti^o hiiiii, who are collulervl kln*-
uieii to eai'li other.
Cfillaterul H4*eiirlty. I. w hen* a .1 1 t^ tiuule of
otii.r ianilHor inoperli iH^siile tlio!*eirmnt«.<J t.y
III.' prlm.-l|ial ii.ortiotfft tli^riwi'iirity.
Cnllator. Oiif. who eiiiii|MireM eopiP-4 or mann-
i.erlpt-'*.
CnniinUalnn. In law. the wnrrnnl, or letter.
Iiilent hy wlileh one la aiithorKetl to exrrrtar
Jiii'i'..tl.'tlii,i ; III inllllary iifrulr>, the warrant oft
■ utliQrtt:r hy which one IiuIiIk any |nM la tbc
|Nrt of lli^ ileM. liieoniiM'iimiilon im- the w hole.
C »i p — ■!■ WlM-rr the ilehlor, iiol l.i'liiu iilile to
l«*i all hi* il<*lit.. a^ree. with lilM eri'illlorH to
|av M Intl.
Cowtpromlae. \ wttlenienl of illlterem-e. la^.
iw*-*-!! |urtle« l.y a iiiiitiial proiniHi- m- willlii);-
nraalotelrr the matter 111 illNpiili- lot iii-.leilHloii
of rtrlHIratorK.
f Mni| « ai». Oii.-I.. wh.iiii K00.I" lire ileliven'il In
trii-i- "*'4m.ii;iiiiient," III.' .eniliiiu or ileilvnr*
ln;r '-* er of if.MMlf. t.i anotlier imi'moh.
Vmm ■ lanur. iine who Heinl. or ilelivei'?! ffooila.
Coa*«^«. Irt- KiiKllah .to. k. known a. roiiHoll-
«fate<l annnlllea. w hli'li |ri\' three per eeiit |H.r
annum. (.V(<r. — The Itrit l-li i;oM'| iiinenl, iliir.
instil.- lif^a**-.. of l.oriiiw hli/ I lie liinliry W'llU'h
Uirm foTuia IIh- national ilelit , liiiil il.elf iimlKr
certain alai-l-jl con'llltoll'*, It..'..' riillllltlollH
p»-r.er»lly e.»n^i.tl.l in an iiii.li-i-tiikiii|r lo jmy an
annuity of m* innell ja-r r.-lil , on ai-eoiint of
ri.fnp4i''allon nii'l e.iiifii.loii fi-niii the niiniher ol
ii1«jrk» thua lotiiM.I, the romM'liilaleil iiiiniiitlen
art wa» |» j ..e<l. ami an ilveniKe ol the valiie ol
ItkeilifSrrenl .t.M'k. wa..*riii'k, iiiitl the wliolo
r*>fBai4i'lat4.1 Into. .Ill- fiinil, kept In utii'iici'iiiint
at llir lUnk of KniElaii'l. >
CmmlMhlr. An tiilenor ollleer ol Jii.dire, lown
<ic<if> .»ITlfer..f tlie|a-iu-e.
CaMrahsBii. toaxl. pnihllilli-il hy law lo lie
rxfajrl*.! .if linjM*rt4.it.
C*fit»»rt, A ixiii'iuin' or iiHreenienl l..-tu-peD
txiorinorr laTwina, with n lawful i-oii.iilem
l»on orraiue.
Vam^rimttrr. \ wrttlnir ^iiileil iinii lellvereil,
wlK-ri l.> the piT>|a'rly liilainl.un'l l.'iieinent. la
*-<j«in-> ei| tntfli one |a'r>4iii III another.
C«>»— r. An ollteer whoae iiariiciilnr iliily it 1.
to amkf Inqnlaltloii Into tlx- iinliinely ilriith of
any fa-rwrn . thl.- iililat U'llone hy Jiir^. iiHimlly
• hi-re llw lawl> i".
Coat*. TIm- e]i|)ena4'. attemlliiK a law- aiiit, whieli
ar»- in iiarl l*.-overuliie lliilii the |iart >- \i lio liaM>4
the eauM'
C«aps«. Any elMi-k or other pleee ..i jaiper eiit
off from lt.e<Minler]urt . iieertitleiiteof Interent.
Cnmn Martial. ~.' Military Law.
CmUl. Tlw leiKliiii; of wealth oreiiplttil hy one
ii>'li«l<tinl to another, the teniler heiiiif nalil to
ifive, *j»ft tlw U#rr.»wi'r toifet or ri'i'i'lve ereilll,
C MF t> » « > . Tlieeir. iilKllni; iiieilliimi.rueoiiiitry.
Hail I'V wtah'li Mtle. iiiil piiii-hiine. are I'lli'i tell
witbi'iit liai liifx ri-^'oiir.*- to liarti-r.
C«u<«n»a lAattra. AH' i|llll|.a i-liari;eil i1|miii roni-
nx'lilm '11 tiieir la-Inu iiniairliil int.'. or
eTjajft^al fiv.iii a eoiinlry.
lOaaavF. In Uw, olj^nltlea, gemnilly, iiii> iiiirt
• •r liib-Inuu-^' «. h'l'li a man reeelve-i lit hi. eHtiite,
Iter W aall. fwiloelinieaealleil ilivolie liiaik out-
warl.iaa .iilmeliar^' laaik In iNiok-keeplni;, In
irhtrh la ent^ri I 11 ilnlly arioiint ot nil the
ii.art. w.l'l on er».|ll, with till' prices iinM Iho
na-s,'-. ..f til.' ).iireli'jiM*ra. see l,ri||fer.
tmr* "f titmr^. Ill ({••iienil, llin-e daya uUowrd
lor ti»» laymrnl of u hill beyond ilia tiiiip
tauiwi un Ute tm-v of It.
-r^:^
^
-XJ
nimoNAUV OK MKItC.VSTII.K ,i.XD LKO.U. TEB)1«.
.rilpr liy wlili-h any
;,,riiii"illini . iiWi> •I""
urn mill iiu<iilH fur
111 hern.
Hiiif |ii'rw>ii»<^l"'""''
iiim'i-i.ni.lHHlyl<)l><'r-
vi-'llK»llii»'
,r |iil\ iliui- < liiliiH'M
miiilliri iiiiinV liiml"i
null lii»." ""■ I"* "'
iiiTiil iiiKtuiMH iir till-
,1 ihi' ciMiiiniiii liiw <•'
, iiiiinlry.
ntlMii "I ..IK- 1'""'"''-
IniiMTlmi'l"."""'''""-
K'll tuuilli' r fur "lie
In) «ITiilr«, iiii i>H'<'''-
■1 III! lii«i>lviiit ili'WIur
I till' liilirr miTiilHii
iHjiiiun l"i iIh- w hutr.
.li.r. ii'il I'l'lMK iilil'' I"
Willi liln .ridllui-!* til
1,1 Ml illtliri'mr" I*.
il inuniiHr cir w illliiK-
IU|»iIi'l<
itlit'iU'rixloii
j(i.xli4iiriM\i'llvi'n'<l In
1.' KoiiilliiK iir ilrllvur-
iiT i»« i^m.
. 1,1 iIi'IIvii-mkimkIh.
|4" kiiumi II" iiiiiwill-
iiy tliri'.' I'lT cTiit iwr
ll»li «u\ ri nmt'lil, »liir-
hi|/ III'' in"iH y " liHli
i|rl,l, luiil ll-ill iiniler
,„,, u..-,.. ,.,nillliuim
imiUiliikiiiKl.i |«iy nil
■ Cl'tll , <M1 lUTUIIIlt Uf
HI fn'iii tlir iiiiiiilur ul
,iiiw>Milaliil uiiiiiilll"-t
iinnji- ul I 111' viilin' "I
.'rii> k, mill 111"' whulo
il.kt-l'l lllOIUMll-l'DllIlt
m.-.r ul Jii.ll>r. luwii
|ll.lt«>l I'y l"« lu !>'■
imriM'inrnl l„l»i'fii
III u IllWlllI 4ull-li|«Tll
|m:i1.i| iiiih .li'llviriMl,
I- iiwl t<'m'iiiciiH In
II i<< iiiitithi'i-.
|,irli<iilnr iliiiy II It
:..■ iiiilliiK-iy il^iilliuf
l..i,.i liy Jiirv, u-iiiilly
|.l,i,,;ll liiw "lilt, wlilcli
I , tli.'iuiffy «liuli>«>*
I I'leiT III iMju'r I'lit
i(irtllW'iil''uniit''n'Hl.
Law.
J;lllll iiiiltllllal liy <>i>''
|-l.-ii.lfrl»-liiK Mil'l lu
^ t;.l III- l-.-i i-ivr ni'illl.
:im-liiiiiii'ftti'uiiiilry,
I iiiinliiiw" uri' I'lroctoil
,1 ii:iitii.
. . , limuiil ii|">n cuiii.
^niKirliil iiil«'- ur
-, ticiunilly, llll^ liiirt
I II •liVI"' III lii><i>«liil''.
ll.-.l illVllIll- liiHik uiit-
Ik In Uiuk ki'iiiiiiKi li>
ly iiiM-miiit lit 111! Il'"
llli lln' prU'i"* mill tlio
••■ l.nlBir.
Ill, ihir.' ilayx ulliiwwl
r.n iH-yollil lll« liliie
h
oml!lc»l^, ■nthnr.
II t-llUIMIM of giNHN til
«-lau'k to irlilrh In- U
V
Ulnfflte
rnreW*
••ntil
DvMt. JfanHT *»*»•"••"**»""**'* ♦"■''"■
„r^\rr»twmbnr<i, Out wmt4UwBatlma J ententl
,„i tlmUiA.Ba«rf|aw*«f ttwk^cnr.
n»hutr. r>iu>«lb>««w»ii*<-Ul tuanutb<>r. "('n-<l'
It.ir " fhi* pt*r«'>t,5.« »'li'"u u 'iM ludur.
Pp^iI, \ «tfvStaai OMUUiui. *-iiriHid, iiniln<1, iinil
iMi«»r«<t. fartkattBly aifdiiKl tu laitruinontii
ttm aMtoi. b aMttn* 1« wiliaid p t—p ilon, ami
i/^ uirf e*> r^glUL
nrfcatt"* Omt ok* fcJta to Anllrpr rundit ur
v.tloa W— — I* h» *»< r^a-rr "t-
l«vll*<>ry. 'Vu>mmwtm4tirvi trnv^o ur Kumlia fnini
nnf f" urtufhi'i?
ItemlMi. A b-riuavvtttnltatAirauiivcyitiii'cul nil
rttttf, 'irlMr tu •nr.«rfi«'lilt', ur ynan.
ivmnrra^. H f W Hn Mhr d«i<-iil Ion uf h ulilp l>y
■ mi^rrlvuM.lBlMiMav*' vukiixlMiK, liryonil tlii'
tinw n Mhil !!■ Vto (tervr jau-ly, ur otlii-r
ibrrtMinaat vtUk tfe* *immv%.
Vmenawtwr^ A pMMM'^r Mtuf* lii u muII u|i«iii M>nin
DvptMH. *iMaiflriBMD«7 «1tk'li imi' pnta III till'
hiin'ti* »f ■Mttaraa «w«r>lT '"r tin- fuiniiiifnt
uf itn AipwOMMi. 4** IM M )iun puynirnt tii
A<lTiuu:>-. akoMMMyMkM a Imnk.
fivpnnviM. oiut wlu* ghnm iaitimuitiuti <m uiiili
hfforH * llMUhlf »llii»
l»pn»llf ■ Tte IMlMMaBir «' • vltitni« uikm
>i|i,n nolli.
Iterclkt. X Unm aMMti* Ut atu-li inxMln tu nii'
tlunwn •wayamMMiVMMbttd In- Mar uwni>r, w ii
.M{, v.iinnitartET'9Aiau<l<a«<4 nl w<it.
Itornivr. I.i«m<i. *» » Srt^mtmJ uf rt«mliT r««</rl.
Ill*- l^iftor IUtfAi*«t<1 MMuri \-4 ti.)i;it>ui.
Vrvhm, TTl« iMH w ii*s»<i" L 1«*-rluUir •■utivry^ liU
l,in*l-4 hy wvU, BHi*- ■' n-T^M*im»i^ iif iwraumil prrip.
iTtv Iwinif ••iwutm-nily lU-r-.i'-J u lM'i;'ici«t.
H»»l M«lw . .t,|kt9«iiiiuiir«<«nMiiHl inniiltii ri-mi.
l;ir i'ullT«w.
tM|>loma«*y. Til** ti-fl ■**! 'wmfluH .»:: r oflliiiil
i„r.»riM,nr'wi i»^ *»*«ii«m:i.* »tui«**-, .■. jiwr': 'lUtiily
.-f n«'tf»iriarinir iiffi»r»4i>i'*i.
m,i II—. tit tJIiyr vofw nutOi' rat «i liilI. ur any
iiiher .Vi-f tioff 71*11 ,i*i',-.>ni«- dti", i 'I c.>ti«Mfni11iiii
■ ,r i,n»«^nt nrti^mnv ■■.,
iMvtif«wi. Tim 4^11. '1*^ 'V^ v"'''fl1 Itin joint i^t'M-k.
f>>riim^ii*' .M»T tv'^«II<*i' nititrmnntt ppKlnriMl
in if'uf ttf tnv dinl (wwt*'^
BnmlrUv. y 9tiM<i- r r'^iaiiii" n pl:i ■ •• « liore
..n-- liii.'* pliw***! ill* !iHni«fl.l^ utrJ • .•n1.*'n«I IiIh lur-
I III'-*. '
IlnaMi* Kairr- t*M«4li^it<(ii>.£:, l>'W>'-Hlli-<l(n>iii
i-.uli iti*™ ■■"'imt '■uiwwM'! i-»-i'»- >ti III*- li>iijr<-r.
In inif ■I**t^tr»'*t '->«*«■•• ♦••fl ♦■t u<-i-'iiiii1ff mi'l rn-l
lli-il r<> ilituCtU*r " -• "i'-*-rllir *-arli ti-Knivirlluli
■ III Nith ■•111**-* '■
I* i-nMllltolU**!
rnilit 4l*l** miurt: -<■
i|*-hit ilil.*, uCKmtw
-iff r »Hl'f»'i*
Draft. \ lilll ..<-
tini*clt»*r f*>r :v <ii...
. b iiTiit»-tn uf rh«*<-k<i
- Ill** *iitri'-' uii ilip
■ 'I*- *-iitn*-'i un thi*
urUl nut liUuni'i'.
I- TJ i*T t»*i»- iierwin ti|M»ii
11(7 » lilU of fxchanix**.
nnnmr. \ pmetnn owftMUim tm i>r<t<>r ur IMII !■<
It TAW n
v'\w-&-ntw¥ tt».ui-<l<-r .*r bill lur
!i*»r-
I»n»i»»r.
piVTn*»n*
I>r»«lM<-U
II,.- .■■<;* ■
niwiir-l,
iHipllritt*-. V
iiii-iir ii\ my vp.."*
Imty. T!«it wlui'li
'' uunf sttrnd** tu UM-n-lmittji un
tiu»A» wliirli iwld liity
•• itjfiit ur cunlliii'-
^lifci" t«T &QP, iry ir«y *if cm*.
liln<1 a
turn on ni**i*rltttntt]H«*- liiti ^nitvid.
Fjin»*«t. ^i^ntitllitinir Fr*"-*-!! In <«-*llT t
liun^iln,
Eawmrnt. v pe»iii«9i ur »<!>'iuiti>i;r, wltbciiit
mail-rial ipiln, wtU^lt tnn- "Vin*'! ha«" In tin-
iaiiil ur mtiUit tt mafMMV w»u*t dlKtiiiil Inini
till- nwni*nlkl|^ At DtH- AmbO . lu, « vmy, WMvr.
roiim*, #t*!.
Kin-rtn. Tlii> inoTnlil»"<urifrin<Ii of «nT manrhnnl.
Ii.i'li -man, ilr.
Knil>itrit<>. .\ iirohl'iltlun IwiiihI t,v •\nthaiUj am
all itliippliiK nut tu li-uvf* itny (Mirt.
Knih<*»lrinf-nl. Tint fmiiitiil>-nc itpftrnyMMMi*
by cli'ikH, Krrvanti.uruthi'ra.uf m<>B«y<)rc«o>t»
InlniHli'*! lu llii'lr lun-, ur ri-ri-iTcd by Uaai •«
linuiitit uf ttii'ir i'iiip'toy«ri.
K.niporliiMi. A I'oniiiiun niwrt of ib«T<lM(0» Iv
I null'.
Kni-roiirlimonl. .\n iinlu»riil irtlnlfii{ ttfno, Itw
itylit'* ami jMihsi-H.'iun-i of anoth*'r
Kiifritiii'iiUiinirnl. Tlw imtklnir it pnwnn » l n al
/.I'll, up fr#-f i-ltl/.i-n.
K.ntry. Tin- tnklni; puiKiMilon uf titmU siirt t*m»
mcntrt by uiiii wliu Iuih till*- uf **itr7, in^rmt'
ini-rcf, 111"' act uf sittlni; iluwn In numbam-Uf^
i.ri- iiillt IhiuU-* tin* ili-tnih uf tmib-.
l-^iilty. A I'lirri-vliun uf tli« lumuion btw wlM*»ti>
It ImlrlU'li'iil.
Katatr. Tin- titin or IntrrMt whirh nnr. Vat> t»
liiiiilH, tfnt*iiii-nt.i, ur lit>rfilltuiii*-ntji.
FrMnnn-. Tlmt wliirh tt-niU to pn>T^ 'vr 'lii*.
pruvt- any tnatliT uf drt. tilt- tniin of V
Hii1,nilll*-il lo Jmlli-lal invr-tfi;itl' 'n.
l-:«ri4** iliitlrn. Inlali'l tJV.xi"* mi r,,nir, ■ ■
l,'i'ili>nil iiilHiiiii|,t|iili.
Kipriiilon. A Jiiilliliil writ ifTunr-l ■)••
inrnt uf ilii-cunrt wlii-nc*- It l-*»!i< ■
KYrrtiiiir. lllii- ii]<iMiinttil by ii ' *••«*
Unit liln will \^ r.twiiti-il. ■' mit-ntr.t," h
w-iiiiian i-xiTiilur.
V.x otni'In. .V tiTin Hp|)ll«-i1 tu iin art rtuiw by k
|H-rMun by r«-u.'*'in uf liNuflli**-.
i',\ piirli-. I 111 iiiii- il-li-; :m pt iiart*^ 4fat*»mi«M*,
n imrtlul f>lati>in<-nt, ur tliat whu-h Ik mnibraaj
mil- siili' unly.
Kx|HiHit. IiimmU r-x|iurt'il ur «i*nt oat f>f omit**
i,w n 1 nil 111 rv lu a fun-lirn laiat.
Kx piiHt tiif-tu. l.llrnilly, fri.in M>mrthtnif 'Ik-ia**
ariiTwari', as an rx i,u-*t Tarto law, a luw wha'tv
uni'iiili-* ii|iiiii a -iilili'il ni.t li.iMi- '•. it at Ik«
tlllK- till- law wits iiiuilr. I
Kxlpnuluii. \o iilluwanri' uf fiirtiirr llnut ta '
Ullll'll III )HI> II lll'i'l, ''
Falirli-. Tim Haiim 11.-4 iraimfiu tun-; Lar* r>f tkrt-
'llirii- I'l Illil-*-! 1-1. 111-.
Fu<- nimlli-. An i-Yiict linitatiun n< ■:kn orttftflol
In 'ill its ti-iillM mill iM-t-iiliarltl*--*. a ropy aitjrtitw-
mil' IL- i*us-ibli'.
r«rt»r. Baltic li-i ,\',xi>nlt « liU-h iM-r. [^
ru<-iilt>. 111 liw. inlHiM-:i-ii:1,i;i ur i-rlrtli--,;i*. ['
l-'iirlottini. oiii- who run turn hU hitn-t t'» a«f -
lliiii:;, n iTiaii uf till wiirk.
Fallifer*-. y lark ul ini-niii*. in.-***tr^n**y . mlattav- 1.
111!,,' Ill biL-ilm'-i-i.
Kiih. y ib'i'llii(-ur ili'prtH-tnll«»n In priri* or waiiii*.
I'iiIhp pri-t«-iiri-H. .\ny -inlni*- -ttnlrtivrn^* mmi^ .
Willi tii<» Inli-iit III tibial 1 lnf>n**v, r:»ttrti», ,'**('
vali.abliHi'i'iirlly. j,
Krf>. .\n i-Klali- uf Inhpritnnrf, or rh» '.it-n««»
wliit-h uiir liii..iln liinilur«im*»urh«'r immrivrj^Uf
thInffM calliil a fri- i*liiiplt' wht-n it w ani-umti,
tiunal. mill a f*-*- tail, whi-u limiti-il to i-i-r^Aia
hi'lr- a.ciinllni.' to Ilm will uf I' •■ fln" .lumw
Friuny. In ruiiiniun law.aiiv i-r -;,.■ \* hii'Uin*'ia-» ,
till- furft-lliiri'uf laii'lK ur iri«il- ami to wtti*^
i-nntl'il ur utlirr I'linlihmriit » *i i;. «* i '! a M>*t.
lU-ninlInK to tlii* >lfixn-i- ul umlu
F«*mi* i-ovoi-t«-. .V nittiTii'il w***iHan* - Fi-m*-
1 HoU-.** tiHtn',:lf* woinnn.
i Fm« luitiirti*. .V ti-nii .ippUiil - ' , ' :
iinimal 1.
Flat. \ lU-i'i ; an i'iri-*-llv<- n. 11.. ...... l
rii-tlnn of I.11W. Is a wntipiwitiun uf fciw tiait -t
tlilnir Is trill', wit hunt lni|nlrtiu wlwtlw-r ft h*»
Mior iiul, tlial It may luiv<- tin- »-iIr«t •■f t,Titfl.«»
' fiirnnlm-onslsli'iil vrltlii'ipilly •- Th*w^ rt«*tlii"t*
of law." nays lllackstuni-, "ttwawli at Brut IB.--"
limy siiirlli- lliii Hliiilrnt, hi- wi;; ilnrt. n-w>n ^ir
tlirr I'linslili'i-allun. lu !«• hljtlilr t>«-rw*i- l^ *nit
iwl'lll . tsiw'i-.alh a-* llli-* 111 iTim m , v> : .:kirur'.iv
lily iihxi-rvi'il. 111. It no rtrllon slulll • «r,-nil r
work ail liijmy; its pni|»*-r u|»-nitiun .-i;*..; '
jin-vi-lit a misi'liU'f.ur n-nM-<ty an ii\i--imv i-ni. m-i-
tluil iiilKht ii-sult from tin- um.>nU rrUi»vlt law." ,
Tr»»uinrt- or r»-Ti-niie of tli« country.
TttameU'T," un'tini:fr wliiiniauu|{<-Htliennani:'v«
f tbr«Hmntn-.
» j"-nally or innc-nds iniula In inoni-y fur
ajn ifCrsHf..
Wtnm. Tb« iii-n».n« who compow) a company for
f^ Is&tmiM-ti'in of buKlti'-rts.
Wtr^tMm. A iiii>-«iiurt Knintr<l In Tiirkryanil Inillu
I'lrlbfli'jiny uf trailc.
n—mt. PrrlaiQiuK to tin- piililli! trraiiiiry ur
p*-i.*ii\*r'_
ft^m'tmm. I. lb-' prticrss "ly whli'li n inurtipitrr
l*4r(al*«d.ur fi,rt-rUmr<l, ul Ills rlRlit of ntdaet i.
Wmilipt Al«s<-hnirnl. .\ii attuclinirnt of for.
tnftxen' fu-ids
ruftllMi I . TliF luM of nooilii, laii'lii, or rinploy.
ttxailii, <-U' , l"r ii>?cli-ctln|{ to ilu oiie'ii duty, or
i'V mjott cniu« c umuiltteil.
faUa. \ nliM-t fuldtid otiri-, or two |i<iki-s to a
5".*r**.
WmTiffMy. Tb^ fruudiilcnt makliHTor iiltrrintf any
jiMJv ir<I /liwid.or wrltiiitf, rU'., lu tin' proJiitlU-n of
• .■ rwii.'«rlirlit>.|i!irtlriilarly thcriiiiiitrr-
.. *,ii*uutiir<- uf aiiullM'r with liitont to
Tlwt luii'l ur u-ni-mrnl w bub a nam
> ]B 1««- •nmpli', f<-<' tall, or fur tci 111 of llfr.
Wf*^ Ti'aiii . Fn-<-and iiun-i-trlrtrdtnnti-tii*! wiien
s.'.i* ji«iwjiU- f,f diffon-nl foutilrieii, w'ttliuiil gov.
«ir- nj*-iji 4u\i*ftk.
rv-HlvM- TlM Kitiu a^r*-r(l to l>o iKild for tin- bur.
4*ai -.I L uiiili or )i«d of a cur; alao the curco
i5»*'-4l.
Tmm*. Iltr capital or utiK-k of n piibllr company.
"tviAiC " FuWic Fnndu," or " ^1 •i'>«». »re tlir
.»lft.T.-^i1 cujiltals Intowlilrli t',; i ,1 i • •;. dobt
J* ii^nb*-!, aiid ujion wba-b liil**if-.si , . i,(iyabl«,
fiiatl^t Tbr iii*-1budut nii-asiirin;; tb^ niiinli^r
.1 iTiLiunt r'*ntj4.n*»*l in vphs<'1h Inli'ii'lisl lo hoM
^j'.il* . rbi-'fl;" ca«k«, Imrri'ls, \atrt, I'tf.
timrmntttmrm. A aamiii); ur in-lli'i- ^Iviii lo a
png^-y utJHVi]my nioui-y.rtc.tuii di-fi'iiilant, but
14* st:qjtmr atid an^wi-r tu 11 jil.itiitltl'-crcilitor's
AM. \ nmrt-ymxirr wlitcli luswtb rllliir lands
-1- ir*>*l». a 1r.mi*:i'r of aiiylhint< williuiil n val-
iiMfA' <»• iti*ldfn*l I in.
CaaMK riir rultuliliit of whlcli onn In |io<ui<--»i-,t ,
il,*,.- '|]L*ii^|**4*.
li»i»«r'iiiMH»l- The imwrrlnuiitnli' by wliU'li tho
mteuk W|;<>v<-nuxU II tliU|iu«<-Ms' in Ila- liandn
<i4 sin**- 11 i*! a iuu*iar(-ti>' ; If in tin- hiiiiiUof tln-
ni«^«i.-ty.,a." ari-l'-rni«-y ; and if In llii' bainlsuf
ttie t^nvfAi , ur thuM- rli<i-«<-ii by liiriii, n doiiiia-.
rwT Tl*»'<'^*irutlv*- -.rMvr'rnnn'nl Is tin- (luwi-r
^^ u'^*.EUiii*'1*'r;ai! pul lie atTiiirs.
Ora^i tmrf. Tw.tury whli b tlnds blltsuf Indlit-
' 4i*-ai «4PLln((t offi-ndi-n*. whunri- ufli-rwair*! trU-d
litctfa*-* 11 ]**ntt .1ui-> , in (-as*- llii- lunni-r Mid a IrtK-
flrta" ii--ia:i»it Ibc jiarty acciisisl. Tin- ;:r.iii I Jury
6*41. r-t.}**-****! (»f twfnty.foiir p(-rsuiis.
mmm^. \e^n in «nIIii;;i'rMi(-li tliliiusancaiinut
>«.n!i*-!i>Mi1lT l«' t>iuaHsl. iiri'onvi-yi'il ly wonl uf
mrtigLit. Till- w.-ltjlil of u-o-hIs loifi'lmr
<» ,«. 1 iH- f-a«k '»r v(iMM-l.
€jmMr%9^. \ iironuiM- or iindiirtHklni; lo Im-
n>H9«-nwdldr tur tbe di-bu or dntii-x ot a Ihlrl
man;.. 3!i lb«- t-vmt of hU falling; !o liillll lius
Oii*-abti luoii'hanri- uf a jM-rsuii cuin-
■n --i"^ to l.iTn; as il'i' puaril.an uf an l-ifant.
w:)iv I****-* lo fal« (-lucutiiin anil maliai^cs 11 19
u-Sii.li>
fiTfu. A writ for ib-llvi-riiitf a iicroin
:i^;i>-uiiaiui-u1,undliy whU'h, in Ihi-rniti-U
u loiin In prlaoTi may i-Iaim an Imniisliat*-
iFiuv, 'ir I'Sanuoat 1011.
•aaCoTfaliW. It, ma . 1>, In Ri-nrral. provod by a
ina.-uai* aliu ba» w<"n th<> ix-r*m writ*-; tho ^^
■ .- '>.■ - -< 11 jK-rwHi wbocaniiu*. wrili' I- pnivi-d by /T
J. -i*rr*-.ti w li» lia- K-fn blni miiki- bis mark and Ii II
it-tua;U-«<a will) it. '^
■■■Iiii a {tnr«on puing; from ]ila('(< to placn
mtLiHit puudii aXMJ merciuindlM3.
II ill
Ii
i
M
Hi
t
I
DICTIONAIIV OK MKl»ANTir.K ANH I.KU.U. IKU^IH.
'^
llelr. Ono who hiutimmU by <li>H4-(<iit to UniU iiiul
tl>IU'IIM-nli4.
Ili*r^illtuini*nl«. An* iminovtilili^M, wtik'li tiii*'
iimv Ikiv< tit hltii unit hi'* lirli>*.
llt||liWM,v. A I'M hi II' or tire lui'tNit]^!' ftir thi> i^foiilt-.
ll«Miili-ltli<. riit> klllliiij 1)1 liny htiiiiiiri Im'Iiik;
hoiuii'Hli' 1)« ol tlUTM klii'l-*, JtiNtlrititih*, rxruMi
blc, uml |i>|i>iiiiMt.<«. till' tli>t htii« no stitln tif
MUlll. (lie Nt't'Minl viM-y little, lint tlH* tlitnl U llii'
lil^lie^l ntiiM'tlial onu !•« 4-ii|Mitilr of i-ointiittllntr
ii:f:ituMt II fi'lliitt irriituti'.
llot«*l. A liirui' inn (oi t hont-rpt iiMiof Hlnuk|{t'r>*.
IIOUKI*. A I'llnjliiSM twt.lI'll^htlH'llt.
llyiHiiluTiiif. To )il<M|^'t> |iro|H>rty in* -MU'iirtiy
Ih|<l4*iii. In lht< mtiih' pliirr , i-oiitnii'tf<l llilil.
ImltulliHi. Ti» iiiitki* i\ ('0|iy or coiiiitc«rfi*il of
Kuiiii'iiilnK'
liniMiii'l. roinakfii lint of naiii)*-* of Jun>r<t.
llil|i<-itrhiiH<llt. A t-lllllll;; t«i lU-CMint i»f » pllliUr
otlli t'l )>ir ii)i>*tli-iiifaiioi' or tnahi'liithii'tnit lull.
lin|tlciiH>til«. liiMti iiini-iitH, tiMi|'>, \ fH^i'lH, I'ti'.
liii|»lli-Htlon. MiiiM-llilii^ Inlrrrril, witltotii bcliiK
I'ljui-H^c*! »lli<-«-tly 111 wonU.
lin|iorl. '!'(» lirltif( ^ooflM troiii u (ori'ixii ntatf ^*^
r.iuntry.
ItniMMl. A tux or iliily 1iii|>'>h«h1 uii ^ikmN Itu.
|Mii'iii| Intiit ultnunl.
Iiiruiiic. Till' uniiii'« III lilMir or liiv«-?ttHif*Ti|!4.
Iinlrinnlly. Tlir iiiiikliiK KimmI, or <'oiit|M'ti!!iitttii»<
toi ;iiiy jn-H.
Iitilfiiliir**. A writ III;; roi)tMinln»r ii rontnu't,
i>rl^iiiall> -Hii i'alli'il litnii IIm' Imi ctiiiit! Im-Hi);
lndfi)l<'<l tonhou tlii'ir <-oniii'i-tliiK corir ^inhkI.
I III 1- « 1th nu'ii ittlirr.
Iiitlh liitfiil. A \i rlllciuu-c'iMUdtiiiiit otM' Ml niurr
t>«'i'»>ri>*, i>i II trill)' <)i iiii'^iliMiit'iiihir. pri'ft rittl
to, ;il|t| pri'M-tltcil U|M>ll Ollttt liy, II K>^ii>*U'i''.'-
liHl«irM**. To urltt' on tli«! Uu'k of ti Mil i>r
i\i liiuiM4> i)r clH'rk.
Infuiit. A )M'r»oii uimIim' lu'i'nty-uiic yciini of iij{)*.
Iiif)>rinulkiii. All iii-(-u>at Inn, ur i-oiiii'latnt.
ii„'ani-t II •l>-li-iitliinl lor m>iiii* crltnln.il otT* n-^c
" ItilotiiD'i," i>nt' wtiti ^Ivi-H hiloriiDt Ion, imr-
t Uiiliuly priv:ilr Inttiriniitltin, l<i u luiu't-tniti'.
Inlicrltiinri*. A |MM|H-tiiiit or rontlnnliic rl^lil t)i
an <'>»iittt- Invi'-Mtcil in ii jHTHon an*! hit Iu'Ifh.
IiiJiMM-tliiii. A writ wlilrh I^hik''* tiilib-r tlu' Mill
of u iMinrt of )'i|iilly, in nnlfr to rf^tniln pni.
('4M-<tinK4 In otlii-r roni ts, elf.
Injury. I>riioti-4>«<tnirtliiiiu<loitt'«'oiitniry to law
to the Inn t o.* anotUi-r ]>4'i>itn or IiIm |>rii|M-i ty.
IniiiifHt. An iniiniry Into any (.aii.-x-, tlvll itr
triininal, I»y Juror-* inipani'liil fortluit piiiiKi-*)'.
Ini|iilry, Writ of. I^a Jinllriul ptiHTHHUiliIri"****'*!
to thi'Mlit'rltf of iJKMoiinly in whiili i1ii>vimmu'
Ulultl.to p<uininon ii Jury. In nnlfr to tnipiin'
what (latnai^)"* a plaliitur ha.H Hu.sialni'il in an
lU'tion n|Hin tim cum* wIdtii Juil^nifiil ;^off hy
delaiiU.
IntM>lvt*ni'y. Tht^ "(tal)' of a |M'i-H4ni who Im^ not
HiitlU'li'iil pro|N'rty for tht; full iMiyiiitnt of hin
debt.-..
Irmtruiiirnt* A (h-rtl or wrilliiK •Irawn up
l>etw<>t'ii two |Nirtl)"4, antl I'ontuinini; nt^vcrul
oovonant-* ii:;r)*('*l U-tW)-)'!! th)'in.
Innurttiiri'. or AHniiruiii'**. Nacinitnu't iH'lwt-in
two imrtii'x, 111 MJiithont'of tla>ni, lhi> liiNiin-r,
unile>rtukr<t. In roiiMidrnitlon of ii i-rrtutn sum
rccPivod or pr )ii)1m'<I, niUi-d tin? pn'nitiiin, to
indeninily, or iWHiin-, tlicotlKTiifjiiluitt a crrtahi
amount of loss troni thr (U'CurriMico of a.N|M'rl.
lied foidinKi'my. u-+ Ihi* bunihix of (rrtaiu
priMiiisf!*, till- losH of a c-iTtalii hliip, or thu tltiith
of a ci'rtain im-ixou.
InlrrpHt. Mom-y |uild for the uhv or hmn of
nion<.-y , t Iti- nunt huit is ralh'd tln' prlnt'i|iiU, the
Kuin ]ulil by llirUtiTowrr tlw Interest, tin- Inti-r.
cr,t (Niid u|H>>, that )h railed rom|iouiiU Inti^nrnt,
or intcrt'.-it u|k)|i iiiti!r<'st.
lnt«Tplf>«d<*r. A priK-ccMUut; In a Huil where u
[MTstHi owiv* a ilebt or rent lo oiiu of the purtien,
but, nil Ihr deteriuliiution of It, hu du<.>H not
kni>w to whiL'h.
IntprrogHlurlAH. gueslionti In writing dPiimndml
<.f witueij*es In a cuiwc, jittiticuliirly la thccouil
of vlmnoory.
Inl«*«t«r)r. DeiiotiM thu dylurf without havUm
made a wtU.
liitriMlnn. A vh»lenl or untiiwful Mculitu U|k>ii
I.U.d-* .«! !)'ll)MU)'lltK.
I*«il)*. rhUdi'i'il be^ot leu bet woui a man iiiel blr«
wile , pni(li<* ari^'huc rn>ni liiiuU, leneinenl'*,
lllD'o, ete. . (he (Mdiit ol niat1)'r at tiMU)* U't ween
rottleii lln>( |«ti tien |n ii nuII.
Invfwf ni««nt* Tlie iI'M' of tnoiie> In the punhiimi
oi i>nt|'«-rty, fieneniMy of ii dniiibU' kind.
Itirolrf. \ lUt or a) roiuil of w«hhU or im-rehan-
d I'M' Hell t by men ha n 1 4 lo llu-ir i*orre«|>ondi'iit>«,
KivtTiif the tjuMUllly, value, ete., oi lla* xevenil
arluhf*
Invdlrr IIim>|i. (n bo(ikki*4'pl'^V< *'>illed. xotiie.
Iliaeo, the rn-dit day l.<0(>k. ronialuM an lUM-ount
4d nil ^ihmU Niu^ht on t ii*dlt, u llh the name of
the •elb t and the uiiiount. See Led;!)'!'.
*lr|)Miai. \ny tiling tl)ro%« n oiil ol a Mhip belni; In
d.ini,'< r I't 11 \i f 11 k ithd rant on Nhor)*.
.lolnt Ktnrl.. A Hintk or 'uiid. forniid by tht*
unltin of ••(-vend ••han - from ditt)'ii*iil |«'rH)iii**.
"Joint Moi'k t'))n)|viiiieM " an ti kind of |Mirtner-
ithtp eiit)re«l Into by ;i number ol Indlvtd'iiiN
hir Ibi' 1 ur|N»«e of earryln^ *>n "'Him' tnul(< or
lai-iu)it^ with a view lo Individual pioitt.
Jdint Teiiunry. <4ii;uill)'-4 the Jottit ou ii'-i-ditp of
two . .iior<' iMTMoiM in land or other proiNi ly.
•vt*liMiir«*. A ni-itleiiwnt ol landi and t)'iienienlH
nitnle i*\)T by the linHlHiiid t«i llu' vi ih-, to be
en('«\ *i\ afl»T hW dei'eaHf.
Jmiriml. In UHik. keeping;, i ■\ luti'niiedl'ttirlHiok
to l.lt illlale the iMiHltii^uf I he IihIjut.
•fudRr. None lnv)-*>l)Hl u It Inmlbm ily to try any
4-au-e nr ■pie'vttou III a < oil It ol Jndieal ore, and
t > pronouiK-e .H4*nti-iii-i- or Jiid)Xiiu'nl itu'imtn.
JuillCiiient. N th)* <«ei(lenee p|-oiioiini-<'d by rl
eonrt of law ii)Mtn tlu! matter roiitalued lii Ihi*
n-onl.
"ii4||4-1mI. An 4'pith4 1 tor w hat )H'rta|nnto a loiirt,
:!•« judit'itil drrLHlon-), 4'te,
liirl««ll4ilon. ro\t 4TorauIhorlly lnv4'Hl)*4l Inany
lndivkdnuloreourt,oidoln^ JUHiU'vln lhe<iiu>44*!4
bPMuht <'eb>r4- llu'iii.
lurU|iru4leiiris Mii'in-)' 4if rl^ht.tir of tN>MUive
law , ^eiH-nil Jiirir<;irudene4* U lht*Hrieiit'i) or phi-
lo-Mtphy of iHollive law, and InviM l^iiti-s the
prlut-lpleit uhUdi are e4)Uiin4iM lo all pntitlve
•) «tem<>. a|Mii fMHii the hn-al, imrtlal, andaeel-
d4-nlal< tit uniHtaut-eti and |H>eiiltarit le^tb) u lib h
till-)- r<\ -leiim ri "l»*4tlvely Hr4> dl-^I in«ni.>hrd
fnuu one amdhei. rartieulav Jui i-prudem c
tittit)* 4tf the hiMH d iKirtleiilar Mtat4'7t; whh-li
la\i * an*, or at U-.i-^t prtiie-'S lo be, Hie rules and
principles of unlV4-n«;il Jiirisprudenee itself spe-
4'itleally tleveloiH-d and applied.
Jury. A numt>«-r ot nun duty authorl/.etl to
IntlUlrt; Into or diM4'nulue eertain laet--, and
boiiiMl by t)uia to :t Milblul diMhaiKi o| theh
d<it\. .luri)-^ aie ol ililb n nt kiinl-. n^ lln*
f;rand Jury ^whX'h se4-,, |K'lit Juiy, ctttitistiit^
oi twcdve men, choweu to try all causes, 4'ivil
and crimiiiiil— in the latter mi)s)>H they give u
V4*nlhl ofrfiuliy, or not guilty. In eivil eau".*"*
they hriittf in a V4'rdiet either b>r tla^ plalnllll
or tie* tb-leudaut , and in n-iil uelloiis, ellla'r for
the d'tnuudant or leiiaiit. A jmy U talleil
••Iteci.il, wh)-ii It Is retiirmtl for a imrth ular
eause, and i-oiniuon w hen it Is relurmil by tin-
r^lDTIIf In the HaiiD- iKinel, loiry uvery eutise at
the s;imi- loui t. S4v t'tuoner.
■IumIIc** *tf tli#» I'eurf*. An tdlleer eh"4'lts| to keep
till- ) 4 %)«'•• within a 4-<Tlalii di^trlet.
ifiiftlill«-ulh>n. henot)'4 a Jiidlidal a4-t, lluf lU'Chir-
iu.i or 1 i-onouneiuK u jn'rv n Just or rlghletms
aeo>pliii^' to law, It U uiu^d either in a legal 4fr
1he<4o^ie.-\l Mil-***.
Kl4liiai|i|ilns. The fon-ibte taking <iway a man,
woman, or ehild. In onler to <-arry thi-iu abnNul,
— 4in oifenm* at eomnioii law , and punishable by
lln4>, imprlsmiment. iti .
Kln4lr4M|. Pei-Minsof the Hiiine blood or dt'se4-nt.
IaIm* I. A print isl slip tor indb aliiiK lhe(-4)ntcnts
of anytt-ing to whieh It i^ aill\id. aNn, a slip
i.iHi4*n)'d to deeds or writing-*, or any iMijM'r
j4dneU by wuy of luldltUui to a will.
Ijniilliml and TrnHiit* tlno of thf* roiMtn«in
relatlou-hlpi of wmIuI Itle, 4iut 4if « hli h ari»v
many i uht-«, diilh-s, liabdltii <■, iibd n nu-db-**.
laiiitltiiark. An 4ilije4 1 lo asfertiiln the I *Miiiit.
arlts til iin e^i tie or property,
l4i|iNi*. \ ''Up or oml-nlon «d* il iniiIiui to prt'nc'lil
a4-h'rgynian to ii lN>nellei< in his kIH within nU
liumlhs afh'r Its vinaney. In v hh h i-uMt Iho
iH'uellef) lapM's lo the bishop* A ti|M4*l leguey,
is H hen- the Iegale4> ill)>4 U'ltUe the t4<«lator, ))r
ulD'iea b'gaiy Is given iijniii a lulun* riiiiP !•
gi-ney, and Ilie b-uatei; d|4!:i Udtiiv the C4tnllll*
gene) happ4>iis.
tMrrvny* Aiudher tiTin for lludt, whleh U
dlvlil4d Into luo kiittls- Mtmple Iait4-ny, )»r
plain thelt nheii It Is uiuu omiHinie 1 h ith *iny
agt^ravatlng elrenmsiano ?< , and mUiil, or dmm.
(••aintl hill en> , u luui itt'4-om{<aiiied by i-lnutn-
>-lane)'s vihb h are e4inRhl4>ri-d il-« aggravating the
olleuse
l4«w. In ii-t bi'iiad MlgnllliMlion. deiiotei a rub' of
ai'lloit, and Is applle 1 In llm rimiUiitely |o all
kindri ol aeiion, n lu'lher iiniuiale 4>r inaniiu.ile,
rational or liiallonal. Thus U4i M|Ht(k 4>| thu
laus id luolhni oi- ti| gnivUalhtn. as n4-lt as tliat
<d nalureandof nalitniN In a tnoie i)MrU't4-4l
Ken-*)-, il is applied, iiid l«> lubs td'M4 lio,t in gen.
erat, but ol human lu-tlou or eoudiu I. 1 aw»uro
4d vuiious kinds, as tlu' law id iu«iio:ix, i tvil
law, innnlt'i|Hil law, ete. *<4'4' 1 U'tuui o| Law,
and .Mniilelpal Law.
l^iw of llnglainl. Is divldetl Into urllteii ot
rdnlul4' law, and iinu rillen lu- 4-omni))ii lau,
l4iw or l':\4eptl4iM. In )Miltlb-al alfatn*. I* applletl
to I bieo' e\liaoi d IIMIA im .i^umm t hat aie MOine.
Illiieo lit ci's<<j4t > to beadopletluhen llHsiluatttui
ol a stale N mi 4-ritii al I hat the4>rttniar> |NiW)-r)i
and lausiiieno |oii'.!<*r 4-on-idi-r)-d oiilhea-id.
I.aw 4i( Nallono, nr Inl4'riutlhtnal tM%v, Is
di'llui d "as (oii'.i-iing ol tl.o-<e i uh-?* 4if eon.
duet w b.eh rea-oii dedi.i , s as 4 on-*toiant to
Ju><l{e)' lioiii tia- nalureof •.<H-irl> e\l>*t ingaintuig
Indi {Kudt-ul nalliMis, with Ht:i h miHlillealhms
and deviations an may la* iiitu tllshed by giMi.
(•ral eoiisenl."
L4'us«>. A i'4inv4'yani-4' of land*, generally In eon.
HidenUioUfd lenl or othei annual r4s-om|M-n->e,
lor t4>rm of yiMis, lor lite, oral will, provnbsl It
be for a ^htu'ter term than the le^-Mir ha<4 in tho
preinls4'<<.
IaMlg4*r. Tlu' primdiml IsHik of ai-i-oiuit<t In ii
business. It eoutainsaii al>Ntnu I i»i Ihe 4*ntru'«
>««'altuii'd Ihniu^h the various ^ub-« id lai y UNiks,
all arranged nielliiHlbally nieb-r (he namt-s of
Ibi'dilten lit pel -Otis ^.taitdlng In tla- r) talUtn of
ib'btors or i-nsllioi'. to Ihe nieri haul. Tuom-Ii*
ol L'4duiuiis toe as-i;:niil to ea4 h urconni, ono
for In., the oilier for I r. >«'e Aeetuinl-*, |»<iu l«
Knlr>, Hay Ihiok, lnMii4'e IbMik. lilil IhHik, lub
ance and Ualam-)' Sla-i-l.
I^egury. A beipient or gilt b}- t4*s|flm* nl of nny
pei>onal eth't-l^. tin* piTMin I < iiui-uthing Is
eiilh'd the t4"itator, and la- to u luun It U
be<|U4 at bed the legate4'.
Lfglshilhtii. Is the making td law.
I.i'gltiinuey. A ehiUI Imuu in law tut W4'dh eh.
Letter. Any \\rlllng sent Iroin om- ismhwh I)>
aitolhi-r. "Letter of iitlv|e4-," a writing by n
mere hunt to Ids rorri s|suul4 ul, adviHln;: it ^iv.
ing hliii mdli )- ot w hat bilN iie has drawn n|Mm
htm. '* Letter ol an«>ruey," a iiriting wla-reby
a pi-rrtoii eonstitut4-s another ludoa lawlul tu-t
111 hi- »t4'ad,as to n-eelvt- debts, et4. ' Letter of
ensllt," a writing by tuu* merchant l<t aiudluT.
desiring hiin to credit lla- lK-ar4-i mlh a « * rlnin
muui of money.
Idubllllti's. Th)' debts uhu'li a |H-rM>n or 4Mmi.
paiiy ow4's, as distinguished lrt)m r4'»«oun'iM.
MbeL IsumaliciouH d4'fainatit>u ot any iieiiton,
iimde public hy>itli4-r printing, m litiii;;. nigns,
m- plct un-s, la tuiler t4) provok<- him to u nth i>r
t-\)sm4* him to public luitrt'd, conleiiipt, and
ridh-ub-. Svv Slantlcr.
Llr4'iise, A (Hiwer or authority fTlven t4M>n<'to
do a law fill act, us to eain* uii certain tnideii or
ItrofeHMluiui, tt) iiwrry, etc.
^
OiH* of lilt' rummnn f i
(i>, tdit (if Mlinh iiri^ "I
lltti-. 1II><1 t< IIM'tll*'^.
t UM-i>rllilll llir I niill't-
irrly.
. tt( a imtnui hi |*i«>m*ii1
! In WW Milt uilldii '*!«
'>', ill M hit h iiiM* lilt)
tliop. \ 1 i|»t'l lt)|ary,
l.ilnlr Hit- ti-«l.il'>r. i»r
U|Miii :i liiltiii' t tin; • \.
Ili'r^ U'ltili- tilt i'ulltKl*
fur llu'lt. \tl>Uli It
H— h|iii|'1)' l<ut fti> , t*r
}(t •■iiiii|iitii)i' I H Ml) 'tny
vn . .iiiit iiilx**<l, '»r » titn.
I ttiii^tiiiiu*! ■>> (tiviiiii-
iilititi, (ltiinlr«ii ritif i>t
lU'llm rliiiiii.ttfty lo :i!l
Hiiluiutc or niaiiliii.Ut',
rilll** Ut' !ktM-Iik !•! llll)
k klalion. at »*>ll an (Ital
111 a iHMif It Ml Ulfl
I nih'Hot'm tioii III K<*i>-
I tir t'liiiiliKl. lu^t-tiirif
t law I'l imt io:i**, i-ivll
. S4M1 riclutit of l.au,
vitliMl litlit urlttfii (It
I'll or ctHMiiKiii tan.
lUital;iiratl>. tx ii|i|>llit|
II a-iiit-ft that aic mmim-.
|i(ftluhi'n Iht-ntluatlttii
at Hit' onlittiii'\ (Ntut In
■ iti^iihif-l -lillitifiit.
ti*rtiutloiial lji%«. In
i| Ihtof I iih'^ t>( CMii.
III. H iiH (tiii-iMiaiil It*
-HIN-Hij ('\l-*l liaf .tHIIMI}{
th MttW iuiHliMralioii-4
w ii«la >lUhr<l by k'»'"-
antU, KOi^'i'i^'ly '" <*'>li-
I annual n-«'oin|M-ii'<f,
rat \\\\\, |>n*vithtl it
I till- lt>»^ir liao ill the
Hik of luniuiit^i In a
aitxtnu t ill 111*- I'litrii'N
iirt ftihti'liuiy iMMik-*.
y tiiHlt'r ihf naiii("t of
lln^ In thi- r« laiion "t
nrnhiinl. T« »> hiIm
t t-arh tici'oniii, tdif
>t*t* Atrtxint.'*, |>(iti If
lhK>k. Itlll ll<x<k. It.il.
hy It-tntii- ut of any
r-oii 1 1 iiiu-uthiitt; tn
hi- to u hi>iii 11 W
r law.
a \n\\ tul wcilU.ck.
U-tlia I'llf {HTHSII to
U-i'," a writliirf l»y a
(lriit,atlvi>lii;j i.rK***'
IIh 1i«- lurt ilntwn ii|>oii
a uriliiiK whiTi'liy
ht V til 'hi a LiM lul art
Iri.t-.t-ti. ■' I.t-llirt'l
iincliaiit to aiiollitr,
iH-uit-i V ilh a 1 11 talii
lU'h a |rtr-M.ii or (nin.
i| Irota rt^ourtM"*.
lualii'ii o( any iM-rsun,
itlltU. Ul ttth;.', r<i;{n>t.
\i>kt' hiiii Im uriiht'r
iiri-<l, (-onlriii|it, and
I r ity (fiv»-ii to oiH' to
t>n fi-rlnln tnulrs or
k
uiirTKiNAiiY ity Mi:ur\xTii.K wd um vi. tkh.m*'.
IJon. A li-Kitl I'liiliii : tlm rlidil liy « hirli llii> |Mia-
■■•lUHirnr |in>|>i'rly li>i|<U ItiiKulnit tlioownvr In
Nituniftiiiii uf M 'Iniianil.
t.lf*^ l-Nlulo. All «-4tali' Ittiit II {■**''**'N«ir ItiilN
il'irlti;; llfi'.
IJff U«*iil. V mil Dial II iiiiiii ris'i'tviM fiir II Irriii
iif llii', III liii till' iii^li'iil illiiii III U.
I.lltitn. A tvi'i'ok riiiinlnlliiK iif KiMKUnuiik In tlh'
>■ a, lint lli'il III II I'urk or liuoy In unli'r In In'
liiilii'l irrilli.
l.lttiiialliiii. A i'itIiiIii tliiii' |it-t"M-rllHMl liy i«tat.
llt>\ M lllllll H hli-ll till IK-ltlltl tllllMl Ini lllllUKht-
l.li|ii>ilMll»n. I'ayltiif up ilrlilx.
I,4uiii. \ri'iilriri liy mIiU'Ii till' iiMMir nnytlilnu
I- .11 V III uiiitiM* fiiiiiliUiiii III' lilt IhiUik r('liiriii*<l
III llli iiMIII'l.
.MMKl-lralr. A iiillilliTivlliiMU'iT vi-slii! wllh llir
inn iillvi- K"«'''>''><i>i'<ili "I" viiiii' liniiich 111 II.
,siilHmlliiiifi'iita;^i^tiiili'4iin* iirnn'liiilly NlirrllTi*,
iMiniili'I-^, J'i'.llri*^ -il llli' |H'at*i', I'lillfllllilrrt, mil-.
vi*>iin iii lilijhwuyN, mill uuiinlliuii ami nvrr
Hi'iTi III' Urn iHHir.
MMlii|>rl»>. Till' tiikhiK . i'IvImk nT ii |M'rMiii
liitii llii'inlly rll'tiiilv, will. iiiIkIiI olIliTWUc Ih<
ciiliiiiillli il 111 |ii l^nii, iijioli .ii-iMirlly kI^i'Ii tllat
llr i-liall Ihi rul'tllColiiillM at ll Minn lliul |illl>r
U^-I;:I|||||.
.Malalriutiii-i'. Till' uKiimlnl ii|illiililliig uiiiitlirr
lii a I .111'*!'.
•Malli'i'i A rniiiii'il ili'sl);!! iif iliiInK niiii'liU'f In
aiiiilliiT. Ill iiiiinli'r, It It iiuillci' iiuiki'a llii'
filiiii'. Maliri* |in'iM'ii.*ii U I'ltliiT 4>i|in*!4<4 or
liii|ilU'il; I'liiri"-", wlnii till "IrtlKii U ••vlilriiii-it
liy rxlcriial I'livii'.'^laiii'ri*, nr t'vcii ir. iiihmi ii
hii'lilni jin>viH'iiti*>i.iiiio linitnaiiiilhi-i' liiacnirt
uii't iiiiii-'.ial iiiaiiiii'ri rtii that In- illrn, i-vcii
lliiiiii;li III' ill'l iiiil liili'ii'l liN ili'iilli; liii|iliMl, nil
M lii'ir II man wlltiilly )hiIii>ii'I ainitlivr, or a imin
kilNiiniilliiTHiiiMi'iily wllliiiiil any, nr Kllliiiiit
a i-iMi:^i(|i'nilili' iiniviH-atloii. In ;{iMirral, till
tuiinli-jiln It iiiiillt'luii'i, mill tliii.i iiiiinlri-i iiiili>?«i«
J1U.I11I11I liy rotiitiiiiiiil III- )M'riiiiNSitiii iif llli- l.iw,
iixi'ii'**''! nil iw'i-iiuiil iif 111 ritli-nt nr nrlf. |ii-i'.'*i'r\ a
linn, or iilli'vlali'it Inl'i niaii'ilaiiulilcr liy I'ttrn
iiiitinu I'lti'iiiiiiliuii-r-., till' liiirili-n of pnivliiif
uny 111 tlii'M' 111 till' Hat li^iart lull iif tlit> i-oiirt iiml
jury iM^liitf Ini-iiiiitii'iit uihiii tin' pi i.'UitiiT.
ManiluiiiiiK. A writ orlitliially liriiitiil liy tin'
kliiKi '^•i-i-iilli'il from lliii llril wnnl, nianiliiinni,
Ml' I'liiiiiiiainl, coininaii'lliii^ i-nriHinilliiiiH uiul
InfiTliir coiirtJi. or iilln-i- iH-rmuit, lo ilo Honir
iwrt tcular tlilnR, as tuuiliiill any uno tu uii ulUvt ,
Hiiil till' llki'.
>Ii«nir«»l. Tliu ilmuiflil or till' rart{o Iif a slilp.
MBn«lni>|{htrr. The killln.t u nmii liy iiilwiilvrii.
turi' Willi'. til iiKilici' prriH'ii-ii'. :Wn MulU'i*.
Manual, NlKn. Tli« "iKnlntc orn doni or writlnid
illliti-i' luiinl Uiul M'lll.
iManufa«turi*> Any roiiiiiio'lity iiuiili' ?iy tlu'
liaii'l, IT tinytlilni; liinni'<l fnnn llin mw iiiali'
rIalH nr iiiitunil pniiliii-lloiit nf 11 I'niintry, ai
t-ti.llii frmii wnnl, unit I'nttnn nr Hllk f^umU rmiii
Iln-i-ntlnn iiii'l illk, rti'.
ManiiiiilMloii. TliKUi-t nl riirraiichUIng, ur net.
I tnj/ a -l.i\ I- III- iHiniliilaii frfi'.
Marlnr Ijiw. .\t a l>m u-li nf Inli-rnaKniial Itiw,
l-i that i-iilli-i-llnii of p'iiit-lpli'H Hiiil ii.niiKrH that
IM'ilaliiK In till' rliilitii, ilutiiii, unil nbll^^ntiunK nr
nations willi i-rK|i«-t In tlii'siii.
Mamliul. A |K'n»iii wlin n-t(iilateii tlivci'ri'iiiunlcii
nil i-iltari iK-L-a/iiniiH.
Martial I.,ii» . ,>liiiiirUMiiM i-alli il ilniinliiinl law ,
Is iifti'ii i-niifoiiiul«i(l Willi tiilUtary law, litit tlii>
Irriiis urn I y no n.UMii.-* nyronymouH. Martial
law- I1 tliii Just liiitiirliltrary [Mjwi'r anil pIruKun'
u! till- kliiK, nr tliiKi' ill aiiilinrity, ami wlioani
tmuii'l tn tjiianl 1 gainst (tatixcrd In tiiini of
C'.xln-ini' |M'ril I'l 11. o stall'; tin* luloptlnM niiil
o.xi'riitlnii nf i-\ti-.ii.nlliiiiry iiiiiiniin's wlii'n ihp
Kt'iicral sali'ty t-anni.t Uilriislisl tn tliiiunliniu-)'
ailiiilnihlmtlnii.
MastiT. Olio wlioirt liiliu.iti'il w-itli till' ran' ami
iiavlgntlon of a shin. " Mato" Is an ivs-iistjint
ntnrrroii iMNinI 11 viiim-l.
Malrnn. .\ ninrriril wniiiau nf . xperliMU-o, who
Is In • rnaln casoa eiuiuueleU ujion Juriea.
Hailinn iinti Minima. TcniM I'lnployrtl nnl In
Kitiniry tin' ab«iliiii' xn-uli'st ainl Im.-t ,;>-• lli<<
aniils Imply ■ \aliii's nf a vuriaiili' i|iuiiillly, hut
till' t alms II has nil ihi> Inslniit wlirn II (■•iumsi
In ItiiTixisi' anil Is'^flfi* |iiilii-ii-.i..i , .-r viti' vi-rsiL
A varlahli' i|iuinllty may, tlH-rt'(nii', Imut in-v
i-nil iiui«lniiiaiiil nilnlnm.
May»r. I'ln' 1 lih f iiiIIcit In llii' Kiivr'nni<'iil of u
tow n i-nr)Ma-iiTlnn nr i-lly. In tMitnt* i- tin's In tlii' '
rnili'il Slali-s whi'ri' llnrtr Is a illy i-nurl, tin'
inaynr pn -Mi'" a-. 1 lili f JihIkr. |
Mrillral .liirliipnHlrnrr. Tluit i|i'|>irtinriit nf
mli-liri' III wliU-ll niistlt'iil kllnwU'«lt(i' Is c*ulU-il 111
In IliK ulil nf U-Klslalinn, ami rnnslsli) in tlii'
appllcalUin of llm priinlpli's nf niisllral m-Ii'Ih-h
In till' ailiiiliilsinitlnn if Jiullt't' uinl the prfM'r.
vallnll nf III!' pllhlll' lll-.Ulll.
.Mrrrantlli' Ijtir, nr Ijiw .MrrilmnI, A sys'i-ni
nf laws wliii-h applli-s In mi'ri-antilc i-niitntcts,
ami Is UuHsl u|>in thn lustnin nf iiii'rrliantik.
Thi' prliirl|iul hiiIiJii-Ih i-nilinaisl wlihiti It arc
tin- l.in nf nhipinnK, liitliitllnx lluil nf niaritir
lii^iir.iiiri-, tlii'L.iw nf n<-i{ntial>li! hillsnfi'M-haiiKi'
ami p|-nnils.snr>' iiiiti'M, anil tin* law nf su1l*«.
McrrluititUiM'. UwmIi* ami wans nf euiiiiiiuii
tr.llllr.
.Mi'fi'liutil. In KiiKlailil, niio tluit i'\|M>r1s unit
itii|sirls nirrvlmmllM' In lhi> I'lillisl stall's, llm
ti-i til Is applltil In lai^r ilcali'is t{i-iii'nUl> .
MiTi-lianlnian. Avi-s.s.-l i-iiipluyisl In the Inns.
|sirl nf iirlli-li's nf t'nmtii' n'l'.
.Mllllar)- Law. Is thi' i- sh nf 1 . (.'iilaliniis, rnii
sIstliiK 1 hli-lly nf llli! arllt'h'X of war, which an-
iisisl Inr till' Knvi'nuiii'tit nf till' -iniiy ami luivy.
It iliM-M nnl niipi'iTisli' till' i^i'in-ral iiiiiiii(-i|ul
law, hut is rttlhi'r a limin U nl it. Tin' ."isi-iul
Iribiiit.ils I'liinliiyisl fur tin' a<ltiiliii>iratlnn nl
till- law art' l^riiti-'l rnurl.s martial.
.MInliiiiiiii. l.i-iist ituanttty — iipiNtoH'iI to iiuiti-
mum. S|.|< Maiinmuml Minima,
.Minor, .Vii lii'lr, luiili' ui li'iuuli', uudir tliv agv uf
Iwi lily .11111'.
Mint. Till' plan' wln-ri' i-nlll is niaili-.
MU'iilipnlurp. Ilomirlili' hy mlKKlvi-nturi' Is
wln-is' a tiiaii. ilnlim a lawful art, wllhnut any
iiitrntlnn nt liiul, iiiilnrluiiatily k.hs aimtlirr.
Its wht'i-i'ii mull Is at wnrU with a luiti-lu-t, ami
tlii'hiiiil tin ri'nf tiles ntr ami kills a hystumliT,
nr whi'ri' II iM-rsnii Is shiMitln^ at a murk ami
nmlrsi^iii'illy kills a num. Tho hmiilclili'. In
HIK'll l-iL'«4'S, U I'XI'UMlhlF.
.Miiiiry. Till* c-niiiinnii misUiim nf uxcliangi* hy
i\ tin-li tlin value nf i-nminiMlltlrs Is i-siitiial«sl.
■* .^Il■ .-tar) ,*' n-latiti(< tn mnm-y.
Miiiio|Mily, .Ml I'xi-liisli-i' rl^ht to rarry on sninr
tir.im-li nf tniilo nr iiuinuliutiin'. In roiitniilis.
tilll'tlnll tnil fn*isliitll nf tnilti' nr liuillllfact llH'
I'llJoyisl hy all till' w-orhl, ur hy itil thv siiiijirl.*
nt a |iartii-ii!ari'nuntry
Mi>fiiniff<*. .V iieiwn or -oiiveyiinco of prnin'tty.
nil rniiilltlnii, assi'ciirlty fur a ilfht.
Municipal, or INisUiTK Imv. Is the ruli< hy
whii'Ii iKirtii-iilar illstrii-ts, cniiimnnltlcs, or
nations, arc Ki'virneil illttlnK'ilslnslfniui i tiler.
natiniiHl law, i'niiiiiu'n;lal law-, etc.
Miinlcr. Si'c Malice. |
Mate. Due wlin staiiilD ilniuli or dpccchlcsM when ,
he iiii>;lit tn aiisweror plnul.
Mutiny. Ues-.slam-e lO .miwrlnrs in tin; inilllary
nr iiai al srrvlct',
Natiiralliallon. !• i;a act ui iiivcstint; iin alien
with till' ri;;litsanil privllctfps nf a niitlvehom '
dtl/en or sulijei't.
Navtipiti.ii. The art Oi .-oniiucllng a nlilp from
I'rniii niii' imrt Inanotlicrnn the so 1.
Ni> rsrat let him not ilopun\ A writ isauisl
a>;iiliist a iicrson whn nwi?« an actuallv <lue
eipiltablo ilelit ami Is iiieititatiii): a ilcpBrliire
from the stitenrcnuntry, tn prevent Ills tllshi
wlthmll lilive.
>i'«*KOtlalile i'apvr. .Viiy iluciiiniail that ht fn-cly
ii*sl>;naMc finmo'ie tn lIllOttliT*
Net. Cletirnf all cluirBi'g.
Neulrallty. In ititcmatlniial hiw, is the iiu|<ir.
lii\l iMisltJnn iiuiinlainpil hy 0110 nation willi
nipuxl to ulhem which are at » or.
Mnllr pr«>«*i|ul. I* 1 pnici's'iltntr hy whirh a
pl.itiilDI witliilniw* ifiii the lnrtla*r priM«-<t|.
tinn nf Ills siMt, 'I. I'll III* IkiH i-illuT tnbciju-
ceivisl tin- lutiun- iif Uie action nr iiiUtakvii Iba
pni)N-r |sirli- tn is- suu.l.
NoniiKsuiiipsll. \ pica liy »*y of Iriri-r^r In
III "aiilnn nf 4i>»nin|..ll nr pnnnlsiH. «lirn-l>y ■
nuin iti'iiti's iIn* I'tlsti'iici^nf any pr^iniU.^ tn thu
I ITicI aile.;' till! .. hvl.initlnii. I t>
Noll rotnpn« inrntls, *44lilulsiul nin'of llii-'itinil
liilml.
Non fsl Invrnius. TlH*li>nna|iplli>l toastu-fiir*
nliiiii Ina writ it c iplits, iilu-n liw lU-fenitanl
Is nnl In Is'nmml In hlslnlllw Ick. nr »lt)ilii tho
limits nf his niithnrtty. •<. •• (apl.is. etc.
Nonsuit. The nriiuiicialinn nf n >'iit hy IIh- pliiin.
llir nr i|i-'ti'iiiil:i'il, most i-oiiiiuniily iiis<ti |h«
iUsi'iiver>- of "wiine i-rrtir .ir ilefist, wlwa lli«*
in.iltir Isso tir !iniii'i"lisl In as tl1.1l llic Jnr>' l<
risiily at the l«ir In ili llcrrtlM ir vi rlict.
Notary. A puhlh ..mier « Im ^lli-sts ilriils nu<l
wiltin^snf a iiier am lie kin-t. Inr iiukin,: thciii
aiitheiitli' In otlicr cnuntrtes. aiiil i^ntr-stin^
hills nf e\eliuim*-, etc.
Niilr. Any siHirt V ritiii;(nriii<-nHinnilum. "Jlole
nf liaml," a writ I lu ' > whtrli i-re js'rssin ptiim
isi-s III |Niy another ■% siiiii nf nmiii-i ttn a i*f-rt iin
'lay, or on iIimiliii I this may 1 IIIm-i Im* Iu IImp
fnrill nf II hill nr nf a pnillll«iMit> iHitr.
Nollrc. The iikiklin; Miini-tliiiiK known ttiat a
iiian was nr inl((ltt la* l,.;iior.i:it '-r, met « hirh It
Ma. prnjMT he flilnlllil U- liiaili- .a-*pullntist with.
Not liullty. .\ plea hy way of Inivi-r^.. ntcurrlnif
in actlnns vx ih-Uctn fnitn llie crtiiM ! in<!
ainntints tnailenial nt.ly nf tin- i-ri*ui-linf iliity.
nr wrnnijlul ,ict,ullcgislto liuvi- 'si it cimiiuitl.sl
h\ theilefell'lant.
NuilP Contract. A liarc, nakcil ■ nntract, vlttmut
a- nii-Wh-nitinii, wUli-h Is vuiil in law.
Nulsanri*. .Vny aiiniiyunce which tenita to Ihc
liurl nr tnconveiilence of anotln-r-
fSutti. V s-ili-mii afflriiLitlnn nr 'leiiial of a thlnir.
ai-i-n'tiimriieil with an tipis*fll tn lii»l.
Uhllipiihin. .\ lomlinntaltilnica ivnalty Willi a
cnmlitinii aiiiicxeil fnr iKiynn-iil nf moiivy. Ih.
I*-rInriiiuiicu of a cnvenant,.-i tin like, iliitct.
fruiii a hill, Willi lilsKcncrally withn'.it a |M-iialt:.
nrcnmlltlun, tlioiiith a hi'.i iiuiy li.* iiiailAoUli:-
atnry.
Oceupuncy. rhe lakln',* pi>.*«-«in . nl Ihini;-
w Inch Is-hin- ill'l tml U-lniij; tn anytsMly.
Ilirrnsr. The vinlattmi Iif any law this is i-api.
lal, if punishisl u Itli Icatli.
Onicpr. (MIC whn mis an ultlci- it |ii«l umlrr
j;n\ cniim'Ul.
Unirlul. \ lU'piity ai'piiiiti'l hy till .inlHlracoii
Inr Mil- i-.\cctitlun nf hi'* nt^-e.
tinlliiancc. .V law, rule, nr prci.i|>t. a couiitianil
nf a •M)verci(cn iT su|-<'rlor.
{>nllnary. In Knuli-h law. oiif* who lias onltnary
or ituimsliate Jiiri-'Iictinn, in nailers cvck-~ia»-
ticiil, ill ULV plai-e.
OriKlnal, or Orlsinal n'rtl. Is I he iK-ginniiigor
fiitinihitlnii nf a ri-sil .ictinii at I nmiiHin law-.
Uutlanrry, Is In'liii; i-xcliulcil f mm tin' ts-ncBls
ami |ir»iti'Ctiiin nf the law.
Uvrrt Art. .V piilii ami open iiiatter ul (act,
M'r\ iii>r t-i pr.iN i- .1 ih-slj^.
Oyrr ami Trriiilnrr. ts a roinuilsalon illreeuJ
tn thejiiil|{i saii'l nthcriceiithincnnf thec.junty
10 which U l- i-.-iicil, hy virtue wU-rcif tbey
luive |siw-cr tn In-ar ami dclcnniiip tr«uoiu
anil all iiuintiemf tehmlenonil Iies|«»»«»».
I*»nrl. .V IK lu'iliilc nr mil nf (larcUiucnt nii aluch
an' written the !uimi>!iof tljrjunir* rrtiimcil by
the sherilT. the Jury.
I<Bprr. .\ 11. inn- t;ivi-n to mom y nf crvOit l-y
lucuiisn fatty writt.-ii isiiK-r, as liills nf cxcliaiiflrr.
promi.ssnry notes, etc.
I'ar. .Vn isiiiility U-twi-s-n the r.\i han^i-t nl ilif.
fi-rint cniintric-. e-iualnr noniiiuil value.
INtnlon. The i. -iiinia.' the punl-'hiurat for any
fehiny coiiiinittisl at,-ainst the law.
I'aml. I'.y wont nf mouth, as iiatnl cviilcnc*-.
I'artitlon. l>lvi>Iin»: laiiiH or tcnptucuts amoo^
coheirs or iiurtncrs.
1!
( :
■i
I
I T
1
■
*
1
!
UchI l*r«'|'i'rljr. |tpni}»««rlv In tiiiHlM, ti'iiniuuifH,
nr tii-rMlifainriitH.
Iti'twit*. Dlrftiuiint nil iwi'ouiit tif pniiiipt |aiy<
llirilt.
U«M'fl|it. \t) ui'kiHiwlnl^iiH'ht III wrlllii»( of
niiiriiy iffcU i"*!.
HiM'flvrr. TIh' iiiiiiii' nf iiri ofllocr ii|i|M>lnlii*l to
n'oi'lvc Minii^v, iiK lilt' n'iM'lvfr of n-iilit, or
riTi'lvi-r of fliii'»«; to riM't'lvi* itii'l hoM InmN hi
!rii'*t t'-r ot hcix.
lti*«'n|ritUiiiii'c. \i) oltltuullnii of r^'onl, ^llli
roiiilKtori til <to HoiMH iHrtli'iiliir urt, iiit to
ki*4-|i tliH |)nu-i', tn |4iy ii <li(t>t, or tli«< Uki>,
II I H)!! t )m< |><m int'tiiiiiit'(t of hIiIi-Ii tlli« oli)|]fII<
(toll lH-<<otiii>4 tiiill iiinl voM; Ipiit niMii) fiilhirr,
tlii> riinount t*X t Im* riTo^iiUiiiirr U fnrfi*llf<l. It
tlli'ix frtMii li Uiii«l, hi that thn Itittrr ti tlit*
i-niitlon of 11 iit'W il«-Ii(, wIiIIk a rvcownUuiicn
In uii iM'kiiowhKUtiicnt ii|Hih n^'ont nf u forinf*r
Ki^fMirtlit'r. An oftlriT iiitiMH'liit(«l wUlitlm mayor
of It (own for IIm> iiiliiiltilM(mtton of JiHllrn
IMMMinlhl^' .O lllO to III It o( lilW.
UiToviT)-. Ttif olitiiliih)^ of uiiylhliiK tiy JikIk-
Pirllt Ml- 1 rllll lit Uu.
Hi'yUttT. A iHiok "I |itil>)lr riM-onlH.
Urjiihiilcr. Tlir <li-(i'ii<liilit'i« imimwit |o llio )>luhi-
tlir-t Ifply.
KflrHsr. All litNtniiiunt In wiltltt^ liy whit It
i-<1iit<««, I Ijrlit", fir., iirt' rttlnKnlr«lMH|.
llcniHlntlrr. An ("-ttiti' In luniN, li'nrinrntM, • Ic.
Ihiilti il to tM< nijoyiMl iifii-r tin* riplrHlloa of
riimtliir «-itrt(r.
llriiiltlMiMT. A '«UMi of nioni'y m>iit from u<ll<>.
lunff.
Ilriit. A imiftt NHiiln>r piritHllciiUy out of 1iiih1*i
or lriu'int*nt!*, «'lf,
Ki'p1*'Vlii. V rcli'tiHt' of ciittlr or ^ihnIh Oiiit iiri<
ill^(niliM-<(
U**l>ll<'"( <(**•• I >"' j'iiihititt''* itply lo tii4><hriii<l.
iiiif'* iin-'wii.
Iti'lMirl. A I'l-ltitlon of (iim'H JiKllclaUy ilrhatnl
iind >l<-<-t<li'<l n|Min.
Kcpri'Hi'ntulhin. Thr prixoiiiittitK unntltrr, ii^ hi
(ti.- rii-r.'l an iH'lr I'V l'i'|il'("<i'iil:ittoii.
Ui*|iri"ii>nlMllv4'. mil' who )-i-|iri>>4rntH iiilUtrhl
ur coiiionitlon. if u iiu'inln'r of |tnrlluiiu>nt, u
iiH'iiilirr of ronifn •-'.
K«*|>rl«*vi*. A wurniiit lor -uxiH-mltriK thu r\<-( u-
tinn of u ninlcfactoi'.
K<'|irliui1<i. Tin' Hfl/inn H'*' vr-n-i-l or ^imhN of
iMfn-lumt htninK*"!". "■* "ii i-tinlviitt'iit .i-r rtoinr
111--* ><ii'*tiih)iHl troMi tlir iiiitioiio( wlilt'li tliry lu*'
rtilh.lr.-ts.
Iti*|Mi|{nunri*. \ roiilniilU'tloii of wimt liim bnn
i^iiltl hi'I'orf, iw (n ilt-nN. ^fniii'-*, « 'r., wlinli
niMlit N tluni vojil.
Ui'tliint. Om* it"4|illn^ hi ii (MThiln pliu'i*.
IEi'Minn'«'H. Money, |<io|M-r1y, or HtippMi'M.
|(<>thliir. N wliiil rfiii;t|iis of a IfHtut ir'n i ntn
iiltiT paytiMiit of till' <l u iiii'l h'/ui'tf-*. .ml
till- piT'^un (•• whom llil^ \^ l-«'iiiH'alhr<) l>4<-:ili4'
t lif rt-'I'hiary h-«ati'r.
lliMtllittliin. Th«' rcHtorhiK to him himl-i : ditr.
mciMs, who hail liriM) tiiilawfiiUy iltHHcir.rd of
(htin.
Ui'tnrn. A rrrlltlcatr imm sIhtIM's kihI Inilhllri
ot what Ih tlonr in thi' i-xmiljon o| a writ.
U«'tiirn IhiyM. (Nrtuhi (luyt* in hrin thm* for Ih*'
rt'Iuni of w rItH.
U(*lurn«. That which l-n I'ftiirncil, wlirtlnT in
^'ooit^ or Hptrif, lor mi'ivhan<llMr Nnil uI'mnmI;
uNd tin* ri'tiirn of uionry hiitl oiil In Itir way of
I mill'.
ICcvi'iiu*-. Till' Inronif or aniiinil prolll ii'4-civi-<l
from laiKl or oth»r liiini-^, tint H inort' pur-
lltiilarly iippll<.l lo tlii' Inromn of a fXwXv
Mciivnt Iroin tin* I'n-iloius, rxcl.si! la\> , iti-,,
ami ili-votnl to iho puyini-nt of tim . ithnml
»'\prnT>*.
ItcvrrNion. A rlKl't of projM'rty, the rnloynn'nt
of w liirli i-* to rommcni-r tit Nonm (nlurc tinif,
(•ithiT llxcd or (IrpcndhiK n|Hin -' nm I'oniln-
Kt-nry.
Ulijlil. Any tllUMir i lulrn by virtucofu mmlt.
ion, mort^u^i', 4-tc.
'3H^(55|j!^!=-:-r.^ ..-»,{.
Ililf), ti'lD'HKMllK,
lit iiniiniit |«y-
III wrIlliiK »l
)»r ii|i|Kiliitii<l to
rr III ii'iilM, i>r
'I licilil tllllllH III
itf r^'onl, wltli
nliir urt, i\A t<i
lit. III' llii- llki',
li'li tliK oliUtrii.
lit iiimii riilliirr,
' Ul.irr«lli'<l. It
till IlltllT Ih IIki
It rvciiKiilitHiK'n
I'linl iir II fiiriiii-r
witli Ihii iiutyiir
utinii of JimlU-n
lytliliMt liy JuiIk-
milt.
IWIT III lllll iilulii.
I'tllii^ tiy which
llKhlMl.
, tl'ltl'IIU'lltl), «'ll'.,
hii i-iiilnitli'ii iif
Hciit fnnti It ilN>
iiUy out of liiiiiU
ir ^ihhI^ Unit iti'i<
ily l.itlirilrl.inl.
Hill htlly ili'lHtli'il
iiKiiootliiir, itH III
i.illun.
•fHouti* fi ilUtrlrl
of inrlluiiK'iit, It
iiUliiK tlio c^ix'u-
HHi'l or ^^(mmN of
it\nh-til .»>r .-null'
I wlili'li llicy lllll
fit vrliiit liiiH Ix'i'M
lit"*, I 'f., whli li
DirridNAiir ok mkikvntii.k ami m:«iai. tkioin.
lllll llUlilioi tllir.
rillly <lllUM>IZl'<l of
iTlll't iiikI IntUIII'H
II of II writ.
Ii'iiii lliiif for III'
iii'il, wliiMliiT In
IImi' Kfiit iihioitil;
oiil ill lilt' \»ity of j
III pnillt ncclviil
lit Is moll' piir-
OHIO of It ntltlc
Xllsi' lux. , 111 ■,
<)( lliu . itloiutl
,-, till' iiijoyinint
nil' Iiitiiri' tiiiH',
lirtlUMlf It I'Dlllll-
ItM. Till' rinlliti' iliiliiK nil iiiiliiwriil IhliiK liy
Itiii'i- or iiioii' |it't<«oim a-Ni'tiilili'il lii^i'thrr for
Hull |iiir|ai'<i'. " lllot HI I," It li'4ix|iitl\i' III I, |iio.
hll'ltlllK tlolollH or llllllllllllOIIO IIXX llllllll'K,
ttlilch, U'lhix iwiiil liy It iiiitt^lMtnilc or |M«ti-i'
iinii'iT to III'- liioh. ohllui*'* all lM'r«MMl'« to illt.
|M'i-Ht' t»lthln ii'i lioiir, on imiiii oI U'Ium ii|i|tn'.
Ili'tl'li'il 111 I I'llrm.
llolilM-ry. I'tiliKi till titklim iiKiiy o( iiioiipy or
^•HMUofiiiiy \ .lllll' iroiii lilt* iH'riMiii of iiiiotlii'r,
or III lili i'ri"«i'iir<', i'llln>r liy vlolriii'i' or liy piit-
llntf liliii III li-iir.
HMl%'HKfl** A ri'l OIIIIH'tl'**' IllloWcd to *>l|l'h IMT'WIIM
lit littti* lUwlNtiil III niivliii^ iiirrrliiiiiillM', Nht|iM,
I'll- , iroiii w n-rk.
Hmiii|iIi'< V iiti'i'i'iir lairtloiioi .'•iiii'i'iiiiiiiiixllty,
or MiHi'tiiM'iior iiit'ri'liiitiiUiM'tio -.hoH ilii'i|iiHllly
I" till' wImI. .
Nt'imilitl* N ili'lliii'il to lit* "It illMttilvitiiiaui^'iii*
iiiiiior or ii'iMirt, or An itrtlon h hi'ri'hy oni' Im
iiffroiiliil In I'litilli'."
Hrlrn fui'lait. A Jiiillilitl Mrrlt.illii'rllnu tlii'ahi'riir
to^lvi' iiotii'i' to It imrtv to Hhott riiii<i' to thr
roiiti vt lii'iii'i' It liiiii"*, tvli> I'xi'i utlon of It Jiiilif.
llM'lil )«tn.-.i-il i*li"Ul<l not I'l' itiaih "(It.
Hrrlp. Thai imrt of miy loitn wliltli iiiiiitliM
iiiitMti'l for li>' till' ioiliNi*iilii-ri.
M«*mI< \ii lnipri"*r«lon niitilii on imiM'r, rlny, wim,
orolliirHiilintiini'i', liy iiii'ttii'* of ii tlir of nnial
or' ■ irr iniilirhtl . to I'oiillrin or ■'■•tiihll>h, iii to
HTII, I ill'I'll.
Hrarrli, ItlHlit of. In liiw of iiiitlonii, In Ihi' rIKliI
III lii'lliti H'lil'i, iliirlnu will, to vl«lt mill ai'nri'li
Ilia M'si Not In iiir.N lorrontnii .el of war.
Ncari'li Murnint. A iloinnii'nl, It u' illy olititlni'il,
to sniri'li for mIoIi'Ii tfoiHU.
Hntirltlt'rt. ItoiiilH or (itlirr iliH'iiiiii'ntit iiit rt .
ilnir. "if ili'lt.
|t<*llO. To tltUl' ll<>Hi«<IU«llM|of n tllllll,'.
H4'Uiirp. An iii-rt"<t of iiii'rrhiiii'llM-, tliiit Ih pro.
hiliili'l Ihirulr.!' lorti'lti'il.
Hi'i|iit*'*lrutloii. TIm' ..I'ttliiM ii-^i'lo of It IhliiK III
roiitrovir->y Irom Ixitli p:ti'lli<i Hint rontiinl |oi
II, to I" ''IIVITI'll to III w ho till' lllW ll.'rlill">
isi'lili I III It.
Nt-t-oflr. Tlii'iiinoiiiil ol iKli'liI lllll' liy llii' |iliiliitiir
to I hi' ill' It'll' 111 III In It I'll It'll' whirh till' ili'li-ii'liiiit
It I'litill"! to 'I't oil. Ill anx» I I'liliir to tlif
wIimIi' or j'.irt, iiM lllll i <« .. iniiy oi'. of tlif pliilii'
tilT'N t-Utiii
Hliari*. A (Ktrt of miiiii'tlitiiK lieliiimliiK to iini'.
Shi'rin*. Alt olUi'cr who iittriiiU ii|ioii I'onrt, hiii '
.I'll !' "I Ihf priHoniT'*, ■•«■'■!* to till' I'M'i'iitloti ol
« ■ '...'I.-.
Niglil Oruri. A iliiilt ilntwn payitlili' iit nixht,
1. r., 11)4 wioii ii.» It i.. xi'fii liv till' ilntwi'i'.
HlKnuttirf. Till' ni.^iiliii,' itiiy intpci, or piittlii),'
:in\ iiiaik iimli'i a \i rttltiL;.
HIiiklitK l''tiiiil. Till* liitul t-ri'itli'il for Hliikln^
or |.ii>'lt.4 11. 1' piilitlt' ili'lit, or piiri'hitiliiK till'
fitoi'k for till' i^'ivrnini'iit. It U niailo tip
pniM'Ipittly fioin olili};alloii!4 witlrli liitM* Ihi'ii
"■■li'i'ini'il Ity till' uo\ I'liini'Mt, tin' liiti'ii'st on
I it'll Ih colli tniiitt iinil tiiriit'il Into t lie niiik lug
t I
81m It. I IT. It the niiilii'loiit 'li'fitniiilton of a niiin''4
I'hitritclcr hy rt|Kiki'ii woiiU.a.t liU'l Nhy MiUti'ii
W'.pI-
Holli'ltitr. Till' ilciil ttttin of pcr'^ont ailinitli'tl
to I .iii'tiut HiiltM, In tlio I'onrt of ihanccry.
iiii itlti'iui'Vi* In tin* roiirtt of roninioii liitt-.
Holvt'itl. .\iili' to pay or meet nil ilehlt.
Hniinillitt;. I'rylni; the itepth of the tv.tter, itii<l
the i|ii'tllly of the liottoin, by it line with a
ptiiiiiniel at the eiiil.
Hlirelal .Itiry. A Jury of « lilxher onler of per.
n'lie*, HWoin to try it iMtrticiilitr eiiHe,
Hiipelally. A iMiiiil, hill, .ir simlhir Inttriim.nt.
M|MM'li-. Any kliiil of uiiiney ciiliteil lioiii the
prei i. .iiH niL'tula.
Nprrineiilltin. \ wrilli'ii ilix'iiinent nlnlnlnu
• lei. till, lit iHtrlleiil.il • hiiruet itnil tint-liltitliont
IIMllllliit II pntilli oltlrer, I ti
Monilaril, That tt liiili iti<«i4liUaliiHl liyuiilliorlly
or l'\ i^eiienil e.iittent.
M«|ile. I'he prlni'l|>il |i|tHllll'l*iir t«ailllflU'llin<«
of a eoiinliv or l.iwii.
NtPalliitf. The iniii'liileiillaklnirnwMx ofnnotlier
ltlltir*l^iMMlt w Ith Hit I 111 en I lo aleill t hi 'III.
NtrHTunl. Iiii'i who ntitiiikueii the alltlit oi
iinolhei', iHirtleiilurly In the iiiiihiiiieineiil of
eMtiitei*.
Moi-k, \nv fiiii'1 c'lteilitt lllll of iii'iiiev or irooitt
eniployeal hy a iM-rwin In Inule, |urlleiilitrl> lite
Hiiin of miine>' lal^il hy i4i'iiiii|aiit) (or eitrr) Iiik
on itiiy tniilliitf coneerii.
IMii|i|W|x III Tranallii. Tin' rialil of u aeller to
xt.ip ,;.K«U .III Hie loiiiH If he liitrnt lh.it the
liny r It lifMilveiit.
NmIiihi'Iim. ,\ writ for •iimtiionliiK wltnettia,
Htineriiiii'f*. line who eontliiiiet at tenitiit ufle*-
hit fthtie It enilitl, itii'l wront(liilly liolilt ut
iii;:iiiitt itnothi r.
Hull. Aniietlon :it law.
Ntiiiiiiiitna, A eii.iiion liy virtue of wlilpli niiy
mitn Iteiilleil to upiHtir la-furti n iitntflatnilii or
Jnilue.
Hiint|iliiitry Ijtwa. .Xteliiwt reKiilntliitf iln'>t :iii,|
i|iMIII''<ll.' Mil I.
Htit|ipnal<in <■( rnyiiienl. The iti know leilirinent
hy a iiiercuiitlle ilnii that It luiiiiut t»iy lit
llelitt,
Murrly. One who limlertaket to la- Klltwenihle
for tt.e net a or lion .net.* of another, wlin I* ettlliMl
the piiiie||nil.
Turt-. Aiiiilatteini lit orilitliietloii iiinilefrnin the
Hiltihtofa tmreet of ixoihI... on iii'eoiiiit ot IIh-
I'liett, rtt'.U, Imu, ell.. In which lliey are con.
t.tllie.l.
Turltr. Nit titlili'itiv lni{ the vttl'toiit.liitles, .linu ■
Ui' Ut, lioiiiitleM, etc., cllitlixefl onillottitl on the
iii>|iorliilloii or ex|Hirlallon of »-.irloiit iirtlcli<
Ta«itlli*ii. TIm' tukliiK It latrtioii, or the vithieof j
n poll ion 1. 1 Hie pi-oiu riy or liU'rof Iniliviliial..
lllll il|t|a>t|ii)( of II hy Ko^illilnenl. "lllliit
I i\, ' la one wliieli I* ileniiinileil from Hie very
,,t'rtoiit wli«> 11 la iiiteiiileil or iletlnti ahonlil
laty It. " Iinllrecl Ia\,"one ithleli it .lem in.le.l
from one |H'r-><'ii In Hie exp* et.itlon iiml itei.
tl'ii that he tliitll lii'leiiitilfy hliiitelf ni the
. *'iiti' of niitilher, lit In the e\c|..e or eii^tom...
'I I ii.ttil. IMie who liohta liiii'lt or teiienienta of
tiioHier. Teiiaiitanreof vnriont klielt, iii'eor>l.
lllll 1" 111** liittiire of tlli'lr ettal.'t; it« lit tee
alinple. III tee tail, (or life, I r > eai't, ut will.unil
III tiilli nince.
Tpnilrr. .\n uirer In |iny a ileht, or In iiwki'
pi-riiniitr' '•oiiijH'ntitton ton imrtv Injiin-'l.
Telle me III. .Viiytliinu that may Ih' iKilleii In the
le^;iil teiite. if., nil i iTitireal hereilitamentt, anil
lni'or|Bireal lien'itltameiita of n iM'rinnnent
lint me, lttli|li|{ollt of Hie Hilllie, at plll'l*, ll'ei-ev.
riiiht ol eonitnon. fr.tliehltet, onicet, etc. In Ha
III. lie narrow aie* |i«ipii,nr Ki^iilllcMtloii, It It
iippliitl .,iiiy to lioii^i-t anil otiier linUillii((«.
Teiiiirr. The eoinlitlona uii hIiIcIi lainla iiinl
l.-iiemeiitaale llelll.
Term. \ tlxitl IIII'I llmiteil time within w l.irli
riiiirtt of Jnilicitiiire nre oia'it.
TealMiiiriit. Tiie Milenin net when-hy a niitn
«lit-litvea hit i.i..l will lit to till' ill-.)M>tal ol hit
e-iitteatler hitileniii. " Ttttitlor," ii man w ho
iiiaket hit will. " Teattttrli," a woiiuin who
iiiitket her will.
Toiiiiuue. A iliity piil'l atitoertuiii rate for cTerx
ton III ^iMalt exjairtitltir tmiMirtitl , the eaimcily
I'l liiiiilen lai'.ae-tM'il hy a vet-ti-l.
Tontine. .\ Mirt of lie n'aatiiii iiniinlty, or a loan
Klveiil.ya niiiiilK'r of |«'raont with th'! hcnt'Ilt
of «urvlvuiiibl|i.
Tranafrr. The mnklnii over ■liM'k, Hr., rruiit ll»««
■elh r I" Hie l.il)er.
TraHa|MirlMll»ii. Tli. earrylnu of imala hy Uml
or tell I'l .1 .littance.
Travrrae, Ih" n tine ulveii to a |>liik lonlntillel*
IliU ttiiiie mitltir ol litet hIIi<i(i«I hy Iho iipiMMlIn
|«irly.
Trramn, iiveilaeta, inaiiirealliinnilealKMnirtliial
Hie Koverniiienl.
Trvaaiirrr. \ii oflUerto whote . tre the irent irx'
111 Hie loiiiitix- orofitnyeoiiiiatny It eoniinltiitl
"Treiwiiiy," Hie place wiieie the pillillc liiolie\
Ui|e|Mailtit|.
Trvapaaa. Any wnuitfiliiiie liy one prlvnie nun
to itnoHier, either to hit pevton oi hit pro|a-r1\ .
Trust. A elutnie or ettale liel'l for the iiti- ■■(
itiiollier. *• Triiatit'," Hill |Hiratin In wlioiii ii
tril-t I- ve..teil.
t'Mini*f>. The Hine, n. conllnn l.i Hie iitiiKe or
rilallllll of illttfreiit eolllllrlet, w liirll It iilloweil
loi liipt- I.elw It'll thi'iliteol a hill ami the tllllll
of Ita \MM nii'llt.
I'aiifnirl. The rlulit of ntiiiir niel r npl'iu the
fnillaof thiimt Ih'Ioiikihk |o oiheaa, wlHiont
ile-ttlo) Itijj i.r vt.i.tiiiii the tiihjet-t iivel w hit h
aiiiii rlirht e^teielt,
t'tury. Till' takliiK more Inteiett lor the loan of
money tlutn Itnllotieil l.\ Inw.
Varanry. A laialtlon without nn lnoiiiitlit>nt ;
iitai.eloiie.l, at a viicant ttiiie
Varranl. A heKuar.a tiroiiliiK iiihI lille la-rtnti,
wl..i ttdn.lert Ironi plate to pliice.
Vi>nil. Toilla|aaM'or or tell, at ainnll nitliiet (or
iiiiiiiey. " Veiiilor," Hill aeller. " Ve,iilee," Hie
h'U.f.
Vrnlri* (Welita, \ writ lulilretteil totlie therltfor
• •Ihi'l olllrel, III cnntethe ivtith ttel lorth III the
tt I It toe. •lllll to the pl.U'e linnie*!.
%'i'iini>. The county In which an aclnni It to he
li.. I.
\i'nllrl. The anawerof Bjiiry kIx'pu to tliecoiirt
c.iiui rtiliiK the matter of tiu'l hiutiy cituae coin.
milt. 'I 1. 1 their trial.
ViHir)i<>r. \ V rit inn, iha'niiient, or lavik which
teii.lt to etiuhlith the IriiHi il itcc iiiiitt, elv.
Wanfa. The rewiiril or t'om|K'ittatloii |niIiI to
l.ilaiieit, I.) Hiote who nil ploy Ihent, In return
f..r their tervlcen.
Wuril. lllll w liii It nii'ler the care of a ^'narillati.
Warrant. .\ writ coiiim.tiiilliiK an iiflUer ol Jiit.
lice to arrett iin\ oll^'tiiler.
Warrant nf .\ltiirney. An niithorlly kImh t^inii
itttoriiev 1>> lilt I'lieht i.i iip|a'itr nit't phinl (or
him
Warranty. .\ promlte ,,r cox'onnnt hy ileeil.
Ilia.'" '.V Hie lairkiil iier for liinitelf iiii.l hit heirt,
to tinrntiil itiiil teenre the iiurtntlnit- ami hlii
lii'Irt :i'in.i,ti nil n.eii l..r iii|..\tii,' Ue' tlilnif
iiMni 'I oil ol ({laiileil iHtween them.
WarvlitHiap. A place » here mcn'liunillH'a art)
kept.
WattP. It \f hntever teii'lt to the ilealrilctlon or
ileprecinlinn th^ vnliie of an iiihertlanee.
Way, lleli.^tea ellliel Hie ri„'llt wlllth one or
iie^re |t-itont have of |ia.ttiiiii over the Innil of
aiK'ther. or Hie •.imte o\ .-r uhiihtiicli rlitlit It
exeriital.le, u i tail, at the liinliwiiy.
Wharbtii*. The money or \ iliinMe ei|ul\'Ulvnt
latel I'll hire or ute of a what I oripiuy.
Will. Tl it I'V whliii a ii.nn ileehtriti hia will
at 1.1 Hie i|it|HiHnl ol hit e..titte nil* r hit iloutli.
.\ liiliiciipatlve t 111 |t ..lie iiiiiile l.y wonl of
month, '•••e Tettami'iit
Wllneat. .\ fHTtoii w 111! vea evlilence In Jtlill.
cinl pliH-eitlliijia.
Wrpck. The rninaof It thip tit ten tliitt liit.t lioeii
il.tthcl to pieeet.
Writ. .\ writlnulttiihi^toiit of aonie eonrt of law,
conleirlnh' -oiiie ri;.-lit or privilcgt:, urcuiniuuiid.
liitf Huinulhlnu to buUone.
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I '^
ATLAS OF THE WORLD.
^^^?<^^^-
'^-^'^^^
^ ATLAS OF THE WORLD.
^it5^i%^^
'^'^>^:>^
EUROPE.
Europe is a peninsula, projecting from Asia. It is sit-
uated in the same latitude as the United States and the
Dominion of Canada.
Tlie extreme length of Europe from northeast to south-
west is about 3,500 miles. The population is about five
times that of the United States.
Its water boundary, if a continuous line, would reach
four-fifths of the way around the world.
The British Isles are separated from the continent by
the North Sea, which has an average depth of about 600
feet. There is much evidence to show that they were for-
merly a part of the main land.
In relative extent of coasc, Europe surpasses all other
countries. It is partly to the great number of indeucft-
tions of the coast that Europe owes its commercial
supremacy.
The islands of Europe constitute about one-twentieth
of its area.
The greater part of the continent is low and level.
Russia and all the territory bordering on the North and
and Baltic Seas constitute a vast plain, called Low Europe.
The basin of the Caspian Sea and much of the Nether-
lands are below the sea level.
A high plateau, extending alone the southern part of
the continent, is known as Higli Pairope. This plateau is
surrounded by the irregular and broken mounta'.n ranges
which constitute the Alpine System, the mu.n axis of the
continent.
The Alps are the highest range. The other principal
ranges are the Pyrenees, Apennines, Balkan, Carpathian
and Caucasus mountains.
The Alps have long been celebrated for the number and
extent of their glaciers, among which are the sources of
the Rhine, Rhone, Po and several tributaries of the
Danube.
The chief lake region of Europe is i". Northwestern
Russia. Lake Ladoga is the largest lake.
The lakes in Switzerland, especially Geneva and Con-
stance, are celebrated for their beautiful scenery There
are many salt lakes in Russia, most of which are situated
in the basin of the Caspian Sea.
Most of the rivers of Western Europe are connected
with one another by canals, and are navigable.
Climate. — Europe enjoys a more equable climate than
any other country situated in corresponding latitudes. Its
mildness is due chiefly to the southwesterly winds, which
are warmed by the waters of the Gulf Stream.
Rain is most abundant on the western coasts.
The tundras, or frozen marshes of the Arctic slope, are
covered with mosses and willows. South of this region is
a belt of dense forest, chiefly of pine, oak, elm and ash.
Grains, hemp, flax and tobacco are cultivated in the cen-
tral regions. The cultivation of the grape, olive, orange,
lemon, fig, mulberry and cotton is confined chie flyto the
Mediterranean Coast.
Most of the wild animals have disappeared. The rein-
deer, white bear and other animals valuable for their furs
are, however, found in the more thinly settled regions;
the wolf and wild boar are common in the forests, and the
chamois and ibex inhabit the Alpine heights.
Water-fowl are numerous. The sardine, herring, pil-
chard, anchovy and other fish suitable for food, abound in
the surrounding waters.
Minerals. — Coal, iron and copper are very widely dis-
tributed. Silver, zinc and lead are plentiful in the central
highlands. Quicksilver, niter, sulphur and salt in volcanic
regions. Coral of great beauty and value is obtained in
the Mediterranean Sea.
People. — The inhabitants of Europe, numbering about
330,000,000, belong to the Caucasian and Mongolian races.
ASIA.
Asia, the largest country in the world, occupies the
eastern part of the Eastern Continent.
It contains about one-third of the land surface of the
earth; is twice as large as North America, and nearly five
times the size of the United States. Its greatest length is
7,500 miles, nearly one-third the circumference of the
earth.
The islands of Asia are a partly submerged monntain
chain. All of them volcanic.
The northwestern Asia is a continuous plain; the south-
eastern, an elevated plateau traversed by nigh mountains.
The line of greatest length is also the line which separates
the highlands from the lowlands. From the Hindoo
Koosh, the mountain ranges of Asia radiate toward the
east.
The Himalaya mountains are the highest in the world.
The summit of Mt. Everest is over 29,000 feet above the
sea level, being more than 6,000 feet higher than the high-
est peak of the American continent.
The Caspian Sea and the Sea of Aral are thougb I to
have been formerly arms of the ocean. Both are salt
lakes. The former is below the sea level.
Lake Baikal is the largest body of fresh water in Asia,
and is about as large as Lake Erie.
The rivers of Asia, though of great length, are distin-
guished by narrow valleys, rather than large basins. Most
of them rise in the central highlands, from which they
radiate in three directions — north, east and south, and
mingle their waters with those of three oceans.
The Yang-tse and Hoang rivers are subject to great
changes, brought about by the shifting of their channels.
In 1851 the Hoang Ho burst through its banks and poured
its waters into the Gulf of Pecheelee, and withm two
years its lower course had so changed that the mouth of the
river had shifted 250 miles from its former position.
Central Hindoostan is often called the plateau of the
Deccan.
The Obi is the only river navigable to any considerable
distance.
The river valleys and the plains which are we'l watered
are extremely fertile. The nigh, central regie, and the
western plateaus are dry, sandy and barren.
ATLAS OF THE WOBLD.
Every de^ee of temperature and moisture may be
found in Asia, from that of the frozen tundras of Siberia,
to that of the hot, pestilential jungles of India, The
deserts of Arabia, Persia, Turkestan and Gobi receive
little or no rain, while the southern slope of the Himalaya
is annually inundated.
Siberia is swept by icy winds from the Arctic Ocean ;
Arabia, by the hot and fatal simoon. India is traversed
by winds which scorch the entire surface for half the
year, and flood it withrain the remaining part.
Destructive cyclones often visit the coast, frequently
piling up the waters of the Bay of Bengal until the low-
lands of the Ganges are submerged.
^ Southern Asia is covered with a dense tropical vegeta-
tion. The palm, bamboo, and banyan tree are abundant.
Bice, cotton, sugar-cane, flax, jute, hemp, poppy, and the
spices, are the principal plants cultivated m the plains
and valleys of Southern Alsia.
Central Asia produces the plants which thrive best in
the temperate zones. Vast forests of pine, larch, teak,
maple and birch are on the upland terraces of Siberia.
The chief cultivated plants of Central, Eastern and South-
eastern Asia are wheat, tea and rice.
Western Asia produces the famous Mocha coffee, to-
bacco, the fig, date and olive.
Nearly all the domestic animals of the earth are found
in Asia, and most of them are native to it. The camel
and elephant are used as beasts of burden.
Southern Asia abounds in fierce animals and dangerous
reptiles. The largest animals are the elephant, rhinoc-
erous, tapir, lion, tiger, hyena, and jackal. The reptile s
include the crocodile, python and cobra de capello. Mon-
keys and beautiful birds are numerous.
In the colder regions the bear, wolf,fox, buffalo and several
species of wild cattle are common. Also many kinds of
deer.
Gold and platinum are widely diffused throughout the
IJral Mountains and the central plateaus.
Silver is mined in Siberia. Copper and iron are abund-
ant and widely distributed.
Tin is abundant in the Malay Peninsula and the island
of Banca, near Sumatra.
Petroleum is found in the basin of the Caspian Sea.
Asia has always been famous for precious stones. Most
of the large and valuable diamonds, sapphires, rubies and
emeralds are from the mines of India.
The finest pearls are obtained in the Persian Gulf and
in the water along the coasts of Ceylon.
Asia is probably the birthplace of the human race. The
strongest evidences of history and science point to the
highlands of Asia as the birthplace of man Somewhere
in the valleys of Persia, the old name of which was Ayra,
there lived a people who built houses, cultivated the soil and
had forms of government. They believed in an Omnipo-
tent Being and also a spirit of evil. Fully one-half the
inhabitants of the earth live in China and India.
Siberia, Russian, Turkestan and Trancaucasia are sub-
ject to Russian whose capital is St. Petersburgh.
Siberia may be divided into three belts ; agricultural and
grazing land in the South ; forests in the middle, and
frozen marshes in the North.
Gold, silver, copper and other metals are mined in the
mountains; and numerous wild animalsare hunted for
their furs.
Trade is carried on by means of caravans and camel
trains. In summer boats navigate the rivers, and in the
winter sledges are drawn on the ice and snow by dogSj
horses and reindeer.
The chief cities are Tiflis in Transcaucasia, west of the
Sea ; Tashkend, in Russian Turkestan ; Omsk,
in Western Siberia ; and Irkootsk, in Eastern Siberia.
Yakootsk, on the Lena River is supposed to be the cold-
est city in the world.
The Chinese Empire is larger by one-half than the
United States and contains about six times as many in-
habitants.
China contains the greater part of the population The
land is fertile and well cultivated, agriculture being the
chief occupation of the people. Rivers and canals are
numerous ; much traveling is done in boats. Thousands
of the inhabitants of China have their houses and gar-
dens on rafts and boats which float on the rivers. These
people live by gardening and fishing. In their floating
houses their children are born, are married and die. A
young child falling overboard there is kept from drown-
ing by means of an empty gourd which its mother had
tied between its shoulders.
The food of the Chinese consists, principally, of rice
and fish.
The leading exports from China are tea, silk, porcelain
and pottery.
Its trade is carried on, mainly, with Great Britain,
Australia and the United States, by meane of ships, and
with Russia by means of caravans.
Many of the inhabitants of the other divisions of tho
empire are wandering tribes, whose occupation is the
raising of horses, sheep and goats.
Pekiu, the capital of the Chinese Empire, is noted for
its surrounding walls, magnificent gates and heathen
temples. Its houses are only one or two stories high. Its
population is greater than that of New York City.
Thibet is situated on a high plateau, surrounded by the
highest mountains in the world.
Corea is a kingdom. It was, until recently, under the
control of the Chinese government.
The Empire of Japan consists of islands, which contain
mountains, streams, forests, and a well cultivated soil.
Japan contains beautiful lakes, rivers, waterfalls, trees,
and flowers of great variety ; bear8,deer, wolves and foxes ;
pheasants and other birds. The celebrated mountain in
Japan is Fujiyama, whose summit is covered with snow
nearly all the year. In summer, bands of pilgrims, dressed
in white, travel to its summit to worship idol sthere.
The principal occupation of the Japanese are agriculture,
manufacturing and mining.
It exports comprise tea, rice, silks, porcelain, fans and
lacquered ware.
Tokio, the capital, is the residence of the emperor, called
the mikado. Its chief port is Yokahama.
India is larger than all the Pacific States and Territories,
and contains about four times as many inhabitants as the
United States.
The Empire of India is ruled by the Governor-General,
who is aj)pointed by Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and
Ireland and Empress of India. Next to the Chinese Empire
it is the most populous in the world. India was settled by
the Aryans, about 1400 B. 0. They were Brahmins, but
unlike the Brahmins of the present time in their religious
teaching and practices. Their language was the Sanskrit,
The people are divided into castes. They believe in the
transmigration of souls. Gautama or Buddha, about 500
B. C, introduced a form of religion which, after along
struggle with Brahmanism,was overcome in India and trans-
planted in China, where it has degenerated into a debasing
form of idolatry. Queen Elizabeth chartered the East
India Company m 1600 A. D. The vast empire, which
had grown by its conquests, was transferred to the British
Crown in 1858.
Nearly the whole of India is subject to Greet Britain,
either absolutely or as tributary States.
■ ft ^^ L .1
~f?*««*-«
i^^..t m t i « ig mnt Mtmt.
ATLAS OF THE WORLD.
India is remarkable for its high, snow-covered peaks, hot
climate and largo population.
Its low plains in the north are the most fertile in the
world. The west and soutli contain desert tracts.
Agriculture and stock raising are tjio princiiial indus-
tries.
The exports are cotton, opium, rice, wheat and jute.
Cattle, camels, bulTiiloes, sheep and goats are numerous.
The inhabitants subsist, principally, upon rice, iish and
tea.
Calcutta is the capital and tiie largest city in India, and
the most important city in Asia. Honibay, on the western
coast, and Madras:, on the eastern, are important cities.
Ceylon is a mountainous island, belonging to Great
Britain. It is famous for uoffee and spices. I'earl oysters
abound on the southern coast, and the fishery is ofiju very
profitable.
Farther Iiulia or Indo-China, forming the southeastern
Eeninsulaof Asia, comprises tlie kingdoms of Burmah,
iam and Anam, Lower Cochin China, Cambodia and the
Malay I'eninsula.
This division of Asia is remarkable for its long mountain
ranges ami fertile valleys, its hot, moist climate, and its
dense forests and jungles.
It contains large, savage animals, and many tribes of
people scarcely removed from barbarism.
The chief occupation of the inhabitants is the cultiva-
tion of rice, winch is tlieir principal article of food.
Bangkok, the capital of .Siam, is the largest city in
Farther India. It contains royal palaces and many pa-
godas. These are surrounded by bamboo houses built on
piles.
Mandalay is the capital of Burmah.
Saigon is a seaport of French Cochin China.
Singapore, on the Island of Singapore, is a seaport be-
longing to Great Britain.
Persia, Afghanistan, Beloochistan and Bokhara are re-
markable for tlieir desert tracts, forest-covered mountains
and fertile river valleys.
The principal products are grain, fruits, sugar indigo
and dates.
l\Iany of the inhabitants own large flocks of goats and
sheep, wliile others are engaged in the manufacture of
silk goods, shawls, rugs and perfumery, or in the caravan
trade. There are, also, many roving, warlike tribes.
Nearly all are Jlohammedans.
Persia is remarkable for extensive salt deserts. Near
the Caspian Sua, however, vegetation is luxuriant. Here,
as in otiier Moiiammedan countries, education is confined
to learning portions of the Koran and scraps of poetry.
The Persians are a slow, easy-going people, hospitable,
generous, but procrastinating
These countries ar: important because of their situation
between Russia and the Indian Ocean. Afghanistan has
been called tiie "gateway to India."
Teheran, the capital of Persia, and Tabriz, are the chief
cities.
Cabul, Herat and Candahar are the principal cities in
Afghanistan.
Arabia is chiefly a hot, desert plateau, with oases of
different sizes, in which dates, grapes, tamarinds and
other fruits grow.
It lias no general government, the inhabitants being
niled by sheiks or chiefs. The rulers are called Sul-
tans.
Arabia is celebrated for fine dromedaries and horses,
and excellent cotlee.
Muscat, tlie capital of Oman, is the largest city in
Arabia, and the chief seaport.
Aden is a fortified seaport belonging to Great Britain.
Mecca, the birthplace of ilohammed, is visited by manj
Mohammedan pilgrims every year. It is said to be the
hottest city in the world.
Turkey in Asia is a part of the Ottoman, or Turkish
Empire, whose capital is Constantinople.
Its northern part is remarkable for forests, moantains
and fertile valleys. Its eastern part for the fertile plains
of the Tigris and Euphrates, and its southern for a desert
region.
Tropical fruits, cotton, grain and tobacco grow abun-
dantly.
The people are chiefly Turks and Arabs, professing the
Mohammedan religion.
Smyrna, an important commercial port and steamer
station, is the largest city*
Damascus is the oldest city in the world. It contains
grand old mosques, and is the center of the caravan trade.
Its manufactures comprise saddles and silk goods.
Palestine, or the Holy Land, is mentioned in Scripture
as the Promised Land of the Ancient Hebrews, and the
birthplace of Christianity. It contains the cities of Jeru-
salem and Bethlehem, the Valley of the Jordan, the Dead
Sea and the Sea of Galilee.
AFRICA.
Africa, the southwestern continent of the Old World, is
the only country stretching entirely across the Torrid
Zone.
It is a peni ula, joined to Asia by the Isthmus of Suez.
The ship-canal, constructed across the isthmus, makes it,
artificially, an island. The shortest distance across the
Isthmus of Suez is aboutseventy-two miles; the line of the
canal is one hundred miles. The average height of the
isthmus above sea level is scarcely ten feet.
The Suez Canal was completed in 1869. It has a depth
of twenty-four feet, and a clear channel seventy-two feet
in width. By connecting the Red sea with the Mediter-
ranean, this canal furnishes a shorter route between Eu-
ropean ports and India, than that around the Cape of Good
Hope. It extends from Port Said, on the Mediterranean,
to Suez, a sea-port town near the head of the Gulf of
Suez.
Africa is the second country in size. Its length and
breadth are each about 5,000 miles.
The coast is unbroken by bays and inlets such as make
secure harbors for vessels. In proportion to its size, it has
the shortest coast line.
There are many continental islands lying along the coast
of Africa. Madagascar, the largest, is separated from the
continent; by a very shallow channel.
The interior of Africa is a plateau, which is highest in
the south and southeast. This, in most parts, is bordered
by mountains, between which and the sea is a low and
narrow strip of coast.
The avei.."o elevation of the high plateau is about 5,000
feet, and of the northern region, about 1,-500 feet.
The principal mountain system extends along the eastern
side of the continent. Mount Kenia, the highest peak, is
about 20,000 feet above the level of the sea.
The great Sahara Desert has an undulating surface, and
is covered mostly with shifting sand and gravel. A small
portion, south of Barca, is below the sea level.
Oases, watered by springs and covered with groven of
date-palm trees, are met with in different parts ot the
desert.
Soudan, situated south of the Great Desert, is a region
remarkable for its extreme heat and excessive rains and
droughts.
.)
ATLAS OF THE WORLD
Central Africa, or the region crossed by tlie Equator, is
remarifnble for its fertility; nnd, owing to its great height
above the sea- level, its clinmit is mild and healthful. This
region is drained by many largo rivers.
Southern Africa is inountiiiiioiis, but it contains many
fertile valleys and plains well adapted to agriculture ai;d
stock-rai-ing. The Kalahari Desert, though destitute ot
streams, is covered during a great part of tlio year with
grass. The lakes of Africa are confined chiefly to the
liigh, equatorial region, and are renuirkable fur tlicir num-
ber ami size. Lake Victoria is tlie largest Jake in the world.
Its outlet is tlie Nile river.
The Kiver Nile flows through the most important part
of Africa. It« lower course is in a region -ilinost rainless,
and for more than 1,500 miles it does not receive a single
tributary. It is fed by the annual rains and the melting
snows of the high mountains.
The water of the Nile is highest from May till Septem-
ber, when the lower valley is covered with a fine, rich soil,
brought down by the flood; and the seeds w hich are scat-
tered over the water, as it sudsides, bring forth abundant
crops of grain. Cotton, also, is an important product of
the Nile valley.
The Congo, first explored by Livingston, and afterward
by Stanley, drains the most fertile part of the continent.
Its source is in the region of heavy rains.
The region of the greatest heat is in the Egyptian Sou-
dan. There the midway temperature during the summer
months is often 140 deg. Fahr., while the nights are some-
times so cold that ice forms. In the desert, hot winds,
known as simoons, are prevalent, and sand storms are often
destructive. The coast, generally, is very unhealthy.
Southern Africa possesses a mild and genial climate.
Here are the principal settlements formed by Europeans in
Africa. This is the home of the Caffre.
Northern ^Virica yields grain, cotton, dates, almonds
and olive oil. Rice is a leading product of the Guinea
coast. The date-palm flourishes along the shores of the
Mediterranean and in the oases of the desert. The famous
boabab tree is found in Central Africa. It is famous for
its great size and age. Groves of teak, mangrove, ebony,
and India rubber abound on the western coast. Guin
arable, myrrh, cotton, coffee, suger-cane, and spices are
products of Eastern Africa. The islands produce tropical
fruits, wine and amber.
Africa is noted for largo and ferocious animals, and
venomous serjients. The lion is found in all jiarts of the
continent. The hippopotamus inhabits the upper Nile,
while the marshes and streams of the low coaat contain
many crocodiles, lizards, and other reptiles.
The gorilla, the largest and fiercest of apes, and the
chimpanzee, arc met in the west. The elephant, giraffe,
and the two-horned rhinoceros, belong in Central and
Southern Africa. There are rmny species of deer and an-
telope. The zebra and the gnn or horned horse, are
numerous in the grassy plains of Southern Africa. The
ostrich is hunted in various parts of the continent; but in
Southern Africa, the rearing of those birds for their
plumes is an important occupation.
The most u.seful animal in crossing desert regions is the
camel. Travelers and merchants, with their camels car-
rying merchandise, cross the desert in companies, clled
o.iravans. For more than four thousand years camels have
\eea almost the solo means employed to carry merchandise
acro.ss the deserts. The camel will carry a load of four or
five hundred pounds weight flfty miles a day for five or
six days, although ho may not be supplied with food or
water during that time.
The coiists of Guinea and Senegambia have long been
celebrated for gold. Copper, lead, salt and saltpeter are
otttained in tome places.
Imjxirtant diamond fields are in South Africa.
Africans comprise three races — the Caucasian, Negro
and Malay.
The Muors, Arabs, Berbers, Egyptians, and varicms
tribes of the north are Caucasians; tlie tribes of Central
and Southern Africa, and the east and west coasts, Ne-
groes; and those of .Madagascar, .Malays.
Excepting the European colonists who have settled
along the coast, nearly all the Caucasian inhabitants are
Mohamniedaiis, and are in a low state of civilization.
Mo.<t of the Negro tribes of Africa are savages, in a
degraded condition. There are, however, several tribes
wiiich cultivate the soil, rai.sc cattle 'id observe laws.
The Barbary States, situated on the .Mediterranean
coiist, extend from the Atlantic Ocean to Egyi)t.
The climate is mild and liealthfiil. South of the Atlas
Moutitaiiis it is extremely hot and arid. There are two
seasons, a rainy and a dry.
Tlie higlilauds are covered with forests of cedar, pine,
cork trees ajid other valuable timber. The lowlands are
finely a<iapted to agriculture.
The most important productions are dates, oranges,
banan.as, pomegranates and figs.
The natives coiii-ist of JMoorn, Arabs and Berbers. Al-
though descended from a very enlightened people, they
are extremely ignorant, degraded and treacherous. The
foreigners are mainly French and Jewish colonists. Wher-
ever they settled, agriculture, manufactures and com-
merce quickly followed.
Morocco is under the absolute government of a sultan,
who is subject to Turkey. The country is sparsely set-
tled. Cattle, sheep and goats are reared extensively.
In tanning and dyeing leather the people exhibit great
skill, and the leather manufactured there is exported to
ail I'arts of the world.
Morocco and Fez are the most important cities. The
sultan holds court at one and the other, alternately.
Algeria is a French possession, and contains a large
Eurof>ean population. It is one of the most prosperous
of the Barbary States.
Several lines of railway are in operation, and caravans,
trading in ivory, gums and ostrich feathers, penetrate the
interior of Soudan.
Algiers is the capital and commercial center. It is
connected with JIarseilles by a submarine telegraph cable.
Tunis, also, h a French possession It was formerly
snbject to Turkey. It is noted for its olive groves, date
plantations, coral fisheries, and the manufacture of red
caps, soap and leather.
Tunis, near the site of ancient Carthage, is the capital
and seaport. It is a very old city.
Trijxili, though nominally a Turkish province, is a
despotic monarchy, governed by a bey.
It contains no" rivers, and rain seldom falls; yet, on
account of heavy dews, the soil is productive.
The leading exports are wool, hides and ivory.
Tripoli is the capital and seaport. Mourzouk, the cap-
ital of Fezzan, is the center of a large caravan trade.
The Nile countries comprise Egypt proper, Nubia and
the Egyptian Soudan, or Kingdom" of the Mahdi. They
are govenied by a hereditary monarch called the khedive;
and are subject to Turkey.
The greater part of Egypt is a desert. Along the lower
course of the Nile, only the narrow valley, which is an-
nually inundated, is capable of producing crops.
Since the completion of the Suez canal, rapid progress
has been made in developing the agricultural and commer-
cial interests of Efrpt.
Railways have been built, and by means of irrigating
canals extensive '' acts of desert land have been made pro-
ductive.
If
'■li' l'
'I ':
•U;
ATLAS OP THE WOULD.
M.).it of the wciiltliior clnssos Imvo boon pduciitcd in
Europe, ;inil forei<,'iiriistonisiir(!bein{(intro(liu'i'(l through-
out the country. The hiboring clasBea arc greatly op-
pre?s('i|, 1111(1 lire priietically in a state of slavery.
"^I'he principal proiliicta of Egypt urn cottiiii, griiin,
suuar aufl rice. (Juin arii,i)ie, ivory, indigo and ostrich
feathora are ol)tiiiiied in the Soudan. MiiiuifiictorieH lie.vo
beene:Jtalilisheii in the larger cities and tmvns.
CJairo, tiie ciipii;il of Egyjit, i.s the laigest ciiy in Africa.
Alexandiia is the princijial seaport. IJailwayn connect
both eiti'-i with Suez, the southern seiiportof the Suez
canal. T\\i\ ncrtherii, or Mcditorraneaii, seaj)ort of the
canal is I'o! t Said.
The otlier seaports of Egypt iiro Kosntta and Dainietta.
Nuliia and the I'lgvptian Soiidan are iidiabited by wur-
iike tribes of Ar.'iinniil Negro descent.
K'lrirtoum, at the junction of the l?hio and the White
Xiie, is the center of a largo caravan trade.
Ahyssinia is the high and rugged vbiteaii, containing a
number of fertiliMiillcys. The cliinale, owing to the iiigh
altitude of the surface, is mild and lieidthful. The jieo-
ple, though of a (hirk, or swarthy conijilexirii, belong to
tlio Caucasian nice, and consist, chiclly, of Coi)t3 and
Berbers, who arc ignorant and degraded.
Abyssinia consists of several independeut states, having
no general govern nient.
Gondar is the caiiitai. Massowah, an Egyjitian posses-
sion, is the only t-eiijiort.
South Africa comprises several prosperous colonies.
Some of tlicso belong to Greiit Britain, others arc inde-
pendent states founded by Dutch settlers, while otliers still
are the homes of niitivo tribes.
C';i])0 Colony and Xatal are British colonies. Tlie surface
of the liind is high, undulating and well adajjted to graz-
ing.
The leading oceiqiations arc the raising of cattle and
sheep and tlir rearing of ostriches. Wool and ostrich feath-
ers arc among the most valup.])lo exports.
Cajie 'I'dwn. the ciijutal of Cape Colony, is the chief
sea])ort of South Africa.
Piotermaritzburg is the capital of Natal.
West Grifjiialand. ;dso a jiosscssion of Great Britniti,
contains the most p;oductivo diamond mines in the
world.
Kiinberly, its capital, is situated in the diamond fields,
and is the chief market for rough diamonds.
CafFrisria and Ztiluland are inliabited by nati' os ■wiioare
noted for their intelligence, line jjhysical ajipc arance arid
great bravery. Both countries arc goveriie , by native
chiefs, altliough subject to (treat Britain.
Tlio Oran-ri; I'reo State and the South Afr'.^an Bepublic
(formerly 'rraiisvaal) arc inhabited by liuteh farmers,
called Boers. 'Flic Boers arc noted for their bravery ami
love of indi'jiendence.
Blocmfontoin is thocajiital of the Orinige Free State,
and I'retoria of tin; South African Bepublie. Wool,
cattla and grain are the ex])o.-ts.
Cei 1 Africa include.^ ti regions comprised in Saiiara
or tin ,eat Desert, Soudan, the Congo Free State and the
territoi'y soutliward to the Boer repul)lics.
Sahara emitains about twenty oases, inhabited by wan-
dering tribes, who live chielly bv jilimdering tiie caravans.
Soudan is inliabiled by senii-burbarous tribes, each of
whicli is governed by a chief, whoso will is law.
Thcdr oceu)iation is lierding cattle, but they are con-
staTitly at war ivith on ■ another.
TiuibiK^too, Siickiitoo and Koukaare centers of a large
caravan trade.
Tlio Coiiffo Free State ombrpoes tlie b vsin of the Congo
river. It is subject to the King of Belgium.
Zanzibar is .1 strip of coast nearly 1,000 miles long, in-
cluding tt number of small islands. It is an absolute mon-
archy, governed by a sultan.
Zanzibar, on an island of tiio same name, is the capital.
It is the center of a large trade in ivory, gum cojial and
spices. Trade is almost exclusively in the hands of Hindoo
and Arab merchants.
Mozanibiipie includes a number of Portuguese colonies,
extending from Ziiluland to Zanzibar. The city of Mozam-
bique, the chief center o^ trade, is the residence of the
tlovernor-deneral.
Tho West coast is covered with forests of valuable tim-
ber. The Highlands contain gold anil silver.
Seiiegainbiii includes most of the basins of tlie Senegal
and Gambia rivers. English and Freiudi traders have
settled along tho coast.
Sierra Leone isaprosj)er(Mis Englisli colony. It is inhab-
ited by Negroes, many of whom were ri'scued from slave
ships. Freetown is liie capital.
liiberia is a small republic. (Migiimlly established as a
colony for freed slaves from tho United States. Monrovia
is the cajiital.
Dahomey and Ashantee are absolute despotisms.
The natives are superstitious, warlike and ferocious. In
Dahomey wholesale mui-ders; or human sacrifices, form
jiart of certain cehbraiions. Hero the king has lui army of
women, whose weapons are mii.skets, swords and clubs.
Ashantee, also, is ruled by a nai i ve king, who is indejiendent.
Madagascar, a kingdom, contains a civilized population,
whose principal industries are agriculture atid lierd-ng.
St. Helena belongs to Great Britain; the Canary Islands
to Spain; tho Madeira, the Azores and the Cape Verd
Isl mds to Portugal.
NORTH AMERICA.
I 2 3 „*_.__ L
V
MAP OF
Nourii .vsin^TH
AMIiltlCA
..^'^ i(,'.iri"u",r
ATLA8 OP THE WOltl.l).
North Amoricii is the iiortherii division of tlio wostorn
coiitiiiunt. It extends ulmoat from the North Polo to the
E(|Uur.or.
riio shape of North Americu is nearly thiit of a triangle,
broad itfc i,!io north and t.-poring nlriiD.it t;i a point at tlio
south. Its loiiLjth is nearly 6,(»00 miles. Its area ia equal
to one-half lluitof Asia, or two and a half tinica that nf
Europe. Its northern and eastern coasts are reniaikable
for nutnorous indentations and good liarbors, while the west-
ern coast has hut few.
The western part of tlie continent ia a high plateau, on
which are ni:iiiy nearly parallel ranges of mountains. The
direction of these ranges is from northwest to southeast.
They constitute the Itoeky Mountain system, mid form the
main axis of the continent. Theeulminatingrangesof this
system in-'loso a large, oval-shaped jilateau, called the
Great Ba.iin.
The .'\ppalacliian system, in the eastern part, is com-
posed of several parallel ranges, extending from northeast
to south .-est. Their average height i-< about 3,00(1 feel- or
about onc-i'i;ird tint of the Western Highlands.
Volcanoes a.o numerous in the Western Jiighlands, and
some of tlum aro constantly aeiivc.
The highest )i"iik of the liocky ^^ountain system is Mt.
St. Elias, l!),r)0!) feet; iind of the Appalachian system, Mt.
Mitchell, O.ru? feet.
The great central plain, extending from Hudson Bay to
the Gu'f of i\K'xico, lies between the two mountain systems.
The ll.'ight of La:id, aa almost iniperccptiblo divide,
crosses (he plf.in, separating the Arctic Slope from the
Gulf Xlope.
The lakes of North America are remarkable for their
number and size. If a straight line were drawn from
Ohesapeiiko Bay to the month of the ^lackcnzio river, it
would jiass through nearly every large lake in North
America.
The great lakes contain about one-half the fresh water
on the globe. I.ake Superior, the largest, however, ia ex-
ceeded in size by Lake Victoria in Africa.
Salt and aikalinc lakes are numerous in the Pacific high-
lands. Great Salt Lake, in Utah, has an area twice that
of Rhode Island. With the exception of the Caspian sea,
it is the largest salt lake on the globe.
The Mississippi basin is the largest basin in the world,
excepting that of the Amazon river. Its chief stream, the
Mississippi and Missouri, exceeds every other river in
length.
The ^'iikon river, second in size, is, in many respects,
unlike any other river on the continent. Its upper course
is remarkable for falls and rapids. Its lower part contains
many islands, and is often five and six miles wide.
The Columbia, Colorado, and many of their tributaries
which rise in the interior of the continent, flow, in some
places, through deep canons.
Tho soil is very productive. The Mississipjji basin and
the slopes of the Atlantic ocean and the Gulf of Mexico
contain soil of great fertility. On the Pacific coast tho
climate ia much milder than in corresponding latitudes on
the Atlantic coast. The northern part of the continent
is extremely cold ; tho central jjortion is characterized by
hot suirmers and cold winters ; the southern part has a
tropical climate. The rainfall is greatest in the north-
west and southeast. The rains of the Pacific coast fall
mostly in winter. In nortliern regions vegetation is lim-
ited to mosses, lichens and a few shrubs. A belt of cone-
bearing and deciduous trees extends through the middle
of tho Temperate zone. In the south, these are re])!acod
by pdms, tree-ferns, bananas, and agaves. Grasses are
abundatit throughout tho Tompcrato ^onc. Indian corn
ami tol)a(;co are iMitiv to North Ameriea.
Tho fur tical, whale, walrus, polar bear and musk-ox
are the most ini|povtant animals of the northern regions.
The bi.Mjii. (leir, hi'ai, v/oif ami |':iii'her, are I'om.non in
tho north central part. The giiz/.ly beiir is found in
Nortli AM;eri(!a only. Tho monkey in the tropical regions.
Iteptilesare numerous in the south. Jsenrly 500 species
of birds aro known. Fish aris abuiulaiit; the cod, salmon,
herring and niaelcerel are valuable as food.
T);e mineral resources of North America surjiass those
of any other ( ".linont. Iron and coal, niines'ids on which
civilization aiul oinmerce so great'y depend, are abundant
and widely distrilaited. Petroleum and TUiiural illuniiiuit-
ing gas are rouml in tho Alleghany mountains and the
Cou.it range. Gold, silver and rpiicksilver aro found
chielly in tije Western higlilunds ; copijcr and lead, in
tho vicinity of the great lakes; aiid zinc, in the Easterii
highlands,
American Indians inhabited North America at the time
of the ex[)lorations in the loth r.nd Kith ci^nturies. A
civilized people preceding the.sc had disajipcared from the
region whicli now constitutes the L^niled States, as the
ruins of their I'.abitation bear witness.
Civilized people were found by the Spanish (explorers of
Mexico. They were conquered by the Spaniards, and
gradually disappeared.
Tho Esquimaux, who are found in the Arctic regions
only, are thought by many to be of Mongolian origin.
The Iiulians, tilso, are said to be of Mongolian descent,
and to have come, originally, from Asia.
The white race, the ruling element of the population,
!ire the descendants of Europeans. The inhabitants of
Mexico and (!entral America are tho descendants, in part,
of Spaniards and native Iiulians.
The Negroes, originally brought to America as slaves,
aro fast becoming educated.
Industries — Tho geographical distribution of the various
industies is more noticeable in Kortli America than in
the other continents. Foreign commerce, manufactures
and fisheries aro confined chieily to the coasts and luivigablo
streams.
Agriculture is carried on, jirineipally, throughout the
fertile prairies and river valleys of tlio interior. Stock-
raising is most profitable where there are mild winters and
an abundance of grass.
Mining is a leading industry in the hicrhlands.
North America includes Danish America, British Ameri-
ca, the United States of America, Mex'co, Central
America and tho West Indies.
Danish America belongs to tho Kingdom of Denmark.
Greeidand, Icelan.
aiu
1 a few smaller
It comprises
islands.
Greenland extends farther north than any other country,
or to within about 400 miles .if the iNorth'Polc. Its area
is nearly ono-tliird that of the United States.
Tho surface of Greenland is covered with ice and snow.
Tho coasts are scored by nnmerousglaciers. The products
aro fish, oil and reindeer skins.
The jieople comprise a few Danes and a number of
Esquinuiux tribes.
Icelaiul, which is about half the size of Kansas, is noted
for volcanoes, geysers, glaciers riiul lava fields. Its south-
ern part has p, milder climate than its northern, and con-
tains all tho settlements.
Tho Icelanders aro generally educated. Their trade is
carried on with Copenhagen, the capital of Deinnark.
Their capital, Ecikiavik, contains a college.
>
ATLAS OP TnE WOIIM).
THE UNITED STATES.
A Iiopuhlio, iti.itliu iiiiilillo division of North Aiuorieii.
Alaska, ii territory ocHMiping tlio iiortliwi'st |)urt of North
Aiiu'ric^ii, is partly iiitlio North 'ruiiiponito Zoiioiind partly
it! tlio North I'Viijid Zotio. It was iMirdiaacd from IJii.s-
fiia by tlio United Stntcs. Kxtend.H from tlio Atlantic
Ocean on the cast to liio I'acilio OiH'Mn on tin) west, from
the Dominion of Canada on the north to tho rcpiihlii; of
Jluxieoand the (iiilf of Mexico on tho sonth. 'I'lio dis-
tanocacro.ss tho United .States from east lowest through
tho center, is ahoiit X'.fioo miles, and from north to south
about J.doO miles. 'I'ho shortest distance! between the
Dominion of Canada and tho Gulf of Mexico is about 800
miles.
'I'hc high mount, lins and plateaus of the United States
are in the wesiern part. Tliero tho mining of gold and
silver, and tho raising of cattle and sheep eonstitiito tiio
leading <iccupatioiis of tho jieople.
'riio jihiins, niairies, .slopt s and lowlands extending from
tho great highland region eastward to tho Atlantic Oilcan,
aro remarkablo for their fertile soil, which ])r()duce8
immcnso crops of grain, cotton, frnit and vegetables.
The valleys of tho Pacific Slope aro noted for their mild,
genial climato and their great yield of wheat, fruits and
vegetables.
Coal andiron are mined extensively in various parts of
the United States.
Tho variety and imjiortance of the products and indus-
tries of this country aro due principally to its vast extent
of territory and its great diversity of soil, elevation and
climate.
Its increase in population, wealth and jiower is unsur-
passed. A century ago there were but thiiiecn States, con-
taining less than 4,000,000 iidiahitants. Now there are
forty-two States, seven territories and tho District of
Columbia, with a total population of more than 00,000,000.
A territory is under the control of the General Govern-
ment of tho United States, until it is admitted into tho
Union as a State by Congress, Tho orignal thirteen States
were New Hampshire, Massachusette, Khode Island, Con-
necticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and
Georgia. The first States admitted after them were Ken-
tucky, Vermont, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana,
and Mississii^pi.
The first colonies in tho region now called tho United
States were established by the English, in Virginiain, 1607;
by the Dutch, in New York, in 1613; and by the Pilgrims,
in Massachusetts, in 1620.
All were subject to (ireat Britain from IGG-i to 1776,
when the thirteen colonies declared themselves free and
independent States.
Each State has its own constitution, laws, legislature,
and governor, while all tho States aro united under the
constitution and laws of the United States. A State is
entitled to be represented in the United States Senate by
two senators, and in the House of Representatives by one
member for every 154,325 inhabitants.
Every state is entitled to, at least, one member. A terri-
tory may send a delegate to the House but he has no vote.
There are at present 84 senators and 325 members of the
House of Representatives. The states which have the
largest representation in the House are New York 34
members, Pennsylvania 28, Ohio 21, and Illinois 20. The
states and territories of the United States have legislatures
consisting of two houses similar to those of Congress,
elected by the people. They arc divided into counties,
which are, in some cases, subdivided into townships. The
divisions of Ijouisiana corresponding to counties are called
slies. The highest oflicials in a state are the Governor,
Lieutonant-novernor, Secretary of State, Attorney Gen-
eral, and Siii)erintenilent of Schools. Towns ai|d villages
aro coll<'cil'>ns of houses and inhabitants. Cities liavo
certain rigliisiind pri\ ilcges not possessed by t-wiis af
villages. Tlio atl'aiis of u city are UHiially controlled by
mayor and alileinieii. A roiiiily teat is tho chief town in
whicli tho ollirial business of the county is conducted.
Th.) general governineiit conipri>es tiiree departments,
tho legis'ative, the judicial and the executive. Jt has
control of all matters pertaining tocomtnerco and treaties
with foreiL,'!! coiiniiies. ibeiniiiy and iiavv, tho decliiration
of war, I he |M)stolhces and t bo coining of money.
Tho h'gisliitive power is vested in CongrcHs, which con-
sists of the Senate, (coinjiosed of two senators from each
State, chosen by the state legislature, for six years. Tho
X'ice-president of the riiiled States isthojiresident of tho
Senate) and House of Re]) esentatives. C'oiigress hoMf
its sessions in Washington. Tho (lession of Congress
begins on the first Monday in December of each yeai'. A
law cannot take elTect unless j)assed by both tho Senate
and the llonso of Kepresentaiives, ana ai)proved by tho
Pn^sident. If, however, he disapprove a measure which
has been passed by both houses of Congress, it may become
a law on being lepassed by two-thirds of each house.
The judicial power is vested in tho Su))romo Court,
which interprets the laws, 'i'he Supreme Court consists
of a chief justice and eight associate justices, all apj)ointcd
for life by the president with tho consent of the Senate.
The executive power is vested in tiio President, whose
duty -'s to execute or enforce the laws. He is elected for
four years. Tho President and Vice-President are elected
by a number of electors, called tho electoral college,
chosen by the people of tho States, or their legislatures.
Each State is entitled to a number of electors, equal to
tho whole number of senators and representatives to which
it is entitled in Congress. In case of a vacancy in the
office of President, it shall be filled by the Vice-president.
If there be no Vice-President, tho law of 1886 vests the
succession in those members of tho cabinet who are
constitutionally eligible, in the following order: Secretary
of State, Secretary of tho Treasury, Secretary of War,
Attorney-General, Postnuister-General, Secretary of the
Navy, and Secretary of the Interior.
MEXICO.
Mexico is a republic, composed of twenty-seven Stat es,
a federal district and tho Territory of Lower California.
It is situated in the North Temperate and tho Torrid
Zones, and is about one- fourth the size oC the United
States.
The surface is a high plateau, fringed by a belt of low,
narrow coast. Several ranges of tho Rocky Mountain
System, of which the Sierra Madrc is tho highest, extend
through the country from northwest to southeast.
A chain of volcanoes crosses the highest part of the
l)lateau. The summits of several of these are above tho
limit of perpetual snow. Vol. Popocatepetl is tho highest
mountain in Mexico, and, next to Mt. St. Elias, the high-
est in North America.
The lakes are small and unimportant. Most of them
are situated in tho Valley of Mexico.
Tho rivers are short, and, excepting tho Rio Colorado
and Rio Grande, not navigable above tide- water.
The climate is hot and pestilential along tho narrow
coast, but mild and healthful in tho high interior. In
going from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico, one may,
within a few hours, experience nearly every gradation of
climate, and find the productions peculiar to each zone.
There are hut two seasons; the rainy, and the dry-
of them
Colorado
narrow
jrior. In
one may
ATLAS OP THK WOULIJ.
Tho vogetablo productions compriso miihngnny, rose-
wood, mesquitc, viirious dyo-woods, tlioiigavu, and cactus.
Oraiigos, lonions, pineanplea, olives and biiniiniis aro
oxtensivoly cultiviiti'd. 'lohacco, corn, sugar-cane, cocoa,
boans, cotieo, vanilla and tho indigo-plant are also grown.
Tlie wild animals of Mexico comprise tho grizzly bear,
puma or Mexican lion, and coyote. Venomous reptiles
and insects are numerous. Cattle, horses and donkeys, in
vast numbers, aro tlio principal domestic animals.
The minerals include gold, silver, tin, quicksilver and
marble.
Tho leading iiidiistiies aro agriculture, stock-raising,
and mining. ColT-'C, sugar, cotton, cochineal, vanilla,
metals, hides, and ornamental woods are exported. Great
progress has been recejitly made in the building of rail-
roads; but the -jnsettled condition of the government
depresses every kind of industry.
Tho people consist cliiefly of mi.xed races. About one-
tenth are Creoles, or descendants of Spanish colonists.
Spanish is tho language of the country.
Mexico, tho federal capital, is the metropolis. It is in
the Valley of Mexico, elevation about 7,400 feet above
sea level. ■
Guadalaxara and Puebla are i.ianufajturing centers.
Vera Cruz is tho chief Atlantic seaport.
Acapulco and Gnaymas aro the principal ports on the
Pacific Coast of Mexico.
CENTRAL AMERICA.
Central America forms tho most southern part of North
America. It comprises five republics, and tho British
colony of Balize.
The surface resembles that of Mexico, being a high
plateau situated between low coasts. The climate, how-
^9
over, is hotter and more moist, and its vegetation moro
luxuriant.
It contains several volcanoes. Destructive earthquakes
aro of fre(pient occurrence.
Tho principle products aro coffee, dye-woods and sugar.
Gold, silver and coal aro found in tho "highlands.
Tho inhabitants aro chielly meztizos and Indians. Tho
white people are mainly of Spanish descent. There aro
many European merchants and planters in Balizt and
Costa Kica. The language of tho country is Spanish.
Guatemala, the largest city of Central America, is tho
chief commercial port.
Tiio West Iiulies compriso two chains of islands, extend-
ing southeast from the coast of North America.
Tho Bahanni Island.*, about COO in number, aro low,
coral formations. Their clinuito is warm and healthful.
The sjioiigo lisheries constitute the chief industry.
Oranges, lomonsand i)ine-api)les aro the principal fruits.
Salt is obtained from tho lagoons of Turk's Island, by
evaporation.
Nassau, tlie capital and commercial jiort, is situated on
Providence Island.
Tho Greater Antilles compriso the islands of Cuba,
Ilayti, Jamaica and I'orto Uico. Their surface is mount-
ainous; their climate and jiroductions are those of tropical
regions. Tho population is made up of Spaniards, Creoles
and Negroes.
Cuba exports sugar, molasses, coffee, fruits, tobacco
and cigars. Its forests contain ebony, mahogany and
rosewood.
Havana, the capital, is tho center of a vast commerce.
It is an important sugar market.
Matanzas also is an important city in Cuba.
«1
ATLAS OK Tin; WOIU.I).
Tlio Isliiml of Iliiyti compriHoa two indopondont rcipitli-
lic8, llayti iiiul 8unto Doniiiigo. Tho pe()i)lu n\ 1 tlicir
riilora mo Ne^jrocs.
Port (III I'rincn is tho oapitiil of lliiyti; iind Stinto Do-
tiiiii^jo of Siuiio l)(imiiij;o.
iiiM.iinv yicM.s nllspico, in iidditioji to tho products
wliii-'li iiro wiiiiiiiir to tlioso of tlio other inliuida. Kimi id
tlio priiK'ipiil exiiort. 'riirtlo-lishing in important.
Km^'tttoii is tlio Ciii)ital.
I'orto iiico rontiiin^ nmny hirgo and fortiio phiins.
Tho Losscr Aiitillisoxtond from I'orto Uicotothomoutii
of tlio Orinoco Itivor.
SOUTH AMERICA.
South Amorioa was discovered by Coluniluis in 1498,
near tiio nioutli of tlio Orinoco. Tlio curly Sj)anish dis-
coverers found an Imlian vilhigo near Imko Maracaybo,
built over tlio Water on piles. As it remiinled them of
Venice, they called it Venezuela, which niouua Little
Venice.
Halboa, in 1513, rrostJcd tho Isthinns, and was the first
man wiio saw tlio I'acillo Ocean from tho coast of the
Western C.'ontinciit ; but long vear.s b 'fore tills, tho ancient
Peruvians bad lived liicre. 'J'licy bad built strong cities,
flno leinples, great ai|Ueducts, and splendid roads and
bridges, ruins of wliii;ii .still remain. Peru was invaded
by the Spaniard-^, tinder Pi/arro, whocruelly tretited the na-
tives, destroying their eitiesainl j)lunderiiig their temples.
iSouth America was thus coiiqtu'red and settled by Span-
inrils, except Brazil, which was settled by IV.rtugncso, and
Guiana, which was settled by Pritish, Dutch and French.
Aiiout oOO years afterward tho i)eoplo of the countries of
South Anuriea (except (luiaiia) deehired themselves inde-
pendent of Spain and Pui'iiigaj.
Simon Bolivar was ll.e most distinguished general and
patriot of South America. JIo was called tho "Libera-
tor,'' also the " Washington of South America."
South America is the Southern part of tho AVestcrn
Continent.
Its area is nearly twice that of the United States. In
shape it is a triangle, which ta])ers to a jioint toward tho
south. Tiio coast lino has but few indetilatious.
Like North America it has mountain ranges in the west
and east ami avast plain in tho center.
Tho Andean Plateau, tho main axis of tho continent,
extends along the entire western coast. It giipj)orts jiar-
allel ranges, which constitute tho Andean System. Its
liigh peaks arc always covered with snow. The highest
measured jicak is Mount Aconcagua, which is about }J4,-
000 feet in height. The most celebrated volcano is
Cotapaxi.
Tlio plains of South America cover about half its area.
Tho llanos of the Orinoco are treeless plains. During tho
rainy season they become a vast inland sea. With the dis-
appearance of the water comes a profusion of tropical veg-
etation, which quickly withers under the intens.'i heat of
tho sun.
Tho largest lakes in South America tiro Jlaracaybo and
Titicaca. The latter is Pv'.OOO feet above the sea L>vel.
The Amazon is tho largest and one of the longest rivers
in the world. Its course is tiearly along tho Equator. Its
liighest source is within 70 miles of the Pacific Ocean.
At its month tho river is nearly J^OO miles wide. Its cur-
rent and the freshness of its water aro perceptible 200
miles out at sea.
Tho soi' is fertile in nearli^ all parts of the continent.
The southern part, however, is barren, rocky and desolate.
Tho climate along tho seacoaat is generally warm, ex-
cept in the south. In tho interior of the lowland plains,
the heat is almost intolerable.
Tho banks of the Amazon proilmu' a wonderful variety
of ornamental woods, siich as mahogany, rosewood, vege-
table-ivory and tortoise-shell wood, '('ho India rubber,
cai'ao, and cot^oa-palm tr(U'S are aliiindaiit.
Tho lowlands abound in wild grasses, and on tho mount-
ain slopes aro found tlio cinchona tree and many kinds of
niediciiiid plants.
Tho chief cultivated jilanta are coffee, sugar-cane, cot-
ton, tobacco, indigo, manioc and spices.
Minerals. — South Ameri(Ni is rich in minerals. A large
part of the silver now in nsoin tho world was obtained from
tho Andes Mountains. Oold is mined in Columbia and
Brazil.
Industries. — The chief industries of tho inhabitants of
South America are herding, agriculture und mining.
BRAZIL.
Tho Emiiire of Brazil, the largest country of South
.\meriea, is the only monarchy in tho New W<nld.
it coininises tho eastern plateau and the basins of tho
Amazon and tho La Plata. Tho northern and western
jiarts aro low, swampy, and, during tho rainy souson, com-
jiletely inundated.
Near tho coast, the valleys are rich and well cultivated.
The greater part of the country has a tropical climate.
Coffee, cotton, sugar, tobacco, rice, grain, tropical fruits,
nuts and sjiices aro raised in abundance.
Tho lea<liiig industries arecattle-raisingand agriculture.
The natives live in the interior. Tho ruling people are
tho Portuguese, or their descendants.
Bio Janeiro, tho capital, is the largest city in South
America. Its chief exports are coilee and India rubber.
Baliia is tho center of tho diamond trade.
Tho Amies Uepublics comprise the United States of Co-
lumbia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, ami Chili, occupying the
mountainous region along tho coast of the Pacific Ocean.
The coast is very steep, atfording few harbors.
Tho surfaco is rnggocl. Tl;o high jilateaus aro barren,
but tho mountain sides and tho valleys afford pasturage,
and yie) | crain and other products.
Thistie.gion is subject to earthquakes, and it contains
some of tho mostcolobrated volcanoes in tho world.
The governments aro reiniblican in form, modeled after
onr own, but they are subject to frequent revolutions.
Bogota, although within four and a half degrees of the
Equator, has a climate of perpetual spring, duo to its alti-
tude of nearly 9,000 feet. Its wet seasons are our spring
and autumn; its dry seasons, our summer and winter. It
is warmest in February, and coldest '"'^ December. Grain
is sown twice a year. Most of the houses are built but one
story high, owing to the frequency of earthquakes. There
iire, however, many largo, splendid buildings.
Panama, on tho isthmus, is tho largest and most import-
ant city. It is connected by railroad with Colon, or As-
plnw.iU. Its climate is tropical and unhealthy.
Quito, the ca|)ital of Ecuador, is situated on a very high
plateau, surrounded by volcanoes.
Guayaquil is the chief commercial city.
Lima, a few miles from the coast, is the capital of Pern.
Its port is Callao.
Arequipa was several times destroyed by earthquakes.
La Paz is the capital and largest city of Bolivia.
CHILI.
Chili is the most powerful and enterprising of the Span-
ish-American republics.
It is the same in extent from north to south as the
United States from east to west — about 2,600 miles.
It is situated on the western slope of the Andes and ex-
tends from tiie Bay of Africa to Cape Horn.
ATLA8 OP THE WORLD.
AloiiR tho coast nr<» nnmprnns IslnndH, wliioh are rich in
pimii'i iind niter.
Its cliiniito id toinponito aiul moist.
'i'lio |(0()|)lu iiro (iluudy of S|iiinifili orij^iii. Tiioy nreiict-
iv( , iiuliKslrioiiH (itid intolligctit.
.Siiiiti,'ii;o in the ciipital. Viilpnniiso is tlio iiirgost cotn-
inorciiil city on tho west const of Soiitli .\in(^ricii.
'I'Ik. Ai'iriMitint' {{cpulilic is a l)roiul iiinl level country,
(•oiiinri-iiiijj inoMt of tlio |)iiin|ni.s,
'I'lii! pciiiilc arc ('iitj:ip'(| in hcriliiit; luiil in pnipiiring
(Ivicii l)('cf, liidcH, tiiliow luid lioriic, for export.
Buonos Ayrcs, tlio ciipitiil and liirgest city, has iiii exten-
sivo coninierco.
I'lintf^miy and Uriij^uay rcsemtilo tlio Argontiiio iJepiiblio
in surface, prcducts and tlia ocoupalioii.i of tint people.
Montevideo, tlio capital of Urufjuay, is an important
COTuincrciiil city.
Asuncion is the capital of I'araguay.
Vuuczui.'la lies almost entirely within tlio haain of the
C "inooo. Its cliniato is tropical.
Tim poo]ik) are engiifred in cattlo-rai8in'j[and aiiriculture.
Hides, meat, tallow, colle?, cocoa, cotton, sugar and dyo-
woiiils are exported.
(I.iracas is tiio capital. It has frequently siiflered from
cnrtiupiakes.
Guiana embraces three colonies — British, French and
Dutch. Its )irodiictaaro likt thosn of Venezuela.
CayeTino is tho capital of i''rench (iuiiinn, (ieorf];etown of
British Ouiauii, and Paramaribo of Dutch Guiana.
DOMINION OF CANADA.
The Dominion of Canada embraces tho provices of Brit-
I ish Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Bruns-
wiclc, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, besides sev-
eral territories and districts. Its area about equal to
that of liie United Stiite.i.
The surface is niostiy a vast plain, bordered by n high
plateiin in the west, on which siand the Uocky mountuius
and the Cascade ra i''e.
A chain of lakes extends from tho moutli of the Macken-
zie river to tho Great liake.s. Tho St. Lawrence, Nelson
and Mackenzie rivers drnin the priticipa! basins.
Tlioclimato of tho Paciiic Shipo is mild, hut clscwhcro
tho winters are of great severity. The sunuuers are sliort
and in tho southern jjroviiices hot.
A belt of timber, mostly i>iiie. extends from tho Rocky
mountains to tho Atlantic ocean. The Pacific Slope is
covered with forests of tir, the valley of the St. Lawrence
contains growths of niajjle, oak aiuleliu.
The central jirairio regions are covered with luxuriant
crops of wild grasses, and, where cultivated, yield large
crops of grain.
The wild animals comprise the bison, bear, moose, wolf,
beaver, otter, ermine, mink and marten, most of which aro
hunted for their skins. The coast waters abound in seal,
cod and salmon.
'i'lio minerals comprise gold, silver and coal, which aro
mined in the west. Ccppor and iron are found near Lake
Superior. Coal is mined in Nova Scotia also.
The chief industries in the eastern provinces are lum-
bering and fishing. Tho central regions are agricultural.
Tho uninhabited rcgionsof tho northy' 'd valuable furs in
great quantities.
Most of the inliiibitants a:r of English descent. In the
eastern provinces, however, their are many descendants of
tho early Eronch settlers.
The government of the dominion is vested in the Gov-
ernor-General and Parliament. The GoTernor-Oeueral is
,.mM
r^-^
ATlKi OP TIIM WOHLU.
nppwnted hy llio gf»voroign o( Grout nrltiiin. Parlinniont
consiafH of a Somite nlid ii IIoiiho of ('oriiiiuMiH. 'I'lio iiu'iii-
bcis 1)1' llio Soimtoiiro ii|i|i()iiitiMl by tlio (iovornor (JciuTnl.
Tlio iiii'tiilii'i'M (iftlu) lIoiiHi'iiro flfi'tcil liy tl.o |u'c(|ilt'. Kiich
proviiicn li:n II liii'iiti'iiiiiit-(iipvcrii(ir iiiiil ii IcjfiMliitiiro.
Oliiiwii is tlui ciiiiiiiil of ilid Dmnitiion of Ciimulii. It
cuiititiiis iiiM^^'iiillci'iit [uililii'. liiiilcliii^M,
Iti'itMli ('(iliiMil)iii, itii'liidiiij,' \'iin(!oiiV(>r iiiul othor
isliimlH, is tlui liiiKi'it Mini imisf, inoimtuiiious |irnviiu'o of
tiio iloiiiiui'iii, llsiniiK'Hof j^'cilil iitul colli tin' valiiiibli'.
liiiiiibiT, lisli uiiii uiiiij iu'i* cxportcil,
\'i(tiiiiii, on N'liiiooiivor IhIuiuI, itj tlio ciipitiil iiml inu-
tropolin.
Miiiiititbn is noted for wlinit niul furs. Stonmors ply on
tho Iti'il Ikivoi'of tlio Nortli, iiikI on Miinitoljii iind Winni-
put? bikoM.
Wiiiiiipc;;, thociipitiil, in tlio iigricultiiriil iind cominor-
ciiil ccntfr.
Oiiliirio, (ho lUd-it, importiint provinoo, 'contains nearly
onu-tiiinl tiiii population ol' thoiioniinion. (irain, frnit and
lumber are tiic lU'Uii'ipal nroducls. IVtroJeum, copiaT
anil iron aroobtaiiKMl near Jjuko Superior.
Toronto, tlio capital of llm province, is noted for its
nianiiractiires and e(lucational iuMtittitions, It is nu im-
portant railway center and Ial<o port.
ilainiltoii, situated near tiie western extremity of Lake
Ontario, is uii important lake port anil niannl'aeturini;
uuntor.
Quebec is billy. Its winters are extremely cold; its
sumnsers warm, short and fof.'i^y.
Iti aui'ieultural region i.ssoiitli of the St. Lawrence, ami
produces good crops of oats, potates and hay. The most
vahiaiile export is lumber.
Tiie jieople of this province, are, chiefly, descendants of
early French .settlers.
Med. j\crieiiltiiro and lishin>{ arc tho
l''ish and eggs Ibo principal t'.xportD.
Qiiehoe, tho capital, i» tho oldoot olty in tho dominion.
The heigblM, on which the upper portion of tho city in
built, are Mtrongly fortilled. '1 he fortreos of Qiiebfc. next
to that of 'iibraltar, is coiiHidereil tlio sirnn^'ert in tho
world. 1 1 was, however, captured Ity (ioiioral Wolfe iliir-
imr the l''reiieh and Indian war. The i)riiicipiil biiMiiioHa
part of tho eily occupies the low jrroiinil.
.Mnninal, tho nidropnlis, is iioumI for its ma);nilleent
(<atlie(lralr<, ami the tubular bridge across tho St. Lawronco
river.
New Itrunawick inioled for lumber and sliip-buihling.
Kreilericion is the <'apitiil of New liriiiiHwick.
St •lolin is the nutropolis and largest port.
NovaSi'otia has iiuu'e rieaiioast than any other jirovince.
Ship-building and the lislieries C'onstil iite the chief indiH-
tries. Its eoal-lields aro oxtonsivo. (fold and gyjisumare
also iniiK'd.
Halifax, llio capital, has an excidlent liarhor, and is tho
chief Hi'iti^'li naval station in Morlli America.
Trineo Kilwaid Island, tho smallest piovimu', is tho
most deiisidy jiopulaled
chief ocinipations.
Cliarlolletown is tho capital.
Newfoundland is noted for its barren soil, cold climate
ami delist^ logs.
Tho deiejo fogs which prevail in this latitude I'.ro duo to
tho meeting <if tho cold Arctic Current with the warm
waters of tlio <i'ulf Stream. I )uring tlio spring and sum-
mer, icebergs and paid\-ico are brought down by the Arctic
Current, and diiit about iinlil melted. It is for this
reason that tho steamship I'oiite between America uinl
(ireat Hriiain is oiu! of tliu mostdaiigercais in the world.
Its cod, salmon ami seal lisheries give employment to
ahoiit nine-tenths of the inhabitants,
St. .lolin's, tho ca|iiial, is tho most easterly city in North
America, south of (Ireenland.
The Territories were formerly owned by tho Hudson
Bay Company.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Ono of the lliirleen original Slates. Named for Ilamp-
siiire county, ICngland, called the " (Iranitc State. "' h'aii-
lied Unite<l Slates Con,-litution J'iiie '^l, ITiSS. Union
soldiers 'S-i/X'T. Number counties 10. All eld-tions
Tuesday after first .Monday in November; number sen-
tors '■Jl; representatives, IVll; sessions of legislature bien-
nial; in odil-iuinibeied years, meeling first Wednesday in
June. Terms of senators and representatives 2 years
each. Nuinbor electm-al votes 4, congressmen 2; number
voters Id.'i.llJS. I'atipers excluded from voting. Dart-
month ( 'olli'ge, at, Hanover, founded ITGO. Compulsory
ediieaiion law, common schools I'Xcellent, school age 5-1.5.
Legal interest.'") jier cent., usury I'oifeils 'A timesthc excess.
Extreme length N. and S., LSI miles, extreme width 92
miles, area ".»,()().") scp miles — ,").7<ili,2(t() acres. Coast line
IS miles. Highest peak .Mt. Washington. Lar.Tcst lake,
Winiiipiseogee. T-t sq. miles, (leneral elevation 1 "JOo fuet.
Isles ot Shoals form part of State. The White Mountains
occupy the northern portion of the State with unsur-
passed s(;enery. Soil rocky, with small fertile districts.
Hay best crop; corn, wheat, oats and ordinary vegetables
do fairly with close cultivation. Forests largely ex!iau>ted,
except at the north. CU^ared lands average ^I'lJ and
woodland «"^.5 per acre. Mica quarried at (frafton, soap-
stone at Haverhill. Keeiie and Francestown, granite at i
Plymouth, Troy, Uoxbury, Concord. Stati ranks high in I
cotton maniifactiiriiig. (climate. - -Winter average *24.
summer ti!) deg. Extremes great in White Mountains.
Summer short and hot, with violent storms. Ilainfall 41
inches. Frost late in spring and early in fall. Winter
^m
\,
>0 .-
- V ^ .
}
tho dominion.
t» of tli<! city in
of Qui'Ihi". next
tmii>:«.-t in tho
i!iul Wiilff <lur-
r.uipul l)ii*iiieM
itH innK'»'''''«""'
ho St. Lawrence
I ship-buililing.
wick.
Kill.
M'tlior province.
the cliH'f indii''-
l imil gjl>«um iir.--
iiil)or, iiml ii tlie
ricii.
|)ioviiici', is tho
(I li.-liinK arc tl»o
iiiciiiul fxporta.
joil, colli climate
titiulo I'.ro duo to
; witli tiio warm
spring and siini-
iwn l)y the Arctic
, It is for this
on America and
Id in tlio world,
ro employment to
tcrlycity in North
1 by tho Hudson
S'amod for ITamp-
iiitr State." l{:iti-
nt<8. Union
0. All elettiona
iir: nmnher sen-
f Icgi.slature b'en-
r.st Weihu'sduy in
cMitativcs 2 year*
L'ssnieii 2; number
n votiii}.'. I»art-
TG9. Compul.sory
t, school age o-l-i.
;i times the excess,
xtrcme width Qi
iicrc.-f. Coast line
n. Lar:;cst lake,
fvution 1 -.ilHj feet.
White .Miuntains
>iate with iinsnr-
II fertile districts.
nliniiry vegetables
r<;clvexl!:iu.-ted,
[ivciaire *l'''j and
at (iiaftou. soap-
stnwn, {rranito at
tatL ruiks liigh in
inter avcratre -4.
White Mountains.
nrms. Kainfall 41
V in fall. Winter
ATLAH OP YIIK WOUM).
begins in November, cold till .^fay. Snow lien two-thirds
of year in laomitains, rliiewln'ie to to \W days. Iluatth
goo<l. I'cineipil IiiilMHirir:'. — AirricMltnn', inaiHifuetnni
of eottoii, wooli'MH, ininlici', li-alhcr, boots iitnl MJiors, ele.
(iiiarryitiij mica, uratiiie and Hi^ao-itone. Principal Cities.
— .Nluiii'licster, Nitshliii, Concnrd (the eiipital), Dover,
rorisnioiith (ehu'f hurlior). 'riie iiarbor of tho latter
j)l:ici>, Great Uiy, novor freezes ovwr.
HUW IIA.1II>NllinK
mill ^
VICIt.MOiXT />7
K
^J\..,„ Xl*!'' ■ "^ ^^ MxK ", ) ' M" ""'
)i|jmc,„,i„,7,x''iii'i'ii'-".' ! /H-cfr..ii,i,0^_J''Sir»n, I ^-—
B \ l-VJ A II. •.^"•\ ll/lll vA, /11 .rM"i 'l^ft* \
ff V"""^W/ ".""iii'^l-ft^'''; i„.it\\' \- "; I ^
I \ '*'iir''"''''''N..i.«r,//f "feS;^v\^^^^
I ^.-■T^^'-fcA ..■ •..^..< ■— '^rr ~~^ n-i..i..i \ .• .fl^-.'* ■'
VERMONT.
First Stato to join original \'A. Culled tiio " Green
Mountain State." Active in war of 181"-.'. Union soldiers
furiii.shed, y:j,5.'88. Number counties 14. First railroud
built froi.i Hollow.s Falls to Burlington ISIO. Stato elec-
tions biennial, (irst Tuesday in Sei)t. ; numl)or senators 30,
representative » ^40. Sessions of legislaturo biennial, in
even-numbered years, meeting lirst Wednesday in Oct.
Terms of senators and ruprosontatives, 3 years e.ach.
Number electoral votes 4, congressmen 2. Number vot-
ers 0.5. 0.51. Bribers excludnd from voting. Colleges 2.
School ago 5-20. Legal interest rate (Jfo, usury forfeits
excessive interest. N. and S. 149 mile.s, width";J4 to 52
miles, area 9,1.')G sq. miles, 5,847,040 acres. Highest
Point (Green Mountains) al)ont 4,000 ft. Green Mount-
ains run N. and S. through tho Stato and aro .'5,000 to
4,fi00 feet higli. TIio surfaoo i.t generally hilly. All east
of mountains drained by tho Connecticut, tho only navi-
gable river. Small stream.! abundant. Soil rooky but
good in narrow stripj on streams. Potatoes best crop.
Corn, wheat, oats, hay, hop.) and buckwheat yield moder-
ately if well attended. Forests remain to considerable
extent, but aro cut over or celled. Cleared land averages
^I 7.0O, and forest land ^18 per aero. Dairying profitable.
]^Ianganeso, copper, iron, gold, black, wiiite, red and
variegated marble and slate aro found, tho marbles in
gnwt abuiidanco. Stato rank . int in rpiiirrir<, 4tli in cop-
per. 'I'cni[uiiiit!ir(t rangcfi froi;i l.''! dc;,. below to !i,'> deg.
above, iiiit cJiangrvH not' .iiidden; winter iiv( ni-jcs 18 deg.
to ;tll dcu'. Slimmer uveiiigi's <1() detr. to T.'"* ilcg. Siininior
short. Uainfull ^reutcst at hoiitli and ea»l, \ilicni it a\er-
iigeH 1;) incheH; in otln-r sei^iions the avciiM;o i.-i ;t.5 iiiclu's,
HiiowH hc'ivy. I''i'(Hin early in fall iiiiil "late in spring,
Snow Ijis H) to MO duy.-i. llealth excellent. Dculli rate
very low, less then 1!^ in the 100. Indn.Htries very varied,
nnmlicring 2,1Mhi. iViiicipal ones, iigi icultiire, (laiiyiiig,
miinnfaeliire of tlour, fiiriiiliire, leatlicr, tin, iron' and
copper 'viire ; mid liiinlier, mining, iiiiariying and lliiish-
in^' inai ble.s iind stoiie.i, iind niaplo HU'.;ar making.
Principal CilicH. — Burlington, Mnuipelier '(ca|)itiil);
ItiiiliiMil, Itratilcboro Iind Bellow.s l''albt iiro important and
thriving towns and seats of large iiiilii.striea.
KENTUCKY.
Nanio Indian. Signifies dark and bloody ground, bo-
causu the Ktato was tlio hiinling mid bulllo {rroiind of the
Lribe.s. Called " Corn (-'nicker Slate." Lcuii.sville founded
I7.S0. Admifled 11.1 11 State Jiiiio I, lift'.'. Stale furnished
7,01") tro()p.s in war of 1812, and i;t,7oo in .Mexi.'an war.
Won great credit in liiller. Neutral at begii ning of civil
war. State tho scene of continuous cavalry raids during
tho war, and some .sliarp battles at Pevryville, Uiehmoii'i,
etc. Put under martial law 181)4. C'ivil government
restored ISO,"). Union soldiers furnished, ■■,.■). 700. Nuin-
bercoiinties 118. State elections biennial, lir.-t Monday
in August, ill odd-numbered years. Nuniiier .neuators U8,
representatives lOO.sessioiMof legisliituro bieiiii'al ineven-
nundii'red year.-<, meeting last day of December, holds (10
days. Term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years.
Number elcid.u'al votes 13, number congressmen 11. num-
ber voters ;!70,2'^1. Bribers, robbers and forjjers excluded
from v.iting. Number colleges 15, puldio school system
framed ]8;J8, good schools, school ago (i-2<> years, fjcgal
interest per cent, by contract 10 iier ci'iit, 'usury forfeits
excess over 10 per cent. Kxtreiiio length 1*]. and W. 1)50,
width 179 miles, area 40,(100 sq. miles, 25,000,(100 acres.
Hiver frontage 8^52 miles, navigable water ways -1,120
miles. Soil fair, except in tlie famous " lUuegras.sicgion,"
extending for 40 or 50 miles around liexington, and ono
of tho most beautiful seeliona on the globe. Natural won-
der, Mammoth Cave, greatest in tho world. Kentucky
ranks high as an agricultural and stock state. Staple
crops, corn, wheat, tobacco, oats, barley, hemp, rye and
vegetables, fruits do fairly. Famous for tlioroiiglibreil
horses ami cattle. Jliiles and hogs largely raised. At the
east in the mountains aro imtnenso forests of virgin oak,
poplar, ash, chestnut, elm, walnut, cueiimber and other
valuable timber trees. Coal, marbles, minerals, oil, stone,
etc., also abound. Iroii de|)osits of immenso magnitudo
are known to exist. Cleared land averages ^20 and wood-
land i7i |)er acre. Tiio averugo of the former is raised
materially by tlio high prices, often $100 or more jier aero
in the bluegrass section. Mountain lands rich in timber
and minerals and not without agricultural value rate *2
to 85 peracre. Tliostate ranks first in tobacco, and fourth
in malt ami distilled liquors. Climate variable, favoraljle
to health and agriculture, healthfulness not surpassed.
Thermometer ranges from 5 deg. below zero to 08 aliovo,
rarely greater extremes aro known. Temperature averages,
summer 75 deg., winter 38 deg., rainfall 50 inches.
Snows fall, but disappear in a few days. Sleighing only
for a day or so. Winters moderately long. Malaria very
rare, except on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Chief
Cities — Louisville, Frankfort (cajiital), (Jovington. Lex-
inv'toii, former capital, founded 1770. Newport connected
with Covington by bridge.
^Sf^
'
"T*s*»ie;VT3» ■
i
\l
ATLAS OP THE WORLD.
TENNESSEE.
*'Big Bond State." First settled 1754. Became a part
of North C;iroliii!il77T. Organized astlie State of Frank-
lin 1785, but a<,':iin became jiart of North Carolina 178S.
Ceded to Unitud States bv North Carolina 17^9. Admit-
ted as State June 1, 170G. Capital, Nashville. First
railroad, |)art of N. & C, ISoo. Nashville to Bridgeport.
Seceded June 8, 1S(!1. Ko-entered Union 18ti(j. Number
counties 90. State, conirressioiial and presidential elec-
tions, Tuesday after first Mond..y iu November, number
senators oo, representatives 99, sessions biennial, in odd-
numbered years, meeting iirst Monday in January; holds
75 days. Terms of senators and re|iresentatives 2 years
each. Number electoral vi)f'\sl;2, numbercongressmcn 10,
number voters 571, "•-'■l-l, itive ivhite 240,939, foreign
wliito 250,055, colored 80,250, non-payers of poll-tax
excluded from voting. Legal interest d per cent., by con-
ti'if !v rate, usury forfeits excess of interest and *100
fine S('i;oo!s fair. Miles railroad 2,100. Slaves 1800,
275.51:/ i.xireme length E. and AV. 4o0 miles, width 110
ir.'ii Mw il, 750 sq. miles, 20,720,000 acres. Mount-
titioi s at £. where Apalachiaiis separate State from North
C';!".;'iU' Soil iiiir, except in central basin, where it is
very v • nu . ^ ive. State abounds in coal, iron, fine marbles
i <)'] building stones, coi)i)triiii<l otiu-rniiiierals. Possesses
one of tl>e L'lest areas of forest in the Union. Principal
timbers, walnut, oak, poplar, ash, hickory, etc. Staple
products, mules, hogs, peanuts, com, wheat, cotton, vege-
tables of all kinds, potatoes, tobacco, hemp, llax, broom-
corn, iron, co])ner, coal, marbles, etc. liaiiks second in
peanuts and third in mules. Resources but little devel-
oped, 5,000 s(|. miles of coal Held, with 3 to 7 workable
veins. Cleared land averages ¥l 2.. 50, forest ^5 per acre,
(irapo growing pays. Climate one of healthiest in world.
"ild iuul pleasant, and owing to varying elevation very
diverse. Snow light and lays briefly. Ice rarely more
than a mere film in thickness. Average temperature win-
ter 38 deg., summer 75 deg. Exuemes sehiom occur.
Kainfail 45 to 47 inches. Air liracing. Chief Cities —
Niiahville (capital.) ilemphis, Chattanooga, Jackson,
Knoxville. Industries chiefly agricultural, mining, lum-
bering and iron making.
NORTH CAROLINA.
One of the thirteen original Slates. Called "Old North
State." '-Fur State." and "Slate of Turpentine." Dis-
covered by Lord IJaleigh. 1584. Settled by Englif-h, 1050.
State 6eced«.-d May 21, 1801. Forts, etc., seized liy state
troops. Coast section scene of sharp fighting during
civil war. State re-entered Union June, 1808. Number
of counties, 90. All electio:is Tuesday after first Monday
iu November. Number of senators 50, rej)resentative8
120, sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting
Wednesday after first Monday in January, hold CO days.
Terms of senators and representatives 2 years each.
Number electoral votes 11, number congressmen 9. Con-
victs are excluded from voting. Public school system
adopted, 1S40, at present over 2,000 public schools in
operation; school age C-21; separate schools for whites
and blacks. Legal interest rate G per cent., by contract
8, usury forfeits interest. Kate of tax less than 50c. on
tilOO. "Greatest length E. and W. 453 miles; greatest
width, 185 miles, area, 52.240 square miles, or 33,433,030
acres, '?S3 area water surface. Coast line 423 miles with
many harbors. Much forest yet remains. Swamps exten-
sive, most noted of them, the Great Dismal, north of
Albemarle sound, contains 148,000 acres. Small streams
abundant, water jrowers numerous; corn best crop, tobacco
largest, product, other staples are orchard products, sweet
[c(> rarely more
einpcralure wiii-
i Bi'liloin occur.
Chief Cities —
loga, Jackson,
al, miuiug, lum-
rtlled "01(1 North
riii'ntiiio." Dis-
ly Englii-li. KioO.
\, seized h\ state
fiphtiiig (luring
, IStiS. Number
fter tir.<t Monday
, representatives
I years, meeting
iry, hold 00 days.
? 2 years each,
ressnien 9. Con-
ic school system
)ublie schools in
hools for whites
?ent., by contract
less than 50c. on
3 miles; greatest
les, or 3:5,433,030
lie 423 miles with
, Swamps exten-
Dismal, north of
s. Small streams
best crop, tobacco
d products, sweet
1
S'<<
a?;4
S<J
ATLA8 OF TIIK WOULD.
potatoes, rice, wheat, oats, peanuts, cotton, hay and vege-
tables in the order named. North Carolina ranks first in
tar and turpentine, second in copi)er, third in peanuts and
tobacco, and fourth in rice, lias lieh deposits of gold and
the baser minerals, stone, slate, coal, marble, mica. Ex-
cellent fisheries. Natural resources but slightly developed.
Ample opportunities for homes, enterprise aud capital.
Cleared land averages !?10 and woodland $5 ])er acre, and
much of excellent quality in the nnirkct below this aver-
age. Stock thrives. Scenery varied, ordiiuiry, picturesque
and grand. Wln-at harvested June. Corn ripe in Sep-
tember. Climi' ' is varitd, warm and iioist in low sec-
tions; cool aud dry in iKountaius, witli all ii'termediate
conditions. Avera^re winter temperature, 41) deg., sum-
mer TS deg. to 79 d''g. Frosts light a'ul seldom come till
the end of fall. i{ainfali, includiugsonio snow in mount-
ains, 4.5 deg. Il.'alth good. Cliief tMties. — Wilming-
ton, lialeigh (i-apital), Charlotte contains ass:iy oihce.
New Berne. Industries. — .Vgrioulture j)rincipal occupa-
tion. Fishing, Hiiuinfacture of turpentine aud lumber,
mining, etc. Number of dilTercn' industries, l!,Svn''.
Number boats engaged in fisheries, about 3,0u0. Copper
mined, 1,040,000 lbs.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
One of the thirteen original States, " Palmetto State."
Revolutionary record, biilliant. English seized the terri-
torv, but were thrashed at Cow pens and Uiah Springs and
pcnneil up in Charleston. First railroad in United States
usiug American locomotive, 1830. First Slate to secede,
November, 1800. Sumter bombarded April 12-13, l&Cl.
Ordinance of secession repealed September, 1805, and
slaverv alwlished. Re-entered the Union June, 1808.
Number counties, 34. State, congressional ;ind presiden-
tial elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November.
State senators 3."), representatNes 124, sessions annual,
meeting fourth Tuesday in November. Term of senators
4 years, of representatives 2 years. Number electoral
votes 0, number congressmen 7. Insane, inmates of asy-
lums, alms-houses and prisons. United States army and
dueli.-!t3 excluded from voting. Number colleges 9, school
age 6-10, school system fair. Legal interest 7 iier cent., by
contract, anv rate. Slaves. 1800, 4ii2,4(i0. Greatest
length 280 ni'iles, trreatest width 210 miles. Area 30,170
square miles, or 10.308.8(10 acres. Coast line 212 miles.
Principal river Savannah, navigable 130 miles. Magnifi-
cent water power, undevelopeii. Soil from medium to
very rich. Forests extensiveaiul valuable. Laiul, cleared
or uncleared, averages ^7 per acre. Rico and cotton best
crops. All other cereals, as well us vegetables, fruits,
gnisses and fiber crops grow well. Phosj)liatc beds enor-
mous. Gold, mica, marbles of all colors, building Ftones
found in large quantities. Turpentine, tar, lumber and
oysters largely produced. Stock thrives. Gold mines in
Abbeville, Edgefield and Union counties. First mint
deposits, ^S.-iOO, in 1827. While and variegated marbles
found in Sparteiiburgh and Laurens counties. Climate:
Tcmi>erature ranges io to 90 degrees F. Averages, sum-
mer 82 degrees, winter 51 degrees. .Vvorage rainfall 48
inches, decreasing to the sou'li. Health good. Epi-
demics rare and confined toseaports. Resort for consump-
tives. Changes slight and infrequent, frosts rare. Cliicf
cities: Charleston, port of entry, seat of a Catholic
bishop. United States customs districts at Beaufort,
Charleston and Georgetown. Capital Columbia. Princi-
pal industries: Agriculture, mining, fishing, quarrying,
lumlwrins, turpentine and tar making, and phosphate
digging.
VIRGINIA.
One of the thirteen original states. Called the "Old
Dominion,"' and "The Mother of Presidents." First
English settlement in America, 1007. Active in Revolu-
tion and subsequent steps toward founiliiig the Union,
Virginia won the title of "First of the States." British
burnt Norfolk 1T7'.', and Riehinond 1781. Yorktowii siir-
rendere(l October, 1781, practically vanquishing I'lngland.
State seceded May 7, 1801, and capital of Confederacy
moved to Richmond, Si'eiie of gigantic energies of the
war. Bull Wun. the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Fiederieks-
biirg. Port Republic and many other famous battles were
fought oil Virginia soil. I,ee surrendered at Appomattox
April 9, 180.->, cndingthe war. State returned to tlie U^nioii
Jan. 20, ]87'>. Number of counties. 10l>. Sessions of leg-
islature biennial, in odd-numbered years, nieoiing first
Wednesday in December; holds 90 days. Term of sena-
tors 90 days, representatives 2 years. Number electoral
votes 12, Congressmer. 10. Luiiatiis, idiots, convicts,
duelists. United States army and non-taxpayers of capita-
tion tax excluded from voting. Number colleges 7, schools
4,502, school ago 5-21. school system fair. Legal interest
per cent, 'y contract 3 i>er cent, usury forfeits all over
per cent. Slaves, 180i», 490.8(;5. Greatest length cast
and west, 445 miles, great(>st width, r.MMniles, area 40,125
siptaro miles. 25.080,000 acres, i'oa.st line. 130 miles, tidal
frontage. 1.55i; miles. The state is rich in iron, gold, salt,
(Hial, liiarble, slate, zinc. lead, stone, tiniber and other nat-
ural resources as yet little developed. .Mueli g.iod fanning
land is untilled. "Cleared laml avt ;ml'< s *ll» and woodland
$0 to !p7 per ticre. The opjiortunii ies for liou'; sand enter-
prise are inviting. All cereals, tobacco, peanuts (state
ranks first in this crop and second in tobacco), fruits,
I
-'I
IW\
;l
r i!
ATLAS OF TIIK WOULD.
grapes nnd vogetablos aro extensively raised. Stock
tlirivcs. C'liiiiatu varies, is geuial ami lioalthfiil, cool iu
niouiitaiiis and warm in lowlands in snn :ner. Winters ara
loni severe. Winter averages 44, summer 78 degrees.
Eainfall, including snow, averages 44: indies, being hea'. i-
est on tlio coast. Chief Cities. — l{ichniond(cMjiital). Nor-
folk, I'eterslmrg. lIanij)ton IJoads one of l>e>r harbors on
coast. Seven ports of entry. Indnstries. — Half popula-
tion engaged in agriculture, balance in quarrying, ship-
building, lumbering, the trades, iron working, meat ]iack-
ing, tanning.
WEST VIRGINIA.
Originally part of Virgiiua. Called."Pan Handle State."
History up to IMII same as that of Virginia. I'efused to
secede A])ril 2'-', liSfil. F. H. I'ierrcpont elected governor
Juno ^0, l.SOl. Adiiiiited as state June 2^), IS'iu, and
Wheeling luado the cai)ital. Capital changed to Charles-
ton, KsTO. Moved again to Wheeling, 18T"). and to
Cliarl(!ston again in 1884. Union soldiers furnished 32,-
0(!S. State ailvanced rapidly in wealth. Xiini!)er coun-
ties 54. Governor and state officerseleclcd quadrieiniially,
and legislature every two year.s, on secoiul Tuesday ii. Octo-
ber, number .sen.itors "•-'G, representatives (55. Sessions bien-
nial, in odd-numbered years, holding 45 days. Terms of
seiuitois 4 years, of rej)rese!itatives 2 years. Xnniberelec-
toral votes (j, congressmen 4, number voters, 109,101. na-
tive white 1;'.'3,50'.>, colored G,;)84. Insane, paupers, and
convicts not voting. Flourishing free school system,
school ago 0-21. I^egal interest G per cent, by contract 6,
usury forfeits excess of interest. Slaves, ISM. 18.371.
TopoKrajdiv. Area, Soil, Products, Etc. — length N.
and S., 241 miles, greatest width 158 miles, area 24,045
sq. miles, 15,772,800 acres. Surface mountainous with fer-
tile valleys, the Alleghaines principal range. Some high
peaks. Scenery fine aiul much visited by tourists. Western
part hilly, but gradmdiy descends from 2,500 feet above
the sea toward the Ohio river, where the is elevation 800 to
900 feet. Much of the state is virgin forest densely
clothed with oak, walnut, poplar, ash. and other timber
trees. Mineral sjirings al)ound. The soil, where not
mountainous, is excellent. Jlineral wealth, including
coal, oil, iron, salt, is prodigal. Staple products include
the minerals named, sheep, hogs, tobacco, wheat, corn,
dairy products, fruit, wine, lumber. Petroleum exten-
sively produced. The state ranks fifth in salt and coal,
seventh in buckwheat, iron and steel. Cleared land aver-
ages $22.50. Clinuite — Moderate, average temperature,
winter 30 dig., summer, 70 deg. Elevation reduces heat,
which in the valleys averages 70 to 7 8 deg. Average rainfall
42 to 45 inches. Health is excellent. Chief Cities. — Charles-
ton (capital). Whi'eling. Parkersburg.jrartinsburg. Chief
Industrii'S — Sixty per cent, of laborers engaged in agricul-
ture, balance in mining, iron making, lumbering, manu-
facturing, etc.
ALASKA.
Discovered by Vitus Rehring, 1741. aiul l)ecame Russian
territory by right of discovery. Parchased by United
States for *?, 000,000, 1807, as a" deed of gratitude to Rus-
sia for her course in civil war. Has paid live per cent on
investment; ever since, and promises to become the source
of enormous mineral, fur, agricultural and timber wealth.
Governor a])pointed by the j)resident of the United States.
Extreme length north and south 1,200 miles, width 800
miles, area (estimated) 531,409 sq. miles. Yukon, chief
river, 80 miles wide at mouth, ' ivigablo 840 miles, length
about 1,300 miles ; coast lino .i.ddO miles. Fertile land.
Good oats, barley and root crops are raised without dif-
ficulty. Rich grass land in the valley of the Yukon.
Timber abundant. Yellow cedar best, being of great value
for boat-building, iierries plentiful. Fine quality of
white marble i.s on Lynn ch.innel. Coal, anwr and ]i»
nito on Aleutian Islands, the best coal being on Cook\
inlet. (!old, silver, coj)|ier, cinnabar and iron .-ire found ;
sulj)liur abundant. Xuted for fur-bearing animals, the
/
chief of which are beaver, ermine, fox, marten, otter,
scjuirrel an<l wolf, 'i'lio nuiin revenue is the fur seal, tak-
ing of which is regulated by law. The walrus is of value
in furnishing ivory and oil. Whales, cod, herring and
halibut and salmon arc aburidant.
Clinuite. — Pacific coast Tuodifi'-d by Pucitlc Gulf Stream
and long sunnier da\s. Temperacure at Sitka averages
winter about that of Washington, 1>. C. Rainfall copious
and foggy weatlujr common on coasts atid i.-lands .'^ilka,
one of the rainiest ))laces iu the world outside the tropics :
annual precipitation 05 to 90 inclies ; rainy days 200 to 285
in year.
Chief Cities. — Sitka, seat of Bishop of Greek church,
and headquarters ^•l governor. Fort St. Nicholas, Cook's
inlet. Fort St. ilieliael and Norton's sound are other nuiin
setilemonts. Hai-bors at Port Clarence, Michaelootiki and
Captain's harbor.
Indnstries. — Fishing, canning, trapping and mining.
ALABAMA.
Name Indian, means ''We rest here." Mobile foundeti
by French 17o2. Admitted to Union Dec. 14, 1819.
Seceded Jan. 11, 1801. Montgomery niiule capital of
confederacy Feb. 4, 1801. Sul)se(|uently removed to Rich-
mond, V^a. State re-entered Union July 14. Number
counties 06. State elections bicuuiul first Monday iu
t
ATLAS OP THE WOULD.
g., number senators 33, representatives 100, sessions of
legislature biennial in evL-ii-nuiuliort'd years, iiifetiiig
Tuesilay after stoonil Momlay in is'ov. ami liokiinar 60
days, term of senators 4 years, of representatives ;i years.
/ ^»-A V ^i 1....'!"'' -^ f . .
i5 ; '-•^■':;.T,
, : p«au „
IS
M'-i. '>ff^=j-"'i>' "i"'\\^"'"' TN;j..i.„v'.vi'"".
U_y^' •> fti- ««^i!?r: r~- t"l\ ii.ui:iuX;--^'
yMj^ ALABA
OF
31 A
i
Number of clectora. rotes 10, eongres.smen S. Indians,
idiots, convicts if crime exchulcil fr<'ni voting. Number
colleges 4, school age 7-vl, sehoois good. Legal interest
8 per cent, usury fuifeiis entire interest. Slaves, ISGO,
43ci.0S(». Length X. and S. 33".i miles, width average 155
miles, are;i6L540 sq. miles, 3"J.9Sa.0OO acres. Serfaco at
X. E. ruggeil, extending into Alleghany mountains,
gradually descends, foriuing rulliiig prairies at center of
state and flat low stretches at the south. Sea coast 08
miles. Jlobile bay best harbor on the gulf, l.GOO miles
of navigable v.aterways. Has fair soil and is enormously
rich ill coal, iron, lime and sand.-^tont-, timber and various
minerals. Middle section soil fertile and varied. Coast
region sandy, but by proj)er cultivation prolilic. Vegeta-
ble farming near ilobile very successful. Cotton, nniles,
iron, coal, suiiar, rice, tobacco, hay, • irn, oat.«, staple
products. Fruits are a good crop. Mi:' i forest remains.
Cleared land averages ^7, and woodland i-i per acre.
State ra-iks fourth in cotton, fifth in mules and tirilas.?cs,
sixth in iron ore and sugar, seventh in rice. Climate. —
TemiK'raturc mild, cold at north, v.ann at sontii, average
winter 47 deg., summer 81 deg., July liottest month,
range of thermometer '^0 to 05 dos., sometimes for a day
reaching lO-J deg. Kainfall 50 in. 'lies. Snow or '(>e very
rare. Tree.-* bloom in Feit. Cliief Cities. — Jfontgoni-
ery (capital), Hnntsville, Sclma. Mobile. Leading In-
dustries. — Agricnlt'iral and kindred jnirsnits, mining,
iron making, lumbering, etc. Number of industries
2,070.
ARKANSAS.
"no:i>' State." Settled lOi^S.j. Arkansas Territory or-
ganized, 1810. Admiiled iis a stai(!.huie 15. ]no(1. Slavery
acknowledged. Seceded May C, IS'i;i. Coiifideiabl(> light-
ing during war, but no great, battles. IJeeiilered Union
1868. Xumber counties, 75. Mib-.s milruud, l,7tll. State
elections bieunial, in cvun-numbered vear-. iiict Monday in
Sejit.; number .seiiator.s 31, represeniativis HI, se.-.sions of
legislatiiro liii-iiiiial, in Oild-niiiubei'ed years, meeting sec-
ond .Monday in Jan., lioldi.ig GU day.s;"tcriii of senators 4
years, of roprcsontativt-s Z year.s. Xnnilicr of electoral
votes 7, congre.-snu n 5, voters 18"2.0;7. native white, 129,-
675, foreign white G.lTo.cobireil -1G.S'J7. Idiots, Indians,
convicts not voting. Xiiinber C'liliges 5, s(diool system
progres.-^ive; schoi.l uge C-:J1. Lfg:il intere-^l rate 6 per
cent, by contract 10 per cent, usury forfeits principal and
interest.
Lenglh X. and S. -..'lO miles, average breadth 213 miles,
area, 53,8 15 sq. inile-. 4 l.lC.n.fc'OO j'.eres. The scenery varied
and cliai'miiig. Hot Springs (teui])eratuie 140 deg.) great
natural wonder and fanions formedicinal inopfrties. Soil
varie.s, but greater ]iiition exceptionally Virli and suited
to all crops, p>peeially fruits, bcrrie.? and garileniiig. State
especially favorable to agriculture. Maguiliceiitly tim-
bered. I'ine, oak, cypress, cedar, hickory, walinit, linn,
locust chief growths. Clean d land averages -^10 aiul
woodbind, ^'-l ]ier acre. Coal exists ■an tlie Aslie river, iron
in the Ozarks, salt near Ouachita. Oilstone near Hot
1 J
Springs, kaolin in Pulaski county. Stajile products, corn,
wheat, cotton, tobacco, oats, sweet potatoes, mules, tar,
turpentine, lumber, etc.
Climate. — Genial. Temperature ranges 15 deg. to 95
deg., on rare occasions going to .TOO deg. Averages win-
r.mum!^iin.ii: B;;«.;ta.-Ai,>
ATLAS OF TUE WOULD.
ter, 45 dcp. ; summor 80 ileg. Riiinfall 44 inches, heaviest
in S. E. ; lightest in N. W. Health unsurpassed, especially
in N. W.
Chief Cities. — Little Rock (capital). Hot Springs.
Industries. — 2,100 in number. Cliielly agricultural.
ARIZONA.
• Explored 15'-2G. Mineral wealth found; no important
settlements olTocted because of liostilo mitives. Oriranized
as territory, Feb. 24, 1SG3. Number counties, 11. All
elections Tuesday after first Monday in November; num-
ber senators, 12; representatives, 2i; ses.-ions of legislature
biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first Jlondayin
January, holds CO days; terms of senators and representa-
tives, 2 years each; "voters, 20,398; native white, 9,790;
foreign white, 8,250; colored, 2,352. School age, G-21.
Legal interest rate, 10 percent.; by contract, any rate; no
penalty for usury. School endowment in lands reserved
very large.
Extreme length, nortii and south, 378 miles; width, 339
miles; area, 113,929 square miles; 72,914.5*10 acres. Vol-
canic peaks rearh an altitude of 10.500 feet. Southern
portion a plain, dipping occasionally below sea level, and
rising only to a very moderate elevation (200 to COO feet
usually), mountains numerous, highest point San Fran-
cisco, 11,050 feet. Colorado river mivigable 020 miles.
Flows between jierpendicular walls cut in solid rock, in
places 7,000 feet high. Agriculture ])ossiblo only in the
valleys or where irrigation is praci;icablc. Soil in valleys
and bottoms very rii'h and prolific. Wheat, barley, pota-
toes, hay, corn, onions are staple field croj)s; corn follows
wheat or barley, giving two crops yearly. Oranges and all
semi-tropical fruits do well where water is obtainable.
Cattlo-raising extremely profitable. Desert tracts of con-
siderable area are found. Timber grows on the mountains,
foot-hills and along the streams. The varieties include
pine and cedar on mountains, cottonwood, walnut and
cherrv on streams. Size of trees fair, and quantity large.
Abundant mineral wealth exists, which can be developed
with profit, owing to completion of railways. Nearly all
mountain ranges contain gold, silver, copj)er and lead.
Superior quality of lime found near I'rescott and Tnscon,
beds of gypsum in San Pedro valley, remarkable deposits
of pure, transparent salt near Callville. Territory ranks
second in production of silver.
Climate exceptionally healthful, and generally mild, ex-
cept in mountains; temperature averages 38 deg. winter,
73 deg. summer; much warmer at south, the thermometer
reaciiing occasionally 115, and rarely falling below 35 deg.
in winter. In central portion heat seldom exceeds 88 deg.
to 90 dog.; snow in mountains, but melts soon. Rainfall
on Gila 6 inches, in foothills 28 inches. Heaviest in July
and August.
Chief Cities. — Tucson; Preseott, the capital.
Leading Industries. — Mining, grazing, agriculture, lum-
bering, smelting, etc.
CALIFORNIA.
"Golden State." First settled at San Diego, 1768.
Gold discovered 1848. Rush of immigration set in 1849.
State constitution, without the preliminary of a territorial
organization, framed Sept. 1&49. Admitted as a state
ill
c- Murjjhy Liiik'illt
-O" R E«G O X
iuTWw'll",»lCr. ,.4sA /" W"^~
[W
if «
i,Sl'(*l.-r_v,'n»»-'lViy,,l,, -^s;-.}> • T-'.!,^. W.:.^,^ I ^
!:s"v>
'v -i,y,f.\*,i.,\ W-V^T
ft ^ jVi."-'^*
MAP OF f.
CALIt'ORMA
Dtomgrtn Itmt., Pyr't, C\i.u,f.
Supt. 9, 1850. Number counties, 52. Miles railroad,
2,911. Governor and state officers elected quadrennially,
and legislature every two years. numbersenators40, repre-
sentatives 80, sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-
numbered years, meeting first ^londay after Jan. 1, holds
60 days, term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2
railroad,
ninially,
1, reprc-
in oUl-
1, holds
atives 2
ATLA? OF THE WOULD.
years. Number electoral votes 8. congressmen C, white
voters 20'^, 583. Idiots, Indians, convicts und Chinese ex-
cluded from voting. School system very fair, tjchool age
5-17. Legal interest 7 per cent., by contract any late.
Extreme lengtli N. and iS., 725 miles, width 'SoO miles,
area 155. 9S0 sq. miles, 9!',827,200 acres. Coa^t line ov.r
800 miles. San Francisco Hay '40 miles long, 9 wide),
magnificent liarbor. Yoacmite in the Sierras, one of the
greatest natural wonders of the world and the greatest
marvel of the state, where scenery is always grand. Mt.
Wliitney 15,000, highest peak. Very ricli agiicuUuruIly
and in minerals. Soil warm, genial aiii^ rich. 1' wo crops
may be raised in season. Irrigation neccessury in parts
and almost alwa3s desirable. Wheat most vahutble crop,
all cereals, root crops and grasseo do well, corn, harlty,
grapes, fruit, nuts, silk, iiops and oats staples. Mineral
deposits inchulo ^old, silver, iron, cojipt-r, mercury, coal,
stones, salt, soda, etc. Kanks higli as a fiMit-j;TOwing
state, fruits of temperate climates, stib-tropical fruits and
nuts, grapes, north to -11 deg.. olives, etc., grow to great
perfection. Fine sheep-raising country. Eanks first in
barley, grape culture, sheep, gold and quicksilver, third
in hops, fifth in wheat and salt. Noble forests of red-
wood and other valuable growths. Land runs from $L25
to several hundred dol.ars per acre. Improved land aver-
ages §30, unimproved 07.50 per acre. It is the paradise
of tiie small farmer. Plenty of room for men with a little
something to begin on.
Climate varies with elevation and latitude, Mild and
pleasant on (ioast. Average temperature at San Francisco
in summer G2 deg., winter 50 deg. Warmer in interior,
reachiug at times 100 deg. Rainfall variable, from 7 to
50 inches at San Francisco. Average at S. 10 inches.
Melting snow from mountains replaces rainfall. Frosts
rare.
Chief Cities. — San Francisco port of entry, regular
line of steamers to Australia, Panama, Mexico, China and
Japan, Sacramento (capital), Oakland, San Jose, Stock-
ton, Los Angeles, U.S. navy yard at San Pablo Bay.
Leading Industries. — Agriculture, stock-raising, fruit
culture, mining, lumbering, etc.
CONNECTICUT.
*' Wooden Xntmeg State." One of the original 13
States explored by the ])utch settlers of Manhattan Island,
1615, by whom settlement was made, 10133, at Ilaitford.
The State furnished a very large quota of men to the IJev-
olutionary armies. Yale college founded 1701. Union
soldiers furnished, 55,80-1. Number counties. 8. State
elections yearly on same date as presidential election.
Elects 2-1 senators, 249 representatives, 4 congressmen and
6 presidential electors. State senators hold 2 and repre-
sentatives 1 year. Legislature meets yearly on
Wednesday after first Monday in January. Convicts and
persons unable to read not permitted to vote. School
svstem superior, includes 3 colleges with 100,000 books in
libraries. School age 4 to 10 years. Legal interest per
cent. No penalty for usury. Area, 4,845 sq. miUs, aver-
age length 80 miles, average bre.idth 65 miles; seacoast
110 miles. Surface less rugged than the otlier New Eng-
land States. Jlonntain range terminates in tliis State in
a series of hills. Tlio coast is indented by numerous bays
and harbors. Soil, except in valley, light a'ul stony.
Corn, oats, hay, wheat, tobacco and vegetables ere tha
staple crops. Cleared laud averages *40 and woodland
$30 per acre. No valuable timber remains. Stone ex-
tensively quarried. Valuable iron mines exist. Climate
moderate and healthy, average temjierature. summer 72
deg. and winter 28 deg. Ocoasioiudly the thermometer
sinks below zero, considerable snow falls, summers warm.
lLiinfiill,includingsnow,about 47 inches. Chief Industries.
— Manulacture of hardware, clocks,silk.s, cotton, rubber,
carpcii, woolens, arms, se>viug machines and attachments.
llO.j
dairying, quarrying, agriculture, etc. Total number of
ditTerent industries, 4,488. Principal cities. — Hartford,
capital and noted for banking and insurance bu.sinesa.
New Haven, "City of Elms," seat of Yale College.
Bridgei>ort, noted for nuinufacture of fire-arms and sew-
ing machines. Waterbury. important manufacturing city.
Fairfield, Middleton, New Haven. New London and Ston-
ingtoa are ports of entry.
COLORADO.
"Centennial State." .lolin C. Fremont, "The Path-
finder," cr'.ssed Ivockies 1842-44. First American settle-
ment near Denver, 1859. Mining begun. Organized aa
territory Feb. 1801. Indian troubiefl 1803-4. L^niou
soldiers furnished 4,903. Admitted as a State Aug. 1,
IST'J. Number counties ?9. All elections Tuesday after
first Monday in Nov.. number senators 20, representatives
49. .sessions liiennial in odil-iiunibored years, meeting first
Monday in Jan., limit of session 40 days, term of senators
4 years, of representatives 2 years. Number electoral
votes 3, coiiirre.=smeu 1, voters 93.008, native white 05,215,
foreign white 20.873, colored 1,520. Convicts excluded
from voting. Number colleges 3, sehool system fair en-
dowment, Ecliool age 0-21 years. Legal interest 10 per
cent., by contract any rate.
Length E. and AV. 3^0 miles, width 280 miles, area 103,-
84-5 sq. mile?, 00,400,800 acres, three-fifths nnsurveyed.
R:.cky mountains traverse state N. and S. with 3 ranges
having many peaks more than 13,000 feet high. Fine
i
J
Ik
''!•<
ATLAS OV TllK WOULD.
grazing grounds. Sconory grand boj-ond wovds. Much
rich soil iiloug streams and wherever irrigation is po«sihle.
Cereals do very well. Corn, wheat, oats, hay, stapi's crops.
Cattle, sheep and hog raising safo ii.ad vrolitalile. Dniry-
ing pays, as does gardening. Tiaibor lesources niCK'prato.
Mountains fairly clolhed with ]iiiie iiud other trees. Min-
eral wealth iiiexlianstibk". Slate I'anks (irst in silver,
fourth ingold. Imn, soda, coal, cojiper, lead, stone. :r.ica,
etc., exist in laigo dejiosits.
Climate. — Dry and range of temperature comparatively
small. Winters mild, summers cool. Average tempera-
ture winter 31 dog., summer Todeg. Kainfall, mainly in
May, Juno and July, averages 18 inches. On mountains
winters severe, accompanied by lioiivy snowfall; violent
winds common; fogs unknown, llea'th unsurpassed.
Chief Cities. — J)tMiver, ca]iital ami metropolis, and
contains assay olllce; Leadville, Silver Cliffs, C'olorado
Springs, State ITniversity at ]?oulder; Agricultural Col-
lege at Fort Collins; School of mines at Golden City.
Loading Industries. — ilining, smelting ores, agricult-
I ure, grazing, etc.
DAKOTA.
Named for Dakota ludiuns. First settled at Pembina
ISr^. Orianizcd as teri'itory :Maich, 1801. First legis-
lature met, ISO-i, at Yankton. Immigration bccameactivo
18()0. Kuilioad building active and systems mammoth
in their scale. All eli'clioiis Tuesday after lirst 31onday
'n Nov. Number senators I'i, rcpresei-tatives !.'4, sessions
jionnial, in odd-iiumbered years, meeting secoiul Tuesday
n Jan. and lioMing CO days. Terms of senators and
represeut.it ivcs 2 years each. Legal initrest rale I'J, by
contract 12',',, usury forfeits excess. School endowments,
idien the territory shall become a State, magnificent.
Average length N. and S. 451 nulcs, width 348 miles,
area 149,1153 sm. miles, 95,431,080 acres. Indian reserva-
tions principally west of Jlissouri river, 42,000,000 acres,
one-seventh good farming land. Surface high, level i)lain,
950 to 2,000 feet above the sea, traversed by ranges of
lofty hills, which at the S. W. reach an elevation of 7,000
feet in the Black Jlills. The Missouri river traverses the
territory diagonally from N. W. to S. E., and is navigable.
Lakes are numerous, especially in the north and east.
Devil's Lake is semi-salt. Other large lakes. Soil is very
rich and peculiarly suited to wdieat, which is the staple
crop. Corn, oats, grasses and potatoes do well. Fruits
not a good crop. Cattle, anil especially sheep-raising,
favored and growing industries. Tindier scarce, except
along the streams and in some of the lulls. Gold and sil-
ver extensively mined. Black Hills very rich in precious
minerals. Ranks fourth in gold output. Good coal west of
the Missouri. Not much develojied as yet. Deposits of
tin of enormous value exist in Black Hills. Trice of laud
$1.25 to ^20 ])er acre (latter improved).
Climate. — Temperature ranges from 32 deg. below zero
to 100 deg. above. Averages, winter 4 to 20 deg., summer
65 to 75 deg. Winters at north severe, with heavy snow.
Moderate at the south. Air clear, dry and free from
malaria. Cold not so penetrating as in moister climates.
Springs late and summers of medium length. Kainfall
19 in., chiefly in spring and summer.
Chief Cities — Fargo, northern metropolis; Pierre, Bis-
marck, Yankton and Sioux Falls iui])ortant centers.
Industries — Almost entire laboring population engaged
in .agriculture and mining.
The Territory of Dakota has been (1880) admitted as
two States — North ami South Dakota. A line drawn east
and west, about half way between the north and south
lines, is the dividing line.
MAP OF "s. i KurtKHi,.!
DAKOTA y< ' ""■' _
MM, C'.ly o J^
nrvm^--
rE
ATLAS OP TIIR WOULD.
DEUWARE.
One of the thirteen original states. "Tlio Diamonil
State." Settled by Swedes ir..")8, who 1ioui,'lit from the
Indians. Took "igorous part in tin- Revolution. Was a
slave state. Slaves ISdii, :i,(iO(i. Union soldiers furnished
12,'^8-1, the biggest pi-rcentage of any state. Contains
three counties. All elections Tuesday after first Monday
MAP OF
?DELA\VAKE
'll.'KTTc.ilk
A-j T l,„,» !rl r^i. .\--^'^' irei sw. \f ii, i«* 1
,l_._i'.-i-;i'._i_
_/_^._i.'.-..-i'._:_{iL».;':iJ.\- i.,:
limn rr. (r^iwhiWllM ^~A-~A,^,^^/'
in November; number senators 9, representatives HI, leg-
islature meets in odd-numbered years first Tues<lay in
January, iiolds ^1 days; term of senators 4 years, of rep-
resentatives SJ years; number of eleetoral votes 3, number
congressmen i. Idiots, insane, paupers ami criminals
excluded from voting. Colleges at Kewark and Wilming-
ton; school age (3-21, schools fair; legal interest rate 6,
usury forfeits the principal. Length north and south
nearly 100 miles, width 10 miles at north, 3G at south.
Area 1,950 square miles, or 1,'^'48,000 acres. Available
area large. Xorthern portion rolling, but free from largo
hills. Scenery beautiful. Southern portion level and
sandy, with frequent cypress marshes. Coast low and
swampv with lagoons separated from sea by sand -beaches.
Streams ilow into Chesapeake and Delaware bays and are
small. Tide reaches to Wilmington. The soil is good and
the state of cultivation superior. Cleared land averages
$45 per acre, and wood-land §40. Staple crops, corn,
wheat, peaches, berries, garden vegetables, sweet potatoes.
Iron is found, but is no longer worked. Climate mild.
Tempered by sea breezes. Average temperature, winter,
32 deg. to 38 deg.; summer, 72 deg, to 78 deg. Rainfall
48 to 60 inches. At north health excellent. Some mala-
ria on the low lands bo.-dering the swamps at the south.
Chief Cities. — Wilmington, Dover (capital). Newcastle.
Bi akwater protecting Delaware Bay at Cape Henlopen,
greatest worK of its kind in America, cost the United
States ^••2,127,400, and was over 40 years in course of con-
struction. Inilustries. — Agriculture and kindreil pur-
suits, tiiiuiufactiiro <if fiour, lumber, cotton, iron, steel,
leatiicr, et<^, sliiplniilding, fishing, canning and preserv-
ing. Total number <lilTerent industries, 750.
FLORIDA.
Named for its ilovvers, " Peninsula State.'' Pensacola
taken from Kiiglaiid by (Icn. .Tackson during war of 1812.
Entire i)rovince ceded to United States J819. Organized
as a Territory 1822. Admitted as a Static March 3, 1845.
State seceded .Ian. 10, Isfi], re-entered Union July 4,
l.'>()8. Number eounlies 3',t, miles of railroad 1,324. All
elections Tuesdayafter first .Monday in November. Num-
ber seniitors 32, representatives 'id. Sessions of legislature
bienni:d, in odd-inimbered Vfars, meeting TiU'sday after
first .Monday in Jainiary, holds 00 days. Term of senators
4, of representatives 2 years. Number eleetoral voles 4,
congressmen 2. Idiots, insane, criminals, betters on elec-
tions and duelists excluded from voting. Schools fail-,
school age 4-21. Legal interest 8;r, by contract any rate.
Slaves, 1800, 01,745. Four-fifths of Florida is in the
peninsula, which is about 350 miles N. and S.,and 105
miles E. and W. Ileniainder is the narrow strip along
the Gidf, 342 miles E. and W., and 10 to oO miles N. and
5. Area 09,208 sq. miles, 37,931 ,520 acres. 21st State in
size. State surrounded by sea except on north. Coast
line over 1,200 miles. Good harbors rare, mostly on
MAP OP
FLOKID
w* cWfC«H 7 1/ \ ML V-u ■^••' :■
North-wcslern "■^p„i.;.^c„i:iV'
I'urOon iif "
FUOniDA
jr
Gulf. The northern section is a limestone formation,
allording a fair soil. In the middle section are found
tracts of great richness. At the south the soil, when dry
or reclaimed, is inexhaustible. Shores very low, fre-
quently not two feet above tide water. Coral growth at
south continues, '^••-'""" -i.,**^.! mun
Surface dotted with lakes. The staple
91
life^
■%!
ATLAS OP TIIK WOULD.
proilucts aro corn ^moat viUuablo crops), sugar, Tiioliissea,
rico, cotton, oats, tol)acco, vegetables of nil kinds, puaclios,
oranges and all tropical and somi-tropical fruits, cocoa-
nuts, lunibor, ii.sii.o.v'.sters, etc. Poultry and stock raising
aro successful. Cleared land averages ijia, woodlaiul W,
swamp yl, and t^i'liool land )!<1.!.'5 per acre. .Much forest
ronuiins. 'i'iiuber cliielly pine, of moderate size, free from
undergrowth, (iame abounds. Cliuiato superb. No
snow. Frosts rare at nortii, unknown at south. Temper-
ature ranges 30 dcg. to JOO deg., rarely ahovo 00. Winter
averages 59 deg., summer SI deg. Hieezes blow across
from »!ulf to Atliiutic, ami vice versa, temper the iieat and
keep air dry and clear. Average rainfall .''•o ineiies, cliielly
in summer", (.'hief Cities. — Key West, good harbor and
mival station; Jacksonville, St. Augustine (oldest town
in United States), Tallahassee (capital), Pensacola.
Principal Industries. — Almost the entire laboring ])op-
nlatiou is engaged in agriiailture ami fruit growing.
Fishing for lish aud oysters and lumbering largely fol-
lowed.
GEORGIA.
Ono of the thirteen original states, named for King
George II. of England, called the " Emi)iro State of the
South." Originally apart of South Carolina and claimed
by Spain. Active lu the Ilevolution, sulTeriiig badly from
devastation by ICriglish. Sevt ro wars with Creeks and
Cherokeos settled by treaties IT'JO aud 1791. State seceded
84
January 19, 1861. Many hard fought battles during civil
war, including Atlanta, etc. Re-entered Union 1870.
Number counties 137, state elections first Wednesday in
October; numbersenators 44, represent.'itives 17.5; sessions
biennial in even-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday
in November, hold forty days. Terms of senators and
representatives two years each. Number electoral votes
12, number congressmen 10, Idiots, insane, crimimds,
and non-ta.xpayers excluded from voting. Number col-
leges 7; State University at Athens organized 1801; public
schools excellent, school ago C-18. Legal interest 7 per
cent, by contract 8 per cent, usury forfeits ex(!ess of inter-
est. Popuhition, ISKO, 1,542,180, male 702,981, female
779,1'j9, native 1,531,010, white 810,900, Indians 124.
Greatest length N. and S. 321 miles, greatest width 255
miles, area 58,980 square miles or 37,747,200 acres, exclu-
sive of water area. Surface diversified. At the north aro
the Hluo Kidge, Etowah ami other mountains. In tho
southeast is tho Okelinokeo swamp, 150 miles in circum-
ference. Coast irregular and iiulcnted, shore lino about
500 miles, three seaports. Mountain streams aro rapid,
with |)icturesquo cataracts and immense basins. The
chief fallsarc the Tallulah, in llaber,>iliam county; Toccoa,
in tho Tugahi, 180 feet high; Towaliga, in Jlonroo county,
aud the Amicolah, which descend 400 feet in a quarter
mile. Corn, wheat, oats, cotton, rice, sweet potatoes,
tobacco, sugar and melons, chief agricultural 8tai)le8.
Fruit, both temperate and semi-tropical thrives. Stock
flourishes. Wool-growing important. Gold is extensively
mined. Coal, iron, marble exist. Cleared land averages
«8 and woodland >i5.50 per acre. One-fourth area heavily
timl;ered with yellow jiine of great value for lumber tur-
pentine, etc. Climate. — At the north mild and extremely
healthy, hot in tho lowhiiuls. Kango of temperature 30
deg. to 105 deg. Average, winter 49 deg., summer 82
deg. Uainfall averages 55 inches. Chief Cities. — Savan-
nah, Brunswick, and St. Mary's ports of entry, and Colum-
bus. Atlanta, capital. Principal Industries. — Three-
fourths jiopu'iition engaged in agriculture. Remainder in
various pursi 'ts. Manufacturing importaut. Haw ma-
terials becoming more abundant and cheap.
IDAHO.
Gold discovered in 1880 in Oro Fine creek. Organized
as Territory March, 1803. Number counties, 14. All
elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November. Num-
bersenators, 12, representatives, 24. Sessions of legislature,
biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Monday
in December, holds 00 days. Terms of senators and rep-
resentatives, 2 years each. Voters, 14,795, native white,
7,332, foreign white, 4,338, colored, 3,120. School age,
5-'il years. Legal interest rate 10 per cent., by contract,
18 per cent. ; usury forfeits three times excess of interest.
Miles railroad, 811.
Topography, Area. Soil Products, Etc. — Length,
140 to 490 miles, width 45 to 286 miles. Area, 84,290
square miles, 53,944,000 acres. Surface table land and
mountains. About one-twelfth is arable and one-tenth
more grazing land. One-third barren, but may be re-
claimed by irrigation. Many lakes are found, as well as
numerous water powers. Forests estimated at 9,000,000
acres. The soil, where water can be had, is fertile.
AV'lioat, oats, rye, barley, potatoes and hay ore good crops,
and dairying and stock-raising profitable. Gold is found
in qiuirtz veins in Idaho, Boise and Alturas counties, silver
in Owyhee county. Some of the mines very rich. Wood
rivcv district on southern slope of Salmon River mount-
ains, at head waters of Wood or JIalad river, gives prom-
ise of valuable mining operations, chiefly placers. Coal in
vicinity of Boise City. Territory ranks sixth in gold and
silver.
Climate severe, with heavy snows in monntains, on
plans less severe, but cold and bracing. In tho valleys it
is milder, with moderate snowfall. Summers cool and
pleasant. Temperature averages 20 deg. in winter, 70
ATLAS OF TIIK \VOUI,I).
^]^'^. in siimiiKir. Uiiiiifull siiiull in tlie Ifocky and Uiltcr
Root inoiiiitiiins, ami vury ligiit lit, llio N. and \V.
Cliiof Oitiu3. — Boiso City (cupitul), Florouco, Silver
City.
r.oarlinf? Inilnati-ios. — Mining, grazing, agriculture,
! ■ inltiiiy anil luniburing.
MAVOF
IDAHO
yM.,«„ut» . »K*kCtr.k' ' . ,.M.V,h \i/,, yVi ' \V''"f"
. _Ll <^_ ll_ei[_ R.'nju",'^!,-.-'! O / VlJKlpiifel'.
N E V A D Ia J'^Vr''- ''^'' ^^^
ILLINOIS.
Name dorivod from Illini tribo of Indians, meaning
Superior Men. Called " I'rairio State'' and " Suuker
State." Fort Dearborn (Cliioago) massacre, 1815J, by
Pottawatomies. Admitted us State, 1818. Capital moved
to Springfield, 183(5. Soldiers in Mexican war, 5,000;
Union soldiers, 259,09^. Number counties, 103. All
elections, Tuesday after first Jlonday in Nov.; number
senators, 51; representatives, 153; sessions biennial, in
odd-numbered years, meeting first JEonday in Jan., term of
senators, 4 years, representatives, 2 years. Number
electoral votes, 2'i; congressmen, 20; number voters 790,-
847; convicts excluded from voting. Scliool system excel-
lent; number colleges, 28; scliool age, (i-21. Legal intei'-
est, 6 per cent. ; by contract, 8 per cent.; usury forfeits
entire interest. Extreme length N. and S., 380 miles;
extreme width, 218 miles. Average elevation, 483 feet;
elevation at Cairo, 340 feet; highest point, l,14(i feet in
northwest portion. Area, 50,000 sq. miles, 35,840,000
acres; miles of navigable water-ways, 4,100. Frontage on
Lake Michigan 110 miles. Among first agricultural
States of Union. Staple crops, corn, wheat, oats, rye,
barley, broomcorn, vegetables, bay, potatoes, etc. Fruits
and grapes do well at south. Yield of all crops cultivated,
largo. Coiil area, two-thirds State. First coal mined in
America at Ottawa; quality moderately fair. Considerable
forest of hardwoods at south on liilla and in bottoms.
Superior quality limestone ou Fox and Desplaines rivera;
lead, most iuipiirtaiit mineral; (lulena incenter of richest
diggings in J\. \V. Kii^hi^alt wells in Saline nml (lallatin
counties, 15 gallons brine making 5() lbs. i-alt. State
ranks llrsc in corn, wheat, oats, meat packing, lumlicr
trafiie, malt and disiilled liquors and miles railway ; second
in rye, coal, agricultural itiiplernents, soap and hogs;
fi;iirth in bay, potatoes, irctii and steel, nitilrs, miUdi cows
and other cattle. Cleared hind averages *'.'S, aT.d wood-
land or raw (irairie, i:'lS per acre. Climate healthful as a
rule; subject to sudden and violent changes at north.
Temperatiuo riinges from 30 deg. below zero to 101 deg.
above. Avt'rage teiri|iei'ature at Springfield, 3(1 deg. win-
ter; 78 deg. siininier. At Cbiciigo, 25 deg. winter;
72 deg. siiniiner. At Cairo, 38 deg. winter; 80 deg.
MAP OP
ILLINOIS ^
i BJiinr^m Bros. Enijnt.^rhtr'^ri,
summer. Frost comes last of September. Vegetation
begins in April. I?ainfall 37 inches. Chief Cities. — Chi-
cago (pop. 1889, 1,200,000), Peoria, Quincy, Springfield
(capital). Industries. — Agriculture, mining, stock-rais-
ing and manufacturing of all kinds.
INDIANA.
"Iloosier State." Settled at Fort St. Vincents, now
Vincennes, in 1703, by French-Canadian voyagers. Ad-
mitted as a state Dec. 11, ISIC. Sixth state admitted.
Soldiers furnished in Mexican war 5.000. Union soldiers
190,303. Number counties 92. All elections Tuesday
after first Monday in November; number senators, 50;
representatives, 100; sessions of legislature biennial, in
odd-inimbcred years, meet Thursday after first Monday,
holds GO days; term of senators 4 years, of representatives
2 years; number electoral votes, 15; number congressmen,
13; number voters, 498,437. Fraudulent voters and brib-
ers excluded from voting. Number of colleges 15, State
University at Bloomington; medical school at Indianapo-
lis, university at Notre Dame, flonrishing common-school
;^y?--;:k^ai'
■^ SSSPHiWKi «
ATf,A8 OF TirB WOULD,
system; school iigo, 0-31. Lopal interest rato, per cent,
bv coiiti'uct 8 per ciiiit; iiHury forfoits excoas of iiitorost.
Lxtremu ii'iijjlli N. iiiul H. 'Z'u> iiiiles, widtli iiveraj;('« 150
miles, (U-i'ii .'!."> ItlO S((. iiiilea, !itJ,9H'.J,4()0 iiereH. Siii'fiice
soinetiiiH'S Iiiily. No inoiititains. llillrf ^dO to 4(M) feet
above tiio Hiirroimdinf^ country, l-'rontajjeoii Lal^e Miolii-
gan l;! niiioH. Kiver Ijottoins wiijo ami uiisiir[)as.scil in
fertility; liipliliiiidH, wlicii level, rieli, black or saiiily soil.
All erops and fruits of the temperate zone do well both in
yield and (piality. State highly favored for agrieulture
and nianufaeturing. Hanks second in wheat, fourth in
corn, hogs and agricultural inij)leinents, lifth in coal.
Cattle, iiogs, sheep, horses, etc., are most successfnllv
raised. Oorn, wheat, oats, staple crops. Timber still
abundant at south, but in scattered tracts. Coal (ields in
soutliwestern portion of state over T.OOO sq. miles, on
much of wliich aro 15 workable veins. Kinds o.' coal,
black, cannel and ordiiniry bituminous, cokes well, su-
perior for giis. iJuilding stones varied and of unsurpassed
quality, including the famous IkMlford stone. Sui)ply
unlimited. Laml is cheap, cleared averaging ^IS, and
woodland ^\\: per acre. In rich section to southwest
cleared land 61.->, woodland f^\0 to >H2. Chances fornnik-
ing homes, comfort and advantages considered, notcxcellcd
elsewhere. Iron ore is found.
Climate. — Changeabloin winter, but seldom severe; winds
from north and west; summers moderately long, and
sometimes hot; temperature averages, winter 34 deg.,
summer 78 deg. Trees blossom in March. Rainfall, 40
inches. Health excellent. Malaria rapidly disai)pcaring
from bottoms before proper drainage. Chief Cities. —
Indianapolis (capital), contains deaf and dumb, blind and
insane asylums; Terro Haute, Evansville, Fort AVnyne.
Michiiran" City (lake port). Industries. — Agriculture,
mining and nnmufacturing.
■hi
INDIAN TERRITORY.
Set apart for peaceful tribes. Organized 1834, no terri-
torial government. Government in hands of tribes. Also
coTitains Oklahonui and pul)lic land strip. Each tribe
elects ollicers, legislatures and courts, and criminals aro
punished as in the states. No laws for collectionsof debt.
All land held in common, and any Indian nuiy cultivate as
much as he wants, but one-qnarler milo must intervene
between farms. Whites can hold land only by marrying
an Indian. School system excellent, pupils educated and
supported by the tribes, half entire revenue being set aside
for the purpose. Three colleges, 200 schools.
Two-fifths of entire population can read. Extreme length
east and west, 4T0 miles, average length, 320 miles, width,
210 miles, area, G0,091 miles, 44,154,240 acres. Surface
vast rolling plain sloping eastward. Valleys timbered
heavily with hard woods. South of Canadian river prairies
very fertile, valleys rich and productive throughout terri-
tory, grass rich aiid heavy almost everywhere. Corn, cot-
ton, rice, wheat, rye, potatoes are staples. Grazing inter-
ests large. Coal is found, but extent uukuown. Fur-
bearing animals numerous.
Climate. — Mild in winter, warm in summer. Temper-
ature averages 41 deg. winter, 80 deg. summer. Riiinrall,
at east, 50 inches, center, 36, far west, 22. Health asgood
as anywhere in Union.
Chief Cities. —Tahlequah, capital Cherokees; Tisho-
mingo, capital of Chickasaws; Tushkahoma, of Choctaws;
Muscogee, of Creeks; Pawhuska, of Osages; Seminole
Agency, of Seminoles; Pawnee Agency, of Pawnees; Kiowa
and Comanche Agency, of Kiowas and Comanches,
Leading Industries.— Agriculture and grazing.
4, no torri-
)cs. Also
iicii tribe
niiii.ils are
iHof debt.
iiltivatoas
iutorveno
iiiarrying
;itc(l aud
set aside
•erne length
ilea, width,
Surface
timbered
ver prairies
rliout terri-
Corn, cot-
azing inter-
)wn. Fur-
Tom per-
lliiinrall,
alth as good
ees; Tisho-
Choctaws;
Seminole
iees; Kiowa
ches.
ATLA8 OF THB WOKLD.
Indian Aoencibs.
ARAPA1I0R,
Agent « UOU
OHErENNK.
Agent 2,200
Fhyaician 1,200
KAW.
Superintendent 1,000
Physician 1,200
KIOWA AND COMANCHE.
Agent 1,000
Physician 1,000
OAKLAND. QUAl'A V.
Sunt II ,000 Agent »1 ,500
3 Teacliurs. tJOO Piiysician.. 1,200
IOWA,
"llawifeye State." Settled first by Dubuque, 178S, a
Frencii Canadian, for wlioni tiiat city i.s named. First
settlers miners of lead. Active immigration began IH'.i'.i.
Iowa territory organized July 4, 18HS. Admitted asKtato
1840. Union soldiers furnisiied TO, 242. Numtjcr coun-
ties !iO. State cleclioii.s annual, Tuesday after second
Monday in October, excepting years of jiresidential elec-
tions, wlien all elections oecur together. Numbersenators
50, representatives 100, sesaionsof legislature biennial, in
even numbered years, meeting second Monday in January.
OSAOR.
Agent $1,000
Physician 1,200
OTOE.
Agent 1,000
IMiysician 1,000
I'AWNEK.
Clerk 1,200
Physician 1,000
PONOA.
Superintendent 1,200
Clerk 720
•SAC AND VOX.
Agent *1,200
2Pliysicians 1,000
Term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years. N im-
ber of electoral votes 13, congressmen 11, number voters
410,058. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from vot-
ing. Number colleges 11). school ago 5-21. School sys-
tem admirable, endowment liberal. Legal interest rate per
cent., by contract 10 per cent., usury forfeits 10 per cent,
per year on amount. State has adopted prohibition.
Extreme length E. and W. 208 miles, width 208 milpg,
area. 55,470 so. miloH, ;15,500,8(IO acres. Surface al-
most an unbroKen prairie, without mountains and with
very few low hills. Natural meadows everywhere an<l
water abundant. Many small lakes at north, llighest
point. Spirit Lake, l,0(i(tf(^et above the sea. Soil superior.
Corn, wheat, oats, potatois, hay, barley, suvj^himi, rye,
staples. Apples unsurpassed in United States; jjears,
plums, cliorrios, granes and berries are excellent crops.
Cattle and other stock interests large and thrifty. Dairy-
ing attractive. Forest area snuill — scarcely e(|ual to liorno
requirements. Coal area fair. Other minerals uninii)or-
tant. Manufacturing active. Improved land averages ir20;
unimproved, iiu'hnling railroad and govertiment doinains,
112.50. Still u ranks first in hogs, second in milch cows,
oxen and other cattle, corn, liay and oats; third in lu)r8cs:
flftli in liarley and miles of railway.
Climate siibjoet toextremes. Wintersovere, withsluirp
luirth and west winds; summers plea.'-ant. 'i'emperature
averages, suninu'r 72 deg., winter 2.'1 deg.; ranges from 10
(leg. below to !i'.l deg. above zero. iJainfall 42 inches.
Wlieat harvest in August.
Chief Cities. — Des.Moines (metropolis and capital).
Did)U(|ne. Davenport, nurlington. Council HlulTs. Keo-
kuk, ihirlington and Dubuque are United States \)OTta of
delivery.
fjcading Industries, — Agriculture, stock-raising and
munufucturiug.
KANSAS,
Name, Indian, moans, "Smoky water." Called the
" (hirden State." Kansas Territory, organized May. 1854.
Law known as " Missouri Compromise." t'ori)l(l(lin;;slavory
in states formed out of Louisiaiui pureluiso north of lati-
tude 30 deg. 30 miu. repealed, and (juestion of slavery
I I
ATLAB cr THR WOKLI).
Iiift to tlio turriiorv. At flritt it wiis dccitltil for uluvfry,
Ooii'l iLiiiinii }it'iiliiliiliii^ Hluvcry iiili)|it(iil JiilVi lH.M>. Ail-
inith.l u«iiM'ii(i', 1801. Uiiiiiii yolilii'is fiiniiKli.-d yit,14l»,
iiUinl)t'i' cDiiiuii^i 0."), iiiiloH riiilfcml -l/jor), Urst railioml
Ixiili, iMi, 40 iiiili'H loii^. All L'loclK.-iiH 'riii'.4'lay aficr
llist Mipiiilay ill Jjov. ; Bumvtors 4i', rijirusi'iitutiv'iM Vi'),
M'WMi iiiit hju'iiiiiiil, iMi'Cllng siicoiiil 'I'licsday in Jan. in chIiI-
nmuiiiiiiil uvird, limit, r.f gcMiioii 00 duy.i ; tci-in of xriuiiois
f')iii- vi;,!.s, of ri'|)r(;si'Ml;itivo8 two yium. NiirrilMT olecto-
lal votuii 0, conjjrL'H.-iiicii 7. voters '4\>!i,71i. MiotH. in-
HKiio, ciiivicls 1111(1 rolii'In t'xcliuloil fiDin voting, Niiinbor
CI lli'j;i-i 8, number wjlioollioiisivs ovit 8,000, schoil n^:o
ti-'il viMis ; Hohool Hysteni nuigiiilu;ont. Kiidownu'iit ini-
nun-'o. Ia';:ii1 iiiti'ru.si 7 \k'V cent., bycoutniet I'J jier cent,
usury loi foils exeosn of interest.
E.xlroine length K. iind \V. 410 niilo.M, brcudlh 210
iiiile.M, iireiiSl,';uO sfi. niile.i, fi'^i.v'SS.oOduerosi. Noinoiint.
iiins. Tiiere i.s littfii navigaiile water. Water iiowers of
I.iii' proji iriioii, irrigation iiiMiifiHiiry in largo «e"lion8,
(/'oiil ni'enol' i!;oileral'j extent; veins uatially tiiin ; <|iiality
fair Soil lino. Corn, wheat, oaln, hemp, llax and rye,
flai.;e.=. Ci.4or beans and cotton grown Kiu'eur(*fullv.
Soil of prairiea docji loam of dark colcr; bottoms saiuiy
loam. IVetiliai'ly lavorabie to stock raining. Prairio rii.'h
ill grasses. l)iiiryiiig favored. Fruits .sllcees^^fnl. Kor-
c.^'ts .-iniill. Lime, ti.no and colored clialit furnish building
iniiferiiili!. Valno itnproved land averages fil8 Jier lu-'ie,
woodhind *16. Mannfactiiring growing. State ranks
fifth in cuttle, corn and rye. Climate. — Salubrious; win-
ters mild, fiummcjs warm, air jniro and clear. Tempera-
ture averages winter .'11 deg., summer 78 deg., ranges 8
deg. bi'low to 101 deg. abovo zero; such extremes pxeep-
tional. I?;iinfall averages 45 inclioa ot cast, 13 inches at
wc-t.
Chief (Utie.s. — lA'aveuworth, Topeka (^aiiital). State
Uiiiver.-^ity at Liiwreiire, state asylums for insa'ie and
feoble-minded at Topeka and Ossawattomio ; institution
for educatiou of the blind at Wvandotto ; for deaf mutes,
Olathe.
Industries. — Agriculture, stock raising, manufactur-
ing, etc.
LOUISIANA.
Named for Louis XIY. of Franco. Called the "Pelican
State "niid the "Creole State." First sugar cane culti-
vated in United States near Now Orleans 1751 First
sugar mill 1758. First shipment ofcottim abroad 1784.
Purchased by the United States, 1803, for ^15,000,000,
Louisiana admitted as a state under present name, April
8, 1812, In the war with England immediately following,
the state made a glorious record, and at the battio of Now
Orleans Jan, 8, 1815. humiliated the I^riti.sh and ended
the wr Secoiled .Ian, 20, 18G1, Some fighting on the
river between boats and forts. Now Orleans caj)tured
May 1, 18*^2. 18'i8, in Juno, stato re-entered Union.
C'lpital, Haton Ilougo. Number of parishes or counties
58. Legi^!laturo and stato officers elected ouadrennially.
members congi-css biennially, stato elections Tuesday after
third Mond;iy in April, number senators 3G, representa-
tives 98;sc.-:sinns biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting
second Monday in May, holds 00 days; terms of senators
and roprcsentatives 4 yearseaoli. Number electoral votes
8, congressmen 6, voters 210,787, colored 107,977, native
white 81,777, foreign Avhite 27,033, Idiot, insane and
criminals excluded from voting. Legal interest 5 per
cent,, by contract 8 per cent., usury forfeits entire in-
terest. Educational facilities average, slaves 18G0, 331,-
720. Extreme length E, and W, 294 miles, breadth, 248
mile';, area 45,420 eq, miles, 29,008,800 acres. Coast line
1,270 miles, very irregular navigable ."ivers 2,700 miles.
Mi4sii<.-ippi flows in or on thn borders of tho state, Bay«
numerous on coast but harbors indillerent. Many amull
i.-landd in (liilf. Staple procliicts, sweet potatoe*. migur,
molns>-is, rice, corn, cotton, grasHes, oats, etc. All fruitii
uf tho tiuiiiitro]i<caI climate thrive. Hlutu ranks flrat in
>l»l,.niJi.-''^^l'l». Ill,,|t.
V)'iw,t./- — /v;v
r -'-"^^.i^/^V ^>. '-*
y\\ i.nV»i/„.,u.„ 1 \T\ \A r. vi„'.';;,7' ,
sugar and molasses and third in rice. Forests almost in-
exhaustible. 'J'imber superior in kind and quality, lum-
bering important industry. Salt produced on a large
scale. Iron discovered. Cleared land averages $12.50,
woodland ^'3 to ^4 [)er acre. Reclamation of marshes very
profitable and beginning tobo dono on a largo scale. Moss-
gathering proCiable and invites nioro attention. Climate,
— Tem|ieratu re ranges from 40 to 100 deg., averagosum-
mer81 dog., winter 65 deg. Jiainfall67 inches, chieflv in
spring and summer. Summers long and occasionally hot.
Health average. Actual death rate lower than in many
northern sections. Occasional yellow fever in the citic.=.
Chief Cities, — New Orleans (port of entry and largest,
cotton marketin tliow rid). Baton Rouge (capital), Shreve-
port, Morgan City (port of entry). State institution for
insane at iJackson; for deaf mutes and blind, Haton Ro-ige.
Industries, — Throe-fifths of laboring ])oiiuliition engaged
in agriculture. Average income of rural iiopulation among
highest in Union. Number industries 1,000.
MAINE,
Called the "Pino Tree State," or "Lumber State;" orig-
inally included New Hampshire; settled by English KjO?,
by French in 1013. Number couiities, 10; Union soldiers,
70,107; miles of railroad, 1,14:2; State elections second
Monday in Sept. ; number senators, 81; representatives, 151;
sessions biennial inodd-numberedyears, meeting first Wed
nesday in Jan. ; terms of senators and representatives, "
V
ar
ATI.AM 01' TIIK WOltl.ll.
ypttrH oiK^h. Nuinlicr t'lcptonil voton, 0; congroMmcn, 4;
uiniilM«r votofH, |S7,,'iy;i; ihiuimtm iiihI Iiiiliuiu not tuxcd,
oxctiiilcil from voliiij;, Niiinl)iT colloncn, 3; HyHtom of
coiiiMioii, lii^li timl iiDriiml HcliDiilx cxii'llciil; hcIiikiI ii^'c,
4-ai yt'iiirt. I,('(;iil iiihi iiitcri'Mt, »j; tiy conlriK^t, any ruto.
MAI- OF
VINE
Extremo length nortli and south 208 miles, width 21(»
miles, Hlioro lino iil)()nt 2,480 miles, ir-pft 33,0.">0 sq. miles,
liind 2!t,8H.j Ki|. miles, 21,1.')5,840 nc'ies. uith of stiitea and
torritoiicH in size. Siirfiu-o hilly, moiuituinous toward cen-
ter. lli;;iiest point, Kiititlidin, "r>. 400 feet; lurpcst islnnd.
Mount Desert, ',13 srjuarc miles. Area of lakes and
streams, one-thirteenth entire state. Tlie soil in medium
only, except on Komo of tlio streams, where it is rich. Ilay
the hest cro)). Wheat, oats, corn, hops, potatoes, buck-
wheat and tlie ordinary vegetahles grow. Cattle do fairly,
dairying pays. Half tiio .state is forest of excellent timber.
Cleiired land averages ?<1.") and forest hind >il4 per acre.
Slate, copper, granite are foujid in large quantities. Win-
ter iiveraLTe 20 deg., sunimer 07 deg., rainfall 45 inches;
snow lies 81) to 130 days. Clinnvto excellent, except for
l)ulmi)n:iry troiibh>s. Death rate low. Chief Industries. —
Agricultiiro and kindred pursuits, lumbering, fi8herie,s,
!?3,G20,00O yearly, (puirrying, aliip building (380 establish-
ments). Princii)ul cities. — Portland (seaport), LewistcTi,
Bangor, (port of entry), Biddeford, and Augusta (the
capital).
MARYLAND.
One of tho thirteen original states, Baltirnore laid
1730. Federal congress met at Annnpoi." • 1783, when
Washington resigned command of tho army. Federal
constitution ratified April 28, 1778. Frederick town and
other places burned in war of 1812, and Fort MoHerry
bonibanlod. Firxt binml of civil war mjmcI at Ibiltinioro
April 111, IH11. !<egiHlaliuit iipjioHid war .\pril 2t;. |8'!1,
but paHSfd ri'Holulioii.s h\\ iring tiio Hoiiih, Hallle of
Antietam Sept. !*; and 11, jKC'j. Slavery abolished ihil4.
Iinion soldiir.s furiuHlied, I)l.<t:i8. Numler lonnticN,
23. All elect inn< 'ru('<day after lh>t Monduy in Xo\.;
nundirr Hciiator.s, 2'!, reprt'smtalive.-i, JM ; Hessions iiirnniai
inev(>n-iiiiinliefed yivnv, meet llr.'-t Wcdnisduv in •Ian.
and liolcl 1111 (liiys; li'rni of si luitors, 4 years; of r^iucsenta-
lativcs, 2 ve.iiH. Number (jf eiecioral votes, 8, eoiigrens-
men, (J. Iiisiiiie, rnnviets and brijiers exclmleil from vot-
ing. Number collegeH II, sehool a;.'e r>-20, school system
fair. liCgal inlerc.-t (1 per rent., usury forfeits I'Xcess of
interest. 'PopogrMiihy, .Vrea, Soil, Products, Kic. — lienglh
east and west IIiO miles, width 8 to |\'2 ndles. Area,
O.sCO H(|. milis. Acreage of state (!,3|o, KiO, water Hur-
I'lice largi'. Western and northern cections iiiountaiiU)UH
and broken, (/'liesapeake bay almost divides tlie state.
Tide-water coast nc-arly .luo miles. Cliicf navigable rivers,
Potomac, Siisir channa, Patu.venI, Paiapsco, t'mpty into
the bay. Attbewest is tlie Yoiigbiogbctiy. Soil ^arIeo
from very poor to very good. Cleared laiiil averages ir'yv'.riO,
and wooillainl It'll jier acre. Tho average value of hitter
lowered by moinitiiin «cclions. Consideralilc good timber
remains. I';iiormoii.scnal Ileitis west. ('oii|Fei' is found in
Frederick and Carroll counties; iron ore in Alleganv,
Anno Arundel, ('arroll, jialtimorc, Frederick and Prince
(ieorge'a counlii s. (treat oyster, lisb, fruit and vc;;elable
producing statt. Oyeter beds most valuable in I'nion.
Wlicat, corn, oats, buckwheat and tobacco staple crops.
Opportunities for capital are yet excellent. Climate. —
Mild agreeable aiul liealthf-il, some little malaria in Low-
lands. Temperature sof ti mA by ocean. Winter avcrajjCB
37 deg., summer 78 deg. Rainfall, 43 inches. Chief
SWpp
^
ALTAS OP THE WORLD.
Cities — Biiltimore, port of entry; Annapolis, capital, con-
tains United States Naval Academy; Cumberland. Chief
Industries. — Agriculture and fruit grcwing, oyster and
other lishiiifr, canning, coal, iron and copper mining, mau-
ufiictui'ers of cotton goods, etc.
MASSACHUSETTS.
OK
Hay State." One of the 13 original States. First
settleini'iit iSOO, abandoned thesamo year. Explored 1614
by Captain Jolin Smith. First permanent settlement 1620.
rilirriiii^ l.uuk'd on Plymouth RoukDec. 22. Bostonsettled
1830. First American newsjiaper Boston, 1690. Massa-
chusetts was active in bringing on Revolution. Boston
ni, ^s.-.^re ka-eh 5, 1770. Destruction of tea Dec. 16,1773.
Boston port bill passed Marcli, 1T74. Battle cf Lex 'iirton
first blood of Revolution. Ratified U. S. constitution Feb.
6, 178S. Union soldiers, 146.730, besides sailors. Num-
ber counties 14. All elections Tuesday after first Monday
in November. Number senators, 40; representatives, 240;
meeting first Wednesday in January; yearly terms of sena-
tors and rejiresentatives'. 1 year. Number" electoral votes,
14; congressmen, 12. Paupers, persons under guardians,
non-ta\payers, and men unable to read and write, excluded
from voting. School system excellent: attendance com-
pulsorv, ago 5-15 years.' Seven colleges, including Har-
vard. Legal interest, 6 per cent.; bycontract, any rate.
Population.— 1880, 1,783,085. Females outnumber males.
Ind^p.ns. 369. Lengtn. N. E. to S. W., 162 miles; breadth,
47 miles in western and 100 in eastern part: area of 8,040
sqcare niiljs, 6,145,600 acres. Coast extensive and irreg-
ular, .ith numerous good harbors. Tlie Merrimac only
large stream entering sea within the Stat :. The Taconic
and lloosac ridges traverse the State at ♦he west. Saddle
mountain, 3,600 feet, the highest peak. The east and
northeast divisions are hilly and broken, and the southeast
low and siindy. Scenery very beautiful, especially in Berk-
shire hills; S'jil genen.lly light; hay best crop; wheat, oats,
corn and vegetables grown. Forests practically exhausted.
Cleared land averages ^SO, and woodland $45 per acre.
Stone is found. No minerals mined. Elizabeth islands,
Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket and smaller islands to the
south belong to the State. Winters severe and protracted;
summers short and warm; the thermometer ranges from 10
deg. beluw to 100 deg. ; averages summer. 73 deg. ; winter,
24 deg. Snow falls October to April. Rainfall, including
snow, 44 inches. Chief Industries. — Agricultinal and
kindred callings. Fishing for cod and mackerel (half the
tishing vessels of the Union owned here). Manufacture of
cotton, wo<jlen, worsted, silk, iron and steel goods, soap
and implements, quarrying. Principal Cities. — Boston,
Lowell, Lawrence and Fall River, famous for cotton man-
ufactures; Worcester, railroad and manufacturing center;
Cambridge, seat of Ilarva-d College; Lvnn, famous for
manufacture of boots anii -hoes; New liedford, greatest
whaling jwrt in the world; Springfield contains greatest
arsenal in the United States.
MICHIGAN.
Called " Wolverine State." First settlement by Father
ifarquette, 1668, at .Sault Ste. Marie. Admitted as State
January 26, 1837. Thirteenth State to enter Union.
Rjceived upper peninsula as compens;'.tion for disputed
territory same year. Union soldiers furnished, 87,364.
(>«
T ^ "" ".jllV / \ E,^.?
jC ^~' V"""^ TTiTlIiB RirtrK / C^
aRirtr/l [
Nnmbcr connties, 79. Miles railroad, 5,233. All elec-
tions Tue-day after first Monday in Nover.bcr. Number
senators. 32; representatives, 100; sessions of legislature
biennial, in o<ld-nnmbered years, meeting first Wednesday
in .Tanuary; terms of senators and representatives, two
■^-^0
I'SLii
^<-
All dec.
Number
legislature
V'ednesday
tttives, two
ATLAS OF THE WORLD.
years eacb; number electoral votes, 13; immbor congress-
men, 11. Number voters, 4fi7,G87. Duelists excluded
from voting. Number colleges, D; efficient public schools,
school age, 5-20 years. Legal interest, 7 jier cent.; by
contract, 10 per cent; usury forfeits excess of interest.
Extreme length lower peninsula north and soutli, ;iT8
miles; breadth, 260 miles. Extreme length upper penin-
sula east and west, 320 miles; width, 2'4 to ] 05 miles; area,
5r,430 square miles, or 36,755,200 acres. Length shore
line, 2,O0iO miles. Lower peninsula consists of plains ami
table lands, heavily timbered with pine and hardwoods and
small prairies. Soil generally good, but patches of sane*
occur. Fruit raising, especially apples, peaches and
grapes, very succeosful. All cereals make good crops,
except corn at north. Staples, wheat, corn, oats, buck-
wheat, potiUoes, barley, etc. Upper peninsula broken,
rocky and almost mountainous, rising at west to 2,000 feet
above the sea. Western portion mining region, eastern
portion favorable to agriculture. Rivers, inlets and small
lakes numerous. Water good and well distributed. Cop-
per, valuable iron, coal and salt abundant. Timber yet in
immense tracts of virgin pine and hardwoods. Statersinks
first in copper, lumber and salt, secor)d in iron ore, third
in buckwheat, fifth in sheep, hops and potatoes. Cleared
land averages 820 per acre, forest $10. Climate. — Tem-
perature averages at Detroit, winter 30 degrees; summer,
70 degrees; at Sauk Ste. Marie, winter, 23 degrees; sum-
mer, 65 degrees. Rainfall at Detroit, 30 inches; at Sault
Ste. Marie, 2-t inches. Ilealtli excellent.
Chief Cities. — Detroit, Grand Rapids, Lansing (capital).
Bay City. East Saginaw, Jacksou, iluskegon, Sagiraw.
Detroit, Marquette, Port Huron, Grand Ilavtn ports of
entry.
Chief Industries. — Lumliering, mining, farming, fruit
raising, manufacturing, fishing, etc,
MINNESOTA.
"Gopher State." Explored by Fathers Hennepin and
La Salle, 1680, via Mississippi riyer to Falls St. Anthony.
Admitted as State 1858. Foreign immigration immense.
Numlier Union soldiers furnished, 25,052. Number coun-
ties, 80. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in
November; number senators, 47; representatives, 103 ;
sessions of legislature, biennial, in odd-numbered years,
meeting Tuesday after first Monday in January ; holding
60 days; term of senators, 4 years; representatives, 2
years. Number electoral votes, 7 ; congressmen, 5; vot-
ers, 213,485; idiots, insane and convicts not voting.
Number colleges, 5 ; school age, 5-21 ; school system, first-
class. Legal interest rate, 7j^ ; by contract, 10^ ; usury
forfeits excess over 10;^.
liCngth N. and S., 378 miles; average width, 261 miles;
area, 79.Cf>5 sq. miles, 50,091,200 acres. Surface, rolling
plain, 1,000 feet above sea level, except at N, E., where
are a series of sand hills called " Heights of Land," 1,000
feet high. It is the State of small lakes, including over
7.000, varying from a few rods to 32 miles across. In one
of these, Itasca, the Mississippi rises and flows 800 miles
through the State, The other principal rivers are the
Minnesota, Red River of the North, and the St, Louis.
Small streams and lakes make water plentiful. The
scenery is picturesque and beautiful. The soil is splendid,
as a rule, and the accessibility to market and general
attractions render the State especially favored by agricult-
urists. The forests of the State are small ^^2,000,000
acres), but in parts are rich in fine timbers. Two-thirds
of the State are unoccupied. Cleared land averages
♦12.50 per acre, and woodland $8. Wheat is the great
crop. Corn, oats, barley, liav s-.iid dairy products are also
staples. State ranks fourth in wheat.
,ii
Climate. — Healthful. Air, pure and dry, summers
warm, averaging G8-70 deg. ; winters cold, averaging 9-
24 deg. Rainfall 30 inches, chielly in summer. Snowfall
medium. The dryness mitigates the cold in winter.
Chief Cities. — Pembina, port of entry on Red river;
St. Paul, capital ; Minneapoli.s.
Chief Industries. — Agriculture, dairying, milling, etc.
MISSISSIPPI.
Indian name meaning Father of W.aters. " Bayou
State." Viiited by De Soto 1542, by La Salle 1682. Set-
tled Biloxi, 1099, by M. de Iberville. Formed a part of
the territory of Louisiana, and belonged to France. Ad-
mitted as a ptate Dec. 10, 1817. Seventh state admitted.
State active in war of 1814 and with Mexico. Seceded
1861. Sliiloh the most notable battle of the Rebellion in
the state. State re-entered Union 1870. Number coun-
ties 74. Stare officers elected quadrennially, and legisla-
ture every two years; all elections Tuesday after first Jlon-
day in Nov.; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-num-
bered years, meeting Tuesday after first Monday in Jan.;
number senators 37, representatives 120; term of senators
4 years, of representatives 2 years; number electoral votes
9,'congressmon 7, voters 238,532, colored 130,278, foreign
white 5,674. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from
voting. Number colleges 3, school age 5-21, schoolsystem
fair. Legal interest G ler cent., by contract 10 per cent.;
usury forfeits excess of interest. SLiveslSGO, 436,631. Great-
est length N, and S.3i;4 miles, average width 143 miles, area
46,340, sq. miles, 29,057.600 acres. Coast line, including
islands, 512 niile.s. Harbors, Biloxi, Mississippi City, Pasca-
goula aiui Shieldsburg. Snrface undulating with a gradual
slope from elevation of 700 feet at N. E., W. and S. to the
Mississippi and Gulf. Some hills reach 200 feet above
riraiiiiriaif'
ATLAS OP TUE WOULD.
surrouiidiug country. From Tcnn, line S. to Vicksburg,
Mississippi bottoms wiile, Hut, with nioro or lesa swamp,
and covered with cypress iinil oak. Soil an ini'sliaustiblo
alluvium. Soil liglit but productive, at south sandy with
pino growth. Cotton i)rolitlc. Staple crops, cotton, rice,
sugar, molassoa, tobacco, corn, sweet potatoes, grapes for
wine. Fruits and vegetables are splend id crops, but are
negloetod. Forest area large, ])ine, oak, chestnut, walnut
and magnolia grow on uplands and bluffs, long-leafed
pino on islands and in san(i.- Lumbering importr.nt indus-
try, mules raised with groat success. State ranks second
in cotton, fifth in rice. Oyster and other fisiicries val-
uable. Cleared land averages $7.50 per acre, woodland
83. Climate mild, snow and ice unkno^vn. Summers
long and warm, July and August hottest months. Tem-
peraturo averages sunimor 80 dcg., winter 50 dcg. Rain-
fall 4 in. at north, 58 in. at south. Highlands very
healthy. Malaria in bottoms. Chief Cities. — Jackson
(capital), Natchez, Vicksburg. Leading Industries. —
Agriculture, lumbering, fishing and canning.
MISSOURI.
Name Indian, means "Muddy River." Settled first at'
St. Genevieve. Organized as territory under present name
1812, included Arkansas, Indian Territory, etc. Admitted
March, 1821. Eleventh State admitted. Admission
aroused much discussion. "Missouri Compronii.se'' effected
and State permitted to retain slavery. State divided on
secession and was sceneof perpetual internal warfare. Jlar-
tial law declared Aug., 18G;;i. Union soldiers furnished,
109,111. Number connfies, 115. State oflicers elected
q^uadrenniiiUy, ami legislature every two years. All elec-
tions Tiiesday after first ^londay in Xovemher; number
, senatorsGi.represeutativesHl; sessionsof legislature bien-
nial, in odd-numbered years, meeting "Wednesday after
January 1, holds 70 days; term of senators 4 yearsj repre-
sentatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 16, congress-
men 11, number voters 511,:i07. United States arniv and
inmates of asylums, poorhouses and prisons excluded
from voting. Number colleges 17, school age 6-20, school
system good, endowments large. Legal interest rate 6
percent., by contract 10 per cent., usury forfeits entire
interest.
Length N. and S. 575 miles. Average width 246 rules.
Area 08,735 sq. miles, 4;?,09ti,4(i0 acres. Soil generally
good. South the surface is broken with hills, Eometimts
1,000 feet high. The most noted. Iron Mountain and tlie
Ozarks. West of Ozarks is a jtrairie region, with wii'e,
deep, fertile valleys. Entire area well watered by small
streams, springs, etc. Chief crops, co.-n, wheat, oats,
potatoes, tobacco. Fruits do splendidly. Peaches espe-
cially fine. Vegetable gardening successful. Improved
land averages $12, unimproved, $7 per acre. Coal, iron,
marble, granite, limestone, lead and copper found in enor-
mous deposits. Lead area 5,000 eq. miles. Forests niHg-
nificent. Growth walnut, jioplar, oak and the hardwoods,
grazing a leading business, both in extent and profit.
Stock of .all kinds raised with success. State ranks first in
mules, third in oxen, hogs, corn and copper, fifth in iron
ore.
Climate variable, with sudden changes, but generally
pleasant and healthy. Summers arc lon^ !"'d warm, but
notenei'vatintj. Winters moderate, witli occasional severe
days. Average temperature, summer 76 deg., winter 39
deg. Rainfall greate.-l in May, averages 34 inches.
Chief Cities. — St. Louis, l.'irgest city west of the Mis-
sissippi, ))ort of entry and gnat commercial and manufact-
uring point; capital, Jefferson City; St. Joseph, Kan-
sas City.
(j
W'
Sf.%3
H
f
i***ciAfc,J^--rv^J| J'*
ATLAS OF THE WOULD.
319
Lcadiiij,' Iiidiistrit'.s. — Atriicuhuiu, iniiiiu^, iiuiiiufiict-
uriiij;, qiuirrying, grazing, fruit uud vugeiuble growiug,
Inmbermg, etc.
MONTANA.
G")1<1 diTOovert'il ISCO. Forii:<'il jiartof Idiilio, orgunized
18<j;-!. Or^u'.iizf I as U'rritorv iln, 18i;-4. AdiuitU'd as a
stiiti! 1«S 1. C'l'Jior nuw--.*ai'rc' Jinif 'v'."i, l.Si"(i. iJoO iiiou of
tlic Tf'i Uiiiced S:atfS Ciivalry an.iihiLited by fiioiix under
Silting ])iill, t>:i the Little P.ig Horn river. Muniber
counties 1-i. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in
Nov. XiiiiihcT senators ]•?, re])resentatives 34. Ses>'iona
of legi-liitr.re l.iu;ii"ii:i!. in odd-iminiic-itd years, meeting
second Moii'!:>y in Jan., lioM-i <iO da\s; terni^ of t,onutora
and r.'|irL'»en!atiViv; i! vo-irs eaeii. V.ters ^'!.5J4, native
white l-MC-,>, foi-'i^rn white 7,474, colored 1.9o8. Scliool
ago4-"Jl ye;r.<, gr.; I'll ooliooi.-? in Deor Lod;;e City, Vir-
ginia City and lleiena. iScIioul linds re.-iervfl for sale
valuable and extensive. Legal inturest 10 per cent, by
contract p.tiy r^ue.
Extromoleiitrth E. fu'id W. 540 mile?., nvcrago width
274 miles, aro.il-i5..31'"> so. miles, n3,0;!8.400 i'.fres, two-
fifths gold farm laud, of whiciiabout 4,(i00 acres aroculti-
vated. Three-fiftlis of territory rolling p'-iins, rcstmount-
ainoiis. Sirfiice fiirly .«uppli";i with gniall strciim.s.
Timber supply ;;iiiple. Soil good. Imniense area of
■^-MM^Llli
i-
arable land. Wheat best crop, oats, potatoes, hiy, also
staples. Too cold for corn. Area grazing land, o\ or two-
thirds territory. Grazing interests great. Splendid graz-
ing grounds yet untaken. Mineral wealth great. Ranks
fifth in silver and in gold. Climate dry. liainfall about
Vi inches. Warmer than same latitude farther east.
Snows heavy in mountains, light in valleys and on plains.
3-
'remoeraliiro averages summer f!:.' (leg., winter 18 ileg.
C(jl(br in mountain.-. Health e.xeelleiit.
Cliiei! Citie.-*. — lleletia, Virgil. ia Ciiy, Di er Lodge;
Helena capital and most iiiiiiorrani town.
Leading Iudu.-!trie.<. — iliuing, lumbering, grazing,
agriculture, smelting, ete.
NEBRASKA.
Name Indian, means '•' Shallow Water." Xcbra«l<fv
Territory ort;ani;-.ed May, ]8."i4. Fe'.v f.-ttliMen's till l.'-Cl.
Llaho cut olT March, 1803. and present boundaries llxed.
Bill to a Imit .Inly. ISnO, unsigned ly Prciidciit Jnlms-nn,
and another Jan. lt!07, vetoed. Bill parsed over i,eto Jj'eb.
ink P'^;vr^#-^!\t^
it iiS i\
)m
i/i
.2 Is a -
I i
\
^ ■: i 1 1 -'1 g
1867. Admitted that year. Lincoln capital. Union sol-
diers furnished, 3,1.')7". Number counties 74. All elec-
tions Tuesday after first Monday in Kov.;number senators
33, representatives H'M, sessioTis biennial, in odd-numbered
years, meeting first Tuesday in .Ian., holding 40 days,
terms of senators and representatives 2 years each, num-
ber electoral votes 5, number congressnien 3, number
voters 129,042. XJ. S. army, idiots and convicts excluded
from voting. Number colleges 9, school age 5-21, .school
system superior, school endowments liberal. Legal inter-
est 7 per cent , by contract 10 jier cent., usury forfeits
interest and cost.
Topiiirraphv, Area, Soil, Products, Etc. — Extreme
length E. and Y/. 425 miles, width 210 miles, area 7*!, 185
sq. "miles, 48,755.000 acres. Surface a vast pln.in, undu-
lating gently, and jvrincipally prairie with a few low hills.
At extreme iiorthwest arc .■■ptirs of the Kocky ^fountains,
and Black Hill country begins, general slope from W. to
E., Missouri, Platte, Niobrara, Republican and Bine,
principal rivers, and are fed by numerous smaller streams.
Southern jiortion of State pectiliarly favorable to all kinds
mmmtm^im
ATLA8 OP THE WORLD.
of crops, western li;i!f iiiufifnificcnt series of pastures and
host siiitC'l lo grar.ir'.'j. Whole eastern two-fiftlm a jjroo^
natural gill lion, diru llio great crop; wheat, oats, listy,
.ye, buckwl !,it, l):u-lfy, llax, hemp, apples, pluiriH, graiica,
berries, sta .les ami tlourisli. Catilo raising of va^it im-
portance an I inagnitn.le. Good herd laws. No important
minerals. Maniifaituring growing wonderfully. Im-
proved land averages JJO, nuimproved 85, and woodland
§18 per acri'.
Climate dry, salubrious anil free from nuil'iria. Tem-
perature aver tge-', sur.mior 73deg., winter 'iO deg. Rain-
fall oast of 100th nuM-idiaii, including snow, 25 inches,
heaviest in May. At wost, precipitation falls to 17 inches.
Rainfall g-adnally ir.creasing.
Chief (lilies. — O.r.alia, U. S. port of delivery, commer-
cial center; Lincoln, tiiocapital, contains State tJnivorsity;
Plattsmouih, NebrnjkiV City.
Ijcudiiig I'idn-itric-. — Agriculture, cattle-raising, dairy-
ing, m:inufacturiiig, iic.
"Sage lien State." First setttemetits in Washoe and
Carson valleys Is IS. (ioM discovered in 1849, silver 1850.
'LVrriii/rv ornani/ied March, ISOl. Admitted to state Oct.,
18'!4. Xiun')er comities 15. Governor and state officials
olecttsd q lailreiiiiiallv, and '^gislature every 'Z years, on
Tuesdiiy iifter first 3[onday in Xov.; number senators 20,
rcproseutaiive^ -lO; .so^srons of leirislaturc biennial, in odd-
niunbereil years, meeting first Monday in Jan., liolding GO
days. Term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2
years. Voting population 31.255. native white 11.442,
foreign v.hiie 14.191, colored 5,t;22. Idiots, insane and
convicts exi li-.ded from voting. School age 6-18 years.
Legal interest rate lu per cent.", by contract any rate.
Extreme length N. and S. 485 miles, width 320 miles,
area 109,740 sq. miles, 70.223,i(iiO acres. Lake Tahoe,
1,500 feet deej), 10x22 miles in area and 9,000 feet above
sea, temperature year round 57 deg. Many mineral
springs, warm and cold. Great ))art of snrfaceunavaihible
for cultivation. Consiileruble arejis of grazing land;
many valleys, rich, easily worked and proliiic soil. Corn,
wheat, potatoes, oats and barley, staple crops; horses,
mules, cattle, hogs and sheep do well. Forests valuable.
Mineri.l re-xources enormous. Conistock lode supposed to
be ri(^hest silver mine in the world; Eureka one of the
most productive. Rich in lead and copper; zinc, plati-
num, tin and nickel, j)lumbago, nningauese, cobalt, cinne-
bar, etc. , found. Extens' ^ deposits of borax. Coal and
iron. Ranks second in gidd, fourth in silver. Kaolin,
building stones, slate, soda and salt are obtained. Little
land improved.
Climate mild in valleys; little snow except on mount-
ains. At north mercury sometimes falls to 15 deg. below
zero; air bracing, health good. Extremes of cold un-
known. Summer heat occasionally reaches above 100 deg.
Temperature averages, summer 71 deg., winter 36 deg.
Rainfall slight, chiefly in spring.
Chief Cities. — Virginia City, chief commercial center;
Carson City, capit.il, and contains a branch mint.
Leading Industries. — Mining, reducing ores, lumbering,
agriculture, etc.
NEW JERSEY.
One of the thirleen original states. Battles of Trenton,
Princeton, Monmouth and others fought within its borders
during the Revolution. State Constitution adopted 1776,
revised 1814, and amended in the pr?sent deeaile. L'nited
States Constitution unanimously adojited Pec. 1787. A
slave state till 1800, when but eighteen slaves remained.
.C MAP OF
V NEWJEUSEY
3—
ATLAS OF THE WORLD.
aud it was counted a free state. Union sold iersfiirnislied,
75,814. St;Ue contains '^1 counties. State eleetioii-i an-
nual, same dale as congressional and presidential. Num-
ber of senators 21, r('[)resentativ(!s 00, meeting of le:;i!<ii'-
ture 2J Tuesd.iy in .laniiary. Terin of senators 3 Nears.
representaiives 1 year. Numlier of electoral votes 9. con-
gressmen 7. I'aiipers, idiots, insane and convicts exihided
f'om voting. Number colleges 4, schools good, scIkhjI
age 5-18. Legil interest per cent, usury forfeits entire
interest. Length north and south 158 miles, widili 38 to
70 miles, area 7.455 square miles; or 4.771,200 acns.
Forty-third state in size. Atlantic coast T^iS niili-s, Dela-
ware Bay coast 1 18 miles. The famous Palisades of the
Utidson at the northeast arc COO feet high. Toward cen-
ter state slopes to a rolling plain, ami at south becomes
flat and low. Hudson river forms the eastern border
Delaware Water Gap and Falls of Prssaic are the natural
wonders of the state. Cleared land averages 180 and wood-
land $00 per acre, ilay the best crop. Other staple crops
are potatoes, wheat, corn, rye, buckwheat, cranberries,
frnit and garden produce. Little woodland valuable for
timber remains. Iron and fertilizing marls are abundant.
Climate variable ; temperature averages, summer 08 deg.
to 75 deg., winter 31 deg. to 38 deg. Range of tempera-
ture from about zero to 100 deg. IJainfall, including
enow, 46 inches, reaching 50 inches in the highlands, and
falling to 40 inches at the .«outh. Highlands and seashore
healthy. Aguean'l malarial fevers in the lowlands. Prin-
cipal Cities — Newark, P'?rtli Amboy, Great Egg Ilarhor,
TuckcTtou. Bridgeton and Lumberton are ])orts of entry;
Jersey City, Trenton (c.-ipital), Paterson, Elizabeth, IIo-
boken, Camden. Chief Industries — Manufacture of fab-
rics, jewelry, clay wares and brick, flour, crystals, fishing,
oyster fishing, gardening, agriculture, marl and iron ore
digging, etc.
NEW MEXICO.
Name suppo.sed to bi^ of Aztec god. Settled earlier
than anv oilier part IJ. S. Permanent settlement, 1596.
Santa Fe, then an Indian town, chosen as a seat of .Spanish
government. The natives were enslaved and forced to
work in the fields and mines. Organized as Territory,
1850. SiUta Fe captured by Confederates, 1802, but soon
abandoned. Number counties, 13. All elections, Tues-
day after first Monday in November Number senators
12, represeniatives 24, sessions of legislature biennial, in
even-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January,
hold 60 days. Terms of senators and representatives,'2
years. Voters 34,076, native white 20,423, foreign white
4,558, colored 3,095. School age, 7-18 years. Legal
interest rate, 6 per cent., by contract 12 per cent.
Average length N. and S., 308 miles, width 335 miles.
Area, 122,000 sq. miles, 78 400,200 acres. Elevation,
3,000 to 4,000 feet. Mountain peaks, 12,000 feet. The
Staked Plain, an elevated region, unwatered and without
wood, extends into the southeastern part of the Territory.
No streams are navigable in tlie Territory. Timber scarce,
except in few sections. The mountains are clothed with
pine, spruce and fir. Cedar grows in foothills, and Cot-
tonwood and sycamore in valleys. Soil rich whe^^ wjt'""
can be had for irrigation or on streams. Co.-n, wheat,
oats, alfalfa, grapes, vegetables, especially otiions and root
crops and semi-tropical fruits are prolific. Sheep raisin?
very profitable. Grazing interests extensive. Gold found
in Grant, Lincoln, Colfa.v and Bernalillo counties, rich
copper mines in Bernalillo county and in the Finos Altos
region. Zinc, qnickwilver, lead, manganese and large
deposits of coal have been found. Irrigable surface, 7,000
sq. miles.
Climate varies withdifTorcnt elevations. Temperature
avcrage.s. summer, 70 <leg., winter, 33 deg. Uange of
tenijK-rature, 4 deg. below zero to ',)() deg. above. It is
mncti w.'irme' tban the average in the lower altitudes, and
colder ill the liiglicr. Air dry, rare lied and jjure. Kain-
fall, 9 to 11 inches.
* C Ot
I*-; '
WH«n«r.MlCap
/.
_1 O ADD *T'"'y/ t -^.Ci'iVfen""^ I
I :>ns A^v M I (5. u E lF
->^ s C>B s
?.<'rju, IA«J
S . O C O RJjR O .-iri.K.o.k
' VJ1..r. ' it Tiwi
Elu^tfr'. lUiicb
. SnM.. Rtfr^t nteoffV,
MAP OP
NEW MEXICO
Chief Cities. — Santa Fe (capital), Las Vegas, Silver
City aud Albuquerqe.
Leading Indu.stries, — Mining, stock-raising and agri-
culture.
NEW YORK.
One of the thirteen original Slates, "Empire State."
Explored by Henry Hudson, Sept. 1009. The Dutch
settled on Manhattan Island, 1614. Country called " New
NetherJand." Manliattan Island purchased from Indians
for #24, 162C England claimed the country as part of
Virginia, captured Manhattan (New Amsterdam) Aug.
1064, and named it New York. New York the battle-field
of the Frencii-English war 1754, was prominent in the
Revolution. New York City capital 1784 to 1797. Slavery
abolished 1S17. Union soldiers furiii.-lnd, 448,850; num-
ber counties 60, custom districts 10, first railroad Albany
to Schenectady 1831. State ofllcers elected every 4 and
senators (32 in number) every 2 years, representatives (125
in numl>er) yearly, on the same day as presidential elec-
tion. Legislature meets first Tuesday in February yearly;
congressmen 34, presidential electors 30. Election betters
and bribers and convicts excluded from voting. School
system superior, includes 28 colleges. School age 5 to 21
vears. Legal interest ]ier cent, usury forfeits j)rincipal
and interest. Extreme length E. iind" W. 410 miles, ex-
treme width 311 miles, area 47,C20sf|. miles, 30,476,800
acres, water frontage 900 miles, surface varied. The
Hudson, rising in the Adirondacks, and flowing south over
i
,i.».f*»f,'U..,
ATI,A8 OF TIIK WOULD.
300 miles to New York bay, ia tlio chief streatii. Tlu'
Allegheny and its tributuiii'.'S iliain the S. \V., juid tiio
SiiaqnelianTni tlio finiithcfn etuiti'iil division. Ti'C Siiito is
noted fur l!io hiMiiiy of ii^ lakoH. Ijoii;^, .Miinhiilian ;uid
Stateu leij.nidd form imiiartiMit divisions of dio Sriite.
3> \ -'^7v^,>>;m:=-??l
j5 IX /y-v-rVx/i^
Agrionltnraliy tlui Sf ill is very rich. Cleared land aver-
iiges i'lJO itMil wooded -^10 |H'r acre. Considorablo forests
yet remain. The i)rodnoti(>n of corn, wheat and dairy
products is very large. 'J'he State ranks fir^^t in value of
nianufactiircs, soap, printing and jiublisliing, hops, hay,
potatoes, l)uclv\vlieat and milch cows. Cliniate diverse,
mean annu:d tcinperaUirc fur the Slate 47 deg. In the
Adironiarkr the anniud mean is 39 deg., in the extreme
south it is .~)U (leg., average rainfall 43 in. including snow,
the fail liciiig greatest in the lower Hudson valley, and
smallest (3;; in.) in tlio St. Lawrence valley. Kango of
temperature 10 dog. helow to 100 above zero, rrinclpal
Cities. — New York, Ijrooklyn, BuH'alo, lioehester, Syra-
cuse, Albany (i^apital). Leading Industries. — ilanu-
facturing of iiil kinds, agriculture, dairying, tho trades,
etc.
OHIO.
"Buckeye State." E.xplored by La Salle 1079. Ohio
Territory organi-^ed May 7, 1800. Admitted as a State
April 3o, ISOv'. Xiimljcr Union soldiers furnished 313,180,
Numh'er counties 88. Stiile and congressional elections
second Tuesday in October. Numtxjr senators 33, repre-
sentatives 105; sessions biennial, but "adjourned session.""
practi'Mily amount to annual miu;tings; assembles fir.-t
Monday in January. Terms of semitors and representa-
tives 2 years each. Number electoral votes, 23. Number
congressmen, '21. Numljer voters 8"2G,5?7. Insane and
idiots e.Kcluded from voting. Number eolle<res 33, school
age C-'21, school system first-class. Legal interest rate C
jier cent., by contracts per (rent., usury forfeits excess.
Ivvtieme length 1^. and \V. 2'1') miles, brcadtii X'OO iiiiler,,
urea lO,;*)!) Hi|. miles, ;2"',(i8(), 400 acres. Iiududes Keiley's
and Hass isl.uuls in fiake Erie. Lake frontage JiJO miles,
Oliio Kiver frontage 43".' miles. Entire state well watered.
X'alleys exlrt'iiu'ly productive. Uplands fertile .'is i rnlc,
Ohio ranks first in agricidtural implements iuid wool,
secoiul ill dairy jirodiK^.;, pelroh'um. iron and Eteel, third
in wheat, sheeji, coal, malt and distilled liquors, fourth hi
printing and [lublishing, salt, miles railway and sou)), fiftti
111 'iiilcii cows, hogs, horses, hay, tobacco and iron ore.
Coal, building stones, iron ore and salt arc found in vast
finantities. Staple crops, wheat, corn, oits, poiatof*,
tobacco, buckwheat, etc., vegetables, jipplts, and tho
harilier fruits. Cleared land averages *4,'i, woodland, ^40
per a''re. I^ittle forest valuable fur Itiniiierremains, except
in small reserves. Cliniate as healthful as iiiiy in the
United States. Warmest; on Ohio River. Temjierature
forStat(! averages, winter 35 deg., suinmer 77 deg., range
of tempi raiure 10 deg. below i'ero to 101 deg. above.
Snos\ full cuiisideiable. Average lainfall. ine)'!'''iug snow.
/.(„,wy.\ll IIHI.IiorKiiiib \ I. .l^-t TEl«n..^;.. J-.. V
A\''''"
F'Uichie k
VU ""l/^f^^^^-^t^ ^ Map of
.^kj:^i^j(Ikj%A ^\\*^ OHIO
on Surling
. — ^i.. c — i : 1 ' • " —
I 2 3 4 S
K
42 inches; decreases to 37 inches at north and increases to
47 indies at south, ('hief Cities. — C'iiiciiiiiali, Cleve-
land, Columbus (<'apital); Chillicothe, Zanesville, Toledo,
Sandusky, Cleveland and Cincinnati, ports of entry.
Leading Industries. — Agriculture, dairying, mining,
quarrying, iron making, pork packing, manufacturing.
OREGON.
Name means " Wild Thyme." Oregon leriitory organ-
ized August, 18-18. Indian troubles, In-14, '-IT and '£4.
Oregon admilted as a State 1859. Number counties 25,
miles railroad 1,105. State odicer.^ elected quadrennially,
and legislature every two years; number of senators 30,
ATLAS OK Till' \VOI(I,I>
reprosentutives GO, sessions of Iffiisliituro liii'imial in oild-
munberiMl years, mectinj; lirst Monday in 'Inn., liolds 40
(lays; term of senators 4 years, rc|)r(>spntii lives 'i years.
Numljur electoral votes 3, congrcssni;iii 1, voters 4'.),(J'J9,
inclu "iiig women. United Sfates iiriny, idiots, liusaiie,
convicts and Cliineso not voting. Number of colleges 7,
school age 4-"^U, school sv.steni good. Legal interest rate
8 per cent, by contract 10 jierrent, usury forfeits principal
and interest.
Average lenjrtii E. and W. Si'j'i miles, average width 2(30
miles, area 04,5<'U si[. nii'es, Cn..") 18,400 acres. Two-
thirds entire State mountainous, with wide ricli valleys.
Oolnnibia river ),o"() mdos long, na\ itrablc 1 To miles, fnil
of cascades and ri'.ns throuirli entrancing scenery. Soil
generally superior. Vi'heat the best crop, superior in yield
and quality; other crops do well, as Cio also fruits and
vegetables, etc. Extremely favorable to cattle and sheep.
Rich iii minerals, gold in Ja(!kson, Joseidiine, Haktr and
Grant counties, copper in Josephine, Douglas and Jack-
son, iron ore throughout the State; coal along ro;ist range.
Timber resources enornions, and but little touched. Sal-
mon fisheries among best in world. Iinjjrovei! land aver-
ages$17.50, unimproved $4. Areaiir.-.ble two-fifths State,
forest one-sixth State.
Climate. — In western Oregon moist, equable, rainfall
50 inches. In eastern Oregon dry. Hoth pleasant and
healthful, thoiiglisubject to occasional extremes at east
Crops in east do now siilfer, however, from drouth. At
west snow and ice unknown, except on peaks, where it is
perpetual. Frosts on high lands. Average tt'inperature
summer 05 (leg., winter 4"' deg.
Chief (Mties. — Porthii.d, Astoria and Coos ISav. ports
of entry, Kosenbnrjrh, Poitlandand Salem (eaiiital.)
Leaditig Industries. — Agriculture, grazing, mining,
fishing, lumbering, fruit growing, canning, etc.
PENNSYLVANIA.
One of tli(( thirteen (U'iginal states, named for Win.
I'enn, the" Keystone State.'' State invailed three times
by conre<leiafe8, iSti".', ]8'Ii), wlieii battle of Ciettysburg
was fought, and ]S(14, when Chaiubersburg was destroyed.
Union soldiers furnished, IJiSi.lliiO. Nundier counties, 07.
State elec'tions annual, sanuMlate as j>resi(lential. Nunjber
seiuitors.')ti, lepresentatives ^01, sessions bienniul, meeting
first 'i'uesday in dan., hold 150 days, term of senntors 4
years, representatives !i years, number electoral votes HO,
(Congressmen 28. Non-taxpayers and bribirs excluded
from voting. Number colleges 20, school agi^ 0-21, scliool
system good. Legal interest jier cent. Usury forfeits
excess of interest. Length eastaiul westiiOO miles, width
170 miles, area 44,985 sq. miles, 28,790,4(i(t acres. Sur-
face very (li verse. Level at the southeast, hilly and mount-
ainous toward the center, and rolling and br(d<en at the
west and southwest. Soil varies from barren hills to sec-
tions of great fertility. Many superb farms. Cleared
land averages 145, woodland ^130 per acre. Much good
timber remains. Eiirms average 100 acres. Oil, coal
(antliracite at cast, bituminous at west), iron, cojiper,
kaolin, building stones, salt abound. Kye, corn, wheat,
buckwheat, potatoes, vegetables, Iiav, oats, tobacco are
staple crops. Dairying and stock ftourish. Climate in
mountains severe in winter, with much snow, summers
pleasant. Summers hot on the Delaware, reaching 100
deg. Summers long in Susquehanna valley. West of
mountains sun.mers hot and of moderate length, winters
cold. Average winter temperature 34 deg., summer 74
^%iM nmMmM
'■:\
deg., nnnfall, including snow, averMfje 42 indies. Climate
healtliv. Chief Cities.'— riiihidelplii.i, third eity in the
United Slates, contains mint ,iiid navy yard; Pittsburgh,
extensive manufm'turing city; llarrisburg, capital. Phila-
^.
ATLAS OP THE WORLD.
(Iflplii:!, I'itisburph niul Erio nro porta of entry,
tries. — IViuiwylviiiiiii is tlio greivt iron, oil iiiid ci
Indus-
.._ p.. _.., „ colli gttito.
The other iiidiiHtries iriclndo ujjricuiture i.nd kindred pur-
BuitH, lunilieriiiLS niMiuirncturu of paper, woolons, ilquors,
impicnieiits, iniichiiii'ry, etc.
RHODE ISLAND.
Ono of tho 13 original stfttes. Culled "Littlo Rhody."
First eettleil at Providence, 1G36, l)y linger Williams.
I.sliWid of A'riidnock (Uliodo Island) bought from Indians,
1C38, hikI Kowport ami Portsmouth founded. Lands of
Narraganaett Indians aeqiiired by purchase, 1709, K. I.
1 !■».«■.«( —^ I'nifiruM O
P B O V I D E /iyC E
IV
}
h^}:'-±^i^M^:H
W/^v^^V-W^T KAP OF
Aleti^TrM ffma.,A.^'i, f^Hrcv*-
seamen (list itignislied themselves in the Anglo- Frcncli wars,
1750 to ISi; !. and in the IJ 'vohuion. Union soldiers fur-
nished, 'i?t;i'M'i. Nnniber counties, 5. State elections first
Wednesday in April. Elects 7^ representativi'S, 3-i s-ena-
tors, 3 congres-inen and 4: ])residential electors. Legisla-
ture nie 'ts annuidly on hist Tuesday in May, at Newport,
and holds adj(niiiie(i session iinnnally at Providence.
Terms of s-n.i'o-s anil represeniaives one year. Persons
without j)rope:ty to the value of §134: cxcln led from vot-
ing, lirown's University at Providence foinded 1764.
Common seliool system excellent. School ngo 5-15. Le-
gal interest rate C p.T cent., by contract, any rate. Area
1,088 sq. miles or 090,3-20 acres. Length \. and S. 46
miles, width 40 miles. Narragatisett bay divides the state
unequally, tlie w ••itern and larger part extending N. fnnn
the ocean p.ime 27 miles. The bay is 3 to \'l miles wide,
and contain.4 several islands, of which Acqnidneck, Canoni-
cut and Prudence are largest. Hlook Island, at the west-
ern entrance of the bay, also belongs to tliio state. Sur-
face of state broken and liilly. StniiU rivers unfit for nav-
igation are numerous, and afTod valnalil'! water powers.
Chief rivers: Pawtucket and Pawtuxet, entering Narragan-
settbayand Prtwoatnnk,fHllingintoTjongl8land Sound. The
state coiitaiiiB numerous snndl lakes, womo of great beauty.
Scenery varied and prstty. Soil middling quality. Hay
best crop. Potatoes, corn and oats are the next most im-
portant products. No forests. Dairying profitable. Land
tiigh-prieed. No minerals mined. Climate, owing to
Jioarness to sea, moderate. Average temperature — winter
24 to 4'.J (leg., summer 44 to 74 deg. Rainfall 43 inches.
Snow lies 00 to 100 days. Health good. Chief Indus-
tries. — Manufacture of fabrics of cotton, llax, linen, wool,
boots and shoes, rubber goods, metals, jewelry, etc., agri-
culture, dairying. Rhode Island, in ])roportion to size, is
the largest manufacturing state in the Union. Principal
Cities. — Providence, capital and seaport; Newport, capi-
tal, seaport finest in the world, and great pleasure resort;
Hristol, seaport; Warreu, seaport; Lincoln, Pawtucket,
Woonsockot.
TEXAS.
"Lone Star State." Settled first by French under La
Salle 1085; was a part of Old Mexico. Independence de-
clared Dec. 20, 1835. Houston inauguratedas president
Oct., 1830. Independence of the republic recognized by
United States March, 1837; by European powers 1839 and
*40. Continued wars with Mexico embarrassed finances.
Proposition for union with United States 1845, and ad-
mitted aa a state Dec. 29. State paid $10,000,000 by
United States for all lands outside present limits 1850.
Seceded Feb., 1801. Houston, who refused to secede,
deposed. Military operations small. Last battle of the
war near Kio (iratido May 13, 1805. Re-entered Union
1870. Niunber counties, 228. All elections Tuesday after
first Monday in Nov. ; number senators 31, representatives
106; sessions of legislature biennial, in o(]d-numbered
\
9
ATLAS OF THE WOULD.
years, meeting second Tuesday in Jan., holds CO days;
term of sonatora 4 years, of ropresuntutives 2 years.
Number electoral votes 13, congressnu^n 11, voters
380,376. United States army, lunatics, idiots, paup-
ers and convicts excluded from voting. Number col-
leges 10, school age 8-14. School endowment enormous;
includes millions of acres yet unsold. Legal interest
8 per cent, by contract Vi per cent, usury fonoits
entire interest. Extreme length E. and W. 830 miles,
extreme width 760 miles, area l(;7,8()5,fi00 acres, largest
of the states and territories. Coiust lino 413 miles. fJal-
veston bay largest, has 13 feet of water, 35 miles inhmd.
llio Grande navigable 440 miles. Lands extremely fer-
tile, except in the N. W., where water is scarce. Lunda
on llio Orando and at south require irrigation for good re-
sults, although crops will grow to some extent without.
Entire state covered with rich grasses, ulTording pasture
tho year round. All cereals, root crops, vegetables, fruit
and stocks flourish. Cotton best crop. Other staples,
sugar, molasses, sweet potatoes, corn, wheat, grapes and
fniits. Dairying extensive. Cattle, sheep, goat and hog
raising on mammoth scale. Cotton picking July to Dec,
corn planting middle of Feb., grain harvest May, corn
harvest July. Kanks tirst in cattle and cotton, secDud in
sugar, sheep, mules and horses. Coal area 0,000 sq. miles,
quality good. Iron oro and salt deposits extensive. Other
minerals found, but extent unknown. Lnproved land
averages iJS, and unimproved 83 to 84 per acre. Unculti-
vated and timber land seven-eighths of area, timber area
one-fourth. Climate varies, temperate at north, scmi-
?Topical at south. Health everywhere most excellent.
Thermometer ranges from 35 to 98 deg., but seldom rises
to tho latter temperature; at Austin averages winter f)0
deg., Buminer 80 deg. Kainfall averages at Austin 35
inches, increases on coast and to tho south, decreases to
13 inches in N. W.
UTAH.
Settled 184S at Salt Lake by Mormons from Illinois.
March, 1849, state of "Deseret" organized. Congress
refused to receive constitution adopted. Utah territory
organized September, 1850. Troubles with government
till 1858. Federal officers driven from territory 1850.
Number counties, 24. Territorial elections annual, first
Monday in August. Number senators 12, representatives
24, sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years,
meeting second Alonday in January, holds CO days. Terms
of senators and representatives 8 years each. Voting
population 32,773, native white 15,7it5, foreign white 18,-
283, colored 695. School system fair, school age 6-18
years, number colleges 1. Legal interest 10 per cent., by
contract any rate.
Average length 350 miles, width 260 miles, area 82,190
miles, 52,601,600 acres. Surface rugged and broken,
with somo rich valleys. Traversed by AViihsatch, Uintnh,
Roan, Little, Sierra Lasal, Sierra Ab.ijo, San Juan, Sierra
Panoches and Tushar mountains. Southeast portion
elevated plateaus, western portion disconnected ridges.
Great Salt Lake is 130 sq. miles in area. In N. W. a
largo area of desert land. Soil in valleys very productive.
Yield fine crops of cereals and vegetables. Wheat best
crop. Fruits successful. Grazing important interest.
Dairying profitable and interest is growing rapidly.
Forests sufficient for homo purposes. Gold, copper and
silver in Wahsatch mountains. Silver predominates. Coal
in valley of Weber river. Salt found in large deposits and
the lake supply inexhaustible. Territory ranks third in
silver.
Climate mild and healthy. Warnu-r W. of Wahsatch
mountains. Hummers dry and hot in S. W. It:iinfall aver-
ages 16 inches at S. and 17 at N., chietly in October
and April. Spring opens in April. Cold weather begins
late in November. In mountains winters severe and snows
heavy. Temperature at Salt Lake averages, winter 35 deg.,
summer 75 deg.
Chief Cities.— Salt Lake City (capital) and Ogdcn.
Leading Industries. — Mining, stock-raising and agricult-
ure.
WASHINGTON.
Named for George Washington. First settlement 1845,
preceded, however, by Hudson Bay Co.'s trading posts.
Organized as territory 1853, admitted aa state 1889.
First legislature assembled at Olympia February, 1854.
Iiuli&n wars 1855 and 1858. Gold discovered 1855.
Island San Juan in dispute between United States and
England 1859. Rights of the Hudson Bay and Puget
Sound Co. purchased. Number counties 33. All elec-
tions Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number sena-
tors 12, representatives 24, sessions of legislature biennial
in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in October.
Terms of senators and representatives 2 years each. Num-
ber colleges 2, school age, 4-21 years, school endowment
reserved large. Legal interest 10 per cent, by contract
any rate.
"_'''^7?fcliniimiii
ATLAH OP THB WOHLI).
:A
Topograpliy, Area, Soil, Products, Etc. — Kxtromo
luuK'l' •■'• i""l \^'- •'■*' inilf8, width yi'iinilfH. nrcii (!il,880
Hqiiiini niili'.j. -Pi, H();i. (111(1 ivurcs. CouHt line ^'(mi niilori.
C'i)lmiilii:i livi'i' rjikvitiiililo 1 ;."> iriilcs, Kxccllciit linrboi'H in
I'ugul Sound Adniinilty liik't uiid Ilood'ii ciuuil. .Scen-
ery, csppcially ou Colnnibia, grand. Columbia river
current overcoini'3 tide at tlio uioiith, and water iti tlio bar
drinkable. Cereals flourish but corn not suecessful.
Wheat, oats, hops, fruit of toniiierato climates, except
peaches, are staple. Graziuff region entire section east of
Cascades, covered with inexhaustible supply of bunch
grass. Stock raising and dairying growing industries.
Linnbor resources unsurpassed. Coid on JJelliiiglunn bay
and at Seattle, area of eoal-I<eaii;;f; strata 5J0.(KJ0gq. miles.
Gold-bearing rjuaitz and silver lodes in Cascade liud Coast
ranges. Copper, cinnabar, lead an<l other minerals aro
found.
Climate. — On coast '^ry season from April to Xovember,
rest of year rainy. Hainfall averages at north 90 inches,
for entire section ot inches. Winters mild, little snow or
ice. Summers cool with sea breezes. Temperature aver-
ages winter 39 deg., summer 61 deg., ranges 30 deg. to 90
dcg. Eastern section dry, rainfall 10 inches.
Chief Cities, — Olympia (capital,) Walla Walla. Seattle,
Tacoma.
Leading Industries. — Agriculture, lumbering, grazing,
mining etc.
WISCONSIN.
" Badger State." Settled first by French at Green Bay,
10'!0. Formed ]>art of the Northwest territory. Included
in Indiana Territory, 1800. Became part of Michigan
territory, 1805. VVisconsin territory organized ]8;36.
Present bouiularics fixed 1838. Admitted as state, May,
1848. Seventeenth Btate to join Union. Number Union
Boldierrt furnished, 01,.'>'-J7. Nuinlior counties, 0(1. All
elections 'i'uesduy after lirst Monday in Nov.; number
Kemitors 33, representativeH 100; sessioiirf biennial, in odd-
numbered years, muctiin,' second Weclnesdiiy in Jan.; term
of senators 1 years, of representative:! " year.-i. Nundier
electoral votes 11, number e()ngre^'Hnu^n 9, number voters
34(),l8'i; insane, idiots, convicts, iiriliera, betters uud duel-
ists excliiiled from voting. Niimlier eolletjes 7, number
jiublic H(diool8 0,,")8S, Hchool ago4-'J() years. Legal interest
7 per cent., by contract 10 per cent, uaiiry forioits ontiro
interest.
Topography, Area, Soil, Products, Etc. — Kxtrenio
leugtli .N. ami S. X'iW miles, width, 'Mi) miles, area r)4,4r)0
sij. miles, 34,848,0(10 acres. Besides the j/reat lakes Mich-
igan and Siiperioi', thestato contains Criiii Buy. Winiu!-
hago, (ieneva, Devil's lako and innumeralile other lakes in
the central and northern sections of the state, of nnsur-
jiassed beauty, making tiie state afuvorite placeof siimnu'r
resort. Mucli of state ])rairie, luit enormous stretches of
magnilieent j)ino and hardwood timbers icnudn nnlouehed.
Soil excellent and adapted to farming, dairying and
stock raising. Fruit atid berries fine crop. Cranberries
largely raised. Wheat best crop, flax, buckwheat, hay,
corn, oats sta[)le8. Lead miru's (Jrant Li'favette and Iowa
countie--; luitivo copi)er in Crawford and Iowa I'oinitios;
iron ores in Dodge, Sauk, Jaeksoi; ami A<hland counties.
Banks second in hops, third in barley and potatoes, fourth
in rye and buckwheat, fifth in oats and agricultural imple-
ments. Improved land averages 4^18 aiid unimproved *10
per acre.
Climate. — Temperature averages winter 20 deg., sum-
mer 71 deg., ranges from 3'Z (Ivg. below zero to 95 deg.
Kainfull 31 inciies, including enow. Snows heavy,
especially at north; spring late, summer short, fallpleasant.
ATLAS OF THR WOULD.
(;hit'f CitioR. — Milwiiiikoo, port of ontry, grout beor-
lin-wini; cuiilcr; Miiilinoii (ciipitiil), Kiui C'lniro, Fond ilu
Luc, O.-lllkoMll, l,Jl ClIIMKU,
Li'iidin;; ImliiHtricK. — Luiiilicriiij,', farming, mining,
maniifiu!turiii;<, hrnwint,', iiork-imcking, diiirying, olc.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Nitniud for ColiiinhuH, Kirst as scat of U. S. govorn-
niont lifM' liy a(!l. of (JongrcsH. iMirnicd out of Wanliing-
ton Co., .Md. (t)l.s(i. mill's), (iovoriimfiit removed to
DJHtrict 1800. (!ai)liirrd l)y IJritisli 1814, and capitol,
oxcciitivo mansion untl congii'SHional lilirary liiirntMl. (Jov-
criii'd by CiingrcrtM till is; I, wiicn a Icf^dslalivo body of Xi
111 appointcil liy tlio iiiesidiiit and 'J'-i I'ii'ulcd) was (ireatcd.
'IxiHMitivo ollii'cr.i atdl appointed liy president. Oflleurs
unpointed are paid liy tlio Tnited .States, those elected, liy
the Diatriet. t'itizenaof Di.itriet havono votnfor nutiomd
oflluers. SehnoN .'jiiperior. Le^al iiiten^st (! j)er cent., hy
contriKit 10, more foil'eits entire interest. I'opulation,
1881), 1T7.<1.')8. Miles iMilroad, 18. Siirfueo made nj) of
llat^i and hills. Siiiiihir in all fmitures iii'.d prodiiefs to
Soutiiern Maryl:uid, Cities — AVasiiingtoii (capital U. .S.),
pop. ilT.'io^, (ieorgeton, pop. l'..',.'t';'8.
Till-; AVIIITi: IlOl'SKAT UASIlIN(iTON, ]). 0.
'J'im White lluiiso, at. Wiishiiiglon, 1). C., ia HO fpet
long hy 80 feet wide. Tiie largest apartment, known as
tlio east room, is 80 by 10 feet in dimensions and 'iZ
feet hi;;h. Tlie ailjoining hhie room, linishedin bhio and
gold, is devoted to receptions, diplomatic and social. The
green and red rooms, so called from their tinishings, uro
each :!0 hy 20. The rooms on tho second !loor are occu-
pied hy tho executivo oftieo and tho apartments of tho Pres-
ident's family.
THE WASIIINOrON MONtJMKNT.
Tho corner-stone was laid hy President Polk, July 4th,
1848, and December 0. 1884, tho caj'-stono was set in
position. Tho foundations aro \2C)k feet square and 3G
foot 8 Indies deep. Tho base of the monument is 55 foot
1^ inches s(pniro,"and tho walls 15 fi^ot:}^ inch thick. At Iho
500-foot mark, where tho pyramidal top begins, the shaft
is 34 feet 5.^ incites srpniro and tho wnllsaro 18 inches thick.
Tiio monument is made of blocks of marble 2 feet thick,
and it is said there are over 18,000 of thorn. Tho height
above tho ground is 555 feet. Tho pyramidal toj) termin-
ates in an aluminum tip, which is 9 inches high, and
weighs 100 ounces. Tho mean pressure of tho monument
is 5 tons jier srpiuro foot, and tho total weight, foundation
ami all, is nearly 81,000 tons. The door at tho base,
facing tho capitol, is 8 feet wide and 10 feet high,
and enters a room 25 feet sriuare. An immenso iron
f raiiiowork supports tho machinery of the elevator, which
is hoisted with steel wire rojies two inches thick. At one
side begin tho stairs, of which thoro arc fifty flights, ccn-
taining eighteen steps each. Five hundred iind twenty
feet from tlio base there are eight windows, 18x24 inches,
two on each face. The area at tho base of tho pyramidal
top is l,18~i foot, space enough for a six-room house,
each room to be 12x10 foot. Tho Cologne Cathe.lral is
525 feet high ; the pyramid of Cheops, 480 ; Stra.sburg
Cathedral 474; St. Pe'tcr's at Rome 448; tho capitol at
AVashington, 300, and Bunker hill monument, 221 feet.
Tho Washington monument cost 81,500,000 and was tho
highest structure in the world prior to tho completion of
tho Eifel Tower in Paris, which is 984 feet in height.
WYOMING.
First settlement Ft. Laremie, 1807. Organized as a
Territory from 1808, Number counties 9; all elections
Tuesday after first Monday in November; number senators
12, representatives 24; sessions biennial, in even-numbered
ypur«, nippling sooond Tuesday in .lannary, liold (SO dnyf ;
terms of seiiaiors and repre-JcntiitiveM 'i years each; volerii
10,180, native whit(! 0,0!2, loreign white 3. 109, colored
949. flood school system started, h<'hoi>lngc 7-21. Legal
inti'fest rate 12 per celil., by eonlrnet any I'iite,
Length 3J0 miles, widtii 215 miles, area 97,575 pq.
miles, 02. Ills, (MM) .icres. Snifuce traversed by llocky
.Mountains, forming tluM'ontitienlal diviile, and i,H hi^'li
and mount id nous, varv ing in elevation from .|.iSOO to 12,000
feet. At the N. W. i's the Yell(>wsl(ne ■Jiiil Iciml P.irk.
feet. At the N. W. is tl
3,0UO K(. mill's in aria, iiin
Yellowsii ni' iiiilicmd I'liik,
one of the gieiilest nuturul
wonders of tho continent. Tt varies from 0.000 to over
12,000 feet in elevation, and its scenery is one vast pan-
orama. Along tho streams and in the valleys are trticts of
iu'ablo lands which may beinailetojirdduceprolilically with
irrigation, ^fountains, covered ,vil h forests of consideiablo
extent, contain precious and base minerals in great depos-
its. Soil, where water can be had, is good, soil cluelly
suited to grazing. Half tho Territory grazing land.
W"hoat, rye, oats and barley flourish, frost twofre(|iientfor
corn. Water picntifid. game ami fur-bearintr animals
numerous, iron ore abundant, niaiidy red hemantite. Cop-
per, load, plumbago and petiolcnm focnd, gold in tho
Sweetwater country and near Laramie City, valuable do-
jiosits of soda in valhy of the Sweetwater, (.'oal abundant
andof good qualityat Evanston, Carbon, Koek Sjiringsand
other points. Climate cohl, severe in mountains, milder in
valleys. Healthful, air pure, dry and bracing. Kainfall,
15 inches. Temiii'riiture averages, summer CO dog., winter
18 deg., ranges from 31 deg. below to 80 deg. above. July
warmest month, January coldest, latter averages 10 deg.
Chief Cities. — Cheyenne (capital), Laramie
Chief Industries.— Criizing, mining and agriculture,
but little is done in manufacturing. Immenso oil wells
have been recently discovered.
-«n^*«?^'V
r-fjjj.yi'"-
low Poor Bovs Become
SMCcessrul Men.
/on wnnt sorno good ndvioK. Itiso early. B<i abstemious. Ro fruj^nl.
Atli'iiil t(! your own liusiin'ss nnil never trust it to aiiotlior.
f^ Ho not afraid to W(irl<, and dilifri-nfly, too, with your own liiinds.
Troftt ovory oiio willi civility iitul respect. Good manners Misurn mic<'o»s.
AocDmpIish what you uiidortako. Decide, then prrscvere. I )ilif^(Mic(* and
industry overcotne ail dilVn'idtics. Xover be mean — rather give than take
till) odd shilling. Never postpone till to-morrow what can bo done to-duy.
Never anticipate wealth from any source but labor. Honesty is not oidy
the best policy, but the only policy. C^>mmonco at tlie first round mid
ko<'p climbing. Make your word as good as your bond. Seek knowloilgo
to plan, ontur[)rise to execute, honesty to govern all. Never overtrade.
Never give too large credit. Time is money. Reckon the hours of the
day as ao many dollars, the minutes as so many cents. Make few promises.
Kei'j) your secrets. Live within your income. Sobriety above all things.
Luck is a word that does not apply to a successful man. Not too much
caution — slow but sure is the thing. The highest monuments are built jiieco
by piece. Step by step wo mount the pyramids. Be bold — bo resolute
wliiMi the clouds ;rather, difficulties are surmounted by opposition. Self-
confidence, self-reliance is your capital. Your conscience the best monitor.
Never be over-sanguine, but do not underrate your own aliilitics. Don't
bo discouraged. Nirity-nine may say no, the hundreth, yes : take oflF
your (^oat : roll up your sleeves, don't be afraid of manual labor ! America
is large enough for all — strike out for the west. The best letter of
introduction is your own energy. Lean on yourself when you walk.
Kec]) good company. Keep out of politics unless you are sure to win—
you are never sure to win, so look out.
mmim^m^
-9<ii:fMi''^s
't*
m-.
WJiujaiis'U!*,
UK ciirlicst luoiitioii of iinythin'r liko iii>*tir-
iiiici' 118 I'oiiiliK'tcil ;it in'csoiil was iiiuiiiiif
llm Aiiirlti Siixoii ifiiilds en- iiiiidiis, who,
ill ri'tiini tor siMH'i fir colli ril)iit ions, Mrnnr-
iiiitcod ciicli other ■• :i<.niiiisl hi>s fVoiii
tire, \\;it«'i', roldicrv or otiuT i-iliiinity.''
'i'h«' next iilliision is in n spoodi of
Lord Kcfpcr Hacou, at tlif opcniM;.' of
the Hist pailiiiiiiciit of Qnooii Kli/alK-th,
ill th»' foiiowiiiiT wiirds: •• Doth not tlio
wise merchant in e\ory advcntun' of
ilangcr liivo part to have tlie rest a>smed?"
But it wiu) !!<••* '.intil after the jrreat tire of London,
in lfi(5t), that we find insurance as.sinning a definite
sliape. Ill 1681, the fiixt regular office for iiisunmoe
was opeiHHJ in London. The Hand in Hand ("ontrihii-
tionship Society was started in liiiH) and still sunives.
Insurance conijumies were estahlishcd in .Sotlund in
1720, in fTernianyin ITnO. In Piiiladelphia, Benjiiinin
Fniiiklin was one of the oririinizi'is and first dire<'tors
of a fire insurance coiui)aiiy in 1752. Knince followed
ill 181t), and Russia in l.Si'T.
Eiu'ly insurance' was nu-n^ gaiiibUug, in t!ie 17th and
early part of the l.stli <enturies. In l()il4, u umrriage
portion of $1,(K»0 was offered to single men and women
upi the payment of 50 cents a qimrter until married.
A shai)) coiipre nniiiediutely subscribed, were married
at once, ilaimed their $2, (MM), and wrecked the coiu-
|mny. Couipairn's were or^L'iiuized for all imaginable
iuMnancc, >U(li as insuiaiicc airainst housebreaking,
in-ur.incc a^ain-t hiiihwaymen. assiiiaiice from lying,
a>siirance of horses airainst .-.ickncss, death or accident.
Thi-- la-'l conipauy had a noniiiial capital of ten million
dollars.
The insurance of that day was simple gaming, for
the reason tiiat the parties insuring had no insurable
interest iu the (iroperty or persons insured.
.\s an instance, iu 17i!.') some s|)eculator iniporteil
8(X) men, women and children from Franconia and
Suabia and left them in (Joodniau's Fields, witliout
money, shelter, food or friends. Nime of them died
on the third itay, and iiuiue<r >!ely numercuis wagers
were laid as to the mimber who woultl die per day ami
week.
This was gambling in human life without a single
feature of life insurance, except a «um of money paya-
ble at the death of a certain party.
Iiisuranee is a couti'.Kt by one party to indemnify
anotiiir j ai-ty for loss or damage to his property dur-
ing a certain specified period.
The contract itself is called n policy and the consid-
eration jmid is termed tho, pirnwan.
m--
2f
.,— e
nBE I>'SUBA>'CE.
Thi> party issuing the contract or policy is calleil
inmrvr or tiitdenmter, and the other the injured or
Tiu> latter is the more coiTect term, as tlie indemnity
is Jbr loss or (lania<ro ami not af/ainut them. It i:« not
a ^uanl airaiiist calaniily. lint aids in sot'tenin^' or alle-
viaUr.i>- the rt'snlts arisin'.'- from it.
InsiinuKH' i)romotes coinmorci', manntmtures and
business enterprises _<renendly, hy sharing the results
of calamitie--. the very prospect of whieh would deter
many I'l-oin ni:)king the ventm'e.
It di\ ides losses that would complotoly wi-eck indi-
vidii.J fortunes, aiuong a large nnml)i>r of persons and
oorponitions. so thai the loss is slightly felt liy any.
In t;i('t insurers are nearly ahvays incorporated com-
jMnies.
These companies are of two kinds, mutiuil and joint
stock companies.
In a Join! stock eoinpauy the capital is limited to the
amount named in tin irt Its of incorporation or char-
ter, and is divi.ied inio !.arL\s o\^nied by st(x-kholdcrs.
and intn«-A':;:'ole. 'i;.' llairs of the comixmy an-
administered 'y a presi>Li:i, secretary, and other olE-
cors, aid ; ooard of directoi s selected by the stock-
holders.
In a mutual insumnce ■ impany iht? capital consists
of ilio dejiosit notes of i— inemb rs. by the part of
prendunis paid in lash a .d the /rotits u|)on invest-
me!it-.
Tlii' ia>uriM] in w mutual compan. becomes a memlxn-
of the lompany by tlie mere act of insiinuice.
In a joint stock company tlie pn niiums are collecteil
at the time of ellceting the insiifiuico. In a mutual
company they are for the most jk rt collecteil aft-r the
loss l)y as.sessment upon all the mcmlx^rs of the com-
pany.
Insurance tonipanies are generally known by the
names of ciLsualties for which tley indemnify the loser.
Heneo wo have tire insiinmcc, life insmimee, accident
insurance, healt!i insurance, plate-irla-s insurance,
marine insurance, and inland, marine insurance com-
lianics.
In fact, as we Iil^v: seen in the commencement of
<Jii.s chai)te; , that companies and organizations have
ix-vn mad. to indemnify for loss or damage from almost
any and every conctivable cause, such as hail, tonia-
dois, 'iceideiit or ilisease of li\e stock, honesty of
,'n\pii)ye^, and public ofHtors.
Fire insurance i.^, as its name ilenotes. a contrai-t to
indenmily for loss by tire uj) to a certi in amount
named in tlk^ j)olicy. in return for a sj)etilie(l coii.sideni-
tion. The contract or policy provides " that the com-
pany will not l)e liable for loss or damage by fires
cau;ie«l by an invasion, insurreenon. Hot, civil commo-
tion, militiirj- or usurpcNl j^wer."'
The effect of this clause is that .is the rate of premium
is calculatetl for a jK-aceable, law-abiding comnumity,
the policy Ijei'omes null and void when civil authoritj'
is dethronctl and anarchy or militarj^ power takes its
place.
The |Kilicy further pro\'ides that the insured must
bive a clear title to or at least an equitable or insm-able
interest in the proixTty iusuretl, another provision in
the interest of public ix>licy, as temptation consequent
upon insuring another's proi)erty woidd 1h' to see that
it wxs destroye<l.
.Vnother provision in tliei>ontract is. that "no prem-
ises thiLS insunnl nor any iKirt thereof shall Ix^ used for
or to carr}' on any unlawful traffic, trade or business."
This pro\'ision is needful to protect the company
from the moral haz;inl of the insured destroying his
o'lm premi--es when tnu-ked too close by the law and
then getting nidemuity for the self-caused loss or
Amiage.
Aiiother provision nullifies the policy when certain
articK^ are kept ujxju the premises, articles which
ignite .■•ix)ntaneonsly. or at a low temi)eratiiro or are
explosive, or the keeping of which is forbidden by
ninniciiKil reirulations, such as naptha, gisoline, var-
nish, cauiphene. gunjx>wder, etc., imless specially pro-
vided for in the contract by written indorsement.
\11 thcso clauses and conditions are demanded by the
public -iifety and in the interest of good morals and
govenmitnt.
Another oonditit>n imjX)ses \i\>o\\ the insm'ed the duty
of using his Ix^t emleavors to save aiul })rotect the
profx^rty when ex|x>sotl to. at and after the fire, and
al.-o. that there t-an be no abamlonment of the property
to the < om|wny.
This i- in consonam-e with the principle, the sound-
ness of whi<h ttinnot Ik* disputed, that the insured
mast not under an\- circumstances make a profit by
loss or tlaiu:ige l>y tire.
The other provision- of the contract refer to notice
to the «om|iany in cjuso of loss, and Uie manner of prov-
ing amount of the loss or damage and settlement of
the claim.
Notice of loss must Ik- given forthwith to the com-
iwny or one of its agents, and within thirty days the
insured mast render a jwrticnlar account of his loss,
duly signe«l and swoni to, stating the Mme, origin and
circumstances of the fire, the title, cash value, all other
«?
Il other
iii^umiui- iipDij the property, and amount of loss or
damage and a eertiticate from tho nearest magistrate,
notary public, or the chief of the fire department (if
there bo one) stating that he knows tho circinnstances
attending the fire and believes tho iii«urod has honestly
lost the amount statetl by assured.
In ease property is daniiigcd by tln' tire or water
thrown wynm the proi)erty, or by ronu)\al, t ho jjroperty
so damage<l is to 1r' separated from that not damaged
and a list thereof made stating amount, cost, etish value
and damage thereto.
All these provisions are to aid tho adjusting agent
of the < oniiwny iu arriving at an aeemiito and speedy
settlement of the elaim.
Adjusting claims is a peeuliar business, and the
adjuster is too freciuently <'onsidered as a kind of siiark
whose business is solely to cheat and defnuid the in-
sixrer who has lieen unfortumite enough to have ii loss.
The adjuster needs to know human nature " like a
book."' have an extended knowlalge of values of many
kinds of projx?rty, a temiier that cannot Ikj rutHed by
insult, and an iibm-diuue of common sense and tact.
His iustniitions from the company are very rarely
«|)ecifir. but general and verj' brief.
l?t. Ascertain as nearly as possible the etact atnount of the loss.
jiL Investigate origin ami allthecireurastanees sttenilingtlieflre.
3i\. Finii tnit whether (-laimant Is honest or a rasotl. ami liis loss
an honest claim or not.
4th. If honest pay it. If lUsho'iest fight !t, unlesss it can
t)0 lonipromiwd for a less sum th,.;; It will cost to whip It
at law.
It is to tho advaut;'go of tho company to settle all
claii.'tt sp< odily and in a manner (o make friends.
Sen interest is opposed to dihitory settlements and
liiii;ation, and no coninaiiy allows a claim to drift into
the courts, except win . j it feels oliliged to right fron.
motives based in reg:ird tc)good morals and soimd pid*-
lic policy.
This applies to marine, life, fire and accident com-
panies alike.
I')irfMi.\-ferl j'raifil /.■< confa(/iou.s, and endangers pub/ I'c
vivroh'ly and safely.
Tills siilyiH't of insui-anee frauds will be treated of
fiirther on.
As soon as the agent has agreetl with the lusure<l as
to amoimt to l)iMnsured and r.ite of premium, he makes
out the written part of the policy, with date of com-
mencement and expiration of the risk, and connter-
signs it as agent.
He then enteiv the written jjart of the policy, and
the other information in his policy register (furnished
by the comixmy^ about an tbllows:
NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY.
So. Policv
and
KencwaL
N.^PoUcy
Kenewed.
Name and Uesl-
dence of .Vasured.
Terra.
Oommcnccm't
of Ulsk.
ExplTfttlon
ofKlsk.
Oopy of Written iiortlon of Policv.
(Let tliecopy Ik? folluitU csitL-t.)
Amount
InenreO.
liato.
Amount
i'reiu.
7*5;.-
8466
Henry 11. Urut^n.
1 Year
Manh li, 'da.
Marzlt li, •»*.
On Ait >tnrk ofmerchaniiise, consiMmg chieflfi of
dry i/o-.ua, ii'jjioi.-i. i/etU'i 'urnuhiuyt, clothing,
haU, cuj-Ht b<MAx u 'I ifif/* J, conJatited in t'l'o.story
Ifr'.iel riitjfeil t/rU.-. building, tiniuuu 41 Main {It.,
titi/ nelil. Jotiv,
jf.I'x/rt other iimritnc^ concurrent hereuith per.
Vllll-I.
feooti
/«
fSO.dO
This done he proceeds to fill out his Daily Report to
the Comi^my, as follows;
NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY.
No 7Co<'.
Last ir.3urc<l try
this Co. under
No. 34CS. ^
(If Co Uii^ever
had tills ri.s<r \x-
fvtr^ give ? of
lA»t policy..
Fonni.) f Sum Insured, itma
Ageacf at l-\HrfleUt, ioru.
GRANTS INSURANCE
Old rate IX> New IK.
Premium, taOOO
To Henry Ii. Brmcn, of Ihirfield, Jowa.
As follows: Ofi hit tlock of viercnamUte, eoiuUHng chit/ly cif (try goMt,
notions, grnf* funuthing good; elothing, hata, oapt, boon and sUoes, am-
taiitfd in tuoMory grwxl-roofed bnck tnllding, litu alttl il Main Wioii^,
i^irjifi<t, /tMTo.
fSiui'- 'Jher ituurancteonmrtent heretrUhpermUleA
Tt-mi of OIK year, from March 12, 18S3, to Manh 13, 1884.
Angwor ili<-«»-qu<~tlon9 fully, and always riva piTOieo wonUnj? of written
■portloi of i»>l>ey,even In caee oJ icnewal. Know who, what, and where
you insure.
Has thH risk been dwUned by any other Company or Agency? A'o.
Is thrreotlurinsnnm-f? )>». Olvt- Companies, anionut ami nitc.
Citiaiit. y. y , fsotxi, IS- iionu, .v. i'., f-ifion, ;i<. -f.V/i.i, Ci.,fi(ion, ix.
An- all the ''ollclcs wonle<t preoisrty ii.lki ? }>j. IliisthiaCu.ollnTlnsur.
ranee wi'.iiln 100 fwt ? 1V«. (C.ivo No. of i I'do*". .VinoMnfnuil Distance.)
Policy No.Sd9r,#/0(/((, distant <50 ft. Polic: .>'.i.95i'i,<ll>()()0, distant ao ft.
If on bnildiu);, liaaassnn^l title by deed? i'e».
Isproiwrty imuiubercd.' i'et. &ivnuxstit I/I130U.
Uov nuicli i< tho iucuml>oro'l pn'ivrty worth? fSOOO.
Hf.rc y III iKTstinaliy InsiHxtitl tills risk? I'e*.
Ho V far Is the ri-k from your ortioe? Tuo block*.
la risk within rtach of Hrc department and water supply? l'e».
/-. B. SHAUP, .\«<Mit.
ANSWER ALL THESE QltSTIOKS FULLI.
How long has the li.sanHl rtsldod at your place- l.i years. If on build.
Ings, howold' Al-ovt 7 years. Po you know and iwUy recommend tho
tnsurc<Ia.sHiiqnfStl(Miablyrel!ableandtru»twortliy;- JV.». Ishe frocli-om
litigation and il.umclal embarrassment ?1V». Is he duiii^ a profitable bus-
Iness? "-». What Is tlie present cash valueol the property Insured? f^ooo.
Has assii.ed ever suffered by iin>? I'ff. Is building otcuiiied by Itsoivner
or tenant? Tenant. What Is tisi'd for lights? Kcmsciie. .\r<' the stove
plixjs, fl.ies, and chimneys s<-cnre? 1>». .\ro the walN bi-twecn each teue.
meat without oiK-iiings? i'cs. Do the division walls lise above the roof?
i'es. How far? 13 iiicfict. What kind ot roof Ims building ' ^sured or con-
taining insur*'d proiH-i-.y- (.'ifiivf.
.Si tfrng^.
Iht-vlUng.
First story? Ritk.
Tlili-d story?
j^ I f Ua.soment?
— - 'Z J Second story?
j-.£ i I Fourth s(or\-?
1 _ _j 1 Sonh iitf'i. fwt to 1' .^ r>., u-Hxl for siore.
= ^ r I South alien 30 f,-ot ti •i.K A, used lorburtwt
2 - Z , Kast streft.
x»5 I West mo feet Xit tmall I' bam.
^^^
^"^^^'^m^
rmr. issirance.
Hie (>iid of the month the agent makes np his
••Monthly Account Current," in the following, or a
similar form.
NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY.
RETURN FOR MONTH OF March, 1SS3.
Af;('in-.v ;it Fiiirjicli', State of loiru. A'. /}. Shnrp, Agent.
y ^ ■
~*S T
.i " S
Z.'s
->.e
i-r is
"■" z
5^7- i
5^i
7ti><;
TOiw
Ml■:.^
TfiS'
I imtfof
! I'dlii-v.
NAMB * RKSIIIENCE
OF ISKIJKF.D J I
; ! Mmitli
Jo 'til JifOU'll
Jit.'tu ,Sinil/i.
Ilirirj/ II. Jiriiirii,
March
TIllK'
iyri.
I "
I "
Kspiration.C .
M<>.
Mar.
IS!« .voi' I •.'id (m
l*l« :««>: 2 I BO (HI
l*Mi(IOO; IM :)00ci
ACCOUNT CURRENT for Month of March. 1883.
By r.ahii!ct> <lui> Coiiiii^itiy lit last reiiort..
" Pi'PmluniM for currrnt month
nKrUT ITKMii
To nulnnce dm' ii;iciu'y iit liLst report.
" Ooiiisnlsalon on $14<i preiniiim, 15 per cent.
" K.xprcssiim', ♦ Postage,*
" Return I'ri'in. Policy No , less ootnmis'n #.
Inclosed Draft on First Nutional Bank.
'.'lUO
118 87
140 UO
llaluncj (Inc ('oni)iuny I'orwiiitl to next r«'j»>rt. f
('/) I'r.t loot i]ij?s of credit. ((<) Pnt t(H)tlnss of debit, (c) llalance, ifauj.
M".Miike checks or drafts iiayahle to the oixlev of the National Insurance
(dni|ttiny. Send yonr persona) <hccl{ and s;ive us exeliange. Send no cur.
reniA' at our i-isk. For small amounts use )H>stal money orders. Name the
bank on which draft or check is made. Vouchers must accompany ever>'
I'liarsjc.
The second column of within report rbould contain eveiT number con.
-;icullvcl\-, from tlienumherliust rejjorted to tltela«t numberof thlsreiwrt.
If a ]H)licy or i-cncwal is '*not taken'* or "canceled," or for other rea-sons
not to bo included in i cport, enter tlie numlier and put explanation opiw-
■^itc. Kvcry nuuibcrniust he acomnted forin itso.-.,r.
Send tliisrcturn promptly with close of niotitli. and entera copy of this
account enrrcnt on your l{oi(l.ster, with date of mailing.
Ill case ot' iiisiii-aiicc upon inamifactnrinir risks, where
pniiliar iiazar.ls ciihaiicc the rate of premium, the
assured is required to till out t hlittik of fi*oin 20 to 50
i|iiestif)ns whicli i.s calleil a sur; y.
These fjiiestions are pertiuer.T to the risk in tiuestion
.•iikI clesigiied to give the coinpuny as good an idea as
]iossil>ie of the risk as.sumed, such a.s kind of power
eiM|iii>yc(l, security of steam lioiler house, velocity of
iiiai liiiiery, csiiecially of any runs in wooden boxes,
kind of lubricant, eiposition of dirt, waste and oily
rags, ;?tc., etc.
."-'.)mc companies lefuse to be bound upon such tacbo-
lies until after sui-Vfjy has been received, insj)ecte<3 and
risk accepted.
Every comimny has its own lit of prohibited risks,
( opie.s of which arc sent to the agent for his guidance.
These \avy. One company makes money on a class of
risks where another meets only los-ses.
Every company aims (o make iimiiov oh each class of
risks, when taken in periods ot .say ten years.
Many companies keep their experience tables of
losses and premiums upon separate classes of risks
sacredly guarded even from their own employes.
Hence no such averai/e tables of the results of tire
iusui-ance are obtiiiiiible as we have of life insui-.mce
expeiiciicc.
Fire insuniiice, coiise(,uently, has not Ijecome in any
sense an "exact science" ami cannot Ix" until personal
je.ilonsy has iteeii laid asiile and coniiMinies combine,
inort' than in the past, for mutual e<lucatioii and aid.
At present an element of chance or luck seems not
wholly eliminated from the juoblei'i of nitio of pre-
mium 1o hazard.
One (piantity is now and a'ways may Im> indetei^mi-
nat(!, and that is the moral hazard, although it has its
value in the problem, and that value should be deter-
minetl.
At present companies can only avoid it as far a-s i>oo-
sible by contini'eil repetitions to local agents of the
precept, " Do not insure anything for more than three-
fourths its ciish value." " Let the insureil Ix' a sharer
to at letist that exteu. ."
But greeil and ignorance too frecjuently combine in
the local agent to heed the rule.
\u instance known to the writer is in point. A
merchant built himself a home, and insured it, of
coui-se. The supervising agent saw a linely-painted
haiulsome dwelling.
Fire came mysteriously. Extinguishe<l once, it
started again, and the third time only did it succeed.
The adjuster, who had also been the supenising
agent , fouiul only a pile of ashes. The owner Ixnvailed
his homeless situation, and extolled the beauty and
comfort and value of the home built to shelter his
fiimily, as he jiad hoped, for long years.
Investigation proved that paint had, like charity,
••covered a multitude of sins."' Accidentally the
adjuster learned that the sills and all the timber had
lieen bought after yeare of use at the bottom of limil>er
piles. The lumber was the debris of another lumber
yard. Shingies had cost only 50 cents a thousand and
everything except })aint and nails in proportion, while
the furniture had co«e from a second-hand store. The
builder and all but one man who worked on the house
had left the state, and the agent, who had insuretl only
the modest sum of $.3, .500 on a house that really «ost
about $1,.')00, found that he had Iteeu fooled and his
c«!upaiiies engaged in a long and ex|)ensive strife.
The note books of every adjuetcr are full of jast
such instances of pro{)crty built and fiiraklMd to sell
to insuniiic(> companies.
Tn another case known to the writer the adjuster
f^
Fllii: IXSUKANCK.
went til [uiy li"r;i t";iniicr"s iKirn, jrniiii, liorscs, airricul-
tiinil iiiijili'iiK'nt-. otr., I'tf. People in town iiikI
coiinti V s|K»k<' hiirlily (if the jkk)!- fellow. The adjii^<-
tor fiiiiiiil hi- mail -ulfcriiijir from ii burned face and
haiiil-. imiiiTcd whib- tiyin^' to sive his horses, and
witli fh«>~<' evidences did not dream of anything save
hone-ly: however, for fonn's stike, he had the insured
sv.-orn a- to tile facts in the cjLse, otiier insurance, etc.,
drew ids < ht^k ii|>oii the ompany and departed for the
next io«-.
lie was recalled bj- a dispatch from his local agent,
and found another adjuster for another company, who
had come t(. i>ay the s;ime claimant upon a policy taken
l>y allot lier agent.
liy cl tuice the s;»me notary was employed and .saici,
" Why. Mr. C jwid for this loss, and he (the claimant)
.swore then that he had no other insui~ance." Mr. C.
was ^^leiiT.ijjhed for.
To adjuster y». 2 cli<imant swore he had no insur-
ance except that in his co..ij):iny. and in answer to the
question whether he hail not Iwen insured in company
\o. 1. lie iledared on oath, that !ie had never heard of
siii-li a company. Tiic ii|i-liot in this t-ase -was that lie
'^A\c adjuster No. 1 the check he had received and paid
both adjusters for their time and ex])en.ses, .so that his
triple crime availed him iu>lhing, but cost him the loss
of hi< proi>erty and three hundred ilollars liesides.
A~ previously shown, the tirst duty of the assured in
«u>e of loss is to notify the comiKiny tlirnugh its lo<'al
agent. His second, to prepare .i statement of tlu'
amount of his loss or damage. The company, in any
consiilenible los.s. sends its adjuster to look into the
loss and all attending circiunstances. Appended here-
with is a •• Proof of Loss," to which .-hould be attached
a full list of projierty destroyed and also ail damaged
articles with l«»ss <>n each.
The damage or loss is tisiiiilly settled by mutiuil
agreement of as-sured and the adjuster.
If they cannot agree, arbitrators may l)c selected,
one by each \M»rty, and these chosi'.g a third.
FSRM OF .% PROOF OF L088.
TO TUK
GLENS FALLS INSURANCE COMPANY,
OF ULENS F.VLLS, NEW YOKK.
VnltatI Staten nf America.
State of Indiana, t
HI, County i»r M'irton. S
. Be ii Known, TIkiI on tlii-* «^'^'i/'^H/A«luy of.rHHc, A D. lHh.>, ih..,»re me,
Jifhit J'*-f^,:\ tttjlartt )tubiic^ «luly commi^sumrtl and sworn, iinil ipsidlnj^
In llj«- * ■.'■' *»i /fittiff*iip"Uat in thu rounty a:ul ■•tatc iifon'sald, ami anthor-
IztilWy liiw l<i:um!nist»Ti«tl»» ttieivin, i^er-mnally jii»iK.'uu<l AnUreiv V,
iirren, wlio, iMsiny -Inly sw ..i n, IfjMf*;- :iii'l v.iy, ;iii'l i-ai-li for liiniseU atiys,
that tilt' follow in;r stalt'nn'?ii iin'l tlif iiai^or-il'ifn'iun'fciTtMl t«», arc signotl
with /i«o\VM Iiiiml, contain a iKirtfcular, Junt, uml Iruu account of Ai» loss,
in the wortl.Hand tignn»s followhi^, to wit:
I. Tluit on lluj 7.;//* <Iay «•( (a.v>6» *'. A. I». lv<J, the Cili'iis I'liMs Inmir-
ance Company, (»f th<' Vinu;;(Mif «;ii'n'i KalN, hy thiir IVdii y o! In.-m-anco,
nunilHTtMl 11,3(11, i?*sur<l I>y Prrmium A- ( u., sai'l coniijany'sat.'cnts at, IiuU.
anapolis, in theStatuof Imiifinti, tMil in-iiuL'the jairty hfn'iiiRM'l Ihort'in
nanioti nj^innt lossor daniairo liy tin*, tin* writi.-n pirt of .'*aid iM)liry, and
of all chnnKrH tlwreof slnoc issued. l><'in;< iiri't-iscly m follows, viz.:
[(iivo the writtf'n jwrtion of tin- I'olicy in full, and alno copy in lull of
all IndorHontcntd, assltjnmcnts, alt<>nitions. 4tn.. which may havn Im'cmi
inado .since |K>Hcy was isstied. ]
$4,'»00, on hii stock o/ dry f/owt/.'r, *'i/.f, ''/yt, "tul f/r^/'-r fttrn-xhin;/ f/oinlx.
|;j,00 im his office furniturft and
f'jnn itn his HI fff, all contained in Ihp thr*'f-tt'n\t/ hrirk; mtial-i'nnf huHdii,/,
situate Xo. 10 Xorth Jones Street, in the f'ittf uf Indianajtolis, lud.
For the tf'nn of one year from the l.VA day of 'v/'*/*<r, A. I», l^^s-i, to tho Vtth
day of Oc/rVi^r, A. l>. Iv*;!, at niKtn, which .«aid Policy wa-* sul)so<iuontly
continued in force, l»y renewal, until the day ot \. h. IS..,
at noon.
II. That in addition to the anuanit coven d iiy.-siid Tnlicy ol' sjijd Cnni.
pany, then; was no other In.snnmce made or exi^tiu^ oi, >aid properly or
any imrt thereof whatevtr, .■.\cf'pi .'l- particularly s|»<-ciiteil in the anticNcd
".■^cheduh- A,'*.showin); the name of each ( ■ompany, and tlif written por-
lions of '.ach Policy, and all clianjjes therein ^-incc thf rolicii^ were is-ned.
LSee Note No. 1.]
III. That at thetiniyjiajd Polfey wit< Nsn<d the title tosnid iu.-iMcd pi-op-
erty, and tlie incnitdmine<'san<l liens ihert'^ni, stiKxI us iollows, vi/: 'Piilf
tri s<iid Andi'fH- V, O't'cen, without an<j inrumhrance of iienn tfifftun^ and no
utlier pei-oii or perM>n-J had any riifht, title, i>r hitere-t of, to, or in sai'l
proiM'ily, or any part ther*"**!", whatever.
[Sei'Sote No. -J.l
IV. That at the time of the tire hendnafter mentionrMl ih.- title to said
In.^urcd proiH'rty, .md th<' incumUrmce-i and lien- Ihereoi'. ^.tood ,is lol-
h»ws, to wit: III said Andrew V. Wretn, and atj-tot utt I if Uiit'o umtjei'rd, and
no other jwrson or iM-r^ons hail any riirht, title, or inti're>t of, to, or in said
property, or any iiart tliercof, whatever; norha^ there heen any cln".ii^c in
said title or interest.s; nor Ilcs the!*C' Iiei-n any hens of a»'y Uind. on any of
said property, since said I'oUcy wit-* issued, exi-ept a- I'ove spei-ltirally
stated.
V. Thu sairl holdei-s of said Incumbrances au'l Hen.-; nt the time -aid
rolicy was issued, and at the time of .-^lid tin-. icsiMtdividy, lia 1 no in>iu-
anec on said projM'rty, or any ii;irt thereol, e\eept us iKuticulaily staled
in annexed "'•i-Iicdulo A."
[<vv Note No. 1. 1
VI. That the l.niklin:,' in-nred or oontainintr tlie proiMity de.-troyed or
damaged wils occupied in Its several jwrts, at the tinie of the hie l.eiem-
after mentioned, hy iho i>artics hereinafter named, and lot the lollowint^
pnriM)sc> only, t' wit :
nanenwnt-Stor'njf, Country i^odttce, O, IT. /brmer.
Ifit St'jry—A. r. Orecn. .S't'tre.
L'nd—iSeverul parties. Law offices.
5(/— (». T. Brown. OweUintj.
And doix>nent says further, tlmt there Ims been no change in theoccu.
jxincy or use of thr' buildings, nor has tliere been any other laiildii:g
erected within one Imud red feet t'lertnif, nor has theoccniiilii.n ijr ustjof
any building witliin one hundred feet l)ecome more h izardn-is. nor hfs the
hazanlor riskof ins.i'i?<l buildtngs been otlierwls*' iu< rc:i'^od m any man.
ner since the issniiifrof said Policy,
VII. That the a"»ual vxAx value of the jiixJiK-'rly named in lho>e items
of said Polii'y iii>on whi»li lus^or damage i»cLdmed in tlic next .-ection,
estimated under all the circuuLstances of age, condition, and ciitMim-
stances of location and nuirket, at the time imme<Uate!y preceding .-aid
lire, was as follows, viz. :
Value of yftrc)uimiisc ?7, .■!<»(».,.
yaXxxeaX (ifflce f\n^iitHre # i'm...
Value of iSfi/t' if -Hto..,
As will more fully ami imrticulnrly .ipiMirln the unni'xed "Schedule U,'*
which gives a full and accurate descriidlon. and a true ilenn^ed valuation
of each linildingand article for which claim is made, with Ihe uuMMint r>f
loss and damage on iwcn, stat<M seji:imtcly.
[See Note No. .i.]
VIII. That on the IWAday oX Jutuf, A. I». N".!, at abiuit .* oVlock A. ^l. ti
fire occinred by which tho proi)crty liL-^ur 1 was injured or Mestroyd to
the extent of the f<tllowing amounts on the foUowing named itom>; of said
Policy, for wf .eh the following named sum.- areelaime'l. vi/.
''n"I,Inn'''l'i;';!y'' nK-is,.,- „.,.,.-v. .\,.:...,„t,:ri,:„,.
ti.T.Vi on ;>•■>/ (,v>irf.t ♦J,7."Kl.,.
$ 7H.I Mt »Hl //»«.* f(/K| <'(/yW $ 7si,(i«
# :I7'» 10 (in O'U'^t Ftn'iii^h-t"j iwfrod» f ;17<i.40
* -lil ."lO ini ilJU'e f'llntiliirt i ill'iO
^ 'X'ttt "t) itn Srtfr ^ 'JtHiiK)
♦ l.l'.il .Vi Tolul l.i)s< « ith Tiitiil rluiui on fomiKiiiy for t(,.'ll V)
■■{!J<!e5'K1
^^P^
FIRE INSURANCE.
US iRM'cin jui'l in tlio stiittMiH'nt8Binl tlio si'Vt'nil srlifMliilt'suml juipers here-
lU'tK lUincMMl pintUiiliiily set loitli, all of whitli arc iiiiiOu a part of tliia
l>nM)f, and wliicli tin- ili'|K)Ui'iit (UtUuch ti> lie a JumI, tnu", and faithful
account nf fii-H loss, as far a-* h*: has l)oo!f ablo to asci'rt;iin tho same.
[(Jive l'>-suniUr each itcmiif llic I'olicy, as "Dwelling'," " llouseliold
l"Mniil\irc,"otc,, ainl ainoinit of claii i on cadi Item of iinllcy.]
IN. 'I'lat tl»' Ih.^ oris,'inal<Kl in ilunccuml alory n/llic buihliny,frum utime
vdH^tc ifiikii't'i n t'i suid dt'iHinriity hut .tttpjwsed to ht' ttn orrt'hi'itlctt Mlovc.
Tile saiil (Icponciit further declares that tile saiM tire did not originatcj by
any net, dcsi;;ii, or pi"ocnrenK'iit on .i.t jHirt, nor on tlic part of any one
having an interest in said properly, or in any insiimnee thereon, nor in
consequence of any fmud orevil practice done or .snIferHl liy Ai»i and that
nothing lias been done by or with /ii,« privily or consent to \ iolate the con-
ditions of Insui-ance, or render void the Policy afon'.said, and tliat /i^ will
furnish, whenevc" required by said Uli'iis Falls Insnninci' Loinpany, full
particulars, cxhibitlni; the construction of the building containing the
proiierty insured, its dimensions and condition at t lie time oftla^ sai^l tiro,
and sncli additional information coneerning said insuri-d propert>', the
damnge thereto, and the insui-.iiice thereon, as well by means of books of
accounts and other vonchei-s liirui-iied, as by replies to InteriMgatorles
made, as shall be ii'qnireil by said Conipaiiy.
(.«fateall you know about the origin of the tire, fully, and. if origin or
cause t)f flre is not know ii, gi\'e the gener.d .siipiwsitioii.]
Witness la.v hand at Iitdiitniiimtin, \n the County of Marion, and stale of
InUi'DUi, this l7//iday of .^loie, A. 1>. Iss3.
:^ubeeribe<l antl sworn to before me, lliis t
nih day of June, A. P. l!»i3. <
j Seal. I
JOUX JO.\£N,
yolarff Puhfic.
INSTIUTTIONS.
XOTi; 1.— In case of other insurance on the lauiierly or any piirt ol it, by
owner, inorlgngec, or oilier jicrson having any interest liiorlien upon it,
Schetlule A must give the nam" of the Companies, dale and term, r.ile, and
amount of premium i>aid, and a full copy of the written iwrtlon of each
I'olicy, en(l of all changes by indorsement, assignment, or otherwise,
whic'' ;,iay liave been made since Policy was issueil.
Note -j.— sections III. and IN', must shtiw whether title is in tee simple,
or whether held by contract, lease, in- otherw isi', : s fict neiy be; also all
incumbrances by morlgage, Judgment, builders' or other lii'ns, amounts
thereof, severally, with names of parties holding same. In case of prop-
erty held in trust, or on commission, state (using a Selie<lnli' if nwessary)
the names of the owners, and the marks and numbers.
N'OTK ;!.— Schedule r> should give an itemized statcinent of everytliing
destroyed or damagetl, with the value in one column, and the lo^sor dam-
age in another, Bixjuiied under the several items of the Policy by wlilcli
the thing is claimed to lie covered. The totals of the value of each group
to be also entered in Section VII., as "value ot ilwelling," "liousehold
furniture," "iMrnNo. 1," "farm jirodnce therein," etc., etc. Schedule B
slioulrl also give age, size, height of iiosts, materials of, condition of repair,
etc., etc., of all buildings, and a descriptive mention of each item of
projierly.
Note 4.— Attach all Schedules and other luiwra iiertaining to tliis proof
lirinly and securely to this Wank by mucilage or fastener.
SIAOISTRATE'S OR NOTARY'S CEBTIFIOATE.
Officers arc cautione<l t"- carefully road and thorougljly understand the
naUire and lesiTOnsibility of thl« official certlflcate.
Htate of Iiuliana. I
County of Marion. \
I. John Jones, ri'siding in Indiamipulia, and tlie most contiguous ofllcer
to the property within described, liereljy certify that 1 nm not concenicd
in the loss or claim alxive .set forth, either as creditor or otherwise, or
relatetl to thcinsured orsutTerers; that I hiivcexamincd the circumstances
attending the lire, o damage us alleged, and that I am well acquainliHl
with Hie character andeircumstancesof the lns>nretl, and do verily believe
that /le lifis, by misfortune, and without fraud orevil iiractice. sustained
loss and damage on the jiroiH'rty insuie<l to the amount of Four Thouxnud
Foxir Hundred Xinetij-one .Vi. 100 dollai-s.
In Testimony Whereof, I have hereunto set my hanil and
. citlleial seal, this ,'ierenteenth day of .Tune, \. D. li*<;i.
1 •^'"''"7"' I .JOUX .TO.\EN.
y Seal.
— , ■ y'olarii I'utitie.
Ev^'A' carot'iil coinpiiiiy hit-' it.s ri.sks iiispeclotl by ii
•' suporvisiiio^ iiofoiit."
With most compaiiios the same "special agent"
unites the diitie.s of supenisor and adjuster.
The (hitics ct' the supervising agent arc to look
olosoly into the physical huztirtl, see if anything liable
to spontaneous combustion is .stored tu- kept on the
premises — in .short, to gain as full knowledge of every-
thing afl'ecting the hazard as he can, as well as the
business staniling and repute of the assured. The
form of report varies with companies. Appended we
give a sample:
SlTKKVISINtJ .\tiKST-> KEI>OKT.
TiIK XATIOXAI. IXSIRAXI K cOMl'AXY.
.\geney at .Tainestoun, III. Name of .Vssui-eil, .1. II. Frankliix.
Location, M\ JCa.it .l/.i n .SI., Policy No. t;:. Amount ♦l,.ViO, liate 1',, He.
newal No Expires. y<ir. 17, isso, Ik-seription. On An Printimj l^mses.
Card CuttcrK, Paper Cutters, Tyjte and tuch (4her nitdfrials as are usuallj/
used ill priniinij offl-es. l>n 3tl flwr of i-tt'jry Iriek liuilding. Itlock of 2,
Stories, ;t; Fire Walls, Fast; ll:Atf. Comjtontion; Cornice, irotHi; Iron shut-
tei-s, Xo; T?a.sement, ; 1st floor. Prif rtrmtn; ind fli>or, Offlccs, .Ifillin-
<rri/,' .3rd floor, llish. .Small porlatle lx>iler,irrll teeuretl,hrirk lirnealh. Kx.
IKJSures, .S. St. Ki /I. to l,rick store; s. /totaled; K. Separate fire u^ill, double;
W. St. m feet to •i.slonj brick bank. l>.iteof Suirey, .Mareh 13, Kso. IJemarks,
Hood, clean. 1 quart Bensiiie only. Kale on Renruvl •!',-. In such risks
nothing can be saved in ease of fire. Doing profitable business.
It will thus be seen that insunuue companies exer-
cise all possible care of insiHHtiou and suiiervision.
Should the supenisor see anything uiiMife that the
assured can remedy, he calls attention to it and asks
that the change Ik? made, giving his reasons. Oily
waste used to wipe otV machinery and thrown aside in
•I corner he looks sharply after, knowing how often it
bursts into ti flame. .Siiwdust and oil will ignite in
sixteen houi-s in a hot room. Cotton, .siturated with
linseed oil, in from six to ten hours. Iron and brass
scraps or shavings, when oily, are liable to spontaneous
ignition.
In short, cleanline-vs and tiiliness are essential to
safety. No rate can 1(0 .sifely fixed for a dirty risk.
The Minneapolis tloiir mill explosions only <on firmed
the jncviously entertainetl Indiefs of eyperienced under-
writers, altiiough even they had failed to aiJiJieciate
the terrible power of difl'u.-«ed Hour, flour-mill ilust,
dust from shavings, etc. It re«|uired the actual dcmon-
sti-.itioii by after exiwrimeut to «>>tablisli the fact that
.W lbs of Jitit' wheat /four ifitf'ii.it-'l f/iwiifi/i 4, OCX) cubic
feel of air had, on the application of fame, the power
to lift 250 ]},H SO feet hiijh.
At the Washburn Mill, a jwir of mill stones, or
burrs, were lifted and tin-own over and outside the
(lcl)ris to a distance of forty feet.
Hence, the rea.son why insiinuu^e conipanit\s and
agents so often cry •' C'leap up." and, as it .seems to
many, arc omm zcai<ui> in preaching the gospel of
cleanliness. Tidiness i> safety in the farm house, city
dwelling, shop, store, and fa .ory, and inasmucli as
property burnctl i.-? gone — just so mu< h aljstnieted from
the fruits of industry — it should not be as hard a lesson
to Icani as it is lli.it la<k of chnmliness costs the people
of tiiese Unitcii .States millions of dollars everv vear.
I
1/
\
9(*
ur-amoe.P'
3|*t^
^ IFE INSURANCE has various forms
'^' ofpolioyor c-ontnict,allofthcni.
hoMcvcr, containing the one idea
of !i fixed snni paid at deatii of tht-
party insnred. Tiie several fomi.<
are as follow.s:
l.st. A Policy issued to a person on
fiiK mni life, payable at deatli to his
executoi-s, administrators or assigns.
ii\. A Policy issued to a wife (or to
a iiushand for a wife) on the life of her
husl)antl, payal)le at his deatii to the
wife for her own us(\ fire from the
ilaims of the hxisband's representatives
or creditors. This kind of policy is
made jiayahle, should the wife die l)efore the husband,
to his or her children.
3d. Endowment Insumnce Policies are issued, pay-
able in a certain number of years to the assured, or
should death occur before maturity, to his children or
wife.
LIFE POLICIES ON THE TEN PREMIUM NON-
FORFEITING PLAN.
Ten annual premiums secure a paid-up Life Policy,
while the full amoiuit of the jjolicy will l)c jKiid if
the i)arty insin'ed dies l)ofore completing the ten :
paym<'nt>.
If. after the receipt by the comi)any of not less than
fjirec annua] premitnns, the policy siiould cease in con- i
eipii-iicc (if tiie non-pavTiient of premiums, then u|ion '
^=
the surrender of the same, witiiin six months, the (om-
pany will is.*ue a new jiolicy for th<' full vahic ac(|uirpd
under the old one; that is to say, if three annual prem-
ium- luive l»eeii paid, the company Avill issue a poiiiy
for Otrf^-d-nthx of the sum originally insured, and in thf
.•<»me proportion for any luunber of payments, without
further charge.
EX^ViMPLE.
Ten pavmenu aaeore a paid-up policy of $i,lioo, payable »t death.
Sine '■ " " " imo " •'
Eight ■• " " " 8(10 "
««Teii •• •' " " 700 " '•
sii - •' " " ipflo " '•
Fire " ■' " " :m\ "
Foot " •• •' " 400 " ••
Thrw " " •' " :W " '•
4th. Life Policies paid up liy lifteen or twenty
annual premiums, non-forfeitable after tliree years, are
i~suwl. Alsii. Endowment Insurance Policies on the
>anie non-forfeiting plan. This class of insurance es-
jiociaUY cdmmmds itself to debtors, who can thus pro-
vide by iiistallincnts for the li(|uidation of their debt^-
at a given time, and yet, in the event of death, secure
to their <redit<us the full aniouiit of iheir claims.
.'till. Annuity Policies arc issued, liy whi<'li the f om-
])any giuinuitees, in consideration of a certain |)riiicipal
>vm\ paid to the company, to grant a ceiiain .mnual
a]lowan<-e or annuity during tlie life of a peison who
shall luivc paid siich principal sum. Thisailowau. •> de-
|)eu<ls uj>on tli<' age of the [icrson or annuitant at the
time the principa' sum Is paid to the company — tlie
id<ler the annuitant the greater the yearly allowance
that the company stipidates to pay.
lii
^^m
MIT. INMIiA.NCi;.
DOUBLE ENDOWMENT for TWENTY YEARS.
A l)oiil)lf l\ii(lo\vni(Mit i-- M twenty yuar (■nilowmcnl
i>~iii;m((' iiolicv. wliicli will yield to the holder of it. ;it
iiKitiirily, donbh' the iiMiount iiisnirod in the event of
ileiilli, iind is the liest tbfin of endowment ever oll'ofed
to tiio>e who iii'e niofe desirons of reeeivinir a laf'i'esuni
for their own use in advanced yeai'!5. than of leaving- it
In tiieir lieiis in the event of their early death.
SEMI-ENDOWMENT FOR TWENTY YEARS.
A Senii-Kndownienl i.- a twenty year endowinont
as.^uraiiie policy, which will yield to its holder, at ma-
inrity. half the amount insured in the event of death.
The>e policies are desirahle for those who not only
\vish to provide for their families, lint also to make
pr(>\ ision t'or theinsel\es when tiic family is yrown np,
M'cnriny l<i )liem.--el\es at t lie end of t wcnty years a cash
\ahn'. \vhicli may ('(jnal tiic total amount paid t(- the
company dnrinii' I lie twenty ycar>.
SINGLE PREMIUM LIFE POLICIES
Arc jiidicics for the wiioh' lite, the premium on \\hich
may lie settled liy a sin^fle payment . Persons liavin<>-
funds which they are reasonably confident they shall
not re(|niri' in liusiness ojjerations. or to meet current
expen>c>. ami who lia\'c an a\crsioii In incui'rini;' future
pecuniary lialiilitie>. however small, prefer tliis mod<'
I'f dischaririui; their olili^'at ions to the company.
There arc mimic other plans or kind- of contract . such
a- the 'rontiuc. etc.. which ha\t' been adopted in some
instance--, lint which ha\c failed to become of i^cneral
u>c. or lla^■e been thrown aside as impracticable.
The most imp(jrtanl case dI' life insurance i> that
which <(i\er> for the benefit of' a helpless family the
life of the husband and father, its |ir(idni'ti\(' head.
The doctrine of pi'oliubilit ies wa> first di'vcloped by
F.'iscal ii^ Hnyircns in rejrar<l to iiames of chance.
In IbTl Jan DeWitt. of Holland, applied this table
of jirobabilities to life continirencies, so as to determine
the \alue of Hie annuities and reversions, in order to
aid the wovernniciif to raise loans.
In lti9^< the London ■• .Mercers \\'i(lows' Fund" wits
started. This, a> all earlier companies, was founded
"I'iither on nnitual benevoleiu'(> than insuranee."
If we takt> a thousand persons, starting in life to-
gftthei', or ,'ilive at a iriven aire, nothinir is more certain
than that their luitural deaths will occur in a series dif-
fering not very widely from that of any other thoiisaiul
pnrson.s alive at the same age, under same eiivuiu.stanees.
The truth of this general law is V.own by the tables
ol' ?uoitality used in the calculation of life insurance
j)remiums, ami in the yaliiation of polieies.
The.se tables are the Carlisle, the English Life, and
the .Vettiaries' Rate or Combmed Kxperii-iMo tables.
The first of these is so eatfed from the town of > '.irlisle,
and was prepared by Mr. Milne, an eminent mathema-
tician, from observations of the mortality in that town
during the latter part of the last century. These ob-
seiTations were applied to a proiniseuotis poinilation of
about eight Ihou.sand persons. The KngI ifih Life table,
the second above named, was prepared ';y Dr. Fair,
from data furnished by th(^ census of England, and the
records of deaths in that country, and iniblished in l.s4;i.
Mis observations extemled over (piite a nunilier of years,
and endiraced the entire male population, taking <ity
and country together. The .Vcfuaries", or Condiined
Exiierience table, the last above named, v.-as prejiared
by a connniltee of actuaries, from the combined expe-
rii'uce of sc\euteen of the principal life insm'ance com-
panies in Kngland.an.l was deduced from the I'ccord.-- of
the deaths of' insureil Tncs. This fable is tliouglil to
express more accurately than any other |inblished table
the mortality of stdected li\t's thus far experienced by
American companies: and that I'xperience indicates a
rate of mortality so much lower than that of the actu-
aries" i;iie as to make the a>siiuiption of that 'able
entirely sale.
.MUKT.Vl.l I'Y rAniJ; — ASSIRED I.IVES.
Amcric'Mii Tiilil
(■lit Mil
■liiUU
iiilupti'd by tlic siuti' uf
Sew VoiUi
^w*-
Stllll
lard lor vdlKiitioiml I'ol
(•U'>.
V
2 .^
t
= ;;
-
2 C
Niiinljcr
2
Suniber
r
^
Suiulx^r
P
■^3:
sur\ivinK
iit
"E^c
>ii:-viviiig
i([
Sx
i,a
Slivvivinir
at
I
• ■Mcliiiy.'.
each (if^c.
-^' -
each age.
n
—
— i
^
— -
-
1(1
I(KI,(KKI
7411
III
78,lll<i
7((
38,,'j(ill
2,3m:
II
I'.l.iM
741-,
41
77,341
:i
.■1H,178
2,448
[•:
',W„'l(l.'l
7:.!
42
7(),5ti7
;-j
3;<,7;i(i
2,487
l:i
!I7,7,V.'
71(1
43
75,782
73
31,243
2,.Wi
II
'.iT.d'i'i
737
4^1
74,!l8.->
71
28,7:is
■2,Mll
l.-i
■.l|i,'iS,^i
7.i.')
l.-i
74,17.1
75
•26,237
2,47(1
ir.
!l."i,5.')ll
73-'
4(i
73,345
•.f.
< 7(i
23,7(U
2,431
U
lil.SlS
7--'!i
47
72,4117
>ii'
77
21,33(1
2,:i(;ii
IK
I"I,(JSM
7-7
W
71,(127
sm;
78
18,961
2,'291
111
!l3,.-i»H
li'i
40
70,731
1127
711
l(i,i;7(i
2,1%
■M
.'.i-.',ii:i7
7-J3
.W
ti«,804
11(12
80
14,474
2,091
■n
111,(114
7--
.■il
(18,842
l,noi
HI
12,383
1,1164
'2'2
!ll,l!>.'
721
.W
117,841
l,ai4
82
10,4111
1,816
•_';!
IK1,471
7JU
53
(«i,7II7
i,i»l
8.1
8,603
1,648
•Jt
S!l,-.'.l
7 HI !
M
H.5,70(i
l,l4;i
84
eA^"'
1,470
.1,-,
M<I,(KW
718
.Vi
(U,.V):l
1,199
85
5,48.5
1 ,-2!l2
■](i
8tl,31l
718 '
M
(j3,3(U
l.SiO
8I>
4,193
1,114
■27
87,f)!Ki
718
57
(12,104
1,3-25
87
3,079
93;i
28
l«i,S7S
71S
58
'iO,77!l
1,3114
88
2,146
744
■-ll
H«,100
71!)
5»
5il,3S5
I,4li8
811
1,402
.ws
:ui
H.-),44l
-■'M
(Kl
57,!I17
1,.>4«
90
847
38.-.
.11
.•«,721
7il
01
5»;,371
1,()'>S
91
462
246
:w
84,0(KI
7i:! !
(M
.14,743
1,713
92
216
137
li
!t!,277
7-i« :
(i.)
5;i,03<i
1,800
93
79
58
31
W,.WI
7'.1i
64
51,i30
1,8811
114
21
18
*•)
81,8*!
7;l-J
IH
411,341
1,98(1
1)5
;i
.!
M
HI.OIKl
737
IHI
47,3(11
2,070
XI
8n,3.v;
74-
1)7
45,2<ll
i.l.M
;)8
7!l,lill
7411
ti8
43, ra
2,1^4,)
311
78,HI)'.'
7.iii
lill
40,8iKI
2,321
Lonffniid careful obsorvntloiis have shown tliat llioiitjhtliolil'oofHiiygiven
individual Is jiroveibially uncertain, yettlmt, iia large number ofiwi'Mons
Inordinary circuinstauees at a given age be taken, there is alaw, ll.xeil
ami unifcinn, determining within very narrow limit, 'he average number
of years of life remaining to them. Forexamiile, if wvi take 10,(*Ki persons
at the aire of 22 years, the sum of their ages at death will amount toalmut
629,000 years, showing that on an avenigo each pci-snn now 22 years old will
live very nearly 41 years longer. This meanafter lifi't Inn- Is called eriiecUt-
lion of life at the assmcd age, that Is, the number of years which one at
that age mav probablf/ erpecttii live, though many will die sooner, and
oven 72 out of 10,(100 during the llrst year.
I
LIFE INfil'RANCB.
KXPECTATIOX OV LIFK.
Constmctetl from the Mortality Tablp.
YeiirH
Zip«cml:a. 1
Yuui>
oUI.
IXPMUUOO.
Y'oura
old.
(ipMUtlOI.
old.
Yuui-!,.
Yuirs.
Teai-rt.
Ii'
4S.T
40
28.2
70
8., I
11
4S.1
41
27.5
71
8.0
11
47.4
42
20.7
72
7.H
l;:
411.8
43
211.0
73
7.1
»
41). -J
44
4-.. 3
71
6.7
i:.
4.>.j
4J
24.5
75
6.3
lli
44 'J
40
■St.!'
76
6.9
17
44. J
47
23.1
5..^
IH
4.1. A
48
22.4
7H
S 1
111
42. B
49
2l.li
79
4.H
■-ll
42. i
50
20 9
m
4.1
.il
41.A
il
20.2
81
4.1
40.9
42
19. •.
82
3 7
■ ►;;
40.2
ii
18.8
83
3.4
■.'4
at..'-.
54
18 1
M
3.1
■i.')
38. H
M
17 4
«
2.8
■X
38.1
M
10.7
86
2.5
;i7.4
57
16.1
87
1.2
•>l
.■>i 7
&.■<
15.4
88
1 9
'-!'
3«.l)
6!)
14.7
8!l
1.7
3"
33.3
00
14.1
'Ml
1 (
M
at.tf
61
13.5
91
12
Si
:i3.'J
62
12.9
'.H
1.0
:a
88.2
03
12 3
93
.8
■M
32..^
01
11.7
04
.It
8.1
31. S
03
11.1
a-.
.5
8»
31.1
Wi
10. S
jn
30.4
87
10.*
..
M
■»H
08
9.5
sn
•a n
Oil
9
"
This rato \n caleiilatcd on the inobahility nf litV, luid
tho probiiblc cxpen.ses of tho coinpany-
This scale or tabic of tho probability or <'Xpectatioii
of life has licon fonuod, and is supiiosod to bo best
adapted to the iiLsurance of the lives of persons of fjooil
conslitntioii. in frood health, residing in healthy local-
ities. lI(.'iico companies dill'cr very slightly in their
rates of proniiiini.
The following luc about the usual rates:
I'REMU-MS l'AYABI.7': IX ADVAX(,"J:, AXNUALLY,
ox ONK THOCS.VNl) UUI.LAKS.
.V(,"'.
i.ni;
r.WAUi.i;
VT HEATH
nNLV.
vVnnnal.
3 I'ay't.s.
In I'liy't....
1-| rnyl.i.
20 I'liy'ta.
1 I'ay't.
41
.■)2.liO
94 DO
60 70
47.13
40.10
409,46
42
33 '■»>
9li !l.->
1:2.23
4-< 73
41.'i-.
419,14
43
3-.. 20
99..;.-|
63.83
311,19
42. .'.0
4-29,13
44
M.ji)
101 SI
03.69
31,.'.3
43.83
4;l!l,44
43
38.00
1II1.3.-I
iu.:ir,
3,J,0.-.
45.20
■(.■iO,!!!)
46
:UM>
107. IHl
»)!).20
.34.ia)
46.63
460 N)
47
41 20
1119. 7.'i
71.19
.'.»). 23
48, -20
471 .8-2
48
43.10
lli,.-|0
73. (V.
,37 93
19,8.3
483 >2
49
43.00
ll.v:!.-.
7.-I.I9
39 73
3 1 .33
494,42
,W
47.00
118, .19
77.2(1
61.69
31 33
.306,01
81
49.29
121.39
79.19
63. .-M
.3". 23
517,76
32
31..j<l
l24.;'.-<
Hl.lh-.
1)3.60
37 , 23
.3-21 1, 6S
33
Ki.'M
127. -Ill
Hi. 90
67 73
.-.9, In
311,73
31
r»iSi>
1*1.711
86.40
79 (X)
61, U-.
.3.-^3,93
,Vi
.'i9.40
131 1)9
K-1.93
72 19
64,0.-|
,'«;6,2-<
.'xl
i;2.49
137.".-.
91.60
74 .93
l»,60
^t'M '•>
37
1)3. i;o
110.7.-.
91. 3-.
77. )0
69.;i0
.391 2.)
58
69.00
Ill.:i0
97,29
80 10
72. 'JO
60,! W
39
72 79
117,90
KKI.iO
N;i.40
73 30
616 62
m
Vil.lll
131.110
103. 3-.
86.33
78 .63
6-2!l.41
The essential .securitie*' for the .stability of a company
are honesty and offieicncy of management, and tho
average rate qfprei/n'um.
TABLE OF PEEMIUJ[S PAYAIU.E IX ADVAXCE, AXNUALLY.
OS ONE THOUS.VNn DOLLARS.
X. B.— The lower llgtires In tin- Endowiiieiil Tablei are tho Amiuiil I'ieiniuiii.><. Tlio upper ones are the Ten Payment rates for tho Bamc tenns.
1
LIFE— PAV.VBLK AT DEATHOXLY. |
EXDO-ft'MEXT— PAYABLE AT DEATH
OR AITEB. 1
EXDOWMKNT— rA3-AnLE AT DEATH, OK AGE.
^1
Annual
3P't3
10 l-S
liP'a
-MP's
ipt.
10 Yre.
13 Y'ra.
-20 Yr3.
25 Yrs.
.iO Yi-8.
:« Yrs,
40 Yrs.
40
45
50
53
60
63
70
20
17.30
17.80
18.30
18.70
lfl.:lO
19.90
20.. -)0
20,90
21..-.0
22.19
2-2.70
2.3.40
21 10
24.80
S.-..60
26., 30
27.40
28., -to
•29,-10
,30.40
31. ,-8)
(XI 70
61.85
63.00
64.25
6S.S0
66.80
68. IS
69. K
71.00
72.45
74.00
75. 00
77.20
78.83
90.60
8-2.40
A4.30
86.20
88.20
90.25
!r2.40
38 .\i
3:1 -2.)
40.00
40.80
41.(0
43.45
13.80
44.90
43.15
44.10
47.10
48.10
49.M
50.30
51.40
54.60
.Vt.80
S5.10
56.40
.37.73
.3:>.-X
29.73
30.30
80.90
Sl.flO
(S.U
81. M
8t.M
84.20
34.90
35.85
3B.45
.37.23
38.10
30.00
3».!I0
40.85
41.80
42. «
4;j.n<'
43.00
46. -iO
S4 70
23.80
S5.70
96.S0
«8.73
27.80
87.90
SS.SO
i».I5
■29.80
30.45
31.10
81. S5
.32.10
*!.40
34 25
:i.3 10
;t6.00
;«.%
;{7.95
364.50
269,30
274,45
•279.68
■»5.oe
»0,6d
296.43
802 SB
308.55
314.91
321.48
328.-25
Si5.-25
342.48
:>49.fl3
»7.63
:«5..38
.173.79
:«2-27
.-ill. 03
104.85
88.10
65. M
74,93
46. -20
64.70
^.•2.3
66 70
28.:rt
60.05
•2;i,83
40.13
'20.80
74,93
•16. '20
64,79
;«,'2,3
66,70
■28. ;l,3
50.6.3
'23.85
46,15
'20, SO
42.93
18.80
40.85
17. 33
2fl
21
104.90
88, '20
65.40
73. («
46.30
64. bU
M.a3
66. m
•28.50
60.90
•24.00
46.. 30
21.00
77.4.3
40.-2.3
60.70
37.13
68.30
'29,60
51.93
24,75
47.:iO
21 30
43.90
19 S3
41,70
18.05
21
.M
104.0.5
88. -25
66. ,30
75.13
46.40
64.93
:«.43
37.10
28.60
61. -20
24.13
46.83
21. -20
89. IHl
62,70
1)8.75
;«),'20
60.00
31.00
63,. -)5
'23.70
48.40
■22 '25
44,90
19.95
42 6,)
18 33
•22
2.1
103 05
88,. 13
03,60
73.30
46. ,30
tt3,m
&3 IK)
37 ;«
•28.73
61., 30
at.. -1.3
47. •r.
21.43
82.70
66,, 30
70.90
41^30
61.73
32., V)
64.73
■28.73
49.60
'iJ,(l5
4.3.93
'20.60
43 4o
19.05
23
■24
105.10
88,43
6.3.70
73.40
48.60
63.:)0
38.70
37.. -.3
28.95
61.80
•24.33
47.6.3
21.70
S5.,3-)
60.8)
73.13
43.93
l)^),.33
34,10
65.43
:i3.8,3
,36. '2,3
■27.90
67.80
■29.10
.30,85
■23,8,3
46.95
21. •2.3
U.4ti
19 es
24
23
105.20
NH .33
63.80
73.65
46.75
66.45
85.85
67.81)
'29.10
62.10
24.73
4-<.03
•22.110
88.55
65.80
73., 33
46.75
52,10
'24.75
48.05
22.00
45.36
20»
•23
26
105 30
88,65
65.90
73.70
40.85
65.65
86.00
68.10
29. »)
32.. 30
•2,3, (»l
48. 33
•22,^23
91,79
71.43
78.05
49. SO
67.50
37.73
,39.4.)
:w.40
63 43
2,3.70
49.20
•22.75
46.35
80.85
•26
"27
105.. 3,3
88,75
66 00
73.85
47.00
65.90
36,13
68.40
80.50
62.90
■2,3 30
49, (Ij
'22.60
94.90
77.93
80.65
63. '20
69,5.3
:)9,83
61.10
31.80
,34 83
26.75
60.40
•2;i.8fl
47.45
91.55
'27
28
103.45
88 80
66.10
76.00
47,15
66.10
,36. m
68.70
29,73
,33.:)0
•2,3.55
49. IW
•22.ft3
98.30
8,3.65
83.. -)3
67 10
71.70
42.15
62.85
lii.3,3
36,30
27,85
61.65
•24.33
48 55
99. 2S
28
2<t
105.65
89.00
66 20
76.15
47,30
66. -i3
36, 3i
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6.3.73
■25.85
60. •iO
•23.. -10
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•2.1 73
101,90
9! 70
86. '20
61.45
74.00
44.6,3
64.70
85.00
67,80
'29,00
62.90
'26, 25
49.68
29.96
■29
,10
105.65
89.13
6«.;i3
76.35
47.45
66.63
.30.73
69.40
80. 2.3
64, 23
26.)iO
103. («
10-., 6.3
89.15
66.35
76.13
47.4,3
66.63
36.73
69.40
,-iO.'23
.34.25
26. '20
50.80
'2:1. 75
52.05
'24.. %3
:»
31
106.90
88.30
66.50
76.65
47,60
66.90
87.00
69.80
:10.5,i
60 -20
:«.!ni
.34.80
■26.60
,V),)i3
•27 00
9-2.30
72.03
78.85
,30 50
68,l'K>
38,70
61 03
31.60
6,3,6,3
■27. '20
31
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m 43
66 i).3
76,75
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67 , -20
37 -2,3
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78, 33
81.4,
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70,70
40,89
62 73
33 9,-.
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:!2
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80.r.ll
66 80
77 00
48.00
67 ,^3
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60,70
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81 60
,V. 93
27,43
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67.;),3
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86. -13
84 13
,37,80
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:tt
106.15
8H 80
66.9,3
77. '25
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67.90
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87,90
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M
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77.53
48,50
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61.75
32.0,3
106. iO
106. :to
89,93
67.15
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68,30
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01 73
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67 :V)
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;h
;i3
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67 33
77,80
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72,8.3
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31.60
79,:io
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63 40
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:»;
,37
{ 100.60
90.40
67 liO
78.15
49.10
78.50
49.46
60.-20
,-18, mi
63, W)
3,3,00
1)3,70
! 60
1.1,45
:!4.'J0
96,35
79.40
82.60
65.10
72,43
42,3,3
63, •J)
3,3,00
60 33
30.73
;;;
106.80
00.65
67.85
69.70
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99,75
87.10
83,35
59,00
74,63
44.70
67,00
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61.90
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:»
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90,90
68, 13
78.90
49.85
70. (0
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108.40
96,25
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1 00, i>
76.90
47.3,3
in IK)
88 .30
63 5,".
;« 40
39
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' 107. '20
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68 43
79.:l3
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40
.•19.00
400 00
40
Si^p
tnonen
. a
I. IKK l^•^iUKA^•CK.
I'KKMUMS PAYABLK IX VDVAXCE, ANNUALLY
ON ONK TnOCSAND DOLLARS.
N. I!.— Till" lower llgiircs in tlin Kndowmcnt TabloM nro tlio Anniiul
Prcniliiint. Tlii" uiijH'r ones urn tlin Ten I'uyiiicnt rali'^ fur tlio sumu
tennx.
ENUOWMKNT.
A«.".
I'AYABLB AT I>KATII, on AFTKR.
PATABLF. AT DEATH, onAUE.
10 Yi-s.
15 YrH.
■-•(1 Vr-<.
•A". Yni.
M
80
0,1
70
41
1(17. 4:1
ill m
7!l iVi
.'■i<i.7.>
71 M
41 0,1
IM.40
74. i)
81.00
73 l«
4':-,v.
67,1.1
36,4,1
43
107. HI
IftS.l.-i
leiMi
(tii.i-)
'.rl.tr,
M<l.4.'l
.■>! 3(>
7J.4.')
41 7,-i
7.i .m
41, W
H7.7,-i
80. IK)
Htikl
7.-..i1
44 IHl
OO.IXP
iW.'.ll
43
HI. Ill
rii no
101, to
88.70
H7 4.-1
01.1.')
77,™
47. 4.1
71,00
411 10
44
KW.M
!i:)(iii
Hi Ki
rvi.ttn
74 i-)
43, X.
lai.no
«7.»o
HO. 4.1
lift. 711
80. oa
(iO..(0
73 10
4:. 10
4,1
lit). INI
70.8.'i
Hi m
S3,:«
7.-i,31l
44.. m
1011.00
100. nil
03 mi
70. M
bjik;
M 31
75.30
44 .10
inii..vi
!)4.'iS
71.. V)
H.1..V)
54.20
on. HO
7« HO
M 31
,16.7,1
77 Wl
46
46. «5
llll.lL-i
'.►4.!l.'i
7J i'l
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.Win
100.40
8,3.011
8,H 1.1
(«l..1,i
47
41) 20
4S
iiii.ii.'i
!ll-|.7.*i
73 ft-i
S'>.4.i
104 10
HI, 10
01 1.1
(11,71
82, HI
.12 no
lll..^•>
!ltl.(i(l
73.90
fi7 M
KW.IllI
100, (10
H4,*l
•a.. 10
86 10
.15 on
4!»
ilj.(i.i
IIJ.K.-.
!17 .■)()
74, W)
H7.S0
.IS.. 11
ll'J Ik')
112. m
117 ,1tt
74. HO
87 80
*>0
.18,31
7.1 i«
1IKI,!I.1
HO iHI
,■ 1
111 0.1
11:1.70
!i!l.l)ll
7fi ll.'i
104. .1,1
H7,IKI
il3 IK)
IKIOO
r<2
ll4.i;-i
Mto.m
7S.-.'0
IIIH 40
0,1,11,1
■Mi 70
:>3
70.45
ll.-i.7ii
III-2 ftl
7;i .V,
Hi ,10
105,50
100 on
r,i
75 45
lUi.SIP
1(1.1 . r*)
81. (K)
nil HO
110, HO
.h)
81. (Kl
11S.0.-1
107 10
87 31
11:1. H)
111 00
r-
1)4 ,M
IJIl.iK)
115 1.)
ns
102.0(1
Mi.rto
.S!P
112.70
lu.m
121 :ni
«0
124 311
111 (inlcr t(i make .-uro tluit tlio appliciuit is m porsoii
of good ooiLstitution. in good health and without bad
hal)its or tendoiicy to inhorited or family discaso, and
.so likely to fulfill lii.s tabular life ex'iiec'tatioii, apjiliea-
tioii lilaiiks are furnished and the appliemit an.swers
cjue.stions a.s to age, profession, general 8tat(> of health,
age of brother,s and sisters, and jiarents, if living, if
dead, age at death and disease causing death as well as
ages attained by grandparents. In addition to these
he must set forth for whose benefit the insuniuee is
taken ami irJiaf i'k f/ip interest of xuch jjei'wii in the life
to be asmrefl.
The last is an important question, as it underlies the
prineiplc that .separates Kfe insuranee from gambling.
.VI'PLH ATION FOR LIFK INSUKANCE.
APl'LICATlOy Til
THE BENEFIT LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY.
ijl KHTHINS TO UK A^KFl' IIV Till: AUKNr.
1. .\re you married?
2. WIkU is yor.r occuiuvtioii? (liivr kliul of biiHine.HH iinil ))09itloii hold.)
:i. .Vrn j'ou in goml Iicalth?
4. For wlio.ijo Ijcnofit is the proiionuU Insumnce? How related to you?
."i. Wliftt Is the total insumnce now iiii your life?
0. Ill what i-i)iii|)anie.iaiid for wliat amountn?
'^^
7, Ilave you any application for Inaiiranco now (lending? In what Cos.?
8. Have you overappllc<l to any ittfcnt, or nought Inouranco In nny com.
|iuny, which either iio»t|»ned 01 refii-wil Id lasue a policy? State com.
panicflaiid cause.
0. Ill) you use spirits, wine or until lliiiiors daily, or i)eea.sioimlly, ami to
what extent?
10. .\ro you entjAKed III or roniierted wltli the manufacturu or sale o[
malt i,r spirituous llipiors?
gl'KbTII)N8 TO IIK ASKKI) IIT MI^IIIL'AI. K.XAMINF.H.
NOTE.— As It is 1)1 Vital Imjiortaueo that tlie/icnoiifi/ and family record
be elearly Htated, and lew iwrsons not physiclanH leeognlzo tliodiirertinco
between rfijc<(«<".» and i.i/)/y)/iim.t, tiie K:»aniiner w ill asl< the followinif (lucs.
tlons and seo that liioanswcrsBrefriolrouiuinblgiiity. (1 he tenus ''child,
blrlli." "debility," "old a(?e,'' "e.^han.stiun." "oxiKiHure," "result of nccl.
dent," "worn oiit," "over work," "ilroiisy," "fever," and cspeeialiy "don't
know," will not be accepted by the coiuiwuy wlth.ynt e.^planatlou.)
11. Have you any disease or disoiiler? If so, what?
12. For what laive you sought mitlleal advice during the past seven
years? Datos? Dunitlon? I'hyslelanw consulted?
13. Ilave you had any jicrsonal Injuiy or accident? What? When?
Result?
14. Have you had rheumatism? Number of attacks? Hates? Iiurutloii?
Severity?
1.1. Ai'e yon or have you been Rulijcct to dyspepsia? Hates? IHiration?
Severity?
ID. Have you ever had any of the following diseases? Aniwereachques.
lion erplicitly, id give iiartieuhtm umler head n/ Jlemarks, [Here follows
a list of about forty diseases.]
Remarks.
17.
Familv liSXOUl).
Father living. .
Mother living.
How imiiiy brotliers living..
Number.
How many sistei-Mlivlng.
Father's father living..
" inotiier " ,.
Mother's fat her 1 1 ving ,
" mother "
Ages.
Condition oflleiath.
n?
ai>.
Ages.
nisease which
causetl deal h.
Hiira.
tloii.
Previous
Health.
Father dead.
Mother's father "
" mother "
18. Have any two members of the family, grandparents Included, had
consumption? Cancer? Paralysis or apoplexy? Disease of Heart? Dig.
ease of Kidneys?
Dated this day of V. 1). 188...
In presence of Kxamlner.
Party to \tc examined sign here
'Writing name in full.)
DECI..VIIATION.
Being dcslroufl of etTectlng an assuninee oft on the plan,
premiums payable witli the JiEyEFIT LIFE INSVRAyCE
COMPAyY, on the life of born at State of
on the day uf 18., .,at present and for
years resident of county of State of
I agree that tlie foregoing answers to the questions of the agent and exam,
iner shall be the bxsisof my contract with the company, and warmiit them
to be true, and agree that any untrue or fi-audulent answer or the indul-
gence by the insured in any haliit wliiih tends to shorten life shall render
the policy void.
Dated at tills day of \. H, 188...
Witness 'Signature
•Note— Declaration shouiil be signed by wii'e, if wife's i)olii'y N desired.
The husb'nd may sign her name as her attorney.
As ill fire insiinince so in life, there must be an
interest that is iiiMir-able.
i
H«
c
ID
•^ ^
vC
■PW^w.
ury. iNsruANrE.
'I'lif medical cxiimiuor noxt liikos I lie iipplii'iuit iiiid
•rives liinia porsoiiul oxuiiiiimtioii. particularly diroctcd
t()1niciii<r the presoiico of hereditary or or^'anic dis-
ease, or any teiidoiiey thereto, and as to 'he a|)plii'aiit's
personal habits.
Till' applicant signs this hiank as his warranty. TIk*
l)hysieian then makes ont still another hlaidi to which
In- certities, and the a|)plicati( n and papers iro to the
company's otHcc, where the medical examiner-in-ehiet"
gives them a careful examination to guard against any
collusion on tlie pi*rl of agent, local physiciuii and
appli<'anl ere the policy is issued.
FORsi OF roi.irv.
N"l \S»I(lNAliI.F.
THK nEN'KKlT I.riK INSt I{A.\<K COMPANY.
IiirorporHfeiMl liy (he Stuf<» iif
No VnnuHl Pmiiiimi, ♦. $
Tlii<4 INillry WltnoHnotli, Tliat the Hi'tifflt l.lf(« IiiHiiraiiri* Conipuny,
li ('(insiiU'iiilioM r)f' till' ^{tiitrmcnlsaiul nt,'ii'ciiiiiil< in Hin iippllcatiiiii for
thin I'oliry, and 1u llio (liH'tai-.itlon htilij'>li"'d thrioto, which nro hereby
made II part of thin contract, and of the sum of doHiir-i and.. . I'onts,
tothcitt hi liand paid liy tlic AsMiircd, Mrs , Wife of ti>e In.surcd,
nndofttic \nnual I'l-rniintn ol'. . . .iloit:ir->aiid cont^, to
lie iiaitl at or licforc twclvo u'ciocl-;. M., on tin- . ...day of In every
yniirdniing the coutintumce of lulu I'olicy, I><> IiiHtirp I lie Life of
of in t lie County of state of in ttic amount of
doUai-H, tor tin* term of Life.
And the Huhl Cinnpaiiy do hereby lYtiiniMe uiul Affree, to and witii
tlie .said .V.-^snred, well nid truly to luiy, or ciiiise to he jtald, the said sum
Insured, at their otilce, In the City of , to the said .Vssiired, within
sixty daysafter due uotioe and satisfactory pi*o<if of thedeatliof tliesaid
Insured. .And in case the said .\ssnred shall die before the decease of the
aalil Insured, then the amount of tills Insiinmce shall be payable to tli*?
children Ijorn of their iimrriage, or to their guardian if under a^^e; or If
tlieroure no such children or their rteseendants llriii^, then payable to the
e.xectitors, adininlstnitors or assigns of the Insunst, within sixty diiy.s
after due notice and .s;itistuctory proof of interest and of the deatli of the
(«iid Insured, deiluct'nn therefrom all Indebtedness of the jjurty to tlie
f'oniiMny, together with the balance, if any, of the then current year's
premium.
ThiH Policy is issued anil is accepted by the .Vssnri-d njion Uim following
conditions— namely :
That the Insured will rusidc in tliose imrts of the United :3tates only that
lie at least one hundred miles from theGulf of Mt'Xlco.or In tho Dominion
of Canada, or 111 Europe or in Japan, and not elsewhere witliout written
permission of tho Coinixiny llrst obtained.
That for tlireo years from the dato hereof the Insurwl sliall be restricted
in traveling to iKdnts witliln and to voyiigos between the above limits,
aftcrthat period Journeys for business or pleasure may be made without
restriction.
That ho will not at any time within three years fixim the date hereof be
liersonally engaged In any blasting, mining or snbmnrlne oiiemtion, or In
thoiiroductlon of ony highly infliiinmuble or explosive .substance, or In
working or managing Ik steam engine or Imller.o-iio employed in i.ny n.au-
ner on a railway train or on a steam or sailing vessel.
Tnat ho will not engat'O In any military or naval service, iiiUeHs it be in
tho militia in time of peace.
That any violation of either of tho aliove conditions without the written
liermisslon of the Oompany iirnviously obtaini J, shall render tJUs Policy
void.
That llie statements uontalned In the said appllcjilion and dedanirlon
and every of them are true, and iJ any of thciii shall be found nntnie,
then tills Policy shal' be null and void ; but tliat after three years from the
date hereof, tills Policy shall not Iio thereby rendered vohl, unless such
erroneous statement or statements shall be sliown to be material and to
have been made with intent to deceive or defraud the f'ompuny. .\ny
error made in understanding the ns'O of the Insured, will be adjusted by
paying such amount as the Premiums paid would imrclmse at tho table
rate.
Tliat if the death of the insured sliall result from the iiitem|ierulc useof
stimulants or narcotics, or If he shall die by his own hand or in conse.
(juence of a violation of any law or by the hands of Justice, this I'olicy
sliall be void. If however, it shall be shown that the Insured at tho time
of taking his life was insane, the I'onipnny will par the mim lusiired.or
refiiiiil the I'lemiiiins actually lecelvcMl, with Intere-t thereon, acconlltig
to Its judgnient of the ei|ultlcs of the case. This option Is dl-Htiiict'y
reserved li\' the roiiipiin>- and is niiide a ]»irl of this contmct.
That In euso the mild Pri'iiilnnis the party whosellfe Is insured bciiif(
living) shall not 1>e jiald on or before the sevenil days hereinbefore men.
Honed for the payment thereof, at the olll if Ihn f'onipany in the City
of , or to .Vgents when lliey produce receipts signed by the I'resl-
dent or Tri'iisiirer, then, iiiiil In every such case, the said Policy hIiiiII case
and determine; but when after two full iinir.uil Prrnilunis shall have liorn
imidon this Policy it sliall leiiseor become void solely by the non-pav'ment
of any Premium » hen due, its cut ire net reserve tpy the .Vnieiican Exjierl.
ence Mortality- and inlereHt at four percent yearl\-, less any indebtedness
to tlie i'oiii|iiiiiy nil tills policy, shall he ap|plied by tile Comi>any as a
single Pri'Miiiim at the i 'i,ni|iiiny's rites piilillshed and in force at this date,
eitlier,ylrvr, to the purchase of iion-iiiii-tielpatlngti-rui insumncefor the full
amount insured by Hiis Policy, or, Knoiid, iijion the wiilteii application by
the owner of this Policy and the surrender thereof to the Company at
within tliree months from such iion.juiymcnt of Premium, to the
imrchase of a non-part Iclpating Paid. up Policy payable iit the time this
Polic.\ would be |»aynhle if coiit iiiiied in torce. Itotli kinds of Insiii-unce
aforesaid will l>e subject to the same conditions, except as to iiaynient of
Premiums, as those of this Policy. No part, however, of such term iiisiir.
aiice shall be due or payable iiidess satisfactory proofs of death be fur.
nishcil to the Coinpaiiy within one year after death; and if death shall
occur wrthlii three years after such iion. payment of Preinlnni, and during
such term of Insurance, there shall be deducted troni the amount payable
the Hum ot' all the Preiiilnms that would have become due on this Policy
if It had continued in force.
THIS POLICY does not take effect until the Proiniuir, shall have ticcii
actually paid; nor are .Agents authorized to make, alter, or dlsehi'.rgc this
oraiiy other contract in relation to the matter of this insnnince. or to
waive any forfeiture heifsif, or to grant iierinlts, oi to receive Cor tlie cash
due flir Premlnnis anythin:^' Init ca*h.
In WitnehH Whereof, the said Ueiiellt Life Insurance Company have
by their President and Secretary, signed and delivered this t'ontnicl, at
the City of In the Stale of , this day of one
thousand eight hundred and
fforctii nj. PretiUenL
t;
LIFE INSURANCE FRAUDS.
Yet, despite all this care, frauds upon life iusurancc
companies arc not at all uncommon.
In a case not long since the local examining physi-
cian certified thiit the applicant was of a ruddy com-
plexion, free from any toiulency to hciirt or lung
disease, etx'., when in fact the very same physician
expected him to die in a few hours, as he ilid, and the
dying man was propped iij) and held up in lied in order
to .sign hi.s name.
In iitnother case known to the writer, the general
agent had partly written his check to pay a death loss,
and was saying to a friend, '• That is the way the
company i)ays its losses," when his eye caught a simi-
larity of writing in the apjilication for insurance and
tho proof of death. Tearing mi his half-drtiwn cluick.
ho put on overcoat and hat and started for the railroail.
In less than sixty hours thm-eafter General had
resurrected his dead man, whom he found at tnhle
enjoying a hearty meal and dis|)larying good ajijietite
for a man who.s(> body was supposed to he resting on
the liot.tom of river.
The t'oUowiug statistics show somotiiing ot the
extent ami magiiit iidc of I lie hiisiness of life insiii-.ince
ill tho United .'states on January 1. lSb2. and ichite to
i
ACUIDKNT INHUIt.VNCK.
the buflinoM of fifty-three oumpaniei* I'ruin tlioir t>ripiiii-
zfttion to January 1, lS8i.
Amount of preniunu to date - - lUlMjiiii.rill}.-''''*
Ani't }Hii(l death lo8sos, eniiownient« ^t23,897,311)..'i7
Assofs of 53 compiinios Hi (bito - - 4«j8,.')-ll,788.!t;5
raid l»y iH)licy lioldciN in 1881 - tfO,444,i»Str).(M)
Piiid to polii y li()ld<M-.>i, deiitli cluinu),
cndowiiieutsuiid piinLikjed policies 58,388,283.00
!t,!M."..:tirt
NiiiiiIkt <)!' fAuilIloH ill I'. S. (rfimiH
of 1880)
NuiiiImt of jwllcy holdfis in United
StJitoH 7.12.701
Avorago of policiort to faiiiiiii's - - 1 iiv l.'ij
Amount of insurunco in forco - $l,(»49,4Hl,!l,'>;i.(lt!
In thcHo tigiiroH prudontiiil and t-o-operativo iiiHtidi-
tioiu or tMM'iotioH arc not included.
e-'S^;.-'®^
wcriDKM TxsuR.vNCE PoLiciKS afo contnu'ts insuring
lA for •ilciitli only," covering fatal accidoutM; for
A •• JMilcninity only," hisuriiig against non-fatal
attitli'iits wiiich arc t'llaUij disahiiiig; or for
•• (Icatli an<l indiMimily." cowring l)oth fatal and non-
fatal accidrnls.
Any .-nin.> paid a.s indeniiiity will, in cane of loss hy
doatii liming tlif sainc year, be deducted from the
amount insured. Weekly indemnity is paid only for
twenty-six weeks from date of accident.
Aii'iilent companies insure against all bodily injuries
causecl liy purely accidental means i)ut not against dis-
cat<e in any form, nor from accidents caused by war,
riot, tiirhting. wrestling, racing, drunkenness, breach
of the law or any nnneccssiiry or unlawful exposure.
Risks are classified into six divisions, according to
occupation of the insured, the premiums for both
••death and indemnity " ranging from $.5 per $1,000
per anuuui to $20 per |1,(M»0.
Passengi'i-s' tickets are also sold at nearly all railroad
ticket offices. This ticket is, to all logul intents, a
policy of .iccident assurance for indemnity in case of
non-fatal aciident during the journey /row the peril x of
tniveling. or for the whole amount insured in case of
death frotii accidental cause, subject to certain condi-
tions i)rinted upon the liack of the ticket.
A three thousand dollar ticket cost.>* 2.0 cents for a
three day's trip
During the year 1882. the accident premiums received
by the ronipaiiics doin<r business in Massachusetts were
reported ill aiiont *2,()iHl,(l(»(),
«-^"\i?i)s
.VpiKMided hereto wo ^yive the form of a traveler's
accident ticket :
rOB.n <»F .VCCIDENT TICKET.
;.Vn... . . . . I Mo iilli I J«n. I Fth. I M«rTA p. I M«y I Jun. I Jul, I Aug. | Hfp. • (VT I Nov. I I>it
Agency.
0»y of
Monlli
The:-:,
Form A
^^ OF HARTFORD. CONN. ||
THIS TKKKT INBIRBS
Of
hij occupation^
in the »nm of fSjMOjOO, for the term fixed by Che
Coupon.-! remaining hereto attached, beginning lotth
the day and hour as hereon canceled, and is sulffect
to all. the provisions of the contract on back hereof.
""" Ser'u.
Premimn f,
ill
S i P.M I 1 I 2 I a I 4 I S I 6 I 7 I 8 I !l I 10 I 11 I ij I Xiyiij
JJA.M. I 1 I -J I :< I 4 I r. I (( I 7 I 8 I !) I 10j_n J_12 | .Voon
The tnuisfer of such ticket would forfeit all claims
arisinjr thereunder.
^
K
^x
,:t|(*.
CO-OI'EUAIIVK INSUhANC'K. <H AliANTY INrtUKANCK.
^.<!^lil^?^/rr..--T:?.i.....'.!>....,.;.':
Beneficiary or Co-Operative Associations.
..jj^
'tt,y O'j-
r:riv;j
^wAiis cliiMH u( ii8Hociution« hiiv*- iiiiiltipliod until
tJ5ll flioy iiio iiuiiihoiod hy the liiindixxls. Thcv
rliiiin ((> jfivc inyunincp tit <()Kt, wliilr prot'oss-
iiijr not (() Ih- insiinnu'c connMinics,
Tliis \n (lone to eHcape state sii|)ervision and wtate
reports.
It is difticnlt to treat of tlieni as tliey dosene,
lu'cauM- the}' (hsfrv^' sa (fiJf)'iT>il/i/. Some are really
deserving and fnrnisli reliable Indemnity.
Otiiei-s were conceivrd in ini(pii(y, l)orn in IVuMd lind
ii\rd tlielr short lives in Imseiiess that no words iiin
intiperly descrilie. 'I'jie term •' i.'raveyard insurance,"
has iM'en tit^ applied to these iVandnlenI seheines,
and a tew of tiie xiicniers iia\<' found their proper
home, the penilenliary. IJi-tween thesi' last and (he
best class area loajj' army ot" sirufj^iin^'' associations
destined to an in^florious lite and spt>e«Jy deiith, tVoiu
which tiiere will lie no possihh^ resurrection.
.V lite insurance lonipan^- contracts to jmy cta-taiu
sums ot" money in consideration of certain stipulated
premimns. A mutual aid or hcueliciary association
contracts to pay ct-rtain sums of numey in considera-
tion of certain stipidated assessnuMit rates.
ileni'e the suprtMue courts of at least two states
( Massachusetts and < )hio) hold lh(> latter contract to
be '"one of insurance, althouu'li the declariMl object of
the insurer is iMMievolent and not speculatixe, or, that
the amount to be jjuid is not a <rross sum but one
•jraduated ))y the number of mend)ers."
In fiu-'t nearly all the really deserving of these asso-
-ev-
eiulions have demanded state siipenisioii, as the only
nietins of self-|)reservation of the d(>He)'vinfr s<»cieties.
The amount of l»usiness done by thes<' >o<ieties is
enormous, but hard lo liriu^ down to exact lifruraH.
The seventy-tiiree a.ss<M'iuti(Mis. reporting lo the Ma«-
sachusetts Insurance Department, January 1, \i^X2,
reported income from assessments, $,'),lt!U,;i»8, and
losses paid, |,"i.m;}H,21.").
It would lie >afc to otimate the amount (laid liy
iis,-cs>meiit duriuir the Near 1H)S2 into these lussociations
as ,it least i(i;((,(i(M>,(KMi, and that swnis to be a very
low cstiMnit«>.
Sonu' of these societies will undoubtedly live, and
continue to tloinish, ilespite th(> load of ol)lo((uy they
have to carry from tin' nuiniterless tVaudulent concern.^
that strove to i onci'al the wolf beneath the sheep's
si\in, beinir. iuslcail of co-operative, only de<'eptive.
Aroinid many ot' these societi<'s are thrown .social,
fniterniil. and moral influences which are worthy of ul'
honor au<l conuueudatiou.
Of (he \ aluc of tln'se iiiflueueex there can W no ques-
tion, they art^ beyond even cavil or shadow of reproach.
If the system on whieii they are iMMed can .stand the
lijifiit of state supervision and the t«Ht of adviincinp
a<;e, it deserves indorsement and sue(>ess.
Meanwhile tlie clo.sest smitiny and e.xtreme.st caution
is demanded by tho.se who wish to make a sure protct -
tiou f(u' their widow and orphans, that tlie rod on
which they lean " may not prove a broken reed and
pierce the hand."
L£3-a
Guaranty or Fidelity Insurance.
a^ t ■»
rK Guaranty Insurance Society wa^j e&tal ished in
London for the purpose of granting policies
against dishonesty of servants or employes in
commercial or professional ])ur8uitjj.
It depended for success upon the api)lication ot the
law of average that seems tol>e a fundamental i)riuciple
of the law of the universe, that in the occurrence of
every claw of events, great or small, a rule of propor-
tion is strictly followed.
In 1850, the great lianks of England and Ireland.
-^^^ "
M*
two of the leading railways of the United Kingdom,
and several of the large commercial tiiins of London
and Liverpool, had discontinued the use of private
bontb and made arrangements for \ising the policies of
the Guaranty Society. Since that date this kind of
insurance ha.s largely increased in England, and four
companies are issuing policies of guaranty in the
United States, covering, in 1881. amounts of over two
million dollars.
The policies of a guaranty company are liased
OlAliASn lN»t HAXK.
the ^talciiii'iit< III' ri'liiililo citi/.oiiH wlio till out their
kiHivv !i'<liri> iil'tlK' ii|i|*li('aiit t'or itiHunuico in the tbliow-
iiiV I'lTiii:
K(>IIM nv .\s INgriRT.
Tho Guai-anty Company of tho United States.
Uovoted Mipljr III llin ImuIiik uf llmiitK of Kwurltjr In Paaltkxw of
'I'llHl,
Capital HiiliporlliFil, ■1,00A,0<H>.
PkM up, •aOO.OOO. Awaia, •BOO.i
>1K;
All itp|illc'4itton font bonrt of tfimmnty fur flilollty liarlnn been mado by
llio I'urty immi'il IioIi'U.iimiI Im liavlii){ ii>l< rivil llui dlrcctoiK lo juiiioi liU
rurmi'i't'iDiiioyiTfoiMc'stliUDiiy ii» In liln clmriu'ter unit iiiitocvilPiitD, I lirg
111 liii kI Vdii tlicHiiliJiiliiril llHt iif i|iiPHtloii', to wliU'li I hIiiiII nd ulillt(F<l
|i\ .i.'ii /;• nirli/ i-'j,! I,
A't t H' K"' it ailviiMluxcscijnii^iniilaliMl by iIiIh nyiiteni of rorpurutu riiire.
l.\>.lilli I'.ii only Ix; rnillziHl liy jjood fiillli on tlui iiiirt of ii'forem la com-
iMiinliMllnn Ircrly with lhi'coni|iiuiy, I lH'|{ciinu'»tIylo»olk'lt yoiiri'uinllil
unn«i r-'.anil lo ihiIuI out to you tlii.'iiiUiintiiKVHtoucrnii' toulIrt'iiceni«l,
ly y.iiii' ).';vlnt,' tin' oomimny tliu licnclll of your co-o|H'mti<)n In lliln
icilin", tlii'oliji'it of theillro'tort In olitalninit tliU Inlonnalloni'oiiceni-
iu)( till- 4-onilm't iiii'l iiriiu'lplcH <if tliOMU who npply to Uw coniinny to
hcrtniir thi'lr Htiri-'lk'.i, lioln^', at llio 8anir tinn* u.s to jin^tiH:! i niiiloyora
intn lii«-< I y tliu' acn of un worthy I'niploycra.tottssUt them (tlic<llriTtor<)
in pi'oiii .tliiH Ihi'iii'iiiiintnii'iilof n'llablii olllcers to iHMltlon.tiif trust In
tin; roiinliy. Your ri'iil Irs liiTOlo, will lie Inlil Htrk'tly privuto imil conll-
dciitnil, :inil will In no wiiy Invulvr yon In any pocunlary roi»pon«lblllty.
I am, ^!r, youruUoUlvntacrrunt,
SAMUEL L. MXSON,
Qenurul Mauuger.
To ~
l'io|Ki?,il No Amount
Nainc, a(Klrc^<9un<l occuiMtlon of [larty reqiilrtu|j to lie giiaruiitlvd, nnil
thatof hisiMiiployor. Mr of ugod In thealtaatlon
oi ,. nt to
1. Is the abovcnauR'd appUeunt for
jriiamiity will known to yon, and how
long have you known lilin?
■J. Aru you connected by relation-
ship, or otherwise, w Ith hlin? If »o, in
what waN?
.). All' his lirhlts sober and coiTCCt,
and his ;;eneriil conduct 8nch as tocn-
litU' hliii to Ilie contldent'c of his em-
ployeis:-
4. lias he, lo your kiiowlwlge, been,
or have yiai ever heard of his having
beenirre;rnlai ornnsteady in his hai>itn,
oraddicti d luaiiy ba'l habits?
.1. (an you i;lve any inrnrnmtlon as
to his laiiiily u lationsor inttniatuaaso.
ciati"^!' If so, do an\', lo your knowl.
edge, bear aa iitifavoraliie reputation?
IIa\ e > "II any knowledm', or lia\o
you heaiil an>thln|< ooiicernln^ his
habits, as-ocmtniii-, oi actions t'cner-
t.ength of tlmo
known?
... Tn. ....Mo.
ANSWKBS.
From
To
18...
i;l Kit IONS,
nlly, a liieli would lead>ou to miip|mmo
lli.it be liior hasi'Ver Ix'en iiKiiijiid hi
luiy Kiunldliitf, or a|M'4'iilatiiiK tnintiM'.
tloiu, or lliat llin Ityle of living H In
any any I'XtnivuKant or ineinniDilllilii
with euiolunii'iils arlaluK out ol Ida
einploN ineut .'
7. la the upplieiint enKOtf*"! In i»iy
liuaiiiess, einployinent, or uiidertakhiK
tM'<«ldi-a that for which ho ptoiiuHe-i to
Ih4 iiuur^iiitU'd (aa iiIhivc) and whether
In lairlncnbliMir oil Ills own aecoiinii'
a. fk ill', <ir liii' ill' ever I n, ill em.
iairris'M'il cin'tiniatiinri's, lauikrnpt or
lieMilvenir'
II. Ilii\«i you any lutaon to aiip|Mise
he is lit prcaeiit iinili r aii.\' einltiirniss.
nienl'i. llalillitli'H,d('btHor rp»|Hiiiallilll.
Ilea a luitever?
lu. Ilaa he, to your kiiowlisiKe, an,v
privati' pni|i«rly or Ineonie, independ.
<*nt tif his onioluinents fruiii the olTli'o
fur which he is to be Kiianintied iia
iiIhivc? If ih), plifise to state the iiatnri)
aii'l Kxtciit, aa far as yon know, and
a'lii'llii'r encuinls'nsl or not.
II. In wlial cnpiu'lty wns he lu your
Hcr^'iCH, liow loiiK, ami why did he
leiiveT .Vnd did iie i<l\ e you entire sat.
laflictiou. or did he at any tliiin Kivo
yi II can .c for diasutiafuctloii or cum.
Iilnint :'
I J. Have you any ituMiii toconaiilor
iiiiii incoin|>«teiit to till thii |iositioii
wlildi he pmiWHCs I'l nmlerlake?
II. INi you know or have you lieuiil
of any cin'unistances, iiowevpi' appar.
ently Irlttln),', conneoteil with any of
his loriner eiuploymeni-, oroilnrw Iso,
that >'oii dei-ni it advi'^alile for the cotii<
|aiuy to iH-aeipiainlisI with, inortier to
guide tile dlreetoi^ In estlniatinx th«
risk to Im' Incurred iiy hecondni; liU
ai'Ciirily? If so, pleiuv state fully.
II. Do his ^'eiieiiil iirln"iples and olr.
cumstiuice-i, to the bc-t of your kuowi>
e<lge, render hlin, In your opinion, u
mfcand pro|>ei|'ei'win to lie»(narantic<)
by tile coini«iii\ , and oiii' yon would
yours4'lf trust, or recommend for tlio
IxMltlon alxjve stated?
siffnatnre of former employer..
.V<t<1rr8s and occupation,.
. hit.' day of is. . . .
TIic !ulviiiila<r(' ill Iiiiving the thunicter antl fidelity
(if (illictT.-^ iiiid ciiniloyo.s ot' liiinlts, railroaild, and nior-
caiitiic <'.stii))lislinu'iit.>( tliii.'^ regularly insured for a
.spccilicd aiiioiiiif , iii.stead of requiring 1)ond.s for faith-
ful lierfoniiiiiKf, a.s doe.s the govcriinieut of its officers.
i.> found iiiaiiily in the fiut that iu ease of a default hy
the employe in.><ured, the amount of tho poliey i.s more
easily collected than in the (Use of private citizen.-^ its
bondsmen. Then, agjiiii, iu (ho (uso of a claim agaiast
private citizens a>i iMiiulsmen, there is oftentimes litiga-
tion iind wniugling which is more or less mixed with
peiNoiialitics iiiul results, in the majority of cases, in
enmity In'twcen tiie various parties to the cas.\ This.
it is desiniMe to have avoided, by meivantile and tinan-
cial concerns, as it must neccs.sarily, to some extent,
injiiie their business and jirospcrity.
vMAi.i. ciipitalist rtlioiilfl onU'V ii
liiisiiicss of wliirli lu' has iiiti-
llliltf kllii\vl('(l;fc. UnlfSM sucli
ii iMTson starts witli piKiM-r
|irocMiition ami jiiilirriK'nt, liis
rapilal will 111' cxpcmhMl willi-
oiit aiir, latt' results; rent ami
taxes will a< cmiiiilato, the stink will lie
(IcMil IT liecoiiio (lotorioriitiMl, unti ltw.s aiitl
ruin must lullow. For the least ahsurp-
tioii aitin;,' upon a small capital will :-iM>n
dry lip its source; iiiii] wc need not
pictiii'e the troiiMe that will soon arise
when the inainspiiii;r ot" a trmlesiiian's
success aitiiles 1>\- him no more.
The lai'M^er capitalist lan .-carcely Ik> considered tin
exception to the same rule; for it is proliahle that the
larirer capitalist, upon coininencin<r a husiness, wouM
sink more of his I'inuls in a larircr stock — would incur
liahilily to a heavier rent ; and the attendant taxes,
the waii;es of assistants, would Ik' greater, and, tiiero-
fore. if the return came not speedily, similar conse-
(piences must sooner or later ensue.
Fiarsre or small capitalists should, therefore, upon
enterini.' on a !)Usiness. consider well the nature of thi'
locality in wliicji they projtose to carry on trade, the
iiumlur of llu' population, the Imhits and wants of the
people, and the extent to which they are already sup-
plied willi the goods which the new adv<'ntmvr pro-
poses to oll'er thcin. H»! should also consider hisahility
to (ul(M' to the wants and ta.stesof the jwople in order to
attra( t the customers to tnide with him in prefeienee
to those already estahlished, and supplying the trade.
BUYING IN, AND GETTING STARTED.
(ti'iieiidly good connections are t'onneil l»y Itiiyiug
out an old dealer of good rejiutatiou, and thus at once
coining into t!ie t>nJoymenl of the advantages of au
estahlished Itnsiuess. This method of gelling inin
husini'ss is ot"ten too dear, especially if the conc<'i'n has
ainlhinjr like a monopcdv of the trade. It ma\' 1m' less
expense to get the customers out of old ruts, or to
secure new customers, hy new advertisements, new
goods, new prices, and ni'W rides ot'creilit, than to hiiy
out an c>laltlished hnsine— < at an exorliitant ligure.
The retail merchant should caret'iilly oliserxc the
tiwte of the community in whii'h he is located. If (he
prevailing style is lor gaudy or flashy colors, he should
keep such goods in stock. If yellow or red are
prevailing c(dors, he must learn to like these colors
himselt", and must he able to >upply the demand for
them. If the tastes of tiie community are idain. the
style of the goods must correspond. The ipiality of
goods nnist also he c(Misi<lered when laying in a sto<k ;
thus a wealthy and fashioiialile neighhorhood would
not |)a1roni/e a store tilled with cheap and shoddy
goods, neither would a community of new settlers, or
where the people are mainly poor, hiiy high-priced
articles which arc above their means.
The (piantity of goods should depeml upon tiie
amount of capital, the prohahle sal(>s, anil (he ability
to readily slock anew during tiie season, He careful
not to overstock. The retail dealer should decide
before going into the wholesale market. Just w!iat
amount of capital he is to place in a stock of goods, and
then not be influenced beyond this by (he plausible
representations of the wholesale .salesman, llo should
KfrTAii, p.tsi\r.s.«.
do more than this: ho should niako (Mit :i laivtnlly \no-
parcd statement of tlio umount of oapital uliirh hf
desires to itlaio in each ibpartmont of his store. Thus
in a LTocorv stock it niav Jie somethin? like this:
■r<'ji< Hint CotlVr-*,
Sll(,MI«.
K1..IM-.
-yniiis, ViiiitJHisiiiirt oils,
S|ilc«*s,
ian.m
irn.fti
m.
It)
10000.
At'icr :i roiiipipic list is made out, he shoulil then
take each of the above ileiiartments and itemize them:
tlins Teas :in(l ('otVee> may he di>i(led up Into a dozen
kinds nud \arietie-, ami a scpar;;lc --hcct of |)jii«'r
shoiild he u>cil w hereon ilic iiimilx r of )X)nnds of ouch
variety i> placed opposite its name and the prici- ;ind
value extended. If il i- found that the value of all
thi' varieties of Teas and ( 'otl'ees fool up a larger anu.i'nt
than the sum set apart tor tlii> department in the
oriii'iiia! slatcmeni, then >oii;e of the items nuist l)e
reduced in i|iiantity. and in necidinjif what :»rtieles may
he -trickeu out (U diminished, the wants of the eoni-
minity, the (lass of custom, must Ih' considen^l.
After the merchant has thus, with irreat pain>. |)er-
haps. made a earet'iil draft of the variou-^ tlepartments
of hi- store. a,:l of tlii' i|uautity and quality of tlje gootls
foi i-acli. he should then trauscrilx' this to a iK>ck<-t
memorandum hook, placinir the names, ipumtities and
liri<es of the articles on the left paire, leavinjr the rieht
or opposite jiaire hlank.
When in the whole-ale market, this jKx-ket memo-
randuui hook will 1m' of the irri'atc-it advantage to >I.e
huyer. as his niin 1 will hi' t'ully (M-cupied in ec:;i{<iring
l»rii('s and (|ualities of iroods. makinir term- as to credit.
and many other details without also undertakiuir to
lememher what arti( les to buy. liuess work in Imyinir
ha- been the rock upon wliiili nuiny a retail business
has <!i!il mill t'oiimk're!. The alternate or blank jwge
olthe memorandum book will be t'ound convenient tor
checking olf ttie items as they are iKiufrht. noting any
chauire in price, <piality or ipiantity of the <roo<ls
actually purchased, or compariiiir the prices of rival
hoii-es ill the market. The mark used in checking off
the items as they are bought should be the initial letters
of the name of the house from whom the good* are
Iwught.
BUYING GOODS ON CREDIT.
So!ne persons rejrard cretlit as the result of a sort of
iiitluence exerted over the miml of the creditor, by
s(nne fair scjieme or storv. cither honest or dishonest.
The fact is. however, th.at credit i- a prodiut of biisi-
nt'ss -uii-e^-. It i-accumul::tei] capital. t'roiii:i Im-iness
which ha- ln-en well coiuhuted. the -ame a- Heal
Estate i> .-iituiiinlated t^pital. The sure-t and ipiick-
e-t w:iy a n'taiier c:in dbt.-iiii creiiit is not to a-k il. If
he sh<-w- ||i:it he i- :ll»li' to cou'luit hi- Itu-iiic— with-
(»ut credit, lie will s<mn ti:i<l that tiic wludcsale iiicr-
chaiit i- very anxious to --'Il to him on i t-edit. In
fact, he will !(«• offered more ;rooil- oii'-rc lit than lie can
IK>>sibly handle or x-ll. Ilut while il i- dc-irable to
keepei lin-ly out of debt at th" lM'giiiiiii\<j-. till- may not
alw:iys Ih- practii-:d)le: .111 I :l may 1k' necessary to run
a snudhredit wit lit he whi decider .tt tirst. lu c-'ablish-
in^.i cn'«li». tlien* an- s«'ver:d metho(N. riie retailer
ni:iy arm hiiii-^df with one or more K'tters of introduc-
tion. lK':irinir |>«>inte<lly on hi- bii-ine-- ai)ilit; . char-
acter and tinaiii-ia! status. tVom per-ons in good
standing who are wtdl known to the wliilesal<> mer-
chiint. A line from the Uuiker in tin town would also
have much weight.
The Style of a Letter.
Br-hmovp, Pa., Sept. 18, 18—.
II. B. Cu»rns A CTK,
>ew Tork.
iJ^HtlfHri: Thi* will inlnxliirr i vou t..e Ix^icr, Mr. llciiry Otis
uf thi- })la*-t*. «Ihi gui-^ into the wbelesile uiarkt-l f(»r tlie ])i)r|Kj^u of
Imyinir :r"od-«.
Mr. Otis i-« iierferllT reliable young iiiaii; (-«ulii>ii8, pnidpiit, ciiter-
l.ri-inffanrt lionesi; and vitbal tie iio sw.^bt ' iiii <.\ci'lloiiI kiiowhMlgc ol'
the On-* «.:<^jds i>,i»ijie*«.
Ill exteiKlini; • credit tu Mr. <>ti» for miT re»"siiiiil>lo auiotint, we are
lonfl'lent Iliat he will meet all hi»erira!:<-m'-ii1- (rioinplly
Ke»pect f ' 1 M y.
1 H.\-. rOTTOSADE A CO.
Or. the retailer uyiy obtain a j-es-sonal introduction by
a de:iler with whom he is a-qiiainted, ami who happens
to l¥» in the market at th? sjinie time. Care -liould
always Iw^ exer^-is«sl. and no introductiMs should Ik*
asktnl or aeeepte«l fmiii a merchant who i< not in excel-
lent .standing. :ls this would <doudanil impair thecredit
of the |>ers^>n who is intro<lnce<l. at once. It i- not well
to seek an intro«liietioii through a rival merchart, or
one who is to he a e4>iii|)etitor. as by so doing, the per-
son iptrodueed places hini<elf under obligation*, and to
a ••ertaiii extent uiid«^r the jKiwer of his riv.il. The
wholesale irienhant is most likely to (xcasionally con-
sult the intrmhie^r coneeming the success and -landing
of the person introduceJ. and he may by innuendoes,
and the u.*e of "ife" or "huts." easily lead the dif-
IMOser of eredit to infer that the immnoii is not safe,
while the per»!>n introduced siippo.-es he has lieen
greatly obliged by itiii' friend, who so kindly introduced
him, wlwn in fact be w being injure*! by him. .\ccepl
an intrmliietion from no one in whom voii have iiot
\
fjw
— r -^
RKT.UL BUSINESS.
:l
implicit ( ontitlciuo. He who is now yoi.r fritnul may
IxH^^mc your enemy through rivalry, jealousy or many
other* -iusos, and the wholesale dealer, supposinjr always
that tne friendly relations whieh existed lietween you
at tirst, still exist, naturally iusks your rival and enemy
eoneeniinp your finaiuial standiuir. This places you
in his jK)wer, and witii your credit rtiined at the whole-
.■<ale market you may he eventually ruined at home.
The retail merehaiit asking credit, should have no
ohj«><"tions to giving a full, frank and honest statement
to the M-hoiesaler concerning the amount of his capital,
his former career, and the circumstances whicli tend
to show his industrial hahits, his prudence and economy.
To deny the mer-
1
'lant this infor-
mation to which
he is entitled, is to
'•n-ate doubts in
h's mind, and to
iri'c any false or
etnuned .-tutcnont
'>t' your :iir:iir>. is
to eventually ruin
your credit, lie-
8itle!- laying your-
self liahle for a
criminal prosecu-
tion for "ohtain-
ig gofnls under
fals<> pretensi's."
"aving cstahlish-
i-fl a credit at ono
of the wholesjile
houses, it is an
ea>y matter to ex-
ten<l this to the
others, as you can " refer to
'lie i.'«M>tls."
A RETAIL
ife Co., wiio have sold
RECEIVING AND MARKING GOODS.
.Vs the i.'-oods are received in >ton'. tiie retail mer-
chant should tirst insjiect the cases to see if they ha\c'
In-en tamjMTed with, or opened during their transit
fr >ni the wliolesale house. It occasionally happens
iiiat .•irticies are al»:-tracted from a hox or package h\
an employe of the railroai! or transportation I'onijiai-v
:ir l>y some irresjKin>ililc pei>on. whc ohtains a( cess to
the goo<l> in their iia>s;ige over their route. The dis-
orderetl or <'onfu>e.l arningement of the hox upon its
l>eing tipened, will n>ually indicate tr tlie merchant
whether anythiuir i>f ihis kind has occurred, :i!\d if it
2?
has, he --lionM innnediately notify the transportation
coiiipanv.
.Vs the '/otnls are removed fnni tile l)oxes they should
\te caret'ully examined. If any of the articles are in
pair.« sncii as l>oots and >iioes, it should lie seen that
they are properly matid. or fastene<l together. Kai h
article is che<ked olf with the invoice and tlie (piality
and i)rice compared. If any articles are found to he
short in wei'/ht or nundx-r, a menu)randnm of such
should h(> nia<le at once, and if any are s1aine<l or dam-
aged tlus inust he .-ct asidi'. All notices of >lioi'tage
in goods or claims for damage, .-hould he made at once,
ami the merchant should not waft until the settlement
(if Ills l(ill. wiiich
may Ite three or
four niorilii> hen( c
At'ter the goods
are unpacked. they
must he appropri-
atidy an<1 tastc-
fidly arranged in
t hei r v ii ri on s
d e pa r t in e ii t s
t hlOH l|g(, II t tiie
store. Tiii> i> a
niattc r which ran
oidy lie treated in
general terms, as
the peculiar i t ies
of the lill s i neSN,
the location of the
store room, i t >
size, its light, etc..
will go\ern til.'
arra iiireinent of
under any circuiii>lances, it may he laid dowti as a rule
ihat each ilep.irlmi'ut >iiould Ik' allotted a certain
space, iiid all .'rtiiles >honld at all t nies Ik- kept in
their proper plae.-. »«i that the proprieto;' or his clerks
could gc directly to the article even in the ilurk.
(iixiils which are mo^t in demanil, and most tVcfpienlly
called tor. .-hould Ih- arninged in the most convenient
and lU'ominent part of the sloi'e.and articles which are
usually >old in conne<tion with others should he pl.-iced
neartlicm. .Smie gotnls i.ni>t he k- pt in the upper
part of the store, otlu'rs in the cellar, ."^onie articles
are injtireil hy exposure to moist me, while others
reipiire .1 damp place; some must 1m' kej)t cool, others
warm. Light ami ex|»osurc exhihit defects in certain
classc- of giMids, and in other chis.-^es are es.sential t<
-^itaiii^^tai^.
I
344
!5^=
RET.UL BUSINESS.
I
(li(>ir sale. A \ari(ty of dotails, rtiul much oxpcrionco
iiiiisl Ciller iiiio tlic prolilciii of arranging the stock of
goods (ill the shelves of tlie retail dealer.
The arraiigenieiil of samiiii-s. use of placanls, ami
l>ri(e ticket-, .ilso call for ingenuity, taste and method.
Marl;iiig goods, and tlic various devices r»'sortc<l to liv
tlie ir.crchaiil to record tlic cost and selling price of
his wares lias lieeii fully treated in anotiior jwrt of this
liooU, to which the reader is referred; hut it may hei'c
lie .>aid that the " key word" and otiier contrivances,
form the very least imiiortant part of the marking o\'
a stoc!; ol' goods. The cost price of an article is not what
il ina\ liavecost in tlie whoh'sale house, hut this amount
with freight, drayage, and all the charges added,
and in reckoning the profit and selling price, thoso
uiiist he (arcfully looked after, and allowed for, or the
protils at the end of i!ie year will not Ik' forthcoming,
'{'he I'reighl cannot l)e allo.'»d on articles of merchan-
dise indiscriminately, (n- at a given rate jx^r cent. For
instance, the freight may, on an entire s*')ok of
goods, average h>e per cent, hut it would ' 'o to
a<ld tive per cent to the tirst cost of all articles, for a
small hox of cutlery would then jniy more freight than
a harrel of Hour, and the merchant wouM fhul that his
Hour was heing soM readily, while no one hought
cutlery, and in the end the merchani would Ix' the
loser.
Profits should also depend upon the nature of the
articles themselves. Thus perishal>le goods; those which
are salahle (Uily <luring a limited season; those which
are liahh to go "out of style" and l>e left on the
merchan's hands, must all 1*e sold at a liigher profit
than stJ.plc articles, in order to compensate the mer-
chant fo- his risk and tronhle.
Voniig merchants upon just commencing are liahle
to uiulerlake to attract custom hy selling certain goods,
concerning the price of whicli the puhlic is usually
pretty well infi)rmed, at a ruinou-iy low figure, trnst-
iiig to make up for the loss on this hy a larger jirofit
on some other class of goods. IJnt in many »a.-es the
cnstomers arc just shrewd enough to l>ny the low
jiriced articles of the new comer, .and the other articles
ol the old estahlished dealer, thus leavin<r the young
merchant a loss without a corresponding profit.
tMPLOYES.
An em|)loyer who is a judge of iharaiter. may tell
Mil honest employe troin ti rascal I»y his general Im'.ii--
iiig. In each person there is an e.\pres.«ion hi a geiM>-
1,1 1 way of what he is. This may Im- seen in every
natural posture of the iiody, in evciy gesture, in the
tone of voice. The iwsturc of an honest man will not
usually appear in any degree strained. The h:.l)it of
gesture will he in a line with the impulse, if not the
the idea, of integrity. An api)licant or employe who
makes a gratuitous display of his relig-ious convictions
and !iis honor, is a hypocrite, and will st<'al when he
gets an opportunity.
Having secured an intelligent ;ii:d faithful <lerk, it
should he the aim of the merchant to retain him in em-
ploy tor a long peiiod of service. In this way employer
and (derk come to know each other In'tter; the clerk
sees his own interi'sts to he identical with those of his
(ni|)loyer, while employer finds that he is rweiving
good .service, and apjireciates it. The hahit of employ-
ing ( lerks and keeping them only " while the new is
on," and then discharging tlunn to hire others, in the
Ix'lief that new clerks work with more enthusiasm,
is very poor policy, and in the end the employer is
greatly the loser hy it. The Itest clerks are usually
unwilling to engage for a few weeks or months in this
way.
If the proprietor has not a thorough knowle.lge of
the husiness in which he has ju.st emlxirked, he should
secure a first-class, competent and exix"rie!K"e<l clerk who
pos.se.sses the reipiisite husiness experience, whom he
mav install as head clerk, and who mav also act as
his confidential advi.ser. To such a man the proprietor
can atl'ord to pay a good salary, or ix>rhai)s Ix'tter, as
an iiidiic(>mcnt to extra exertions in jc usecuting the
husiness, lie may pay a fixed sjilary and also a per cent
of the profits of the luisine.ss. Thus giving the head
clerk a direct, personal intcrcst in the success of the
Inisincss.
The .silary of a good elerk must not lie inadetpiate.
A j)ropriet(n' can hetter allbrd to pay a g-ood fair pri«-e
for scrvi<'c, than to have a dis.satisfied clerk in the store.
Besides wlu're clerks are compelled to accept a comix^n-
sation which is not snliicicnt for their support, the
temptation to emlK>zzlement and other six-eies of dis-
honesty is incnvised.
On the other hand, the clerk should wcuk faithfully
in the interests of his employer, and cndeaviu' to prn-
iiiote the success of the hnsine-s in every p(!ssil)le man-
ner, lie should 1m' on hand to o|H'n the stmi- in the
morning' in good time, sweep the tloor, dust the gooils,
arrang^c the wrapping pap<r, twine, nails, etc, in their
proper pl;iccs. and see that every ilepartnieiit is kept
up in neat and r(>gul.ir order. If any extiii stress of
lalior is llirown upon the c Ici-k. such as re<'eivingr new
goods, taking an account of stfwk, etc., he bhtuild not
manife>t iiiipatience, orgrumhleat liisextnulutirs. Tl
^^
Lt
RFTAIL BUSINESS.
proprietor will give a clerk an extra compensation
where the extra demands arc unusual or unreasonable.
Employers should govern their clerks with kind
words and with tact, avoiding all displays of temi)cr, and
any inclination to jfbitrar,,' or tyrannical domination
over them. If an employe makes a mistake it may ho
calmly ixiintcd out to him, without any bustle or gen-
eral fault tinding. The proprietor should also show
tliat he appreciates the sers-ices of his clerks, for it he
has all censure and no praise for them he is in a fair
way to be ixx>rly serAed.
When an employer tinds that he has a clerk who
possesses evil habits, although he may lie efficient, it is
better to let him go, iis they are liable to bring dis-
credit, rot only on themselves but also on the house.
If a clerk has become so conceited and self-important,
that he regards him.self as essential to the success of
the business, although the proprietor may regard him
as indis{)en>able, he should be discharged at once, for
to keep him is to compromist- authority and sacrifice
solf-reliance.
ENTERING INTO PARTNERSHIP.
The partnership relation involves responsibilities
and duties, and should not he entered into wHhout
due deliberation. The proprietor of a business should
examine his own character, and ascertain wherein he
is deucient in Ihose qualities which are so essential
to success. Perhaps he may l)e inclined to be orer-
sanguinc or venturesome; or, he may be rather timid,
or too consenT.tive. Possibly, upon examining his
• liaracter he may find that he possesses energy and
pntevpriso or dash, while details are utterly distasteful
to him, and that while ho prosecutes his business vigor-
ously, he is constantly a hesivy loser through bad debts,
or accounts not looked after and collected. Or, the
merchant may find that with an increase of capital his
business may l>e greatly extended and made more
l"cnitive; new departments may be profitably added,
of whi<h the propnetor has no personal cxi)eri".'nce.
In thc.-c and in a multitude of other cases there arc
somid reasons for entering into the partnership rela-
tion. The reason which imi)els the merchant to cuter
into co-iiartnershij) will also in many < mm's. dctcrMiinc
tho kind of a partner to l)e chosen. Thus, one witli a
faculty for detail work should Ix? associated with one
having enterprise and energy; the venturesome man
with the conserwitive. and so on. in order that the
firm may <onil»ine all tlio essential i|iialities to consti-
tute a harmonious and successful whole.
In dividing up the business Ix'tween themBclves, the
partners must not allow any feeling of cxclusiveness
to come in, but must at all times remember that the
interest of the whole, is the interest of each, and each
should freely consult tlie other concerning his own
department of the work. Thus if ono partner attends
the selling, and the other the buying of the goo(ls, it
is impossible that the buyer should have a (orrect idea
of the wants of the customers, and know wh.^t to buy
and what not to buy, in the market, ludess lie is in
frequent and close communication with tlie seller, and
thus any feeling of cxclusiveness would defeat the
very object of the co-partnership.
The credit of a partnership is usually i)etter than
that of a single individual with the siime amount of
capital, for the reason that in case the sole proprietor
of a business dies, the entire atfairs must go into liquida-
tion and perhaps a claim may be delayed several months
Ixjiore payment, but in the ca»e of a partnership, if one
partner dies, the debt thou Injcomes a claim against the
surviving partner, who would most likely pay it at
once.
A* a general rule it is best not to enter into partner-
ship with relatives, for the reason that such co-part-
nership is not apt to l>e conducted strictly on
business principles, and hence often lead to personal
fooling, which should at all times ]ie avoided. Partners,
as a rule, should hold similar views on all social,
political aiul moral questions ; — not that these have
any connection with the I)usiness, but that such views
arc necessary to hannony among associates. ^len of
(lifterent religious or political opinions, especially if
they are of .strong feelings, should be cautious about
entering into the partnership relation. Persons of
ditlerent nationalities are not apt to agree well together.
In forming a partnership the articles ought always
to t)c dniwn in writincr Important points to l)o stated
clearly arc: Name of the firm; when it l)egins, and
how long it is to continue; how much is to 1)0 drawn
for individual expenses, and when ; the nature of busi-
ness to be done : what personal service and capital
each partner is to invest in the l)Ufiiuoss; whether
interest is to l)c allowed (Ui capital; what disposition
is to be made of the joint property it' tlie partnership
is dissolved: no nir-nilnTof the lirni is to Ix'-oiue boinid
to answer for drhl. indor-e a note. :ind ilie like, except
for the business of the firm, without the written eon-
sent of the other mcnilters. One of the objects to be
attained in written and 'lal articles of co-jjartner-
ship. IS the fiict liiat when the partners sit down to
form such a eontr.'ct, th<'y are led to reflect more
r eriousiv and niinutelv on the matter. an<l th" assoeia-
"^H^K^H^^^^r
KET.UL bUSINESS.
tiou is not so lightly entered into. Tlic Tnutiml tlis-
cn.ssion as to what should l)o inrorporatod in tiio articles
of agreement, gis-es each a Iwtter understanding of his
duties and responsibilities, and enables them to live
together in a business way, in greater harmony and
eonsequent prosperity thereafter.
HOW TO SELL GOODS.
Im})ortant above all other departments of the bu.si-
ncss, is that >.f etfeeting the .s:iles. A failure here
maiies all a failure, while suece.-is in this department of
the .scheme inake.>; !;I1 dejKirtments sueeessful. There
are men engaged in the retail tnule, in inconvenient
locations and incommodious store rooms, with dis-
ordered stotk, weak creilit and limited capital, wiio
by native ability do sell gooils, and make from year to
year a handsome profit. But how niu<ii more pleasant
and profitable, too, would sueh u business be, if in
INTERIOR VIEW OF A MODEL ur^OCERY STORE.
connection with the ability in .celling goods was also
combined, the other details and accessories so necessary
to A sueeessful and prosjierous enterprise. On the
other hand, there have been persons witli considerable'
capital; with goods carefully selected with regard to
the wants of tiie conuniinity, and ])nrchased at favor-
able prices; store in good order and ail the details
well provided for, who, to the surjirise of their friends
iiavc made a failure. All from their inability to ejlw't
;«iIos.
To be successful in selling goods .1 salesman should
have a fidl knowledge of them, their origin, and ^.•orth
as com|)ared with other gfXKls of similar chanuter, so
as to be able to pro|)erly des<Tibe and commend them.
i
^^
A <r<ioil >;iU>siii:in must liavc a ploa^iinf addn'ss, ami
never torsret that it is a part of Iiis Imsiiicss in ileal-
in<r with eiistoniers to he ijracions and patient at all
times. He should l)e al)le to express his thonirht-
f dearly, fluently, and in the most civil manner, atid
must not misrei)resent the "jfoods. Truthfulness hrce<l>
eontidcnee, and eonfidenoe makes sales.
P<'ople like to he waited upon at the counter hy
polite and intelligent salesmen. >Such persons, in
sollinjr goods, .always attract eustomers. They do not
weary of the display of kindness, and they are l)ound
to siitisfy their customers wlu'th(>r the latter hny or
not. In their jiresence buyers will havt< little or ni>
impuLso to complain of the ^oods or prices. ..nd in the
course of time \ cry few persons will <lai'e to he rude in
expression or manner. The jjfoods should he .-o arranged
upon the counters that the salesman can find file desired
article immediately, for customers do not like to lx»
kept waitinu'^ while a <derk climbs to the top .-lidf of
the store in search of soin(> article, and the ability to
.show a customer an article af omc(> without liaviuir to
himt for it or <i>nsult other clerks, has of itself, made
many a retail sale.
Politeness is an essential (juaiily in a successful
salesman. He ^lioidd a\oid an over ili^play of politc--
ness, as this has tli(> appearance of beinir put on, or
forced, anil is distastet'ul to tiie cust(nner. The clerk
shouM, niMin seeinjr a customer enter tiie ston',
advance to meet the eu-'lonier, and with a slii^lit Im)w,
ask "What can I >how you to-day," or !i similar expii —
sion. Clerk.- who lean or sit on the counter and "ire
at customers as they come in, and who wait in
their j)laces until the customer comes directly up to
them and a-ks to look at an articde, before makinir a
move, or even a recoirnition of the stran<rer, are not
apt to sell a larire (piantity of goods, and you may hoar
the proprietor complaining of the dullness of business.
The store is the home of the clerk, and he should meet
his ciistomers and W(dcome them the same as frien<ls
arc welcomed in the home. No imeasinessor ill-humor
.shouhl ever be manifested by a clerk if he fails in efTeet-
inpr a sale. !Ie may have taken down a whole shelf of
fromls, re<piiring much lal)or to replace, but althonirh
no immediate sale was ofleeted, he has by his obliging
disposition laid a basis for a sale to-morrow or next
week, and has seeured a custonu'r, which he would
have driven away by any display of disobliiring man-
ner. A customer calks to match a piece of ril)Uou.
The sale in su(di a case can only amount to a few cents
and the clerk is very busy. lie iilances at the sample
luid sjivs, " 1 <k)n't think we can match it." The eus-
ULT.UL BLM.NtiS
^ *uzi.
I toiii.-r L'"*-- away, thinkinir that probably he er)uld
ni:r.<!: lnit lid nut wi>li to liotliei with it. \ clerk
should manifest ju-t as nuK h anxiety to match the
ribl»in. a* if he expnted thereby 1o ell'cct a sale of
ten iloiiar-;. In fict, ahhouL'h he may be almost cer-
tain tluit he cannot mil li the I'ibJMni, he should
examine t!ie sto-!; a;i 1 •■•e, t'l I'eby eonvinejn:.' the
cn-ti>mer of his willinL''n<'ss to please; or he mav place
the .•<uu|de-. l>cfor< tiie cnsionier, with ;i riMpiest
tliat the <ii>tnni<T compare tiieni, while he f.'oes on
witlj Iii> other customer. .Some salesmen talk too
much. :i< if reir:irdini: their sne.ess in selling goods, as
in |ini|Hirtioa to the vi.luliility of their l.inirnairi'.
Sjufh .salesmen are apt to talk too nmeh almnt the
giMHl-. in the first place, ani lliey are also .apt to intro-
duce into til--:' conver.-ation outside matters or topics of
news, which tend to di-aw the eiistomer's mind aw.iy
from the arti«le and del'e.ii the sale. .\o oiit>ide
matters >lionld Iw allowed to eneinaeii upon the mind
until after the sale ha- been consuniinated. Other
.salesn'en talk too In lie. am) leave the cnstoiiier to
tin 1 iiut j-verything f a- himself, 'rhere is a niean b(>-
twe«>ii these two extr<'mes, and the smart sale-man,
who h:L< .-I ;ro<>d know led •/(' of inmian nature, will find
th?- i«i":in in the caseof e.ieh customer, and will succeed
in eiT'-^-tinsr s;iles where others would tail.
Other things In'ing equal, no clei'k can sell good- as
su»-«-e--fully .'IS the jtroprietor himself. The:-' i- a com-
mon tendency for the inei'chant. who has a tew clerks
employe«l. to put otV the Work of >e!linir goods on tliein,
but this i-i a great mistake. Of course, as tiie bn-ine-s
im-nsiacs. the proprietor will lind his time larirclv
taken up with geniM-al matters about the store, so that
it will N» imj>ossil)le for him to sell many goods; l)ut
in a small Imsiness where this is not th<' ca-e, the pro-
prietor .should mingle freely with his <u>tomeis, >!i(>w
Ins appret-iation for their trade, and learn their taster
and wants, that he may the more fidly m(>et them. In
small stores the mistake is too jirevalenf of seeing th
proprietor apo the manner of the larger estiiblishmcnts,
by mounting a stool :md enthroning himscdf behind
the desk, a.s a sort of driver of the two or three sales-
men.
.Selling grxwls for cjish is the most satisfactory to :dl
j>ej>ons. It is more economical to the nier<hant, as it
rr«|uin-> fewer clerks and less of his own time. No
iMMiks of atvount, no making of bills, no dmming, eol-
hitins. suinjT <»r investigating the credit and responsi-
bility of cu-fomers, conu's in to demand a huge share
of till" proprietors time, attention and labor, but he
is left to !«»ok after the wants of his customers, and the
UKTAII, Ill'SlNKISS.
other details of his husiiio.ss. A casli hiisiiicss has
c'oiiiiectfd with it, loss ot" losses. (Jwiiif^ to a failure
of some eiistoinor to pay, the merehaiit who sells ou
credit neeessarily loses from time to time, the piieeof
his <>-oods, and these losses, toijcther with the additional
expense of eondiicting a eivdit business, retpiiies that
the mcrehant who sells on eredit should sell at a hifrher
price than the cash merchant. Customers who pay
their hills are charfred enou^di more to compensate for
the loss of those who do not pay. Then a^rain, owin<;f
to the fact that collections have been slow, and the
merchant cannot realize on <:oo(ls sold, he nuisf, in
order to meet his obligations with the wholesale mer-
chant, resort to the bank for a loan. The interest on
the loan, ^'oes in a.s an additional charire against each
customer on iroods sold, and thus the ca-h merchant
is able to midersell b\" several per cent, the nici'diant
who sells on credit. The merchant who sells for cash
is also enabled to buy for cash, and therein' ^'<'t a dis-
count on his bills at the wholesale house, which ^'ives
him .1 decided advantajre in sel1in<j '.oodsat low pi'ices.
But it is not always within the ran<^e of jiossibilif ies
for the retail merchant to sell exclusi\-ely for cash, and
under eircinnstances which call for the credit system
there are various details ajid features which call for
consideration and pood jud<rment, for it rKpiires far
more ability to conduct a credit business than one oi> a
cash basis. In the tiiNt place a credit l)usiness should
never be embarked in, except in a locality where the char-
acter of the population is settled, and the retailer may
know soTuetliin^roftlu! honesty ami (inancial standing' of
those whom he credits. Ileshould lirst htok well to the
cha meter of his customers as regards honesty, for this
is a very important factor in a trustworth}- debtor.
But all honest persons have not the means of p:iynicnt,
and the merchant cannot atlbrd to sell his o-oods on
honesty alone, imk-:s there is with it soon to follow, the
means of settlin<r the account, .'^onie customers ask
for credit l)ecaus(> they are without money at the time,
but expec* soon to realize on their income. The car-
peuicr will pay when his job is completed; the farmer
when he "sells his corn," and the salaried man when
" i)ay day " conies. It recpdres tiicn the <()ol considera-
tion and investifration of him who <rrants the credit to
know that the reliance placed in future income and
results, is not overe.stiinated ; and the contract of the
c.'irpenler that wsw to yield one thousan<l dollars protlt,
and enable him en.sily to i)ay his debt at the store,
may not fall short and yield only one hundred
dollai-s protit. In other words, the dispenser of credit
must look at the ])ros])ects of his customer in their tru)
li,i,dit, divested of all roseate hues. Credit is also
extensively based on the projierty in the possession of
the customer, consistiufj of real estate and pi-rsonal
property; but this may often prove very delusive, for
incund)rances may exist on them to such an extent as
to leave nothin<j for the paynu-nt of debts. W the
retaihT ijfrants eredit at random he is almost sure to
lose and in the end fail; and it is only by fidly investi-
gatiufr iiiid carefully wei^rhini,' all the facts in every
case which enables him to grant credit with .safety.
AsH^encnd rule in <rrantin<:<redit the followinji: classes
maygeiK'rally be discrinunated against, and sales to them
should not l»e made on credit toanyxcry large amount :
Peoi)le of extravagant habits, and little means to sup-
port them ; intenii)erate people, or victims of vicious
habits; those who have no ])articular regard tor the
rides of health and who are diseased; minors and mar-
ried women not legally responsible for their debts;
those who often change their place of residence;
strangers, whose means of u livelihoofl are unknown;
s|)ecnlatois, and those who show no disi)osition at
middle life to accumulate or save anything toward sus-
taining themselves in later years.
Every retailer slionld have a tixed limit beyond
which he should not extend iiis credits. This will
dei)end upon ilie amoimt of capital employed in the
busni' -- ; the length of the time of credit granted tocus-
tt.ners as comi)ared with the term of cri'dit granted him
by the wholesale merchant; and also whctjicr he has
aiiv means outside of the business which he may fall
back upon in ease of emergencies. Thus su|)posing
that the amount of the merchant's stock at its lowest
l)oint is Just e<jual to his capital, and that the time of
his ])ayments is two months later than the average of
his outstanding accounts, it will reipiire that he < (illect
every dollar of his accoimts, less the amoimt of his net
l)rotits on the sam(>, within two months after they are
due in order to meet his own payments promptly. On
account of the risk attending the credit system, it is
not best to have too large amounts outstanding. .Vs
a genend rule, twit'e tla; auu)nnt of the retailer's capi-
tal should be the limit in i'xtending credits, and many
conservative retail dealers limit their outstanding
accounts tothcamount of their capital. The men hant
should keep an account of the amount charged and paid
daily, and when the obliirations ncareil the limit he
shoidd begin to deny credit.
The opening of a rival store tends toreiluce the sales
of those ;ilreaily estal)lished. To counterai-t this the
merchant is most liable, in his anxiety to clfect sales,
to extend credit to thosi; who are unworthv of it, or to
^^ /
him
I;
HETAIL BUSINESS.
give crodil more freely to those who only had a limited
credit hetbrc. This is a soinre of loss to the dealer,
which is not easily seen at first, Imt arises mainly
liiroiigh the loss of the cash part of his custom,
which is always safe, and an imrca.-e in credits wliich
are the occasion of losses. ]W cxti'ndinfj cicdits more
lil)erally the merchant is cnahled to make his weekly
sales foot up as much as before, and he continues satis-
tied. No Iivrease of j.'r<iss pn.lils is thought of to
cover the e.xtra loss he will !><■ snhjeit to;
all he looks to fo;- t!ie time, is to see that at
tile end of the day his sides are !> - much tia
heretofore. lie dixs not noti(>< that hia
business is gradually changing 'nto a credit
one. By and l>y there is not so i.nich cash
nn-eivcd, and he Ix-gins to 1k' short of money
to pay his hills. He l(M)ks hack to the time
when he had plenty of mouc) to meet all rc-
(piirements in advance, and even discounted
his l)ills, therehy making a profit. Now
he
thoroughly actiuainlcd with theta-u s and desires of his
customers, in order that he may hive this indispcnsalile
knowledge when he comes to lay in Uv w stoek. In
every class of business there is what may he caili'd a
staple line of goods. These are articles which are con-
stantly in demand throughout the year, and the mer-
chant should kee[) a good assortment of them, buying
as ho .sees his assortment or stock gi-tting low. This
part of the buying need give the merchant very littK'
trouble, a> his only concern will be how he
may buy the cheapest. Hut there is another
class of goods which are in demand ibr a
brief season of the year oidy, as scythes in
th(! mowing season, or skates in the iee
season, and the shrewd merchant nnisl,
before the season opens, lay in a stock to
meet the demaml and ^ct not so large as to
have a (piautity left, wliich will lie unsalable
for another year. There are certain articles,
espeeiidly of wearing apparel, wliich " iro
his bills, thereby making a profit. Now ^ '**<V«^/<1«. espeeially of wearing apparel, which "go
he has to pay interest often, and the interest ^^r'^f^Vi^ ^ out of fashion," and are thus unsalaiile by
lU'count shows a larger debit than (reclil.-V JX_*-— —^.'-^ J^
The times seem "hanl" with him and witli^u--%», /.^j|B|bk<^^ |V' '*"' fi'shionablo goods, and yet not incur the
his customers. AVhenever he buys goods^J.^-k dR^jjBb |f_Jj^ upon having the goods left on
1, „♦•,>.>!.. «!.,. ..,.,.„^.,;i ■-,,»• 1... •;..., 1.. .„,( .. i;»(i..<'lS»' '^^^umBfy' ^^\>i.;.. i,.,.,,i^ ii,,. ,...«., it.,,. „,,,^i ii<.> br.<.i. i.<.,._
longer credit on his purduises, that pay day ^L I/'Ij uia
may be further otf. He .scarcely thinks it -■^'i^
worth while to even look at the great liar-
gains otTered in the market for cash, as he
has not the money to take advantage of such.
lie is (juitc at a loss to account for his want
of prosperity. His annual .s;iles foot up as
large as ever, and he hopes that soon " times
will bo better." .Vnd thus hundreds of mer-
chants ffo on in fancied .se<uritv, doiu'' busi-
noss as they think, in the same way as when
their siiiles were largely cash, while in reality
they are losing money from over <redit with
its attendant losses. In such ca.ses the oidy
recourse of the merchant is to cut otf all questiomihle
credits, and then reduce his e.\iienses, if he would save
himself from ruin.
REPLENISHING THE STOCK.
From time to time the retailer finds it necessai-y to
add new goods in order to keep his stock and assort-
ment as the sales go on. In doing so there are various
things to 1x5 carefully considered. As stated before,
the merchant should l)c constantly passing through his
stock in order that he may insi)cct his sales, and see
what classes of jroods are most in demand, and beeome
Of
»^
■C rif-'o"'"' attendant upon having the goods left on
• 3i#^>'""^ hands, the retailer must use keen per-
fVceiition and precaution in buying. Where
the wholesale market is near at hand, it is
especially advisable to buy this cla.ss of goods
in small (piantitics, and repleni.sh often,
rather than undertake to anticipate the
entire season's sales.
It often hai)pens that the retail merdiant
finds near the (lose of the sea.son that some
of the articles have not met with as ready r
sale as he expected, and that his stock of the
sea.son's articles is much larger than he
anticipated at its elo.se, and consequently
that his entire stock is larger than ho wishes,
or can well atl'ord to carry over the dull sea-
son. As he cannot reduce his stock by selling olT the
seiuson's articles he allows his staple articles to ho run
down, so tiiat his assortment is broken, and ho loses
custom on t'lat account. This must be carefully
guarded against, and while the merchant must still
continue to buy, he should buy very cautiously, mean-
while reducing his stock of the unseasonable articles
;'s best he can, by selling them at cost, or urging their
sale more strongly.
In every well conducted store, there should Ik; kept
in a convenient place, a memorandum or slate, upon
which the clerks mav each record tlie names of such
^'iilJ^Si^^ .
/'KTAIL mrsiNESs.
iifticlcs ;is !iro sold out or iiciirly out, (lie iiimic-t of
iiiticlcs \vlii<'li Iiiivo Iiccii calloil for l)iit Iiiivo not, hccii
I-i'pt, iiiul llio iiuiiK's oC siicli articles as aro in \iiiiisiial
iUmiiuikI, aiitl arc liable! to raise in prifo or soon he
Mnol)tainaI)lc on accoinit of the unusual ilt'niaiul. 'I'lic
jiroprictor may then take tliis incnioramluni and (Voin
it, toiTctlici' with otiu'r niattcM's of his ohscrvation,
judiTO as to what to huy and how much, and with
pr(i|)cr sajjacity ho will always havis the articles wanted
in season, at a reasonable price, and yet never seem
to have an undue (pianli'y wlwu tiic season has passed
))y.
PAYINCi FOR GOODS,
As a <reneral ride the merchant should avoid giving'
his proniissoi-y notes to the wholesaler, or indeed to
any one, miles. U lie for sjK»c''il .aid forcible reasons.
Althougli a pronn.-sory note may be promptly met at
maturity, the faot of its existence is iin advcrtisoment
(if d.'bt, tuid a merchant's credit is injured to ii certain
vr.{.^ t by having his notes circulating through the
toni' ' v "Whol.salij mer( Iiants are willing croiigli
to sc I Miy reasonable quantity of goods on credit, itnd
all( • a siiiiablo time for payment, and if the retiiiler
meets his bills promptly at maturity he will fare well
at the wjiolesaler's hands, and be enabled to liuy all ilie
stocK he needs, seldom giving notes in payment. But
he should keep his credit good with the wholesale
house, and this is done by prompt paying. The whole-
sale merchant can scarcely go into tlie methods and
deUiils of the retailer's biisine- , to know that be is
coiic^ncting his business on correct principles and mak-
ing 11 fair profit ; if he !■,'- been well introduced and his
payn:euts are pi(>i.i|)t, this is encugh. In this way
retail merchants have sometimes held high credit nt
the wholesale markef, by prompt paying, while at
homii lliey wer> incuml)credand embarrassed with debt.
Tien till "e are other retailers who make a good profit,
and are successful and well able to jiay all fibligations,
b"i wlu, through carelessness, neglect to mecL their
payments promptly at the wholesjde market, and hence
has e low credit ihere, when Ihcy might as well be
enjoying the best.
A vetailer will always iiud it to his advantage to be
prompt, and stand well at the Avholesale house. He
should buy with such caution and forethought as will
enable him so se(> his way clear to |)ay for the goods
jiromptly wi>en due, and shoii'.I avoid buying what he
docs not really want, Ixicuiise importuned by the sales-
man, and iK'oanse ]\ knows his credit is good.
Another matter '. hich may seem to b' an exceedingly
small one, but .vhich i^' of much iih re conseipience
than simply its si/c, is the express charges on money
sent by expf'^s or the "'xchange on drafts and checks,
where money is remitted in that manner. The dilfer-
ence in the real valiu' and the face value of a check
mav 1m' twentv-five cents, owiii"' to the fact that it is
payable at a distance from where the wholesaler rc-
.■eivcs it, and if is subject to a " shave" of this iiuuiunt
in the wholesaler's hands, which is a direct loss to him,
and while the amount may be small, yet the retailer
cannot afford to tak<! this petty advantage. The Banie
may Ik; .said of express charges. These the retail
merchant should alwajs prepa}, so that the full anioimt
of money be jilaced ill the wholesaler's hands, subject to
no charges or deductions. The retailer might by taking
these little advantages of his wholesale merchant, per-
haps in a yer.r's time, save fifty or seventy-five dollars,
but it would ')0 at tfie expen.se of his reputation for
honesty, and he would in the end bt! greatly the loser
l)y his petty meanness.
The retailer, having had a good frado. oft/cn finds
himself in pos.session of fninN in ;'dvance f/f the
maturity of his obligations. In such case, some mor-
chaiits speculate in wheat, or imcst in western land or
town lots, possibly buy lottery tickets or take a flyer
on 'he grain market. These are 1 ho methods employed
b\ weak minds, to whom money is a source of annoy-
ance.
Th • best use the merchant can put his surplus cash
to, is in anticipating his own indebtedness, and obtjiin-
ing a discount on his bills thereby. In this way mer-
chants fvequeiitly make as much as the rent paid for their
store-room. When a merchant has moiitjy to anticipate a
debt he .should consider how he may best a;)ply it.
Thus, su|)iiosiMg there are several obligations at the
wholesale house, .some duo soon, others due (jiiifea time
hence. Ofcour.se the discotmt on the longer bills will
bo greater, and hence this is a temptation to pay them,
and get the benefit of the larger reduction. But if the
longest bills are paid, perhaps there may b 'a deficiency
of cash to meet earl} bills, li is necessary, then, to
examine and see hov this cash surp^.is arises. If if
.'irises from the nat;ir:il profits of the inisiness, it m.vy
be safely used to discotmt whatever bills if would be
mosc to the merchant's advanbigc to have di.scotn ted,
but if it ar'se.s largely from .sales or collections being
made earlier 1 ban usual, i' is an indi(ation that '.I •
r-ceipfs of ca.sh will be Ic s during the next few
weeks, and the merchant should therefore look well
i.fter payments maturi ig during that time. If for
instance, a dealer shoni 1 mike his estimate of sales
for the month of October to he probably- $'J,(X)0 and
3
sitoiilil on tliii
^^ l);i.sis, ollli^ril ( »•
iifv Iiiiiiscir t(i iiiakc^
:^>j^ payiiiciitrt to tlial
.'inioiint iiicluilini
fhc nuinliifr
^B^^ tluM'ii(l<)l"S('J)U'iiiliorliolm.s:isiiii)lusol"ta>li
W^^ oil liaiid of $1,00(», l)nt \w \vo\il(l lie very
TwF^ iiiipnulciit if lio slioiild apply llic $1,(100
Wr tluis ri'ci'ivi"(l, in tlu^ sfUlcniciit of Itills due
|]f\ ill .laniiary, as in all prohaliility lu' would
liiul thai liis Octolu'f rt'ci'ipts would nol inrct dial
month's ind(!l)to(lnos.s.
There is another Ibatnn! wliiih deserves nieiitioii at
this point. The dealer may he hnyin,;^ iroods of several
wholesale honses, and his credit may ranire hiirher at
one lionse than another. In applying a payment to
nndiie ohli/rations, he siionld select such honses as will
strengthen his credit liy the payment. Thus, if his
<'redit stamling is w<'ak in a lioiist^ where he cNpects
to hny largely in future, lit; should apply the payment
to deiits due at that house.
LOSSES.
Th(>re are various losses wliich are incident to the
mercantile tni>iness, and which the shrewd merchant
mnst calculate upon and meet. In all classes of gooils
there is a loss constantly ari>ing from de|ireciation in
value caused liy dani;ige in handling; exposure to
dust ; the fiding of colors from exposure to light, and.
" moth and rnst which doth corrupt," as well as t'rom
" thieves which hreak through and steal." This
dei)reciation in the value of goods will depend largely
upon the articles themselves. Thns, fancy or orna-
mental goods are sidiject to greater damage and decrease
in value, by being o.xposed or shopworn. Articles
go " out of fiushiou" and arc then comparatively value-
less. New and improved articles, Ix'tter adapteil to
supply the wants of man, are constantly being invented
and put upon the market, and the old goods arc
reduced in popularity and value. In all these cases
the meri'hant may guard himself against loss to a ct'r-
tain extent by precaution, observation and foresight,
but to avoid loss entirely is impossible. Thus he may
anticipate, to a certain extent, the changes of fashion.
and dis])ose of most of his stock before the demand
eases, or at a reduced price after the change, but
ris
some lo>s :nay lie inevitable. He may provide against
the damage of expoMire and dust, by ciivering his
goods ami n>iiig care in their preservation. The
expense of a muslin covering to l>e thrown over the
goods while sweeping the store, or !i window shade to
protect the good> from the <lirect ray> of the sim at
certain times of day, will be many times saved in the
protect i(ni allbrded the slock.
Losses by lire, can in most cases lie ifuarded againsv
by precautions in tlu; eonstrucliim of the heating
apparatus. See that the sto\c or l"nrnac«' is properly
provided with sheet zinc to |)rotect the woodwork near
it, .•ind that tines are kept in goocl repair. Im dry
goods st(H'es it is not nnconunon to .-"ec a great variety
of laiicy articles strung upon the chandeliers or gas
pendants, or stretched on lines daiigeron>Iy neai- the
light. Comliiistililes, such as benzine, gasoline,
alcolud, Inrpeiitim* and gunpowder, should be jtlaced
in a p.art of the store which is not much freipieuted,
and that part -^honld be known as '• the dan.'j'erons cor-
ner." .Vt'tcr taking all possible pvccanlion-. against
lire, the retail merchant should elides iiccp liis
stock Weil insured in responsible coni|ianies.
From burglars, the best precaiuion is to h;ive a
clerk sleep ill the store. If for any reason this clerk
should be silk or calleil away, another shoiilil take his
plac(>. When it is known that a clerk sleeps in the
store, burglars will usually select such e\eniiiirs as
they know tjie ileri; to be out Lite and will operate
then; hence unseasonable hmirs of such a <'lerk are to
be avoided. Bolts, bars and leeks may not bean entire
protection airainst bnrirLirs, but they deter the rascals
to a ci'i't.iiii extent, and are hence to be commended.
Strong sheet iron shutters, securely fastened, are good
protection for both docns ami windows, and the
appearance of watchfulness and security will often
detiM- the burglar from an attempt to steal, where the
trouble and risk are so great. Vov this reason a pad-
!o( k on the outer door is a bad precaution, as it giv(>s
notice that there '.s no one inside. A liirht left burn-
ing throughout the iiiirht so that the whoh- interior of
the store may be seen by any pas>erby, ami especially
when a \:\Y<sy clock is phu ed near the light, so that the
belated traveler honunvard looks in to >ee the tim(> of
night, will render tl;e place too consi'icuoiis for a
buiglnr.
Losses from jietty stealing by dishonest customers
and loafers, otherwis(> called " shoiv-lifting," can only
be guarded against by precautions, such as keeping a
sharp eye on suspicious characters, who do not .seem
ti have any special aim or object in the store. In a
^
KKT.VII. mslNKNS.
stdii' wliiTf llio .-ItK'k is coiiriix'il ;iiiil (lisarr:iiiir<'il <>i'
l\c|)t ill a careless iiiaiuiiT, lU'iiri'tlatioii'^ Iroiii tliiin «'Iiih.h
of lu'ivims is ;;n'ati'st.
I'l riilalioiis (if clerks ami cmpldycs, is a source of
frc(|uciil lo.-s to the retail mcnliaiit, ami is very ililli-
ciilt \o discover ami piiiiisli. Many employers seldom
scrutinize the doings of tlieir clerk>, ami trust with
iiujilicit (oiifideneeall who ar(> in their employ. When
at last tlieir eyes are opened, and tlu'y .-ee that sonu--
thiiifr iii wronp, without trouhliug themselves to
detet'l and punish the criminal, they simply discharjji^
him and turn him loose to pri'V upon some other
unsuspeclinj( dealer. .Sonietinies clerks are permitted
to punhasc any artielo kept for sale in the store, ami
are allowed to kei'p their own account of it or make
payment for it without referrinir the matter to the
employer. This oft«'U leads to pilfering', as the clerk
iieyleets to char^re the item, and (piiet.s his eon.sciem-e
liy >ayin^' to himself, " I will chMiirc it in the morn-
ing'.'' ami then forj.'ets oi- iie^dei t> it-, and linally ar;Lrues
himself into the belief that he was entitled to the
article au3'how, as a coinpeusatiou for e.xtni work last
rteek in unpackin;.'' ^oods until late at ui^'ht. The
next time tiie clerk wants arii article he takes it in the
.-ame way, and his conscienci' is nior*- easily silenced
liy ar^'unicnt, that his salary is less than it ou^dit to he,
ami that he is sort of^'ettinji: even; and so on, from
hu\ .(> wor. i', till his stealing's lieeome larfrer and more
fretpieni, and amount to hundreds or thousands of
dollars.
The employer may prevent the tii-st step toward
crime, liy a wat«hful suiiervisi»m over his clerks, and he
should have a strict rule that no elerk is to purchase to
take out of the store any .'irticle except directly from
himscll". lie should also employ all checks ami safe-
/jfuards which he tinds pnictieahle, and if a clerk is
t'ound to lit- dissipatiuii; or disposed to spend his vraires
in (piestioiial)le society, or has a ilemoralizinfT inlhieiice
on othiT clerks, he should I)e discharireil at once.
Another loss in the retail trade is from omission to
char^'c !/ood> sold. When all hands are ijuite liusy
a well-known customer entei"s, and after looking about
the store, selects a hoc, and walks out with it, saying
as he goes, "Charge this to my account." Nobody
charges it, the customer forgets it, and the amount is
lost. These losses can be all avoided by a little care
and dLjcipliuc.
KEEPING THE BOOKS
A thorough and systematic .system of accounts is to
the merchant, what the mariner's eompasa ia to the
ship captain, — a guitle through a voyage on the seas
of business enterpris(-. (lood l)ook-k<'eping lends to
.save and turn to the be>t n>e that which is already
made, or by its reciu'ds of the past, thntw some light
on the future for the dealer's guidance. The best kept
books can never put a dollar in th(« cash drawer, but
they can .'lave hundreds from inmece.ssarily going out,
if there has been sullicienl talent in conducting the
liusiiios, to put them in.
'ilie two main essentials in the ucconnis of a ston-,
are to show !it all times tlu' anumnts which the niii-
chanl owes, and the amounts whi( h others owe? him.
These results may be acct-mplishcd by "single entry,"
but it is very desiiiiblc that a set of books shoiihl be
so kept that far mm-e than this may be shown concern-
ing the condition of the business. The b,>ok-keeping
ill a I'elail store of average size need not be -i heavy
duly; a half hour m- so at the dose of each tlay will
snilice to ])ost u|i the day's business, and allord the
proprii'l(U' his customary daily view of the condition of
his business. Many mer<'hanis neglect the books of
tlieir store and allow them to run behind from week to
week and month to month, only getting finally
cleared up and a " balance sheet " otf once a year, or
once in si.\ months. The management of their busi-
ness is something like a prolonged battle, in which they
only emerge from the smi»ke and confusion (uice a year
or once in six months, to look ov<'r and marshid their
t'ori'cs, carry oil" the dead and woumled, inspect their
trophies, .'ind note the vantage ground which they may
havc> gained in tlu; struggle; whereas, they should bo
so situated that they can view the whole ti(dd from day
to day, and see how the battle is going, in order to
know just when to rei'cde and when to advance.
Under such a .system much of the result is luck and
cliance, which under wiser and more .systematic man-
agement, forethought and calculation,
would have turned into assured success.
One of the losses which the retail mer-
chant is subject to, is from uiudiargcd
goods, as explained befon^ under the head
of losses. The charging of an article or
bill of goods, should be considered a part of,
the sale, if the goods are sold on credit, and
the merchandise should not be passed
over to the customer until after the
entry is made. In taking money
in the .settling of an
account, the entry
should be made bef'ore
the receipt is made out'
11
to
2
UKTAIL UUHINKHA.
or tlolivort'tl to llm piTMOii piiyiii;,'. Tlic retail iin r-
I hunt wild iti'lirt (III rrcdit, Hlioiiltl Imvv ii pari ol' llic
foiiiitt'r or a .separate platl'oriii near where the hooks
urt! kept, M't apart for the purpose of phieiii^^ ^(mmIs
HuM oil cri'ilit, wliilo the entry in Iteiii^' inatU-. Then
on the oiher niiU' of the hook-kcepiii;; lU'sk, or near liy
it, a siiiiihir .H|)acoalh)tte(l tor the ;,'ooiln after they have
iM'eii char^'ed aii<l In't'ore ihi-y have heen deliNcretl (»r
sent out. This arraii;j:einent neeil not occupy iiiucli
hjNicu l)ut will ;jreatl^ facilitate the chaiTring of fjoods
Muhl.
An eipially iiii|iortai>t |)art of the hiisinoM ih tiio
entering of ^'oods lioii^dit, ill order that the iiiurchaiit
may at all times know who he owes and how much.
There shoiihl Ix! in the store a |)aiiioular place for
reeeivinp, opening and inspectiiii;,' goods, and they
should 1m' kept in this place until after they are entered
upon the hooks, when they may (hen go into the stock.
With every box, ca.se or jiaicel of goods there shouhl
arrive also an invoice, and a careful tomparison should
he made licfore the goods are entered. If (he invoice
and (he gitod.s are compared and found (o agree, (he
invoice is (hen pas(ed in a hirire sdili invoice hook, in
(hat pordon .set ajiart Ity the index, to the name of the
tirm of whom the goods were punhascd, and in a small
l)lank hook is entered sim|ily the date, name, and
amount of the hill, for convenience in posting, and
adding up purclm.ses. It Koinetinios happens (hat the
invoice is lost in the mails, and althoiiirh (he goods may
have arrived, the invoice (hies not come to hand. In
such case the dealer may let the goods lie unpacked
until he gets a duplicate invoice from the wholesale
liouse; lint this might he very inconvenient as (he
goods might he needeil at onif, and (o le( them lie
would he to lose custom. The merchant should then
open (he hox, and take especial pains in (heex;imiiiatiiiii
(d'die goods, and make out a memorandum
invoice .•lecording (o i(s eouteiits, Icavinir
(he prices l)l;iid<. It would In; well also
to have (ho head clcik of (he store
check over this memorandum toax'oid
any possihiliiy of error. This niein-
oraiiduni ni;iy IIkmi he entered as if it
were an invoice, leaving the amoniit
Idank to he tilled in. upon
I'cccipt of (lie iinoii e from
(he wholesale house. The
iiK'morandmn
iii\(ii(e should
-he r;i rcf uU y
■^ ^ - • preserv.^.i i»i
( ompari'on with the gemihie when it is received, ami
if t lie good.i iiio |)artly or entirely sold out the iimttur
can he adjusted as well, if there should U' found ii
disciepancv.
In retail >tores of any eoiiniderahle wize it is iiowipiito
customary to havu some one to take charge of (he cash
ri'ceipts, make <hange, etc., .-tnd th(> salesman u^'s
a binall cash (ickcl. The ohjoct of (his (icket iit to
fiiriiibh (he cashier with the uiiioiiiitot'tliu Miile, by which
at the close (d* the day the cash ac((iunl may he vciitied,
if there shouhl he an error; hut the ticket is suscep-
tible of further uses. Uy having (he initials of the
salcHinuii on the ticket which he puts in to the eiuiiiiei*,
the amount of his daily .sales may Ih> from this ticket
dniwu oil" iiad recorded.
FORM OF A CASH SALES TICKET.
./(T-
nuii<rht (,f Gindiam, Muslin & Co.
S paji. ('innhrir, 'JO
12 Prints, I't -
2 jir. I lose, GO
SnhtDiimi, a. L. M.
CO
so
20
m
These (icke(s need not he hirgc. and only on a cheap
(piality of paper, hut (hey should he honml or fa.stened
toircthcr, so that one at a tim(> may he detached as
needed. This ticket may also he used in case goods
are not sold for cash, hut are(oI)c charged. It is an ex-
cellent stimulus to salesmen (o have (he amount of their
dailv sales reconled, asitatVords the proprietor. 'in oppor-
tunitvtoste w lui is. and who is not, a prolilaltle man
to retain in his employ. The .'ivcragc daily sales of a
clerk should form >ome basis for fixing his next yc.ir's
salary. The following form will Illustrate how each
.•iuleman's sales may be kept, so as (o allord the dcsiied
inl'ormatliui at any time. This may be kept by having
ruled coliunns in \lie regular cash hook, or by keeping
this in the cashier's small or "petty" cash book,
which :-, perhaps, preferable:
KKT.VII. lirKINRM.
FORM FOR PETTY CASH BOOK.
ll.M.M. V.A. I(.W.M. U. V.
Sl>|il. III.
" 17
" IH
" M
U .1)
Tiitiil fill' Mit' Hitik
'ill IH
n 4(1
III Ml
■Ipk
17 Ml
I II 'U
14 4.1
17 i»
l.t t.l
It in
17 Vi
(in It
l:i!iii
ulmi'ilt
1ft lit
ii.m
IIINH
»llft
HH
I HI
1I7H
4 I.I
I 4.^
AiiotliiT v.iliiiililc iidjimrt.fii tlic rc^'iiliir set of iMiokrt
kipt li\ tlir iiiiTcliaiit, mIioiiM Ih>. II Hiiniiiiiiry Ixntk for
the ciisli mill rroilit wili's of tlin yi'iir. This will pivo
tlio iiiiTrliiiiit Mil o|i])ort unity to coiiiimrc at any tinio
till' liioiiii-s III' llii.-< yrar willi tlii' luisims.s of tlif cor-
rcxpoiiiliiij.' .ica.-dtn la.st yt'ar. It niattfi-M littlo an to
till' fmni iif llii^ ImoU, iiroviilnl it siipplii-' tin- ilcsireil
inl'oi'iiiatiiin. 'I'lu' following' form woiilil Ih' as good a.t
any for tlii.-< iiiiiposi';
ACCOUNT OF DAILY SALES, .8 —
,1\Sl
«I1V.
KKlmlUBI.
Maiu-m.
Miintli
I'lWll.
Irt'illt.
CllHll.
t^mllt.
ClMll.
Cnint.
1
til ai
Ht .'K
■i
H7 no
M III
:i
4.-I .K
«•.• in
t'J'^O
HII Vt
4
:>> '.11
4^1')
:« 70
lit '.11
9
ii'l
r,ii -.A
li
•t: M
h."i III
Hi'iHO
III 70
7
H> r.:t
111 .11
.'W iVt
47110
..
ihiha
I'll ."ill
!i
K'l 111)
411 ■:■:
MM
MA .11
1"
K-i;t
117 ■*)
K4 -.11
liJ W
11
IHl t(»
HO .'III
!KI il;l
Ht Xi
IJ
•ill n
,•!.■. Ill
. . •
i;i
Wfl
III t.l
4H'.!ft
411 .1'.*
It
i.'>
l<:
ilHll
4Am
Ks i:-2
.'u ill
111 VI
IH 0.1
,
i;
HI III
47 IH
Ti 10
ti; Ml
lim <>
II.") -.1)
'Jll
K4 III
:!•.' 70
•Jl
Ml 111
K'l III
•tl
■.':l
J."i <ll
III Hi
•-■I
tliMl
K'l -JO
-.'»
411 1.'.
to I'lO
*i
|1 JO
l.'l.ll)
-7
im -r.
1 ir, >4ii
W
I'lO .lu
•.N 711
■£>
;ui
ilO.^ill
t.-i mi
31
•Jl •jn
l.^i-.'.KIi
H4 IH
1 ,.%4-J..VI
This iKiok sliniild he nilod with colinnns for each
inontli of the year, on opposite pa<;cs, so that may Ito
Bccnnt 11 '.'lanct' the entire j-ear's Imsiness, without tiirii-
\ng leaves. The lalior recpiiied in makiiifr "P these
suniniaries may seem too ^^reat to eoinpeiisate the mer-
chant ill the lienefits which he receives therefrom, but
such IH not the case. A little time at the close of each
day will suffice to draw oil' all the items to their proper
uccoiiiits in the ledger, and also to post ii|) the lunount.s
in the summary book, and the time thus employed,
would reap the mereliiiiit a miii'li nion> prolltable hitr-
\(*Ht than ilisriissiiin.'i on poiilical iiiid other i|iieritioii.-<,
"Mpiniiiiig yuriiM," (<tc., with loaferH and loniii^ir)*, who
tiiid refn::e in any store that will hiiilMir them.
At lite end of llie year, or what is iM'der, at the end
of every ni.x monllis, (he merchant hIiuiiIiI take an
iieeoitnt of MtiN-kiiiiid elone his liookit, In oriler to iW4e(>r-
tain exactly what his gains and losses liavti Imm-ii. The
inventorying nf a slock of gootis is an iin|Mirttint mut-
ter, and should not In' (iirneil over to boys or incx|N>r-
ienced clerks, as a duly btMiealh the proprietor's iitten-
tion. Tlie proprietor should himself actually pa.Hs <in
till- Millies til be set to I he various articles or gotsls as
they are handleil, diist«Ml anil replaced on the ohelvtw.
.•^iiiiie articles may have greatly decreased in vului',
owing to certain caiLses of deterioration or supply,
which a clerk knows nothnig alMUit, and if the inven-
tory is niuile on an incorrect basis, the protits as shon'n
by the books when they are closed, will l»' to a greater
or li'ss extent tictitioiis 'J'lie time «f Inking the in-
ventory is also tin excellent opportunity for the pro-
jtrietor to s(H' what goods have remained on hand too
long, and to adopt suitable measures to have them
.HoM oir.
After the liooks have been closed and a Italance shoot
drawn ofT, showing the condition of the business, this
should then lie so arranged that it may be compared
with the results of previous years.
A portion of the same book as is used for the sum-
mary of Ddihj S<ilfs may be ruled oil' and set apart for
this puriM)s»', and may upon one page set forth the
results of .scvenil years' buaiiioss, so that the merchant
has a binl's-oye view of his jmst busincBa career. This
would apitear something as follows;
SUMMARY OF THE BUSINESS OF GINGHAM, MUSLIN S. CO.
lUH-J.
IHV).
18K4.
M'l-o. nil lirtinl lit 1st of vi'iir
7,tHfl
in
N,4I(I
20
H.7SS
.V)
lliiiiiflit iliiriiiK till' yi'iir
t«l,:l4'2
HI
»t,7l(l
IK)
t4..118
in
SiiWI " " fiirni-li
IH.'I'il
:in
10,.W4
m
si,4m
.v>
Sttlil " " im iTi'ilit
11,410
.10
l4,.'<flU
'.»
r.nt
N)
Mi|*t'. nil linnd, rlom' of yi'iir
H.IIll
'.D
».7ftJ
All
9,m
.m
(f rii"'* iinitlli nil siiti's,
4,7-j7
'J 111
Hll
.10
ft,'.S)4
4IH
4JI
•20
0,-271
Mi
.•V)
lnl«'ri'.'*t nc'i'iiunl. Or
•n
(;r
:iH
14i
liO
HO
443
«1«
.10
so
4A
Pmflt anil logs, Dr
Cr
H
(10
14
m
■n
i1
l.ii'jft
All
\,1K
M)
1.7M
l.iftn
priviitp
4i
w
u
OiitstaniliiiK nccoiintA
tilt 1 unit poflims nil HHine. .. .
H.iii')
K4
3,(W4
HO
.•l,7«
it
if.li
0(1
Mil
no
■iSO
CiL.*!! on Imml ut cml nf yi-iir.
7111
2,7ll!l
M
n4
■a
i.m
HO
Iniloliloilnt'Mw
40
a,4'2a
HO
■SK,
«0
Ni-I i.rntitH uiMiil to rapital.
Cnpltul at end of yi-nr
1,:II7
04
1,. 1.1.1
.'U
i.tt-ii
Kl
7,'2HS
IKI
H.HIH
115
10..14ft
T»
In these latter da\;s of commercial activity and com-
jtetition, merchants are coming to base their dealings
and ventures more nnd more on stutistical informa-
L
1^
IMIll
HKTMl. lll'MNKHH.
lion, and tlio nitrnt important of Much, ii* tliut loni-orn-
in^' (hi> luci'dmnrM own linsinoitM. llo Hhould niiik<> it
Miuily III' lliis, and <'oni|iiiri> frpijuontly th(> present with
tii<> piiHt, iknd IIk'ii it'tlnt on the conditionM of tntde in
g«^nerui and draw iiix inforcnceH therefrom. A rojfniur
and syMteniiilif'ally kept .set of Inxiks will not of it-elf
make 11 iMisincNs .snciertMfnl, l>nt it will puint the way
to HnrcertH, and will \w ono of thu importunl ai^uncti^
in itny line of retail tnide.
EXPENSES AND PROFITS
TheHe two woriln arc fnll of nieaninjr to tho mer-
ehaiit. The expenwes of elerk l>ire will nsnally rcirn-
1,'ite itself, ii-< when trade is slack the nienhant will lie
niiisl apt to lei <ri> those employes whose services are
111)1 HMpiired, or as the Inisiness j.'n>WH, lu) will employ
more liel|i IIS he needs it. The rent of the store is
usually (piite a lar<re item, and one which should lie
Weil considered Iwfore (Mitcrin^ into the least-. The
price paid for rent willof courModeiHiid upon the nature
and extent of the husinoss, and the |iidtit <in iroods
sold. As ii jrcneral rnle a rent Avhich do<'s not exceed
len per <'ent on tho pros.4 protit«, woidd not Im* con-
siderod exorbitant, while ono which excccKled twenty
per cent would ho so considered. The merchant's ex-
peiiHOrt foi' lioth tho store and his livini.' should not
excootl tifty por cent of tho press profits of lild husinoss,
as thore will ho other losses which will come in to
roduoo tho other fifty por cent, and in tho end he will
find that liia net pain for tho year has not hccnudequatc.
THE MERCHANT SOCIALLY.
While tho attentive, exemplary, and careful dealer,
purHuing tho oven tenor of his way, will succeed and
ncoumulato a competence, without the oxorciiM) of tho
tpialiticH ol Ho<-iiil»ility and popularity in the conuniin-
ily, it is true that other men, no more capalile than he,
will succeed sooner and far eiwier liy the exercise of
these 'pialities. The mercl'.ant should therefore lie a
public Hpirited, HOiial and penial nuin, minplinp with
the idnimunity freely, and inpratiiitinp himself ipiielly
and imperceptibly into the respect, esteem and confi-
dence of all. lie should Im- present at meetinjrs
intended for tho public pood, and nhindd ai<l in all
works tor the improvement of the town and its citi-
zens. At the same lime he should tivoiil espousing a
partisan cause, for ho thim antapimi/.es ii certain |ior-
tion of the conunuiiily. lie should never allow his
store room to lie Ihc nicelinp place, either formally or
inl'ot'iii.'illy, of any political club, parly or cliipie, even
lliouph he may lake noaetise pari in the iiieetinp him-
self, for he will be held as sanclioniiiir I lie niovemenl,
and will be condeniiicd by the opposiliou party.
The retail nu'rchant, in enpapinp in various public
enterprises of I he town, should avoid carryinp the
mailer to such an extciil as will draw his niind away
from his biisiiics-i, or consume tinu' which should be
devoted to his store. Instances arc not rave, where rc-
lailci-s are drawn intovariousorpanizalions. bcinirprc-i-
ileiitof this, sccretaryof Ihat.and treasurer of the other,
until one-half their time and enciiry is taken up with
these mattei"s, to the manifest injury of their business.
The retail in(>rchantsof Ihiscoimlry forma larpe and
inlluenlial class, and their inllueiice for intelligence,
npriphi dealing, and lepitimalo trade .should bo hiphly
l»eneficial to all couununities. T<i them the preatest
reward for such examples will always be, that while
they strenpthen and profit their own callinp by proper
ways, they also earn the preatcr compensation of the
respect and esteem of thoir fellow men.
x^^^-i^,
I
1
\
-QjprR
^^rKnnnnr^
•»{;—♦
UMBER
_M_ ^ "^ 'r^ '^ ^ ?^ ^ ^
NTERESTS.
LUMBER-MAKING.
»iiK limilxT intt'ro.st is one liaving an extent and
magnitude wliicli it is hart! to comprehend from
stiilistics. It employs in these Unittd States
a cai)ital of over one hundretl and eighty million
dollai-s, and niarslials an army of over
one hundred and forty-seven thousand
employes, and its annual pay-i-oll foots
uj) to the astonishing figures of nearly
thirty-five million ilolla'-s. »vs an illus-
tration not only of the extent of this but
other industries in this countrv,
we will only . ijntion that for
spools and bobbins employed in
silk, cotton and \vot)lcn manafac-
ture. tiiii' V -s gotten out,
in the year ls8o, over 3-i,-
1^ 0(t(\<iUO feet of lumlier.
Add to this fact that it took
over one and a ipiarter bil-
lion staves to fur-
nish cooperage for
jH^ople. Then
think of the
other ainiies
of ojK'ratives
shaping those staves into barrels and hogsheads, mak-
ing that ;i4,CH '0,1 M N> feel of lumber into spools and bob-
b'ns, and the other and still greater annies handling
the nearlv fortv-eight billion feet of lumber, not includ-
ing shingl' -, lath or staves, made in a single j'ear, pil-
ing it. •lading it u|K>n vessels, cars and wagons, c<mvey-
ing it by vessfl, train and wagon to the other great iir-
mvTif (arpenters and joiners, furniture and agricultural
nif ohiiit makers, and all the various uses of hnnber,
a. id you will get some idea of the extent and reach of
the lumtx^r manufacture and trade of the United States.
The single state of Michigan employs diivctly ovir
twenty-tive thousand men in this business, pays an
annual ixiy-rull of seven million dollars and scatters
lumber valuetl at the mill at over |i.J2.<HtO,iMi().
The marvel JUS grr>wth of the Saginaw region illus-
trates the nqml increase of the lundx-r ii.dustry.
In lN.i«> f>ne small siiw-mill antl a few shanties occu-
picnl the gri>und where now in twenty miles you lind
over 6<-MKiO jjeople, and all busy with the hum of
active, pushing busines-i life. No manufac turiDtr in-
dustry stanils for ami by it.self. They are all dovetailed
and interlacul by mutual and dfiK-n.hnt interests.
Still more, commerce, trade and agricultuii' aic all anil
each stimulate*! and f<»stentl as vtll as de|N'nder.t in a
mea.surc u|)on each other ami the niamilai tiiier. T.iit
Uj)on none are they mure dejier.ilent than upon the
Ixijiril-nuiker.
In the early days, when the streams were fringed to
the water's edge or archril with pines that knew no
master ssive oKl age, tfif tnill trrnt ( I'lir Ioijk It v as
the primitive mill with Us runibn>ns, slow-n.ovint,'
water-wheel, and its <ine or two "sasii"
or franie<l saws of leisurely motion. A
^T? daily production of ten thousiind feet of
ilumlier was a large cut— a something lu bo
^•braggeil aUiut.
J
c )0
:fj^
OLU LUMUEU INTEllESTS.
C)
Now. w\\\\ tln' >toaiii mill locntod for convenioiuo of
^hii'i>iiii'. with its '• L'uiiirs " of frciu twenty to forty
»an>. jiinl its •• cirfiilars " wliooliu^ tlu'ir '.HK» icvoiii-
tio»> I'vcry liO swoiuls, the lof/.^ coiuf to (lie mill, and
tlinv linii<lii-<l tlioiisjind ffct per day is not a Ihinir
Worth thi' lM>a>lin'r.*
i hi' liindxitnan of to-day ninst lir.-t " locate liis
loir>." lie own-i a tract, >ay. of 1(M»,( '0(1 acres (only a
ini-<linni one, liy th«' way) of liiiie land. Yot ii is not
all pine forest, hut also of oak and other hard woods,
with taniar.K k swamps here and there, and in tla- late
summer or early autumn his .spies, or nithor pre,>pect-
or^. -ean-h out and locale the scene of the next winter's
o|H>niti«»iis. With the hunter's onttit of cotl'eo, liacon,
flour, ■•alt and pepper, ^uns and axes, the party of loir
hunters take themselves to the woods. Thi'ir (piest is
often enilKirr.Lssed hy too many trees. Occasionally
.1 po-t of oli><'nation must iK-sou^'ht in a lofty tree top.
Should the trunk Ik? stniiirht and luuliless for a lonf^
(T'Htan<-e, the lojr hunt«>r seeks another tree that he can
tell :i(^iin>t the one he wants to climh. Ascendmp his
lofty i»enh ho .scans the >rrouud in all directions, takes
ill the Incitiim of all ehh"ps or tracts of pine, 'lie
dire<tion and course of streams. Descendiii":. the jiarty
a.scertaiiis the huatiou of trsuls of pine, calculates the
distnu<-< to haul, places to Imnk upon river or creeks,
t-urface and nature of the «rronnd, and also determines
the liM-ation of the winter camp.
IV't'ore the .-now l)e<^ins to tly the earlier "teams"
of hands, horses, oxen and men have l)een rol looted
and startetl to the woods to lo(ati> and arraufj[e the
camp a-"' winter's .scene of operations.
The lumU-rmau does not build any part of his biisi-
nes.s ius he who " <'onimenee<l to huild an<l lonnted not
the cost." He knows how much lunilH>r he wants to
cut the next reason. Makinir a wide maririM for acci-
dents from too little water to lloat h.is winter's cut of
hvrs fnmi the cnt'ks, from lo'jrs that may 1k> '* hunjr
up" !>/ the way, and all the other aciidents and inci-
dents that •• lo,;;;?infj is heir to," he calculates that ten
men will pet him loj^s equivalent to a niiHit'n feet of
IxKinls. He knows hy experience alM)ut how much
they will eat and provides accordinpfly. With his loir
hunters he lists calculated the i)rol>al>le len^rth of haul
ami nwcs.sarj- numlxr of teams, and so provides them
and for them.
If any <-on>idei-alile hay-jjroducing; groimd is on his
tract he has hail it cut, stacked ami, as t'ar as p().s.->il)le,
defended a<r:iinst tire.
The advame of his small army ha.s reacheil the
eround and linated lamp. The "camp," or "camps,"
>c
and necps.sary sheitere for the hor.s(>s ami o.\en li.ivc
lieeu pill up — loir hou»es, of <-ourse, stroiiirly and
warml;, limit, for hoth man and i>east. Dnnks for the
men, n le l»ut coml'ortahle, with matrosses of odorous
pine hoiiirhs an> made ready for the coniiiiir force. Tlie
irround has been cleared around the canij , I'or a " hum
out" would he an irrenicdiahlc di-a-lci- n inidwintiT.
.\lready tin- main road .-ind hr:\riclie> hav,' liceii located
and partially cleared of trees and lojrs. ;-kids and levers
prepared, and hankinir places seh cted and cleared. In
short, iireparations for the winter are far advanced
when the main fone arrives, timed as nearly as |)ossiblo
with the first ^ood miow fall.
A DAY AT THE CAMP.
It is now midwinter. The .snow lies from one and
a half to four feet deep through the forest. The vistas
amoiip the trees lo(>k like the aisles of some vast cathe-
dral, and ♦he irreen boughs far alott are crowned with
l)ure, tleecx white.
At carlitst dawn all is astir inside the lamp — break-
fast dispatched, teams are fed and cared for, and with
the c(»iiiing light the choppei-s are lillinir the woods
with the riuir of the axe. tin' lonir resoundinir ciiish
tells of the fall of another monarch of the forest,
words of command issue to the outiroiug teams, and
soon teams of six to ten oxen or horses are bearing
their loads along roads troddsMi hard as ice to tl.'O
banking ground.
Loading is largely done " from the ground " by the
strength of the teams, as a chain is fastened around the
log ami it is drawn upon the sled. Four, live, and six
large logs are thus pileil up in a huge load of from six
to ten tons, if the roads arc in prime condition. The
hrst lotids are dumped upon tl:e ice and ihe logs piled
as high as jios.-ible. The pile grows shoreward ami up
the hanks — shored and skidded, so that they will (loat as
easily as possible with the spring' ri~e. .McMiitinie the
cook is prepariiiL' a huge dinner, not of (lainty. but ,
better still, of hearty bniwn-produi ing food, for well
he knows how men can eat who have breathed deei)
breaths of pine land winter air, and swung their axes
with stronir anus.
With the approach of night the woods become silent
as woimIs ever are. and the wearied laboreis gather to
supper with good appetites. The teanistei-s caru^
fully atteiiil to the lomt'ort of lior.se or oxen, for it is
ex|)ected that a team will l>e in as good condition in
the spring as in the f'all, if a teamster knows his busi-
ness. After sup|>er. each cho|)per in~pec|s his axu,
sharpens it if nece— arv. Imio(< are cMrefidly lalloweil
i
-^S^^i^
OIK IX'MliEU INTKKE8T8.
and all prepare for the morrow, while hearty linifrhtcr,
joke, wittieisiii, and .H()ii<rs siiiiir I'.v stnuiir and often
melodious oaritones and tenors, while nw.iy :i couple
of hours.
To their credit, be it .idd, liipior >eldoni iiitriideii its
presence in the lo<jr<»'ers' camp, and then \ery .--iiiirinjrly.
A drunken chopper has no business in the woods. He
wiiuMbea perpetual peril, and soon learn that *' hi>i
room was In'tter than his comiwny."
Old l)ooks and
nia^'a/ines are read
and re-read, stories
told and re-t(dd,
packs ot" cards shuf-
llcd uiit'd the spots
disMppeai'aM<l knaves
and kir.i.''sl)ear<'loser
resend>l:uice than is
even their wont.
'Ilie daily newspa-
p(M' is a thinir ot
renuMubrance only,
and the ^'reat. world
and its events, and
happen iuifs reiuein-
bereil on(i> ilia wliHo
when some one ven-
tiu'es to wonder how
it i.'ocs on.
The wiiitrrancl its
woik c(ini(' to a
close, and the extra
outfit stored with
tlie sno\v, t^ie teams
and teamsters de-
jiart, leavintr the
men whoare to "rim
the drive" awaiting
the spring' rise of
water.
Pike poles about eiirht feet louir with :• .>tronj.' spiko
in the end are prepared or looked after, 'M)ot.> with
soles l)earinf^ huire shaqt spike- .ire lirousht out and
'oalerl with tallow, and all made ri'ady lor the spriui.'
rains and the run.
Meantime, the skirmish lino of lo<rs has Itoen ilrift-
ins leisurely down the creeks with the ice, and so on
with the river.
The spring' mins now eomo and aroanxionsly watched
by the lumlierman I't his home and the men in camp.
Too little water and the loirs "will not come out."
Kt^i
CUTTING THE LOGS,
that is, tiiey will not be lloati'd. T«k> much water, and
they will >tray oil' anioujr the trees alon<r the luinks
and be lel't " liuiiirup" by the ipiicklv re<-edin'r stream.
To obviate (l.iuircr tVoni both iau>es the men at camp
are workin;r with lever and pike to pusii, e(ia.\ and
roll into till' stream. \ rem- ^"-nard, each attended by-
its trsividinj,'- cook, follow the tlrive on each siile of the
stream, to coa.x (u* drive st nijjrjrlers into the currt>nt,
and so ut iaat tboy reach the great " lMH>m>."
Thirty million feet
of loi.'s iKciipy tVom
five to ten miles of a
river, and demand
th<' w.itchlul c.ire of
from til"tv to a hun-
dred men.
The ;.'re:!t dan<jer
feareil i- a jim. In
some narrow plai-e
two huire \o's> may
strike tlic Mp|Mi-ite
sides «>f the strcanj.
The u|»-stre:im ends
natiinilly swiii<r to-
ward the I enter and
they meet liko an
inverted V, in this
maimer \. In an
hour the river i- full
of loir> lorahalfmile
or more, piled on
and over <'ach other
l)y the partially dam-
med-up current.
Far liack up the
etn'am the loirirers
sec the danger sig-
nal by tlie slowing
current an<l hiistcii
to the front.
.\ daring, skillful man imdertakes to cut the log's
that act as the keystone ami set the imprisoneil liost at
liberty. With spiked boots lie stcjis from log to log,
and soon the ringing strokes of Ids axe show (hat ho
has s( lected his poiii; and lommeiiced wliat may Ih* his
last hour's woik. lb' mu-t needs know %vhen to stop
and how to retreat. A tpiick jump and ripid tliirht to
shore o\er the now tossing logs, and tlie jam i- broken
and the logs again surging on their course to the sort-
ing boom.
A sort in;.' boom ccmsists of enormoiw timbers strung
^^^
^
•Jtr:
aOi-088 the cuirenl and leading; tlie lofrs* into a pocket.
Ear!i loj has its owner's mark, made l>y the chopiwr,
and this murk is repisterc«l au<l known amongst others
ot* the cnift.
These IxMini.- are usually owne<l hy a company , wlio
('har<ro XI linn h jhm- thousjiiid for Ixxuniii;: nmi > utiiij:,
and \x plai-e-J at tin- liead of tiie river suital)Ic tor i-al't-
iii<r All <>|M':;iii;r iK'ing made, eaiii lojr is made to ;.'()
to its owner's plai-o and there fonned into a rail. On
soiiii- i«:"iiie wj«>tern rivers niftsarei-oiinected liy ropes
attailutl '.«• e:ith log in tiie nit't ; on otlu'r>. poles are
iis«d iiL-^tetitl nf :;»iM>s. For rudders, from tour to six
twelve-ioot pl.tiik"! .ire inserted in the ends of as many
suuill trees and hiiiiir on pivots at either end of the
iiift. 1-I;ich rudder or iiniiien>e stt-t'riiiir oar is worked
by one oi niop* men, :ls tliu ease retpiires.
Snuetinies :i small hut is liiiilt upon t!ie raft, and "o
eipiipiH'd, it la/ily glides down the <'urrent. We sjiid
•• lazily," iiiit that is not alw.iys true. .Swift, tuml)liiig
nipids may lnter\ene, as u|miii the ^\"iseonsin river, at
Gniiid Ripidsand Mt>sinei'. In that <"ise a sju'cial pilot
Is taken alxKird. At Grand llapids, Wisciiisin, the
nipids are alM)ut a mile in length. Huge granite boul-
ders, :w large :ls a sn.all hou:«c, niise their heads in
plai-es ami threaten fortaiii destruction to any rat"t that
does not give them room-way. The pilot is taken on
biKinl al)ove the nipid^iai*'' th«' rudders double manned.
Oirefully guiihtl the nift eonimenees the rii:». At one
plaee. sd'cty ro])es an- neeessiiry, as tlu' bow plunges
under water, ami then the whole ral't, and tiie men
stand kiiee-<leep in the ftKiming current.
."Nifely over the rapitls, dangerous short bends
threaten, ami so, with just enough danger to give
-pirc, the hanly raftsmen fltiat onward, sometmies for
.iindrc<l< of miles, to the mill,
\t Uitli (rniiid it;ipiils and Mosinee, a yearly loss of
lit'e is almost certain. Indeed, from the forest to the
lumlHT yard, ». •'.h and violent death ever threatens.
At le:ist one out of every hundre<l men v.dio gix's to the
woods returns not home. No business, unless it l»e
niiiiiKidiiig, is as destriK-tivc to life and limb as lum-
Itering.
T!ie long joiiniey is usually over in May or abo?it
the 'ir-t of June, and the nifts come gliding into the
mill ixioms or are tiLsteiied along the river side.
If ill the IxMiins, the fastcninirs are unltK)s<'d and the
Ufj li<"s idly .iwaitiiig it> next attack. It .soon comes.
.\ spiko«I poie guides it to the apron or logway just
as the driver's gcKid drives the unwilling steer from
Kan.sas prairie into the gangway of the sluughtcr-
holi^iC.
33
Nor does the simile end there. In a few moments
lK)th will Ik' thiyed, dismemlK>red and so changed as to
be utterly beyond recognition.
As the one receives a blow in the head from the
pointed iiammer of the killer, so the log re<eives a
sharp blow tii;it drives a spike into its head, or is |)rod-
ded along upon the log c;irriage. The chain attached
to that spike tightens ami .-trains, and the log glides up
the logway or the apron ami is thrown upon its side.
\ couple of sure, swift strokes, and it is .secured to itd
IkmI by two clamps.
The sawyer reverses or throws forward a lever, a
sudden jar, and it glides steadily forward to the circular
saw, spinning it> iMH) revolutions per minute and seem-
ingly waiting for its victim. Thirty .-econds and the
cruel saw-teeth, cmved forward like a serpent's fang,
\v.i\v eaten their way along its length, and the " edg-
ing" or slab has t'allen away from the parent log, to
lie borne on a tramway to the lath saw or "thrown
over amontr the rubl)isir' a< tood for the devouring
furnace or, as in the .Siginaw region, to fill a street
Mow below level, or iKiome part of a new wharf lot.
The log, Iwreft of one side, has another as ([iiickly
torn away until it is thrown, now a thing of four
sides, to another l)ed, and again secured in gyves of
steel.
.Vnothor lever is movetl, another jar, anu our log
moves unresistinirly toward the "gang," with its
twenty or more saws securely lastened in their fnuue,
and now dancing ui) and down like an uncanny thing
of life, waiting for another victim for it< in>atiate
jaws. A minute more ainl the gang lia> movcil steadily
on throi.j:h the log, which is now no longer a log, but
lumber.
It would not take more than a tondi of the tnm-
scenilental pliilosopjiy to .say that " puiitied l>y wounds
and (lignitied by siitlering, the reddi~li iirown log lias
bnively boriK! itsapothe«»sis and is now ready to take on
higher and nobler diitie-."
.Vnother movement of .another level' and the board
pile, which it now i.-. i- thrown, still <piivering iVdiii
the stroke- of tlic saw, upon ;i car. and with its ••oni-
panions hurried to the \e--cl <lock or railroad platlorm
where it is thrown, or iiilher they are tiirown, awaiting
sliipment to one of the great lumber '.istribiiiing
points, such as Toledo, Cleveland, lliitralo, Milwaukee,
and notably beyon<l all, (M'.ic.ai'o.
We have thus fcllowed the fortunes of our log from
the proud pre-<'minenee of the monarch of the forest,
standing in m.ijestie pride imong its fellows, nntii we
huvo almost felt it were a sentient lieing, until it-
OUK LUJIltKK INIKIiKSTS.
iipollicosis into ltinilH?r, i-eudy tor soiiio of tho u'iiiiIkt-
Icss uses timt liiivop'iven t(»oiir tiiiic tlio iiimif or"Tli('
AVoodoii A>rc.**
TIit> iciisiiH reports of lSWt> I'nrnisli tlic followiii;;
tiiriucs, us re^Tiird-* the mimlH'r of mills, liainls cm-
ployed, ( ,. ., ill the United States;
X\iml)er of mills ---... 2.'),7(>.s
Xiiiiil)er of men employcil - - - - l-II,.")i)l
Females and iliiidren ... - - (i,;;',):i
Total ninnlKT employes . • - - 147,'.l.")(!
No. feet InmlitT <ut - - - l«,01»l,;i'.)ll,()<Mt
No. M shingles mad •),,"):):),( )K;,(M)(»
Value of prodnit $L'.!;>,;il!7,7i'il
The 'k'.-1 >tali>lii • uhtainalile from oiii' t'anadiaii
nei5riii)nr.>, [)lai-es their [irodnelion for the year 1 "^.s^ at
."(•J(),ll21,i!()i) t'eet. or aliont twice the amomit prodiieed
ill tlie state of Pennsylvania alone.
\\\- have said that tlii- Im-iness is a hand to hand
tiirlit with the eii'incnts t'rom lir~l to la>t. from the
forest to the liimher yard. Fin- is liahli' to sweep over
and mill the 'vlioh' trait of t'orest. As hut a short
timeaL.'o, in the Huron pi-ninsiihi of Mieliiiran, liim-
dreds of thousands of acres vvcre raNaired Ity a .-inirie
tire. Tlie forest, i-amp>, anil even villajres, with iiouses
aiiil other property were all swept away. Not only so,
liiit such tires are alw.ivs aceom[)anied hy the loss of
many lives.
No one who has not experienced it , knowsoreim even
imai^ine tlie horrors of ;. forest tire. With the iiii .ill
llame and smoke, and not a ln'eath that does not carry
death info the lungs and air passage.s. flie tire rushes
n|)on a hamlet or \illaire, and in a short tiiiie every
lious(>, li.irn or tree is a mass of fl Miie.
And the luml)emian who was y>'sterdiiy u millionaire.
is now well-nigh ii paup<'r. .\t tin' mill constant
wafciifuiness. and ^he In-st appliances tor extinguishing
files are neecs-sjiry, to defend the owner from the attack
of the neecs.sary fire to furnish jiower; or the servant
Im'coiiics master and sweeps away linnd''edsof fhoiisands
of dollars of ])n)i)orty by a .single spark. A lug pass-
ing along the river may leave a spark in the dry saw-
dust and the wind fan it into a flani<>.
Till' tire record fur I'^'^l' shows a hiss of over $j..')lHI.-
tX)() upon lumlier mills, including shingle and planing
mills, or so much capital ahsoliifely destroyed l)eyond
recall. Insunince may and does milig;ite the foi-c(> of
the lilow to the owner who avails himself of it.
i'oo little snow in the woods adds to the expense of
haulinir loL's to tlie sfn'am, as wagon trucks must he
ii-;ed or snow hauled and placed upon the tracks.
Too much siiow, and the work of" lo.'idiiii.', heating
tracks and hauling is largely iiicr«»!>e(l. Too little
water ji ml the logs are :<)t floated, or if .so, the liim-
herman can only get tlieni «lo\vn to the main river hy
damming the current liere ami there. Too much
wafer, and many of his I«)gs go ntmhling olF into tlio
fo!(>sts, and got hnng up, or may hring sinh a pre.s.<iire
as to hreak the Inioms, and then the logs of a score or
half a hundred lumlH'mien go down the river in a wild
stampede, worse than that of a herd of 'lexas steers
upon the prairie.
file latter may Ik- g:»therctl up anil «lriven hack, hut
the loirs cannot. For the men, death or mulilat ion is
e\('r close at hand from falling triH-s, Iiroken, flying
Inaiiches, on the drive, in the j:im, and .it the mill.
A hardy, hreezy, hesirty .<et, u> a rule, are onr liiin-
lH>rnieii, as itetits men who have iKirne their full share
in the tight with nature, and in the wonderful develop-
ment of industrial pursuits in the past century.
The ;.aw-mill is first hesinl of in (Jirmany, in the
fourth century, though we liave no means of knowing
that the (Jermans tii-st applie<l the iim- of machinery to
the s;iw and Used water power.
We :ils(i find s:iw-mills in the island of Maderia in
1 l:.*(i, or seven'v years iM'ton* CVdunilnis made the dis-
covery of America.
From refpiences !>y an old traveler, they weri' used
in Norway in l.'>;U).
The Hist mill in this eomitry si-ems to have heeii
erected in It>;'.;'>, in Massai hiisctts, many yeai-s iM-foro
their trial in Knghiiid. One was j)nt up alM)ut l(iG3,
neir Londoi. hy a Dutchman, hut he was forced to
dismantle and i.-inove it, on account of flH> indignation
ot the working chLssj-s, who fe:»r«'d it would deprixe the
s,',wyei-s of theii lalmr. The F.»iglir.h of that clay seem,
even among' the highei clas>e>, to hav«' dung to the
clay floor.
In 170(1 another was triwl, hut the Imilder had to
remove it. .\uother. in 17t!7, wasdestroywl by a nioh,
and it was not 'infil just one rpntury ago, that they
were firmly estallli^hed in iis«-.
.\t that time every stresmi in the settled |»art tif New
ICngland, and in siveral other of the colonies, were
turning any ipianlity of w.-iter wh*"-!'.
Iiidi'cd, in 17.")(», Dr. Douglas s;iys, "New Kngland
ahoimds in saw-mills of ih»':ip and slight work; they
geiienilly carry only one saw, ami one man and a Iniy
may, in fwenty-four hours. >;iw 4.(>0() feet of white
pine hoards."
One mill, at llay City, mhhc yeurs ago, cut 3(Jl,l)()()
feet ill twelve hours. .Vnother, last year, cut 18,(HK),-
(MV) feet of IiuiiIkt. and from the fxhaust steaiii madi
I
^^^
en I! lAMIillU IXTI-UKSTS.
20,(HHi liushols (if sail, iMsidcs sclliiiir li'is slaltn at om-
dollar |K T cord.
Siu'h prcxliict'Hui is possible only wiion' the wliito
pino is fouml in )il)iiiulanco, the priiM-ipal supply of
whi<'li comes from Miiincsola, AN'isconsln, Mii'lii;.'aii.
Pennsylvania ami Maine, 'riic Norliiu-estcrn ilistrict.
Its it is called, or tlie slates of Minnesota, Wisconsin
ami MicliiL':in, prodne«Ml the lollowinij !'!ni(tiints for the
tea years from l«73 to l8hJ, inilusi\c
I.umlior, Sliliigli's.
if*n 3.n!a.;s(i.(H)0 2.J77. t4;i.s.'.o
l>7l ;t.7.M.;l(iii.iKK) a.t7:l.;ili;/.iV)
• ■•7.1 ;i.i»(!s..-,.-,;t,(ioo •j,:)l."i.s;ts.2io
1>T»; ;i.N7!t.iiiii.tHM) 2,!HK).r);!ii.7i">
I •♦77 ;»..-.!i:.,:i:i:i..iwi :!.7i Hi,7.v;.7.".'»
I'TS ;i.(;-i(i. t7:!.7r)!) 2.,")ill,4!Ht,7".o
|s7> 4,s»n;.!i-|:i.(KiO 2,'<.".!t,112,7.".<)
|!*«W f(.(Ml.2lir..0<Hl 2,!l7-».!ll'J.I80
l>tol (i.7iis.s:,<i.7ii) :)..-)iii.()t,<;.si7
ISttS 7,f)li4.7H7.S(i4 4,()IM.-277.tl5.S
Total 47..M!i;lj;i,s74 2S.(Kr, /)7:..!KiO
As ."» M shinples are estimated as 1,000 feet of lum-
ber, the total produetiou of these three 8t4ite» for ten
years woidd Im-. lnml)er, •t",.")tit,;i2.'{,S7l ; shinirlcf! as
InmlHT. :..7h1,.j1.'>.1!I2; total, .•);j,;];?(),.s.1fl,0(H).
N'ext to the white pine in nsefiduess and in amount
is the yellow, or Georjria pine, readily distinp\iished
from any other variety l>y llie I-n^'th of its hriirht
rreoii leaves, which measure ten to lifteen inches in
THE MILL
lenirth. It exten-l- r'^uthward from North Carolina,
and i< es|io< ially alxnidant in rieorsria and Fl<)ii<la.
Alonjrthe se:i-1>oard and for a distance iidand of from
tittjfii to thirty miles, the pine is very scattering, and
nearly worthless for huildiuir purpose.s.
The snpiilv is found iK'tween tlie Imse of the nnmn-
tains and the sea- •Hast. It is much liarder and stroiifre
OlIK I.l.MIlKR INTEKE8T8.
tliJiii the white pine, tiikos a fino polisli, iiixl wlicii
vurnislicil ami oili'il, inal«'^ a splciidiil wooil for iiitoriorH
ami llooi-s. It is especially idapied Tor ship liiiililiii^.
It is rapidly ijainiiif;; upon the iiorthoni market, when'
diiral)iiity, strength undpr later. I pressure ami flue
iiatund tlnisii is desired.
\\'lienever th(> tree is injured i n(l vcjrftatiou ceases,
the wood I)econies sin'charj.'i'<l «illi resin and forms the
" fat pim^ " of sonj: and story.
Aicordiufif to the census reports of 1)SM), tin' six
states of North and South Carolina, (i"orj.'ia, Florida,
Alabama and Mississippi had ^.tJ.'J") saw-mills, <rivin<r
employiiKMil tol2,;<4(i men .and .'{MO women and chil-
dren, wiio i)roducetl 1 ,,")47,<>I1,()()0 feet of huul)er, .')7,-
JtlN.(M)(l sluuL'los, and !»(),()77,(M10 lath. Tlie.so added
over I' !i million dollars to tiie production of the six
sia(e>.
These tiirurcs make hut a small show alonc\sido of
the produi'tion of Michi>.'an, Wisconsin and Minnesota,
hut they do show the enterprise now iieinjr <U'V('l()pod
in tliose states.
Till" mannfacturo of yellow pino has some advanta-
ges, tJK' most prominent of which results tVom the
nio<lerate ilimate. .Vnothcr is that the lands art' fair
frra/inir lands as well as pine forest.
Oxen used in haidinjr the loirs may lie unyoked and
turnc(l loose to i,'razi', and he kept in <:(i(m1 nrder. In
answer to impiirics addressed lo a j/entleinan who had
been south on a prospectin;f tour, he said that he
intended to miile uraziuy^and luMiberiuir, !is the yellow
jiinc t'orests were free from nndcrlii'ush. He had
alrc;.<ly liouL'lit, and was harirainin^^' for more land, and
should slock it with l)ot h sheep and cattle, wjiile get-
ting' i>lV his imnlter.
CALIFORNIA REDWOOD.
Another tree iiow iM'inir ipiite extensively used tor
lumlwr is tli<' ('a!ilo>'nia redwood. This is almost
excjnsively found in Calilornia, as lint a lew clumps of
it irrow north of the Ore^'on line.
Redwood ffrown on marsliy. wri i^round is com|)ara-
tivcly \alncle>s. It is apt to lie swelled or hollow-
hiitted. and mori' or less rotten. I'tit that ^irrown on
rollinir or risinij' land is free tVom liicmisii. Wedwood
will not licai-a hea\y lateral strain, and is vain, less lor
uses re(|uirin;r li;L'lttness and strenjrtli to support
wejcrht. It also has the (pioor poeuliarity of shrinking'
ciidwiM'.
Hedwood £rrows to an iinineiisp size, and !ofr>t lour-
Iwn feet in diameter are not uncommon. At the mill
such log.s arc! tirst attacked at thoccnt«'rand cut in twi
liy a inuley saw. Ivich half is then rcadj' for tho
" double circulars" and the gang. The avenige diame-
ter of redwood logs runs from six to eight feet, and of
white pine would be called mammoths.
OREGON AND WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
Tile great ^vestern supply of jiine comes from this
state and territory, and i- .iirnisiied by the sugar pine,
growimL' in groves, of wliich many of tho trees reach
the hiirht of two hundred feet with a diameter of ten
feet, whih' isolate<l spech'iens increase that hight <iver
a himdred feet and doubU- \hc tliametir. The western
yellow pine, which is the mi >s«. widely distributed, us
well as the nmst abundant (.( 'iny of the piui's of the
I'acitic coast, and often reav h«',s the hight of one
hundred feet, furnishes a hea\\ resinous wood, less
valuabh^ than the sugar pine, and the mountain pine,
which closely resembles the white p'ue of the Atlantic
antl Mis.sissippi valley states.
The lundicr industry of the Paci/V coast is only in
its infan<y, but the near comi)leti(<n of the Northern
l'a<itic railroad, with bnin<'h road.'' of that and tho
I'nion Facitic, will open up a large t/^Titory for both
manufacture and sale of lumber. We tibjoin tSe sta-
tistics of IWO:
LiinilxT.
( 'iilifi.riiiii ;tOI,7a->.(lfK)
Oicfriiii 177.171,OfiO
\Viisliiii''toii Torritorv 1fi0.i70.(HiO
Shinglo*.
13^.71S.O0O
5.ntii.(ioo
.•i.flia.iHir
U7.3(18,(XK)
Lnlli.
2.420.m)0
t8.24r).(KX)
n.'iWMHK)
Totiil CJ-2.1-I2.(K)0 U7.3(18,(XK) fV.-JlO.lHX)
Much has been said and written as to the spoody
exhaustion and complete cessation of lumlMM* st'l.p'y,
especially of the white jiine.
A Chicago daily now before us, shows by arguinc'if ,
figures and map, that, "Twenty-five yeai*s ago. tK^
supply of pine tiinlx'r was iKdieved inoxhuu>tiblr.
Ten years ago it was thought it would outlast the
present century; now ilie most hopeful predict its
extinction within a d<izcn years. The white pine har-
\cst is nearly oxer, and it will not be long bet'ore tho
woodsman stands, a.x in hand, In-side the last tree, his
oc<'upalion gone." lb" then dcinoiistnites, to his own
satisfaction, that "six years more and tho Chica<>o
district will be exhausted."
We heard just such predictions fifteen years ago.
Hut while it is a fact that much, if not a great majority
of the best and most accessible jiine, has b !eii mar-
keted, yet th(! <'iid is not just yet. The fore:<ts havo
I)ocn skinnned over. A lumlKUiuan whoso log luinters
declared a (ertain tract exhausted, visited it himself,
and last winter established his canij)3 on the deserted
i
OUR LlJMnEU 1NTKKE8T8.
ground of aeven years asro, and Mociired ii little larger
cut of logs than ho did soven years hi't'oro.
Two brothers Innight u fann two and oiie-liaif niilcH
from Ludington, Michigan, <if what was supposed to
bo cleared land. This winter tliey have liauled into
th« town and sold 10<»,(HH) feet of <:ood lofru, which
brought them $7.'>0. and they say they siiali make a
bettor winter's ero)» next year.
In Miussachnsetts, over a n'lllion feet of second-
growth pine IninU'r wjls cut 1 ust year, and a gentle-
man tells ns that lie owns (^(H),(X^^,'>'n) feet in that state
of pure virgin f<>reijt, not touchei'. by the logger's axe.
It is true that the " river route," as des<ril)eil in the
eonimtucemenl of this article, has ju'rhaps seen its ilusli
timed. Yet the raft and b<K>m will do duty for many
Ii coming year.
RAILROAD LOGGING.
Meanwhile a new way of Buppl^ing the mill with
logs has come into
extensive use, and
that is the logging
railroad. The lum-
ber country l)oing
comi)aratively lev-
el (we arc pea king
now chiefly for
Michigan, Minne-
sota and Wittcon-
sin) the work of
grading the rail-
road tr.uk is very
slight.
Ticsare there for
the cuttiuir. and it
18 estimated that to build a good, fair track, equip with
good l<K'onu)tivc, especially adapted for the work, and
also the nccessjiry flat cars, only nn.kcs the expense of
haidiufr from 2.'» to 40 eent> \yor thousand for a haul of
from five to eight miles, aud some lunil)ermen claim
that as lompared with the loss of logs by the old
methods, the logging nilroad is not only more eco-
■u)mical as to tinil)er, but fully as cheap for tlie nianu-
1 icturer, 1)eside« brin<.'ing into market any (piantity of
timl>er that could not otherwise have Iteen readied.
This has certainly put away the "day of evil things"
predlotod by correspondents, who geneRiUy get their
figures of standing pine from men with large stocks of
lumber now on hand Meantime let us try to get a
eomprchei\~il)le idea of the census figures.
If some youngster wants tt' kiiow how tho lumber
PORTER'S LOGGING LOCOMOTIVE,
cut in these United Stiites would look in one pile, let
him look at some neighbor's farm, contiiining a full
section, or (!40 acres of land, and then think, if ho can,
of seeing it j)il(!d solidly with luml)er, without a hole
anywhere, higher than an ordinary three-story brick
l>lock or a very high barn witii a ba.senu'ut, and he will
have some idea of the amount of lumber cut in the 25,708
saw-mills of this nation, except that ho would have to
liorrow H(i acres from a noighlwr to complete piling
the wiiole of it.
If he wanted to dispo.se of the shingles and lath cut
in the same jear, he would cover three more 80-acro
lots to tho same hight. If in a city or town, ho can
imagine oiui hundred mm iwijiity ordinary blocks or
scpiares and tho streets iK-twecn all solidly covered a.s
high as a large three-story building, with the lumln'r
alone, and thou by puttin": the sliinglcs and lath on
top of that pile, ho would _4:ct his ji'.lo up to the top of
a five-story biulding. Loaded upon cant, it vould
make a solid train
extciuling over a
third of the way
around the earth.
.Such figures arc
hard to get an idea
of that w(> can
grasp, but that is
true of nearly all
tho great indus-
tries of our time.
They all reach fig-
ures that arc be-
yond comprehen-
sion, and illnst;a-
tioii by r;iiiiiliar
objects must be selected bcfcfre we get them cut of the
region of the intangible.
LUMBERMAN'S EXCHANGE.
At a very early perio.l in tlie history of the western
luml)cr trade, ('hii!i;,'o l)ei;imc the center of distribu-
tion for ;i wide raiiire nf tcrrit<.ry. The astonishing and
far-reat liiii<r development of her railroad system, her
coniinandin^'' position tor gniiii bliipment."., soon placed
Chicago as the great business mart of the west.
Hec( ;rnizin;j this fact, believing that the liinilK>r
tracie .if the cily were to ho ever increasing, and that
clashing interests would tend to demonilize dealers and
retard not only their own interests, but also those of
the whole lumber business, and also those of the city,
a few luml)ermen, in the year IM.')!), organized tho
!
.1
if
Ori< LIMIIKU IMKilKt<T8.
" ijiiiiilMTiimirH lloiud of Tm«l«' mill Kxclmiifro of I 'In
(■ii<.'<)," witli tin- r(>ll<iuiii;r (Iccliiri'd olijccts, as hIiovh hi
tlii> incaiiilil"' 111 tlicir rules and liy-liiws •
" Ilaviiip a (losiro tdUilvaiiro tin' tdinmiTcial diar-
uotor, ami iiidiiuitc llic <rtMi( ral liiiiilici intcrost tit the
city <if Cirna^'d aii<l the N(llt'\^^•(^■^l, and wisjiin;^ to
iiiciilratc Jn-t and ('(juital>l(> princiiilcs in trade, c^ta!)-
lish and iiiaintaiii iniil'oniiit y in the < (iinnu'nial iisa^n>s
(if tin- city, ac(|iiiiv, |r.osovvi' and diss<'niiiiali' \aliialilc
111- iiiif-s iiifoiinatir.n, and. willi a view to avoid and
adju.-'t, as far as |icaetHiilile, the rontroversies and inis-
uii(lerstandinj.r- wiiirli are apt to ai'i.-e iiet\v«'en nidi-
vidiials eiii.a<red in trade w lien tiiey lia\e no aeknowl-
otlyod rules to iruide tlicni- we, the inenilM'rs ol' the
LiimlHTinan's Kxehaii^" •" Chiea4ro, liy \ irtiie >< tlio
pfiwer vested in us liy the i>rcc«'diii_i.'' eliartcr, ' • hereliv
a;Lrree t<i lio •roverned liy the foilowini.' rulvs and h -
laws."
Uiiiler tiieir eharti-r, tliey pnKoeded to a|i|i(ii'it
iiispe<'tors to e\aiiiih(>, nieasuro and inspect linnlier,
tinilM-r, shiiiirles, wood, etc., and to piescrilie rules
and tix <rnides liy which such inspoetors should lie
•jfoveriied.
It W!is also <iiie of the articles of their incorjwnition
that, as aniouir theni.-olves, the cortiticate of their
inspe«'tors should lie ovidonco In'twocn buyer and seller
as to <rrnde, (pumtity, (piulity or chanuter ot lumlM-r
so iii>p<'<'ted ami irraded.
A roniniitli'c of Miliitnition consisting.' of live nieni-
lieis was ap|Kiinled " to invest urate and dei'iile all
disputes and ditlicnities of :i tinaiieial, niercantile
or coninieri'ial character which niiiy he siilnuiltcd
to it. '
.Vii appeal could he taken IVoin the di'^-ision <if
the comniitttM' of arliitnition to the coniinillce of
ajipeals.
It was tiie duly of tins loniiuittee to re\ iew sildl
wrilleii evidence and decisions of the arliitnil ion coni-
initteeashad been <l>'niurre<l to, and the decisions of
the coinniitlee on appeals was to lie liiiidiiii.>-.
After a short life of one year this institution "IuIkm-
iialed. " or took to winter (piarters, and laicl clorniaut
for .-e\eral year>. (irades and inspections ran wild.
Kiich dealer ^'raded as he saw lit. The "(■oiiiinon"
(if one 3>ird was "third clear" of another, and the
excliani,'e w as reoifraiiizod in l^^titi, under A. Carter as
pK-idenl. For s(;vcnil yours ufter that it dni^'gcd out
a puny existence.
I'lieii came the ^roat tiro of 1871, mid tlii> iiiinionHO
inp<:iir of IuiiiIk r to reliuild the city and supply tbo
'■oinilrv trade as well.
The annual lunilier cut lu><riin to appal tluiso who
look any interest in the iiiatt(M- at all, and a /renei-ul
call was made for "liirht."
The new Luiiiiiei man's Kxchangc of Chicago began
to assiiine slrenglh. .Meiiiliorshi|i In-gaii to increase
and lis gnules liecanie genenilly recognized. It now
nunilH'rs l.'ii! meiiibers, and il.s inlhieiiee is felt ..ot oniy
III all Kii^lish-speaking countries, but wherever for-
estry IS recognized us a subject of nutionul irnportaiico
and legislation.
Till' CN hah !• holds a monthly meeting •<♦" its luii'r.l
I ■ d''<'c* <9v I' fix rale*, hojir i ports of committees,
""WU h' coiiipjjiiits, ete.
.!l season the exchange holds lunch meet-
in;,, .inch '. e grown to \h' of no little importance,
a> ciiUiMiling iOt il, friendly miienlti(M.
A lunch is furnished by soiik! firm, and is succeeded
'lyascaxiii of speech-makiiig, in which the menilHn's do
not conliiK' themselves to lumber alone, but discuss
aii<l criticix' the linanees and government of city and
cou'iiy, in their usual free and (>asy manner.
The liiiiclio ha\(' done iiiiich to bring out the strong
social feeliiigii and real regard of the memliers of the
exchange for each other, despite the keenness of their
competition outside.
If there IS any call to which the " man of boards"
is (pucker to respond than to any other, it is the cry of
distress. Instinctively his hand reaches for his pocket-
book, as the iiurned-oiil lliiron district of Alichigan,
(lie \ellow-levere<l palieiil^ of the South, the loriiado-
.-wcpt citizens of Grinnell. Iowa, :ind the victims of
water at Hniidwood •■oal iiniies, and along the Ohio
iner, can testify.
I he tota' receipts of forest products at Chicago,
durnii.'' the _\eai l><h2, aggregile, as shown by the iiooks
of til.' exchaiiL'c. lMIt;..>ll,(M)() feet of lumber and
:iti(),iHM;,l!t| shiiiglo, \vhile the sales nin up to aiiout
$.'iO,(M)0.(MMi. Ill addition to this there were received
.V.t,7:57,rMM) lath, 2,4(iL>,N;(! lar posts, 3,(14 1,71 1 rail-
road ties, (i7,(l!l2 cords of wood, 2:i,li!() cords of bark,
•Ji.'J'i't cords of slabs, aikd 2.'>0,?<(I7 telegraph poles,
making in all about $.")4,(MKl,()(M), These figures throw
u stronger light upon the magnitude of the lumber
interest.s of Chicivgo than pages of rhetoric could
posuibly du.
!♦
;
COOKERY KECIPEH.
^ «-^^^ ^— » ^
aijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiE5i5ji=ii^
,^ COOKERY RECIPES^f
__ -^s^
A e to Mull. — Tiikc a pint of f^ori] stronp iiIp, and po; r |
it into II .Miiiiccpiiii witiitiin't^ ('l./>'i'.s uml ii littlo iiiitnici;;
Hiigar ti> yiiiir tiisti'. Set it, over the (in', luni wlii'ii it ImiiIh
tiiki' it oil' t ,'()■!. Itdit up tiio ycilk.s of four «';rj,'s cxccimI-
iii^'iv w<>ii ; mix tlniii fii'st with ii jittio niM alt', tiit'ii ailil
liu-iii to tin; warm air, and |MiMr it in and out uf tiu; par |
Ki'Vcral tinic.^. Sit ii oNcr a «lo\v lire, l)cat it a lililf, take i
it olT airain ; do tlii.s tliruc times until it is hot, then serve
it witii dr}' toast.
Ale. Spiced. — is made hot, sweetened willi .snjrar and
Hpieed willi ),'ialrcl iiiitnie;j;. and a hot toast i.s nerved in it.
'I his is tjje wa-s.sail drink.
Beef Tea. — <'nt a pound of lleshy lieef in thin Kliees;
Rimmer with a f|uait of water twenty minutes, after it lias
oneo boiled and heeii ukimmed. Sea.son if approved.
Beei ^ea. — To one pound of lean heef add one and one-
half lumMers of cold water ; cut tli'J lieef in snnill pieces,
eovei', and let it hoil slowly for ten minutes, ami i.dd a little
Halt iifier it is l)oiled. Kxci-llent.
Beef Tea. — C'ut lean, tender heef into smiili pieces, put
tliein into a hotlle, cork and wet in a i)ot of cold water
then put on the stove and hoil for one hour. Season to
taste.
Black Currant Cordial.— 'I'o every four f|inirts of
black currants, jiii'ked from the Htems and lightly bruised,
udd one piUon of the best whiskv ; let it remain four
months, shaking; the jar occasionally, then drain off the
liquor and strain. Add three pounds <if loaf aug-dv .md a
quarter of a poiiml of bust cloves, »li;^litJy i)ruised ; bottle
well and seal.
Boston Creem (a Summer Drinlt).— .Make a syrup of
four pounds of white su;j;ar with founiuarls of water; boil;
when cold add four ounces of tartaric acid, one and a luilf
ouiu'ea of essence of len.on, and the whites of six eggs
beaten ton still froth; bottle, A wiiui-glass of tlie cream
to a tumbler of water, witli autticieut carboimte of eodu to
nniko it elTervesce.
Champagne Cup. — One nuart bottle of champagne,
two bottles of soda-water, one licpieur-glass of brandy, two
tublesijoons of powdered sugar, a few thin ftrips of eueum-
ber rind; make this just in time for use, and add a large
I)ieco of ice.
Chocolate. — Scrape ('adl)ury's chocolate fine, mix with
a little cold water anil the yolks of eggs well beaten; add
this to eiiinil parts of milk and water, and boil well, being
careful tnat it does not burn. Sweeten to the taste, and
servo hot.
Coffee — Is a tonic and Btimulatinjj bevorago, of a whole-
some nature. Use the best. For eight cups use lu-arly
eight cups of water ; put in coffee as much as you like,
boil a minute and take olT, and throw in a cup of cold
water to throw the grounds to the bottom; in five minutes
it will bo very dear.
Or, beat one "; two eggs, wiiicli mix with ground coffee
to form a bail ; nearly till the pot with cold water, simmer
do
off the yellow rind of the lemon,
u layer of lemon and a thick layer
plate; cover close with a saucer, and
(0 Tiiis is au excellent remedy for a
gently for half an hour, having introdui'ed the ball
/("/ //" /, or you will di'Stroy the aroma.
Coffee. — 'I'he following is a delicious dish either for Hum-
mer bri'akfast or dessert : Make a strong infusion of .Mocha
colTee ; put it in a iiorcelain bowl, sugar it properly and add
to it an eijiial portion of boiled milk, or onc-thinl thequan.
tity of ricli cream. Surround the bowl with poiiiuk.. ice-
Currant Wine. — One quart currant juice, three pounds
of stigir, sudii'ieiit water to make a gallon.
Egg Gruel. — Hoil egga from one to three hours until
hard enougli to . '": then boil new milk and thicken
with the egg, i i at' littio salt. Excellent in case of
naus(>a.
Lemon S' ap.-
slice tint leui .n . •! pr,
of sugar J. • "let
set in a warm V
cold.
Lemon 1e. — Tak a cpiart of boiling water, and add to
it live on I ' imji-sugar, the yellow riml of the lemon
rubbed oil v. iui a bit of sugar, and the juice of three
lemons. Stir all together and let it stand till cool. Two
ounces of cream of tartar may bo used instead of the
lemons, water being poured upon it.
Raspberry Vinegar. — Fill a jar with red raspberries
picked from the stalks. I'our in as muidi vinegar lus it
will hold. Lot it stand ten days, then strain it through a
sieve. Don't press the berries, just let the juice run
through. To every pint add one pound loaf sugar. Boil
it like other syrufi; skim, and bottle when cold.
Summer Drink. — Boil together for five minutes two
ounces of tartaric acid, two pounds white sugar, three
lemons sliced, two quarts of water; when nearly cold add
the whites of four eggs beaten to a froth, one tableppoou-
ful of flour and half an ounce of winiergreeii. Two table-
spoonfuls in a glass of water make a pleasant drink; for
those who like elTervescence add as mucli soda as a ten-
cent piece will hold, stirring it briskly before drinking.
Blackberry Syrup. — To one pint of juice put one
pound of white sugar, one-half ounce of powdered cinna-
mon, one-fourth ounce nnicc, and two teaspoons cloves;
boil all together for a qarter of an hour, then strain the
syrup, and add to each pint a glass of French brandy.
Tea. — When the water in the teakettle begins to boil,
have ready a tin tea-steeper; pour into the tea-steeper just
a very little of the boiling water, and then i)Ut in tea,
allowing one teaspoon of tea to each person. Four over
thi.s boiling water until the steeper is a little more than
half full; cover tijjhtly and let it stand where it will keep
liot, but not to boil. Let the tea infuse for ten or fifteen
minutes, and then pour into the tea-urn, ailding more
boiling water, in the proportion of one cup of water for
every teaspoon of dry tea which has been infused. Ilftve
boiling water in a water-pot, and weaken each cup of tea
m^
I
iwdesirod. Do i.ot ufie water for ton tlmt liiw bemi boilwl
long. Spring water is boat fortoa, and tiltorod wutor noxt
*>e8t.
loed Tea a la Rufise . — To each ^'lusa of tua add tha
juice of liitlf a luriiKih till up the giauH with iiouiidcd iuo,
and RwiM'ti'ii,
General Directions for Making Bread. -In tliu
coin|)()riitu>n of jrood broiid, tliuio aro lliruo itiij)ortaiit
re(|tiiaite8: Good Hour, ^ood yoaat. [and huro lit uh
rocoinmeiid (iiliott'a Magio Yoaat CaRoa. Thoy i<('on
good for ono _vt!iir in. any cliinalt', and once usod you will
not do witliout ii. Ail grocers koi'p itjand atrongtii to
kucad it well. !''loiir aiiould l>o wliito and dry, orunibiing
eaaily again nficr it in jtroaawl in t'lo Inind.
A very good niotlioil of aactirtaiiiing tlio quality of yeaat
will bu to adil a little Hour to a V(>ry Hniall quantity, Hutting
it in a warm ))la(-e. If in the courao of ten or lifteen niin-
utca it raise.'), it will ilo to use.
When you make hreaii, lliat aet the sponge with warm
milk or water, keeping it in a warm place until cpiite
light. 1'hen mold thiH sponge, by adding Hour, into one
largo loaf, kneading it well, Set tliia to riwo again, and
then wiion Hulllciontly Unht nndd it into amaller loaves,
let it riso again, t!ie" bike. ('aieHhonld be taken not to
get the dougli too ati.i i^'itli llour; it ahould be aaaoft aa it
can bo to knoad will. Ti -niku breail or bidcuita a nice
color, wet the dougli over top with water just before pufc-
ting it into the oven, flour ahould always be sifted.
Brown Bread, for those who can eat corn-meal: Two
cn;>s liiiliii'i inr.ii to ouo eup llour; one half teacup syrup,
'iit i'U|)smilk; I leii.:po(;n .>i;il;;.'t tca.-poons of (iilh-tt'a bak-
ing po.vder. Sr.'iuii au hour and a liolf. Tobuouton hot.
It '_'•>! s Very nic'-ly with a corn-beef dinner.
Brown Bread. — Siir together wheat meal and cold
water (nothing ei-i>, not even salt) to the consistency of u
thiek batter. Make in small circular pans, froc. three
to three and a half inejies in diameter, (ordimirvtin patty-
pans do very wt^il) in a ipiick, hot oven. It is ijuito
es.eenti.d that it bo bakeil in this si/.ed cake, as it is upon
this lliat the raising de|)ends. [ In this article there aro
none of tho injurious qualities of eiilicr t'crmented or
superlino lloiirljread; ami it is so palpalily wholesoniofood,
that it appeala at once to tho common sense of uU who are
interested in tlio subject.]
Brown Bread — Take pirt f)f the sponge that h.aa been
prepariii for your white bread, warm water can bo added,
mix it with graham llour (not too stiff).
Boston Brown Bread To make one loaf: — Rye moni
unsifted, half a pint; Imlian meal sifted, one ptiit; sour
milk, one pint; mohissea, half a gill. Add a frojispoonfiil
of salt, one toaspoonful of soda dissolved in a little hot
wafer; stir well, jmt in a greased pan, let it rise one hour,
and St. Mm four li')ip-i.
Boston Brown Bread. — One and one-half cups of
graham llour, two cups of corn meal, oiio-half cup of
molasses, one pint of sweet milk, and one-half a teaspoon
of soda; steam threo hours.
Corn Bread.— One-half pint of bnttcrmilk, one-half
pint of sweot milk; sweeten tho sour milk with one-half
teaspoon of soila; beat two eggs, whites and yolks to-
gether; pour the milk into the eggs, then thicken with
about nine tablespoons of sifted corn meal. I'titthopan
on tho Ktovo with a piece of lard tlie size of an egg; when
melted pour it in tho batter; this lard by stirring it will
grease the pan to bake in; add a teaspoon of salt.
Excellent Bread. — Four jiotatoes mashed fine, fonr
teaspoons of salt, two quarts of lukewarm milk, one-half
c.iko Oillett's magic yeast dissolved in one-half cup of
warm water, flour enough to make a pliable dough; mold
with hands well greased with lard; place in pans, and
when Mudiciently light, it is ready for baking.
French Broad. — With a quarter of a peck of Dno flour
mix the yolks of throe ami whitea of two eggs, beaten ami
strained, II little salt, half a jiint of good yeast that is not
bitte- and as much milk, mado a little warm, as will work
into i> mm light dough. Stir it about, but don't kneud
it. llavo ready three (piart wooden dishes, divide th«
dough among Uiem, set to rise, then turn them out into
tho oven, which must be quick. Itaaj) when done.
Graham Bread. — For omv loaf, take two cupa of white
bread tpoiige, to which add two tablespoons of brown
aiigar, and graham flour to make a atiff batter; let it rise,
after which add graham flour suflleientto knemi, but not
very stiff; then put it in the pan to rise and bake.
Italian Bread. — Make a stiff dough, with two pounds
of line Hour, t^ix of white powdered sugar, three or four
eggs, a lemon-peel grated, and two ounces of fresh butter.
If tho dough is not Arm enougli, add more flour and
sugar. Then turn it out, ainl work it well with tho hand,
cut it into round long biscuits, and gluzo them with white
of egg.
Rice and Wheat Bread. — Simmer a pound of rice in
two quarts of water till soft; when it is of a proper
warmth, mix it well with four pnunda of flour, and yeaat,
and salt as for other bread; of yeast about four largo
spoonfuls; knoad it well; then set to rise before tho Are.
Some of tho flour should be reserved to make up tho
loavea. If tho rico should require more water, it must bo
added, as some rico swells more than others.
Sago Bread. — Hoil two lbs. of sago in three jiints of
water until reduced to a quart, then mix with it half a
pint of voast, and pour tho mixture into fourteen lbs. of
iloiir. Mako into bread in tho usual way.
Steamed Bread. — Two cups com meal; 1 cup graham
Hour; 4 eiiji N. O. molasses; salt and teaapoonful of soda.
Mix soft with sour milk, or iiiako with sweet milk and
Oillett's baking powder. Putin tight mold in kettle oi
water; steam three hours or more. This is as nice as Bos-
ton brown bread.
Use this receipt with flour instead of graham; ouvl a
cup of beef suet, kiid it makes a nice pudding in tho win-
ter. Kat with syrup or cream.
Biscuits. — Mix a quart of sweot milk with half a cup
of melted butter; stir in a |iinch of salt, two teaspoonfufa
of baking powder and flour enough for a aiili batter.
Have the oven at a brisk heat. Proj) tho batter, a spoon-
ful in a jiluco, on buttered pans. They will bake in lifteen
minutes.
Cream Biscuits. — Three heaping tabloapoons of sour
cream; put in a bowl or vessel containing a quart and fill
two-thirda full of sweet milk, two teaspoons cream tartar,
one teaspoon of soda, a little salt; pour the cream in the
flour, mix soft and bake in a quick oven.
French Biscuits. — Two cups of butter, two cupa of
sugar, one egg (or tho whites of two), half a cup of sour
milk, half a teaspoon of soda; flourto roll; sprinkle with
sugar.
Rye Biscuits. — Two cups of rye meal, one and a half
cups flour, one-third cup molasses, one egg, a little salt,
two cups sour milk, two oven teaspoons saleratus.
Soda Biscuits. — To each quart of flour add ono table-
spoon of siiortening, one-half teaspoon of salt, and three
and a half heaping teaspoons of Oillett's baking powder;
mix baking powder thoroughly through tho flour, then
add other ingredients. Do not knead, and bake quickly.
To use cream tartar and soda, take the same proportions
^
E?-^»vx-
OOOKKRY RKriPM.
without tho baking powdur, uaing initoad two heaping
toaspcKing cream tiirlar and ouo of loda. If good they
will baico ill flvo mimitug.
Tea Biscuits.— Ouo cup of hot water, two of milit,
three tiklilt!it|iooiia of yoast; mix thoroughly; iiftnr it is
riien, take two-thinlH of a<:uji of Imtttir and a littlu HUgiir
and mold it; thou lot it ride, and mold it into amall
oakei.
Bannocks. — One pint corn meal, pour on it boiling
water to thnrotigiily wet it. Lot it Rtund a fow miniitt^B;
add Halt and one cg^ uiid a littlo iiwout croaiii, or a table-
spoon iiioltud biittor. .Make iutu ballit aud fry in hot
iiird.
Breakfast Cakes.— One cun milk, one pint floor,
thrt'o og^'H, piocu Imtlor nizo of an egg, two tuaHpoons
cream tartar, onu toaapooii Hoda, oiio tablospooii biittor.
Buckwheat Cakes. — Onu (piart buckwlioat Hour,
four tikl)l«>Hpc)ona yeant, ouo tablt>Hj)oon aalt, ouo handful
ludiaii rui'al. two tabloapooua luolaaaua, not Hyrup. Warm
water ouough to uuiko a thin battor; boat very well and sot
in a warm place. Iftlio battur is tho louut sour in tho
morning, aild a littlo aoda.
Quick Buckwheat Cakes.— Ono quart of buckwheat
flour, one-half a toauup of corn uiciil or wheat flour, a littlo
aalt, aiul two tabloapooiiB of syrup. Wot thcao witii cold
or warm water to a thin battor, ami add, lastly, four good*
tabloHpooiia of Oillett'a baking powder.
Spanish Buns.— Kivo eggs well beaton; cut up in a cup
of warm now milk half a pound of good butter, ono pound
of sifted flour, and a wiuoglaaHful of good yeast; stir theso
woll together; sot it to rise for an hour, in rather a warm
iila(;c; when riuon, sift in h.'.lf a pound of while sugar, and
naif a grated nutmeg; add ouo wineglass of wine and
braiiily, mixed, ouo wineglass of roso-water, and ono cup-
ful of currants, which have boon clounod thoroughly.
Mix theso woll, pour it into paiiH, and sot »t to rise again
for half an hour. Then bake ouo hour. Icing is a great
improvement to their apnoaraiice.
Bath Buns. — Take 1 lb. of flour, put it in a dish, and
make a luilu iu tho middle, and ])our in a dessert spoonful
of good voast; pour upon tho yeast half a cupful of warm
milk, mix in one-third of the flour, and lot it rise an hour.
When it has risen, put in G oza. of cold buttor, 4 eggs, and
a few caraway seeds; mix all together with the rest of the
flour. Put it in a warm place to rise. Flatten it with tho
hand on a pasteboard. 8ift 6 ozs. of loaf sugar, half tho
size of a pea; sprinkle tho particles over tho dough; roll
together to mix the sugar; lot it rise in a warm place about
20 minutes. Make into buns, and lay on buttered tins;
put sugar and or 10 comfits on tho tops, sprinkle thorn
with water; bake in a pretty hot oven.
Graham Gems. — One quart of sweet milk, ono cup
syrup, ouo teaspoon soda, two teaspoons cream tartar, littlo
salt; mix cream tartar in graham flour, soda in milk, and
make it as stiff with tho flour as will make it drop easily
from the spoon into muffin rings.
Brown Griddle Cakes. — Take stale bread, soak in
water till soft, drain oil water through colander, beat up
flno with fork, to one quart of the crumb batter, add ono
qiiart each milk and flour, and four eggs well beaten.
Mix, bake in a griddle.
Wheat Gems. — One pint milk, two eggs, flour enough
to make a batter not very stiff, two largo spoons melted
buttor, yeast to raise them, a little soda and salt. Bake in
gem irons.
Johnnie Cake. — One pint of corn meal, one toacnp of
flour, two eggs, one pint of sweet milk, ono tablespoon of
molasses, one tablespoon of melted butter, a little salt, one
toaspoon of amla, ono teaspoon of cream of tartar; bake in
Hi|iMkro tine.
Mush. — Indian or oatmeal muah is b«Ht made in tho
following manner: I'ut fretih water in a kettle over tho
tiro to liiiil, and put in aome Halt; when the water boili,
Htir in h'.iiidfiil by handful corn or oatmeal until thick
piiough for iiHc. Ill order to have excellent iniiHh, tho
meal ahoiiM lie allowed to cook well, and long its possible
while thin, itiid before tho flnal handful is addod.
Fried Mush.— When deaired to bo fried for breakfast,
turn into an earthen iIihIi urid Met away to cool. Then cut
ill Hliees when you wlnh to fry; dip each piece iu beaten
eggii and fry on a hot griddle.
Muffins.— Ono talih^Kpoonful of buttor, two tablespoons
sugar, two eggs — stir altogether; add one cup of sweet
injik, three toaspoonri of baking powder, flour to make a
stilT l)all(^r. Hako twenty minutes in a quick oven.
English Pancakes.— Make a batter of two teacups of
Hour, four eggs, aud one (juarl of milk. Add, as a groat
improvement, one table.sixioiifiil of brandy with a Tittle
iiiitmog scraped in. .Nfake tho sixo of frying pan.
Sprinkle a littlu granulated Miigar over the pancake, roll it
iij), and seixl to tho table hot.
Pop Overs. — Three cups of milk ond three cups flour,
three oggH, a li^tlo salt, one tablcHpoon melted buttor put
in the last thing; two tablospuons to a pulT.
Rolls. — To tiio quantity of light bread-dough that you
would take for twelve persons, add tho white of one egg
well beaton, two tablespoons of white sugar, and two
tablespoons of luitter; work those thoroughly together;
roll otit about half an iiK'h thick; cut tho size desired, and
spread ono with melted butter and lay another upon tho
top of it. Bake delicately when they have risen.
French Rolls. — Ono (juart flour, add two eggs, one
half-pint milk, tablespoon it yeast, kneed it well; let rise
till morning. Work iii one oiinco of butter, and mold in
small rolls. Hake iiniiiediatcly.
Rusks. — Milk enough with one-half cup of yeast to
make a pint; make a sponge and rise, then add one anil a
half cups of white sugar, three eggs, one-half cup of
butter; spico to your taste; mold, then put in pan to rise.
When baked, cover tho tops with sugar dissolved in milk.
Waffles. — One quart of sweet or sour milk, four eggs,
two-thirds of a cup of butter, half a teaspoonful of salt,
three teaspoonfuls of baking-powder; flour enough to make
a nice batter. If you use sour milk leave out tho baking-
powder, and use two teaspoons soda. Splendid.
Yeast. — In reference to yeast, we advise the use of
Magic Veaat Cakes; it keeps good a year, and works quick-
er and better than other yeasts.
Suggestions in Making Cake.— It is very desirable
that llie materials be of the Unest quality. Sweet, fresh
butter, eggs, and good flour are tho first essentials. Tho
process of putting together is also quite an important
feature, ana where other methods are not given in this
work by contributors, it would be well for tho young
housekeeper to observe tho following directions:
Never allow tho butter to oil, but soften it by putting
in n moderately warm ])lace before you commence other
preparations for your cake; then put it into an earthen
dish — tin, if not new, will discolor your cake as you stir
it — and add your sugar; beat tho butter and sugar to a
cream, add the yolks of the eggs, then the milk, and lastly
the beaten whites of tho ogp and flour. Spices and liquors
may be added after the yolks of tho opgs are put in, and
fruit should be put iu with the flonr.
I
rf^
:iA8
COOKKHY KKCIPIOI,
Tlin OTen ihould bo pretty hot for iniAlI onkpn. iiihI
iiioiluratn for laruor. To uMccrtiiin if ii ItirKo cuko iit iiini-
ciontly linked, pieroo it witli u lirooiii-itruMr tliri>U)(h the
center; if <l<iiie, the straw will cutiie out free from
(loii^h ; if not (loMc, (loii)(li will itiiliere to tlit- Htriiw.
Tnke it out of tlix tin ulioiit liftiM'ii niliiiitfri uftiT it it
tiikoii from till) oven (not loonor), and do not turn it over
on tlid t<i|i to cool,
Frostinff. — One pint Kntnn luted lUKiir, nioi'<ten thor-
oukIiIv (liiTi water Hullii-icrit to diiwoivo it wir.ii iinitt-d ;
lilt it lioil until it tlireiiiU fi'oii. tliu Hjioon, Htirring oftm ;
wliile the 8ii);iir ix hoilin;:, hcitt the whilcH of tW(>f>;v'>( till
they uie lirni ; tlu'ii \\\\i>n tlioroii^'hiy hciiicn, turn tlu-m
into Ii deep iIIhIi, iind when the hii^iw in lioilei!, turn it
over the whiicH, he. iliuK nil rapidly tn^fether until of the
ri);ht conHirtteni'y to Kiirt'ud ovi>r ihecitke. Fliivnr with
lemon, if iireferreil. 'rhiii id Kiitlli'ient for two loiiveg.
Frosting', for Cake. — On.> cno froHtinK-iin>;ar, two
tahleMpooHH of Wilier hnilt'd tii^ri>tlier ; take it olT tho
Btovo, and 8tir in tin* white of ono e^'g lieuten to a MtifT
froth ; Blir all fi'jti'tlier well, then fio-t yinircake with it,
an<l you will iirvi'r wnnt a iiii'cr friiHtiii^ tlmn this.
Chocolate Frosting'. -Whiiea of two eKKi^, one and
ono-hali ciiiirt (if tine Hiif;.ir, six ffreat Hp<MinH of prated
chooohite, two teiiHOdona of viiMillit ; Hpretid rather thickly
between layera and on top of cake. HeHt whoa freahly
made. It hIioiiIiI ho nnide liko any frosting.
Icingf. — The following rules should he ohHcrvod whero
boilt'il K'iii;; in not used :
I'lit t!ie whiten of your eggs in li shallow oarthorn dixh,
and allow at least a quarter of a jiound or Hixteen table-
BjiodiM (if till) tinest white supiir fur each epg. Take part
of the Hii;;iir at lirst and Hpriiikle mcr tho egjjs ; iieat
them for alimit half an hour, Ktirring in gradually the rest
of thoHiignr; then add the llavur. If V"U nxe the juico
of a lemon, allow ini.ro rtii;;ar. 'rarlarii! and hinon-juice
whitens iclML.'. It may be shaded a pretty pink with
Htrawlierryjnico or cnmhcrfy svriiii, or eolnrcd yeljuw by
nuttiii;; the jiiieo and rind of a lemon in a tliii^k uiusliu
tiiij:, and K(|iieezinc[ it, li.ird inio tlie e^'^ ai.d snpir.
If cake i« well (lred>:ed « ith (loiir afii r baking, nnd
then carefully wiped before tho ii-ing is imLon, it will not
mil, and can bo spread Moro Biiioolhly. I'lit frosting; on
to tho cake in larf,'e Hpooiifiil-i, conimeiicing over the cen-
ter ; flieii spieid it over the i'iik(<, usiiii; a larj.'e knife,
dipping it (lecasionally in cold water. Dry tho frosting
on tiio cake in a i I, dry place.
Ico-Cream Iclngf, for White Cake.— Two cuiw pul-
verized wluli! sugar, boiled to a thick syrnp ; ad(l tnreo
teaspoons vanilla; when cold, add the whites of two
eggs well beaten, and flavored with two teaspoons of citrio
acid.
Icing:, for Cakes. — Tako ton whites of oggs whipped
to a HtitT fiiitli, with twenty largo spoonfuls of orange-
(lower water. This is to bo laid smoothly on tho cakes
after they are baked. Tln^n return them to the oven for
tiflecn minutes to harden tho icing,
Icingf. — Olio pound tiulverizcd sugar, jiour over one
tablesjioon cold water, beat whites of three eggs a little,
not to a stilT froth ; add to tho su^ai and water, put in a
deep howl, place in a vessel of boiling water, and heat.
It will iieconio thin and clear, afterward begin to thicken.
When it beconiea quilo thick, remove front thefironnd
stir while it becomes cool till thick enough to spread with
a knife. This will frost several ordinary-sized cakes.-
Almond Cake. — Take ten eggs, bi>aton separately, tho
yolks from the whites ; beat the yolks with half a pound
of whito sugar; bluaeh a quarter of a pound of altnonds
HV
by {)oiiring hot water on thorn, and remove the skim ;
pound them in n mortar smooth ; add three dro|>a of oil of
bitter aliniinds ; and rose-water to prevent tho oiling
of the almonds. Htir this also into tho eggi. Ilulf a
iiound of sifted Hour stirre(l very slowly into tho eggs;
lastly, stir in tho whites, which tniiHt liavn b(>fn whip|ied
to a MtitT froth. Pour this into tho pans, and bake iinine-
dialcly lhree-(|uarlers of an hour.
Coooanut Cake.— Whi|i tho whites of ton egg«. gr»t«
two nice rocoaiiiiis, and add them ; sift ono |H)unil of
whito sugar into half a pound of siftiil flour; stir thi*
well ; iidiia little rose-water to flavor ; |ioiir into pan*, and
bake three-fourths of uii hour.
Cocoanut Drops. — Ono ]iound cudi gratol coooanut
and sugar; four well beaten eggs ; four tablos|K>onfuU of
flour, mix well, drop on pan, and bake.
Cocoanut Jumbles. — 1'ako one cup butter, two cup«
sugar, llireii eggs well whipped, one grated cocoanut,
stirred in lightly with tho flour, which must be snflicient to
stiffen to tho reijuired consistency, iiako one to know
when enough flour is added.
Coffee Cake.- 'lake thrco eggs, two ciiiw brown sugar,
one Clip diong coffee, (piiirler of cup or butter, three
cups flour, ono teasjiooiifiil cream tartar, naif teas|iooiiful
each soda and groniul cinnamon and cloves, half anntnieg
grated, oiiu Clip of raisins, stoned ; beat butter and sugar
to a creani, then add eggs beaten, (MifTee, Hour sifted, and
cream tartar, will mixed with it. Spiees and raisins,
then soda dissolved in siilliident warm water to absorb it.
Thoroughly mix, and buko in round tins.
I Cookies. -Two cups bright brown sugar, one cun but-
! ter, half cup sweet milk, two eggs, one teas]i(Minfui soda,
flour enoiij^li to roll out.
Composition Cake. — Five oggs, three cups sugar, two
cups butter, fi>o cii|i.s flour, <iiie wine-glasN brandy, one
iiunneg grated, half pound eaili raisins and currants,
three teaspoon fills (lillett's baking powder.
Corn Starch Cake. — Two mps pulverized sugar, one
ciiji li;iitcr, cup Corn starch, two cups sifted flour, seven
eg>.'s (whites beaten very liglil), one teaspoon soila, two
teaspodiis creani tartar "(or two teas|ioons liaking powder
instead of soda an 1 cream tartflr), flavor with lemon. In
putting this toL'ether, beat butter and sugar to a light
cream, difsolve corn staich inn cup of sweet milk, leav-
ing enough of the milk to dissolve the soda if it is used,
put t^reain of tartar or biiking powder in the flour, beat
the whites of tho eggs separate wtieii the butter and sugar
are ready, out all the iiigredieiics together first, leaving
are reaiiy, out all ino iiigrei
tho egiis and Ihnir to tho last.
Cream Cake. — Half jiint cream, ono tablespoon butter
rnhtied into ono tablespoon flour. I'lit tho cream on the
fire. When it boils stir in the butter and flour mixed,
add half a tea cup sugar, two eggs very light, flavor with
vanilla. Spread between cakes, and frost or sugar top of
cake to please fancy.
Cinnamon Cake.— Tako two cups of brown sugar,
one cup of butter, three-quarters cup of milk, half cup of
vinegar, four eggs, largo tablesiioon of cinnamon, four
cups of flour, ono teaspoon of soiia, two teaspoons cream
tartar, mix all but vinegar and soda, then add vinegar,
then soda, bake in largo tin or patty pans.
Currant Cake.— Tako two jmunds of flour, half a
pound of butter rubbed in tho flour, half a pound of moist
sugar, a few caraway seeds, three or four tablespoonfuls of
yeast, and u pint of milk made a little warm. Mix all
togetlicr, and let it stand an hour or two at tho fire to rise;
then beat it up with thrco eggs and a half pound of
li^MiL
i; ^.
lIMtKKHY HKi'll'KM.
ciurutita. Put it into n tin, uiul buice two lioiira in it iiinci*
(trutd (ivcn.
Cup Cuke.^l'rcitni lutlf » cup of butter, iittd four cu|ia
of Hu^iki' l>v lioiktinir: ndr m llvo witlj Ix-uti'ii i';;^;'; iliitiinlvii
oiin l(<iiM|Mionfill )if (iiiilu ill Ik i'li|< of ufMHl lii:llt oi finiiii,
ttml HJx cnpri of ■iflcd ilour; utir nil wull tn^uilitr, lunl
biiki' ill I ins.
DolicutO Cako.— -Mix two ohih of iiiKur, four of tloiir,
liair i'ii|i Itiitlt r, i;!tlf I'lip Mvwit iiiilK, ilti' wliitcK of iii-vcii
*'K((i', two ;t>IIH| IIH Ct'illll l;l<l kr, iilif li'itMlH nil Kiiilil, I'llli
tilt' rrt'iiiii tiirtar ill tin- limir iiii>l utiicr in^rri'tin'iiti*, iitni
(luviir to milt tliK lii.'iii'.
Delicious Swiss Cako. — IW.u tii.» vi-lltii of (ivi-tirnH
mill iiiii' p'liiiiij i>l i^ifi' i| liiar M'l.' ir wull to;rii>li( I : tlit'ii rift
in iiiii' poiinil iif hi'Ml llitiir, ami u iar^'i' Hpooi.ful of nniiir
Hi'iiil; Imut tlii'Mc lo^jctiii-r for twiiilv niiiiiiii'H; ihcnviliip
to Ik xtilT fi'olh dm tlv)> wliitcc, iiiui tulil tlitMii; loat all
Wfll; tlicii roll (lilt. tli*> piu:ti> nil iiii'li thick, unil nit tlu'iii
with Ik iiiohlcil ciittor ratlwi niiiali; Ht-t thoiii iw<iiii> till the
iHXt iiioniin;^ to li!ik(>. Uiil> iIid tin.i on whii-li tlivy an-
tiaki"! with y''ll"* wax; it ii4 ii"i'0H<Mir_V to warm tiii' tini* lo
n ivi>tliowa\; tlicii Irr tliutii Ih'coiiic cool, wi]>o them,
ikiul iik'i on I lie caki'.-. Hakti a lixiit lirown.
Doug'hnutS. (Hic and u half cup of Muirar: half cup
aoiir milk, iwn tiaspouiiH Hodu, little nutnie(;, four eggs,
Hour oiiniiKh to roll out.
Drop Cake. -To ono pint cn>nni, tlirco e>;^'H, one
piiii'li of Halt, liiickoii with rvc till a xpoon will 8tuiiil
upri^-iit. ill it, then ilrop on li widl butterud iron pun whicli
nitisi III' lioi. in I he iivi'ii.
Drop Cookies.— Whiten of two pgK*, one larRo ouji of
milk, line Clip (if sii^ar, oiiu-lialf ciiii of hiiitcr, two tea-
Hpiiiiiifiils haKiii^'-powih'r, llavoi' with vanilla, roxe, or nut-
hick; Hour onoii^'h for thick liattcr, licat thorou^'hly, drop
in liMltcrcd paiin, duot giuiiulatcd augur on tuji, and bake
with ijispatoh.
Frtllt Cake. — Take ono pint cacii ('f Hour milk and
Bllgiir, two c;,'j;s, half pint niclli'd hiittcr, two teuHpooiiH
oven full of Hilda, didHoIvii in milk tloiir enough tu roll out
into aliikiM', and fry in hot htrd.
Fried Cakes. — Three eggH, om- rnp of sugar, one jiint
of new milk, suit, iiiitineg, and tloiir enough to permit the
Mpoon to Kiaiid iipriejit, in ihc mixture; add two tea-ijioon-
fills of (lillcti'H haking powilcr and beat until very light.
Drop hy iho deMscrt-spoiiiiful iiilo boiling lard. These
will not, iih.siirb a liii of fut, and are tliu lea^t pernieiouri of
the iluughniit family.
Fruit Cake.-- Take four pounds of brown sugar, four
poiinil.-) (if giiod biiMer, beiiten to cream: put four poiiiidH
ofKifted lloiir into 11 pan; wliiii thirty-two eggs to a tine
froth, iind add to tlio creamed butter aii'l sugar; then t^ke
six (loiinds of eleanod currants, fo;ir )ioiin(U of stoned
rasins. two pounds of cut cilrou, one pound of blanched
ulinonds, cm- 1, but .lol pounded, to a pa:Hto — a large
cup of iiiiilu.-.-. two large ^•poo|)f^lI8 of ground ginger,
half an ounce oi poiiiuU'd mace, lialf an ounce of prated
nut'iieg, half an ounce of poundi'il and sifted cloves, and
ono of cinnamon. ^lix thcne well together, tin ii add four
large wineglasses ol good French brandy, and lastly, stir
in the tloiir; beat this well, put it all into a stone jar,
cover very (doselv, for twelve hour.-;; then make into six
loiiV's, and bake in iron pans. Tliese cakes will keep a
year, if altonlion is paid to their being put in a tin case,
They improve by
Ivceppig.
and covered lightly in an airy plikce.
Ginger Drop Cake. — f up ckch sugar, imdnssea, lard
and iioiliiif w tier, inie teaspoon sodo, half toaapoon cream
tikrtur, atir in Hour until it in Hit thick M cuke, iwld ougur
uiid salt.
Ginger Snaps. — Tuko mie eupemdi of migar, nii ^isnea,
biiiier, half cu|i sour milk, two teiispoons cre:iiu i.Mlar,
one teaspoon sotla, lloiir enough to roll out, cut into size
deaii'i'il ainl bake.
Q\ugCk:r Snaps. — Two cu|w of .New (»i leans miiiatseR,
one I lip of sugar, ciie of liuii'-r, one teaspooiifiil of mhIii,
line ol tdoNeS, one ol black pippi r, Ikiid two tabieiipool n of
ginger. These will keep gond a month if vou \t ihli to keep
tlielll.
Graham Cakos, — llitif a cup of bnittr, one-iiMlf .up
silUiil, one t'g;., one leacllp bolll lllilk, one-lialf teM^l"lo||
S'rda. Make a siilT b.itler liy milling giahain llnnr.
Good Graliam Cakes. - Two (ups «weet milk, (Ho
cup swi'it ciiani, till' uinlc of one egg bcaik'ti t'l fr^tli,
half u .-.poonfiil iif salt, iler lert Hpocnfiil baking poHiler,
stir ill stilu'iieil graham llour until i|uite tliick, bake in
niutlln-rings or gem-tins, until well bniwiied on lop,
Indian Breakfast Patties.— To one pint of Imlian
nii'al ailil I'll" egu'. ami a little s.kit, pour iioiling water
upon it, anil fry brown imnieiliatcly in pork fat. Cut
open anil put butter between, and m ihI to the tabi" bet.
Jumbles.— '"^1 if together till of alight brown color, one
pound sugar, otie-iialf pound biittt r, then add eight eggs
lieikien to u froth, add llotir enough to make them siilT
enough to roll oil, llavor with lemon, cut in ringn Inill' an
inch thick, bake in ipiick oven.
Kisses. — neat the whites ol four ou'gs tea froth, stir
intotliem half pound powdered wliite Migiii'; lla\or with
leiiioii. coiitiiiiie to beat it until it. v.ill be in a li(*ap; lay
the mixiure tui lettor-paper, in the size tind sliape of liilf
an egg. an inch apart, thru lay the paper on hard wood
and iilace in the oven wiiliont cio.-ing it, when they begin
to look yellowish take tin iii t>utand let theiii cool tbiee or
four iiiiiiiiteH, then slijiutliin knife carefully nnder and
turn thrill into your left hand, lake another and join the
iwo by the Hides next the jiaper. then lay them in a dish
handling; them gently. I'hey may be batted a little
hanlcr, the soft inside taken out am' jelly 8ul)i.tituti(i.
Light Fruit Cake.— Take (Uie cup butter, two cups
sugar, four of tloiir, lour eggs, one teaspoon cream tartar,
lialf tea.^pooii soda, one cup .-wcet milk, luie pound cur-
rant«, halt' pound citKin.
Marble Cake, Light Part.— (»ne and a Imlf cups
white.sn;.Mr. half cupT.iii icr. half cup swi'tt milk, one tea-
spoon cream tartar, half tiai-pooii soda, white-^ of four
eggs, two iind half cups llour.
Dark Part. — *>ne lUii binwn sugar, half cup lacli mo-
lasses. Imltir and siMr milk, one tia-pooii cream tartar,
one tea:-pni.n so'ia, two and a iialf cuis Hour, yolks four
eggs, half tca^i ii clovc;', allspice and ciunaiiion.
Molasses Cookies.— Tiirce clijis New Orleans molas-
ses, ono cup butter, Dliehalf cup lard, one heaped ten-
spoon soda, Olio tablespoon eii|._fi'i, one cup hot water,
Hull thick. Ik'tter after standing.
MufUns. — Tiike two cups tbuir. otu cup milk, half cup
siiuar, four cl'l's, oue-liaif tea.'<pooti e.ieh of soda and cream
tartar, oic tal'l' spoon butter. Make in ritius,
Graham R .ilTlns. — Mivonc pint sweet lullk.sifi your
Hour, then take IwK pon'ii each (irahain and wlieat Hour.
Hve or six Kpoonfnts melted butler, 'Ao half (■poniis bak-
ing ]iowder. H:ii>c iu rings in very ^, i.ek oven.
Nut Cake.-- liv each two table<i ns of butter and
1 sugar, two eg;: . I'O CMp milk, llir-;* i ;;ifl llour, one tea-
spoon cream tuiii i. half tiasjoon i-i"''a, pint of nuts or
I iiimonds. Nuts may be sliced or not as suits t:'8to.
O
m-r-^.
-s
Oat Cakes. — Mix fino and coarse oatmeal in eqnal pro-
ponioti.s; ikIiI augur, caruway-sectis, a dust of salt to three
potindg uf iiu'til, a heaping teiispooiiful of carbonate of
Kixiii; mix all thoroiiglily together, then add enough
boiling water to make the Hiiole a stiff paste; roll
out tiiis ])iirito qiiiio thin, and sprinkle meal on u griddle,
liiiv tlio cukes <>u ti) bake, or toast them nuite dry in a
Duteii oven in front of the fire; they should not ..eorch,
but griidually dry tiirough.
Orange Cake, the Most Delicate and Delicious
Cake there is. — Cirated rind of one orange; two cups
sugar; wiiiuj of fmir eggs and yoliss of five; onj cup sweet
milk; one cup l)Utter; two largo teisp<><>nftils baking pow-
ilcr, to bo aifteil tiirough with tlie tlour; bake qincfc in
jelly tins, '"illing • Take wliito ot tlio one egg that was
left; beat to a frolli, add a bttle 8ii;;arnnd the iiiiee of the
orange, beat together, and spread betwi-eii the lavers. If
oranges are nut to bu had, lemons will do instead.
Plain Fruit Cake.— One pound each butter l)eaten to
a oreani, sified sugar, sifted tlour, twelve eggs, whites and
yolks, be:itin separately. Two pounds currai>ts, three
potindei of 8tonc(i raisins chopped, one nutmeg, a little
cinnaino'i and other spices, iialf (>iiit wine and brandy
mixed, one pound citron cut in slices and stuck in the
batter after it is in the tin. Hake slowly two to tliree hours.
Plain Cake. — Flour, three-fjuarters of e pound; sugar,
the fame iiiiantity; butter, four ounces; one egg and two
tahlespoonfiili: of milk Mix all together and l>ake.
PufTs. — Two egga beattn very light; one cup of milk,
one cup of lloiir, and a pinch of salt. 'I'lie gt-msshouM l>e
heated wliiii' making the piitls, whie' are then place<l in a
nuiik oven.
Plum Cake. — Six eggs well beaten, one pound of sugar,
the siinie of llour, buuer and currants, four ounces of can-
tlied |ieel, two tal)lesp(iol''.i|8 of mixed spice. When it is
all mixed, aild o' teaspoonful of carl>onate of soda, and
one of tartaric acid, lieat it all up quickly and bake
directly.
Pound Cake. — Take lour and a half cups tlour, 3 cu|is
eacli liiitier and siigi r. Ten eggs, yolks and whites beaten
s^'parati'ly. .Mix.
Pork Cake. — Take one pound salt pork chopped fine,
boil a lew minutes in half pint water, one cup molasse.s,
two cups sugar, threo eggs, two teaspoons sixla. cinnamon,
cloves, Mulineg to taste, one pound raisins chopjjed fine.
Hour to make a stiff batter.
Rich Shortbread. — Two pounds of Hour, one pound
butler, and (niarier pound each of the following ingredi-
ents: — Candied orange anil lemon ]K>el. sifted loaf sugar,
blanched sweet nlnionds ami caraway comfits. Cut the
peel and almonds into thin slices, ami mix them wiih one
pouiul and a half of Hour and the sugar. Melt the butter.
and when cool, pour it into the flour, mixing it quickly with
a 8p(;on. Then 'vith the hands mix it, working in tfie re-
mainder of tho Hour; give it one roll out till it is an inch
thi<>k, cut it into the size vou wish, and pinch round the
edges. Prick the top with a fork, and stick in some cara-
way comlits; put it on white paper, and bake on tins in a
slow oven.
Seed Cake. — Take half a pound of butter and three-
'oiirtlisof a pound of sugar, creamed; three eggs, beaten
lightly, a"d two tablespoonfuls of picked and bruiaetl cara-
way seed; dis.-iolvo half a teaspoonful of soda in a cup of
new milk; mix these wtdl to;:ether until they are about the
consistency of cream; t:ieii sift in two pounds of flour, mix
well with a knife, and roll them out into thin cakes, about
an inch in tliicktiess. liake in a quick oven.
Spong^e Cake. — Take sixteen eggs; separate the whites
from the yolks; beat them very lightly; sift into the yolks
one pound of flour, adding a fewaro|isof essence of almond
or lemou, to flavor with; then f.dd one pound and a quarter
of pulverixed loaf sugar; beat (his well with a knife; then
Olid the whites whipi>ed to » stifl froth. Have ready the
pans, and bake.
Sponge Cake, white.— One and one-third coffee cups
of sugar; one coffee cup flour; whites of ten eggs; beateggs
and sugar as if for frosting; add flour by degrees and bake.
Snow Cake. — Take one jKJund arrowroot, half pound
white sugar, half pound butter, the whites of six eggs,
flavoi vith lemon, beat the butter to a cream, stir in tne
su^ar and arrow-root, whiok tlie whites of the eggs to a
stiff froth, Ijeatfor twenty minutes. Hake one hour.
Washing'ton Cake. — Onocupof sugar; j cup of but-
ter; i cup cwet-t milk; *.! eggs; 2 cujis flour; 2 teaspoons
baking jxi«der. lUke in layers as jelly cake. .Felly part:
One pi:;:of grate<la)>|>ies; 1 egg; 1 cup of sugar; grated
rind and juico of one lemon; put in a vessel of some kind,
and boil: pjt it on the cakes hot.
Waffles. — Take ono quart milk, two eggs; beat the
whites and yolksseparately; four tablespoons melted but-
ter, two teas]MK>ii8 liillett's baking powtler, flour to make a
s'.iff batter. Bake in waflle irons.
Alpine Snow. — Wash cup of rice, cook till tender in a
coverevltlisii to keep it while, when nearly done add cup
rich milk, salt to uate, stir in the beaten yolks of twoeggs,
allow it to simmer for a monu nt, then place in a dish, beat
the whii(4 ill two tablespoons fine sugar. I'ut the rice in
little heaps u{>on the tin, intermingling with pieces of red
jelly, eat with fine sugar and cream.
ApploCharlotte.— Take two pounds of apples, pare
andc<>rea!id slice tliein into u pan and add oii^ pound
loaf sugar juice of three lemons and the grated rind of
one, let these boil until they Ijeconio a thick mass. Turn
into a m-mldand serve it cold with thick I'ustai'l orcrenm.
Apple Cream.— Onv' cuj» thick cream, ono cup srgar,
beat till very sniootii; then -leat the whites of twoeggsaiid
a<id: stcw aj-ples in w.iter till soft; take them from the
water with a folk; steam them if you prefer. i'oiir the
cream over the a]i]>!c8 when cold.
App!e Custard.— Tare tart apjiles, core them, put them
into a deepdi^h witha small ]iiece of butt«r, and one tea-
cpoon of augnrai:d a liitle nutmeg, in the o|iciiiiig of each
apple, j>our in water enough to tool', them, when soft cool
their and |Kiuroveran unbaked custard so as to cover them
and Ijake until the custard is done.
Apple Fancy. — Pare and core ai)ple'^, stew with sugar
and Itrm-'n |>e».l«, l>eat foui eggstoa froili, add a cupful of
gratitl bread crumU, a little sugar ami nutmeg, luy the
applet in the buttom of a dish and cover with tha bread
crumbs, laying a few pieces of butter over tho top, bako in
a quick oven, vhen done turn out upside down on a flat
disn. 8<^atter fine sugar over the top of apples, boil potatoes
and beat fino with cream, largo pieco butter and salt, drop
on tin. make smotit lion top, score with knife, lay a thin
slice of butter on top, then put in oven till brown.
Apple Fritters. — One pint milk, three eggs, salt to
ta?te, as much flour as will make a batter, beat yolks and
whiteii of eggs separately, add yolks to milk, stir in the
wiiites when mixing the batter, have tender apples, pare,
cor«. and cut in large thin slices, nroi;nd tho apple, to be
frie»l in hot lard, ladle batter into spider .ly slice of apjile
in centre of each quantity of batter, fry .i).dit brown.
Apple Snow Balls.— Pare six r>])ples, cut them into
quarters, mio.ve the cores, reconstruct the position of the
apples, intro<lucc into the cavities ono clove and a slice of
-^^^
LOOK Kit Y UK(II'K.S.
lemon peel, have six smull pixlding cloths at liiiiul niul
cover the apples eeveraliy in an upright punitiuii with ri(3e,
tjing them up tigiit, then phice tliem in a hirgo saucepun
of scalding water aiul lH)i1 one liour, on taking theni up
open tlic top and add a little grated nutmeg with butiar
and Eu^ar.
Arrow-Root Blanc-Manofe. — I'ut two tiib'uapoonfuls
of arrow-riHii to a (luuriuf nulli, and a pinch of aalt. 8cald
the milk, sweeten it, and stir in the arrow-root, which must
tirst bo Wet up with some of the milk. Hoil up once.
Or»n?c-\vator, rose-water i r lemon-peel may bo used to
flavor it. I'nur into molds to cool.
Arrow-Root Custard. — Arrow-root, oiio tablespooii-
ful; milk, I pint; sugar, 1 tablesiioonful, and I egg. Mix
the arrow-root with a little of the milk, cold; wlion the
milk boiU, stir in the arrow-root, egg and Hiigur, previously
well beaten together. Ia-I it scald, and pour into cups to
cool. To flavor it, boil a little ground cinnamon in the
milk.
Arrow-Root Jelly. — To n dessert-spoonful of the pow-
der, add ad much cold water as will make it into a paste,
then pour on half a pint of boiling water, stir briskly ami
boil it a few minutes, when it will become a clear smooth
jelly; a little sugar and sherry wine may bo added for de-
bilitated adults; but for infants, a drop or two of essence
of caraway seeds or cinnamon ia preferable, wine being
very liable to become acid in tho Ktomachs of infantH, and
to disorder the bowels. Fresh milk, either alone or diluted
with water, may be substituted for tho water.
Baked Apples. — Take a dozen tart apples, pare and
core them, place sugar and small liiinii of butter in centre
of each, put them in a pan with half pint of water, bake
until tender, basting occasionally with syrup while baking,
when ilone, serve with cream.
Chocolate Cream Custard.— Scrape quarter pound
ch'H'olate, pour on it one teacup boiling water, and stand
it by tiro until dissolved, beat eight eggs light, omitting
tho'whitei of two, and stir thoin by degrees into a (piart
of milk alternately with tho chocolate and three tal)le-
8|*oons of white sugar, put the mixture into cups and bake
10 minutes.
Charlotte Russe.— Whip one quart rich cream to n
stiff frotii. and "iraiii well on a nice sieve. To one scant
i>int of milk add six eggs beaten very light; luakoverv
8wtH,'t; flavor high with \anillu. Cook over ln't water till
it is a thiek custard. Soak one full ounce Coxe's gelatine
in a \ery little water, and wai-iuover hot water. When the
ouiiturd :s very c<ild, iteat in lightly the gelatine and the
whip|>i*d (ream. Line the bollom of M)ur inold with
butti-red paper, and fhosiihs with sponge cake <ir lady-
lingerH fiwtened together witii the white of an egg. Fill
with the cre;sm. put in a ci.1.1 iilace or in snuimer on ice.
To turn out tlii) the nioM fur a moment in hot water. In
draining the whippc-d cream, all that drips through can be
re-wliip|K'd.
Cocoa Snow. — (irate the white part of a coconnut and
mix n Willi white sugar, servi' with wlii|)ped cream, or not,
as desire*!.
Cream and Snow. — Make a rich boiled custard, and
put it in tliu bottom of n liitli; tuKi .lie white i of ei^rht
eggs. t>»»at with ro«e-wat«r, a' >' a sponi.fiil of tiiiosnuar,
till it l<o a strong froth: put fiome imlk and water into a
stew-pan; win n it boils take tho froth off the eggs, and lay
it on tho milk and water; boil up once; take o.T carefully
and lav it on tie custard.
Baked Custards. — lioil a pint of cream with 801110
mace and ciniiaiiioii. and when it isc^old, liike four yolks
and two whites of eggs, a little rose and orange-lio\v(>r
water, sack, nutmeg, and sugar to your palate. ^lix them
well, and bake it in cui>8.
Ur, pour into a deep dish, with or without lining or rim
of pa!<te; grate iiiUineg and lemon peel over the top, and
bake in a slow oven alioiit tiiirty miniate.
Gooseberry Cream.— Hoil them in milk till soft; beat
them, and strain tiio pulp through a coar.<e sieve. Swi-elen
cream with sugar to your taste; mix with the pulp; when
cold, place in glasses for use.
Imperial Cream. — lioil a quart of cream with the thin
rind of a lemon; stir till nearly cold; have ready in a <lish
to serve in, the juice of three lemons strained with as much
sugar as willsweeten the cream; j)our it intothediHh from
a large tea-pot, holding it high, and moving it about to
mix with the juice. It should be made from to 1;^ hours
before it is served.
Jumballs. — Flour, lib.; sugar, 1 lb.; make intoalight
i)asto with whites of eggs beaten line; add ^ pint of cream;
f lb. of butter, melted; and 1 lb. of blanclied almonds, well
beaten; knead all together, with a little rose-watci ; cut
into any form; bake in a slow oven. A little butter may
be melted with a s|K)onful of white wine and throw line
sugar over the dish.
Lemon Puffs. — Heat and sift 1 pound of rclined sugar;
put into a bowl, with the juice of two lemons, and mix
them together; beat the white of an egg to a high froth;
put it into the bowl; put in 3cggi' with two rinds of lemon
grated; mix it well up, and throw sugar on tho buttered
papers; drop on the puffs in small drops, and bake them
in a moderately heated oven.
Lemon Tarts. — Pare the rinds of fonr lemons, and boil
tender in two waters, and Uat flne. Add to it 4 ounces
of blanched almoniiH, cut thin, 4 ozs. of lump sugar, the
juice of the lemons, and a little grated peel. Simmer to 1
syrup. When cold, turn into a shallow tin tart dish, lined
with a rich thin puff ]>a8te, and lay bars of the same over,
and bake carefully.
Macaroons. — Hlanch 4 ozs. of almonds, and ponnd
with 4 .-iiioonfuls of orange-flower water: whisk the whites
of four eggs to a froth, tiien mix it, and 1 lb. of sugar,
sifted with the almonds to a paste; and laying a sheet of
wafer-pa|>et ona tin, put it on in different little cakes,
the nliape of li)a<aroons.
Oatmeal Custard.— Take two tooKpoons of the finest
Scotch oatmeal, beat it up info a sufliciency of cold water
ill a basin to allow it to run freely. Adtl to it the yoke of
a fre.^h egg, well worketl up; have a pint of scalding new
milk on the hre, and pour the oatmeal mixture into it,
htirring it rouii<l with a spoon so iw to incorporate tho
whole. .\dd sugar to your taste, and throw in a glass of
sherry to the mixture, with a little grated nutmeg. Four
it into a basin, and take it warm in bed. It will be found
very gniteful and soothing in cases of olds or cliil!.>),
Some |>crson.s scald a little cinnamon in tho milk they use
for the occasion.
Orange Crumpets.— (ream, 1 pint; new milk, 1 pint;
Warm it, and piii m it a little rennet or citric acid; when
broken, stir it gently; lay it on a cloth to drain all night,
and tiieii fake the rinds of three or.mge.'i, boiled, a.s for
preserving, in thricditTerent water.^; pound them very flne,
and mix thtin with the curd, and eigli* cgg.-< in u mortar,
a little nutmeg, the juice of ti lemon or oriin;ie, and sugar
to your taite; bake them in buttered tin pans. When
b.iked pat a '.itilc wine and sugar over them.
Oranpe Custards.— H'li! the rind of half a Seville
orani:'' '. ii V ii'udir: l..at it Vt-ry line in a mortar; add a
spoonfid of the be-.! brandy, the juice of a Scvillo orange,
I ivin. loaf sugar, and the yolks of four eggs; beat all
i
^
r^
*
COOKKHY KKCirKS.
tojj;('tlit>r ten inintites; then pour in griuinally a pint of
builiiiji; cii'iim; kc«p beutiiig tnoin until they are cold; put
tlu'iii iiiti) custard cu])«, and set tliem in an earthen (UhIi
of hoi water; luttheiu .stand until tliey arc si't, tako out,
and ritii'k proserved oranges on tlio tup, and servo them
hot or cold.
Pommes Au Riz. — I'ecl a number of apples of a good
sort, tiiku out the cores, and let them simmer iu a syrup of
clarified sugar, with a little lemon |>eel. Watih aiul |>ick
soinu rice, aiui(M>ok it in milk, moistening it therewith littlu
by little, Mo that the grains may remain whole. Kweetcn
it to ta.ste; add a little salt and a tabiC of leniou-|>ecl,
>S^)read tho riou upon a dish, mixing some apple preserve
with it, am) place the apples upon it, and till up the va-
cancies between tho ap|)les with some of tho rice. I'Lu'O
tho dish in the (>ven until the surface gets brown, and
garnish with spoonfula of bright colored ])rt!servo or jolly.
Raspberry Cream.— .Mash the fruit gentlv, anil let it
drain; then sprinkle a little sugar over, and that will jiro-
duco more juice; |>ut it through a hair sievi> to take out
tho seeds; tiu>n put the juice to some cream, ami sweeten
it; after which, if yon choose to lower it wiili soino milk.
it will not curdle; which it would if nut to the milk be-
fore the iTcain; but it is be.s* luaile of rasitberry jelly, in-
stead of jam, when tho fresh fruit cannot be obtaincif.
R!C9 Fritters. — One niut of ciMikod rice, lialf cup of
Bwcet uiilk, two i"^iiH, a tal)les))oon of flour, and a little salt.
Have lliolani hot in the skillet, allow a tablespoon toeach
fritter, fry brown on each diile, then turn came as griddle
cakes. If yui (inl tho ritie Hpatter.4 in the fat, mid a very
little ?no:-n lloiir. ^'o;i can jiidu'c after fryinu'one.
Rice Croquettes. —Make little balls or oblong rolls of
cooluij n.e; nea.-on with salt, and pepj>er if you like; <lip
in e;.'g; fry in hot lanl.
Rico Custards. -Moil ■'< pints of new milk with a bit
of Ifiiio!! |iiM'i, ciMiianioii, ui'd three b.iy leaves; sweeten;
then Ml \- a large spoonful of nee llo r into a eu|> of coM
milk. Very smootli; mix it with the yolks of four eirgs well
beaten. Take a basin of the boiling nidk, and mix with
the Cold tliat has the rice in i»; add the ri'inaimier of the
!)oilJiig milk; stir it one way till it Iniils; pour immediate-
ly inlii a pan; stir till cool, and a<M a spoonful of brandy,
or oraiiiTi.-ib.'vwr «ater.
Rice Flummery.— Hoil with a pint of new milk, a bit
of li'iiioM-|M'el, aiitl cinnamon; mix with ii little cold milk,
III iniii'h rice tloiir as will make tho whole of a good con-
sistence, sweeten and ail I a spoonful of peach-water, or a
bitter ainiiiiid beaten; boil it, observing it doe-i not burn;
pour it into a shape ora pint ba.sin, taken out the spice.
When cold, turn the tliimniery info a dish, and serve with
cream, milk, or custard round; or put ateaciipfnl of crenm
into half a pint of new milk, a glass of white wino, half h
leninu .-i|iiee/iil, and sugar.
Rock Cream.— Boil a teiuMijiful of rico till ipiilu soft
in new milk and then sweeten It with sugar, and pile it
on a dish, lay on it current jelly or preservi d fruit, beat
up till) whitc.H of five eggs with a little iiowdernl sugar iind
flour, add to this wlien be: en very Ktili about a tablosjuion
of rii'h cream and dinp it o\. r the rice.
Strawberry and Apple Souffle.— stew tho nppio with
a littlo lemon-peel; sweeten them, then lay them prellv
high round the inside of a di-h. Make a custard of the
yidksof two eggs, u little cinnamon, sugar and milk.
Let it thicken over » slow fire, but not hoil; when ready,
jiour it ill the inside of the apple. Beat the whiles of the
cgg^ to a strong froth, and cover the whol<'. Throw over it
a good deal of pounded Riigar, and brown it to a fine brown.
Any fruit .nade of a proper consistenro dm-a for tho walls,
strawlterrioti, when ripe, aro delicious
Strawberry Short-Cake.— First prepare the berries
by picking; after they have been well waahed — the beat
way to wash them ia to hold the boxei under the faucet
and lot a gentle stream of water run over and through
them, then drain, and pick them into an earthen bowl;
now tako tho potato-masher and bruise them and cover
with a thick layer of white sugar; now set them aaide till
tho cake is mmle. Tako a quart of lifted flour; half a cup
of sweet butter; one egg, well beaten; three teaspoonfufs
of iMtking-powilor, ami milk enough to make a rather stiff
dough; knead well, and roll with a roiling-pin till about
Olio inch thick; bake till a nice brown, and when done,
remove it to tho table; turn i out of the pan; with a light,
sharp knife, cut it down lengthwise and crosswajs; now
run tho knife through it, and lay it open for a few
moineiils, just to let the steam esoajH; (tlie steam niins tho
I'olor of the berries); then set the bottom crust on tho
platter; cover tluckly with the berriea, an inch and a half
deep; lay tho top crust on the fruit; dust thickly with
|)owdcred sugar, ami if any berry juice is left in the bowl,
pour it round the cake, not over it, und you will have a
delicious short-cake.
Snow Cream. — To a quart of cream add the whites of
three eggs, cut to a stiff froth, add four iiiHionfuli of sweet
wine, sugar to taste, flavor with essence of lemon. Whip
all to a froth, and as soon as it forms take it off and servo
in gla.sses.
Stewed F\gS. — Take four ounces of finesngnr, the thin
rind ol' a large lemo'i. and a pint of cold water, when tho
sugar is dissolved, add one |H>und turkey figs, and place
the Htew-paii over a mo<lerate tire where they may heat and
swell slowly and stew gently for two hours, when they aro
(piito tender, aild the juice of one lemon, arrange them in
a glass di>h and servi- cold.
Spanish Cream.— nissolvc in ^nintof rose-water, 1
()/.. of isinglass cut email; run it through a hair sieve ;
add the yolks of three or four eggs, beaten and mixetl
with half a pint of cream, ami two sorrel leaves. I'our
it into n deep dish, sweeten with loaf sugur powdarod.
Stir it till cold, and put it into molds. I.ay rings round
in dilTen nt coloretl swi-etnieats. Add, if you like, a little
sherry, and a lump or two of sugar, rubbed well ujion the
rind of a lemon to extract tho flavor.
Whipped Cream.— To one quart of good cream, pnt a
few drops of bergainot water, a little orange-flower water,
and j lb. of sugar. When it is dissolved, whip the cream
to a froth, and lake it up with a skimmer ; drain wn a
sieve, and if for i< ing, let it fettle half un h.nir In'fora you
jiut it into cups or glasses. Use that which ilropa int^
thu dish under the sieve, to make it froth the botU-r, a<ld-
ing two whites of eggs. Colored iiowdered sugar may, if
you like, be sprinkled on the top of each.
Asparag^US Omelet.— Ihiil a dozen of the largest and
llnest asparagus heads viui can |>ick ; cut off all the green
portion, and chon it in thin slices ; seiuMin with a amall
tcaspooiifiil of Hiit, and aS)out one-fourth of that quan-
tity of soluble cayenne. Then beat up six eggs in a
siijli '< nt qnantitv of new milk to make a rtinisTi batter.
Mi'lt in the frying-i>aii a quarter of a pound of good,
clean ilripping, and just before you jKuir on the batter
iihtco Ik simill piece of butter in the center of the pan.
Whiii the dripping is quite hot, jM>iir on half your batter,
and as it bci;ins to set, place on it the aiiparagns to{)«, and
cover over with the remainder. This omelet is generally
servecl on a round cf biittere<| toast, with the crusts re-
moved. The batter is riiher if made of cream.
Buttered E^ffS. — Heat fonr or five eggs, yolks and
whites togei ,' : . put ii quarter of a ]v)un<l of butter in a
basin, and then pnt that in boiling water, stir it till
COOK Kit Y BKCIPM.
melted, then pour the butter and tho cggn into a Biince-
nan ; keep a basin in your liund, just hold the Hiiune-imn
in tho other over a slow part of ilic fire, Blinking it onu
way, a« it begins to warm; i>our it into li hiisiii, iind back,
then hold it again over the fire, stirring it cunstuntly in
tho sauce])aii, and imuringit into tic liiwin, more perftictly
to mix the egg and butter until they hIiuII be hot without
boiling.
Servo on toasted bread ; or in a liusin, to cut with salt
fish, or red herrings.
Corn-Oysters. — Take ." half dozen cars of sweet corn
(thoitu whiirh are not too old); with a sharp knifo split
each row of the corn in the center of tli^' kt incl lenjjtli-
wise ; ncrajwout all the pulj* ; add one eg^;, well beaten, a
little aalt, one tiible>]Mx<nful of sweet milk ; llinir i.-nou^'li
to make a pretty at ill Iwitter. Droji in hot lard, and fry
a delicate browii. If the <"^in is quite young, omit tho
milk, uAns '^ little tlour .ts ponsiblr.
Cheese Omelet.- Jlix to asni<><itli batter tiinetalile-
gtMoiifnls of tino tlour, with half a pint of milk. Heat
up well tVe yolksand whites of four ej;<;s, a little salt, and
a quarter of a pound of grated old Kiit.'li:ili eiii-tse. Add
the^ to the ilour »iid milk, and whisk all the iiij^i'edieiits
together for half an hour. J'lit tliret ouiu'esof butter
into a fryin>;-pan, and when it is boiling jionr in the
alK>ve mixture, fry it for a few miniiles, and then turn it
carefuilv ; when it is suflieienliy cooked un tin; oilier t-ide,
turn it on to a hot ilisli and serve.
Irish Stew. — Take a loin of ninttoii, cut it into chops,
8(>)U>oii it with a very little pepper and sail, put it into a
saucepan, just cover it with water, and let it < k half an
hour. lJ<)il two dozen of jiotatoes. peel and mash llnni.
and stir in a cup of cream while tiny are hot ; then line a
deep dish with the jMitatoes, and lay in tlic cook»il ninllon
chop', and cover them over with the rest of the potatoes ;
then set it in the oven to bake. .Maki' some iirn\y of the
broth in which the chops were cooked. Tliii is a very
nice dish.
Irish Stew. — Cut off the fat of jiarl of a loin of nuit-
ton, and 111' it into chops. I'are. wash, and siiee very
thin gome jiotatoes. two onions, aiui two small carrots •.
sea-son with jn-piK-r and salt, ("over with water in a
stew-pan. and stew gently till the meat is lender, and 'lie
iiotatocs are dissolveil in" the gravy. It may be mrJe of
iH'ef-steaks, or mutton ami U-ef niixeil.
Macaroni, Dressed Sweet.— I'>oil -i ozs. in a pint
of milk, with a Lit of lemon ;>.el. and a good bit of ein-
namon, till the pi|K-? arc swellinl to their utmost size with-
out br»>aking. I^iv them on a cuatard-dish, ami pour a
iMistaril over then< liot. Serve cold.
Macaroni, as Usually Served.— Hoil it in milk, or a
weak veal broth, tlavori-*! with salt. When tender, put it
into a tlish without the liquor, with bits of bu'terami
gnited cheese, and over the top grate more, and put a lit-
tle more butter. I'ut the <iish into a Puteii ovon, a
quarter of an hour, an 1 do not let the top become hard.
Omelet. — Six eggs Iwatcn separately, beaten hard, two
tea«|>oons of corn starch, two tablespoons milk, whites of
eggs, put in slow at last. Fry in butter.
Rumbled Eg'K'S.— This is very convenient for invalids,
or a light dish for .<up|>er. Beat up three ogc.i with two
ounces of fresh butter, or well-w.ished salt butter ; add a
teaspoonful of cream or new milk. I'ut all in a sauce-
pan and keep stirring it over the fire for nearly live niiii-
iitos, 'intil it rises no like scuffle, when it should ho
iriiinediately di«he<l on buttere*! toast.
Poached Ems.— Break an egg into a cup, and put it
iiently into boilini; water: and when the white looks quite
set, wliicl will be in al>out three or four minutes, take it
up with an egg slice, and lay it on toast and butter, or
spinach. Serve them hot ; if freeh laid, they will poach
well, M ithoiit breaking.
Savory Potato-Cakes.— Quarter of a pound of grated
ham, oi.e pound of mushed jxdatoes, and a little suet,
mixed with the yolks <f two eggs, pepjier, salt and nut-
meg. Ifoll it inio liitlu balls, or cakes, and fry it a light
brown. Sweet herbs may be used in pliiee of ham. I'lain
potato cukes are made with potatoes and eggs only.
Tomato Toast.— Kcmovc the stem and all the seeds
from till! tomatoes; they must be ripe, mi'id, ml oirr
rijic ; slew them to a pulp, season with butler, pei'per
and salt ; toa.st some bread (not new brcud), butter it, and
then spread the tomato on each side, and send it up to
table, two slices on each dish, the slices cut in two ; and
the jiersoii wlu) heljis it must serve with two half-slices,
not atti'inpt to lift the top slii e, otherwise tlie appeuriiiiee
of the under slice will lie destroved.
HOW TO COOK FISH . .
OF DIFFERENT KINDS
How to Choose Anchovies.— Tliey are jneserved in
bairils, »iili Ipaysalt ; iio ot lor ti-ii has the line llivor of
the liiicliovy. 'I'tie Ix'st look rt d uiid mellow, and the
bones moist ami oily; the (lesli should be high Ihivored,
the li(pior reddish, and have a line smell.
Ba)<ed Black Bass.— Kight gooii-sized onions fhoppid
Hill-; IniII iIi;i1 ipuiiitiiy of bread crumbs: butter si/o of
hen's egu ; pli-my of pej(|>er and suit; mix thoroii;;lilv
with anchovy sauce until (piite red. Stuff your lisli wild
this coinpoiiiicl and p<iur the rest o\cr it, pre»ioiisly
sprinkling it with a little red pepper. Shad, jiicken 1 and
trout are ;;ood the sami- «ay. Tomatoes can be used in-
steail of anchovies, and are more economical. If usiiiL,'
them, lake pork in place of butter, und chop fine.
Boiled White Fish.— Uiy tht fi«h (q.en ; put it in a
dripping pan witli the buck down ; nearly cover with
water; to one lish put t-vo iables|Kions lult, rover tightly
and simmer (not boil) onpliBlf hour; dress hIiIi gravy,
butter and j>ejipcr ; gariii-h with diced eggs.
For sauce use a piece of butter the size of an egg, one
tablespoon of tlour, one half pint boiling water ; hoil a
few minutes, and add three hard boiled eggs, sliced.
Fresh Broiled White Fish. -Wash uml drain the
lish: sprinkle with peppiriiiid lay with the inside :lowii
ir,...!i the griiliroii, and broil over fresh bright conls,
\\ hen a nice brown, turn for a nionieni on the other siv'e,
then tak(> iiii and s|iread with butter. Tliis is a very nice
wav of broiling all kinds of tisli, fresh or salted. A litth*
anioke iimler the tlsh adds to its (luTor. This may be nindc
by puttiiiL' two or three cobs under the gridiron.
To Boll Codfish.— If Ix'ilcd fresh, it is watery: but it
isexcelleiit if salted, and hufgfor a day, togiveif firmness,
Wasii and clean iho fish well, and nib salt inside of it: tie
it up. and put it on the lire in cold water; throw a handful
of salt into the fish-kettle. Boil a small fish la iiiiiinlcs;
a large one W ininutes. Serve it without the smallest
speck and sciini; diain. Piarnish it with lemon, horse-
radish, the milt, me, and liver. Oyster or shrimp Bnuce
may be iisdl.
Chowder.— Five pounds of rodflsh rut in aqtinres; fry
plenty of salt pork cut in tliin slices; put a layer of pork
in yoiir kettle, then one of lish; one of ootatoes in thick
slices, and one of onior.s in slices; plenty of pepper and
^^
XS"
salt; repeat aa long oa your matoriald Iitst, uiul fluiHh with
a layer of Uoaton oraokoraor crusts of brutid. Wiitcr siitli-
cient to cook with, or milk if you prefer. (!ook oiio-liulf
hour and turn over on your platter, disturbing tis little us
possible. Clams and culs the sumo wuy.
Clam Fritters.— ''^welvo clivmo chopped or not, one
jiiiit milk, three eggs, add liquor from clams; salt and
popper, and flour enough for thin batter. Fry in hot lard.
Clam Stew. — Lay the clams ou a gridiron over hot
coals, taking them out of tlie sholl as soon as open, saving
the juiue; add a little hot water, pepper, a very little salt
and butter rolled in flour siiflieient for Beasoiiing; cook for
five minutes and pour over toast.
Eels, to Stew.~Of the above fish, that of the "silver"
kind is preferable to its congener, and, thorefoie, ought to
bo procured for all cuisine purposes. Take from three to
four pouuiis of these eels, and lot the faame bo thoroughly
cleansed, inside and out, reseinding the heads aJid t'.i's
from the bodies. Cut them into pieces three inches in
length each, and lay them down in a stew pan, covering
them with a sutHcieucy of sweet mutton gravy to keej)
them seething over a slow firo, when introduced into the
pan, for twenty minutes. Add to the lirpi.)r, before ycu
t)laco yaur eefs into it, a quarter of an ounce of whole
ilack jiepper, qtn»rter of an ounce of allspice, with or.e or
two pieces of w-hite ginger. Thicken with a light ndmix-
turo of flour and butter, stirring it carfully round, adding
thereto, at the same lime, one gill of good portwiiie, and
half agill of sweet ketchup. Lemoii-pfcel nrd suit imiy be
added in accordance with your taste.
How to Keep Fish Sound.— To prevent meat, fish,
etc., going bad, put a fo.v pieces of ciiarcoal into the
sauce-pan wherein tlie fish or llesh is to bo boiled.
How to Render Boiled Fish Firm.— Add a '.ittle
saltijctro to the salt, in the watir in wliirii the floh is to be
boiled; a quarter of aa ounce to one gallun.
Fish Balls. — Hone, cooked fresh, or salt fish, add
doiii)le tlie quanti'y of mashcil potatoes, one beaten egg,
a little butter, pepj)er and salt to taste. Make in cakes oi
balls; dredge with flour ami fry in hot lard.
Potted Fish.— Tako out the back-boin- of the fish; for
one weighing two pounds take a tablespoon of idls|iici' and
clrves mixed; these spices sb.ou Id be put into ba^s of not
too thi(!k muslin; put euflicient salt directly upon each
flsh; then r.ill in cloth, over which 8|>iinkloa little cay-
enne pepper; put alternate lavera of lish, spice and sago
in an eartnen jar; cover with tVi.T best cider vinegar; cover
tho jar closely with a plate ami over tliLs put a covering of
dough, rolleil out to twice tho thickness of pie crust.
Make the eilges of J)a8te, to adhere closely to the sidis of
tho jar, SI as to make it air-tight. Put tho jar into a ])ot of
cold water and let it buil fntm three to fivo hours, accord-
ing to quantity, licady when cold.
How to Bro41 or Roast Fresh Herrings.— Scale,
gut and w'lisb; «*iif. otT the licadi-: steep tlicm in salt and
vincgii'teii minutes; dust lliem wiih lloiir, and iiroil 'hem
over or before the fire, or in the oven. Herve with melted
butter and parsley.
llerriiiL's are nice jarred, and done in the oven, with
p<'l>per, <'love8. salt, a little vinegar, a few bay-leaves, and
a ittlo butter.
How to Fry Fresh Herrinp-**.— Slice small onions,
anil lay in the pan wltli the hrr-;. s; add a little biitte,,
and fry them. iViiiaps it is l.;ui .■> fry .ha ■; ions sep-
rratclv with a little parsley, and biiiioi ir I'r'p,
How to Pot Herring's. — ("lean, cut '' ; c heads, and
Ir.v f hem close in an earthen pot. Strnw a !it"o sal' be-
tween every layer: put in clov.'^g, nciv ; , Hijnio jeriM>r,
cnyenne and nutmeg; fill up the jar with vinegar, water,
and a quarter of a pint of Bherry, cover, tie down; bake in
an oven, and when cold iK>t it for use. A few anchovies
and bay leaves intermixeu will improve the flavor much.
Buttered Lobsters. — Pick the meat out, cut it, and
waim with a little brown gra v, nutmeg, salt, pepper and
butter, with a little flour. If done Avhite, a little wliito
gravy and ceam.
Curry of Lobster. — Take them from the shells, and
lay into a pan, with a small piece of mace, three or four
spoonfuls of veal gravy, and four of cream; rub smooth
o'lo or two teaspooufuU of curry-powder, a tcaiipoonful of
flour, and an ounce of butter, simmer an hour; squeeze
half a lemon in, and add salt.
Lobster Chowder. — Four or five pounds of lobster,
chopped fine; take the green part uiid add to it four
pounded crackers; stir this into one quart of boiling milk;
then add tho lobster, a piece of butter one-half the size (jl
an egg, a little pepper and salt, and bring it to a boil.
How to Boil Mackerel. — Rub them with vinegar;
when the water boils, put them in with a little sal*, imd
boil gentiv 15 minutes. Serve with fennel and jiaisley
chopped, toil, and put into melted butter, and goosi berry
sauce.
Salt Mackerel. — Soak the fish for a few hours in luke-
wariii water, changing the water several times; then put
into Cold water loosely tied in cloths, and let tho fish come
»'; a boil, turning off the water once, and pouring over tho
fish hot water from the tea-kettle; let this just come to a
boil, then take them out and drain them, lay them on a
platter, butter and pcpi>er them, and place them for a few
luoiaents in the oven. Serte with sliced lemons, or with
any fish saui:c.
How to Fry Oysters. — Use the largest and best
oysters; lay then, in rows u|>on a clean cloth and press
another upon them, to absorb the moisture; have ready
several beaten egps; ard in another dish some finely
cri-.shed crackers: in the frying pan heat enough butter to
entirely cover the oyster*; dip the oysters first into tho
eggs, then into the crackers, rolling it or them over, that
they may become well incrnstod; drop into the frying pan
and fry quickly to a light brown. Servo dry and let tho
di.-.i» be warm. A cliafing dish is best.
Oyster Patties. — Niake gome rich jiufT i>aste aiul bako
it in very email tin patty pans; when cool, turn Iheiii out
upon a large dish: stcw some large fresh ovstcra with a
few cloves, and a little mace and nutnicg; tlien add tho
yolk of one egg, l>oilc<i hard and grated ; add a little butter,
and as much of ti.e oyster liquor as will cover them. W lien
thev have stenrd a little while, take them off t'lie pan and
set thorn to cool. When quite cold, lay t« o or three oysters
in each shell of inifT pajste.
Oysters, Stewed. — In all cases, unless shell oysters,
wash and drain: mix half a cup of bntter and a tablesjioon
of corn atarc'i; put with the oysters in a jiorcclain kettle;
stir until they boil: add two cups of cream or milk; salt
to taste; do not use the liquor of the oysters in eitlier stew-
ing or csca'oping.
OySkOrs Stewed. — S<>ald »he oysters in their own liquor,
thon *ako them out, l>fard them, and strain tho liqiiorcare-
fi.llyfrom the grit. Tut intoastcwpan an ounceof butter,
with siiflicient flour dn-dceil in to dry it up; add tho
oyster liqiiiir, and a bia<le of pounded mace, alittlecayenne,
aiid a very little s.ilt to taate; stir it well over ti brisk fire
with ii wooden spoon, and when it comes to thoboii, thmw
in your -.vBters, sav a dt.zon and a half or a score, and a
good tablei loonful of creum. or more, if you have it at
hr,;id. S!. ike the pin over th.^ fire, and let it simmer for
1?
gSlEgaBaB?ifflMwar*
[I
COOKCRT BrrirES.
one or two mimites, but not any longer, ami do not let it
boil, ortho tiBli will hunli'ii. Servo in u hot diiih, garnished
with aippt^ts of toasted l>rend. tSoiiie {n'raons think that
the flaror ia improTod liy boiling a sinuil pirce of lemon-
peel with the oyHtor li(|Uur, taking it out, howerer,
Defore the cream is a<ldcd.
Oysters Scolloped. — Heard and trim yonr oyster?,
and strain tlic liquor. Melt in a Btewpan, withadre<lginz
of flour Buflicient to dry it up, un ounce of butter, miiU
two tablespoonfuls of wiiito stock, and the eanio of cream;
the stra: leil litiuor and noj.pur, and gall to ta.'^te. Put in
the oysters ami gradually heat tlium through, but be sure
not to lot them boil, llavo your Boallop-shclU butteretl,
lay in tlio oysters, niul as much liquid aa they will hold;
cover them well over with broad -crumbs, over wiiich spread,
or drop, Bomo tiny bits of butter. IJrowu them in the
oven, or before tlio lire, and servo while very hot.
Oysters, To Pickle.— Tako two hundred of the plnmp-
est, nicest oysters to b« hail, open them, saving the liqnor,
remove the In-ards, put them, with the li(pior. into astewpan,
h'i(| let tlicm Himuier for twenty minutes ovfr a very gentle
Are, taking euro to skim tlicni well. Take the Btcwi)an off
the fire, tako out tho oysteis, and strain the liquor throagh
a fiiio cloth, returning the oysters to the stew pan. Add
to a pint of tho hot liijiior half an ounce of inacc, and half
an ounce of cloves; give it a boil, and put it in with the
oyster*, stirring the spico well in amongst them. Then
put in alHJUt a spoonful of salt, tlireo-q'.arters of a pint of
white-wine vinegar, and oiio ounce of whole peiqicr, an<l
let the oysters stand until they arc quite cold. I'liey will
be ready for Udo in about twelve or twenty-four hours; if
to be kept longer tliey hIiouM bo put ii\ wide-mouthed
botttles, or stone jars, and well drawn down with bladder.
It is very important that they Hhould be (juito cold b«foie
ihfy are put into tho bottles, or jars.
Salmtn, To Boll.— Clean it carefully, boil it gcnUr
With salt and a little h u'so radish; take it out of the water
as soon as done. Let tho water bi' warm If the tish l)e split.
If underdone it is very unwhoiesoine. Serve with shrimp,
lobster, or anchovy sauce, and fennel and butter.
Salmon, To Marinate.— Cut the salmon in slices; take
ofT tiio skin I'.U'l lake out the middle Imiiu>; cut each »lice
asunder: put into a Biuu'eiwin and season with salt, pepper,
6 cloves, a sliced onion, sonio wiioht chives, a little sweet
basil, |>ari<ley, and a bay leaf; then squeeze in tli.; jiiiceof
three lenioin, or use \inei,Mi'. 1-et the salmon lie in the
niarimite for two hoiirH; take it out; dry with acloth; lircfl^
with (lour, ami fry brown in clarilieil butter; then lay a
clean napkin in a dish; lay tho tjlices upon it; guruish with
fried parsley.
Salt Cod, To Dress.— Soak the cod all night in -^ parts
water, and one part, vinegar. Hoil; and break iutottaked
on the dinii; poi, rover ilhoiled parsniiis, beaten in a mortar,
and then boil up witli cream, and a large piece of butter
rc>lle<l in a bit ot' Hour. It may bo servc-d with e'.'i:-:»auce in-
stead of parsnip, or boiled and .served without llaking with
tho usual sauce.
/ 11 S<tl( /'i<h may bo done in a similar wuy. I'onr cjf^-
sance overit, or parsnips, boiled and beaten line with butter
and cream.
How to Boil SturxJfOOn— Water.'.' quarts; vinegar. 1 pint;
n sliel; of li<ir.-ieradi--l\; a little leuiau-peel, salt, f.epi)er, a
bay leaf. In this boil the llsli; when the lish is reatlv to
leave the bones, tako it up; melt J. lb. of butter; adtl an
anchovy, some mace, a few Kliiim|is, good nni.shroom ketch-
up, ami lemon juice: when it boils, put in tho di-ih; scrre
with the sauce; garnish with fried oyatc-s, bor-:oradish
and ienion.
I How to Broil Sturgfeon. — Cut slices, mb beaten eggs
over them, and -iirinklo them with crumbs of bread.
parsley, pepper and salt; wrap them in white paper, and
broil gei.!ly. I'so for sauce, bnltrr, aiudiovy ami soy.
How to Dress Fresh Sturgeon.— Cut slices, rnb egg
over them, then h.]irinklo wi!ii (iruinhs of bread, parslej,
i>epper, salt; fold them in paper, and broil gently. Sauce;
butter, anchovy and soy.
How to Roast Sturjfeon.— I'ut a niece of butter,
rolled in flour, into a stewpan with four cloves, a hunch of
swt'et lie'bs, two onions, somo jiepper and salt, half a pint
of water and a glass of vinegar. Set it over tho fire till
hot', then let it becomo luk(^warm, ami steep tho tlsh in it.
an hour or two. IJutter a jiaper well, lio it round, and
roast it without letting tliu spit run through. Serve with
sorrel and anchovy snuce.
Trout, a-la-Genevolse — Clean tl.o fish well; [mt .'
into the Etcwpaii, aildiiig half champagno and half sht.'rry
wine. Season it with j'epjier, salt, an onion, a few cloves
•tuck in it, and a small biineh of parsley ami thyme; puc
in it a crust of French bread; set it on a <|iii(!k lire. When
done take the bread out, briiiso it and thicken the sauce;
add flour and a little butter, and boil it u]>. Lay the tisli
on the dish, ami i>our tho sauco over it. Servo it with
slieeil lemon and fried hreail.
How to Broil Trout— Wash, d'y, tio it, to cause it t.n
keep its sliajie; im It butler, add salt, and cover tho trout
with it. Broil 't gradually in a Dutidi oven, or inacom-
i mon oven. Cm an anchovy smalt, ami cho|) some capers.
Melt Mimo butter with a little llour, pepper, salt, nutmeg,
and half a spoonful of vinegar, i'uur it over the trout and
serve it hot.
HOW TO CHOOSE
. . AND COOK CAME
How to Choose Ducks— A young duck should have
supple feel. Iircas: and belly hard and thick. A tame duck
>ia« 'lusky yellow feet. They should bo picked dry, and
dueklines w-alc 1.
How to ROPSt Ducks— Carcfnlly pick, and clean the
inside, hoil t vo or three onions iu two waters; chop them
Terr nmtll. Mix tho oiiiuiis with aljoul, half the quantity
of wge leaves breail criinilis linely powdereil, a spoonful
of salt, and a lit
tge. and rub tie
roast alKiut 35 i
Row to Stc
each tide the
fire; put into .
wine, a rpo<>ir .
one anchovy, i
pepper. S?
skim and i^i -
! HOWt' h
I f«»reatii!
; flour; pu
the fire til
cayenne paper; heat up tho yolk of an
ufliiig well t.ii^ether. \\ iih a brisk tire
ites. Serve with gravy fam-e.
Ducks. — l.ard two young ducks down
..>t; dust with Hour; brown before tho
wpan with a quart of water, apintof port
. ..f walnut kelchu|', the same ot browning,
'dove of garlick, sweet herbs and cayenne
d they ar(! tender, about iialf aa hour;
. and pour over the duck,
■.h Partridge. — Cut up the |)artrii|gc9 "-<
■ an onion into rings; roll a little !, utter in
II into the tossini,' ]iao, and shak(> it over
oils; put in tho partridge with a little port
vine and vinej'ar; and when it is thr)roiighly hot, l;iy it on
the di«h with s.pjiets round it; strain tho sauco over tho
partridge, nu<i lay on tho onion m rings.
How to Pet Partridge.— Clean them nicely; and sca-
Mn with ni.Hce, allspice, white pepper ami salt, in line
powder. Hub every part well; then lay ilio breast lown-
wanl in a jvui and pack tho birds ns closely as vou 'issi-
blj can. I'll, a goo<l deal of butter on them; then cover
, — ^
COOKKUY I!I:<II'I:h.
lie pttii Willi II coiirKc tlour |)ii.sti' iiiul ii |iii|u'r ovt-r, tiu il
close, mill liiiki'. Wlioii idld, put ilic liinis into pots, unil
cover with lull Id'.
How to Roast Partridge.— Iioa.si tluni likm imki y,
ai\il wlu'ii Ii III lie miilfi- ii.asicil, dii'ilm' tliciii wiili lloiiV,
uiitl liiLSle lliciii with butler; lei tlieiil go to tiihle wit'- u
lino Irolli: put ^'iiivy smicc in tiio ilisli, mul lireml .xuiiec^
on the iaiile.
How to Stew Partridge.— Truss iia for roast in;;; ftnlT
tli(M'i:n\s, and lar<i tlieiii ilnwn eaell wiile nf the ln-eiisi ;
roll 11 linn|i of Imtter in jM^pper, suit and iMuieii mace,
and jpiil llieiii inside; sew iiji the vents; drei|;,'e lliem well
and fry it li;,'lit hrowii; put tlieiii into ii stewpiiii with .i
fjiiart of j,'oo(l ynivy. uspodiifiil of sherry wine, tlieHiinie
ol niiislirooni kelelmii, ii teasjiooiifnl <pf lemon pickle, iind
aliille mushroom powder, one anchovy, half ii lemon, a
Fprii; of .sweei marjoram; oover the pan close, and stew
half an hour; lake out, and thicken the gravy; hoil a lii-
tlu, and pour it over the partridge, and la\ round thcin
artichoke huttons, boiled, and cm in r|uartera, and tliu
yolks of four hard cgL's, if aL'reeable.
How to Roast Pheasant.— l.'oasi them as turkey; ami
serve with i\ line gravy (into which ]iiit a very small bit <if
garlic/ and bread sauic. When cold, they may bu made
into excellent patties, but their llavor sliould not bo over-
powered by lemon.
How to Roast Plovers.— IJoast the i/reeu ones in the
Hiime way us woodeoeks and (piails, without drawing, and
servo on a toast, ^'rcy plovers may be either rousted or
stewed with gravy, herbs and spice.
How to Fricassee Quails.— Having tossed tiicm up
ill a rauc> iii with a li!lle melted biitterand innshrooiiis,
put in a t.ice of ham, well beaten, with sail, pe|pper,
I'loves and savory herbs; mbl good gravy, and a glass of
sherry; simmer over a slow lire; when almost doiio, thii^keii
the ragout with a good ciillis, (i. e. a good broth, strained,
gelfttincd, etc ) or with two or tliree eggs, well beaten up
ill a little grav\.
How to Roast Quails.— lioasl them witliout drawing
and serve III |iia-t. Iiiittcr only should be eaten with
thein.as gravy lakes oil the line llavor. 'I'lie thigh and
the back arotht' most esteemed.
How to Roast Rabbits. Haste them with biittpr, and
ilieilu'c I heiii Willi lliiMi'; half an lioiii will do t'.icni at a
brisk lire; and if small, twenty minutes. 'I'ake the livers
with a bunch of parsley, boil ihem, and chop ihciii very
line together; melt some butter, and put half the liver and
parsley into the butter; poiir it into tho dish, and garnish
the dish with the oilier half; roast tlieiii to a fiiio light
brown.
How to IWalte Rabbit Taste Like a Hare.—Cliooso
oi.e that is yoiiii',', but full grown; hang it in tho skin
tlin'o or four days; then skin it, ami lay it, without wash-
ing, in a .-easoiiing of black pep]ter and allspice in a very
(iiio iiowder, a glass of port wine, atiil the same ipiaiitity
of vincLiar. Haste it occasionally f"r It) hours, then stulT
it and roust it as a hare, and with the same sauce. Do
not wash olT the liquor that it was soaked in.
How to Roast Snipes— I>o not draw tlietu. Split
t belli; I, lur tliiiii, and ba^^tc with butter. Toast a slice of
briacl broun; place it in the dish uiiilcr the birds for tho
trail to drop on. Vilcn they an' doneenoiigh, take tin,
and lay llietu on t:io toast; luii good gncy in the disli.
Serve with biilter, and garnisli with orange or lemon.
Snipe Pio— Hone 4 snipes, and truss theni. I'ut in
llieir insidis TiMely chopped bacon, or other forcemeat; jiut
them in tlirt dish with tho lircast tlowmNards, and put
forcemeat bulb around them. Add jfruvy iimdoof butter,
N^:^,_^^r^^;Y - - —
and chopipccl veal and ham, parsley, jicpper and sludots.
Cover wiiii nice piilf paste; close it wi^ll to keep in tlio
gravv When nearly done, pour in more gravy, iknd a lit-
tle slierry wine. Hake two or three hours.
How to Fry Venison— Cut the meat into slices, ami
make a gravy of the bones; fry it of a light brown, iukI
keep it hot befort! the (ire; nut butter rolleil in Hour into
the jiaii, anil stir it till thick and brown; add A lb. of loaf
sugar powdered, with the gravy made from the bones, and
soiii(> poll wine. Let it bei.sthiek as cream; sipiee/e in a
lemon; warm the venison inii; jiiit it in tliu dish, i.nd
pou;- the saueo over it.
HOW TO MAKE ICE CREAMS
WATER-ICE AND JELLIES
To Mold Ices — Kill your mold as fpiicly as possible
with tin" tid.'.en cream, wrap it up in paper, iinil bury it in
ice and salt, and let it remain for an hour or more to
harden. l''or dishing, have the dish ready, diji the ni(dd
in hot water for an instant, wipe it, take o(T the top und
botiom cov(>rs, and turn it into the dish. This must be
done expeditioiisiy. In molding ices, it is advisable not
III hiive tho cream too stilly frozen before putting it into
the mold.
Ice Cream— 'I'ake two (|uurts milk, one pint cream,
three eggs beaten very light, and two teaspoons of arrow-
root; boll in one-half jiint niilk,8traineggs,urrow-root, und
llavor to suit, then fri'cze.
Ginger Ice Cream Hmise six ounces of the best pro-
served ginger in a mortar; add the juice of one lemon,
half a jioiiiid of sugar, one jiint of cream. iMis well;
strain through a hair sieve; freeze. Oii(f quart.
Italian Ice Cream — IJasp two lemons on some sugar,
which, with their juice, add to one pint of cream, one
glass of brandy, half a pound of .sugar; free/.e. One
ipiart.
Lemon Ice Cream— Take one pint of cream, rasp two
lemons on sugar; sipiee/i^ tlieiii, and add the juice with
half a )>ound of sugar. .Mix; freeze. One ipiart.
Pine-Apple Ice Cream— Take one pound of pine-
apple, when peeled, bruise It in 11 marble mortar, pass it
throiigli a hair sieve, add tliree-ipuirters of a pound of
powdered sugar, and one pint of creaiii. l-'recze.
Raspberry and Currant Ice Cream— Take one
]ioiinil of ra.-pberries, half a pound of rcii currants, tliroo-
i|Uarters of a pound of sugar, and one pint of cream.
Strain, color and freeze. One ipiart.
Strawberry Ice Cream— T.ikc two imunds of fresh
strawberries, caiefiilly iiiiked, and, with a wooden spoon,
rub I hem throuj{h a hair seive, and about Imif a jiound of
powdered sugar, and the juice of one lemon; color with a
few drops of pretiared cnchineal; cream, one |iint; then
freeze. This will make a reputed rpiart. 'When fresh
-irawbcrries are not in season tako strawberry jam, tho
jiiii-e of t wo lemons, cream, to one (|uart. Color, strain,
and freeze. Milk may be Hiibsiitntcd for crciun, and
makes good i If too inncli sugar is used, the ices will
jirove walei', , or, jierliaps not freeze at all.
Vanilla Ice Cream— I'ound one .stick of vanilla, or
siidicient to llavor it to palate, in a mortar, with half a
pound of sugar; strain through a sieve iijion tho yol!;« of
twooggs, put iit, into a Btewpaii, with hall a pint of milk;
simmer o>'cr a»i1ow fire, stirring ai! the time, the sRine ha
custard; when cool add one pint of croum and the jiiico of
oiieleinoii; fret.'Ze. One (piurt.
(
1
sait i agms. !
wm
COOK i; II Y UKCII'K.S.
;
')
Cherry Water-ice— *Ji>'j ll>. cliurrics, itruiHcd in i\
iiKiit'ir Willi liiu 8tu(K't); luUl tlio juice of twu ii'inoii.s, liuir
a pint of water, one |>iiit of cliirifiucl Hugnr, ouo ;,'liida of
noyoHu, ainl ft li'tio color; stmiii; fri'ozo. Oiio <iuiirt.
Lemon Water-ice. — Tniso two li-mons, uml riis|) thorn
on 8iiK'""> •■''*' joK'o of fix loinonri, tliu jiiici! of onu urnii^i',
one |iiiit of cluritii'il Hii|rikr, ami half a {liiitof watur. Mix;
Btraiii through a huir bievc; fri'izc. One (juart.
Melon Water-Ice.— Half u Ih. of ripo nu-lon ooumloil
in ft mortar, two ounceH of orango-llowtT walrr, tlio juico
of two lemons, half a pint of watur an<l uiiu pint of clari-
liuil sii);ar; litrain; freeze. Ono (|narl.
Strawberry or Raspberry Water-Ice.— Ono pound
of Hcarli'tiitrawlK.Trit-8 or rosphfrricH, half a pound currants,
half a pint of water, one pint of cluriliud airgur, and a little
color; strain and freeze. One quart.
Apple Jelly. — Cut the apples and boil in water to
cover, lioil doMti, then 8truin,and take ajiotind of sugar to
u {lint of juice, than boil fifteen ni'iiutcH hard.
Apple Jelly. — Cut off all upots ami dccayod places on
the apples; quarter them, but do not ]>are oi' core Itiein;
put in the |H>el of as many lemons .is you like, about two
to Hix or eight dozen of the apples; till tlio preHorving-pan,
aiul cover tho fruit with 8j)riiig water; boil them till thoy
are in pulp, then pourlhcm intoajdly-liag; let them strain
all iiignt, do not squeeze them. To every pint of juico jiut
one pound of white sugar; put in the juico of tlio lenioiiH
you had before pare<l, but strain it through niuslin. Yoi;
may also put in about u teaspoon ful of esseiiho of lemon;
let it boil for at least twenty minutes; it will look redder
than at tirst; hkim it well ut the time. I'ut it either in
slKipeH or puts, and cover it the next day. It ought to bo
quite stiff and very clear.
Apple Jelly. — Prepare twenty golden pippins; boil
them 111 a pint and a half of water fniiti thc8)iring lUhjcilc
tender; tiieii .strain the ii(]ii)r througii a cniuMdcr. To every
pint |)iit a pound of line sii^rar: add cinimiiioii, grated or-
aiiL'cor lemon; then boil to a jelly.
Another.— Prepare anples a* -.e^orc. by boiling and
straining; have ready half an ournie of isinglass boiled in
half a pint of water to u jeilv ; put this to tlie apple-water
and ill |)le, as strained thrvugh a course sieve; ixld B.igar,
aliliie leinon-jiiicouiid jh^I; boilall together, and j)ut into
a (lisli. Take out t lie p«-el.
Cairs Foot Lwnon Jelly— Boil four (piarlsof water
with llirtH) calf's f.-et. or iho cow heels, till half wasted;
take the jellv from the fat and seilimeiil, mix with it the
juice of tt w'ville orange and twelve lemons, the peel*- of
three ditto, the whr.-sand s'mcIIs of t.velveeggs, sugar to
taste, a pint of raisiri wine, i oz. of coriander seciliH. \ oz,
of allspice, a bito' ciiinainon, and six cloves, all bniif.e<l,
aficr having mix««l lheMi(;old. Thejelly should boil lifteen
minutes without stirring; then clear it through a ilunnel
baL'.
Cherry Jelly.— Cherries, 5 lb.s,; stono tlii-ni; red cur-
ranis, ■.; lli-. : strain them, that the liquor may b« clear;
add '.' Ills, of Hifteil iiaf siig.nr, and 2 ozs. of isiiiL'laa*'.
Chocolate Caramel— One pint milk, half pound but-
ter, half pound Cadbiirry's chocolate, throe pounds auga'*,
two spiMins vanill.i. IViil slowlv until brittle.
Currant Jelly. Red or Black— Strip the fruit, and in
li stoi.e jar stew theiu in a saucepan of water or on the lire;
strain off the linuor. and to every pint wcii;h 1 lb. of loaf
sugar; put the latter in large liinips into it, in a stone or
(;hiiia vessel, till nearly ilissolvcd; then jiut it into a jire-
seiviiig-pan; simmer and skim. When it will jolly on a
plate put it in small jr.rs or I'lasses.
Green Gooseberry Jelly— Place the licrrie.'* in hot
water on a slow lire tilltliey rise to the surface; take off;
coid with a little water, add also a little vinegar and salt to
green tlicm. In two hours drain, aiel puttheioin cold
water a miiritc; drain, and mix with an cipial weight of
sugar; bod slowly \'() miniilcs; sieve, and juit into glasses.
Iceland Moss Jolly— Moss, ^ to i oz. ; water, 1 (|iiait.
Simmer diiwn III I pint. .\ild line sugar and a little lemon
juice. It may be improved with } ounce of isinglasii The
moss slioii.d rn>t bt) steeped in colil water an hour or two.
Isinglass Jelly— Boil one ounce of isinglass in a quart
of water, with | ounce (if <lamaica )iepjier-corns <ir cloves,
and a I'nist of bread, till reduced to a pint. Add su^'ar.
It keeps well, and may bo tak.ii in wine and water, milk,
tea, Hiiup, etc.
Lemon Jelly Cake — Take I'our eggs, one cut) sugar,
butter the sizeof an egg, one and a half cups Hour, naif cii]i
sweet milk, two tea.-^ioons of Imking powder. Jelly. — One
grated lemon, one gratcii apple, one egg, ono cup sugar,
lH>at all togetlier, put in ft tin and stir till boils.
Lemon Jelly — Take one and a half jiiickagcs of gelatine,
one pint cold water, soak two tioiirs.theii add two teaciiji.'i
sugar, one pint boiling water; stir all tog.iher, add the
juice of two lemons or one winegl'.ss wine, strain through
a cloili, and put in a mold.
Orange Jelly— It may bo made the same as lemon
jelly, which see. (iratcthe rind of t.vo Seville and of two
China oranges, and two lenuins; sqiicezti the juice of ilireo
of each, and strain, anil add o the juice a quarter of a
pound of lump sugar, a (piarter of a pint of water, ami
noil till it almost candies. Havereitdyii quart <if isinglass
jelly made with two ounces; jiut to it the syrup, boil it
once iiji; strain oil t!.o jelly, and let it stand to settle as
above, before it is jiut into the mold.
Quince Jelly — Cut in pieces a siifllci^nt quantity of
qiiu : draw olT the juico by boiling them in water, in
w' . '> . ';■ V ought only to swim, no more. When fully
di-i. .. -J and have ready clurilied sugar, of which put
one hpoittiful to two of tho juice- bring the sugar to the
"(lujlc; add tliejiiiee, anil finish. When it drops from tho
skiiiimer it is enmigli; t;ike it off. anil pot it.
Jelly of Siberian Crabs— 'i'ake off the stalks, weigh
and Wash t!;ii crabs. To eadi one and a l^alf pounds, a Id
one pint of water. Uoil thenigeiiily until broken, but do
not allow them to full to a oiilp. Pour tlie w hole through
a j' lly-bag, and when the juice is (|iiiie transparent weigh
it; put it into ft clean prcserving-]).in, bod it tpiickly for
ten niintiles, then add t-ii ounces of line sugar to each
)iound of juice; bull it from I weivetulifteuu niintitefl, skim
it very cli nil, and jmur into molds,
Siberian Crab-Apple Jelly-Mash tne crab apples,
take oti s'liiis and leaiis. put ni pot, cover with water, let
them boil to ft ]udp, then turn them in a llatincl hag, ami
leaviudl night to strain, then add one jtouttd of siig:ir to a
pint of juice, boil ten to lifteeu minutes, skim and put in
Jelly gia.ssc.
Siberian Crab Jelly — Fill a larjre flannel baf^ with
crabs, i'ut the b;ig in a presfrvini'-pan of sriring water,
and boil for about Hoven hours; tlii'ii lakcoiit tiiobag, and
till it so that all the svriip can run through, and the water
that ri'<iiains ill the |i:in; iind to each pintof syrup add one
pound of loaf sugar, and boil fur about un houi. and it will
l)o a clear, bright red jelly.
TKi.roRAPri wires l.avo to he renewed every five nraoTen
years. The Wesrcrn Cnion Tclc>.jraph Company exchange
iiboiii one thousand tons of old n'ire for new every year.
The )ic".v wire costs from soveii to eight cents ]>er pound,
and for the old nbont one-eighth of a cent u pound is
allowed.
I fi^
HOW TO SELECT . .
. . AND COOK MEATS
Ho^ to Dress Bacon and Beans— \M»fii you i\rvns
lifaiisiiiiil liiu'iiM, Ixiil tlii^ liiiiMiii liv itsi'lf, ail I tlio lit'iiiiH liy
tll!>Illm'lv(•^^, fur the liucuii will spoil llio color (if tlio hcuiis,
Alwaya throw koiiiu Halt inlo tlio wutpr hiuI koiiio ]iarHlt'V
nicely iiifkeil. Wlicii tiio bpansHio lioiio »!iioiif(ti, wliicli
you will know liv tlicir hnug Icinlcr, throw tlu'iii into u
eolanilcr to drain, 'i'liko ii|i iho hacoa ainUkiii it; throw
Boino raf*|iin|:s of tlichrcail over thu top, ami if yoii have a
salaiiiaiiiifr, iiiako it reil luit, iiiui hold it uvi<r it tu lirowii
the toj> of tliH hiicon; if you Jiiivo not our, fut ithoforolho
firo tu brown. Lur the bouns in tlin dish, uinl tlio bncoii
in the niiddio on tlio top, uud ucud llioni to tublo, with but-
ter in ii tiirt'fii.
Corned Beef — Make tlio following picklo: Water, 2
giilloiis; halt, )!k lliH.; niolasscH, i Hi.; siigiir, J 11).; saltpe-
tre, Uo/n. ; iicarlash, } oz. Moil all ti'getiirr; Hkiiii, and
noiir the picklti on nlioiit ',!■'> lbs. of beef. Let it 8tay in »
lew days. Hoil in jtlenty of water when cooked to n.-iiiovo
the suit, ami eat wi'li it plenty of vejjetables. It iHnicu to
eat cold, and makes excellent saiidwichoH.
Rolled Beef — Hang three ribs three or four days ; tak«
out the boiici from llin wl.ole length, Kprinkle it with salt,
roll the meat tight and n ast it. Nothing can look nicer.
'I'lie above done with spice', etc., and baked as huuters'
beef is excellent.
Beef, Rolled to equal Hare— Take the inside of n
luri;e sirloin, t-' ' 'k it m a gl.ihS of port wiiiu mid a glass of
vinegar mi.xe 1 c ' >rty-eii.;ht hours; bavo ready u very
'.]'. .. titiiii^,, ami L.iid it up tight. Itoa.'^t it on ii iiatiging
spii ; and Uiistft it with a '■ • of port wine, tlio sanio
<iuaiitity of vinegar, and a i. poonfiil of iiounded all-
Hjiice. Larding it improves tlio look iiml llavor ; serve
witii a rich gravy in thu dish; currant-jelly and melted
butter in tureens.
Round of Beef— SliotiKJ bo carefully salted and wet
with ihepirije i ^- eight or ten days. The bono should
becui <uit lirst, and the beef skewered ani ( -d up to
makoitquku round. It may K* stiilTed wilh ■■ r.'jley, if
approved, iu wiiich case the holes to admit tii.' parsley
must bo miulo with li sharp poiiitt^l knife, and the parsley
cuarseljciit and .stuflad iu tight. As soon as it boils, it
should bo skiiunud; and aftenrnrds kept boiling very
gently.
Beefsteak, Stewed — I'eel and chop two Spanish
oiii««us, oufciuLo small ]>aris f.iiir |iii'kled walnuts, and put
them At the bottom of a stewpaii ; adil a teacupfiil of
mu.--iir<)oin kotcliiip, two tenspoonfuls of walnut ditto, one
of .-lialot, one of L'liile vinegar, end a lump of butter.
Let the rump-steak bo <'ut about three-(piarters of an inch
thick, and beat it flat with a rolling-piii. place the .meat
on the top of the onions, {'tc., let it slew for one hour and
a half, turning it erery twenty minutes. Ten minutes
before ierving up, throw a dozen oysters with the lif,iuor
strained.
Beef Steak and Oyster Sauce— Select a good,
tender riimp-.sieak, abfuit au incii iliirk. and liroi! it care-
fully. Nothinir but experience ami aitiniion will servo in
broiling u st«aks; one thing, however, is always to be re-
iiiemberBd, never malt or season broiled meat iiuiil cookeil.
Have the gridiron clean and hot, grease it with either but-
ter, or go»d lard, before layiiiff on the meat, to prevent
its sticking or marking the meat ; iiave ck. ., brieht coals,
and turn it frequently. When cooked, coTor tightly, and
have ready nicely stewod oystors; then lay the steak in a
hot dish and jioiir over some of tlio oysters. Nerve tho
rest ill a tureen. Twenty-llvo oyatcrs will niako a iiico
sauce for a steak.
Fricassee of Cold Roast Beef— Cut tho beef into veiy
thin slices; shred a huiulfui of parsU'V very small, cut an
onion into (piarters, and put all together into a stewpaii,
with u niece of butter, and some strong broth ; season with
salt ami pejiper, and simmer very gently a tpiarter of an
hour; then mi.v into it the yolka of two eggs, a glass of
port wine, and a spoonful of vinegar; stir it i|uiekly, nib
llio dish with slialot, and turn tho fncasM'o into it.
Brawn- -< 'lean a pig's head, and rub it over with salt
ami a little saltpetre, and let it lie two or three days ; then
l)oil it iintii tho bones will leave tho meat; >('a.s(Ui with
salt and pep|)er, and lay thu meat hot iu a mold, ami
jiress ami weigh it down for a few hours. Hoil another
iioiir, covering. Hosiiiuaiid cut the tongue, and lay tho
slices in tho middle, as it iniicU improves tho llavor.
Calf's Liver and Bacon — Cut tho liver into slices, and
fry it tii,-<t, then the bacon; lay tho !'i-. in the disli, and
tho bacon upon it; serve it up with gravy, made in tho
pan with boiling wat<-r, thickened with Hour ami butter,
and lemon juice; and, if a}:reealile, a lilllo iiarsley and
onion maybe choiipeil into .t,ora little boiled parsley
strewed over the liver. OarniJi with slices of lemon.
Nice Form of Cold Meats— Ivemalns of boileilham,
mutton, riia.-tbeef, etc., are gonil eliiipped liiK- with hard
boiled eggs, two liea<ls of lettuce, a bit of onion, unci sea-
soned with mustard, oil, vinegar, eiul, if needed, moro
salt. Fix it smoothly in a salad di.^li, and adorn tlieedges
with sjirigs of par.^ley or leaves of cui1(m1 lettuce, Keep
by the ice or in a cool place until wanted.
Fried Ham and Efrgs — (hit thin slices, place in tho
}ian, and fry carefully, llo not burn. When done break
I lie eggs into tiie fat; pepper jliglitly; keep them whole; do
not turn them.
Ham Uashers may lie servctl witl
eg-rs.
To Cook Ham— Scrape it clean,
nor lioilinv' water. Let tlu^ water become warm; then put
thehiimin. Siniint r or boil lightly for live or six hours;
take out, and shave the rind olT. h'ubgrauiilaled sugar
into the whole surface of the bain, so long as it can he
made to receive it. I'laee tlie ham in a baking-dish with
a bottle of champagne or |irime <-ider. Haste occa.-ioiially
with the juice, and let it bake an hour in a genth; heat.
.\ slice from a nicely cured ham thus cooked is enough
to animate tiiu ril>s of death.
(»r, living taken olT the rind, strew bread crumbs or
raspings over it, so as to cover it; set it before tli<i lire, or
in the oven till the bread is crisp ami brown, (iarnish
with ctirrots, parsley, etc. Tho water should simmer all
the time, ami never boil fast.
Ham and Chicken. In Jelly— This is a nico dish for
siijiper or liiiieheoii. .Make wit b a small knuckle of veal
some good white stock. When cold, skim and strain it.
-Melt it, and put a quart of it into a sauce|mii with tho
well beaten whites of tJireo eggs; a dessert-si>ooiifiil of
Chili, or a tablesponnfiil of tarragon vinegar, and a little
salt. Heal the mixture well with a fork till it boil.-; let it
simmer till it is reduced to a little more than a pint; strain
it; put half of it into a mold, let it nearly set. Cut the
meat of aroa.-.t chicken into small thiu pieces; arrange it
in the jelly with some neat liffleslicies of cold boiled ham,
and sprinkle chopped jtarsle) between the sHces. When it
has got quite cold. ]muv in the reuiainder of tho jelly, and
wtand tho mold in cold water, or in ucool place, so that it
=re::
sjiiiiach aiitl {xiaehed
Do not put into cold
I
n C
>=»■
■Ma
I.
m
roDKKIlY UKCIPKS.
dels siK'cdily. Dip tlio mo'! in Iwilinp wotcr to turn it
out. Do not lot it niiMiiin in tiio wiitrr ninrc tliun ii niin-
ul(!, oritwill H|ii)il tii« H|i]ii,"iniuco of tliu iliiili. UurnJHli
with 11 wren 111 of jiiirHloy.
Leg' of Lamb— Hlmuld ho hoilwl in a oloth lo |.,ok iis
wliiii' in |icMMil)l('. 'I'ho loin fijril in nlciikH ami mivimI
round, ^'urnishcd with ilrii-il or fried piirxli'v; H{iinu('l! to
('III will) il; or dri'SMcd scpi /atidy or roimtcd.
Loin of Mutton -Tiiko o(T tlip skin, «(|iiiruto lln"
joinlH wiili the I'liojipcr; if u lar),'<iHi/c, •'Ut tin' i'liinr-l>i>rii>
with n hiiw, so as lo uljnw il to hi' carved in Hin:illi'i' pici'cH;
run II sniikll Hpit from oiu! cxlrfinity to the oi her, and itDix
il hi II largiM' s;)il, and mail it, liki' tlio hannih. A loin
» <'i<.'liiii}; hi\ pounils will liiku oix' hour lo rouMt.
Observations on Meat — In ull kindn of iiroriaions.
the hcnt, of tin* kind l'oi's iIh) furlhfst: it cutH out with
most mlvanlit^u, and alTonts most nonriNlinit'nt. K •iind
of hiM'f, (illcl of Veal, ami Irjj of niiitloii, aro joints of
hi;,'lb'r jiriuc; but as they liavn moro solid nuMt, llify
dc'>si'vvo tho prcfcrcnic. Itiit Ihoso joints which urn infe-
rior may hti dressed as p;diilaldy.
ill loiiiH of meat, thu lon;r pi|ir> that runs l)y the hono
should liu taken out, aa it i^ ajit to taint; as also the ker-
iH'ls of hoof. Do nut ptirolniso juintti hruiseil hy tho hlowa
<if drovorH,
Save Hliank hiiiips of nnitton to enrieh j,'raviefl or soiipH.
\\ hen sirloiiiH of heef, or loins of veal or mutton, eoine
in, part of tho suut nniy hu cut olT for |iuddings, or to
I'hirify.
|)iippinf,' will hast" aiiythin;; ai* well as hiitter; except
fo\v!-wiud game; and for kitiiuMi pies, notliiu},' elHo Hhoiild
he u.-.ed.
'I'lie fat of > nock or loin of imitloti makes a far li;;hler
piiiMiu!; than snot.
l''rosted meat Mul Vejjntaldes should he soaked in nih/
tciifir two or three hours lioforo tisiiij;.
If tho weather permit, meat eats miuh hetter for liang-
iii;i^ two or Ihieo days hefnre it in saltcil.
Ik'oast-iieef hones, or sliank hoiiea of ham, make line
petis-souo; ami nliould he hoiled with the pt^as tho day
iiel'die eaten, that tht' I'at may he tiikeu i.lT.
Boiled Leg of Mutton — Soak well for an hour or two
ill sill! and water; do not usi- mmh Milt. Wipe well and
hoil in M ll<)uroi1 elolii. Hoil from two hours to two hours
and a half. iSorvo with cnpor sauco, potittoos, inttHhod
tui'ni|)s. trreons, oyster »-auce, etc.
J^~'|'() preserve the frravy in tho lofT, do not put it in
tint \tater till it hoils; for thu sinidi ii roniact with watiT
caiisni) Il slight iilin over tho surface, wiiiidi prevents tho
escape of tlie ^'ravy, which is ahiindaiit when carved.
How to Hash Mutton.— l^ut thin slices of dressed
inutt<~ti.. fat and lean; lloiir tiiem; iiavo read) ii iitth! onion
hoiicil ill two or three spoonfuls of water; add to il a
little };ravy and tho meat t<ea>oned, ami make it hot, hut
not to hoil. .Serve in a covered dish. Instead of onion,
a clove, a spoonful of current jolly, and half a ;rlass of
port n im^ will (^ive an airreeahii^ llavor of venison, if tho
ni(!at he line,
I'icklod cupunihor, or walnut out small, warm in it for
change.
How to Prepare Pig's Cheek for Boiilng.~Cut off
tho snout, and clean tho head; divide it, ami tiiko out tho
eyes and tho hrains; Rprinklo tho head with bait, and let it
drain 2i hours. Salt it with common calt and saltpetre;
et it lie nine days if lo be dressed without stowing with
peas, but loss if to he drossod with jx'as, and it must he
washed llrst, and then simmer till all '\^ t<'ndor.
Pig's Feet and Ears. — ('loan carefully, and soak some
hours, »rid hoil them tender; then take them out; boil
some vinognr and n littlo salt with some of the water, and
when cold [put it over them. When they are to ho dressed,
dry them, cut the feet in two, and slice tliit ears; fry, and
serve Willi hntti'r, mustard ami vinegar. They niav bo
either done in hatter, or only Uuured.
Pork, Loin of.— Score it, and joint it, that tho rhojis
inity separate ea.'-ily; and then roast it us a loin of iiiiitton.
Or, put it into suHirient water to cover il; siiiimer till
almost enough; I hen peel olT the skin, and coat it wKli
yolk of egg and bn ad crumbs, ami roast for l.') or '•.'0
minules, till it is dmie emuigh.
How to Pickle Pork.— < 'lit the pork in stidi pieces us
will lie in the pickling itih; rub esch piece v,ith vulipetre;
then lake one pall hay sail, and two purls common kalt,
and rub each piece well; lay them close in the tub, and
throw sail over them.
S ' iiseu little sal ])riinnella, and a littlo sugar.
Pork Pie, to Eat Cold. — li.tise a comimin boileil
crust into ciihc'i' a iimnd or ovul form, which yon choose,
have ready lii(> li iuiniiii;;s and stnull hits of jiork cut o(T a
sweet bone, when thehugiskillcd, heat it with a rolling-))in,
season with pepper and mil, and keen the fut and lean uep-
arat", put it in layers ipiite cloue to tlie top, lav on the lid,
cut the ed;.'e smooth, round, and |>inch it;hHke in a slow-
soaking ovon, as the meat is Tery solid. Observe, put uo
Ix'iic or water in the pork pie; ihe oiitiiile pieciS will bo
liard if Ihcv are not cut sniull and presned <do.se.
How to Roast a Leg of Pork - Choose a small leg of
flno young jiork ; cut a hIiI in the knuckle with u sharp
knife; and lill the space with sage and onion chojiped,
and a littlo pepper and salt. When half done, score tho
skin ill slices, liiit don't cut deeper than the outer rinil.
.Apple same and ]io!aliies should lie served local with it.
Pork Rolled Neck of.— I'-onc it; put a forcemeat of
choppi'd fMgc, a \ery few crumbs of bread, salt, |>epperand
two oi' three beirics of allspice over the iii>ii|e; then roll
liie meat as light as you can, and roast it slowly, and at n
good ilisiaiicc at lirst.
Chine of Pork. -Salt three days before cooking Wash
il well; sc(ne the skill, and roast with sage and onions linely
slireil. Serve with apple sauce. — 'I'he chine is often sent
to thu table biiiled.
How to Collar Pork. — Mono a breast or spring of pmk;
season it with |>leiity of tlivine, parsh'y ami sage; roll it
haril; put in a cloth, lie both eml.s, and boi' it; then press
it; when c(dd, take it out of tho doth, ami keep it in its
own liipior.
Pork as Lamb.— Kill ayoungpigoffouror fire months
old: cut up thu foreipiarter for roasting as von do lamb,
and triis,^ the liliaiik close. 'I'ho other p.irts will make del-
ica'e pickled pork; or steaks, pios, etc.
'?ork Sausages.— Tike i; lbs. of young perk, free from
gristle, or fat; cut small and heat line in a mortar. ('hop
II lbs. of beef suet Very line; pick elf th- Naves of a liaml-
f ill of sage, and shred il tine; spread t li' ;..ear on a idean
iiresser, and shake llio .-sage over the meat; shred the rind
of a lomon very line, and throw it. «ilh swc-i herbs, on
the incut; grate two nutmegs, to which put a s|>oonful of
pcn|)er. and a largo spoonful of sidt: throw the suet over,
and mix all well together. I'm it liown close in the pot;
iiid when you use it, roll it up witli as miuii egg as will
iiiake il roil siii loih.
Sausage Rolls. — One pound of Hour half a pound of
till best lard, <|iiarter of u ixunid of butler, and the yolks
of tl.roo eggs Well beaten, rut the Hour into a dish, make
a whoi»: in tho middle of it, and rub in about one f)unce of
tho lard, ilion the yolks of the eggs, and enough water to
mix the whole iuto a smooth paste, lioll it out about an
(OUKKHY UKitrcS.
c
I
9
inch tliic\; nour your jhihIo and hoiinl. I'lit tlio l)ittU>r
uihI lariHii II lump iiiti) till) ]iiiKto, i>|iriiiklu it with llcnir,
uii'l tint till* iia.^tit oMT it; liful it wiiii ti r< •11 iiit;-|>in until
you liMMi ^'ot It ll.it ciioii;.-!! to roll; toll il livlit ly unlii vi-rv
thin; tlii'ii (ii« i<U) ymr incut Mini jiiit ilinti) luo layciH nf
imstc, iiinl |iiiich tlin ciiil-i, .SaiiHiij:i) rnlln urn innv usually
iiiaijc Hiiiall. Twii |iciiin<l.i of 8aiisa);u meat will lie rcijuii'id
for this (|iiuiitity of {laMtc, itnci it will iiiiikn iilinnt two timl
Ik half (Ill/I'll (it I'lili.'i. \\ liitcii (if t III )v:.'.l,'-l hIiuiiIiI lie licalcii
11 little, iinil III iiKlidl over llio ruiU Id j;la/.i) tlicni. They
will i'i'i|iiirtt frniu twenty niiniiteri to half iiii h mr to hake,
ami r<lioiili| he mitvimI ou u ditili cuTui'uij witliii iiually-fohl
nujikiii.
Spiced Benf. —Take a roiiim of lui ox; or yoiiiii; lioifcr,
fr-ni •,'i| lu »ii|li-i. Cut it iicaily, m) that llieiiiin llaiikeiiil
can wrap nearly roiiinl. Take from ".' to t iiiiir.'crtK.il|ietrc,
tiinl 1 (iiincc I'f ciiarHc mi .'ur. iimI t wo luiiiilfuU of commoii
Halt. Mix them well loL'i'ther iinl nili it all over. The
next ilay salt it well as fur hoiliii);. Let It lie from two to
thi'" weeks, tiirniii,' i' everr two or three ihiys. Takeout
(if the jiicMc, ami Hi|ic -t dry. 'I'lii-n take c!ovc.-i. niaeo,
well powderi (1. a ^|iiionfiil (.f;;ra\y, iind riih it well into
thel'cef. Ii'oll it lip in ti^'hily as pusjiiMr; hkcwe:- il, mnl
tie it up ti;;ht. I'oiir ill tlio liipior till tiio iiii-at is ijiiitu
Mitiiratod, ill which ntatu it luii.si ho kept.
5?fOWed Boof. — Tako flvu poiunls (if Imttnck, place il in
ftilripd -! , ' ■ I I It if whild wine viKc;:ar, tlirenhay
h-avcs, {«!> or lh;(e cliivcs, i^alt iiml pepper; 1 urn it over
twiio till) (ir-t (lay, ami fvery iiKirniiiff uficr fi'r ii wii k or
till (lays. Hoil half a pniiiid or ii (piarler of u pound I'f
hiiitcr, ftiid throw ill two oniniis,. chopped very fiinall, fmir
cloves, mid some pepper-corns; 8tew live hours till tender
and a nice li'.rht hiowti.
How to Boll Tongue —If tlio tho ton^'iie he a dry one,
Htecp ill water ail iiiL'lii. lioil it three h iiirs. if ym prefer
it hot, stick it w ilh doves. Clear "If the «ciini. and add
savory herl'i when it hashoilcd two hours; hut this is ii|)-
iioiiai. I'lih it over with the volk of an i",";; strew over it
bread criimlH; haste it with Iniitor; sit it heforc the lire
till it is of II l;;,dit hrowii. When ymi dish iu up, pour a
liith) hrowM ;,'ravy. or port wliio sirito mixed the ■^iino way
as for Venison. Lay slices of ciirri'iit jelly aroiMid it.
How to Fl'icassee Tl-lpe.— Cut into Hinall square
pieces. I'littheiii into tho stev pall with lis liiiK h siicny
as will cover them, with pcjipev, {.'•iiij,'cr, H hl.idu «if liiaco,
gwcct heriis and an (iiiimi. Stew l.i miniilcs. Tako out
the lierhs a'ld (laimi, and put in a little shred of luirsiiy, the
juice of a>mall lemon, half an anchovy cut Kiiia!), a pill
of rrcaiii and a littlo butter, or yolk of an v^j^. (iariiish
with lemon.
How to Fry Tripe. — <^'ut iho tripe into small fipiaro
jiiive-:; ili|i I hrin i'l voiks of ("_'i;s, mill fry them in <.'o(id
lirippiiiL.', till nicily hrown; take mil and drain, ami servo
with ]i'aill incited butter.
Veal Cutlets, Mninienon.— Cut plices about ihroo
(piarteis of all inch iniik, beat them with a rullir^'-pin,
and wi't theiii on both hides with C)rp; dij) them into a Kdi-
Honiii.,' (if bread-criiinhs, jiarslry, ihyiiie, knotted iiiarjo-
raiii. pepjier, H.dt and a little niiime;; frratcd; then jnit
iheiii in papers foMed over, and liroil thciii; and servo with
a li'ial of iindtcd hiitti'r, with a little niiishrooiii ketchup.
Veal Cutlets. — Anothpr way. — I'lcparo h.h abovo, and
fry 111. -in; lay into a di-h, and ke('p thciii hot; drodfjo a
tic flour, iiid jiiit a bit of butter into tlicpan; brown it,
then pour some boilin;; water into it and boil ipiickly;
soasoii with pepiR-r, salt and kolchiip iiihI jioiir over
tlielll.
Another Way. — IVparn as bcforo, and dnss tho nit-
lels in a dutch oven; |iolir o\er thelll lllidted butter mid
iiinshroiiiiiM,
Fillet of Venl.- \('al reipiiren a ^'ood, bri;;lil lire for
roaz-iiii;;. Il, I'nre cookinj;, stiilT with a for meal, com-
iioscd of 'i li/.it. of tlmdy-pow lered lirend (1111111^,1^1^11
<cni'in-|ieel idioppi d tiiii', half a leaspounfiil of cult, and
*ho Miiiiio ipiantity of mixed inaiiiand caveiine pc|i)ii'r,
powdered parsley, ainl tmilio hWeet herbs; lileak lin C).'fr,
and mix all well tn;.'eiher. Hii«io your ioint with ficsli
butter, iind send it to lablo well browiieii. A nice hit of
bacon Hhoitld bo bitvimI witli the|lUlit of \tal. uidiKh Iniiii is
provided.
Veal Pntties. — Minco imiiin vral that ii not (piile done
witli a litiin parsley, h'tnon-peid, a cerapc of iiiit iiiejL', and
a bit of i-iili; add a litt lo ( ream and >.'ia\y jin-t to moisten
the meat; ai'd mid a littlo ham. l)o not warm it till the
Jiatties i|io baki d.
Veal Pie.— Tako some of the middle, or ncriijr. "f a
small neek; season it; and litlnrpnt to it, or not, a fi w
nlicisof lean b; u or liiiiii. " it is waiitdl of 11 hluli
reli.-h. add inaec, ciim'Iiiio, mikI nutmeg', to tho Kiilt iind
jicppci; and al-(i foico-nicat iiikI ccj-'s; and if yoii (dio(i>e,
«ild Irnnies, iiiorels, mnshrooiiiK, sweet-bread, cut into
small hits, and foeks'.eollibs bliinidied, if liked. Have a
rich ^'i:i\y ready, to pmir in after hiking'. — Il will he very
piod u ithoiit liny ot thu latterndditioiiH.
Common Veal Fie.— <"'nt a h.. ist of voal into pieces;
season Willi pi jipi r and piilt, and lay thciii in the (li->h.
Itoil hard f<ix or ('i;:ht yolks of ('^;:s, and put them into
difTcreiit jdaccs in tho jiie, ]ioiir in iis iniich water as viill
iienrlv nil tho dish; juit oil tho lid, ami bake. — Liimfi Pie
may he done this way.
Stowed Veal.— Cut tho veal as for Hmall outhls; pit
into the boiti.ni <if a pii-dl.'-lia lavcr (d tho veal, 1 nd
Hprinklo it with hoiuc lincly-nilibed dweet basil and ( hop|.. d
parsley, thoj;rated rind of ono letiioii with the juice, hali
a iint-me:;, i;rated,a lillie salt and iiepper, iiiid cut into
very . '■•mall pcices 11 larjjo spoon fill of iiiittcr; then mielh(«r
layer of slices of veal, with exactly flio caiiio Kcasoninj; a.<
before; iind over this jauir ono pint, of Li^buii wim? and
half a )>int of cold w.itcr; then cover it over very thickly
with grated gtahi bread; put this in tho oven and bake
slowly for tlire('-(jiiartci'.s ol an hour, and brovii il. Serve
it iiiu ]iie>di.<li hot.
Breast of Veal Stuffed— Cut olT the gristle of a breast
of vi;il, and l:iiM' lie iiiia!. olT the bones, tllell lay a ;.'nod
force-meat, tnado of pounded val, Komo ^alisaLc-lnciit,
jiarsley, and a few shah'ts (diopped very line, and well
Reasoned with pepper, salt, and iiiitme|.'; then roll the
veal tijrhtly.and sew it with lino twino to keep it in
shape, and iireveiit tho force-iin at oscapin;^'; lay soino
slices of fat imion in a stew-pan. and juit the veal roll on
it; add fioino stock, ]iepper, fait, aiul a bunch of Mweet
herbs; let it Ktcw thrco hours, then t-iit carefiillv out the
twine, strain tho kmicc after Fkiiiimiiij; it will, thicken it
with brown llmir; let it boil up once, and pour it over Ihe
Veal u'arnish with slices <if Icinoii.ciKdi cut in four. A (illct
of Veal lirst KtiilTed with fori-e-meat can ho dressed in tho
sanio nianner, but is must first he roasted, so as to brown
it a flood color; and foice-ineat balls, hij.rlily soasoned,
should he served r(iund the veal.
. . HOW TO MAKK PIFS
OF VARIOUS KINDS
Beef-Steak Pie — Prepare the steaks ii.s stated under
iSceJ'stiiik-n, and when seasoned and rolled with fat in each,
\
,-=*—
MQinnvtWIVIW!9V^!B
fflM?
'<- ,/■'>--.
fOOKKKV IlKCII'Krt.
)
|iut tlii'iM ill a iI'hIi with |iiilT |iuHt(t roiiinl tli« ('iI;;i'm; put
li littld wiitur ill tlio (IIhIi, ami ( iiviT il will) a ^'ihmI ciiiHt.
Chicken Pie— Cut tlio chii-kcii in |ii(M'i"<, ami lioil
nearly ii ikIit. Miiki- ii rich iMiint with an c^-;,' or two to
inaki' it li;'iit unil |iiilTy. Sciwnii the cliicki ii ainl hlicc.s o(
ham »ltli |ii'|i|i('r, Halt, inai-r, iiuttni'U, ami caymno. I'lit
tlit'iii in laycrn, llrnt tliu ham, cliickm, foroi'incat liallH,
ami lianl <■;,'«■> in layt'rn. .Makca ^ravy of kniickh* of vral,
ninlton liniii'it, hfarioiinl with licrliM, onioiH, |ii'|'|M'r, t't(%
I'oiir it (Iter tho uontc'itH of tliu |)ic, ami cover wiih [laxte.
liak(t iin hour.
Cocoanilt Pie — 'I'ako a tcai'iip of roin'oiiiit, put it
iiiio a I'o^Ti'x-iaip, liil it upuiili HWiM't iiiilk, aijil let il
Miak a fiw hours, Wlirn ri'i'ijy to hako tin' pic, laki» two
tuhli'-iiooiiful.s of lloiir, mix Aitli milk, ami Hiir in tlii'tc
fuitrtliKof ai'ii|)or milk (lu'watir); placo nn tho Htovi',
ami btir nnlil it tliirkciirt. Aihl luillci' the >i\ti- nt t\ wal-
nut, wliilii wiirin. U lii'ii cool, tuiil a liltlc nalt, t\M» i';.'j;i4,
Hiivinif out tho white of oim for the t'lp. Sweeten to taHle.
Ai|i| the c'leoaiiut, I'eal ill:.' Well, Kill t he criiHt iiliil hakt*.
W Inn iloiie, havo thn e\"l ni white heate'i ready to ,4preiul
over tlin top. Ih'turn to tho uveii iiml lirowii ii^'htly.
Cream Pie — l ike oi;;hfc v^i.">, ciKht oiiner poiimleil
(iil;.'ar, el;:lit ouie c ' llolir, put all to;;etlier into a .-iivv-pali
with two ^^hisHe.-i of milk, Htir iiiilil it hoi Is, then lei'l 'jiiar-
ler poiiml of hutler, ami juarter ])ouii(i '>i alueiinlH.
('hoji{M'c| line; mix well to^riilier, make pasie, roll it out
haltanineh thioli. cut out a piei .' I ho M/.i^ nt a lea|i| ili ,
put: in a h.ikiiii^' tin, Hpreail out on it thu rreain, ami lay
Dtripf', of pante iicro.-s each way and a phiiii hroaij jiirce
ariiUMil the edjje, e^'g uiitl Hu;.'ur the lop niid hako in a
(piiek o\cn.
Fish Pie— i'ike, perch and carp may he mail" into
Very H.r Miy pie.s if cut into lilletH, BonHoncd and I) veil in
paste, sauco made of veal hrotli, or creiini put in liefore
hakiii;'.
Game Pie — i'ivlde tho nirds, if larpo, into ploecM or
joinl.J. 'I'luy may !"• phc.nant.^, parlrid;^('«. etc. Add a
lillle hucoii (M" ham. SeaHi.u well. Coverwiih pulT p..ste,
and liakt) cari fully. I'oiir into the pie half a ei'iifnl of
melled hntlei-, the juice of a h'liion, and a ghi-^ of sherry,
when r;ilhrr iiioie than half hakid.
Giblet, Pie— (lean tho gimlets well; t.tew wiih a little
water, oni ui, jiepper, fall, H .eet lierliH, till nearly done
Cool, and add heef. vet'l or iiiiittoti steaks, I'ut the liipior
of tho Htt'W ti) the t,'il)let.-i. (Jover with piiMte, and when
the pie i.s haked, p' n- into it li largo teaciipi'ul of cream.
Ln'llb Pasty — Uiwiotlio lamh. cut it intoKfpiaro jiiecos;
Hoason Willi Halt, jii'pper; cloves, (iiaco, nuiure;;, timl
minced thyme; hr. in «ome heef suet, and tin laiiih upon
it, makiiii; a lii^li honlcr ahout it; then tiiri: over thu
p;i-io close, and hako it. When it is onoiiijii, put in
Homo elarot. Hii^'ar, vinepar, and tho yolks of v^^ii-i. heaton.
toiiether. 'i'o havo the HOK'o only savory, and not sweet,
let it he gravy only, or tho bilking of hones in clttiet.
Salmon Pie. — (iiato tho riml of ono small lemon, or
half a laiLC uiu'; heat the yolks of 2 «'g;:^; 4 tahleHpooim
of sugar; beat all together; add to tliis I pint of cold
water, with U tahleH])oonH of Hour in it; riih smooth so
theio will he no lumps; hiMt ti \Oiit-'s of two eggs to a
HtilT froth; stirtliis in your pio-ctisiard hefoieyoiiput it in
tho pan. Ihiko with one crust, and bake slowly.
Salmon Pie — (irato tho riml of ii lemon into the yolks
of lliieo fresh rgLTs; lieat for livo niimitijs, adding three
heaping talilespoiiiifulsof graniiliitcd sngiu" after 8f|necz-
ing in the jiih • of the h'liionadd ha ' ii toarn|ifiil of water;
mix all thonnighly, and pl.tco in a < 'list the .-amc as inadu
for custard pic; iilacc in oven and hake slowly. Take tlio
whites of tho IhreocggM, and ln'iit to aniilT froth, iiddiii);
I wotalileHpooiifnls of pnlv)>ri/cd NUgar, and juice of half ii
lemon ; after tho pii' hakes and is cool, jda<'e tin' frost 'mj; on
top, :iiid put into a hot oven to brown,
Mlnce-Meat — There are various oiiinons as to the result
of adding meat to the sweet ingredients ii-'cil in making
this favorite dish. .Many housewives think itiin improve-
ment, ami use either the miller cut <if ii well-loa.sti d ^ur-
loin (if bei'f or 11 boiled fresh ox-toiigiie for the purpose
Hither of these meat:* may be chosen with advalitaKc, and
ono pi d, after it has been cooked, will be found Hnfli-
cieiil; tliis should bo freed from fat. iind well miiiec. In
making niince nnvit, each ingredient should bo minced
separalcly ami liuely before I:, is addi'd toihe otheis. |''or
a moderate ipiaiitity, take two poniuls of raisins ( loi.cd),
tho same (pninlityof cniraiiis, well washed and dried,
(littnof beef suet, chopped line, one pound of American
apples, pared and Cored, two poumlsof moist su;:ar, half
a pound of camlicd mange-peel, and a (piarter of a pmind
of cit loll, the grali'd rinds of three leinoiia, one grated
nutmeg, 11 little iii'ire, half an onneu of siilt.aml ono
tea>| nfiil of ginger, .\ftcr having minced tho fruit
separately, mi\ all well |..'.'etlier with the hand; then add
half a pint of I't'tich brandy and the same of sherry.
M i V Well with a sponii. press it down in jars, and cover it,
w ith a blad'i r.
Good Mince Pies. — Six poumls beef; ."> iionnds suet: .'>
poiiinls suv.if; ■' oniici < aINpice; S <>unciH cloves; '/ poiiiid
linnamon; ^ pint mniasse.s; 1^ pouiidi? seedless rai.-iiis; ^
poiinds ciirraiils; i iMiund citron chopped line; 1 ponml
almonds, chopped line; :v' oraiiycs; I lemon-skin, and all
chopped (iiic; !i fiarts chopped apples to one of meat;
brandy and eider to t;i
Mock Mince Pies.— One tiaei.p of bread; one of vine-
gar; ono of Water; ono of raisins; ono of sngai; ono of
molasses; one half cu|> of t'litter; oi.o teasjionn of cloves;
one of iniMiieg; one ofiiwrianioli. Tho ipialitily is siitll-
eiei'i forilireo ]<ies, 'I'hoy are eipially as gooil as those
made ill the iisnal way,
Potato Pasty, — Ih'il I peel and mash jiotatoes as
fine as pips>ihlc; mix tin u witfi sal', pepper, and a good
bit I'f butler. .Make a p.i-te: loll it out. ihinlike a large
piilT, and put in tho potato; fold over one half, pinching
the ciL-es. liako ill il Iiioderatu oveli.
Potato ?le. — Skin some potatoes mid cut them in
slices; Kca.son them; iind also some mutton, beef, juuk or
veal, and ii lump of butter. Put la\eisof them and of
tho meat. A fe\\- eggs boiled and chopped lino imiirovea it.
Veal and Ham Pie. — Cut abmit cine iiomd and a half
of vi al into I liin bliees, as also a fpiarler of a ponnd of
cooked ham; season tho veal rather highly wi'li white
po|)por ami salt, with w hii h (Miver ihi: liottoni of tho dish;
thou lav over 11 few hlices of ham, thru the reiiuiinder of
■ e veal, finishing with tho remainder of tho ham; add a
wineghissfnl of water, and cover with a good paste, iiud
bake; a bay-leaf will be an improvement.
Vinegar Pie. — K'ivo tablespoons vinegar, flvo sngar,
two Hour, two water, a little nutmeg. I'lit in dish and
bake.
HOW TO MAKF PRESERVES
OF VARIOUS KINDS
Apple Jam.— Fill a wide jar nearly half full of water;
cut the apples iin|)eeloil into ((iiarters, take out tlio core,
then fill the jar with the an|)les; tii^ a jiapcr over it, and
put it into a slow oven. W hen ipiite soft and cool, pulp
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WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
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COOKERY KECIPES.
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them through a sieve. To each pound of pulp put three-
quarters of a pound of crushed sugar, and boil it gently
until it will jelly. Put it into large tart dishes or jars.
It will keep for five or more years in a cool, dry place.
If for present use, or a month hence, half u, pound of
sugar is enough.
Apple Marmalade. — Scald apples till they will pulp
from tlie core; then take an equal weight of sugar in large
lumps, just dip tlum in water, and boil it till it can be
well skimmed, and is a thick syrup, put to it the pulp,
and simmer it on a quick lire a quarter of an liour. Grate
a little lemon-peel before boiled, but if too much it will
be bitter.
Barberry Jam. — The barberriesforthispreserve should
be (juite ripe, tliougli they should not be allowed to hang
until they begin to decay. Strip them from the stalks;
throw aside such as are spotted, and for one pound of
fruit allow eighteen ounces well-refined sugar; boil this,
with about a pint of water to every four pounds, until it
becomes wliito, and falls in tiiick masses from the spoon;
then tlirow in the fruit, and keep it stirred over a brisk
fire for six minutes only; take olf the scum, and pour it
into jiirs or glasses. Sugar four and a half pounds;
water a pint and a quarter, boil to candy height; barberries
four pounds; six minutes.
How to Preserve Black Currants. — Get the currants
when they arc dry, and pick them; to every 1^ lbs. of
currants put 1 lb. of sugar into a preserving pan, with as
much juice of currants as will dissolve it; when it boils
skim it, and put in the curraiics, and boil them till they
are clear; put them into a jar, lay brandy paper over them,
tie tliem down, and keep in a dry place. A little rasp-
berry juice is an improvement.
Cherry Jam'. — Pick and stone 4 lbs. of May-duke
cherries; press them through a sieve; then boil together
half a pint of red currar.t or raspberry juice, and i lb. of
white suga.', put the cherries into them while boiling; add
1 lb. of fine white sugar. Boil quickly 35 minutes, jar,
and cover well.
Cherry Marmalade. — Take some very ripe cherries;
cut olf the stalks and take out the stones; crush them and
boil them well; put them into a hand sieve, andforce them
through with a spatula, till the whole is pressed through
and nothing remains but the skins; put it again upon the
fire to dry; when reduced to halT weigh it, and add an
equal weight of sugar; boil again; and when it threads be-
tween the fingers, it is finished.
How to Preserve Currants for Tarts.— Let the
currants be ripe, dry and well picked. To every 1^ lbs. of
currants put 1 lb. of sugar into a preserving pan with as
much juice o? currants as will dissolve it; when it boils
skim it, and put in the currans;boil till clear; jar, and put
brandy-paper over; tie down; keep in a dry place.
How to Preserve Grapes. — Into an air-tight cask
{)ut a layer of bran dried in an oven; upon this place a
ayer of grapes, well dried, and not quite ripe, and so on
alternately till the barrel is filled; end with bran, and close
air-tight; they will keep 9 or 10 months. To restore them
to their original freshness, cut the end off each bunch
stalk, and put into wine, like flowers. Or,
Bunches of grapes may be preserved through winter by
inserting the end of the stem into a potato. The bunches
should belaid on dry straw, and turned occasionally.
How to Preserve Green Gages.— Choose the largest
when they begin to soften; split them without paring;
strew upon them part of the sugar. Blanch the kernels
with a sharp knife. Next day pour the syrup from the
fruit, and boil it with the othor sugar six or eight minutes
gently; skim and add the plums and kernels. Simmer
till clear, taking off the scum; put the fruit singly into
small pots, and pour the syrup and kernels to it. To
candy it, do not add the syrup, but observe the directions
given for candying fruit; some may be done each way.
Green Gage Jam. — Peel and take out the stones. To
1 lb. of pulp put J lb, loaf sugar; boil half an hour; add
lemon juice.
Transparently Beautiful Marmalade.— Take 3 lbs.
bitter oranges; pare them as you would potatoes; cut the
skin into fine shreds, and put them into a muslin bag;
quarter all the oranges; press out the juice. Boil the pulp
and shreds in three quarts of water 2i hours, down to
tiiree pints; strain through a hair sieve. Then put six
pounds of sugar to the liquid, the juice and the shreds, tiie
outside of two lemons grated, and the insides squeezed in;
add three cents worth of isinglass. Simmer altogether
slowly for 15 or 20 minutes.
Tomato Marmalade.— Take ripe tomatoes in the
height of the season; weigh them, and to every pound of
tomatoes add ono pound of sugar. Put the tomatoe* into
a largo pan or small tub, and scald them with boiling
water, so as to make the skin peel off easily; When you
have entirely removed the skin, put the tomatoes (without
any water) into a preserving kettle, wash them, and add
the sugar, with one ounce of powdered ginger to every
three pounds of fruit, and the juice of two lemons, the
grated rind of three always to every three pounds of fruit.
Stir up the whole together, and set it over a moderate fire.
Boil it gentlyfor twoor three hours; till the whole beoonie'.
a thick, smooth mass, skimming it well, a:;d stirring it to
the bottom after every skimming. When done, put it
warm into jars, and cover tightly. This will be found a
very fine sweetmeat.
How to Preserve Green Peas.— Shell, and put ttoem
into a kettle of water when it boils; give them twoor three
warms only, and pour them in a colander. Drain, and
turn them out on a cloth, and then on another to dry per-
fectly. When dry bottle them in wide mouthed bottles;
leaving only room to pour clarified mutton suet upon
them an inch thick, and for the cork. Rosin it down;
and keep in the cellar, or in the earth, as directed for
gooseberries. When they are to be used, boil them till
tender, with a bit of butter, a spoonful of sugar, and a bit
of mint.
How to Preserve Green Po?s for Winter Use.—
Carefully shell the peas; then place them in the canister,
not too large ones; put in a email piece of alum, about the
size of a horse-bean to a pint of peas. When the canister
is full of peas, fill up the interstices with water, and solder
on the lid perfectly air-tight, and boil the canisters for
about twenty minutes; then remove them to a cool place,
and by the time of January they will bo found but little
inferior to fresh, new-gathered peas. Bottling is not so
good; at least, we have not found it so; for the air gets in,
the liquid turns sour, and the peas acquire a bad taste.
How to Keep Preserves.- Apply the white of an
egg, with a brush, to a single thickness of white tissue
paper, with which covers the jars, lapping over an inch or
two. It will require no tying, as it will become, when
dry, inconceivably tight and strong, and impervious to
the air.
Quinces for the Tea-table. — Bake ripe quinces
thoroughly; when cold, strip off the skins, place them in a
glass dish, and sprinkle with white sugar, and serve them
with cream. They make a fiv looking dish for the tea-
table, and a more luscious and inexpensive one than the
same fruit made into sweetmeats. Those who once taste
the fruit thus prepared, will probably desire to store away
a few bushels in the fall to use iu the above manner.
'^^m
COOKERY RECIPES.
Pickled Pears. — Three pounds of sugar to a pint of
viuogar, sjiico in a bag and boil, then cook the pears in
the vinegar till done through.
Boiled Pears. — Boil pears in water till soft, then add
one pound of sugar to three pounds of fruit.
Pickled Citron. — One quart vinegar, two pounds
sugar, cloves and ciimaniou each one tablespoon, boil the
citron tender in water, take them out and drain, then put
them ill the syrup and cook till done.
How to Preserve Raspberries.— Take raspberries
that are not too ripe, and put them to their weight in
sugar, with a little water. Boil softlj, and do not break
them; when they are clear, take them up, and boil the
syrup till it be thick enougli; then put them in again, and
when they are cold, put them in glasses or jars.
Raspberry Jam. — One pound sugar to four pounds
fruit, with a few currants.
Spiced Currants. — Six jiounds currants, four pounds
sugar, two tablespoons cloves and two of cinnamon, and
one pint of vinegar; boil two hours until quite thick.
Stewed Pears — Pare and halve or quarter a dozen
pears, according to their size; carefully remove the cores,
but leave the sloths on. Place them in a clean baking-jar,
with a closely fitting lid; add to them the rind of one
lemon, cut in strips and the juice of half a lemon, six
cloves, and whole allspice, according to discretion. Put
in just enough water to cover the whole, and allow lialf a
pound of loaf-sugar to every pint. Cover down close, and
bake in a very cool oven for five hours, or stew them very
gently in a lined saucepan from three to four hours.
When done, lift them out on a glass dish without breaking
them; boil up the syrup quicklj for two or three minutes;
let it cool a little, and pour it over the pears. A little
cochineal greatly enhances the appearance of the fruit;
you may acid a few drops of prepared cochineal; ami a little
port wine is often used, and much improves the ilavor.
How to Preserve Whole Strawberries— Take equal
weights of the fruit and rtifiued sugar, lay the former in
a large dish, and spruile half the sugar in fine powder
over, give a gentle ioake to the dish that the sugar may
touch the whole of the fruit; next day make a thin syrup
with the remainder of the sugar, and instead of water
allow one pint of red currant juice to every pound of straw-
berries; in this simmer them until sufficiently jellied.
Choose the largest scarlets, or others when not dead ripe.
How to Preserve Strawberries in Wine— Put a
quantity of the finest large strawberries into a gooseberry-
bottle, and strew in three large spoonfuls of fine sugar; fill
up with Madeira wine or fine sherry.
Preserved Tomatoes — One pound of sugar to one
pound of rijic tomatoes boiled down; flavor with lemon.
HOW TO BOIL, BAKE AND STEAM
PUDDINGS . .
Amber Pudding — Put a pound of butter into a sauce-
pan, with three quarters of a pound of loaf sugar finely
powdered; melt the butter, and mix well with it; then add
the yolks of fifteen eggs well beaten, and as much fresh
candied orange as will add color and flavor to it, being
first beaten to a fine paste. Line the dish with paste for
turning out; and when filled with the above, lay a crust
over, aa you would a pie, and bake in a slow oven. It is as
good cold as hot.
Baked Apple Pudding — Pare and quarter four large
apples; boil them tender with the rind or a lemon, in so
little water, that when done, none may remain; beat them
quite fine in a mortar; add the crumbsof a small roll, four
ounces of butter melted, the yolks of five, and whites of
tiiree eggs, juice of half a lonion, and sugar to taste; beat
all together, and lay it in a dish with paste to turn out.
Boiled Apple Pudding— Suet, 5 ozs.; flour, 8 ozs.;
chop tiie suet very fine, and roll it into the flour. Make
it into a light paste with water. Koll out. Pare and core
8 good sized apjdes; slice them; put them on the jMiste,
and scatter upon them ^ lb. of sugar; diaw the pa.ste round
the apples, and boil two hours or more, in a well floured
cloth. Serve with melted butter sweetemd.
Swiss Apple Pudding — Butter a deep dish; put into
it a layer of bread cnimbs; then a layer of finely chopped
suet; a thick layer of finely chopped apples, and a thick
layer of sugar. Repeat from the first layer till the dish is
full, the last layer to be finger biscuits soaked in milk.
Cover it till nearly enough; then uncover, till the top is
nicely browned. Flavor with cinnamon, nutmeg, etc., as
you please. Bake from 30 to 40 minutes.
Apple and Sago Pudding — Boil a cup of sago in
boiling water with a little cinnamon, a cup of sugar,
lemon flavoring; cut apj)le3 in thin slices, mix them with
the sago; after it is well boiled add a small piece of butter;
pour into a pudding dish and bake half an hour.
Apple Pudding — Pare and stew three pints of apples,
mash them, and add four eggs, a quarter of a pound of
butter, sugar and nutmeg, or grated lemon. Bake it on
a short crust.
Apple Potatoe Pudding.— Six potatoes boiled and
mashed fine, add a little salt and piece of butter, size of
an egg, roll this out with a little flour, enough to make a
good pastry crust which is for the outside of the dump-
ling, into this put peeled and chopped apples, roll up like
any apple dumpling, steam one hour, eat hot with liquid
sauce.
Arrow-root Pudding.— Take a teacupfuls of arrow-
root, and mix it with half a pint of cold milk; boil another
half pint of milk, flavoring it with cinnamon, nutmeg or
lemon peel, stir the arrowroot and milk into the boiling
milk. When cold, add the yolks of 3 eggs beaten into 3
ozs. of sugar. Then add the whites beaten to a stiff
broth, and bake in a buttered dish an hour. Ornament
the tops with sweetmeats, or citron sliced.
Aunt Nelly's Pudding— Half a pound of flour half
pound of treacle, six ounces of chopped suet, the juice
and peel of one lemon, 4 tablegpoonfuls of cream, two or
three eggs. Mix and beat all together. Boil in a basin
(previously well buttered) four hours. — For sauce, melted
butter, a wine-glassful of sherry, and two or three table-
spoonfuls of apricot jam.
Baked Indian Pudding.— Two quarts sweet milk ; 1
pint Kew Orleans molasses; 1 pint Indian meal ; 1 table-
spoonful butter ; nutmeg or cinnamon. Boil the milk ;
pour it over the meal and molasses ; add salt and spice ;
bake three hours. This is a large family pudding.
Batter, to be used with all Sorts of Roasting
Meat. — Melt good butter; put to it three eggs, with the
whites well beaten up, and warm them together, stirring
them continually. With this you may baste any roasting
meat, and then sprinkle bread crumbs thereon ; and so
continue to make a crust as thick as you please.
Batter, for Frying Fruit, Vegetables, etc.— Cut
four ounces of fresh butter into small j)ieces, pour on it
half a pint of barley water, and when dissolved, add a pint
of cold water ; mix by degrees with a pound of fine dry
flour, and a small pinch of salt. Just before it is used.
IHi:
VI':
stir into it tlio whites of two eggs beaten to a solid froth ;
use quiciily, tiiat the batter may be light.
Beefsteak Pudding.— Take some fine nimp steaks;
roll thetn with fat between ; ami if you approve a little
shred onion. Lay a paste of suet in a basin, and put in
the chopped steaks ; cover the basin with a suet paste, and
pinch tiio edges to keep the gravy in. Cover with a cloth
tied close," let tlio pndiling boil slowly for two hours.
Baked Beef Steak Pudding-.— Make a batter of milk,
two cgg.s and flour, or, which is mucii better, potatoes
boiled and mashed through a colander ; lay a little of it at
the bollom of the dish ; then put in the steaks very well
seasoned ; pour the remainder of the batter over them, and
bake it.
Beefsteak Pudding".— Prepnro a good suet crust, and
line a cake-tin wiili it; put in layers of steak witli onions,
tomatoes, and nui.shrooms, c]iop])ed fine, a t^easoning of
pepper, salt and cayenne, and half a cup of water before
you close it. Bake from an hour and a half to two hours,,
according to the size of the pudding and serve very liot.
Black Cap Pudding-.— Make a batter with milk, Hour
and eggs ; butter u basin ; pour in the batter, and 5 or C
ounces of well-cleaned currants. Cover it with a cloth
well floured, and tie the cloth very tight. Boil nearly one
hour. Tlie currants will hare settled to the bottom ;
therefore dish it bottom upwards. Serve with sweet sauce
and a little rum.
Oswego Blanc Mange. — Fourtablespoonfuls or three
ounces of Oswego prepared corn to one quart of milk. J^'-;-
solve the corn to some of tiie milk. Put into the remain^,„r
of the milk four ounces of sugar, a little salt, apiece of lemon
rind, or cinnamon stick, and heat to near boiling. Then
add the mixed corn, and boil (stirring it briskly) four
minutes ; take out the rind, and pour into a mold or cup,
and keep until cold. When turned out, pour round it any
kind of stewed or preserved fruits, or a sauce of milk and
sugar.
Nice Blane-Mange. — Swell four ounces of rice in
water ; drain and boil it to a mash in good milk, with
sugar, a bit of lemon i)eel, and a stick of cinnamon. Take
care it docs not burn, and when quite soft pour it into
cups, or into a shape dipped into cold water. When cold
turn it out, garnish with currant jellj', or any red pre-
served fruit. Serve with cream or plain custard.
Boiled Batter Pudding. — Tliree eggs, one ounce of
butter, one ])int of milk, tliree tablespoonfuls of flour, a
little salt. Put the flour into a basin, and add sufficient
milk to moisten it ; carefully rub down all the lumps with
a spoon, then pour iu the remainder of tlie milk, and stir
in the butter, which should be previously melted ; keep
beating the mixture, add the eggs and a pinch of salt, and
when the batter is quite smooth, put into a well-buttered
basin, tie it down very tightly, and jiut it into boiling
water ; move the basin about for a few minutes after it is
put into the water, to prevent the flour settling in any
part, and boil for one hour and a quarter. This pudding
may also be boiled in a floured cloth that has been wetted
in hot water ; it will then take a few minutes less than
when boiled in a basin. Send these puddings very quickly
to table, and serve with sweet sauce, wine-sauce, stewed
fruit, or jam of any kind ; when the latter is used, a little
of it may be jilaced round the dish in small quantities, as
a garnish.
Bread and Butter Pudding.— Butter a dish well, lay
in a few slices of bread and butter, boil one pint of milk,
Eour out over two eggs well beaten, and then orer the
read and butter, bake over half hour.
Simple Bread Pudding. — Take the c ambs of a stale
roll, pour over it one pint of boiling milk, and set it by to
cool. When quite cold, beat it up very fine with two
ounces of butter, sifted sugar sufficient to sweeten jt;
grate in half a nutmeg, and add a pound of well-washed
currants, beat up four eggs separately, and then mix them
up with the rest, adding, if desired, a few strips of can-
died orange peel. All tlie ingredients must be beaten up
together for about half an iiour, as the lightness of the
pudding depends upon that. Tie it up in a cloth, and
boil for an hour. AVhenit is dished, pour a little white
wine sauce over the top.
Christmas Plum Pudding.— Suet, chopped small, six
ounces ; raisins, stoned, etc., eight ounces ; bread crumbs,
six ounces ; three eggs, a urine giass of brandy, a little nut-
meg and cinnamon pounded as fine as possible, half a
teaspoonful of salt, rather less than half pint milk, fine
sugar, four ounces ; candied lemon, one ounce ; citron
half an ounce. Beat the eggs ami spice well together ;
mix the milk by degrees, then the rest of tlie ingredients.
pip a fine, close, linen cloth into boiling water, and ]mt
in a sieve (hair), flour it a little, and tie up close. Put
the pudding into a saucepan containing six quarts of boil-
ing water ; keep a kettle of boiling water alongside, and fill
up as it wastes. Be sure to keep it boiling at least; six
hours. Serve with any sauce ; or arrow-root with brandy.
Christmas Pudding.— Suet 1^ lbs., minced small ;
currants, 1^ lbs., raisins, atoned, \ lb.; sugiir, 1 lb. ; ten
eggs, a grated nutmeg; 3 ozs. citron and'lemon peel ; 1
oz. of mixed spice, a teaspoonful of grated ginger, 4 lb.
of bread crumbs, -J lb. of flour, 1 pint of milk, and a wine
glassful of brandy. Beat first the eggs, add half the
milk, beat all together, and gradually stir in all the milk,
then the suet, fruit, etc., and us much milk to mix it very
thick. Boil in a cloth six or seven hours.
Cottage Pudding.— One pint sifted flour, three table-
spoons melted butter, 'Z eggs, one cup sweet milk, two tea-
spoonfuls cream tartar, one teaspoon soda, mix and bake.
Cream Pudding.— Cream, 1 pint ; the yolks of seven
eggs, seven tablespoonfuls of flour, 3 tablesjioonfuls of
sugar, salt, and a small bit of soda. Rub the cream with
the eggs and flour ; add the rest, the milk last, just before
baking, and pour the whole into the pudding clish. Serve
with sauce of wine, sugar, butter, flavored as you like.
Crumb Pudding.— The yolks and whites of three eggs,
beaten separately, one ounce moist sugar, and sufficient
bread crumbs to make it into athick butnot stiff mixture ;
a little powdered cinnamon. Beat all together for five min-
utes, and bake in a buttered tin. When baked, turn it
out of the tin, pour t^wo glasses of boiling wine over it, and
serve. Cherries, eitner fresh or preserved, are very nice
mixed in the jimlding.
Damson Pudding.— Four or five tablespoonfuls of
flour, three eggs beaten, a \ni\t of milk, made into batter.
Stone li lbs., of damsons, put them and G ozs. of sugar
into the batter, and boil in a buttered basin for one hour
and a half.
Egg Pudding. — It is made chiefly of eggs. It is nice
made thus: — Boat well seven eggs ; mix well with 2 ozs. of
flour, pint and a half of milk, a Tittle salt ; flavor with nut-
meg, lemon juice, and orange-flour water. Boil 1\ hours
in a floured cloth. Serve with wine sauce sweetened.
Excellent Family Plum Pudding.— Grate three-quar-
ters of a pound of a stale loaf, leaving out the crusts ; chop
very fine three-quarters of a pound of firm beef suet (if you
wish your pudding less rich, half a pound will do) ; mix
well together with a quarter of a pound of flour ; then add
a pound of currants, well washed and well dried ; half a
pound of raisins, stoned, and the peel of a lemon, very
finely shred and cut ; four ounces of candied peel, eithor
Ul ,r
COOKERY RECIPES.
lemon, orange or citron, or all mingled (do not cut your
peel too email or its flavor ia lost) ; aii ounce* of sugar, a
small teaspoonful of salt, three eggs, well beanen ; mix all
tlioronghly together with aa much milk a^ 5?iffic<.'S to bring
the putkiing to a prooer consistency, grate ia a small nut-
meg, and again stir the mixture Tigoronslj. If you
choose, add a small glass of brandy, batter your mold
or basin, which you must be sure to fill quite full, or the
water will get in and spoil your handi#ork ; have your
pudding cloth scrupulously clean and sveet, and of a
proper thickness ; tie down securely, and boil for seven or
even eight hours.
Extra Pudding". — Cut light bread into thin slices.
Form into the sliape of a pudding in a dhh. Then add a
layer of any jireserve, tlien a slice of bread, and repeat till
the dish is full. Beat four cr five eggs, and mix well with
a pint of milk; then pour it over the bread and preserve,
having previously dusted the same with a c-oating of rice
flour. Boil twenty-five minutes.
Fig Puddlngf. — Procure one pound of gc-od figs, and
ciiop tlieni very line, and also a quarter of a jjound of suet,
likewise chopped as fine as possible; diiit iS;trn both with
a little flour as you proceed — it helps to lirsd the pudding
together; then take one ])0Mnd of fine bnad crumbs, and
not quite a quarter of a pound of sugar; btat two CL'gs in
a teacupful of milk, and mix all well togetlier. Boil four
hours. If you choose, serve it with wine or brandy sauce,
and ornament your pudding with blanched almonds.
Simply cooked, however, it is better where there are chil-
dren, with whom it is generally a favorite. We forgot to
say, flavor with a little allspice or nutmeg, a^ you like;
but add the spico before the milk and eggs.
Gelatine Pudding. — Half box gelatine dissolved in a
large half ]iint boiling water, when cold stir in two tea-
cups sugar, tlie juice of three lemons, the whstts of four
eggs beaten to a froth, put this in a mold to get siiff, and
with the yolks of these four eggs, and a quart of milk
make boiled custard, flavor with vanilla, when cold pour
the custard round the mold in same di^h.
Gooseberry Pudding. — One quart of scalde-i goose-
berries; when cold rub them smooth with the back of a
spoon. Take six tablespoon fuls of the pulp, half a pound
of sugar, quarter of a pound of melted butter, .~ix eggs,
the rind of two lemons, a handful of gr»ted bread, two
tablespoonfuls of brandy. Half an hoar will bake it.
Ground Rice Pudding.— Boil one pint of milk with
a little piece of lemon peel, mix quarter pound it rice,
ground, with half pint milk, twoounces sugar, one ounce
butter, add these to the boiling milk. Keep stirring, take
it off the flre, break in two eggs, keep stirring, butter a
pie dish, pour in the mixture and bake nntil aeL
Ice Pudding. — Put one quart of milk in a stew pan
with half pound of white sugar, and stick of ranilla, boil
it ten minutes, mix the yolks of ten eggs wiih a gill of
cream, pour in the milk, then put it l^ck again into the
stew pan, and stir till it thickens (do not let it boil), strain
it into a basin and leave it to cool. Take twelve pounds
of ice, add two pounds of salt, mix together, cover the
bottom of a pail, place tlie ice pot in it and build it
around with the ice and salt, this done pour the cream
into the pot, put on the cover, and do not cease turning
till the cream is thick, the mold should be cold, pour in
the cream, 3 or 4 pieces of white paper, wetted with cold
water, are placed on it before the cover is placed on.
Cover with ice till wanted, dip in cold water and turn out,
fruit may bo put in .vhen put in the mold-
Indian Pudding. — Indian meal, a cnpfnl, a little salt,
butter, 1 oz.; molasses 3 ozs., 2 teaspoonfnls of ginger, or
cinnamon. Put into a quart of boiling milk. Mix a cup
of cold water with it; bake in a buttered dish 50 minutes.
Kidney Pudding.— If kidney, split and soak it, and
season tliat o" the meat. Make'a pjiste of suet, flour and
milk; roll it, and lino a basin with some; put the kidney
or steak in, cover with paste, and pinch round tue edge.
Cover with a cloth and boil a considerable time.
Lemon Dumplings. — Two tablespoonfuls of flour;
bread crumbs, i lb.; beef suet, 6 ozs.; the grated rind of a
large lumoii, sugar, pounded, 4 ozs.; 4 eggs well beaten,
and strained, and the juice of three lemons strained.
Make into dumplings, and boil in a cloth one hour.
Lemon Puddint*". — Three tablespoons powdered crack-
ers, eight tablesj)uijiid sugar, six eggs, one quart milk, but-
ter size of an egg, the juice of one lemon and grated rind.
Stir it first when put in oven.
Macaroni Pudding. — Take an eqnal quantity of ham
and chicken, iniiiee iinc, half the quantity of macaroni
which must be boiled tender in broth, two eggs beaten,
one ounce butter, cayenne pepper and salt to taste, all
these ingredients to bo mixed thoroughly together, j^ut in
molds and boil two hours.
Marrow Pudding. — Pour a pint of cream boiling hot
on the cruinl)3 of a penny Injif, or French roll; cut 1 lb. of
beef marrow very thin; beat 4 eggs well; add a glass of
brandy, witli sugar and niitT.og to taste, and mix all well
together. It may be e'thor boiled or baked 40 or 50 min-
utes; cut 2 ozs. of citron very thin, and stick them all
over it when you dish it up.
Another way. — Blanch 4 lb. of almonds; put them in
cold water all night; next day beat them in a mortar very
fine, with orange or rose water. Take the crumbs of a
penny loaf, and pour on the whole a pint of boiling cream;
while it is cooling, beat the yolks of four eggs, and two
wliites, 15 minutes; a little sugar and grated nutmeg to
your palate. Shred the marrow of the bones, and mix rll
well together, with a little candied orange cut small;
bake, etc.
Meat and Potato Pudding. — Boil some mealy pota-
toes till ready to crumble to jiieces; drain; mash them very
smooth. Jlake them into a thickish batter with an egg or
t\vo, and milk, placing a layer of steaks or chops well-sea-
soned with salt and pepper at the bottom of the baking
dish; cover with a layer of batter, and so alternately, till
the dish is full, ending with batter at the top. Butter the
dish to prevent sticking or burning. Bake of a fine brown
color.
Nesselrode Pudding. — Prepare a custard of one pint
of cream, half a pint of milk, the yolks of six eggs, half a
stick of vanilla, one ounce of sweet almonds, pounde<l, and
half a pound of sugar; put them in a stewpan over a slow
fire, and stir until the proper consistence, being careful
not to let it boil; when cold, add a wine-glass of brandy;
partially freeze, and add two ounces of rasins and half a
pound wf preserved fruits, cut small. Mix well, and
mold. (Basket shape generally used.)
Potato Pudding. — Take ^ lb. of boiled potatoes, 2
ozs. of butter, the yolks and whites of two eggs, a quarter
of a pint of cream, ono spoonful of white wine, a morsel
of salt, the juice and rind of a lemon; beat all to a froth;
sugar to taste. A crust or not, as you like. Bake it. If
wanted richer, put 3 ozs. more butter, sweetmeats and
almonds, and another egg.
Prince of Wales Pudding.— Chop four ounces of
apples, the same quantity of bread crumbs, suet, and cur-
rants, well washed and picked; two ounces of candied
lemon, orange, and citron, chopped iine; five ounces
pounded loaf sugar; half a nutmeg, grated. Mix all
COOKKUY KECIPE8.
L
together with four eggs. Butter well and flour a tin, put
in the mixture, and j)lace a buttered piipcr on the top, and
a cloth over the paper. If yon steam it the i)apor is sufli-
cient. It will take two hours boiling. Wlien you d'wh it,
stick cut blanched almonds on it, and serve with wine
sauce.
Puddingy. — One cup sugar, half cup milk, one egg, two
tabk'.-poiins melted butter, two cups Ihiur, two teaspoons
baking powder, u little nutmeg, bake in a disii and when
Kent to tlio table, put raspberry jam un(b / same with wine
B;mcf.
Baked Pudding. — Three tablespoon/ula of Oswego
I'repared Corn to one rjuart of milk. I'reparr>, and cook
the same as Blanc-Mange. After it is cool, stir up with it
thoroitfjhhi two or three eggs well beaten, and bake half an
hour. Ic is VfTv good.
Boiled Pudding. — Three tablespoonfuls of Oswego
Pitparfd Corn to one quart of milk. Dissolve the corn in
some of the miik. and mix with it two or three eggs, well
beaten, and a little salt. Heat the remainder of tlie milk
to near boiling, add the above i)reparHt'on, and boil four
minute-, stirring it briskly. To be eaten warm with a
saure. It is delicious.
Queen Pudding*. — One pint of bread crumbs, one quart
milk, one cup .-ugar, yoiks four eggs, a littlo butter, bake
half an hour, then put over the top a layer of fruit, then
white of eggs beaten to a froth with sugar; to be eaten cold
with cream.
Plain Rice Pudding*. — Wash and pick some rice; throw
among it some jiimeiito finely pounded, but not much;
tie the rice in a cloth and leave plenty of room for it to
swell. When done, eat it with butter and sugar, or milk.
Put lemon peel if you please.
It is very good without spice, and eaten with salt and
butter.
AxoTHER. — Put into a very deep pan half a pound of
rice washed and picked; two ounces of butter, four ounces
of sugar, a few allspice pounded, and two quarts of milk.
Less butter will do, or some suet. Bake in a slow oven.
Rich Rice Pudding— Boil i lb. of rice in water, with a
bit of salt, till quite tender; drain it dry; mix it with the
yolks and \Uiite3 of four eggs, a quarter of ajiintof cream,
with ;2 ozs. of fresh butter melted in the latter; 4 ozs. of
beef .suet or marrow, or veal suet taken from a lillet of veal,
finely shred, -J lb. of currant j, two spoonfuls of brandy,
one of peach-water, or ratafia nutraeg, and a grated lemon
peel. When well mixed, i)u a paste round the edge, and
fill the dish. Slices of cand ed orange, lemon, and citron,
if approved. Bake in a mc lerate oven.
Rice Pudding v/ith Fruit— Swell the rice with a very
little milk over liio lirt-; tlien mix fruit of any kind with
it (currants, gooseberries, scalded, pared, and quartered
apples, raisins, or black currants); put one egg into the
rice to bind it; boil it well, and serve with sugar.
Roman Pudding— Oil a plain tin mold, sprinkle it
with vermiet-lli, line it M-ith a thin paste; have some boiled
macaroni re ly cut in pieces an inch long; weigh it, and
take the same weight of Parmesan cheese, grated; boil a
rabbit, cut off all the white meat inslices, asthin as paper,
season with pepper, salt, and shalot; add cream Buflicient
to moisten the whole, put it into the mold, and cover it
with ])aste; bake in a mwlerate oven for an hour, turn the
pudding out of the mold, and serve it with a rich brown
gravy.
Sago Pudding —Boil 4 ozs. of sago in water a few
minutes; strain, and add milk, and boil till tender. Boil
lemon i)eel and cinnamon in a little milk, and strain it to
the sago. Put the whole into a basin; break 8 eggs; mix
it well together, and sweeten with moist sugar; add a glass
of brandy, and some nutmeg; put puff paste round the rim
of the disli, and butter the bottom. Bake three quarters
of an hour.
Spanish Pudding — To one pint of water, put two
ouiucb of butter, aiul a little salt, when it boils add as
much Hour as will make it the consistency of hasty pud-
ding. Keen it well stirred, after it is taken ofTtlietireand
has stood till (|uite cold, beat it up with three eggs, add a
little grated lemon ])cel and nutmeg, drop the batter with
a snoon into the frying j)an with boiling lard, fry quickly,
I)ui, sugar over them when sent to the taljle.
Suet Dumplings — Shred ] lb. of suet; mix with 1^
lbs. Hour, )l eggs ln'iiteu separatelv, a littlo salt, and as lit-
tle milk as will make it. .Miike it into two small balls.
Boil SO minutes. The fat of loins or necks of mutton
finely shred makes a more delicate dumpling than suet.
Suet Pudding— Take six spoonfuls of Hour, 1 lb. of
suet, sl.r-ed small, 4 eggs, a spoonful of beaten ginger, a
spoonfi.l of salt, and a quart of milk, ilix the eggs and
th'iir with a pint of milk very thick, and with the season-
ing, mix in the rest of the milk with the suet. Boil two
hours.
Tapioca Pudding. — Vxi.t \ lb. of tapioca into a sauce
pan of cold water; when it boils, strain it to a j)int of new
milk; boil till it soaks up all the milk, aiul put it out to
cool. Beat the yolks of four eggs, and the whites of two,
a tablespoonfiil of i.iandy, sugar, nutmeg, and 2 ounces of
butter. Blix all together; put a jjuH paste round the dish,
and send it to the oven. It is very good boiled with melted
butter, wine and sugar.
Vermicelli Pudding. — Boil 4 ounces of vermicelli in a
pint of new milk till soft, with astick ortwoof cinnamon.
Then put in half a pint of thick cream, \ lb. of butter,
thc; same of sugar, and the yolks of 4 eggs. Bake without
paste in an earthen dish.
Another. — Simmer 3 ounces of vermicelli in a cupful of
milk till tender; ilavor it with a stick or two of cinnamon
or other sj)ice. Beat up throe eggs, 1 ounce of sugar,
half a pint of milk and a glass of wine. Add to *h» ver-
micelli. Bake in a slow oven.
HOW TO PUT UP PICKLES '
AND MAKE CATSUPS
How to Pickle Beet Roots.— Beet roots are a very
pretty garnish for niiule dishes, vA are thus pickled. Boil
the roots till they are tendc, then take off the skins, cut
them in slices, gimp them in the shape of wheels, or what
form you please, and put them into a jar. Take as much
vinegar as you think will cover them, and boil it with a
a little mace, a race of ginger sliced, and a few slices of
horseradish. Pour it hot upon your roots and tie them
down.
Chow-Chow. — Two quarts of small white onions, two
quarts of gherkins, two quarts of string beans, two small
cauliflowers, half a dozen ripe, redpeppers, one-half pound
mustard seed, one-half pound whole pepper, one pound
ground niUBtard, and, as there is nothing so adulterated as
ground mustard, it's better to get it at the druggist's;
twenty or thirty bay leaves (not bog leaves, as some one of
the ladies facetioi.siy remarked), and two quarts of good
cider, or wine vinegar. Peel the onions, halve the cucum-
bers, string the beans, and cut in pieces the cauliflower.
Put all in a wooden tray, and sprinlile well with salt. _ In
the morning wash and drain thoroughly, and put all into
the cold vinegar, except the red peppers. Let boil twenty
-^
COOKERY lUX'II'ES.
minutes slowly, frequently turning over. Have wax
melted in a dcepiah diaii, and, as you fill and cork,
Jip into the wax. The peppers you can pit in to show to
the best advantage. If you have over six jars full, it'a
good to put the rest in a jur and eat from it for every
dinner. Some add a little turmeric for the yellow color.
Corn, Green, Picklingf. — When the corn is a liltlo
past tiio tendorcst roasting ear state, pull it, take off one
thickness of the husk, tie tho rest of the husk down at
the silk end loosely, place tho ears in a clean cask com-
pactly together, and put on a brine to cover them of a'^out
two-thirds tho strength of meat pickle. Whrn read) 'o
use ill winter, soak in cold water over night, and if this
does not appear suflicient, chango the water and freshen
still more. Corn, prepared in thit, way, is excellent, very
much resembling fresli corn from the stalk.
Indian Pickle. — One gallon of (he best vinegar, quarter
of a pound of bruised ginger, quarter of a pound of shalots,
quarter of a pound of ilour of mustard, quarter of a ])ound
of salt, two ounces of mustard seed, two ounces of tur-
meric, one ounce of black pepper, ground fine, one ounce
of cayenne. Mix all together, and put incatdiflower sprigs,
radish pods, French beans, white cabbage, cucumber,
onions, or any other vegetable; stir it well two or three
days after any fresh vegetable is added, and wipe tho vege-
table with a dry cloth. The vinegar should not be boiled.
How to Piclcle Muslirooms.— Buttons must be rubbed
witli a bit of llannel and salt; and from the larger take out
the red inside, for when they are black they will not do,
being too old. Throw a little salt over, and put them into
a stewpan with some mace and pepper; as tlie liquor comes
out, shake them well, and keep them over a gentle f.re till
all of it be dried into them again; then put as much vin-
egar into the pan as will cover tliem, give it one warm,
and turn all into a glass or stone jar. They will keep two
years, and are delicious.
Pickle Sauce. — Slice green tomatoes, onions, cabbage,
cucumbers, and green peppers. Let all stand covered with
salt over night. Wash, drain and chop fine. Be careful
to keep as dry as possible. To two quarts of the hash,
add four tablespoons of American mustard seed and two
of English; two tablespoonfuls ground allspice, one of
ground cloves, two teaspoonfuls of ground black pepper,
one teaspoouful of celery seed. Cover with sharp vinegar,
and boil slowly an hour. Put away in stone jar, and eat
when wanted.
Pickled Eggs. — At the season of the year when eggs
are plentiful, boil somefour or six dozen in a capacious sauce-
pan, until they become quite hard. Then, after carefully
removing the shells, lay them in large-mouthed jars, and
pour over them scalding vinegar, well seasoned with whole
pepper, allspice, a few races of ginger, and a few cloves or
garlic. When cold, bung down closely, and in a month
they are fit for use. Where eggs are plentiful, the above
pickle is by no means expensive, and is a relishing accom-
paniment to cold meat.
How to Pickle Red Cabbage.— Slice it into a colan-
der, and sprinkle each layer with salt; let it drain two
days, then put it into a jar, with boiling vinegar enough
to cover it, and put in a few slices of beet-root. Observe
to choose the purple red-eaobage. Those who like the
flavor of spice will boil some pepper-corns, mustard-seed,
or other spice, whole, with the vinegar. Califlower in
branches, and thrown in after being salted, will color a
beautiful i-ed.
Another. — Choose a sound large cabbage; shred it
finely, and sprinkle it with salt, and let it stand In a dish
for a day and night. Then boil vinegar (from a pint)
with ginger, cloves, and cayenne pepper. Put the cabbage
into jiirs, and pour tho liquor upon it when cold.
Spiced Tomatoes. — Eight pounds tomatoes, four
pounds of sugar, one quart vinegar, oiio tablespoon each of
cloves, cinnamon and allspice, make a syrup of tho sugar
aiul vinegar. Tie tin spice in a bag and put in syrup,
takotho skins oil" the tomatoes, atul put them in the .syrup,
when scalded through skim them out and cook away one-
half, leave tho spices in, then put in your tomatoes agaiu
and boil until tho syrup is thick.
Tomato Lilly. — Prepare one peck of green tomatoes by
slicing and laying them in a jar over night, witii a little
salt, than chop them and cook in water until you think
them suOicicntly tender then take them uj) in a colander
and drain nicely, then take two largo cabbages, chop and
cook same as tomatoes, then chop six green peppers and
add one quart vinegai-, put all in kettle together and boil
a short time; add fresh vinegar and spice with one ounce
each cinnamon aiul cloves, one j)ound sugar and half pint
molasses. Onions can bo used instead of cabbage if pre-
ferred.
How to Pickle Walnuts.— When a pin will go into
I
them, put a brino of salt and water boiled, an;! strong
enough to bear an egg, being quite cold first. Let them
soak six days; then change tho brine, let them stand six
more; then drain, and pour over them in ajar a pieklo of
the best vinegar, with plenty of pepper, pimento, ginger,
mace, cloves, mustard seed and horseradish; all boiled
together, but cold. To every hundred of walnuts put
six spoonfuls of mustard-seed, and two or three heads of
garlic or shalot, but the latter is least strong. In this way
they will be good for several years, if closely covered.
They will not be fit to eat under six months. This pickle
makes good ketchup.
A Good Ketchup. — Boil one bushel of tomatoes until
soft enough to rub through a sieve. Then add to the
liquid a half gallon of vinegar, 1^ pints salt, 2 ounces of
cloves, ^ pound allspice, 3 ounces good cayenne pepper,
five heads of garlic, skinned and separated, 1 pound of
sugar. Boil slowly until reduced to one-half. It takes
about one day. Set away for a week, boil over once, and,
if too thick, thin with vinegar; bottle and seal as for chow-
chow.
How to Keep Ketchup Twenty Years.— Take a gal-
lon of strong stale beer, 1 lb. of anchovies, washed from
the pickle; 1 lb. of shalots, •^- oz. of mace, i oz. of cloves,
\ oz. whole pepper, ^ oz. of ginger, y quarts of large
mushroom flaps, rubbed to pieces; cover all close, and
simmer till it is half wasted, strain, cool, then bottle. A
spoonful of this ketchup is suflicient for a pint of melted
butter.
Mushroom Ketchup.— Sprinkle mushroom flaps,
gathered in September, with common salt, stir them oc-
casionally for two or three davs; then lightly squeeze out
the juice, and add to each gallon bruised cloves and mus-
tard seed, of each, halt an ounce; bruised allspice, black
pepper, and ginger, of each, one ounce; gently heat to the
t)oiling point in a covered vessel, nnicerate for fourteen
days, and strain; should it exhibit any indication of
change in a few weeks, bring it again to the boiling point,
with a little more spice.
Oyster Ketchup: — Beard the oyster?; boil them up in
their liquor; strain, and pound them in a mortar; boil the
beards in spring water, and strain it to the first oyster
liquor; boil the pounded oysters in the mixed liguors, with
beaten mace and pepper. Some add a very little mush-
room ketchup, vinegar, or lemon-juice; but the less the
natural flavor is overpowered the better; only spice is
necessary for its preservation. This oyster ketchup will
IH
COOKKIIY UKdI'KS.
kccj> perfectly good longer tlmii oysters iiro cvor out of
si'iison.
Tomato Ketchup. — Put them over the firo crushing
each Olio us you drop it into tiio pot; lot them boil live
minutes; tiiku tlu-m olT, striiin tlirougii n coliindcr, und
then through ti sieve, get them over the lire iigiiin us
soon us po-ssible, unil hoil down two-tlsirds, wiu'ti boiled
down add to every gallon of this lii|uid one ounce of
cuvenno pepper, ono ounce of bla<k pejiiJcr, one pint vine-
cur, four ounces ouch of ciunumon und inuce, ' wo spoon-
fuls salt.
Very Fine Walnut Ketchup. — Hoil a gallon of the
expressed jiiico of green tender wulnuts, und skim it well;
then put in 'i lbs. of unchovies, bones uml li(|uor, 2 lbs.
shulots, 1 oz. euch of cloves, muce, pepper, und one clove
of gurlic. Lot ull simmer till the shulots sink; then put
the liquor into a pun till cold; bottle and divide the spice
tocuch. Cork closely, und tie a bladder over. It will
keep twenty years, but ia not good the first. Be very
careful to express the juice at home; for it is rarely un-
adulterated, if bought.
HOW TO ROAST, BOIL, OR BROIL:
POULTRY
How to Roast Chickens.— Pluck carefully, draw and
truss them, and put them to a good fire; singe, dust, and
baste them with butter. Cover the breast with a sheet of
buttered paper; remove it ten minutes before u is enough;
that it may Drown. A chicken will take 15 to 20 minutes.
Servo with butter und p:irsley.
How to Boil Chickens. — Fasten the wings and legs to
the body by threads tied round. Steep them in skim
milk two hours. Then jiut them in cold water, and boil
over a slow fire. Skim clean. Serve with white sauce or
melted butter sauce, or parsley and butter. — Or melt 1 oz.
of butter in a cupful of milk; add to it the yolk of an egg
bejit up with a little flour and cream; heat over the fire,
stirring well.
Geese (a la mode). — Skin and bone the goose; boil
und peel u dried tongue, also a fowl; season -with pepper,
salt and mace, und thm roll it round tlie tongue, season
tlie goose in the same way, und lay the fowl und tongue on
the goose, with slices of ham between them. Beef nnirrow
rolled between the fowl and the goose, will greatly enrich
it. Put it all together in a pan, with two quarts "of beef
gravy, the bones of the goose und fowl, sweet herbs and
onion; cover close, uiul stew an hour slowly: take up the
goose; skim otf the fat, strain, aiul put in a glassful of
good port wine, two tublespoonfuls of ketchup, a veal
sweetbread cut small, some mushrooms, a piece of butter
rolled inllour, pepper and salt, stew the goose half an
hour longer; take up and pour the ragout over it. Garnish
with lemon.
How to Roast Pig-eons.— Take a little pepper and
salt, a piece of butter, and parsley cut small ; mix und
put the mixture into the bellies of the pigeons, tying the
nticks tight ; take another string ; fasten one e?id of it to
their legs and rumps, und the other to a hanging spit,
basting them with butter ; when done, lay them in a dish,
and they will swim with gravy.
How to Boil Pigeons. — Wash clean ; chop some par-
sley small ; mix it with crumbs of broad, pepper, salt
and a bit of butter; stuff the pigeons, and boil 15
minutes in some mutton broth or gravy. Boil some rice
soft in milk ; when it begins to thicken, beat the yolks of
two or three eggs, with two or three spoonfuls of cream.
und u little nutmeg ; mix well with a bit of butter rolled
in fiour.
How to Broil Plgpeons.— After cleaning, .iplit the
backs, pepper und suit them, u' ')roil them very nicely ;
pour over them either stewed . ickled mushrooms, in
melted butter, und serve us hot a^ j)i)ssiblc.
Scalloped Cold Chickens.— Mince the meat very
smull, unil set it over the lire, with u scrupe of nutmeg, a
little pepper und salt, und a little creatn, for a few min-
utes, put it into the scallop shells, aiul fill them with
crumbs of bread, over which nut some bits of butter, and
brown them before the fire. Veul und ham eat well done
the sume wuy, and lightly covered with crumbs of breiul,
or they inuy be put on in little heaps.
How to RoastTurkey. — Tliosinewpof the legs should
be druwn whichever way it is dressed. The head should
be tw'jted under the wing; and in drawing it, take care
not to tear the liver, nor let the gull touch it.
F'ut a stiilling of suusuge-meut; or, if sausages are to be
served ni a dish a bread stuffitig. As this makes a large
addition to the size of the bird, observe that the heat of
the fire is constantly to that part; for the breast is often
not done enough. A little strip of paper should be put
on the bone to hinder it from scorching while the otlier
parts roast. Baste well and froth it np. Servo with
gravy in the dish, and plenty of bread-sauce in a sauce-
tureen. Add a few crumbs, and a beaten egg to the
stuffing of sausage-meat.
SAUCES FOR MEATS, FISH. E^s
Anchovy Sauce. — Chop one or two anchovies, without
washing, j)Ut to them some fiour and butter, and u little
>yuter ; stir it over the firo till it boils once or twice. If
the anchovies are good, they will dissolve.
Essence of Anchovies. — Take two dozen of ancho-
vies, chop them, and without the bone, but with some of
their liquor strained, add to them sixteen large spoonfuls
of water; boil gently till dissolved, which will be in a
few minutes — when cold, strain und bottle it.
Apple Sauce. — Pure, core, and quarter half a dozen
good sized apples, and throw them into cold water to ])re-
serve their whiteness. Boil them in a saucepan till they
are soft enough to mash — it is in possible to specify any
particular time, as some apples cook much more speedily
than others. When done, bruise them to a pulp, put in a
piece of butter as large o^ a nutmeg, and sweeten them
to taste. Put into saucepan only sufficient water to jire-
vent them burning. Some persons put the apples in a
stone jar placed in boiling water ; there is then no danger
of their catching.
Apple Sauce for Goose or Roast Pork.— Pare, core,
and slice some apples, ami put them in a strong jar, into a
pan of water. When sufficiently boiled, bruise to a juilp,
adding a little butter, ami a little brown sugar.
A Substitute for Cream.— Beat up the whole of a
^'resh egg in a basin, und then jiour boiling tea over it
gradually to prevent its curdling; it is difficult from the
taste, to distinguish it from rich cream.
Bechamel Sauce. — Put a few slices of ham into a
stew-pan, a few mushrooms, two or three shulots, two
cloves, also a bay leaf and a bit of butter. Let them
stand a few hours. Add a little water, flour and milk or
cream; simmer forty minutes. Scalded ])arGley, very fine
may bo added.
Lread Sauce. — Break three-quarters of a pound of
stale bread into small pieces, carefully excluding any
U tipUt tlio
pry nicely ;
iliroouie, in
rOOKEKY KKCIPK8.
1
ciiro
cMiisty and outside hits, having previously sininiercd till
quiti) tender, an onion, well jieeled uml fniartereil in a
pint of milk. Put the rniinbd into n very clean 8auce|ian,
and. if you like the lluvor, a 8niall teaspooiiful of i<lii:e<l
onion, clio|)ped. or rather minced, us tlnely as pos.silde.
I'oiirover tim milk, t'lkiugaway the onion uiminered in it,
cover it up, and let it stand for an hour to soak. Then,
with a fork, heat it quite smooth, and seasoned witii a
very little [)o\vdcred ma<e, cayenne and salt to taste, add-
ing one ounce of hutter ; g've the whole a hoil, stirring
all tli(> time, and it is ready to serve. A small quantity
of cream atlded at the last moment, makes the sauce
ri(!her ar.d smoother. Common white pej)per nniy take
the place of cayenne, a few peppercorns may ho simmered
in tlie milk, hut they should bo extracted Oeforo sending
to table.
Bread Sauce. — Grate some old bread into a basin ;
jiour boiliiij,' new milk over it ; add ua onion with five
cloves stuck in it, with pepper and salt to taste. Covei
it and simmer in a flow oven. When enough, take out
the onion and cloves; beat it well, and add a little melted
butter. The addition of cream very much improves this
sauce.
Caper Sauce. — Melt some butter, chop the capers
flue, boil them with the butter. Au ounce of capers will
bo sullicient for a moderate s'ze sauce-boat. Add, if you
like, a little chopped parsley, and a little vinegar. Jloro
vinegar, a little cayenne, and essence of anchovy, make it
suitable for i\A\.
As a substitute for capers, some use chopped pickled
gherkins.
Essence of Celery. — Soak the seeds in spirits of
wine or brandy ; or infuse the root in the same for 24
hours, then take out, squeezing out all the liquor, and in-
fuse more root in the same liquor to make it stronger. A
few drops will flvor broth, soup, etc.
Celery Sauce. — Wash well the inside leaves of three
heads of celery ; cut them into slices quarter inch thick,
boil for six minutes, and drain; take a tablespoonful of
flour, two ounces of butter, and a teacupftil of cream ;
beat well, and when warm, put in the celery and stir well
over the fire about twelve minutes. The sauce is very
goood for boiled fowl, etc.
Cocoa Sauce. — Scrape a portion of the kernel of a
Cocoa nut, atiding the juice of three lemons, a teaspoon-
ful of the tincture of cayenne pepper, a teaspoonful of
shallot vinegar, and half a cupful of water. Gently
simmer for a few hours.
Eg-g- Sauce.— Boil two eggs hard, half chop the whites,
put ill the yolks, chop them together, but not very Hue,
put them with ^ lb. of good melted butter.
Egg Sauce. — Four eggs boiled twelve minutes, then
lay them in fresh water, cold, pull off the shells, chop
whites and yolks separately, mix them lightly, half pint
melted butter, made in proportion of quarter pound of
buttc-, to a large tablespoon flour, four of milk and hot
water, add powdered mace or nutmeg, to be eaten with
pork, boiled, or poultry, use chicken gravy or the water
the chicken were boiled in.
Horseradish Sauce. — Perhaps a good receipt for
horseradish sauce, which is so excellent with both hot
and cold beef, but which we do not always see served up
with either. Two tablespooniuls of mustard, the same of
vinegar, three tablespoonfuls of cream or milk and one of
pounded white sugar, well beaten up together with a small
quantity of grated horseradish. This is, of course, to be
served uj) cold.
Mint Sauce. — Pick, mash and chop fine green spear-
mint, to two tablespoons of the minced leaves, put eight
of vinegar, adding a little sugar. Serve cold.
MintSauce. — Wash fresh gathered miiit;pick the leaves
from the (iialk.-i; mince them very tine, and put them into
a sauce-iioat with a tea-pooiiful of sugar and four table-
siiooiifuls »f vinegar. It may also be maile with dried mint
or with mint vinegar.
Onion Sauce. — Peel the onion.s, and boil them tender;
S(iueeze t lie Wilier from tli"m, then chop tlieni, ainl ad<l to
them l)ulter tliiit lias been melted, rich und.-imoolh, iih will
be hereafter directed, but with a little good milk instead of
water; boil it up oikm , and servo it for boiled rabbits,
jiartridge, scrag, or knuckle of veal, or roast mutton. A
turn!]) boiled with the onions makes them milder.
Quin's Fish Sauce. — Half a pint of mushroom pickle,
the siiiiio of walnut, .six long aiichovies poundeil, six cloves
of garlic, three of them poumled; half a spoonful of cay-
enne pepper; put them into a bottle, and shake well before
using. Iti.salso good with beefsteaks.
Sauce for Cold Partrldgfes, Moor-Game, Etc.—
Pound four aiiclioviesiiiid tv.o cloves of garlic in a mortar;
add oil and vinegar to the taste. Mince the meat, and put
the saiico to it as wanted.
Sauce for Ducks. — Servo a rich gravy in the dish; cut
the breast into slices, but don't take them off; cut a lemon,
and put pepper and salt on it, then squeeze it on the
breast, and pour u spo<jnful of gravy over Wfore you help.
Sauce for Fowl of any Sort.— Boil some veal gravy,
pepper, salt, the juice of a Seville orange and a lemon, and
a quarter as much of port wine as of gravy; pour it into
the dish or a boat.
Sauce for Hot or Cold Roast Beef.— Grate, orscrape
very lino, some horseradish, a little made mu.stard, some
jiounded white sugar and four large spoonfuls of vinegar.
Serve in a saucer.
Sauce for Salmon.-Boil a bunch of fennel and parsley
chop them small, and put into it some good melted but-
ter. Gravy sauce should be served with it ; put a little
brown gravy into a saucepan, withoneaiichovy, a teaspoon-
ful of lemon jiickle, a tablespoonful of walnut jiickle, two
spoonfulsof water in which the fish was boiled, a stick of
horseradish, a little browning, and salt; boil them four
minutes; thicken with flour and a good lump of butter, and
strain through a hair sieve.
Sauce for Savoury Pies. — Take some gravy, one an-
chovy, a sprig of sweet herbs, an onion, and a little mush-
room liquor; boil it a little, and thicken it with burnt but-
ter, or a bit of butter rolled in flour: add a little port wine,
and open the pie, and jiut it in. It will serve for lamb,
mutton, veal or beet pies.
Sauce for a Turkey. — Open some oysters into a basin,
and wasli them in their own I'quor, and as soon as settled
pour into a saucepan; add a little white gravy, a teaspoon-
ful of lemon pickle; thicken with flour and butter; boil it
three or four minutes; add a spoonful of thick cream, and
then the oysters; shake them over the fire till they are hot,
but do not let them boil.
Sauce for Wild Fowl. — Simmer a teacupful of port
wine, the same quantity of good meat gravy, a little shalot,
a little pepper, salt, a grate of nutmeg and a bit of mace,
for ten niiinitcs; put in a bit of butter and flour, give it all
one boil, and ])oiir it through the birds. In general they
are not stuffed as tame, but may be done so if liked.
French Tomato Sauce. — Cut ten or a dozen tomatoes
into quarters, ami put them into a saucepan, with four
onions, sliced, a little parsley, thyme, a clove, and a quar-
ter of a pound of butter; then set the saucepan on the fire.
i
COOKKHY HKCU'ES.
I
I
stirring occasionally for tliroe-qimrtcrs of tin hour; strain
tho saiii^n tlirouf;ii u horse-lmir sieve, iind sorvo with the
(lirrctod urticlcH.
Tomato Sauce. — Take 1^ l(<miitooa, very rod and ripi';
take oil tlio stalk.s, liiko out tho sot'ds, and press out tliu
water. I'ut liio oxoressed tomatoes into n stowpun, with
1 J OZ8. of butter, ii bay leaf, and a littlo thyme; put it unon
a moderate tire, stir it into a puli); nut into it a good cullifi,
or tho top of brotii, which will bo better. Hub it throMgii
a seareii, and put it into a stowpan witii two spoonfuls of
cullis; i)utin ii littlo salt and cayenne.
AvoTiiKit. — Proceed ua above witii the seeds aiul water.
Put tlieiu intoastewpan, with salt aiul cayenne, and tiireo
table.spoonfuU of beef gravy. Set them on a slow stove
for an hour, or till jiroiierly nielteil. Slruin, and add a
little good stock; and simnuT a few minutes.
White Sauce. — Ono pouiul of knuckle of veal, or any
veal trimrninLj.s, or cold white meat, from which all brown
skiu has been renu)ved;if meat has been cooked, more will
be required. It is best to luive a little butcher's meat fresh,
even if you have jtlentyof cold meat in tho larder; any
chicken bones greatly improve tho stock. This should
simmer for live hours, together with a little salt, a dozen
white pejijiercorns, ono or two small onions stuck with
cloves, according to taste, a slice or two of lean ham, and
a little shred of celery and a carrot (if in season) in a quart
of water. Strain it, and skim olf all tho fat; then mix one
dessert-spoonful of flour in a half pint of cream; or, for
economy s sake, half milk and half cream, or even all good
new milk; add this to tho stock, and if not salt enough,
cautiously add more seasoning. Boilall together very gently
for ten minutes, stirring all tho time, us tho sauce
easily burns and very quickly spoils. This stock, made in
large quantities, makes white SOU]); for this an old fowl,
stewed down, is excellent, and the liquor in which a young
turkey has been boiled is as good a foundation as can be
desireil.
Economical White Sauce. — Cut up fine one carrot,
two small onions, and ]>ut them into a stewpan with two
ounces of butter, and simmer till tho butter is nearly ab-
sorbed. Then mix a email teacupful of Hour in a pint of
new milk, boil the whole quietly till it tliickens, strain it,
soason with salt and white pepper or cayenne, and it is
ready to serve. Or mix well two ounces of Hour with one
ounce of butter; with a little nutmeg, pepper and salt; add
a pint of milk, and throw in astrip of lemon j)eel; stir well
over the lire till quite thick, and strain.
Wine Sauce. — One and 4 cups sugar, three quarters cup
of wine.a large sjioonful ilour, and a large piece "of butter.
HOW TO MAKE SOUPS
. . . AND BROTHS
Artichoke Soup. — Take Jerusalem artichokes accord-
ing to the quantity of soup required to bo made, cut them
in slices, with a quarter of a pound of butter, two or three
onions and turnipj, sliced into a stewpan, and stew OTer a
very slow fire till done enough, and thin it with good veal
stock. Just before you serve, at the last boil, add a quar-
ter of a pint of good cream. This is an excellent soup.
Season to taste with a little salt and cayenne. As itis nec-
essary to vary sonpe, we shall give you afew to choose from
according to season and taste. All brown soups mnst be
clear and thin, with the exception of mock turtle, which
must bj thickened with flour first browned with butter in
a stewpan. If the flour is added without previous brown-
ing, it preserves a raw taste that by no means improve« the
"avor.
Asparagus Soup. — Three or four pounds of veal cut
fine, a little salt pork, two or three bumdies of asparagus
ami three quarts of water. Hoil one-half of the asparagus
with the meat, leaving the rest in wateruntilabouttwenly
minutes before serving; then add the rest of the asparagus
and boil just before serving; add one pint of milk; thicken
with a little Hour, aiul season. 'I'ho soup should boil about
three hours before adding tho last half of tho asparagus.
Beef Broth. — Put two pouiuls of lean beef, ono pound
of scrag of veal, ono pound of scrag of mutton, sweet
herbs, an<l ten peppercorns, iiitoa nice tin saucepan, with
five ([uarts of water; simmer to three qiuirts, aiul clear
frtuu tho fat when cold. Add ono onion, if approved.
Soup ami broth nnide of dilfereiit meats are more sup-
porting, as well as better llavored.
To remove tho fat, take it off, when cold, as clean as
possible; and if there bo still aiiy remaining, lay a bit (if
clean blotting or cap paper on tho broth when in tho basin,
aiul it will take up every particle.
Beef Soup. — Cut all the lean off tho shank, and with a
little beef suet in tho iiottom of tho kettle, fry it to a nice
brown ; put in the bones aud cover with water; cover the
kettle closely; let it cook slowly until tho mviit drop
from the bones; strain through a colaiuler and leave it in
tho dish during the night, which is the only way to get off
all tho fat. The day it is wanted for tho table, fry as
brown as possible a carrot, an onion, and a very small
turnip sliced thin. Just before taking up, put in half a
tablespoonful of sugar, a blade of mace, six cloves, a
dozen kernels of allspice, a small tablespoonful of celery
seed. With tho vegetables this must cook slowly in the
soup an hour ; then strain again for tho table. If you use
vermicelli or j)earl barley, soak in water.
Dr. Liellg'S Beef Tea. — When one pound of lean
beef, free from fat, and separated from the bones, in a
finely-chopped state in which it is used for mince-meat,
or beef-sausages, is uniformly mixed with its own weight
of cold water, slowly heated till boiling, and the liquid,
after boiling briskly for a minute or two, is strained
through tho towel from the coagulated albumen and tho
fibrino, now become hard and horny, we o'^'in an equal
weight of tho most aromatic soup, of such strength as
cannot be obtained even by boiling for hours from a piece
of fiesh. AVhcn mixed with salt and the other additions
by which soup is usually seasoned, and tinged somewhat
darker by means of roasted onions, or burnt bread, it
forms the very best soun which can, in any way, be pre-
pared from one jiouud of llesli.
Brown Gravy Soup. — Shred a small plate of onions,
put siuno dripping into a frying pan and fry the onions
till they are of a dark browii ; then, having about three
pounds of beef cut up iu dice, without fat or bone,
ijrown that in a frying-pan. Now get a sauce-pan to con-
tain about a gallon, and put in the onions and meat, with
a carrot and a turnip cut small, and a little celery, if you
have it; if not, add two seeds of celery; put three
quarts, or three and a half quarts of water to this, and
stir all together with a littlo pepper and salt; simmer
very slowly, aud skim off what rises; in three or four
hours the soup will be clear. When served, add a little
vermicelli, which should have previously been boiled in
water ; tho liquid should bo carefully poured off through
a sieve. A large quantity may be made in the samepro-
portions. Of course, the meat and onions must bestirred
whilst flying, and constantly turned ; they should be or a
fine brown, not black, and celery-seed will give a fiavor, it
is so strong.
Carrot Soup. — Put some beef bones, with four quarts
of the liquor in which a leg of mutton or beef has been
:^
COOKERY RECIPES.
8 of veul cut
of iLsjiariigiis
tlu! a.s|)iiiii^'iis
about twi'iily
lio a.sjiaragua
'iiilk; tliicki'ii
ulil Imil about
UMj)aragiis.
f, OHO pound
Uttou, BWcot
ii't'iiaii, with
In. aiul clear
"provfil.
nioro sup-
aH I'lcan as
lay a bit of
in tiio basin,
■md will, a
it to 11 nice
; cover tlio
»i(<at drona
I li'avo it in
ly to get 0(1
able, fry as
very small
it ill Jialf a
cloves, a
"1 of celery
Jwly ill the
U you use
i<l of lean
)on(s, in a
iuce-nieat,
wii weight
tile liquid,
3 strained
HI and tho
nn equal
rength as
ini a, pieoo
additions
sonicwhut
Iji-ead, it
y, he pre-
f onions,
lie onions
out tlireo
or bone,
n to con-
Bat, with
y, if you
lit tliree
iliis, and
simmer
or four
la little
oiled in
tiirougli
nio pi'o-
l! stirred
be or a
avor, it
boiled, two largo onions, a turnip, popper and salt into a
■auce-pan, and stew for three hours. Have ruu<Iy six
largo carrots, scraped and cut thin, strain tho soup on
thorn, ami s'. ./ them till soft enough to pulp through a
hair sieve or coarse cloth, then boil tho pulp with the
Boup, which is to bo as thick as nca-.soup. Use two
wooden spoons to rub tho carrots through. Make the
soup the (lay before it is to ho used. Add cayenne. Pulp
only the red part of tiio carrot, and not tho yellow.
Clam Soup. — (Jut salt pork in very small squares and
fry liglit brown ; add one largo or two snudi onions cut
very line, and cook about ton minutes ; ntld two quarts
water and one quart of raw potatoes, sliced ; let it boil ;
then add one quart of clams. Mix ono tablespoonful of
flour with water, put it with one pint of milk, and pour
into the soup, and let it boil about live minutes. Butter,
popper, salt. Worcestershire sauce to taste.
Croutons. — These are simply pieces of brea<l fried
brown and crisp, to bo used in soups.
Game Soups. — Cut in pieces a partridge, pheasant, or
rabbit ; add slices of veal, ham, onions, carrots, etc. Add
a little water, heat a little on slow lire, as gravy is done ;
then add some good broth, boil the meat gently till it is
done. Strain, and stow in tho li(|Uor what herbs you
please.
Game Soup. — In the season for game, it is easy to
have good game soup at very little expense, and very nice.
Take the meat from off tho bones of any cold game left,
pound it in a mortar and break up the bones, and pour
on them a quart of any good broth, and boil for an hour
and a half. Boil and mash six turnips, and mix with the
pounded meat, and then pass them through a sieve.
Strain the broth, and stir in tho mixture of meat and
turnips which has been strained through the sieve ; keep
the soup-pot near tho fire, but do not lot it boil. When
ready to dish the sonp for table, beat tho yolks of five
eggs" very lightly, and mix with them half a pint of good
cream. Set the soup on to boil, and, as it boils, stir in
the beaten eggs and cream, but be careful that it does not
boil after they are stirred in, as the egg will curdle.
Serve he:.
Julienne Soup. — Put a piece of butter the size of an
egg into the soup-kettle ; stir until melted. Cut three
young onions small ; fry them a nice brown ; add three
quarts of good clear beef-stock, a little mace, pepper and
salt ; let it boil an hour ; add three young carrots and
three turnips cut small, a stalk of celery cut fine, a pint of
French beans, a pint of green peas ; let this boil two
hours ; if not a bright, clear color, add a spoonful of soy.
This is a nice summer soup.
Lobster Soup. — One large lobster or two small ones ;
pick all the meat from the shell and chop fine ; scald one
quart of milk and ono pint of water, then add the lobster,
one pound of butter, a teaspoonful of flour, and salt and
red pepper to taste. Boil ten minutes and serve hot.
Mock Turtle Soup. — One soup-bone, one quart of tur-
tle beans, one large spoonful of powdered cloves, salt and
pepper. Soak the beans over night, put them on with
the scup-bone in nearly six quarts of water, and cook
five or six hours. When half done, add the cloves, salt
and pepper; when done, strain through a colander, press-
ing the pulp of the beans through to make the soup the
desired thickness, and servo with a few slices of hard-
boiled egg and lemon sliced very thin. The turtle beans
are black and can only be obtained from large grooe.
Oyster Soup. — Take one quart of water, one teacup
of butter, one pint of milk, two teaspoons of salt, four
crackers rolled fine, aad one teaspoon of pepper ; bring to
full boiling heat as soon as possible, then add one quart of
25
oysters; let the whole come to boiling heat qnicklyaud
remove from tho fire.
Oyster Soup. — I'our one quart of boiling water into a
skilh't ; then one ijuart of good rich rnilk ; stir in ono
teacup of rolled cr.u'ker crumbs ; seaKoii with pepper and
;tait to tu.>to. When all come to boil, add one quart of
good freah oysters; stir well, so as to keep from scorch-
ing; then add a piece of good sweet butter about the size
of an egg ; let it boil up once, then remove from the fire
immediately ; dish up and send to table.
Ox Tail Soup. — Take two ox tails and two whole
onions, two carrots, a small turnip, two tablospoonfuls of
flour, and a little white pejiixr ; add a gallon of water, let
all boil for two hours; tlieu lake out tho tails and cut tho
meat into small pieces, return tho bones to the pot for a
short time, boil for another hour, then strain the soup,
and rinse two spoonfuls of arrow-root to add to it with the
meat cut from the bones, and let all boil for a quarter of
an hour.
Scotch Broth. — Take one-half teacup barley, four
ipiarts cold water ; bring this to tho boil and skim ; now
put in a neck of mutton and boil again for half an hour,
ckim well the sides of tho iiot also ; have ready two car-
rots, one large onion, a small head of cabbage, one bunch
parsley, one sprig of celery top; chop all these fine, add
your chopped vegetables, poi»per and salt to taate. This
soup takes two hours to cook.
Soup and Bouille.— Stew a brisket of beef with some
turnips, celery, leeks and onion.s, all finely cut. Put the
pieces of beef into the pot first, then tho roots, and half
a pint of beef gravy, with a few cloves. Simmer for an
hour. Add more beef gravy, and boil gently for half an
hour.
Royal Soup. — Take a scrag or knuckle of vojil, slices
of undressed gammon of bacon, onions, mace, and a
small quantity of water; dimmer till very strong, and
lower it with a good beef broth made tho day before, and
stewed till tho meat is done to rags. Add cream, vermi-
celli, almonds and a roll.
Various Soups. — Good soups may be made from fried
meats, whore tlie fat and gravy are added to tho boiled
barley; and for that purpose, fat beef steaks, pork steaks,
mutton chops, etc. should bo preterred, as containing
more of the nutritious principle. When nearly done fry-
ing, add a little water, which will produce a gravy to be
added to the barley broth; a little wheat flour should be
dredged in also; a quantity of onions, cut small, should
also be fried with the fat, which gives the soup a fine
flavor, assisted by seasoning, etc.
Soups may bo made from broiled meats. AVhile the fat
beef ste.ik is doing before the fire, or mutton chop, etc.,
save the drippings on a dish, in which a little flour, oat-
meal, with cut onions, etc., are put.
Grand Consomme Soup. — Put into a pot two knuckles
of veal, a piece of a leg of beef, a fowl, or an old cock, a
rabbit, or two old partridges; atld a ladleful of soup, and
stir it well; when it comes to a jelly, put in a suflBcient
quantity of stock, and see that it is clear; let it boil, skim-
ming and refreshing it with water; season it as the above;
you may add, if you like, a clove of garlic; let it then boil
slowly or simmer four or five hours; put it through a
towel, and use it for mixing in sauces or clear soups.
Julie. ine Soup. — Take some carrots and turnips, and
turn them riband-like; a few heaas of celery, some leeks
and onions, and cut them in lozenges, boil them till they
are cooked, then put them into clear gravy soup. Brown
thickening. — N. B. You may, in summer time, add
green peas, asparagus tops, Frenth beans, seme lettuce or
sorrel.
•li
' if
)•'•
^^
CUOKKKY IllXII'KH.
I.
n
Soup and Soups.— it ■< not at all ucciMikry to keep
a spfi'iitl tirt< for tivo houn ererr duy in (irdir to hiivu iit
dinner a tlri«t courae of aoap. 5t<>r nfxl u n<»i(\, Hitvory,
uiitritioiM « >iip for • faniiljr of fivo vn^t iiioro tliiin lU
• nts. Tliero n no u«o hurling anv rt'murksuli'nit "hwIII-
pnih. " Hvury hoiiMkwper vTio (Enowx unviliing of iicr
kiti^hcn Hiid ilinittj^-roo u affairt, kiKiwit tlirro luo iiHiiully
nico eluitit fr»gni<>nt4 of routa ami limilii li'ft. over, uixl
tliut broth in wdich lamb, diiittoti, ln'cf, ami fowl^ liiivo
buon boiled i-i in iMiittence, and tliiit twice u week or ho
thoro iaa bowl of drip|>ing« fromroii^tid ini'iitH. AiltlicMu
whou siinnmrt'd witli nc*, macaroui, or woII-cIioscm vcjjo-
tiibli'H, ittid jiidiciouslj t«a«>ned. niako k<><"I >«>ii|is, and
can bu had without a ajKcial fire, and witlxuit Monilin;; to
tho biitolier'.s for (iwcial Dieatx. Wo namo a few of tliu
8ou|)i) wo make, ami beg Icare to a<ld tliat tiny aro pretty
well received. We make thrm in f^tnall qiiantitieM, for
nobody with throe udditiooai conrtea U'foro him wants to
eat a qmirl >>f «oiip, you knov !
1. — One pint of gool eraxr, thrw cups boiling water, a
nlico of turnip, and half aa onion cut in htnall bitd, two
grated craokern. Simmer half an hour.
2. — Oil ironing daj cnl off the narrow ends from two or
three Hirioin .steitlcs, chop them into nioriiioirt and put in a
stewpan with a little jalt, • tablernoonful of rico and a
pint of colli water, ami simmer slowly for three liourH.
Then a Id water enough to make a quart of coup, a table-
spconful of tomato catsup, and a little browned flour
mixed with the yolt of ao egg.
3. — Pare and olice Terr thin fonr good sized potatoes,
pour over them two cupej of l^oiling water, and nimmer
gently until the potatoes are diseolred. Add salt, a lump
of nice butter, and a pint of iwcet milk with a dust of
popper. Let it boil up orce, and Ferve. You wouldn't
think it, but it id real good, and children cry for it.
4. — One pint meat broth, one pint boiling water, slice
in an onion, or a parsnip, or half a turnip — t)r all three if
liked — boil until the vegetables are soft, add a little salt if
needed, and a tablespoonful of Halford sauce.
6. — Let green corn, in the time of green corn, bo grated,
and to a pint of it put a pint of rich milk, a j)int of water,
a little butter, salt and pepper. Boil gently for fifteen or
twenty minutes.
Split Pea Soup. — Take beef bones or any cold meats,
and two pounds of corned pork; wjur on them a gallon of
hot water, and let tiiem eimmer three hours, removing all
tho scum. Boil one quart of split peas two hours, having
been previously soaked, as they require much cooking:
strain olf tho mejit and mash the pesis into tlie soup; sea-
son with black pe{)per, and let it dimmer one hour; fry two
or three slices of Itread a nice brown, cut into slices and
put into the bottom of the tureen, and on them pour tho
soup.
Tomato Soup. — Boil chicken or beef four hours; then
strain; adil to the soup one can of tomatoes and bell ono
hour. This will make four quarts of soup.
Tomato Soup without Neat. — One quart of tomatoes,
one quart of water, cue quurc < f milk. Butter, salt and
pepper to taste. Cook the t' n-.avx-s thoroughly in the
water, have the milk SLildir.g (>>Ter water to prevent
scorching). ^\ hen the tomatoes are done add a largo tea-
spoonful of salaiatus, which will cause a violent effer-
vescence. It is best to set thevesjel inapan before adding
it to prevent waste. When the <»mmotion has ceased add
t]io milk and seasoning. WTien it is possible it is best to
use more milk than water, and cream instead of butter.
The soup is eaten with crack'^ra and is by some preferred
to oyster soup. This recipe is rery Talnablefor those who
keep abstinence days.
Turkey Soup.— Take tho turkey bones and cook for
ono hour in water enough to cover them; then ntir in a
little dressing and a beaten egg. Take from the lire, and
when I ho water has ceased boiling mid a little butter with
Jjcpper ami halt.
Voal Gravy. — I'ut in the gtowimn bits of lard, then a
few thin Hlieesof hiiin, li few bits of butter, then slic'CH of
llllet of Veal, nliced onions, carrots, parsnipH, celery, a few
(doves upon the meat, and twoKpoonfuls of broth; sot it
on tho lire till tho veal throws out itajtiiees; then put it on
a stronger liiu till thu meat catches to tho bottom of tho
pan, and is brought to a proper color; then add a Huflicient
(|iianlity of light broth, and dimmer it upon a slow iiro
till tho meat is well doiu>. A little tliynioaiulmiishroomB
may bo addt'd. Skim and sift it clear for iiso.
Veal Soup. — To a knuckle of veal of <> pounds, put 7
or It ijiuirls of water; boil down one-half; skim it well.
This IS better to do tho day before you prepare tho soup
for tho table. Thicken it by rubbing Hour, butter, and
water together. Season with salt and mace. When done
aiul Olio pint new milk; let it iust como to a boil; then
[lour into a soup dish, lined witli macaroni well cooked.
Vegfetable Soup. — I'aio and slice five or six encum-
bers; ami aild to these as many cos lettuces, a sprig or two
of mint, two or three onions, some pepjier and salt, a pint
and a half of young peas and a little jjarsley. I'ut these,
with half a poumi of fresh butter, into a saucepan, to
stew in their own liquor, near a gentle fire, half an hour,
then pour two quarts of boiling water to tho vegetables,
and stew them two lioiirs; rub down a little fioiir into a
teacupful of water, boil it with tho rest twenty minutes,
and servo it.
Vermicelli Soup. — Boil tender i lb. of vermicelli in »
(juart of rich gravy; take naif of it out, and add to it more
gravy; boil till the vermicelli can be pulped through a
sieve. To both put a pint of boiling cream, a lit.le salt,
and ^ lb. of Parmesan cheese. Serve with rasped bread.
Add two or three eggs, if you like.
Brown Vermicelli Soup. — Is made in the same man-
ner, leaving out tho eggs and cream, and adding one quart
of strong beef gravy.
HOW TO COOK VEGETABLES
How to Boil Artichokes.— If tho artichokes aro very
young, aiiout an inch of the stalk can be left; but should
they bo full grown, tho stalk must be cut quite close.
Wash thom well and put them into strong salt and water
to soak for a couple of hours. Pull away a few of the
lower leaves, and snip off tho points of all. Fill a sauce-
pan with water, tlirow some salt into it, let it boil up, and
then remove tho scum from tho top; put the artichokes in,
with tho stalks upward, and let them boil until tho leaves
can bo loosened easily; this will take from thirty to forty
minutes, according to tho age of the artichokes. The
saucepan should not bo covered during tho time they are
boiling. Rich melted butter is always sent to tho .table
with them.
New Mode to Dress Asparag-us.— Scrape the grass, tie
it up in bundles, uiid cut the eiuls off an even length.
Ilavo ready a saucepan, with boiling water, and salt in
proportion of a heaped saltspoonful to a quart of water.
Put in the grass, standing it on tho bottom with the greon
heads out of the water, so that they are not liablo to be boiled
off. If tho water boils too fast, dash in a little cold water.
When the grass has boiled a quarter of an hour it will be
sufficiently done; remove it from the saucepan, out off
the ends down to the edible part, arrange it on a dish
%iu\ cook for
lii'ti Ntir ill H
tllU lil'il, UIIll
butter with
Iiird, then u
Ir'Ii HJiceH of
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iiiiiiIh, put 7
kill! it wuil.
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Wlicii iloiio
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;il cooked.
• six cucuin-
fll)i'ig or two
il salt, a pint
I'ut tlieie,
laucepan, to
alf an hour.
) vt'gotables,
Hour into a
ity minutes,
rmicelli in a
1(1 to it more
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a lil.le salt,
sped bread.
same man-
ig one quart
ILES
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3 grass, tie
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lof water.
Itlie greon
Ibe boiled
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diah ia
COOKERT P,E(-trK8.
3t)U
a round pyramid, with the heads toward the middle of
tlin (liHh, and boil Honio v^^^h hard; uut thoiii in two, ami
pla(!ntlioin round llm (UmIi ([uiUi hot. Hcrvo niclted bullur
III a Hui'co-tiiro'u; and llioHit who like it rub l!io yoke of u
hard c^'}; into the butter, whiuh makes a duliuious auuce tu
tlie ariparii}{iiH.
How to Boll Asparagrus.— .Scrape the asparagus; tie
tliein in hiiuiII biiiicInH; tjoil Ihoiii in a large pun of water
with Hiilt ill it; before you dish them up toast sonin slices
of bread, and then dip tiieiii ill the lioiinig wiitpr; lay the
asparagus on the toasts; pour on thciii ni;!i lueltud butter,
and Herve hot.
Ragrout of Asparagus.— Out sniail nftparagus like
gropii peah; the best, nieiliod is to break them olT first;
then tie thuiii in sinall bunelies to cut, boil tiiein till half
done; theu drain them, and linisli with butter, a little
broth, liorb.s, two cloves, and a sprig of savory. When
done, takeout the cloves, herbs, ete., nii.x two yolks of
eggs, w'tli a little Hour, and broth, to gariiiHh a first
coiir.ne dish. Miit if you intend to serve it in a second
course mix cream, a little salt, mid sugar.
French Beans, a la Creme.— Slieo the beans and
boil tbein in water with salt. When soft, drain. Put
intoastewpan two ounees of fre.sh butter, the yolks of
three eggs, beaten up into a gill of cream, and sot over a
slow fire. When hot, aild a spoonful of vinegar, simmer
for five :iiinutoH.
To Preserve French Beans for Winter.— Pick them
young, and throw inio a little wooden keg a layer of them
three inches deep; then sprinkle them with salt, put an-
other layer of beans, and do the same as high as you think
proper, alternately with salt, but not too much of this.
Lay over them a plate, or cover of wood, that will go into
the keg, and put a heavy stone on it. A jiii^klu will rise
from the beans and salt. If they are too salt, the soaking
and boiling will not bo sutlicient to make them pleasant
to the taste.
Stewed Beans. — Roil them in water in which a lump
of liutter lias been j)laced; jirescrve them as white as you
can; chop a few sweet herbs with some parsley very fine;
then stew ihoiii in a pint of the water in tvhicli the leaves
have been boiled, and to which a quartorof a pint of cream
has been added; stew until quite tender, then add the
beans, and stew five minutes, thickening with butter ami
flour.
How to Boil Broccoli.— Peel the thic k skin of the
stalks, and iioil for neai'ly a (|iiarter of an hour, with a lit-
tle bit of soda, then ])ut in salt, and boil five minutes
more. Hroeooli and savoys taste better when a little
bacon is boilotl with them.
How to boil Cabbage. — Cut off the outside leaves,
and cut it in quarters; jiick it well, and wash it clean;
boil it in a large quantity of water, with jilenty of salt in
it; when it is tender and a fine light green, lay it on
a sieve to drain, but do not squeeze it, it will take off
the flavor; have ready some very rich melted butter, or
chop it with cold butter. Greens must be boiled the same
way. Strong vegetables like turnips and cabbage, etc.,
require much water.
Cabbage Salad. — Three eggs well beaten, one cup of
vinegar, two tablespoons of mustard, salt and pepper, one
tablespoon of butter; let this mixture come to a boil, when
cool add seven tablespoons of cream, half a head of cab-
bage shaved fine.
How to Boil Cauliflowers.— Strip the leaves which
you do not intend to use, and put the cauliflowers into
salt and water some time to force out snails, worms, etc.
Boil them twelve minutes on a drainer in ple'^.ty of water,
■!i
Egg-Plant.— Slice the egg-nlant an
in tliiekiiecs, pare it, and spr'nklo salt
n
then add salt, and boil fin, , ix miniitM lonpt^r. Skim
well while boiling. Take o.4t and drain. Servo with
melted butrer, or u sauce made of butter, cream, pejiper
and i'.ilt.
How to Fry Cauliflowers.— Wash as before. Koil
twenty ni thirty minute.'^; (".It it into small portions, and
eo'il. l)ip the portions twice into a batter made of flour, '^
milk and egg. and fry them in butter. '.rve with gravy. ■
Cucumbers for Immediate Use.— Slice, sprinkle '
with salt; let them stand several hours, drain, ami then
put to them sliced onions, vinegar to cover them, and
salt, pepper, etc. Cayenne pepj)er and grouiid mustard i
render them wholesome. "
Stewed Celery. — Wash and clean six or eight heads of
celery, let theiii bo atiout three inches long; boil tendei^ ''
and pour off all the water; heat the yolks of four eggs, ^
and mix with half a pint of crer.m, mace and sail; set )t'<>
over the fire with the celery, and keep shaking until it';
thickens, then serve hot. "*
Cold Slaw. — Half a head of cabbage cut vc.y fine, a
stalk of celery cut fine — or teaspoon of celery seed — or, a '
tablespoon of celery essence, four hard-boiled eggs, whiten i
chopped verv fine, a teaspoon of mustard, a tablespoon of .
butter and tlio yolks of tin boiled eggs, salt and pepper, 1'
mix well; take an egg well beaten ami stir in a cup ol 1
boiling vinegar, pour over and cover for ft few minutes. '■'■
an eighth of an inch
pare it, and spr'nklo salt over it an hour be-n
fore cooking; then drain .<ii all the water, bent up the'-'
yolk of an egg. dip the slices first in the egg, and tiien iii '
crumbs of bread; fry a nice brown. Serve hot, and frtJb'I
from fat. m
How to Cook Egg-Plant.— Cut the egg-plant in slices
half an inch thick, sprinkle a thin layer of salt betweeh '
the slices, and lav them one over the other; and let them' '
stand an hour. 'This draws out the bitter principal from' '
tlie egg-plant, and also u part of the water. Then lay^
each slice in flour, put in hot fat and fry it brown on lioth''
sides. Or boil the egg-jilant till te* der, remove the skin, "'
mash fine, mix with an equal quantity of bread orcrackel^''
crumbs, and .salt, pepper and bake half an hour. Tin*'
makes a delightful dish, and a very digestible one, as it
has so little oily matter in it.
How to Broil Mushrooms.— Pare some la.ge, open
mu.shrooms, leaving t!ie stalks on, paring them to a pointf •
wash them well, and turn them on the back of a drying !
sieve to drain. Put into a stewpan two ounces of butter, ''
some chopped parsley, and shalots, then fry them for a ''
minute Oil the fire; when melted, i)lace your mushrootrt''
stalks upward on a saucepan, then pour the butter attcJ''
parsley over all the mushrooms; ])epi>er and salt thett''''
well with black pepper put them in the oven tobroil; wh" '
done, put a little good stock to them, give them a b.il '
and dish them, ponr the liquor over them, adding morf. ■
gravy, but let it be put in hot.
How to Pickle Onions. — Take two quarts of the small
white round onions. Scald them in very strong salt and-' •
water. Just lot them boil. Strain, peel, jilace in jarff^'''
cover tliem with the best white wine vinegar. In twcj"-
days pour all the vinegar off, and boil it half an hour,'"
with a teaspoonful of cayenne pepper, 1 ox. of ginger, I® '
cloves, i oz. ground mustard, 2 ozs. mustard seed. Wht^tf"'.
cold, pour upon the onions. Some persons prefer the ^^
vinegar boiling hot. "u ■• '
How to Fricassee Parsnips. — Boil in nailk till they
are soft, then cut them lengthwise in bits two or tlrefe''
iucb«a long, and simmer in a white sauce, made of twd'
>
with
!>per
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COOKERY RECIPES.
II
spoonfuls of broth, and a bit of mace, half a cupful of
cream, ;v bit of butter, and soino flour, pepper and salt.
How to Mash Parsnips. — Boil them tender, scrape
then niasli tlieni in a stewpan with a little cream, a good
piece of butter, aud pepper and salt.
How to Stew Parsnips.— Boil them tender; scrape
and cut into slices; put them into a saucepan with cream
enough; for Fauce, a piece of butter rolled in flour, and a
little SJilt; shako the sauccjjan often, when the cream boils,
pour them into a dish.
How to Boil Peas. — Peas should not be shelled long
before they are wanted, nor boiled in inucti water; when
the water boils, put them in with a little salt (some add a
little loaf piigar, but if they are sweet of themselves, it is
superfluous); when the jieas begin to dent in the middle
they are boiled enough. Strain, and put a piece of butter
in the dish, and stir. A little mint should be boiled v.'ith
the peas.
Puree of Potatoes. — This differs from mashed pota-
toes only in the eni])kr,ment of more milk and butter, and
in the whole being carefully reduced toajierfectlysmooth,
thick, cream-like mixture. Where economy is a great ob-
ject, and where rich dishes are not desired, the following
is an admirable mode of mashing potatoes : Boil thcni
till thoroughly done, having added a handful of snlt to the
water, then dry them well, and with two forks placed back
to back beat the whole up until no lumps areleft. If done
rapidly, potatoes thus cooked are extremely light and
digestible.
How to Boil Potatoes. — Boil in a saucepan without
lid, witii only sullicient water to cover them; more would
spoil thom, as the potatoes contain much water, and it re-
quires to bo expelled. When the water nearly boils po-.ir
it ofl", and add cold water, with a good portion o^ 'dt.
The cold water sends the heat from the surface to the cen-
ter of the potato, and makes it mealy. Boiling with a lid
on often produces cracking.
New Potatoes. — Should be cooked soon after having
been dug; wash well, and boil.
The Irish, who boil potatoes to perfection, say they
should always bo boiled in their jacki'ts,' as peeling them
for boiling is only offering a premium for water to run
through the potato, and rendering it sad and unpalatable;
they shou! ' be well washed, and put into cold water.
New Potatoes. — Have them as freshly dug as may be
convenient; the longer they have been out of the ground
the less well-flavored they are. AVell wash them, rub ofl
the skins with a coarse cloth or brush, and jiut them into
boiling water, to which has been added salt, at the rate of
one heaped teaspoonful to two quarts. Let them boil till
tender — try thom with a fork; they will take fron> ten or
fifteen minutes to half an hour, according to size. When
done, pour away the water, and set by the side of the flre,
with the lid aslant. Whentliey arc quite dry, have ready a
hot vegetable dish, and iutho middle of it put a piece of but-
ter the size of a walnut — some people like more — heap the
potatoes round it and over it, and serve immediately. Wo
have seen very young potatoes, no larger than a marble,
parboiled, and then fried in cream till they are of a fine
auburn color; or else, whei* larger, boiled till nearly ready,
then sliced and fried in cream, with pepper, salt, a very
little nutmeg, and a flavoring of lemon juice. Both make
pretty little supper dishes.
Potatoes Roasted under the Meat.— These are very
good; they should bo nicely browned. Half boil large mealy
potatoes; put into a baking dish, under the meat roasting;
ladle th« gravy upon them occasionally. They are best
don« in an oven.
Potato Ribbons. — Cut the potatoes into slices, rather
more than half an inch thick, and then pare round and
round in very long ribbons. Place them in a pan of cold
water, and a short time before wanted drain them from
the water. Fry them in hot lard, or good dripping, until
crisp and browned; dry them on a soft cloth, pile them on
a hot dish, and season with salt and cayenne.
Potato Rolls. — Boil three lbs. of potatoes; crush and
work them with two ozs. of butterandasmuch milk aswill
cause them to pass through a colander; take half a pint of
j-east and half a pint of warm water; mix with the pota-
toes; pour the whole upon 5 lbs. of flour; add salt; knead
it well; if too thick, put to it a little more milk and warm
water; stand before the fire for an hour to rise; work it well
and make it into rolls. Bake it half an hour.
Potato Rissoles. — Boil the potatoes floury; mash them,
seasoning them with salt and a little cayenne; mince pars-
ley very fine, and work up with the potatoes, adding es-
chalot, also chopped small. Bind with yolk of egg, roll
into balls, and fry with fresh butter over a clear fire. Meat
shred finely, bacon or ham may be added.
Potato Sautees. — These are even more agreeable with
meat than fried potatoes. Cold boiled potatoes are sliced
up, and tossed up in a saucepan with butter, mixed with a
little chopped parsley, till they are lightly browned. Pure
goose or other dripping is by many cooks preferred to but-
ter for this purpose.
Potato Souffles. — The delicious blistered potatoes are
prepared as follows : The potatoes, if small, are simply cut
in halves; if large, cut in three c ' more slices; these are
fried in the usual way, hut are taken out before they are
quite done, and set aside to get cold; when wanted they
are fried a second time, but only till they are of a light
golden color, not brown.
Tomatoes. — Cut ripe tomatoes into slices, put them in
a buttered dish with some bread crumbs, butter, pepper
and salt, and bake till slightly brown on top.
Forced Tomatoes. — Prepare the following forcemeat :
Two ounces of mushrooms, minced small, a couple of shal-
ots, likewise minced, a small quantity of parsley, aslice of
lean ham, chopped line, a few savory herbs, and a little
cayenne and salt. Put all these ingredients into a sauce-
pan with a lump of butter, and stew all togethcruntil quite
tender, taking care that they do not burn. Put it by to
cool, ana then mix with them some bread crumbs and
the well beaten yolks of two eggs. Choose large tomatoes,
as nearly of the same size as possible, out a slice from the
stalk end of each, and take out carefully the seeds and
juice; fill them with the mixture which has already been
prepared, strew them over with bread and some melted
butter, and bake them in a quick oven until they assume a
rich color. They are a good accompaniment to veal or
calf's head.
To Mash Turnips. — Boil them very tender. Strain till
no water is left. Place in a saucepan over a gentle fire,
and stir well a few minutes. Do not let them burn. Add
a liltle cream, or milk, or both, salt butter and pepper.
Add a tablespoonful of fine sugar. Stir and ^^immer five
minutes longer.
To Boil or Stew Vegetable Marrow.— This excellent
vegetable may be boiled as asparagus. When boiled, di-
vide it lengthwa^o into two, aud serve it upon a toast ac-
companied by melted butter; or when nearly boiled, divide
it as above, and stew gently in gravy like cucumbers. Care
should be taken to choose young ones not exceeding six
inches in length.
to slices, rather
mro round and
II a pan of cold
ain them from
dripping, until
li, pile them on
le.
oes; crush and
iich milk as will
) half a pint of
with the pota-
idd salt; knead
milk and warm
ise; work it well
ur.
iry; mash them,
le; mince pars-
les, adding es-
k of egg, roll
'lear fire. Meat
agreeable with
atoes are sliced
r, mixed with a
irowned. Pure
•eferred to but-
id potatoes are
are simply cut
lices; these are
)efore they are
n wanted they
are of a light
!s, put them in
butter, pepper
).
ing forcemeat :
couple of shal-
rsley, a slice of
s, and a little
I into a siiuce-
theruntil quite
Put it by to
d crumbs and
arge tomatoes,
slice from the
the seeds and
3 already been
I some melted
they assume a
ent to veal or
er. Strain till
a gentle fire,
m burn. Add
r and pepper.
i simmer five
•This excellent
en boiled, di-
on a toast ac-
' boiled, divide
numbers. Care
exceeding six
'^'^^'^'^'^'^>^'<ii''li'^M^m''l^
^.P.^,P.^.tif^.^,tif!>.i>.PAf!ifl*.if. \2
•T^51^
"3^%-* — *-^«se*
HIE oldest, largest and wealthiest
banking institution in existence
at the present time is the Bank
of England. This wonderful
estalilishmont, which makes itself
felt in every money market in the
world, and at home occupies such
a conspicuous position in commercial and
financial ailairs, was cliartcred in IGltJ:,
with a ca])ital of £l,'2t)0,(X)U. At vari-
ous times since, additions havo been
made un-
til the
capi t a 1
is now
£14,5 53,-
000, or about ?T2,000,-
000. The Bank of Eng-
land covers a quadran-
gular space of about
four acres, with a street
on every side. The
buildings aie of one
story, and have no win-
dows towards any of the
thoroughfares. There is
little in the external BANK OF
ajipearance to attract attention. Witliin, there are
nine cou'ts, which afford ample sunlight and ventila-
tion, away from the noise and dust of the street.
During its long existence, this great institution has
passed through some dangerous crises, such as the
rebellion of 1745, when its payments were made in
sixpences to gain time ; the trouble occasioned by the
ware with France, at the end of the last century, when
specie payments were suspended, and not resumed until
1S23 ; and during the time of the commercial difficul-
ties in 1H25, when its treasure was reduced to a very
low ebb, but, luckily, the tide turned before it wjis
exhausted.
The management of the Bank is intrusted to a gov-
ernor, deputy governor and twenty-four directoi-s,
eight of whom go out of office every year, but are
usually re-elected. The owners of stcx;k to the value
of £500 are entitled to vote fur directors. The gover-
nor must own stock to the amount of at least £4,000,
the deputy governor
£3,000, and a director
£2,000. The directors
and governors meet in
the " Bank parlor,"
where the dividends are
declared, and the rate
of discount announced,
a point of groat import/-
ance to the money mar-
ket. The dividend on
£100 is 8 per cent, and
tlie market price of th^it
amount is about £250.
The number of per-
-NGLAND. sons cmiiloyed in the
Bank is about 900. The salary of a clerk entering at
seventeen i^ £70, and that of the head of a department
£1,200. The sum paid in salaries annually is £210,000,
and some of the clerks have amassed large fortunes.
There is an extensive library in the Bank for the use of
the clerks, and within its walls a fine, well-kept garden.
The profits of the Bank arise from various sources.
It issues notes and carries on the business of an ordi-
M
896
BAN KINO,
H
ii
11
G
1 f nary 1
ing 1
govcn
is iiiiii
nation
to Ilea
books,
is paic
A V
! as a n
i the ha
I with ii
jweiglii
: in l)ai.'-.-
j ' issuf'd
:jj eight. ■
ijTlie !,,•
1 :peeulia
. priiitinj.
■■ tliaii oi 1
I la note
i-!to tho
.' and Cdi
stall! 1\
borne ill
i The.
Bank «i
•vliich
I jRoIjcrl '
jinderJl
' larj' 7,
;ln 17M
, !00,0()o
j jver oni
•een of
XomvoM
^Iphia.
I j From
iresent
snts, a
mg tt'i'i
nary liaiik, receiving deposits, discounting bills, mak-
ing loans, etc. A large cash balance belonging to the
govi'rnnicnt is always in its hands, and of this a profit
is made. The liank, for its services in managing the
national debt — which funded and unfunded, amounts
to nearly eiglil hundred million pounds — keeping the
, books, attending to tmnsfei-s, receiving the taxes, etc.,
is jiaid £212,000 a year.
A very liirge amount of bullion is kept in its vaults,
aa a reserve to meet any run that may be made upon
the bank. The Bullion OfKco is a special department
.with its own stall' of clerks. The gold is in bars, each
weighing 1(> &)s, while the silver is in pigs and bars, or
in bags of coin. The paper currency of the realm is
issued from this Bank, and there is usually from
eighieen to nineteen millions sterling in circulation.
The jiajicr upou which these notes are jirinted is of
peculiar texture and make, aii(( together wi.li the
lirinting, is more dilKcult to counterfeit
than our United States currency. When
:a note that has licen issued, is returned
to the Bank, it is immediately canceled,
and consequently new notes are con-
stiintly issuing to replace those that
come in.
TheoldcstbankinouroM'iicountryistho
Bank of North America, at rhiladeljihia,
which Wiis founded by the venerable
Robert ^loiris, under the advice of Alex-
ander liamliton, and began business Jan- s.
iiary 7, 1782, Avith a capit^il of $4CK),00().
In 1784 its capital was increased to $2,-
000,000. During all its long career of
over one hundred years, it has, in many trying times,
been of valualilc service to our government, the com-
monwealth of Pennsylvania, and the city of Phila-
delphia.
From the founding of this notable institution to the
present time, it has been presided over by seven presi-
dents, and seven cashiers, most of whom served for
lonjr terms. The career of the bank has been a clieck-
ered one, and although marked with success, it has at
times been driven, in common with other Iwuks, to
suspend specie payment.
In the summer of 1798 the prevalence of j'ellow
fever was such, and its ravages so disastrous in the
neighborhood of the bank, that it was thought unsafe
for the clerks to attend to their daily duties. The
Bank was acconlingly removed temporarily to German-
town and occupied a portion of a school house, Avhero
BANK OF NORTH AMERICA
(Prior to 1846.)
remained and carried on business for about two
months, when the bank again resumed its cpiarters in
town.
The Bank of North America commenced business in
a store building on Chestnut street near Third, belong-
ing to its cashier, and continued to occupy and conduct
its business for upward of sixty-tive years, or until its
present building was erected in 1847. The old build-
ing was never well adajited to the use of the bank,
and, licsides, from the fragile construction of the walls,
was not considered safe. On one occasion the bank,
by the merest accident, escaped the jierpetriition of a
robbery. When I'orter, the mail robber, was arrested,
tried, and sentenced to death for robbing the Reading
mail, in Decemlier, 1829, he sent for James S. Smith,
Es(i., counsel for the bank, and confessed to him that
a jilan had been laid for robbing the bank, which would
undoubtedly have been put into execution but for his
arrest. The method in Avliich this was to have been
accomiilished was substantially as fol-
ows :
A narrow alley ran northward from
Chestnut street, on the west side of the
bank, which was at that time patrolled
at night by a watchman employed by
the bank. Porter and his confederates
had, on some pretense, obtained access
to the banking house during business
hours, and had discovered that the vault
wherein the specie was kept was situated
E on the western side of the building back-
I ing on this alley. They found, too, that
owing to the miserable construction of
the whole building, but one thickness of
brick intervened between the alley and the vault. Hav-
ing ascertained the distance of the vault from the front
of the building, they had stepped a like distance in the
alley, and had mutually marked the part of the west
wall constituting the back of the vault. Their plan
was to seize and gag the bank watchman at night, cut
through the brick wall, and so possess themselves of
the contents of the vault. On hearing this story, the
directors, of course, at once took steps to have the
M'cstern walls so strengthened as to preclude the possi-
bility of another such attemjit. The attention of the
directore was also forcibly directed to the ruinous state
of tlie building by the sudden falling of two bricks
from the wall in the president's room during business
hours, in the eai'ly part of 1847.
During the great panic of 18.57 the Bank of North
America Avas, like others, compelled to suspend the
payment of specie, but a noteworthy fact connected
ts quarters in
n\ hiisiiu'ss in
'liinl, bolong-
.' luid conduct
s, "I- until its
"he old huild-
of the bank,
of the walls,
on the bank,
eti-iition of a
ivas arrested,
the Koading
OS S. Snn"th,
to him that
vln'cJi would
1 but for his
> have 1)epn
My as fol-
iward from
side of the
patrolled
nployed by
oufederates
ined access
g business
t the vaidt
IS situated
v.g back-
too, that
uction of
kno.ss of
t. Hav-
the front
e in the
the west
leir plan
ght, cut
selves of
r>ry, the
ive the
le possi-
f)f the
us state
bricks
iisiness
North
snd the
inected
BANKING.
with the success of this banking institution is, that
d iring nv existence of over one Inuuh'ed years, it never
missed declaring its .iemi-annual dividend except five
times, and that during a i)anic unexanii)lod for its mag-
nitude and disastrous effects upon the business com-
nuinity.
The Bank of North America, always loyal to the
United Stiites government, for whose aid it M'as origi-
nally organized, rendered vahiable service to the country
in a financial way during the rebellion, and although
it took its i)lace under the national system, the gov-
ernment at Washington allowed it, through respect
for its age, to retain Its old name, without adding the
word " National."
ORGANIZATION OF A BANK.
The organization of a bank imder a general law,
either national or state, is a very simple matter. Arti-
cles of association are drawn up in ac-
cordance with the statute of the state
or act of congress. In either the form
is nearly always i)rescribed. These arti-
cles recite, 1st, the title of the proposed
bank ; 2d, the amount of its capital
stock, the nniriber of shares into which
it is divided and the amount of each.
Usually these articles contain the names
of the first directors and are signed l>y
them, the act of subscription including
their election. Eaih subscriber to the
capital stock jjlaces opposite his name
the numljer of shares he desires.
When the capit^il stock is all taken
up
BANK OF NORTH AMERICA
(Since 1846.)
a certificate of organization must be filed with
the secretary of stjite, and a certified copy thereof
with the clerk or recorder of the county in which
the bank is located. Generally a publication of the
articles of association is made necessary by strife law.
The executive management of the bank is confided
to a board of director- . who are elected annually, at a
meeting of stockholdi'is. These directors are usually
selected from among the wealthiest stockholders, for
their business experience, their sttuiding in community
and consequent influence in gaining business for the
bank. They are expected to meet Aveekly or semi-
weekly for the purpose of regulating the atfairs of the
bank, discussing its present and future iwlicy, and the
status of money matters in general. In most banks
they also pass on the merits of paper offered for dis-
count, although in some banks this is left almost
entirely to the cashier or president.
THE PRESIDENT.
The pre,sidenl is elected by the directors. He should
l)e and generally is the exciutive officer of the bank.
In all legal relations, he is the bank, as he is plaintiff
and ih'fendant in suits at law. The president, with the
cashier, signs the shares of stock issued to share-
holilcrs.
The directors depend upon the president for their
knowletlge of the transactions of the bank, and his
vote or advice settles most of the questions of bank
policy that come before the board.
They also depend upon him for an explanation of the
weekly or semi- weekly " bank statement." Hence the
})ank president needs be, and if successful must be, a
man of ai)provcd and tried character, of good educa-
tion, and having a large fund of general knowledge,
keen sagacity in olxjerving character, quick in arriving
at conclusions and decided in action, with a thorough
knowledge of the })rinciples and prac-
tice of book-keeping.
The weekly or semi-weekly bank
.statement, for instance, is as unintelli-
gible to the ordinary business man as
so many characters in an imknown
language.
It is simply an accumulation of
figures, l)ut to the skilled president it
shows not only the actual jjreseut con-
dition of th" bank, but all its availii-
>)ilities to meet not only jjrobable but
l)ossible contingencies. The successful
bank jiresident must watch the cm-rents
of trade, must not only forecast the
future, but he must keep his bank in a condition to
meet any possil)le eljb or flow in the financial tides, as
he is the personal and moral representative of his
bank. If disaster overtakes the bank, upon his head
will rest the heaviest Aveight of the l)lame.
Also, to attract the proper class of customers, the
president should Ije honorable and high minded in all
his own dealings, and free from speculation of any sort
or kind.
THE CASHIER.
The cashier is the president's right hand, as to him
are committed all the details of the business. In many
resfKicts his duties are co-ordinate with those of the
president, while the super\'ision of the clerks and their
accounts, the correspondence with other banks and
customers, the signing of drafts drawn upon other
banks, iu fact, the executive work of the bank in all
\
i
It' J
I '!'
i
'"■i
■H
. 1
«
M
1
13
!!
'I^i
I
'*
1 ■ I'
l'
U 7
c
■ i ;
H
BANKING.
its details Is his particular department. Like tlie
president, he is elected by the directors, yet he is
regarded in most cases as the direct representative of
the stockholders.
A faithful cashier has been known to respectfully
ncfratiro a vote of his Itoard of directors as to the
policy of the bank liecause he hicw that tlicy were
wrong. Yet, so far from being disciiargod, he was
afterward rewarded by a vote of approval from the
same directors, after events had proven him right and
they wrong. This was jjcrhaps an extreme case, and
shows the ca.shier's responsibility and strengtli of posi-
tion, when backed by approved integrity and ability,
and the vindication of his wisdom.
The cashier is the representative of the bank in its
daily dejdings with its customci"s. He needs all the
qualifications iiscril)ed to the successful president Avith
an additional im-
perturbability that
can 1m! milled by no
amount of fault-
finding or inter-
ruption.
He must have a
]ierfcct m.istery of
accounts , so that his
eye can comprehend |
a page at a glance,
of any book or re-
cord kept by the
bank. He cannot
be expected, in a
large bank, to ex-
amine and prove all
the sepaiiite entries
and accounts, Init he can and must compare the foot-
ings of proof sheets with the general ledger.
He knows what book to look at and liow to inspect
it without any aid from the clerk who keeps it, in
order to test the system of the bank at any point. In
many banks, the cashier is the executive officer of the
bank, in fact, if not in name, and upon him depends
the success or failure of the whole institution.
One of the most important duties of the cashier is
the opening of accounts with new cnstcmiers, and this
is usually, if not always attended with some formali-
ties. The would-be customer i)rescnts himself at the
cashier's desk, either armed with a letter of introduc-
tion from a castomer of the bank, or accompanied by
a friend who is a depositor.
" Mr. Cashier, allow me to introduce Mr. Upper, of
the firm of Upper, Solo & C!o., who desires to open an
account with you."
After exchanging greetings, the cashier asks,
" What l)usiness are you engaged in, Mr. Upper?"
" I am engaged in the retail boot and shoe trade."
" Where is your place of business?"
" No. 234 Market street."
Meanwhile the cashier has opened a large hook called
a sir/nature booh, and has recorded the date, the address
and occupation of Mr. Upper, leaving a blank place
for his name.
" Just write your name in this book, Mr. Upper."
After the signature is recorded, the cashier either
instructs the receiving teller to receive the deposit of
the new customer, or wliat is perhaps a more polite
way, the cashier takes a deposit ticket from his desk,
fills it out for Mr. Upper, and places his own mark of
approval, jjerhajjs
the initial letters
of his name, at the
bottom.
•'Please handthis
to the receiving tel-
ler, together with
your deposit, and he
will give you a pass-
book."
The new deposi-
tor is thus inducted
into the first act,
free from all em-
barrassment.
If the customer
wishes simply to
INTERIOR VIEW OF THE FIRST NATTONAL BANK, CHICAGO. ^pp^ ^^ account
and says nothing about discounts or credit, the above
embraces about all the formalities, but where a line of
credit is asked, much more of detail must enter into
the tninsaction.
It may seem that a merchant is conferring a fiivor in
thus opening an account, and to a certain extent this
is true, but there are two substantial rea.s'ons for oi^en-
ing such an account: the first is, that a bank account
is a great convenience to the merchant, and the second,
and more important reason is, that it makes his c:i.«h
account elastic. That is to say, the merchant, hav-
ing had a good balance to his credit in the bank
during his busy season of the year, will be able,
when his dull season comes on and his cash is reduced or
exhausted, to secure all the ready money which he may
require in order to prosecute his business enterprise, —
jr**-*
S9B
Iires to open an
fer asks,
Mr, Upper?"
I shoe trade."
\ge book called
(to, the address
[a blank place
^Jr- Upper."
cashier either
the deposit of
[a more polite
irora his desk,
own mark of
'val, i)erhaj)s
pnitial letters
name, at the
]m.
(lease hand this
receiving tel-
ogether M-ith
leposit.andhe
ive you a pass-
im
' new deposi-
thus inducted
he first act,
■om all em-
iment.
le customer
simply to
^" account,
'» the above
're a line of
enter into
' a favor in
■xtent this
' for oj)en-
ik account
le second,
' his cjLsh
iiit, hav-
the bank
be able,
sduced or
^ he may
rprise,—
BANKING.
his credit at the bank thus canying^ him over any
stringency.
Banks prefer small depositors to large ones. One
hundred depositors, carrying each a balance of a thou-
sand doUai-s, is preferable to one rlepositor with a T>al-
anco of one hundred thousuud dollars, for the dcjKJsitor
having a credit iKilance of one hundreol thoasaiid dol-
lai-s, is liable to come in at almont any time and draw
out his entire balance and then ask for a credit of i)er-
haps as much more, which, on arrount of his large;
deposits, the l)ank would not feel at lilierty to refuse.
While it is not at all probable that more than a few of
the one hundred smaller depositor* would desire to <lraw
out their balance at the same time. A bank havinir
heiivy depositors must, therefore, keep a large cash
capital idle in the vault to meet its demands, while the
bank having: only ^ ^^ , j £i:;^pi^»«^ i j
small accounts, may
loan its funds up to
a smaller reserve.
Bankers discourage
accounts that fluc-
tuate too much be-
tween large deposits
one month and
hca\y discounts the
next.
A regular depos-
itor in good stand- -
ing is entitled to a ^
" line of discounts,"
depending in size
upon the amount of
his balance, his char-
MEETING OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS.
actor for promptness, and the staWlity of the business
in which he is engaged.
When applied to for loans or disctmnts, it is the
cashier's duty to obtain the fact;^ concenihig the case,
so that he may lay these l)efore the Jxiard of directors
at their meeting, or, in case be is intrusted with the
responsibility of such matters, he may act safely.
Mr. Borrower calls on the caaMer to wxure the dis-
counting of certain notes, andas thi* is his first request
of the kind, and may lead to more extensive discounts
in the future, the cashier desires to satisfy himself more
fully concerning the |)aj)er and it-* would-ljc discounter.
He, therefore, upon leuming Mr- Borrower's errand,
retires with him to an inner room, consults his mercan-
tile agency reports concerning the standing of the
maker and indorsers of the paper offered for discount,
and the following conversation ensues:
"What amount of capital do you employ in your
buslr.3ss, Mr. Borrower?"
" I h« Vo a capital of twent'-five thousand dollars."
" What are your annual sales?"
" Our sales amount to about forty thoasand dollars
a year."
" Do you sell much on credit?"
" Yes, sir, our sales are largely on 30, 60 and 90 days'
time and on notes."
Other questions follow rapidly, and Mr. Borrower
tells the cashier the extent of his mnge of territoiy,
terms on which he buys, jdaces of purchase, and other
items, so that the ciishier gets a verj' goo«J idea of Mr.
Borrower's' financial standing and his i»robable ability
to meet his obligations.
»' If you Avill call in to-morrow, Mr. Borrower, I
ill let you know
what I can do on
these notes."
The interview
closetl, the ciishier
takes the first oji-
portunity to jot
down a sjniopsis of
the conversation
which has taken
place, together with
any comments or
impressions which
m:iy Ik? ujipennost
in his mind, in a
Kefcrenee Book, al-
phabetically ar-
ranged. Could the
customers of a bank always know what is noted down
in this reference book, they would not often denounce
the cashier for refusing to discount iKipp*-. which they
miglit consider as " good as wheat."
"Williain Funisworth. rotiiil grocery niPivhant. 260 Carroll
gtrnpt. Ucgaii business in ISC.^ with $5.'A"0 capital. Managing,
economical and coiigcicntion-!. Very fuccessful. Standing good.
1S(!8 continues to prosiier. Built fine hoiise on Pine »^t reel, cost
i?8,00n. Said to liave cleared 812.i>J0in the l:ist tliree years. Capi-
tal now .SS,000. tx'sides real est.ate. IS^JO-'Tfi-Tl l>u>iiie!:i! still quite
jirosperous, and atlairs in goodshapc Making money fast. 1872 to
'75 worth Sr)O.(MK), licsides real est.ite. 1?70 living high and t.akes
llyers ill the stock market. Cmtion. 1>T7 credit still good, large
husiness, hut has l)oen seen at gambling houses. Keep a sharp eye
on him. 1880 operates extensively in stocks, now often at gaming
table. 1881 reported to have lost 82«J.0OO in siieculatioiis within
the last three months. .Taiiuary. lSS->. no l>ofter. Shows effects of
drink. Credit on the decline. June. 1>-J. continues to grow
woi-so. Going down hill. March, Is^, ihiuk it advisable *o
reduce his account."
Stiitements to a l)ank cashier, should bear the stamp
400
III iii|
BANKixo,
r-ioublo.! for,., an.! sov 1 !T"''7 "'" --t with
^"E PAYING TELLER
^'"•^- '••■".k. noul.I thh k f • "'■ "^ ^''^^ '«^"'<. in a
tiif iMMkinr, |,„ ; , ■'• *' ^'■"'» the very intn,-. .• ' '"'^'^ "^ '»% each .„, 1 ' "'"'"'»t'o»« are koi)t
Si
f;'''-^an....h■e„:;rrsM^'•"'''!''^^-"vi..,
f ';- a„.l be held to a w" r' ""'^'""^ «l'-ifi<-
"""ther's responsibility. ' I, ,, "^ I'"'!' '"• --"no
"■'J"Ted of all the cJork • , " '''"''^'' '"'...Is are
P-tootiona^W J',;.;:;;;-;;''' -Pio,e. a« a .neu.n. :;
;'"^-^"H.„t to .lefn.u,,. The.e
^;n'l^'ti.sadvi,able to divide
between spv-r.i-^i
tJ>at the h«. would not fall
*«« heavily „,,,, ,„,.
be colle^-ted. A dinUor
-^^t not to ,..,„.,,„ J
be bond.n,a„ for a de.k i„
"^^ fx-k of which he i.
d.rector.
The jKx.ition of p,^,,.
'^-sthen,ostre.p:,;H„:
f * '-t of the f^.;,,, let ;f r-* "' ^^^ ^•«^«. or
busmess. The vault key t th .*r"""*'"" ^^ its
reposed in him, a.d that-kJ,- he si '""n '" "' '''' *''"«*
one, under any eireumst.no '''' "'"•^"•'^r to no
the office, of 'the Ck hT' ""^^' *^ ^'^"^^^ fr-
Kn ^ -• . ^- •Tils Oivn ..«.,. -i ..
". ^^'oZz:' "" ""^■'■"^ '«"-•• «o„„.. u ,,„„,„
"""^ "» hand at dose o{ iI„l. ! "^"■'•' ^^'^h the bal-
"T""^ ''^'^l«''it a,.,l credit of d I ""'^'"'''^ '^^ the
. U--'b' the bills of s „ ;'' "■'"^''""^^ «-ha„.es.
'" ""^■'^«t. of urty each', '''"'"'"'"'^tions are kept
---tc>ra..,of^hes;,::it!^e''-^^"'l-i'o
J^no first dutv of f i.
The houi-s required fr.r f 1
J nied for the paying teller at hi« wicket
^ ^ **^-^« ;- not long, usually Z^^
«»a-m.tothreep.L,;^
^-".^ that time he is bC
2 . '''"'^'"'"^ *''<^t call for
P'ee'«.on, quickness of calcu.
J-t.o„, coolness of mind and
concentration upon the M-ork
betoi-e him n.
fi"ed by scrutiny of signa-
tnre HKWment, and C
Pecuhanties of each check
that™ayh,,,,,„,^^^^-fc
Almost universally in eity
^nks the paying teller is
« one authorized to certify
*« hefrequctly interrupted^'' ' pI" '^ " "'^J^*
-^-^^««r^rT-po<hut
-nst.nces relating to the cI ^i"^: ""^^.^ ^tain cir-
'" "^'"^ J™"?!IJ™f
the officers of 'the LT V?'' ''^'^P* '"^ ^^ema,.d from t f "^'"^ "°* ^«^'e that sum f b
he-riouslveolro^l; •f'^ «-" ^^Pntatio.. mt,: :"'\^''^'^^'^--« -"^etimJcert'fiL " ? '^P°^'*' ^ut
«onfidi,.g the k^y of h . '"' """^'>' ^'estroyed bl '"'"^'""^^'^ ^^'ating to the ca^tl, .""''''' '''"*"'" ^^r-
other. Besid^ f ,V''"^'^°''«^-«»«"hourto' ^ T*^'^ ^^^'^h may make 7 f ''''**' '''"'^ «ther
-.nof^^r-^-:^,..;,^^^^^ ^"-. ^^Zr'^'-''^^-^^ "'^ *° '-' ''-^ ^^
and certaiXouJht o rr ,•'"'' "' "-''^' P-bthW aTV ^''^ ^'•-- Shordlt ev"f h"".f ^ "'^^'^ ^^^e
to <iiWde the' re^;:! ,;'^, - ':^ ^ ^* ^^.^h^ be do.^' • ^^^ ^ '^^ strength Id riiaS^ '^ ^^'^*-
default. '"^' °^ « g'rave error or even -i l-T "^' '""" «r firm who J T^ ^' ^»^iahle
Nevertheleas hi. u ""* hesitation, the ^le!^ t ""^^ ''' ^"^^itied
I!)'
'U
BANKING.
Its is simple
money with
the amount
t'l the bal-
f^ed by the
exchanges.
8 ttre koj)t
Jio precise
thoiit any
patch the
the (lay
lie done
s wicket
b' from
m-,yet
is busy
call for
fcalcu-
nd and
e Work
ses are
sigiia-
d any
check
hiin.
|i city
er ia
)rtify
hject
that,
lara
his business;" and does not botlier them with every
doubt.
CERTIFIED
MAY 13, 1884.
TpUer,
FIRST NATIONAL BANK.
With the toilers' stamp and si<riiature across a check
as a certification, it will bo received at other banks as
good, witliout reference to the si^'iiaturc; while the
bank which certifies the check considers tlio act of
certification equivalent to that of payment, and charges
the check up to the drawer im-
modiat<"ly the same as if it had
been paid. The paying toller,
after certifying the check, may
pass it through to the book-
keeper, who charges it up at
once, or he may himself keep a
list of such checks, as below,
which he hands to the book-
keeper at the close of the day.
If the check be not cluirged up
to the tlrawer when certified, it
may, by some chance, not return
to the biink for several days, and
meanwhile the depositor may
withdraw his balance, and the
bank be compelled to lo.*e the
amount of the certified check
when it is presented for pay-
ment.
CERTIFIED CHECK LIST.
THE PAYING TELLER.
AtoF.
Gtol,.
M to K.
StoZ.
Rrnwn A Joncfl. .
• c.
80,000
e,ooe
750
500
8,000
600.75
1,200.25
1,000
900
30,000
John George
George Jamoe
«,(¥»
750
soe
■Tones A, Brown..
8,000
5(10.7.'.
Roe Jt Doe
1,200.25
E. Pennv
1,000
John GrctOn
900
A toF..
6 to L.
H toB.
500
31,i00.25
7,000.75
9,1)50
48,351.00
Three tiuostions are instinctively ''sked and answered
by tlio i)aying teller in regard to every check prcsputed
at his wicket:
1. Is the signature genuine? 2. Is the dniwcr'-;
account good? 3. Is this man who presents this check
tile man wiio sliould receive the money on it?
Tlicso suggest tln-ee classes of gentry whom it i.s thp
teller's duty to guard against, detect and tiiwart.
Fii-st, the forger. Every bank keeps a signutiire
book in whicli every depositor and each member of a
depositing finn mast write his and their names. To
familiarize himself with all the peculiarities of a tliou-
sand to fifteen hundred signatures so as to identify them
at sight is no easy task. Yet this the paying teller must
do or become the victim of the forger, who is a stand-
ing terror to the bank.
Business men are criminally
careless of their check books.
Th y leave them open and witiiiu
sight and reach of strangers. Ti >
remove and conceal the pcttdiar
check and enable him to observe
the color of ink, style of writing,
the order of numbers and tiie last
one used, is not a job too hard for
the clever forger to e.ssay and
accomplish, tf a forirod ciie<k
is cashed, the bank and not the
man whose name is forged is the
loser; hence the carelessness of
many business men, who use a
peculiarly marked form of ijierk.
The skillful paying teller must
judge at once whether the signa-
ture is genuine, and in doinir it
he is guided not only by the signature in the autoiri aiiii
book, but the man who presents it, his appearance and
all the minutia of look and action. But forgery may
lie not only in the sisrnature but in other part.s of tiie
che<k, as in changing or " raising" the amount. Thns
a check for eight doilai-s may be increased to ci^ditccn
or to eighty by adding only a few lettei-s, or to a larger
amoiuit by adding the word " hundred." All this the
paying teller must be on the alert to detect. In a
recent case in New York, the changing of a fi^nire in
the date, as an 8 to a 5, which is in reality a forgery,
caused the bank whoso teller paid the check to lose
$700. The case was this: A small manufacturer in
New York Citj', having to go out of town for a few-
days, drew a check for $700 and dated it ahead to the
next Saturday, saying to his book-keeper, '
4
lUVNKINO.
ease I do not rotiini iMjforo tho onil of tho week, you
oan fro to the l)!iiik, cjLsh this chock on Suturdiiy. mid
))ay tho liclp." Soon lifter tlio proprietor had left tho
city, the hook-keeper took tiie check, altered tho date
to three days earlier, prcaented it at tho bank, where
it wius paid, and then decani|)ed with tho funds. The
I)roprietor unexpectedly returned on Friday, and saw
tlie situation of atlairs. In tho siiit "t law whicii fol-
lowed, tiie hank was compelled to stand the loss for
payin<^ forired paper.
The only wonder is, that in tho payment of millions
of dollars every day in our citiea, the forger sueeeeils
as nirely Jis ho docs.
Satisfied as to it.s genuineness, the next qtierj' to tho
teller is, " Is the account <,'ood?" lla.s tho drawer this
amount in bank, or if not, will he have it there before
closinsf hour?
There ma}- be over a thousand accounts kept by the
Iwnk. IIow is the paying teller to know the state of all
these accounts, so as to pay a single check without
reference to tho book-keeper?
Every accomplished jiaying teller has his own
way of eliussifying the regular customers of the bank
and so assist ing his memory. One chuss never give
notes. They sell on credit, but buy for casli. The
teller knows that their accounts are always gc )d. No
need to refer when one of their checks conits to his
M'indow. Then comes a class of small customers whose
accounts are very regular, not large, but none the less
tiseful, as ach has a pride in Irepiug a few lumdrcd
dollars in nank " for emergencies." Their checks can
be i)aid at once with safety.
The third class are what may be called medimn cus-
tomers, and are the largest in number. They -are
dependent upon the bank for loans to a considora])lc
ext«Mit, but arc kt )w\\ as honest and trustwortiiy.
Fearful of forfeiting the conlulence of the bank, it may
l)e, and proud of having it, they are very careful not to
break its rules. The paymg teller pays their checks,
as a ndo, without consulting their accounts, as he
depends upon their jiast record as well as upon their
honor and self-interest.
The fourth class includes those who bear watching.
Conduct themselves as well as they may, be as adroit
and regular as they caii, the acute cashier and paying
teller, judging from little tricks verging toward the
dishonest, soon learn to be on their guard, ajul though
but seldom caught napping, and so inflicting a loss
upon tho baidc, yet it is only by the keenest observa-
tion of deportment, class of associates, street talk
picked up by the collectors in their rounds, that the
Iwnk is preserved from jorious loss. Frequently the
man of this class so demeans himself as to win the
complete (Mintidenco of tho officers, but tho paying
teller, from his wicket, hius caught a look or »ign that
bids him " lunvare!"
Here comes a check that is dated three days ahead
and the teller refuses to honor it.
"Mr. iirown, this check is dated ahead."
•' Well, what of it. You know that signature,
don't you?"
" Yes, but we can't pay it Iw^forc it is due."
" Oh, bother your rules. Hand it kick then."
Mr. Brown gets his check and goes off in a pet. It
may seem a small matter, that three days in date, but
it was not. The balance against which it was drawn
might be checked out before it l)ecamo due, and tho
bank would then be the loser, as it could not be charged
up until due.
Bank checks are usually made payable to order. Tho
drawer wishes the indorsement of tho person to whom
he gives it as an evidence of payment.
The person receiving it wishes it indorsed as a security
in case it should be lost or stolen. All the risk is thus
thrown upon the bank. Hence the kink rule, tliiit the
person to whom a check is jiaid shoidd be personally
known to the paying teller, or else vouched for by some
one the teller docs know. This "identification" causes
great annoyance to the teller, and also to the holder of
the check. Hence the teller naturally jjrefors checks
drawn i)ayable to bearer, because he is then concerned
only ius to it^ genuineness and the state of the drawer's
account.
]\Ir. Hasty presents himself in the line Avith a "Please
give me the money on that."
" That" is a check drawn to Jas. Hasty, or order.
"Is your name James Hasty?" says the teller.
"Yes, James G. Hasty."
"I see that you have so indorsed it, but the check is
drawn to .lames Hasty, and you are a stranger to me."
Mr. Hasty looks about, sees no one that can vouch
for him, and says almost despairingly, " What can I do?
I am in a hurrj', and need this money at once."
If Mr. Hasty was well known to the teller he might
pay the check, passing over the careless omission of the
middle letter, but he cannot jump both irregularities.
"AVell, Mr. Hasty, step to that desk anu write Jas.
Hiisty above your present indorsement and see if some
acquaintance will not come in meantime."
Mr. Hasty steps out of tho lino he has blocked during
his colloquy, writes Jas. Hasty as directed, spies an
acquaintance, Mr. Jones, and states his dilemma.
^-(^
"T^
P>of,uontly the
I «« *<> win the
J»"t tho liHyiag
I'ok or 8ig„ that
kco (lays ahead
lid."
■hat
signature,
Idiie."
\k then."
'" a pet. It
\'>> in date, but
it WHS drawn
'J"o, and tho
ot be charged
order. Tho
•-^"n to whom
'i-'^ftsecnrity
^ risk is thus
"1'^, tL'it the
« personally
J for by some
t'on" causes
'je holtJor of
c'fors checks
n conconied
he drawer's
'i a "Please
" order,
ler.
e check is
T to me."
^n vouch
can I do.?
!ie might
>n of the
ilarities.
'•iteJas.
if some
during
pies an
BANKING.
'• All right. Step in lichind me."
After a half hour or le.s«, they get to the wicket,
and Mr. Jonou says, '• Mr. Teller, this is Mr. James
G. Hasty."
And so, after a half or three quarters of an hour's
detention, Mr. Hasty gets his money and retires either
anatiieniatizing the .strictness of lank rules, or retiect-
ing, *' Well, hiLsto makes waste. If I had don3 aa I
ought at fii-st, made Mr. Blunder draw my check iright
an<l then found some one to identify me, I should have
saved time." And so ho would, time to himself, the
teller and twenty or more other men who had to wait
behind him.
On " panic days" the paving teller would seem to
be tmable to pri-.ect his bank. Men are rendered
dcspenite and re-
sort to moans of
relief they would
have scorned to en-
tertuin a moment,
in easy times.
Every officer of the
bank is in a "state
of siege" for ac-
commodations.
But tho paying tel-
ler must be com-
pletely cool and
impassive, serene-
ly imconscious of
all the flurry and
excitement. Clos-
ing hour at length
arrives and the
teller l>egins to look after his " fiivored accounts." A
late depositor or so, come in to make their accounts
good, and the teller is at liberty to count his eash and
make up his proof sheet for the day.
THE RECEIVING TELLER.
The receiving teller, sometimes called tho deposit
teller, receives funds deposited by firms or iadividuals,
known as individual accounts.
Tho note teller attenils to the business with other
banks and the money received by the bank for notes
depositetl for collection.
Both are receiving tellers, and are sometixes termed
second and third tellers, as showing their •jlaoes in the
line of promotion.
Open before the receiving teller usually lies his
receiving teller's cash book. In this ha enters the
name of the depositor and the amount of his deposit,
as shown by the footing of the eiwtomer's deposit ticket,
and then makes the entry in the customer's bank lx>ok.
FORM or UKFosrr tici
UKI'OSITtD WITH
THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK,
BY BLACK A BROWN.
^ndiaitapoiiJ, June 4, ISfio,
Currency.
Checks.
$300
•2:,)
•1.260
675
81.920
vr>
75
f)0
TRANSACTING BUS.NESS AT THE RECEIVING TELLER'S DESK.
The teller should
not receive money
without this do-
posit ticket, as to
do so would be to
open the door to
disputes with the
cu.-tomer. If the
depositorshould be
without his pass
book, as if he has
left it with the
book-keeper to be
■written up, ho
should then make
out two deposit
tickets, one of
which the receiv-
ingteller will keep
and the other he will certify and retuni to the depositor
as a receipt for tho money de|x>sited.
FORM OF DEPOsrrOK'S PASS BOOK.
Dr. Cr.
The First National Bank, ij lt'I wiUi Black & Brown.
l^iXS.
Junel.
" 3,
" 8.
" 1,-)
" 25
July 1,
To cash,.
Bills Discounted.
To Balance,.
8 .300
l.OJtJ
t!.-,n
•2.rm
.1.1 2.-)
*S..^r2
no
no
no
75
■*«..5.'5>i .25
JuiieC.
" !t
" 17.
" 2<>.
" 30.
By ca.sh,.
Balance,.
f 1G3
200
325
1.275
0,538
$S,502
95
00
25
50
25
25
Should his cash not prove at the close of the day, the
teller re-examines his entries on his cash book and
checks off each item by the deposit tickets, at tht) -ame
time revising each addition.
I'Im' clicckrt of I'lirh l)aiik aro pliwod ciicli in its owii
liox ill tli(> <'xch.iii<.'<' iliiiwcr, wliich coiitiiiiiH as iniiiiy
lidxi's iL-< tlirr»> arc hiiiiks in llic city. lie liicn nmk<'s
ii|p lii- " proof." 'lliis proof cioscs llu' work of llif
(lay for tlu* spcoml ti'Ilcr, and la^ deposits his lists, coin
and ciirroncy in the vault.
ll will 1>(> .soi-n that aildilion and suhtraclion form all
tlic inathcniatical culodations of this toiler, and his duty
may .-.pcin vory easy. IJnt tliis is only the mcchanicil
pai't of his Avork.
Most of tlKMlcposits niado with him have liccii i-hccks
ot' Iiiisincss men dra\.'n npon otlici' hanks, 'I'ln' hank
nih' is that these slundd ho eortified l)y the hank npon
w hiih they ai'e di'awn, hut •with cnstomcrs of known
repute, the rule is not enforced. Hence tlu; recei\'in<,''
tellci' is larL'ely left to his own option.
Mr. .Jenkins may dei)osit a dozen cheeks drawn hy
ditlereMt individuals or firms on as many ditl'erent
iMinks. The re(MMvin<,' teller cannot kimw in all cases
that liie (h'awers of the.so chocks are responsi))le j)er-
sons, and that the money is on deposit to meet them ii\
the 1);inks on "which they are ih'awn, hnt he knows ^Ir.
Jenkins to l)o a man of honor, who wonld not inten-
tionally deposit a worthless clioek. He therefore takes
his (h'j)Osit with the checks projierly indoi*sed, Shonld
one (!!• more of the checks afterward prove not cood,
lie immediately .siMids the check to the store of ^Ir.
Jenkins 1)y the bank messenger, and Mr. Jenkins draws
his check for the anifMnit, Not so %>ith !Mr, Cnnninir;
he has heen waitiv"- to take .advantago i)f the hank in
some such way as this for some time. lie deposits
si'xcral checks which the r-H-eivinir teller tak<'s on his
honor. "Within an hour ^Ir. Cunning presents his own
check for certification at the paying teller's window,
ih-iiwn for the whole amount of his deposit within ;i
few (h)llar.s. If the paying teller liesitates he may ask
the hook-keeper, "who assures him that liis deposit will
(■o\er the certification. The paying teller certifies the
cheik, hut the next day ]\Ir. Speculators check, which
was deposited hy Cunning, is returned from the 1)ank
on M-hich it is drawn. The hank messenger is then
i)nmedia(<dy di:-;))atclied with the Avortliless check to the
otfice of Mr. Cunning, with instructions to get the
money. The messongcr returns with the information
that Cunning has failed and can't pay.
" Did you tell him that it was a debt of honor?
" I did."
""What did he .say to that?"
" lie said he knew it, but couldn't help it, a.s he had
no money to piy with. "Was very sorry it was so."
•' Did you iusk him about Speculator?
'* Yes, hut lir hus failed, too,"
" What, both on the t<aino day?"
" iSo it seems."
" Hang the piratesi I'll go ami soo thotrt lifter
hanking hoins, and see if I can s(iucezo auything out
(.f '••m."
'I'he t(dlcr commnnicates the fact to the cashier, and
;it (he ( 1()S(> (if Imnking hojirs visits Mr. Cunning with
no results. After repeated visits and negotiations tin;
hank is glad to ac( ept Cunning's notes at three, six and
nine nionlhs in set tlement.
If a large check should he n'ceived as to which the
teller is in doubt, he may refer the depositor to the
cashier for his decisidu.
The baidv rule is the safegiaird of the customer more
than of the bank, and no oU'enso should bo tnkeu when
it is enforced. The teller may know more than tlu;
customer, and yet not be able to disclosi; his informa-
tion. It is the (Inly of this telh>r to considt the l)ook-
keepeix as to the accounts, how they avenurc, etc., to
examine the ledgeis, compare notes as to the standing
of not only customers, but other merchants, and to
closely inspect the character of deposits and checks,
lie needs to be veiy civil, but quick witted, with a
newspaper reporter's instinct to gather news and Iceep
it rr„dy for use on the instant. As much as the paying
teller, must h(> watdi signatnics, indorsements, dates
and .'ill th(> miniitia nbont a check.
The writer once saw a check which had passed tlie
hands of a teller and a cashier, Avhile lacking a sig-
nature. They were both so interested in the indorse-
ments as to omit scrutiny of signature, as the check
bore a firm name at its head. This teller has to be on
the alert for the woi'k of the forger and counterfeiter.
"Watch his counting, and you think he ha,s no thouglit
or eye for iinything save amount, yet eye and mind are
on the alert for a counterfeit note or a forced check.
^Vithout a seeming slop a bill is tossed aside, and as
one hand sweeps the pile aside, the other thrusts a bill
to the customer Avith,
" Counterfeit. 1'wenty dollars olF."
The detection of comiterfeits is more an ni.stinct
th.an result of rules.
The receiving teller needs and uses the same faculty
or instinct in studyingcharacter asho docs in dctectinir
a counterfeit, and fre(piently does detect in a customer,
evidences of weakness or dislionesty, .and tht 'ustomer
finds hims(!lf answering a .short, sharp fire ol queries,
backed by a sharp glance, that giuns full as much
information as do the questions. Unusual checks
that bear the marks of "accommodation paper"
i
aiMilNU.
.•*hHr|) priictico, liiivo Jmhmi prpsoiilcil aixl show to tlio
toiler tliiit flio I'lwtomor is* lu-uriiig oiiutuully in tiiiai--
citil l)iTaker>«.
At tho tirst opportunity the casliicr in iiitornioil, ami
a rcpctitioii is prrtty sure to Im' I'ollowfil l»y a rcipiot
to tlu' lustonior to close his accoiiiils, or, at the Iwist,
another nanit' will bo want«<l to his '• papt-r," uml
the j)aylnfj toilor linilt.s liis ((Mtifiiations when noxt
pri'sciitoil.
lh<nM'oino,H Mr. Tardy, with (lopo!*itH to nieot rlicHk"
cortiticil tho day hct'oro by tho payin;: tflh r. Tills is
thf third or t'onith time tho saiiic tliini.' has iM'<nrro<l
riH'cntly. The r<'cci»in<,' teller (piii'tly observes, "Uhid
to see yon. Onr paynij; teller eertitied yonr oliceks
y*>stcrilay. By tho way, tho oLshier wonld like to see
yon before yon le-i .c."
Mr. Tardy repairs to the cashier's dt>sk.
"Good niorninfr >L-. Tardy. Our jjaying teller says
you have not Iweu on time recently, and he ha.s over
certitieil your aeeonnt several times."
" But I have made them good the next day, Mr.
Oishier."
" Yes, but yoiir tjirdiness is gettinj; worse and worse.
We like to oblipre a eustoiner, but we can't do so in this
way too often. You know the old adage of the pitcher
that went too often to tho well, and the law is very
strict with us. Now this must not occur a<rain, or we
shall cither have to refuse to certifyyourchecks.or ask
you to close yonr account."
The cashier may have seemed hai-sh, despite his
friendly tone of voice and manner. Yet it was the very
leofif he could do, in justice to the bank, and that means
justice to every other customer tlie bank has.
Mr. Turdy could not eomplaiu.
KITING.
A pnvctice not uncommon among dealers when hard
pressed, and one which is regarded l)y bank otBcials .ts
disreputable, is called "kiting." This consists in
issuing checks in advance of a deposit, trusting to make
a sufficient deposit tho next morning before the check
gets around through the clearing house to the Iwink on
which it is di-awn. Checks issued in this way are called
" kiting checks," and the practice means to teller and
cashier, Ix^ware!
Mr. Kite comes into the bunk in a hurried and very
excited manner, and says to tho cashier, " What kind
of clerks do you have in your bank?"
'* We intend that they should bo gentlemen."
Mr. Kite produces his b«nk book, and with hand
treiiddin? with pa.'sioii (toinis to a deposit of eiidit
liundriMl dolluirt, niade that day, '*i)(>you i»ee t/mt,
•ir?"
The cashier sooh It.
" Well. sir. yonr teller has thrown out my check lor
eight hundred ilollars, when you se(> yourself tin money
wiw hero to my credit, and has scut the chock Imck.and
my name is dishonored. That's a pretty '.air that a
man's en'dit is to lie ruined by a miserable teller who
dtM'sii't und«'rstand his business, 1 should say. "
The cashier is rool. •• Mr. Kite, onr lellern nro
\or\- <areful. I think probably you have made sc^me
mistake."
"Mr. Book-keeper, let us see Mr. Kite's accotmt."
The biMtk-keeper turns to ^Ir. Kite's account, and
tinds that when the check was drawn ou the day before,
there was a balamt' to his en-dit of $li.."s(). It i> ajv
parent that Mr. Kite has had the use of eight hundred
dollars one day in ailvance of his deposit. Had the
jR'rsou or the bank receiving the check from Mr. Kite,
presented it for certilication, his "name would have
Ik-cii dishonored" s(H)ner than it was.
The practice of kiting is often resorted to by par-
ties wh(t know Ix'tter, as an expedient to raise funds,
and if cert iticat ion is not required, they might propa-
gate from day to day overdmfts to any amount, without
a dollar of capital.
COLLECTION CLERK.
As the name implies, the collection dork receu'e.,
l)a}inent for all promissory notes and dnd'ts collected
by the Iwnk. In small banks this is made a portion of
the receiving teller's duties, but as the Imsiness of the
Iwnk incre.Tses, it becomes necessary to subdivide the
lalKir. The first duty of the collection dork upon
reaching the bank in the morning is to make his entries
of mail remittances, received by the early mail. These
come to him from the oushier's desk, and the teller
places his initial as a receipt upon the letter of the
sending Ixink. The same is true with all letters con-
taining cash documents. lie then takes up the collec-
tion notes due ui^n that day, checks them off upon the
tickler, to make sm-c ho is correct, and then enters
them upon his cash book, Hl|)habotically arrange(| l»y
the names of tho indorscrs. These collection notes and
dnifts have been deposited by their owners, either for
p.iyment to their cre<lit, or by one not a dejiositor for
collection, and have all ! en carefully "timed" and
entered up by the proj>er clerk in the collection
register, as shown on tho following page.
DANKINO,
OI>LLKCTION RKOMTBR.
T«T«r.
l>Bl«ukl Time.
MAma A Bro. Jlpnl I, I mo*.
M %j» .... Ajnl «,7iliiMi.
X. liM* .. r^aa I, * iiuo
Whrn
lliif.
July 4
(irt. «
Oil. W
r. Qi*«>«...|Maivii tt. 7 itiiia orl.':.^
Q. br** . AT>mti, •tiioi <i<i.'i4
1. »*omt. . . . '.U»7 1 4 mo*. . . . xi-pl- •<
Amniint.
11.(4 III
:li4.4H
M7 IIA
S,lliii.ll<)
•),7MMI
IIUU.IM
Whom riijrnble.
Jolint, III
l-i'iirlii, III
Klulii, III
Uiilnr)-, III
riilit), III
It. I.OIllK, Uu..
Kill), I'll
Where Rant.
iDt Nnllonal, Jollnt.
MaiMitn Nnlloiml.
Iloiiii) Hitnk.
b\ Nutloiiiil Hank.
Ill Niitliiiml Hank.
Mlaslaali'i'l Natliirial
lliiiiiu httvlng* Itaiik
Remarka.
The not«fl for collection which lielong to other haiikrt
not looatod in th** Haine town ^callml " forfiy:ii JiiiiikH"
in htinkor'a |>arUiic«>, are enteml in the book ut' goii-
cnil acrountfl.
When he hds ent<T*d all the notes and drafts, ho
armnifos them alpluild'tu-allv. hy the names of the
dniwors, and is reaily for their |m-mont.
The disoountptl notes and draftii' are i^imilarly treated
and placed in another pile.
PAOE FROM COIXECnOX XOTE BOOK.
c . . - -
tndort*r or Owntr.
Plyw.
AtoM ItoP
QtoZ
• '"^
1
«■ i •
C
1
C
J. B. Claltx>rne....
J JollII»..tl
W. l;. linuUort
!■.(;. Jaffy
A. II. I'rane....
IilaikA Bine.
I»r"wr» A One
An<!.Jiu:tuiiO..
I'. (Jrwn
Jxt|ttT BrDvn.
Swift A alow..
MM
«M
««
vm
a*
SM
"n
■•"
3M
M
n
310
!»
3J
Ul «t
SII
(ill
MM DC
SMe
7i
WWi
.Ml
WtXI
(Ml
A to
I to
a
'f>
P .......
11
n,.(
MII44
W
'i
In some bank-s the collection clerii is recjuircd to pet
his rollootion note book written up. and note.^arranjro'l
for the next day, before leavino^ at ni^rht. He is then
sure to luivc his work in band, should he be a little late
in tho morning.
The drawers or payers of the notes: having l>een noti-
1 fied by notice through the mail, the teller Is ready to
- affix the imprint of his stamp upcoi the notes when
paid.
FIRST NATIONAL BANK.
Cleveland, March 30. 188A.
James Taytmup:
You are requested Ut coil at this Sajd
before / o'clock P. M. on April 5lh, and pay a note
for $1000, and interest f4.60.
C. H. DOSALDSOX, Cashier.
Checks offered In payment of Nctia or Cit^is. MUST BE CERTIFIED.
Among lii.-< nniioyuncort are wronjf dciiveriiw of
notices, wiiicli Hoinctinics liring.s a very angry face to
his window deiiiaiKliiig an explanation. Another face,
rt perplexed one this time, wants to know if "My note
is payable hero to-day."
•* Your name, please?" answers the teller.
'• John N. Liiiiisoii, and I have Ikumi on the go among
other Iwiiks for two houni and can't find it. It is for
twelve lnin(lre(l ddllai-s, ami must be here."
" Wo have no note here against tloliii N. Lanison.
"Arc you sure? I'luuso look carefully, us 1 am
tirod out."
" Did you get a notice to pay hero?"
" No, sir; I never do, and so have to hunt them up,
as they seem to like to leave them all over town."
Another reference to tho tickler discloses a record of
a note against J. W. Lawson, due three days later,
with .«ignature so l)ungling as to l)e hard to decipher
and without biisiiie.-<s place or rcsidcnco. Shown to
Mr. Lamsoii, he says,
" That's it ; why didn't you say so at first?"
Mr. Lamsoii had forgotten his three days' pvnvo and
also to mark his place of biLsiness, and th."^ teller advises
him when he makes his next notes to make them paya-
ble at some one bank, wr -^e his name legibly, and also
his place of business.
Had tho clerk l)een pressed for time, and not been
patient and obliging, Mr. Lamson's note would have
gone tc protest and his credit injured, if not destroyed.
PAI D.
March 14. 1884.
FIRST NATIONAL BANK.
As most merchants make their notes payabls at the
banks where they keep their accouuta, the clerk holds
these until the afternoon and then itends off' the mes-
sengers for certification. When they are returned he
stamps the certified ones. Bemittancee from country
banks for notes sent for collection coma to his desk
and hare to be counted and distributed. The money
t
BANKING.
.Iniwcr of tho unto toIIiT in coiiHtrintwl on tlio whih'
|mf lorn iw tliut n( i\w mm'mn tflliT, innl ho <liMtrihiitoH
his liilU iinil ( licfks in the minio nmnncr.
A ruHionicr lall- in h'iivi> lor follwtion ii dnift »lniv/n
on Jiinu'.H Dnnran, OiuhIiu, ill Hi>?ht, lor ♦•'MM). Th»'
collection clerk onlor« Iho iliito, pliico, tinio imd anionnt
in tlic last part of the ensto-iier's pass hook, under the
head of " i-ollections," iw i receipt for the paper, und
places il on tile to Im' sent out l»y tho eveidn;.' mail lo
CMnalia. Anotiur cnstonier calls, und luddinj^ np his
pass hook helore the c(dleclion elork'n window, with
his ftnirer placed on an it(Mn,
'• Has that ctdiection heen heard from?"
The clerk turns to \m hook and tlnds that tho item
referred to has been paid. He takes tlie pass hook,
draws a line across the entry under the head of collec-
tions, and enters it under tho head of deposits in another
portion of tho Iwuik hook.
Mr. Krahh calls at the collection clerk's win(h)w in
re;.mrd to a note for twolvo hundred dollars, and is
answered hy the clerk that ho 1ms " received no advice
from it yet." Ho pooi off in a pot to tho cashier.
'• Mr. Cashier, why can't I have my collection j)a|ier
credited when it is past duo?" c :hihiting his puts hook.
" You can, sir, if it has heen paid."
" Well, I don't get it. Here's .i note of twelve
liuuilred doUaix duo at Mohilo a week ago, and another
of fifteen hundred at Charleston, which was paid day
before yesterday, and all the siitisfaction I can get from
your collection clerk ih, that ho supposes they are not
heard from. I wish I could bo saved this annoyance of
having to run to the bank ovory d^y to keep your
books straight."
" The clerk is right, Mr. Krabb. Wo have no advice
jf the notes, but 1 think we shoidd get it by to-day's
southern mail. Walk in, sir. Hero is the iwrter
with tho mail now."
The cashier r^,h a notice of protest in both cases,
which he hands over to Mr. Kmbb, who vents some
additional bittenicss on banks genemlly, as if they
were responsible for his misfortunes. Meanwhile the
callers at tho collection clerk's window are served one
after another, and so the hours go on, increasing in the
rapidity of receiving, counting and stamping until thu
bank closes, when he checks off the notes i)aid from
his cash book and tickler, and hands tho ones remain-
ing unpaid over to a notary public to be protested.
THE DISCOUNT CLERK.
The directors of a bank usually meet twice a week
on stated days, in ordei +0 take action upon the notes
offered for discoimt.
~m
Iv a largo city Imnk tho iiianbor of {MTMoni* applying
for diiM-uunt is from one hundred to throo hundred per
wiH'k.
The theory of tho bunking system is that the Iniard
of dinNlop" cinvusK each note offered, lh»> parly ollVr-
ihg. his buHint>>.H, it^ oulltHtk, changes since last meeting
in the course of the market, and e\crything connecied
or related to the noli- and its maker and indorsi r^.
I'nicticully, tho conduct of tho iNUik is Imgoly loft t(>
tho pri>sident uiul cashier. Notes ar«' generally dis-
counted for •)(> days. (K'casionally u bank takes IM) or
oven 120 day paper, but the rub' is ill) days.
Short term pjiiM-r has two advantag«'s to tho U ■ ..
First, sjifoty, in thai the maker and his backers have le.is
time for Io^'M's in their )iusine», and the geiieial tend-
ency of biisine » can Im- more readily foreseen for the
shorter jn'ricnl, while tho Ixink can keep its ivsources
more closely in hand. Second, profit, iniu-imnch as dis-
count is interest taken in advance, the Ixink is tho gainer
by oftenor turning its money.
Tho (by previous to discount day, or board meeting.
Id offering tbiy, l>o<'au<e customers needing discounts
?end in their notes on that day. The discount clerk
rcH-eives these notes and records them in the oU'eiing
>M>ok, with the customoi-s' names arranged alphabeti-
cally for convenient reference. If numbered in tho
margin, it is so mnth the more convenient. When
this roi'onl is kept a.s it ought to be, t'oi- the use of the
«)fficers and the iKwnl, it will include the avo rage de-
posits, amount already discounted, names of indorsers
(if any), statement of securities held as collaterals,
time of divouni needed by each customer. Tiie direct-
ors can then have all the information needed from tho
Ixink rcconls. Following is a page from such an
OFFKKIStJ IMNIK.
0«lw«dbr
P. Green...
J. Brandle!*. .
Kov A Doe. .
I>os4 Bro..
J.B.Samps'n
I>.B.SIicpanl
.V. X. Sawyer
J no. Ko'jerts
Jas. Iionleb
Avar.
Bal.
3,75(1
27J
none
OVIT
'Ira'n
Am t
now
[He'd
Soni'
»5,T(»
^3(10
Sone
Tj» 3,MK)
l,»lf 2,(1011
I.SWI
Indoftar
.V. r. Coe
It. Ju:ie4
P. Cox
A. T. Jubiisoii
li buslncM no
CoUiitornbt wl
ansliarcDO.A.V.
own
Piyet.
SjXii 7,sO(t
t
V. (j. Puyno
l>. Ilrown .t Co.
Smith AUiinti'r
T. Slpvlii
Kobcrt Stoiio...
tea of luiiDunl..
til v)wn note. ...
n. U stock and
note
A. II. Porter....
Time.
'lO (Is.
2 nio.
») (1h.
31) (iH.
:l ino.
iIh.
m (iH.
liOtln
!H) (Ih.
.\motint i\cc(>iif('(l.
Am't.
7,II0()
;i,.V
MKI
•i.M-
l,'J(l(l
4,.'i<ill
.-i.aKi
•i'),!i.'i; !.•■.')
s,7.".iii;
The lx)ok of offerings and the package of notes 'lo
returned to the desk of the discount clerk after tho
consideration and action of the directors. Opposite
each entrj' he finds tiv disposition made of it.
a6
h
it
il
il
ij
BANKING.
"A" 8how8 those accepted and "R" those rejected.
Should any he held for further consideration or inquiry,
ho prohiihiy finds an " H" scored o|)|MJsite the entry.
l^mks ditferas to the next disixxsiil of the accepted
paix!!-. Some have it transferred to a discount lH)ok,
of which there is one for each customers' le(l<irer, cov-
ering the same letters of thealphal)et. The amount of
the discount and the net amount of the notes are then
extended in the blank colimms of the offering hook.
The footings in this \iook must l)e comijared and
proved with the aggregates of the discount Ixroks.
The credits are then tmnsferred thence to the ledgers.
Some banks keep a discount register to which the
record of mrepted jmper is taken from the offering
book, and thence jxwted in the jjei-sonal accounts.
Other banks keep discount ledgers, which embnice only
the accounts of deposit customers who are also discount
customers. These show each item connected with the
discounted pa|jer us shown on the offering l)ook, and
also the liability of each customer as an indorser for
others. As " acconuuoilation pajwr" or exchanged
notes are an evidence of finaiicial weakness and needs
close watching, this plan . aems to be the safest and
Iwst.
The discount clerk must run over these ledgers every
day iiiid cancel all notes when paid. This he does by
ruhng across the figures or marking them jiaid. Ho
then files the notes. A separate package is made up
for each day of maturity. The importance of the })osi-
tion of the discount clerk is shown by the f:ut that the
bank confides to his charge nearly all its bills nn-eivablc.
In these consist the large.st share of the re^sources of
the hank. The bank holds him directly responsible for
their safety. He jjlaces them in the vaults at nigiit
only to resume them the next morning. Should i)resi-
dent or csishier wish to examine any particular note,
they do it in his juesence. The meddling of any one
would lessen or destroy his responsibility.
In direct intercourse with customers, the discount
clerk comes next to the executive ofiUcers of the Iwnk.
He is the connecting link Ixjtwecn officers and cus-
tomers, as to the part of the business where the bank
makes or loses its money most rapidly.
When nearing financial breakers, no little solicitation
is often expended upon the discount clerk by those who
l)elieve him to Ik> "a power t>ehind the throne."
In times of depression the space near his desk is often
crowded before adjom-nment of the board by anxious
customers, waiting to learn the fate of their discount
applications. If not successful here they must seek
relief elsewhere. To study these faces and learn
whether it is anxiety for a present need, "to bridge
over," as it is termed, or complete failure that threatens,
is a part of the discount teller's duty.
The ofl'ering book comes Ixick to his desk, and the
atcepted depart with smiles, while the authors of
" rejected addresses" accept their fate as best they can
or may. Expostidation, argument, entreaty are em-
ployed in turn ui)on the discount clerk. Now is the
time when the worth of the clerk displays itself.
Kindly explanation and sympatlietic words are never
lost, and if the bank is doing all that can be done, the
discount clerk can often make it secure friends by hifi
manner, even when conveying bad news.
Before the notes are entered upon the discount regis-
ter, they aie carefully examined either by the discount
clerk or by some other. In a small bank, the discount
clerk not only receives all paper to be discounted, but
he keeps the discount register and ticklers, while in a
larger Imnk t work would necessarily need to be
divided among two or more persons, iivery line of the
pai)cr, date, nidoi-sement, and, in fact, both sides are
carefully examined. The note must not be changed or
disfigured after leaving the hands of the maker. Satis-
fied that everything is correct the note is then entered
upon the
DISCOUNT REOISTER.
I.ATK.
so.
1SS4
May.-.
(Usj
Miiix'h IS..
i-A.3
.Iimc 1
(i+s4
Mjv s . . .
(;485
May 11....
114 S»l
JUIK^J
(;4«7
March I'l . .
t;tds
DIl.VWKK OR
MAKKR.
J. (ircpn..
(i. Ilrowu.
li. I!l,.ck..
S. Wlilto..
W. Lake..
I.. I'lnber
G Slade . .
DRAWER OU
IMHIIiSKR
N. Jones
N. .Joiios
II. Payiio
A. Jackson..
J. May .% Ct.
M. Mix
P Ciadlo
WHERE PATA-
IlI.E.
\\\\ Hank
Am. Hank. . . .
U,>< Elm St....
Iniim.Nat.nk
(oni'l IJiMik...
i-il (anal St...
\\n. liank ....
lai (lay.
!K) days
UIS<'Ol N ')
Juno Vt.
June l.'i.
.'io dav.s. I June l.'i.
laiday.s
(iOday.s.
.'todays
100 days.
June Hi.
June Hi.
June Iti.
June K.
WHEN
DIE.
July 4-7
Jnnelli-m
July 4
July 7-10
July 10-13
July '.'-5
June 24-27
tu-io
2, KM)
;iio
2,B7,'»
3,1.57
lt»
213
AM'T
DISC.
ru".
CEEDS.
flilS
3tV.)
.1,143
185
214
WHEN
TAln
^
the discount
of the fxiiik.
ers and cus-
!re the bank
c solicitation
\v tliose who
•one."
d&sk is often
I by anxious
eir discount
r must seek
and leam
" to bridsre
it threatens,
esk, and the
authors of
pst they can
iity are em-
Xow is the
)lays itself,
is are never
Kj done, the
lends by his
•omit regis-
he discount
he discount
)unted, but
while in a
need to be
line of the
h sides are
changed or
or. Satis-
len entered
UANKINU.
The note clerk cannot exercise too much care in
regard to dates of maturity, as he may, by an error of
ii sinnfle day, cause the bsmk to lose the value of the
pajier discounted, as the notice of protesting to the
indorser would l)e so late that he would Ikj released,
and the bank lose its remedy against him.
Should the wrong maturity l»e placed upon the note,
by maker or owner, the bank would still be liable
unless it could prove an intention to defraud. The
hank would be held as " adopting the error," and thus
making it its own.
The date of maturity is then marked upon each note,
and they are numbered and copied into a "tickler"
according to dates. The tickler i;: a diary or record of
notes due upon each day of the year, as follows:
THURSDAY, AUGUST 18, 1884.
So
SKIS
saw
:!«0
Payer.
James Pnyeniu;>,7« Pino at.
Samuel Dodge. MercUanW
Bunk
Amus nrown ftCo., 187 Mon-
roe street.
CM. C'ale 4 tk)., Union Na.
timial.
vnioiint Wlinn When
Amount, jjotillfld. Paid.
t8,(>40
4,000
1,290.80
2S0.S0
Beiiiark>-.
This tickler contuins only the number of the note,
amount, the name of the payer, his place of business
or residence, a column for when notified, and another
column when paid. There are usually four ticklers in
use in a bsmk; one for jKiper left at the bank for col-
lection, due at home, and another for the same cla.ss of
pajier due abroad; and tw" others which serve in the
same way for paper discounted, which is due Iwth at
home and abroad.
BOOK-KEEPERS.
The number of Ixjok-keepors employed by any bank
is of course regulated by its nunibei of customoi*s,
amount Mid character of business. Usually in a bank
of the first or second class four Icdgei-s are kept. The
fii-st includes the names aiicl accounts of customers,
arranged alphal>etically, from A to F, the second from
G to L, the third fnmi M to H, and the fourth from S
to Z. Eiich ledger is calcuhited to hold four imndred
names. Nowhere does the result of the science, or
systematized knowledge of the principles of book-
keeping, find freer exemplification than in opening a
ledger of this kind.
System and method here will show through the whole
set of books, and the book-keeper demonstrates his fit-
ness for doing his work, so as to anve time and trouble
at the very outset.
Below will l)e shown the proper system for opening
ii ledger called the "vowel system," which is the result
of experience, in apportioning the numlH-r of pages in
a ledger of 1,200 pages to the names commencing with
each letter of the alphabet. If four hundred accounts
are to be opened, this would allow an average of three
pages to each account, but while some dejxisitors would
make two or three deposits per week ami have no dis-
counts or collections, others would soon fill up their
three pages by the numerous credits and checks ; this
would soon throw the book into confusion on account
of transferring fiom jwge to page. The vowel plan is
to apportion to names, commencing with each letter of
the alphal>et, a numljer of pages corresponding to the
frequency with which such names will occur. Thas,
names commencing with W will occur much oftener
than those beginning with Z, and C much oftener than
those with W. The proportion in which names will
occur has been carefully estimated from examinations
of directories, dictionaries, gazetteers, etc., and is
about as follows:
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO
68 88 136 52 56 56 36 48 20 20 20 36 68 32 20
P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
88 4 56 116 76 12 20 ,56 4 4 4
Under each of the above letters the accounts are
classified again, and thus the book-keejier, in opening
his accounts, will leave 136 pages for names commenc-
ing with C, in the proportion as follows:
Ca Ce Ci Co Cu Cy
48 12 12 48 12 4
To the book-keeper, with whom little economies
l>ecoiiic great gains, a short time si>ent in indexing and
arranging tiie accounts of his lodger, will return to
him a hundred fold in convenience and facility during
the year's posting.
The book-keeper extends in his column in the receiv-
ing teller's cash Ijook, the deposits belonging to oas-
toniors upon his lodger, as shown in the form given,
and posts the amounts to their credit in the ledger.
Eacii Iiook-koopor does this in turn, when the footings
are liiought together and their sum compared with the
sum of the main column. In the meantime the teller
uses an alternate cash book. The collection note h(K)k
is used in the same way, and the proceeds of collections
jiostod to the lodger.
There is little variety of entry in tank l)Ook-keepiiig,
and in this respect bank book-keeping is more simple
than any other. The book-keeijor has only to post the
customer's deposits to his credit and the checks drawn
upon the bank to the debtor side of hi.* account.
I' a
1 i
HANKING.
From time to time his l)unk 1)ool{ is oiilled and
" wiitteii uj)," that is, all his deposits Ijeing already
there, show his credits. Upon the opposite page the
l)o()k-kcoper inserts the amounts of each check with its
date, and carries forward his balance. This establishes
the correctness of the book-keei)er's ledger, when they
prove each othiU'.
If the book-keeper should i)ost an item to the wrong
account, as jf he should credit Jones with $1,001) deposit
when it should have gone to the credit of Smith, this
may l»e the occasion of llie l)ank losing that amount.
The error would i)robably be discovered by Smith over-
drawing his accoimt, when the bank would send him a
notice to that effect, or his check would be thrown out
l)y the paying teller. This would lead to an investiga-
tion of his account, and the error is then discovered.
Meanwhile Jones, Avho is dishonest enough, has taken
advantage of the Inink's error and has checked out the
$1,000. A judgment against Jones would be barren of
resulfcj, besides adding to it the expenses of a law suit;
the bank concludes, therefore, to charge the $1,000 to
profit and loss account.
The checks paid by the pajnng teller or received by
either of the receiving tellers, were canceled ])y them
when received. This was done by pressing them down
over a spindle with a blade-like top, peculiar to each,
so that the shape of the cut indicates the teller who
received it, as clearly as though he had written his
name upon it. After posting these checks the book-
keeper places each in its separate Iwx in his drawer,
luitil he writes up the customer's bank book.
The book-keeper must keej) his books posted up to
the tnuisactions of the day and frequently add both
sides, marking amounts in })encil so that, should he be
away from his desk, either teller or the cashier can
know from a glance the state of ctich account. More-
over, he can answer the question, as to the stjitc of an
account, Avitliout stopping to run up the columns, as
these frequent additions keep the whole matter in his
memory.
In making up his " monthly proof" the book-keeper
drawv offii list of the balances on his ledger, and hands
it to che ciwhier. These added together must agree
with the amoTuit of deposits, posted in gross, to gen-
eral ledger.
The ])ook-keeper is subject to frequent interruptions
from the tellers and officers of the biuik. The paying
teller asks :
" Is Henry Campbell's account good for four hun-
dred dollars?"
" Yes, for four thousand."
The cashier stops to the book-keeper's desk and asks
to see the account of John Smashemup.
" What sort of an accoimt does he keep?"
" Very lean, carries no balance scarcely at all."
" How is that; he makes large deposits."
" Yes, but he puts it in at one window and draws it
out at the other."
The casiiier returns to the directors' room, and the
paper offered by Mr. Smashemup is not discounted.
The book-keeper should write a plain hand, without
any flourishes, making guod full-faced figures, about
which there can be no mistaking a 7 for a 9, or a 3
for a 5.
The difference between individual and general ac-
counts has already been shown.
The gonenil book-keeper has charge of the latter
department, and deals with the results of the business
of the bank.
He takes precedence of the other book-keepei-s, and
has as much of the confidence of officers and managers
as either of the tellers. He has, in his department,
the stock and transfer books, and must see that old
stock certificates are surrendered and canceled before a
new one is issued.
These l)ooks are proved three times each year, twice
at dividend times, and unce before the annual meeting
for election of directors.
In the general ledger are placed in gross the footings
from the discount books and the tellers' cash books, as
also the footings of the several check lists. The gross
balance must show the amount of ^eposits on each
" individual ledger," and " proves" the monthly proof-
sheet of each book-keeper.
In commencing business, cash was debited to capital.
This cash avjis then transferred to the paying teller and
the proper entries made. All the daily receipts of the
bank are charged to the paying teller, and the Avhole
check list credited to him. The cash balance on the
general book-keeper's ledger and the teller's proof
nnist agree. Should a disagreement be found, one or
the other, and most probably the teller, b^is made an
error.
This book-keeper must post each day the payments
of discounted notes, and also the additional discounts
of the day. This proves each tickler and shows the
amount of bills receivable on hand. Expense account
receives salaries, rents, and all oth*"" expenditures.
Interest, exchange and other matters are each proj)-
crly kept, and when dividend time comes go to make
up the profit and loss account.
Hence the balances of all the accoimts of the general
^^
o
5m, and the
:?ounted.
lul, without
fures, about
a 9, or a 3
general ac-
the latter
the business
ceepers, and
d managers
lepartment,
3e that old
led before a
year, twice
lal meeting
he footings
1 books, as
The gross
s on each
thly proof-
to capital,
teller and
ipts of the
the whole
nee on the
er's proof
nd, one or
s made an
payments
discounts
shows the
se account
enditures.
5ach proiv
to make
BAMKINO.
h]
the
fht together i
bank statement.
National and state banks aro require<l by law to maKe
these statements at periodical times, an example i f
which i.s here given as below.
STATEJIENI
OF
The First National Bank of Chicago, Illinois
At tlio close of business, on Tiicsiluy, ( xtoiii r H, 1,S82.
KK.SIll-IlCES.
l.!AIIII,ITIES
Loans and iliscounts i
ovpnlra.t^f
i: > ixHids to secure cir-
<i;i-.itlon
U .^ bonds to secui'e de.
11,183,157.70
13,:m.7"
50,000.00
1,026,200.00
.S8ft,-250.00
1,510,070 72
1,S42,!»16 68
4,2.')0 00
■28,322.64
2,176.67
1,0S1,.?24.47
230,000.00
■244.83
2,037,415 00
575,000.00
200,000.00
18,^iJ0.00
Capital Stock juid in...| 3,000,000.00
Surplus luiiil loo,0(i«i 00
Otlier undivided piotlta 128,lltft ;.~2
National bank notes
outstanding
lHl.>iit8
r.S. bonds DM Imnd
Other stocks, Iwnds and
niorttruges
Due li-oui approved re.
serve aj^ciits
State l)ank notes out
standing
Dividends unpaid
Individual deimslts
I'ulted States deiKJSits.
Deposits of U. S. dis.
bursing onicers
Duo to other national
22,;moo
93i2,828.M
Duo fromotlicrbiinksnnd
4,086,8M.63
ti.xtures
Due to state banks and
l)ankor3
Notes and bills re.dl8>
counted
Current e.xpenses and
taxes ]iaid
3,20!i.790.M
Premiums jmid
items
Total t
Exclmnges for clearing
house
Bills of other banks
Fractional currency
Legal tender notes
U. S. certificates of de.
posit
Due fromU. S. Treasurer
Total f'20,40-2,913.41
20,402,913.41
The correctness and truthfulness of the statement is
then •iworii to liefoie a notary public, and it is ready to
be published acccrding to the requirements of the law
under wliuh tiic bank is organized. Severe penalties
are prescribed for a false statement in overvaluing the
resources or understating the liabilities of the bank.
An important functionurv of the bank has net been
noticed. He is variously known as the
COLLECTOR, MESSENGER, OR RUNNER=
Tiiis Mercury of the liaiik, not wiiigeil, like liis pro-
totype, but active, keen, and sonictiiiies inclined to
pcrtness if not sauciiicss, has lieeii called the " sergeant-
at-arnis." His duties are to present the notices of
notes due or to Ijccome due, and so warn the makers of
their coming liability. Of late, and especially in
western banks, this duty has liecii relegated to the
mail carrier, such notices bem<r mailed. In such jase,
the collector, or rimncr, is only it few days behind.
Each messenger has his district, and is expecte(i to
know where to find his niiin at any lime. .Vnd to his
quick eye and car iiiiy hesitation betrays sometimes
more than the sufferer would have shown, had he siir-
iscd how cpiickcned was every sense of the. youtii who
watches every word and motion, and sees
nals" l>eforo his officci-s have dreanied of tiiem.
Many a luink ofticer has sjived his institution from
fwvere losses by tnistiiii,' the intuitions of his collectoi-s,
as it is their duty to report any signs or talk they may
.see or hear of •• shiikiness " or weakness.
Collo<|Uies like the following are not at all infre-
quent :
*• Well, G<'orsre, what news on street to-day?"
" Things look .shaky, sir. In at Johnson & Co.'s I
heard that Sharp & Co. had gone up, and the Safety
National is in for fifty thousand."
" You don't sjiy? Sharp & Co.?"
" Yes, sir; .so they said at Johnson's, and lalso heard
it on street. Besides, I heard that Blackwilding was
offering two yter cent a month ovc'r at Shaver & Break-
ems, this morning, and that on the board of tnule, it
wa.s rumored that Barley & Co. had laid down. In
fact, on street, things look pretty blue."
"Well, well. I shall have to look up Howell &
Smith's account. 1 know that they are pretty thick
with BaHey & Co."
And Mr. President or Cashier retires to his room or
desk with food for reflection and probable action.
The collector is off again, feeling that his informa-
tion was appreciated, and that some day the dignity of
a regular desk will be his reward
A PANIC.
When everj'thing moves regularly along, the duties
of the bank cashier and president are pleasant. The
working machinery of the bank moves with precision
and clears up each day's business without jars or dis-
cords. The balances iit the - leariiig house arc favorable
and quite unifonn The daily press feenis with repre-
sentations of the prosperous condition of dillerent
(•las.ses of business. The abundant crops are said to
have enriched the farmer and stock grower, and ihe
manufacturer is pressed to supply the demand for his
wares. Lookiiiir out into the tiiiancial .es, the bank
president can di.scerii no indication ot any comincr
storm, and the voliime of loans is allowed to run up
higher. Checks are certified in advance of deposits,
trusting dealers to make their accounts good, and credit
extended in every direction.
Suddenly .-locks iH'gin to decline on the board. The
bank> iKgin to contmet their loans iinmodiatcly, real-
izing that they are far Iroin shore. There is reported
an emliezzleincnt of a large sum of money by a mil-
way official, which, blazed forth in the daily papei-s,
tenils to nn.settle the public mind. Kesources every
^
UANKINO.
whoii- s«'em to contract, while oltliiriitions (>xi)auil and
loom up before debtors. The cashier is importuned
for loans and di.s<'ounts. Customers press their de-
mands in a manner whicii they would never think of
doini; in an ordinary marivet. The cashier is in a state
of siege, and is powerless to satisfy his customers.
They press into the president's itjom, and demand, as a
matter of riirht and Justice, that their j)aper be diti-
counted. The failure of a hirgo. iron firm is reported,
with liabilities of tive hundred thousand dollars; but
this is explained as incident to the depressed condition
ot tiiat market. Merchants, brokers, bankers, and all
classes (if liusiuess men exhibit excitement and fear.
Suddenly the failure of a large banking instituticii is
announced on the bulletins, printed and i.ssued in
extras by the iiews-
])apers, and sent by
telegraph all over
the countiy. This
failure falls like a
boml)-shell on the
eai-s of the excited
public. Embarrass-
ments and suspen-
sions are the chief
topi<s of news and
conversation. Ru-
mors of dishonest
jobbing and misuse
offumls fill the air,
destroy! iig the con-
fidence of man in
man. Reports are
started and rapidly
circulated, aggravating the circumstances of failure.
Ouidid and thoughtful business men seem to have
entirely lost reason and judgment, and all join iu the
great excitement and distrust. Men lose confidence in
all moneyed institutions, and old and substantial con-
cenis are swept down and become a part of the com-
mon wreck, while this mad whjrhvind of discredit : nd
fear sweeps on to ruin.
Credit is the banker's capital to a large extent, and
is to him what the stock of goods is to the merchant.
In I'.rosperous times the banker dispenses this credit to
his various cust(miers, perhaps to the extent of five
times his actual capital, and a handsome jirofit is the
result. But let this confidence of the public be
destroyed, and the banker is left with nothing but his
actual ("apitiil to meet liabilities. The whole commer-
cial and financial fabric rests larirelv on confidence. No
A RUN ON THE BANK.
truer illustration of the working of confidence, in sus-
taining (;r overturning existing institutions can l)e
foimd than the anecdote of the little Frenchman who
had one thousand dollars on deposit in the bank, and
when failiu'es and excitement began, he went to the
Imnk to draw the money. Upon presenting his check,
the paying teller examined 11 and said blandly,
" Are you siu'e you want to draw all this money?"
*' Qui, monsiein-; I starve for Avaut of I'argent" (the
silver).
" Can't you do without it?'
" No, monsieur; I mast have him."
"You VlHKt?"
"Qui, monsieur," said the little chatterer, turning
pale with fear for the safety of his money.
" And you can't
do without it?"
" No, monsieur,
not von other lee-
tlc moment lon-
gare."
The paying tel-
ler then begsm to
count out the
money.
•* Oil, you ha';e
got him!"
" Certai nly!
What astonishes
you?"
'• \'y, dat you
have got him in
deso times, ven all
ze banks break sev-
eral times, all to pieces."
" Oh yes, we have plenty of money to pay all che<ks
that are presented."
" Monsieur, you shall do me von leetle favor, eh?"
" With all my heart."
" Well, monsieur, you shall keep I'argent for me
some leetle year longare."
" AVhy, I thought you wanted it."
" Oh no, numsieur; I no vant ze money, I vant ze
grand confidence. Suppose you no got ze money, zen
I vant him ver much — suppose you got him, zen I no
vant him at all. I vant ze yrand confidence."
When word goes forth that a run has been com-
menced on the banks, the climax of panic excitement
is soon reached. P^ich depositor is eagerly bent on
securing his balance before the treasures in the va«dt of
the bank are exhausted. Check after check is presented
^h
^
k':^
dice, in sii.s-
ioiis can \te
luhmuii who
ie hank, and
went to the
g his check,
dly,
i money?"
irgent" (the
rer, turning
lul you can't
hout it?"
>, monsieur,
n other lee-
omcnt lon-
l)aying tel-
'n iK'ipjn to
out the
1, you have
n!"
r t a i n 1 y I
astonishes
ilat you
ot liini in
ics, ven all
'ircak sev-
:ill checks
or, eh?"
lit for me
I vant ze
loney, zen
, zen I no
»eoii coni-
xcitement
lient on n
ie vault of b
presented
BANKING.
and pi'id, and still they come. TlloUMalld^ of iK-oplo
are in tiu! street, either dijwitwinw iIk* t>itiiati«>ii or
stniffiriing for entrance to the hanking rttnn. Excite-
ineiit runs iii<rli. Bank l)ooks are examincxl. liut a
TiKiinent is ro(|iiired to write a rher-k, a t«i<.niature is
hniiicdiy dashed itV at its Utttom. and in another
instant the ( lierk is on its way to tbe Iwnk, to pi-ess
amid the y^ieat thiou'r strni?;rlinir f«'r tiitnince and i)ay-
mcnt. When tlie exciteriunt rr.irho a 'certain pitcli it
l)('(dines a frenzy, and tiic [)oli«»» arrr jioweriess 1o stsiy
lh<! pressure of the tide wiiiili tbresit<?n> x<> overwhelm
the blink. Such is inireasoninsr* uurcflwtiii<^ man,
wlien ronlidence lias lK}eii destroyed.
It is mniisiiiir to note by what thin <k'>i<*es the ex-
cited depositors of l)anl<s ill tiiiii-!!^ of )jciiii<- have l>eeii
entirely (juietcd, liail their nmfi'h-mf restored, and
have gone away siiti>lit'd. In one ras*? the prt^sident of
a biink is said to have obtained a iiiiDiixT of s;u-ks of
meal, opened lliciii ;it the io|», put a ^xmI thick layer
of coin U[)oii the contents, then pian^l them untied
wiierc "he glittering coins wutiid !»•• jjianifest to all
observei's. iVnotiiei- b:ink ()f)tai«eila nuuilM'r of people
as ion federates, to whom they paid gold, then slipped
around again to a back door, and refuuded it. Others
placed ]ieck measures, inverted and <'were<3 M-ith a jiile
of gold coin on top. in the windows dicing tbe etreet.
BANK FRAUDS.
Bank frauds are of two kinds : tiio^ from within the
institution, by its otficers and trusted employes, and
those from without by dealers, counterfeiters and for-
gers. Being a moneyed institution, it is but natural
that the bank should be the prey of sharks and swin-
dlers, Avho lay in wait to take advantagie of the unsus-
pecting, and yet it is a fact that less raloe is lost by
fraud and embezzlement in the hanking business than
in the mercantile. A clerk in a iftore may abstract
articles of merchandise from the ^tiM-k 'onstantly,
until his peculations amount to thousand? of dollars,
and perhaps no discovery will be made of tbe theft, or
if discovered, the seasation is s<x>n over, f^ulisides and
is forgotten ; but let a fraud b«» committed on the bank,
a forgery, or an emljezzlement, and the &ct is eiiitila-
zoned all abroad, the bank's affairs are discussed and
criticised, and if a large fraud, its effet-t on the money
market is predicted; it is talkerl cii tbe street, in the
store and in the workshop. Banks are more guarded
against fraud, and the business h conducted more on a
basis of system and security than onlinary estiiblish-
ments, which makes the liability to iJetection greater.
Frauds from within, jierpetrated by officers and
eniiiloyes from president to porter, vary in magnitude
from hundreds of thousands down to a few dollars.
Bank otliceis are human, anil when the fever of si»ecu-
lation is high in the outside world and fortunes are
being made in a<lay,the president or«-ashier i> ti-mpted
to take a chance M'hich seems to him to lure to imme-
diate fintune, especially when the means of gratifying
this desire is at his command.
It is tlie ilittij of the directors to ins|)ett the doings
of the otficers, but a duty *' more honoreil in the breach
tlian in the obsenance." Rules are made, making it
the l)iisiness of the directors to know that the weekly
statement is what it pnrjKjrts to Im-, yet. (-L-hiei-s like
Baldwin, of Newark, New Jersey, and others, steal
ev(>rything but the Imnk safes.
Gaining the complete lontidenee of directors and
st(MkIi<)lders, their statements are never verified. With
op|)oitiinity conies temptation, and the c:ishier who has
become master of the directors, in his h:L-«te to lK?conie
as ricli as they are, uses hmk funds for sjMHulation.
Except in the one case of certification, no rule should
be made for guidame ' ;>ank dire<'tor. president or
cashier, or emiiloye, tin t is not enfon-e<l to the letter.
No director or stockhtdder should l>o taken uiK)n any
such bond, for good I'f'iiavior. .V small Iwnd is more
surely collected than a large one, and one from an out-
sider more certainly than from one of your own busi-
ness family. But if bonds are to take the pla<e of
inspection and verification of reports and accounts,
better let the bonds go, and look clostdy after each
account book and report.
The following case o<'curred in New York some
yciirs ago:
The cashier of a bank having a capital of four hun-
dred thousand dollars, became the trea-suix-r of a rail-
road company. In the course of his re<-eipts and
disbursements there was an overdraft of several thou-
.sand dollars. To conceal this from the president, who
was a stern disciplinarian, notes which had l»een left,
or sent to the bank for collection, were dis<-ounted in
another bank. This necessitated falsifying the ac-
counts. The cashier had In-en tisscxiatetl with the
president for twenty yeai-s. They were relatives, and
enjoyed the entire confidence of each other. This was
a necessary element in a fniud which was to reach two
hundred and fifty thousand dollai-s l)efore its discovery.
As the embezzlement grew, it (-ausecl a correspond-
ing decline in the disccunt line of the bank, and the
president was deceived by a fictitioas statement.
Drafts on other cities of which no entries were made,
were sold and the proceeds aSstracted ; certificates of
I
lUNKINO.
<Ic|K>sit were issued iiiid negotiiited in private and sur-
roptitious i-liannols ; entries on the ledger were fulsitied
«»heri' a jiiiirj- was likely to Ix' examined, and after the
examination, tfie falsifications were erased. These
irreiridaritie.s were kept m) for a year and a half, and
all tliis time the president and cashier wore daily and
honrly toi.t'ther in the management of the hank, he-
side,~ miiiglinir in social contact with friends and fami-
lies in the evening.
The i)resident M'asan experienced and shrewd hanker,
hut the csLshior liad the collusion of the clerks — even
the porter, who went daily to tin- post-ottice, inter-
ceptcil all letters which would excite suspicion. The
I)o~«-oftife clerk was hrihcd to retain any that might
come at :in unusual houi'. In sliort, the president was
dogfiretl and hlinded at every stop and turn, and every
avenue of suspicion was ctit off.
The ItuKMe finally liuist, and the scheme which had
Im-ou coudiicied with such nMuarkahh; skill for nearly a
year and a half, <ame to light. The president and the
pul>li<- were ama/eil. Ix-wildered and stunned.
A'' previously shown, the system of accoimts in a
Kmk is such, fu-niay he sucli, that t lie correctness of each
aii-ount is twice i>roveii, and tiu; casliicr knows that
every a<vount is correct hy thi; proofs that come to his
desk, unless there shoidd !»■ collusion hetween at least
three of the em])loyes, of wjiich cxam[)les have hecii
known, Jnit su>h conspiracies are very rare. They arc
impossildi- where the cashicM- circulates among the
clerks twice or more times .-i day and glances hastily
along the jKiges of the hooks, demanding explanation
of every item that neeils it.
Tlie Itiink owes its seciu'ity airainst tnuul from witli-
oMt. anionir it> multitude of dealers, largely to the
power of cre<lit. If men are not impelled to right
actions hy motivi's of morality they are often restrained
hy the fe:ir of W'ing cut oil' from the facilities of
i-redit, which are so essential to success In hnsincss.
Inconsidenite j)er>ons, upon opening an account witli
the h.ank. l)eirin hy telling the cashi<'r an exaggerated
-tory of their c:ipital,anil conunercial prosi)ects. They
forget that their deposits. l)ills reci^ivahle, checks and
indoi-sements will form a record that will dispel all
sii:im-. and that there is no species of Immhuggery
\vlncli will xi surely recoil upon llie pei'sons, as those
who .ittenipt to ]K»hn off hig tales on a l)aMk officer.
I>alen» Itave it in tMeir powr to oftentimes take
advantaire of the confidence rcjxjsed in them hy the
hank. Thus, an iniscrupulous dealer may employ
sevei-.d methods of withdniwing his deposit at the
same time, and thas defraud the hank of seveml times
the ainoimt. For instance, Jones may have a Imlance
in the Imnk of $1,00() in the morning. lie may draw
his check for the amcimt and re<'eive the cash for it
from the paying teller; at the same time he may take
up his note at the note teller's desk with his check; he
may give it to another de|)ositor for dei)osit in the
simie hank ; and he may pay a sight draft which is pre-
sented at his place of husiness hy the collector; thus
he may draw out four thousand dollars in reality while
ho has only one thousand on deposit. The only method
which a hank with numerous clerks has to protect itself
from heing victimized in this way, is hy nnitual advise-
ments among the clerks. If a check which has l)een
deposited, upon another hank, proves not good, the
amount is charged up to the customer depos'iting it,
and the check is returned to him; hut if Iho cheek is
on the sjime Iwnk in which it is deposited, the hank, in
the act of receiving it, assumes that it is good, and
should there he no hiUancc to meet it, the hank must
look to the dniwer, and not the depositor, to ipake
it good.
OVER CERTIFICATION.
The praetiee of certifying cheeks has been in use at
least a half centmy. At first, certification Avas not
considered as binding the bank to pay the check. It
only gave clerical information, and when certified, its
amount was not charged to the drawer until it had been
presented for payment.
AVith the introduction of the clearing house came
the present ctistom of certification, being the same as
an acknowledgment of a legal obligation upon the
l)ank, and the amount of the check was at the time of
certification charged to the account of the drawer.
If confined to conunercial tnmsactions, it is only
right that the question of over certification should he
left to the discretion of each hank.
But with th(> advent of stock transactions upon a
largo, and in many instances questionable scale, over
certification grew into an abuse, as regarded banks
having that class of customers.
Hence, the act of congress prohibiting national
banks from certifying checks in any case, to more than
the actual deposit to the credit of the customer at the
time of application for the certification.
A violation of this subjected the hank to the appoint/-
ment of a receiver, subject to the judgment of the bank
comptroller. But the law has never been enforced,
though often violated. The New York banks claim,
however, that losses from over certification are very
much less than from ordinaiy discounts.
vo a l)iiliiiice
h" iiiiiy draw
e ciish for it
lid may take
is clieck ; he
|)()sit in the
v'hicli is pre-
ioctor; thiiH
oality Avhile
Jiily method
ji-otpot itself
itual advise-
'h has been
t good, the
positing it,
:^ho check is
lie bank, in
8 good, and
bank must
r, to irake
n in use at
n Avas not
check. It
ertified, its
it had been
lonse came
10 same as
"pou the
he time of
•awer,
it is only
should he
lis upon ii
icalc, over
led banks
iiiitional
more than
ler at the
3 appoint-
' the bank
enforced,
iks claim,
are very
O
r^
1. All im;igiii;ii-y tower. KXW fppt liijjli. •>. (jatlieilral iit OologiiP, 501 foi't. 8. I'vniinid of ('hoops, -180 I'ect. 4. Stra>bourg Catlie-
ilial. 40S feet. Ti. "St. I'cK'i's. Roiiic. -i.")! feet. Ii. Vvrainid or'Ccplii-Pii. 4.54 frot." 7. St. Paul's. Loinlon. iHm tVot. 8. ("apiU'l at
Washington, 287 iW't. 9. Trinity Church. X. Y.. 28G iWt. 10. Bunlvpr Hill Monunipnt.221 feet. 11. St. Mark's. IMiila<lplphia.l."Ofoet.
=^- —
A
.^
I '
HOW TO BE HANDSOME.
. •^^sf^
-^^
HOW TO BE HANDSOME.
* * T Ti.
i^^
Whore is tlio womim who would not be Ijeiiurifiil ? If
such thero be — but no, slio does not exist. From tiiat
memorable day when the Queen of Shelm made u formal
call on the late lamented King Solomon until the recent
advent of the Jersey Lily, the power of beauty has con-
trolled the fate of dynasties and the lives of men. How
to bo beautiful, and consequently powerful, is a quet^i ion
of far greater importance to tlie feminine mind than pre-
destination or any other abstract subject. If women are
to govern, control, numage, influence and retain the ador-
ation of husbands, fathers, brothers, lovers or even cousins,
they must look their prettiest at all times.
All women cannot have good features, but they can look
well, and it is possible to a great extent to correct deform-
ity and develop much of the figure. The first step to good
looks is good health, and the first clement of healtli is
cleanliness. Keep clean — wash freely, bathe regularly. All
the skin wants is leave to act, and it takes care of itself.
In the matter of baths we do not strongly advocate a
plunge in ice-co'.J water; it takes a woman with clear grit
and a strong constitution to endure it. If a hot bath be
used, let it come before retiring, as there is less danger of
taking cold afterwards; and, besides, the body is weakened
by the ablution and needs immediate rest. It is well to
use a flesh-brush, and afterwards rinse off the soap-suds by
briskly rubbing the body with a pair of coarse toilet
f loves. The most im])orlant part of a bath is the drying.
Ivery part of the body should be rubl)ed to a glowing red-
ness, using a coarse crash towel at the finish. If suflioient
friction can not be given, a small amount of bay rum
applied with the palm of the hand will be found tflica-
cious. Ladies who have ample leisure and who lead me-
thodical lives, take a plunge or sponge bath three times a
week, and a vapor or sun bath every day. To facilitate
this very beneficial practice, a south or east apartment is
desirable. The lady denudes herself, takes a seat near
the window, and takes in the warm n.ys of the sun. The
effect is botli beneficial and delightful. If, however, she
be of a restless disposition, she may dance, instead of
basking, in the cunlight. Or, if she be not fond of danc-
ing, she may improve the shining hours by taking down
her hair and brushing it, using sulphur water, pulverized
borax dissolved in alcohol, or some similar dressing. It
would be surprising to many ladies to see ]?er carefully
wiping the separate locks on a clean, white towel until the
dust of the previous day is entirely removed. With such
care it is not necessnry to wash the head, and the hair
under this treatment is invariably good.
One of the most useful articles of the toilet is a bottle
of ammonia, and any lady who has once learned its value
will never be without it. A few drops iti the water takes
the place of the usual amount of soap, and cleaus out the
pores of the skin as well as a bleach will do. Wash the
face with a flesh-brush, and rub the lips well to tone their
color. It is well to bathe the eyes before putting in the
spirits, and if it is desirable to increase their brightness,
this may be done by dashing soapsuds into them. Always
rub the eyes, in washing, toward the nose. If the eye-
brows are inclined to spread irregularly, pinch the hairs
together where thickest. If they show a tendency to
meet, this contact nuiy be avoided by pulling out the hairs
every morning before the toilet.
The dash of Orientalism in costume and lace now turns
a lady's attention to lier eyelashe.-, which are worthless if
not long and drooping. Indeed, i-o i)revalent is the d(!.>ire
for this heautiful feature that hair-dre8^ers and ladies"
artists have scores of customers under treatment f(.i iii\ig-
oratiMg their stunted eyelashes and eyebrows. Toolnain
these fringed curtains, anoint the roots with ii halsiini
made of two drachms of nitric oxitl of mercury mixed
with one of leaf hird. After an application wa.-h the
roots with a camel's hair brush dipped in warm milk.
Tiny scissors are used, with which the lashes are ciirefully
but slightly trimmed every other day. When obtained,
refrain from rubbing or even touching the lids with the
finger-nails. There is more beauty in a jjuir of well-kept
eyebrows and full, sweeping eyelashes than people are
aware of, and a very inattractivo and lusterless eye assumes
new beauty when it looks out from beneath elongated
fringes. Many ladies have a habit of rubbing the corners
of their eyes to remove the dust that will frequently
accumulate there. L'nless this operation is done with
little friction it will be found that the growth of hair is
very spare, and in that case it will become necessary to
pencil the barren corners. Instead of putting cologne
water on the handkerchief, which bus come to be con-
sidered a vulgaristu :tmong lad .'s of correct t.-istes. the per-
fume is spent on the eyebrows and lobes of the cars.
If commenced in youth, thick liji.s maybe reduced by
compression, and thin linear ones are easily modified by
suction. This draws the blood to the suifiu es, and pio"-
diices at first a temporary and, later, a pciiiianent inflation.
It is a mistaken belief that bitinj; the lips reddens them.
The skin of the lips is very thin, rendering them extremely
susceptible to organic deraiigcnuent, and if the atmosphere
does not cause chaps or parchment, the result of such
harsh treatment will develop info swelling or the for-
mation of scars. Above all things, keep a sweet breath.
Everybody can not have beautiful hands, but there is
no plausible reason for their being ill kept. Red hands
may be overcome by soaking the feet in hot water as
often as possible. If the skin is hard and dry, use tar or
oat-meal soap, saturate them with glycerine, and wear
gloves in bed. Never bathe them in hot water, and wash
no oftener than is necessary. There are dozens of women
with soft, white hands who do not put them in water once
u month. Rubber gloves are worn in making the toilet,
,nd they are cared for by an ointment cf glycerine and
rubbed dry with chamois-skin or cotton flannel. The
same treatment is not unfrequently applied to the face
with the most successful results. If such methods are
used, it would be just as well to keep the knowledge of it
from the gentlemen. We know of one beautiful lady
who has not washed her face for three years, yet it is
always clean, rosy, sweet and kissable. With some of her
other secrets she gave it to her lover for safe keeping.
Unfortunately, it proved to be her last gift to that gentle-
man, who declared in a subsequent note that " I can not
reconcile my heart and my manhood to a woman who can
get along without washing her face."
I
"^^fe^
out the iiairs
ce now turns
) worth k'i>s if
iH tlio (le.-iri-
iiii'i Imlii'.-*'
L-nt ft.i i!i\ip-
i. To oliiiiin
til a balsiini
rciiry mixtil
on wa.-li tlif
Wiirni milk.
are ciirt'l'iiliy
in ot)tiiinetl,
lids with tlio
of well-kept
I people are
i oye iissunies
th elongated
J the corners
1 frequently
is done with
th of imir is
neeessary to
ting cologne
to be eon-
stes. tlieper-
le earn.
3 reduced by
niudificd by
cs, and jiro-
'iit intlaiion.
Idens them.
m extremely
atni08[)liere
lilt of such
or the for-
eet breath.
but there is
Red hands
ot water as
use tar or
and wear
and wash
s of women
water once
<r the toilet,
cerine and
Tin el. The
to the face
lethods are
.vledge of it
utifiil lady
rs, yet it is
some of her
fe keeping.
that gentle-
" I can not
an who can
y
M'
i
HOW TO BE HANDSOME.
SOME OF TUE SECRETS OF BEAUTY.
T^here is as much a "faghion " in complexion as there
is in bonnets or boots. Sometimes nature ia the mode,
sometimes art. Just now the latter is in the ascendant,
though, us a rule, only in that inferior ]th»F^ which lias
not reached the "concealment of art" — tlie \wiut wheie
extremes meet and the perfection of artifice jtrenents all
the appearance of artlessuess. rso one of an oliservant
turn of mind, who is accustomed to the ^ight of English
maidd and matrons, can deny that makin^-iip, as at jiresent
practi<'ed, partakes of theamateurish element. Irnfiossible
reds and whites grow still niore im]Hls^ibly reii ainl white
from week to week uinier the unskilled hands of the
wearer of " faKe colors," who does not like to ask for
advice on So delicate a subject, for, even were she willing
to confess to the practice, the imputation of experience
conveyed in the asking f<>r count'el might bo badly
received, and W(juld scaneiy be in good taste.
The prevalent and iiicreaj»ing sliort-t^ightedness of our
times is, perhaps, jiartly the cause of the excessive use of
rouge and powder. The wielder of the jiowder jnitT sees
herself afar off, as it were. iShe knows that she cannot
jud^e of the ctft'ct of luT comiil«?xion with her face almost
touching its reflection in the gla-i-s, and, standing about a
yard off, she naturally accentuates her roses and lilies in
a way that looks very pleasiiig to her, but is raMier start-
ling to auy one with longer sight. Nor can the tone
down her rouge with the powdere<l hair that softeied the
artificial coloring of her grandmother when she hi d her
day. Powder is only occasionally worn witli evening
dress, and it is by daylight that thoEC dreadful bluish reds
and whites look their worst.
On the other hand, there are some women so clever at
making up their faces that one feels almost inclined to
cond jiio the practice in admiration of the rcsu't. These
are the small minority, and are likely to remain so, for
their secret is of a kind unlikely to be shared. The closest
inspection of these cleverly managed complexions reveals
no trace of art.
Notwithstanding the reticence of these skilled artists,
an occasional burst of confidence has revealed a few of
their means of accomplishing the great end of looking
pretty. " Do you often do that ?" said one of those clever
ones, a matron of 37, who looked like a girl of 19, to a
friend who was vigorously rubbing her cheeks with a coarse
towel after a plentiful application of cold water.
"Yes, every time I come in from a walk, ride or drive.
Why?"
" Well, no wonder yon look older than you are. You
are simply wearing vour face out I"
"But I must wash ?"
" Certainly, bnt not like that. Take a leaf out of my
book ; never wash you face just before going out into the
fresh air, or just after coming in. Nothing is more inju-
rious to the skin. Come to the glass. Do you notice a
drawn look about your eyes and a general streakiness in
the cheeks ? That is the result of your violent assault
upon your complexion just now. You look at this mo-
ment ten years older than you did twenty minutes ago in
the park."
" Well, I really do. I look old enough to be your
mother; but tlien, you are wonderful. You always look
80 young and fresh !"
" Because I never treat my poor face so badly as you do
yours. I use rain-water, and if I cannot get that, I have
the water filtered. When I dress for dinner I always wash
my face with milk, adding just enough hot water to make
it pieasant to use. A very soft sponge and very fine towel
take t'le place of your terribh* huckaback arrangement."
3=:
Two or three years ago a lady of Oriental parentage on
her father's side 8|)ent a season in Ix)ndon society. Ilir
complexion was brown, rclievetl by yellow, lier features
largo and irregular, but redeemed by a pair of lovely and
expressive eyes. So jierfect was her taste in dress that nlie
always attracted admiration wherever she went. Dnssed
in rich ihirk brown or dullest crimsons or russets, so that
no one ever noticed much what aiie wore, she so managed
that suggestions an<i hints — no mort — of bnlliaijt an. her
or promogranate scarlet should a]ini-ar just where they im-
]iarted brilliancy to her deep coloring, and ali^trart the
yellow from her skin. A knot of old gold Sii'in under the
rim of her botinet, another at her throat, and others in
among the lace at her wrists, brighteiied up the otlnrwise
Hiiljiliied tinting of her co.stunie, so that it always looked as
tlioiigh it had been designed expressly for her by some
great colorist. Here rouge was unnecessary. The siir-
roiindings were arranged to suit the complexion, instead of
the complexion to suit the surroundingg. 'i'here can be no
doubt as to which is the method which best becomes the
gentlewonian.
In aildition to the disagreeable sensation of making-np,
it must bo remembered tiiat the use of some of tho white
jiowdcrs eventually destroys the texture of the skin, ren-
dering it rough and coar.--o. Ikimmel, the cek-braicd i)er-
fumer, in his " Book of Perfumes," says that rnuge, being
composed of cochineal and saffron, is liarmlets, but that
white cosmetics consist occasionally of deleterious siib-
Ktances which may injure the health. lie advises actors
end actresses to choose cosmetics, especially the white,
with the greatest care, and women of the world, who wish
to preserve the freshness of their complexion, to observe
tiic following recipe: Open air, rest, exercise and cold
water.
In another part of this pieasant book the author
says that sclionnda, a cosmetic use<l among the Arabs, is
quite innocuous and at the same time effectual. "This
cream, which consists of sublimated benzoin, acts upon
the skin as a slight stimulant, and imparts perfectly nat-
ural colors during some hours without occasioning the
inconveniences with which European cosmetics may justly
be reproached." It is a well-known fact that bii-muth, a
white powder containing su^'ar of lead, injures the nerve-
centers when constantly employed, and occasionally causes
paralysis itself.
In getting up the eyes, nothing is injurious that is not
dropj)ed into them. The n.se of ko/il or k-ofiol is quite
harmless, and, it must be confessed, very effective when
applied — as the famous recipe for salad dressing enjoins
with regard to the vinegar — by the hand of a miser. Mod-
ern Egyptian ladies make their lo/io! ot the smoke pro-
duced by burning almonds. A small bag holding the
bottle of i-oJioI, and a pin, with a rounded point with
which to apply it, form part of the toilet paraphernalia
of all the beauties of Cairo, who niake the immense mis-
take of getting up their eyes in an exactly similar manner,
thus trying to reduce the endless variety of nature to one
common pattern, a mistake that may be accounted for by
the fact that the Arabs believe l-ohol to be a sovereign
specific against ophthalmia. Their English sisters often
niako the same mistake ■without the same excuse. A hair-
pin stesped in lampblack is the usual method of darkening
the eyes in England, retribution following sooner or later
in the shape of a total loss of the eyelashes. Eau de
Cologne is occasionally dropped into the eyes, with the
effect of making them" brighter. The operation is pain-
ful, and it is said that half a dozen drops of whisky and
the same quantity of Eau de Cologne, eaten on a lump of
sugar, is quite as effective.
LJ
How TO l)K IIAKDSUMK.
IIKai-irKKLKI) HOOTS.
A liidy looks iiilliiitoly tiiller iiml alinimor inalongdrt'BH
tliiiii mIiu (Io(!s ill u short costiinio, nnd there is always u
way of rthowiiig tho fuot, if dosireil, hy muking the front
qtiilo short, which gives, indeed, ii more yoiitliful appciir-
nnco to ii tniin dress. The greatest attention must, of
course, ho paid to tho feet with tlieso short dresses, and I
may lioro at onco state thjit high heels are absolutely for-
ludden by fashion. Doctors, are jou content!' Only on
cheap shoos and hoots are they now made, and are only
worn by eoninion people. A good bootmaker will not niako
iii>,'li lu^els now, even if paid (loublo price to do ho. Ladies
— that is, real ladies — now wear (lat-soled shoes and hoots,
u l(( {Jindorella. For morning walking, boots or high ifo-
liero shoes are worn.
If you wear boots you may wear any stockings you like,
for no one sees them. Ihit if you wear shoos you must
adapt your stockings to your dress. '.•'loss silk, Hootch
thread, and even cotton stockings are worn for walking,
silk stockings have returned into exclusively evening
wear. Day stockings should bo of the same color as the
dress, but they may be shaded, or stripped, or dotted, just
as you jjleaoe. White stockings are absolutely forbidden
for day wear — no one wears them — no one dares wear them
under fashion's interdiction.
HOW TO AI'I'KAU (IKACKFUI, IN WALKING.
The whole secret of standing an<l walking erect consists
in keeping tho chin well away from tho breast. This
throws the head ui>ward and biu^kward, and tho shoulders
will naturally settle baitkward and in their true position.
Tiiose who stoop in walking generally look downward.
Tho propel way is to look straight ahead, upon the same
level witli your eyes, or if you are inclined to stoop, until
that tendency is overcome, look rather above than below
tho level. Monntaineers are said to be as "straight as an
arrow," and tho reason is because they are obliged to look
upward so much. It is simply imiiossiblo toHttiojiin walk-
ing if yon will hoed anil prac^tico this rule. You will no-
tice that all roniul-shouldered persons carry the chin near
the breast and pointed downward. Take warn ini,' in time,
and heed graniimother's advice, for a bad habii is more
easily prevented than cnro<l. The habit of stooning when
one walks or stands is a bad habit and especially hard to
euro.
^ ^-^^ ^ vgl^ ^^
- ' - MULTUM IN PARVO. - - -
-T^r
HISTORY OF Tlir] BIBLES OF THE WORLD.
The Bibles of tho world are the koran of tho .Moham-
medans, the tripitaka of tho BuddhistE, the five kings of
tho Cliiue.se, tho three vediis of the Hindoos, the zenda-
vesta of the I'arsees and the scriptures of tho Christians.
The koran, says the Chicago Times, is tho most recent,
dating from the seventh century after Christ. It is a
comjiound of quotations from both tho Old and the New
Testaments and from tho talmud. Tho tripitaka contain
sublime morals and pure aspirations. Their author lived
and died in tho sixth century before Christ.
The sacred writings of the Chinese are called the five
kings, the word "king" meaning web of cloth. From
this it is presumed that they were originally written on
five rolls of cloth. They contain wise sayings from the
sages on the duties of life, but they can jiot bo traced
further back than the eleventh century before our era.
The vedas are the most ancient books in tho language of
the Hindoos, bu'., they do not, according to late commen-
tators, antedate tho twelfth before tho Christian era. The
zendavesta of the Parsees, next to our Bible, is reckoned
among scholars as being tho greatest and most learned of
the sacred writings. Zoroaster, whose sayings it contains,
lived and worked in tlui twelfth centurv before Christ.
Moses lived and wrote the pentatcuch 1,500 year.? before
tho birth of Jesus, therefore that portion of our Bible is
at least 300 years older than the most ancient of other
sacred writings. The eddas, a semi-sacred work of the
Scandinavians, was first given to tho world in the fonr-
teon centurv A. D.
PRECIOUS STONES.
ARRANOKD ACTOKDINQ TO COLOIl AND IX ORDER OP
HAUniNKSS.
Lhnpid. — Diamond, Sapphire, Topaz, Rock-Crystal.
Blue. — Sapphire. Topaz, liidicolite. Turquoise, Spinel,
Aquamarine, Kaynite.
Grren. — Oriental Emerald, ('hrysoberyl, Amazon Stone,
Malachite, Emerald, Chrysoprase, Chrysolite.
Yi'Uow. — Diamond. Topaz, Fiic Opid.
Red. — Sapphire-Ruby, Sjiinel-Ruby, Rubellite. (!arnel,
Brazil ianT(q)az, Hyacinth, (Jarneiian.
Violrf. — Oriental- Amethyst, Amethy.'it.
lildck Olid Brown. — Diamond, Tourmaline, Hyacinth.
Garnet.
now TO MHASURE CORN IN TIIH CIUB.
Rule: Ist. Measure the length, bread lb and height of
the crib inside the rail; multiply them together and divide
by two, the result is the number of bushels of shelled
corn.
2(1. TiOvel the (H)rn so that it is of equal depth through-
out, multiply the length, breath aiul denth together, and
this ]n-oduct by four, and cut olT one liguu to the right of
tho product; tho other will rei)resent the number of Imsli-
elsof shelled corn.
3d. Multiply length by height, and then by width, add
two ciphers to the result and ilivide by 124; this gives the
number of l)nshels of ear corn.
I^-
MCLTl'M IX PAUVU.
iroH wear them
ALKING.
erect consists
brotist. 'I'hia
tlio sliuiil'lera
true ))()8itinn.
[)k (Idwiiwiinl.
poll llie same
to Htoo|>, until
,e tliiiii below
Htraiglit u» an
hli^cd to look
)Ht(i<i]>iii waii{-
You will no-
tlie cliin near
irnin,L,'iii lime,
liabil in more
stooping wlien
icially hard to
f ORDER OP
•ck-CrjBtal.
:]iioise, Spinel,
Vinazoii Stone,
L'.
lellite, Garnel,
iue, Ilyueinth,
K CIMH.
iiiul height of
her and liivide
els of slielled
Icpth through-
1 together, ami
to the right of
imher of hnsh-
i by width, add
this frives tlie
^
V
UOMK DHKSSMAKIXO.
The art of droiMmaking in America hit« been of lute
yearvHO Hiniplified that almost anyone with a retuonable
degree of executive ability can manufm^ture a ftuhionabie
costume by uiting an approved iiattorn and following the
directions printed upon it, selecting a new pattern (or
each distinct style ; while in KMro|)u many ladies mlhere
to the old plan of cutting one model and using it for
everything, trusting to personal skill or lu<;k to gain the
desired fornuilion. However, Nome usi'ful hints are given
whii'Ii are well worth offering after the paper imttern ha«
been ciiosen.
The l)est dressmakers here and abroad use silk for lining,
but nothing is so durable or preservcH the nukterial as well
HS a firm slate twill. This is soiil double width and should
be laid out tluM folded : placu the pattern upon it with the
upper part towards thociit end, the selvedge forthe fronts.
The side pieces for the back will most probably be got out
of the width, while the top of the bank will ht in the in-
tersect of the front. A yard of good stutf may be often
saved by laying the pattern out aii<l well considering how
one part cuts into another. Prick the outline on to the
lining ; these marks servo as a guide for the tacking.
In forming the front side plaits be careful and do. not
allow a fold or crease to be apparent on the bo<lice beyond
wliere the stitching commences. To avoid this, before be-
ginning stick a pin through what is to be the top of the
plait. The head will be on the right side, and holding the
point, one can begin pinning the seam without touching
the upj)er part of tlio bodice. To ascertain the size of the
buttonholes put a piece of card beneath the button to be
used and cut it an eighth of an inch on either side beyond.
Having turned down the i)ieco in front on the buttonhole
side run a thread a si.xteenth of an inch from the extreme
edge, and again another the width of the card. Begin to
cut the first buttonhole at the bottom of the bodice; and
continue at equal distances. The other side of the bmlice
is left wide enough to come well under the buttonholes.
The buttonholes must be laid upon it and a pin put
through the center of each to mark where the button is to
be placed. In sewing on the buttons put the stiches in
horizontally; if perpendicularly they are likely to pucker
chat side of the bodice so much that it will be r|Uite drawn
up, and the buttons will not match the buttonliolea.
A WOMAN'S SKIRTS.
Observe the extra fatigue which is insured to every
woman in merely carrying a tray upstairs, from the skirts
of the dress. Ask any young women who are studying to
pass examinations whether they do not find loose clothes
a sine qua non while poring over their books, and then
realize the harm we are doing ourselves and the race bv
habitually lowering our powers of life and energy in sucti
a manner. As a matter of fact it is doubtful whether any
persons have ever been found who would say that their
stays were at all tight; and, indeed, by a muscular con-
traction they can apparently prove that they are not so b/
moving them about on themselves, and thus probably be-
lieve what they say. That they are in error all the same
they can easily assure themselves by fir.^t measuring round
the waist outside the stays ; then take tiiem off, let them
measure while they take a deep breath, with the tape
merely laid on the body as if measuring for the quantity
of braid to go round a dress, and mark tho result. The
injury done by stays is so entirely internal that it is not
strange that the maladies caused by wearing them should
be attributed to every reason under the sun except the
true one, which is, briefly, that all the internal organs,
being by them displaced, are doing their work imperfectly
I and under the least advantageoui conditions ; and are,
I therefore, exactly in the state most favorable to the di,>vcl-
' opment of disease, whether hereditary or otherwise. —
I jlacmiUaHs Mmjiniiif.
TO .MAKK THE SI.EKVES.
i As to sleeves. Measure from the shoulder to tho elbow
and again from elbow to the wriHt. Lay these meatture-
meuts on any sleeve patterns you nniy iiave, and lenuthen
and shorten accordingly. The .sleeve is cut in two pieces,
J tlie top of the arm and tho under part, wiiich is about an
inch narrower than the outside. In joining the two
I together, if tho sleeve is at all tight, the "PP')'' P>'''( >8
slightly fulled to the lower at the elbow, l^io sleeve is
sown to the armhoie with no cordings now, and the front
seam should be about two inches in front of tho bodice.
Ikwl ices are now worn very tight-fitting, and the French
stretch tho material well on the cross before beginning to
cut out, and in cutting allow tho lining to be slightly
pulled, 80 that when on, tho outside stretches to it and
insures a better lit. An experienced eyecan tell a French-
cut bodice at once, tho front side pieces being always on
the cross. In dress cutting and fitting, as in everything
else, there are failures and discouragements, but nractice
overrules these little matters, and " trying again "brings a
sure reward in success.
A sensible suggestion is made in regard to the finish in
necks of dresses for morning wear. Plain colors have
rather a stiff appearance, tulle or crepe lisso frilling are
expensive and frail, so it is a good idea to purchase a few
yards of really good washing lace, about an inch ami a half
in depth; quill or ]>lait and cut into suitable lengths to tack
around the necks of dresses. This can be easily removed
and cleaned when soiled. A piece of soft black Span-
ish lace, folded loosely around tho throat close to the f rill-
ings, but below it, looks very pretty; or you may get three
yards of scarf lace, trim tho ends with frillings, place it
around the neck, leaving nearly all the length in the right
hand, the end lying upon the left shoulder being about
half a yard long. Wind the larger piece twice around the
throat, in loose, soft folds, and festoon the other yard and a
half, and fasten with brooch or flower at the siJt. — Phtia-
delphut Times.
DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA.
It was on the 19th day of January, 1848, that James W.
Marshall, while engaged in digging a race for a saw-mill
at Coloma, about thirty-tlvc miles eastward from Sutter's
Fort, found some jiieces of yellow metal, which he and
the half-dozen men working with him at the mill snp-
l>03ed to be gold, lie felt confident that he had made a
discovery of great importance, but he knew nothing of
either chemistry or ^old-mining, so ho could not prove the
nature of tho metal nor tell how to obtain it in paying
quantities. Every morning ho went down to the race to
look for the bits of metal; but the other men at the mill
thought Marshall was very wild in his ideas, and they con-
tinued their labors in building the mill, and in sowing
wheat and planting vegetables. The swift current of the
mill-ra'^e washed away a considerable body of earthy mat-
ter, leaving the coarse particles of gold behind ; so Mar-
shall's collection of speciniens continued to accumulate,
and his associates began to think there might be some-
thing in his gold mines after all. About the middle of
February, a Mr. Bennett, one of the party employed at
the mill, went to San Francisco for the purpose of learn-
ing whether this metal was precious, and there he was
introduced to Isa;ic Humphrey, who had washed for gold
in Georgia. The experienced miner saw at a glance that
■a^i^^-.
;
UVITVU in PARTO.
ho hwl the tra« Maff Mora bin. and, after » few inquiries,
he WM Mtiitied that (h« di|:pn^i muit be rich. Ho timdo
immediate prepantioD to f tut the mill, ami trio<i to nor-
■uadn lome of hie fnenda to go with him; but lliny
thought it would Iw oolr a wacte of time and money, ao
he went with Henneti for hU eole conipHnion.
He arrived at Coloma oo the 7th of MHrnh, and found
the work at the mill going on ai if no gold cxiMted in thu
neighborhood. The neit daj he took a pun iind spudo,
and waiihed lome of the dir* in the l>ottom of the mill-
race in plai^ee where Manhail had found hm specimung,
and, in a few hoart, Humphrej declared that theao minoa
were far richer than any in Georgia. He now made a
rooker and went to work waahing gold induHtriously, and
every day yielde«! to bira an ounce or two of niotal . The
men at the mill made rock«rra for themselvea, and nil were
soon busy in search of the yellow metal. Kverytliin;,' olao
was abandoned; the ruaor of the discovery spread slowly.
In the middle of March Pianon B. I{«ading, tho owner of
a largo ranch at the h**^ of the Sacramento vancy, hap-
pened to vidit .Sutter'i Fori, and hearing of the mining at
ColoniH, he went thiibcr to •e« it. He said that if simi-
larity of formation cooM be taken as a proof, there must
bo gold mines near bis ranch; so, after observing tho
metnml of washing, he po«t«d off, and in a few weeks he
was at work on the burs of Clear Creek, nearly two hun-
dred miles northwestward from Coloma. A few days after
Reading had lefc, John Bidvell, now representative of the
northern district of the Sute in the lower House of Con-
gress, came to Cotoma, md the result of his visit was
that, in less than a month, be had a party of Indians from
his ranch washing gold on tiie bars of Feather River,
twenty-five miles north*e«i*ard from Coloma. Thus tho
mines were opene<i at far distant points.
'I'he first prifiteii notioe of the discovery of gold v/as
given in the California new-^f<aper published in Sun Fran-
cisco on the 15th of March. On the 29th of May the same
paper, announcing th:kt its pablication would be suspended,
says: "The whole coantrr, from San Francisco to Los
Angeles, and from the sntshore to the base of the Sierra
Nevaila, resound the i»>r>iid cry otgoUl! gold! gold! while
the field is left half i IaQt«<d, the houee half built and
everything neglected hot the manufacture of pick and
shovels, and the meania of transportJition to the spot
where one man obtaine»l one hundred and twenty-eight
dollars' worth of the real stuff in one day's washing; and
the average for all concerned, is twenty dollars per diem."
The first to commence qaartr mining in California were
Oant. Win. Jackson and Mr. Eliason, both Virginians,
and the first machine nsed was a Chilian mill.
The Reid Mine, in North Carolina, was the first gold
mine discovered and worked in the United States, and the
only one in North Americcfrom which, up to 1825, gold
was sent to the Mint.
HOW TO MAKE ARTIFICIAL CxOLD.
The following orotd or imitation gold is sometimes sold
for the genuine article w'aieh it closely resembles. Pure
copper, 100 parts by weight, is melted in a crucible, and
then 6 parts of magnesia. 3.6 of sal-ammoniac, 1.8 of
quicklime and 9. of tartar are added separately and grad-
ually in the form of powder. The whole is then stirred
for about half an hoar, and 17 parts of zinc or tin in
small grains are thrown in and thoroughly mixed . The
cruicible is now corered and the mixture kept melted for
hiilf an hour longer, when it is skimmed and poured out.
Any imitation of gi'>;d may be detected by its weight,
which is not one-half of what it should be, and by its dis-
solving in nitric acid while pure gold is untouched.
HOW TO TELL ANY PERSON'S AGE.
There ii a good deal of amusement 'n\ the I'ollowinf
magical table of flgurei. It will enable you to tell how
old the young ladies are. Just hand this table toa young
lady, and request her to tell you in which column or col-
umns her age is contained, and add together the figures at
the top of tli» columns in which her age is found, and you
have the great aecrot. Thus, suppose her age to be 17,
you will find that number in the first and flftn columns;
add the first flgurea of these two columns.
Hero ii the magic table:
1
a
4
8
16
S2
3
8
•
•
17
83
fi
6
6
10
18
84
7
7
7
11
19
86
9
10
13
13
80
86
11
11
13
13
SI
87
13
14
14
14
%%
8?
16
16
16
16
98
89
17
18
20
24
M
40
19
19
21
25
41
21
22
23
36
43
23
23
23
37
M
43
25
26
28
28
M
44
27
V
29
29
iW
46
29
80
30
30
80
46
31
81
31
31
•t
47
33
34
86
40
4
48
3ft
36
37
41
5
49
37
88
38
43
M
60
39
89
39
43
81
61
41
42
44
44
62
43
43
46
45
Q§
63
45
46
«S
46
64
64
47
47
47
47
88
65
49
60
62
66
98
66
61
61
63
6V
« .
67
63
64
64
58
88
68
55
56
66
59
88
69
67
68
60
60
60
60
69
69
61
61
61
61
61
62
62
62
63
62
63
63
63
63
63
63
WHAT THE WHITE HOUSE COSTS.
Sa' '•V of President, 150,000; additional appropriations
are obouc $75,000. A total of 1125,000. The President
has the following corps of assistants: Private Secretary,
$3,250; Assistant Private Secretary, $2,250; Stenographer,
$1,800; five Messengers, $1,200 each, $6,000; Steward—;
two Doorkeepers, $1,200 each, $2,400; two Ushers, $1,200,
$1,400, $2,600; Night Usher, $1,200; Watchman, $900,
and a few other minor clerks and telegraph operators.
Sundries. — Incidental expenses, $8,000; White House
repairs — carpets and refurnishing, $12,500; fuel, $2,500;
green-house, $4,000; gas, matches and stable, $16,000.
These amounts, with others of minor importance, con-
sume the entire appropriations.
BUSINESS LAW.
Ignorance of the law excuses no one. It is a fraud to
conceal a fraud. The law compels no one to do impossi-
bilities. An agreement without consideration is void.
Signatures made with a lead pencil are good in law. A
receipt for money paid is not legally conclusive. The acts
of one partner bind all the others. Contracts made on
Sunday cannot be enforced. A contract made with a
minor is void. A contract made with a lunatic is void.
Principals are responsible for the acts of their agents.
MCLTt'li IN PABTO.
tppropriations
Affenta arc rMponiiblo to their prir.!ipRU for orron K«ch |
indiTidual in u t)artiiorHlu|> in roHpr>iiitiblo for tliu wliole ,
umountof tliu doiita of tliutlnii. A note givtm l)V u minor
JH void. Notita hour irititroiit only wiieii ho stutuil. Il ii
lugally nncoMMury to say on a iiotu "for viiliio rvcoivoti." A
nolo (irawii on Hiitxiuy la void. A iiotanl)taini>(| by fraud,
or from Ik porHon ill a stiito of intoxication, cannot b« col-
luctod. If a notu \>o loHt or atoion, itdooa not rvioaM th«
inai<or ; ho muHt pay it. An ondoracr of a notu ia oxitnpt
from liability if not aervml with nolioo of ita diahouor
nrithin twenty-four houra of ita non-payment.
ITKMS WOKTH UKMK.MHKKINCi.
A sun bath ia of more worth than much warming br
the tiro.
Rooka ozpoactd to the atmoHphure keep in better (condi-
tion than if coiilined in a book-caao. I'ioturea aru both for
use and oniainunt. They aorvo to recall ploiwant niemo-
rioa and acenoa; tlioy harmonize with the furniahing of
thu rooma. If they Horvo noitlierof tlinae purpoaoa they are
worae than n»i'leHH; they only help (111 space which would
look butter empty, or gather dual and make work to keep
them clean.
A room filled with quantitiea of trifling ornamenta haa
the look of a bazaar and diaplaya neither good taate nor
good aenae. ArtiHtic excullonco aiina to have all the ftir-
niahin^a of a high order of workmanship combined with
aimpiicity, while f;ood aonao underatanda tlio folly of dust-
ing a lot of ri'Sbiah.
A poor br)ok Imd boat bo burned to^'ivo ])lai:o to a U^tter,
or oven to an eninty alielf, for tho lire Uostrovrt its poison,
and puta it out oi the way of doing harm.
Hettor o(;onoiiii/.(c in the piirclianin2 of fur!>ituif or
carpeta timii atcritnp in buying good booka or papers.
Our aittiiig-rooma need never bo empty of gucata or our
librariea of aoeiety if the company of good books ia
admitted to them.
UKMAliKABLE CALCULATIONS REC.AUDING
TIIK SUN.
Tho sun'a average dlatunue from the earth ia about
91,500,000 miles. Since the orbit of tho earth iaclliptical.
and tho aun ia sitiiutud at oiio cf ita foci, tliu earth is nearly
3,000,000 miles further from tho sun in aphelion than in
perihelion. As wo attempt to locate tho heavenly bodies
in space, we are iinmediutely startled by tho enormous fig-
uresomployed. Tho first number, 91,500,000 miles, ia far
beyond our grasp. Let us try to comprehend it. If there
wero air to convey a sound from tho sun to tho earth, and
a noise could be made loud enough to pass that distance
it would require over fourteen years for it to come to us. j
Suppose il railroad could bo built to the eun. An express |
train traveling day and nigiit at tho rate of thirty miles an
hour, would require 341 yearsto reach its destination. Ten
generations would bo born and would die; tho youn" men
would become gray haired, and their great-grandcL..i.ren
would forget the story of tho beginning of that wonderful
journey, au<l could find it only in history, as we now read
of Queen Elizabeth or of Shakespeare; the eleventh gener-
ation would see the solar depot at tho end of the route.
Yet this enormoiis distance or 91,500,000 miles is used as
the unit for expressing celestial distances — as the foot-rule
for measuring apace; and astronomers speak of so many
times the sun'a distance as wo speak of o many feet or
inches.
Signs op Storms Appboaohinu. — A ring around the
sun or moon stands for an approaching storm, its near or
distant approach being indicated by its larger or smaller
ing atorm by cattle siiiftlngtlioair in the direction wlieiico
it i« coming, I^ck of dew in Hummer ia a rain nigii.
circamferenc«. When the ann riaei bri^htlj and immedi-
ately aftorwani l>eeomea Teiletl m\\.^ ^touda, tho farmer
dislruma the day. Ititina which begin early in the morn-
ing often atop by nine in i)lace of "eleven," the hour
apecitied in the old aaw, " If it raina ()cfore aevon."
On a atill, <{uiet day, with aeart riy tho loaat wind atloat,
the ranchman or farmer can tell the direction of impeiid-
:tle siiiftlngtlioair
lAck of dew in
Shart) while froats in autumn and winter precede ilaiiip
weatlier, an<l we willstake our reputation aa a prophet that
three siicceaaive white froata are an infallible aigii of rain.
Spiders do not apin their weba out of dcMira before rain.
Invvioua to rain fliea sting sharper, beea remain in their
hives or ily but short dintaneeii, an<l almoat all animala
appear uneasy.
HOW TO i)isTi\(;uisii good'mkat prom had
MEAT.
1st. It is neither of a pale pink color nor of a deep pur-
ple tint, for the 'crmer la a aign of diaeaae, and tlio latter
indicatea that thii animal haa not been alaughlered, but
haa died with the blood in it, or haa suffered from acute
fever.
2d. It haa a marked appearance from the ramiflcationa
of little reina of fat among the muaclea.
3d. It should be firm and elastic to the touch and
should scarcely nioiaten the fingera — bad meat being wet
and 80<iden and flabby vith the fat looking like jelly or
wet parchment.
4th. It i»h<.uld havelitlleor noodor, and the odor ahould
not be diaagreeablo, for diaeaned meat haa a aickly cadav-
croiia amell. and aometimea a smell of iihysic. This ia
very dii<'overHble when the meat ia cnopped up and
<lrenche<l with wurm water.
5tli. It ahould not aiiriiik or waste much in cooking.
etii. It ahould not lun to wiuer or become very wot on
standing for a day or two, but should, on the contrary,
dry upon thesurfHce.
"7th. When drieil at a temperature of 212 deg., or there-
al)outi«, it ahould not lose more than from 70 to 74 per
cent, of ita weight, whereaa bad meat will often lose aa
much aa 80 per cent. The juice of the fleah is alkaline or
neutral to teat pa|>er.
RAILROADS IX FINLAND.
People who think of Finland aa a aub-arctic country of
bleak and forbidding aspect may be surprised to hear that
several railroads have already made a large part of the
region accessible. A new line, 160 tniles long, has just
lieen opened to the heart of the country in tho midst of
great foreata and perhaps the most wonderful lake region
in the world. Sportamenare now within loss than a day's
journey from St. Petersburg of central Finland, where
there is the best of hunting and fishing and twenty hours
of sunlight every summer dav. The most unique of rail-
roads, however.'is still the little line in Norway, north
of the arctic circle, carrying the product of far northern
mines to the sea, and famous as the only railroad that has
yet invaded the polar regions.
COMPARATIVE SIZE OP THE ARK AND THE
GREAT EASTERN.
The following comparison between the size of Noah's
ark and the Great Eastern, both being considered in point
of tonnage, after the old law for calculating the tonnage
of a vessel, exhibits a remarkable similarity. The cubit
of the Bible, according to Sir Isaac Newton, is 20^ inches,
3 .
vt
If
!'
MCLTlJi IN- PaRVO.
or, to be exact, 20.625 inches. Bishop Wilkins nmkes
the cubit 20.88 inclies. According to Newton the dimen-
sions of tlie arlc were: Length between perpendicu-
lars, 515.62 I'eet ; breadth, 84.94 feet ; depth, 51 56 feet ;
keol, or length for toniuvge, 404.08 feet. Tonnage, accord-
ing to oldliw, 18,23158-94. The measurements of the ark,
according to Wilkins' calcuhitiona were: Length, 54700
feet; breadth, 91.16 feet; depth, 54.70 feet ; keel, 492.31
feet. Tonnage, 21,761. Notice how surprisingly near
the Great Eastern came to being constructed after tlie
same plan: Length, 680 feet; brewlth, 83 feet; depth, 00
feet; keel, 630 feet. Tonnage, 23,092.
FINGER NAILS AS AN INDICATION OF CHAR-
ACTER.
♦ A white mark on the yaii bespeaks misfortune.
Pale or lead-colored nails indicate melancholy people.
Broad nails indicate a gentle, imiid, and bashful nat-
ure.
Lovers of knowledge and liberal sentiments have round
nails.
People with narrow nails are ambitious and quarrel-
some.
Small nails indicate littleness of mind, obstinacy and
conceit
Cho.'eric, martial men, delighting in war, have red and
spotted rails.
Nails growing into the flesh at the points or sides indi-
c&t, ai.iurious tastes.
'eople with very pale nails are subject to much infirm-
'gy f the flesh and persecution by neighbors and friends.
DANGERS OF CELLULOID.
A curiou - accident, which happened recently in Paris,
points out a | issible danger in tlie wearing of combs and
brae lets of ce (r.loid. A little girl sat down before the
fire t 1 prepare her lessons. Her hair was kept back by
a sei! i-circlo comb of celluloid. As her head was bent
forwan) to the fire this became warm, and suddenly burst
into flames. 'he child's hair was partly burned off, and
the skin of the head was so injured tliat several months
after, though tha burn was lieal^d, the cicatrix formed a
white patch on vhich no hair would grow. The burning
oint of celluloid is about 180 degrees, and the comb worn
y the girl liad attained that heat as it was held before the
fire.
ODD FACTS ABOUT SHOES.
Grecian sh< es were peculiar in reaching to the middle of
the legs.
The presen' fasliion of shoes was introduced into Eng-
land in 1633.
In the ninth and tenth centuries the greatest princes of
Europe wore wooden shoes.
Slippers v ere in use before Shakespeare's time, and
were origir.dly made " rights "and " lefts."
Shoes 'imong the Jews were made of leatlier, linen,
rush of wood; soldiers' shoes were sometimes made of
brass ori''on.
In the reign of William Rufns of England, in the
eleventh century, a great beau, "Robert, the Horned,"
used shoes with sharp points, stuffed with tow, n.td twisted
like rams' horns,
The Romans made use of two kinds of shoes — the solea,
or sandal, which covered th) sole of the foot, and was worn
at home and in company, and the calceus, which covered
the whole foot and war always worn with the toga when a
person went abroad.
In the reign of Richard II., shoes were of such absurd
length as to require to be supportei by being tied to the
knees with chains, sometimes of gold end silver. In 1463
the English parliament took the matter in hand and
})assed an act forbidding shoes with spikes more than two
inches in length being worn and manufactured.
TABLE SHOWING THE AVERAGE VELOCITIES
OF VARIOUS BODIES.
A man walks 3 miles per hour or 4 feet per second.
A horse trots 7 " " 10
A h.rsorunsZO " " 20
Steamboat runs 20" " 26
Sailing vessel runs 10 miles per hour or 14 feet per second.
Uapiil rivers flow 3 " " 4 " "
A moderate wind blows 7 miles per hour or 10 feet per second,
A storm moves 30 " " 52
A hurricane moves 80 " " 117
A rifle ball 1000 " " 1466
Sound 743 " " 1143 " " _
Light, 192,000 miles per second.
Electricity, 288,000 miles per second.
QUANTITY OF OIL REQUIRED FOR DIFFERENT
COLORS.
Heath & Miligan quote the following figures,
are color manufacturers:
100 parts (weight) White Lead require 18 parts of oil.
They
..'
Zinc White
U
" Green Chrome "
15
' ' Chrome Yellow ' '
19
" Vermilion "
25
Light Red
31
" Madder Lake "
62
" Yellow Ochre "
66
" Light Ochre "
72
Camels Brown "
75
" Brown Manganese
require 87
TerreVerte
If
100
" Parisian Blue
<f
106
" Burnt Terreverte
«■
112
Berlin Blue
Ml
112
" Ivory Blacls
tt
112
Cobalt
(1
125
" Florentine Brown
If
150
" Burnt Terra Sienna
11
181
" Raw Terra Sienna
l<
140
According to this table, a hundred parts of the quick
drying white lead are ground with 12 parts of oil, and on
tlie other hand slow drying ivory black requires 112 parts
'of oil.
PAINTING.
1 gallon Priming Color will cover 50 superficial yarda.
" WliiteZinc " 50
Wliiio Paint " 44
Lead Color " 50
Black Paint " 50
" Stone Color " 44
Yellow Pain* " 44
Blue Color " 45 "
Green Paint " 45
" Briglit Emerald Green will cover 25 superficial yards.
" Bronze Green will cover 45 superficial yards.
One pound of paint will cover about four superficial
yards the first coat, and about six yards each additional
coat.
RAPID PROCESS OF MARKING GOODS AT ANY
DESIRED PER CENT. PROFIT.
Retail merchants, in buying goods by wholesale, buy a
great many articles by the dozen, &nch as boots and shocd,
hats and caps, and notions of various kinds; now the mer-
chant, in buying, for instance, a dozen hats, knows exactly
what one of these hats will retail for in the market whore
t\
a
^:
MULTUM IN PARVO.
ELOCITIES
DIFFERENT
he deals; and unless ho is a good accountant, it will often
take him some time to determine wlicthor ho can afford to
purchase thedozi-n hats and make a living profit by srlling
tiiem by the single hat; and in buying his goods by auction,
as the merchant often does, he has not time to make the
calcidatiou before the goods are bid off. He therefore
loses tiiB chance of making good bargains by being afraid
to bill at random, or if be bids, and the goods are cried
off, he may hi'.vo made a poor bargain by bidding thus at a
venture. It tiien becomes a useful and practiffal probk'm
to determine instantly what per cent, he would gain ii he
retailed the hat at a certain price, to tell what au article
should retail for to make a profit of 20 per cent.
Rule. — Divide what the articles coat per dozen hy 10.
which is done by removing the decimal point one place to
the left.
For instance, if hats cost 117.50 per dozen, remove the
decimal point one place to the left, making 8^1.75, what
they should be sold for apiece to gain 20 per cent, on the
cost. If they cost $31.00 per dozen, they should be sold at
13.10 apiece, etc.
TUE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD.
Pyramids of Egypt.
Tower, Walls and Terrace Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
Statue of Jupiter Olympus, on the Capitoliiie Hill, at
Rome.
Temple of Diana, at Ephesus.
Pharos, or watch-tower, at Alexandria, Egypt.
Colossus of Rhodes, a statue 105 feet high; overthrown
by an earthquake 224 B. C.
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, a Grecian-Persian city in
Asia Minor.
HEAT AND COLD.
Degrees of heat above zero at which substances melt: —
Wrought iron, 3,980 degrees; cast iron, 3,479; platinum,
3,080; gold, 2,590; copper, 2,548; steel, 2,500; glass, 2,377;
brass, 1,900; silver, 1.250; antimony, 951; zinc, 740; lead,
594; tin, 421; arsenic, 3G5; sulphur, 226; beeswax, 151;
guttapercha, 145; tallow, 97; lard, 95; pitch, 91; ice, 33.
Degrees of heat above zero at which substances boil: —
Ether, 98 degrees; alcohol, 173; water, 212; petroleum,
30G; linseed oil, C40; blood heat, 98; eggs hatch, 104.
QUANTITY OF SEED TO AN ACRE.
Wheat, H ♦« ~ ^'"-J 'T^» H to 3 bu.; oats, 3 bu.; barley,
2 bu.; buckwheat, + bu.; corn, broadcast, 4 bu.; corn, in
diiUs, 3 to 3 bu.; corn, in.hills, 4 to 8 qts. ; broom corn,
vbu.; potatoes, 10 to 15 bu.; rutabagas, $ lb;-.; millet, i
bu.; clover, white, 4 <|ts.; cIovit, red, 8 qts.; timoLhy, 6
qts.: orchard grass, 2 qls. ; red top, 1 to 2 pks. ; blue grrjs,
2 bu.; mixed lawn grass, i bu.; tobacco, 2 ozs.
SOLUBLE GLASS FOR FLOORS.
Instead of tlio old-i'asliionod method of usi:v_ «ax for
polishing lloors, etc., soluble glass is nmv ompl'ived to
great advantage. For this i>urpose the iloor is first well
cleaned, and then tho cracks well filled up with a cement
of water-glass and powdered clialk or gypsum. Aftor-
w;^rd, a water-gliufs of Cj()° to 65", of the thickness of
syrup, is applied by means of a titiff brush. Ar.y desired
color may be imparted to the floor in a gecond cciit of the
water-glass, and additional coats «■•" to be g'-.-on until the
requisite polish is ohtsined. A itill higher fiuiwh vmy bo
given by puuimiciug oil tlie lust iuyor, aud thcQ putting
on a coating of Oui
27
DURABILITY OF A HOR.SE.
A horse will travel 400 yards in 4+ minutes at a wail<,
400 yartis in 2 minutes at a trot, and4ij0 vards in 1 minute
at a gallop. The usual work of a horse is taken at 22,500
lbs. raised 1 foot per minute, for 8 hours per diiy. A
horse will carry 250 'bs. 25 miles per day of 8 hours. An
average draught-horse will draw l.COO li5?i. 23 miles per
day on a level road, wei<;ht of wagon included. The
averaFO weight of a horse is 1,000 lbs.; his strength is
equal to that of 5 men. In a horee mill moving at 3 feet
per second, track 25 feet diameter, he exerts with the
machine the pi>wer of 4^. horse"-. The greatest amount a
horse can pull in a horizontal line is '.)>>') !b«. ; but he can
only u this momentarily, in • untinued exertion, probably
half of this is the limit. He attains his growth in 5
years, will live 25, average 16 years. A horse will live 25
ilays on water, without solid food, 17 days without eating
or drinking, but only 5 days on solid food, without
drinking.
A cart drawn by horses over an ordinary road will travel
1.1 miles per hour of trip. A 4-horse team will haulfrom
25 to 36 cubic feet of lime stone at each load. The time
expended in loading, unloading, etc., including delays,
averages 35 minutes per trip. Tlie coat of loading and
unloading a cart, using a horse cram at the quarry, and
unloading by hand, when labor is *1.25 per day, and a
horse 75 cents, is 25 cents per percli=--=24. 75 cubic feet.
The work done by an animal is greatest when the velocity
with which he moves is ^ of the greatest with which he
can move when not impeded, and the force then exerted
.45 of the utmost force the animal can exert at a dead
pull.
COMPARATIVE COST oF FREIGHT BY WATER
AND RAIL.
It has bc^n proved by actual test that a single tow-boat
can transport at one trip from the Ohio to New Orleans
29,000 tons of coal, loaded in barges. Estimating in this
way the boat and its tow, worked by a few men, carries
as much freight to its destination as 3,000 cars and 1C-.
locomotives, manned by 600 men, could transport.
HINTS TO YOUNG HOUSEWIVES.
Glycerine does not agree with a dry skin.
If you use powder always wash it off before going to
bed.
When you give your cellar its spring cleaning, ndd a
little copperas water and suit to the wliitcwash.
A little ammonia and liora." in the water wh' n washing
blankets keeps them soft and prevents *^hrinkage.
Sprinkling salt on the top and at Uie bottom of garden
walls is said to keep siuiils from climbing up or down.
For relief from heartburn or dyspepjsia, drink a little
cold water in which has been dissolved a teaipoonful of
salt.
For hoarseness, hcnt a fresh egg and thicken it with fine
white sugar. Eat of it freely and thp hoarseness will soon
be relieved.
If quilts are folded or rolled tightly after washing, then
beaten witji a rollipg pin or potato maslior, it lightens up
the cotton and makes them see u soft and new.
Chemists say that it tak :3 more than twice as much
sugar to sweeten preserves, .=ance, etc., if put in when
thcv begin to cook aa it does to sweeten after the fruit is
ccoked.
Tar may be removed from the hands by rubbing with
the outside of fresh orange or lemon p<?el amd drying
immediately. The rolatile oila diMolve the tar ?o tha^ it-
can be. rubbed oi'.
fl.
I! I
4
: U
MULTUM IN PAKVO.
JFoths or nny eunimer flying insectij imiy bo enljed to
destruction by a briglit tin pan half fillctl witli kurogeiie
set in a dark corner of the room. Attracted by tlie bright
pan, tlio niotii will meet liis deatii in the kerosene.
It may bo worth k:;owing that water in which three or
four onions iuivo been boih'd, applied with a gilding brrsh
to the frames of pictures and chimney glasses, will pre-
vent flies fioni lighting on them and will not injure the
frames.
SLTPERSTITIONS REGARDING BABIES.
It is believed by many that if a cliild cries at its birth
and lifts up only one hand, it is born to command. It is
thought very unlucky not to weigh the baby before it is
dressed. When firstdresscd the clothes shouhl not be put on
ever the head, but drawn on over the feet, for luck. When
first taken from the room in which it was born it must be
carried up stairs before going down, so that it will rise in
the world. In any case it must be carried up stairs or up
the street, the first time it is taken out. It is also consid-
ered in England and Scotland unlucky to cut the baby's
nails or hair before it is twelve months old. The saying:
Born on Monday, fair in the face;
Born on Tuesday, full of God's grace;
Born ou Wednesday, the best to bo had;
Born on Thursday, merry and glad;
Born on Friday, worthily given;
Born on Saturday, work liard for a living;
Born ou Sunday, sliall never know want,
is known with various changes all over the Christian
world; one deviation from the original makes Friday's
child "free in giving." Thursday has one very luci'.y
hour just before sunrise.
The child that is born on tlie Sabbath day
Is bonny and good and gay.
While
He who is born on New Year's morn
Will have his own way as sure as you're born.
He who is born on Easter morn
Shall never know care, or want, or harm.
SECRET ART OF CATCHING FISH.
Pat the oil of rhodium ou the bait, when fishing with a
hook, and you will always succeed.
TO CATCH FISH.
Take the juice of smallage or lovage, and mix with any
kind of bait. As long as there remain any kind of fish
within yards of your hook, you will find yourself busy
pulling them out.
CERTAIN CURE FOR DRUNKENNESS.
Take of sulphate of iron 5 grains, magnesia 10 grains,
peppermint water 11 u'nichms, spiritsof nutmegl drachm.
Administer this twice ii day. It acts as a tonic and stimu-
lant and so partially supplies the place of the accustomed
liquor, and prevents I'uit absolute physical and moral pros-
tration that follows a sudden breaking off from the use of
stimulating drinks.
LADIES' STAMPING POWDER.
Forr.de in stamping any desireii pattern upon goo<l3 for
needle wo '- . embroidery, etc. Draw pattern upon heavy
paper, an. j)erfonite with small holfs uU the lines witn
some sharp instrument, dust the pjv.der through, »-move
And
tl'e pattern and pass a warm iron over the fabric, when
the pattern will become fixed. Any desired color can be
used, such as Prussian blue, chrome green, yellow, vermil-
ion, etc. Pine white rosin, 2 ounces; gum sandarach, 4
ounces; color, 2 ounces. Powder very fine, mix, and pass
through a sieve.
SAT.ARIRS OP THE UNITED STATES OFFICERS,
PER ANNUM.
President, Vice-President and Cabinet. — President,
150,000; Vice-President, $8,000; Cabinet Oflieers, *8,000
each.
United States Senators. — $5,000, with mileage.
Congress. — Members of Congress, $5,000, with mile-
age.
Supreme Court. — Chief Justice, $10,500; Associate
Justices, $10,000.
Circuit Courts. — Justices of Circuit Courts, $6,000.
Heads of Departments. — Siipt. of Bureau of Engrav-
ing and Printing. $4,500; Public Printer, $4,500; Supt.
of Census, $5,000; Supt. of Naval Observatory, $5,000;
Supt. of the Signal Service, $4,000; Director of Geologi-
cal Surveys, $0,000; Director of the Mint, $4,500; Com-
missioner of General Land Oflice, $4,000; Commissioner
of Pensions, $3,600; Commissioner of Agriculture,
$3,000; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, $3,000; Com-
missioner of ll^ducation $3,000; Commander of Marine
Corps, $3,500; Sup*^^ of Coast and Geodetic Survey,
$6,000.
United States Treasury. — 'treasurer, $6,000; Registerof
Treasury, $4,000; Commissioner of Customs, $4,000.
Internal Revenue Agencies. — Supervising Agents, $12
per day; 34 other agents, per day, $6 to $8.
Postoffice Department, Washington. — Three Assistant
Postmaster-Generals, $3,500; Chief Clerk, $2,200.
Postmasters. — Postmasters are divided into four classes.
First class, $3,000 to $4,000 (excepting New York Citv,
which is $8,000); second class, $2,000 to $3,000; thii'd
class, $1,000 to $2,000; fourth class, less than $1,000.
Tlie first three classes are appointed by the President, and
confirmed by the Senate; those of fourth class are
appointed by the Postmaster-General.
Diplomatic appointments. — Ministers to Germany,
Great Britain, France and Russia, $17,500; Ministers to
Brazil, China, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Mexico, Japan and
Spain, $12,000; Ministers to Chili, Peru and Central
Amer., $10,000>, Ministers to Argentine Confederation,
Hawaiiiin Islaiuls, Belgium, Hayti, Columbia, Nether-
lands, Sweden, Turkey and Venezuela, $7,500; Ministers
to Switzerland, Denmark, Paraguay, Bolivia and Portu-
gal, $5,000; Minister to Liberia, $4,000.
Army Ottioers.— General, $13,500; Lieut.-General, $11,-
000; Major General, $7,500; Brigadier-General, $5,500;
Colonel, $3,500; Lieutenant-Colonel, $3,000; Major,
$2,500; Captain, mounted, $2,000; Captain, not mounted,
$1,800; Regimental Adjutant, $1,800; Regimental Quar-
termaster, $1,800; 1st Lieutenant, mounted, $1,600; 1st
Lieutenant, not mounted, $1,500; 2d Lieutenant, mounted,
$1,500; 2d Lieutenant, not mounted, $1,400; Chaplain,
$1,500.
Navy Omcera.— Admiral, $13,000; Vico-Admiral, 19,-
000; Rcar-Admirals, *?,000; Commodores, $5,000; Cap-
tains. $45,000; Commanders, $3,.")00, Lieu". Command-
ers, $2,800; Lieutenants, $2,400; Masters, $1,800; Ensigns,
$1,200; Midshipmen, $1,000; Caiha Midshipmen, $500;
Mates, $900; Medical atid Pay Directors and ?,Iedical and
Pay Inspectors and Chief Ens^ineers, $4,400; Fleet Sur-
geons, Fleet Paymasters and Fleet Engineers, $4,400; Sur-
geons and Paymasters. $2,8C0; Chaplains, $2,500.
i
4
n
^
e fabric, when
d color can be
yellow, verniil-
n sandarach, 4
!, mix, and pass
S OFFICERS,
et. — President,
Officers, *8,000
iileage.
)()0, with mile-
500; Associate
irts, $6,000.
BHH of Engrav-
, $-1,500; Siipt.
•vatory, $5,000;
iter of Geologi-
, $4,500; Com-
; Commissioner
if Agriculture,
, $3,000; Com-
ider of Marine
3odetic Survej,
,000; Kegisterof
ms, $4,000.
ing Agents, $12
8.
rhree Assistant
;, $2,200.
nto four classes.
Jew York City,
$3,000; third
83 than $1,000.
e President, and
)urth class are
to Germany,
30; Ministers to
exico, Japan and
and Central
Confederation,
nmbia, Nether-
,500; Ministers
ivia and Portu-
. -General, $11,-
eneral, $5,500;
^3,000; Major,
II, not mounted,
giniental Qnar-
ted, $1,GC0; Ist
Pliant, mounted,
,400; Chaplain,
ic-Admiral, $9,-
•ri, $5,000; Cap-
icni'.. -Conimana-
^1,800; Ensigns,
sliipuu'U, $500;
lid }.It'i'ical and
400; Fleet Sur-
rs, $4,400; 8nr-
^2,500.
•u
MULTUM IN PARVO.
i
CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT EVENTS.
BEFORE CHRIST.
The Deluge 2348
Babylon built 2247
Birth of Abraham 1093
Death of Joseph 1035
Moses born 1571
Athens founded 155G
The Pyramids built 1250
Solomon's 'I'emplo finished 1004
Rome foi ded 753
Jerusalen destroyed 587
Babylon taker, by Jews 638
Death of Socrates 400
Rome taken by the Gauls 835
Paper invented in China 170
Carthage destroyed 146
Cae3ar landed in Britain 55
Cassar killed , 44
Birth of Christ , . .
AFTER CHRIST.
Deatii of Augustus 14
Pilfitd, governor of Judea 27
Jesus Christ crucified o 33
Claudius vi .ited Britain , 43
St. Paul put to death 67
Death of Josephus 03
Jerusalem rebuilt 131
The Romans destroyed 580,000 Jews and banished the
rest from Judea 135
The Bible in Gothic 373
Horseshoes made of iron 481
Latin tongue ceased to be spoken 580
Pens made of quills 635
Organs used 660
Glass in England 663
Bank of' Venice established 1157
Glass windows first used for lights 1180
Mariner's compass used 1200
Coal dug for fuel 1234
Chimneys first put to houses 123fi
Spectacles invented by an Italian 1240
The first English House of Commons 1258
Tallow candles for lights 12-j\')
Paper made from linen 1302
Gunpowder invented 1340
Wo !en cloth made in England 1341
Printing invented ..... 1436
The first almanac 1470
America discovered 1492
First book printed in England 1507
Luther began to preach 1517
Interest fixed at ten per cent, in England 1547
'I'elescopes invented 1549
Firs!; coach made in England 1564
Clocks first made in England 1568
Bank of England incorporated 1594
Shakespeare died 1616
Circulation of the blood discoTered 1019
Barometer invented 1 623
First newspaper 1620
Death of Galileo 1643
Steam engine invented 1040
Great fire in London 1666
Cotton pLantedin the United States , ... .1750
Commencement of the American war 1775
Declaration of American Independence ...1776
Recognition of American Independence 1782
Bank of England suspended cash payment 1791
Napoleon I. crowned emperor 1804
Death of Napoleon 1820
Telegraph in- ented by Morse 1838
First daguerreotype in France 1839
Beginning of the American civil war 1801
End of the American civil war 1805
Abraham Lincoln died 1865
Great Chicago Fire 1871
Jas. A. Garfield died 1881
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT OUR BODIES.
The weight of the male infant at birth is 7 lbs. avoirdu-
pois; that of the female is not quite U^ lbs. The maxi-
mum weight (140| lbs.) of the male is attained at the age
of 40; that of the female (nearly 124 lbs.) is not attained
until 50; from which ages they decline afterward, the male
to 127i^ lbs., the female to 100 lbs., nearly a stone. The
full-grown adult is 20 times as heavy as a new-born infant.
In the first year he triples his weight, afterwards the
growth proceeds in geometrical progression, so that if 50
infants in their first year weigh 1,000 lbs., they will in the
second weigh 1,210 lbs.; in the third 1,331; in the fourth
1464 lbs.; the term remaining very constant up to the
ages of 11-12 in females, and 12-13 in males, where it must
be nearly doubled; afterwards it may be continued, and
will be found very nearly correct up to the age of 18 or 19,
when the growth proceeds very slowly. At an equality of
age the male is generally heavier than the female. Towards
the age of 12 years only an individual of each sex has the
same weight. The male attains the maximum weight at
about the age of 40^ and ' e begins to lose it very sensibly
toward 60. At 80 he lojes about 13.2328 lbs., and the
stature is diminished 2.756 inches. Females attain their
maximum weight at about 50. The mean weight of a
mature man is 104 lbs., and of an average woman 94 lbs.
In old age they lose about 12 or 14 lbs. Men weigh most
at 40, women at 50, and begin to lose weight at 60. The
mean weight of both sexes in old ago is that which they
had at 19.
When the male and female have assumed their complete
development they weigh aim i.st exactly 20 times as much
as at birth, while the stature is about 3i times greater.
Children lose weight during the first three days
after birth; at the age of a week they senbibly increase;
after one year they triple their weight; then they require
six years to double their weight, and 13 to quadruple it.
It has been computed that nearly two years' sickness is
experienced by every person before lie is 70 years old, and
therefore that 10 diivo per annum is the average sickness
of human life. Tiii 40 it is but half, and after 50 it rap-
idly increases. The mixed and fanciful diet of man is
considered the cause of numerous diseasesfrom which ani-
mals are exempt. Many diseases have abated with changes
of diet, and others are virulent" in particular countries,
arisingfro.n peculiarities.
Human Longevity. — Of 100,000 male and female chil-
dren, in the first month they are reduced to 00.396, Oi
nearlva tenth. In the second, to 87,936. l\i the tiiird,
to80J75. In the fourth, to 84,720. In the fifth, to 83,571.
In the sixth, to o3,526, and at the end of the first year to
77,528, the deaths being 2 to 9. The next four years
leduce the 77,528 to 62.448, indicating 37,553 deaths bo-
fore the completion of the fifth year.
At 25 years ihe 100,000 are half, or 49,095; at 52, one-
third. At 58|, a fourth, or 25,000; at 67, a fifth; at 7G,
a tenth; at 81, a twentieth, or 5,000; and ten attain 100.
Childrendie in large proportions because their diseases can-
not be explained, and because the orjans are not habitu-
ated to tbe functions of liie. The mean of life vaiies in
^m
Ml
J-
'
tli
MULTUM IN PARVO.
(liflerent countries from 40 to 45. A generation from fiitlmr
to son \a .ibont liO years; of men in general five-sixths die
"before 70, and til'teen-sixteentlis befoio 80. After 80 it is
njtherondurancethiin enjoyment. The nervesareliliinted,
the senses fail, tlio niuseles are rigid, the softer tubes
become hard, the memory falls, the brain ossifies, the affec-
tions are l)urud,:uid hope ceases. The remaining one-
sixteenth ilioat 80; except a one-tiiirty-third, at 00. The
remaiijiier die from in;il)ility to live, at or before 100.
A'j'iut, tho age of .'50 the lean man usually becomes fatter
and liio fill munle.iner. Again, between tiie years of 43 and
50 his ii['|)orite fails, his complexion fades, and his tongue
is apt t ) Im; furred ou the least exertion of body or mind.
At this period his muscles become flabby, his joints weak;
jiis spirits droop, and his sleep is imperfect and unrefresh-
ing. After suffering under these complaints a year, or
perhaps two, lie starts afresh with renewed vigor, and
goes on to Gl or G3, when a similar change takes place, but
with aggravated symptoms. When these grand periods
have been successively passed, the gravity of incumbent
years is more strongly marked, and he begins to boast of
nis age.
In Russia, much more than in any other country, in-
stances of longevity are numerous, if true. In the report
of the Holy Synod, in 1837, during the year 1825, and
only among the Greek religion, 848 men had reached up-
ward of 100 years of age; 33 had passed their 120tli year,
4 from. 130 to 135. Out of 606,818 men who died in 1£26,
2,765 were above 90; 1,432 above 95, and 848 above 100
years of age. Among this last number 88 were above 115;
24 more tlian 120; 7 above 125, and cue 130. Riley
asserts that Arabs in the Desert live 200 years.
On the average, men have their first-born at 30 and
women at 28. The greatest number of deliveries take
place between 25 and 35. The greatest number of deliv-
eries take place in the winter months, and in February,
and the smallest in July, i. e., to February, as 4 to 5 in
towns and 3 to 4 in the country. Tho night births are to
the day as 5 to 4.
Human Strength. — In Schulze's experiments on human
strength, he found that men of five feet, weighing 120 lbs.,
could lift vertically 150 lbs. 8 inches; 217 lbs 1.2 inches.
Others, 6.1 feet, weighing 183 lbs., 150 lbs. 13 inches, and
217 lbs. 6 inches; others 6 feet 3 inches, weighing 158
lbs., 150 lbs. 10 inches, and 217 lbs. 9 inches. By a great
variety of experiments hu determined the mean human
strength at 30 lbs., with a velocity of 2.5 feet per second;
or it is equal to the raising half a hogshead 10 feet in a
minute.
RULES FOR SPELLING.
\foii,j ending in e drop that letter before the termina-
tion ahle, as in move, movable; unless ending in ce ov ge,
when it is retained, as in change, changeable, etc.
Words of one syllable, ending in a coiisonant, with a
single vowel before it, double the consonants in deriva-
tives; a."*, ship, .shipping, etc. But if ending in a conso-
nant with a double vowel before it, they do not double the
consonant in derivatives; as, troop, trooper, etc.
Words of more tlian one syllable, ending in a consonant
preceded by a single vowel, and accented on the last syl-
lable, doubh:' that consonmit in derivatives; as, commit,
committed; but except cliagrin, chngriuod.
All words of one syllable ending in I, with a single
Towel before it, have 11 at the cIo.se; as mill, sell.
All words of one syllable ending in I, with a double
vewel before it, have only one / at the cloie; »» mail,
sail.
TU« words foretell, dist.ll, instill aud fulfill, retain tb«
II »f tlieir primitiree. Derivatives of dull, skill, will and
full also retain tho // when the accent falls on these words;
as dullness, skillfull, willfull, fullness.
Words of more than one syllable eiuling in / have only
one /at the close ; as delightful, faithful ; unless the ac-
cent falls on tho last 8yllal)le ; as befall, etc.
Words ending in I, double the letter in the termina-
tion li/.
Partieijiles ending in ing, from verbs ending in e, lose
the final e ; as have, having; make, making, etc; but
verbs ending in ce retain both ; as see, seeing. The word
dye, to color, liowever, must retain the e before i»ff.
All verbs ending in ///, and nouns ending in tnetif. retain
the c final of the primitives ; as brave, bravely : refine, re-
finement ; except words ending in tlffe ; as, acknowle<lge,
acknowledgment.
Nouns ending in y, preceded by a vowel, form their
plural by ailding s ; as money, moneys ; but if t/ is pre-
ceded by a consonant, it is changed to ies in the plural;
as bounty, bounties.
Compound words whose primitives end in y, change the
y into i ; as beauty, beautiful.
THE USE OF CAPITALS.
Every entire sentence should begin with a capital.
Proper names, and adjectives derived from these, should
begin with a capital.
All appellations of the Deity should begin with a capital.
Official and honorary titles should begin with a capital.
Every line of poetry should begin with a capital.
Titles of books and the heads of their chapters and di-
visions are printed in capitals.
The pronoun I and the exclamation are always cap-
itals.
The days of the week and the months of the year begin
with capitals.
Every quotation should begin with a capital letter.
Names of religious denominations begin with capitals.
In preparing accounts each item should begin vith a
capital.
Any word of very special importance may begin with a
capital.
TWENTY CHOICE COURSE DINl-TER MENUS.
PRKPARED EXPRESSLY FOR WEHSTER'S ENCYCLOPAEDIA.
1. Rice Soup, Baked Pike, Mashed Potatoes, Roast of
Beef, Stewed Corn, Chicken Fricassee, Celery Salad, Com-
pote of Oranges, Plain Custard, Cheese, AVafers, Coffee.
2. Mutton Soup, Fried Oysters, Stewed Potatoes, Boiled
Corn Beef, Cabbage, Turiiips, Roast Pheasants, Onion
Salad, Ai)ple Pie, AVhite Custard, Bent's Water Crackers,
Cheese, Coffee.
3. Oyster Soup, Roast Mutton, Baked Potatoes, Breaded
Veal Cutlets, Tomato Sauce, Baked Celery, Cabbage
Salad, Apple Custard, Sponge Cake, Cheese, Coffee.
4. Macaroni Soup, Boiled Chicken, with Oy.sters. ilnt.
ton Chops, Creamed Potatoes, Slewed Tomatoes, Pickled
Beets, Peaches and Rice, Plain Cake, Cheese, Coffee.
5. Tapioca Soup, Boiled Halibut, Duchesse Potatoes,
Rop.'-'- r>eef Tongue, Canned Peas, Baked ilacaroni, with
Gravy, Fried Sweet Potatoes, l^eet Salad, Cornstarch Pud-
ding, Jelly Tarts, Cheese, Wafers, Coffee.
6. Vegetable Soup, Boiled Trout, Oyster Sauce, Roast
Veal, with Dressing, Boiled Potatoes, Stewed Tomatoes,
Corn, Egg Salad, Snow Cream, Peach Pie, Sultana Bis-
onit, Cheese, Coffee.
7. Potato Soup, Oyster Patties, Whipped Potatoes,
Boast Mutton, with Spinach, Bsets, Fried Parsnips, Egg
^^S^^
? on these words;
g in / liiive onlj
; unlesu the ac-
tc.
in the lermina-
snding in e, lose
ukiiig, etc ; but
jing. The word
before tuff.
g in men/, retain
ively : refine, re-
83, acknowledge,
owel, form their
but if y is pre-
es in the plural ;
in y, change the
h a capital.
om these, should
;inwith a capital.
1 with a capital,
a capital,
chapters and di-
are always cap-
)f the year begin
pital letter.
I with capitals.
Id begin v.ith a
ay begin with a
ER MENXS.
EXCYCLOP.EDIA.
atoes, Roast of
ry Salad, Com-
iifers, Cofifee.
Totatoes, Boiled
licMsants, Onion
Water Crackers,
ntatoes. Breaded
elery, Cabbage
se, Coffee.
\ Oysters, ifnt-
niatoes, Pickled
ese. Coffee,
hesse Potatoes,
Macaroni, with
lornstarch Pud
L-r Sance. Eoast
wed Tomatoes,
ie. Sultana Bis-
pped Potatoes,
Parsnips,
MCLTCM IN PAUVO.
Boiled Caatarf, Lemon Tarts, White
'! Slu;d, Gaper Snace, Porterhouse
Sauco. Celery Salud
C:iiv.', Ciieeso, Co Ico.
8. Veal Sonp. I^>il , - ,_-- —
Steak, with A[uslir(<n!ii , Pigeon Pie, iliLEhed Potatoes,
I'iijklos, Uico ripDngo Cakes, Cheese, Cacn&d Apricots with
Creuni, Collec.
n. Cihli't Si)up, Scalloped Clama, PoU'to Cakes, Lamb
Chops, Canned l'>eans, Tomatoes, Sweet Potatoes, Salmon
Salad, Cliarlotto Iiiisse, Apricot Tarti, CL^ese, Coffee.
10. Vormioelli Soup, Friod Small Fish, Hashed Pota-
toes, Roast Beef, iMinced Cabhag^^C!Jick«n Croquettes,
Beet Salad, Stewed Pears, Plain Sponge Cake, Cheese,
Coffee.
11. Oxtail Souj), Fricasseed fhieif jj uith Oysters,
Breaded Mutton Chops, Turnips. Dmchesse Potatoes,
Chow-chow Salad, Chocolate E'nddins, \nt Cake, Cheese,
Coffee.
13. Barley Sonp, Boiled Trorjt, Creamed Potatoes,
Roast Loin of Veal, Stewed Minhroonas. Brfjled Chicken,
Lettuce Salad, Fig Pudding, Wafers, Ciri!*-*r*', Coffee.
13. Noodle Soup, Salmon, with Ojater Sauce, Fried
Potatoes, Glazed Beef, Boile<l Spinach, Parsnips, with
Cream Sauce, Celery, Plain Rice Podding, with Custard
Sauce, Current Cake, Cheese, Coffee.
14. Lobster Soup, Baked Ribs of Beef, Trith Browned
Potatoes, Boiled Duck, with Onion Saac*, Turnips, Stewed
Tomatoes. [iOtttico, Delmonico Pudding, Cheese, Sliced
Oranges, Wafers, Coffee.
15. Cliiokon Broth, Baked Whitefiih, Boiled Potatoes,
Cannotl I'oas, Mutton Chops, Tomar..>e.?, Beets, Celery
Salad, Apple Trille, Lady Fingers, Ciiees*?, C-offte.
10. Sago Si)up, Boiled Leg of .\[ai'i'!''>m, Cajer Sance,
Stewed Potatoes, Canned Corn, ScaIIof)*<i Ovsters, with
Creatn Sauce, Celery and Lettuce S^klaif, Stunrialaue Frit-
ters, A})plo Custard, Cheese Cakea, Coffie*.
17. Vegetable Soup, Broiled Shaul, LT.->Dn4iise Potatoes,
Pork Chops, with Sago Dressing, Paranip Fritters. Slaca-
roni and Gravy, Cauliflower Salad, Bhnlierb Taxts, Silver
Cake, Cheese, Coffee.
18. Chicken Soup, with Rice, Codfish, Boiled, with
Cream Sauce, Roast Veal, Tomatoes, OTjter SaLid, Boiie.j
Potatoes, Asparagus, Orange Jelly, \l1liite C«ke. Cheese,
Coffee.
19. Macaroni Soup, Fried Shad, TomaJo Sauce, Rf)ast
Mutton, Mashed Potatoes, Boiled Tomrii, -srhh Mavon-
naise Dressing. Fried Parsnips, Canaeri Seans. L^mon
Puffs, Cheese Cakes, Fruit, C'.ffee.
20. Scotch Broth, Baked Tlalibnt, Boiled Potatoes,
Breaded Mutto'i Chops, Tomato S-ioee, Spinach, Bean
Salad, Asparagus and Egg'', Peach Batter ftidding, with
Sauce, Wafers, Cheese, CotTce.
TERMS USED L\ MEOICIXEL
Anthelmintics are medicines which fnaf*- Sfee power of
destroying or expelling worms from thcmU'-Ymul canal.
Antiscorbutics are medicines which prereint or cure the
scurvy.
Antispasmodics arc medicines given lo relk-Tf sjiai^m, or
irregular 11 11(1 painful action of the mn«r't*« <jr muscular
fibers, as in Epilepsy, St. Vitus' Dance, etc
Aromatics are medicines which hare a gra1«ful smell
and agreeable pungent taste.
Astringents are those remedies which, wJien applied to
the body, render the solids dense and lirmer.
Carminatives are those medicines which dkjx?] flatulency
of the stomach and bowels.
Cathartics arc meclicines which aocelcrate the action of
the bowels, or iiicre;i,-e the discharge by stool.
Demulcents are niedicinos snitetl to prevent the action
of acrid mid stimulating matters upon the mucous mem-
branes of the throat, lungs, etc.
piaphorctics nie medicines that promote or cause per-
spinible disciiurge by the skin.
D.uretics are inrdininos which increase the flow of nrine
by their action upon the kidneys.
Einetico rre those medicines which produce vomiting.
Emnieiiagogues are medicines which promote the
menstrual discharge.
Emollients are those remedies which, when applied to
the solids of the body, render them ioft and flexible.
Errhines are substances which, when applied to the
lining membrane of the nostrils, occasion a discharge of
mucous fluid.
Epispastices are those which cause blisters when applied
to the surface.
Escharotics are substancea used to destroy a portion of
the surface of the body, forming sloughs.
Expectorants are medicinet caj able of facilitating the
excretion of mucous from the chest.
Narcotics are those substances having the property of
diminishing the action of the nerrous and vascular sys-
tems, and of inducing sleep.
Rubefacients are remedies which excite the vessels of
the skin and increase its heat and rednees.
Sedatives are medicines which have the power of allay-
ing the actions of the systems generally, or of lessening
the exorcise of some particular function'.
Mialagogues are medicines which increase the flow of the
Sf.liva.
Stimulants are medicines capable of exciting the vital
energy, whether as exerted in sensation or motion.
Tonics are those medicines which increase the tone or
healthy action, or strength of the living system.
U'J LES FOR THE PRESERVATION OF HEALTH.
Pureatniosplioric air is composed of nitrogen, oxygen
and a very small proportion of carbonic acid gas. Air
once bicatlu'd has lost the chief part of its oxygen, and
acquired a ])roportionato increase of carbonic acid gas.
Tiii'i'' f"rc. hcaltli icfiuires that we breathe the same air
once only.
The ;;n!id p:i.rt of our bodies is continually wasting and
requires to be repaired by fresh substances. Therefore,
food, which is to repair the loss, should be taken with due
regard to the exercise and wa.ste of the body.
'JMie fluid part of our bodies also wastes constantly ;
there is but one Ibiid in animals, which is water. There-
fore, water (uily is necessary, and no artifice can produce
a better drink.
The fluid of our bodies is to the soliil in proportion as
nine to one. 'J'lierefoic, a like (iroportion should prevail
in the total ainouiil of food taken.
Light exorcises an important influence upon the growth
and vigor of animals and plants. Therefore, our dwellings
sliould freely admit the sun's rays.
Decomposing animal and vegetable substances yield
various noxious gases, which enter the lungs and corrupt
the blood. Therefore, all impurities should be keut away
from our abodes, and every precaution be observed to se-
cure a pure atniospiiere.
ir.
MULTUH IN PAUVO.
Warmth is essential to all the bodily functions. Tliero-
fore, an equal bodily teMipeiatiiro should bo mainlainud
by exercise, by clothing or by lire.
Exercise warms, invi^rorates and purifies tho body;
clothing preserves tho warmtli tho body generates; fire im-
parts warmth externally, 'riieroforo, to obtain and pro-
aerre warmth, exercise and clothing arc preferable to lire.
Fire consumes the oxygen of tho air, and produces
noxious gises. Tlierefore, the air is less pure in tho
presence of candles, gas or coal fire, than otherwise, and
tho deterioration should be repaired by increased ventila-
tion.
The skin is a highly-organized membrane, full of mi-
nute pores, cells, blood-vessels, and nerves; it imbibes
moisture or throws it off according to tiio state of the
atmosphere or the temperature of the body. It also
" breathes," like the lungs (though less actively). All
tho internal organs sympathize with tho skin. Therefore,
it should be repeatedly cleansed.
Tiate hi'iTB and anxious pursuits exhaust the nervous
BjBtem ajd produce disease and jiretnaturo death. There-
fore, the hours of labor and study should bo short.
Menial and bodily exercise are equally essential to the
general health and ha|)piuuss. Therefore, labor and study
should succeed each other.
Man will live most happily upon simple solidsand fluids,
of which a suffiuieut but tempuratu quantity should bo
taken. Therefore, over-induli^enco in strong drinks,
tobacco, snuff, opium, and all mere indulgences, should
bearoidel.
Sndden alternations of heiitand cold are diuigerous (es-
pecially to theyoungand thoagcd). Therefore, clot!iing,in
quantity and quality, should be adapted to the alterna-
tions of night and day, and of the seasons. And there-
fore, also, drinking cold water when the body is hot, and
hot tea and soups when cold are produorive of many evild.
Xerer visit a sick person (especially if the complaint be
of a contagious nature) with an euipty stouuich, as
this disposes the system more readily to receive tho con-
tagion. And in attending a sick person, place yourself
where the air passes from tlie door or window to the bed
of the diseased; not between the diseased i)erson and any
fire that is in the room, as tho heat of the flro will draw
the infectious vapor in that direction.
Mother .SniPTOx's Prophecy. — The lines known as
" Mother .Siiip:on's Prophei^y " were first published in Eng-
land in 1485, before the discovery of America, and, of
coarse, before any of the discoveries and inventions men-
tioned therein. All the events predicted have come to pass
except that in the last two lines.
Carriages without horses shall go.
And accidents fill the world with woe
Around the world thoughts shall fly
In the twinkling of an eye.
Waters shall yet more wonders do.
Now strange, yet shall be true.
The world upside down shall be.
And gold be found at root of tree.
Through hills man shall ride,
And no horse nor ass bo at his side.
Under water man shall walk,
Shall ride, shall sleep, shall talk.
Ie t le air men shall bo seen
In white, in black, in green.
Iron in tho water shall float.
As easy as a wooden boat.
jold shall be found 'mid Htone,
In a land that's now unknown.
Fire and water shall woiulors do,
England p'iall at last admit a Jew.
And this world to an end slmll como
In eighteen hundred and eiglify-one.
Captat.v Kidd, a notorious Anieri(;u;i pirate, was born
about 1()5(). In IGOG he was entrustud by the British
Government with the command of a privateer, and bailed
from New York, for the purpose of suppressingthennmer-
ons pirates then infesting the seas, lie went to tho East
Indies, where he ' agan a careerof iiiracy.and returned to
New York in 1098 with a large amount of Iwoty. Ho was
soon after arrested, sent to England lor trial, and executed
in ITOl.
Value of Old Amekicax Coins. — 17{»3 — Half cent,
75 cents; one cent, ^\!. 1T94 — Half cent, 20 cents, one
cent, lOcents; five cents, iil.:i5; fifty cents, $3; onedollar,
110. 1795 — Half cent, 5 cents; one cent, 5 cents; five
cents, 25 cen.c; fifty cents, 65 cents; one dollar, $1.25.
1796 — Half cent, $5; one cent, 10 cents; five cents fl;
ten cents, 50 cents; twenty-five cents, *1; fiftycents, $10;
one dollar, $1.50. 1797 — Half cent, 5 cents; one cent, 5
cents; five cents, 50 cents; ten cents, $1; fifty cents, $10;
one dollar, fil. 50. 1798— One cent, 5 cents; ten cents,
H; one dollar, ^1.50. 1799— One cent, ^o; one dollar,
§1.60. IJSDO — Half cent, 5 cents; one cent, 3 cents; five
cents, 25 cents; ten cents 1; onedollar, $1.10. 1801 — One
cent, 3 cents; five cents, ^1; ten cents, 81; fifty cents,
$2; one dollar, *1.25. 181,12— Half cent, 50 cents; one
cent, 2 cents; ten cents, i^l; fifty cents, 82; one dollar,
81.25. 1803 — Half cent, 2 cents; one cent, 2 cents; five
cents, 810; ten cents, 1; one dollar, $1.10. 1804— Half
cent, 2 cents; one cent, 82; five cents, 75 cents; ten cents,
82; twenty-five cents, 75 cents; one dollar, 8100. 1805 —
Half cent, 2 cents; one cent, 3 cents; five cents, 81,50;
ten cents, 25 cents. 1806 — Half cent, 2 cents; one cent,
3 cents. 1807 — Half cent, 2 cents; one cent, 3 cents; ten
cents, 25 eeiiis. 1808 — Half cent, 2 cents; one cent, 5
ce: ■ !. 1809 — Half cent, 1 cent; one cent, 25 cents; ten
cent.s, 50 cents. 1810— Half cent, 5 cents; one cent, 5
cents. 1811 — Half cent, 25 cents; one cent, 10 cents; ten
cents, 50 cents. 1812 — One cent, 3 cents. 1813 — One
cent, 5 cents. 1815 — Fifty cents, 85. 1821 — One cent, 5
cents. 1822 — Ten cents, 81. 182S — One cent, 5 cents;
twenty-five cents, 810. 1824 — Twenty-five cents, 40 cents.
1825 — Half cent, 2 cents. 1826 — lliilf cent, 2 cents; one
cent, 50 cents. 1827 — One cent, 3 cents; twenty-five
cents, 810. 1828 — Half cent, 1 cent; tweiitv-iive cents,
30 cents. 1829— Half cent, 2 cents. 1830-^Haif cent,
2 cents. l832-'33-'34 — Half cent, 2 cents. 1835— Half
cent, 1 cent. 1836 — Fifty cents, 83; one dollar, 83.
1838— Ten cents, 25 cents. 1839— One doll-vr, §10. 1846
— Five cents, 50 cents. 1849 '50 — Half cent, 5 cents.
1851 — Half cent, 1 cent; twentv-five cents, 30 cents; one
dollar, 810.90. 1852— Twenty-five cents, 30 cents; fifty
cents, $2; one dollar, 810. 1853— Half cent, 1 cent;
twenty cents (with no arrows), 82.50; one dollar, 81.25.
1854— Half cent, 2 cents; one dollar, 82. 1855 '67— Half
cent, 5 cents; onedollar, 81.60. 1856 — Half cent. 5 cents;
one dollar, $1.50. 1858— One dollar, 810. 1863 '4-'5—
Three cents, 35 cents. 1866 — Half cent, cents; throe
cents, 25 cents; fivo cents, 10 cents; twenty-five cents, 30
cents. 1867 — Three cents, 25 cents; fivo cents, 10 cents,
1868-'9— Three cents, 25 cents. 1870— Three cents, 15
cents. 1871— Two cents, 10 cents; three cents, 25 cents.
1873— Two cents, 50 cents; three cents, 60 cents. 1877-
'8 — Twenty cents, 81.50. These prices are for good ordi-
nary coins without holes. Fino specimens are worth
more.
ts; tweiily-live
MULTUM IN PARVO.
Leaning Toweu of Pisa. — Tlio loiiniiig tower of Pisa
was commeuced in 115"^, and wa3 not tiiiisiioil till tho foiir-
tooiitli ceiitur}'. Tlio catiiodral to wliiuli tiiis bolollg^ was
oreetod to cck'brato atrimnpli of tlio Pi.Hiiiis in tlin harbor
of Palermo in 1003, wlieii allied with tho Normans to
drive thu Sanicons out of Sicily. It i.^ a circular build-
ing, ((uoli;iMdrcd feet in diameter ami 17i) foot in extreme
iu'Tulu, and hkii flue mosaic pavements, elal)orately carved
(M.lmnns, anil numerous bas-reliefs. Tho building is of
white marble. The tower is divided into eight stories,
each having an outside gallery of seven feet projection, and
the topmost story overliangs the biiso about sixteen feet,
though, as the center of gravity is still ten feet within the
base, tlio building is jierfectly safe. It has been supposed
that this inclination was iiitetitionai. but tiie opinion that
tlie foundation has sunk is no doubt, correct. It is most
likelv that the defective foundation bei .imo j)erceptiblo be-
fore the tower had reached one-half its hi.'i,dit, as at that
elevation the unequal length of the columns exhibits an
endeavor to restore tho perpendicular, and at about the
same place the walls are strengthened with iron bars.
What causes the water to flow out of an artesian well? —
Tho theoretical explanation of the phenomenon is easily
understood. Tho secondary and tertiary geological forma-
tions often present the appearance of immense basins, the
boundary or rim of the basin having been formed by an
uplieaval of adjacent strata. In these formations it often
happens that a porous stratum, consisting of sand, sa:xj-
sloiif', clialk or other calcareous matter, is included be-
tween two impermeable layers of clay, so as to form a Hat
porus U tube, continuous from side to side of tho valley,
the outcrop on the surrounding liills forming the mouth of
the tube. The rain filtering down through the porous
layer to the bottom of the basin forms there a subter-
ranean pool, which, with the 1; juid or semi-liquid column
pressing upon it, constitutes a sort of huge natural hydro-
static bellows. Sometimes the pressure on the superincum-
bent crust is 60 great as lo cause an upheaval or disturb-
ance of the valley. It is obvious, then, that when a hole
is bored down through the upper impermeable layer to tho
surface of the lake, tlie water will be forced up by the nat-
ural law of water seeking its level to a height above the
surface of the valley, greater or less, according to the ele-
vation of the level in tho feeding column, thus forming a
natural mountain on precisely the same principle as tluit
of most artificial fountains, where the water supply comes
from a considerable height above the jet.
How Many Cubic Feet Theke Are In a Ton ok
Coal. — There is a difference between a ton of hard coal
and one of soft coal. For that matter, coal from differ-
ent mines, whether hard or soft, differs in weight, and
consequently in cubic measure, according to quality.
Then there" is a difference according to size. To illus-
trate, careful measurements have been made of Wilkes-
barre anthracite, a fine quality of hard coal, with the fol-
lowing results:
.Ciiblc feet Cubic feet
in ton of in t<m of
Size of coal. -'..i40 Ihs. 2,000 lbs.
Lump 33.2 28.8
Broken 33.9 30.3
Egg 34.5 30.8
Stone 34.8 31.1
Chestnut 35.7 81.9
Pea 3i;.7 32.8
For soft coal tho following measures nniy bo taken as
nearly correct; it is simply impossible to detenniuo any
exact rule, even for bituminous coal of lie same district:
Briar Ilill coal, 44.8 cubic feet per ton of 2,240 pounds;
Pittsburgh. 47.8; Wilmington, 111., 47; Indiana block
coal, 42 to 43 cubic feet.
Tho dimensions of the great wall of China and of what
it is built.— It runs from a point on the (Wilf of Lianturg,
an arm of the (tulf of Peeiiili in Northeastern Lliina,
westerly to tho Yellow Hiver; thence makes a great Lend
to the south for nearly 100 miles, and then runs to the
northwest for eeveral hundred miles to the Desert t.f Gobi.
Its length is variously estimated to be from 1,250 to l.-jOO
miles. For the mo.st of this distance it runs through a
mountainous country, keeping on the ridges, and wii.ding
over many of tho highest peaks. In some plaoes it is only
a formidable rampart, imt most of the way it is composed
of lofty walls of masonry and concrete, or impacted lime
and clay, from 12 to IG feet in thickness, and from 15 to
30 or 35 feet in height. The top of this wall is paved for
hundreds of miles, and crowned with crenallated battle-
ments, and towers 30 to 40 feet higli. In numerous places
the wall climbs such steep declivities liiat its top ascends
from height to height in flights of granite steps. An
army could march on the too of tho wall for weeks and
even months, moving in some places ten men abreast.
Limits of Natural Vision. — This question is too
indefinite for a specific answer. The limits of vision vary
with elevation, conditions of the atmosphere, intensity of
illumination, and other modifying elements in different
cases. In a clear day an object one foot above a level
jtlain may bo seen at the distance of 1.31 miles; one ten
feet high, 4.15 miles; one twenty feet high. 5.86 miles:
one 100 feet high, 13.1 miles; one a mile higli, as the top
of a mountain, 95.23 miles. This allows seven inches (or,
to be exact, 6.09 inches) for the curvature of the earth,
and assumes that thosize and illumination of the object are
sufficient to produce an image. Five miles may be taken
as the extreme limit at which a man is visible on a flat
plain to an observer on the same level.
The Niagara SfSPENSiox Buiuge. — For seven miles
below tho falls, Niagara river flows throngh a gorge vary-
ing in width from 200 to 400 yards. T'vo miles below
the falls the river is but 350 feet wide, and it is here that
the great suspension bridge, constructed in 1855 by Mr.
Roebling, crosses the gorge, 245 feet above the water.
Tho length of the span, from tower to tower, is 821 feet,
and tho total length of the bridge is 2,220 feet. The
length of the span, which is capable of sustaining a strain
of 10,000 tons, is 821 feet from vower to tower, and the
total length of the bridge is 2,220 feet. It is nsed both
for railway and wagon traffic, the wagon-road and foot-way
being directly under the railway bed. There is anotlier
suspension bridge across the Niagara river at a distance of
only about fifty rods from the falls, on the American side.
This is only for carriages and foot travel. It was finished
in 18G9. it is 1,190 feet long from cliff to cliff, 1,268 feet
from tower to tower, and 190 feet above the river, which
at this point is a little over 900 feet in width.
The Speed OF Sotnu. — It has been ascertained that a
full human voice, speaking in tho open air, calm, can be
hetu-d at a distance of 4G0 feet; in an observable breeze a,
powerful human voice with the wind is audible at a dis-
tance of 15,840 feet; the report of a musket, 16,000 feet;
a drum, 10,560 feet; music, a strong brass bund, 15,840
feet; very heavy cannonading, 5T5,000 feet, or 90 miles. In
the Arctic regions conversation hiis been maintained
over water a distance of 0,706 feet. In gases the velocity
of sound increases with the temperature: in air this
increase is about two feet per second for each degree centi-
grade. Tho velocity of sound in oxygen gas at zero C. is
1,040 feet; in carbonic acid, 858 feet; in hydrogen, 4,164
feet. In 1827 CoUadon and Sturm determined experi-
mentally the velocity of sound in fresh water: the experi-
ment was made in tiieljake of Geneva, and it was found to
be 4,174 feet per second at a temperature of 15 degrees C
I
Tl
MDLTUr IN PARVO.
t-.
U
6M
Tlio velocity of souiul in iilooliol iit 20 lU'gruea C. is 4,vl8
feet; in etlicr iit zuro, o.Sdl; in sea water at JiO degrees
C, 4,TG8. J J^ direct nieusiiremeiits, carefully made, by
observing at iiij^lit the interval which elapses between the
flash and re^^ort of a canuou at a known distance, the
Telocity of sound has been about 1,090 per second at the
temperature of freezing water.
Dks(1ui>tion' of Till) Ykllowstone Park. — The Yel-
lowstone JSiitional Park extends sixty-live miles north and
soutli, and lifty-flvo miles east and west, comprising 3,575
8f(naro miles, and is all G,0(K) feet or more above sea-level.
Yellowstone Lake, twenty miles by fifteen, has an altitude
of 7,7^8 feet. Tho mountain ranges which hem in the
valk'vs on every side rise to the height of 10,000 to 12,000
feet, and are always covered with snow. This great park
coutainsthemoststrikiiigof all the mountains, gorges, falls,
rivers and lakes in the whole Yellowstone region. The
springs on Gardiner's River cover an area of about one
square mile, and three or four square miles thereabout are
occupied by tho remains of springs which have ceased to
flow. The natural basins into which these springsflow are
from four to six feet in diameter and from one to four feet
in depth. The principal ones are located upon terraces
niidway up tho sides of the mountain. The banks of the
Yellowstone liiver abound with ravines and canons, which
are carved out of the heart of tho mountains through the
hardest of rocks. Tlie most remarkable of these is the
canon of Tower Creek aiid Column Mountain. The latter,
which extends i»long the eastern bank of the river for
upward of two miles, is said to resemble the Giant's Cause-
way. Tlie canon of Tower Creek is about ten miles in
length and is so deep and gloomy that it is called "The
Devil's Den." Where Tower Creek ends the Grand Canon
begins. It is twenty miles in length, impassable
throughout, and inaccessible at the water's edge, except
at a few points. Its rugged edges are from 200 to 500
yards apart, and its deptli is so profound that no sound
ever reaches the earfrom the bottom. The Grand Canon
contains a great multitude of hot springs of sulphur, sul-
phate of copper, alum, etc. In the number and magni-
tude of its hot springs and geysers, the Yelowstone Park
surpasses all the rest of the world. There are probably
fifty geysers that throw a column of water to the height
of from 50 to 200 feet, and it is stated that there are not
fewer than 5,000 springs; there are twokinds, those depos-
iting lime and those depositing silica. The temperature
of the calcareous springs is from 160 to 170 degrees, while
that of the others rises to 200 or more. The principal
collections are the upper and lower geyser basins of the
Madison River, and the calcareous springs on Gardiner's
River. The great falls are marvels to which adventur-
ous travelers nave gone only to return and report that
they are parts of the wonders of this new American wonder-
land.
Designatioxs of Groups of Animals.— The ingenu-
ity of the sportsman is, perhaps, no better illustrated than
by the use he puts the English language to in designating
particular groups of animals. The following is a list of
the terms which have been applied to the various classes:
A covey of patridges, A nide of pheasants, A wisp of
snipe, A flight of doves or swallows, A muster of peacocks,
A siege of herons, A building of rooks, A brood of grouse,
A plump of wild fowl, A stand of plovers, A watch of
nightingales, A clattering of choughs, A flock of geese, A
herd or bunch of cattle, A bevy of quails, Acastof hawks,
A trip of dottrell, A swarm of bees, Aschool of whales, A
.shoal of herrings, A herd of swine, A skulk of foxes, A
pack of wolves, A drove of oxen, A sounder of hogs, A
troop of monkeys, A pride of lions, A sleuth of bears, A
gang of elk.
The Bl'nkkh Hill Monument. — The monument is a
square shaft, built of Qtiiney granite, 221 feet high, 31
feet s(|uaro at tho base and 15 at tlio top. Its foundations
are inclosed 12 feet under ground. Inside the shaft is a
round, hollow cone, 7 feet wide at tho bottom and •! f'l et
2 iuches at the top, encircled by a winding staircase of
22-1 stone steps, which leads to a chamber immediately
top, (
, whie
under tiio apex, 11 feet in diameter. The chamber has
four windows, which afford a wide viewof the Hurroimding
country, and contains two cannons, named respectively
Uancock and Adams, which were used in many engage-
ments during the war. The corner-stone of the monu-
ment was laid on the fiftieth anniversary of the battle,
Jui-e 17, 1825, by Lafayette, who was then visiting Amer-
ica, when Webster pronounced the oration. The monu-
ment was completed, and Juno 17, 1843, was dedicated,
Webster again delivering the oration.
The Seven Wise Men of Greece. — The names gener-
ally given are Solon, Chilo, Pittacus, Bias, Periander (in
place of whom some give Epimenides), Cleobulus, and
Thales. They were the authors of the celebrated mottoes
inscribed in later days in the Delphian Temple. These
mottoes were as follows:
" Know thyself.i'— Solon.
*' Consider tho end." — Chilo.
"Know thy opportunity." — Pittacns.
" Most men arc bad." — Bias.
" Nothing is impossible to industry." — Periander.
"Avoid excesses." — Cleobulus.
" Suretyship is the precursor of min."— Thales.
First Steamboat on the Mississippi. — Nicholas J.
Roosevelt was the first to take a steamboat down the great
river. His boat was built at Pittsburgh, in the year 1811,
under an arrangement with Fulton and Livingston, from
Fulton's plans. It was called the "New Orleans," was
about 200 tons burden, and was propelled by a stern-wheel,
assisted, wheil tho wind was favorable, by sails carried on
two masts. The hull was 138 feet long, 30 feet beam, and
the cost of the whole, including engines, was about 140,-
000. The builder, with his family, an engineer, a pilot,
and six "deck hands," left Pittsburgh in October, 1811,
reaching Louisville in about seventy hours (steaming about
ten miles an hour), and New Orleans in fourteen days,
steaming from Natchez.
The Explorations of Fremont. — Among the earliest
efforts of Fremont, after he had tried and been sickened
by the sea, were his experiences as a surveyor and engineer
on railroad lines from Charleston to Augusta, Ga., and
Charleston to Cincinnati. Then he accompanied an army
detachment on a military reconnoissance of the mountain-
ous Cherokee country m Georgia, North Carolina and
Tennessee, made in the depth of winter. In 1838-9 he
accompanied M. Nicollet in explorations of the country
between the Missouri and the British line, and his first
detail of any importance, after he had been commissioned
by President Van Buren, was to make an examination of
the river Des Moines, then on the Western frontier. In
1841 he projected his first trans-continental expedition,
and left Washington May 2, 1842, and accomplished the
object of his trip, examined the South Pass, explored the
Wind River mountains, ascended in August, tne highest
peak of that range, now known as Fremont's Peak, and
returned, after an absence of four months. His report of
the expedition attracted great attention in the IJnited
States and abroad. Fremont began to plan another and a
second expedition. Ho determined to extend his explora-
tions across the continent; and in May, 1843, commenced
his journey with thirty-nine men, and September 6, after
traveling over 1,700 miles, arrived at the Great Salt Lake;
there made some important discoveries, and then pushed
-^
-' f^wt
MULTUM IN PARVO.
on to tho upper Columbia, down whoso valloy ho proceed-
ed to Fort Vancouver, near ita inoiitli. On Nov. 10, ho
But out to return Eu.-'t, seleetiiig a southeasterly course,
iuaiHiig from the lower part of tiio Cohunbia to the upper
Colorado, throu'jh an almoat unknown region, crossed by
higli and rugged niountaina. Ho and his party Bullercd
iucrediblo hardaliips in crossing from tho Great Basiii to
Sutter's Fort on the Sacramento; started from there March
JJ4, proceeded southward, skirted the western base of tho
yiorra Nevada, crossed that range through a gap, entered
tiio G»eat Basin; again risited llie Great Salt Lake, from
wliich thoy returned through the South Pass to Kansas,
in July, 1844, after an absence of fourteen months. In the
spring of 1S45 Fremont set out on a third expedition to
explore the Great Basin and the maritime region of Ore-
gon and California; spent the summerexamining the liead-
waters of the rivers whose springs are in tho grand divide
of the continent; in October camped on the shores of the
Great Salt Lake: proceeded to explore the Sierra Nevada,
which he again crossed in the dead of winter; made his
way into the Valley of the San Joaquin; obtained permis-
sion, at Monterey, from the Mexican authorities there, to
proceed with his expedition, which permission was almost
immediately revoked, and Fremont peremptorily ordauer
to leave tho country without delay, but he refused, and a
collision was imminent, but was averted, and Fremont pro-
ceeded toward Saa Joaquin. Near Tlamath I^^ike, Fremont
met, Jfay 9, 1846, a party in search of him, with dis-
patciies from Washington, ordering him to watch over the
interests of the United States in California, as there was
reason to beliere that province would be transferred to
Great Britain. He at once returned to California; General
Castro v/as already marching against our settlements; the
settlers rose in arms, flocked to Fremont's camp, and, with
him aa leader, in less than a month, all Northern Cali-
fornia was freed from Mexican authority; and on July 4
Fremont was elected Governor of California by the Amer-
ican settlers. Later came the conflict between Commo-
dore Stockton and General Kearney; and Fremont resigned
his commission aa Lieutenant-Colonel, to which he had
been promoted. In October, 1848, he started across tho
continent on a fourth expedition, outfitted at his own ex-
pense, to find a practicable route to California. Inattempt-
ing to cross the great Sierra, covered with snow, his guido
lost his way, and the party encountered horrible suffering
from cold and hunger, a portion of them being driven to
cannibalism; he lost all his animals (he had I'^Omuleswhen
he started), and one-third of his men (he had thirty-three)
perished, and he had to retrace his steps to Santa Fe. He
again set out, with thirty men, and, after a long search,
discovered a secure route, which led to the Sacramento,
where he arrived in the spring of 1849. He led a fifth ex-
pedition across the continent In 1853, at his own expense,
and found passes through the mountains in tho line of
latitude 38 dog., 39 min., and reached California after
enduring great hardships; for fifty days his party lived on
horse-flesh, and for forty-eight hours at a time without
food of any kind. These are the barest outlines of five
expeditions of which many volumes have been written, biit
will hint at Fremont's work in the West vhich entitled
him to the name of the "Pathfinder."
Chinese Pboverbs. — The Chinese are indeed remarka-
bly fond of proverbs. They not only employ them in
conversation — and even to a ^eater degree than the Span-
iards, who are noted among Europeans for the number
and excellence of their proverbial sayings — but. they have
a practice of adorning their reception rooms with these
sententious bits of wisdom, inscribed on decorated scrolls
or embroidered on rich crapes and brocades. They carve
them on door-posts and pillars, and emblazon them on the
walls and ceilings in gilt letters. Tlio followin!^ are a few
specimens of this sort of literature: As a i^neer at the
uso of iinneces.-nry force to crush a contemptible enemy,
theyaay: " llo rides a fier j dog to catch a lame ralibit."
Similar to this is another, " To use a battle-ax to cut off a
hen's ht'Hil." Th^y say of wicked ns^ocintea: "To cher-
ish a bad man is like nourishing a lii^er; if not well-fed
ho will devour you." Here aro eevtral others mingling
wit with wisdom: "To instigate a villain to do wrong is
like teaching a monkey to climb trt.-s" "To catch fish
and throw away the net," which recalls our saying,
"Using the cat's paw to pull the chestnuts out of tho
fire;" "To climb a tree to catch a fi:^h" is to talk much
to no purpose; "A superficial scholar is aslieep dressed in
a tiger's skin;"' "A cuckoo in a niagpi-.-'s nist," equiva-
lent to saying, "he is enjoying anoi Iter's labor without
compensation-" "If the blind lead tho blind they will
both fall into the pit;" "A fair wind raises no storm;"
" Vast chasms can be filled, but the heart of man is never
satisfied;" "The body may be healed, but the mind is
incurable;" "He seeks the ass, and lol he sits upon him;"
"lie who looks at the sun is dazzled; he who hears the
thunder is deafened," i. e., do not come too near tlie pow-
erful; "Prevention is better than cure;" "Wine and
good dinners make abundance of friends, but in adversity
not one of them is to be found." " Let every man sweep
tho snow from before his own door, and not trouble him-
self al)oiit tho frost on his neighbor's tiles." The follow-
ing one ia a gem of moral wialom: "Only correct your-
self on the same principle that yon correct others, and
excuse others on the same principles on which you excuse
yourself." "Better not be, than be nothing." "One
thread does not make a rope; one swallow does not make
a summer." "Sensuality is the chief of sins, filial duty
the best of acts." "The horse's back is not bo safe us the
buffalo's" — the former is nsed by the politician, the latter
by the farmer. "Too much lenity multiplies oime." " If
you love your son give him plenty of the rod; if you hate
nim cram him witli dainties." "lie is my teacher who
tells mo my faults, he my enemy who speaks my virtues."
Having a wholesome dread of litigation, they say of one
who goes to law, " He sues a flea to catch a bite." Their
equivalent for our "coming out at the little end of the
horn" is, "The farther the rat creeps up (or into) the
cow's horn, the narrower it grows." The truth of their
saying that " The fame of good deeds does not leave a
man's door, but his evil acta are known a thousand miles
ofif," is illustrated in our own daily papers every morning.
Finally, we close this list with a Chinese proverb which
should be inscribed on the lintel of every door in Christen-
dom: "The happy-hearted man carries joy for all the
household."
Mason and Dixon's Line. — Maeon and Dixon's line
is tho concurrent State line of Maryland and Pennsylvania.
It is named after two eminent astronomers and mathe-
meticians, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, who were
sent out from England to run it. They completed the
survey between 17G3 and 1T6?, excepting thirty-six miles
surveyed in 1782 by Colonel Alex. McLean and Joseph
Neville. It ia in the latitude of 39 deg. 43 min. 26.3 sec.
Great Finns of History. — The loss of life and prop-
erty in the willful destruction by fire and sword rf tne
principal cities of ancient history — Nineveh, Pdbylon,
Persepolis, Carthage, Palmyra, and many ^hers — is
largely a matter of conjecture. The following is a memo-
randum of the chief conflagrations of the current era:
In 64, A. D., during the reign of Nero, a terrible fire
raged in Rome for eight days, destroying ten of the four-
teen wards. The loss of Ufe and destruction of property
is not known.
M
r
m
m
111
ii
I
I:
p-^^
MULTVM IV PABVO.
Constantinople was
In 70, A. D., Jorusulom vim taken by the RomunH and
alurgti jwrt of it givun to tlio torcli, entiiiliiiffunt'nornioiiB
destnic'iion of life iind property.
In llOii Vi'nico, tiion a (Uiy of inimonso opulence, was
almost wiiolly oonsiinieil by a (ire, originating in accident
or iiicinuliarisni.
Iti \H'i the greater ])art of LoTulon was bnnuMl.
In Wm wliiit id itnown as tlio (jrcat Fire of liondon
raged in the city from September 2 toG, consuming i;t,'*0(>
houses, with Ht. I'aul'a Church, HtJ pariah churches, (I
ciiapeln, tlio Guild Hall, tho lloyal Exclningo, the Custom
House, .').} companies halls, many hospitals, libraries and
other public edilioes. Tho total destruction of property
was estimated at iSIJ.CiS.SOO. Six lives were lost, and 430
aoroa burnt over.
In 1.6^9 afire in Boston burned all the warehouses,
eighty dwellings, aiul vessels in the dock-yards; loss esti-
mated at $1,000,000.
In 1700 a largo part of Edinburgh wus burned; loss un-
known.
In 1728 Copenhagen was nearly destroyed; 1,650 houses
burned.
In 1736 a fire in St. Petersburg burned 2,000 houses.
In 1729 a firb in Constantinople destroyed 12,000
houses, and 7,000 people perished. The same city suffered
a conflagration in 1745, lasting five days; and in 1750 a
series of three ajipalling fires: one in Januiiry, consuming
10,000 houses; another in April destroying pr(-perty ti
the value of ili5, 000,000, according to one historian, and
according to another, $15,000,000; and in tho latter part
of t'r.e year another, sweeping full^ 10,000 houses more
out 01 existence. It seemed as i£ Consti
doomi'd to utter annihilation.
in 1751 a fire in Stockholm destroyed 1,000 houses and
another tiro in the same city in 1759 burned 250 houses
with a loss of $2,420,000,
In 1752 afire in Moscow swept away 18,000 houses, in-
volving an immense loss.
In 1758 Christiania suffered a loss of 11,250,000 by con-
flagration.
In 1700 tho Portsmouth (England) dock yards were
burned, witli a loss of $2,000;000.
In]7(i4a fire in Koiiigsburg, Prussia, consumed the
public buildings, with a loss of $3,000,000; and in 1769 the
city was almost totally destroyed.
In 1763 a fire in Smyrna destroyed 2,600 houses, with a
loss of til, 000, 000; in 1772 a fire in the same city carried
off 3,000 dwellings and 3,000 to 4,000 shops, entailing a
los(i^-*20, 000,000; and in 1796 there were 4,000 shops,
mosques, magazines, etc., burned.
In 1776, six days after the British seized the city, a fire
swept off all the west side of New York city, from Bro'ad-
way to the river.
In 1771 a fire in Constantinople burned 2.500 houses;
another in 1778 burned 2,000 houses; in 1782 there were
600 houses burned in February, 7,000 in June, and on
August 12 during a conflagration that lasted three days,
10,000 houses, 50 mosques, and 100 corn-mil!8,-with alosn
of 100 lives. Two years later a fire, on March 13, de-
stroyed two-thirds of Pera, the loveliest suburb of Con-
stantinople, and on August 5 a fire in the main city,
lasting twenty-six hours, burned 10,000 houses. In this
same fire-scourged city, in 1791, between Jlarch and July,
there were 32,000 houses burned, and about as many more
in 1705; and in 1799 Pera was again swept witii fire, with
a loss of 13,000 hou.5cs, including many buildings of great
mHgnifieence.
In 1784 a fire and explosion in the dock yards, Brest,
cauKPd a loss of $5,000,000.
But the greatest destruction of life and property by
conflagration, of wIim || the world has anything like accu-
rale records, must bo looked for within tho current cen-
tury. Uf these the following is a partial list of instancM
in which the loss of property amounted to $3,000,000 and
upward:
Pr<>iH>rty
Dutm. ritlcs. (Icetroywl.
1S()2— fiiverpool $5,OUO,000
1^03— Homliav 3,()O0,C00
1805— St. Tliomas 30,000,000
ISOH— Shaninh Town 7,600,000
1812 — Mos(!()w, burned five dayt; 30,800
houses destroyed 160,000,000
181 fl Con8tantinoi)le, 12,000 dwellings,
3,000 shops
1820— Savannah 4,000,(K)0
1822 — Canton nearly destroyed
1828 — Havana, 350 nouses
1835— New York ("(Jreat Fire") 15,000,000
1837— St. Johns, N. B 5,000,000
1838— Charleston, 1,158 buildings 3,000,000
1841— Smyrna, 12,000 houses
1842— Hamburg, 4,219 buildings, 100 lives
lost 35,000,000
1845— New York, 85 persons killed 7,500,000
1845— iMttsburgh, 1,100 buildings 10,000,000
1845— Quebec, Jlay 28, 1,650 dwellings..-. 3,750,000
1845— Quebec, Juno 28, 1,300 dwellings. ...
1846— St. Johns, Kewfoundland 6,000,000
1848— Constantinoi)le, 2,500 buildings 15,000,000
1848— Albany, N. Y., 600 houses 3,000,000
1849— St. Louis 3,000,000
lS51_-St. Louis, 2,500 buildings 11,000,000
IS.")!— St. Louis, 500 buihlings 3,000,000
1851 — San Francisco, May 4 and 6, many
lives lost
1851 — San Francisco, Juno
1852— Montreal, 1,200 buildings
1801 — Mendoza destroyed jy cartquako and
fire, 10,000 lives lost
1802— St. Petersburg
1802 — Troy, N. Y , nearly destroyed
1802 — Valparaiso almost d'^stroyt'd
1864 — Novgorod, immense destruction of
property
1865 — Coiistanti'nople, 2,800 buildings
burned
I860 — Yokohama, nearly destroyed
1805 — Carlstadf, Sweden, all consumed but
Bishop's residence, hospital and
jail; 10 lives lost
18(;G—Portland, Me., half the city 11,000,000
1 800— Quebec, 2,500 dwellings, 17 churches
1870— Constantinople, Pera, suburb 26,000,000
1871— Chicago— 250 lives lost, 17,430 build-
ings burned, on2,124acre8 192,000,000
1871— Paris, fired by the Commune 160,000,000
1872— Boston
1873— Yeddo, 10,000 houses
1877 — Pittsburgh, caused by riot
1877— St. Johns, N. B., 1,050 dwellings, 18
lives lost 12,500,000
FVom the above it appears that the five greatest fires
on record, reckoned by destruction of property, are:
Chioatro fire, of Ont. 8 and 9, 1871 $192,000,000
Paris fires, of Jl.iv, 1871 160,000.000
Moscow fire, of Sept. 14 19, 1813 150,000,000
Boston fire, Nov. 9-10. 1872 75.000.000
London fire, Sept. 2-6, 1066 53.652.500
Hamburg fire, May 5-7, 1842 35,000,000
10,000,000
3,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
75,000,000
3,260,000
^
MCLTUX IH FABTO.
Taking into account, witn the flrc8 of Parii antl Chica-
20, tlio groat Wiaconain and Miuhigan forest tlrcaof 1871,
in which it is ostimatod that 1,OUO human licinga i>crUhcd
aad property to tho ainoiint of o?er ♦:{,0O(i.(Xm( waa con-
aumcd, it is plain that in tho annals of coutlagratiuiu that
year stands forth in gloomy pro-eminonco.
Wealth op tub United Statks per Capita. — Tho
following statistics ropioHont tho amount of taxable
pro(>orty, real and porsonai, in each State and Territory,
and also tiio amount per capita:
Total. Per capita.
Maine ISSS.OTS.Tie 3Ci.09
New Hampshire 164,755,181 AliM
Vermont 8«.806,:55 2e:,24
MasrtHchusetts l,584.75t;,80a b^8.77
Uliode Inland 252,53*),>j73
Connecticut 327, 1 77,385
New Jersey 572,518.361
New York 2,r)51.940,<XK)
PennsylTania 1,083.459,016
Delaware 69.951.643
Maryland 497,307,6V5
District of Columbia 99,401,787
Virginia 308.455,135
West Virginia 139.o2v',705
North Carolina 156,100,2n->
South Carolina 153,560,135
Georgia 239,472,599
Florida 30,938,309
Alabama 122,867,223
Mississippi 110,628.129
Louisiana 160,102.439
Texas 320,364,515
Arkansas 86.409,364
Kentucky 350,563,971
Tennessee 211,778,538
Ohio 1,534.360,508
Indiana.
Illinois
Michigan.. . .
Wisconsin . . .
Iowa
Minnesota. ..
Missouri ...
Kansas
Nebraska...,
Colorado ....
Nevada
Oregon
California...
Arizona
Dakota
Idaho
Montana ....
New Mexico .
Utah
Waahington.
Wyoming.. .
727,815,131
786,616.394
517.666,359
438,971,751
398,671,251
258.028,687
432,795,801
160,891,689
90,585,782
74,471,693
29,291,459
52,522,084
584,578,036
9,270,214
20.321.530
6.440,876
18,609.803
11,362.406
24,775,279
23.810.603
13.621.829
913.23
525.41
606.06
621.74
393.08
408.9;?
633.07
845.08
203.92
225.75
111.52
154.24
l.'>5.82
114.80
97.32
97.76
170.39
201.26
176.71
212.C3
137.30
479.77
367.^9
255.24
316.23
533.69
245.39
330.48
245.72
161.52
200.23
383.22
470.40
300.52
676.05
229.23
150.33
197.51
475.23
95.04
172.09
316.98
655,24
Total $16,902,993,543 337.CM3
Table fob Measuring ak Acke. — To measure an
acre in rectangular form is & simple question in arithmetic.
One has only to divide the total number of square yards in
an acre, 4,840, by the number of yards in the known side
or breadth to find the unkown side in yards. By this proc-
ess it appears that a rectangular strip of ground —
5 yards wide by 968 yards long is 1 acre.
10 yards wide by 484 yards long is 1 acre.
20 yards wide by 242 yards long is 1 acre.
40 yards wide by 121 yards long is 1 acre.
80 yards wide by 60A yards long is 1 ocre.
70 yards wiilo by fi'.)J yard.s long is 1 acre.
Co yiirds witio by 8u§ yards long is 1 acre.
The L.KxnnAOE okOk-M."*.— Tho languagoof thovorions
precious stont'S is as I'jllows:
Moss Agiitc — lloiiltli, pronpority and long life.
Amethyst — Prevents violent jmssions.
IJloodstonc — Courugo, wisdom and llrmness in affection.
Chrysolite — Frffs {mm evil passions and sadnt'ss.
Emunild — luHiin'struo lnvc, discovers false.
I)iaini>nis — Iiinocouco, faith and virgin purity, friends.
Garnet — Constancy and fidelity in every ciigagenient.
Ojial — Sliarpons tho sigiit ami faith of tho possessor.
Pearl — Purity; gives clearness to physical and mental
sight.
Ruby — Corrects evils rcHulting from mistaken friend*
ship.
fciapnh ire— Repentance; frees from enchantment.
Saraonyx — Insures conjugal fulicity.
Topaz — Fidelity and frit'iidsliip; prevents bad dreams.
Turquoise — Insures prosperity iu love.
Gueat Salt Lake and tue Dead Sea. — Great Salt
Lake is a shallow body of water, its average depth being
but a little more than three feet, while iu many parts it is
much less. The water is transparent, bute.xcessively salt;
it contains about ~2 per cent of common salt, slightly
n;ixed with other saU.s, and forming one of tho purest and
most coiu'entratod brines in tho world. Its specitic grav-
ity is 1.17. Tho water is so buoyant that a man may float
initatfuU lengthupon his back, having his heudand neck,
his legs tothi' kneo, and both arms to the elbow, eniirely
outof water. If ho nssumes a sitting posture, with his arms
extended, his shoulders will rise above the water. Swim-
ming, however, isdillicult aa tho lower limbs tund to rise
above the surface, and tho brino is so strong that to swal-
low even a very little of it will cause strangulation. Tho
waters of the Dead Sea, on the other hand, are nearly
black, and contain muoli sulphur and bitumen, as well as
salt. It is also very deep, varying from thirteen feet near
the south end of the lake to more than 1.3u0fect in the
northern part. Its buoyancy is quite equal tothafc of Great
Salt Lake, for travelers say that a man can float prone
upon the surface for hours without danger of sinking, and
in a sitting position is held breast-high above the water.
Some Famous Wau Sonos. — The slavery war developed
several Union song-writers whose stirring verses have kept
on singing themselves Eiiicethocloseof that great struggle.
Two among them are best remembered nowiwlays, ooth
men who wrote the wo'"ds and composed the music to their
own verses. Chicago lays claim to one. Dr. George F.
Root, ai d Boston to the other, Henry C. Work. The song
" Marching Tlirougli Georgia," as everyone knows, was
written in memory of Sherman's famous march from
Atlanta to tho sea, and words and music were the com-
position of Henry C. Work, who died not many months
ago (in 1884). The first stanza is as follows:
Bring the good old bugle, boys, we'll sing another song —
Sing it with spirit that will start the world along —
Sing it as we used to sing it, fifty thousand strong,
While wo were marching tiirough Georgia.
Chorus —
"Hurrah; hurrah! we bring the jubilee!
Hurrah! hurrah! the flag that makes you free!"
So we sang the chorus from Atlanta to the sea.
While wo were marching through Georgia.
Among the other songs of V/ork the following are best
known: " Kingdom Coming," or " Sav, Darkey, Hab You
Seen de Massa?" "Babylon is Fallen," "Grafted into
^1
J,
'
V^)
<;
'I!
U'
Ir
ill*
J!
r
I
.¥^
UVLTVH IN 1-AllVU.
til
Army" Rn«l "Cmpotal Schnappi." Tliis record
iM l)u incoiiipli'ie wer* «e to inA to niciitiDii suiiu' of
iiiiitiy ringing Mor* of (itxjrgv F. Ituot, tton^'H wliitli
liii<') inuilo the nanii} of Root fauiutia in tlioiiHuiuIrt iipdii
tlioiL-iaiiili of hoiiithoMi in tL** \\\fX. Sdinoof IIhhc Monk's
luo: •' MiitMtjLVy of FrwJ^Mn." " Tramji, Traiiip, Truiii|i,"
" On, on, on. thi K-^v* C^om- M«riliiti;.'," ".lust Itifoio
ttio Unit If, Mother,"' "Jo*: Afi«T the IJiittlo," " Luv Mo
Down iind Save the Fla^," "Sjjujd \'\< fur Undo Sum, My
!<i>y4." Tlie well knuwnafpug, " Wnp the VUfi Around
Ml', Ii<\v.«," wai ri>inp«««iil bt fi. Stcwiiii 'ruylor, and
" \Vt|, ii'Jutinoj ConK* iltrciuug Home " by Luuia Luni-
bort.
Thk Cost off Rotaltt is Esolaxh.— Her Jfujosty:
I'nv y piir-.' ilOo, 000
Sularie^ of householj l.Jl.v'tJO
Expt- n.-tod of houwhold 17','.r>00
Uoyul U)unty, etc. 13.V'00
UiuippropriatctJ 8,040-
i';i8r).(ioo
•If ',(!(()
1(1,000
8,000
2f),000
«,000
Prinoo of Wali'j
I'i'itii'i'.4-i of W'iik'.^
l,''-own rrincr.-M of Prnaua
Diiko (if Kdinbiii'u'h
Prini'c.-'H {'iiri.-iti:kn of Schl«*w!p-Ilolst«in....
rriii(>e-iH Louis's (Marduooeiitof Lome) 0,000
Diiko of Connuught 25,000
DulvG r>f Alhiiny 25,000
riuflii'sa of Canifiridge 0,000
Diicliossof M»'..'kleiiburg-JStf*litJ 3,000
Dukoof Cariiliridj^e 12,0o0
Duclics-sof Terk 6,000
Some Okkvt RtVEP_*. — Froijn Tla(«ire]l'H little work for
cnpiiu't-rrt and mechanic* Tfc* fojJomMiig figures aro taken,
sliowin;,' the lengths of tL-.- 'ir.-- -t rivers on the various
continents:
EL-BOPE.
Nnmc.
Volga, Russia
Danube l,V»<tt
Rhine %4«>
Vistula ?•»
ASIA.
Yeneisy iind Stdenga..3..>»»>
Klancr 3.r>*>
lloang IIo '■' t
Anioor J. ' •
Euphrates I. ■• •
(Jangea l.'-'
Tigris 1,1'X»
AFFtlCA.
Nile 3.2^
Niger 2,4»»»
Gambia 1,»)W
MTTH AMEUICA.
JiiiZiif. Mllofl.
AmiLZiJii and Beui. . , .4,000
PlatU' ii,roo
Rio Madeira 2,30o
Rjo Negro 1 ,050
«»riiioco l.OOO
Uniguav 1,100
Ma^'dalena. 900
XOHTII AMEUICA.
!l'?iei-ffiippi and Mis-
- jri 4.300
Ma, kenzie 2,H0O
Rio Bravo 2,300
Arkansas 2,070
Be<3 River 1.520
OLio a:jd Alleghany. .1,480
>!. Lawrence 1,450
The figures a3 to the length of the Nile are estimated.
The Anuizon, with its tribotariei (including the Rio Negro
and .Madeira), drains an am of 2.'i3O.0(«J pr;uare miles;
the Mi3si:isi]>pi and MisMNiri, l,72iC,0(>(. square miles; the
Yont'isv (or Yeris«i. aa it is oft*n written) drains iibout
1,000, (iuO square miles; the V.>3r». about 5fi0.0<i0. In this
group of great rivers the Sc. Lanrreuc^istlie most remark-
able. It constitutes by far tb.* krgest body of fresh water
in the world. Im^lnding the laies and streams, which it
comprises in its vridest acceptation, the St. Lawrence cov-
ers about T3,niiO square miles; the aggregate, it is esti-
mated, represents not; lets than 9,<K»(> solid miles — a mass
of water which would bare taken npward of forty years to
pour over Niagara at the computed rate of 1,000,000 cubic
foot in n flocond. As the entire bail. diia water systitm
falls NJiort of 300,000 Hquaru miles, the turfaco of tho land
in only thno linuM that of the water,
ilow Tiir. U.NirKU Statkm Oot Jta Lands. — Tlio Uni-
ted Htales bought Loui^ianM, thu viuit legion between the
.Miitxissippi River, tho ciuitern and iiortiiern boundury of
Texas (then belonging to Hpain), and ilie dividing ridgo
of tho Rocky .Mountains, together with what is now Ore-
gon, WuHliingtori Territory, anil tbo woMlern parts of
Montana and Malio, from France for ♦ 1 1,260,000. This
was in iso.'l. Iteforo tho principal, interest, ami claims
of one sort and another assumed ItV tho Unite<l Statrs
wero settled, tho total cost of this "Louisiana pureliiMe,"
comprising, ac(.'ording to Krencli couHtruction and our
underslamling, I,l71.<.i31 square miles, swelled to 123, 500,-
000, or almost $25 j)er section — a fact not stated in cyclo-
pedias ami scliool iiistories, and therefore not generally
understood. Snain still held Florida and claimed apart
of what wo understood to be im luded in thu Louisiana
purchase — awtripupto north latitude 31 — and disputed
our boundary along the south and wcNt, and oven claimed
Oregon. Wo bought Florida and all the disputed land
cast of tho Mi.isiH.Hip|d and her claim to Oregon, and
settled our southwestern boundary dispute for tho sum of
♦(3,500,0(10. Texiu smilingly proposed annexation to tho
United .States, ami this great govtniment was " taken in"
December 2!t, IS 15, 'J'exas keeping her jjublio lands and
giving us all her State debts and a three-year war (costing
us !?»)<>. (M)o,('(M)) with Mexico, who claimed lier for a run-
away from Mexican jurisdiction. This was a bargain that
oiit-yankecd tho Yankees, but tho South insiKted on it
and "the North submitted. After conquering all the terri-
tory now embraced in New Mexico, a part of ("olorailo,
An'zona, Utah, Nevada and California, we paid Mexico
|<2r),000,000 for it— ♦ 15,000,000 for the greater part of it
and l<lo,ono,000 for another slice, known as tho " (lads-
den pun base." In 18»;7 wo bought Alaska from Ruaia
for J7,200,000. All the several aaounts above namml
wore paid long ago. As for all the rest of our landed pos-
sessions, we took them with ws when we cut loose from
mother Rritain's apron string, but did not get a alear title
until wo had fought ten years for it — first in the Revolu-
tionary War, costing us in killed 7,343 reported — besidoa
tho unreported killed — and over 15,000 wounded, and
$135,103,103 in money; afterward in the War of 1812-15,
costing us in killed 1.877, in wounded 3,737, in money
!!<107, 159,003. We have paid everybody but the Indians,
tho only real owners, and, thanks to gunpowder, sword,
bayonet, bad whisky, small-pox, cholera and other weap-
ons of civiliz'ition, there are not many of them left to
complain. Besides all the beads, earrings, blankets, pots,
kotlles, brass buttons, etc., given them for land titles in
tho olden times, wo paid them, or tho Indian agents, in
ono way and another, in the ninety voars from 1791 to
1881. inclusive, $il93,t572,C97 31, to .«ay nothing of the
thousands of lives sacrificed and many millions spent in
IndiTm wars, from the war of King Philip to the last fight
with tho Apaches.
iLi-fSTiuous Mex akd Womex. — It is not likely that
any two persons would agree as to who are entitled to the
first fifty places on the roll of great men and great women.
Using "great" in the sense of eminence in their profes-
sions, of great military commanders tho following are
among thochief: Sosostris, the Egyptian conqueror, who is
reju'csented as having subdued all Asia to tho Oxus and
tho Ganges, Ethiopia, and a part of Europe; Cyrus
the Great; Alexander the Great; Hannibal; Che-Hwanti,
who reduced all the kingdoms of Chinaand Indo-China to
ono empire, and constructed the Great Wall; Caesar; Gen-
ghis Khan, the Tartar chief, who overran all Asia and a
\
MVLTVlf IX fARTO.
oondidorablo part of Kuropn; Niipolooti Iloimparto; ClyMfi
H. Orunt, litul (Ikiioi'iiI Vnn Moltkr. Aiiioti^ tliu 'tii<>«t
illdittrioiii) l)t-iit<l'ii(il<)iri of iiiitiikiiiil, it.SHtatcHiiicii, Ltvgtvori
iiiul patriotH, Hturxl Momcm, Diivid, Solon, Niiniu roiiipiliti*,
/oi-iiuHtiir, Coiifiiciiirt, .liiHtiiiiiiii, (!liiirlutiiiivtno, Croiiiwi-H,
Wu>4liii>^toii iiriil Liiicolii. Kiiiiiii>iit itniong tliu pliiloto-
plitTH, rliutoriciiiim iiinl lo^'ii'i.nm Htunil iSocriiii h, IMitto,
AriHtotlo, Hi'iii'Cii, llio two (JuIhh, uml I.onl Macon; nmung
oriitorH, I'oriclcH, Di^iiioMllieiu'H, Ci(;i'ro, MiriilK'uii, Itiirko,
Wolintor iirnl (Jliiy; iiMioiig | U, Hdiik r, Virgil, Daiitp,
Milton, Hiiil Sliukuripitaro; annni^ piiiiilorH und si^iiiptorK,
I'liidias, I'arrliuMi'.iri, Zi'nxis, I'raxitiluM, Siooiu, Mirhuel
Aii);*'lo, Uii|)lia<'l 1111(1 Uiili(>iis; timong pliiiuiitlirwpifltii,
.loiin Howard; among iiivonlorH, An^liinu'di'rt, Watt, Ful-
ton, Arkwriglii, Wliitin-y undAlorHo, among urttrononuTu,
C!operni(MiH, (ialiltio, Tvcho Hrulio, Nowton, I,a riaf« ami
tlio elder liwrHidiid. ilurearofiixty n:»nu'«of tlistitigni-'lifd
miMi, und yi't the groat roligiouu loadurrt, exct-piing Mou>3
antl ZoroitHtcr, havo not been natnud. Among these utaiid
Siddhartha or Buddha, Mahomut, Martin huthor, John
Knox and John WeHloy. 'I'hon tlio groat explorers and
geographers of tlto world liavo not heon notired, among
whom Ilerodotns, Strabo, Pliny, V isco do IJania, Colum-
bus and fliimboldt barely lead the van.
Of eminent women thero nroSeling, wifoof the Km|>oror
Hwang-ti, li. (J. !iti;J7, who taught lier people the art of
Hilk-raising and weaving; Semiramia, the Assvrian Queen;
l)el)orah, t(io heroic warrior proplictoss of the Israelites;
Queen Esther, who, with the counsel of iior cousin, Mor-
dccai, not only saved tho Jews from extermination, but
lifted them from a condition of slavery into pros|)erity and
power; Dido, tho founiler of Carthage; Sappho, the emi-
nent (ii Ian poetess; llypatia, tho eiocpient philosopher;
Mary, no mother of Christ; Zonobia, Queen of I'alniyra;
tl\o mother of St. Augustine; Elizabeth of Hungary;
Queen Elizabeth of England; Queen Isabella of Soain,
tho Emi)res8 Maria 'i'heresa; Alargarof tho Clreatof Uen-
mark; Catherine tho Great of Russia, Queen Victoria;
Florence Nightingale; Mmo. doStael: Mrs. Fry, the phi-
lanthropist; among authoresses, Mrs. Ilenians, Mrs. Sig-
ournoy, Mrs. Browning, "George Sand," 'George Eliot,"
and Mrs. Stowo; and among artists, Hosa Bonheur, and
our own Harriet Ilusmer.
Tna Si'KZ Caxal. — The Suex Canal was begnn in 1,8.58
and was formally ojjened in November, iHWi. its cost, in-
cluding harbors, is estimated at tlOO.OOO.OuO. Its length is
100 miles. 7') of which were exeuvated ; its width is gener-
ally 325 feet at tho surface, and Ta feet at the bottom, and
its depth 2C, feet. Tho workmen employed were chiefly
natives, and many wero drafted by tho Khedive. The
number of laborers is estimated at 30,000. Tho British
government virtually controls tho canal as it owns most of
the stock.
SExniNO Vkssels Over Niagara Falls. — Thero have
been three sucli instances. The first was in 18'-2T. Some
men got an old sliip — tiio Michigan — whieh had been used
on lake Erie, and had been pronounced unseaworthy. For
mere wantonness thoy put aboard a bear, a fox, a buffalo, a
dog and some geese and sent it over tho cataract. The
boar jumped from tlio vessel before it reached the rapids,
swam toward the shore, and was rescue 1 by some humane
persons. The gee.se ■went over tlio falls, and came to the
shore below alive, and, ther"fore, became objects of great
interest, and were sold at higli prices to visitors ut tlie
Falls. The dog, fox, and buflalo were not heard of or seen
ac;ain. Another condciunod vessel, the Detroit, that Lad
belonged to Commodore Perry's victorious fleet, was started
over the catarnct in the winter of 1841, but grounded about
midway in the rapids, and lay thero till knocked to pieces
by the iie. A (>omowhat more plolureiqno JnKtaneo muh
tho««'nding overtiio CiimidaHido of a iiliip on the. 'I'his
occurred in IKIT. Th.t v. imd wnn tho Curi.Hne, which had
\»en run in Gio intere tuf tho iuHuigi nis in tiiu Caiindian
relxdliiin. It wa«c:.|itur. d by C.liMiel Me.Nul.l,, ,iii olllcpr
of tho Canada inil!ti;i, and bvhio orders it was net on (ire
thou cut I'Mjho fr.imiuinii(iriiii.'M. y\ll in llames, it went
glaring and hiding down tho mpids and over the jireeipice,
iin«l imothered iia ruddy bluze in thu lunling cluiHin below.
Thii Win wit m'Med by liirgo crowds on both sides of tho
falls, and Was deseribcd as a iiidst iiia;.'iiil'ieiiit sight. Of
rourvo there was no one on board the ve^sel.
OldTiMR WA<iK^ IV E.VOLA.Vt..— The following rates
of daily m i;.'e8 "determined "bytho Justiees of Somerset,
in I'iN'j, answer this «)iiesiion very fairly. Somerset being
onoof tho average sill res of Knglund. Tho orthography
is conformed to original record:
d.
a
7
10
7
4
8
3
6
1
Mowers per diem, findeing themHelvca 1
Mi'wersnt meato and drinke
.Men makeing hay per diem, llndeing tliemselves. .
Men at nu-atc and drinke
Women makeing hay
Women at meate and drinke
Men reapeing corno per diem, Hndeingthemselvea 1
Men reapingo come at nienlo und drinke
•Moweing an acre of grasse, llndeing themselveB.. 1
Moweing an acre of grasse to hay 1
Moweing an acre of barley 1
lieapeinge und bindeinge an acre of wheato 3
Cuttingo and bindeinge an aero of heanes and
hookinge 2
The shilling is about 24 cents and the penny 2 cents.
Declaration- of Ivdki'exdkntk .Sioxf^ns. — Tho fol-
lowing is the list of names appended to that famous
document, with tho colony which each represented in
Congress:
New Ilar.pshire — Josiah liartlett; William Whipple,
Matthew Thornton.
Massachn.-ett.s — John Ilanc tick, John Adams, Samuel
Adams. Koliert Treit Paine.
Hhode I>land — Elbridgo Gerry, Stephen Hopkins, Will-
iam EIKry.
Coniit-etiout — Koirer Sherman, Samuel Huntington,
William Williams, Oliver Wolcott.
New Y(>rk — William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis
Lewis. Lewis Morris.
Now tJerscy — Richard Jlockton, John Witherspoon,
Francis Hopkinson, John Ilart, Abraham Clark.
Penn^ylvania — liobert Jlorris, Benjamin Rush, Benja-
min Franklin, John 5fort)n, George Clymer, Jamea
•Smith, George Taylor. James Wilson, George Ross.
Delaware — Ca>sar Rodney, George Reed, Thomas Mo-
Kean.
Maryland — Samuel Chase, Thomas Stone, William
Paou, I'harles CarioU. of Carrollton.
Virginia — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas
Jefferson. Benjanun Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Fran-
cis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton.
North Carolina — William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John
Penn.
So'ith Carolina — Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward,
Jr., Thomas Lynch,. Jr., Arthur Middleton.
Georgia — Button Gwinntet, Lyman Hall, George Wal*
ton.
Life of Etham Allex. — Colonel Ethan Allan was
captured in an attack upon l[oiitroa!, September 26. 1775.
H« was sent a^ prisoner to Great Britain, ostensibly for
trial, but in a few months was sent back to America, and
8C.^
confiiK'd in prison ships and jails at Halifax ami New
York till May 3, 1778, when ho was exchanged. During
most of his captivity lie was treated as a felon aiui kept
hciivily ironed, but during 1777 was allowed rcstricicd lib-
erty on parole. After his exchange ne again ollcred his
services to the patriot army, but because of trouble in Ver-
mont wiis put in coi.imand of the militia in that State.
The Hritisli authorities were at that time making especial
efforts to secure the allegiunco of the Vcrmonters. and it
was owing to Allen's skillful negotiations that the question
was kept open until tlio tiieater of war was changed, thus
keeping the colony on the American side, but avoiding the
attacks from the British that wt)uld certainly have fol-
lowed an open avowal of tlieir political preferences. Allen
died at Burlington, Vt., Tebruaiy 13, 1789.
BuRiAi, Ol'svoms. — Among the early Christians the
dead were buried with the face upward and the feet tow-
ard the east, in token of the resurrection at the coming
again of the Sun of Righteousness. It cannot be said,
however, that the custom was first used by the Christians.
It was ill practice anoug early pagan nations also, and is
regarded as a survival of tho ideas of the fire-worshipers.
The sun, which was tiie impersonaLion of deity to many
primitive races, had his home in their mythology in the
east, and out of respect for him the dead were placed fac-
ing this quarter, among certain tribes always in a sitting
posture. It may also be remarked that among other races
the position was reversed, tlie dead body being placed
with its feet toward the west, because the region of sunset
was the home of the departed spirits.
The Sl'kukxdeu of Lee to Grant. — The surrender
of (Jeneral Lee was made at tlie house of a farmer named
McLean, in Apjiomattox village, that house having been
selected by General Lee himself at General Grant's request
for the interview. General Grant went thither, and was
met 'n' General Leo on tho threshold. The two vvent into
the pr.rlor of tho house, a small room, containing little
furnishing but a table and several chairs. About twenty
Union officers besides General Grant were present, among
them the inembers of tho General's staff. The only Con-
federate officer with General lA;e ivas Colonel Marshall,
who acted as his secretary. O'-ii^ral Lee, as well as his aid,
w.as in full uniform, anil wore a burnished sword which was
given him by tho State of Virginia; General Grant was in
plain uniform, without a sword. After a brief conversa-
tion, relative to tho meeting of the two generals vrhile sol-"
diers in Mexico, General Lee adverted at once to the object
of the interview by asking on what terms the surrender of
his army would be received. General Grant replied that
offii^crs and men must become ]irisoners of war, giving up
of course all munitions, weapons and supplies, but that a
parole would be accepted. General Lee then requested
that the terms siiouhl be put in writing, that he might
sign them. General Badoau says that wliile General Grant
was writing the conditions of surrender he chanced to look
up and his eye caught the filitterof General Lee'c swonl,
and that this siglit induced iiiiii to insert the provision that
the "officers should bo allowed to retain their side-arms,
horses and personal jiroperty." This historian thinks
that rtoneral lee fully cxpect('<l to give up his sword, and
that (Jenor.il Gi intomifted tiiis from tiietermsof surrender
out of con-iiiU'ration for the feelings of a soldier. Badeau
says that (reneral Ivoe was o\iileiitly much toucheil by tho
clemency of his adversary in this regard. The Confoder-
ato "hief now wrote liisaccoptanco of the terms offered and
signed them. He fiiriher refpiested that tho cavalry ^iiid
artillery soldiers might lie allowed to retain their lion^s as
well as t!ie offi<!ors. to which (reneral Grant consented, tnd
asked that a suiiply train left at Danville might he allowe.'
to puss on, OB his soldiers were without foon. Ihe reply
of General Grant to this was an order that 25,000 rations
should be immediately issued from the commissariat of tho
National army to the Army of Northern Virginia. The
formal papers were now drawn up and signed, and tho in-
terview which jnded one of the greatest wars of modern
times was over.
Colored Population at Each Census. — The follow-
ing will show the white and colored population of the
United States, from 1790 to 1880, inclusive.
, Colored. .
Vi'or. White. Frf-e. Slaves.
1790 3,172,00'j 59.527 697,«81
1800 4,306,446 108,435 893,602
1810 5,862,073 186,446 1,191,362
1820 7,862,166 223,634 1,538,022
1830 10,538,378 319,599 2,009,043
1840 14,195,805 386.293 2,487,355
1850 19,553,068 434,495 3,204,313
1860 26,922,537 488,070 3,953,760
1870 33,589,377 4,880,009 None.
1880 ..43,40!i,9~0 6,580,973 None.
Arctic Explohations. — From 1496 to 1857 there were
134 voyages and land journeys undertaken by governments
and explorers of Europe and America, to investigate the
unknown region around the North Pole. Of these, sixty-
three went to the northwest, twenty-nine via Behring
Straits, and tho rest to the northeast or due north. Since
1857 there have been the notable expeditions of Dr. Hayes,
of Captain Hall, *ho8e of Nordenskjold, and others sent
by Germany, Russia and Denmark; three voyages made by
James Lament, of the Royal Geographical Society, Eng-
land, at his own expense; the expeditions of Sir George
Kares, of Leigh Smith, and that of the ill-fated Jeannette;
the search erpeditions of the Tigress, the .luniata, and
those sent to rescue Lieutenant Greely; further, all the
expeditions fitted out under the auspices of the Polar Com-
mission — in which the Greely expedition was included —
andanjmber of minor voyages, making a sum total of
some sixty exploring journeys in these twenty-seven years.
The Tattle of Waterloo. — The battle of Waterloo
was fo'.igiit June 18, 1815, between the allied British,
Netherlanr ini German troops under Wellington and the
Freiic'. nude" Napoleon. On June 16 Napoleon had
attacked the Prussians under Blucher nt Ligny and forced
them to retreat townrd W^avre, and Marshal Ney at the
same time attacked the British and Dutch forces atQratre
Bras, but was forced to retire aftei* an engagement of five
hours. Napoleon's object, however, which was to prevent
a union of the Pru.-isians with Wellington's main army,
was jmrtialiy gained. Th-? latter commander, having
learned the next morning' of 31uchcr's repulse, niovpd on
to WaterLo expecting rhat the Prussian commander,
according to previous arrangement, would join him there
as speedily as possible. On Juno 17 Napoleon also moved
toward A\ateiloo with the main body of his army, having
directed Marsh.il Grouchy with 34.000 men and ninety-six
guns to ])ur.<ue Bliicher's commainl t.)ward Wavre. Both
armies bivouacked on the field o? Waterloo, and the next
morning Napoleon, confident that Grouchy would prevent
the arrival of tiie Prussians, delayed attack until the ground
should become dry, a heavy shower having fallen on the
day previous. The forces under Wellington occujiied a
semi-tnrcular ridge a mile and a half in length, and the
French were on an opposite ridge, tho two being sepa-
rated by a valley about 500 yards wide. The nian of
Napoleon was to turn the allied left, force it buclc upon
center, and gain possession oi the enemy's lino of retreat.
To draw off Wellington's attention '.o his nght, French
troops were sent j<bont 11 o'clock to attack tlie chateau of
Hongnemont, which tho English had fortified. After a
- — -r
MULTUM IN PAUVO.
-y
fight of more tlian two hours this was btill in tiie posses-
sion of its defoiulers. About 1 o'cioclc a IVussiau corps
under IJiilowjrt'iis seen ap|)toiiching ou the Fi-'ieii right,
and Napoleon, tiudiug it necessary to send lO.dOi' uicti to
check their advance, wud obliged to ciuiiige tlie plan of
battle. He therefore ordered a fierce attack upon the
allied center. Wellington massed his troops there, and
the battle was obstinately maintained for five hourn, with
vary ills' success to the participants, botli commundcrs
hourly ex[)e(^ting re-enforce men is. Wellington was wait-
ing for Blucher and Napoleon for Grouchy. The Frencli
at last were gaining ground; the allied troops in the oen-
ter were wavering under Ney's impetuous onsl:. lights,
General Diirutte iuvd forced back the left, and Bulow's
troops on thought had been forced to yield the position
they had taken. Now. however, there were rumors that
Blucher's army was approaching and the allies again ral-
lied. At 7 o'clock Nai)i>l('on, despairing of the apjiroaeh
of Grouchy, determined to decide the day jy a charge of
the Old (ruard, which had been held in reserve. At this
stage the advance of Prussian horso on the allied left
forced back General Dunitte's troops, and the Old Guard
formed in squares to cover tills retreat. N'ey's division
surrounded, made a gallant struggle — their brave leader
still uiiwounded, though five horses hail been shot under
him, heading them ou foot, sword in hand — but were
forced to give way. The Old Guard lieM their ground
against overwhelming numbers. Finally, when five
squares were broken, the Emperor gave tiie order to " faU
back." The cry "The Guard is repulsed" spread con-
sternation through the French army and threatened to
turn retreat into precipitate flight. Napoleon, seeing this,
reformed the Guard in order to give a rallying point lor
the fugitives. Failing in this, he declared that lie would
die within the square, but Marshal Soult hurried him
away. Tho heroic hand, surrounded, was bidden to sur-
render. "The Old Guard dies, but never sui renders" is
the reply popularly attributed to General Cambronne, and
with the cry of " Vive TEmpereur I" the remnant of the
Guard Made a last charge upon the enemy and perished
almost to a man. The forces of Blucher bei.ig now upon
the field, the rout of the French was complete, and the
Prussians pursued the fleeing troops, 'optiiring guns and
men. There is no doubt that the failure of Grouchy to
come upon tho field caused Napoleon to lose his last great
battle. It was subsequently asserted that this marshal
was bribed, but tliere seems to be no real fou idationfor so
base a charge. The trouble was that he had been ordered
by Napoleon to follow the Prussians towp.rd Wavre and
thought it necessary to follow tho strict letter of his
inatructions. Before he reached tho village the main
body of tho Prussian force was on its way 'o Waterloo,
but one division had been left there to occupy his atten-
tion. Engaged in skirmishing with this, he paid no atten-
tion to the advice of his subordinate generals who, hearing
the terrible cannonading at Waterloo, besought him to
go to the aid of the army there. Napoleon believing that
he was either holding back Blucher's forces or was hotly
pursuing them, did not recall him to tho main army, and
the decisive battle was lost. Grouchy was summoned
beforr a council of war, but the court declared itself
incompetent to decide his case, and nothing further came
of it.
Our NiTiON^L Cemeteries. — National Cemeteries
for soldiers anu sailors may be said to have origi-
nated in 1850, iho army appropriation bill of that
year appropriating nio'.iey for a cemetery near tho
City of Mexico, for tb^ interment of the remains of
soldiers who fell in the Mexican War. The remaju.s of
Federal soldinrs and sulors who fell in the war for the
Union have been buried in scventy-ei;.'iit cemetorie.-* ex-
(•JiKsive nf tiio-e iiilcirt-d elsewhere, a f;.r greater ni.mber.
In tlie subj iMicil lisi, are given the natiu-s and locations of
the .\;iti)!i il CoMii'iiTi 'S with tlie nuuiljer tiu-r. in buried,
kiunv.i iiiid .ii.kno ^tl. We have ^.^^^ means of ^vi^jwing
whi'.t cemeteries aHo contain the bodies of Southern
soldiers :
KiHiwn. rnkn'n.
Cypre.^s llill, N. Y ■i.'r.ri TO
Woodlav.ii, Kimira, N. Y :!.«'!»•;
Beverly, N. J 142 7
Finn's Point, N.J 2,044
Gettysburg. Pa l.'-'O? 1,OOH
Philadelphia. Pa 1.^M» 28
Annapolis, Md 2,2>>0 197
Aiitidam, Md 2.s.5:5 l,.sll
London Park, Baltimore, Md l,i;"~'7 106
Laurel, Baltimore, Md ■-':{2
Soldiers' Home, D. C 5,oi;5 288
iJatlle, I). C 13
Grafton, W. Va 0:J4
Arlington, Va 11, 'Ul
Alexandria, Va 3,434
Ball's I'.hill, ^•a 1
Cohi 11 arbor, V a 072
City Point. Va 3.170
f'ulpepper, Va 4.j4
Danville, \'a.
1.11
Fredericksburg, Va 2,4>- 7
Fort Uarrition, Va 239
(Hendale, Va 233
H'impton, Va 4,808
Poplar Grove, Va 2,197
Richmond, Va Ml
Seven Pines V^a loO
Stau nton, Va 233
Winchester, Va 2,094
Yorktown, Va 748
Newborn, N. C 2,174
Raleigh, N. C Cv
Salisbury, N. C 94
Wilmington, N. C 710
Beaufort, S. C 4,748
Florence, S. C 199
Ander.sonville, Ga 12,878
Marietta, Ga 7,1^2
Barrancas, Fla 791
Mobile, Ala 751
Corinth, Miss 1,788
Natchez, Mi^s. . 308
Vioksburg, Mies 3,890
Alexandria, La 'i-'i
"Baton Rouge, La 2,4t;.S
Chalnu'lte, La.
P-vt Huilson, La
Bro,vnsville, Texas, , .
San Antonio, Texas. .
Fayettevillc, Ark....
Fort Smith, Ark
Little Rock, Ark
Chattanooga, Tenn..
Fort Donelson Tenn.
6,833
590
1,400
431
700
3,200
7,993
158
Knoxville, Tei n 2.080
Memphis, Tenn ^.l^'J
Nashville, Toiin lLi---'4
Pittsburg Landing, Tenn 1.2<'0
Stone River, Tenn 3,820
Camp T.'el.son, Ky 2,477
Cavo Hill. Louisville, Ky S,342
Danville, Ky 346
Lebanon, Ky ^-^
020
4,349
124
24
1,281
1,374
910
155
12.770
575
901
494
3,993
5,700
1,208
520
2.361
1,434
1,077
553
12.032
1.398
4,493
2,790
950
2,903
057
113
3,920
2,780
12,704
772
495
5.075
3.218
1,370
167
781
1,152
2..337
4,903
511
1,040
8,817
4.6!;?
2,361
2,314
1,1C5
583
12
S77
i
.tii ■
Known. Uukn'n.
Lexington, Ky 824 105
Logan's, Ky 34r) 3GG
Crown Hill, Indianapolis, lud CSti 36
New Albany, Ind 2,138 670
Ciunp Butlor, III 1,007 3.j5
Moiinil Citv, 111 2,505 2,721
Kock Island, 111 280 9
JefTurson Harracks, Mo 8.5C3 2,900
JolTerson Citv, Mo 348 412
S|)ringlit'ld, Mo 845 713
Fort 'jeavenworth. Ktts 821 913
Fort Scott, Kaa 388 101
Keokuk, Iowa 610 21
Fort Cribson, L T 212 2,212
Fort McFherson, Neb 149 291
City of Mexico, Mexico 254 750
TnK Catacombs of Pauis. — The so-called catacombs of
Paris were never cacacombs in the ancient sense of the
word, and were not devoted to purposes of sepulture until
1784. In that year the Council of State issued a decree
for clearing the Cemetery of the Innocents, and for remov-
ing its ronteuts, as well as those of other graveyards, into
the qur.rries which had existed from the earlier times
under the city of Paris and completely undermined the
southern part of the city. 'Engineers and workmen were
sent to examine the quurr. "nd to prop up their roofs
lest the weight of buildings ..oove should break them in.
April 7, 1780, the consecration of the catacombs was per-
formed with great solemnity, and the work of removal
from the cemeteries was immediately begun. This work
was all performed by night; the bones were brought in
f aneral cars, covered with a pall, and followed by priests
chanting the service of the dead, and when they reached
the catacombs the bones were shot down the shaft. As
the cemeteries were cleared by order of the government,
their contents w.?re removed to this place of general
deposit, and these catacombs further served as convenient
receptacles for those who perished in the revolution. At
first the bones were heaped up without any kind of order
except that those from each cemetery were kept separate,
but in 1810 a regular system of arranging them was com-
menced, and the skulls and bones were built up along the
wall. From the main entrance to the catacombs, which is
near the barriers d' Enfer, a flight of ninety steps
descends, at whose foot galleries are seen branching in
various directions. Some yards distant is a vestibule of
octagonal form, which opens into a long gallery lined
with bones from !ioor to roof. The arm, leg and thigh
bones are in fro»it, closely an 1 regularly piled, and tlieir
uniformity is lelieved by three rows of skulls at equal dis-
tances. Behind these are thrown the smaller bones. This
gallery conducts to several rooms resembling chapels, lined
with bones variously arranged. One ia called the " Tomb
of the Revohition, another the "Tomb of Victims," the
latter containing the relics of those who perished in the
early period of the revolution and in the " Massacre of
September." It is estimated that the remains of 3,000,000
huniim beings lie in this receptacle. Admission to these
catacombs has for years been strictly forbidden on account
of the uuHafo condition of thereof. They are said to com-
prise an extent of about 3,250,000 square yards.
History ov tub Tei.kpbone. — The prinoipleof the tel-
ephone, *hat sounds could bo conveyed to a distance by a
distended wire, was domoastratod by Flobert Ilook in 1067,
but no practical apiilication was made of the dipcovery
until 1821, when Professor Wheatatone exhibited his
" Enclmnted Lyre," in which the sounds of a music-box
were conveyed from a cellar to upper rooms. 'I'he first
irue discoverer of the speaking telephone, however, was
2 P^ — ■ ^
Jdhann Philipp Kcis, a Gernnn scientist and processor in
the institiitu at Friodrichsdorf. April 25, 1801, Reis
exhibited liisi tcK'phoiiont Frankfort. This. contained all
the I'saential featnics of tiie modern tel';phone, but as its
couMuonwal valiio was not at aH comprehended, little
attention was jmid to it. Reis, after trying in vain to
uroiiso the interest of scientists in his discoiery, died in
1874, without having reaped any advantage from it, and
there is no doubt that his death was hastened by the dis-
tress of mind (Miisud by his continual rebuffs. Meanwhile,
the idea was b>'ing worked into more practical shape by
other iiorsons. Professor Elisha Gray and Professor A. G.
1U.1I, and later by Ellison. There is little doubt that Pro-
fessor Gray'ssuccessful experimentsconsiderably antedated
those of the others, but Professor Bell was the first to
peifect hispatent. February 12, 1877, Bell's articulating
telepiioiio was tested by experiments at Boston and Salem,
MiiHs., and WHS found to convey sounds distinctly from one
place to the other, a distance of eighteen miles. This te)«^-
])hono WHS exhibited widely in this country and in Europe
during that year, and telephone companies wereestablished
to bring it into general use. Edison's carbon "loud-speak-
ing" telephone was brought out in 1878. It is not worth
while togo into details of the suitsoii the subject of priority
of invention. The examiner of patents at Washington, July
21, 1883, decided that Processor Bell was the first inventor,
because he was the first to complete his invention and
secure a full pii'ont. Since 1878 there have been many
improvements in the different parts of the telephone, ren-
dering it now nearly perfect in its working.
Secession and Eeadmission of Rebel States. —
Seceded. lieodmittad.
South Carolina Dec. 20, 1860. June 11, 1868.
Mississippi Jan. 9, 186L Feb. 3,1870.
Alabama Jan. 11,1861. June 11, 1868.
Florida Jan. 11,1861. June 11, 1868.
Georgia Jan. 19, 1861. April 20, 1870.
Louisiana • . Jan. 20, 1861. Jane 11, 1868.
Texas Feb. 1,1861. Mar. 16, 1870.
Virginia April 10, 1861, Jan. 15, 1870.
Arkansas May 6, 1 861. June 20, 1868.
North Carolina May 21, 1861. June 11, 1868.
Tennessee June 24, 1861. July, 1866.
The Earthquake of 1811-12. — The earthquake shocka
felt on the shores of the Lower Mississippi in the years
1811-12 arc recorded as among the most remarkable phe-
nomena of their kind. Similar initances where earth dis-
turbances liavo prevailed, severely and continuously, f?.r
from the vicinity of a volcano, are very rare indeed. In this
instance, over an extent of country stretching for 300
miles southward from the mouth of the Ohio river, the
ground rose and sank in great undulations, and lakes
wereformed and againdrained. Theshocks were attencled
by loud explosions, great fissures — generally traveling
from northeast to southwest, and sometimes more than
half a mile in length — were opened in the earth, and from
these openings mud and water were thrown often to the
tops of the highest trees. Islands in the Mississippi uere
sunk, the current of the river was driven back by the
rising of its bed, and overflowed the adjacent lands. More
than half of New Madrid county was jierinaiiently sub-
merged. The inhabitants noticed that these earth move-
mnnts were sometimes vertical and sometimes horizontal,
the former bein2[ by far the most serious in their effects.
These disturbances ceased March 20, 1812, simultaneously
with the creat earthquake which destroyed the city of
Caracas, South America.
The Hark Datin Nkw Enot-and.— On Mayl9, ir^O,
there was a remarkable darkening of the sky and atmc s-
phere over a large part of New England, which caused
iT-Ji Jt'ii^'
miich alarm among those who witriesac'l it. The darkness
began between ten and eleven o'clock cu the day named,
and continneil in some places througli the entire day, and
was followed by an unusually intense degree of blackness
during the ensuing night. This phenomenon extended
from the northeastern part of New England westward as
far as Alba ly, and southward to the coast of New Jersey.
The most incense and prolonged darkness, however, was
conQned to Massachusetts, r Medially to the eastern half
of the State. It came up fium the southwest, and over-
hung the country like a pall. It was necessary to light
candles in all the houses, and thousands of good people,
believing that the end of all things terrestrial had come,
betook themselves to religious devotions. One incident
of the occasion has been woven into verse with excellent
effect by the poet Whittier. The Connecticut Legislature
was in session on that day, and as the darkness came on
and grew more and more dense, the members became
terrified, and thought that the day of jndgment had
come; so a motion was made to adjourn. At this, a Mr.
Davenport arose and said: " Mr. Speaker, it is either the
day of judgment, or iu is not. If it is not, there is no
need of adjourning. If it is, I desire to be found doing
my duty. I move that candles be brought and that we
proceed to business." Mr. Davenport's suggestion was
taken, candles were brought in, and business went on as
usual. As to the explanation of this phenomenon, scien-
tists have been much puzzled. It was plain from the
falling of the barometer that the air was surcharged with
heavy vapor. The darkness then, it might be said, was
only the result of a dense fog, but the question of the
cause of so remarkable a fog was still unanswered. Omit-
ting this unascertained primary cause, then, Professor
Williams, of Harvard College, who subsequently made a
thorough investigation of the matter, gave it as his
opinion that this unprecedented quantity of vapor had
gathered in the air in layers so as to cat off the rays of
light, by repeated refraction, in a remarkable degree. He
thought that the specific gravity of this vapor .nust have
been the same as that of the air, which caused it to be
held so long in suspension in the atmosphere. In thi?
case the extent of the darkness would coincide with the
area of the vapor, and it would continue until a change
in the gravity of the air caused the vapors to ascend or
descend. In some places when the darkness cleared it
was as if the vapor was lifted and borne away by the wind
like a dark pall, and in others, after a period of intense
darkness the atmosphere gradually lightened again. In our
day, a phenomenon of this kind would be thoroughly inves-
tigated to its most remote possible cause; but theii owing
to the sparse settlement of the country and the difficulties
of travel, the investigation of distant causes could not be
made. Large fires may have prevailed that spring in the
ff-rests of \Vestern New York and Pennsylvania — a region
then an absolute wilderness — the smoke of which was
borne through *he upper regions of the atmosphere, to
fall when it came to a locality of loss buoyant air, down to
the lower strata. We say these fires may have recently
preceded this day, and served as its sufficient cause, but we
have only presumptive evidence that tiiey did occur. Had
Professor Williams entertained a supposition of the pre-
vious existence of such fires, he had then no means of
verifying it, and long before the advcnl, of railroads and
telegraphs, or even of stage lines, the scientific theories
of tlie dark day had passed from the general memory.
A Short History of the Libebty Bell. — In J751 the
Pennsylvania AsscnMy iiuthorizod a committee to procure
a bell for their Sfjii.' Umiqp. November Ist of that year
an order was sent to ffttidon for "a good bell of about
2,000 pounds weight." To this order wore added the fol-
28
lowing directions: " Let the bell be cast by the best
workmen and examined carefully before it is shipped, with
thj foMowing words well shaped in large letters uronnd if,
viz.: 'By ortler of the Assembly of the Province of
Pennsylvania, for the State House, in the city of Phila-
delphia, ITSa.' And underneath, 'Proclaim Liberty
Through All tho Land Unto All the Inhabitants Thereof.
— Levit. XXV. 10.'" Indue time, in the following year,
the bell reached Philadelphia, but when it was hung, early
in 1T53, as it wiis being lirst run'- to test the sound, it
cracked niihout any apparont reason, and it was necessary
to have it recast. It was at ^irst thunglit to bo necessary
to send it back to England for thu purpose, but some '• in-
genious workmen" in Philadelphia wished to do the cast-
ing and were allowed to do so. In the first Avcek of June,
175.'J, the Ih-H was again hung in the belfry of the State
House. On July 4, 1776, it was known throughout the
city that the final decision on the question of declaring
the colonies indej)endent of Great Britain was to be made
bv the Continental Congress, in session at the State
Itouse. Accordingly the old bellman had been stationed
in tiie belfry on that morning, with orders to ring the
bell when a boy waiting at the door of the State House
Ijelow should signal to liiin that the bill for independence
had been passed. Hour after hour the old man stood at
his p-^st. At last, at 2 o'clock, when he had about con-
cludc'i that the question would not be decided on that
day at least, the watchman heard a shout from below,
and looking down saw the boy at the door clapping his
hands and calling lit the top of his voice: "Ring! rin^!"
And hedid ring, the story goes, for two whole hours, ijeing
so filled with excitement and enthusiasm that he could
not stoi). When the British threatened Philadelphia, in
1777, tne precious bell was taken down nnd. removed to
the town of Bethlehem for safety. In 1778 it was
returned to the State House ar^d a new steeple built foi it.
Several years after it cracked, for some unknown reason,
under a stroke of the clapper, and its tone was thus
destroyed. An attempt was made to restore its tone by
sawing the crack wider, but without success. This bell
was sent to New Orleans during the winter to be exhibited
in the World's Fair there. The Pullman Company gave
one of their handsome?^ cars fo :he transit. It was in
the charge of three custodia;.: .ippointcd by the Mayor
of Philadelphia, who did not leave it night or day, and
guarded it as fully as possible against accident, A pilot
engine preceded the train carrying the bell over tiieentire
route. It left Philadelphia Jan, 24, 1885, and i^eturned
in June.
The Aktarctic Polau Reoios's, — The climate of the
southern polar regions is much more severe than that at
the north pole, the icefields extending 10 degrees nearer
thn equator from the south than from the north. Within
the arctic circle there are tribes of men living on the bor-
ders of the icy ocean on both the east and wesc hemis-
Eheres, but within the antarctic all is one dreary, unin-
abitable waste. In the extreme north the reindeer and
the musk-ox are found in numbers, but not a single land
quadruijed exists l)eyond 50 degrees of southern 'atitude.
Flowers are seen in summer by the arctic navigator as far
as 78 degrees north, but no jilant of any description, not
even a moss or a lichen, has been observed beyond Cock-
burn Island, in C4 degrees 12 minutes south latitude. In
Spit -rgen, 79 degrees north, vegetation ascends the
mom.,,. .7 slojics to a height of 3.000 feet, but on every
land within or near the antarctic circle the snow-line
descends to the water's edge. The highest latitude evi
reached at the south is 78 degrees 10 minutes, while in the
north navigators have j)enetrated to 81 degrees. The rea-
son for this remarkable difference is the predominance of
^
t II
^iiiii
lil
'(!;
MULIlM IN' P.VUVO.
l.;'-^e tmctH of hin'l in tlio nortlieni regions, whilo in the
south is » v^ii ex()!in.-o of ocean. In tiie north continental
ina.-iafs form an almost continuous belt around tlio icy sea,
while in the southern hemisphere the continents taper
iiown into a broad extent of frigid waters, in the nortli
the plains of Siberia and of the Hudson's liay territories,
Marine I hy liio sunbeams of summer, beconio at that sea-
sofi enters of radiating heat, whilo iho antarctic laiuls, of
small extent., isolated in the midst of a polar ocean and
chilled by cold sea winds, act at every season us refriger-
ators of the atmosphere. Further in the north ilio cold
currents ot the polar sea, having but two openings of any
extent tiirou<,di which they can ccnveydrift ice, liavetheir
ciiiily influence confined to comparatively narrow limits,
butt lie cold currents of tiie antarctic seas have scope to
branch out freely on all sides and carry their ice even into
temperate waters. Finally, at the northern hemisphere,
the (lulf Stream conveys warmth even to the shores of
Spitrb'?rgeii ami Nova Zembla, while on tiio opposite
i-egioin of the globe no traces of warm currents have been
observed beyond 55 degrees of south latitude.
The L.vNfJu.voE U.skd hy Chkist. — The langnago nse^
by Uiirist wiia the Aramaic, the dialect of Northern Syria-
Til'! Israelites were much in contact with Aramfean popu-
lations, and some words from that tongue became incor-
porated into the Hebrew at a very early date. At the time
of Ilezekiah, Aramaic had become the official language of
both Judeaand Assyria; that is, the language spoken at the
courts. After the fall of Samaria the Hebrew inhabitants
of Northern Israel were largely carried into captivity, and
their place w;i8 taken by colonists from Syria, who proba-
bly spoke Aramaic as their mother tongue. The fall of
the Jewish Kingdom hastened the decay of Hebrew as a
spoken language — not that the captives forgot their own
language, as is generally assumed, but after the return to
Juilea the Jews found themselves, a people few in number,
among a large number of surrounding populations using
the Aramaic tongue. When the latest Dooks of the Old
Testament were written, Hebrew, though still the language
of literature, had been supplanted by Aramaic as the lan-
guage of common life. From that time on the former
tongue was the e.xclu8ive property of scholars, and has no
history save that of a merely literary language.
How Akcient Temples and Pyramids Were Built. —
This is beyond modern conjecture, so imperfect is our
understanding of the extent of the mechanical knowledge
of the ancients. Their appliances are believed to have
been of the simplest order, and their implements exceed-
ingly crude, and yet they were able to convey these enor-
mous blocks of stones for vast distances, over routes most
difficult, and having accomplished this, to raise them to
great height, and fit them in place without the aid of
either cement or mortar to cover up the errors of the stone-
cutter. How all this was done is one of the enigmas of
modern fccience. It has been generally believed that
inclined pLnes of earth were used to enable the workmen
to raise the huge stones to their places, the earth being
cleared away afterward. But it is possible that the an-
cients had a moreextended knowledge of mechanical powers
than we usually give them credit for, and that they made
use of machinery very like that employed by moderns for
lifting great weights. Large cavities are found in some of
the 8tone^l in the pyramids, which nniy have been worn by
the foot of a derrick turning in them. That there were
enormous numbers of men employed in the building of
these ancient structures is well known; these results of
Iheir great aggregated strength we see, but they left no
record of the means by which this strength was focused
and brought most effectually to boar on their mighty
tasks.
Tin; I'litST Atla.ntic Caiu.i;.— As early as IS-i'i Pro-
fessor Morse declareil a siilnniirino cable connection be-
tween America and Europe to be among the iRtssibilities,
but no attempt to.vard this great acliie\enient was made
until 1854, when Cyrus Field e.staiWished a company,
which secured the right of landing cablfs in Neufonnd-
land for fifty years. In 1858 soundings between lieland
and Newfoundland were completed, showing a nui.xiiiiiim
depth of 4, UK) meters. Having succeeded in la\inga
cable between Nova Scotia and Newtoundhtnd, Mr. Field
secured the co-operation of English capitalists in his en-
terprise. The laying of the cable was begun August 7,
1857, from the port of Valencia, Ireland, but on the third
day it broke, and the expedition had to return. Early in
the following year another attempt was made. The cable
was laid from both ends at the same tinu-, was joiiu<i in
mid-ocean, but in lowering it was broken. Again, in the
same year, the attempt was made, and this time connection
was successfully made. The first message over the line
was sent August 7, 1858. The insulation of this cable,
however, was defective, and by September 4th had quite
failed. Some time was now spent in experiments, con-
ducted by scientists, to secure a more perfect cable. A
new company was formed, and in 18()5 the work again be-
gan. The Great Eastern was employed to lay the cable,
but when it was partly laid serious defects in the line were
discovered and in repairing these it broke. The apparatus
for recovering the wire proving insufficient the vessel re-
turned to England. A new company, called the Anglo-
American, was formed in 18G6, and aga'n the Great East-
ern was equipped for the enterprise. The plan of the new
expedition was not only to lay a new cable, but also to
take up the end of the old one and join it to a new piece,
thus obtaining a second telegraph line. The vessel sailed
from Valencia July 13, 18C6, and July 27 the cable was
completely laid to Heart's Content, Newfoundland, and a
message announcing the fact sent over the wire to Lord
Stanley. Queen Victoria sent a message of congratulation
to President Buchanan on the 28th. September 2d the
lost cable of 1865 was recovered and its laying completed
at Newfoundland September 8, 1866.
Ekobavino on Egos. — The art of engraving on eggs
is very puzzling to the uninitiated, but in reality it is very
simple. It merely consists in writing upon the egg-shell
with wax or varnish, or simply with tallow, and then im-
mersing the egg in some weak acid, such, for example, as
vinegar, dilute hydrochloric acid, or etching liouor.
Wherever the varnish or wax has not protected the sliell,
the lime of the latter is decomposed and dissolved in the
acid, and the writing or drawing remains in relief. In
connectior with this art a curious incident is told in his-
tory. In the month of August, 1808, at the time of the
Spanish war, there was found in a churcli in Lisbon an
egg, on which was plainly foretold the utter destruction
of the French, who then had control of the city. The
story of the wonderful prophecy spread through the town,
causing the greatest excitement among the superstitious
populace, and a general uprising was expected. This,
however, the French commander cleverly thwarted by
causing a counter-prophecy, directly denying the first, to
be engrossed on several hundred eggs, which were then
distributed in various parts of the city. The astonished
Portuguese did not know what to think of this new phe-
nomenon, but its "numerousness," if we may so call it,
caused it to altogether outweigh the influence of the first
prediction, and there were no further symptoms of revolt
against the French.
Cayenne Pf.pi'ER. — The name of the plant genus from
which cayenne pepper is obtained is capsicum, a name also
given to the product of the plant. This genus belongs to
— £^
KCi.Tuu ly PAnvo.
tho solauaccse, or night shade familj, &iid has no relation
to the family pipeniceae, which :'''..'3u';«g the slinib yield-
ing black pepper. Tlie pUnt w;.. vl: jitld^ cayenne pepper
is idontical with the conim<jQ reJ pepper of our gardens.
It is an annual, a native of tropicu countries, where it
thrives luxuriantly even in the dnrwFt Boils, but it is also
cultivated in other parts of tb« world. It grows to the
height of two or three feet, and bears a fruit in the shape
of a conical pod or seed-veaaeJ, whkh is green when im-
mature, but oright scarlet or oraog* when ripe. This pod,
with its seeds, has a very pungeci>t taste, itnd is used when
green for pickling, and when ripe and drit- d is ground to
powder to make cayenne pepper, or is used for medicine.
This powder has a strongly atimniahiirig effect, and is be-
lieved to aid digestion. It U dMt employed e^i jrually to
excite the action of the akin.
The Bm Trees op CAuroBjnA — There are several
groves of Big Trees in California, the luoet famous of
which are the Calaveras grove aii4 tLe ^Luiposa grove.
The Calaveras grove occapiea wlatt may be described
as a band or belt 3,'iOO feet long aisd TOO in width. It is be-
tween two slopes, in a depreaaion in the mouutainE, and
has a stream winding throagh it, wliich runs dry in the
Bumnior time. In this grove tfcie Big Trees number
ninety-three, besides a great nuuij nnaller ones, which
would be considered very large if it we!« jot for the pre-
sence of these monarchs of the foieit. Several of the Big
Trees have fallen since the grove WM discovered, one has
been cut down, and one had the bark stripped from it to
the height 116 feet from the grorjEd. The highest now
standing is the " Keystone Stat*," 32-> feet high and 45
feet m circumference; and the l*rg^it and finest is the
"Empire State." There are foar tr«a over 300 feet in
height, and 40 to 61 feet in circamfereube. The tree
which was cut down occupied five num twenty-two days,
which would be at the rate of one nuin 110 days, or nearly
four months' work, not counting Sniiiidsrs. Pump augers
were used for boring through t^ giant. After the trunk
was severed from the stump it reqctirul five men with im-
mense wedges for three days to topp5e it over. The bark
was eighteen inches thick. The tree would have yielded
more than 1,000 cords of four-foot wood and 100 cords of
bark, or more than 1,100 corda in all. On the stump of
the tree was built a house, thirty feet in diameter, which
the llev. A. II. Tevis, an observant traveler, says con-
tains room enough in square feet, if it were the right
shape, for a parlor 12x16 feet, a dining-room 10x12, a
kitchen 10x12, two bed-rooma 10 feet square each, r, pan-
try 4x8, two clothes-presses 1* feet deep and 4 feet wide,
and still have a little to sparel Th* Mariposa grove is part
of a grant made by Congress to be tet apart for public use,
resort and recreation forever. Tis* ar>fca of the grant is
two miles square and comprises two distinct groves about
half a mile apart. The upper grove contains 3G5 trees,
of which 154 are over fifteen feet in diameter, besides a
freat number of smaller ones. The aviwage height of the
lariposa trees is less than that of the Calaveras, the high-
est .Mariposa tree being 272 feet; bat tbe average size of
the Mariposa is gresier than that of Calaveras. The
" Grizzly Giant," in the lower grove, is &* feet in circum-
ference and 31 tee^ in diameter; it bae beer lecreased by
burning. Indeed the forests at time* pre&en a somewhat
unattractive appearance, as, in the past, the Indians, to
help them in their hunting, barciwl off the chaparral and
rubbish, and thus disfigured many of these splendid trees
by burning of! nearly all the bark. The first branch of
the " GrizzljT Giant is nearly two hnndred feet from tho
ground and is six feet in diameter. The remains of a tree,
now prostrate, indicate that it ha«i reaiC-btid a diameter of
about forty feet and a height of 4f» feet; the trunk is hol-
low and will admit of the passage of three horsemen riding
abreast. Tliere are about 125 trees of over forty feet in
circumference. Besides these two main groves there are
tiio Tolumuo grove, with thirty big lice^, ilie Fresno
grove, with over eight hundrwl spread over an area
of two and a half miles long and one to two broud;
and tho Stanislaus grove, the Calaveras grouji, with from
700 to 800. There should be named in th:s connection
the petrified forest near Calitoga, which contains j.ortions
-* noajly one hundred distinct trees of great size, scat-
it. w.. o>er a tract of three or four miles in eitim;the
largest of this forest is eleven feet in diameter at tie base
and sixty feet long. It is conjectured that these prostrate
giants were silicified by the eruption of the neighboring
Mount St. ilelena, wliich dischar^'cd hot alkaline waters
containing silica in solution. This petrified forest is con-
sidered one of the great natural wonders of California.
History of the City op Jeri'saleii. — The earliest
name of Jerusalem appuuis to have Uren Jebus, or poeti-
cally, Salem, ami its king in .\bniham's time was Melchize-
dek. When the Ilebrews t'wk possession of Caiiaiiii, tho
city of Salem was burned, but the fortress remained in
the hands of the Jebusites till King David took it by
storm and made it th^, capital of his kinsdoni. From that
time it was called Jerusalem. During the reigns of David
and Solomon it attained its highest degree of ]iuwer.
When ten of the Jewish tribes seceded under Jtrohoam
they made Shechem (and later Samaiia) the capital of
their kingdom of Israel, and Jerusalem remained the capi-
tal of the smaller but more p^jwerful kingdom of Judiili.
Thecity wastakenby Sliishak, Kihgof Egvpt.inlCl B. C,
was later conquered and sacked by Joa-h, King of Israel,
and in the time of Ahaz, the King of .Syria canie against
it with a large force, but could nut take it. The city was
besieged in Hezekiah's reign, by the armyof Sennacherib,
King of Assyria, but was saved by the sudden destruction
of the invading army. After the death of Jusiah, the city
was tributary for some years to the King of Egypt, but
was taken after repented attempts by the Babylonians
under Nebuchadnezzar in 586 B. C.and was left a heap
of ruins. The work of rebuilding it began by order of
King Cyrus about 53S B. C, who allowed the Jewish peo-
ple who had been carried into captivity to return for this
purpose. From this time Jerusalem enjoyed comjmrative
peace for several hundred years and grew to be an import-
ant commercial city. When Alexander invaded Syria it sub-
mitted to him without resistance. After his death it be-
longed for a time to Egypt and in 198 B. C, j-assed with
the rest of Judea under the rule of Syria, -\nfiochr.s the
Great ruled it with mildness and justice, but the tyranny
of his son, Antiochus Epiphanes. brought about the revolt,
headed by the Maccabeesi, througli which Jerusalem gained
a brief independence. In t<3 B. C, Poirpey the Great
took the city, demolished the walls and killed thousands
of the people, but did not plunder it. However, nine
years later Crassus robbed the temple of all its treasures.
The walls were soon after rebuilt under Antipater, the
Roman procurator, but when Herod came to rule over the
city with the title of King, given him by the Roman Sen-
ate, he was resisted and only took possession after an
obstinate siege, which was followed by the massacre of
great numbers of the people. Herod improved and en-
larged the city, and restored the temple on a more mag-
nificent scale 'than in Solomon's time. Jerusalem is said
at this time to have had a population of over 200,000.
This period of wealth and prosperity was also rendered
most memorable for Jerusalem bv the ministry and cruci-
fixion of Christ. About A. D.'^6, the Jew?, goaded to
desperation by the trannyof the Romans, revolted, garri-
soned Jerusalem, and defeated a Roman army sent against
KULTDM IN PARVO.
them. This waa the beginning of the disastrous wur which
ended with the dei^truction of the city. It was taken by
Titiii!, in the year TO, after a long siogc, all the inhabitants
were niuAsacred, or made prisoners, and tlio entire city left
a heap of rains. The Emperor Hadrian built on the site
of Jerusalem a Roman city, under the name of Elia Capi-
tolina, with a temple of Jujiifer, uiul Jews were forbidden
to enter the city under pain of dcatii. Under Constantino
it was made a place of pilgrimage for Christians, as the
Em{)eror'8 mother, Helena, liud with much pains located
the various sites of events in the history of Christ. The
Emperor Julian, on the contrary, not oidy allowed tlio
Jews to return to their city, but also made an attempt,
which ended in failure, to rebuild their temple. In 014
the Persian Eu.perorChosroes invaded the Roman empire.
The Jews joine<l his army, and after conquering the north-
ern part of Palescine, the united forces laid siege to and
took Jerusalem, The Jews wreaked vengeance on the
Christians for what they had been forced to endure, and
20,000 people were massacred. The Persians held rule in
the city for fourteen years; it was then taken by the
Romans again, but in 636 the Caliph Omar beseiged it.
After four months the city capitulated. It was under the
rule of the Caliphs for 400 years, until the Seljuk Turks
in 1077 invaded Syria and made it a province of their
empire. Christian pilgrimshad for many years kept up the
practice of visiting tnetonib of Christ, as the Caliphs did
not interfere with tneirdevotionsanyfurther than by exact-
ing a small tribute from each visitor. But the cruelties
practice^! upon the pilgrims by the Turks were many, and
report of them soon roused all Europe to a pitch of indig-
nation, and brought about that series of holy wars, which
for a time restored the holy sepulcher into Christian hands.
Jerusalem waa stormed and taken July 15, 1099, and
SO.iX'O Moslems were slaughtered by their wrathful Chris-
tian foes. The new sovereignty was precariously main-
tained until 1187, when it fell before the power of Saladin.
Jerusalem, after a siege of twelve days, surrendered.
Saladin, however, did not put his captives to death, but
contented himself v-hh expelling them from the city.
Jerusalem passed into the hands of the Franks by treaty,
in l'ii9, was retaken by the Moslems in 1239, once more
restored in 1243, and finally conquered in 1244 by a horde
of Kharesmian Turks. In 1517 Palestine was conquered
by Saltan Selin I., and since then has been under the rule
of the Ottoman Empire, except for a brief period — from
1832 to IMO, when it was in the hands of Mahomet Ali,
Pasha of Egypt, and his son Ibrahim had his seat of
government in Jerusalem.
The Bl.\ck Death. — This great plague, known as the
" Black Death." was the most deadly epidei,\ic ever known.
It is believel to have been an aggravated outburst of the
Oriental plague, which from the earliest records of liistory
has perio<licaily apjwared in Asia and Northern Africa.
There had been a visitation of the plague in Europe in
1342: the Black Death, in terrible virulence, appeared in
1348-9; it also came in milder form in 13G1-2, and again
in 1369. The prevalence and severity of the pestilence
during this century is ascribed to the disturbed conditions
of the elements that preceded it. For a number of years
Asia and Europe had suffered from mighty earthquakes,
furious tornadoes, violent floods, clouds of locusts darken-
ing the air and poison iijg it with their corrupting bodies.
Wheth'T these natural disturbances were the cause of the
plague is not certainly known, but many writers on the
subject regard the connection as both probable and possible.
The disease was brought from the Orient to Constantino-
ple, and early in 1347 appeared in Sicily and several coast
towns of Italy. After a brief pause the pestilence broke
t at Arignon in January, 1348; advanced thence to
Southern France, Spain and Northern Italy,
through France and visiting, but not yet ravaging, Oer
many, it iniido its way to p]ngland, cutting down its first
victims at l)(ir.°et, in August, 1348. Thence it traveled
slowly, reaching London early in the winter. Soon it
embraced the entire kingdom, penetrating to every rural
han.lct, so that England became a mere pest-house. The
chief .symptoms of the disease are described as "spitting,
in some cases actual vomiting, of blood, the breaking out
of indamuuitory boils in j)art8, or over the whole of the
body, and the appearance of those dark blotches upon the
skin which suggested its most startling name. Some of
the victims died almo.'-t on the first attack, some in twelve
hour.-i, some iu two days, almost all within the first three
days." The utter powerlessness of medical skill before the
disease was owing partly to the j'hysicians' ignorance of
its nature, and 'argcly to the effect of the spirit of terror
which hung like a pall over men's minds. After some
months had passed, tlie practice of opening the hard boils
was adopted, with very good effect, and many lives were
thus saved. But the havoc wrought by the disease in Eng-
land was terrible. It is said that 100,000 persona died in
London, nearly 60,000 in Norwich, »nd proportionate
numbers in other cities. These figure? seem incredible,
but a recent writer, who has spent much time in the inves-
tigation of records, asserts that at least half the popula-
tion, or about 2,500,000 souls, of England perished in this
outbreak. The ravages of the pestilence over the rest of
the world were no less terrible. Germany is said to have
lost 1,244,434 victims; Italy, over half tbe population.
On a moderate calculation, it may be assumed tnat there
Sprished in Europe during ^he first appe»rance of the
lack Death, fully 25,000,000 human beings. Concerning
the Orient we have less reliable records, but 13.000,000 are
said to have died in China, and 24,000,000 iir. the rest of
Asia and adjacent islands. The plague also ravaged North-
ern Africa, but of its course there little is known. The
horrors of that dreadful time were increased by the fear-
ful persecutions visited on the Jews, who were accused of
having caused the pestilence by poisoningthe public wells.
The people rose to exterminate the hapless race, nnd killed
them by fire and torture wherever found. It is impossible
for us to conceive of the actual horror of such times.
Mighty Hammers. — An authority on scientific sub-
jects give the weights of the great hammers used in the
iron works of Europe, and their date of manufacture, as
follows: At the Terni Works, Italy, the heaviest hammer
weighs 50 tons, and was made in 1873; one at Alexan-
drovski, Russia, was made the following year of like
weight. In 1877, one was finished at Creusot Works,
France, weighing 80 tons; iu 1885, one at the Cockerill
Works, Belgium, of 100 tons, and in 1886, at the Krupp
Works, Essen, Gernuiny, one of 150 tons. The latter be-
ing the heaviest hammer in the world.
Assassination of President Garfield. — July 2>
1881, at 9:25 A. M., as President Garfield was entering the
Baltimore & Potomac Railroad depot at Washington, pre-
paratory to taking the cars for a two weeks' jaunt in New
England, he was fired upon and severely wounded bv
Charles Jules Guiteau, a native of Illinois, but of French
descent. The scene of the assassination was the ladies'
reception-room at the station. The President and Mr.
Blaine, arm in arm, were walking slowly through the aisle
between two rows of benches on either side of the
room; when Quitcau entered by a side door on the left of
the gentlemen, passed quickly around the back of the
benches till directly behind the President, »nd fired the
shot that struck his arm. Mr. Garfield walked about ten
feet to the end of the aisle, and was in the act of turning
to face bis assailant when the second shot struck him in
MCLTCM Iir PABVO.
the small of the back, and he fell. The nssnssin was
iramsdiatelj seized and taken to jail. The wounded prea-
idoDt was conveyed in an ambulance to the White House.
As he was very faint, the first fear was of internal henior-
rhaj^e, which might cause speedy death. But as ho rallied
in a few hours, tliis danger was thought to bo averted and
inflammation was now feared. But as symptoms of this
failed to appear, the surgeonsin attendance concluded that
no important organ had been injured, that the bullet
would become encysted and harmless, or might possibly
be located and successfully removed. By the 10th of July,
the reports were so favorable, that the president's recovery
was regarded as certain, and public thanksgivings were
offered in several of the States, by order of the governors,
for his deliverance. The first check in the favorable
symptoms occurred on July 18, and July 23 there was a
serious relapse, attended with chills and fever. The
wound had b",<jn frequently probed but without securing
any favorabl J result. The induction balance was used to
locate the jail, and was regarded as a success, though
subsequently its indications were known to have been alto-
gether erronecns. The probings, therefore, in what was
assumed to be the track of the ball, only increased the
unfavorable symptoms. During the entire month of
August these reports were alternately hopeful and dis-
couraging, the dangerous indications being generally on
the increase. By August 25, his situation was understood
to be very critical, though an apparent improvement on
the 26th and 28th again aroused hope. At his own earnest
desire the president was removed, September C, to Elbcron
Park, near Long Bn^nch, N. J., in the hope that the
cooler air of the seaside might renew his strength more
rapidly. However, the improvement hoped for did not
appear. On September 10, there was a serious relapse,
with well-marked symptoms of blood poisoning, and Sep-
tember 19 the president died. A post-mortem examina-
tion showed that the ball, after fracturing one of the ribs,
had passed through the spinal column, fracturing the body
of one of the vertebra, driving a number of small frag-
ments of bone into the soft parts adjacent, and lodging
below the pancreas, where it had become completely
encysted. The immediate cause of death was hemorrhage
from one of the small arteries in the track of the ball, but
the principal cause was the poisoning of the blood from
suppuration.
Coins op Foreign Cocvtries. — The following care-
fully prepared summary indicates the coins in use in the
various countries, taking their names in alphabetical
order*
Argentine Republic — Gold coins: 20 peso piece. $19.94;
10 pesos, $9.97; 6 pesos, $4.98. Silver* 1 peso, 99 cents.
The coppe." coin of the country is the centisimo, 100 of
which make a peso or dollar.
Austria — Gold coins: 8 gulden piece, $3.86; 4 gulden,
$1.93. Silver: Marie Theresa thaler, $1.02; 2 gulden, 96
cents; 1 gulden, 48 cents; ^ gulden, 12 cents; 20kreulzer,
10 cents; 10 kreutzer, 5 cents. Of the small copper coin
current, known as the kreutzer, 100 make a gulden.
Brazil — Gold coins: 20 miirei piece, $10.91; 10 milreis,
$5.45. Silver: 2 milreif, $1.09; 1 milreis, 55 cents; i
milreis, 27 cents. The Portuguese rei is used for copper
money, worth about ^ of a cent.
Chili — Gold coin: 10 pesos (or I condor), $9.10; 5 pesos,
$4.55; 2 pesos, $1.82. Silver; 1 peso, 91 cents; 50 centa-
vos, 45 cents; 20 centavos 18 cents; 10 centavos, 9 cents;
5 centavos, 4 cents. The copper coin is 1 centavo, 100th
of a peso.
Colombia — Gold coins; Twenty peso piece, $19.30; 10
pesos, $9.65; 5 pesos, $4.82; 2 pesos, $1.93. Silver: 1
peso, 96 cents; 20 centavos, 19 cents; 10 centavos, 10 cents;
! the penny.
5 centavos, 5 cents. The copper centavo of Colombia is
identical in value with our cent. (Thecurrency of Coloum-
bia is also use i Venezuela.)
Dennuirk—Cioid coins: Twenty kroner piece, $5.36; 10
kroner, $2.68. Silver: Two kroner, 53 cents; 1 krone, 27
cents; 50 ore, 13 cents; 40 ore. 10 rents; 25 ore, 6^ cents;
10 ore, 2i cents. One hundred of the copper ore make one
!:rone.
France— Gold coins: One hundred frnnc piece, $19.30;
50 francs. $0.65; 20 francs, *3.b5; 10 francs, 1.93; 6
francs, 96 cents. Silver: Five francs, 96 cents; 2 francs, 38
cents; 1 franc, 19 cents; 50 centimes, 10 cents; 20 cen-
times, 4 cents. The copper coins are the sou, worth about
9^ mills, and the centime, 2 mills.
Geiniany— Gold coins: Twintv-mark piece, $4.76; 10
marks, $2.38; 6 marks, $1.19. Silver: Five marks, $1.19;
2 marks, 48 cents; 1 mark 24 cents; 50 pfennige, 12 cents;
20 pfennige, 5 cents. One hundred copper pfennige make
one mark.
Great Britain— Gold coins: Ponn d or sovereign, $4.86;
guinea, $5.12. Silver: Five shillings or crown, $1.26;
half crown, 62^ cents; shilling, 25 cents; sixpence, 12|
cents. Also a three-penny piece rnd a four-penny piece,
but the latter is being called in, and is nearly out of cir-
culation. 1'he copper coins of Great Britain are the pec
half-penny and farthing.
India — Gold coins: Thirty rupees or double mohur,
$14.58; 15 rupees or mohur, $7.29; 10 rupees, $4.86; 6
rupees, $2.43. Silver: One rupee, 48 cents, and coins
respectively of the value of one-half, one-fourth and one-
eighth rupee. In copper there is the pie, one-fourth of a
cent; the pice, J of a cent; the ana, 3 cents.
Japan — Gold coins: Twenty jen, $19.94; 10 ven, $9.97;
5 yen, !?4.98; 2 yen. $1.09; 1 yen, 99 cents. Silver: The
50, 20, 10 and 5 sen p'eces, aiisweriug respectively to 60,
20, 10 and 5 cents. In copper there is the sen, answer-
ing to 1 cent.
Mexico — Gold coins: Sixteen dollar piece, $15.74; 8 dol-
lars, $7.87; 4 dollars, $3.03; 2 dollars, $1.96; 1 dollar 98
cents. Silver: 1 dollar, 98 cents; 50-cent piece, 49 cents;
25 cents, 24 cents. The Mexican cent, like our own,
equals ono-hundreth of a dollar.
Netherlands — Gold coins: Ten-Wilder piece, $4.02; 5
guilders, $2.01. Silver: 2i guilders, tl; 1 guilder, 40
cents; half-guilder, 20 cents; 25 cents, 10 cents; 10 cents,
4 cents; 5 cents, 2 cents. The Dutch copper cent is one-
hundreth of the guilder.
Peru — Gold coins: Twentv 3ol piece, $19 30; 10 sol,
$9.f;5; 5 sol. *4.S2; 2 sol, $1.93; 1 sol, 96 cents. Silver:
1 sol, 96 ceni.-; 50 centesimos, 48 cents; 20, 10 and 5 cen-
tesiinos, worth ruripectively 19, 10 and 5 cents. It will be
noted that the Pernviun coinage is almost identical with
that of Colombia. Itis also used in Bolivia.
Portugal — Gold coins: Crown, $10.80; half-crown,
$5.40; one-fifth crow7i, $2.16; one-tenth crown, $1.08.
Tliesc gold pieces are also known resjectively as 10, 5, 2
iiiid 1 doilar pices. The silver ( ins ure the 500, 200, 100
and 5 rcis coins, worth respectively 54, 21, Hand 5 cents.
One thousand reis are equal to one crown.
Russia — Gold coins: Imperial orlO-ruble piece, $7.72; 6
rubles, $3.80; 3 rubles, $2.31. Silvi-r: ruble. 77 cents;
half-ruble, 38 cents; quarter-ruble, 19 cents; 20 copecks,
15 cents; 10 copecks, 7 cents; 5 copecks, 4 cents; 100
copecks are worth 1 ruble.
Turkey — Gold coins; Lira or niedjidie, $4.40; half-lira,
$2.20; quarter-lira, $1.10. The silver unit is the piastre,
worth 4 cents of ourcurreny, and silver coins of 1, 2, 5,
10 and 20 piastres are current.
The currency of Denmark is also in use in Norway and
Sweden, these three countries forming the Scandinavian
f. 4
*h <
!!*;'ji
KULTUM IJf PAKVO.
Union. Belgium, Franco, Greece, Italy, Uoumniua. Scr-
via, Spain atul Switzerliind are united in the Latin Union,
and use the Frencli coinage. The units in tlio dilTereut
Stated are, it is true, calle(l bjdilIerentnainLs;a8in France,
Belgium and Switzerhtnd, franc and centime; in Italy, " a
and centusimo; in Greece, drauiiin and lepta; iuKouniania,
lei and bani; in Serbia, dinar and para; in Spain, peseta
and ccntesimo; but m all cases the value is the same.
The similarity in the coinage of diflferent countries is
worth notice. A very slight change in the percentage of
silver used would render the half-guilder of Austria, the
krone of the Scandinavian Union, the franc of the Latin
Union, the mark of Germany, the half-guilder of Holland,
thequarter-rublo of Russia, the '^OO-reis pici-o of Portugal,
the S-piastre piece of Turkey, the ludf-milreis of Brazil
and the half-ru})ee of India, all interchangeable wilii the
English shilling, and all of them about the value of the
quarter-dollar of North and South American coinage.
With tho exception of Brazil, the other South American
States, as well as Mexico and tho Central American coun-
tries, arc all rajiidly approximating a uniform coinage,
which the needs of commerce will unquestionably soon
harmonize with that of tho United States. Curiously
fiiiougli, th» ^reat force that is assimilating the alien
l/V,.n>;h'.'8 of the human race is not Christianity but trade.
A History op the Panic of 1857. — The cause of the
panic of 1857 was maiu'V the rage for I aid speculation
which hud run through tho country ]ik^ an epidemic.
Paper cities abounded, unproductive rciiroatlswereopened,
and to help forward these projects, irresponsible banks
weru started, or 'ood banks found themselves drawn into
an excessive issue of notes Every one was anxious to
invest in real estate and become rich by an advance in
prices. Capital was attracted into this speculation by tho
prospect of large gains, and so great was the <'omand for
money that there was a remarkable advance in the rates of
interest. In the West, where the speculative fever was at
its highest, the common rates of interest were from 2 to ,S
per cent, i, month. Everything was apparently in tho
most prosperous condition, real estate going up steadily,
the demand for money ccnstant, and Ils manufacture by
the banks ])rog.^ssing successfully, when tho failure of
the "Ohio Life and Tr"st Company," came, August 'Zi,
1857, like a tiuunlerbolt from a clear sky. This was fol-
lowed by tho jiortenious mutterings of a terril)le coming
Bt^rn.. One by ''lie small bank.s in Illinois, Ohio, and
everywhere thcoiigliout the West aiul South went down.
September 2o-2(i tho banks of I'hiladeli)liia 8Us|>ended
payment, and thus wrecked hundi'edsof banks in Pennsyl-
vania, Maryland and adjoining States. October 1:5-14,
after a terrible run on them by thousands of depositors,
th* banks of Xew York susjiemled payment. October 14
all the ban 'is of Massachusetts went down, followed by a
general wreckage of credit throughout Xew England.
The di.^tr»;33 which followed these calamities was very
great, tens of thousands of workmen being unemployed
fo. months. Tiio Xew York banks resumed payment
again December 12, and were soon followed by the bnnks
in other cities. The darkest period of the' cri.sis now
seemed p.ost, although there was much heartrending s.if-
fering among the poor during the winter which followed.
The commercial reports for the year 1857 siiowed 5.123
commercial failures, with liabilities amounting to $29i,-
750,000.
The HisTony of Plymouth Rock.— A fat rock near
tho vicinitv of Xew Plymoutl, is said to have been the one
on which the great body ?' tie Pilgrims lauded t.om the
May'iover. The many ir.cmbcrs of tlie colony, ;vhc die d
inthj winter of 1620-21, were buried near this rock.
A^iUt 1738 it was propcsod to build a wharf aiong the
shore there. At this time there lived in Xew Plvmouth
an old nuiii over {> * years of age named Thomas Faunce,
who had known sonio of the .MavHower's passengers when
a lad, and by them had been sliown the rock on which
they had landed. On hearing that it was to be covered
with a wharf the old man wejjt, and it has been said that
his tears in-obably saved Ph mouth Rock from oblivion.
After tho Revolution it was found that the rock was quite
liiddon by t!io sand washed, upon it by the sea. The sand
was cleared away, but in attempting to take up the rock
it was split in two. Tho upper naif was taken to the vil-
liige and ]>Iaced in the town square. In IS.'U it was
removed to a position in front of Pilgrim Hall and enclosed
in an iron raiting. In September, 1880, this half of the
stone was taken back to the shore and reunited to tho
other portion. A handsome archway was then built over
the rock, to protect it in part from the depredations of
relic hunters.
'Grant's Tour Aboukd the World. — General Grant
embarked on a steamer at the Philadelphia wharf for hia
tour around the world Jlay 17, 1877. He arrived at Queens-
town, Ireland, May 27. Thence ho went to Liverpool,
Manchester, and on to London, He remained in that city
ae^jral weeks, and was made the reci])ient of the most
orilliant social honors. July 5th he went to Belgium, and
thence made a tour through Gernumy and Switzerland.
He then visited Doimark, and August 25 returned to
Great Britain, and until October spent the time in visiting
tho various cities of Scotland a. d England. October 24th
he started for Paris, whore bo remained a month, then
w"Mr on to Jyyons, thenci to Naples, and sub.sequently with
fiovi.ral friei,.ij ho made a trip on tho Mediterranean, visit-
ing tlie i.^hmda of Sicily, Malta and others. Thence going
to Egyp', tho pyramids and other points of note were vis-
ited, anu a journey made up the Xile as far as tho first
cacaract. 'I ho progran.me of tra»(l next included a visit
to Turlcey and tlie Holy Land, whence, in March, the party
came back to Italy through Greece, rev' ♦eJ Naples, went
to Turin and back to Paris, After a weeks spent in
the social gayetics of that city, tho Netherlands was chosen
as t JO next locality of interest, and The Hague, Rotterdam,
.ind Amsterdam were visited in turn, June 20, 1S18, tho
(ieneral and his party arrivid in Berlin. After slaying
there some Wfcks they went to Christiana and .Stockholm,
thfii toi'^t, Peter.-biirg, Moscow and Wur.<aw, and back over
German soil to Vienna. Atio'licr trip was now made
thiough Switzerland, and, tlien returning to Paris, a start
was made for a journey through Spain and I'crriigal, in
whith Victoria, Madrid', Lisbon, .Seville and other impor-
tant towns were visited. A trip was also m 'do from Cadiz
to (fibraltar by steaim-r. After another brlif visit to Paris,
General Gratitwent to Ireland, arriving at Dublin .):'iiiiary
3, I'^r;*; visited several points of iniercst in that cciintry,
then, by way of Loiulon mul Paris, went to Mai>eil!cs,
wherceiieset auil by way of the Jlediterrancaii Seaand the
Suc2 Canal for India, lie reached P.ombay 'Y-brua' v i3th.
Thence visited Allalia. .id. Agra aid re!, on an '. ' ';diant
to Ainber; also went to Benares, Dell ;, (.'alcntta and Ran-
g -on, speiH a week in Siam, then went by .steamer to Ciiina,
After spending foine time at Car, ton. Pekin and oihev
places he went to .fapan for a brief v'sit. He went to
Xajjasjiki, Tokio ano i'okahama, and at last, September
3, i879, set sail from Tckio on his .i, urn to tho United
States. September VOth he arrive- in the harbor of San
Francisco. Alter some weeks spent in visiting the j)oints
of interest in California and Oregon he returned to his
honic in the Eai^tern States.
HiSTOi^v OF V.\ssar Coi.i.eoe. — Vassar College is on the
east bank o! the Hudson, near PoughkeepEic, N. i , It wau
founded in 1801. In that yetr Matthew Yassar, a wealthy
^
i
\
l.tt-M
— p=.
ML'LTCM I» PAIIVO.
tjiowei' of I'oighkecnsie, gave to au incorjwrnteil boiird of
Iriiatuus tlio sum of 9408,< •(Miami :it«»ucrM of luml for tlio
tiiilinniiont of a c.iilfgo fur woinfu. The biiililing was
ruiisinictud from piuiiH up[irovctl by liiin, ulu cost uf about
ftiJdd.dOO. Tljo »;olli'^o HUB o|ii'iifil ill SuiJlt'iubtT, 18(J."i,
willi ei;j^lit protosisordaml ineiuy oUaTiiwlruolors, and 3()0
^I'lili-iua. i'lio lirrft prt'si.leiic of li)e college was Professor
.Mile 1 J.-'vett: tiio eeeoiiil Dr. John U. IJaynioiid; the
third, tbo liev. Samuel C.iidweli. 'I'lie college lias a fine
library, wi'.ii seieiuitie apparatus and a iiiuseuuiof uuturul
history aiv.'oinw'iis.
Tub Okkun ov Ciies.s. — So aucieiit ia eliigs, the most
purely intoll'ctual of games, that it< origin is wrapped in
mystery. The Hindoos say that it was the invention of
an astronomer, who live<l more than 5,000 years ago, and
was possessed of giipernutural kni wie<lgc and acuteness.
(ireek historians assert that the game w^iis invented by
I'alamedes to beguile the tetHiim of the siege of Troy.
The Arab legend is tliat it was devised for the instruction
of a young despot by his father, a leariie<l Brahmin, to
teach the youth that a king, no matter how powerful, was
dependent upon his subjects for safety. Tlie probability
is that the game was the invention of some military genius
for tlio purpoio of illustrating the art of war. Ihere is
no doubt that it originate<l in India, for a game called by
the Sanscrit name of Chctnranga — which iii moat essential
points strongly resembles motiern chess, and wiis nnques-
tioiuvbly the j)arent of the latter game — is mentioned in
Oriental iiteiuturoas in nse fully '2,000 years before the
Cliriaiiaii area. In its gradu.-jl diffusion over the world
the game has undergone many modifications and changes,
but marked resemblances to the early Indian game are
still to bo found in it. From India, chess spread into
Persia, and thence into Arabia, and the Arabs took it to
Spain and the rest of Western Europe.
Tm^ Dauk AciES. — The Dark Ages is a name often ap-
plied by historians to the Middle Ages, a term comprising
about 1,000 years, from the fall of the Roman Empire in
the fifth century to the invention of printing in the
fifteenth. The period isc.illed "'dark'' because of the gen-
erally depraved state of Enropean society at this time, the
subserviency of nu-n's minds to priestly domination, and
the general indifference to learning. The admirable civil-
ization that Rome had developed and fostered, was swept
out of existence by the barbarous invaders from Northern
Europe, and there is no doubt that the first half of the
mediovid era, at least, from the year bOO to 1000, was one
of the moat brutal and ruffianly epochs in history. The
principal characteristics of the middle ages were the feudal
system and the papal power. By the first the common
j>ef)ple were ground into a condition of almost hopeless
slavery, by the second the evolution of just and equitable
governments by the ruling chwsea was rendered impossible
through the intrusion of the pontifical authority into civil
affairs. Learning did not wholly perish, but it betook it-
self to the seclusion of the cloisters. The monasteries were
the resort of many earnest scholars, and there were pre-
pared the writings of historians, metaphysicians and theo-
logians. But during this time man lived, as the historian
Symonds says, "enveloped ia a cowl." The study of
nature was not only ignored but barred, save only as it
ministered in the forms of alchemy and astrology to the
one cardinal medieval virtue — credulity. Still the period
saw man^ great characters and events fraught with the
greatest importance to the advancement of the race.
The Greatest Depth op the Oi^eax ever Meas-
ured. — The deepest verified soundings are those made in
the Atlantic Ocean, ninety n.iles off the island of St.
Thomas, in the West Indies, 3.875 fathoms, or 23,950 feet.
Deeper water has been reported south of the Grand Bank
of Newfoundland, over -.IT.OOO feet in depth, but jwlditional
soundings in that locality did n^it corroljorate this. Some
years ago, it wa.s riainied that v»ry deep soundings, f'-oni
45,(100 to 48, (MO feet, had ln-en foiindoff theeojift of Snutii
Anieriea, bill this report was altogether dit redited on ad-
ditional investigation in tlie.-e J/K-alities. The ship fiiul-
lenger, which in l!S;..'-T4 niaile a voyage ruuml the L'lol>e
for the e-vpre.ss purpose of taking deip seas-jundings in all
the oceans, iVumd tin- greatest depth touched in the Pai ill.-
Ocean Ie.<s than 3,000 fathoms, an>I the ]oHt;el lu ibc At-
lantic 3,875 fathoms, as given above.
TiiR Ahmv ok tiik Rkvoi.utiox. — It is not positively
known h(jw in, my men from tlie colonies K-rved in tlicwar.
Tiio otlicial tabular statement indicates a total of reeonled
vears of enlistment and not a total of the men who served,
llenco, a man who served from April I'J, 1775, until the
formal cessation of hostilities, Aprd 10, 17KJ, counted ;w
eight men in the agcrregate. In tiiis basis of enlisted
years, the following table gives the contributions of the va-
rious States: New Hampshire, 13.407; ManHachiif^etts,
00,907; Rhode Island, r,.'M)S; Connecticut, 31. 930; New
York, 17,781; New Jersev. in,72'5; Pennsylvania. 95.-
078; Delaware, 9,380; .Marvland. 13,919: Virginia. 90,-
C7S: North Carolina, 7,903; South Carolina, 0,417;
Geergia, 2,G79; Total, 933,771.
The Wohlo's Dec- ve Battles. — The fifteen decis-
ive battles of the wi ell from the fifth century before
Christ to the beginning of the nineteenth century of the
present era, are as folk ws:
The battle of Marathon, in which the Persian hosts
were defeated by the (freeks under Miltiades, B. C. 4'.'P.
The defeat of the Athenians at Syraz-nge, B. C. 413.
The battle of Arbela, in which the Persians under
Darius were defeated by the invading Greeks under Alex-
ander the Great, ]i. C. 331.
The battle of the Metaurns, in which the Carthaginian
forces under Uasdrubal were overthrown bv the Romans,
B. C. 907.
Victory of the German tribes nnder Amiinius over the
Roman legions under Varus, A. D. 9. (The battle was
fought in what is now the province of Lij'pe, Gern\any,
near tlie source of the river Ems.)
Battle of Chalons, where Attil.i, the terrible King of tiir
Iliins, was repulsed bv the Romans under Aetins, A. D.
451.
Battle of Tours, in which the Saracen Turks invading
Western Europe were utterly overthrown by the Franks
under Charles Martel, A. D. 739.
Battle of Hastings, by which William the Conqueror
bcciuno the ruler of England, Oct. 14, 1066.
'/ictory of the French under Joan of Arc over the Eng-
lish at Orleans, April 99, 1499.
Defeat of the Spanish Armada bv the English naval
force, July 99 and 30, 1588.
Battle of Bleidieim, in which the French and Bavarians
wore defeated by the allied armies of Great Britain and
Holland under the Dukeof Marlborough, Aug. 2, 1704.
Battle of Pultowa, the Swedish army nnder Charles
XII, defeated by the Russians nnder Pet*r the Great,
July 8, 1709.
Victory of the American army under General Gates
over the British under General Burgoyne at Saratoga,
Oct. 17, 1777.
Battle of Valmy, where the allied armies of Prussia and
Austria were defeated by the P'rench under Marshal Kel-
lerman, Sept. 90, 1799. "
Battle of Waterloo, the allied forces of the British and
Prussians defeated the French under Napoleon, the final
overthrow of the great commander, Jane IS, 1815.
f
^! 11
Hi
iF
t
H
UVVTVU IN PAUVO.
Thcso buttles aro snioctod an dccisiro, bocauso of the
important couseqiioiicua timt followed them. Few stu-
doiita of history, jjrobably, would ugreo with I'rof. C'rcusy,
ia rutiti'iotinj.; tliu list aa ho doon. Many othor coiillicts
might bo noted, fnuight with croiit imjwrtunco to tho
hiuiuiu luco, uiid UMquoationiiidy "deciBivo" in thoir
nuturc; u.s, for iustanco, tho victory of Sobieski over tho
Turkish army at Vionna, Sent. 13, H!83. Had tho
Poloa and Aiislriana been dt'toatcd there, tho Turkish
gonoral mi>{iit ri'addy have f ultilled his throat " to stable
Lis horses in tho Cliurch of St. Poter'a at Kome," and all
Wbatorn Europe would, no doubt, liavo been devastated by
the ruthlesaniid bloodthirsty Ottomans. Of important and
decisive battles sinco that of Waterloo wo may mention in
our own Civil War thoso of Gettysburg, i)V which tho inva-
sion of the Xoith was chocked, and at Chattanooga, Nov.
23 and 25, ]j>t;;j, by whieh tho power of the Confederates
in the southwest received a deadly blow.
The Wandkuln'O Jkw. — There are various versions of
the atory of " 'J'ho Wandering Jew," tho legends of whom
have formed the foundation of numerous romances, poems
and tragedies. One version is that this person was a ser-
vant in the houso of Pilate, ami gave tho Master a blow as
He was being dragged out of tlie palace to go to His
deatii. A i)<)pular trailition makes the wanderer a mem-
ber of tlio tribe of Naphtali, who, some seven or eight
years previous to the birth of tho Christ-child loft liis
father to go with the wise men of the East whom the star
led to the lowly cot in liethlehem. It runs, also, that the
cause of the killing of tho children can bo traced to tho
stories tiiis person related wlicn ho returned to Jerusalem
of tho visit of tho wise men, and the presentation of the
gifts they brought to tho Divino Infant, when lie was
u>'knowledged by them to bo tlie king of the Jews. Ho
was lost sight of for a time, when ho appeared as a car-
penter who was employed in making tho cross on which
the Saviour was to be lifted up into tho eyes of all men.
As Christ walked up tho way to Calvary, lie had to pass
the workshop of this man, and wlien Uo reacho<l its door,
tlie soldiers, touched by the sulTerings of tho Man of Sor-
rows, besought tho carpenter to allow Ilim to rest there
for a little, but he refused, adding insult to a want of
charity. Then it is said tliat Christ pronounced his
doom, which was to wander over tho earth until tho second
coming. Sineo that sentence was uttered, iie has wan-
dered, courting death, but finding it not, and his punish-
ment becoming more unbearable as tlio generations come
and go. Uo is said to have appeared in the sixteenth,
seventeenth, and even as recently as tho eighteenth cen-
tury, uniler tho names of Cartaphilus, and Ahasnerus, by
which the Wandering Jew has boon known. One of the
legends described him as a shoemaker of Jerusalem, at
whose door Christ desired to rest on tho road to Calvary,
but the man refused, and the sentence to wander was
pronounced.
Some Mkhouable D.yhk Days. — During the last hun-
dred years tiiore have been an unusually largo number of
dark, daya recorded. As has been suggested by several
writers, thismay have been the result of the caretul scien-
tific obse-vations of modern times, as well as of the fre-
quency of these phenomena. Tho dark day in the begin-
ning of this century about which so much has been
said and written occurred Oct. 21, 1816. The first day of
the same month and year IS also represented as "a close
dark day." Mr. Thomas Ilobio, who took observations at
Cambridge, Mass. , hiis this to offer in regard to the phe-
nomenon. "On Oct. 21 tho day was so dark that people
were forced t^ light cauflles to eat thoir dinners by ; which
could not bo from an eclipse, the solar eclipse being the
fourth of that month." The day is referred to by another
gland and V ;
writer as " a remarkable dark day in Now Kngland and
New York," and it is noted, quaintly by a third, that " in
October, 18Ui, a dark day occurred after a sovcro winter
in Now Engianil." Nov. 20, 181(i, was a dark day in
London, and is described " in tho neighborhood of Wal-
worth and Cumberwell so completely dark that some of
tho coachmen driviiiL' stages were obliged to get down and
lead their horses witli a lantern." Tho famous dark day
in America was May 10, 1780. Tho phenomenon began
about 10 o'clo<'k in tho forenoon. The darkness increased
rapidly, and "in many places it was impossible to read
ordinary iirint." There was widespread fear. Many
thought tnat tho Day of Judgment was at hand. At
that time the Legislature of Connecticut was in seasion at
Hartford. Tho House of Uopresentatives, being unable to
transact thoir business, adjourned. A proposal to ad-
journ the council was under consideration. When the
opinion of Colonel Davenport was asked, lie answered: "I
am against an adjournment. Tho day of j'udgment is ap-
proaching or it is not. If it is not, there is no cause for
adjournment; if it is, I choose to bo found doing my dutr.
I wish, therefore, that candles may be brought." In
Whittier's " Tent on tho Beach "is given a beautiful poet-
ical version of this anecdote. It is suggested by several
authorities that tho cause of the dark day in 1780 should
bo attributed simply to the presence of ordinary clouds of
very unusual volume and density. These instances are, of
course, grouped with phenonena of which not a great deal
is known, and can in no way be classed with those occur-
rances occasioned by tho smoke from extensive forest fires,
volcanic eruptions, or fogs.
The Remahkable Story op CuAftLiE Ross. — Charlio
Ross was the son of Christian K. Ross of Oermantown,
Pa., and at the timo of his disappearance was a little over
4 years of age. Tho child and a brother 6 years old were
playing July 1, 187-J, in tho streets of Oermantown, when
a couple of men drove up in a buggy and persuaded tho
children, with promises of toys and candies, to get in and
rido with them in the vehicle. After driving around the
place for a little timo, tho older brother, Walter Ross, was
put out of tho conveyance, and the strangers gave him 25
cents, telling him to go to a store near at hand and buy
somo candy and torpedoes for himself and Charlie. Walter
did as ho was told, out when ho came out of tho store the
men with Charlio and tho vehicle had disappeared. It was
believed at first by the relatives and friends of the missing
boy that he would be returned in a short time, as they sup-
nosed ho might have been taken by some drunker men.
Timo passed, however, but no trace of the child had been
discovered. In a few weeks a letter was received by Mr.
Ross to the effect thot if ho would pay 120,000 his son
would be returned, but that the parent need not search for
Charlie, as all efforts to find the abducted boy or his cap-
tors would only be attended with failure; and it was stated
that if thisamount was not paid, Charlie would be killed.
The father answered this and a long correspondence ensued,
while tho search was prosecuted in all directions. Mr.
Ross wanted tho child delivered at tho time the money was
paid, but to this the abductors refused to agree. It is
stated that more than 150,000 were expended to recover
the child At one time two gentlemen were two days in
Fifth Avenue Hotel, Now York, with the $20,000 ransom
money to bo given to the child-thieves, but they did not
appear. Tlio seaioh was continued, and the officers of the
law vero looking up any and all evidence, until they had
located tho two men. These were found Dec. 4, 1874,
committing a burglary in the house of Judge Van Brunt,
Bay Ridge, L. I.; the burglary was discovered, the bur-
glars seen and shot by persona residing in an adjoining
residence. One of the men was killed instantly, the
MULTUM IX PARTO.
other lived levorul honra, nnil confosMd that he and hit
companion imd uhdiictiHi Ohurlio Koh.s, but timt the dead
thief, Moaiior by niinif, wiw tho one wiio knew where the
boy waa 800 re tod. Walter lioM identified the burjciars a^
tho men who hiid enticed liini and Churlio into the biiKifv.
There tiio ciiso reHtod. No new fart hua been developol.
Tho niiBdin); ciiild hu8 never been found. Mar. v tinie:«
have children been reported who re8emblcd C'iiariip, and
Mr. I^)sa hun traveled far and near in hia endleaa search,
only to return sjully and report that hia boy was still miss-
ing. No caso in recent years has excited luch uniTersal
sympathy as that of C'harlio Uoss.
Tub Hmtr Lawh o.v Smokino.— There wore gome rery
atringont laws in Maasachuaetta against the use of tobacco
in public, and while tho |Hmultiea were not ao heavy, vet
they were apparently rigidly enforced for a time. We
quote from a law passed in ()ctolK>r, 10.32, as follows: "It
is ordered that noe poraon shall take any tobacco publique-
ly, under paine of punishment; also that every one ihall
pay Id. for every timo heo is convicted of takeing tobacco
in any pluco, and that any Assistant shall have power to
receave evidence and give order for levveing of it, as also
to give order for the levyeing of the officer's charge. This
order to begin tho 10th of November next." In Septem-
ber, 1G34, wo discover another law on the same article:
"Victualers, or keepers of an Ordinary, shall not suffer
any tobacco to bo talcen in their howdcs, under the penalty
of 5s. for every offence, to bo payde by the victuler, and
I2(i. by the party that takes it. Further, it ia orlered,
that noe person shall take tobacco publiquely, under the
penalty of 2n, Gil., nor privately, in his owne house, or in
the howse of anotlier, before strangers, and thai two or
more shall not take it togeather, anywhere, under the
aforesaid penalty for every offence." In November, 1C37,
the record runs: "All former laws against tol>acco arc re-
pealed, and tobacco is sett at liberty;" but in September,
1638, "the [(Toneral]Court, finding that since the re{)oaling
of tho former laws against tobacco, the same ia more abused
then before, it hath therefore ordered, that no man shall
take any tobacco in tho fields, except in his journey, or at
mealo times, under paine of 12(7. for every offence; nor
shall take any tobacco in (or so near) any dwelling house,
barnc, come or hay rick, as may likely indanger the fire-
ing thereof, upon paine of 10*. for every offence; nor shall
take an^ tobacco in any inne or common victualing house,
except in a private roome there, so as neitherthe master of
tho same house nor any other guests there shall take of-
fence thereat, which if tliey do, then such person is fourth-
with to forboarc, upon paine of Vis. 6rf. for every offence.
Noe man shall kindle fyre by gunpowder, for takeing to-
bacco, except in his journey, upon paine of I'id. for every
offence."
The Remarkable Caves — Wyasdotte axd Mam-
moth. — Wyandotte Cave is in Jennings township, Cniw-
ford county, Ind., near the Ohio river. It is a rival of
the great Mammoth Cave in grandeur and extent. Exi>lo-
rations have been made for many miles. It excels the
Mammoth Cave in the number and variety of its stalag-
mites and stalactites, and in the size of several of its
chambers. One of these chambers is 350 feet in length,
245 feet in height, and contains a hill 1T5 feet high, on
which are three fine stalagmites. Epsom salts, niter and
alum have been obtained from the earth of the cave. The
Mammoth Cave is in Edmondson county, near Green
River, about soventy-fivo miles from Louisville. Its
entrance is reached by j)a8sing down a wild, rooky ravine
through a dense forest. The cave extei.-is some nine
miles. To visit the portions already traversed, it ia aaid,
requires 150 to 200 miles of travel. The cave contains a
succession of wonderful avenues, chambers, domes,
ubvaacs, grottoea, lakes, rivers, rataracta and other mar-
vels, which are too well known to need more than a refer-
ence. One chanibor— the Star— ia al)out 6(H) feet long, 70
feet wide. 70 feet high, the reiling of which is conipoacd
of black gypsum, and m studded with innunicrublo white
pointa, tliat by a dim light resemble stars, hence the name
of tho chamber. There are avenues one and u half and
even two miles ia length, some of which are incriiHted
with iHMtiitiful formations, and present the appearance of
enchanted palace luiUs. There is a natural tunnel about
three-quarters of a mile long, 100 feet wiiie, covered with
a ceiling of smooth rock 45 feet high. There is a < ham-
ber having an area of from four to the acres, ami there
are domes 2oO and 300 feet high. Echo Hiver is some
three-ftiurihs of a mile in length, 200 fiet in width at
some points, ami fDiu 10 to .30 in depth, and runslieneath
an arched ceiling of smooth rock about 15 feet high,
while the Styx, another river, is 450 feet lu.ig, fnmi 15 to
40 feet wide, and from .30 to 40 feet deep, and is spanned
by a natural bridgi-. Luke Lethe has alxuit the fame
length and width as the river Styx, varies in depth from
3 to 40 feel, lies beneath a ceiling some 90 feet above ita
surface, and eometinies rises to a height of fiO feet.
There is also a Dead Sea, quite a somber body of water.
There are several interesting caves in the neighborhood,
one three miles long and three each about a mile in
length. •
The South Sea lUiinLE.— The ".South Sea Hubble," aa
it ia generally caheil, was a financial hcIi.uio which occu-
pied the attenti'iii of protniiient politicians, communities,
and eveii nations in the early part of the eighteenth cen-
tury. Briefly iho facts are: In 1711 Robert Hartley,
Earl of Oxford, then Li-d Treasurer, proposed to fund a
floating debt of about £h',O0(),00O sterling, tho interest,
about ^f>i 1(1,000, to be secured by rendering permanent tho
duties upon wines, t(jbacco, wrought silks, etc. Purchas-
ers of this fund were to become also shareholders in tho
''.South Sea Company," a corporation to have the monopoly
of the trade with Spani.ih South America, a jiart of the
capital stock of whicli waa to be tho new fund. Hut Spain,
after the treaty of Utrecht, refused to open her commerce
to England, and tho privilegt •. of the "South Sea Com-
pany" became worthless. There wt re many men of wealth
who were stockholders, and the comp.'iny continued to
flouri.'ih. while the ill succe.'fs of its trading o{>erations was
concealed. Even tho Spani.sh War of 1718 did not shake
the popular confidence. Then in April, 1720, Parliament,
by large majorities in both Houses, a';cepted the company's
plan for paying the national debt, and after that a frenzy
of .speculation seized the nation, and the stock rose to
£300 a share, and by August had reached £1,000 a share.
Then Sir John IJhint, one of the leaders, sold out, others
followed, and the stock began to fall. Hy tho close of
September the company stopped i)ayment and thousands
were Ijeggared. An investigation ordered by Parliament
disclosed much fraud and corruption, and many promi-
nent persons were implicated, some of the directors were
imprisoned, aiul all of them were fined to an aggregatb
amount of £2,000,000 for the benefit of the stockholders.
A great part of tho valid a.ssets was distributed among
them, yielding a dividend of about 33 per cent.
.\rea of Nokth America.— The following figures show
the extent of the United States as compared with the
British possessions in North America: United States,
3.002.884 square miles. British possessions — Ontario,
121,200; Quebec, 210,020; Nova Scotia, 18,070; New
Brunswick, 27,037; British Columbia, 233,000; Manitoba,
16.000; N. W. and Hudson Bay Territories, 2,200,725;
Labrador and Arctic Oo«an Islands, make a total of 3,500,-
000.
^
GIVING A CONCbE AND COJIPREHENSIVE EXPLANATION OF BOTH SINGLE AND DOUBLE ENTRY- NECESSITY AND
ADVANTAGES OF A KNOWLEDGE OF BOOK-KEEPING.
Tho object of book-kecpicg u to exhibit a distinct uiul
correct 8lute of un>.>'* aluin, and to enublu coniimnicM,
Arms, und imliviiiuals toatentain at anv time tlio imtiiro
and extent of their bnrimi, tbe amount of their protitH
or uviiilublo iacome, or, aa tbe eaae may be, tiie extent of
their losses.
Tho necessity for a knovMg* of l>ook-kee]iing is not
contliied to those engaj^red in buajncat Tiiero is no chisH
of unit \vt\ocati uffoni to •iUfM-n«e viih it, sime liii iire
ealli'd npiMi to handle mooej aa4 k**j> accounts of f;reuter
ur icHS niiii^nitiide. Ic i« not aaflkk-Dt for a man to say,
"I do not i]nil>Tii::tnil book-kcrping mya-lf, but I cua
employ a bo<jk kt'Cpor who will anoir everything neces-
sary." Such A man places luaaarif at the mercy of his
empioyf-, and u liable to be eootinuallr deceive<i ))v false
entries, fraudulent batanocc, and in vnrious ways wliich a
skillful und uns'TupnloaaacMoantant can availliimself of.
It is tho nierchantN first dotjto be ihoroiiglily informed
in all branches of h'n bnrincHr ao that he may not only
direct it, but also b« competent to detoct and expose error
and fraud, and to knoir at anr BoiBriit his exact business
standing. It is not too tnnch. therefore, to assert that
book-keeping should con^tttite an essential iiart of tho
education of every yoong nun aad woman. The posses-
sion of .^uch knowleiige will the more thoroughly )ireparo
them for the great struggle of life, and enable them to
earn a fair and honorable iiTelilKwd by the employment of
their skill.
It is not to bt? eipectetl that every one can become a
first-class book-keeper any nwire than that every one can
be(-omc a great artist, bat it i* poaaible for nil to obtain
such a knowledge of the eawntial principles of book-
keening as will enable them to keep an ordinary set of
books accurately, and with credit lo tnemselves.
To those engage"! in tr»Ie or coinniercial pursuits, or
who expect to enter upon them, book-keeping is abso-
lutely necessary, as by it alt sraTifiartions should be regu-
lated and their results eihibtlcd. The more simple the
system the better; but care moit b? Taken that the i)lan
adopted is sufficiently compreba»Te and explanatory to
satisfy not only the p»?raoQ keeping the Ixxiks, but tfiose
who may have occasion i'> refer t« ttsem; for however sat-
isfactory it may be to a mercfaans tt follow a system which
is intelligible to himself akmci, eircomstances might arise
to render the inspection of otbcn ntioe^sary. and from
their inability to follow oat the tianaaetions iu the books,
suspiiMons would probably bo engendered for which there
was no real fouiuhaion. Hence the necessity for the
adoption of C(>rtain recognized and approved systoius,
whii'li, being plain luul easily understood, niust prove sat-
isfactory to all concciiu'd.
Itookket'ping, when conducted on sound principles, is
invalual)ie; it not only shows the general results of a com-
mei'cial career, but a<lmitsof i-.iudysis, by which the suc-
cess or faihire, tho valiie or utter worthlessiu'ss of its com-
ponent parts, or each particular transaction, can bo easily
ascertained. In a word, on the one haiul it jjromotes
order, regularity, fair dealing, ami honorable enterprise;
on tho other it defeats dislninesty, and preserves tho integ-
rity of nuiii when dealing with his fellows.
THE I'ltOl'KIl .SYSTKM TO BE AliOITEP.
Tho questions to which ii satisfactory system gives the
mercduint ready and conclusive answers are such as relate —
1. To tho extent to which his capital aiul credit will enti-
tle him to transact business; il. To tho assurance ho has
that all his obligations are hone.-tly fulfilled; 3. To tho
ascertainment of the success or failure of his commercial
dealings, and the position of hisatfairs from time to time.
Tliero arc two recognized s\ stems of book-keeping,
namely, by "Single Entry" and by "Double Entry."
Although tho system of "Single Entry" has nearly
passed out of use, it will be well to glance at it before
passing on to the other and mora generally used system of
"Double Entry."
TItE SYSTEM OF SINGLE ENTKY.
This is a clumsy and awkward way of keeping books,
and is used only by the smallest tniders. It is little better
than tho old time plan of keeping accounts on a slate, and
erasing them when paid. The system is deno'ed by tho
name; transactions being posted singly, or only onco in
tho Ledger. Three books are generally kept— tho civsh
book, day book and ledger, although the first named is not
essential, the ciish entries being passed through the day
book. Its only use is to check the balance of cash in
hand.
In the day book arc entered daily all the purchases and
sales, whether for cash or credit; and all the credit entries
are then transferred to accounts oper^ed ii' the ledger, that
is, all goods sold on credit are charp»Hl against the cus-
.amers, and what are purchased are carried to the credit
of the parties supplying them. In the same way when
450
BUOK-KKCriKO.
cuili i» MM'civod fron) u niitnmor for k'xxI^ hoIiI on credit,
it i» poHti'il on liJH uc>>i)iiiit, nrid tlui ruvcrno critrv is made
wliiMi i( tnurcliuiit puyH for tlin ffiwnlit \w liiiH l>ou{;{it. 'I'hut
it will lio Nffii llint only iutmoiiuI aiHioiintii itrt> fUtvn-U ill
tbu lodger.
ItAI.ANCK KIIKRT ItV HINfU.K KNTIIY.
To friiino n Imliiricu Hlittet or Btiitu of HtTuirn on tlii« avi-
tcni, tlio liook-ku<'|ii'r brin^H down tlio bnlunccM due by
cMiHtoniorB to the inurohnnt, iiIho iiin stock of gomlii an vuU
uud bj tlio liut inventory tukcn at uurruiit market prices.
and the rwh he may Iintc in luiiid, nn ffi. hft-hnnd siile of
tkt $htfl, wliiiit UH Ihf riiihl-hiiiiil niile t'lf the k/iiiI li«
•uter* the balances itill due liy him for ^ooiIh Ik> Iiuh pur-
clia«c«l, or nionty lent to Inm, uud the <apitiil, if uiiy,
with which iiu cumnu'ticcd liUHiiiOftK. 'i'lui iimouutM on
each side of the shoot arc then ndtlid and proved, luid tiiu
dilTureuoe IwtwefU tlio umounls of iho two columns is
either profit or loss; if protlt. tlui nun liitiit'M ciipitul iM
increase<l to that extent; if Iohh, tlivu lio is bo much tiio
poorer.
8PECIMEN OV A BALANCK DIIEET BT SIXOLE CNTIIT.
Tho following "Spocimon of u Hulunuu Sheet by Single Entry" will niuko plain the working and ultimate
results of the system:
i88BT8.
To sundry customnrs for goods sold, per list
To goods in stock, per inventory uud valua-
tion
To cash iu hand
t2,50O
4,875
98G
|8,3C-J
00
85
75
«0
LIABILITIES.
It will bo ol)Horvod that tlio nssotn oxceod the liabilitioB
(including canital) by ♦•l,;Jfii{. (50. That Hum being profit
mu^t bu added to tbu capital; if in tlio next or following
years any loss should omorgo, as a mutter of courne such
dcficioncy must be doductou from tho merchant's capital,
as ho is that much poorer than when ho opened tho year.
Tlio udvantagoaof singlo entry arc simnlicity and easy
adaptation to Huiall retail trades, as tho ledger contains
only outstanding dobts duo to or by tho merchant. The
tlisadvantago is the difficulty of ascertaining the profits or
losKcs on various goods, or on tho sovural departments of a
business.
THE SYSTEM OK DOUItLE ENTIIY.
It is now universally uiiiuitted that tho "System of
Double Entry" is the best adapted for heavy, responsible,
or speculative trades, and for extensive mercantile con-
cerns. As its name implicR, it so dilTers from tho system
already described, that every transaction must be recorded
doubly in the ledger; that is to say, accounts nuist be
opened in that book, to which all entries in tho subsidiary
books are twice carried — to tho debil of one account, anil
the creilit of another.
Tho advantage of this system may be briefly stated as
follows:
1. Unless the debit balances exactly correspond with
the credit balances tho books are wrong, and the error
must be discovered by comparison.
2. Tho discovery of such errors is more easily accom-
plished than in any other system.
3. Accounts can be readily anuljijed.
4. The profit, or loss, on individual transactions can be
ascertained without difficulty. Agitlnst these advantages
the writer knows of no single disadvantage that can be
pleaded.
Before entering upon an explanation of the system, we
must direct the rcacfer's attention to
THE GOLDEN RULE OP DOVBLE ENTRY
which may be concisely stated in six words, viz. : Every
debit must have its credit.
By bearing this constantly in mind, and applying it to
each and all of tho details of practical book-keeping, the
difficulties of the system will entirely disappear, and its
perfect simplicity be apparent.
By sundry morchants for goods purchased,
per list
By capital put into the business ,
Profit CD buiioesa to date ,
•1.000
;j,i)oo
4,:JG-i
$8,3(i-^
00
00
CO
60
It is the cnitom of tho host book-koopers to nso tho fol-
lowing books in recording commercial transactions: The
I 'a.*h Bool; the Dau Ituuk-, sometimes called the Sitlen Book,
the Journal, and the Lrdiier.
The use of tho Journal is gradually being abandoned,
OS it only imposes upon the book-keeper additional labor
without any compenKuting advantages. Many houses dis-
pense with it altogether, aiKt the time is at hand when it
will di^api)ear from every well-regulated counting-room.
In the following pages, therefore, we shall make no fur-
ther reference to it, confining ourselves only to what is of
practical value to the student of book-keeping, and avoid-
ing everything that may servo to encumber him with use-
leiis detaiig.
THE CASH BOOK.
The name of this book indicates the use to which it i J
put. It is used exclusively for entries of money leceivcd
and money paid out, and is thus tho record of the daily
cash transactions of the merchant. Each jmgo of tho
Cash Book is ruled with two dollar and cent columns. Tho
left-hand page is used for " Cash Debtor,"that is, for cash
received; and the right hand page is for" Cash Creditor,"
or for cash paid out. Ail sums of money received are
written on the left hand page with the date of the receipt,
the name of the person or sourco from which the money
is received, and the amounts are entered on a line with
the names in l\\e first column of tho page. All sums \^a.\A
out are entered on the right-hand pcgo with the date of
the payment, and the name of tho porsor or purpose by
whom or for whi<'h the money is paid, and the amounts
are entered in the first c iumn of the page on tho lino
with the names to which they belong.
In effect, in keeping accounts, "Cash "is treated pre-
cisely as if it were a person. It is debited, or charged,
with all money paid in, and credited with all money paid
out. For eiamjde. let us suppose that .John Smith pays
the merchant I2(K). This sum must be placed to the
credit of John Smith, because lie has paid it in. " Cash "
has received it, and therefore "Cash" must bo charged
with it. It is entered on the debit, side of the " Cash
Book " as a charge against " Cash." The entry is made
in the name of John Smith, and shows that he has paid
that gum to " Cash." Thus this entry is at the same time
^
.mMm
i
it
nOOK-KEEPIXO.
a (hbit to " Caflh " and a rreuif to John Smith, as it shows
that ••Ciish" i'as h>u\ tlmt much nionfy from Joiin Smith,
and thiit JoliiiSii, Ji iscn",.torof " Cash" to that iunouiit.
Agiiiii, wo will siijiposo liiiil, Tiicnma Hrowii, David Leo
and Asa Hart liiivo "-..rh jis'.iil ti:o niorchuit ^MO, making
i?iiuO in all. 'I'licse iiii.minth luo icjfiviil by " Casli," and
aro oiitiTo;'. ;; i tliu liv/iif, o • It-ft-haiul page, in three sepa-
rate entries, eaoii with the name of liie jierson paying tlio
moiioy, and the date or tjio payment. At the end of the
moi\th, wlien liio "C^ash Hook " is pci.-ited, these amiiinits
aro carried to tlie ledj^er to tiio rrvlit of tlie ])artie3, tliat
is, a*»> i.s ciedite.l to ea ;h. 'Die liggregale ^•iOO is then
jiosted to tiie defi.t'A "C'.isii" in tlie Iiedger;and tlinsthe
debit of ♦•lOO to "Casli" balances ti'o three credits of
|2U0 each to Thomas Brown, David Leo and Asa Hart.
Tlio same principle appHes to payments made by the
merchant. Let ns suppose he pays to Martin, Frazier &
Co. ijioOO; to Jlolmes Bros. 8G(iO; and to Jenkins & Son
♦300. Here wo liiiVo 11,400 paid ont. Each of these
amounts is entered with the chito of payment on the right
hand i>r credit sido of the "Cash Hook." In other words,
" Casli " is credited with t'.iese sums, because they have
been taken from "Cash " ami paid to the parties named.
In posting the "Cash Hook" at tlie end of the month,
thtse entries a'o carred to the ddit r' the accounts of the
j)ri)i),r persons in the Ledger. J'i.rtin I''razier A Co. are
debited or charged willi ioOO; Ilo'nu s Bros, with |G00; and
Jenkins it Son with ^;}0(). Tl.eso persons have received
the uhovo Slims, and are tlert'ore proncrly debited or
char 'cd wi'n them. The ..ggiegate amount, ♦1,400, is
entere 1 on the I^Hlger to too credit of "Cash," because
" C.iflh " has paid tliern, and muhl receive credit for such
pavnients. 'I hiis the single entry of ♦1,400 fo the credit
of " Cash." b ilance.s the three charges against the persons
to wl 'in tiiesi'ins were paid.
H;it suppose the merchant, receives from Henry Iloltthe
Biiiii of *>'O0; from liiohard Jones ♦;500; and from Edward
Wliilo ♦300 — inaMng ♦SOO received. These sums are
enrered on the " Cash Hook" as debits ifgainst " Cash " —
the <'iilries lieing j;t the .same time credits to ♦'i,- partic'
making the pavment, 'i'lio merchant pavs out the follow-
ing .-iiiins: T) W.iltcr Hyde, ♦lOO; to Peter Wright. ^VHk
and to Lyle & Co. ♦100, in all ♦3'.i5 p.dd out. which is less
than the ainoinit ho received. 'I'he.-io ]i;ivinents aro en-
tered on the " Cash Hook " to the cr-dit ;>f " ^,•.^h." and
are at the same time separate debits or charges agjiinst the
i)ersoMs to whom the money is paid. In order to ascertain
now rntich money is on hand afcer makingtiiese payments,
the " Cash Hook " must be (jntmired. 'I'o do this, add the
amounts in tlio //V.v/ column of the ilebit Mv. and write
down the •■inouut. ♦SOO, in the .s^ro;/!/ column, on a line
wit'i tiie hist entry, ii.mI .d.^o i.tlhe bottom of thateoliimn.
Then !idd tiie amounts ii; \hr first column on the credit
l)age, ;nd write the amount, ♦3v'.'"), in the aeco'i^Cfilumn of
that jvige, on a line with the last entry on that jiage.
Then "ubtraet the $31'.") paid out from the ♦sno received,
doing this on a separate slip of paper. 'I'his h'aves a
remainder of ♦47."). which is the balance of cash in hand.
Now write icit/t red ink on tiie credit page, below the last
entry on tiiat page, the amount ♦4T.''>, in the ."fro/j'/coli'tnii
of that pat;e, nreceded by tlu 'vord " iialance." This
" balance, added to the amount .A payments, will give
♦800, tlie amount received and entered on the ilcliil page.
This amo'iiit must be written at the bottom fif the fecntid
column on the credit page, and on a line with the bottom
figures on the defdt page. The " Cash Hook " is now said
to be hiibniced.
The "Cash Book " should he balanced everyday, in
order to ascertain the aviiouni of money ou hand at tlie
jse of the dav's transactions.
The "Cash Book" should be posted once a month.
That is, the entries in it should bo transferred to the
Ledger, and entered there each in its proper account. As
these transfers are made, tlie/o//o (or number of the page)
of the Ledger to which tlio entry is posted. Bhould bo
written i i the " Cash Book," in the column ruled for that
purpose, which is immediately on the left of the dollars
and cents column, 'i'his insures accuracy in referring
from the "Cash Book" to the Ledger. The "Cash
Book " is now said to be closed — that is, all the en-
tries for the month have been transferred tc ^heir proper
jilaces in the Ledger; and the book-keeper is ready to
commence the record of the transactions of the next
month.
In thd example given above, the merchant bad a balance
of t475 of cash in hand at the end of the month. The
reader will naturally ask, " What must be dene with this
baianceP" It must bo borne in mind that the book-
keeper must treat the cash transactions of each month as
a separate account. When the " Cash Book " is closed for
January, he must begin a new cash account for February,
and EO on tlirough the year. He turns to a new debtor
page and opens a new account on the first of the month.
In the case under consideration, he carries forward the
balance of ♦475, and enters it m red tnk in the tecond
column of tho debit page, preceding it with the date (the
first of the month) in its proper column, and the woi J
" Balance " in its proper place. This shows that " Cash "
has befrun the new month with ^475 in hand. "Cash"
is therefore, properly charged witli it.
Now suppose the merchant receives from various persons
during tho month money to the amount of 1525, and pays
out to sundry parties money to the amount of $360. The
receipts are all entered, each with its proper date and the
name of tho person making the payment, on the debit page
of tho "Cash Book," tho amounts being written in the
first dollars and cents column; the sums paid out are
entered in tho same way on the credit side of the " Cash
Book," tho amounts being written in the first dollars and
cents column of that page.
In cljsing the " Casji Bo^k " at the end of the second
month, the book-keepe.- must add the amount of tho
debits, which, as we have seen, is ♦.525, and write this
aggregate in the second column on a line with tie last
entry in the lir.st column. This will jilace it under the
" balance" of ^475 remaining from the tirst motith, which,
as wo have seen, was written at the top of the second
dollars ami cents column of tho det/it page. These two
amounts are then athletl, and give a total of $1,000, which
must bo written at !lie bottom of the second column.
This shows the total amount of the debits or charges
against "('ash" during tiic month. The book-keeper
now turns to the credit iiage and adds tho amounts of tiie
money paid out. The total as we have seen is $350. He
writes this amount in lliO atcw;/*/ column of tho credit page
on a line with tho last entry of moi.oy jiaid out. He then
subtracts the amount of the credits from the amount of
the debits, ami finds a reniaiiitler of ♦tl50, which is the
ac uiit left to to the debit of " C^ash," or the balance of
cash in hand at tiie end of the month. He writes with
with red ink- the amount, ♦050, preceded by tho word
" Balance" in tho second column of tb.a credit page under
the total of tho credits. These two sums nre then iidiled
and give a lota! of ♦1,000, and this anitiiiM is written at
the bottom of tho second column of the credit page, and
balances the $',000 at the bottom of tho debit page. The
amounts arc then transferred t.) tlieir respective accounts
in the Ixxlger, and tho "Cash Book" is closed for the
second month. Tho balance, of ♦G50, is then carried as
before to tho top ot u new debit page, and the " Cash
(
a month.
Irred to the
pcouiit. As
of the page)
, should bo
lied for that
1 tho dollars
In referring
Tl'ho "Cash
J all the en-
Iheir proper
lis ready to
^f the next
a balance
lonth. The
le with this
the book-
|h month as
is closed for
Kebrunrj,
new debtor
the month,
'orward the
the tecond
e date (the
d the woid
lat " Cash "
Cash"
ious persons
'5, and pays
1360. The
lite and the
e (/ebif page
tten in the
lid out are
the "Cash
dollars and
the second
unt of the
write this
th tie last
under the
nth, which,
the second
These two
000, which
id column,
or charges
rtok-keoper
nits of the
#••150. He
credit jtage
He then
amount of
iich is the
haliuice of
rites with
tho word
liigo under
hen added
written at
P'tpe, and
'age. The
3 accounts
Jd for tho '
carried as
he '• Ciirih
BOOK-KEEPINQ.
}
Book is in read'ness for the record of the transaol-ions of
the third month.
These explanations will show tho reader tho viea of and
the manner of keeping tho "Cash Book." 'ue would
earnestly recommend him to commence practicing a system
of book-keeping, beginning with tho "Cash Book." He
should obtain a blank book, and rule it himself in order to
become familiar with tho form of tho pages. Each page
giiould bo ruled as follows: on tlio left-hand siderulea col-
umn for dates, and on the rig'it hand side rule a column
for tho numbers of the Ledger folios to which the entries
are to be posted, ami on the right of this rule two sets of
columns for dollara and cents. 'J'he wide space ii\ the mid-
dle of tho page is used for the iiituiesof tho persons makinj;
payments or to whom payments aro ma<le. Now let tiio
reader make the entries in tho manner explained in -ho
preceding pages, and ho will have a " Cash Book" in jiroper
8iia|>e, and will thus familiarize himsek* with this import-
ant branch of book-keeping.
THE PKTTY CASH BOOK.
It is the custom of most book-keepers to use what is
called a petty cash book. Any blank book ruled with dol-
lars and cents column will answer. The petty cash book
is used for expenditures only, and its use saves t. o book-
keeper a great deal of time and labor which wouh be re-
quired were all the minor expenses of an establishment
enteied in tho cash hook and transferred separately to their
proper uccjunts in tho ledger. The book-kee ercnters all
the small sums paid out day by day in tho pettj cash book,
such as "Sundry Expenses," "Freights." "Interest,"
money paid to employes who have no fixed pay-day, "Tele-
grams, " Porterage," etc. At tho end of the week, or
month, as his custom m&y be, ho adds these expenditures
in the petty cash book, and enters tiio aggregate amount
on the credit page of tho regular cash book, from which it
is posted to the ledger, in tho ordinary way. Bear in mind
that the petty cash bonk is used for entering minor expendi-
itires only, and never for entering money received.
THE DAY BOOK.
Tho day book is used for recording tho transactions of
each day, except those which aro made for cash, and which
aro entered in tho cash book. It is frecjuently called tho
sales book, as all tho sales are entered in it. It is also used
to record all purchases of goods made by tho merchant,
and thus takes tho place of a separate book, which was for-
merly used, am' which was known as tho purchase book.
The day book is ruled differently from either the cash
book or letlger. On the left of the page isa single column,
and on th-. right aro three sets of dollars and ct nts col-
umns. The date is written, day by day, ai tho top of the
page; the column on tho left is for tho num' <>r of the urti-
cloi sold; tho wide space in tho middle is for tho name of
the purchasers and a description of tho goods sold to them;
the first set of dollars and cents columns is forthoentry of
tho amounts of tho sales; and tho third set is for the entry
of tho aggregate amount of tho sales to each percon. The
second, or middle set of dollars and cents columns, is
known as tho cash column, and in it aroeiitcred tho aggre-
gates of all bills for which cash is paid when the purchase
Id made. TLo use of it greatly simplifies tho labor of tho
book-keeper, and avoids confusion in keeping tho accounts.
Where this column is used, all bills that aro paid before
tho end of tho mouth aro entered in the cash column; all
bills that are not paid before tho end of the month, or at
tho time of tho purchase, are entered as has been said, in
tho third column. When tho sale is reported to tho book-
keeper, he iniiBt 1)0 informed as to the manner of payment,
in order that ho may know in which column to enter the
amount. It is the custom whore goods are paid for at tho
time of the purchase, to make a "check " in red ink in ilie
margin after the amourt, and also in the margin before the
name. This shows thiit the book-ket-per is not to post
these entries in the same manntr thai the sales on credit
are to be po.sted.
For examj'le, let n^i .^uppore John Smith, of Camden,
N. J., buys a bill of g'>ods from the merchant to the
amount of ijilOO. Tii.s .-ale is entered in the daybook
under its proper date, with the articles an<i the number of
them. Tlie price of each article is written in the first set
of dollars and ceiit.s columns. If the nale is f'-r cai-h. the
aggregate or total amount of the bill i.s written in the
second set of dolhirs and cents column?, and a "eheck" in
red ink is placed opposite the name of John Siniili, and
another one opposite the ag^rregate amount. This shows
that the sale is for ca.^h. If the Fale is on credit — say
sixty days' time — the aggregate is written in the third set
of dollars and cents columns, and the acc.iunt is jiottted in
the ledger in tho usual w.iy at the end of the month.
I'O.STIXft THE DAY BOOK.
The entries in tho day book should be pootfd to the
ledger at the end of every week. The various entries of
sales on credit are carried to the ledger, and each written
there ir; its proper account, and the number of tlie ledger
folio or page to which the account is carried, is written in
red ink in the left-hand margin of the page of tho day
book, in order that the book-keeper may refer to it
l)romptly. These entries arc carried to the d'bit of tho
accounts in the ledger, as they arc charges against the
persons to whom the sales are made.
Tho book-keeper now takes the caeh sales entered in the
day hook. Of course, when ca^h is paid on the spot for
goods, tho transaction is complete, ana there is no necessity
for opening an account with tho nurchaeer in the ledger.
To do so would he simply to crowd the ledger with useless
accounts. The book-keeper, therefore, adds the amounts
in tho second or cash column of the day book, and writes
the total in the third set of dollars and cents columns.
Tho third column is then added, and the total written at
tho bottom. This total repre.sents both the cash and the
credit sales, and of course, shows the total amount of
business done during tho month. The various entries
having been posted as descrilxd to their projMjr accounts
in the ledcrer, the total of the third column is entered in
the credit m\c of tho merchandi!-aa<:count of tho house in
tho ledger. "Merchandise" is here treated, like "cash," as
a person. It has supplied the goods pold, and is therefore
creditiil with them. This entry is aUo a debit against the
]iurcha.sers for the goods taken out of the house during
the month.
In.stead of posting the total of the "cash column" as a
debit from the day book to the ledger, the book-keeper
enters it on the debit page of the cush book as follows:
"Sundry sales, day book folio — ," and makes a check in
red ink in the margin on the left of the entry. Caah
iiaving been jiaid into the concern for these sales, "cash"
is properly debited for them in tho ca^h book. This total
is included in the footing of the debit page of tho cash
book, and is posted from it to the ledger to the debit of
"cash." Thus the dibit to "cash" balances the crff /iV to
"merchandise" in the ledger.
TIIK MKKCHASPISE Arrot'KT.
Merchandise, as we have said, is treated as &person. It
is debited or charged with all gfKxls received by the house,
and credited with all gowls sold.
It is tho custom to devote, every month, one or more
pages of tho dav b-ok, as neceasity may refjuire, to a
"double entrv" headed as follows: "Merchandise debtor
to sundries,"— that is, "Merchandise debtor to the follow
^ fi
•r
1
■4i
,1 <
, \
!
BOOK-KEEPING.
ing." liio book keeper enters under this heading all bills
of goods which tiie house has purchased during the month,
uiiii all other items with wiiich it is ueoessury to debif or
c.hargo "morchiindiso" and credit other accounts. Each
amount must l)o written separately in the luinie of its
proper account, and the various entries i-.iust bo placed
one under the other down the page, with lao dates written
in the margin on the left-hand side of the page.
The amounts of the various entries are written in the
Jimt set of dollars and cents columns, and the total is
written imvi'uliatelu below. In no case must t'.ie rntrv or
entries bo extended into the second or third setc ' f dollars
and cents columns. Every transaction is complete, and
must be couSned to the portions of the page indicated.
Tho amounts of the various entries are then posted to the
credit of their proper accounts in tho lodger, and the total
of all of them is posted to tho debit of "merchandise" in
the ledger.
The leader is earnestly recommended to rule several
pages of a blank book in the manner described, and to
Eractico keeping a day book according to the instructions
3rein contained. By this it is no' meant that he should
simply copy or confine himself to the forms given in these
pages. lie should begin with the cash or day books, open
a complete set of books, and keep them as though he were
actually engaged in business, extending them as far as
possible, ana posting them as directed in these instruc-
tions. This will give him an amount of practice which
will be found very useful, and will enable him to become
thoroughly familiar with all tho various traDBactions and
requirements of book-keeping.
QENER.VL PRINCIPLES.
I. The person or persons investing in the business
should be credited, nnaor some title, for all such iurest-
ments, and also for his or their share of the gains. On
the other hand, he or they should be debited for all liabil-
ities assumed by the concern for him or them, for all sums
withdrawn by him or them from tho business, and for such
losHcs as he or they are entitled to share.
II. Cash account should be debited for all cash receipts,
aiul credited for all disbursements.
III. Merchandise, and all species of property bought
upon speculation, sho.ild be debited, under some a)>pro-
priate head, with thecostof the property represented, and
credited with its proceeds.
IV. Bill Receivable account should be debited with
other people's notes, acceptances and other written obliga-
tions, when they become ours, and credited when they are
paid, or otherwise disposed of.
V. Bills Payable account should be credited with our
notes, acceptances or written promises to pay, when
they are Issued, and debited when they are paid or
redeemed.
VI. Personal accounts, such as the names of persona,
banks, or other institutiotis competent to sue or be sued,
should be debited under their proper titles when they
become indebted to us, or we get out of their debt, and
credited when we become indeoted to them, or they get
out of our debt.
VII. All expenses, of whatever name, should be debited
with th: outlay, and ..11 causes, of whatever kind, produc-
ing us value, sliould be credited, under some name, for the
amount thus produced.
The foregoing principles are all embraced in the follow-
ing simple Rule.
Debit what costs the concekn valuk, avd cbbdit
what pltoduces the conceun valub.
TWENTY THOUSAND THINGS WORTH KNOWING.
w£v
RELATITK HARDNESS OP WOODS.
Taking shell bark hickory as the highest standard of our
forest trees, and calling that 100, other trees will compare
with it for hardness as follows :
Shell Bark Hickory. . ..100 Yellow Oak CO
Pignut Hickory 96
White Oak 84
White Ash 77
Dogwood 75
Scrub Oak 73
White Hazel 72
Apple Tree 70
Red Oak 69
White Beech 65
Black Walnut 6.'5
Hard Maple 66
White P:im 58
Red Cedar 56
Wild Cherry 65
Yellow Pine 64
Chesnut b'i
Yellow Poplar 51
Buternut 43
White Birch 43
White Pine ^''
Black Birch 62
Timber intended for posts is rendered almost proof
against rot by thorough seasoning, charringand immersion
in hot coal tar.
The slide of Alpnanh, oxtonding from Mount Pilatus
to Lako Lucorno, a distance of 8 miles, is composed of
25,000 trees, stripped of their bark, and laid at an inclina-
tion of 10 to 18 dogroos. Trees placed in the slide rush
from the mountain into tho lake m (5 minutes.
The .\lp8 rompri.so about 180 moiintaius, from 4,000 to
15, 732 feet high, tho latter being tho height of Mount Blano,
the highest spot in Europe. The summit is a sharp rid^e,
like the roof of a house, consistingof nearly vertical granite
Torka. The ascent requires 2 days, 6 or 8 guides are re-
quired, and each guide is paid 100 francs ($20.00). It was
ascended by two natives, Jacques Belmat and Dr. Packard,
August 8, 1786, at 6 a. m. Tney staid up 3U minutes, with
the thermometer at 14 degrees below the freezing point.
The provisions fr)zo in their pockets; their faces were
frost-bitten, lips swollen, and their sight much weakened,
but they soon recovered on their des' t. De Sanssure
records in his ascent August 2, 1700, t...it the color of the
sky was deep blue; the stars were visible in the shmle; the
barometer sunk to 16.08 inches (being 27.08 in Geneva)
the thermometer was 20^ degrees, in tho sun 29 degrees
(being 87 degrees at Geneva). The thin air works the
blood into a hiyrh fever, you feel as if you hardly touched
the ground, and you scarcely make yourself heard. A
French woman. Mademoiselle d'Angoville, ascended in
September, 1840, being drajiged u[) the last 1,200 feet by
guides, and crying out : "If I die, <rirry mo to the top.
Wtien there, sho nuule them lift her up, that she might
boast sho had been higher than any man in Europe. The
ascent of these awful solitudes is most |)orilou8, owing to
tho narrow p;;ths, tremendous ravines, icy barriers, preci-
pices, etc. In many places every step has to be cut in the
ice, the party being tied to eaoh other by ropes, so that
TWEKTY THOUSAND THINGS WORTH KNOWING.
388/1 receipts,
VD CfiBDIT
if one slips he may bo held up by the rest, and silence la
euforceil, lost the noise of talking slioulil disl-Klge the
uvalanciies of the Aiguille (111 Midi. The view from the
n onntain is inexpressibly grand. On the Alps the limit
of iho vine is an elevation of 1,G0() feet; below l,<)(iO feet,
figs, oranges and olives a^ 3 prodneed. The limit of the oak
is 3,800 feet, of the tdies lut 2,800 feet, of the pine C,oO')
feet, of heaths and furze Jo 8,700 and 9,700 feet; and per-
petual snow e.xists at an elevation of 8,200 feet.
On the Andes, in hit. 2 degrees, the limit of perpetual
snow is 14,7GO feet; in Mexico, hit. 19 degrees, tiie limit
is 13,800 feet; on the peak of Teneriffe, 11,454 feet; on
Mount Etna, 9,000 feet; on the CaucasiiR, 9,900 feet; in
the Pyrenees, 8,400 feet; in Lapland, 3,100 feet; in Ice-
land, 2,890 feet. The walnut ceases to grow at an eleva-
tion of 3, GOO feet; the yellow pine at G.'iOO feet; the ash at
4.800 feet, and the fir at 0,700 feet. The loftiest inhab-
ited spot on the globe isthe Port House of Ancomarca, on
the Andes, in Peru, 10,000 feet above the level of the sea.
The 14th peak of the Ilimaluyas, in Asia, 25,659 feet high,
is the loftiest mountain in the world.
Ijanterbrunnen is a deep part of an Alpine pass, where
the sun hardly shines in winter. Itabounds with falls, the
most remarkable of which is the Staubbach, which falls
over the Balm precipice in n drizzling spray from a height
of 925 feel; best viewed in the morning sun or by moon-
light. In general, it is like a gauze veil, with rainbows
dancing up and down it, and when clouds hide the top of
the mountain, it seems as noured out of the sky.
In Canada, the falls of Montmorenci are 250 feet high,
the falls of Niagara (the Horse Shoe Falls) are 158 feet
high and 2,000 feet wide, the American Falls are 1G4 feet
high and 900 feet wide. The Yoseruiio Valley Falls are
2,600 feet high, and the Ribbon Fsilis of the Ynsemite are
3..300 f.-et high. The waterfall of the Arve, in Bavaria,
is 2,(Hm feet.
Tub PKUIODS OF Gestation are the .same in the horse
and ass or elfveu mouths each, camel 12 niontlis, elephant
2 years, lion .O months, bulTalo 12 inoiitliH, in the human
female 9 iiionihs, cow 9 nionths, sheep 5 months, dog 9
week.s.ciit 8 weeks, sow It? weeks, she wolf frnm 90 to 9."i
days. Tho goose sits 30 days, swans 42, hens 21, ducks
30, ponhens and turkeys 28. canaries 14, [ ^oons 14, par-
rots 40 days.
Acii.s OF AsiMAi.,s, Etc. — Elr hant loo years and up-
ward, Uliinoccros 20, Cnniel 100,'ljion 2."t to 70, Tigers,
Ijeopards, Jiiguars and Hyenas (in confinement) about 25
years, Beaver 50, deer 20, wolf 20, Fu.x 14 to IG, Lhiiuiis
15, Chamois 25, Monkeys and Bahoois IG to 18 years.
Hare 8, Squirrel 7. Ilabbit 7, Swine 25, Stdg under 50,
Horse 30, Ass 30, Sheep under 10. Cow 20, Ox 30. Swans,
I'arrots and Kavevis 200, Eagle loo. Geese 80, Hens and
Pigeons 10 to Ifi, Hawks 3G to 40, Cranos 24, Blackbird
10 to 12, Peacock 20. Pelican 40 to .50, Thrush 8 to 10,
Wren 2 to 3. Nightingale 16, Blackcap 15, Linnet 14 to
23, Goldfinch 20 to 24, Redbreast 10 lo 12. Skvlark 10 to
.30. Titlark fi to G, Chaffinch 20 to 24, Starling" 10 to 12,
Carp 70 to 150, Pike 30 to 40, Salmon IG, (!o<lfish 14 to
17, Kel 10, Crocodile 100, Tortoise 100 to 200. Whale esti-
nmtpd l.ooo; Queen Bees live 4 years, Hrones 4 months,
Workinif Bees G motiths.
Tho melody of singing birds ranks as follows .-The night-
ingale first, then tho linnet, titlark, sky lark and wood
lark. Tho mocking bird lias the greatest powers of imita-
tion, the robin and goldfinch are superior in vigorous
notes.
The condor of Peru has spread wings 40 feet, fcnthers
20 feet, quills 8 inches round.
In Englaixl, a (piarter of wheat, comprising 8 bushels,
yields 14 bushels 2^ pecks, divided into seven distinct kini^.
of flour, as follows: Fine flour, 5 bushels 3 pecks; bran, 3 Vj. !
bushels; twenty-penny, 3 busliels; second.^, 2 jiecks; pol-
lard, 2 bushels; fine middlings, 1 peck; coarse ditto, 1
jieck.
The ancient fireek i)iialanx comprised 8,000 men, form-
ing a 8<piare battalion, with spears crossing each other,
and shields united.
The Roman legion was composed of C.OOO men, com-
prising 10 cohorts of GOO men each, with 300 horsemen.
'i'he ancient battering ram was of massive timber, GO to
KX) feet long, fitted with an iron head. It was erected
under shelter to j)rotect tlie GO or KKi men rt^quired to
work it. The largest was equal in force to a 3G-lb. shot
from a cannon.
Pile Driving on Sandy Soils. — The greatest force will not
effect a peiietrati*'!! exceeding 15 feet.
Various Sizes of Type. — ft reciuires 2o5 lines of Dia-
mond tyi»e to make 12 inches, of Pearl 178, of Ruby 1G6,
of Nonpareil 143, of Minion 128, of Brevier 112^, of
Bourgeois 102^, of Long Primer 89, of Small Pica 83, of
Pica 71 i, of English G4.
Wire roj)e8 for the transmission of power vary in size
from 5 to 4 inch diam. for from 3 to 300 horse jiower; to
promote flexibility, the rope, made of iron, steel, or cop-
per wire, as may be preferred, is provided with a core of
nemp, and the speed ia 1 mile per minute, more or less, as
desired. The rope should run on a well-balanced, grooved,
cast iron wheel, of from 4 to 15 feet diam., according as
the transmitted power ranges from 3 to 300 horse; tiie
groove shouM be well cushioned with soft iiiateri.il, as
leather or riibl)er, for the formation of a durable bed for
the rope. With good eare tho rope will last from 3 to 5
years.
Cannon bails go furthest at an elevation of 30 degrees,
and less as the bal'.. are less; the range is fiirihesl when
fired from west to east in the direction of the earth's
motion, which for the (liiirnai lolution on its axis, is at the
rate of 1,037 miles per hour, and in its orliit, GO. 092
miles.
The air's resistance ia such that a cannon ball of 3 lbs.
weight, diameter, 2.78 ins. moving with a velocity of
1.8!i<j feet per second, ia resisted bv a force equal to
l.'itt lbs.
Br. cklayers ascend ladders with loads of W lbs.. 1 foot
per second. There are 4b4 bricks in a ciiliic yard, and
4,356 in a rod.
A jMjwer of 250 tons is necessary to start a vessel weigh-
ing 3.0iX) tons over greased slides (.ii a marine railway,
when in motion, l.">o tons only is leqiii-cd.
A modern dredgiiij' machine, 123 ft. loiiir. beam 2G ft..
breiuiih overall. 11 ft., will raise l.SO tons ot mud and
clay {K-r liour, 11 feet from wiit.i-lino.
In tanning, 4 His. of oak bark nnike 1 lb. of leatlier.
Flame is qiiencheil in aircoiitaiuinL' 3 percent, of car-
b>'>nic acid; the same percentage is fatal to animal life.
io*,' parts of oak maki? nearlv 23 ct' charcoal; beech 21,
deal 19. apple 23.7. elm 23. ash 2.^, birch 24, maple 22 8,
willow 18, pojilar 2'>, red pine 2'.M(>, white pine 23. The
charcoal u.^ed in gunpowder is niado from willow, alder,
and a few oilier woods. The eiiaired timber foiiiwi in tho
ruins of Herculanetim has nnder;,'onc no change in 1,800
years.
Four volumes of nitrogen and one of oxygen compose
atmospheric I'ir in all localities on tli" globe.
Air extracted from jmre wali r, under an air pump, con-
tains 34.8 per cent, of oxygen. Fish hreatlio this air,
respiring about 35 times per minute. Tho oxhydrogeu
lime light mny be seen from mountains at the distance of
2<i0 miles round.
Liglitning is n fleeted 150 to 200 miles.
i i
\l VI,
iMti
TWENTY THOUSAND THINGS WOKTII KXOWINO.
1,000 cubic feet of 13 cuiidlo gaa is oquivalent to over 7
gills, of sperm oil, 5'J.9 Iba. of tiillow candles, and over
44 lbs. of sperm candles.
The time occupied by gas in traveling from a gas well (in
Pennsylvania) through H'i miles of pipe was 22 minutes,
pressure at the well was 55 lbs. per inch, pressure at dis-
charge 49 lbs.
A I birtli, the beats of the pulse are from 105 to 104,
and the inspirations of breath from TO to 23. From 15 to
20, the pulsations are from 00 to 57, the inspirations, from
24 lo Kj; from 29 to 50, the pulsations are 112 to 60, the
ins|>irations 23 to 11. In usual states it is 4 to 1. The
action of the heart distributes 2 ozs. of blood from 70 to
80 times in a minute.
The mean heat of the human body is 98 degs. and of the
skin 90 degs. Tea and coffee are tisually drank at 110 degs.
The deepest coal mine in England is at Killingworth,
.tear Newcastle, and the mean annual temperature at 400
yards below the surface is 77 degrees, and at 300 yards 70
degrees, while at the surface it is but 48 degrees, being 1
degree of increase for every 15 yards. This explains the
origin of hot springs, for at 3,300 yards the heat would be
equal to boiling water, taking 20 yards to a degree. The
heat of the Bath waters is 116 degrees, hence they would
appear to rise 1,320 yards.
I'eron relates that'at the depth of 2,144 feet in the sea
the thermometer falls to 45 degrees, when it is 86 degrees
at the surface.
Swemberg and Fourier calculate the temperature of the
celestial spaces at 50 degrees centigrade below freezing.
In Northern Situ'ria the ground is frozen permanently
to the depth of GC>0 feet, andoidy thaws to the e.xtcnt of 3
or 4 feet in summer. Below 6fiO feet internal heat begins.
liiver water contains about 30 grs. of solid matter in
every cubic foot. Fresh water springs of great size
abound under the sea. Perhaps the most remarkable
springs exist in California, where they are noted for pro-
ducing sulphuric acid, ink, and other remarkable products.
St. Winifred's Well, in England, evolves 120 tons of
water per minute, furnishing abundant water powsr to
drive 11 mills witiiin little more than r* mile.
The French removed a red granite column 95 feei high,
weighing 210 tons, from Thebes, and carried it to Paris.
The display of costly architectural ru'.ns at Thebes is one
of the most astonishing to be seen anywhere in the world.
The ruins anil costly buildings in old Eastern countries,
are so vast in their proportionsand so many in number that
it would require volumes to describe tln3m.
Babel, now called Birs Niniroud, built at Babylon by
Belus, was used as an observatory and as a temple of the
Sun. It was composed of 8 square towers, one over the
other, in all 670 feet high, and the same dimensions on
each side on the ground.
The Coliseum at Rome, built by Vespasian for 100,000
spectators, was in its longest diameter 615-5 feet, and in
the shortest 510, embraced 5^ acres, and was 120 feet high.
Eight aqueducts supplied ancient Home with water, de-
livering 40 millions of cubit feot daily. That of Claudia
was 47 miles long and 100 feet high, so as to furnish the
hills. Martia was 41 miles, of which 37 were on 7,000
acres 70 fe»t high. These vast erections would never have
been built had the Romans known that water always rises
to its own level.
The Temple of Diana, at Ephesns, wa8 42r) feet long and
225 feet broad, with 127 columns, 60 feet high, to support
the roof. It was 220 yi-ars in building.
Solomon's Temple, built H. C. 1014, was 60 cubits or
107 feet in length, the breadth 20 cul)it8or 36 feet, and the
height 30 cubits or 64 feet. The porch was 30 feet long
and 18 feet wide.
The largest one of the Egyptian pyramids is 543 feet
■\'jh, 093 feet on the sides, and its base covers 11 acres.
The layers of stones are 208 in number. Many stones are
over 30 feet long, 4 broad and 3 thick.
The Temple of Ypsambul, in Nubia, is enormously mas-
sive and cut out of the solid rock. Belzoui found in it 4
immense figures, 65 feet high, 25 feet over the shoulders,
with a face of 7 feet and the ears over 3 feet.
Sesostris erected in the temple in Memphis imniense
statues of himself and his wife, 50 feet high, and of his
children, 28 feet.
In the Temple of the Sun, at Baalboc, are stones more
than 60 feet long, 24 feet thick and 16 broad, each em-
bracing 23,000 cubic feet, cut, squared, eculpture<l. and
transported from neighboring tjuarries. Six eiiormons col-
umns are each 72 feet high, composed of 3 .stones 7 feet in
diameter. Sesostris is credited with having transported
from the mountains of Arabia a rock 32 feet wide and 240
feet long.
The engineering appliances used by the ancients in the
movement of these immense masses are bnt imj>erfectly
understood at the present day.
During modern times, a block of granite weighing 1,217
tons, now used as the pedfstal of the eqiiestiian statute of
Peter the Great, at St. Petersburg, was transported 4 miles
by land over a railway, and 13 miles in a vast caisson by
water. The railway consisted of two lines of timber fur-
nished with hard metal grooves; between these grooves were
placed spheres of hard brass about 6 inciies in diameter.
On these spheres the frame with its massive load was easily
moved by 60 men, working at capstans with treble purchase
blocks.
In 1716 Swedenborg contrived to transport (on rolling
machines of his own invention) over valleys and mount-
ains, 2 galleys, 5 large boats and I sloop, from Stromstadt
to Iderfjol (which divides Sweden from Norway on the
South), a distance of 14 miles, by which means Charles
XII. was able to carry on his plans, and under cover of tl.e
galleys and boats to transport on pontoons his heavy aiiil-
lery to the very walls of trederickshall.
Belzoni considered the tract between the first and second
cataract of the Nile as the hottest on the globe, owing to
there being no rain. The natives do not credit the phe-
nometion of water falling from above. Hence it is that all
monuments are so nicely jjreserved. Buckingham found a
building left unlinished about 4,000 years ago, and the
('h;ilk niiirks on the stones were still perfect.
Pompey's Pillar is 92 feet high, and 27^ round at the
base.
Water is the absolute master, former and secondary agent
of the power of motion in everything terrestrial. It is the
irresistible power which elaborates everything, and the
waters contain more organized beings than the land.
Rivers hold in suspension 100th of their volume (more
or less) of mud, so that if 30 cubic miles of water (the esti-
mated quantity) flow daily into the sea, 36 cubic miles of
soil are daily displaced. The Rhine carries to the seaevury
day 145,980 cubic feet of mud. The Po carries out '.he
land 228 feet per annum, consequently Adria which 2,,M)0
years ago was on the sea, is now over 20 miles from it.
The enormous amount of alluvium deposited by the Mis-
sissippi is almost incalculable, and constantly renders
necessary extensive engineering operations in oriior to re-
move the impediments to navigation.
As an exponent of the laws of friction, it may be stated
that a stiuaro stone weighing 1,080 lbs. which required a
force of 758 lbs. to drag it along the floor of a quarry,
roughly chiseled, required only a force of 22 lbs. to move
it when mounted on a platform and rollers over a plank
tloor.
Cx^
IWtXI^ TJIDISAXI) THIX(i8 WOHTH KNOWING.
riic l]i>i;ijt of v.iiil (iiickd ii eniitaziieoi ui ',tv inileH jici'
lioiir, I hut. of tlie .swift M 5S00 niikrtf. <-jUTi»r f.ijreoiis lis
riiilos, swiillowi) (>() lulled, inigiatorjr lKr<i* iuive croBse<l ihe
MudittM-ninouii at ii ^peed of r<(0 milei (k.t hour.
The Nile Inw n full of 6 ia*. in l,W/0 miles. The rise of
the I'ivLT c'oininerincH in .fnn», <»otinniiig until ihe iiiidiile
of August, iitttiMutiij an eleTaJton of fr<^ru *<i4 {o W feel,
and liowinjj the valley of Kgypt 1:! ma]*-- wide. In 1829 it
rose to Hi oubits, by which 30,»X» ;*rie»jtis were drowned.
!t is a terrible climate to lire in, o^inf:; to tlie festering,'
iieat and detesitable exhalation* finonn tLe iuiui,etc., left
oil the retiring of the Nile, which adds about 4 inches to
the soil ill a century, and encrooKcfaec on the sea ]G feet
every year. Bricks have been foand«t the deptli cf GO feet,
showing the vast antiquity of iheoouDtrr. In productive-
ness of soil it is exrelled by no other in the world.
How to Splice a Belt in Order to Mjike it Hun Like an
Kndle.s8 Helt. — Use tlio fougheat yeilloirgiue jirepared in
the ordinary way, while hot, sttniiiig in thoroughly about
20 per cent of its weight of tannic acid* or extract of tan
bark. Apply to the splice and qaicUf clamp together.
Tlie si)lice should be made of Mamd ed^e? extending 3 to
6 inchc.'! back, acco'din;i to rhickn«M of belt. The surface
to be perfectly clean and free from oiL
IIow Many Pound.s of C' / it Boquires to Maintain
.Steam of One-Horse Power p*r Hour. — Anthracite 1 j to
5 pounds, according to ;he ei:»no!n» of boiler and engine.
Bituminous and anthracite coal are Terr nearly equal for
equal qualities. They both Tiry from 7 to 10 pounds of
water evaporated per poand of ooad from a temperature of
212 degrees.
A Formula for CoUodio-bromide Emulsion that is
Ilupiil. — Ether s. g. O.T-iO. 4 flaji ounces; alcohol s. g.
0.820, 2i fluid ounces; pyroxTlJoe, Vj grains; castile
soap dissolved in alcohol, 30 graina; bromide of amnoniuni
and cadniiu'i., 56 grains.
IIow to Deaden the Noiw of .Si«un While Blowing off
Through a Wrought Iron Stand Pap* — The sound may be
much modified by enlargini? ih*- end of the pipe like a
trumpet or cone; which shoold fe* lonf. 20 or 30 times the
diaii\eter of the pipe, opening to 4 or 5 times its initial
size.
Why Fusible Plugs are Pnt tn the Crown Sheet of Loco-
mutivi) l.oilers. — To save the crown eb«et from burning in
r!ase of low water, when the flag melts and lets the steam
md water into the tirechamwr todampenand putout the
firo as well as to make an alarm. They may also be
employed on other forms of boiler^ and are much used in
connection with whistles for low-water alarms only.
Boilers sliouk ■J'^t be blown oot for cleaning with
fire under them or while the wa21« (if set in brick)
are hot enough to do damai^ to the iron shell. Loco-
motive boilers may be blown oat very soon after the
fire is entirely reniove<i. AEl bnck-set boilers should be
left several hours after the fire » drawn before blowing off
for cleaning.
How to Lace a Quarter Tarn B*lt so as to Have an
Equal Strain on Both B<Ige* of tib* Bell.— Begin on the
outside of the belt at the middle, nuf one end Ox liie iaoing
through one end of the belt and bring it out through the
(iorrt'spondiiig I'ole of t'u* oiihifreiid ot tlie belt. laying it
ding in:illy otT to the left. X"'* paws the "t her cn<l of the
la(uuir through the hole btft oial. and carry it over the
lirst strand of the la. ing o.i ibe inaide of the l>elt. passing
it ihroiigii thotiist noleaa.t5.ai*llay ii diagonally ipIT to the
right. Now prm^ceil to pa*i the laleing throuj^-b the holes
of the belt in a zigJtag i;onr<«», tifariiiziul thestraiids inside
ih(! belt parallel with the belt, and all t'n strands outside
iie belt oblique. Pass the lace twice through ihe holes
nearest the edge of the belt, then return the lace in the
reverse order toward the center of the belt, so as to cross
all the oblique strands, and make all the inside strands
double. Finally jiass the end of the laciLg through the
first hole used, then outward through an awl hole, then
hammcriiig it down to cause it to hold. The left side io
to be hiced in a similar way.
A I'stful Hint to Draughtsmen. — To strain drawing
paper dm a li'iaid. < iit the paper to the size required, lav it
1 the l)(i:ird faie downwards and thoroughly wet the
suriiue w itii a dump sponge or brutb. then turn it over
nnii wet the face in the same way ; roll it up tightly and
let it stay so for live or si.T minutes, unroll it. and turn up
the eilges about, an inch all around. Take liquid glue
(.Jackson's is the best) and apply it carefully to the edges,
then turn thenulown, and with a paiier knife press them
tothel)oard all around. Put the CKiard in an inclined
position where it is not too dry or warm, or the {lajH-r will
dry too fast and tear. If it i^ allowed to dry slowly the
surface will be perfectly even and smooth, and a pleasure
to draw upon.
Joints for Hot Water Pipes. — Sal-ammoniac, 'i oz.;
sublimed Rulphur, 1 oz.; cast-iron filings. 1 lb. Mix in a
mortar, and keep the powder dry. When it is to be used,
mix it with twenty times its weight of clean iron filingo,
and i;rind the whole in a mortar. Wet with water until
it becomes of convenient consistence. After a tini" it
becomes as hard and strong as any part of the metal-
When the Process of Oalvanizing Iron was First
Known. — A. The process of coating iron wit}i zinc, or
zinn and tin, is a French invention, and was patented in
Kn.rrlandin lS3r.
.\ Timber 'lest. — The soundness of timber may bo
ascertained by placing the ear close to one end of the log,
while another person delivers a succession of smart blows
with a hammer or mallet upon the opposite end, when a
loutinuance of the vibrations will indicate to an expe-
rienced car even the dei/ree of soundne.^. If only a dull
thud nici ts the car, the listener may be certain that un-
soundness exists.
Useful Hntsand Kecipes. — Following is a comparative
stati'inent of the toughness of various woods. — Ash. 100;
beech, 80; cedar fl Lebanon, M; larch. R3: sycamore and
coniinon walnut each, OH: occidental plane. 6fi: oak, horn-
beam and Spanish mahogany, each. 62, teak and acacia,
each, 58; elm and young chestnut, ^i.
All ingenius device lor stretchin;; 1 mery cloth for use
in the workshop consists of a couple of strips of wood
about 14 in. long, hingetl longitudinally, and of round,
half-round, triangular, or any other shape in cmss sec-
tion. On the inside faces of the woo^l strips are pointed
studs, fitting into holes on the opposite side. The strip of
emery cloth is laid onto one set of the studs, a. id the
file, as it i.s called, (?losed, whi"h fixes the .'trip on one side.
It is then similarly fixcl on the other sidi-. :ind th i,'> con-
stitutes what is called an emery file and whicn is a hauiy
and convenient; arrangement for workshop uae.
Method of making Artitioial Whetstones. — (Jelatinc of
good quality is dis.solved in it.s own weight of water. ;he
operation tu'ing condu'ted inadarkroom. Tothesolulion
oneand a half per ct nt. of bichroma'c of potash is added,
wliich iias proviouslv bt>.>ti di**>lv«d in a little water. A
quiinti'v of very fine ornery, »v|itai 'o nine timosthe weight
of the gelatine, is itimately mixed with the gelatine solu-
tion. Pulverized Hint may be substitntwl f'.remery. The
mass is molded into anv d.sircd sh.ip' . nd is then consoli-
dated by heavy pr-s-Mire. It is drie<! ly « xpobure to strong
sunlight for several hours.
^
=S^,
?9
Ill
! i •
II
TWKKTY THOUSAND THINGS WUBTU KMOWINO.
Uow to Toughen Paper. — A plan for rendering paper as
tough as wood or leather haa been recently introauced; it
consists in mixing chloride of zinc with the pulp in the
oourae of manufacture. It has boon found that the greater
Um legree of concentration of the zinc solution, thegroiitiir
will be the toughness of the paper. It can be used for
making boxes and for routing.
How to Mend a Broken File. — Tiiero is no tool so easily
broken ac the file that the nmchiniHt Imsto work with, tiiid
li atx>ut the first thing thiit Hiiiips wiicii a kit of tools gets
upset upon the cross-beam of a iiuicliine or ii tool board
from the bed of an engine lathe. It ciiniioteven bo passed
from one workinun to itnother without Iteing broken, if
the file i* a new one or still good for anytliing, if an aj)-
jireutioo hai got anything to do w'lh it. and thoy are never
worth mending, howver great niuy lie their first cost, un-
less the plaster of Paris and liiiu! treatment eun make a
perf.-ct weld without injuring tho steel or disturbing the
form of the teeth. >Steel that is left as hard u.s a tile its
Tery brittle, and aofl sohler can hold us much on a steady
pull if it has a new surface to work from. Take a file, as
soon ad \i is broken, and wet tho break with zinc dissolved
in muriatic "cid, and tlien tin ovor with tho soldering iron,
This must be done immediately as soon as the file is brok-
en, as the break begin ■ to o.vydize when exposed to the air.
and in an hour or two will gather sullicie.it to make it im-
poasible for the parts to adhere. Heat the file a.s warm as
It will beur without disturbing its temp(!r as soon as well
tinned, and press tho two pieces firmly together, squeezing
out nearlv all the solder, and hold in place until the file
oooU. This can be done with very liitle t" trim oil,
and every portion of the break fitting accurately in place.
Bring l>oth pieces in lino with each other, and, for a file, it
is as strong in one place as in another, and i:: all that could
be a<ked for under the very best of weld'n treatment.
What wi;i Fasten Pen -il .Markings, to Prevent Ulurring.
— Immerse paper containing tlie murlings to bo pre-
served in a bath of clear water, then llciw or immerse in
milk a moment; hang up to dry. Having often had re-
coursv; to t.'iis method, ill preserving poiicil and crayon
drawingr, I will warrant it a sure cure.
How to Transfer Newspaper Prints to (ilas.s. — F'irstcoat
the q\iii.i with dammar vuiiiish, or else with Canada bal-
sam, mixed wit li an e(|iial volume of oil of ttirpeiiliiie,
and let it dry until it is very .sticky, which takes half a
day or more. The printed jiapcr to bo transferred .sliotdd
1* well .soaked in soft water, and carefully laid upon the
prepared glass, after removing surplus water with blotting
paper, and pressed upon it, so that no air bubbles or dropj
of watt-r are seen underneath. This should dry a whole
day before it is touched; then with wetted fingers begin
to rub ofiF the paper at the back. If this bo .skillfully
done, almost the whole of the paper can be removed,
leaving simply the ink upon tho varnish. When the
paper has been removed, another coat of varnish will
serTe to make the whole more transftareiit. Tiiis rei'ijic
h Sold at from *3 to 4^5 by itinerant.'^.
.\ Li d Cement for Cementing Leather, that Will Not
be Affiv.ed by the Action of Water. — A good cement for
splicing leather ie giitta percha dissolved in carbon disul-
phide, until it is of the thickness of treacle; the parts to
be cementeil must first be well thinned down, then pour
a small quantity of tho cement on both ends, spreading it
well so as to fill the pores of the leather; warm the parts
over a fire for about half a niimite, apply them quickly
together, and hammer well. Tiie botlio containing tho
cement should be tightly curkeil, iiiul kept in a cool
place.
The Quickest and Ue.«t Way to Drill Holes for Water
Pip<*s in iiough Plate (J lass. — Use ahardoned (file temper)
drill, with spirits of turpentine and camphor ',o tnake the
drill bite. A broken file in a breast brace will do good
work if a power drill is not obtainable.
A liecipe for Making Printers' Inks. — For black ink:
Take of balsam of copaiba (pure), ounces; lump black,
3 ounces; indigo and Prussian blue, of each half an ounce;
Indian red, } ounce; yellow soap (dry), 3 ounces; grind
the mixture to an impalpable smoothness by nuuns of a
stone and miiller. Canada balsam n ly be substituted for
balsam of copaiba where tho smoll of tho latter is objec-
tionable, but the ink tlien dries very quickly. The red
inks are similarly niad(> by using such pigments as car-
mine, lakes, vermilion, chrome yellow, red load, orange
red, Indian red and Venetian red.
A Cement to Stick White Metal Tops on Glass Bottles.
— One of the best cap cements consists of rosin, 5 ouikms;
beeswax, 1 ounce, rod ocher or Venetian red in pov.der, 1
ounce. Dry the earth thoroughly on a stove at a temper-
ature above :il'.J"^ Fah. Melt tlie wa.\ and resin together,
and stir in the powder by degrees. Stir until cold, lost
tho earthy matter settle to the bottom.
Tho Correct Meaning of the Tonnage of a Vessel. — The
law defines very carefully how the tonnage of different
vessels shall bo calculated. An ap{)roxiinato rule for find-
ing the gross tonnage is to multiply tho length of keel
between perpeadiculars by the breadth of vessel and
ilepth of hold, all in foot, and dividing tho product by
100. It is generally assumed thiit 40 .'ubic feet shall con-
stitute a ton, and tlio tonnago of a vessel is considered to
bo tho multiple of this ton, which mos; closely corresponds
with the internal capacity of the vessel.
A Hecipo for Re-inking Purple Type Ribbons. — Use:
.\niline violet, ^ ounce; jjure alcohol, 15 ounces; concen-
trated glycerine, 15 ounces. Dissolve the aniline in the
alcohol, and a-'d the glvcerine.
The Process of Givfng a Teinpered-Blue Color to the
Steel Plate and Malleai)lo Iron ('astings of a Roller Skate.
-In order to obtain an even blue, tho 'ork must have an
even fini.sh, and be made perfectly clean. Arrange a cast-
iron pot in a fire so as to heat it to tho temperature of
melted lead, or just below a red heat. Make a flat bottom
basket of wi.'o or wire cloth to sit in the iron bo.x, on
which place tho work to be blued, as many pieces as you
uuiy lind you can manage, always putting in pieces of
about the "same thickness and size, so that they will heat
evenly. Make a bail to the basket, so that it can be eiwily
liaiidfed. When the desired color is obtained, dip quickly
in hot water to stop the progress of the bluing, for an
instant ciily, so that enongh heat may bo retained to dry
the articles. A cover to the iron box may sometimes bo
used to advantage to hasten the heating. Another way,
miii'ii u.sed, is to varnish the work with ultriiniarinc var-
nish, which may be obtained from tho varnish makers.
Cement to Mend Iron Pots and Pans.— Take two parts
of sulphur and one part, by weight, of fine black lead;
put the sulphur in an old iron pan. holding it over the
fire until it begins to melt, then add the lead; stir well
until all is mixed and melted; then pour oiitonanirm
plate or smooth stone. When cool, break into sni ,11
pieces. A suflicient quantity of this compound being
pl.iced upon tho crack of the'iion pot to be mended, can
be .soldered by a hot iron in the same way a tinsmith sold-
ers his sheets'. If there is a small hole in the not, drive a
copper rivet in it, and then polder over it with tliis cement.
The Bept Method of Rendering Basement Walls Damp-
Proof. — Construct on ti;e outside an area wall so that the
earth does not, rest directly against tie main wall of the
house, but only against tho outside wall or casing of the '
area. To form such .an area, build a waii imlf or one
brick thick parallel to and some 'Z or 3 inches from the
TWENTY THOCSAXn TH1N03 WORTH KNOWING.
main wall, and form at tho bottom a cliaiincl or gutter
connected with the drains, so that any moisture or water
finduiK its way in through the outer caHiiig may be con-
ducteiT away and will not therefore penetrate into the
building. Thoroughly ventilate the ureas by moans of air
bricks or other suitable connections with the outer air,
and connect with one another by making through connec-
tions underneath the floor joists. He very careful that
tho main wall is laid on a good and cflicient damp course.
The top of the space between the area and :uain walls luuy
be covered in all around tha building witii bricks — orna-
mented or otherwise, as preferred — on a line just above
the ground. Another plan of effecting the same object is
to dispense wi'h the area wall and in building the brick
work to cover the whole of the work on the outside with a
thick layer of bituminous asphalt. The plaster on the
inside is in this case often rendered in nearly neat Portland
cement.
How to Caseharden I^arge Pieces of Steel. — A box Oi
cast or wrought iron should be provided large enough to
hold one or two of the pieces, with suflicient room all
around to pack well with the casehardeuing oiaterials,
which may be leather scrap, hoof shavings, or horn
shavings, slightly burned and pulverized, wliich may be
mixed with an equal quantity of pulverized charcoal.
Pack the pieces to be casehardened in the iron box so as
not to touch each other or the box. Put an iron cover on
the box and lute with clay. Heat gradually in a furnace
to a full red, keep at an even temperature for from 2 to 4
hours, raise the \n-\t to a cherry red during the last hour,
then remove the cover and take out the pieces and plunge
endwise vertically in water at shop temperature; 2 jier
cent, of liydroohlonnacid in the water improves its temper-
ing qualities and gives the metal an even gray color.
A (iijod and Cheap Preparation to Put on Friction
Matches. — Tho igniting composition varies with diirerent
makers. The following recipes may be taken as fairly
representative, the Brst being the best : 1. Phosphorus
by weight, ^ part ; potassium chlorate. 4 i)arts ; glue, 2
parts; whiting, 1 part; finely powdered glass, 4 parts;
water, 11 parts. '2. Phosphorus by weight, 2 parts ;
potassium chlorate, o parts; glue, '.i parts; red lead, li
parts, water, 12 parts. 3. A German mixture for
matches. Potassium chlorate, 7.8 parts; lead hyposul-
phite, 2'(J parts ; gum arable, 1 part.
To Find How Much I'in Vessels Will Hold.— For the
contents of cylinders : Square the diametor, and multi-
1)ly the product by 0.7854. Again, multiply by the
leiglit (all in inches). Divide tiie prodact by 231 for
gallons. Ftr the frustum of a cone: Add together the
squ ires of th) diameters of large and small ends ; to this
add tho product of the diameter of the two ends. Multi-
ply this sum by 0.7854. Multiply this product by the
height (all in inches). Then divide by 231 for the num-
ber of gallons.
A Useful llecipe.— For stopping the joints between
slates or shingles, etc., and chimneys, doors, \viiidow.s, etc.,
a mixture of stiff white-lead paint, with s:ind enough to
prevent it from running, is very good, especially if pro-
tected by a covering of strips of lead or copper, tin, etc.,
nailed to the mortar joints of the ctiin.neys, after being
bent so as to enter said joints, which .«liould be scraped
out for an inch in depth, and afterward rclilled. Mortar
protected in the same way. or even unprotected, is often
used for the purpose, but it is not equal to the jtaint ami
sand. Mortar a few days old (to allow refractory parti-
cles of li'-.ie to slack), mixed with blacksmith's cinders
and molasse.-i, is much used for this purpose, and becomes
verv hard and effective.
Tost for Hard or Soft Water. — Dissolve a small quan-
tity of good soap in alcohol. Let a few drope fall iLto a
glass of water. If it turns milkv, it is hard ; if not, it is
soft.
Test for Earthy Matters or Alkali in Water. — Take
litmus paper dipped in vinegar, and if, on immersion, the
|)aper returns to its true shade, the water does not con-
tain earthy matter or alkali. U a lew drops of syrup be
added to a water containii.g an earthy matter, it will turn
green.
Test for Carbonic Acid in Water. — Take equal par'-s of
water and clear lime water. If combined or i:"f car-
bonic acid is present, a precipitate is seen, to which if a
few drops of muriatic acid be added, an efferveacence
commences.
Test for Jlagnesia in Water. — Boil the water to a twen-
tieth part of its weight, and then drop a few grains of
neutral carbonate of ammonia into a giass of it, and a
tw drops of plio.-^pliate of soda. If magnesia be present,
It will fall to the bottom.
Test lor Iron in Water. — 1. Boil a little nutgal. and
add to the water. If it turns gray or slate, bhick iron is
present. 2. Dissolve a little prussiatc of potash, and, if
Iron is present, it will turn blue.
Test for Linu> in Water.- -Into a glass of water pet two
drops of o.\alic acid and blow upon it. If it gets milky,
lime is present.
Test for Acid in Water. — Take a piece of litmus paj)er.
If it turns red, there must be acid. If it preci|)itates on
adding lime water, it is carbonic acid. If a blue sugar
paper is turned red, it is a mineral acid.
Value of Manufactured Steel.— A pound of very fine
steel wire to make watch springs of, is worth alwut *4 ;
this will make 17,000 springs, worth ♦T.uoO.
Horses in Norway have a very seut^ible . of taking
their food, which perhaps might be benet. an. followed
here. They have a bucket of water put down beside their
allowance of hay. It is interesting to see with wiiat
relish they take a sip of the one and a moutljful of the
other alternately, sometimes only moistening their months,
as a ratiotud being would do while eating a dinner of such
dry food. A brokeu-winc'!ed horse is ."carcely ever seen in
Norway, and tho question is if the mode of feeding has
not .something to do with the preservation of the animal's
respiratory organs.
The Process of Fastening Riiblior Bolls on Clothes
Wringer. — 1. Clean s'laft thoroughly between the shonlder.s
or washers, where th') rubber goes on. 2. Give the shaft ;i
coatof copal varni.sli, ootween the shoulders, and let it dry.
3. (five siiaft coat of vurnish and wiml siiaft tightly asiws-
sible with live-ply jute twine at once, while varnish is
irrecu, and let it dry for aljout six hours. 4. (iivo shaft
o;'er the twine a (!oat of nibUer cement, and let it dry for
about six hours. 5. <i:\v: shaft over the twine a second
coat of riiljber cement, and let it dr\ for about six hours.
G. Remove wa.slier on the short end of siiaft, also the cog-
wheel if the -shaft has cogs on both ends. 7. See that the
rublier rolls are always longer than the space iM-tween the
wa^lier.s wliero the rubber goes on, a? they shrink or take
up a little in putting on the shaft. 8. CJeaii out the ln-le
or inside of roll with benzine, using a .-^mall brush or
swab. !). Put tho thiniblo or pointer on tl.e end of shaft
that the washer has been renioved from, and ^•i\e .<haft
over tho twine and thiniblo another coat of cement, and
stand same upright in a viso. 10. Give the in.=ide or hole
of roll a coat of cement with a small md or stick. 11.
Pull or force the roll on the shaft as quickly as jtossible
with a jerk, then rivet the washer on with a cold chisel.
fi ;
F : ^1
;i *
rWKNTY T1H)IS\NI> TlllVfi-i WOHTII KM
I.'. Lot 11)11 Stand atid gut diy for two or three (iavs before
iitiin^ HHiiiu. (Jeiiieiil for u.ie hIkhiM \iv no tliiek thai :i
will I III! fri'fly; if it ^oti too thick, thin it witli benzine
or iiaplithii.
How to Miikf KlTcrvescing Solution of Citrate of Mug-
iieuiii. -hiti.-iohc I'iliii' aciij 1(Ki grains in water "^'.(•OO
grains, adii caritonati' of nia^Miesia '.'(Hi grains; Ktir until
(lia-^ijlv.-d. Kilter into a I'^-nnnco bottle containing syrup
of citric acid l.'JdO grains. Add boded and liltercii water
to till bottle, drop in bieiirboinite of potudh in crystals .'So
grains and iinintcliait'lv cork. Shake until bicarbonate of
potash is dissolved. 'I'he syrnp of citric aciil is made fr.')ni
citric acid S parts, water .s p.irts, s))irit of lemon 4 parts,
Bjnip !i80 parts.
A Receipt for Making ilie IJlack ('cinei.t that is U.scd
for Filling Letters after 'I'hey arc Cut out in Hra^s. — .Mix
asphaltiim, brown japan and laiii|>black into a piitty-like
miws, till in the spaces, and linally clean the edges with
turpentine.
Useful Workshop Hints. — C vun r ■; i! l(..'.her Mii
HithoiK takii.g tliei' if thoi: 5 .'U-y^ !.i tr..;eri off they
will shrink, 'riien a piece uiw. inf je. -xto t'.iem ami
removed again after the li • ha-" 'ii'; ;. >•' days. Tlie
deeay of stone, either in 'Miiidiiigs *;. tuoniin. v <, may be
ariH'sted liy healing and ireiting with p.trallii. -d with
a litlle creosote. A common " jiaint burner " may :.r used
to heat the stoiu'. Set an i'ngi:>e ii|>oii three or four mov
able points, as u()Oii three cair on balls. Connect with
steam, ami exhaust by means of rubber hose. If the
engine will run up to speecl without mov,ng itself iiack
ami forth, theh ihat engine will run along time with litile
repair. If it shakes itself around the room, then l)uy
aiiotlier engine. Safely moving a tall mill chimney has
been accomplished several times. C^himneys which have
been caused to lean slightly through settling of the founda-
tion nniy bo straightened up again by sawing out the mor-
tar between courses of brick at the base. .\ cliimney
IdO ft. high •ind I'i ft. sipiare at the base will be varied over
8 in. at tlic to|i by the removal of 1 in. at the bise. When
yon begin to lix np the mill for cold weather, don't forget
to jnit a steam trap in each and every steam pipe which
can l)e openeil into the atni'isphero for he.-iting purposes.
For leading steam joints, mix the red lead or litharge with
common commercial glycerine, instead of linseed oil Put
a little carbolic acid in your glue or paste not. It will
keep the contents sweet for a long time. Look well to the
bearings of your shafting engine and machines. Some-
times •,;."), ;i(), 40 and even .'^lO per cent, of your power is
consumed through lack of good oil. When you buy a
water wheel, be sure to buy one small enongli to run at
full gale 'vhile the stream is low during the summer
months, if yoii want more power than the small wlieel
will irive, then put in two or inrjro wheels of various sizes.
When it becomes necessary to trim a piece of rubber, it
will be I'oiind that the knife will cut mmdi more readily if
dippe<l in water. When forgii;g a chisel or other cutting
tool, never upset the end of the tool. If necessary ctit it
off, but don't try to force it back into a good cutting edge.
In tubular boilers the handholes should be often opened,
and all collections removed from over the fire. When
boilers are fed in front, and are blown off through the
same pii)0, the collection of mud or sediment in the rear
omi should bo often removed. Nearly all smoke may be
consumed witlinut special apparatus, by attending with a
little common .sense to a few simple rules. Suppose wo
have a battery of boilers, and "soft coal " is the fuel. Oo
to the first boiler, shut tho damper nearly up, and fire up
one-half of the fumace, close tho door, open damper, ana
go to the next boiler and repeat the firing. By this
jt'>od nearly, if not quite, all the smoke will hie con-
".innxl. .\ roiled spring inserted bi>tween engine and
machinery is highly i)e(.elicial wiicre extreme regularity of
pouer is re(piii'ed. Ills weli known that a steam engine,
in order 10 govern iiself, mr,-t riia too f.isf ;i'id too slow in
Older 10 c|os(> oi- open its v.ilves; hence an iirepiilnrity of
pinver is unavoidable.
A "I'asie" .Metal I'olisli for Cleaning and I'vlishiiig
lirass — Oxalic acid 1 part, iron jteroxide I. t part.-, pow-
dered roiteiisioiie '^'o parts, palm oil liO juirts. pe ••olatiim
4 l»arts. See that .-idids are thoroughly pnlvei -d nno
-ifteil. tlieii .idd and tlioroiiehly incorporate oil petro-
latiiri.
Cough t iiiuly or TrocheF. — '''inctnreof s'pi'lls v mnces,
c;amphorated tincture of opium and tincture o' tolii of
each i "iince, wine of ijiecac jounce, oil off;,: iheria (
dro|)s, sassafras .'! drop.-;, luid of anise 8e«'d oil "..' d*' ' . The
above mixture Im to Ik put into .'i ,ionnda of c' '.dy which
is just ready to tnke from the '!•■ ; 'onti, ue M.e boilinu a
I little longer, s(. u. 10 form into sticks,
I lloi to (^xidi/.e Silver. — For this purpose a jiiiil o'" siil-
i pliide of iioiassiiim, made by iniimately ini.xing and lieat-
I ing to<;. itu-r V jparlsof thoroughly dried pota>h and I part
of sulphur powder, is used. Dis.sojvi^ '-l *o !) draehms of
I this compi'iiiid in IJ pints of water, and bring ih ' li(piid
to a tempeiatiire of from \^'t ilegress to ITo degrees lab..
when it is ready for use. Silver objects, previoiisl\ freed
I from dust and grease with soda lye and ihoroiigh linsing
in water, |iliinged into this bath are instantly covered with
an iride^(•elll tilm of 8ilversiili)hide, whi(di in a few seconds
i mort' becomes blue black. 'I he objects are theo removed,
I rinsed off in plenty of fresh water, scratch brushed, and if
necessary polished.
Useful Household Recipes. — To purify water in glass
vessels and aquariums, it is recommended to add to every
loo giammes of water fcuir drops of a solui.on of one
gramme f>f salicylic acid in JiOO grammes of water. The
Xor.si- Fiskentidende, published at Bergen, fiorway. says
that thereby the water may be kept fresh for three mouths
without being renewed. A cement recommended as some-
thing which can hardly be picked to pieces is i.<ai!e as fol-
lows: — .\lixe(pial pariiof limennd brown sugar with water,
and be sure the lime is thoroughly air-slacked. This mor-
tal is equal to Portland cement, and is of extraordinary
strength. For a few wceks'jiicservatimi of organic objects
in their original form, ciimensions and color. Professor
(Jrawitz recommends a mixtiiiecomposed of twoand a half
ou nces o' (rhiorjde of sod ill m.twoanil three- quarters drachms
of saltpetre, and one pint of water, to which is to be added
three percent, of boric acid. 'I'o varnish chromos, fake
eqiia) quantities of linseetl oil and oil of turpentine; thicken
liy exposure to the sun ami air until it becomes resinous and
half evaporated; then add a portion of melted beeswax.
Varnishing jiictures should always be performed in fair
weather, and out of any current of cold or damp air. A
fireproof whitewash can bo readily made by adding one
part silicate of soda (or potash) to every tivo parts of white-
wash. The addition of a solution of alum to whitewash is
recommended as a means to prevent tho rubbing off of tho
wash. A coating of a good glue size mule by dis-solving
half a pound of glue in a gallon of water is employed when
the wall is to bo papered. The most nourishing steam
bath that can bo a^)plied to a person who is unable to sweat
and can take but little food in tho 8toma<di:— Produce the
sweating by burning alcohol under a chair in which the
person sits, with blanket coveriijg to hold the heat. Use
caution and but little alcohol. Fire it in a shallow iron
pan or oli'. saucer.
Own Your Own Homes. — Every man, whether he is a
working man in the common acceptation of the word or not,
1
mr
TWENTY THOU9ANI) TIIIVnH WORTH KXOWI.VO,
feels a deep iuteirst in the inan»2enicnt of the affairs of
the fity. county uiiti State in whicli lie lives wheiioviT ho
owns a home. He i^ more imtriotic, und in inuny vuyd is u
bettiTi'ili..i-nthiinth(- manwliofiiniply n-nts.ikiul wholia.sbiit
little if niiT iwsurance of how long it will f»e before he (;un
be ordure') to move; to wliich may \>e udiied in muny ciueR
the saving of more money. Of "''juriie it requires some
econoniy to lay up :i suAicient amonnt of money to pur-
chase and pay for a home; but tills very fact, if properly
carried rutuftertliehomeidiiequired. maybe the instrument
of I iuirthingtlie iieanstocomme!:t.eund protiet'utea busi-
nesa upon your o*n re^imnsibility. 'J'rne, in some rases it
will require more e<;ouomy, (wrhaps, than wenre now prac-
ticing. Hut the '>8tion w:th everr man, and especially if
he is the head ( T u family, is. Can lie afford it? That is,
can he afford to live up His wagps as fa.«t as heiearns them,
withou'. laying up anything for the future? If he is tlie
heaii of a fanuly, he is oblige<l to pay rent, and it does
not re(|uire very many years of rent paying to make
np an amount sufficient to purchase and pay for a comfort-
able home. You have to pay the rent. This you say you
cannot avoid and l>e b'>neflt. Well, you cannot be honest
with yonr family unlesa you make a reasonable attempt to
Erovicie them a home of their own in case anything should
appea to you. .\ni| the obligation to do this should be ui
strong as the one to |>ay rent or provide the other neces-
saries for the comfort of your family. When yop »" a
homo you feel a direct interest in public affairs thu. >th
wise yon might consider were of little interest.
A Formula for Xervoui Hradache. — Alcoln-i 'Mut,., ■>
ounces: Olei •innanion, 4 minims; Potus. ><' >ui. I., ii
drachma: Kxtr. liyos4-yam , fl.. 1^ drachmi . ^ Kit .A\o.
One to two teaspoonfuu, if reipiireil.
How Beeswax isHetined and Made Nice a
P'ire wiiiti? wax is obtained from the ordina
exposure to the influence of the son and w.
wax is sliced into thin flakes and l.ini on sackiiig or coarse
cloth, stretched on frames, resting on jiosts to raise theM
from the ground. The wax is turned over frequently and
oc(;iisionally sprinkled with Poft wator if there be not dew
and rain sutficient to moisteu it. The wax should be
bleaoiuid in about four weeks. If. on breaking the flakes,
the w.ix still appears yellow inaidc. it ia necessary to melt
it again and (Talie and exp<i>so it a Be<;ond time, or even
oftencr, t)i'l'(ire it l)eeome!> .jorouj iily bleached, tlio time
re<juire<l being mainly deptm'^JUt uj.'^n the weather.
There i^ a preliminary jirooesa l)y which, it is claimeil.
much time is savoil in tlie subs«quont ble;v<;liin:,'; this con-
sists in passing melted wax and steam through long pipes,
so as ti> expose the wax as much as |Mi8nililo to the action
of the steam; thence itito a pan heated by a stoani bath.
where it is stirred thoroughly with water and then Allowed
to settle. The whole operation is repeated a second and
third time, and the wax is then in condition to be more
readily bleached.
How to Remove a Wart From the Hand. — Take of
salicylic acid, 3o grains; ext. cannabis indie, Id grains;
collodion, ^ ounce. Mix ami apply.
Recipe for Making Camphor I<c in Small Quantities for
Home Use. — .Melt together over u water bath white wax
ai\d spermiKcti. each . ounce; camphor, 2 ounces, in
sweet almond oil, 1 pound: then triturate until the mix-
ture luH bi com'' homogeneous, atid allow oiu' pound of
rosewater to flow in slowly during the opi-ration.
Recipe for Making Instantaneous Ink and Stain
Extractor. — Take of chloride of lime 1 jiound, thoroughly
pulverized, and four quarts *oft water. The foregoing
must be thoroughly shaken when first put together. It is
T>M|iiired to stand twenty-four hours to dissolve the chlo-
l Yellow.—
ijer ax by
.cr. The
ride of lime; then itrain through a cotton cloth, after
wiiich add a teaspoonful of acetic aci'i to every ounce of
the chloride of lime water.
Itemoving I'aint .Sj>ota From Wood. — To take spots of
paint off wood, lay a thick coating of lime ano soda
mixed together ov.T it, letting it stay twenty-foiir hours;
then wash off with warm water, and the spot will have
disappeared.
I'olishing Plate Glau, — To polish plate glaM and re-
move slight scrutcheg. tb the "urface gently, first with a
(dean ])ad of fine cott wool, ,ind afterwarJs with a simi-
lar pad covered ovei ». • cotton Velvet which has been
charged with tine tvg The surface will acquire a pol-
ish of great brillisii' <{Uite free from any scratches.
Recipe for a Howl condition Powder. — Ground ginger
1 pound, antimony sulphide 1 pound, [Kiwdered sulphur 1
pounil, saltpetre. Mix altogether and uilminister in a
mash, in such (juantities as may )>e required.
Reripe to Make Violet Ink. — Ordinary aniline violet
soluble ill water, with a little alcohol and glycerine, makes
an excellent ink.
Recipe to Make Gtxwl .^^having Soap. — Either fiO
pounds tallow and .'H pounds cocoanut oil, or 3>') pounds
of tallow and the tame quantity of jialm oil and 34
pounds (!ocoaniit oil, treated by the crdd process, with 120
pounds caustic Ho<la lye of 27 deg. Uaunie. will make 214
pounds of shaving soap.
How to Make a Starch Enamel for Stiffening Coilari,
Cuffs, etc. — )Use a little gum arable thoroughly dissolved
in the starch.
A Good Cough Syrup. — Put 1 quart hoarhound to 1
quart Tvater, and boil it down to a [>int; add two or three
sticks of licorice and a tablespoonful of essence of lemon.
The Cause of the Disease Called " Hives, "a^o Its Cure.
— The trouble is causeil by a perversion of the digestive
functions, accompanied by a disturbance of the circula-
tion. It is not attendeil witii danger, and is of iinporiunce
only from the annoyance which it caui>eB. Relief iriay be
obtained in most instance* by tiieu^rof cream tartar liaily
to such extent as to move the bowels slj^htly. .Mitite a
strong soiiuion, sweeten it pleasantly, jind take a teo-
snoonful, say after each meal, until tin* eflect alxne ruou-
tioned is produced, and continue the treatment uulii the
hives cease to bo troublesome.
A Bedbug Poison. — Set in the center of the room a dish
containing 4 ounces of brimstone. Light it, and rU e tliC
room us tight as pos.->ib!e, stopping the keyhole of I'le iloor
with paper to keep the fumes of the briin(=t(>ne in the
-Doni. Let it remain for tlin-e or four hoiirf, then open
the wimiows and uir thoroughlv. The briinstnne wi'l be
found to have al.so blcjclml th* paint, if it was a yellowish
white. Mixtures such as e<^nal parts of turpeiiline and
kerosene oil are usid ; filling up the cracks with hard
soap is an excellent remedy. Ik-iizine and giisoline will
kill beilbiigs as fast as thev can reach them. A weak solu-
tion of 7,inc cliloii'le is also said to be an effectual bi/.n-
i,>(her of these pests.
A Preparatioii by Which Y"U can Take a Natural Flower
and Dip It in. That Will Preserve It.- -Dip the flowers in
melted paraffine. withdrawing them quickly. The liquid
should only be just hot enoegh to maintain its fluidity and
the flowers should Ik? dip|)e<l one at a time, he'.! b/ the
stalks, and moved about for an iiifitaiit to get rid of iiir
bubbles. Fresh cut sp«.-cimens free from moisture make
excellent specimens in thi.* way.
What Causes Sliaking A.«p Ixfaves to be always in a
Quiver? — The wind or vibration of the air only causes the
quiver of the aspen leaf.
c:
1
i^
c
I' I
I'
u ■
n
.
Wliiit "Sozodont " :z Composed of. — I*otu8sIiini carbon-
!iU', J oiiiHio ; hoiipy, 4 oiihooh ; iilcohol, v* oiiiiceH ; wiitiT.
ID oiiiiceM; oil of wiiiteri^i't'dii iitnl oil of rohc, to tiiivor,
HiitlifiiMil.
W'lial is Uncd In MoiiHiuii' iU-Ul Ijulou ;i.") I)i'|,(i'i!f« Faliroii-
lii'il y — .M(!lulli(' tlH'riiioiiiottiift all' iidiMJ to ineuHuro lowest
it'iiipurutiiriM, alcohol bcinp qiiito irregular.
I< tlio Top Surface of loo on u "> '. the .Viiiount of
Water let in urn! out boiiij; the. Same Da) oy Duv, on a Level
with tlio Water Siirfaco or above it? — leo ia fiiij^litly
elantic, niiil when faiit to the ahoro the central portion
risen and f;dlH with Hlight variations in water level, the
]iropor; 11)11 al)o\o ami Imlow water level being as is the
Weight of i(!i) to the weight of w»<ter it displaces.
Of the Two Waters, Hard and Soft, Which Freezes the
Quicker; atul in 'n'.o Which Saves the Hest in Like Pack-
ing? — Soft water freezes tlio quickest and keeps tho best.
Does W'aler in Freezing i^iirify Itself ? — It clears itself
from chemicals ; does not clear itself from mechanical
mixtures as mud and clay.
A Ueceij)t to Remove Freckles from the Face without
Injury to tho Skin. — A commonly used preparation for
this purpose is : Sulpho-carbolate of zinc, ^' parts ; dis-
tilled glycerine, iiS parts ; rose water, !i.'» parts ; scented
alcohol, 6 parts. To bo applied twice daily for from half
an hour to an hour, and tlien washed off with cold water.
What will Remove Warts PainleKsly ? — Touch the wart
with a little nitrate of silver, or with nitrio acid, or with
aromatic vinegar. Tlie silver salt will produce a black,
and tho nitric acfd a yellow stain, either of which will wear
off in a short while. The vinegar scarcely discolors the skin.
A (tood Receipt to Prevent Hair Coming Out. — Scald
black tea, 2 ounces, with 1 gallon of boiling water, strain
and add 3 ounces glycerine, tincture cantharides ^ ounce,
bay rum 1 (piart. Mix well and perfume. This is a good
preparation for frequent use in its effect both on tho scalp
and hair, but neither will be kept in good condition with-
out care and attention to general health.
Deaths from Diphtheria per 100,0(10 Inhabitants in the
Chief Cities of tho World.— Amsterdam, 26r); Ik-rlin, 24.');
Madrid. 225; Dresden, 184; Warsaw, 167; Philadelpliia.
103; Chicago, 140; Turin, 127; St. Petersburg, 121;
Bucharest, 118; Borne, 115; Munich, 111; Stockholm.
107; Maliuee, 105; Antwerp, 104; New York, 01; Paris,
85; Hamburg, 70, Naples, 74; Lisbon, 74; Stuttgart. 01;
Rome, 50; Eilinbnrgh, 50; Buda-Pesth, 60; The Hajnie,
4.1; Vienna, 44; London, 44; Christiania, 43; Copcnliagen,
42; Sui)urb8 of Brussels, 30; City of Brussels, .35.
.\ Receipt for Marshmallows, as Made by Confectioners.
— Dissolve one-half pound of gum arabic in one pint of
water, strain, and add one-half pound of fine sugar, and
place over the fire, stirring constantly until the syrup i.s
dissolved, and all of the consistency of honey. Add grad-
ually tho wliiteaof four eggs well beaten. Stir the mixture
until it becomes somewliat thin and does not adhere to the
finger. Flavor to taste, and pour into a tin slightly dusted
with powdered starch, and when cool divide into small
squares.
A Receipt for .Making Compressed Yeast. — This yeast is
obtained by straining tho common yeast in breweries and
distilleries until a moist mass is obtained, which is then
placed in hair bags, and the rest of the water pressed out
until tiie mass is nearly dry. It is then sewed up in strong
linen bags for trunsportation.
How to Tell the Ago of Eggs. — We recommend the follow-
ing process (which has been known for some time, but has
been forgotten) for findingout tho ago of eggs, and distiii-
guishing those that are fresh from those that are not. This
method is based upon tho decrease in the density of cg^s
as they grow old. Dissolve two ounces of kitchen salt in
aiiinlof water. When afresh-laid egg is placed in this
solution it will descend to tho l)oltom of tho vessel, while
one that has been laid on tho day previous will not quite
roach the bottom. If the egg be thno days old if will
swim in the licpiid, and if it is more than three days old it
will tloiit on tho surfa(-e. and pruiect above the latter more
and more in proportion as it m older.
A Hecipe for Making Court PhiHter.— Isinglacs 125
grains, alcohol \'i fiuid ounces, glycerine 12 minims, water
aixl tincture of benzoin each siiHiciont ouanity. Dissolve
the isinglass in enough water to make tne solution weigh
four lliiid oiiiKtes. Spread half of tho latter with a brush
upon successive layers of taffeta, waiting after each appli-
cation until the layer is dry Mix the second half of the
isinglasssolution with tho alcohol and glycerine, and apply
in the same manner Then reverse tho taffeta, coat it on
tho back with tincture of benzoin, and allow it to become
perfectly drv. There are many other formulas, but this
18 official. 'I'ho al)ov(! quantities are sufficient to make ft
l)ieco of court plaster fifteen inches square.
One of the Very Best Scouring Pastes Consists of — Oxalic
acid, 1 part; Iron neroxide, 15 parts; Powdered rotten-
stone, 20 parts; Palm oil, 00 parts; Petrolatum, 4 parts.
Pulverize tho oxalic acid ami add rouge and rottenstone,
mixing thoroughlv, and sift to remove all grit; then add
gradually the palm oil and petrolatum, incorporating
thoroughly. Add oil of myrbane, or oil of lavender to
suit. By substituting your rcil ashes from stove coal,
an inferior representative of the foregoing paste will l)e
produced.
How to Manufacture Worcestershire Sauce. — A. Mix
together 1^ gallons white wine vinegar, 1 gallon walnut
catsui). 1 gallon mushroom catsup, i gallon Madeira wine,
i gallon Canton soy, 2^ pounds moist sugar, 19 ouiices
salt, 3 ounces powdered capsicum, 1^ ounces each of pi-
mento and coriaiuler, 1 J ounces chutney, } ounce ea<h of
cloves, mace and cinnamon, and 0^ (trachms assafcetida
<lissolved in ])int brandy 20 above proof. Boil 2 pounds
hog's liver for twelve hours in 1 gallon of water, a<lding
water as required to keep up the quantity, then mix tho
boiled liver thoroughly with the water, strain it through a
coarse sieve. Add this to the sauce.
A rjoml Receipt for Making Honey. Without Using Honey
as One of tho Ingredients, — 5 lbs. white sugar, 2 lbs. water,
gradually britig to a boil, and skim well. When cool add
1 lb. bees' honey, and 4 drops pepjiermiiit. To make of
better quality add less water and more real honey.
What the Chemical Composition of Honey is. — Princi-
pally of saccharine matter and water, about as follows:
Levulose 33^ to 40 per cent., dextrose 31J to .39 per cent.,
water 2n to 30 per cent., besides ash and other minor con-
stituents.
How to Clean Carpets on tho Floor to Make Them Look
Bright. — To a i)ailful of water add three pints of oxgall,
wash the carpet with this until a lather is produced, which
is washed off with clean water.
How to Take Out Varnish Spots from Cloth. — Use chlo-
roform or benzine, and as a last resoiirise spirits of turpen-
tine, followed lifter drying by benzine.
Flour Paste for all Piirpo.sis. — Mix 1 pound rye flour in
lukewarm water, to which has been aihled one teaspoonful
of pulverized alum; stir until free of lumps. Boil in the
regular way, or slowly pour on boiling water, stirring all
the time until the pasto l)econie8 stiff. When cold nd<l a
full (piarter pouml of common strained honey, mix well
(regular bee lionoy, no patent mixture).
t! 1
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TWK.NTT TIIOIAANO THIN".- WoKTII KNOWINit.
FTow to Miik<> r.i<|iii<I niiie. — TitkeH wii|i> mouthed bot-
tlo, iuul iUhhoIvi' ill it S oiiiiceR bolt (;luc in } pint watvr,
liy Hi'ltiiitf it ill a vimhI of huUt, ainl li«.-utiii)( until <ii«-
i« Ivotl. riiiMi iiilil nlowly '^*\ ounces xtroti^ nitrio aciti •'!*>
<Ii'g. Hiiiiiiii', Hliiiinx itll tim wlii'i KlT<TveiM-«>n«-e t«lkf«
iiliiri-, witli p-iii'i'iitioii of fiiiiu'ri. Wlii'ii all tho at:'u\ hu
liocii ii<l<li-il, tiid li(|iiiil i.4 uIIowimI to (•hi). Ki-<>|i it wc-ll
rorkeil, iimi it will he rcmly f<ir ine ut niiv tini**.
How tliM Wdi'lii irt \Vci);lRMl aiut Itit Dvii^ity and Max
t'litiijtiitnl. — 'I'lio (Iciittity, iim^.4, or Wfii;lit uf tlie i-artli
wiis foiiiul by till' oliri('r\c<i fiirrc of altriurtion of a known
niiitiri of lotul or ii'iiii for iiiiotliir niiui.-: or of u nioiintuiu
liv tliu ilctlcctioii of a torsion tliruml or ]tltin)b line. In
thid iniiiiiuT tliu mean ili'iiiiity of thu eurtli li.tii bevii fouml
to be from 4.71 to )i "•(i tinics tlie wiMi;lit of water. 5.*j<>
being ncoreiliiod nn the inoHt rcliikblf. Tiie weight of a
rnbic f(K)t of wiitiT bciiii{ known, aii'l the rontent* of the
oartli being coiii|iiite<l in ciiiiii; feet, we hare but to multi-
ply the iiiinibor of eiibie feet by .'».';♦» tinieM the weight of 1
ciibio foot of water to obtain tlit* weijzht of the earth in
pciinil)!, or unit.-' of gravity ut its aiirfuie. whieh i« the
unit naually lined, .\iiother inellioil of deterniitiing tl.e
ineun tlensity of tiie etirlh ia foiimied on the i-hauge of the
intensity of gravity in ilcsceniling deep mines.
.V 'I'iieory an to tiie Origin of i'etrolenm. — ProfeMor
Meiidelejef liii.s re<eiitly advameil the theory that
petroleiiiii ia of purely mineral origin and that the forma-
tion of it if) going on every day. He ha*, moreover, auc-
ceedeil in jtrodiieing iirtlfiiial pitr.>!eiini by a rciiction
that lie (leijeribt!s, and he gtates that it ill iin|<o'><ible to
deteil any ililTercMioo between the natnrul proilnct and the
inanufiK'iiired article. His theory id lu follows: Infilra-
tion of water, reaching a pertain depth, come into contact
with incandescent masHes of carbnreta of metals, chiefly of
iron, and aro at once decoinpo.sed into oxvtren and hydro-
gen, 'riio oxyjicn unites with the iron, while the hydro-
gen seizes on the carbon and rises to an np|ier level, where
the vapors are condensed in part into mineral oil. and the
rest reinaiiiH in a state of natural gits. The |)etrolenm
Ktnitii are generally met with in the vicinity of nioiiiitain«,
and it may be graiiteil that geological npheavalit have dia-
locatetl tlio ground in such u wuv as to j)ermit of theadmis-
loin of water to groat deiiths. If the center of the earth
contains great miuties of metallic carburets, we may. in
case this theory is verified, count upon an almost inei-
hanstihle sour(;o uf fuel for the day when our coal deposits
shall fail ns.
How Vaseline is I'urified. — The residnnm from which
vaseline is made is placed in settling tanks heated by steam,
in order to keep their contents in a liquid state. After the
complete separation of the fine coke it is withdrawn from
these tanks and passed tlirougli the bone black cylinders,
during which process the color is nearly all removed, as
well as its empyreiimatic odor.
The liiitest and Rest Process Employed by Cutters
and Others in Etching Names and Designs on Steel. —
Take copper sulphate, stilphato of alum and sodium chlo-
ride, of ea«h 2 (iiachms, and strong acetic acid 1 ' onnce«,
niixeil together. Siiiiar tlu" metal with yellow soap and
write with a quill pen without a split.
The History of tho Discovery of Circulation of ihelihKHl
recapitulated, divides itself naturally into a serie«of efiocli-
making ]H'riods : 1. The structure and fnnctions of the
valves'of the heart, Erasistratiis, B. C. 30-!. 'i. Thearter-
ies carry lilood during life, not air. Galen. A. D. l€,'>.
'.i. The inilmonary circulation, Servetns. 15.">3. 4. Tie
systemic circulutioii. L'tesalpinus. 1593. 5. The pul-
monic and systemic circulations, Harvey. Ifi'iS. 6. The
ipillaries. Malpighi, 1601.
Ifow to Make Hand Tiie (ireiiaiieii, — Make jour luiiiH
grenades. Kill or-'i'iiiry ipiart wine ImitleH withaMttur-
ute<i Mdiitioii of cdtiimiin sail, and place tin iii where they
will do the ino-i g I in case of need. They w ill be found
n»-.ir!\ IIS licrvice.ilii.' ;n ilie i\pc!i,-i\<' hand greiiailei- yon
huv. Should a (lie break out, throw theiu with force
'iimcieiit lobii ak tli.'in into tiecelileroftlie fire. The i-all
will form a coiiting mi wliate\er oliject the water tonches,
and niiikc itiiearlv iiicnmliiihtilde, and it will prove elTect-
iial ill nniny ca^es, where ii tire i.s jii^t starling, when the
delay in proi'iiritig uater iniglit be fnial.
Il<>>i the Kind of White Ml t;d is .Made Tliul m Ukdi in
tho .\laniifacliiie of Cliiap Tabic Ware,— How Name can he
harilencd and still rcliiin it.^ color ? The following are
formulas for w liito metal. .Melt together : («) Tin ^;^ lewl
Its, aiiliniony ,'i, zinc 1, copper 4 parts. (/<) nrass IJV, IiimI
'»', tin ',', zinc 1 part. For a l.ard nntal, in t so white, melt
together liisniiiili parts, zinc 3 parts, lead IM parts. Or
use tyj)e metal — lead .) to 7 jiarts. antimony 1 jiarf.
What Metal Kxpaiuls .Most, for the Sait.t ( liange in
TciniK ratiir"-;' — I'of ntic degree CiMiigrade the following
arc I oetVeieiiisof liin Ml' expansinii: aliiiiiit.uin. (i.'kioC'J'JV;
rilver.(i.o<Mi(il!t| to ii.dddd'vM'..'; nickel. (•.'•<i|i(i|-.;h; copper,
(i.(MMKilt;7 lo (i.uiKMiItis; zinc. (I()(MIOV'-,>0 to (J »»0(Xi2!)!J;
bnas, (i.iMKMirH to (MKi(i(tl!t:J; platinum, 0.(K«l(Xi88.
He«\y Tiiiitiers. — There arc six'ccn speciis of tree^ in
.\merica. wIiom- perfectly dry wood will sink in water.
Tho fiiaviestof these istlic black ironwo(«| (confalia f( riea)
of ."Southern I'lorula. which i« more than 1*0 percent, heav-
ier than water. Of the ollicrs, the bc.-t kimwi are lig-
num vita- (giialaciim .sanctum) and maJigroxc (i bizidiora
mangle). .\notlierisH small oak ((pien-ns g-isea) found
in the mountains of Tcxa.", Soiitlu in New .Mexico and
.Arizona, mid westward to the Colorado d'sert, at mi eh-
vation of ."..0(1(1 tol(».OoO feet. All the speciosin which the
woimI is heavier than water belong to semi-tropicid Florida
or the arid interior Pacific region.
Highest Point Reached by Man was by balloon 27,000
feet. Travelers have rarely exceeded '.iO.tiiiO feet, at which
point the air from its rarity is very deliilitming.
Hasa Kate of >!peed Equal toNindy .Miles an Hour. over
Been Attained by Hailroad Iiocoinoii\e ?- It is extremely
doubtful if any locomotive e\er made so high a speed. A
mile in 4S seconds is the shortest time we have neard of.
A rate of 70 to 75 miles per hour has been made on a
spurt, on good .straight track. The (Jrant Locomotive
Works could make .inch an eii;;inc. Sixty niile.< an hour
for a train is considered a very lutrh rate of speed, and is
seldom attained in practice for niorpthan a short run.
The Fastest Moat in the World —.Messrs. Thornycroft
A Co., of Chiswick, in making iireliminary trials (.f a tor-
].e<lo boat built by tliciii for the Spanish navy, havi- ob-
tained a speed which is worthy of special recurd. The
iKiat is twin-.sriew, and the principal diiiuncions are:
lA-ngtli H7 ft. i: in., beam 14 ft. f. in., by 1 ft. '• in.
I'.ranght. On a trial at Lower Hope, on April 27. the
remarkable mean speed of :.!t;. 11 knots was attained, being
e<|ual to a .<peed of :Jn.(i(; luiles an Imur. »hicli is the high-
est speed yet attaine I by any vo-ol atbiat.
Stainiuffand Polishing Mahoj;any. — Ymir be.-i phiii will
Ik; to scrape off all the old polish, and well gla«s
jtaper; then oil with linseed oil both old lu >\ new parts.
To stain the new pieces, get half an ounce oi bii hroniiite
of |)otasli, and pour a pint of boiling water over it; when
cold bottle it. This, ii-ed with care, will Haiii the new f.r
■ lig'it jiarts asd.u'k .-is you plcii.se. if done as follow.-:-- \*i,'P
ofT the oil clean, and apply the rolution with a pieicnf riijr,
held lirmlv the liand. and just moistened with the siain.
(Jreat care is required to prevent the stain running over
m<
m
ill
TWKJCTY THOl'^AMrt THIVHS vroHTIi KNOW I MO.
^^
liie old {Nirt, ttt »mf ptfoe ton hed with it will hIuiw tlio
mark thruugh lb* poluli «b<-ii fiuiidioil. You ettii vary
*hc color by fivutg t*oor ojore coats if rof|uirini. 'I'liiii
.tipoliah Toitr j'>baitof»4h«T in tlii> iiruuI way. HIkiiiIiI
you *i*\\ to bruhten optbeold iimlioganv, uac'iioJiHli dyt'il
with Hum«r>:k brova M follown: — (lit tiiifi' juimy worth
of iii<mi»r>k brovo.a&d put it into a bottle witli ctiouK''
UHphtha or Bietb«UUidfi>jritt to di«iolv(> it. Pour ii few
dropAof tbi«ioto]roar pfJivh, ^tui you will find tjiiit it
give* • Dii-e h^h rv4 coior to tbv work, but don't dye tht^
poli-*h too irtBcb. juM tint it.
Value of Efg* tfift Food and Otht-r I'lirposeit,— Kvcry
oJ<)iii<>ttt that M bcoMMnr to the support of nuin Ik coii-
tuiied witbia :••• Uaiu of aa esK Hhell, iu thu hoitt pro-
portions aoJ ia the moti ]ia]mtaTi7e form. IMikiu hoiied,
tbej are wholeeoase. It iseasT todres8thi*m in nioro than
iOV differi>ut vajTSw Mck Bi«tb<*d liot only ecoiiotnical, hut
ludutary in the bfgbrtt de^rt^. No honcrit appetito ever
yrt rejertej ea eg^ :a ¥f>mt jjiiiie. It ia iintrimcnt in the
moat portable form, ai^d la the ni08t cunoMilrutod Hli»pe.
Wliole QaciuBj of atMSskitii rarviy touili uny otiuu- uiiintal
f'Kxi. Kitiji«aS i:it'rio |«l&.u >< readily a4 do th<> liunihio
tradfdini?n. After tbe rict'Tr of Muhldorf, vlicn the
Kaixfr I.iidwigaat at a B«al with his iMirggrafa and great
eaptaiQ't. he de:erak:&«iii ou a piece of luxury — "one egg
to erery oiao, aad t»« to the eiceiltMitly valiant Sohwep-
|Mrman. " Kar aore than fish— for it iswatery diet — eggs
are the scholar'* fare. They contain plioijphorua, which
if) brain fwMJ, aad •alpfaar, wliich performs a viiricty of
fuQi'tioru ia tbe ecoaoaiy. And they are the bent of
Butrimi'iit f«r ebibi*«a, for. in a rompHct form, they con-
taiu ererytbtnf that U oeoeaaary for the giowth of the
youthful frame. Egnare. howeVer. not oidy food — Ihey
are medi<'if»e aSjo. iL<» white if the most eflicacious of
remt'die* for buru*, msA tbe Oil eitraitalilo from the yolk
18 regarded by liM' KaaMactai an almost mirafulouH naive
for cits, braia«!» aa.J trratcbec. .\ raw egj.', if Hwaliowed
ia time, will effcurtoaliy detach a ti<li bono faHtened in the
throat, auU the wbise'of two eggs will render the deadly
worroiife iublim.*:* aa baruiless a;* a doBC of ciilomel.
They itreogthea ibeoosimimrilife. invigorate the feeble.
and render the maM •aeoeptibieall but jiroof against jaun-
dice in iv^ m'tnttii. . ...• tphase. 'J'liey can also he drunk
in the 3lj.ipe of : j. ._• fJiji " whieh sustainn the orator-
i<'Hl eff »rr!i of rr -•ajf-men. The merits of eggs
do not fT^a end s ■.:-. 1:, France alone the wine I'luritiers
aae more ciiaa >s»>,ii^>.««tw a year, ami the Alsatians con-
sume fully .la.'X^V/'i in callto printing and for dressing
Uie l«atheruie»l tninakio^the finest of Prenehkid gloves.
Finally, not to BMHtioo various other employments for
eggs iu the arta, ibej may. of course, almost without
trouble on t h«> farawr'a nart. beconverted in fowls, which,
in any shape, are pcoBta.li]e to the seller and welcome to
the buyer. Eren qggdidls are valuable, for allopath and
homeopath alike agree in regarding them as the purest of
carbonate of time.
Hiatory of Bijgr Sbipa. — In the history of mankind sev-
erai ve.-iseU of extrar&rdanary magnitude have hec'ii con-
stru'.'ted. ail <lj«ia<cti»e]y styled great, and all iinfnr-
tunateiy diiaitrooj. wlxh the honorable exception of
N'oah'ri .\rk. Settiag aside this antediluvian craft, con-
oemiog the anlbenticily of -vrhose dimensions authorities
differ, and whieh, if &b3ical measures are correct, was
inferior in sise to tbe eeaaelof most importance to modern
shipowner?, the peat gaUey, constructed by the groat
engineer Arohioaedea for tbe great King itiero II., of
.Syracuse, is the Snt flliutration. This ship without it
name (for hiatory does not record one) transcended all
wondera of ancient Barititce construction. It abounded
in statuea and painting, marble and mostac work. It
contained a gymnasium, hath-, a garden, ,.nil aihored
walkx. Its artillery discharged Htones of .1 c\ t., and
arrows 18 ft. in length. An Athenian advciliaing poet,
who wrote u Hix-linc pull of its glories, re( eived the royal
reward of six thousaml buxhelH of corn. Literary merit
was at a higher pr«>mium in the vear '^40 H.c., than it is
to-day. The great ship of iiiiiiiiuiiy was foiiiiil I o ho too
large for thu accommodation of the SvracuNan port, and
famiiu' reigning in Kgypt, Micro, the cliaritahly disposed,
embarked a cargo often thouHand huge jars of saltecl
lish, two million pounds of salted meat, iwtnty thouHand
liundles of diffcrtnt clothes, tilled the hold with corn,
and conxigued her to the seven moutliN of the Nile, and
siin'e she weighed amdior nothing more has been heard of
iier fate. The next great ship worthy of mention is the
mythical .Saracen encountereti in the Mediterranean Sea
by the crusading fleet of liichard C'teur de Lion, Duke of
Uuienne and King of Kngland, whicdi, after much
slaughter and damage incident to its intidel hubit of
vomiting (ireek tire n|)on itsndverMaries, waBca))turrd and
sunk. Next in rotation appears thelireat Harry, built by
Henry Vlli., of Kngland, and whiili eareeiieil in harbor
during the reign of his successor, under similar circum-
stances to those attending the Hoyal (ieorgo in ITS?— a
dispensation that mysteriously apjiears to overhung u
majority ,>f the ocean -bruviti'; coiislnictions whiidi, in
detlance of every religi<iu8 sailor's superstition that the
lumlier he treads is naturally female, are ( hristcned by a
masculine or neutnil title. In the year llGD, Mark Isam-
hard Hrunel, the Kdison of his age, us his son was the
KricHsoii of that following, permitted himself to bo born
at Hacqueville; near Koiu-n, France, went to school, to
sea, and into nolitius; com}>roniised himself in the latter
profession, anil went to America in I7!t4, where he sur-
veyeil the canal now connecting Lake ('hamplain with the
Hudson Hiver at Albany, N. V. There ho turned arc hi-
tect, then returned to Euroj)e, settled, married, and was
knighted in Kngland. He occupied eighteen yearn of his
life in building an unprtMluctivo tunnel beneath the river
'Ihames at London; invented u method of sliuflling cards
without using the hands, and several other devices for dis-
pensiiig*with labor, which, upon completion, were aban-
doned fri>m economical nudives. On his decease, his son
anil heir, I. K. Hrunel, whose , ractical experience in the
Thames Tunnel job, where his biographers assert he had
0('casion more than once to save his life by swimming,
i|ualitied him to treiid in his father's shoes, took up his
trade. Hrunel, .Ir,, having denionstratcc'. by costly ex-
periments, to the successful proof, but thorough exaspera-
', i.)n, of his moneyed backers, that his father's theory for
empioying carbonic acid gas as a motive power was prac-
ticable enough, but too expensive for anything but the
dissipation of a millionaire's income, settled down to the
profession of engineering science, in whi(di he did as well
as his a*Ivantages of education enabled him. Like all
men in advance of their time, when he considered himself
the victim of arbitrary capitalists ignoring the bent of his
genius, ho did his best work in accordance with their stip-
ulations. He designed the Great Western, the first
steamship (paddle-wheeJ) ever built to cross the Atlantic ;
and the (ireat Britain, the original ocean screw steamer.
Flushed with these successes, Hrunel procured pecuniary
support from speculative fools, who, dazzled by the
glittering statistical array that can bo adduced in support
of any chimerical venture, the inventor's repute, and
their "nnhaked experience, imagined that tlio alluring
Orient was ready to yield, like over-ripe fruit, to their
shadowy grasp; and tainted as he evidently was with hered-
itary mania, Hrunel resolved to seize the illusionary im-
mortality that he fondly imagined to be within his reach.
t.
TWIKTT TBOFIAXD TMINOH WORTB KNOWINC.
There wh not mnoh the matter with the bnin of Brunei,
Jr., but that little waa ouough; a conipetent ri»ilro«>i
•urveror. a Kood bridge buildoi', hu iiriHltMl to >>e held
within boiiiiilfl whoiihaudlioK other pooplf'M fiirtdi: for the
iuiiii'h iiiiibitioii would havol«'u<l him to uiic|frtak«>t<ibri<it;**
tho Allitntic. IIo mot with tliOMpeuiilutorit re<|iiiri-<l imhiii
vorv iimtaiicu of thu constriictorH of the (irt'ul i-lu/<tfrn.
'I'liirt inoiiiitroiiH nliiji hun bouti dt<rii;ril)t>d ho oft*>ii, that .i
would b>' u I riiulty to our ruuUura tu itiHict the ^torr u|>oii
thorn U){i«iii.
Niiluml OiiH th(> Fuel of tho Future. — Thu liou«« of the
near future will Iihvc no tlrnplatf. ittttani pipos, chimnevt,
or lliiPH. WoDil, I'oal oil, and otiier forma of fuel are
about to di4ii|i|>flar altoiretluu' in L<la>'f< iiuvii>)( fa<-torie«.
(Ian liait lifc'ouie mi ciiuiip that alrea<iT it ii aupplaiitins
fuuU. A .lin;;!^ j<>t fairly h«ata a small room in cold
wottlher. Ituawoll known fact that ftM throw* off no
amolc^, soot, or dirt. In n brazier fllled with nhunkaof
oolorod ti\tuii, and seferal jota |)!a(.'ed b«ii**ath, the glaaa
soon bet'Hmo boated aufilnieutlj to thoroughlj warm a room
lOx.'iO fciH in dise. Thia dtwigu doea awaj with the necea-
aity for chimneja, liinoA tboro ia no smoke; the rentilation
mar l>e ha«l at thn window. The heat maj be rai'«v<i or
lowerml l)j tiimplr regulating the (low of gaa. The col-
oro<l glaKH givoa all the appearance of tire; there are black
pio<M!a to roproaent coal, rt'd chunki for llamea, yellowiah
whito gluaa for white heat, blue glaaa for blue darner, and
hues for all the remaining oolora of spectrum. Inrention
already ia displacMug the present fueli for furnace* and
cooking rangoa and glaaa, doing away with delay and such
diaagrueable objects as ashes, kindling wood, etc. It has
only been witiiin the paat few years that natural gas has
boon utilised to any extent, in either PeunaylTunia, New
York or Ohio. Yet its oxiatenco has been Known since
the early part of tho century. As fur back aa 18*^1, gas
was struck in Frodonia, Chautauqua county, N'. Y.,and
wiis used to illuminate the tillage inn when I^farette
paaaod throui^b tho place some three years later. Not a
single oil wull of tho many that hare been sunk in Penn-
sylvania hiia butMi entirely devoid of gas, but even this fre-
quent (;ontaot with what now seems uestined to be the fuel
of tho future boro no fruit of any importance until within
tho past few years. It had been used in comparatively
small iiuantitios previous to the fall of l^M. but it wa^ not
until tiiat time that tho fuel gave any indication of the
important role it was afterward to fill. At first ignored,
then expuriiiieiited with, natural giks has been finally so
widely ailopteil that to-day, in thosmglocity of Pittsburgh,
it disiilacus d:iily 10, MOO tons of coal, and has resulted in
buililiMgeitie^t in Oliio and the removal thereto of »he glass
making indiinlries of the United States. The change
from IhoHolid totiie gaseousfuel has been made. so rapidly,
and has effected sunh marked results in both the processes
of manufuuturc and tlie product, that it is no exaggera-
tion to sa^ that tiie eyes of tho entire industrial world are
turned withenvious admiration upon the citiesan"! neigh-
borhoods blosaod with so uiiicjue and valuable a fuel. The
regions in which natural gas is found are for tho mo^t part
coinciilent with the formations producing petroleum.
This, however, is not always the case; and it is worthy of
notice that some districts which were but indifferent'oil-
producers are now famous in gas records. The gas drUler.
therefore, usually confines himself to the regions Is i»o*u
to have produced oil, but tho selection of the paTticw?.i»
location for a well within these limits appears *o t« emi-
nently fanciful. The more scientific genera.iy sjelect a
spot either on tho anticlinal or synclinal ax'S ot t le form-
ation, giving preforonce to the former poaiti i. A*moet
all rock formations have some inclination to :..• iioriion,
and the constant cliange of this inclination produce* a
series of wares, the crests of which are known as anti-
clines, and the troughH as synclineH. Many drillers sup-
{KMe thai the ga« necks the aiiticlineH and tho oil the lyn-
clineH. but otner^ npially long-headiMl, discard entirely
all theoiy of thin kind, and drill wherever it may lie most
oon>eiiit'iit or wbere otner ii|it'ral(>rM have already detnon-
(tral<-<l the fxiKteiii e of giiH. It will HiirpriMe many of our
reatleriito know tlutt the divining ro<i, tlntt Nii|)enititiouN
relic of tiie middle u^'en, ix Htill fre(|iieiiily called upon to
relii'te tliu o|H'raior of the trouble nf a lutioiuil decitiion.
The sill- having been selected, the orilinary oil-drilling
outtil IS «'iii|doyeil to sink a iiole of Hlimit Mix ini'lies in
diameter iiniil the gax is readied. In the neighborlKKxl
of i'ittsltiirgh, tliii« is intniilly found at a depth of I ,;i(H) to
1,50U feet, in what in known as the 'riiinl Oil Snnd, a
liandstone of the Devonian period. VViieie ibe guri cnnieM
from originally is an open (|ueMtioii. \\ lien the driller
strikes gas, he is not left in any <li>iibt of tlieeveni, for
if the well l>e one of any stiengtb, tlie gas nianifewtH itself
bj sending the drill and its attaehmentH into the air, often
to a height of a hundred feet or more. The iiinKt prolific
wells are appropriately called "roarers." During the
Brogrvas of the il rilling, the well is lined with iron piping,
'ccasionally this in also blown out, but as a rule the gas
satisfies itself with ejecting the drill. When tlio first rush
of gas hiis ihninrn everything movable out of its way, the
workmen ran approach, aiKlcliain tho giunt to his work.
The plant at the well is much simpler than one would sup
pose. An elbow joint connects the projecting end of the
well piping with a pipe leading toa strong sheet-iron tank
This col lecr^ti tho salt water brought ui) with the gas. Ordi-
narily, about half a barrel accumulates in twenty four
hours. A safety valve, n pressure indicator, ond a blow-
off complete tho outfit. When tho pressure exceeds u [ue-
tcribe<l limit, tiio valve opens, and the gus cscupes into the
blow-off. This is usually liO feet high or more, and the
gas issuing from tho top is either ignited or permitted to
escape into the atmosphere. Tho pipe lino leading from
the tank to tho city is of course plaiied underground.
Iteyond a little wooden house, tlio blow-olT, and it derrick,
the gas farms differ little in appear.iiiire from tliofic pro-
"lucing less valuable crops. The prcssiiieof the gas ut tho
wells varies cousideralily. It is generally between loo ;»nd
.3*25 jtounds. As niiicli as 7.50 pounds per .s(|iiu -•■ inch has
been measured, iiimI in manycases the actual pre.<!sure is
even greater than this, but, as a rule, it is not porniittod
to much exceed ".'o atnios|iheres in any receiver or pipe.
The l)est investment for piirties of small means that wo
knowof is in town lots in North Maltiniore, Ohio, It is
on the main line i>f the B. it (>. Hailroad and the center of
the oil and natural uas discoveries in Ohio. Property is
l»ou'id to double in value. For further information,
a<ldrt?ss. W. A. Hliodes. .North Haltiniore, Ohio.
Hill':: on House Hiiildinu. — Oas pipes should be run
with a continuous fall towards the meter, and no low
Idwi-o. The gas meter should be set in u cool place, to
leep it from registerin;; against you; but if a "water
meter," it should be protected from freezing. Cupboards,
wanlrobes. bookcases, on., generally afford receptacles for
dust on their tops. 'I'll is may be avoided by carrying them
clear nn to the ceiling. When this is not done, their tops
should be sheeted over fiiish with the highest line of their
cornices, so tuatthnre may be no Hunkeii lodging-place for
dust. Furring spaces between the furring and the outer
walls ''on Id be stopped off at each floor line with brick
and n:3r:ar 'fire stops;" and thesamu with hollow interior
parti i walls. Soil jiipes should never have T hranchos;
a?wii rves, or Y branches. Water pipes should bo run
ir? a r i)'>tinuou8 grade, and have a stop and waste cock at
the lowest point, so as to bo entirely emptied when desired.
TWENTY TH0U8AKD THINGS WORTH KNOWINO.
%
|i
Furiiti'Ts shouKl have as few joints ns possible, and the
iron liii'-pot is hotter lined with (ire-briok. There should
be no damper in tlio smoke pipe; but the ash-door should
shut air-tight when dusircd. There should ..j provision
for the evaporation of water in the iiot-air |<ipe. "Air
boxes" shoulil never i)e of wood. All nir boxes should be
accessible from oneeiul to the other, tt; e:eau them of dust,
cohwelH, insoi'ts, etc. Ilorizcntal hot-aii tlucs should not
be over 15 feet long. I'anipets should be provided with
impervious coping-st. ne.s to keop water from descending
through the walls. Si-wcr pipes should not be so large as
to be dillicult to Hush. Tho oval sect ions (point dotvn) are
the i)est. Sod-pipi'.s should have a eoniu'.'ion with the
ypper air, of tiui full diariu'tcr of the pipe to be ventilated.
Stationary \vash-tul).s of wood are apt to get soaked up
with organio mal'er and filth. Stationary w.ishstands in
bedrooms shoidd have small trafH; undertieath each should
boa leaden tray to protect ceilings incase of leakage,
breakage or accident. d cverllow. This tray '^•iouhl have
an overflow, and till.'' overflow should he trapped, if con-
nected witii th(> foul-pipt^ system (■jhich it sliou! I not b'.-
if |)ossil)io to arrange It otherwise). Flues should have u
smooth i>arging or lining, or they will Ix! ai)t to draw with
difViiMiUy. (ias pipes of insutVicient diameter cauKe the
flames to burn with unsteady, dim light. .Made ^roiiud is
seldiini tit for iinine(liate building; ami lU'Ver for other
than ijulated .structifes. Ashes, street-sweepings, gar-
l)age, rotten vegt^fation, ami hcuse refuse are unlit filling
for ciw ground on which it is intended to build. Cobble
pasc, u'lils are admirably adapted to soaking-uii aiul after-
wards emittinginiwholesomo nnitters. Asphalt has none
of this fault. \V ((id is pernicious in this respect. "(Jul-
I'.-i" in cellar floors shouM be jiroperlv trappcil; and this
does '■«/ nu'an that they shall have bell-traps nor siphon-
traps with shallow water-seal. Cellar windows should be
;uov:il ' ' to let in air, and should have painted wire-screens
to keep out eats, rats, etc. New walls are alwavs damp.
Window sills should project well out beyond the walls,
and shoidd he grooved underneath bo as to throw the
water clear of the walls. Cracks in floors, betwe'>n the
I'oards, hel]) the accumulation of dirt and dust, and may
harbor vermin. Narrow boanls of course have narrower
interstitial cracks than wide boards do. "Secret nailing"
is best wht^e it can be afforded. Hot-air flues should
never be carried close to uiipiotected woodwork. Klectrio
hells, when properly put up ami eared f;ir, are a great
convenience in a house; but when they don't work, they
are about as aggravating as the lav allows. Ciieap ])ush-
hutlons cause a great deal of annoyance. .Silver-plated
faucets anil trimmings blacken with illuminating and
sower gases. Nickel-plating is perhaps a less pleasing
white, but is cheaperand does not discolor reaililv. Win-
dows are in most respects a great blessing: hut tlu-re may
be tc)omuch of a good thing. It is unreasonable to evpect
that one grate or stove or furnace can heat u wh((le<'ounty.
Don't atti'Uipt it. If you have too many wiiulows on the
'•cikI side''of a house, give them double sashes {not
double jmues). and "weather-strip" them, rnjiainted
trimmings shouhl be of hardwood. Vi-llow pine finishes
up well. Mutternut is l)righter than walnut. Cherry
makes a i m idie<'rful. Walnut is dull and dismal.
The Forests of the World. — The rapid exhaustion of the
forest sof.tluvworld, a lid more particularly of tlieoncegreat re-
serves of ti miter III the United States and Canada, renders it
inevitablr tluit, in a very few years indeeil. iron must super-
sede wood for a varietyof uses. The drain upon the world's
resources in timber is prodigious. Fvery year it»*,(>(Mt,(Kt()
railway slee[iers are used in America alone, while fosnpply
firewood for the whole of the States, fourteen times the
iinntity of wood cousumed by the railways is annually
required. At the computation of the tnost rccciit sta-
tistics there were 441, 000, 0()() of acres of woodland in the
I'nited States; but since over ftO.OOO.OOO of acres are cut
down yearly, 'his great area of timber will be non-existent
in less than twenty years, unless replanting upon a very
extensive scale be at once undertaken. Already efforts
are being made in this direction, and not long since some
4,000,000 of saiilings were planted in a single day in Kan-
sas and the neighboring States. Hut since the daily con-
sumption is ev<>n greater than this, it is obvious that the
work of replanting must be undertaken systematically if it
is to keep pace, even approximatelv, with the destruction.
In France and (iermanv, where tlie forests are national
projierty, forestry has been elevated to the status of an
exact scit'iice; hut the timber laiuls of those countries are
small indeed compared with those in the Unite<l States.
A Church Miiilt from a Single Tree. — A redwood tree
furnished all the timber for the Haptist church in Santa
liosa. one of the largest church edifices in the countrv.
The interior of the building is finished in wood, there
being no plastered walls. Sixty thonsaiul shingles were
made from the ^ree after enoiigli was taken for the(diurch.
.Vnother redwood tree, cut near Murphy's Mill, about ten
years ago. furnighed shingles that re(|uired the constant
labor of two industrious men for two years before the tree
was used up.
Trees That Sink. — Of the more than four humlred
species of trees found in the United States there are said
I to bo sixteen species whose iierfeclly dry wood will sink in
I water. The heaviest of these is the black ironwood of
I southern Florida, wlii(di is more than thirty per cent.
I heavier than water. Of the others, the best known are the
j lignum vita- and mangrove; another is a small oak found
j in the mountains cd' western Te.xas, southern New .Mexico,
and Arizona, and westward to Colorado, at an elevation of
j 5,000 to 10.000 feet.
I Artificial Wood. — You cnn produce an artificial fin umi
I waterprofif wood in the follow itig manner. .More or less
j finely divided wood shavings, straw, tan, et<'., singly or
i mixed, are moistened with a weak solution of /.inc chloride
' of about 1 'Ov'tJ sp. gr. , and allowed to dry. They are then
j treated with a basic solution of magnesiniu chloride of 1 ViU
I to rto:) sp. gr. , and iiressed into moulds. The materials
remain ten to twelve iioiirs under iiressiire. ilnring which
: time they ha-,len while becoming heated. After being
I dried for several days in a warm, airy place, tliev are
j)laeed for ten lU' twelve hours into a slroiig nolut'o i of
zinc chloride »>' about I •^'O.^i s|i. gr., and finally dried
again. The |)roduct is stated to be workable like hard-
wood, and to be capable of taking a line polinli after being
I tooled, it is fireproof and inperuieable to water, and weak
' acid or alkaline solutions, and not atfei ted by the humidity
. of the atmosphere, being well suited to (iecorative pur-
I noses, as it will not warp and fly like wood, but retain its
form.
How to Stain Wood, — The following are recipe- for
staining wood, wliiidi an^ used in large esfablishiuents with
great success: Light Walnut — Dissolve .'i oz. permanga-
nate of |)olash ill six pints of water, and [mint tliev.ood
twice with the solution, .\fterthe so'e.t;:;;, l,ati tieeii left
on the wood for from five to ten minutes, the wootl is
rinsed, dried, oiled, •••id finally polished. Light .Mahogany —
1 oz, finely cut all ;t'i root, ;,' ozs. pov.-dered aloe, and ',*
ozs. powdered dnigon's blood are digested , it h '.,'(; ozs. of
strong spirits of wine in a corked bo'tle, and lef' in aniiMl-
erately warm place for four ilays. Thesolution is then fi!
tered idT. and the clear liltrat(^ is ready for use, 'I'lie wood
which is to be stained is first passeif through nitric ai-id
then dried, painted over with tlio alcoholic extract, driei
cS
TWENTY TIIOISANM) TIIIN(»« WOIITH KSO»IX«».
t^
oiled iinil polished. Pnrk Wiilnut. — 3 ozs. pprmiiiipinmtp
of jiotash aro dissolved in six pints of water, and the wood
is painted twice with this scdnlion. After live ininnten
the wood i.s washed, and graiiied with acetate of iron (ihe
ordinary iron liipior of the dver) at V-'n^ 'I'w. I»rv. oil and
polish lis usnal. (iray — 1 oz. nitrate of silver is dissolved
in 45 ozs. water, and the wood painted twice with the so-
lution; afterwards the wood is snhinilteti to the action of
livdro(diloric acid, and (iiuilly washed with aininoiiia. It
isthendrieil in a dark ])lace, oiled and polished, 'i'his is
said to-iivo reniark:il)ly ;^ood results on heecii, iiitcii pine
and piiplar. Ulack — ', ozs. lojrwood are hoiled with tlire(»
pints of water, (iltered, and the liltraie mixed withiisidn-
tion containing,' I o-,. of sulphate of copjier (blue (M.pporas).
The inixtnro is left to clear, and tli(> dear li(|nor decanted
while still hot. The wood is plaeeil in this liipior for
twenty-four houis; it is t lien exposed to the air for twenty-
four liours. and afterwards oassed tiironj.'h a hot hath of
nitrate of iron of ti"' I'w. If the liiack, after this treat-
ment, should not ho sullicieiilly ileveioped, the wood has
to bo pas.seil ajiain through the iirst lo^'wood iiath.
The IIi>,'hest C.'himnev in the World.— The highest chim-
ney in thiMVorld is sai(l to he that recently completed al
the lead mines in Mecliernich. It is IIM nn-ters (\:\U ft. (;
in.) lii^rii. was loinmcneed in lsS4. and wa« I'arried np "i.'!
meters hefore tiie frost set in, liuildin;; was aj.'ain resumed
on the 14lh of last .\pril, and it was completed hist Sep-
teml)er. Tho foundation, which is of dresseil stone, is
s(piare, nieasiirinu' II meters (itli ft.) on ea<di Mile, and is
;t-.')0 meters (II ft. (! in.) deep; the liase is also scpiare, anil
is carried ui) 10 meters (ii;! ft. ) ai)ove Ihe ^noiind. The
chimnev-s'ack is of circular set ion, T^o meters (;!4 ft. t!
in.) liaineter at the hottom, and tapering; to A-hO nielers
diameter (II ft. (i in.) lit the top, and is iaU'50 meters
(:l9,'i ft.) liigh.
How to Measure Hound 'i'anks. — Square the diamofer
of the tank, ami multiply hy TN^l, which L'iv'stiic area;
then multiply area hy depth" of tank, and the cuhic eon-
tents will ho found. Allow 01 gallons for each cubic foot.
The !. artiest IJuildings in the World. — Where is the
largest ..iiilding in the world siiiiatid-' The answer ti»
thisipiestion must ilepend upon what the term " building "'
is held to represent. The (ireat Wall of China, 1,'if^u
miles in length, wide enough to allow si.\ horsemen to
rido ahreiust iilong it, atul with an average iieighi of ilo ft.,
may fairlv ho called a huililing, so, too. may be called the
'treat I'vrai'iid of Kgyiit. 'i'he <pieati(..., however, was
not meant to incliidi' such works as these. Some have
supposed that the Vatican at Uome, with its eight grand
Btaireases, 'v*l)0 smaller staircases, ".'tt courts, and II.IKKI
apartments, is the largest hidldingin the world; hiitsiirely
this is a cidleclion of palaces ratherthan usingle building.
Tho saiiM! objection applies to the famous monastery of
the Kscurial in th.e province of Madrid, witii its ceven
towers, fifteen gateways, and l"4,0i'0 windows ami doors,
and to many othervast piles. Kor the largest single build-
ing extant, we must look to .St. I'eter's at lionie, within
whiidi our great cathedral, St. I'aiilV, could easilv stand.
St. i'ei-r's occupies a s[)ace of '.Mn, (too sip ft., its front is
40O n. broad," rising to a height of isofl.; the KiiL'th of
the Ulterior is (JOO ft., its breadth ll.' ft. It is capable of
boldiug <S l.ooi) people, vvjiile Its |iia//a, ill its widest limits,
holds t!"-'!. 0(10. It is only by degrees that one is able to
realize its vast si/c. St. lV;ter's holds ■'it.OOO persons;
Milan Cuthedral, :i7.noO; St. Paul's. Home. .TJ.OOO; St.
i'aul's, London, !ir),(;oo; St. I'etronio, P.idogna, •«24,400;
Florence Catheilral, •v'4,.'iO0; .\ntwerp Cathedral, 5.'4, 000;
St. Sophia. (Jonstantinople, '.J.3,000; Notre Dame, Paris,
•Jl.ooo; Pisa Cathedral, 13,000; St. Stephei.'s, Vienna,
^-^ , — ;
12.400; Auditorium. Chicago, P^.OtiO; St. Murk's, Venice,
T.ood.
The liiggest Hell in the World. — TJiere is a bell in tho
Temple of Cla.-s, at Kiin-i, .Japan, which is larger than
the gre.it bell of Mom-ow, oraiiy other. It is covered with
Chinese aiiil San.-.krit ehar.icters which .lapanei-e scholars
liave not yet succeeded in traiishiting. There is no n cord
of its casting. Its lieight is H ft., and at the rim it has a
thickness of pl in. It Mas no chipjter, but is sti ,'ck on the
outside by a kind of woollen batlering-raiii. We aro
unable to obtain an-, more •■xaet particulars as to the
diineiisioiis of this b<-ll in order t-» determine « bet her or
no it rcallv does excel the " Monarcli " of Moscow, wliieh
weighs abiiut ]'X] tons, is U»ft. 3in. in height. 00 ft. ;• in.
in circumference, and -' ft. ihiik. There is another huge
bell at .Moscow, ai:dthoseat AniazsiixMira. in Hiirmah, and
at Pekin are far bigirer than anv we have in this country.
Our biggest bell is ••(Jreal Panl," which was east at
Louglilioioiigli in is.si.aiid which weigh" It' tons. Tak-
ing purity, volume, and i orreitne^s « f note int<( account,
it IS probiildv the linest bell in KiirojK-.
The Oldest Ciiit.-' in the World.- They are the follow-
iii>:: — .\rgos. Atheii-^and TlKdM-s. in (in-n-t-; Crotona and
Home, in Itah: Coii/and Sagnntnm. in .^'>pain; Constaii-
tino|de. in Tiiikey. and .Marseille-', in France, which was
founded by a color y of (ireeks .'iNi I?. C. The age of
these cities varies from twenty-four to twenty-seven cen-
I iiries.
How to Manufacture Oil of Apple, or Essence of Apple.
— Tile essence of apple is ei,iiijHMe<l of aldehyde '4 parts;
idiloroform. acetic ether and nitrous etherand oxalic acid
each I part; glycerin 4 parts; aiiiyl valerianice therio parts.
A F<trmula for the Manufacture of Artificial Ciihr.-
Imitation cider corisigts of 2.5 gallons soft water. •-.'5 ponnils
New Orleans sugar; 1 pint yeast; two pounds tartaric acid.
Put all the ingredients into a clean cask, and stir them up
wtdl after standing twenty-four hours with the bung out.
Then bung the cask np tight, add 3 gallons spirits, and let
it stand forty-eight hours, after which time it will be ready
for use. (Jhampapnc cider can be prepare<l by taking 10
gallons of cider, oul and clear. Put this in a strong, iron-
bound ca.ik pitched inside (like becrcaskr); add Vl pints
clarilied white plain syrnp; then diw«olve in it .'> ounces tar-
taric ai'i<l: keep the bung rea<JT in haiul, then atld 7^
ounces of potassium bicarbonate; hung it as quickly and as
well as po.ssible,
Hecijie for Making Instantaneon? Ink and Stain Kxtrnc-
tor. — Take of chloride of lime 1 pound, thoroughly pul-
verized, and 4 "p.arts soft water. The foregoing mii>t be
thiu-oughly sliakeii when first put together. It i«r.Mpiiied
to ."taiiil tweiitv-four hours to di-solve the idilorioeof lime;
then strain through a cotton cloth, after which add a tea-
spoonful of acetic acid to evei7 ounce of the chloride of
liini' water.
Wood, which is i more nnyielding material, acts with
tremendous force when wett'd. and ai'vantape has hceii
taken of this fad iii splitting IdiM ksrf granite. This proc-
ess is larg< ly ad«pled -n Dartnioon .Vfier a mahs of
granite has been rent from the mountain by blasting. i» is
measured in every dire<'tion to se*c how U-st to di\ide it
into smaller block-. Tlu-s*' ure trate'd out by straighi
lines on the stiiface. and a si-ries of holes are drilled al
Fhort intervals along this line. Wedges of <iry w.io.l are
then tightly driven into the holes and wetted, and the
combined action of the swelling woo.l (;ilits the bloi k m
tho direction rcfpiired. and without any de-itrnci've \ •..-
lence. The same pro<'e«s is then carried out np.iii the
other facoji, iiiel the roughly-jihapen block fl'-'shed with
the hammer and chisel.
\rM
TW'KNTV TUOC.'iVNK rniN(iS WOKIII KNOWINO.
'I'iie Woiglit ami Vuluo of a Ouljii' Fool of Solid (ioltl or
Silver. — A (Uibic foot of gold weiglis iiboiil l!),3(»() ouiii'".",
and jfold is worti\ *"iO.(i7 per ounet*. Silver is worMi ^l.'-i'.^
per oiiiic;o, and H cubic foot woigliH 10,500 oimooii. (Joii-
scquciilly I 111- (Mibii' foot of gold would be worlli |!39b'.U31,
and tlio silver ♦I:i..''i4r).
To Itetnovo Spot.s on Uruas. — Snlpliiirio acid will remove
spots from bnisM tiiiit will not yield to oxtiliu iicid. It
aiuj be applied with u bruuli, but great care must be taken
that no drop of tl'-s aeid shall come in i;.)iii;ic| with
the elothes or skin, as it is ruinous to garrnoiits and euti-
cle. Hath brink or rottenstone may lie used for polishing.
A Formula to Miiko a (Jood Shoe Dressing.— (tum shel-
lac, ^ pound ; aleohol, :i quarts ; dissolve, auil add cam-
phor, IJ ontiees ; lampiilack, v ouuecs. The forcfgoing
will be found to give an excellent gloss, and is especially
ttdapteil to any leatlier. tlie surface of which is rougliened
by wear.
Iteceipts for Dyeing Cotton Fabric lied, Blue and Ecru.
— Red : Muriate of tin, two-thirds eujiful, add water to
cover goods ; raise to ttoilini; heat ; put in goods one hour;
■tir often ; take out, empty kettle, put in clean water with
Nicaragua wood one jioimd ; stwep one-half hour at hand
heat, then pur in goods and iiusrease heat one hour, not
boiling. Air goods, and dip one hour as before. Wash
without toap. Blue : For three pounds goods, blue vitriol
4 oiiiK^es ; boil few minutes, then di|) goods three hours;
then pass them through strong lime water. Hcru : Con-
tinue the foregoing operation for ))lue by j[>assiug the
gooiis through a solution of priissiate of potash.
Motion of Waves. — The progressive motion of a wave
on the water exactly corresponds in 8i)ee<l with that of a
pendulum whoso length is e(|ual to the breadth of the
wave; the same law, gravity, governs both.
LioiiT OF ruK Si/N. — .V photometrie experiment of
Iluygcns, resumed by Wollaston, a short time before his
death, teaches us that •..'o,()0(t stars the same sire as Sirius,
the most brilliant in the tirmanient, would need to be
agglomerated to shed upon our globe a iight equal to that
of the sun.
Land Cultivation in ilapan.— The entire arable land of
the .lapanose empire is ofHcially put at only 11, '.'15, 000
acres ; but it is so fertile and thoroughly cultivated that
it feeds a population of 37.000,000, about that of Fraiu.'e.
Fliee is one of the pritu'ipal crops, and of this some '..'00,-
00(».000 bushels are raised annually.
Old liondon Bridge. — .\s early as the year !t7H there
was ft wooden bridge where Ijoudon bridge ?iow stands.
This w:ta replaced by anolliei in loU. and another in
ViOih The pro.sent Loudon bridge was erected in 1831,
and may be cousiilered the oldest existing bridge over the
fiver.
The "Miortest Method of liemoving Silver from Plated
Ware Before Uephiting. — Dip the article in nitric acid ;
this will remove tl\e silver.
A Formula for White .\{elal. — Copper, f!9.8 parts;
nickel. 19. S parts; zine, 5.5 parts; cadmium, 4.7 parts.
It takes a fine polish.
Curiosities of .Metal Working. — At a reaent meeting of
scientifie men, a speaker produeed an anklet worn by East
Indian women. This is a flat curb chain ubout one incli
broa<l, with the links very close, and weighin.o; aboir t :• .
or twelve ounces. It is composed of a species of iirasscom-
poseJ of copperand lead, without any triice>)f silver, zinc,
or tin, Such anklets are sold for a few pence, and they
ciist all at once, complete as an endless chain. The
i I
links show no sign of iiaving been united in any way. How
it was possible to (iroduec siudi a casting as this passed
his comprehension, and he hoped that some one who had
seen them made would ex|ilain the nature of the proee.'-s.
From the East much tliat was eiirious iti metallnrgieni
art cam<^ Cast-iron wa.<. Iiebelieved, first nuidepnriio.M'ls
in China. It was, however, frequently produeed uninten-
tionally, when wrought-iron uus made <lireot fium the ore
in little furnaces about as big as a ehininey pot. It was
found among the (-inders anil ash of the cosin'oal-lire in
grains i>y globules, which were nolonly like shot, but were
actually iiseil as shot by tilt! natives. He showed what he
believed was the only specimen in England of this ciiHt-
iron in a bottle. He next referred to the <;elebrated
Damascene blades of Indian swords, and explained that
these blades were an intimate mixture of wrought-iron
and hard steel, which must have required great skill, time
and patience for its production. Onepaterii, in particular,
known as " Mary's Ladder," showed wonderful tinish and
ftccuracy. Concerning the tempering of tliese blades
little was known ; but it was stated that it was alTected by
a long-continued hammering, or rather tap)iiug, of the
blade while cold.
How Many Tout ofC^oal a Large Steamship Consumes in
a Day. — "Ocean steamers an- large consumers of coal.
The Orient line, with their fleet of ihips running to
Australia every two weeks, may be mentioned. The
steamship Austral went from London to Sydney in thirfy-
Hve days, and consumed on the voyage 3,G4I tons of coal ;
Her coal bunkers hold 2,750 tons. The steamship Oregon
consumes over .'(30 tons per day on her passage from Liver-
pool to New York ; her biinKers will hold nearly 4,000
tons. The Stirling Castle last year lirought home in one
cargo '^,200 tons of tea, and consumed 'i,H*W tons of coal in
doing so. Immense stocks of coal are kept at various
coaling stations. St. Vincent, Miuleira, Port Said, Singa-
pore and others ; the reserve at the latter place is jbout
20,000 tons. It is remarkable with what rapidity these
steamers arc coaled ; for instance, the Orient steamship
last yeor took in over 1,100 tons at I'ort Said in live
hours."
What a Man Eats. — A French statistitMiin has just ascer-
tained that a human being of either sex wbo is a mmlerate
eater and who lives to bo 70 years old consiimes du-ing his
life a quantity of food which would till twenty ordinary
railway baggage cars. A " good eater," however, may
require as many as thirty.
An Australian Itailway Viaduct. — The Werribee Via-
<luct, in the colony of Victoria, is the longest work of the
kind in Australia. The structure (lonsists of lattice-
girtler work. It is 1.290 feet in length, and runs to a
height of r.'.-) feet above the level of the WerriiM'c liver.
The viadiK't has (iftecii ,'^pans each of Go feet, and thirteen
spans of 30 feet. The total cost of the briilgc was .£600,-
000.
'i'he Sharpening of Tools. — Instead of ,,li. which
thickens and smears the stone, a mixture of glycerine and
spirit is recuinimended. The proportions of the composi-
tion vary aci-ording to the class of tool to be sliarpene<l.
One witn a relatively large surface is best sharpened with
a clear fluid, three parts of glycerine being mixed with one
part of spirit. A cniver having a small cutting surface
only retpiires a small pressure on t he stone, and in Mich
cases the glycerine should be mixed with only two or three
drops of spirit.
Recijies for Plumbers. — Chloride of zinc, so much used
in soldering iron, has, besides its corrosive (luulities, the
drawback of being unwholesome when used for .soldering
((I
TWENTY THOtSA.HK THISU.x WOHTH KNOWIN(i.
the iron tins cmj)loyo(l to run fruit, vogeta'- ics tind other
foods. A Boldonng niixturn ha8 been foiiiul wliicli ia free
from these defects. It i.s nmdc by mixing one pound of
lactic acid with one pnund of glycerine and eiglit |>ounda
of water. A wooden tank may i)e renuered capable of
withstanding tiio ofTocls of nitric or Hulphuricacitis by tlie
following methods: — Cover the inside with jiaraftin; go
over the inside with a sadiron heated to the temperature
used in ironing clothes. Melt the iiaratliii under the iron
80 ^ to drive it into the wood as much aa possible, then witii
a cooler iron molt on a coat thiclc enough to completely
cover the wood. For brassing small article!): Toonequart
water add half an ounce each of sulphate copper and
protochloride of tin. Stir the articles in the solution until
the desired color is obtained. Use the sulphate of copper
alo.'O for a copper color. A good cement for celluloid is
made from one part shellac dissolved in one part of spirit
of camphor and three to four parts of ninety per cent,
alcohol. The cement should be applied warm, and the
broken parts securely held together until the solvent has
entirely evaporated. Tin and tin alloys, after careful
cleansing from oxidi! and grease, arc handsomely and
permanently bronzed if brushed over with asolution of one
part of sulphate of copper (blueslonc) ami one part of
sulphate of iron (copperas) in twenty parts of water.
When this has dried, the surface should be brushed
with a solution of one part of acietate of copjK-r (verdigris)
in acetic acid, .\fter several applications and dryings of
the last named, the surface is polished with a soft brush
and bloodstone powder. The raised portions are then
rubbed off with soft leather moistened with wax in tur-
pentine, followed by a rubbing with dry leather.
Protecting Water- I'ijjcs
been brought forward for
Against Frost. — A device hi
protecting water-pipes against
freezing, tijc arrangement being based upon the fact that
water in motion will remain liquid at a lov«'er temperature
than water at rest. One end of a copper rod, placed out-
side the building, is secured to a bracket, and the other
end is attached to one arm of a weighted elbcw lever; to
the other arm of the lever is secured a rod which passes
into the building and operat<>« a valve in the water-pipe.
By means of turn buckles the lenglh of the copper rwl
can be adjusted so that oefore the temperature rcarhea
the point at whicdi there woulil bo danger of the water in
the pipes freezing the valve will be opened to allow a flow
of water; beyond this point the valve opening will in-
crease and the flow become more rapid astiiecoldliecomes
more iiitonse. and as the temperature rises the valve is
closed. This plan sets up a current in the lipea, which
replaces the water as it grows cold by the warmer water
from the main.
Destructive Work of Harnacles. — Unless some paint
can bo found which is proof against barnacles, it may be
necessary to sheath steel vessels with an alloy of copper.
An attempt lia.s been made to cover tiie hulls with anti-
corrosivo jiaint and cover this with an outside coat which
should resist the attack of buriiacles. Somehow the bar-
nacles eat their way through the piiiiit and attach them-
selves to the hull. The vast item of expense attache*! to
the dry-docking of steel ships makes this matter a not
unimportant one. The barnacles interfere greatly with
thespeed of a vessel, ami in ii cruiser speeil is of prime
importance. They attach themselves in an increflibly
short tiinu to a stoel hull, and it is not long l)efore their
etTint can be noted by a comparison of the reading of the
loi.'.
How to Frost frlass — Two ounces of spirits of salts,
t Wo (iiiuccs of oil of viiriid, one oiinc(> of sulphate of cop-
i;c ounce of gum ariii)ii', mixed togetherand >iabbe<l
on with a brush; or this: — Dab your squares regularly
over with putty; when dry go over iheni again — the imi-
tation will bo executed. Or this: — Mix Epsom salts with
porter and apply it with a brush. Or this one: — (irind
and mix white lead in three-fourths of l)oiied oil, and one-
fourth of spirits of turpentine, anil, to give the mixture
a very drying quality, add sutlicient r|iiaiitilies of burnt
white vitriol and sugar of lead. The color must be made
exceedingly thin, and put on the panes of glass with a
large painting-brush in as even a manner as possible.
When a number of the panes are thus painted take a dry
duster, quite new, dab the ends of the bristles on the
glass in quick succesHJo:' till you give it a uniform
appearance; repeat this operation till the work appears
very soft, and it will then appear like ground glass. When
the windows require fresb painting, get the old coat off
first by using strong pearlush water.
How to Preserve Posts. — Wood can be made to last lon-
ger than iron in tlie ground, if prepared according to the
following receipe:— Take i)oileil linseed oil and stir in pul-
veiized coal to the consistency of paint. Put a coat of
this over the tiniber, and there is not a man that will live
to see it rot.
What Diamond Dyes and Paints .\re Made of. — .Solu-
tions of the aniline colors.
What the Ingredients Are of Soapine and Pearline. —
They consist of nartlv effloresced sal soda mixed with half
its weight of soda asfi. Some makers add a little yellow
soap, coarsely powdered, to disguise the appearance, and
others a little carbonate of ammonium or borax.
ilow Many Thousand Feet of Natural Oas arc Equal in
Heat-Creating Power to One Ton Anthracite Coal. — About
40,000 cubic feet.
srsTAIMXG POWER OF ICE.
The sustaining power of ice at various degrees of tbitk-
ness is given in the following paragra))h6:
At a thickness of two inches, will siiiiport a man.
At a thickuess of four inches, will support man on
burst-back .
hi a thickness of six iiiciies, will support teams with
moderate loads.
At a thickness of eight inches, will support heavy loads.
At a thickness of ten inches, will support 1,000 pounds
to the »<|uare foot.
TIIE EXPANSIVE POWER OF WATER.
It is a well known, but not less remarkable fact, that if
the tip of an exceedingly small tube bo dipped into water,
the water will risespontaneously in the tube throughout its
whole length This may be shown in a variety of ways; for
instance, when a piece of sponge, or angar, or cotton is
just allowed to touch water, these substances being all
oom|>08edof numberless little tubes, draw up the water, anri
the whole of the piece becomes wet. It is said to nini- up
or imbibe the moisture. We see the same wonderful action
going on in nature in tho rising of the sap through tlie
small tubes or pores of tho wood, whereby tiie leaves and
upper portions of the plant derive nourishment from the
grouiui.
This strange action is called " capillary," iioiu i.he
resemblance tho minute tubes bear to a hair, tho Latin of
I which is lupillus. It is, moreover, singular that the
absorption of tho water takes place with great force. If a
dry sponge bo enclosed tightly in a vessel, it will expand
when wetted, with suflicient force to burst it, unless very
stroug.
i«IMIMP ' !iiliWWi W » ! igf>'4W*» l«!»^^
; I i< I''
TWK.VTY THOL'SAXD THINOS WORTH KNOWIWO.
London Water Siiiiply. — TIio qimntity of water con-
auDied in London ainotints to iibont 145,000, 000 giillona a
day. If this quantity could lie (iolleolod together, it
would form a lake TOO yanla long, '-iOO wide, and with a
uniform lioptii of ;.'<» feet.
A I'nitection for Iviihanknients. — Engineers often liave
considerable trouMf HJih the loose noil of newly-made
emhankmcnts, so apt to Hli|) or he washed away before
they are covered with vcgelation. According to a Freneh
railway engineer, the best plan ia to sow the banks with
the double poppy. Several monlhii elapse bi.-fore grasses
and clovers develop their feeble roots, but the double
poppy germinates in a few days, and in a fortnight has
grown sulliciciuly to alTord some protection to the slope,
while at the end of three or four months the roots, which
are ten or twelve inches in length, are found to have
interlaocfl so as to retain tlie v::\h far more firmly than
tho.'io of any grass or grain. Although the double poppy
is an anniiiil, it sows itself after the first year.
A Cheai) Concrete. — A kind of coiioreto made without
cement is coiii|)osed of 8 parts of sand, gravel and pebbles,
1 part of burnt and jiowdered common earth, 1 part of
pulverized clinkers and cinders, and 1} partsof unslaiiked
liydraulic lime. These materials are thoroughly iiuior-
porated while dry into a homogeneous mixture, which is
then wetteil up ami well beaten, 'i he result of this is a
hard and solid mass, which sets I'liooHt immediatelv,
becoming exceedingly strong after a few days. It may be
made still stronger by the addition of a small proportion —
sav 1 part — of eeiiient.
.Marking Tools. — To mark tools, first cover the article
to l>e marked with a thin ( outing of tallow or beeswax,
and with a .sh:irp instrument write the name in the
tallow. I'lear with a feather, till tlu^ hitters with nitrit;
acid, let it remain from one to ten minutes, then dip in
water ainl run oiT. ami the marks will be etched into the
steel or inui.
Ho-.v to Prevent Chisel Handles Splitting. — .Ml carpont
lers know ho* .soon the butl-i'iul of chisel handles cplit
when daily exposed to the iilow of a mallet or hammer.
A rem-idv sui;iresteil bv a Mrooklyn man consi.sts simply of
sawing or cutting 'dT the round end of the handle ho as to
make it fl.it, and attaching by a few nails on the top of it
two dis<'s of sole leatiier, HO tliat the end beconu's similar
to the heel of the boot. The two thi(;kne:;HeH of leather
will pri'veiit all further Hplitting. and if, in flu course of
time, they exi).i!i! ;iiid ovcrhiii the wood of the handle,
they are simply trimmed otf all around.
The I«irgest Wheel of Its Kind Ever Made in the
World. — The greatest wheel of its kind in tint world, a
very woiidi-r in mechanism, was built for the Calumet and
lliila Miiiini: Coinpatiy of Lake Siijierior, Mich., for the
piirp'ise of lifting and disebarging the "tailihgs."a waste
from the copper mines, into the lake. Its diameter is 54
feet: sveiglit in active operation, 200 tons. Its extreme
dimensions ari' 54 feet in diameter. Some idea of its
enormous capacity can be forRied from the fact that il
receives and elevates Hullicieiit sand every twenty-four
hours to cover an acre of ground a foot deep. It i,s armed
on iis in"r ed<;(f with 4.'iv leeili. 4.71 inches pitch and 18
inclie-,- Jav< TI' : >jei.' HOgmeiit-i, eighteen in number, are
made of gm. iron, unti '''-i teeth are machine-cut, ejiicy-
cloidil ill fori : i: took i vo of the most peifect niarliines
in tiie world loO nays and iiiglits to cut the teeth alone,
and i;:9 liui-'^ i i,-: .s Moot!- a.' gloss. The heel is driven
bv a iiiiiiiMi >■' u\itt iron toui.ti^'ing ',iZ lro(l, of cipial pitch
aiid fact Mid ii. i (ta Hpi >>(l ; f COO feet ;.er minute at the
inner C'*!'"'-. w,iere it in ci, nipped witji 148 s'eel buckets
that lift thO ' 'ail/MgR" us th).; machint revolves and dis-
charges them into launders that carry them into the lake.
The shaft of the wheel is of gun iron, and its journals
arc 'i'i inches in diameter by .t feet 4 inches long. The
shaft is nia<lo in three sections and is 30 inches in cliumetar
in the center. .\t a first glance the great wheel looks like
an exaggerated bicycle wlieel, and it is constructed much
on the same principle, with .slraiiiing ro<ls that run to
centers cast on the outer sections of the shaft. The steel
buckets on either side of the geararc each 4 feet ."•} inches
long and 21 inches deep, and the combined lifting capacity
of the 448, running at a speed of f!(»0 feet per minute, will
bo 3,000,000 gallons of water and 2,000 tons of sand every
twenty-four hours. The nnimmoth wheel u supported on
two massive adjnstalile pedestals of cast iron weighing
twelve tons each, and its cost at the copper mines before
making u single revolution, ^100,000.
Strength of Brick Walls. — The question of strength of
brick walls is often disciised, .ind differences of opinion
exi)re8sed. The following is one of the iiiles given: — For
first-class buildings, with gooil workinaiishi|>. the gener.'xl
average shoulil not exceetl a greater number of feet in
height than three times its thickness of wall in inches,
ami the length not to exceed double the height, without
lateral supports of walls, buttresses, etc., as follows for
safety:
TuitKNKSS.
S.\KK IIkioht.
Lbkoth.
8J inch walls
13 "
17 "
25 feet.
40 «
55 "
t)G "
78 "
50 feet.
80 "
110 "
■i-i "
2tJ •'
130 •'
150 "
Where the lengths m ist exceed these proportions, as i>.
depots, warehouses, etc , In thickness shonhi Ijc increased,
or lateral braces iustitutec as freoiiently as practicable.
Qualities of IJuilding Stone. — The principal qualities of
a good building stone a-o— (1) Strength, (2) hardness, (3)
durability, (4) appea: ice, (5) facility for working.
There are also other inii or points; but stone |K>8se8sing one
or more of the above qi .iiitim, inc. irding to the purpose
for which it is reqiiirei; may be k^ ;rdid as gotxl for that
piirposo-.
Strength of S'one.- -Stone shouM only be subjected
to a comproHslve strain. It is occasionaly subject to a
cross strain, a^ in lintels over doors and windows; these
arc, however, conlriiry to the true principles of construc-
tion, and should not be allowed except a strong relieving
andi i.s turned over them. The strength of stone in com-
pression is about 120 tons per square foot for the
weakest stones, and about 750 tons |>er square foot for the
Htrongcst. No stones arc, however. siibjeete<l to anything
like this ainounl of compressive force; in the largest build-
ings il doesiiot amount to niori' '.hail twelve or fourteen
tons per sfpiare foot.
Hardness of Stone. — This is of mire importance than
its strength, especially in ]iavenu'nt8 or steps, where it is
subject to great wear; also in plinths and quoins of build-
ings where it i.s desired to preserve a good face and sharp
iirris. The order of s.'-eiiiUh and hardties.« of Ftone is —
(l)|{,i.salt, (2) granite, (I!) limestone, (4) sandslonf. (iran-
ile, seiiiite, and gneiss take lhelir.><t plai'e forstreiigth, hard-
ness and dnnibilit; but they will not stand a high tempera-
ture. "Stones which ar.'of a fine, uniform grain, compact
texture and deep color are the strongest; and when tin
grain, color, and texture are the siime, those are
rtXrV THOl >AMI TIMNliS WOUTIl KMUVIMi.
strungedt wliiuli iir»thebc4TMt*s; tMil^Jtherwitfe the- streii)(lli
(loos not iiiereiwo with the ipt^.ton: gravity." (in-iit hiiril-
tiitsii i.H (>l)jfOtioaul>le w>irTi tme Mi9ii« ii^ti lo !>•• workuil wiih
u chi.iul, owing to tlie Uh<>r n«|aireKi Vj work it. li.ud
gtoiu'M, also. gL'iii'ntlly weur *rtt<jx/tii. »)nl Imicuik? iiolishud,
whicli niukt'H tUern un.'4uitubl« f'i>r tMOie jiurjtont-ri. Iirittlo
nusd iri li dffo't whii'h (n^faeniir iki.««>tti{uiniei< iiai'iiiii>.-..i,
(ittrticiiliii'ly in v.ir.ir^e gr\natil »\ot»t^: ii lucvriiL- ilium
roui l)i-iiii{ W(>rk"il t.) a tru«*:jrf-(.ie, «ad fro.n rti.-i'.vim; u
HUKxith tMlgc ut the an;.;teH. 1l\»rl(aMfU call iIkim! h.inl
Htoiiod wiiiuli can only b«uwa iauttbtb* by thu grit haw,
iniil thoHe soft which r.;»rj b»? iWpi'raWxi hy a curnui'Mi .s.iw.
Kxpunsion of Stone hy llesl. — K'<'k«i ivre iX|iaiiil< il hy
hunt timl (,'oiiinti.'ti>>i hy Gooiiiia^^. Variiiiioti in iciii|iur-
litiiru thu-i Ckii.-e:! somrr l>'i(Utn|;; •iaD«s to alii i Mii't-iy ux-
ptinil »iiil ronti-ai't, and tkUpmeiiijUt';!'- jcinnjof niaMnnrv
from I'uintiiiiin;; cloae and !li;;liiS. i i (ii« riuteii >Siat*'i4 vviiii
an iinniiiil l iH-rmomftric rtnzn »( ua-f-x' ihiin l»u dcj:. I-'ah.,
this (lillii;iilty led to some eipifrriaBM-ni*: on th,- aiiiiiiini of
expiiniiion uikI contrai^tion in different kiiiils of imild-
itig stonen. It Wiw fiiutid ibiT in finf-grained j^raniu? liic
rate of expuiision wiw .OtJ*X»4>rt!-j for evtTy ilcfrice Fall,
of iiicremunt of lieiit; in srfahe criKiaJline iiiurliii- it wati
.OnoooriUfiS; liiiii ill rf^l amOfittftre .0(»00<»M3-..'. or iiljoiit
twice lis much im in gruniti». In W«iteru Aiiicrii^a. whom
the climaiu is ri-niiirkahy dry and (chvtr, the tlu'rinoiiiotcr
often gives ii ntnge of ntire liuuB tM dt-g. in twenty- t'oiii-
lioiirs. This great diffr>r-ace of IMnperat u re jirodmes a
strain .so great tlnit it oaaM* rociu to cruck or ])e(d clT in
skins or irregular j>ie<;ea, or in KjBm; ctwe«, it disinte^iates
tl. em into sand. Dr. Liriniprtone found in Africa (!^! deg.
S. Iat.,;{4deg. E. lonir.)that«arf»««of r<H-k wliii h iliiring
tlia day were heatt-d up to 132 dcg. F«ii. cwjieil mt ranidly
by radiation ut night that nnaUe to stAiid the (Strain of
contraciion, they split and ihrcv off Uiarji an^nilar fraj;-
ineiits from a few onncf^a to I*W ltj>«. or U*>i) ISs. in weight.
Ac(!ording to data obtained {'ktt^ Adie "Trans. Koy. Soe.
Kdiii.," xiii., p. '.W>, and T fijianeion of ordinary
rocks rang.is from abont 2-i. :. _ '--3 inillioulha for 1 dug.
Fall.
Hr.UNDKKS AXD AR^riSDITIES IN AKT.
Ill looking over somi^ collcctMttt of old jiiciur' , it is
surprising what extraordinary a<aaelioniiiini>, Mitiiders,
and absurdities ari> often dwMnrtjiMe.
In thu gallery of the convent of JaBuitsi at Liiibon. there
is a picture rcpnisentinf Adam in fandiK, dressed in
blue breeches with iiilrerbaeklca, asd Ere with u.-'t'lped
petti(!oat. In the d isf aoce mpptmn a prvxsession of ipu-
c'hiii monks bearing the etmrn.
In a country church in IloUaad tbemt is a painii :op-
reseiitlng the sacrifice of lane, IB which the )mi' has
depicted .M/rahani with a UanderlMS in his liai vady
to shoot his son. A similaredifce in Spain has . tiire
of tihisanie incident, in wbich tlm jwtriarch armed
witii a pistol.
At Windsor there ia * nuntin;; bj Antonio Verrio, in
which the artist has introdnced »b«? JH>r* raits of himself,
Sir (iodfrey Krieller, and Mar, thm «irv«jor ' t:ij works
of tiiat period, all in loa;^ pertvigiy M^iectat .r* of Christ
healing the sick.
A painter of Tole<lo, having to reprateut the three wiao
men of tin; Fas': cominc to vordup on the n.tiivity of
(.'lirisi., de|iii'U>d three Anlmui or IsdimQ king-, two of
them white and one bl;i.:lc,aildall of tJi*m jn tlie posture of
kneeling. The (loaition of tlw kn of each lit;uro not
lieing very distinct, he tnadT««entltr naiuled three black
Teet f(,r the negro kiiu.'. and tb^wiiuo bet*-><'r! the two
while kings; and he lid oot diamrer hie err.; n itil the
piiUiire was hung up in tbecatflaedriL
I In ..nother pHiuie of the Aduralioii of ti>e Magi, which
was in the Houghton Hall colle<-tion, the painter. Hnighel,
liad introdu I a multitude of little tigi-ruis. linishe.l oil
with true hiiicli exactitude, bill one was ajconired in
boots ain'i s;nirs, and another was handing in, as a prosent,
a little 11, cdcl of a iMttch snip.
riiosaine collection coiitaine<l a p.iinting of the stoning
of Siejihen, the martyr, by Ijc bo-iir. in whndi the saint
wasattiieij in the habit of a Uoman rjitbolic priest at high
mass.
A pietiu!^ by Uiihens, in the LiixemtMuri;. repre^-vnts the
N'irgm .Mary in toiuicil, wiih two cardinal* mmiI the gmi
Meri'iiry assisting in ner delilM-rationg.
j A srol'I'At.F OF THK KALI> (»F X1A(;AUA.
The following remarkable uccouni of tiie Klopjia^e of
.Niagara Falls, appeared in the Siagnni Mail at the lime
ol the oceiirreiiiH'; "That nivnierioiis iK-isonage, the
I oldest inhabitant has no recollection of n> singular an
I occurrence as took place at the Falls on the Uoth of .March,
' IHI7. The 'six liundred and twenty thousand tons of
, water each minute" nearly ceased to Itow. an<l dwindled
, away into the appearance of a niero niilldain. The rapids
j above the falls disap|K-ari'il, lea\ing sotnely enough on
I the American side to turn a grindstone. Ijidies and geii-
I llemeii rode in carriages one-third of the way across the
, river towards the ('anad:i shore, over Ktlid ock as smooth
I as u kitchen llooi. The Irit «ay»: *Ta/de I{oek.wiih
j some two hundred yards more, was left ory; ii>i:inds and
; places where the foot of man never dare<l to trea<l liavc^
biH^ii visited, tlags placeit u|i«>n some, atid mementoes
broiiirht away. This iinex|iecte<l event is aitemptecl to be
accounted tor by an accuinuiatioii of ice at the lower
extremity o!" l-'ort l''.rie, which formed a w^rt of dam
between Foit Erie uud Uuffalo,'"
\\U.NI)EI{S OF MINTTK \V0HK.MANS1III'.
In the twentieth year of Queen Elisalietli. aMacksmith
named .Mark Scaliot, made a lock 04in(:i«ting of eleven
pieces of iron, .iieid and br.iss. all which. 'ouelher with a
key to it, weigleii bat one grain of gold. He also made a
chain of gold, consisting of forty-three lii^ks, and, having
fastened this to the befi»re-nieiitioiied l««'k and ki'y, he
put the (diaiii alioiit the neck of a flea, »hi(di drew tluin
all with ease. All these together. I'xkand key, chain and
Ilea, weighed only one grain anil a half.
Oswahliis Norbinijeriis, «howas more famous even than
Scaliot for his minute contrivanc. •. is said to have made
l.CIH) dishes of turned ivorv. all p«rf*'ct and complete in
every part, yet so .small, thin and sleiulei, that all of
them were iiudiided at once in a tup turned out f)f u
jiepper-eorn of t lie common siz*-. .lohaiines Shad, of Mitel-
liracli. carried this womlerful work with liini to Itonie,
and ^ilowed it to 1'o|m; I'.iiil V., who feaw and counted
them all by tlie help of a pair of iirf-cla^ lee. They were so
little as to be almost invidble to the eye.
.hdiannes Ferraritis, iiJe.-ui., had in his po!H?.5sioii can-
nons of \v<,od, svith their carnage*, wlu-<U, and all other
militaiy fiirniliire. all of which were nlf<^i contained in a
pepper-corn of theoriiinary size.
An artisi, named Claudius tiallus, made for IIip|ioiyiu8
(i'Esle. {'aidinal of Ferrara, reprtjM-niatioiiB of sundry
birds .-n'tting on the tops of trees, which, by hydraulic art
luid secret conveyaut'e of water through tiie tninkc and
branches of the trees, were maile to ising and clap their
wings; but. at the smld' « apitearsince cf an owl out of a
bush of the same artitce, tney imnie<''ately became ali
r.ute and silent.
^jt^
••^-
^ in
TWKNTY THOrSANI) THIXOS HOHTM KN'OWINO.
hi '' ■
;. M
t
CTRIOUS niSSF.CTION OF THE OM) AND NKW
TESTAMENTS.
SHOWIXO THE M MBKR OF HOOKS, (HAPTEKS, VKHSES.
W0IIU8, I.ETTKUS, ETC,
Id (be Old Teitamcnt. In il a New TestaincDt. Total.
li.M>k» 3U .. MookK 27 .. m
Cb.pten... «2» .. (Uapters... :.'«0 .. I.IHO
\\r**» W.SU . . Vcmes 7,»r.O . . ai , l"!!
Wordt r,WiAM . . Words 381 ,2»8 . . 77a.(MtT
Ijritff -.'.TaWKX) .. lAilten 88«,»80 .. ;!.66fl. If«)
A|HM:rvpliti — (liapliTK. Iis3; verst'S, ti,()8' ; worilH, ISv", lis.").
Tlif iiii(l<llc cliaiitt-r ami the IcukI in the Bible is I'milm
"■wii.
Tilt- iiii*i<lle verse ix the 8tli n( I'Huim cxviii.
TIctf iiii<l«ilf line is in I'liii Verne, Itli clmpter, ;J Chron-
icle*.
Tlie HonI ii,i</ (MM HIS in tiieOid Testunient 36,64:) times;
in i(i«- New TeHlaiiieni, in.i'.sl limen.
Die word Miocali occurs ish.").') times.
mil TK>TAMi.N ■".
Tin- iiii'liile Injok it) ProvcriKs,
The niiiiille cliapler is .loh .\,\ix.
The ini<i(lle verse would lie in they'd of Chronicles, 20th
• hantcr. between the 17th ami IHtii verses.
1 he leant verse is the 1st of Ciiroiiicles, Ist chapter, ami
lit verse.
NKW TI,SI\MKVr.
The nixldit- hook is 'J Thcssaioiiiiins.
The middle chapter is between the 13th and 14th of
Koriian«.
The middle verse is tiie 17lii of Acts xvii.
The shortest verso is the :ir>th of .loiin xi.
The -.'Isi verse of the iih chapter of Ezra contains nil
the letters of the alpiialict.
The 19th chapterof v Kiiijis, iiiid the 37th of laaiah, are
alike.
It is stateil tiutt the above caiculHtion took three years to
i-ompiete.
KE.MAKKAHLE INSCHII'I'ION.
The lollowiii^' singiiiar inscription Ih to be seen carved
on utomi) situated at the entranc(> of the church of San
Salv«<Ior. in the city of Oviedo The explanation is that
the tomb wa.s erected by a king named Silo, and the
inscription is ho written tluit it can be reiul 270 ways by
bftfinning with the large S in the center. The words are
[^tin. "Silo priinreps fecit."
T I r K F S P K C N <• E P S K K C I T
I C i; F .>< P K C N I N C K P H F E C I
C K F .S P E C N I IE I N (• E i' S F E C
E K S P E <; N I U P H I N (■ E P 8 P E
F S P E (' .N I It P <> P It I .N (• E P 8 F
S P E <• N I UP I) I- () P It I N C E P 8
P C V N I It P () L I b »> I' U 1 N V E P
E K N I U P () b I S I I- <» I' |{ I M (• E
P E (• N I U P () I, I b (» P l{ I N C K P
S P E (■ N I It I' () I, () P K I N •• E P 8
F S P E ( N I It P u I' It I N <' K P S F
E F S I' E (' .N I l{ P l{ I N (' K P S F E
(• E F .-< P E (' N I l{ I N (" E P S F E C
I C E F 9 i' E (' N I N (• I', P S F E C I
T I C E F S P E C N (• ^; P S F E (,' I T
IJesiilea tliig singular inscription, the letter.-- il. .S. E. S,
8. T. T. li. are also carved on the loinb, but of liiese no
ezpiunalion is giveji. Silo, Prince of (Iviedo, or King of
the .\stiirias, bucceedeil .Aiiielius in ','ii. and died in 786.
He was, therefore, a contpinporary of ('hailemagne. No
doubt tire above inscription wan the com|>nsition of some
ingeniooij and learned Spanish mock.
CriMOUS CALcri.ATIONS.
CONSLMITIOS OK Mil IN Ai riVITY .\V|, UI.I'OSE.
Dr. HadclytTe Hall nnikes the fo||ii\vin<; iiitevetiting
statement with regard to the amount of uir wc coUKunie in
repose, and at diltereiil degrees of activity: When still,
we u.se i')00 cubic inches id' air in a minute; if we walk ut
the rate of one mile an hour, we use S(Mi; two miles. I.00(»;
three miles an iiour, l,()(K); fourmilesan hour, 2, .')()(). If
we run at six miles an hour, \ use 3,<ilMi cubic iindics;
trotting a hoise, l.'.'iO; ca'i'iM' g, l.TitK),
TIIK VAI.' n- i.Aiuin.
Cast iron of the valneid' L' sterling is worth, converted
into ordinary ma(diinery, L'-l: in larger oriuimentod work,
£i'>; in buckles and similar kinds of fancy woik, ftil'O;
in neck chains, tl,3(i(i. Bar iron of the vali f .tl Hteiimg
is worth, in the formof knives, t'.'lti; needles, .L'70; penknife
bbides, t'!).'i(l: polished bottons aiul buckles, i,'8!Mi; bulance
springs of watches, X'.^.tMKi.
INTKKKST OF MONEY.
Dr. Prii'C, in the second edition of his "Observations on
Ueversitnuiry Payments," says: " It is well known to
what prodigious sums money improved for some time at
compound interest will iiu'rease. A penny .-o improved
from our Saviour's birth, as to double itself every fourteen
years — or, what is nearly the same, put out at live |)er
c«nt. comiHiund interest at our Saviour's birth— would by
this time have increased to more money than could bo
contained in l'>0 millions of gl(d)eH, each eiiual to the
earth in nnignitmle, and all s(di(l gold. .\ Hhilling, ])ut
out at six per < cni. coni|)ound interest would, in the same
time, have increased to a greater sum in gold than the
whole solar system could hold, sui){H)8ingit a sphere c(|ual
in diameter to tlio diameter of Saturn's orbit. And the
earth is to such a, sphere as half a stpiare foot, or a (piarto
page, to the whole surface of the earth."
WONDKHS DP SCIENCE.
A grain of gold has l>een foumi l>y Muncke to admit of
l)eing rlivided into >nnvlt/-fire thoiimnd iinllioiin of' visible
part-t; that is, by the aid of a microscope magniiying one
thousaml times. \ Novereign is thus capable of division
into ten millions of millions of visible particles, being ten
thousand times as tnany such parltcles as there are men.
women and ihildren in all the world.
Si'OMA.NEois CoiimsTioN. — Liebig, in his " Familiar
Letters on Chemistrv." has prove<l tno unsoundness of
spontaneous combustion. Yet Dr. Lindley gives nineteen
instances of something akin, or the rapid ignition of the
human l)ody by contact with flaino as aconsefiucnce of the
saturation of its tissues by alcohol.
Vibrations of the A.:.. — If a p«r8on stand beneath u
railway ginb-r-bridgo with an o|)en umbrella over his head,
when a train is pasMing, the viln-ation of the air wili \>i-
distinctly felt in the hand which giasns the iimbrelhi
because the outsi)read surface collects and com-entrates the
waves into the focus of the handle.
The Eakth's Centeu. — All bodies weigh loss the fur-
ther removed tliey are from the center of the earth. A
block of stotie weighing 70(1 pounds upon the sea-=!.oro.
will weigli only 009 ( onnds if carried up a mountain three
miles high. A |H!ntluium oscillates more ((uickly a' the
poles than at the equator, bwause the ear' h i.-< llaltci' by
twenty-six miles at the poles — that is, the ••lH)b"of the
p«ndulum is that much nearer the earth's center, and
therefore heaviei, and so swings more quickly.
I K1.I"«)SK.
3l)8»'rv»ilioiison
veil known to
ir Honif tinit' iit
ly .«o iminovt'il
[ every foiiiteen
>ut ut Hvi" per
liiili— would by
tlmii coiiiti bo
FIFTEEN THOUSAND SYNONYMS. ->^>L^
■1
Sii^iiiiiiiiiIiiiE5iiSii5ii5id5,ri!iiSEHii5oSiElJEiSi!^
AbMidon-relinqulih, kIvc up, <lecTt. rnrsakp,
fiir«'i»">, yirlil, coif, itiirn'iiilcr. realKii. alMlk-iitf,
li'ttvi-, ri'Kn', wltliilraw friiiii.
Abandoned- n'l'ri'tiatc, |>r<iill(rai<\ rorNakcn.
Abaaa ili'ifniilc, bumtiU', •llnifrHrc, lowpr, (l<-
Aoate reduce, »iib«lile, (lliniiilxh, lifwn, 'li- i
( P'HM*'
Abbreviate ciir>nll, ci>ropreii«,iilirtilK<-,«iincli'iiw.
.■Iitiiiiiiu', iihiirton, Icswii, rf<lncc.
Abettor m •iniiiilicc. aid. aiifiwory.
Abhor ulHjiuiimic, liaic. ilftol, liiathf.
Ability i-apaclly, p..w«'r. (aleiit, skill, nifaiin.
Able laimlilc. <oiu|H.trnt.
Abode •iwi-llliiif, ImliiUtlon, resl'lciur.
Abominate ilcli'el, hati-, loathe, alilmr.
Abridge conirmt, ciirlall, iliminiali, l«won,
dlicirli'ii. . , ,
Abroirate .iIniIi-Ii, lancel, annul, n-ix-ai. rp»'>ki-.
Abrupt lm..ly. hHnili, xKH.p, rouKh, buiIiU-ii. rutr-
tff-i. iiMcfreuiiMiuiu,...
Absent ab«rBct«il. heiMlli-M, inuttcntlvc.
Absorb . iitculf. «iiirri...ii. inihilM.. swallow.
Abstain forN-ar. rirrain, willilioM.
Abstruse 'limcull. hidclcii, ..l».iur».
Absurd fiM.llsii pn>iM«it<-niuii, silly, ridiculous,
iMiii' winablc.
Abundant amiilo. copious, plentiful.
Abusive illgRraii'liil, insolent, offensive, «umi-
a.^>nt. .'oinply, *'on-
Abysa clue-in, (luir.
Accede uKrec. actiulew
sent, \lelil.
Accept ailinii. receive, tuiie
Acceptable ..mihiu,!,-, (fr»t>-fm, welcome.
A -" .III. ;tmriieniatlon, iMcn-iise.
A !apt, fuit.ailjusl, s«TVe. lit.
A , ri I. iiuorl; wait on, (to Willi,
A .,.-;ior, ally, ac,-»«wory, uAsociate,
A ;, -e»e«'Ute. efftH-i. ijnwh, iiehlevi', ful-
lin. -.- iij . r.iinpleie.
AccordlUKly ajfreealily, coiwei|uenlly, there-
fore. -illIuOlV.
Account iles»Triptlou. eiptanation. re<-ital, narra-
(I'li.
A', umulate-nmass, collect, untlier. heap.
Accurate-corret't, eiact, nic«', pn-ci*«-.
Accuse HrnuKn, asiK-rsi', ilelraci, il^-faine, im-
pel, n. calumniate, villify. censure.
Achieve acconiplish, iculiz"\ ell«>ct, .-omplete,
e\. . :.l.-. fiiltill.
Acknowledse avow, confes", owti, trrmm
Acknowledirment Hiliniwinn, aMiwal, cmfiti-
si unceasioii. reeounitlon.
Acquaint coiun inieute. ilucliw. Inform, laake
kti.>wii.
Acquiesce aeocde, aasent, airree, comply, c«fi-
S41II, lieM.
Acquire attain, obi* >. ^aln, iiro, iin', win.
Acquirement- atluiimi>-ii'. (caln.
Acquit 1 li:ir, ilisiharue, in^.. foritlve, panlon.
Active Hi;il>', liiisy. vltforoiis ;irmlt,'|Ulel<<lndiiR-
triolis, nillllre, pronipt.
Actual real, iHisjtlve. t-ei^Hin. jretiiiln*'.
Attuata move. iai|M'l, Inelti', rouse, iiisllKale.
Illlllliat4', i'lilui-e.
Aiute |>enetnilin>(, |M>iiite<l, keen, piercliiK, suli-
llc. «lin'wil, sharp.
Adatre a|>otheKin, aphorism, inaxim, naylnir,
l.nvi rl'. axiom.
Adapt ai'c nimialate, adju.st, tit,!<iilt.
Add |. .111, uiiiiex, IncreasM .
Adili'ion a.ee»sioii, aiiimientation, increase
Ad.lr.ss alillity. courtship, ilin-elion. uttenini'o,
..'. lit. -1.^'ecli.
Addirsa iie.i.fit, salute, harnnKUe, «iicc»'h,iini-
II. eirretloii, i<ii|a'rs4'riiitioii. dexlerlfy.
Ad' pt -kilirul. apt. ipilek, e\|Mit.
Adhere Mtlaih.ehaM', liolil, sdek.
AJli.'.ent- illmlple, partisan. followiT, iiiiholilir.
Adliealon— attachment, stickinK, adnereuce.
30
Adjacent ailJoinuiK, contiKuous, near, ulose.
Adjourn |"»-1|miiii. ilcfer. delay, put off.
Adjust ail oiiiiiiodute, adapt, til, settle, suit.
Administer Kive, nianax''. dis|a.nse, supply,
s-rve, I'xerllte.
Admiration amazement, esteem, renard, won-
'Iit, siirpri'^e.
Admisaion enirance, adnilltam e, B.ees8,eoncei<-
~i.>n, liiilialioii.
Admit allow, coneiile, irraiit, isrnilt, tolerate.
.Admonition -advice, caution, counsel, reprtsif,
warniiiit.
Adore n vcre, reviri'mi', vi'nenite. worship.
Adorn >leck, eiuU'llisli,lHmiitlly,ilei'iTrale, urna-
Illenl.
Adroit Hinle. cli'Vei. dextenais, skillful.
Adulterate lorriipt, dellle. deliase. |Millutr.
Advancement iiiiproxeiiieni. fiirtlierance, pro- 1
i^r»'ssioii. I
Advantage U-netli. itimmI, protl*. use.
Adventure occurrence, liaiileiit, cuKiially, .
< tiiiiKe. coiitiniteiie.i.'. I
Adveraary opiHiiienl.enemv. aii'aKonllu 1
Adve.-se li.'stile, lontniry. repiiKiinnt, iinfir-
iiiiiul*-. oii|Hised.
Advert alliidi., notice, leifii: I, tiiiii.
Advertise puMisli. pioi'laiiii. unnoiiiue.
Advice ii.>ti'Uctioii, a.liii. 11 tlon. ei'iiii.4el.
A''vlse udmoiiisli, I'.psiiH, di IiIh riile i|..i.ler.
.'ulv, -".te arkue, di fend, iiieiid, siip|>i rl.
\rli.. .) :y eixilily, . ■i.rteoiisni'ss, iirl'anity
\r '■,'- v<iurtei.us. ri\-il. plettsitiif. iiiliaii >.
.' '■..*ii l.iisine>s,c'.iicei-ii. iiiatti r. truii>actioii
AJfect aim, assume, a. roiiale, 11 o\'e, prete!id.
A«TectinK fechnif. paihetir, t"Uiliili«.
Affection -lenderiu's^. luvi'. kiiidiieiw. fundi. i>^.
iittacliineiit.
Affiliate ailoj.t,»K'i'iciHtc. initiate, receive.
Affinity eonformlty, alliance, relationship, km-
<lii-il,ati ruction.
Affirm a.Hsert, aver, ti>.*iin.. pr'te^i. d,. line.
Affliction Miiln'»s.»"rro«. !.• n axeiinnt. iiihim-
ilv, .li.streM, pain, Krii'f, troiililf. inlailatioii.
Affluence oiniler.ee. weallii. riches, aluindaiici-.
eoiieoiirae, liiHux, plenty .
AfTord-lniiMirt. Ktant, kIvc, prisliice, spuii',
yield.
Atiray dlslurbance, bmil. f. ml. fray, ipiarrel.
AlTrinht-alarni, appall, Irit'hicii. terrilj.shocfc,
'li<iiiiiy. Inliniidate. dinliearten.
AfTront iiisull, olli.n.l. pro\ ..Ue. oiilniKe.
AlVald feariiil.tiiiinl, linioroiiH. teirilled.
Aired old, elderlv, .«iiile. advaiice.l in year*.
Airent- deputy, fiietor, represeiiiati\e
AiTKiavnto tunlall/e. provok.'. e^a^|lel1lte, Irrl-
lille
Ainrrefrate iieeiimiilmi', ina«i«, collect, iillo.
Agile hiinlile, lai.^k, ulert, lively, •|iiick, lu'tive.
sprlirlitl.v.
Atritate ".listurli, shake. move, discuss.
Airitation lr<>piilation. tri'iiior. 'Ustiirliauce.
AfToiiy lisii'i'M), |>ain, aniriiish, torture, suffer
"'*■'■
Airree > "iisent. aswnt, ncciMie, concur, comply.
acipliesce.
Agreeable suitable, ai ceptalile. pleaMiuf, (rrate-
n'ul.
Agreement l)ariraln,eovenaiil,acconlanie, coo-
Inict, ...iicu'rence. harmony.
Aid— 'isyist. help, miecor, nlieve.
Aim iispin', endeavor, level, strive, point.
Air mien. I.Hik, manlier, iip|H'ariiiice,iis|iect.
Alarm aporehenslon, tern r. siirprisi .siiminoBs,
fri%.lit, lea,', .In'Md, coiisteriiatioii.
Alienate withdraw. estniii;.'e. tniisfir.
Allay soollu^ iniliirate, up|aMi.se,.i.wiiHin'.
Allege nsseit. ailviincc. udduce. alhrni.
Alleviate niiti»?ate. relieve, soot'ie, iimc, Itawn,
oiiniiii.sli, altate, li(tlit4*ii.
Alliance union, league. cunfe<leracy, coalition,
coiiil. Illation.
Allot 11.^11:11, apportion, api>oinl, illstrllmte.
Allowance- wages, salary, pny, sti|H>iid, irraut,
COUCt'KMUU.
completely mHo-
nstitullon, re»torstioii. recompen.«.
All to very much, enlirkljr
Belln r.
Allude refer, iiitiniat4., hint, suavrvt.
Allure de< oy. sitntct. Mslin e, tempi, enllcr.
Alter 1 liinup, vary , misiif) . rxarrangr.
Altercation ditlcniK'e, dispute, ipisrrel.
Always contimmlly, in. essantu. o nstanUy,
«'\er, iHTis'tiially.
Amass li> a|>, pile, accumulate, n.Ueci. ^Iher.
Amasement surprise, astonuhmeot, admlra-
iit'ii, W' nder.
Amblguoua— cH|uiviH'al, dnublfnl, unef-rtain, ob-
scure.
Amenable sii»weralilc, resismslLie.atcuiiiitabla.
Amend re> tify, reform, rarnd, liatter, crrwct,
i:ill-r<>\e.
Amends
icpaiatl
Amiable kin. I. aim^'able, oMiyinir, chsrralDg,
d. IlKlllflll. lo\el>
Ample alaitidaiit. large, copkius, sparkius, ex
tended, plent«-oiL<.
Amusement t'Ostime, recrcMion, diversion,
s|.i>rl . e'lTe 'tainillclit.
Ancestors proKenitors, forefather*.
Anecdote tale, story.
Angvy |Hi"ioii,ite,rewntful,hot, hs*ly, iraarihle.
wralliliil, liirioiis,
Aogniah di^tr'ss. puln. ai<< ny.'Uffennir.
Animate iirire. enliven, eibilanite. encouraae.
impel. . hci . iiu It"', inspin-.
Ari'maticn ile. si.irils,xayety. hu.iyam y,v ivu<'-
U,. , .l\ . illlev«.
An.inciaity < nmity, buin'<l. h<«tilltr, iniillifnily.
A:iuals Memoirs, artviloti-*, cbp.nlcles. narra-
ll.'II.S.
Annex "'ta. Ii.ad i, aiVn. »ub>'in.
Aiiiioiin'..'e proclaim, publish, advertise, dtclarv.
Attiial eaiii-el, destroy, nvoke, refical, sboligh,
iMitilhilate.
Answer n-inv. rejoin.ler. ix-«pons-.
Answerable ao-ountulde, n^»>n!>lb|r. ameii-
iil.:''.
AntiiKonist f' e. ad\er-ar'. . npimnenl. enemy.
Antecedent fonifoiHK, f' rm. r, pn-\iuus, unter-
lor, pii..r. pn'i'i'.llatf-
Anterior «iite<.'«-<lciit, piexKiUs prior, former,
loliL-'-inif.
Antipathy aversion, dtilike, .leie«tatiun. sLbor-
I' tu . . hatrc^l.
AiUiijue iiicu'iit. (III. anti<(uatc<l.
Anxiety ineiKiineiw, c".i:ion, care,
-' li iliiile. di"Hiietu<le.
Apathy iiiseii^iiamy. IndlBercnee,
IIPI- . lil'tflU'SS.
Aperture cavin, hollow.
Aphorism adaK-, maxim, apothevm. aiatm,
pp \i 11 . ^lyiiiK.
Aliology (ilea, excuse, •ti'tense.
Appall .laiini. di?jiu), ruliuv, .h'press, dlaroue-
aue
Apparent eMdent. visil-h-. pUin, clear, distinct.
Appeiii p I. r, invoke, call iipt.n.
Appearance ii.s|»ct, air, iiuinDer. iwk, mien,
'•lllM.ilii »'.
Appease a^^uase. albiy. ••s'lhc. paiify, rami,
rnt'-.pidi/..-.
Applaud ext.il. piai.-- . c..miBen.l. appri.vc.
AppU.us*.' .. iamati. i...i! provjt. »bouting.
Appoint (.r"M'K. all"t. consuiufc. fix, oriHlB,
Iire«, rii^-. .I.i'i.i". orih "■.
i^praise ...iimale. xalm-.
Appreciate c do . e-ti.<ra. priw i-iimate.
, Apprehensioa -.i-piciun. alarm. si-LJUre, u>rTor.
I I.- II-. friL'lit. r- a,l-
Apprise inak.- ;.i."\?ii.aeqii»im.dL««l.v^. inform.
Ajiprna.-h .■iilmittai.c<'. aci>^«. pHwajre. avenue
Approbation .i|!r'\ul. concurrenc*-. lonflmia-
, lii'n. 1 !.»eM. «iinrI|on
' Appropriate «•» aisi^i. a."iime. usurp.
Appropriate mlaeleil. exilusjre. r«.eullar, siiit-
ii'ii
Approve allow, appbiu.i. comm« nd, dke,est«*m.
Apt-lit, meet, quick, ready, prompt, iial h-.
|4-r|'k:>ity.
uiieoocern.
i
i
^♦""'■'kHWi'WJtllBff '
If
1 V
PiPTEKN THOrrtANtl SYNONYMS.
^bitrstor— •rbiior, rorurco, Juil«t, umplra.
ArohtToa-kanaK, rcconU, ratrtitrr*. cbronlelaa.
ArdAot HMcsr, r«>n>rot, flerjr, bit, pualooatc,
vi'homfiit.
Aidaoua <unirull, tryluK. IklKjrluiii, bud.
Ai^umnnt <l<'>>i«ti', clhimlu, priMif, rauKin.
Arijw tL^t't'ttd, iiiuuiit. rlm\ rttand up.
Arrtuim m'l'uw, uhnriri-. Im|>««ch.
Arruiiife <:liiHg, udJiiHt, di4|iiiw, plMoe.
Arroffanoti HHHiiiniitlun, liaiiirtitiiii-««. prMv pr«-
rt iiniiliMii,»«<lf-<i>mflt.
Artful «rtiniti«l,
ilfiterouii.
I'liiiiiliiK. 'rufit.
d>.ni.il.
Articulate Hiimk, iillvr, pr<Miouiir<>
Artltlcn AtrHtHNi'iii, ilrccll,i.'lienl, tliiiiw, IiuimwI-
llMll, ltl><<<l|ltll<ll.
Aanembly n>vMMiililiiirf'. cuUfrtiKn, irrnup.
AaiiociatA <'iira|iuiiliiii, frli'inl, luiiti-
AtrcK inua hi'iii iiih. lliiKnuit, tluKltluiiK.
Atlltlldft |HH lloil, |H>KIIIIV, iri'SIUf)'.
AUrai't alliin', cliurni. riiplliiilc, I'litln', wriii.
Audacity -harilihdiial, iiniiiKliiiti', cSruntiTj.
t><ll<llll-H1
Auapluloua ttivui-Nble, r»rtuimti', lucky, pnipl-
tiinn, |i',w|,..iiiii'j.
Auat/^iin riKid, rlKonnis, ntorti, M-v<in>,
Authentic tf< iiiiiiif, niitlKirizi'il, triic.
Authority iloniiiiiini, ton-*', (miwit, Hway, intlu-
eiiid, Htiv iiilniK.y.
Avarice «n-<Ml, iiMvi't<iu<ii)'K'<, ru|'l<llty.
ATf>rs« liiMlli, I'i'liii'lunt, niniiriiHiK, iiiiwiIIIiik.
unimnmiili'. iinlirtiinii'i'.
AvAraion iililiorn-iKi'. uiitlpiitlii. di-t<i4tati"n.
ili^l.Ki'. r< piiKiiiiiM')-.
Ayi'litv fii)f>'riii's.H, hmm'iIIik'wi.
Avocation <><'■ iii'iitlon. iirnti'iwiiiii, tradr, rm-
pliiyinciit, ritlliiK, ollli'r. liii!iiiii>Ni.
Avoid iliiin, I'liiilc, f>w')i< H'.
Avow Hckiiiiwli (JK'* own, runl't'H.'*, PvognUe.
A'vakn uroiiu', <'ji>'ili', provoke
Awe ilri'iHl. fi'iir, nvrti'iiii .
B
Babbliuir <:liatti'rliitr, hllr
ily
Backward iiiiwiIIIiik, nvii'-x-, loHtli, n-Uit'tiitit.
BafflA tlUrr(ii[i-rt, rliii|i>, «-(>nfoiiMil. ilfftiat, f-oii-
l.isr
B'llanco <'<iunli/;i', mljii't, »'lt <•, rcirolntf , (miI-U'.
Bititor ilorldr, Ji-«(, riiliioli . ijiiiiil. nilly.
8Ar«> nulled, UMindMrned, -^tiippi'd, destitute.
B'lririkin liiiv, li'iii'h i.Hi\ I'riiittiii'l.
Bai.' 1 w, v'le, niiMli, e\ ll.
Basl'-ful n>' '!< ^t llllilrnt, hIiv, timid.
Buats iM>i|i'!,i>il, I ii-> , tiMiiidiiiloii.
'.t 'Stnrd Hie .'iiiiiiiie. iiporioii^.
c. ttle t>o^;f»- ■nil'tll, rolilliiit. tlv'llt.
' ar ^iill^r, niideri. ". Ill: .t, ifii^tain. Iirinf forth,
niippoM, I'lichire, yield.
Beat -liIKe, over'lirow, dereal, hit.
Bftau uiiliiuit, dimly, .'•ue.tlieiii t.fop.
Beatiful linn, liiiiMl-otnc, cnriy
Beautify— ileeorute,
d.!,k.
BncominK loiiicly
iiiili .
Bi< I)"'-"!-, ll, le,|.i ii4k,riM\e. Niipplienle.
UillHle. eoinll|eii,-(>.
M', Jill|HiHe iiiMill, de4-elve.
' vportnietit, iidilrewt, e'>ii
BoantT-lltMralltr, lieiieflcenre. feneroally. Iw-
nevon-nee, niiifiini*e(:ce
Bra<i« aui'iMirt, iwlr, eonpla.
Brav* Udd, liiln'pid, fenrleiu, iinilauDliil, he
role, itariiiir, eotinmiHitifl.
Breach rha^m. Preak, a-HP, o|M>ii,iiir.
Break ili-xfroy, Hhat'er, Imtler, deniollHl, iMiiie,
diMMoIxe, enmli. rend.
Breaker eovrn-'l ri>ek, aurce, wave, M\iidliaiik,
lilllow.
Brief rtliorl, epiloinl'etl. eonelmi, uniiiniiii), ■in-
rliu'l, eoiniieiidloiii>.
Briffht lue)<l, itlmrinliiir. reiiplendeni, liiilllunt.
icliiter iiir. eleiir, hhlnlnv. npiirkllilir. tivld.
irlllllUlcy lirl 'hlnefu. lumer, rttillnnee,«pleii(|or.
rlttle erUe. fntll. IriiKde,
road far-niii hltiir, wide, .iiiipli-, e«leii.<ilvr,
la rife.
Broil rrltthl.alTriiv, eltereadon, feud, 'piarn*'.
Sruiae bn>ak. eniMli. ,*<i"e4*£i>, JMiiiiid. eompres.''
uUd ereet. <'-<lal>li»h, (oiiiiiI.eoiMlrnet.
Bulk iiiiuinilude, diiiieimloiiit, vn-aliM'^, e«leiil,
MV, ItirKeticMi
Burden load, earuo, weluhl, InlKlil.
Burniotr Hnh'iil, noi,a on hliiK. Ilery,
Burat iplit, eraek. niid, break.
Buaineaa .iviHiitloii, iHviipatlon, employ ineiit,
fnile, work, ealllnii. profe-rtloii
Buatla eonfiimiiii. iiurr) liiiinill. diiumler.
But iiolwllh«I«iidiii|(.iieverihel4'K'>, <j(evpl,bnW'
ever. Klill. yii, wine
Butchery bavm', enriiitre, niii>(iuere, ulauKhliu .
Buy pi'Miire, piiretiasc, : 'irirnlii, obtain
oniliiiiatlnii.
alk, prHltllnir, Imjuae.
oniuiiKiil, einln'lllsh, Bilorii,
deeeid, til, Kraectiil, itillt-
I'. lo,,ker on.
iiitldenee, certainty.
•e, ll, li',|.|
Be»[in enter llpoo
Bevuile inlxleiel, h
Behavlcr eairiiiiff
.1.1.1.
B'-'hold rdt-WM-x-i'. MM*, \'(e\r.
B'tliolder oliwiver, special
Bslief iwscni. eonvKll.in, .
f.oili, trii>l.
Below Ix'nnalli, under.
Bend t>ow, distort Inrline, lean, aulKliie.
Beneath Im'Iow. under.
Benefloent - ln'lplul. lieneTolent, ircncroua,buun-
llMI, Idieial, llliinirleelil.
Bent <;i'o<ike.l, awry, pi'epoiwoMloii, riirved, In-
4-iiitittl.iri,
Bequeath -deviw, dive by will.
Beaeecb -unre, Im-k, linp.!ore, Holleit, supplicate,
n*.! ..",1, crave, entreat.
Bnntow -tf runt, eonfi'i , priwent, irive.
Better improve, aineliornle, retiirru, mond.
BloH wiirp, prepojtW'Wion, licnt, pn'Jiidliti,
Blame inciiipute, reprove, upbraid, condemn,
<viis;in', nproaeli, repndiend.
Blamnleas uiiiltierm, Iniioi.Mi, <potlciM, faullb-Nt
tirihleiioHhf.l, irreproaelniliie.
Blast spill, vritlier lip, denolnie, di'<tn>y.
Blemish tlaw, 'lerert, Htaiii, fault, spot, N|H>i-k.
Blend mlt, MiiMtfIn, eonl'oiiiid.
j3li.^3 liai>pin(v«<«, feli<-it>, iM^tltiide, bleiw*Nlnei««.
Blunt .lull, nil. until, liMi»|ue,in»«ntlenl, abrupt.
Blunder error, inlslnke.
Boiiater viiiinter, biiister(>r, l.ra«iranl, brugKart.
BoiuitlnR' parade, .'Htental loll, vauntlnir.
Boiaterous violent, velieoient, furious, lmi>et-
nous.
Bold < oiinttfeoim, dariint. Insolent, Impudent,
intreiil''. iearleiw, aiidaelmm.
Bondacre survitu'le, eonflnemeiil, slavery. Im-
prisonment.
Booty plunder, "port, prey.
Border edKu, Mde, verve, brink, brim, margin,
run.
Bnre |x'iie(nit«, perforate, pleroe.
Bnand di-fliie. clK^umwrllie, confine, nvtrlct.
. .!', <• riiiinale
' Oabal iiHtlilion. InlriKue, plot.
leaaiie. eoimpino v
OaJole fawn, wheeiile, 4'fiiii.
Oalamity nii.4hup. ii'Hf.irtiine, illniutrr, inla-
ih.inre.
Calculate- i'ouni, nv ion, eHllinate, eoivipute,
iiiiiiilH'r.
Call KUblHenu, «umni'.<i, iiaine, • ry, bid. Invite,
■ x'lalm.
Oalllnff tn'.l'-, employn ent, aviM»illon, o<-eu|>ii-
tloii, pr'.fef»NH.,i, tiiistncM,'
Calm Hiuilbe, assiiHKe, iilit<y, apia'ax-, i'oni|h,M',
triiii.juilir.'', tpiiei. |M>]iee, paeify.
Cancel eni«', revoke, destroy, annul, alHilixh, re.
l»-«i
Candid frank, hom-Mt, Inireiiuoie*, oix-n, mtli-iw.
Capable abli-. sklilfiil, lltl«><l, ipuillili'd, roin|><'.
lent.
Capacity ea|iablliiy, talent, fneuliy,genliia,Bl.li-
ity.
Caprice fancy, Inini'.r. wlilin, freak, notion.
Caprlcioua notional uliiiiiMial, variable, funtaK-
til hI. Ill kle, eliaiiueiibii .
Captivate ehartii, faMiinfite, tike prKoiuT, eii-
i>riv.'. eni liaiit. nttraei. eiiniptiire.
Captivity -^i rvilude, impnieininent, bondaKe,
1. iiitliieni) ot.
Capture eri/e, wl/un'.
Care diB^pii. iml". maiiHKem"tit, worij, anxiety,
• ■omern.Blleiiiioii, retfiiril, soltrltii.le.
Careful |iriivi>lent, e'n iim>p.'i t, ^uai'de<l. pni-
<lt lit, I ':l lit iollK.P' lilt- 1 lions, atteii|i\r.
Careleaa imittentne. miiiiiiceriied, nt-i.'titfent,
t!i"ML-liIli ««. nnii«'. bndli-«.
Caresa f eidle, n iiile\ emlear, "I'r."!.!', <itil.n;ee
Carnage iniiswiiie. flioiKhler, tiiitclierj .
Carriiure deiioitiii'iit, walk, beanni/, di nieanor.
mail' er, beli n mr. ml) ii.
Carry K-ar, eoim y, lr.iiii>port.
Case pn-'liiniiKiii. roudlllon, rtate, pIlKht. filliia-
tloii.
Cost tlii'ow, tl:ii>r. illrei'l, turn, linr,.
Casual ae<-t<li'n(<il, •onlliiireiit, iieldenlal.
Catch •apiure, khp, snatcli, lay hold oi, aeize,
ur.sp.
Cause orikTiii, hid uieiiient. reason, moll VI ■.source.
Caution fMijii'itiiiie, iiotii t', iid\ Ici', eiri'unis|>ec-
t:<ii.. rare, adrnonition. warninir.
Cautious I «rt.fii , war.v, prudent, walilitul, eir-
»"i;iis,rt'Ct.
Cease ljfn\ e oiT, "tip. d'-<;«l. disi'onllmie.
0<;lebrated Illustrious, ii'iiowiieil, faiuoiis, hon-
I rf d.
Celebrate pralM*, eoiiiinenil,i xtol, pi'rpelunle.
Celerity vepslty, swifliie-s, llietiieia, .piiekni-Ni,
nipidliy.
Censure rebuke, repioa. Ii, strielun-, blame, rep-
riiiiuiid, tipbrnid, eondeninatlon.
Ceremony - rite, furiii, olts*'rviinee.
Certdiu aetiial, n-iil. iiittnlfest, stir*', rniiNtaiit.
Chosrin vejatioe. mortilleiitlon, fnlfiiliietw.
Cbailencee olijot, deiiiund, exeept, rialm, def) .
iu-eu»i-, I all. dan*.
Chance I usual, accident, fortune, fale, forliil
tolls. Iiu7.ai'd.
Ohanire alteration, vielssltiide, variety, •'oiiver-
«ioii, iniiiittion.
Chanireable iineertnin. unsteady, ineonstHnl,
iiiiiiiiMi'. Ilekli'. variable.
Ouaracter manner, ipiality, mark, description,
r«-pu!iition. e«>t. lettir.
Charity- klndn<-«<, IxMiellcenei', benei o|ence,gun-
erosii.v. (fo'"l-will, lit>erii|ity.
Charm -faseiimte, cuptlvato, l>nwlt<-h, enrapture,
atfraet. delnriit.
! Ohaoten- ehnsttsc, afflict, correct, punish.
Ohastenesa- purity, simplicity eontliieiiL«, chas-
' tity.
I"« - ... —
limit, lncl<iae,nonlliie, iHunid.
situation, event, conilitioii, state.
Ohastlan afflict, iiirrei t. punish.
Chattels ilTei'lB, movable uimmW.
Ohsat fraud, InilMwIiion. i|eee|><ioii. iieteit, sti<
aeem.
Chssr eneourage, Ineiti-, exhilarate, gladdtn,
comfort.
Chaarfulneaa sprighllini-ss, liv liiiess, Jul tijr,
eoinf.irt, |ia.tely, ndrth, glndiiers.
Cherish help, iiuriun', foster, shelter, Indiilga,
warm.
8 hide •I'lild, re|iiiniand. lelmke, reprove,
htafly mainly, t»|mlail>. principally, partlcu-
larlv.
Ohildlah simple, piiei lie. young, trilling.
Childhood liifani't niiniirit).
Children Issue. olTsprlnK. pnyeny.
ghokff "iiiTiH-ate, sniolber. slllle.
hulce sidei lion, option, i h'ctlon.
Choose plek,Mde<'t. elect, prefer.
Qlrculnt!' spread, ■>»■«. bruit, dlirus<-, pro|iagats
Circumscribe '" - ■ ■
Oiit uinstance
lllrii|,-lit.
Circumspect vigilant, watt liliil. prudent, wary,
IMtti I'oiiir, cautions.
Circuinstoiktisl minute, acclilental, i articular,
nil Id.'iital
Civil oblluuiK, well-bn-d, isillte. ixdishrd, ur-
bane, iiltiible. coort<siiis, complalsuiil,
givillxiitlon ii'flnement, culture,
laliii 'Holland, ask, riKht, pndi nslnn.
Clamor ••iil.ry, cry, upnwr, iiols<>.
Claudeatlne hidden, secn-t, (irivHle.
Claan itiviHi,,n, nmk, order, degn.«!.
QleansinK puririiiv. piirilviiix, e|i"inlnir.
Clear i>i>> ions, apiiarent, rns-, pure, vivkl.
Clearly M>ilily, manlfislly, lucidly, dlstlnetlj,
obviously, plainly.
Clemency mercy, klndnesa, lenity, mildness.
8 lever adroit, ev|M-rt, skiliful, ready,
limb inoiiiil, aM'< nd, rise. M-ah*.
Cling liang, clasp, deave, stick, hold.
Cloa- I (iiilinisl. shut, lieiir, tlrm, concise, onm-
pact.
Clothes upimn'l.haldllments, raiment, covering,
utlir.', Karmi'iit.
Clouded overcast, sullen, oliscured, variegated,
irlooniy, ihirk
Clumsy uncouth, iinltMndy, bungling, awkwar\l
Coadjutor colleague, ally, adjutant, assistant
Coalition I onsplnicy, union, eomlilnutloii.
Coai-se xroM, v ulgai , rude, rough. Inelegant, uii-
n'llniil.
Coax fawn, whe<>ille, ttrase, Halter, cajole.
Coerce fonc. <'oiii|m-I, restrain.
gotrnomen naini-, upiadlnllon. denomination,
oiieient con«i"tent. tenacious, adhesive.
OoJULlde aur.M'. liHrmonine. concur.
Cold uiiattis'tlnif, shy, frigid, ihlll, reservoil.
Oollemnie ally, partner, assis'iale, coadjutor.
Collected eonip<>se,|. calm, iiiinitlleil, placid, iHMil,
giilliereil.
Collection gathering, (ninp, iisaenihlage, con-
Iriiiiitloii.
Colloquy confenMiei-. talk, dialogue.
Color hue. tint, stain.
;:omb;naUon n-iifcdenuy, , onsplracy.ciMillUon,
iiiiiiiii, liiagiii'. al'lanee.
Ocmely handsome. Iiccnmlng, graeofiil, agrwa-
ble.
Comfoi-t «<'lii-<', eii!iM 11. eiiioiinige, console.
Comfortless wret-hed. diisolale, forlorn.
Comic fuMiiy. laiixhalile. ridiculous, ludicrous.
Commanil ilireetlon, orier. pn-eept, Udn-st, in-
JllMI ll.ill
Commanding dli tatorml, imperious, autborltn-
tui'. iiupcrtitlvi'.
Commence— Im'v III. iiii.l.riake, originate.
Commend approt e, laud, pniliu', applaud, extid,
ii-i-.<niineiiil.
Commensurate- sufllcii'iil, adeigiiate, equal, pro-
piirli'.iiate.
Comment iitli'rance, elliieiilatlon, remark, ob-
servation, annotation, note, etplanation, expo-
sition
Commiseration compassion, feeling for, eondo-
lenri*, pit.v , s.v nifiathy.
Oommisalou notlmrlw, em|Hiwer, enable.
Commodious tit. large, suitalile, convenient.
Commodity icods, wares, merehaiidls<i.
Oomiiiun ueiieial, low, mean, fns|iient, iisuu!.
V ii!;,'.ir, ordinary.
Commotion |s-rturbation, confusion, tumult,
ili:iturl>nnre.
Comr unicaW tell. Impart, reveal, dlieliiar, n--
|Hirt, make known.
Communication commerce, tiitercourac, con-
fen'iice.
Communion union, fellowship, converse. Inter
loiirsi-.
Commute liarter, erdiange.
Compact clo-.', solid, linn
Companion imrtner. ally, confederate, accom
pilce, friend, comrade, iLs'soclate, chum.
Company assembly, eoiigregatloti, crow, liand.
i'oi|Minilii.n, aams-iatlon
Compass loniominat'v attain, encircle, em l»s<.
envinm. Invest.
Compoaaion corarolserHtioii, sympathy, t<>nder
lleSH.
OomTienaation amends, requltel, remuneratim
ri'wiii I, pav , sati8fji4*tion.
?^
till la rule, iiliuMan,
iiii|>i'riiiiii<, iiiitliorilu-
nilciiiiiiti', cqiml, |irii-
1111, firllllK for. fondo-
KirrKKX Tirol >ANIl SYNdNYNH,
uukiii, tiar-
Coinprt«U»-«lllllfiii. i.lll«l>Jr.r«rc«l»».itl»<l rlH.
. . i(. iiiiuiiltol. • ■^'•I'li', •!»<•.
Corop<^»illon <'iuiil«it<Ki. n»»lry.
C >iup atulDC laiii'iHMiiiii. la-wallln*. lammtioc, ,
nil i . n Kr»>«tiii«.
C.<rap'a.)ant nBjlifc-. • Ir'.l.i-onrn^.iisaBrw^fil'-,
Complru* Hi i-nmiilwh. nniviiaiaatr, moiliiilp,
Of. 11M-. I'ffrt I. nnt»»i. fiiimi. j
Complex ximplkMla-. mini'Mir
gomp iroent ikitw. fH-'i. !•«»«»• 1
oinpiy iM'i f»r, Mrtjr. luwtit. oioanil. rWd. ac-
OoVpo««l .ulin. .|'ilW, ptitKrtber.
Comprohcnd nifrvial.-. malirmrr. lomprttr. '
Compi^'M Iriii.l. .•.,iHt«-n«'.».|ii»t«r. |
Oompuiiion « ••rn't')0, mttramt, fo«\r |
jjompiinction i-<>ii<rt«l<>n. rj-i^oimnp. |Ktiltcn>-<>,
Compute .nliMiUt'-. "-ck'n. i..iim.«^tm»u
Conr«dJ iiiliiiit. »)U.«. jrlel<l, «nuit. tVUvvr.
Cono«*l ...\t r.ilfc*«iiH». hi.«r, mvrrtr.
Conceit I '"• ).v«iirl>.|'rl'lt-. notion, lavMliwl Ion.
rri'iik.
Conception I'1«m. nfHI-'O. j'rrwp|«j<>n, lanrjr.
Con urn »<f«ir, ro«li-r. liii»io«««, cmnr-
Con iTt n'l)ii«t,c ■n«iili,K>ntr1r».
Concihat-" nttuHili-, fr-iMtiatr.
Ooti lud<? Ilnl-h, tl.«^,tiTniinat.v
Conf lu»iv# i-onvlnriuif.>l«-> »!>•
Contortt iii/rwim-Ml, Bmit>, i-'i
■ ni'l)>.
ConJur mir-><\ rolniuV. ai'pri'Vr. a,-<iiiHWr.
Condomu r^-proat h. doi«o. * rH-n.f. Itlamr.
Condcuao -hortiii, . ..niruct, ».M>n-» lati-,
Ci'iid^acenaion »ul>mi"*i'"i. li.iinilit> .■••■ferrm-t'.
Condition »t pulati-Hi, »Hii«t>on. •tan .rank.
CondolenM i.yinpalhy. <-..nitni«<Tall<«n. i-<iin|««-
• loll.
Conduct iN'havior, drporimtnt. manairrmenl .
(■JonfMtorate an^x-lai'-. allr- . ai't'omplK'*'.
Conftir itr«iit. U-rtow.icH'-.
gonfeaa »<lmil, di*-!--"^. «ikn<.»i-l»«-. o"''
cnAdF »ru-», iirin-n-l, i*l>. i«i"«»'.
Confident «»iir<-<l.lH.M. |««.iln>-.
Confine iiiipri- ti.-.|..inuiiiv.r,u-d.UmiU><t. i.-<.n-
"'"'■''■''• . . 1.11 >.
Confirm »trfn»«l»-n. ■ orro»»w«ie. «»tani!«h
Conform i-oniply. ) 1.1.1, •uI'TOiC.
Coiivruity . <in.«feit«-i») . ate "*'»•••'' •
CunnecUM J.iliiiM, uiilt"!. r> Ut.-.!
Couuu(>r .iM n.-.>n»-. «iii"l'i«-. »-"'')Ulab.
Conaent ««r»".>. a»K "«. i-mH) . ) irtd. aw»xk>.
Conaider (".ikI'T, .|.-lil«»r«i . r.fWi-t.
Coniiat^nt aBrwin>.',a4Ci>nlanl.
Couapicuoua n.>lt-l. i.r..m:nrnt. Illiutrniut, dli-
tifiiriiMli*'.!.
Contract Innl.l.cn^-f. framr. f..rni,makf.
Canaumn i«l»»ort>. wa-'to, <l«-»ln..> ■
Cuntawloua lnffH«i<"i«,«'|*l«nH .
Contaminate -i-orrupi. .l«-m<., taiut, polum, pol-
''"'■
ContJinplate-iuujn-, iiMil'Utf. «t«aMcr.
Coutcncf r..nt.«t, »■!.•. irtvr. arjtue, dp«i«t«-.
Contrntmunt -Iwppin*-**. aaltalactlon. KratlOoa-
tliin.
Continuation -.hiraliou. i-uotlnuaiMv.
Contract «h.iri.n. rurtail. rp«lm-r. attlm-Tlali',
i>'ii'li-iij.*', nl.ri.lK*'-
Contrary <>ii|vi«illf. adrrr»-. Inloitcal.
Contrivance invi-ntion. plan. »>'b<-ruf, de»(nr
lU.MII^.
C mtroveray .L-'iul.-. .IbipuUtion, anKum<"n«.
Conveiii'-nt (.iiiul.h . a.lap««l, baivt) .
Convey trui;»|>..rt ••••r, •■arry.
Convivial ■MKwtil..««n-. j*-'< f.»lja, ».>ilal.
Copy .1 H'lirali', ^i»fim« n, niok-l.
Co-.rect iiii'ii.i. r»'»-«ify. I»>tt<r, nfonn.
Costly \ :ihial>l.'. pnvK.ua, i-iiatttl**-.
Countenance npn.-l.;, sanction, •upport, favor,
i-ti'-.niniK.'-
Couplc o.iiwct. l..in ••alle.
Courase iHToUin. ilr.j'icsa. v«h>r.oni%-er), Icai-
Covorintf -lilillnit, > .■ii>""«linif. »h<-ltiprliuf. tcrpci-
IIIK.
Coward |w»Ur.N»n. 'l.LMari. «ncMk
Crave U'ir. mipplk-aU-, «>lk'il. n'<|in«l, bcarvcii,
imt'l"i»'. cnlP'Ht.
Ciimo •!". ''Vil. » "^'. wliki-Onrwv »iiill
Crooa -I'Ifnrli. , ili-tomppft-"!. ("-tiilanl. fr\'rf«l,
Curo n ounly, n'Ston-, tn-a!.
Curs? lillp^■^^^lll.n, unalht-ma. ni.«i.->;klion.
Curtiiil iilirt.lin'. "hnrti-n. a».lKv\iatf. ii.ntrwt.
Cuktoiu luunner. u«avo. Iialiil, practlct%
Blftble "..rthf. m aral.l... .iiilalilf.
■man af tmitr. Bow, arur. f prina, proeMtf.
Bakbftrraas (n>ul>tr, ix-rplri, .Iwirna, ralanitir,
Oiiinty oh<
Dampneaa
Dark "ii-in
D:id I.I.I.
Dealing "
D.'b:w3 ' ■
Decay ■•>'-
D»"'nt ■■
Dr-'-isi'.'C '
IXocllna f
I>cc5y •" I
Dodicate .
D^-d fia'
Defect I'l'
I'lr. .ilcli.alr.
iniiiinliiy, wi-i, mniiture.
ill. K'"""/. ot«fcuro.
-«<. Iiuiiiiraiil*-. .ievttMnl,
.iiioH'rn'. tra.!"-. trilBf,
/n..^ ' w. r. hiimWc.
■ la.<timlnr.
'.' ini(, eodioy.
>i.^-. t.'iopt. allur*-. .-nlice, lnrel(le.
I .>ii<frr»ti-. «rt apart, rtorote.
, :i'-ti<Mi. rrploit. aa tiirTemenl.
mUh. want. unpFrfiH.-ttuo, flaw.
Defondar pioliHtoi , ailviH'ale, vlinlicafor, pinwi.
«r.
Sirence rrnrnitlon, rrvant, i.tiH'.'t
clent iniiHTln I, III. klnK, wanliiiK ... ..
lud •iK'jil, (twill. III. ilwclvc, rot., track. Cmblem nT.'- '. fiinir. iti*.
M .l.i~., rmik, .11111 p.«ii|on Km<-r»n v .. '-.,iii, n<.<'..Miti
»elM|^ht«d .nil.Yul, pliBMMl. charme.1, J..rful, Bmpowei • u 1. 1. K»li',LutV."r
)elinquent offwuli i, i ilnniiul, luiprll.
>elude l.'iiiilli', iiilHliBil,' liriii, ili'.rivi',
>einand . Inliii. luik, reipiiii'.
><>moniitrat« umiiiri.*!, pi' \i , nnno, cvin.i'.
Kinotn murk, liiiplt , niHiiirt .
>.pnnd)'Uce IiiihI, ri'llmiii', loMl.l.'no-
><portmnnt Inlimlor, il.'iiia'uuor, inndiicl, mr
Deprive ili-,ii.«i', strip, illvr<it, IhihUt. pn-vem
Deputy ili'li'Huli', iiai'iii, ri'pn lU'iitHllvu
Deride IuukIi hi, nimk, luiiiii r, ri.llriiU*.
D*acrlptlon r<-liit|.<n, il.luil, eiplnuitlU.ii. a.
• "Hill, ri'i'iiiil, UliiKtratliiii, nnrriitlon
DeaUrn pnij<.<i, Inti.n.l, •■ciil
plir|MIH4-
K i trh a n t U«uil<-, •■nrapliin', ■ limni. laiilvalf,
_lir«ilali. lawiliaU'.
• ii|<i(>. |,raiM'
tr>v|a>w inlniili, iiilriiiK)'
•••oft,«ini.rjtriiiiii, ulK-iiipt.
" fortiluilt . »i.l 1I1IM1M!, i4iili'ni**,
r««i«i.ait> n.
Encmir f'«-. ••t1»««ii«. ■iilatr.iiiM. M>l«i'r>nry.
IIn«rvat* uniK r»»-. ftilaatil. . <:i'la iMirulc. wtak-
■ t . la I lilal.-.
EiV.>oyBk*nt »>«H.iUf.», J..>. plea«iin'. umlinaa-
IH.II.
, l^laxM-rtimd. Inrmur. Ii nicllia'ii, WHk'ii
plan, aa iMiiw, Bnonch-aaiplr. plmit . mimi taut. HliuiKlaniv.
Xnraptut*— ckana, (iM ihair, atlruii, lapiivatr.
Deaiat- ilKi'oiillniii., nlop, I.-1I1 r iiir, renar rnai.jM.
Deaplcable niciiii, iiiiiruK>-.>U'., r..iiit'inplil'la-. BnUrpnae-tNntoca^. aiU<-niurt>, allenipt, un-
liiita'fiil, vlli\ wiirlliliwa, . 'Irrl.ikiiia. i . ■
»»wipotic iirl>llrHry,iu'ir-wllli'.|,iiliia>liifa'. 'Entice tmpt, aliura. aa-aiiKt., .Un-a.r.
ntltute Imn, forl.irii, fornakiii. |««.r. laa-aiity. Bntlrely i«-rf.i-il>, vbolly, rooiph-tal).
■*■''/• , , ' Sb*T ^«■••"•>■ *""|." I'll, uru.liiiiiir.
Dcaultory Inoiu., hiiBty, «lli»lii nivliiir. i ntdemual .■•iiiajtai.i.'.. |.a-.iila-i,'ml. im, hinic
D.^tall Hri.iiiiil, rcHltiil, lull', ili'M rlpiloii. iiarra- I Kqual .I'.if.nn, a<»a»i'i"<a-. <oninii'tii>iir«li-.
_"'"'• . _, , 5'**'*'^'" f-^' "'.' »<!rinile, a »tiiiiiliiiil. ,
Detect iliHT.iv.T, llii.l, piiiiM.t. Braae npiinr*-. <ann'l,<'ffaa'<',(.l.lll('rat<-.
Determined . oiulii IimI. iihIiiI, iirni. n'Wiluli'. Error In'. MufHjrr. Oii^ttiki-
iiiim.niii.l.-,,l...l,li-<l n,.-.l. g«:ope •!•<«-. I- -.at OKI. ll)..>a.liMlii.l.-.
Deteatablo liuti'lul, h iii!i4.iniiMilMimlnal>lr, ria-. Eateem p'ua-. l.,i.-. i<.«UH't. tuln.' nifaril aii
> rulili'. prxKi-
Detrlment liiirl.ilnMiiiii. injurj pnjuu it', liw>. Eulotry •' '-• nii.im. pufii»yr(i .
inioiiMMilriiiT. illHiilviiiiiiiiii'. ETa/fif a«..|r.<-lii.»>-.*tiiiii, avoiil, |.n-variriit)'.
Deviate < iirri'i'ii, err, whii.Iit. 'iriiy, Kwrrvr. i Eren •n..«4h. f«|iinl. plniii. iinilonn, li'vi'l.
Devote Kl»i'. ilcll. ulp, wt iipMii. apply, lonitr- KyideiKe prt- «. «ii(.<i«. .la-iH-iiion, ti'^iimony.
'">'<• , , , E»ll ■«ka-). »a..l mifiil.
Dovout tioly. rcllKiiiim. pimis, pniyi'rfiil ' Baact arw-in. nlort.al.uiaiiil. . uru.t.
Dialect liiiiKiiitin, ti.iiuiii. ..|«.<.,h. Ezalt«l h.«h. ..uNiir.a-. .Ii. iiilia.l. inaiinin.-.iif.
Die ixi'iri', witlicr, (HH-MMli'iiiirt. liiniriU'.h r..^...|. n Dnr'.l.a M-taii-.).
Different \mloii", iiiillln', iIhitm', Esample lafra*.!.*!. i-a.pjr, palirrii.
DllBdent ii|."lrNt, ritlniiu, liiiilialli.K, loinlifui. Ezce«d~tranMVii<l. i>uriw<u>. iiiipro\i', uiiuio, ex-
'Im ininlfiil, fi'iirliil. . .-i
Dillirent iN'rwrii'liiK. liil"irloii», attcritnt', m. Except I m. a.».J«^t. U-.i.la ». uiili-a*.
ilimtiliiiiH. iiitivi', iiHHi.liiiiiiH. Excite ptotoka-, irrilale. artiiiiu', iii.'il.-. nKiiki'it.
Direct ■•liow, mwuj , icKHliila', niiiiiuHa', viiLlr,. on. Mimu m1>
''"''■, ExcursioB >»un'. I'lp, tour, mini. la'.
Direction I'lniiiiiiiiiil, m.lir, mlitnito, auliwrp. Execrable Kala-lul, a»a-iai>«nl.it', . ..ni. iiiiiiil.Io,
Iiiiii.
DiaaKree -nuurnl, iliwia'iii, illfTiT, ilUpule, viir)
Disappoint liiii. ihli'iil,
Diaavow- illsnwii, ili'ii> , illwlinm, n'piiilliitt'.
Dlacard iii'l "II. illMliiiriii'. illsiniM.
Dlacloae .ll^ox.r, ri'vi'iil. ilitiilKi-, iTaimiilnai.
Diacord illnoiui'iii, roiiii'iiiioii, liilmrnion).
Diacretlon JiKlKincnt, prii.li'ni'c.
i«l'a*Oj'fvll-i<'
Exerclae a-nrt. iTaaiH-aMurrt "ii.
Exhilarate iii*|'irt', < ln-rr. miiin.iii . • nlixcn.
Extcency ur< nvit > , a-nia-rKfiii'> .
Expe<.tAtloi> Ik-Ik-I. u 111 iitili.'ii. I oiilliU'nce,
lt"l- . tf 'jrt.
Expedite hurry, qui. ken, 1ia-l< n. h. irlfrali'.
Expel IsnMti. eille, caiat "III
Diadaln iKimi, prhl.', rmiliiiiiit, liiiiigbllnaina. ar- Experience- kii<.wle<l«.-, la-.i.pr.».r,i-i|«'rlni('nl,
trial.
Explain •k.ia, rlurlitat".'. iiii("|.l.
Explicit . k-iar. plain, t'tpn—, ila ilnita-.
Explore hunt, .-a-ari-h. a'lHnitiM-.
Exteoatre <.'mpitlM'n<ii. , wnle, i. iiiihihIIoud
l.irK.-
Exterior ■ ailia».|a', aHitwanl, i'.vlfrii:il.
External .Miiicaral. I'UKrK.r.
Extravagant pn.fiw. lau'li, «;i.ii ii.i, puill-
If-':
I";fllln-a
DlkKrnco ilelniw, ili'irrmlr. alniw, ilKHhonor.
Diairuat liiulliinu, I'liiixu. OMikr, avi'nl.in.
Dishonor alniiiii'. ilKirriui'.
Cismisa illiiiii,illHa'liiiiiii'. 'Iliai'iir.l.
I>isp->rao Kciiltcr, ilciil om, ij '.'nil, >lliiai|aila'. .li».
iniiiiii'.
Display piirmli'. sIh.h , i \liiliil,o»|.iiiiiiloii
DispUiaaa^ ollrml. iiiiuii , mx.
Dispose n'lfiiliil. , iiilii(il. ' "I" r. iimiiiif
Disseminate 'aanlli'i-, Kim'n.l, pioiHimila', . in ii- i _
lata'. F
Dlssrltttlon 'li«'..iii>.-, .-any, tn-nll.,.', .tl»p,k i. yiu,n,,t» .n«<^«. fanitn. fal-in, liaii... forK.-.
DiaiHit.. ,i"orsl„M, ■Il,i,.,i.t, .i„.i.',i.p., .llalikr ' ?*'* "'«-"«. "r.-umM.».-a
laatlilnit. iliivaatisliit'lloii.
Di»li'iarui»li |M'i-ra'ivi', «'!•, know, .li-feni, 'In
riiiiliilil
Faralty stiUt>.|»'Wi r. lala-l.l. iitlt.
Failinc 'a-jf >M^>-, I..11I1. t.'il.lr. Iiaill>, nilH'ar-
*--. i:t.|^-r(»x-tK»n, nii«f.'ltlllta-.
Distv
FlUCb tHa-:it«. ara-'ll. tniM, 1h llaf.
::^,V,';S..S.''!:'iw'K,V,rr""' •'■'''"•''■'""■ Fataehod f.i-rt,. Ii. , un.ruUi. n. lli.i.. lalirl.'a
FaatidiouA-'liMvuiful. ;Mtt .rular, (•<|iiiHuilF>h
DpieMi .nwf.ii, iii.niai, piU'i.iH, Mi'-row'-.i. ««- ; f-'„r"rrri.;,v:i^m;rr;;;'.™,.i«,!;. "'"''"
liil, riKiiii. , , , , • Favorable Ifoilnoii*. mi'al'l''. nl'^pll•loUl.
Ej:fd 'i;M.-,^'«;'[n'.i,',''::;,:;;;!''- '^^^ «^-"'*' ""•-■■•• ""•■"--• '"-"■
D.t«» an-iiy, iilllrr, M'stimiii., irarma'nfs, «." rnrtul .In^Mol, t»in.m.ui..lK.rrtl.l.', afraM, aw-
pnra'l. | f,j| fn^rii^e
Dumb -ili'iil, iniili', !itlll, iB.irfloiilale, I W^Mih'e 1.1^ «tle rriua.ful.li' i.rurtli'alib.
DuUful Milmilwlv. , rosiMi'tful, olaMlent. f^le .--r^i -^k ^1™ ' '
I>ye- "•»'■'•' •-.♦uii"-- Feurr <r,;'i:..'< m-.'lal.n'Hi.-, iiiM-nt.
p I Fertile 1- ;"i . i>n«liirtivi'. pnilitU'. aliiinilaiii.
Fervor • '•* i.'-r. i-, warmlli, w-iil, hpat, anlor.
Bam Kiiiii, wih, iniiki', "litaiii, aciiulrt-.
Eaae ri".i. (.'pi'-*!', i|iii.'t.
Eccentric hIiiiuki', xiiiiniliu', nal.l.
Ecstacy Impiiiiit'sa, J.i>. ilrllKlit, raptura-, trant-
pi'il, riilliii>(iisiii, rli'vulii'ii.
^iflce fiilirlr. liiillilliiK, itnii'iiira'.
Eifcce i-ipmiifi', <iii..«'. iililllt'iiilc, ilentroy, eradi-
<at.'.
Efficient riiiniH'li'iii. illiciivc. alilc, rapal.la-.
('ITi'itiial.
Effort riiili'nviir, I mil. iitltmpt, vzertion, 1
Elevate- rulw, lift, li.iUt, a-xult.
Fetter -'^ w^-. I'o.'l. * l.aiti
Fl-rt'.'jn jrnetii! 'II. unlnilli. Ill , fal.rlsalioii.
Fiery hot. trtx-airiii. fcrx nil. p«>«i"iiiita'. arili'iit
Fineaae dratani-m. tr< k. artltlaa..
Firm r>..'!y. partnaf^hlp, ^t^>llK, gtiiniy, ii.li.l
-rra-i,. irnni' \al.*»-.
Fitted *iiu«-l. .■•»mp<-i«Til. .(.inlitleil, ailaiili'il
Flajr !^-|f'. '»:"t. |.ii;a . ila'. Iiiir. ianviii«li.
Flavor •<■!< r i«na-. freersnia , savor
Flectlav tnn.*-nl, swilt, la-mpornry, tnin»ltor.\
FlejEiUe |4>st'l<-, pliant. >iippk'.
=S^
",■ li
U-rt
V K.
I 'I
'■ I
i .
■^
FIFTIKK THOt'HAND 8TN0NYMH.
HlT»rtl»ii, tPiiilKmrmi, lora, kUauh-
betdkrn, |irtwite.
Fliit'tiiat* hniliat)', xnry, wKvnr, uliantf*, vaiill
1,111-
Fondneaa
llH'llt.
Foraaks ri>lliii|iiliih, leave, deMrt, abandon, quit,
llUlliMtl-.
Forbear rrfriln, n\ iin>, ihetaln, r*>'*«-
Forte (ilillirc. rt'KtrHlii, iHimprl.
Forebode aiivnr, rurvM-ll, I
pi'(ii{niwtti*iiti*.
Foreao Hlvn ii|i, i|iiit, rmltii.
Foreramer mmiiai'r, alltin.
Forfeiture iMiially, llni»
Fuiirlve iilM<ilvr<, ruriiM-, remit, ni'(|iilt, pardon.
Form III'', rt'reiiiiiii), iilm|ie, iilMervaiice.
Fortunate liii'ky, |<riii<|>rriiuii, HUiH'ueaful.
Ferwurd iiiiiniKlcKi, iirciKn>»l»<', ruaJy, pn-
niiiiiptuoiiit, I'ontliltM.l, IkiIiI, iirtli'iit, nas«r.
Frnvlle hrlltlp, lemlcr, weak, rrall.
FralltT wrakiirwi, fnlhli-, fiillhiK, unntrHcllneea,
iM^lnlilllty.
Fraternity lirelli'rliMixI.mM'letjr.
Fraucht loailiMl, iiiiimI.
Freak whim, laniy.i'iiiirli'e, liutnnr.
Free ilpllver, lllierale, rewue, clear, enfram-htae,
aiTrani'hliie.
Freely lllierally. frankly, unraeerveilly, oheer-
fully, ■ponUnxDiitly, uiihiiillMtlnKly,
Treah-new. nmdern.cool, nctnt, novel.
Fretful M'apiiiiiiii, enirry, |>pevlali,|H'tulan(.
Frlfht U'rrcjT, I'liili, (lurin, i-nniiternatlnM.
Frljfhten ten iry, alarm, <lnunt,tt'ar«, Inllmlilale,
Itfhl
FrlTOIoua r>ilili>, ix'tly, trivial, tritliiiK.
rljrl
ulTr
Fniral rHrefiil, pfuilcnt, hhvIiik, •'i'linoinloal.
Frustrate ilnfent, illnapiiolnt, foil, hinder, nul-
llfv
Furioua— lni|H'tuoiii, iKiltterouK, violent, vehem-
ent.
iSaln-ol'inlii, profit, fi-l, tn'ipiire, altnin, win.
aale liruc/.i', liiii'iuaiM', atonn, teuipesl.
Qallantry \iil(ir, hravery, roiirnfr.
Oay ■liwIiInK, iheerful, nhowy, llni-, merry,
»pil(liil.\ .
Qencrally oomnKinly, fre<|iipnll.v. n«iially.
Onnteel (miIIip, i iiltiireil, manncily, retlned, ml-
wlicl.
Qnntle liimi', pouceable, nilhl. , inlet, meek.
Oerminata uproot, veiri'liile. Krow, t>u<l.«li<M>i.
Gh'Htvire ii<-finn, titTltndr, motl«)n, poHture.
Oldctlness llliihtuu'itM, levity, llHlitiu v, vol-
ulllity.
Give impiirt, yield, eonitlgn, craiit, confer, l>o-
slow.
Olance-'looli, ulwutwi', Hlyht.
QUt.ter ulMlen, mliiiie, Khine, ulare, Hpurklf.
Oloom 'lurk, ineliuu'lioly, moroM', xiillen. Had,
c'li.iiily. iliill, iliiii.
Graceful "onielv, neiif, U'cnmlni/, irenle<'l, ulo-
uaiit.
G-raat Hell, .^ iiM, who, licHtow, confer, coilo.
concfili'.
Qratcfiil-tliiuikfiil, plensiiiir, nirrrt'Hble, dell
CJolJIt,
Orava xediite, thooKhtfiil, hnportunt, hoIciuii,
xlon', sei'Iniis.
Oreedineea iiixeiioiinnoM, covetougntTsii, oiigiir-
n«.M. niimelt*, N^micitv.
Orleve Ix-inuan, innufii, sorrow, lament, hurt,
nmict.
§roup irilkctiiih, U(,ocin''lrtK(', elmter.
uaiiinleo-voiicii for. wiure, vviirmnt.
Oliuid pioteit, wj|tcli,tl|,|e|ii|. Hhlelit
Qimat - vlKiliini, HtrHinrer, \ Nllor,
Guilty •lepnive.l, ilelmiiclie ', sinfu', •rimlnal,
wkked.
H
Habit— oiiiitom, hiililtiple, (riilae.
H.ile Htr"o»r, lu-Hrtv, mhust, wnind.
Hn|)piup«8 conh'tiiiiieiit, tiii.((i, luck, felicity.
Haihlnirer -pieiMUMr, r>>reroniii r, iMc-i-^^nKor.
Hairtjuod uiileelintf, ciillno^, oluluiiite.
Huiilly Miuriely, with dilllciilty. Iiurelv.
HiU'in evil, ^ll^llap, Injury, III. liurt, ui'l-fortune,
lUinHKc.
Harmony uiiIhom, iKionliinco, melody, conconi,
illfll" UHllt.
Hantfn liwrrv, i|iil<K.ri, Pt|ic.I|ie, lucelcmti^
H.isty nioli. piiH-iuMHie, c|uicli,iinirrv, ciirwuv.
H.\to disllUe, iiliomlniilc, loiithi", iilihor, iletesi,
ahluie.
Hnuirhtlneaa — vanity, nrroKonco, Klf-concelt.
|M I'l'', ili<diilr..
Ha.,:'ud- trial, ihtII, il.mmr, venturp, chaiico.
I !^'..
He il cure, remi'ily, resloro,
H -ai' liaikon. overhear, vvatdi. attend. IWen.
Hi aviufbs -Dorrow, ifnivity, dejection, weiaht.
" .' oni.
n"i(hton - raitie, ii:rk'nivati', Impnive, advance.
H'uious wa ki'ii, atrcloiiK. :iim(ile, flairrant.
H-lp pri'ViJr. ^^gpji.irt, liiiecesi, nerve, aid. ro-
li-ve, aurtj^.
Heroic bold, eon i .iKp.)ug, IntrefJld, brave, noblo,
laliunt, fi'urlejiB.
Hesitate -<lenoir. pau.io, Htiimmcr, doubt, falter,
v'^"f. scruple, i|el»\.
HideoUB •.twioi. - Hly. trriin. tfhiuitly, frightful.
Hl«h-iall. lofty.
Hluder mop, thwart, opiMwi-, pnivunl, retar<l,
liiterlere, olietrui I, lm|>u<le, emlLirraw.
goUow empty, vacant,
onor <'iall, venerate, revon'ncc, dignify, <«-
(e«ro, rmiHft, adorn, reven-.
Hopeleaa deJct'tiHl, il«i|ialriiiK, ilea|Hmdlng.
Uoalilx I'oiitrary, opiMMile, warlike, repugimnt,
outia-iKlly.
Houae domicile, ipioriun, dwelling, race, hoiui',
lumily, hal'itallon.
HoweTSr n< >t wltlutandlng, atill, yet, but, net er-
thelciw.
Huve \n>t, ennrmouH, Imnieniie.
gumanlty iM'nevolence, lnM.ignlly.
urry <<|i<-<lue, Inwlen. precipitate.
Hypocrlay i>r«tpn<H', di-<<<'lt.ill»imiilatlon.
I
Idea -notion, |H-rcepllon, tluiught,cuaut>pllon,iiu-
airtniittoii.
Utnorant unlHiiKbl, illit<'rute, unlearned, unlet-
ten il, uninformed, uuHkllleil.
niuaioii iliveptam, miH'kcri . fuliiUy.
Imbecility -'veakncpw, inipotence, debility. In-
tlrinll), lanKUor, fci'bleneM.
Imitate cop>, »]•<; follow, minilc.
I:nme(ll»tely dir>-ctl>, iintHlitly.
Iinmenae \a>t, liitKe, cnormoiiii, priHiigloUH, iin-
lliailel.
Impair Ich-hmi. injure, docrea-e, weaken.
Impatient eiiKer, reatleM*, biuity, uneaRy,
Impede delay, hinder, oli>triiit, retard.
Iniiiediiuent oli.'tiii'le, liindiiiiae, olistructlon.
Im|M-n<linir iininlnont, t ireatenlnif,
Impt'rioua tyrnnnical,overlH>urlnKJ"r<ll> .haiiglw
t>, ili'iniioHTlng.
Irapetuoua lnudy. forc.lile. rough, vehement. vl
orellt, iHiiatl'IIIUII.
Imply liivol\e. mean. Infer, dcnntP.iiKnlfy.
Importunity » licitation.
Imprecation aiialhcina, cume, inali-dlcllon, ete-
ciailoii.
Impute niMillH'.aitrllaite, charire.
Iniictive KlUKUiali, la/.y. Idle, Inert, Klothfiil,
drowHy.
Inattentive remlns, iu'Kllk< at, dilatory, carelcaa,
heed ew, Ihooghtlcfui.inHihertant.
Incident cireunmlaiice, event, ccntlilKetlcy, 00-
corn me, adventiin-.
Inclination dlptiauiit Ion, bent, pn'|'<Kwi«<ion,
Iiicomiwtent un-uiltable. Innpl, lnadei|iiate. In-
capal'le, liiHtitllclent.
Increaae Hccemain, iidilltlon, uiiirmentatlon.
Indicate Sliow, reveal, pilntout, mark.
Indigence iH'iiury, iHiverty, worn, need.
Indisi.retion folly lii.|iiillriou«iie>w,lmprudeneo,
ludiatinct da rk, colli uM'd. doll hi nil.amliluiiouH.
Inevitabln certain, iiuavoldHble
Iuexi<e(licnt iinltl. In.'onvenlent. utisullablo.
Infumoua oulniKcoiiN, HcandaliaiH.
Inferenco comi'IuhIoii, dt duction,
Iiifeeted aniio.\e<l,diT>tur>>i'd, plairiieil, triaiblnl.
Influence |>eriiia.Hl';ii, aiitliorll\, i-way, |K)wer,
iredd
Infrlnire Invaile, InliiMii li, encroach, liitnide,
luKcnuity tnli'iit, capiuily, nklll, kcuIih, liiven-
III III.
Inherent lnl)re<l. Inborn, Innate.
lnic|uitous IK farloiis, iitijiint. wleked, cril,
Il^ure liitrni.di'lerlorate, hurt. Impair, damage.
Inuato iiaiwnil inlHirn. Inhi ron*. inilmi cl.
Inordinate immiKleiate, Iroifiiliir, cuccshIvc, In-
t' lllpiiale.
Inquisitive ciirloiH, pryliiu, anxloiH, liHiulrliiK.
Insensibility diilliie»». tnriior. iinperceptilillltv,
iipalliv. iii.|itrereiii-e,»tU|>li!il).
InalKTitUcunt wortlile«>. iinimiHii taut, trivial.
iiHMiiiio^li-,--, iiicon.'-i'Ieral li-.
Inainitute -luiirire^i, lnni. intimate.
Inspiro animate, iiucifcKt, exhilarate, enliven, In-
\ itf'irnte,clieiT.
Instill Infuie, Kiiw, liiiiilant.
liiauHicient inadei|uai:e, iiiailile, incupniilo, un-
til, ii'i'iiinpeteiit, iin -.IIhIiIi'.
In'.i.'Krity purity, boncnty, triithfiilncn, proli-
ity, u|>r>KbtiU'«:f<.
Inti'iloct on II i-Ktuiiilliig, talent, capacity, abll-
II V. iieniw.s.
InteiiijH-rato iinmiMlenile, Inortlniite, excessive.
Intercede inter|Mi»e, in<-dlatc, Interlcre.
Intermission -vacation, lnterru|itinn, ei'swition,
ri>t, i-i, p.
Interpose mediate. Snleriiicddln, liilent'de, in-
terfere.
Interrelate <|Ucritloin. lni|Ulre, eiiinilne.
Infitvpninjr comlUK liotwmin, Intel uicdluto, In
terpi Sllltf.
Intoxication — infatuation. Inebriety, dninken-
lle>H
Intrepid fiiirloss, l>m\o, durliip, bold, valiant,
iindiiunti d, coiM.(i/,'<ai-4.
Inlrodo rtory prplimlimry, previoiu!, prefatory.
Intrust coiifldu, commit.
Invade - intrench, infrlDife, attack. ontr;r, on-
er;.... li.
Invalldata-weakon, overtbrow, destroy, Injure,
•iiillify,
Invent ■m.-over, devlne fpiitn. fabricate, con-
t eiv ' . frame.
InvPStigration r<«earcli, warch, scrutiny, exam-
iBHiiKii. inipiiiy.
Iuvicorato-re8t<jrc, fortify, strengthen.
Invite rail, mimmon, bid.
Iraaiibls irrlt4>li|p, migry, bol, liastj,0ery
Irksurae troulilenoiue, veiattoii*
Irrational mliy, fiHilliih, atisurd. iinreuannable
Irretrular lnt«ini>erate, diaonlerly, Inonlinate.
• --ulon.op ■
irruption invi
opening, inroad.
Jade harsis, weary, tint. dMpirit, wcocb.
Jealousy I'livy, mmplciou, euiulall<in.
Jest Inn, Joke, KiHirt.
Jocund joyful, llahl-h«arte<l, mirthful, merry.
vivncloiia. gay, uprightly, sportive.
Joke rally, *|Mirt.
Journey trip, \ o> hkp, tour.
Judgment dlHcernmeiit, aaiiaclly, liitellUence.
iliioia, declMlou, M-nleatv, opinion, dl»crimlna-
tion.
Justify clear, maintain, defend, alMolve, eicuar.
Juatneaa corrtvtiiets, propriety, et|ully, arru-
rHi>y,eiactni'«ii.
aeuto. cutting, piercing,
reserve, support.
Keen ohri'Wd, Nliurp,
IM'iiet rating.
Keep guard, •iistain, bold,
maintain, detain, n'taln.
Kind bland, lit'lilirnant, lenient, coiinetiun. t eo-
tli', Indiiliri'nt.coiiipaMlonale, tender, affatjie.
Kind Hort, way, genim. upvcles, manner, race,
cU-i*.
Knavish de<-elifiil, illnhoni-st.
Knuwledve iHTception. ac<|u«inlance. erudl-
th,ii, iinderKtMndIng, tkill, learning.
Labor toll, exert, drudg<*,slrlre.
LAck want, need.
Lnnguaice tongue, aiHNHh.dhilect, liliom.
Languid weary, lalnt. dull, dnxiping. exhausted.
Lassitude priMlratlon. enervsllon. fallguc. lan-
guor, wiHtrlnem.
Laat latent, eiiil, ultimate, Iliml, blndermcut.
Latent iiii.-.<-i n, M-cret, bidden.
Luiigliable droll, comical, ridiculous rainhful.
Liizy indolent, inactive, idle. Inert, •loihlui.
Li'ague alliance, i ,inriil<'nicy .
Loan waver, tolii'r, incline, U-nd.
Leave neurit, relin<|Uliih, lietpieath. abardon.
Lengthen cunliiiue, pn tract, extend, draw ouU
Lenity > hinency, mercy.
Let allow, pi unit, hire, leave, HuOir.
Level plain. Hat, even, hliiiailb
Lialiln e»piw<d, reap, ii.illple. aupject.
Liberate -freo, deliver, rel<H«'.
Lir iiiitiiitli, fnlitehiNHl, fiction, fnbrkatk.n. d*>
r ^iptlon.
I. fe 111 i«kn'i«, vitality, iH-lng, energy, vl\a«Uy.
L.r» ejalt, erect, rttlee.nolnt. elevate.
Like slinlliir, riwmbilng, iinlforni, pruballe
Likin,' iiicdnaiinn, fiindni'a», alfection, muMh-
niciii.
Linger tarry, lag, delay, wait, saunter, hetltale,
Initi r.
Listen oxerhear, attend, fiearken. hear.
Live dwell, rc-i'le, HUl'Mlst.atilib'. exi.«t
Load weiitbl, iiinl" r. . |..g. burden.
Lodge Hill Iter, harlxir. cuttTtaln, ucMimmoilate.
Loiter law, miunti r. tui .-y, linger.
Long ilchlre, hanker.
ZjOok -1 e. View, insiN'cl. Iiobold, sppearanci-.
IxMiuacious Uilkatl\e, KurruloiK.
Lot doom, fortune, Hlnire, fate. di-«tiny, |M>rtion.
Ixiud noHy, vchemmt, clsmonnia. lurbulrul.
vocireroim.
Lovely attractive, |.eaullful, amiable, entrant,
line, ban. Nome, charniinv, delightful.
Xiover wiH'c! , hiiiti'r. In an.
Low dcKplcalile, deli.iscd, liumble.dejeitnl. ba««
al.lect.
Lucky -Hiicci Hjifiil. fortuiuite, pn»i>i-n>ii»
Lunacy deramiemeiit. mania. In-anlty. niadnea-.
Luxuriant ei[iil«'nint. \,diiplu<iu». e«c*»»iTe,
alaiiidant.
Luxury » I lundoncy, excess, elegance, prof ustoo.
M
Magisvirial niigust. pn-«|>enais. stately, ma-
lt '.llr, illKllllll'd.
Magnitude liiilk,i<i/.e. wreotiie*s.
Majestic uuuii-l.Ktttte >, diKiiineil.
MiUico irriulge, Hpite. riincii. piouc.
Mandate onler, charm', injunction, command.
Manifost a|>parcnt, plain, open, clear, ol.vious,
evi.lent.
Margin Under, rim. Irlnk. verge.clge. tirmi.
Mark imprint, olwerve, show, brand, Impreas,
st.'ilnp.
Martial Roldlor-like. milit.iry. warlike
Wassive- pondenaiK. benvy. large. Iii.lky.
MaturB complete, riiM.iH licit.
Mean wndlil. iiiirinirdly, Ilcnuriou^ low, n.lserly.
aliji ct.ileHplcalilc.
Meanwhile- meantime. Intervening. Inltrini.
Meddle Iciich, liilerftr»>, interp.w, lnlerr'i|t.
Meditate conl<'mplBte, mow.
Meek .soft, bumble, gentle, mild.
MeoUnv congregation, company, auditory. «-
si'inbly.
Melody- harmony, concord, hsppin, 8.S uui.son
Memory— reminiscence, recollection. '-• "•'
brunce.
remeni
hailj, Very
d. inrMMnnabt*.
rrly, ln»nlili«l».
nroad.
>tl, wrnrh.
ilatkin.
mirthful, mrrrf,
tlv».
lolly. Uil»IIUnH«.
iliilun, ilUcrimliMi-
il. ■iMolTv, eicuar.
k'ljr, «|ultjr, M-ru-
riittloc. ptrmnc
rmrn*', (Uppori,
[It. t'oiirteou*. tea-
, ti'Dilvr, affabtr.
:let, nuuiorr, rsoe.
|U«<Dtancc, rnidt-
mlng.
Ive.
ulifl, hfinni.
nx ipliiw. •' I baustcd.
ratli.ii. ratiiciiv, lao>
Hi, bln<loriU(.«t.
n.
Jlriiloiiv mirthful.
Iiipri, •lulhtiil.
XMlll.
iiii'Hth.abarilon.
i, i-itt-iHl, itniw nuU
, Hiillir
lb
!Hil>Jr<'t.
w.
iirii, fHlirlcath>n, <1«-
R, cnrmj-, vl\a»lty.
I'h'valf.
Ifi.riii, iirftwM'-
iilfii'llon. i>It»ih.
lit, »aun«rr, h. »lf»le,
rUin, hoar.
ililf, I'XWt.
If, liiinU-n.
rlaln, occwmmodatf.
iK<r.
Iil.appoarancr.
ilmi-'.
If. <tiiitinr. ixirtum.
imiiri'ua, tiirtiiilrut.
I. smiablp. ei-Tjant.
I'lishtful.
ml)U'.<lfJ« t"!. •«•'
, prt#p*.-ntiiit
II. m-anlty. maiJm'a-.
llptllolW, I »C«T»1VC,
clegfince, pruftif i<>n
eriiiia. atat^ly. ma-
tiie*».
jMin«l.
I, l.l.lUf.
iiiu'tUm. oommann.
iijH'ii, cUar. ot.vloua.
, vPr K**. *^ -'''• b'ini.
low, bimut, Imi
y, wnrllkP.
Iiiru.'. bulky,
nil.
imriousi, low, n-bc-ny.
r>n'eD!Dii, Interim.
tiM I «•, ln«'rr<ii.t.
w.
mlUl.
miwiiy. auaitory. »>•
_ haiipin-**. uuiwMi.
ccoflcctmn, n-meni-
rirrtex tiiuiiiaxd synonyms.
aorihant
e
trailcNiiian, traib'r.
banl-h< art«<l, pltilaaa. r'umt, uomcrrl-
•iirlKblly, iixirUva, •baerful,
, vIviuilmiK, inirthfiil.
aymlH.I. emblpro, allr«nry,
BfvUaM
(<ii
Marry bvi-ly, tmy
tnl'liv
Mrtaphor trope
-Imiiiliiclc.
MiKbty (in-nl, im.IciiI, .rroiig. iHiworful.
Mindrul h.><-.lfiil. ttlUMiilvis n-tfanlful, »I*»t».
Mlrin'l" prixlliiy, iiiarvri, wmiibT.
Miachlcf Imrm, hurt. •Uiuatfi-, mlafnrtuna. Id-
Klafortu
lalamlty, llllmk,
liarin. mlnhap,
, iDMapply
tuna
.ll-.lHliT.
Mlauae lu-rvirt. Ill-tn'al, iibtn
Mix iiiiiikIi'. bleiiil.coiifoiiiiil.
Mod«l imiliTii, mold, Mmpic, fiipy. ipaclnMO.
Mixlaru ri'i'i-iil, m-w, iiovi'l, f r«h. Mir.
Modify rc-«rnui|fi>. altiT, iinHliTati-, <'han*f<, ai-
!• iimiK- ,
Mollify fa»<-.»olt<'ii.iw«'i«l(<'.«l'l"»»''. inolerata.
nutltfiitf-
MoroM vioomy, iuur, forblildliia, aullvn, pa«T •
!•''■ _. . .
Motlvr In. piillvf, rniiw, n'aaoii. prtiirlpla.
Mourn luirrnw, irrlfvi'. In-wall. Iiimriil l«moan.
Multitude •rowrl, tliionii, nwaiiii.
Murmur roiiiplalii. itiuiic. .,.,.,
Mutable -lrrwi<i|«H>.w«vrrliir.<'hnrii»>'«lile, n«-»le,
iin>ialil<-. Initmntttiit, vnrlalili'. un.«i<-a>ly.
Mutinou* turbulent, a<-dltluut, lnaub<irllnai>'
Purl -nmrvnt. piiftw«. ptetv, (hare, artlnB, dlvla-
l»n.
ParttcnUkrly •-ha-fly, mamlt. prlnclimlly, >tla-
liiH'll) . i«|m wii) , atxt'ilV ail> .
Fkftoer 'aaviriair, c<«<l}u|i.r. an'omi'lue, ihiI-
l«-«*i»».
Paaatoaato escttalja. b<4. au«r). Iiiu>ty, Iram'l-
Pat^'■tic aflntin*. muntrt. ioiicIhik.
Pattanc* tivlurai iv, (nftitU'b', n->i||iiiill"ii.
Pay «>'ary, waaaa. Mimml.
Penalty paaMiatat, ihantiM'nent, Ciir, |iain,
f. .rf^iiurv-.
Panlteac* refirtilaiw, moorw, <'<>iu| incllon,
ifi iirtttiW.
Penary povrriy. r>»"'l, »»M. •Ii-ib-~. iinliKi'iii-e.
P»rv*jT» •.»«rr»«'. di«« ni. iit«!iiii!iii«h.
Pwrf-^t 'i,jcir. nioipu !••. niii>lMi|.
P»i' t,X» l»i»T', penrtrali-, I'M-n^'.
Pert iLae-«BrU, <m)nT, xv-nl, f rmtmiK <'.
allow, ii.iia'iii, *u1Trr.
•lie. •»'•>»».
Ii>tmi . >>rl<l.
|MI/
N
unclolhiMl
unrovarad,
tiiUt. ator)
■ude, ei-
Nakad-tlmpli'
Narrative— «<'">i'it
Naatv tilth: !• Hi.
Nautltal iniiriiii'. naval, inarlume.
No»r ilJiiliiliiD, luljaccnt, ch«e, I'imtlirunua.
N.'i'd i.llifiMir.'. [KiviTly. iwiMiry. « ml.
I'ki'il, <-\ll. iiii.,ii«t.
Nifurli' IB wiikiil, (•\ll. uii.,u»t, wmnu, Inl'iul
Nevortheleaa Iiowmt. .v«r, n ■twItliKUDdlOK.
Nu« i« 111, i..irll<uliir.il<'l:ialr.
Noble Knin'l.cxjiili'l. dwii' Kuliibe.|. »rral. rtf-
\ M.'l. lllllHlriolM.
Nolcl Till r>"0«.cMiiliii'nl.nMiowi(f<l. n II- 'ran--!.
,ii.s.i..jiiii.li.' .n-|>i' 1. •»*. iilumiiMU*.
Notion w II Mill 4it, . . f. tptioii, thMiiKbt, wUliu.
i'.iiii-«>l>lloii. o|iiii|o|i, idi'ii.
NotwUhatandlnw 1" "l'"" "'■ >•«• "eTertbel-M«,
h.iHI'VtT.
Obdurate intli'Zllilc olMttnato, Iniwaltent, hard-
mil, oiifii-lliiir, ralloiii", Imwiislbfe.
Object ..ilij'-. t, pinl, iiliii. puriNi*-. :ipj>o*-
Obiure-* "«'"•'■• '''■"'• fori-o. Kratlfy. ••■♦re.
lai'T, i-iiini« i, pliMlw'.
Obature- almtruHc, (onci'ftlfil. hldilec. iDdiatinct.
ilark. illm, luu'crtaln, ilifflrull
ilark. illm, iMu'crtaln, (limrull. i PraOMlt rulr, irijurfcli..ci. n, iiii
Obaervaut-r< irar.Uiil. atuntlve, wat. hful, rain-l- 1 numSil.-, . .4biiui»1
J"K . ., ..„ ._ ..^. . PT»eiO»» .r««Jy. rii«o. V
Obaolete 'llxu.v-d. worn oiit.anll'juatixl.aQcieDt.
..|<l. I' l-lii«li!on(><l.
Obatiii ito li'-mliitrontf, r<v*ilo". mubNim
Obtain mtln, (ji'l, win, procure . lecurei acqutr*.
••Mfii
Obviab iir«'v<'nt, piwlude, avoid.
O caaic i.il (ri'.iiiontly. ciuiMal.
O'.iupy MM , lioM. keep, |>..«*'!H.
Odd -iiiKidar. <Ht>ontri<'. strantto, iineyen.
Offi'i.so-injiirv. rrlmc, tran<irroB»lon. outratfe.
lr<'^l>a.'Ui. miMlooil. wronir, Inmilt.
Offlcioua -I'll*} , lutur, forwanl, intruitlvi'. ob-
Irmlvc.
Omen - pn-^K''. in^'t-iioslii . mun.
Open dlsi-liHti. n'\r il, nnl. K.unmTel.
Operation -aiKMif; , iK-rlorn hp. m-tlon
Opiuion bcllff. wniiii 'III, 1 in. idea.
Opponent aMtttHoni-i. advi'i .ry. oppoeer. foe,
cri' "V.
Opprohrioua rcprourhful. tnsiiltlnii. loiirrll'au.
• >ITi'ii~ivc, ln«olt-nt, ii('HiidaloiL>i,abualTe.
T' tion rhiilr;-. 81'liH'tion.
v-i ilence afflii'iuc. weallh, rit'be*.
Ordain -pn- l»r. Invr!«t, appilnt. order.
Order maiiiliu. , i ■■cmnaml, liijurntlon. prtK-^pt.
Ordtnary ii^.iial. • I'r iit, KtMicnit.
O iifiuaf priinar.v, lli- . prlatlne. primitive.
Ost"ntatlon nhow, lp>a.«t, display, parade.
Oil* live ••iirviv*'.
Ou: x-ard "itrmeoua. apparent, eitiinxic.
Oveir»>ui br n-proaaive, bauKDty, lordly, im-
Overflow II .. inunilate. ulmund, deluse.
Overwhelm upturn, niibduc. cnith, overthrow,
pnwiTfUl.
Pacify Boothe, still, calm, quiet, canoiliale.
Pain hurt, amict, dlstreao, torture. auSer. tor-
rai'it.
Pair I'oiipU'. •TK'e, two
Pa>|>able-api>an«nt. plain, perceptible, irraaa, di»>
•■••milili'.
Pantr sorrow, Mrinent, nafuisb, tortuia, Ofony,
d!.«tro!<».
Parode-Khow, oNtentation.
Pare ■'trip, ix-ol.
Pertah
Permit
I K'illllt.
I Perp«trat* mouBtt.
Perplex -lawililf-T. c«<nfi>fH*. ini<>i%*-. uitnoi
I »:•■ ^ura••. iiX'l<^i. •-iii«ii«l''. inilMtru^-
' Peraiet |Hiri«< . pnvxnK-.
Perauod* pn Tail u|'>ii, initii<Mi- iiiouo', <>■
h< n. ono*. f film-,
PeatUentlol « (■olrmk jI. (..nia, i i.^. itiftviuiim,
I rai- bi-vKiua.dnaru' iM< .
PatolABt ■ p «. ttM» .rr*..i-^|.H- UK (firill.
Ploos ml(tnu«,^l'^->ui.v»ll«.-piriliinl. holy.
Ptooa - nMr. fTu'tr*. la^ilk*. ntiKoi-. •Il«lik".
• •n»*n«»«,
Pbu |»M. filr. rri'.iii ' i-<»illoii, >|K>I.
Plocue |>ri-><. • ■■.i..,rr«»>. anno), laiiu::.'! .
^t-i, lra»«'rti.T- t Ml?, iTt
Plan ' «i'h< III' . ■ ■aiH'j-. ile«i<i-. di-niiin. pri-
t-t, •tnitcmi iiimi>iiftu4'M.
y-«rj- 4(..ri
Ple«.:x> .-hi. ntliair. hoini'; irniiiry.
Fled*-: .(.Mr, •VT>»ii.aii-iirity.|«wii,<'ariiii>t.
Pliant •:tutiar. l«-oiii.i.-. Ui\»: ) Hl'llnir. |'luilii<',
<ii pK-.
Pll«bt Mair, itmilli' n. xtiiMtion. < nw , i onJiMt-
im-.
PoUt: — WF||.b(xl. ctiii. •••■uneouii, |«i|i .liiil, af-
1 1''!.-. T*1tU-9-i. r»-rtfM^l
PoatU. <an-fi.i. pru'k-nt. « an . artful, riiniilnir.
Poin|>oiw stotrty. •h'>vy,.,^<-ntallouK.|ottv,iliK.
Dll ■!.
PoTttoa-|iart. sAare, i^At-r, dl«i*lon. i|uaiitlty.
(ortuftr.
I'oaaaaa-huM. harr. knt>. <'r<-upy. i iiiiiy.
Poanu*-ccature. attloo, lifun', p<«itioii, atti-
PoTarty-nwI.wjlfmnv.'' ■ni.|icniir> .inillifencc.
Practi o hai«t. i-urfoni. ' irmci, »»•■. lorin.«t> li'.
Prayer wiii, n^jutvt. (i<i< uly. appliiuilon, •up-
l'li>7«t.. >n
rn<lii»rui «n»-r*>fit>. priority, pn'fiTi'ni*'.
~ prim ipl<', law,
aluahlr. I'holrc,
■ an'fiil. lianli'-
-•iii'llti'm, sitiiii-
1. acT-urai<
mt pmltiun.
IllCf,
Hlichi,
rarv.
Preciaa
u!fir
Predl
ii-ii.
Predominant -^oalP'Ulnir. tuprrme. pn-valliDji
V>rt-v.il. tit.
Prefer«i.c* - p»*^rt«y. KlvanM-nwrn, rhoii-i'.
Prejudice injvry dciadt anlMiri'. bitu. hurl.
Prepara •imlify. nukt niclv. ■',|ui|i.ari-nnvi', fli.
Prerovatlve .mm.jt..iy. i.ihiI.-kc.
Preaerve m«inij«in.M».-. i.|'li"ld. iiroti-il, »pan-.
Pieamne •■■■•pi^, la Iwi •-. irii<>.ii, ihliik. HUnulM'.
pretext -prrt«»kj«i.fH'U"'. pn-ltnw.
Pretty arrrvabto'. lovi-lv, tiiii-. !•< aiiltful.
PreTeat hiwlcr. t4n«iH't. ini|^<->li'. prfrlude. oli-
» u»ir.
Priea -«-x|«f>«e. worth, «>•«, value, i-harm-.
Prlda vanity, t^-m-^t. arroifamx-. ai>i>iiriiiire. pn--
sampc^i<i. haurhtii<<-», iii-iIiim-"'
Prlaoary ••n<niul. pn-tio- . llrtt. rliinental.
Print m.irk.lElf>rHM, stamp
Priority pw«* 4eo f«-, i>n— fmii»-nr<-. viri'len-iu €•.
Privacy *iji»ud*.k«e(ii».«». -•-.luMon. Hvnvy.
Priae »i<i«<a. valo*. rewar 1.
ProWty- uprtrttneaa, lnt»-rnt.\, n-liHblllty. ve.
raiiiy.
PTtKloLn-publtiti. U-11. d».-lan, annoniice, ud-
vettB*-.
Proctue ao)Uir<-. nln. obtain, t^-t.
Prodiriooa ■atotush.ns. larir«-. irn-at. Mint, enor-
Ill'U*
Profeaoion-^mpioyixH-ai. i-allinif.votation.work,
Pro«t-ad«T»nl»irv. benefit. BKi- . lU'Ti-.
Profnae -w«ite<uLeitrBvainii t. lavish, protlmul.
Prohibit -pmacrlbe. inttTdicl. forliid.
Protlfl'- fertile. frtJltftit. productive.
ProlO£« -de*»y. eitmd. protract, poatponc, n-
Promlaa •er-gagrai'^t. ocrcement, pledin*. wonl,
«t>ti«ralton
Praotpt rrady. quirk, aaaaduoiis. active.
Proof— arfrument. ei idetioe. t<-stimnny.
Propenalty-tnctaiattoo, tendem). pronenees.
Propitiooa -amptrtoo*. favorable.
Proportlonate-aderiiialp. rommennirale, equal.
Pruprintor omiht, ma>ler, inaarwor.
Proaiieot lan<liica|>i'. i nw, •iirvi-i.
Proapiiroua urk), an craaful. loftuiialM flour.
lalilnii.
Protract n-tartl, pndonir, dehiy, iMaliaiiH-. with-
hold.
Prove i'\ jiii'e. inanlfiil. demo' almb'.
Provide- riirnmh, pn'iwn'. p.<«'ure. aupply.
ProTies K'thliiii'ii, >iipiiiaiion, n M>iln inenl.
Prudence I'aitliiliHia, •iiatretK'ii, Jmliiraenl,
Wlwlolll.
Prylna iii<i<ii<iiti\i'. rurlona.
Puerile l Kyuh, ihikll.li, inlanllli , Jutenlle,
Punctual iiarlh'iilar I'loiiipt.eiait. line.
Purohaao l hk on', laiy.
Puaale I'WiiiUi.i'oiifoiinil, entinKii'. i^-rplei.
Itiack 1 iii|iirir, liii|iMii>r, rliartalan. prfteiiilet.
aualitted til, ailn|iti'<l, < apaMe. >oiii|>ei<'nt.
luality altrllaite. pro|M'rt)
luory iiiiirroKiiii.ri . iMipoi) . <|iie<liou.
i'lentionable iloul'ili.l. i>ii*pm imia.
iulet M'IMHM', niil.i liii. lruii>|iiilily,eaM>,stUI,
llult ri litKiiiiih.ili'i n, ri-<iicn. I<'n«ke, leave,
i.iota -tniM', rat"', pic i •irtion.
Rmi 11 l.iiiol) , iri-iH'ratKn. liiiraKe, l>rr<-<l, cuuiva
'.( tt.) l"ry.lii>iiiriiulii>ii.niiin-r.
UHiuble atroll, rnvi'. rioiin. wun'lir, rnii||e.
Rank •hv"'-. p'"!*!' n. ita-«. plan-, orler.
h'lpucioue iii\i'iiiiii«.Kr*i 'Il , I onii'fiii*.
Kupture U 'nrlii •laia. t. loy. trHii«|Kirt.
Kaih liii-;>. iiM.i4hllei«, luipiil'lti, vlol<!nt,ad.
\ t iiiiirotj^.
R^venoua lai^irloiia, irnid, v^irwhiua.
Reach I'tli'i'l.xtn'icli.
Real lull . iK'liiHl.i'ertd'.n, poaitlti. i^-niiiiie.
Heoeou pnaji, arin.iueor piir|>»' . ni< n ive, ori-
llllt. I'tlllM*.
Re>ielllon •••ilitl^'n. revolt . iiii>rtmtion
Rtcall r.-'-anl, r<!ni,f. r.-vo',' , ai'ion-.
llecede i- i "vr •■.liUI '> k, i< I'n, riiital.
Reclproi.il "iiiiinti.
Recite irlHiiiw. re •■»'. nuriate.
Reclaim n->over.correi :. reform.
RaC'illectiou na'iu'.ry. r« ii' •iit.iun<e.
Reconcile • '>n'-ill»li'. | ro| iiuile.
Recruit olri^ \e, ni m.r. r<'pair, n-plaiv.
Redeem n-^a-iie. rniiN..fi!, n*. o\ei. !• Moi-e.
Refer •iivtri'*., Iiitiiniii< . ti. <i. pio|m,h', nlliide.
Reform iiiii"iiil. I"'tt« 1. 1- iMcl. liiiprovf.
Refrain r>'rix'ar,«i<i>re. Hlxiaju. )• k-^o.
Reffale *-iit< tiaiii. tcrittfy, f* .i^t, r^ lull,
Retrlon i|imil<r,< • unlry. M'< lam. •ilMrltl.
Regulate nili'. dl'<|'<»<\ ieljii>t. • -inlnjl, iiovern.
Rejf-ct 'liny, ri'ia I. r>-fii«', di.llre.
Relieve "iiccur, iukIM, niilliinle. aid. help, aup-
I'ort.
Relish flavor, taalc, en^'V.
I Remain -lay. tarry, ••"atlinie,
I Remark ii'inimiit. ol.Mnar.
Remiaa
li-**.
Remnant r<iil<liie. remaln-h r. n-ai.
Rer.'^w rei l\i'. r»*ii»>vale. reti--«li.
Rriiowu time, n |iitali"ii, 1 1 li'lirll).
' Reparation M-«titiii|i>n.Miia'Mdti. ri-nluratlon,
i Repeat r'lii'i'r«'. rente. il< tall.
Replenlah Mipply. Illl. n till.
I Rejioae ■,iiii I. i>l<'« p. inv. n-«l.
I Bcpiiirniinco ili'-iilo .»»■ r^i^n. hairril.
' Request <l''iiiiiiiil. I•~•<'•^ ti. eiiin'at. a*k.
Research iii'ioi.^.-iii'b. • «'iiiin'iiil"ii.
Residence al""!"'. lioui'-. Ii' iiM.'lwlllnu.
BestKU f"ii'ir". .lii'l I. r< iiKiiiae. Hlaili'ale.
Reelet iii'tnre, <it'|»>u'. «iili.raiiil.
Resort lnnint, Iiihiiu'iu. \ i-ii.
Reai>>cttul i lvil.diiiit.il...U-.li<nt.
Roapouan nplj. r> Jolii'Ur. aiiawer
■Ret.: •■•I-'. '|iM't. r< i^w.
Reatrain tipie-". n-»fri' :.-iippre>(i, coi flne.
■4
IK'KllKent, la-'-^U" ^^,
alilih'. >o>>iirii.
'n. note,
llii'iigbtleas, care.
Result 'Miil.ii!" t. i.v'iii'.
Retard l< f<r. il«'lay. himhr. prevnl.
Retract 'iil.i' I ii< k, ri»-'ki-, rwall. annul.
Ri'veal 'li* liKv. .Iivului. e«|.<me. im|iart.
Revere «il"r''. \eiurai'-. wor-liii'. ruen-nce.
lti!vivp n'frifli. ri iiiw, r< iii'tate, I nlivbteu.
R'lward -ati-la'ti. ii. p<"ni|«'n.'«>.
Ridicule hiii|/li I'l. '.'tir.. iroTiy,
Riirht iT'iiir, tioi'<~i. nrr" '. din-cl.
RlKoroua riui'i. ronifli. .«*i i O'. hanih.
Rite "linrvaM' e. form, i-inihonv, iiistom.
Roam nue, wamler. raiiif-. rambk'.
Roufth liarnh. im-ii il, rmh-, uncouth.
Route »av, path, roiel, course.
Runred abrupt, ruuith.
s
Bacred .Icvnteil, ilniiie. hol>.
SoKOctty diM'ernm'nt. la'nelralion, iwrcepUon,
ai'iitenew.
Salute ii'io«t,B'l'lr I*.
Sapient wiw. di^in-i-t. aoite.
Satire irony, mmaMu, liurli«iue.
Saucy rii'h'. in«ol<iit. imi'inlent.
BayinK liy-woni. niaxim. a'taio'. proverl..
Scarce iin'inual, ilnifular, rare.
Scent- pertuim'. '»lor. f raifranw. smell.
^
IMAGE EVALUATION
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
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FIFTEEK THOUSAND SYNONYMS.
Scoff-sneer, gibe, Jeer, ridicule.
Soomfal— contemptuous, disdainful.
Sorat^E ' '4— investigate, search, examine.
Saaroh— aquiry, Rcriitiny, pursuit.
Beolnakn— privacy, (lulutude.
Saoret— q^'iot, lii<l<leti, still, latent.
Beotire— certain, safe, sure.
Sedate— <iuiet, coinpused, still, calm.
See-~examinc, view, look, observe.
Saleot— choose, pick.
Sensitive— keen, appreciative.
Sentiment— feeling, opinion, notion, ezprteslon.
Serene— placid, calm.
Settled— conclusive, decided, confirmed.
Several— diverse, different, sundry, various,
Suako— totter, shiver, agitate.
Shame— ignominy, dishonor, disgrace.
Shape— mold, fnsnion.form.
Sharpneaa- cuimInK, acuteness, keenness.
Shine— glare, glisten, glitter, gleam.
Shocking— terrible, drcndlul, horrible.
Shorten— curtail, lessen, reduce, abridge.
Showy— gay, gaudy, tine, grand.
Shudder— tremble, quake, shake.
Sickly— sick, ill, unwell, diseased.
Sipnify— express, imply, utter, declare.
Silent— mute, speechless, dumb, still.
Similarity— likeness, limilitudc, resemblance,
Simply— merely, solely, only.
Sincere honest, friink. true, nlaln.
Sltaatlon— plight, locality, place, position.
Slander— vilify, ,lefarae, detract, asperse.
Slender-slim, thin, frugile, slight.
Slow— dilatory, tedious, tardy, dull.
Smooth— mild, easy, blund, even.
Snarllnar— snappisn, waspish, surly.
Sneer— jTbe, jeer, scoff.
Social- familiar, sociable, convivial.
Soft-yielding, pliant, mild, flexible.
Solemn— serious, grave.
Solid -ilrm, hurd, enduring, fixed.
Soothe -compose, quiet, calm, assuage.
Sort— sitccics, kind, order.
Sour— acid, sharp, acrimonious, tart.
Spacious— lapacioiis, ample, large.
Spar ies -Uiud, siut, order, class.
Specimen— |)atti'rn, sample, model, copy.
Speech -address, sermon, oration, lecture.
Sphere— globe, circle, orb.
Spite -malice, hati\ d, grudge.
Sport— recreation, jwstime, game, play.
Spread— 30W, disperse, scatter, diffuse.
Sprinkle— icdeiv, scatter, water.
Stability -firmness, fixedness, continuity.
Stammer- stutter, falter, hesitate.
Stare— gaze, g:; pe.
Station-sitiia'iipn, place, post, position.
Sterility— unfruithfulness. barrenness.
Still— pacify, lull, quiet, appease.
Stop— check, hinder, delay, rest.
Straight— immediate, direct.
Stratagem -artlllce, cheat, finesse, fine work.
Strife— cont<'sl, dissension, discord.
Stroll- ramble, rove, range.
Sturdy - firm, robust, strong.
Subdue surmount, subject, conquer, over-
come.
Subjoin- annex, attach, afiix, connect.
Submissive— obedient, humble, compliant.
Substance — support, livelihood, sustenance.
Subdtitute- agent, change, exchange.
Subtract— deduct, withdraw, take from.
Suocesaful- prosperous, f ortu nate, lucky.
Saooer— defend, relieve, assist, help.
Suffer— endure, allow, permit, bear.
Sufficient-adequate, plenty, enough.
Soargeat— propoee, hint, allude.
Suitor— beau, lover, wooer.
Summon— cite, bid, convoke, call.
Superficial— slight, flimsy, shallow.
Supplicate— implore, entreat, ask, beg
Sure— reliable, certain, confident.
Surmount— subdue, conquer, overcome.
Surprise— amazement, wonder, admiration.
Surround— encircle, encloee, encompass.
Suspense— doubt, hesitation.
Buafain— maintain, carry, support, bear.
Swarm— crowd, throng, multitude.
Symbol— emblem, type, figure.
Sympathy— compassion, agreement, condol-
en;o.
Sysvcm— order, method.
Tale— anecdote, storv.
Talk— conference, lecture, sermon.
Taste— relish, savor, flavor.
Tedious— tardy, tiresome, slow.
Temper -disposition, mood, humor.
Temporal -secular, mundane, wordly.
Tempt— allure, decoy, induce, entice.
Tenderness— fondness, affection, love.
Terms- language, expressions, words, condi-
tion.
Terrible— horrible, awful, terrlflc, fearful.
Test- standard, proof, trial, experience.
Tebtlmony— proof, evidence.
Think- surmi'^e, consider, imagine, ponder.
Thuught— conceit, idea, fancy, reflection.
Thoughtless— unthinking, hasty, foolish, care-
less.
Throw —fling, hurl, heave, cast.
Time — epoch, era, season, date.
Timid— afraid, bashful, fe U'f ul.
Title— claim, name, appellation.
Tolerate— allow, suffer, permit.
Total— sum, gross, entire, whole.
Tour— trip, nnind. Journey, Jaunt.
Trade— occupation, traffic, dealing,
Tranqullitv-cnim.qul't, pep e, stillness.
Transcend— suri)ass, exceed, out^lo, excel.
Transient— short, briel, transitory.
Tremendous— dreadful, terrific, fearful, terri-
ble.
Trespass— transgression, violation, misdemeanor,
oifeuBC.
Trip— voyage. Journey, excursion. Jaunt, ramble,
tour.
True— upright, honest, plain, candid, reliable
sincere.
Try— attempt, endeavor.
Type— mark, illustration, emblem, figure, sym-
bol.
U
Umpire— arbiter, arbitrator. Judge.
Unbounded— infinite, unlimited, boundless.
Uncertain— vrecarions, dubious, doubtful.
Unconquerable— insuperable, insurmountable,
invitit'ibie.
Undaunted- intrepid, courageous, bold, fearless.
Under- subordinate, subject, lower, beneath.
Unfaithful- perfidious, untruthful, treacherous,
faithless.
Unhandy — awkward, ungainly, clumsy, un-
couth.
Uniform- -same, even, equal, alike.
Unite— combine, connect.
Unllke-dlfferent, dissimilar, dlttlnet
Unmerciful— cruel, hard-hearted, merolles*.
Unravel- reveal, unfold, extricate, disentangle.
Unruly- ungovernable, unmanageable, refrac-
tor,.
Unspeakable— unutterable, inelTable, inezpress-
ible.
Untruth— falsehood, lie, falsity.
Upbraid— reproach, reprove, blame, censure.
Urbanity— civility, courtesy, suavity, affability.
Urgent -prssslng, earnest, importunate.
Use— utility, advantage, custom, service, usage,
habit.
Utterly— fully completely, perfectly, wholly.
Vacant— unused, void, utterly, devoid, empty.
Vain— conceited, ineffectual, fruitless, useless.
Vanity- conceit, pride, arrogance, haughtiness.
Variation— vicissitude,deviatlon,varlety,cbang*.
Various— diverse, different, sundry, several.
Venal- hireling, mercenary.
Venture— risk, hazard.
Verbal— vocal, oral.
Vestlge-track, evidence, trace, mark.
Vicinity- section, locality, nearness, neighbor-
hood.
Vile— mean, base.
Vindicate— depend, protect.
Virtue— i^fllcocy, chastity, goodness, purity.
Vivid-bright, lucid, clear.
Vouch— attest, assure, protest, warrant, arer.
Vulgar— mean, low, ordinary, common.
W
Wages— allowance, salar}-, pay, hire, stipulation.
Wan— pallid, pale.
Want— lack, indigence, poverty, need.
Warlike- martial, military.
Warnin g— caution, notice, monition, advice.
Wasteful— prodigal.
gant.
profuse, lavish, extrava-
ay— route, means, road, fashion, plan, course,
method.
Wealth— riches, affluence, opulence.
Wedding- nuptials, marriage.
Welcome— acceptable, desirable, grateful, agree-
able.
Whimsical— fantastical, fanciful, capricious.
Wily- crafty, cunning, subtle, artful, sly.
Win— gain, obtain, earn, ac<iulre.
Wisdom— understanding, foresight, knowledge.
Woeful— doleful, rueful, piteous.
Worthy- meritorious, deserving, estimable.
Writer— scribe, author.
Wrong-injury, injustice.
Tearly— annually.
Vet-notwithstanding, but, still, nevertheless,
however.
Youthful— juvenile, adolescent.
Zeal— enthusiasm, warmth, fervor, ardor.
Zealous— warm, enthusiastic, earnest, anxious,
fervent, ardent.
RAILWAY SIGNALS.
One pull of bell-cord signifies "stop."
Two pulls mean "go ahead."
Three pulls signify "back up."
One whistle signifies "down brakes."
Two whistles niean "off brakes."
Three whistles signify "back up."
Continued wiiistles indicate "danger."
Rapid short whistles "a cattle alarm."
A ,= weeping parting of the hands, on a level with the
eyes, signifies "go ahead."
A slowly, sweeping meeting of the hands, over the head,
means " buck slowly."
Downward motion of the hands, witli extended arms,
signifies "stop."
Beconing motion of one hand, indicates "back."
A red flag waved up the track, signifies " danger."
A red fiag standing by the roadside, means " danger
ahead."
A red f -ig carried on a locomotive, signifies " a.i engine
following."
A red flag raised at a station, is a signal to "stop."
A iimterti swung in a circle, signifies "back the train."
A lantern at night raised and lowered vertically, is a
signal to "start."
A lantern swung at right angles across the track, means
"stop."
INTERESTING INDUSTRIAL ITEMS.
Magazines that cost 35 cents here are sold in England
for 24 cents.
In Sweden a new elevator loads a 2,500-ton vessel with
iron ore in a .iay.
New England shoe firms are having most of their work
done in country factories.
Crefeld, Holland, has 110,000 people, and 5U,000 are
silk-workers, all employed in the own iiomcs,
CAPACITY OF A FREIGHT CAR.
A load, nominally, is 20,000 pounds. The following
number can be carried: Whisky, 60 barrels; Salt, 70
barrels; Lime 70 barrels ; Flour 90 barrels ; Eggs, 130 to
160 barrels; Flour, 200 sacks; Wood, G cords; Cattle, 18
to 20 head; Hogs, 50 to 60 head; Sheep, 80 to 100 head;
Lumber 6,000 feet; Barley, 300 bushels.
-raft-
1
itlnot.
Ml, meroilctf . ,
•te. dlsentenglc.
ageabl?, refrac-
ffable, inezpreit-
ime, censure.
iiavlty, affability.
irtunste.
a, aerrioe, usage,
fectly, irhoUy.
devoid, empty.
ulUeaa. useleat.
ce, bauflitlneM.
n, variety.ohang*.
idry. severaJ.
, mark. , ^^
larnew, neighbor-
Ineas, puri*,y.
warrant, arer.
common.
I, hire, stipulation.
y, need.
inition, adTloe.
, lavish, cxtrava-
hion, plan, course,
ilence.
ie, grateful, agree-
iful, capricious.
, artful, sly.
Ire. , .
eaight, Itnowledge.
ms.
,ng, estimable.
still, neTerthelesi,
nt.
srvor, ardor.
:, earnest, anxious.
vertically, is a
he track, means
ITEMS.
)ld in England
.ton vessel with
3t of their work
iind 50,000 are
.es.
CAR.
The following
arrels; Suit, W
8 ; Eggs, 130 to
iords; Cattle, 18
80 to 100 head;
THE CIllC'AliU J)()Alil> 1)1' IRAUK.
^^.^THE CHICAGO^iV
■S:f'Si'Sr-S^-^LH«
©
(@)
(01
(@)
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HOW
TO
(@)
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©
w
@
a
03
le most iiiiportanl and inlhien-
institutions of tliis continent,
ami, in fact, of tlie whole tomiiioi'ciai worltl.
is the IJoai'd of Trade of the city of Chicago.
Slaiuling, as it were, in the natai'al gate-
way wliei'e pi'oducers and consumers of food-
fitutls must meet for purposes of exchange,
it becomes the medium through which the
^j wants of each class are most readily made
icnown to the other. Perhaps the volume
of its transactions can be bettei
realized when we say that this asso-
ciation has received, sold and for-
warded more than one hundred and
fifty millions of bushels of grain in a
single year, in addition to
mill-product, such as Hour,
middlings, mixed feed,
meal, bran, shorts and
, screenings. It has also
become a large ex-
change for field seeds,
such as clover, timo-
thy, hunga-
rian, millet
and
flax
SPECULATE
(0)-"[0j"-©-r
seed. Anotiiei' large branch of its trade is in hog
u'oduet, embracing mess pork, hams, bacon, dry-
salted mi(hlles. and lard. There ar(> thousands of per-
sons who transact business occasionally through some
of the i-ommissioii incrcliants of the Board of Trade.
\"el wlio do not feel familial' witli the rules and customs
which must govern the transactions made by their
appointed agents.
C3JECTS.
The objects of the association are: To main-
tain a commercial exchange; to promote uniformity
in the customs and usages of merchants; to inculcate
principles of justice and eipiity in trade; to facilitate
the speedy adjustment of business disputes to acquire
and to disseminate valuable commercial ■<■■ d economic
infoi'Hiation, and (jmerally to secure to its membei's the
benefits of co-operation iu the furtherance of their
legitimate pursuits. ' i
EARLY ORGANIZATION,
jJnring the years 1848 and 1849, the Board was a
voluntary organization; fi'oui IS.IO to 18o9 it was
organized un '.or a genei'al incorporation law of the
State of Illinois. Since early in 18.50 it has remained
under a special chart(M' granted by the Legislatui'c in
February of that year.
This Association was ine(jrporated by an .\ct of Con-
gress, approved Februai-y IS. IS.'iO, and empow-
ered to "sue and be sued; to I'oceive, hold,
and dispose of propertj^; to have a common
seal; and to make such niles. regulations
and by-laws from time to time as they may
i
, viSgfe&^sa^iite-,
irl^
! 1
:i
THE CUICAUO BoAKD OF TKADK.
tiiiiik piopiM' or lu'ccissury for the government of the
corponilioii, not contniry to the laws of the land."
It is irr:iiit('(l th<'i>ower to "constitute
COMMITTEES OF ARBITRATION AND APPEAL
for iLi! sciticiinMit of such matters of difference as may
be voluntarily submitted for arbitration by members of
tilt) Associiitiou, or by other persons not mombors
thereof; the acting ciiuir man of cither of said com-
mittees, when sittiiii^ xs arbitrators, may a<lininistei-
oaths to tiic parties and witnesses, and issue subi)oenas
and attacjiments, conipollinnf the attendance of wit-
nesses, the same as Justices of the peace, iiinl in like
manner, directed to any con-
stable to exw-'ute."
'"When the submission of
any < ase sliall have been made
ill writing to the Arbitra-
tion (Committee, and a final
award shall have l)een ren-
dered and no >•■ -leal takon
within the time fixed by the
By-IiS ws 1 1 wo b u s i n e s s
days after such award shall
have been delivered to fiie
parties in controversy),
then, on filing such award
and submission witii the
Clerk of the Circuit Court,
an execution ma^' issue upon
such award as if it M'cre a
judgment rendered in the
circuit court, and such award
shall thenceforth have the
force and effect of such a
judgment, and shall be
entered upon the judgment
docket of said court.''
The Association is authorized to elect or appoint its
officers, inspc-tors, gaugers and weighers i whose <er-
tificates as to quality or quantity of any .uMicle of
produce or traffic commonly dealt in by tlie members
of the lorporation, shall be binding evidence between
buyers aiul sellers who have required or assented to
the employment of such appointee), and may require
proper bonds for the faithful discharge of the duties of
such persons, the President or Secretary to administer
tiie oath of office.
OFFICERS.
The govenunent ot" the Board of Trade is vested in
The Chamber of Commerce, Chicago
the President, two Vice-Presidents, and fifteen Directors.
The President holds his office for the term of one year,
the Vice-Presidents two years, and the Directors three
years each. The President, one Vice-President and
five DiriK-tors are elected annually, by batlot, on the
first Monilay after the second day of .lanuarv, between
the hours of ten o'clock A. M. and two ov,iOck P. M.
in the Exchange Hall.
The .Secretary. .Vssistant Secretary, Tre«isurer,
(r.uigei's. Weighers an<l Inspectors of provisions, flour,
hay, linntier, etc., are appointed by the Board of
Directors, on the first Tuesd.ay succeeding the annual
election, and hold office for one year. The Standing
Committees are, upon the
nomination of the President,
appointed bj- the Board of
Directors, from their own
numljer. The Inspection
Committees, for the purpose
of having the proper branches
of trade represented, may be
selected in part or wholly
from the other members of
the Association. These com-
mittees are as follows :
Executive, consisting of three
members.
0n finance, consisting of
three members.
On membership, consisting
of three members.
On rooms, consisting of three
members.
On market reports, consist-
ing of three members.
On jirovision inspection, con-
sisting of five members.
On flour inspection, consist-
ing' of ti\e members.
On ria.\-sccd insi)e<'tion, consisting of five members.
On other insi)ection, consisting of three members.
•• comnien i:il building, " " "
'• rules, consisting of five members.
•• legal advice, consisting of three members.
" transportation. " *' "
" warehouses. " " *'
" weighing, " •' "
" commissions, •'
" distilled spirits. "
On metenmlogical observations, consisting of three
members.
;ve memDers.
oe members.
iner of three
THE ti;iCA<>0 HO.VIM) <>K TK.U)K.
On miscellaneous business, tiiroc nicmboi-"
The Board of Directors appoint aiipually mu in-
spector and Register of Provisions; an Inspector each
of Flour, Flax-seed, Hay, and Sample Grain, the duty
of the latter being merely to dctcrininc sviicthor tiic
grain is fully equal in quality to the sollor's sample,
and uniform throughout the car or vessel when de-
livered. They also appoint a Weigher of Piicking-
house Product, and a
Weigher of other
commodities. The
General Rules pro-
vide, however, that
the employment of
these appointees is
not compulsory.
VISITORS
may Iw introduced to
the Exchange Rooms,
provided that they
are not residents of,
or located in business
in, the city of Chi-
cago. No such per-
son, however, is per-
mitted to negotitate
or transact any busi-
ness in tile Exchange
Rooms.
PRACTICAL WORK-
INGS.
In order to become
acquainted with the
practical workings of
the Hoard of Trade,
the writer and a
friend called at the
olticc of a member,
and re(inisted to be
introduced on 'change
diu'ing tin- business
session. We wcire
a.skcd to step into tiie passenger elevator, which landed
u.s in the Exchange Hall; and after entering our names
in the visitors' register, and receiving complinu-ntary
tickets (good for six days' admission within one month
from (lite), we began our tour of inquiry.
" This," said our guide, as we walked slowly among
the various groups of men, "is the open market,
wherem all our trades are made. Ivuh group of
The New Board of Trade Building.
trudeis lia?^ its invariable location, a.ssigned by the
iiooni Connnittee, and orders for grain, provisions,
or Hour can be cxccntod at once, without error or
coiifn.sion, by going among tho.se who are trading in
the prodiicl you desire to buy or sell. Thus the
telegraph messengers can deliver our dispatches
promptly, and the result of the order made known
by an almost inmiediato reply by wire."
"The contracts for
future delivery are
made in the amphi-
thci'ters, or pits,
as we call them,
in the center of tin-
room, and the sam-
ples of car-lots on
track, or to arrive,
are shown upon the
tables near tlu' win-
dows, where t liey
get the best light.
When yon entered
the hall a moment
ago, no (lonl)t \;in
wondere(l liow we
could do business
where all seemed
confusion, l>ut you
see now liow [)cr-
fect a sysl(!m exists.
THE RECEIVING
TRADE.
"Supposing that
we were farmers or '
grai n-l)uyers in
some western state,"
we asked of the mem-
ber, "how and upon
what terms, could
we .sell oiu' grain
upon this market ? "
" If yon wrote me in the fall from some location
where corn was plenty," he answered, •• fin.\ said that
yon intended to buy and crib corn tor shipment to
onr market. 1 should reply that we would receive
the •.Tain at the ont-station of tlie railroad, and after
.sampling each carload and placing our value upon it,
based upon the innnediate condition of the nuirket,
we should either exhibit the sami)le on 'change, and
'^^Mmi^&^mm^..*^
mi
THE CHICAOO BOARD OF TRADE.
sell to some Olio who was t'orwiirdiu/^ torn to East-
ern markets liy mil, or else send the cars to the
Elevator to bo stored, and should sell it by grade."
"But new corn is not sufficiently dry in the fall,"
we suf^pestcd, "and usually
brings a higher jirice in
the following summe'-.
SupiKwe our cash cnpital
became cxliaustod in pur-
chases, upon what terms
could we borrow, in order
to hold our corn for ;iii
advance in price ? "
" You would issue ware-
house or crib receipts," he
replied, "stipulating that
yon owned a given iiumlxT
of bushels of corn, stored
■ill II given location; that
you would keei) such grain
f n ! I y in-iircd : that you
v.diilil slii[) it to iiic when
<:ilii'd t'or: Mild tliat you
vvdiii ! [i.iy tVcight, siicll-
iiii;', if ;iiiy, c n iii lu iss lo n
\\li.'ii xiM, and interest on
jiilviiiKcs made. I w o u 1 d
tlieriiipon loan }' o ii the
\ alue o f t lie corn, 1 ess
reasonable margin for de-
cline in value in case of a
temporary adverse market."
" With such an oliligation
outstanding, "we asked, "how
could we sell our grain in
ease of an advance in the
market ?"
" You could ship it to me
at any time," he said, " and
could refund the loan at
y o u r pleasure from t h (;
proceeds, or coul<l sell for
future delivery and ship
the corn to fill the contract
at the date therein siieci-
tied. For iiistaiic(!, if you
cribbed corn in October,
which would cost you fifty
cents per bushel <lelivered at
Chicaffo
DIAGRAM
EM
»sf3lnirs
0*
HE
w
R
C
O
El
M
C
K
H
Sec'y
Library.
C
Ass't
Sec'y
J C
E
Lavatory
Coat
Koum
KL-adiiig
Kooni
V— Pork atul l-iu<l Market.
I'-Un><, Hums, i:ic.
X-Wlu'at Marki'l.
V— f'orii. "
Z-Oats. "
and in December J-Fiour sample Tables.
S_Sced9 " "
onr market should reach w-wiieat •
K-Ily.' Srtini'l'' Tuljli's.
r— Corn " "
O-Oats
n-liarli'v "
H-IIay
K- I'litutoi's" "
M— Millslutrs SamplH Tahlrs,
T— Tclrjrmpli offln-x,
E— I'a»9ongi>r Hlpvatur.
sixty cents per bushel (to be doliTcred in elevator
here any day during the following May, at your
convenience, or "seller's option May," as we say,)
yoH could instruct me to make such a contract, and
at ouc(! have a iirofit of ten
cents per bushel secured."
•• .Vnd what if <orn should
advance further V" we asked.
" Ship the grain and rill the
contract, as yourprorit would
he a good one," he said.
" Would a decline be of any
damage t( our interests," we
asked.
"(Juite the contrary." the
broker replied. "If during the
stringency of the money-mar-
ket, which is usual early in
•liiiiuary, the price of corn for
May delivery .>houl(l ilrop to
lifty-live cents, and you lie-
jieve in evenliiaily higher
prices, you could pureliasc
riMitracts any day to till your
sixty-cent sale, aiidli(dcl your
ctini in the country to re-sell
for flmie or -Inly delivery
whenever an " upturn "' came.
Ill this wav Villi Would have
gaiiK'il tive cents per bushel,
less uiie-t'ourth cent conmiis-
siiui, niakinir the original cost
of y(i;ir corn l'>\ cents here
instead of fifty <cuts."
" But does anyone over
make much money in this
way ? " we asked, doubtfully.
•■ AA'e liavc! known shippers
til lose heavily sometimes.
How is ri?"
" Siu h cases are where the
[larty sells more than he is
able to deliver, and is obliged
to buy other corn at a higher
])rice to fill his contracts; or
-vhere his grain "misses con-
tract grade" on account of
(iampnoss, rot, dirt or other
cause, and must bo sold at a /f
loss. Ill this case, again, he V\^
is obligeil to buy sound grain
Diitraiy," tho
'ItMuriiif.' tho
I' IllOlK'y-lHill-
isiiiil early in
CO of ('i)rn for
iOiiM ilrop to
1111(1 you 1)0-
iially hijrhor
ulil |iiir<'liiiso
ly to till your
Mini lioltl your
itry to ro-soll
Inly delivery
pluni "' I'uiiie.
1 would Imvo
s \H'v liu>h('l,
(•cut <iiniiui.s-
1' oiiiriiijil cost
'i\ cents here
euts."
anyone ever
)iiey ill this
il, douhtfully.
own shippers
i' sonietinies.
ae where tho
c tlian ho is
and is obliged
I'll at a hiirher
eoutraets; or
" misses eon.
Ill aeeouut of
dirt or other
t be sold at a
;>s(>, airain, he
|y souml grain
THE CHICAGO UOAKI) UV VUMiK.
with wliieli to till his contraets, all of which are mude
for No. 2 (jiiality, whatever tho variety of grain."
•• But hero must bo a prolitii; source of difficulty,"
w(! urged. " Who fixes the grade of tho grain ?"
" That is done l)y inspectors appointcMl by the State
Hoard of Itailroad and Warehouse ('oiunussioners,"
said the receiver, "luid is entirely beyond tho control
of tho lioard of Trade, or any of its nienibers. Here
is a copy of the rules v •> arc now working under,
which have been found to Ix; very satisfactory to IkiIIi
sellers and buyers.
RULES GOVERNING THE INSPECTION OF GRAIN IN THE
CITY OF CHICAGO,
3TJ1.TE or ILX.X:iTOIS.
fia
■ lfff*.l
The toUowing are
tlie rules adopted i>t
the Board of lUiil-
road and Wiirelmuse
Oommlsslonora,
estaUUsliini; a projier
nutnbor and Btuniiard
of gnxili'S for the In.
specllon ot (imin, aa
rovlaed by tliriir, tho
^rniiie to tiike ellect
on and after the tirst
flav of SeplcMiiber,
1883, In Uouofiil rnleg
on tho smuo siil'Ject
horotoforo ixiatiiij;.
JiULE T.-WINTEK
WHEA T.
No. 1 White WinUr
WhCiU Hliiill be puro
White M'inler Wheat
sound , plump, and
well cleuned.
A'o. a irAt(e Winter
Wheitt shall lie Wlillo
Winter Wheat or Uod
and White mixed,
sound, and reasonably
clean,
JVb. 3 White Winter
Wheal shall include
White Winter Wheat
or Red and Whlto
mixed, not clean and
plump enongh for No.
2, but weighing not
less than M pounds to
the meaaured bushel.
Rejected White Winter Whent shall incbidc^ Wliite Winter Wheiil
dump, musty, iir from any oause sd Iwdly damaiird iistii render it ui lit
for No. 3.
No. 1 Lony lied W^nter Wheitl sliaU \h\ pure Ueil Winlci- Wheat <if llie
long berried varieties; souml, plump and well cleaned.
Xo.i Lontj lied Winter Wheal ^liall liiMif the -ame varu'ties as No. 1,
sound and reasonably clean.
Turkish Il'iiUt'V lt'/iefi<— The grailes uf Nos. 1 and ■: Turltiah Winter
Wlveataliall correspond wlthth(^ lirades of Nos. land' Red Winter Wheat,
except that they shall lie of the Turkish variety.
No. 1 Red Winter H7iC((( shall be pure Hed Winter W1i«h,. vbothligut
and darl£ colors of tln^ shorter berried varieties; sound, plump and well
cleaned.
No. 2 Red Winter Wheat shall be Hed Winter Wheal of txjth light and
dark colors; sound and reasonably clean.
No. 3 Red Winter Wheut shall include Hed Winter Wheat not clean and
plump enough for No. J, but weighing not less t ban r<\ lbs to tho measured
bushel.
Rejected Red Winter Wheat shall include lied Winter Wheat lamp,
musty, or from any cause so badly damaged as to render il imflt f.n
No. .1.
In eii.se of the mixture of Red and White Winter Wheat, it shall be
graded according to thequallty thereof (but not abovi. lit. ■>), and classed
with Hi.' variety which predominates in tlie mixture.
This mil- shall be In force on and after April a, 1883; bnt it la pro-
vided that nil WhiMit In store on said date, Inipcotod In undar the rule
hereby amende'], shall belnspecteiloiit in accordance with th6 prOTlsloM
of said rule in force when inspected in,
Rfl.K ir. -SI'RISd WHEAT.
No. t Hard Uprimj Wheat shall be sonnd, pinmpand well oleanwi.
.V«. V llardHitriny Wheat shall lie sound, reasonably clean, and of good
milling (luallty.
.V'). / .S'/irini/ H7i/''i/ shall be sound, plump and well dean.ul.
.V'.. I'.Vpriiiy llVimi/ shall be sound, reasonably clean, and of good mil-
lingiinallty.
.V'>. ,'1 fiprinu Wheat shall uic I iiile all Inferior, shrunken, or dirty Spring
Wheat, weighlnt^ not lem than 53 lbs lo the measured bushel.
lirkclrd .S'jii i;i</ Wheat shall includespring Wheat damp, musty, grown
badly bleaelied, or for any otlier cause which renders It uuflt for No. .1.
Incase of the mixture ofSprlng Wheat and Winter Wheat, If equal or
supitrlor to ,No. J, it shall be graded as Mixed Wheat, according to the
iiualily thereof, ami if inferior to .No. i, U sliall be graded as Spring
Wheat, aeeording to thei|nality thereof.
lll.ACK 1K.\ ASH KI.INTV I'KIKK WMK.VT
inspected higliei than No. .', and Hlce Wheat ni
sluill in no ea^i
than nelectcd
b.
HILE in.
' higher
I'ORN
No. I Yelloii Corn
shall be yellow,
sound, d ry, plump
and well cleaned.
.Ve. / White Corn
shall be ivhite, sound,
dry, plump and well
cleaned.
.V». / Corn dittll lie
sound, dry, pi u in p
and well cleaned,
white ami yell o w,
unmixed with red.
tliijh Mired Corn
shall b»/ Ihree.iiuar.
t e rs \- e 1 1 o w, a ml
e<iual to So. -2 in con.
dltion and <iuality.
.Vo. J Corn shall be
dry, reasonably
dean, but not plump
enough for No. 1.
.Vo. 1' Kiln.ih'ied
Corn shall be sound,
pi um p and well
cleancil, whit e or
yellow. .VII Kiln-
dried Corn not go(jd
enough for No. 2 Kiln,
dried shall be graded
a.^ rejected Kiln-dried tjorn.
.V.'c llitjh Mijifl Cora shall he IhreiM'ourths yellow of any age.
and r.'asonably dry and riMsonably clean, tint not sulllciently dry for
Iligh-.MixedorNo. i.
Neil- .Mixed <'orn may be less than three-fourths yellow of any age,
and shall be reasonably dry and reasonably clean, but not sufficiently
dry for No. ■-'.
Ke.icc(e</— .\ll damp, dirty, or otherwise badly damaged (Torn, shall be
{graded as Keieeted.
RULE ty-DAT.S.
Selling Grain by Sample.
lean
shall be white, simnd,
three. (luarler
, and reasonably free trom
while, and efiuul to -So. i in
other grain.
.Vo. L' While Oal.^ shall be
all other respects.
.V((. L' Oats shall be sound, reasonably clean and reasonably free
irom other gr.iin.
/I'cicr/f'd— All oats damp, unsound, dirty, or from any other cause
11 -lit for No. '2, shall be graded as Itejeeted.
lai.E V.-HYE.
So, } line sliall be sound, plump, anil well cleaned.
.Vo. i R.'/e shall be sound, reasonably clean, and reasonably free from
other grain.
Rejected— .\\\ l!ye damp, iniisiy, dirty, or fi-om any cause unfit I'oi- N.,.
2, shall be graded as Ke.lected.
'- r" JtuJj'lRiMidka. '/
"«fl*¥if«MBN»fe^vt^
M ■ ■ i.
P'^
I f . !r
TllK C:!II(A(I(J IIOAKD Ol TH.VDK.
Jill.K y I— BARLEY.
\i> I. Uiirte// Hliiill lie plump, lirixlit, I'lonn.niiil froc fioiii otlirr KmiiH.
A'o. J lliirleii Hlmll l>« hoiiikI, of hvulthy color, lirlght oiliiit Nlli;litl.v
Htnliii'il, nut plump cnuugli for No. 1, rcuHUimbly oluiiii iiiiil ruiMoiiiililv
frocfrom otlwi- »;riiln.
.Vi>. .V 7<(ir/i//Mluill hu'liidi' Hll)(hll.v ?<hriink('M iiiul niliurwUc hIIkIiII)'
damafftMl Itiuicy -(n! jjixnl niou^h for Nu. 'j,
.V". / II irlDji mmW liii'luili' nil Itiiiley fit r>)riMiilllniruiii'P<m>H, not xood
ciiouKli for No. ;J.
Sii. r, /('ir/<v/ xliiill liic'liKlciiill llivrlry wlilcli l» bftilly (liiimiK'"!. <>r lor
liny t'liuHr iinllt for iiuiltiu^ purjiosi'H, nxcupt iliat Itiirh'y wlitch Iiiih Imtii
chcmii'iilly lirutiMl sliiill not lie uriiili'd iit all.
Ni'iititi lliirlftj—TUi' KHidi'M of N'os. 1, i mid ;i Scotcli Hurley simll corrr-
^poiiil 111 nil irwpculs with tlir fniilrw of Niw. I, 'J iind :i Itiirlfv. cxrrpt Unit
tlu'y Hlmll licof tlii-Scotidi viirlidy.
Tlii.i riilf hIiiiII lir in fori'i! on and iiltrr Dec. 19, 1X(U, liiil ii !-< pro.
vldi'd that all Hurley In Htori* on Haiil d ,c', iinpeutcd In nnili'r I lie riili-
liercliy iimundcd, Hlmll tm liisiieeted out In aecorilunee with the provln.
i(>n»of Mild rule.
Hfl.l-: VII.
Tim word "nuw" sliull he In.terted in eaeli eerlltlnite of liiNpeellon ot
n newly lairvcitod crop of ilati until the l.Mli of .\nt.'iist, of live until the
Lit day of .Seiiteinher, of wlicat until tlm l.-*t da/ of Novemlier, and of
Barley until the 1st day .if May, of I'ach yoar. Thin change shall he rem.
strnod as estahUshinBU new ),'radi> for thii tim« spedtlecl, to eipnform In
every piirtienlar to
the exlstlnt? t'ladc*
of ^n-ain nxceptint;
t lic^ (listlnetlon.H o f
" new" and " old."
uri.i: -III.
All itruin that l.i
warm, or that Is in a
heat 1 iiK condition,
is olliorwise nnfll
for wa rehous i n \i,
.slinll not he graded.
Itfl.K IX.
VII inspectors shall
make their reiLsons
for grading G rain,
w he n n ec efl.sary.
fully known hy nola.
tions on their books.
The welRht alone
shall mil determine
the pnule
AT/. A- .V.
Each inspector Is
retiulrod to ascertain
the weight per meas-
ured bushel of each
lot of Wheat in-
spected by him, and
note the same on his
book.
la" They hIiiiII also rjporl to the said Chief Inipoctor, In wrttlnif, all
' aces » here warehoiiHcmen deliver, or attempt to deliver, (Iniln of
r grade than that called for by the wareliouMe receijit. They shall
. port all attempts of receivers or shippers oftirain to instruct or
In any way Intlnence the act Ion iw opinion of the Inspector, and t ho Ulilef
Insjieclor shall ri'port all smh eases to the Commlssloiurs.
The said Chief Inspector Is hereby anthorl/ed to collect on and after
July 1, ISH8, on all fJraIn Inspected under his directlinis, as follows:
Foil iM.I.NSI'Ki^TION— 88eents per car load. In cents per wagon or earl
load, .V> cents per 1,(100 bushels from canal boats, H of 1 cent per bushel
from bags,
Koiioi'T-lNM'KCTio.s—.'iO cents for l,iilKUMisliels lo vessels, A'l cents per
ear load to cars, V' cents per car load to teams, or 10 cents per wagon luud
to teams.
Selling Flour by ShMple.
Any jicrson who sliall lussunie to act r.jau Inspector of H rain, who has
not first been so appointed and sworn, shall be hebl to be an impostor,
and .sliall be piinislied by u fine of not loss than *')0 nor more than
*100 for each and eveiy attinnpt to so inspect Gmin, to be recovered before
a Justice of the Peace.
Any duly authorized Inspector of (irain who shall be guilty of neglect
of duty, or who shall knowingly or oireles.siy inspect or gradi: any Grain
improiierly, or who shall accept any money or other consideration,
directly or indirectly, for any neglect of duty, or the Improper per-
formance of any duty ii.s Inspector of Grain, and any person who shall
improperly influence any Inspector of Giiiin in tbi' performance of his
dutiesns such inspector, shall be deemecl guilty of a nii.sdeineanor, and,
oil conviction, shall bo fined in a sum of not less th.iii tlOO nor more than
tl,000 In the discretion of the Court, or shall be imprisoned In the Coun'.y
Jail no less than three nor more than twelve montlis, or both, in tno
discretion of the Court.
The said Chief Inspector, and all persons inspecting Grain I'nder his
direction, shall in no case make tlie gnide of the (jniin above that of the
poorest (luality found in any lot ofGniin inspected, when It liiis(!Vi(lently
been "plugged" or otherwise improperly loaded for the purpose of
deception. Wheat which has been subjected to ".scouring," or to any-
process efinivalent thereto, shall not be graded higher than No. .1.
All jicrsons employed in the inspetMon of Grain .shall report nil
attempts to defraud the sy.stein of Grain Inspection as established by
THE SHIPPING TRADE
Havluj^ seen how frruiii "lis rcccivcMl iiiid iii.spectod,
sent tn clcviitftrs to bo .sold in storo l)y <rriid(% or held
'•on truck" to bo sold by suinplo, wo tiiniod our
iittontioii to tlio shippers will) woro iictivoly oxiiiiiinin^
iiiid coiiipiiriiiir
l!- Ii 'f . ' tho eloanlinoss,
dryncs.s,woiffht,
color and smell
of tho samples
on exhibition.
As a rule the
selections are
made from crrain
which is almost
equal in ((uality
to tile next
•rriido above,
a 11 d hence
briiiirs se vera 1
cents per biishol
more than tho
market jiricc ot'
the same irnido
in store, a part
ot which ditl'orence, however, is ofTset by storaure
charges.
Excepting the small iiorcentage of grain for Chicago
city consiimiition, usually delivered to buyers on team,
track, or switched to private warohou.ses or mills, tho
sales by sample are made " free on board " Iniyt^rs'
cars, and are jiaid for upon the sellers' prosontafion of
invoice with bill of lading, inspector's certificate, and
weighinastor's cortiticato attached. Tho shipper in turn
invoices his purchases to his customer, upon Avhom he
makes a draft with bill of lading and certificates
attached. These "shippers' doouincntary bills of
of exchange" are eagerly sought by bankers, as they
are usually drawn for large sums of money, and carry
their collateral secnritv-
or, In wrltliiK, all
(Irllviir, (Jnili\ of
i^iilpl. Thi'V Himll
mill to Instinct or
itor.ftiiil thctJIilcf
i'i».
lUoc-t on iiiul after
H, aM follows:
per Wilson or cart
1 cent per biiBlicI
i'rtsclH, M ccntM per
itM per waKU» '*»"!
111(1 inspect dd,
•rrado, or held
■(' liiniod our
c>ly i'Xiiiiiinin<r
lid coinpiiriiiir
iie eloivnlincss,
rynoss,woi,£jhl,
olor and smoll
f the Hiiniplos
n exhibition.
Is ii rulo tho
oloctious iiro
iiadot'ronicrriiin
vliioii is almost
■qiial ill quality
,0 the next
rradc above,
I 11 (1 h c n e 5
briii<rs several
:'ents per bushel
more than the
marl:et priee of
the same jrrade
ill store, a part
sot by storage
rain lor ("hicairo
buyers on team,
es or mills, the
board " buyers'
presentation of
eertitieate, and
» shipper in turn
upon Avhom he
and certificates
mtary bills of
lankers, as they
loncv, and ciirrv
TiiK ciiir A(i() luiAiti) or rii.vDK.
If fjrain is Ixuijjfht liy ;a;radc, the shipper purchases
warehouse receipts, which ho surrenders at tiie o|}ic(> of
the elevator, duly canceled by the States lle<ristrar of
Grain, and mion piiynitMit of stoniiri' ciiar<,'es,
receives iiu order for tiie delivery of the <jfrain to sucli
transportation agent as he may desiirnate. The cars
or vessels are then ordered sent to lie loaded, and
generally several days elapse before the commercial
paper is issued, and the srraiii under way toward its
ilestination.
Careful indfruieiit innst be exerciseil, at certain
seasons iif the year, as to the condition of the ijfrain
sclecteil and tile state of the weather during transit ,
ill ordi'i' to guard against damage by heut or must.
T;!e initial, intermediate and terminal charges for
transp.irtatioii and liaii<Uiiig of the coiiiniodity must be
The Wheat Market.
carefully canvassed if the shipi-cr is forwarding grain
as principal, in order to (leterminc which locality
afTords the most profitable market.
THE SPECULATIVE TRADE
Turning again to our guide we asked un exiilauation
oi the modus ojjcrandi of the speculators, wliosc enor-
mous aggregate transactions exert such li powerful
influence upon values, as not intVetiucntl/ to turn
aside the tide of commerce, and. for a time completely
nullity tho ordinary laws of demand and supply.
"Suppose," said ho, "that in November mess pork
is otl'ored at i^ls per liarrel tor deiivi'iy in .laimaiy,
and you believe that oil :tccoiiiit of a scarcity of lioirs
or the high price of corn, pork' will snon coiiiiiiaini a
iiiglier tiiriirc. ^'un ilirc<'l your coniinissioii nicrcliaiit
to liiiy ti\'c liiiiKlrcil hanejs, di'[i(isitiiig wuli Iiini iivc
liundred dollars as a luaigiii to secure him against loss.
Xo\\ if at anytime bet ween the dale of purchase and
tlie last (lay of .laiuiary, pork should advance to ^20
[)er barnd for January delivery, you could oilier its
sale, and at once receive your niitrgin and the profit
arising from tho transaction."
" Rut" said we, "as a mutter of fact, we conb'aer
$18 per barrel too high, as a rule for mess pork."
ffl
'■■.«.,4'SW.^f
' ■ X ' ^i" -u- wwnnim i
■1 ;■ I
■ 1^
1: li.
|i
TlliC CIIICAOO HOAKn OF TKADE.
SELLING SHOFTT.
"In that ciiHo," sail! tlif liiokor, "yo" would h<>
' liciiriHli,' us we Mu\. anil would s(dl tin- live hnndrod
barrels f'(ir dclivcrv dnriiif; .lanuarv. or sctinp (ttlicr
future month, and await a period of depression in
l)ri(os during' wliicli to liuy the porU for delivery upon
your ('ontrn<'t.s. Tliis is what we call 'selling short,'
iK'cuuse you loiitract to deliver that of which you are
not, as yet, fully possessed, although you have the
means of iH^eoiuinp so at any time,"
"Of course, we cannot doubt the propriety of the
sale of any commodily by its^jo.sw.v.wr, but is it le<riti-
mate or ripht for one to contract to deliver that which
he does not own?" morali/.i'd my visitiiifr attendant.
"Perfectly so," responded the mendier. " If you
po to the Palmer House and engasre a month's board,
you do not (piestion the morality or lefjality of the
arranpenu'ut, and yet the pro[)rietor thereby ajrrees to
deliver you a <j;iveu amount of provisions (what one
person can consume) at a given i)riee, in a given man-
ner, and witiiiii a speeitied time. You do not for a
moment suppose, howevc^r, that he jiossesses all that
he has contracted to deli>'er, nor do j'ou ipiestion his
perfect right to buy when and where he pleases in
order to tulfill tl;o contract. Again, as a parallel, if
the market prices of Hour, meat, vegetables, fuel, rent,
or hired labor should advance d>u'ing that mouth, the
hotel proprietor would sutVer a shrinkage in protlt, or
might even have to 'buy in his shorts' at an actual
loss. On the other hand a general <lecline would
result to his benefit. The farnuir, also, who agrees
with his grocer to deliver butter at a given price ' the
year 'round ' is a short seller, and the essence of his
contract is ])reeiscly the same as those we make oi' the
Board."
"Toward which side of the market do speculators
usually incline ? "
" They are pretty evenly divided. Some men are so
constituted that, even though they believed a large
decline imminent, tliey would rather wait and buj'
Avheu an uptui'ii started than to ' sell short." Others
arc 'clii-onic liears,' andncxcr buy anything except to
till outstanding contracts. Still another class of
tr.'idci's arc without prejudice, and turn from llic 'long'
to (lie • sliort ' side of the market almost daily, and
sonietinics several times a day if following the fluctua-
tions closely. This latter cla.ss wc call 'scalpers.'
Speculators of .small or moderate means aro generally
' bears.' The annual charge for storage of any kind
of giaiii in Chicago amounts to about 17 cents per
bushel; of pork, 7'J cents per l>arrel ; of lard, !((!
cents per tierce; and of nu>at, (id cents per himdred
poimds. These charges, as also interest, insurance
and shrinkagi- ha\c to be paid by the holders of the
actual properly; hence, in selling, they iwld tlu-sc*
itenis to the cost as a basis for fixing future prices.
The short seller gains all these items clear, even
though the pric<' of the commodity remains unchanged.
For example, suppose that on .May Isl, No. 2 Wheat
is selling for #1.(10 per bushel, s])ol delivery. It
Would cost per iiushd ;ic for stiu'age, |jc for insurance
and l^c for interest to hold it imtil didy 1st, or in all,
nearly rx' per bushel. Now suppose that on May Ist
you sold about (i\e thou.and bushels of .luly Wheat at
$I.().'i, and that on duly Isl No. 2 \\'heat was still
bejfig received and s;.l(l at >1.(K) per bushel spot
deli\ciy. you <'ould till your contract and gain the
'carrying charges,' which the holders during that
period woidd los(>. So that if a man bought corn in
store at .")0 cents per buslud and held it a year, he
would have to sell at 70 cents to cover storage and
insurance charges, and at 74 cents to nuike him H per
cent on his investment."
" If this showing Iw true," we asked, " why do not
all speculators 'go short on futures ? ' "
" liecaiise the natural laws of supply and demand
step in and say, ' Thus far and no further!'" There
ahroi/N comes a time when the great products of the
country are in demaml for actual iise, and the con-
sei'"ative, moiu'ved merchants who believe that prices
are unnaturally deijressed by tightness of money, or
general 'In-ar' speculation, come forward and pur-
chase as much as theii- trade will rerpiire for a season,
and wait for an advance. Such men, also, frequenily
have a large following of speculative friends who
opcu'ate similarly, and sometimes jointly, and thus
enormous quantities of pork, lard or grain become
centered in a few hands, and the result is frequently
A 'CORNERED' MARKET.
This .state of commercial aft'alrs results in rare
instances by aicidont. If, for instance, a .serious
disaster to crops or a general European war were
thrciitened, two hundred men in difierent parts of the
United States who were entirely imknown to one
another, might each order his conunissioii merchant to
contract in Chicago for 50,000 bushels of wheat for
July delivery, and forward the grain to New York as
fast as received. Thus an aggregate of 10,000,000
bushels would be engrossed, and if but 5,000,000
P—
TiiK (;iiii!.\o<> nOiUtu ok tk.ujKc
l>iis||('l> "l" No. 2 Wliiiil "(iiild l(c (Iclivcrcil lucortliiii:
tc iifjiocmcnt, tilt' • sliorts ' would probaltly l»i(l llu-
iiiitrkot up to an <*xtriiviipiiil li^rinv in tlii> ^<<ttl(>ini'iit
of tlioir contriictrt. Often tlic price paid in im inuoh as
lit llie sealioard, and sonietinies Kiiropean price^s are
demanded.
" A corner is usually the result of weeks or uioullis
of shrewd planninjif and intent watehiiij.' lor a fa\(iral)le
opportiniity to spring the trap upon the iniwary.
Some mistaken persons ar<(ue that corners in ^^rain and
provisions are a houotit to producers, inasmuch a^ they
temporarily enhance the price of produce, and make | attempted,
fa rmi uir more
protilahle. The
same mi;,'ht he
said <i|' an intei -
n a I v\ a r, a n d
yet nil sane man
would su<i;;rest
a waras a liless-
inv.
" ( 'oriiers art
seldom attempt-
ed until the p;ir-
tieular product
has pass e d
1 a rire ly fro m
tirst li;inil>, so
that the liiirh
prices attained
do nol lienetit
the jirodueer,
hut (inly tend
to -t iniulalc an
(>\ci-|irnduetion
of I lie next succeeding? crop, and the result is a re-
ad iM>i Id market jjrices much lower than actual values.
LeL'ilimalc trade havinir hern stilled or driven clse-
where tor a time, is timid and slow to return, and a
pcii.'il 111' iiimat!iral de])ressioii follows.
'• riial corners are al)lr)rcnt to law is indisputahle.
The Roman law made the einrrossin<r, or 'corneriuir."
ot any kind of provision a crime and pimisliahlc hya tine
In the English common law ' engrossing' the market
is dcscrihed by Hlackstouc as 'getting into one's jios-
session or hiiying up large (piantitii's of r,-.vu or other
dead victual with intent to sell tli(>m ai;, in at an iin-
reasoiiahlc i)rice, and is injurious to the piihlic and an
otl'ensc indictable and i)unishable at the common law.'
'I hey have been declared by courts to lie • mischievous
conspiracies' and ' frnuds leveled agaiii'^t the public,'
i
and I (intracts nuule m contempUtion of them iire con-
sidered gambling contracts, and are set aside and niiide
utterly void by a io\irt of ecpiity. Under the Sfatntt'
Law of Illinois whoever ' eornors the inarket or
attempts to do so in relation to any cotnti.idity, shull
be lined not less than |ilU; not more than $1,(J<KI, or
conliued in the county jail not exceeding one year, or
iKith.' Still, with the law so explicit and distinct,
the ditlicnity of obtaining sntKeient le^.il proof of a
corner is such that the indictment of t\w persons whi»
aic supposed to huve operated thcni has seldom been
"There is oin.
other form
(I f c (1 n t rue \
which some of
our so-ca 1 led
• best inemiier-
of the Hoard'
still persist in
making. The
practice i> ciMi-
Irary to law:
explicitly for-
bidden in the
Kxchange Hall,
under (leualty:
and is aik « 1-
cdgeil to be pi -
nicioiis by the
lioaril asa body,
and yet it is by
no mcaiisan iin-
The Arbitration Committee in Ses' on. common prac-
tice for certain
member^ to buy and sell
PUTS. CALLS AND STRADDLES
'•A ' put " is :iii ai/reeincnt (o receive ind pay for a
iiiven aiiuuii;! ot'a certain ((iininodity at a tixed price,
if delivered w illiin a spccilied time. The privilege is
sold for a i(in>iiicr!itioii. and the buyer may deliver the
cominodity "/• /■'"/. :i~ he may prel'cr.
"A •ral!" i- .-in av'iecmeiit to deliver a given amount
of a iivlain commodity at a fixed price, if rciiuircd
within M siieril'ted lime. Tiie privilege is sold for a
coiisiijeiMtion, and llie buyer may call for the com-
nioility 07' nil/, a^ he may |irefer. \ 'straddle' is
an agreement, for a consideration, to either buy or sell
(as the buyer of the -straddle' may elect) a given
amour.' of a certain commodity at a fixed price.
i'l
I
ii'if-
IHI
|irovide(] that HiK-h comnicKlity be tendered or <'iillt>d
for within ii H|)<M'iH(>ti timo.
"For instnii(«>, Hiippono thuton April l8t, No. 2 Corn
tor Miiy (Iclivcrv is dcliiMf; at .'i.'i ((nits por liiislicl. and
A xcIIh H a ' Hlraildic' on .''•.(JOO hiiMhelM, jfood for thri-c
days, in ronMidcmtion of 1 t-cnt per huHhol, or I^Ocush
ill hand. Now if, durinj!^ the next throe days, M.iy
Corn nhiniid decline to .'>2 cents, H <'onld Imy r>,(M)0
IiiihIicI.h and ' put ' it (l)V giving iiotiee of his intention
to di'liver it ) to A at .').') cents, and thim make a net
prolii of two cents pel' liiishid, inidudini!: tiie I'ost of
tiie piisilcirc If, on tlie other hand, May Cornshoidd
witliin the three days iidvanco to fl7 oentH, B couhl sell
.'),(MM» l»iisii(>|s in the market and then 'call' the same
ainoimi fiom A at '>') cents, under the a;L;roement, and
llic Iniiisaction wmild show to Ii a net profit of I cent
per liiisliel.
" Still furtlier, if May Corn .''honld within those
three days continue to lliutiiate only between .'>4 ftnd
.'i(i cents, the privilege to ' straddle the market ' would
he useless, and H would receive no ecpiivalent for the
^.")() he had paid out. Thus you sec the ' straddle ' was
only a waj.'er of :?")() that the Huctatiou woidd exceed
1 cent por liuslud from 5.') cents, within three days;
and the law declares all such to he <j;and)linp con-
tracts ami void on their face."
•'How do these ^raiiihlin^' contracts vary from the
contrails which you make from day to dtiy, and which
arc legally and niorally riirlit?" we asked.
"I can hcst illustrate," said the meiid)er, " l>y an
actual case. Hoi'e is a contract for some wheat which
I purchased a week ago ; road it.
FORM OF CONTRACT.
I'liiCAOo, Ills., Mny IS, 18S3.
A. Kiiniier ,t Son Imvc llils diiy sold to tlio Now York Milling Com-
liuiiy, Twenty Tlionsuml buslu'lf of No.2 Uiil Wlntor Wheat ut Ono Dollar
and Twelve Cent^ ikt buslud In Htore, to l)e dellvereil at tho sellers'
oi'tion dnrln^i November, ias.1; dellvenible In lota of Five Tlionaand
busliel.4 each; regular on dellveij . Tlii^ contmel Isaubjettlu all respects
to the rules and reynlatlonsof the; Hoard of Trade of the city of ChlCttgo.
Signed in dniilicate,
■JO.niKi Ilns. 1 A. KAK.MKll .t SON,
No..' U.W.Wht. 5- uEw Y,„jn MILLING CO.,
per John IluiiH.Agt.
■JO.niKi Ilns. 1
i(>.> U.W.Wht. J.
fe «1. 1'i \
"Now you will notice," said tlie broker, "that I
have bought the grain in good faith, and for its iegiti-
ihate purpose. Tho seller may lia\(' it now in*storo;
or he may intend to deliv;'r it !iftei' his growing crop
is harvested; or he may be 'selling slmrl ' for a specu-
lation, expecting to buy of some one else before the
maturity of our contract, at !i |)rice that will pay him
a l)rotit. As for myself, if in a few weeks Red Winter
IVheat should advance in Chicago, say to ^1.20, and at
^ ' =
the same time was offered in New Vork City at |1..'U),
and the freight was I!) cents per bushel fron> here to
New Vork. I shoidtl Hell my 2().(KM) bushels here and
buy the *ame amount in New Vork and thus save 5
cents per bushel."
" And yet," urged my friend again, " the ciuirtt*
sometimes decline t«i pass judgment for damages for
uon-fultillmciit of your 'options' on the ground that
they are gambling contracts."
"Never where the case is presented as it actually
exists," the member explained. "That word 'option'
puzzles .some well-read lawyers and ex<ellent judges
a good deal. They confuse the ideas of ' puts' and
'lalls' (Where the aeller may deliver or not, and tho
buyer may receive ov iiof) with oiu' perfectly valid
contract in which the only t>ption possible or intendeil
is the day, during a given month, on which the .seller
may choose to deliver the property. I liavt' here-
tofore explained that no trade is ever made upon the
Hoard in which lM)th buyer ami seller agree that no prop-
erty shall pass, but the dirt'erence be settled in money,
and therefore none of our trades can be set aside as
'ginnbling contracts' un!ess made in contemi)lation of
a 'corner.'
" .Vlthough contmcts for future delivery of any
commodity at the buyer's demand as to time,
within a specified period, are perniissihl(> under our
rules, they iut rarely made nowadaj's, but all con-
tracts give the seller the privilege of delivering the
property, in store, on any business day during the
speciticd time, between the hours of !t and 11 o'clock
A. M. by tendering the proper warehouse receipts, or
between the hours of l..'{(> and 2A') I'. M. by delivery
of a notice stating in detail the warehouse receipts
proposed to be delivored; tho contiiict price, tho net
cash value (deducting extiii stonige, if any) of tho
property at the contract price; and the place where
such receipts may be obtained."
" Please explain tho technical phrases in the form of
contract you have just shown us," we asked.
"Well, firstly." was the response, "all our grain
trades ftn- future delivery are made in lots of five
thousand Imshels each, or multiples thereof, so for con-
venience sake tho seller is required to deliver niv:iO,()00
bushels of wheat in lots of ,5,000 l)ushcls each, as T
may, perhaps, have re-sold it to four ditrcrent parties
in such amounts, and the lid)or of sorting out tho ware-
house receipts for re-delivory would be considerable.
"Secondly, by ' regular on delivery' we moan that
the elevator receipts tendered shall have been i.ssued
by warehousemen of untpiestioned good financial stiiiid-
m
ty lit |l..'U),
Viitn Ikmv to
Is liiM'o iiikI
tllllH wivo 5
• tlif < uiirts
iliiniapi'H lor
jrroniul tlmt
s it iU'timlly
voitl 'oi)tioir
I'lli'iit jiiilps
f ' puts' mill
)i()t, aiitl tho
jfti'ctly viiliii
I' or iutciuU'il
ich till' seller
I Imve here-
iido upon tlio
that no prop-
led ill money,
M> set asido iis
itemplution of
ivory of any
as to time,
)le under our
hut all eon-
liveriiii.' tho
during the
nd II o'cloek
receipts, or
hy delivery
iiise receipts
u'ice, the net
Miiy) of the
place where
in the form of
.1.
ill our irrain
lots of live
•of, so for con-
fer my 20,000
Is each, as I
lereiit parties
out the warc-
considerablo.
wv moan that
e been issued
nancial staiid-
■fir
Tin; I iiir\(i(i iiu\,:ii ui ili.VDK.
ill!.' uiid cmdit; that the wiin'hoiHO'^ «'iii!l he ill'(•^•l^^^ibll>
to vcssoIh, connected with eastern r.iilway lines and
havn iii(>derii appliaiK'es for htiiidlin^' ^riiiii ; that such
roc»«ipts shall have Ikhmi rcfrintfired hy tho pro|M'r state
otiicor; that they M\a\\ huve five duy-« to run fri'e of \
Htora^fe, Mul that the tender ahull be made ut tho
GRAIN CONTRACT ILLUSTRATED— SOLD.
N(
I
Oificeof^. ]r:*VRiVrnrR JH 55'.C)Ji>L
(t^Xf,*^^. May /A, /<f;iV.
<^ -^^n,,,.! :f '^rn (♦/ f^) /rivf^ //i f/fi,^^///-t //* .Yetv York MUUni Con^
/I'lnii. iiri'iiti/ Tlionsiiiiil Jfusliel.1 <■/ No. 2 Red W!ntor Wheat "^ On-- DnUnr unt/
'J'lveh'f Otits /"•' ll^rfdAr/ HI iMr, fr. ((■« t/fft'U*i**' rif fAf if/ffl'i f./tO^tt i/uHt*^
r/iu Cbiuruul tJ «M««u, >>« ui» rmiptnu. In Utt MuUi uiwl J{4eula»UHU o/ISt Boant of Trad* in (A« Odu »/ dtimpa
A. FARMER & SON.
GRAIN CONTRACT— BOUGHT.
m^.'
t i No-
Office OF psi Yoi^i{ yniMp m^j^^,
^ {^ ^, ' <l^f^<yc. May 16, /(f'TJ. |
r ^ V "^ Farmer <$■ Son, Twenty Thousand Bus?.^ «/ No. 2 Red Winter Wheat *^^
^ X One Dollar %n,d Twelve Cents A** *#«*^s« tf% i-iaie, €t. C*- tteAuMfff ttt f^'t. ^^CM- s
^1 ^"^ t\
*^ ^ '*
Ol
llat Lu'UruaM <'Moec(,i'taUte4pecM,iuUaiiiU«iaiid Heffulatiorm of lh» Boant of TVcuk in f V ■■ 'oiTMeaoa
NEW YORK MILLii;vj COMPANY.
\ proper timo of day, as pre.MTi iied ijy our rulo,8. | mode of payment ; and of procedure iu case of default
" Thirdly, tho reference to tho rules ami reprulationa j in delivery, or refusal to reoeire, with prescribed
entails observance of our requirements as to time and | penalties."
31
•.
i 1
i i
TiiK cnicAoo iv..\ni> or th.vdi;.
Il'c()iiv(Miiciit ," we ;i>lv<'<l. "wo would like to sec
FORM OF WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS."
" I liiivo with iiH'," Slid till- roiiimissioii inerchtiiit,
•'a. I'ooejpt fur u carloail of rye wliich I jiiu about to
;Ju|>. It roads us illustriit'id hy the form lulow.
" Thoso ri'ot'i|)(s," lio coiiliuucd, "uftor liaviiig boon
properly registered ami iiidorsiul, are negotiable, aii<l
th(! graiu deliverable to the holder of the receipt; so
that if one is lost it must bo advertised and delivery
slopped at once, in order to prevent fraud."
THE PUBLISHED RATES OF SI ORAGE.
we were informed, are as follows «)n grain received
in bulk :
If iud|)eeted in good condition when received —
For tile tirst 10 days or part tb°-,-')f, IJe per bushel.
Tor each additional 10 days or ^lart thereof, he per
bush(d.
If rondomned as nnmerehantablo when received —
For the lii'--t In d:iys, or part thereof, 2e per bushel.
For eacli additiciiial .') dix-s, or part thiTcof. Je per
bn.>li(l.
From N'ovemoer i.'i, 'o .Vpril 1.'), the above rates will
be ehaiged on grain in good condition \intil four cents
per I)\isliel lias aecrni'd, afti'r whieh no additional
storage will bo charged din-ing the time named, so
long as the grain remains in good condition. .Vftcr
April l.'dhe • suniinerrate' of storsige is againresmned.
The usual charge tor storage of provisions per
calendar month is six cents per barrel for Mess Pork,
WAREHOUSE RECEIPT.
P^l^©JillI|^ W^^ML ^. ^@.
-""""■^^Ml
No........W;>.'>.
, r^l^^'LI^!. /d^.
! ^^ef'f.nscr/ 1)/- ^/f:-h:- /^ c w, £!El^9l.^:A..:}hJ}lL}Jt}!:^j:^±
V Tivcnty-seven ami
/
Xo. Tiro Rye,
fyL^-^:.^''!^^.±^^:'-::rrr:rr-rfi/f^ /^- JfUle^ir/fl- r:/ //Ifj-
Tfiit tjr>ii>i i.t suLjfrt t(i our
'cilrertix^U rdifs uf storage.
/( it hfrebii myrriil tii/ Iff holdtra of Ihix m-Hpl, I'uil the iimin /urnii mentioned vinii he ulnrril
Hilh ■illifi- ynii'i uf the same quality by iimite'-liim; Loaa l.v /iiv or hfntini/ nt o\i'iirr's risk.
n?i.i.
Li>s.^}':r::z
''7jfc-rf/, >^-- r. /r jf^fA
eight cents per tlercj; for Lard, and live cents per
hundred pounds for salted meats in b>ilk.
MARGINS.
" la cuso you make a sale to a member of the Board
of Tnulo who becomes insolvent before the maturity
of the contract," we in(piirod, "how dr) yon dispose
of the property, and wiio sutfers the loss in ca.se that
the market has de; lined since the sale was made ?"
"The fulfillment of contracts is, in all cases, guar-
anteed to our customeis."' said the l)rokcr, "and any
loss incurred by di^fauit. on the part of his fellow-mem-
ber fulls upon the commission mer< hant. Un<ler our
rules, however, there is no necessity for making such
a loss, and if we avail ourselves of our margin rules
in ail cases, there can be no such thing as an
inmlvenl commis,iion merchant.
"Unall time contracts purchasers have the right to
require of sellers, as a security, ten per cent margin
based upon the contract price of the property lH)ught,
and further security, from time to time, to the extent
of any advance in the marki-t value above said price.
In like manner sellers have the right to require ten
per cent of the contract price as margins from the
buyers, and in addition, any ditference that may occur
between I lie estimated legitimate value of any such
property and the price of sale.
" For instance, on a contract for 5,000 bushels of
Wheat, at $1.00 per bushel the buyer and seller may
each be rcipiired to deiwsit (with the Treasurer of tlie
Association or with some bank duly authorized by the
d
icr l)nshol.
proof, io pfif
^1 ^M^
[civpil —
,. jipr bushel.
>r(<.f, i«- \^^
,vo fiites will
ntil four cents
no mldilioiiul
no iiiunetU >*"
litioii. Aft*"'"
iii'iiiiin-sdiiu'tl.
provisions poi"
for ^less Pork,
^
/cTJ^cf.
re Hundred
1. c/' //la
U suhi'it 'o our
\ites u! storage.
ui hf Mnreit
I'tirr'i risk.
r
f -J (a
Ihiivc the right to
per cent luurgin
I property iMnight,
luie, to the extent
above siiid price.
ht to require ten
|i!irc:ins from the
Ic that niiiy occur
iiUio of any such
5,000 bushels of
tr and seller may
Treasurer of the y^j
I authorized by the
C**--*"* ^ ■ ■».. •K>«.'K'N
1 IIK < UI'VV(H) iM)Ai;ii OK ri;\i)i.
Hoard of Directors tc receive such deposits) ^ruMi, as a
niar^'in at tiw time the contract is made. If the jirice
.ihotdd deilino to 9.5 cents |>er bushel, the seller could
require the buyer to deposit %ih(i additional margin,
uid he wotdd thtis be secured against loss until the
market had declined below «5c. Again, if the market
should advaiKc fnim $1.00 to fl.05 the buyer could
re(]uire the seller to furnish %'2f)'0 additional margin,
and he could thus sutler no loss until the advance
should reach ;p 1. 1.1. Thus you see that a commission
meniiaiit can guaranty ample security to his cus-
tomer and not • stall 1 in the gap,' except in case of
unusually severe fluctuations. As the rules require
inarjjiiis to he deposited within one hour after they are
properly called, we can generally protect our interests in<lulging in hope,
before the security
is entirely ex-
hausted.
•' On account of
a desire to seem
lenient.or through
a false notion of
courtesy,"thc com-
mission merchant
continued, "the
parties to con-
tracts do not
always require
sufficient margins,
and hence incur
ur.nocessary losses.
Not long ago I
met an ex-mem-
ber of the Board,
who is now in a
moderate salaried position in an office in Chicago, who
■-aid to me, "Yon will reincnilMM' that I failed in busi-
ness a tew inontli~^ airo. Nobody was more surprised
at my failure than I was, niysclf. 1 started out with
.1 spleiiditl line of trade, aiiil every assurance of sne-
eess that one could wish. 1 iia<l $-_'.">,imiO eash capital
and excellent credit, and the earned commissions on
niv books were :t'li'''"' I"'" ^^'•■^''^ from the st^irt. Now
known among 1113' fellow-memlxji's they did not
usually reipiire nie to (hqK)sit margins on my trades
with them. Hence, as I had no immediate need for the
money, I did not call upon my customers for such
security, as I shouhl have >ione if my friends had com-
pelled mo todoso. When, therefore, a sudden depres-
sion occurred in values, and I was re(]uiied to furnish
margins down to the market prices within one hour's
time, of course, I faced a pl.y.-ical imiiossilality, and
so sus[)ended business, and my contracts were sold
out during a piinic. Of course, I telegraphed my cor-
respondents of the situation, but before answers came
the market had recovered and prices were away up
airaiii. I am now holding some 'slow notes' and
The Board of Directors in sessiom
•♦You will there-
of appreciate tLc
ieressity of plao
Bg margins in the
lands of the com-
nission merchant
it the time the
\)ntract is made.
ie needs this to
irotect the in-
erests of his cua-
onier, hiis fellow
jembers and him-
self."
"What amount
( i margin is usual*
/ required of
'TtieF Tho buy
or sell tor tJittire
delivery in your
what do you suppose caMsed ni\' susp'Mision ?'
I said that I pres.inii'd tiiat he got to speculating
in lurger ainomits of )<roduet than he could safoiy
carry, and was sold oilt by oiher parties during some
depression, after hi.- margins had become exhausted.
||\ "No, sir!" ^aid he. impressively. "I never was
personally interested to the extent of a single dollar
h in any trade I ever made, and as this was generally
market ?" we asked.
" That is wlioUy a matter ot £.gTeement between the
principal ami his broker," was the reply; " but experi-
ence lias determined that the following amounts are
c(piitable, and custom has esiabiished them as the
usual rates.
On oiU'h 5,000 bushels of Wheat, 5c' per bushel or
$2.")0.
On each 1,<100 bushels of Corn, .k- per bushel, or $150.
On ea<-h n,(MM) bushels of (,)ats, ;]c per bushel, or $1.")0.
On each "i.")!* barrels of Pork. $1.00 per barrel, or $250.
On each "i.")'* tierces of Lard (estimated at 320 lbs per
tioree — HO. (111(1 11^;) .Ve per lb, or $40o.
On each .» i,(i(i(t lbs of .Salted Meats. Jc jwr ft or $2,50,
"These quantities are the smallest amounts which
can be bought or sold for future delivery under our
I
■riHe
i'i
1:1 f
I>1
wva^iAKMHBa^H;
IllK CIIK' \(i<l I'.ii Mill <i|- I li.\l>i;.
riilos, and nil contracts arc made tur these amnimts ni'
their nuilli|)!es,
'•( )t course, cnstomers aie ahvays understood to lie
Irachiiir suhjeet to tlie rules of tlie association wiierc
ilieir contracts are made, and tiu-y therefore stand
ui the .--amc relation to tiieir copunission merchant (so
iar as maririns and t'uillilmcnt of ((nitracts are coii-
fornedi tiiat he docs to t!ic other lieuiixT^ of the asso
ciation.'
"It occur- to nic, I said, "tliat wiien lii. sjiecida-
live tra(hni;' is \ cry larire. and especially in .:.'V eom-
modity for a laie future didivery, these marirms Miust
iibsorl) eiiorrioiis amounts of Capital."
" Yos." was the leplv, "our l)anks usually hold
several million^ ot money for niaririii:il purposes duriiiir
the last of siuumei. to secure contracts for the delivery
of the matiirinir cro|)>, ol which sales for future
delivery ha\'e in many cases liecn ellei'ted. Some-
times, however, as I have explaine(l, the prices in
autumn are -o low that tlu> tarmei' would ratliei' luiy
the irraiu in Cliicairo to till his eontraet than to ship
his own, preferrinir f" await hiijher pnecs m sju'inir.
Suppose that he does this, au<l that ni a few weeks a
sudden acivauce in priees occurs and he makes a second
sale of his irrain. Now a se<'ond decline may also occur,
and he will airaiii buy hack sutiicient <rraiii to till his
ohllfatious. .Should this proe<'Ss he repeated live
times tiefore that farmer linally shipped in his own
irram for actual deiixcry, you will s(>e at once that the
commission nierchant's hooks would represent .ydlr.s
of live times the amount of irram which the faj'iuer
raised. Now in fact the first four trades (sale and
re-puvchase) hecame |)urely speculative, althoujirh in
each lustaiKc the farmer may liave orijifinally con-
cluded that he would forward his own ero}) to murkot.
SETTLEMENTS.
" III .lime, 1«(!3, a prominent member of the Board,
who IS still one of its ' pillars,' was ordered by an
Iowa farmer to sell ."),0l)0 bushels of Xo. 2 Mixed Oats
for September delivery, the price beinjr favorable for
the producer. As the crop matured and promised a
heavy yield, the prK'e declined severely. Then the
winds and ram beat down the oats badly ir. many sec-
tions of the country and they were thoiiirht to have
Im'cu riimed. This created a speculative demand for
(»ats for .hiiinarx' didivery, sc the farmer houirht hack
his Septemlier oats and resold them for .January at a
handsome advance. ConsiderableexcitemenI prevailed,
opmonsof values varied widely, fluctuations were severe,
and muu^. apportuiiitJcs were oflered to s*ll the outs at
a spleiKlid profit over losi ot production, and m turn
to re-purchase them at less than their real \alue.
l"'iiiall\- ilii' [irodiiccr conclude(l to carry his oats over
to the next yar, and bomrht to till his last eontraet
on the lir-t decline below the price ot' tiie sale. The
cominis--i(iii nieii'Iiant then found that he had -old his
cu-.loni IS ."(.iMKi hushels of oat> t n'enhj-oiw times, and
hou:^iil oliiei oats in cver\' in>tance to fultill the con-
tracts, liiasniuch. tlierelon\ as his obliiratious were
;>id\idcc| tor, it occurre<l to him that it those p;irti<'s
who were i-ecei\inir the cai lots ot oats whiih he had
lininihl would aiii-ce to deliver them to the partie'^ to
wlioni he had salil . lie inivlit otl'set the contracts atraiiist
one another on In- iiooUs, and ^et his maririns released
bv oU'erinir to adjust t lie prolitsor losses so represented.
His hooks were thus c|carc(l, and the delivery from the
•iriiriii.d x'llcr to the >hii)|ier took place without the
Ln'.am ir'oin;; throuiih the hands of the middle party,
i The -vstem wa- .afterward extenile(l so as to dropout
two or more middle men, by clearini;. or oli'sctting,
contrac 1- tor purchase .airainsl contracts for sale, where
the\ were identical as to nuinl)er ot bushels, kind and
irrade of irrain, and time of d(diverv .Sometimes, for
instance, we would Iniy .'>,0(M) bushels of May Corn for
.V. I'i. from W. i*vr Co. and the same io\ C. I), from
11- i'i Hro. Now when .\. B ordereil his cori sold, it
happened th.it 1[. & Bro. bonirlit it. In case we
wante(l to oll'set our contracts with II. it Bro.. we
would iiave to iret the consent of our customer C. D.
to substitute the irrain coniiiur to n- from W. it Co.
in hi- I ( '. 1). SI account instead of the corn boiiirht from
11. i*i Bro., till' purchase-contracts beiiiir identical.
This necessity finally save rise to our rule (ui this sub-
ject, wliich reads as follows:
" In case any memljer of the .Vssoci.it ion, actinsf as
a conimission merchant, shall have made })iirehases or
s.ales, bv (U'ller and h)r account of another, whether flic
l)arty lor whom any such purchase or sale was made
shall be a member of the Board ot Trade or otherwise,
and it shall subsequently appear that such trades may he
otiset and settled by other trades made bv said coin-
mission mercliant , he shall be deemed authori/ed tn
make such ollset and settlement, and to substitute
somi' other person or persons for the one from or te
whom he mav lia\e purchased or sold the propertv
oriiriually ; Pr i>'i<h><l, \\\\\i \n ea^ies of such substitii
tion the member or firm inakintr the same shall be
held to <ruaraiity to his or their principal the ultmiate
fulfilliiHUit of all contracts made for ac<'oiiiit of sinii
})rineipal which have been .so transferred, and shall he
held liable to said principal for all damages or loss
"^i
..
1. ami 111 turn
I'lr ri'iil \ahio.
,■ Ills (lilts ovpr
IS last cniitrait
Iho sale. Til''
lu' li;i<l --olil lii«
-otic tiiiits. and
tultiU till' '-('n-
hliiratioiis were
it those parties
< wliicli lie had
,) the parties to
•oatracts'iLMiii>t
narjriiis released
s so rejiresented.
lelivery tVom the
la.e wilhniit the
le iniddli' (larty.
I, as to drop out
lu. (ir otVsetting.
ts tor sale, where
l)ushels, kind and
Sometimes, for
ot' May Corn for
e for C. I), from
1 liw cor.i sold, it
It. In case we
W. &. Uro.. we
r customer C D.
from W. & Co.
'orii houirht from
beiiiir identical.
rule on this suh-
tciation, actins: as
nade purchases or
tthcr. whether the
or sale was mailc
rade or otherwise,
such trades may he
ide hy said <'oiii-
led authorized to
and to substitute
he one from or In
sold the propert\
of such substilii
;he .same shall hc
icipal the ultiiiKite
)r account of such
erred, and shall he
U damages or loss
r^
G
THE CHICAGO BOAUU OF TRADE.
resulting from such substitution.
" This process is usually ilono ia a hall adjoining the
Exchange, which is set apart for that purpose, and a
busy place it is. About two hundred settling clerks
are usually in attendance, some of them being mere
boys, but a bright, active, earnest lot they arie. They
here learn application to business, self-dependence,
wonderful rapidity in computation, and absolute cor-
rectness in results. Most of the younger present
members of the Board have ' served their apprentice-
ship' in this clearing house."
"Finally, are your charges for services uniform, and
what are they ?" we asked, beginning to notice that
the closing hour was near at hand.
COMMISSIONS.
♦' Our rates of commission were adopted by a ballot
vote of the Board," said the member, handing us a copy
of the Rules, "and are declared to be the minimum net
charges for services performed ; and to be exclusive of
any charges upon the jiropcrty or transaction, such as
storage, interest, insi-aiKC, inspection, or weighing;
and telegrams received iVcjni customers, as well as the
answers sent, arc expected to be at the customer's
expense. The first violation of tliis rule by any mem-
ber is punishable b}- suspension from all privileges of
the Board for at least one month, and upon a second
-■onviction the rules suy that he t.haU be expelled from
the Association.
The following is the schedule of eonuiiissions
FOR THE SALE OF PROPERTY ON CONSIGNMENTS.
Wheat and Itye, by car-load lots, in store,
free on board cars or vessels, on track,
delivered, or to be shipped from any
other point 1 cent jjer bu.
Corn and Oats, by car-load lots in store, J " "
Corn, by sample on track 1 " "
Barley, by car-load lots, in store 1 " "
Barley, by car-load lots, free on board
cars or vessels, on tracK uelivered, or
to be shipped from any other point, 1^ cents per bu.
All kinds of grain by canal-boat loads,
in store, afloat or free on board
vessels } cent per bu.
Flax Seed, in bulk 1 per ceat.
" " in Ixigs IJ " '<
Clover Seed, in less than car-load lots IJ " "
" " car-load lots 1 '« "
TimothySeed IJ '« ««
All other seeds 2 '< «•
Dressed Hogs, in car-load lota 1 J *' "
Dressed Hogs, in less than car-load lots, 1}@2^ per
cent.
Bran, Shorts and Millstufis $3.50 per car.
Corn ^leal $o.00 per car.
Hay (rate not officially scheduled) . . .50 cents per ton.
Broom Com i cent per pound.
FOR THE PURCHASE AND SHIPMENT OF PROPERTY.
Wheat, Rye and Rirley, to be shipped
by vessel cargo J cent per bushel.
Other grain to be shipped by vessel
cargo \ cent per bushel.
All grain, to Ix; shipped by rail J cent jier bushel.
Lard, Mess Pork and other Meats ^ of 1 per cent.
FOR THE PURCHASE AND SALU OF PROPERTY IN THE
CHICAGO MARKET.
Grain, of all kinds, in lots of 5,000
bushels or more J cent per Imshel.
Lard, in lots of 2.')0 tierces or more, 10 cents per
tierce.
Mess Pork, in lots of 250 Ixirrels or more, 5 cents per
?)arrel.
Other meats, in lots of .')0,»>00 ))ounds or more, J of 1
per cent.
In cases where the transaction is made for members
of the l)oard, one-half of the rates under this heading
may l)c charged
With this information we closed our investigations
for the day.
The sound of the bell admonished us that the
Exchange Hall must be vacated, and thanking our
guide for his attention, we stepped into the elevator,
feeling better acquainted, by means of our visit, with
the rules and customs of the Chicago Board of Trade.
F PROPERTY.
ent per bushel.
:)PERTy IN THE
sr this henflins:
investipations
OOMINO up in the distant lund-
scapo of one of our irrnat com-
mercial centers, the iniire jrrain
elevator jjresonts nothing either
picturesque or impressive to tlie
(il)server, except as it is suggest-
ive of tliat vast and most important
of all the world's industries, the grain
y trade, of ■which it is daily becoming an
ncrcasingly important factor.
The elevator is jieculiarly an Ameri-
can institution, and made necessary by
an immense exportation of grain to
foreign ports. In continentJil Europe
the meth.ods in vojruc for handliii"'
grain are of the most priiniti\(> kind, and calculated to
excite the derision of the American, who is acquainted
with our improved machinery and facilities for handling
and storing gniin in our great elevators. In tlie Black
Sea ports of Russia, for instance, whole cargoes of grain
are loaded into vessels from Ixiskets borne on the men's
backs between the storehouse and the point of deliv-
ery. A Swedish invention is a floating elevator with a
jointed folding " leg" which, although far sniierior to
[ IN the basket system, is almost as much inferior to the
devices and improved appliances of the great elevators
of American grain ports.
:^ =^
■ft
Scattered thr ngho'il llic I'niti'd Stales, from the
small interior town to tiie gns-it centers and jiorts fif
receipt and delivery of grain, may be seen the grain elt-
vator, ranging in size and capacity trom the insignificant
to tlic enormous; tlie latter einbraiing within its hiipe
dinieiisions a storage citpacity lor millions of Inisheis of
tlu' products of the farm, and po>scssing most ingeniouf^
appliances and machinery for handli'ig vast cargoes fif
grain without manual labor.
The \ast system of grain storage has been necessi-
tated by the iinnu'iise crop ot' tlie cereal products an-
nually jirodnced in this coiiiitiy, over and above the
amount coiisnmcd in the I'nilcd States. This grain
must be stored until it is consuined or carried to for-
eign lands.
In the large cities, or grain .enters ()f the United
States, it is customary foi' one or more linns or <f)m pa-
nics, to own the grain elevators, and the busiiios of
such (inn or company is limited strictly to the storing
of grain. A fixed rate is cliarge<l for storage. In some
cases the elevate rs are owned by the railroad conipiiuy,
on whose land they are located, and are leased to
the elevator company. In other cases they arc built
and owned by the elevator company, whose profit
lies in the (omiiensation exacted rom the owners
of grain storett therein. The Inspection Depart-
ment, wltich is iin institution of the state gov-
:J».*»i?gi:ji,ijf;^.<
!?»■"!
ELEVATOl! AM> ClItAIN THADK.
uriiiiMMit, i'iii|)I(iy iiisi)i'<Mni->, whoso duly it is to ox- | to llic liosri-stnir of all siiiiMiicnts of grain from the
amijic all curs < ontaiiiiii<i' grain coiisiyiicd to niaiisi't, i di'iators.
,<nivi(lo{l liif cars aro not to l)o rosliippod to otlioi' Tlic duties ot' the Uoirislrar arc to oxi'rciso a siipor-
poiiits. The in>po('t()r dotoriiiinos tiio fj-i'adc of tho vision oxer tho olo\ulors, and lioop account of all irraiii
^rain and place- a tickot on ihc ear, on which is writ- ! in each elevator and tho nunihor of roeeipts outstand-
t.cii tho car nnmhor, tho kind of irrain, ami tho irrade. ! inir. When a ooinini^sion moreliaut has "-rain ron-
Tho iiLspcotion department makes return- of all cars I siiriiod to him, he ninsl ha\(' the rcoci))t issued to him
rooeived, the anionnl contained, and gi'a<le ot' i^rain, to i)\- the olovatoi- company reiristerod, and have tho reg-
tJio Registry Depai-tmont. wiiich is also a state instilu- , istry stann) placed upon tho face. Until this is done no
tioii. The Inspection depaitinont also makes returns ' grain will bo del ivoroil from tho elevator on such receipt.
ELEVATOR "C" AT LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, THE LARGEST IN THE UNITFD STATES.
When cars are received into tho elevator yard, an
engine, which is in attcndanco for the purpose, runs
them into the elevator, and each car is placed directly
opposite a set of grain buckets, which apparatus will
I»o examined hereafter.
Ileneath each car door is a hopper, or as it is some-
t.ime.4 called, a '• receiver," which is a V shaped pit, .set
into the floor (see figure ,') 11). Almost immediately
above the receiver and opposite the car door, are two
oliains or ropes attached to the steam shovel (see figure
4). This machine is so constructed that it draws the
.-iliovels toward it bj* means of these chains or ropes.
which wind around a jiuUey drum (see figure 2 C)
until the shovels are drawn to the cur door, then by a
peculiar contrivance the ch,..ns arc relaxed and the
shovels can be once more taken biick for a fresh load.
These shovels are made of wood, a ring being fastened
on each end of them by which tho chains are attached
or detached at will. Tho inspection ticket is taken
from the car and a copy of it placed in a small elevator
chute, M'hich carries it into the cupola of the warehouse,
where the woighman is waiting to weigh tho grain (see
figure 2 E). This copy of the inspection ticket heenters
on his book. A signal is then given t tho weighman
^
ELKVATOU AM) (iU.VIN THAUE.
b
liy men stutioiiod holow wlio pull a rope niiminir iiji
1111(1 :ilt;icli(Ml to III) iiini. oi', in moiiu' tiiscs, a licll.
^"t■ll('ll till" rope is tijrlili'iiod tiic arm ii raised, or liie
boil i-^ rimjL', and thn woi<jrlinmn knows tliat tin- ear i>
ready to nidoad. After tliis sijjnal is given the process
of unloiidiuir is lie^^iin.
Tlie ear lioor is opened and the
•rrain wpouts out and falls into the
receiver l)oneatli. After all the
•rrain thai '.-an ))e <roi out in that
way has run out, a ganjr of luon
(two to eaeii (•ar)})roeoc(lt() use the
shovels. Theyenterthe ear. which
is only iialf full, and di^Lnny the
shovels into the srraiii, hold them
in position. Relaxing the chains
sets the drnnis in motion and
draws the .shovels to the car door,
fnll of grain, which falls into the
receiver.
The chain is then relaxed, the
shovels are oni'e more drawn back
for another load, and are placed in
another part of the car. The
same operation is repeated until
the oar is cleared of grain, when it
is swept clean with brooms. By
this simple and ingenious con-
trivance a car load of from 700 to
1000 linshels of grain is emptied
at an expense of twenty cents,
wh(Meas to perform the .same ope-
ration by manual lalior would cost
seventy cents, besides oceupyiug
a nnieli longer tjinc. The receiver
is so arranged that the tlow of
grain can be regulated to a mini-
mum speed. This is necessary, as
when the grain runs into the
receivei- it is caugrJit by Ijuckets
(see tig. (!) and carried to the
M|)per [)art of the elevator, and if
tlie grain wer(> to run in too fast
the buckets could not carry it all,
and tiie '• l)(iot," w'<ieh is a box
under the buckets (.see tig. .">), would be choked. This
flow is cheeked by ni(>ans of a slide (see figure ."> I)
which moves up or down.
The buckets, which catch the grain as it runs down-
ward from the receiver, are riveted to an endless belt,
Iiich runs over dnmis, one at the top and one at the
Apnrtliil vrrtic;iltr\nsvciv('S('('tioniit'!i«iiiiuliou.«ic
nnd out! of tlio *'li'»*iilors llwrtMii. \ (li'notes lower
flour, II n ISst.im;,'!' Ijins. (■ H l'.:iw\ KlU • I^Mirstorira
of tlioc'iipiihi.ii l:(nk, Ix'luviitiii' Imoi, <■ luwcr eleva-
tor niillrv (li'iiin, (I iipppr clrviitDi' dnun, e elcviitov
licail, f H|iout, n oloviiKir b"lt, li li Uiu-kcts.
bottom of the building (see figure 1). The buckets
are made of tin or sheet iron, and ai'c about a foot
apart. Tiiis biiekel-belt is called an " elevator," and
it is inclosed by what is called a "log," which is simpy
a wooden box covering (see fig. Ij, starting from the
•Iruni at tli" top and riuiniiiy to
the drum at the bottom of the
building. Through this leg the
buckets art! carried by the belt,
filled with grain. The lower
drum is encased by the " boot,"
and though there is plenty of
room in this '• l>oot " for tlie
buckets to pass around the drum,
yet sometimes a piece of wood
gets into the "boot" or the
"boot" is choked by the inain
running in too rapidly, and the
buckets arc torn from the belt, or
the belt breaks. In such a ease
the " boot" must be opened and
the obstruction reiuoved. li<'fore
this can be done, however, the
drum must be stop|)ed. which
draws the belt. This can now be
done in a few seconds by means of
a very simple contrivance which
consists in a rope running from
the lower floor, connecting with
swinging beams, joined to the
drum at the top of the elevator,
which throws the machinery out
of gear. This imjjrovement has
been lately introduced under the
Lot/, patent. The buckets catch-
ing the grain as it falls into the
receiver, carry it up to the top
drum. As the liiickets pass over
the drum they become inverted,
and tli(> grain pours out into the
scale-bill (see lig. 2 "f"). When
the grain is all out of the car a
signal is given by letting fall the
arm or pulling the liell cord. The
weight of the grain is then noted.
Tins weight is taken by pounds, and afterwards reduced
to bushels. In most of the states the number of
pounds per bushel of corn is fixed at .")G, oats .32, rye
."Hi, barley 4'S, and wheat GO. The number of pounds
that the car load weighs is taken down in the book, by
the weighman, the kind and grade of grain and the
fv I
!
l'/'-^ m
KLEVATOK AND OKAIN THAUK.
iiiimltci' of IliP hill into whirh It is to ^o, is then soul
('.own to II niiin liolow who arnin^es tho spouts running.'
from t lie scale hin, so tliat tiic f^min siiali run into ii
hill fonlainin<r tlic siiiic iiind and griult! of ;;rain as
that in llic scale, ami into tho hin niinilHM'ed in Ww.
incinonimliuM.
Tlic weiiiimian linn pulls a hiuullo which opens the
spout hole ill liic liot-
tom of tlie ■-(•;ilc-liiu,
ami tile iri'aiii rmi> into
the spouts tlieliee to
the storai,'e liins. The
person who arranpos
the spouts must under-
stand his i)iisinessthor-
oii/rhly, as tho mixing
of ditlorent kinds of
^riin would on tail
iniich trouhle, and m
some rnsoH loss.
The spouts are square
eoiidiiits made of wood
tlirouirli which the
^rairs nri iu any direc-
tinM tiiat they 'ire
pointed.
Kticli --pont i^ so ar-
rani!('d that it will
empty into any one of
sevi'ral other spouts,
and these in turn may
he i)laced so as to run
the irram into any one
of several other liins,
each one of which
is niimhered. Hy this
means any one of a
lar<re nunilier of hins
may lie reached from
the same start inp-
poiiit, namely, the
seale-hiii.
After the grain
reaches the hin
grad(^ of grain, is sent down to the main office, which
is iisiially located in tho husiness portion of tho city.
In elevators of Inrge size there are at least five or
six sets of cdevator huckets for receiving, and the same
nunihcr for shipping purposes.
Tiiere is necessarily a receiver, or hopper, as it is
sometimes called, and a sculo to each set of huckets.
The use of the 'Ship-
ping elevator" huckets
will he explaiiMMJ liei'c-
after.
'Ilu' leceix iliij' iilK k-
ets are placed on one
side of the elevator,
and the shipping huck-
ets on the other.
The railroad, over
whose track tlie gram
arrives, renders ex-
pense hills to the ele-
vator comiiaiiy. From
these expense hills the
name of the consignee
is ascertained. They
also contain the nnm-
hei- of till' cars, the
nniii! er and date of the
way hill, the weight
as ascertaineil hy the
elevat<n' coiniiiny. the
kind of iriaiii ( hut not
the irrade), <()nsignor"s
name, the place of ship-
ment, the rate of
freight, and the freight
and inspect ion ciiarges.
Upon iiayineiit of lhes(>
charges a receipt is
issiieil from the main
oilice of the ele\at<)r
c()nii)any for the con-
tents of the car, deliv-
eralile to the order of
consignee, dated
., A Tnmsvorse Section of a Grain EloTntor. A denotes lower floor, a a car tracks, bb ,,
It re- ideviiti>r.lKK)ts, cshiiflln;; furL'niin.sliovi'lliiK niucliini', Ii II It trraln liliiH. Ii 8|iontins tlie
fl(M>r, K lloor containing tlio Mnippinj< ''('iiUi bin <1, !■■ (luor c(>n(:iininK sliiiipir.^ i^arncr c,
mams there until readv amlrecelN-lngsciUohln r, (i nmclilniTy floor, nropo connecting} wltliswinHl"!-; '"'luns. the (lay the graill Went
for shipment, nnh^ss there is danger of its getting out
of condition 1)V heatiuir, in which case it is rim through
ditferent spouts until it resumes its proper condition.
The grain heing landed in the hin, the weighman's
liook containing the numhers and initials of the cars,
the numher of bushels and pounds, and the kind and
iiitost(n'e; the receipt, however, not heing ready for
delivery until the next day.
Ill most cases the elevator company is agent for the
road over whose tmck the grain is received, to collect
the freight charges on the grain, which must he paid
hefore the receipts will be delivered.
ELEVATOU AMD UKAIN TKADE.
VVlioii tlio »jm'm iH eonrtigiicd (lelivom!)lo to tho wliip-
por'n Older, llic ixM-scm claimin'j to 1ki tlio ono cntillcil
1(1 rcrcivo tlic <rriiiii uiiist produce tlio orifjiiuil hil' of
liuliiifr. Tlic Hiiiiic is also tlio niso, wliorc! ii nc'rotiablc
bill ol" linliii!,' Ims hccii issued hy tlu' road, and in fact,
whcuovcr I lie <'xpciis(> hdl sIiowh In' its M'ordinijf that
the shipper retains au interest in tlie consi<riiinent, a
hill of lading must bo surrendored by the person
()l)tuining the wareiionst^ receipt. Alter the recei])t
has been delivered to tho consiirnee, he usually soils it
on 'Change (indorsing on the ba< U the words " In
Store " over his signature) and renders an account of
sale to tho consignor. Tho elevator company receives
a compensation for every bushel of grain stored accord-
ing to tho time it remains.
The Avarehouso law of Illinois allows ono and ii quar-
ter cents for th«i first ten days, and one-half cent every
A partinl Tninsvrrso Srctloiml View of seven"! liiniln Bins,
sbowlnR tlidir constiiu'tidn. The letter d denotes rings for
foot-reats lor entoilnt? tlie bins.
ten days thei'oufter, on every bushel stored, but by
agreement between tho prominent elevator firms of
Chicago, afte-r the liftecnth day of November, on
grain in good condition, storage will bo at the forego-
ing rates, until four cents per bushel shall have
accrued, after which no additional storage will be
charged until the fifteenth day of April, provided the
grain remains in good condition.
When the grain has lain in store between these dates
long enough to have accrued four cents per bushel at
the legal rate, then only four cents are charged, and
the IJ cents nde is ignored. Storage is then figured
by what is called the " winter storage" rule, which is
fourcents for storing between the l.'itli of November and
the lith of April, and one-half cent every ten days or
part thereof previous to, and one-half cent every ten days
or part thereof after tho time allowed for winter stor-
uge; provided, that the four icnts charged for winter
storage fully (wi vio k jm nmm to (he L'itk of April.
For illustration, suppose that ii car containing five
hundreil bushels of corn, goes into store Octol)er first,
tho receipt bearing that date, and that on October .'Ust
the ri'icipt is returned, and the grain is ship[)ed from
the eli'\aloi'. 'V\\i\ party who returns the receipt hav-
ing received th(^ grain, is (tbliged to pay storage. Tho
gniin ha\ ing been in store thirty days he will have to
|iay per bushel, Ii cents for the first ten days, and one-
half cent every ten days thereaftei', making 2| cents,
which, after adding;!;") cents per car load for inspecting
the grain out of stoi'o, which the elevator company
collects for tho state warehouse commissioners, will
amount to eleven ilollai's and fifty-tive cents.
But siinpose that tho grain for which the receipt was
issiieil, is iidt taken out until winter storage hasaccrucd ;
say not until iM'liniaiy l.'ith; the storage in this ease
would be four cents per bushel for the time it had boon
in store after the I.')th of November, and oiu'-half cent
for every ten days or fractional part thereof, previcnis to
thatdate. From October first to November l.'ith is forty-
five days, whiih Willi Id be 2 \ cents, this added to the four
cents will inaked}, cents per bushel, or $.'J2.r)U, to which
must be added the ont-inspection charges as before.
A\'arehouso receipts upon blank indorsement, or in-
dorsement to tho order of another, are negotiable. On
tho following |)ago is given tho form of an elevator
receipt, and also, a form of an order for delivery of
grain for shipment. When a forv.-arding merchant
wishes to shii) a cargo of grain from store, he buys tl!"se
warehouse receipts on tho Board of Trade, and surren-
ders them to the elevator company that issued them, in
return for \ hich ho receives an order (see tho form).
This order he gives to the agent of the \essel, who
sends it with tho vessel to the elevator. 'Dw order is
handed to the foreman of the elevator who attends to
the loading of tho vessel.
When the vessel is brought up against the dock, a
spout is run from tho elevator into her hatch. .Spouts
are then directed from tho bins containing the grain to
be run out, so that it will run into the shipping " re-
ceiver," which is similar to the one into which the
grain empties from tho cars when it in received into
stoio (see fig. .") II ).
Ily pulling a rope, a slide in the bottom of the bin
is opened iind the grain runs through the spouts into
tho receiver, tho slide in the receiver having been pre-
viously opened by raising a handle coimected with a rod
running up into the scale room, and to which another
1
I
jaiajjsi^^ii*
KLKVATOIt ANI> (JUAIN TliADK,
liaiiillo is iittuclicil, l)y wliicli the wciifliinim ciin ■^Iiiif fill'
111!' (low ii\' ^.Tlllll tVolll allOVO wllcll lie wIhIk's sh In (111.
W'licii the woiirliinaii soi's ihc Imiiillc I'isc, lie known
so thill when llio slide is di'iiwii lii(< ^rniiri I'iiIIh into it
(Mcc lii/ni'i' 2 I').
WJK'ii tills Ikiiukt Itin is lillfil willi i^riiin, tlio w<)i;.'li-
tiial tlir slide is opcni'd mid tlii' ^'niin is rnnninv into i niiin |)iills m liandir, to which is uttaclu'd ii rod joined
tlic hiickets. Ill ilie slide spoken ol". This lets the ijrain into the
The elevator liiiekets carrv the •."•rain to llie lop of
the hnnse and drop it into a hopper Mn. This liin is
Hinall, and is located ininicdiateh' alio\<- tliexaic liin.
scale hill (^see lii.'ni'e 2 A), lie then pushes the handle
liack ill place and the lnick(>ts soon rctill the hopper
liin. The weiirhiimn, in the nieantini(s ro<'onls IIk!
FORM OF AN ELEVATOR RECEIPT.
M^Jn.! !* I I i < |i - »i |i< » mr« I n , ■ < In, I ( 1 i n„ ,i t l i ,,. < 1 ,1 . « ) .. , ■ ! l i r i,.. « ) ., r « 1 , li „ i f> , « < | ■ » i > 1 i » i < ( n jii * . | , ■ ! In^ ^J nt . t. l urt J"*
r^^
.^BlWWH. JONMB & QO^tm
--Hr
-^
2To. 4429 K. Oaaaiia, May 22, 188 .
Received in store from f'H' 'Ji>-'-i, Fma' iinndreii umi Tweuti/ "^ 'Bushels
of ■/'"•') Com, suhject only to the order hereon of •Tonvx A- (y Brim, and the sur-
render of this receipt, and payment of charges.
Thii (/ratn it aubjtvt l» »ur
lUlvartUed rates u/ stDrage.
II in hfrelnj agree.i by the hoUiera of this ifCKlpt that the grain herein mentioned may be
stored with other 'jniin of the same 'imilitij by inspection. Loss by fire »r heating
tt owner's risk.
^.
420 msh. 114 Lbs.
Brown, Jones & Go.
I r " II ~ rf ' rn ~ n ~ rr ~ rf ~ rr ~ • i ' i r ~ n ' 1 1 ~ rr ' i n ' i i 1 1 - J i - i j- ■ j p
FORM OF AN ORDER FOR THE DELIVERY OF GRAIN FOR SHIPMENT.
No..
Omaha, March 7, 188 .
a. B. ^ Q. ELISITATOHB.
Deliver Propeller James W. J ones,
Fifty Thousand Two Hundred and Ten Jo Bushels
Two Corn, account of Jansen & Smith.
50,210 ^" Bush. 2 Corn. BROWN, JONES & CO.
v-*5ight of the grain, as does also the t^illyman, who is
a person permitted to be present to Avitness the weigh-
ing of the grain in the interest of the shipper, or the
vessel owners.
After entering the weight in his book tLs weighman
pulls another handle, which connects with the slide in
the bottom of the scales, and the grain runs through a
spout below it. This spout is arranged to i)oint in
any direction, and is called a " revolving spout."
Beneath this revolving spout are placed other spouts,
some running into shipping bins, some into storing
bins, and one running directly downward for the pur-
pose of loading cars and wagons,
When a vessel is Ijeing loaded, the revolving spout
is pointed directly over the spout running into the
shipping bin; the grain runs through the spouts into
^
nils into it
KLKVA10K AM) OltAI'i TKADK.
the slii|)|iiii<: liin, tlioiicc tlii'oii|r|t tho .spout niiinin^'
t'i'tini the slii|i|iiii!.'' Iiiii <•• tlir viimscI, into tlii! iiatcli.
VVlicii .1 wiiL'on i> iM'ilii.' loiitlod the j^niin docs not fn>
into the s||i|)|)in<r liins nl nil, lint ilircrlly down tlironirli
thf spont nuntjonod, into the wiipm wiiitinj,' to Ik-
loiuU'd.
Al'tci' tiu' vcrtHol is piirtly loaded it Ii.mimui's neccwsary
U) " trim" till- frniin. "Trimming'" is tlu; processor
.shoveling' tin' ltimii into the corners of tlie lioUl of tlic
veu»*el, so that no room shall Iw wiittted.
'1 he toretimn of tlie elevator ni.tke letnriis l<> the
main otiice on n ticket, fjivin;/ the name ni' the vessi'l.
the nnniUer of Imshels .she took ahoard. the kind of
;.'rain and ^'rade, the name of the shipper and the date
the lioat arrive^,!. SI ora^'e ceases when the Imat arrives,
on all receipts handed in previous to or on the day of
her arrival. If, however, n-ceipt-s on whiih thestonijjre
is " rnnin;.' ou{ " i^diat is, receipts so dated that one day
more will cansci one-half cent extra In aicriic) the day
the lK)at arrives, are not handed in nntil the day after,
Mf/. •/.
SHOVELING MACHINE.
then the extra one-half cent is charged withont regiird
to when the l)>)at arrived.
When a shijipnr loads out a car, or several cars, lie
srets an order in the same manner as in the case of
loadinjr a vcsscd and delivers the order to the apent
of the railroad which is to fnrnish cars. The agent
sends the car, with the order, lo the elevator, and
th grain is run into it in precisely the .same man-
ner as into the vessel, with the exception that the
grain, instead of first running from the scale bin into
a shipping bin, runs into the car by means of a spout ,
running directly downward. In loading cars it is nec-
essary to " trim" the gniin the same as in the case of
vessels. The cars are only al)ont half filled when
loaded, which gives the men room enough to use their
shovels. Trimmers are furnished for vessels by the
vessel owners, but the elevator company furnishes the
men for trimming cars. When the cars are loade<l
they are switched out of the elevator and ticketed to
the place to which they are consigned. They are then
sent by the railroad company to their destination.
Bills of lading are issued by the railroad to the shipper
I
I
il
;;::?-^
KLKVATON AND UITAIN llt.VUK.
' t'i'diM IIm' woij^hlH (U'torniinoil l>y tin* cU'viilor .tiiIi'."*,
Uotiirim itro iiihUh liy tht> t'orr^niitn ut' t\w cloviitor to
tlu> iiiiiin (itKco, \vhon> tin* Htoni^o hill it nmlo out in
the iiiinc tiiiiiiiKM' lis with v(w,s«^ls. Tlio iiriival of curs
III tin' «>lovut(>r riMiMt'.H Mioni^fo '.(» i'wi««', im with \»'fW(>lN.
It irt tho stiitiitoiy iluty ol' nil oUnittor companioM ut
frniiii is iiliMTil ill '*H|)o<'iiil hill" the rixMMittrt uro
written vxuctly uh iirtiml, with tluMidilitioii of tho nota-
tiuii iicroHs thi> fiu-o. Whoii ^ntiii in |iiit in H|MM'inl hin
it is ^cnoriilly sold hy Hiiniplniiml hrin<;H u liifhci- price
than otlicrwiHc, niix(<<laH it wonlil Im>, with jifruin of an
inferior (jtmlity. In mont olovators there are what, are
( 'hi<ap> t(i icmlor a daily report of all sliipinent-* termed " p(Mket " l)inH. Tliin is an ordinary hin,
which were made the day pi.vioiis, and also the re-
ceipts which were surrendered on those shipments.
divided liy [lartitions so im to form foiii' smaller liins.
ImU of these compartmentti is called a *■ piN-ket liin, '
This report ^Imw- the mnnhers of the ro«'eipts, the and are fretpiently used for »|)ecittl-hin ^'min. When
;jrraiii !.'<'ts out of condition it is "posted" on '( 'liaii;,'*' j
tlial is, the nuinlMT of the rec«>ipt and the niiinlier ot
date, iiiiinltei of hiishels, and tlie kind and iriane of
irrain. The recei|its ui'e cut with a caiiceliii.tr -pindle,
I
Mid representatives fiom the Ite^ristry Department
compare the repcM't so rendered, with the receipts, and
liiidini.'' il I'orrecl, enter it upon the Itooks in tiM> Ue^'-
istiy I>epailiueiil. The receipts are IIkui liooUeii ami
tiled .iway for rct'ereiice in the vaults of tho elevator
i<iiiip:iny. Ail L''i'aiii of
the ^aine kind and irrade
U mixed loirether
puliii'' warehouses
the
in
of
A and li as
pie-(iii»ed ill I lie ware-
liuii^e laws ot' Illinois,
'.'lass A I'd m prises
tiiose wareiioiise* in
wlii< il irraiii i- mixeil,
ami inrateij in cities
liaviiiLT not le>s tliail
1(111.(11)1) iiilialiitant.s.
C'la>s r. iiicluile- •• all
other WMrelioiises, ele-
vators ami irraiiaric- in
wliicii triiiin is stored in
Itiilk, and in which the
•.'rain of difl'en^nt own-
ers is mixed." (-lass C embraces "all other ware-
houses or placeij where property of any kind is .stored
for coii-sideration." Chicago elevators are of tho Cla.ss
A. In some cases where grain, graded as a certain
kind, is of such goodcpiality that it falls slightly short
of being graded one degree higher, or where it Is of a
kind dirt'erent from ordinary, us, for instance, white
iiumb<M' two corn, it is put into a special bin, upon
rccpiftst of the cfiisignee, this request being granted
except when the elevators are crowded for room. In
the eiuse mentioned (of " white " two corn) the Inspec-
tion Department creates no such grade, therefore the
receipt is issued simply for " two corn," and across the
fiioe is written "special bin," and the numljer of the
bin containing the grain. In fact, in all cases where
A Vertlcnl sootlon iif ttii> lower ciid of tlin Elcvfttor Hoot nml Tnnk.
A (li'noti's 11 inct;il liinU. Il ilio iIi'VmIov i.ooi with Its wlii, ■< loini"! to the
tliiilHMN of 111 ■ I liviiior I,-;; (', c Kiiiili'S of nlMiiiK lioxi » il, l> lower
(Iriiin, K <>nrllc«< lii'lt, K Knilii Imikctn. (i s'Tcw to 8C'iuio tlH' iven nin.
DliiKof the littltnnd fur tightening tho n.\\w. 11 liK'llnod|;rolii-chute«.
I ailjtistablo slides or gatra reKulnttiiK flow of Kniln.
the bill is given, and tho owner of the gniin notilieil to
take it out of store. As will l>e seen by I'i'adiiig the
receipt, loss by tire or heating is ut the owner's lisk,
liierefore it is the duty of the owner of the receipt to
insure his gniin ami not that of the elevator company,
their liability only ex-
tending to proper care
and stomge. Some ele-
vators are also eipiipped
for receiving grain from
canal boats. The boat
is brought up directly
undei- a •■ leg" which is
constructed i'tn- this spe-
cial purpos*'. The leg
is the same as is used
for holding the elevator
buckets, which has al-
ready lieon described.
Through this leg,bu<ket
belts pass, carrying the
grain up and emptying
it into a reeeiver spout,
from which it runs into
the scale bin. The leg, which stands nearly parallel
with the side of the elevator, and almost pcrpemlicu-
lar, is raised and loweretl by means of a pair of arms
running out from the elevator and attached to tho leg
at its top. On tho in^ le of the elevator these arms,
which are iwnillel, and joined together, are fastened on
a hinge. On the lower floor of tho elevator is a dnim,
around which is wound a wire rope. This wire rope
runs into the npiK-r part of tho elevator, then across
another drum immediately over the end of tho arms
nearest to the leg. It then rims down and is joined to
these arms, so that when it is desired to raise the leg,
tho lower drum is sot in motion and the wire rope is
wound over it. By this means the rope is shortened
and tho leg is raised. When it is to be lowered the
^^
if'c»M|ttM are
II 111" tln> iiota-
i" «|M'<iHl Itiii
I linri„.|- price
I /.'mill (if an
lire wlmf, are
>nliimiv liiii,
Minallcr Iijuh.
|Mi<k«!t Itin, '
'"ill. Wlioii
oil ■( 'li;ili;r,. ;
K' iiiiiiilii'r lit
ill ni>titi(>i| to
'■ I'i'adiii','- (lie
o^viicr's iJHk,
III' ivc(«i|,), (i,
<||' I niii|mnv,
lilv niily (.\-
|ini|)<T rare
SoilK' f|(-
ll-'IXMIIliplHMl
i^'/rriiiii (Voiii
• The lH)at
ii|i (liroctly
^.cr" which is
I for (liis spc-
W. Tho h.;;r
c IIS is used
liic ch'valor
hich has ai-
<lt!scrihc(|.
•^li^t'.liiK kct
iiiTviiiir the
1 empty in;rr
fiver Hpoul,
it runs into
I'ly puraild
Jerpendicu-
iiir of arms
I to tiic le^
heso arms,
astened on
i« a drum,
I wire rope
hen across
f tlio arms
I joined to
le the leg,
re rope is
shortened
veered
KLKVATOII ANU UHAIN TKAIIK.
drinn Ih>Iow Im revormHl. At the <'ii<l ol tlic arnii near
to Iht' hin^> \* a luilley drum. Around thiH is nn> tho
U'lt which |iropi'ls the drum in tlie h-^', over which (he
liuckel Im'Ms tni\«M'««'. Al'ler the \v<! is ioWdrod into
the can.d Itoat, the ^rain is Hhovejed aronnd t lie !<>;.•',
and is can<;ht liv the Kiickets and (le\ated into tlie
re<'ei\er, tluMiie into the scale liiii, and al'tcr U-in'r
weiuiied ami rim into a i.>ceiver, is camflil l»y the
Itnckeirt and tlirown into a hopper, and tlicncu runs
thron;;h sponts into the storap> hins.
Gnun is load«'d into a (anal hoat in the same manner
as into any v(>ssel. 'I'ln inspection cl:arjjres tVom canal
iniats uro M vouU |H'r thoittuind bushclH. The charf;ei«
for inri|KK'tion of jrniin into store as well iw oiit of
GRAIN BUCKET.
store, are 35 cents |)er car load, 10 cects pc>r team
load. .'{.■> cents pel- car load to teiun, and M cents per
thousand l)nsiiels hy vessel.
The !nsi)o<'tiou and cla.ssiticalion of llaxseed has not
l)ecM assmned by the stale inspection department. An
insp(>ctor is liowe\-er appoMiled liy the Hoard of Trade.
His char^'es for iuspoctin<r tlaxsccd are GO <'ent8 per car
into st( .'J, ;Jil cents per car <iut of store, and 40 cents
per thousand bushels jjoinj,'' out hy vo.ssel. Cars hold-
ing flaxsce(l must Im' lined with chith in order to pro-
vent it from sifting out. This is not necessary with
irraiu. When (lax.soed is pnt into store the inspector
makes a test of the amount of foieign substauco mixed
witii it, and makes returns of the result to the elevator
company. The receipt is then issued for the gnws
amount of bushels and i>ound8 received, and on the
iNtck U indorM'd the ^nmM Htnount, the |M>n-«'ntMff« of
foreign siil)rtt4ince It eontuimi, the iiumlier of |M)nndii
litis percentage amoimts to, and the net amount of pnr«*
senl. When the receipt i<< sold, it is sold on thi> It.i-.i^
of pure HiMid only. When the jioldor of the ro'eipt
brings it in for Hhipnicnt he is g\vcn en>«lit for the
gross amount mentioned in the receipt, and if the |H>r-
cenlageof foreign matter in the llaxM-t-d that he receive*
is larger than the amount indorstN] on tlie hitrk of tlic
receipt. Ill' HH-eives conjpensation in money in adjust-
ment of the ditl'erence. For illustration, if the ditl'er-
eiice iK'tween the two penentages is ten iht < ent, then
ten |>er rent of tito grr amount called for in tlie
receipt is determined, am, tlie va'iie coinpnted at the
mark'l rate, ami pai<l over by the elevator com|Niny.
On thecontniry, if the dilFerence is ug»in<t the .-hi|»-
|)er, it is to Ito collected from him in the same niuniier.
There are, in the sevend elevatcn-s, varion- ditFer-
ences in loii^truilion, ami in '.he manner of conducting
them. For exam|)le, there are a variety of contri-
vances lor signals. 'I'he arrMnircinents «if the s|)out9
stmietnncs dillei, and perhap-» no two elevators are
ever built exactly alike, but with tlle^.e slight varia-
tions, llu! description that ha.s U^en given will lie found
(o In- a correct one, and will apply to every elevator
built ill modciii style. 'Ihe bins in an elevator are
built up of h'yers of sipiare timln'r. laid one u|Mtn
another (as seen in figure ;<) and spiked together. The
bottoms uf tlies( bins are made to slant to a center so
tliat ail the grain ii: the bin will run out when the
slide is o()en. The lK)ttoms of the bin- are at lea>t i't
I'eet alK)ve the main tloor of the elevators, .so there
is no danger to the gniin they contain iVom overtlow of
the river on wliich they are located. The diagnims
show the plans upon which th<> elevators are cou-
struct((l, and it will be seen that great ingenuity has
been displayed by the inventors of our day in creating
something approximate to jiertcstion in facilities for
receiving, storing and shipping eastward the gre«tt
cereal product of our countrj'.
\.H\
•I'K't
TIIK NKW OKLK.VNS rOTTON KX( HANOK.
..-4--^
-'-^si^^its^^-C^-^^-Y ■
^^._^^^->'>^.:iJHi^r><-'-^^
Hkiokk our w:ir of iiulpijendenoe. a short
stapled colton <i{' inferior value had \teoi\
cullivatcd ill the Southern Colonies and
used for donicsfic purposes. Tliis was
t''o iij)laiid or I)()\vo(l eotton of Georijia
and South Carolina. Thi> name
'• r.(,w('d" was attaciiod io it in
foi-ciirn coiiiitrics. from tiie
oiicratioii of liowiiiir to 'Icar
it from dirt and knots. The
vil)ratioii of tlic liow strinirs
opened tiic knots or matted
masses of (ot ton. sliool< out the
dust and raisecl a do\\n\' lleeee.
Yet Aiiwriea wis hardly iaiown
as a colloii raisiiifr eouiiti'v, at
the close of our war for inde-
pendenee. .So small was oiir
n:'r(nvth of cotton, that in 17'S4,
an American vess(d having on
hoai'd eiirht bales of eotton was
sei/eil on its arrival at Liver-
pool as a smnirgler, the author-
ities there not helieviuff it possi-
ble that siii'h an amount of cot-
ton lould he raised t'or export
in the T'ldt^f'd States.
Tn the year IMOO otir liome mamifaetui'e eousunieil
50t) hales of eotton of r.OO ft.s <.ac!i or l.Vl.OOO ft^;. Tea
years later the eonsuniptiou had risen to 3,(iO(),OiO lb;?,
and in iHli), at the elosi* of our spcouk war with
England, to 27,(KiO,0(W fts., making 81,(100,0)0 yards
COTTON BUD AND BLOSSOM
of eotton, eosting $24,000,000 and furnishing employ-
ment to 100,000 operatives.
The United States is the great eotton field of the
world, and the demand for this product increases ever}'
year. In 1830 our productions araoiuited to one mil-
lion bales annually, and the
largest crop ever raised imder
the regime of slavery was a trille
over foiu' millions of bales. In
the south of to-day, under free
labor, the annual eotton crop
reaches to more than six and
one-half million bales, valued
at three hundred millions of
dollars. In a genial and favor-
ble I'limate ; with the well
adapted soil of our southern
states, which is practically un-
limited in its productive power,
the future of our eotton interests
Avill no doubt show greater
strides of advancement than the
past, and the lu'xt twenty years
the skill and persistence of
I'equited labor will probably
residt in its extensive manu-
facture throughout the south.
Cotton fillers vary in length from half an inch to an
inch and three-quarters, and each filjer tajiers to a fine
point. These variations inlengthaud thickness belong
to plants of different kinds and countries, eaeh kind
being nearly uniform in both dimensions. All the useful
'^^
isliing { mploy-
tiMisive nianu-
I
1
--«^;
TIIK NKW OULKWS l« )nON KXIIl\Mi
kiinls fri'ow iipoii i)l:ints. iiuloscd witliiii pods, which
protect it until ripi'iii'd, •.viicn the pods l)iirst from
the expiuisivc power of the imprisoned fibers and it
lies ii fleecy l):dl, ready for tlie hanil of the picivcr.
S<icntists (Htfcr as to the nnniher of varieties, some
eniimenitinfreijrht, some t»'n and .some nearly a hundred
\arieties; yet foi- ail practical purposes, three kinds
only are necessary' to l)e nu'ntione<l. Herhac-eous cot-
ton, wliich isof one summer's friowth, and most largely
cultivated in the United States, India and China. Its
general lii<rht is from IM to Ho inches, thonirh it may
be made loirrow eiirht to ten feet Iiiirli. W'Ikmi the pod
ripens and hursts, three locks of snow-white or some-
times yellowish down arc ^con, incdosinir and closely
adherni'.' to the seeds, which form about two-thirds of
the i)ulk. Thi!< species i,- planted each yeai- in the
early spring, and the c(jtton gathered. In India, it Wiu^
formerly the custom to .sow the seed Itroadcast; Utc
natives were also careless at every stagv^. and hence the
Indian cotton is mmdi inferior to that of our own
comitry. The s|irnl) <-otton grow-- wherever the herba-
ceous plant flourishes, and in coed (dimates it is an
annual, and in the hottest, a perennial, sometimes
yieldinir two cro])s a year, attaining a highl of 10 or
•20 feet. Tree cotton i< foinul in India, China,
Kgypt and Africa, and itattjtins a hight of from 12 to
20 feet. All the varieties flourish best on a dry sandy
soil, and a wet .•%eason is greatly dreaded by the cotton
planter. Cotton loves the air of the sea-coa.st, and the
finest staple known is om' own .Sea Island cotton of
South Carolina and Georgia, which, when grown
inland, quickly degenerates in length of liber and (pia'.ity.
Pine barrens, by plentiful and annual applications of
sea mud as a tertilizer. have been changed into fruit-
ful cotton tii'lds, .-imply paying the exi)enditure of
money and laboi' bestowed. The Se.i lsl;ind cotton
is niuch longer in the til)er tlian any other. It is very
strong, even .-ind ha> a >ilky textin-e. It is <lillerent
from most of our other cottons, having black seeds,
while the seeds of nearly all other varieties are green.
>«
PICKING THE COTTON.
It was introduced from the Bahama islands in 1786,
and its culture soon exten<led a'ong the islands of Georgia
and South Carolina. The United. States exceeds all other
nations in the production of cotton, l>oth :is tocpiantity
and quality. The seed is generally sown in March and
Ai)ril in rows from four to five feel apart, iiid in drills
eighteen inchesap;irt. Hand planting has been found
better than any mat hine mvented as yet. The young
plantsneed<areful weedinir. and to have the ground well
stirrcil Ix'tween th(^ rows. In June, the fields look likea
huge flower garden. The harve>l or picking .season
usually connnences in .\ugust and last> until November,
as successive piekinjjs follow each othei'.is the balls ripen.
The yield varies from l.'Jo ft^^ jjcr acre on the uplands
If. (■
n '
m
THE NEW OULE;VXS fOTTON EXCH-VNOE.
to 400 tt)s on tlio richer lowlands. No machine has yet
been found to do away with hand labor in plucking?
the ball of downy cotton from out the pod, and a
smart hand can pick from 200 to 300 pounds per day.
After the cotton is picked in the fields, it is sent to
the ginning mill, located at a convenient point on the
plantation. The ginning of cotton consists in separat-
ing the seeds from the; fiber, and the reader is probably
familiar with the invention of the cotton gin by Eli
Whitney, in 1793, by which the culture of the plant
was entirely revolutionized, and such a wonderful
impetus given to it, while the value of cotton hiiids
was in many states doubled. In con-
nection with the gin, located on the
plantation at the " gin-hou.se," is also
a press for the purpo.se of compi'cssing
the downy fiber and binding it into
bales. The ginning machine and the
press now consists of greatly improved
machinery, and may be run by hand,
horse, water or steam power. Here-
with is given an ilhi.<tration of the
Triumph Cotton Press, wli;?h is much
in use in the soutli. It is simple in
its construction and presses 400 lbs
of cotton into a bale of about 40 cubic
feet. After it is tlius compressed and
baled, it is shipped ;md when it reaches
St. Louis, Vicksl)ing or Now Orleans
it goes to the Coni|)ress AVorks, where
it is re-baled and ve-prcssed. Some of
these presses in the compress works
are gigantic pieces of niac-hinery, one
of them being over 4.') feet higli, .3(! foct
wide and weigliing ()00,0()0 pounds.
The engraving on the next page gives a
good idea of its mnnense size, strength
and power. Sixty to seventy-five bales
an hour are frc(|uently turned out, and in no res)ie<t
has the cotton manufacture taken so long a stride in the
last five years as it has in the improvements made in
macb'nery for compressing and baling the cotton.
Cotton excels all other textile substances in the
capability of being spun into fine threads of uniform
twist, strength and diameter. Take hold of a few fila-
ments with the tlnnnb and finger and draw them from
a ball or pile and see how each fiber lays hold of and
draws out anotiier or more, and how easily they slide
by each other and yet remain connected, and in almost
parallel lines. These are the qualities which have
made the cotton plant the king of plants, cotton cul-
Pressing and Baling the Cotton.
ture, the emploj'ment of millions, and cotton manu-
facture, the most wonderful industry of modern times,
only rivalled by those of iron and steel.
The manufacture of cotton, by all the various
processes from cleaning and disentangling the fibres,
up to the spinning and weaving into the cloth for our
garments, is full of interest, and invites capital and
enterprise. The south is just now awakening to the
fact that it does not pay to export the raw material,
have somebody else to put the labor into it that trebles
its value, and then return it for the original raiser to
buy at an added pricii. Originally the seed of the cot-
ton was regarded by southern planters,
as something of no value, and was
destroyed by fire and in other ways;
yet in time, it was found that the cot-
ton seed as a fertilizer would return
from one-fourth to one-third of the
nourishment it had drawn from the
earth. Still more, it was also shown
that the cake left after extracting the
oil was aliout as good a fertilizer as
before. The cotton seed product of
1.S81 sold for $9,()00,000, of which
amount over four million dollars repre-
sented the labor bestowed upon it. It
is estimated that a ton oi" seed when
worked, costs !\bout $14 to $1.5, of
which from five to six dollars repi'e-
sents labor. The seed cake alone sells
for as much as the labor; besides a ton
of cotton seed gives about .'{.") gallons
oil at 3.5 cents per gallon, or .$12.2.5,
and wo have estimated nothing for the
hulls, which sell to the paper pulp
manufacturer.
COTTON SPECULATION.
If the capitalist has no desire to raise the cotton or
gin it, or manufacture it or the oil, he still has a chance
as a cotton factor or speculator.
Given a crop worth $300,000,000 and that cannot
be used in the country where raised, and it would ho
wonderful if opinions did not difler as to the futuri'
price. Also consider that that price will be af^ectnl,
not only by the imiount raised at home, but also in
South America, India, Egypt, and in other cotton
fields throughout the world, and you will s'^e a chaiuo
for opinions to differ as to probable yield, in the
future. The value of the staple is, of course, aflectcd
by the amount, kind, quality of the crop, not only in
PECULATION.
viiisc the cotton or
lie still hiisaohaiKO
THE NEW ORLEANS COTTON j^XCHANGE.
tho United States, ci t ab«o in South America, the
India Islands, Egjrpt. Afifica £,iid India. Information
derived from different scurces will, cf course, differ as
to tho points namsd. In i.ddition to these c?.i:se3 for a
difference of p.nion as to the value of tfce cotton,
another clsment of difference comes in the way of
various opinions as to the demand, or the probacla
amounts to be lised by the mills of the Uii.ied Spates,
England, etc. The demand from the milT£ is effected
by the probable sales of manufactured good^; in China,
India, Africa, Europe and America. Hence various
opinions as to price, and
consequent tendency to
buy and sell for future
delivery according to the
ideas entertained by the
dealer. The New Orleans
Cotton Exchange has be-
come, from its natural
location in the midst of
the cotton producing sec-
tion of our country in the
metropolis of the south,
the great point for the
sale and purchase of cot-
ton, as shipped to New
Orleans, and also for ex-
tensive speculation and
buying and selling for
future delivery.
I'he New Orleans Cot-
ton Exchange consists of
an Association of 491
members, each of whom
pays an annual member-
ship fee of $100.
Inaugurated in 1871,
with a membership of 100,
which afterward dAvindled to aacut 80, it seemed
likely to die a natural death. J^ew measures were
adopted, especially in the way o^: gathering tho news,
daily, concerning the productior j rospects and condi-
tion of the cotton cf the world. <l nder these improved
plans of work and the increase o order and system,
and in consequence of effectiver^esbineachdepartment,
the membership has; grown as sif-ted above, and tho
Cotton Exchange bus become a leccgnized power and
authority in all matters pertaiaiiig to fae cotton crop.
With a view to learning all that ccuM bo learned
of its system of .vcik, Ave intei/iswed one of its mem-
bers. With tha kindly com ;et', yl the New Orleans
THE COTTON COMPRESSER.
business mai. he promised to give us all the informa-
tion in his po .v3r, and wo wore soon standing in front
of tho new and elegant building which tho Exchange
has erected. *
" That," said cu. i-iend, " is the homa of the New
Orjeans Cotton Exchange. Some three years ago, wo
found that our inccais from all departments of tho
Exchange was about $125,000 per year, but had not
siifEcient room to transact our business comfortably.
In fact, we had outgrown our old accomodations so
much, that we decided to build cur own home. At a
co£yt for building and
ground cf about $300,000
we have ?. home that suits
OS and that our people are
proud of.
"Wq expend about
$30,000 annually In secur-
ing infoi-mation, embrac-
ing every movexcnt of
iny consequence n the
staple from every ship
ping point along the Gulf
and Atlantic coast, from
Mexico to Boston. Nay,
more, we have cur corre-
spondents watching the
cotton movements as far
as India, ai\d each specu-
lator knows all that can
be known, and that is
desirable, concerning cot-
ton movements elsewhere,
almost as well as along
our own Isvae?
"In fact, each of us
gets fcr $100 per year
what it Avould otherwise
cost us 1^30,000 to obi. in. Each one of us knows
within a few moments, the slighest change in any
important a .o3i market in the world, and whether
that change is for or ajrainst us. There is no long
period cf suspense, lest while we are buying or selling
i;s guided by events here, another set of events some-
where else may have entirely changed the condition
of affairri unknown to us."
Having entered tho Exchange building, we find
spacious halls, corridors and offices; marbie floors,
frescoed ceilings, and rich furniture. The interior of
tfie Exchange has an air of comfort, spaciousness and
stability about it, which impresses the visitor at once;
'I. I,\f
■(M
: !
THE NKW OULE.VXS C(yrTON' EXfUAXUE.
and upon lookiiijr t'urthor, the couvcnk'nco of ii iiaiiiro-
meiit to fiifilitalc hiisiiicss, not only in tlic I]x( liMiiirc
IImII, ])ut also in conunittoo rooms and l>oard lioonis,
is very appanMit.
"I will introduco yon to our socrotary, H. (J.
Hester, ■\vlio is a statistical expert, and so reco^'iiiziMl
hy <i-overntn"nt , and wherever cotton is l»oni;lit or
sold, lie will -ivc um the details of our system of
work."
AVc at onci' vevoiTtiized in the .secretary a man of
that .sy.steni, <xactitnde and genius lor organization
sutficient to control and direct a great cnterpri.se; and
we believed Mh.'it our friend had previously .said, that
to him the l^xcLango owes its magnitude, thoroughness
and etHciency.
After staling brietly the object of our call,
and referring to a few especial points and features
of the ("otton Exchange on which we desired informa-
tion, the secretary .said:
"The cotto:t traders of Now Orleans found that
something nin>t ])e done to keep up with the times;
that steam and electricitj' had completely broken down
the old ways of doing business. For one thing, accur-
ate information must ho had at onee f)f every change
in cotton movements and all the causes uliccting or
directing these movements.
" That we sni>ply by onv telegraphic system as you
do, on your Hoard of Trade in Chicago.
•' A second matter demanding action, was the fact
that from the time a bale of cotton left the planter's
gin-house, until it left here on ship board and was
fairly out of the Pass, there was a continual 'loss of
weight from .sampling, picking and stealing, 'and a con-
sequent continual dis.satisfaction and suspicion of unfair
dealing all alongtho line from planterto themanufact-
tn-er. This I)lot had to bo removed or our trade would i)e
lost, and jou have no idea of what the lo.ss amountcil
to each year. ^\'e have stopped that by our ' System
of Supervision.' Receivers jiay four cents a bale to the
Cotton Kxchange to meet the outlay of the $.10,00o
which our supervision costs annually, and that they do
it cheerfully, show.s something of what the pickings,
samplings and stealings amounted to under the old
system, or rather lack of system. The fact is that
people could, and did, grow rich from t'lO samplings
and s'ealinirs of cotton in this market.
A.iain usages and classmcations varied so much that
the trade seemed confusion confounded. This state of
aflairs g-avo rLsc to our jiresent Cotton Exchange, hy
which we aim to avoid all such embarrassme'its to the
trade.
THE OBJECT.
The (barter declares the purposes of the Cotton
I^xi hauL'c to he. To provide siiitalile roomsfor a Cotton
Exclciiige in the city of New Orleans; to adjust con-
tn«ver>iis between members; to establish just and
• quitable principles, uniform usages, rules and regula-
tions, and standards for classilications, which shall
govern all transactions connected with the cotton
trade, and to increase the facilities and amount of cot-
ton business in the city of New Orleans, as well as to
acquire, preserve and disseminate information con-
nected with the trade; to decrease the risk incident
thereto, and to generally promote the interests of the
trade.
To carry these purposes into definite action and to
dctinitely locate the responsibility of their perform-
ance, the following committees were established
under the constitution and by-laws, viz: Committees
on Membership; Information and Statistics; Trade;
Classification and Quotations; Finance; Arbitration
undoa Appeals. The Committee on Membersh'u have
charge of all applications for membership and of
iharges against meml)ers for improper conduct. Com-
mittee on Information and Statistics have charge of all
matters pertaining to the supply of newspapers, mar-
ket reports, telegraphic information, and statistieal
information for the use of the Exchange; and it shall
l)e the duty of said Committee to organize plans for
(>l)taining early, reliabl(>, and regular information, af.
ferting the price of cotton producing and all cotton con-
suming.sections. Another importantcommittee is that
on Classification and Quotation. It shall inquire
and rei>ort as to the standard of other principal mar-
kets, and provide and keep on exhibition a sample of
the standard of such markets. It shall keep on
exhibition standards of this market, and supply thfem
sealed to the memliers of the Cotton Exchange.
It shall further be the duty of this committee to
furnish daily quotations of the different grade of cot-
ton, Ija.seil on the standards of this market adopted by
this Exchange, which are to be posted prominently in
the Exchange rooms.
In order to protect members from the tricks and
tricksters of the trade, there is also a Committee on
Credits, whose duty it is to take cognizance of nil
violations of commercial integrity, honor and good
faith, represented to them by members of the Exchange
whether such charges are made against cotton factors,
cotton buyers or brokei-s of the city of New Orleans,
or against merchants and planters in the country.
of the Cotton
iiustor a Cotton
; to jidjust con-
:!il)lish just iind -
iilcs iiiul rcgnlii-
, wliic'h shall
rilli the cotton
1 muount of cot-
is, as well as to
iforinutiou con-
ho risk incident
interests of the
to action and to
f their perform-
erc established
iz : Committees
atisties; Trade;
nee; Arbitration
Mombershn) have
ibcrship and of
r conduct. Com-
lavo charge of all
newsjiapers, niar-
n, and statistical
inffc; and it shall
organize plans for
ir irJ'ornuitiou, af.
and all cotton con-
t committee is that
It shall inquire
ler principal mar-
lition a sample of
It shall keep on
, and supply thfem
Excliange.
this committee to
rent gi-ade of cot-
market adopted by
;ed prominently in
om the tricks and
so a Committee on
cognizance of nil
', honor and good
■rs of tho Exchange
inst cotton factors,
ty of New Orleans,
■8 in tho country.
THE NEW ORLEANS COTTON EXCHANGE.
This Committee keeps in a book prepared for that
purpose a record of all sucii charges as may be made,
alphabetically arranged, which book shall at all times
be open to the members of this Exchange.
It will thus be seen that this Cotton Exchange is an
institution, where in a great measure, what is for the
good of any is made the good of all, and thereby the
old unsystematic way of doing business !• superseded,
false information absolutely a thing of the pa«t, and
fair, honest dealing, made a requisite even for tho
THE NEW ORLEANS COTTON EXCHANGE.
dealings of outsiders U'ith members of this Excliange.
"Mr. Hester, who are entitled to membership iu
this Cotton Exchange ?"
* ' Let mo answer that by directing your attention to
our Constitution.
CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP.
9ECTIOM I— All porwonswho are prinripiils m-v ponnanontly engaged
antl ot'good Htrtudin^ in Ihe cotton tiiuU* of New Orleans, niul also any
pei-son who has the exehisivo iiiiina^'cnu'nt aiict control ot the t'Ottou
bnsinosa of imy hou**c of K'^O'I stiindin^ in the cotton trade of New
Orleiins, may hu elei'ioil nienihers ot tins Association.
Section -/^.y card uf aduussjion ns vtsttint? members to the Exchang
i
p''i
I
31 !
TlIE NEW OHLEAN8 COTTON KXCIIANOE.
rooms muy be IsHiiPd to liny person not cn(;nt[t)<l In the cotton truiU\ iin
t lui n'ODniini'iidiit Ion of t \w < 'oinnilttoo on M(^mbiM-slili> ami t liii npproviil
of lliii lloiinl of Iiirwtors, \ipon the puymoiit liy »ucU persuu of the
ret,'ulurdu«4ortliu Kxi.'Uuni;t'.
ADMISSION OF MEMBERS.
Applicunta for nK-inbcrslitp sliiUI bo buUotod for, after being rovuiU'
meiidud by tlie nmloiity of the Board of Directors.
" Now if you will pleuso turn to
APPLICATIONS FOR MEMBERSHIP.
you will find tho rcquiromcnta before balloting, viz :
All npiillcutlons for nicnibersblpmust bo madu to tliu Oommlttcoon
Monibcrs.ii]), and Htu'li as aru recommended by tliu ooniniitteu Hhall bo
submitted to the Board of Directors, and sneh as uro reconnnenilcd by
tho Hoard of Directors shall bu posted at tlio (jencnil meeting room of
tho Exclianyo fur ten days bpforo being balloted for, with notice of tho
time At vblcii such balloting shall take i)lacc,
Tho balloting sliall beat Uw general Exchange rooms, and election
doy shall be every Wednesday.
Each elcctoi'r'huil cast one ballot— if in favor of tho candidate, tiie
word " Ves," if against, the word "No" vrltten or printed thereon.
Three-fourths C,") of tho whole number of votes cast shall bo required
In favor of applicants, to entitle them to membership.
No name after being rejected, shall bo again jiroposed within si.t
months after such rejection, except upon the written application of tlfly
members in good standing, and In case of a second rejection, said name
cannot bo proposed within twelve months of such rejection.
Each member shall, within ten days ofler receiving notice of his
election, sign thecdnstilutiou, and pay to the Treasurer the inltlutiuu
fee and the annual dues aa provided by the Conatltutiou.
INITIATION FEE AND ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION.
The initiation fee shall be one hundred (100) dollars, and tho annual
dues one hundred (100) dollars, payable between the first and twenty-
flfthdaysof November; and no member whose dues are not paid by the
latter date shall be entitled to admission to the Exchange rooms until
same shall have been paid In full, and any member who shall have
failed to pay his dues for the space of one year, shall forfeit his
membership, and can only regain admission by going through tlio
same course, and paying the same initiation fees and dues as are
now or may hereafter bo prescribed in cases of new members ; provided
further, that any person elected a member of the Exchange after tho
first of Marcli shall pay his subscription at the rate of ten (10) dollars per
month for the unexpired portion of the year.
DUTIES OF MEMBERS.
Erery member upon signing the constitution pledges himself to
abide by the same, and also by tho by-laws, rules and regulations of the
Exchange.
"Mr. Hester, your provisions as to admissions seem
very stringent in guarding against improper nieml)ers,
hut suppose an unruly member is within your fold,
what means have you of discipline ?"
"As long as a member conforms lo tlie rules and
requirements of the Exchange, there is, of coui-se, no
difficulty, but should lie violate the constitution,
by-laws, or rules, be guilt}' of fraudulent breach of
contract or any proceeding inconsistent with the rules
of trade, or of any other misconduct, on coiiii)laiiit, he
is .summoned before the C'oniniittc(! on Menibcrsliip
and heard in Ills own defense. If, in the oiiinion of
the Committee the comiilaint is substantiated, it is
then laid before the full Board of Directors, and liy a
k'otc of not l(!ss than two-thirds of the members
present, ho is suspendetl or expelled, a>. the ca.se may
demand.
" So you perceive, we deal strciiiKuisly witli any evil-
doer, while giving him the advantage of two defenses."
Finding that the secretary was becoming jircssed
witii the day's business, we left him, after having been
granted the full freedom of the Exchange, jiromising
to call on him again. Kejoining our friend who had
strolled to another part of the hall, and who was
watching the movements of a group of men who were
gesticulating and vociferating at times, as though for
their lives, wo said to him:
"That, I suppose is your cotton gainl>ling."
"Xo sir," .said our friend, rather deiidedly. "Wo
do not gamble in cotton on this Exchange."
"But those men are buying and selling for future
delivery, arc they not ?"
" Certainly," said ho of tho Crescnt City, " they arc
dealing in futures, and this is our future department."
Wo answered that we should judge so, from the
noise, and then requested our friend to explain in
detail the operations of tho 'future department,' and to
show us that a ' future ' contract was not gambling,
but a legitimate and honest business transaction.
" Well," rejoined our friend, " I am a firm believer
in the legitimacy of our futures, and will gladly come
to their defense, but in the outset, you must not con-
found our 'future' with the 'puts,' 'calls' or
'straddles' of the New Yo:': Stock Exchange, or your
Chicago grain market. AVe utterly reject those terms
and all they imply. Now if you will turn in tho
pamphlet Mr. Hester gave you, to llulc 18, you >vill
see it reads:
All contracts for the future delivery of cotton shall be binding upon
meuibcrs, and of full force and effect luitil the riuantiiy and (lualitlcs of
cotton specified in such contracts shall have been delivered, and tho
pricospecificd in said contracts shall have been paid.
Nor shall any contni t be entered into with any stipulation or under,
atauding between jiartics I, t the time of making such contracts, aaspeci-
lled inUule 1 are not to be fulfilled, and tho cotton received and delivered
in accordance wit.i said llule.
" Now is that plain English ?"
We were oI)liged to admit that iv was, and that the
meaning of Rule 1?S could hardly be mistaken or mis-
construed.
" Now," .said our friend, " let us look at Rule I, and
there you have our form of contract."
FORM OF CONTRACT.
Tho contract for the future delivery of cotton shall
be in the form as apj)ears on the following page of
reading matter.
, till" cii.sc may
y with any cvil-
r t wodetViiscrf."
oininir jirosscd
I'tcr liaviii^'l)C('ii
i\'.:o, i)romisiii<r
friend wlio had
, and who was
f men who were
, a.s tlioiiLrh for
l)linfr."
•idodly. " Wo
m.irc." '
icilinjjr for future
City, " thoy are
ire department."
ije so, from the
id to explain in
)artment,' and to
IS not jTiiniblinf^,
transaction,
n a firm believer
Avill gladly come
on must not con-
i)uts,' 'calls' or
Exchange, or your
reject those terms
will turn in the
Rule 1«, you will
I shall t>e binding upon
uantity iind (luulitiesof
jceii delivered, and tho
livid.
iiy Htipulation or under.
iucli contracts, lis speci-
i received and delivered
was, and that the
mistiUieii or mis-
look at Rule I, and
!ry of cotton shall
following page of
i
■sa
I 1
THE NEW ORLKANH COTTON EXCH/VNOK.
•' Now look h(M"o," continued the widc-iiwiiko man
(>r tlio yiituios, "you soc this form of oontnu't is
oblijTittoiy, uiid no doids will be noticed or enforced,
oi' m iiiiy niimner roco<^nizod !)y the Exchungc which
are not in this form. Then again, all contracts arc
for 51) hales, anil such large lot transactions in cotton
in hales, precludes irresponsible persons without any
capital from dabi/ling in the speculation. This contract
m subject to all the rules and conditions of the Kx-
change, one of which as you have seen, makes delivery
of the cotton obligatory on the seller, and absolutely
prohibits any stipulation or oven understand iiig that
the cotton is not to be received, ucceptod and
delivered."
"Now," said our friend, referring to the form of
contract, " is that strong enough ?"
We answered that the contract seemed to be suffi-
cient, but that we wore still in doubt aa to whether
the cotton was actually delivered.
"As to that," said our guide, "let me explain to
FORM OF CONTRACT.
§rv
New Orleans, ,. _ 168
Bouffhlfor M. _ _
of M _ _ _ „_ 4.5,000 lbs. 171 about One
Hundred Square Bales Cotton, growth of the United States, deliverable front Press or Presses
in the Port of N'ew Orleans, between the first and last day <f.
next inchtsive. The delivery within such time to be at the seller's option, in lots of not less than
fifty bales, upon fire days' notice to buyers.
'Hie Cotton to be of any r/rade from Strict Ordinary In Fair, inclusive, and if Stained,
not below good Ordinary, at the price of. cents j)er pound for Mid-
dling, with additions or deductions for other grades, according to the quotation of the New
Orleans Cotton Exchange, existing on the sixth {6) day previous to the day on which the delivery
is due. .
Either party to have the right to call for a margin us the variations of the market for
like delircries may warrant. And which margin shall be kept good.
Thift Contrttct is nmUe in view of and in all reapectn .^ubjent tn the nttt'ti .tntl comtitiotia established by the New Orleans
foUon Ezchange.
Signed..
Per..
you that five days' notice is usually given of delivery,
and that where tbd cotton itself or a transferable
notice, which w<- shall take up presently, is not
delivered on or before 12 noon of the day before
the cotton is due, the cotton shall t)e settled for
at the average quotation for s|)()l cotton for the
tlay the cotton is due with the addition of S)<' per
pomu'i against the defaulting party. But no defaulting
p:uty <aii claim settlement under the rule except upon
evi<l(Micc that the default was unintentional and not
prenu'ditated.
" When no notice is given the party so deliverhig
shall present a transferai)le notice before 10 A. M. of
the business day next befoi'c that of delivery. vVll
transfers must be provided for regular five day transfer-
able notice, and the party with whom it may lodge ;it
.3 P. j\I. of that day must 2>resent it to the drawer
thereof before 4 P. M. and I'cceive a press order fortlie
cotton."
TRANSFERABLE NOTICES.
" AVheii notice of delivery on part of seller (or
demand of cotton by a buyer, when he has option so
to the form of
et me explain to
/' not less than
the market for
by the New Orleant
4 if
TIIK NKW OIILKANM COTTON KXCIIANUK.
to iloi is ivquin'd hy a contnut, ?t shiill J)o irivcn by
lli«f |):irty fiirnisliiuj( the cotttm in tli<> oiu! msf ^mid hy
the Imycr in tho other ciwo) to tho party nM|iiinii^'
siiid iinticc hoforo 10 A. M. of tlio lit'tli day, prior to
till' ili'livfiv.
'•The party rcciviugthiMioticiMimytnuisrcr tin' siimc
to II subsequent party, and It may ho n'wo.n t'roin V-
ono tnmst't rrcr to another. All notices imnt lio lor
45,0()() pouudrt of cotton."
If tliis notice is tninsforrod, it is done in writing.'
in accordiincc. with the Form of Transfer as shown
on tliis paL'f'.
TRANSFERABLE NOTICE.
V.
(J ^</r.r.U. ^Attli ((j%^ftt-*iS, . /<f<r
O/tt/ff- ■M.K/tff //irif r.ti- tiif. i/'nff f/fA.i.'«l. itati
/t^/tti4. f/ r.fti rn'tt/lftr/ liet^- /«■ ue-te, f/d/rti. ei€. ce-nfi- /iri /H^iinff,
/iltAr'n/ft/tcn, a/ -^nt. iutnf /'■ cs ^.f./iv-fr >i, /Af- /if. rets >■/ / / i^. (^^(^' fi-»irf /S^ (o'h-
r. eiern r:/ fue, ^ v-ftur/ f/if t/eti/ /ilfntf.t'A in f/ia,/ ef r/r/i ue-l 1/ .
(ii//if re//e>t tJ- /e- ^e if.rf^iJ<-ef rtn^r /itul /// f/ir. /ria^t rn-cf^ie4. Afie-ef rts vn4.fi.fffmv
/«•< tiiij C'MStitefC /W teina»t t-( itirtid- o-nr-e-l-ttj ttntt i-tt-C-j^cC €0- etii e-lttfij itnttC /«;* tit*
Attul ft-^ ■Cfif- Ittte. (C/C. cf-n/s Ael, Aftmet.
COiTXiXTIOiT3 :
Ii\ ooM»l(l('nilioi\ (if ni\(' ri) ilollMV imiM to rai li of llii' luci'ptoi^. ri'iciiit of wliicli Is licrcliy ackiKiwlciljjril, It Is iifjii'dl
lliiit llui lust iiccPiitor licn'of will lii'twi'di llic lio\iisof 11 A. jM. iiinl IJ M. o'chx'k on timiliiy imi'cm'iIIuk the piracnt
th(* witliiii notico to .lohM .loiinsA Co., rcoMvo Iho jh-i'sh (»nli.i- fni-t h*; ( 'otloii 1 hcri'iii uiiiiH'fl, iui'lon t In- followliif^ (iiiy rt'ceivc'
tlitM-o toil mi<l liol'l tiui suiiKui-t ctistorliaii tniil ni^cnt fnrthoHaUl Jolm .Ioih's ,»t t '.t., iiisun-tl fm- wlioni it niav coni'cni and
siiliicct to their onlor, tiiilil tlicy ani paiM tlin lull ainoii]it of cents per iioiinil, nial to settli^ witli Iheiii on tin; bimis
of Sltildlin^, with ullowaTU'e for variation of jiradein aeeor'lanen with (inotalions of the New ()i-leans Cotton I'^xehani^o,
e X 1st inj^ on tho sixth (lav previons to Itaulav on which tho deli very is dne.
It is I'nrtiieranroed'thMt eaidi acce|>lor liercon shall continno his (or their) lialdlity t leh odnr for tiie fultlllinenl of
the contracts until this in)t ice sliall ha\'e I'cen returned to .loiin Jones A Co.. and a Press order spec ifv in;.' the cotton to be
d(dlvered, rcc(dved liy tlio last acceptcM' hereof from .lolin .lones & co , at whicli time all responsiliiniies (d' int(M'ini?diat(!
parties shall eeuse.
.JOHN .SMITH & CO.
If temlerod by tiic drawer before 10 .\. M. on the tilth
diiy before delivery of cotton is due, or if UmuUmimI liy
transfer :it .short notice before 1 1 A. M. of tho day before
the delivery of cotton is(hi(>,this transfer .shall be ac-
FORM OF TRANSFER.
NcxQ Or/cans,.
iS8
o'clock.
Messrs. J. SMITH & CO.:
We accept the above luitli all Us conditions and
obligations, and you tvill please fal-e notice, that in accordance therewith ,
7ve shall deliver you ^5,000 pounds in about one hundred square bales Cot-
ton on account of our contract sale to yon, dated. The Cotton
to be paid for at the pric of transferable notice.
JOHN SMITH & CO.
nam'
mm
i
III!
I!'
TUK NKW OBLBANH COTTON KXCHANUK.
ccptod by any imMiilxr of tho Exchange to whom cotton
h duo under any contnuit. Tho next thing for consid-
onition 18 tho form of Press Order, shown b<«low.
Tills is tho form of order observed in all casos wliore
cotton is delivered on contract for future dolivery.
" Those, " said our friend, "are our fornis for ooii-
Inuts, noticos and press orders for traiisactinjf tho
' future' business in cotton.
"As the business of buying and selling cotton is
largely done by brokers or coininission nicn^hants, tho
Excimngo liave, as a further precaution against fraud
or deception, fixed 'ho f^rm of tho order which tho
principal must give to the broker, and every order
given to amenilxtr of tho Now Orleans CJotton Exchangt*
to buy or sell a contnuit for the futuro delivery of cot-
ton, as agent or liroker of the jiarty given the order,
must contain the following words:
Siilijiu'l (o till) UiilcM und RuKUlttlliiiiii iif tlio Muw Orloana Cuttnii
Exclijtii((i', iMiikii fill' my iii'couiit.nnil iixortoii ii« csncolod roplaco n cotw
Irart fi)r tlin »iiln((ir imreliuse) of <iiio Imiidred bule« of cotton dellTorublo
(tir rn(uilvabUO tii SuptDiiihor.
" Every verbal or otiicrordor which does not in tcrnis
follow the foregoing form are jjresuinod to liavo been
given ill that form, unless an express agreement to tho
contrary bo proven."
PRESS ORDER.
'^—ik
ATo.
Ttme„
^^Me^.'
/h^ <2^j«W ^C..
Q^ciOi (^'Ue€e^nd',
•n..
(ZiZ^j
7t
.'doffed' ad- i/nd'(Uic^e<6.
je&e-/i/ii^i' '^
(^^^^^^^ ^n&^t^jU^^.
A^^i....
^^^ .^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
" Now," said our friend, "lot u^ soe how these rules
work. Suppose you wish to buy 100 bales of cotton
say for next September's use, either to manufacture,
export, fill an order, hold for a rise, or to sell again.
"As you are not a member of the Exchange, you
seek a factor or commission merchant, who is duly a
member, and you give him your order for, say 100
bales of cotton, deliverable in September, in the terms
stated above.
' • If he does not go upon the Board , he acts through a
broker to whom he has given a duly executed power
of attorney, which is filed with the superintendent,
which binds the prinoipal for all acts of his broker.
"Tho broker executes his errand and you are, by the
act of your factor, the possessor of 100 bales of cotton,
say at 9i* per jwund, as per the contract form, (given
on a previous page).
" For this service you pay your factor a commission
(fixed by the Exchange) of 12^ cents per bale or
$12.50 on a contract for 100 bales. If you were a
resident of New Orleans, or a visiting member of the
Exchange, this commission would be 6^ c«nts a bale,
and if a fuii member of the Exchange, iti8 4i cents per
bale.
"Tho party who sold the cotton to your factor or
broker has the right to call for a deposit of a ' margin'
THE NKW UKLKANH CXXTTON KXCIIANUK.
otlVoiii one to fivd dolliirH por l)ulo when the <(>ii(nw't
Ih Hi^iifd, iiikI yoiii' liroUtT lias tliu miuik' ri<;lit, aixliilso
t«) (IciiiaiKl tliiit cither tlio t'limlrt ot' such nmr^'in or a
(•(•rtiticd <li«'tk for that amoiiiil bo (Icixwitcd witli tlio
mipci'iiilcndciit of the Kxcliaiij^'c. 'I"liis margin in to
l>(^ kept jrood, liciicc should t lie iiiarkcl <^o up or cot-
lo.i Ix'coiuo nioro vaiiial)h) tiiaii wiicii you purcliascd,
you will iialiirallya.sk your seller to deposit a niar;rin
or security to protect you I'roiu loss iu case he fails to
fullill his coutract.
"On the other haM<l,Hhoiddc()ttou dccliiio.the parly
of whom you l>ou;,'lit M>ay ask yon to deposit a mar-
gin, so as to he sure you will not attempt to avoid
your purchase, ami leave 4'»,()()0 pounds of cotton (Ui
his hands with a deelinin;.' market.
"For these! inar^'ins, certified chocks, must he drawn
to the onler of any one of lh(! hanks, selectecl liy the
Hoard of Directors, waid bunk to Iks dcsijjnated by the
j)arty ( alliuj.'.
"And yet sonit^ jieoplo would call you a gambler for
this transaction. Doyonsootho cleniont of a waaror
8() far ? Y(ni have mado a bar<,'aiii, signed the contract
bindin<.' that bargain and dictating its provisions antl
terms. To niako it ' more binding,' as the dealers say,
both ])artios to that bargain luivo doposited an original
margin, as a i)ledg(' of future performance. As the
market has moved up or down, each party has l)ecn
called upon for another or additional margin so as to
provont any tcndoney to break the contract.
" On the i)rincii)le that provontion is bettor than
cure, this deposit of margins is good, .sound, healthy
public policy, and I don't see where so far the gam-
bling clement puts in an a})pcai'ancG."
" But, my dear sir," said a gentlemanly bystander,
"don't you sec that it is all gambling, froinI)egiuuing
to end? Our friend who has just bought this cotton,
believes he knows bettor than the other man, what
spot cotton will soil for next Soptcmbor, hence he buys.
The seller thinks cotton Avill not bo worth the price,
and hence ho sells. It is a question of judgment of
the fviturc, and backing that judgment by money, and
that is said to bo the essence of gambling."
"So, then," said our guide, "a man who backs his
judgment of the future value of a commodity is a
gambler, is he ? Why, then, do you buy your win-
ters supply of coal in August, and why make any
provision for the future ? Why, that reduces the
world to a simple cpicstion of to-day alono. Do yoin*
words mean that any dealing of any sort or kind whore
the element of uncertainty enters, is ganil)ling, a wager
upon future values, future demands, future supply.
growth of city, Mtale, or nation; <'hange of fii.-.hi.>n
Htyh' (U- idea, that forecasting all these, and invcslinjf
accordingly, is ganil)ling, forsooth? Why, «inh ■
diKtrini- lucks every element of connnon senw, let alone
business ken, aixl yet I am aware that that is why wc
men of ' Futures ' are styled gamblers. We do liavc
opinions — we do try to forecast future ovt>iiti», stutly
future supplies juid demands and all the ipiestions that
enter into that proi)lem of future supply and dcmuml;
and when we have made up our minds, we act acionl-
iiigly, and buy or s(dl cotton as we believe the market
will go up or down."
Our mutu.'il friend twinkled an eye at us, us he
replied. •' Hut my dear Cotton Future, you do not
deal in actual cotton; why, look at your last annual
H'poit, and see how many times the future businc:!».s
exf'ccded that of spot cotton ? Look at thi-, l.'>. "<>•>,-
too bales sold for future delivery, and that on receipts
at this point of only 1 ,.'i7.'i,17.') bales, or over ten iKile.^
of futures to one bale of cotton actually here. Explain
that, my worthy friend of the 'Future,' and tell us
how dealing in such unsubstantial fancies is not
wagering?"
Ourcotton fac^tordid not seem staggered by this at all.
On the contrary, he tiniled as he rejoined, " Well, my
wor^hj' handler of the scalpel, when you gn»duated
from the medical college, and hung out your shinirle
as a practitioner of the healing art, what did you
calculate on ? Why, just this. Out of so many people
a certain nundter are sure to be ill each year. .Some
years more and .some less, but the average hoi. Is pretty
true. Now, I will take my chance right here, when
one doctor is getting old, and another nnpopidar, and
.so you wagered what — why, your whole life's success
on your skill in reading the future, and a future of
long years at that, and now you decry me as a g:»mhler
for reading a f\iturotwo, throe or six months long, and
ask me why our ' future business' is greater than our
spot business. Have you ever seen our tninsferable
notices, and have you never seen them transferrwl ?
Our friend from the north is excusable, l)nt I am
ashamed of you. When you received a cho<k as .1 fee.
d'd you always go to the bank to cash it ? Not a bit
ol it. Yon paid it over to your long suffering grower,
or your wife's milliner, with your indorsement. Your
grocer probably paid it out to a wholesaler or
jobber, and that $7!) check represented just that
amount of money multiplied several times over. It
was not mono}', })ut it was a good enough substitute
to I)uy sugar, moat, clothes, coal or anything else.
So our 'transferable notices' are not cotton, but thev
»/
ii 3.
TIIK NEW OKLR.VNn (X>TTON EXCmANOC.
do reproHont rotton, ami a« tho (Mirrcncy «if thin <'ity in
lc88 by several InmilroH timcH than tho lnwinoHs tniiit-
uctcd, yet \h tho luutm on which husiiioHH (iimiiu'i-<'<>
and manufacturing all roHtH by which it iii done, ko
those transforablo notices aro tho checks u|)on tho Cot-
ton Vrutm bunk, roproMcnting cotton there actiia'ly
stored. Tliat they pnos from hand to hand in
settlement of transactions is no more evidenci- of
gambling' than your check from your patient, paying
as it did his, your and u dozen other debts, was a proof
that all physicians are gamlih is and their business
wagering as to the fatality of disease."
To this our medical friend made no reply, except a
wink of intelligence as he pnK'ceded to wak«' up his
Cotton Future friend on another tack. " 1 grant you
that uU that is a nonsensicnl line and cry. but do these
transferable notices and press orders really mean
actual cotton ?"
" iTust as assuredly as that your jirescription means
an order for ci'rtain medicines at the drug titore, do
these notices and orders mean cotton at the cotton
press."
" Will, granting that, but suppose all those atloat
here were presented to-day, would they be honored?
In other words, is there cotton enough in tho city to
fill them all ?"
"More in proj)ortlon than of actual money in any
bunk in the city in the ratio of its deposits, and you
know that were all the depositors in any bank to
demand all their deposits in an hour, they could not
get them. Besides some of our contracts are not dvio
for a year.
"I toll you the doctrine of futures enters into all
business, colors all transactions, comes into our daily
life and hourly talk. Why gen. ....en, do you know
iiow the 'future' trade originated?"
\Vc both ex))ressed our deplorable ignorance, where-
upon our friend proceeded:
In the great European wars, when England was
the paymaster of all Europe as again.st France, and
immense stores of provisions iiad to be provided fo'-,
tlic great contractors devised buying for future delivery.
.St(.rage room could not be found for their .supplies
for six months. Money could not be obtained in the
sums necessary for supplies by the year. Tf it <'ould
have 1)een obtained, tho interest would have eaten
their profits, and .so grain, flour, clothing, etc., .vis
bought on future delivery, to be paid for when
delivered. \t least this is as far back asT have traced
it. And now think for a moment what an economy
'contracts for future delivery' wa.s in time, brain
powM, price of fo<Kl, interohl, storage, etc.
".Vs manutacturingbothcottonand W(M>leiigrew and
«leveh>|HMl in Kngland, coiitrwl for future delivery was
found to Iw essentially mn'ossary. Tho manufacturer
nci'ds, say (i.OOO bales of cotton a your. To buy I hat
to-day would cost him about ^27.'>,()00. Six monilm'
interest on that will be #il,00<). .Storage for six
months will lost him several tlanisaiuls more. Tnsiir-
nnce for a year will add to its pcrcentuge, and watch-
men, etc., all add to the cost, until about l)!j |)er cent
will Im> addeil to the present cost. Our manufacturer
wants, say .'>"<• bah's |)er month, and he goes to his
broker and places his orders f(U' that .iinount each
month at pru-es varying from '.btltJe to 10.32c per
pound. .Vow he is ready to sit down and tcH the cost
of his goods manufactured, and be ready to quote
prices for the merchant who don't want a * ear's
supply, but does want to know the chances of an
upward or declining market. To have bought his
year's supply would have been ruinous to the UiMiii-
facturer ami cost the ciuisumer more for each yard of
cotton, while to have depended upon buying ."iOO bales
each month of spot cotton would have rendered life a
burden from its uncertainties, and the impossibility of
making prices or knowing coat of production of manu-
factured goods, so as to answer the iiapiiry of a friendly
retailer six parishes away. Or take the case of tlie
Engl'sh imp(>rter. What could he do without future
delivery .sales and contracts ? He has orders t'roin a
dozen large customers, some of them large manufact-
urers. They depend on him to kee|) them supplied
with cotton of good sta|)le, in first rate condition and
as cheaply as possible. Now, if the singli- munufuct-
uror was at a loss for storage, and found not an ample
supply of money, and hence a dearer rate of interest, etc.,
how these hills swell into mountains before the
great importer. His warehouses may be large, but
not ample for even a mouth of his sales, his bank
account may take six figures of £, and his credit be
large in proportion, but it dwarfs besides a year's
requisition of his business. But here comes the future
contract for delivery, and helps him (mt of his dilemma.
In fact, I may say, gentlemen, that the cotton business
could not be conducted without this branch of the
trade.'
"But," said our mutual friend, "Does not tho
'future business injure the business in spot cotton ?"
"Xot at all, said our positive friend of tho 'future."
"That re,sult was predicted when we were starting the
'future' department, but instead of tliat we have
found that it really increased our spot business. At
Tlir NKW OKI.KANH fOTTOV KXrHAMir.
tniil linn- Ni'W V(irU liml nil our liiiMinrHM in KiilnnH.
1111*1 not II little fit" tiiir f<|i(il (iitldii Collowcd the <(ini'-
H|)<inilni<'c ami u<'i|iiiiiiitiuii'(' I'litim-il in llici'ornnr ])\[h\.
H(<Ns in that city. N''<v YmU had prcsti^'i , llir power
ami aliilit y li> liamlle |)r(ini|illy ami sUilli illy contiaet
onlofH «»f any iiiafriiitinlc. New (^rloaiiH Iml iniicli to
^jaiii ami iu>t a lew tliin;.'s In learn, as well * unnw \i>
niilearn. Heme llie lir>t Iwn yearn the Aork of
iiiaii>:uratin^ and Iniildiii;; up this important hraiu h
of the New Orleans ("olton Kxehanp' was ox<eedin^'ly
diflieiilt. lint the rntiire Marlet of New Orleans has
i-eased to !>e an experiment and i^ a verity, ^^'e have
demonstrated our ahility, not only to londiiit
the liiisiness pnmiptly ami s.itisl'aitorily as in any
other market of the world, Init we have facilities tor
the reeeipl and dcdivery of eottoii (111 eoiitniet wliieh
no other rity ean supply. Our very systr :i of Trans-
feralili- OrdeiN iMiirmeiits the faeilitios with whieh
trade ina\' he rondiielcl, as it saves larj.'e expenses in
lianlinir. If yon have looked at our rules at all care-
fully, yon have seen that the nih's of this Kxidianire
foiliid filr-i' and fictitious -ales, mid renders the parties
eoncenied in >uch ileaU lialile to >uspensiou and cxpiil-
siou. Our ' futnie' contracts lic.ir pre is( '\ the same
ivlaliou to lli(> cottiMi trade, whi-li liilis <d" ladinir,
warc'.ionse ordei-s. and warehouse receipts bear to
ordinary iu<rcant i le t r.iiisaet ions. Kaili eon t met ivpre-
seiits the vi,i,'lit to actual didivery "f the cotton; each
transt'cr transmits the title and riirht of ownership in
just so many hales of cotton. I:i llie hands of the last
luddcr. it is fxoot] lor that amonul of rolton, Jnst as
much as a warelunise receipt covers property stored.
••Vol! have a riirht to sell it jnst as miicli as a
Avarehoiise receipt I'dverin.!,' r),00(l liiisliels of wheat. In
the liarirain which 1 siippos(>d our ('irica.iro friend had
made, his .',10 hales of ."■ieptenilK-r I'ottou had cost him
a commission of $12.. ')0 and an ori^'inal mai';rin of $.'>
per halo or $.')l)0. At i roacnt $.')12..')0 is the outlay at
which ho is under his <•( ntmet entitled .some day next
.Septemln-r to a Transferable Notice and a Press Order
or Imi bales middliu<r cotton. I'.t !>. .';.">(• a pound.
" The notice and press onler will [irocnre you the
cotton as certainly as yon present lliem.
" If you liav(> bouirht for a raise and find in Septem-
ber th.at I'otton (iniddlinir) is worth 1(1. .'((i cents per
pound, you can sell your loo bales at that price, trans-
fer yonr notice and press order, and your profits will be
$'202..")(l less your commission of \-J} cents jier bale, or
f<12.."(), leaving you ^2S0as net profit. Twice b.andlinir
of the cotton have thus been saved, and yet both your
purchase and sale of cotton actually in exiatcneo liavo
Imeii IIS eoinpleto as tliou;L'h you buniilnl lh<^ entlun
with vMir own huniU."
fAILURES
"Til niMp n momborof the F'^xehnmre fails to earn- out
liUeontriiet from inability to meet fuiaiieial oblipitionft.
or Im-coiiics insolvent, it i» his duty to imiiiediatelv
notify the -eeretary of the Kxelmnire by letter of tli«>
fact. This letter is then |Misted np on a btiUetiii in
the Kxehange Hall, where it may Im« n<>eii Iiy all mem-
iM-rs, ami remains for live days, this iM'im.' con«id<-re<I
sutlicicnt notice to the memlN>rs of the K\<dianj»e of
the fact of tin- failure, and o|tonitoj« to i hH>r nil init-
standiiii.' contracts with the insolvent memlx-r at once.
No receipt or iltdivery, or traiist'erof i-ontraets ••an Im«
made by tlu' failin*; memlM-r with any other mi-mU r
of the Kxehan:,'e after the notice has I»o«mi |Mt«ti><l. until
a full and satisfactory »ctllcnient has Iweii made
j between the insolvi'iit and hiscri'ilitors. Ail •oiitniits
which the insolvent may be a party to at the tiiii<> of
his failure, >hall Ij<' liipiidated ami ■^ttleil at the
avera'j'"' ipiotatiims of like i-ontnii-ts on t|i4> «l;iy the
notice otfiilure was posted, unless thi> li'tter was near
tli(> time of closing the Kx<-hai)i;e iw-ithiii one hour from
closinir), in whiidi <':ise the si'ttli'inents shall !»•• mad"
on the kisis of th'~ avci-.ige .settlements |"or the next
day.
•• Any memJier of the Kxchango who may hohl n
claim or contract mpiinst a memlx-r who has given
notice of his fiilure, has the right to demand an invo^-
tigjitioii of the atfairs of the allegeil failinir ineinl)or I»y
till' .Sui)orvisory (."ommittee; and if the committee
shall Im' of opinion and shall rejHirt to th.> Bo;ird of
Directors that the iiiemlHT is able to meet an«l jkiv all
his contnicts and liabilities at maturity, he -hall Ik»
debarred from the privilege of sott lenient under the
provisions of the rules for settlement.
"In ease a meniher who is really insolvent ami iiu-a-
pable of fultilling his eoiitraets and perfoiTiiing bis
obligations with other memliers of the Exehaiiire fails
to irive due iiotiee to the .secretary of the E.x<haii2r<^ by
letter as before exjilained, then on his lailiire to meet
any contract or obligation, the party to whom sii< h
cmitract or oliligation is due, an,l who is injure*! by
such default, is expected to give the ne<-i^sjiry notii-e
to till' secretary, who records it in a liook etillod
• Record of Failures,' which is at all times open to the
inspection of members, and this record is considered
notice to them of the failure. If the memlKT as aljove
explained, does not give the secretary prompt notice
of the default of a failing member, he is himself sul
r
IM'!'
XHE NEW ORLEANS COTrON BXCHANaE.
to the discipline of the Exchanore. He forfeits all
riirhts under the contract to cit'ircc the siilo of the
shares ot stock ui the Exchanfje, held hy the default-
ing- memlter, ind besides \h lial)le to 1k> suiipoiideil from
tne rights of meinlxn-ship in the Exciiango for one
year. And no claim or contract is considered settled
with the failed member except by cash payment or
actual delivery of the property.
'This arrung^ement makes it absolutely necessary, as
Weil as for the party of the second part, to promptly
report all fadures to fidfill contracts. As soon as
such failure is reported to the secretary, and the
record made m his ' Record ot Failures,' he delivers a
copy to the SupervisoryCominittee,who examine into the
truth or fallacy of the charsre, and if a fixilui-e is cleaxly
proven, thev instruct the secretary to post the osoal
uotise on tae bulletin.
SETTLEMENTS
Within three days aft^r a notice of failure has m^n
posted, the secretary ot the Exchanofe must notify the
menitie- who tia- failo*! is to all claims against him in
the ' iiecord ot I'lii lures.
If the t!i;'cd n:vniber, or any of his creditors, disputes
the correotiic-i at any of tiie claini;- so nx-orded, the
,j.'>)crtin2 n .'iVfer must within three days, file with
the sj'iTciMrv «-nt,+"n siiecitications of the grounds of
his objcctidiiy. and Within three days more, the secre-
^nvv niiHt (lelisf^i the sa.i.o with a copy of the disputed
claim to the Arbitration Com;r.:ttee, who proceed to
consider the same and hear testimony otJ'ered by both
parties, and Airliin ten d.iys thereafter the committee
must make, siirn mid tile with tiie secretary an iward
or I.- i>u'ii.
i'tu- <i'<\:'t:\v\ then iiniiii'diMtcly records such wardm
tuo ' Book ot Decisions of the Arbitration Committee,'
and also at tiic same time sen<ls by a special messeuirer
a notice of sucii record to each interested party, speci-
tyinir date and time of such recording, and in ca.se no
appeal is taken therefrom, the award is considered
tinat ind binding upon all tiie parties interested.
If witiiiii live d:iys after an award becomes tina! the
tailed nieniber fails to paj- the awarded claims, tiie
Board of Directors de<'lare his incmbeiship at an end,
ana ordoi his shares of stock to be sold.
W iifn t!io 'ailmiiof liny member of tlie Ezclmngc hns been postertby
aU onr. iiit ji' iiy lircitiuii of tlio Suporvisury roiiiinittcf, the said
membc'i shuh vrulnn li'ii rLiy.( si-ii'l ti) tlio Siipcrvi.sj)ry Coinmiltco a
stalpiiicii! ,;f liiM ;i!T:iii'" It shall then ho tho ilu'y of s:ii(t comiiiitteo to
exauiir.;- ;'.i. h st.ttiiiuMit, iind thoy may in their <liscrntion pri>curt! tho
sorviceH oi ii'i expert ueeoniitiint :inil cliarjfe tho cxiKJii»eaite.41ng Ills
icrvices to the estate nf Hiiid member.
I? liny meniiier Willi has lieon jiosteil shall omit to send to tno .>4viper-
vlsorv 'iniieKi. !• wUliin salrl ten ilavs, U.e statement required by tUU
aoctlon JI L iuiid cuiuuilttce oa on Exainiuatloa sliaU be ol opinion thnt i
thesnid member has oondncted his bnslncsslnnrpclclflssandnnbasiniaia
like manner, they shall report to the lt(<nril ol Directors, who mav hy a
two-third vote docluro such failed member disiiiiuli&cd lor reinstate
ment.
Rnt in case a member bo falling has complied with the rules of the
Kxeliant'o, and made honorable settlement with his eredltors, or offered
to pay tliem pro nita to tlioexleiit of hi;) ability inclndini^ t lie market
value ol his snare of slock, ho ma>- within one year apply for reinstate-
ment and by a two.tlilrd vote of the Diieotors be so reinstated.
Failures on tiie Cotton Exchange, the same as fail
ures in any other speculative enterprise, come iinex-
jiectedly, and to the most worthy members, lieiiig
on the wrong sideof the market, is the only explanation
for many failures, while others are clearly due to a
reckless disregard of rules and precedents in trade,
and trying to cover a larger deal than the cajiital of
the speculator will warrant and justify. In case
Ol a fiiilure, the failing member 1b seldom able to settle
at one hund '^d cents on the dol\&r, a/> the siirinkage
and unavailability of his assets, and the emlvirrassmcnts
which are thrown around one who is announced .as a
tiiiled member, are such as to make almost any dividend
acceptiible to creditors. As to honorable settlements
the New Orleans Cotton Exchange boasts of the
integrity of its membership, and seldom resorts to
deception, chicanery or fraud, either in the routine
of business or the settlement and adjustment of the
estates of m^olvents.
WEATHER SUITABLE FOR DELIVERIESl
If the weather is deemed unsuitable for the delivery
of cotton by any party interested in r, delivery on any
,day, the secretary of the Exchange, at his or their
request obtiiins the opinion thereon of three mem-
Ix^rs of the Exchange (not interested in deliveries on
that tlay^ and if a majority decide that the weather is
n:ismt;ible for the delivery of cotton, the secretary then
posts their certificates on the bulletin of the Exchange,
dating the time of posting, which shall remain posted
until a majority of the three members shall decide the
weather to be suitable, when it is chen taken from the
bulletin and filed away, noting the time of removal.
During the time this certificate ' posted on the bul-
letin all deliveries of cotton may be susjiended at the
optitni of either party to any delivery, andany delivery
suspended under this rule, shall lie entitled to an exten-
sion of time — two houra more than the time the
certiticato was posted.
The secretary also gives a certified cojiy of tho cer-
tificate to any member re<juiring it, and this copy is
considered a suflicicnt authority for the suspension
a -id resumption of delivery of Mny lot of cotton by the
.arties to the delivery.
THE NEW ORLEANS COTTON EXCHANGE.
:
t)
PRESS SUPERVISION AND LEVEE INSPECTION.
Upon this important department of cotton cora-
merco, the Now Orleans Cotton Exchange chiinis a
record of which they feel justly pioud. Press supei^
vision and levee inspection of cotton coming into New
Orleans has Vcn reduced to a system hy the Cotton
Exihai.ge, wi.icji is considered as nearly perfect as
it is pos.->ii>le t"or any system to he, and while it may
not have accomplished all in levee inspection, and aorc
esjK'cially 1 'vee protecti(.:» outside the city o' New
Orleans, which it was hoped, or that it probably will
accomplisii, in the wayof saving to owners of the cotton,
yet it is such a great advance over the old system, or
rather lack of system, with its aiiuoyanccs and attend-
ing pecuniary loss, t'.:at the Cotton Exchange is highly
gratilie<l, and proml of it.
Said the assistant secretary of the Cotton Exchange:
"What we propose to do, is to see that the planter
or coi'n.ry dealer sending cotton to tiie market shall
/tnoip; that his cotton will l)e so taken care of that he
shall sutler no loss beyond the necessary sampling.
In otiier words, we iir()p()S(> to protect tliat cotton and
every bale of it, from storm, mud, moisture and depre-
dation.
RULES FOR LEVEE INSPECTION.
Tlio Boar! of Oirootors .^hiill ele^ • annually ii clii 'f Icveo timiioctor
nn<l .■*'ich n;iinN'r«.f :i>si>tiiiit8 us tlicy may deem neeessary, who i*\vM\
Ijo em]iliiy«'il )iy tin* inonlh. :iinl who sh'-'.ll hold their resi)octlvy ofllces
at the plesL-iiiie of the Roard.
The chief levee iiispeecorsluUl be i.aid a (salary of two lmndre<l dol.
lar* per month, and >hall l>r retpiired to keejt a horse I't his own (expense
that lie may i)e the hetterahle to dischar;?e his duties, and eaeli levee
a-isis ant inspeetor shall i-eeeivi' a «!dai'>* ni>t exceeding one hundred
dollar* pi'i- month.
The duties of the chief .evee inspector an'l his assistants shall be tf»
protect from theft all cotton i>n thelevc(\ wliethi'r l:indcd I'roin steainc;-s
or niilioiids, in irocesstif shi^jnient, or ia transit thron^^h tlai cit\-, to see
that cotton whilst lH>in'^ landetl or in process of sliipnient, is properly
cared for. protected fi-om the weather and I;cpt out of the nind, and they
shall piM form such other duties a.s are imposed upon tliem, f(tr tlie more
clTeetive protection of the cotton trade of this city.
The chief levee insi»ector and iiisa^sis'ants shall keejia I'ccord of the
v.e»tl; a, also of the condition in which cotton isdel;vere<l to the various
vessels; they sliall also keep a record of the condition in which cotton
is t.ikeii ou txnr"l, specify inj^ whether t lie same was taken on board in a
wet or in a ^lry condition, and if wet they sliall specify wlietherthesanie
was recinved u -t or became so l>y bein^ exposed to rain or. the levee or
boinn rollol thronshtbemnd. They shall make dal'y re|)orls emlmdy-
!n? all particulars, which ri'ports shall bo pl.aced on tile, and sliall he
oiitercrl up ill a iHjok to be kept for tliut puriiose by the Superintendent
of the Kxchan^je.
They shall in nil eases, where cotton is being taken ou lioard In such
conci m as to render it liable to become damaged upon the voyage, or
to danuige other cotton liy contact, notify the master of the vi'ssd of
im;ropriety and risk of taking cotton ini board In such condition.
They shall also rejiort all cotton carried on deck by any vessid leaving
the port
"teamers landing cotton on the Icvoo beyond the w'^den wliarvs,
shall he reiiuired to place the same npon iktds, so as to iirevcnt its com.
imj in contact witl. mud in- watei, and Ituhall bo the duty of the chief
levee ius|iector and of his assistants to rejiort all violations of this rule.
It sh.all 1h> the duty of the chiefloveo Inspector when a vessel clears
at the custoiii.hoii.se to draw up a eertlflcato setting forth the cotulition
In which ncr cargo was taken on board, and It shall ho tl o dity of the
secretary of the Kxchavgo to couutcrslgn inch report, and to atHx
thereto the seal of the Exchange.
The secretary shall forward such certificate to such person or asso.
elation at the port of destination, as the President nr Hoard of Oirectors
may direct.
It siniU also lie the duty of the chief levee Inspci tor to report all
vcs.scls v.v o.He ma.strrs refuse ti> furnish daily reports of cotton receiveil,
or who mayrefii.se proper facilities to tin; levee iuspect(M-H lor the per-
formance of their duties, ami the secretary of the Kxchange shiill jiost
upon the Kxchange Ixianls the names of all vessels so reporti'cl; he shall
also note all sncli ca.spsn|M>n tin' rejMirts forwarded to the |>iMts of desll-
nation of such ves--»ds.
.\ny <uie forcibly interfering with the levee inspectors while In
tile ilischargc of their duties, shall be prosecuted according to law.
Inanyca.se vrhere c<ittoii has been taken ou board of a vessel, In
a eonilition unfit for shipment, any shipi<er by said vessel shall lecelvc,
if he so rcfiuires, a special eertlflcato from the Kxchange setting forth
the facts in the case, said certificate to be verllled by i»ath or afllnuation
■.»f the inspector In charge of B:iid vessel. Shippers requiring special cer-
tificates shall i»ay all exiwnses incurred under this rule.
Each shipper of cotton shall on the first of each mouth itay to tho
treasurer of tills Exchange one cent for each ami every bale of cotton
sl'.ipped by him during the prccetling month. The amount S(> paid sliall
ho kept by the treasurer as a fund out of which to defray all expenses
Incurred under the regulations for the protection of cotton upon tho
levee.
Each shipiier shall reiiort monthly tho nuuibor of bales of cotton
received by liiin and shipped without being sent to presses, all sucii cot.
ton lieing liable to the levee Inspection luss- inent of one(l)ceiit per
bale,"
continued the a.ssistant secn>tary of the Exclmiige:
•* These are our rules a^^ to levee inspection, and you
will se«» how we rigidly gnartl the planter and ship-
pers' interest as to cotton on the Icvet^ or wliile l)eiiig
shi|H)ed, and even in for.'ign ])orts. assessing only one
cent per iKile in return. Xow let me siiow yoiiliow our
jiress siipen"i<ion works, but prior to tliat, it will be
well for you to understand fully 1'.,' "iiles governing the
SALE AND DELIVERY OF COTTON.
All cotton shtill t>e received within seven working
days from and after the day of sale, ami if not received
within that time, the .seller shall liave the right to
demand payment of the ap|)r<)x-iiiiai'> viiliie of the cot-
ton, and may, .it"ter giving due notice in writing to the
buyer, prin-eed to have the cotton weightvl, and to
demand pavnient ':i accordance witli sucii weights.
In default of i-itunpt payment, the .seller shall then
have the right to resell the cotton for a"<ount of tho
buyer.
AS TO PAVMENT.
All cotton shall Ih^ pai<! for upon presentation of tho
broker's invoice, and the Udker shall deliver the same
upon the day the (hdivery is conipleted, if practicable;
at farthest by two o'clcKk I', ^l. on the day following.
REJECTIONS,
The bnyer shall have the right to rejert nil seedy or
fateely paokeil or mixe<*l packed or re-baUnl cotton,
unless it hiw been sold as such ; al.v) any cotton lower
\m ii
Vi n
THE NEW ORLEANS COTTON EXCHANGE.
in o:rade than tho lowest grade represented in the
soIUt's samples.
No otiu'r cotton .hall be rejected when equal m
quality to the samp'o by which it hits been sold, if the
sauipK' lias boon fairly oxiiibitod.
Since Soptenibor 1, lb7'J, all flax bagging filloil
wit!i .-iliives, and all "thcr bagging, Avhich when wot
stains ( (itton, arc con.siderod unmerchantable, and all
c()l'.;iii coNorod tliorcwith must be re-covered with nior-
chaul.ibl;' i)agging at the expense of the seller.
^\'lll■n (Otton of v.'UMous grades has been sold at a
unifdi'in price, and tiie I'ojections are above the average
grade of th.' list, the factor shall make good to the
buyer tlio (liil'ereni'c in value between the rejected
bales iuiil the average of the list, and where rejections
arc below the iiverago of the list, the buyer shall, in
like inaunoi', Hiaki' good the dilference in value to the
solki-. .V!l such (lillorcnces to be determined by the
original siunplcs of the .seller.
Any bale of cotton wcigliing less than three hundred
poun<
IS til
cnu'd uinncrc!iantal)le,and may be rejected
b}' the buyer.
BANDIMG, AND CONDITION.
Six iron h.'inds or ropes, not exceeding in weight
twelve pounils in the aggreg! to, arc allowed and con-
sidered sullicicnt for cacli l)aic of cotton. Any excess,
nui t, at the ojjtion of the buyer, be removed from the
bale and deducted from the gross weight. If a bale has
le>s than six bands, alloM-ance must be made to the
seller, the bands to be put on by the press at the
ox|)ense of t!ie seller.
All sides of cotton unless otherwise provided for at
the time of sale, shall biMtccmod to have been made im-
dor a guaranty of its iieing in a merchantable condition,
and in good order for immediate shipment. Buyers
shall have the right to reject any cotton delivered in
bad ovder or in a damaged condition, uidess it can be
pu*. in ord' r upon the day the delivery of the list shall
be coini)leted, provided the vessel to which it is
ordcri'disto sail that day; in other cii^es it maybe
delivered within the two following days.
DELIVERY, AND PRESS ROOM INSPECTION.
The delivery of cotton shall be eonsidcrod as com-
pleted wl"'n it pass<'s the seales, l)ul the .sellci still has
;in insurable interest in it until pai<! for.
In like manner where payments on account are made
by the buyer prior to iictual d(dive"y, he is deemed
to hav<' an insurable interest in the cotton, and may
require fron. ^he seller an assigmnent of his ))olicy
of insurance to the extent of sucli jiayments.
When cotton is to be inspected in the press room, it
shall be the duty of the inspectors to be present at the
time of com))ressing, provided ho or the buyer's classcr
shall have been notified of the time at which the cot-
ton would be compressed. In case of his absence, the
owner or manager of the press shall bo authorized to
employ an inspector at a cost not exceeding five cents
per bale, to be paid by the buyer.
INFRINGEMENT CASES.
Members of the P^xchange when purchasing cotton
from or selling cotton to parties who are not nicnd)ors
must stipulate that such purchase or sale shall be
governed by the rules of the Exchange, including those
relating to supervision and inspection.
Brokers when purchasingfor parties who are notmem-
bers of the Exchange, must in each instance inform the
seller of that fact, and also give the name of the buyer.
In event of this rule not being observed the bnnicr
shall be held responsible under the rules, for any
infringmcnt thereof that may occur.
It is the duty of the chief supervisor to report all
infringements of this rule to the committee on super-
vision, who refers such cases to the committee on
membership.
GOVERNING WEIGHERS
The seller's weigher is not allowed to weigh any cot-
ton for delivery without the presence of the buyers'
re-weigher, unless he shall first have given notice to
the buyer's re-weigher, or to the buyer's classer of his
readiness to weigh the snme at a time which he shall
specify; should the buyer's re-weigher fail to be
present at the time .specified in said notice, a further
delay of two hours shall be allowed, at th) expiration
of Avhich time the seller's weigher may proceed with
the weighing of the cotton without the presence of
the buyer's re-weigher.
In all casos where wet or damp eottou is tend-
ered for delivery and the weigher and re-wcighor
agree as to the pToper allowance to be made for the
same, the buyer's re- weigher shall have the right to
demand that such cotton shall not be weighed luitil it
becomes dry.
The ch'ef supervisor shall test the weigher's scales,
whenever in his own opinion it shall !)o necessary to
do so
All bagging not absolutely necessary to cover and
protect the contents of the bales in a proper manner,
shall be deemed unnecessarv, and shall be removed
)tton is teiul-
made for the
THE NKW OULE.VN8 COTTON KXCHAJ<GE.
from the bides before they are weighed, or a fair and
equitJible dcdurtion sliall be made for the weight of
such bagging; and all such unnecessary Ixigging when
removed to be the property of the heller. The usual
side pieces, which should each consist of no more than
a single half width of bagging, running the length of
the bale, will not be considered unnecessary bagging.
Two pounds per bale tare shall be allowed for sal-
vage.
FRAUDULENT PACKS, AND CUIMS.
After cotton has been examined, received and passed
upon by the broker or other agent or the buyer, no
claim shall be made upon the seller except for fraudu-
lent or false packing, and the allowance provided for
in Rule 28.
Falsely or fraudently packed cotton shal I bo defined
as follows — such bales as may "ontain any foreign sub-
stances, water packed bales, or bales contiiining damaged
cotton in the interior without any indication of such
damage on the exterior of the bale ; also such bales
as are plated, i. e., composed of good cotton upon the
exterior and decidedly inferior cotton in the interior of
the bales in such manner as not to be dete^ ed with-
out opening the same.
When claims are made, they shall be in writing,
giving the shipping marks or nimibcrs, also the plant-
er's and all other legible marks, and a separate certifi-
cate shall be given for each bale, except where two or
more bales bear the same planter's marks. The certifi-
cate shall also state the particulars of the fraudulent
or false packing, and shall be verified by oath or affir-
mation.
All claimp mn.de out in conformity with the forego-
ing regulations shall be deemed prima facia valid in
favor of the claimr;it, and can only be defeated by a
decision of the committee on arbitration or of the
Board of Appeals of this Exchange.
Cotton bought and held hero, if found U) be falsely
or fraudulently packed, shall be returned within 100
days from date of sale to the scHcr, who shall pay for
the same by the weight, and at the market value of
cotton of the grade shown by Ihe original sample hole,
at the time it shall be so returned.
"You see by these rules how closely and stringently
this Exchange guards all transactions of its members,
and the care taken *(> make this market, one of abso-
lutely square, lionwt dealing. You also see a little
of the labor imposed u|)on the assistant superintendent
and chief supervisor. But this you M'ill see more
clearly from the rules concerning press supervision.
aa
You have doubtless noticed the large yards occupieil
by our compress companies for storage of baled and
and loose cotton, and also for facilitating the handling
of cotton in the amounts sold in this market. We are
now ready to take up the subject of
PRESS SUPERVISION.
The Board of Directors elect annually during the
month of October, a chief sup(^rvisf)r and such nund)cr
of assistants as they may deem necessaiy, to be
employed by the month, and who hold their respective
oflices at the pleasure of the Board.
The president of the Exchange is also allowed to
make temporary appointments and suspensions.
It is the duty of the chief supervisor to visit all the
presses, to overlook his assistants, and exercise such
supervision over matters relating to the cotton trade
as may bo necessary; he must report all infractions of
the rules and regulations of the Exchange to the presi-
dent, and perform such other duties as maybe required
of him by these regulations or by a resolution of the
Board. Ho is required to keep a horse, that he may
be the better able to discharge the duties assigned to
him.
Under the direction of the committee on supervision
he makes all assignments of the assistant supervisors
fordutyatthe various presses, and transfers such assist-
ants from place to place whenever the committee
deem such changes are necessary. He reports at each
monthly meeting of the board the juantity of loose
cotton made in and tht; mmibers of bales received and
delivered by each press.
The assistant supervisors must see that all loosecotton
is gathered up and weighed and must then make a daily
report to the chief supervisor of the quantity weighed
and stored at each press. They must also weigh all
samples carried away by the factors', samplers' and
brokers' classers, giving a certificate in each case, if
required, and keeping a record of the same, showing
all details. They are to see that all regulations
established by the Exchange are properly enfor. h1,
and nnist report all infractions of the same to the
chief supervisor. •
SALARIES ANr /VEIGHT OF SAMPLES.
The chief supervisor is paidi 'ahny of four hundred
dollars per month, which includes the expense attend-
in"- the keeping of his horse. Each as.-^istant supervisor
is paid a salary not exceeding one hundred dollars per
month.
The weight of samples taken out y the factor's
?,.
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?'-
:■ , i
j
THE NEW Oltl.KANS COTTON EXCHANOE.
s .iiiplcr must not exceed six ounces per bale, luid such
sjuuplcs must iu>t be removed IVom tbe press until
weighed by tiie assistant supervisor, wiio siiall keep a
rword of the wcigiit of sumo, and if required by the
factor, sliail furnish a certificate of this weight to the
sampler.
'I'lie weigiit of samph's taken out by tiie broker's
classer must not exceed six ounces per bale, and such
samples must not be removed from the press until
weighed Ity tiie assistant sujjervisor, who shall keep a
record of the weight of same, and if required, shall
furnish the classer with a certificate stating the weight.
Cutting of l)ands on bales for the purpose of sam-
jding is |»r<ihibited, and the six ounces allowed for a
sample from each bale, must be drawn in one sample.
The buy(>r'.-j inspector must exhibit a cei'titicate show-
ing his authority to inspect the cotton, and must also
replace all cotton taken from the bales in boring and
insi>ecting. Should he fail to do so, it is gathered up,
weighed and stored with the other loose cotton, but
in no event shall it lie removed from the press.
LOOSE COTTON.
All top samples and other loose cotton necessarily
taken from the bales by the seller's sampler or
the broker's classer, and all other loose cotton
gathered up in the presses, shall be weighed and
stored in the press, and the supervisor shall report any
sampler, cla.sser or any other person who may n:ake
more loose cotton than is necessary.
It is also the duty of the ch'^f or assistant super-
visors to report to the buyer or broker any classer
Avho takes his samples to a junk shop, or any other
shop or store, before taking them to the office of the
buyer or broker.
The chief and assistant supervisors shall have sole
charge of all loose cotton of whatever description,
made in the presses, to be kept by them until there is
a sufficient quantity to make one or more bales, when
they shall have it baled up at such place as the owner
or owners thereof may designate.
After being baled up, it shall be returned to the
press and stored, subject to the order of the owner or
owners thereof.
All such cotton shall be weighed before leaving the
press to l)e baled up, a^d shall be re-weighed when
returned to the press.
Any buyer requiring loose cotton for the purpose
\ of making up types, shall deliver to the supervisor an
order signed by himself or his regularly constituted
attorney. He will then be allowed to take from the
bales after they shall have been weighed, I lie quantity
recpiired. Tiie supervisor shall weigh the cotton so
taken and report the .same to the buyer.
SUPFRVISION FEE.
Vm\\ party storing cotton, shall, on the first of each
mouth, pay four cents jjcr Iwde on all cotton received
and stored by him during the preceding month, the
amounts so paid to be kept by the treasurer as a fund
out of which to pay all expenses of supervision, includ-
ing the cost of labor forgathering up the loose cotton.
All ship marked, small numbered, or other cotton
sampled for reside in the market, shall, upon resale,
pay the regular supervision fee of four cents per bale.
All forwarding cotton sampled in pres.ses shall be sul>-
ject to this rule. 'A'hen cotton delivered in a press by
planter's marks is hauled to another press and there
sjimpled, it shall, on supervision, be subject to an
additional charge of two cents per bale, or one-half of
the regular supervision fee, provided that should the
owner or owners thereof turn over to the Exchange
the loose made from such cotton, no such additional
charge for supenision shall be made.
The chief of the supervision department shall report
direct to the chainnan of the committee on supervision,
upon all matters connected with his department out-
side of his regular duties.
In all cases of deliveries of cotton on Sunday, factors
shall be required to pay the extra expenses for super-
vision and gathering loose, occasioned thereby.
The presses shall luinish free of charge suitable
storage room for loose cotton, and shall render such
aiu and iissistance as may be necessary to enable the
supervisors to perform the duties assigned them.
It shall be the duty of the owners and managers of
presses to report to the President of the Exchange all
such violations of these rules and regulations "w shall
come under their personal observation.
COMMISSIONS AND BROKERAGE
The following is established as tiie regular tariff of
commissions and brokerage for buying and selling in
the New Orleans Cotton Exchange, in the absence of
any specific contract:
Commission for buying, » 2J per cent.
Commission for selling, 2J per cent.
Tiie above rates apply to all purchases or sales of
cotton on the spar or to arrive.
"You now have," said the assistant secretary, "the
rules we have found it ticcessary to adopt. For their
practiral working let me refer you to the report of the
@
||:,i
THE NEW ORLEANS COTTON EXCII.VNOE.
fe C\
supen'ision committee, which roads as follows:
" The animal report of tlio Chief SuporvlBor shows that the loose cot-
ton made from samples, trimmings, waste and by cotton pickeries from
damaged bales, and from all soiiroos except the ro-glnnlng the sord liy
the oil mills, Is loss than soven.tenths of one per cent, the average of
factor's and buyer's samples being five ount-cs per bale."
" These are Bignifioiint facts, indicating as they do,
that while not stinting in the requirements necessary
to a fair and proper exhibition of cottou for sale or the
examination thereof when purchased, it is the custom
of the trade of this port to give tt) cotton a more care-
ful handling compared with its character and bulk
than is afforded in many markets to other articles of
merchandise.
The organization of the two systems of supervision
and levee inspection is such that New Orleans can
warrant full protection to cotton received here in
good order from the time of its arrival until it is finally
shipped abroad, and it now needs but the co-operation
of those most interested, the planters and country mer-
chants, to see that their merchandise is properly pro-
tected and cared for until it is placed in the hands of
the factors.
Our presses handle during the year over one million
bales in the way of receipts, and a like amount in
deliveries. As the supervision covers both receipt and
delivery, the work of the department equals a single
supervision of over two and a quarter million teles. The
business of the inspection department embraces in a
single year the inspection of nearly one million and a
half bales, including the cargoes of nearly five hundred
vessels to foreign and coastwise ports. One of the
most gratifying, as well as prominent results of levee
inspection, is the almost total absence of complaints
from abroad, of country damage to cotton shipped
from and via Now Orleans. Few masters of vessels
will now allow shipiiiouts to be taken abroad concern-
ing which there is the slichost doubt.
Furthermore, it has grown almost into a custom for
any dispute or difference relative to the condition of
such cotton, especially when it is for account of our
local shippers, to refer the matter to the chief of the
levee inspection department."
Such, in brief, is the method of handling the great
cotton interests of the south, at the central market of
the cotton fields, located in the city, which has been
long the acknowledged metropolis of the southern
states — New Orleans. For the characteristic courtesy
of New Orleans business men the authors acknowledge
their indebtedness to the extent of a largo portion of
the facts contained in this chapter, on that great and
growing institution, the New Orleans Cotton Exchange.
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THE UNION STOCK YAUDS OF CHICAGO.
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-»^*OF CHICAGO,
AND THE LIVE
rfiTUATED as the capital of the rich cinpiro
1^ of the great west, ami being the natiinil
I receiving and shipping point for the pro-
ducts of this vast domain, Chicago can not
only, in her Board of Trade, boast of the
greatest grain market on this continent, but
in the Union Stock Yards, she may also
boast of the greatest live stock market in
the world. Considering the millions of cap-
ital involved in the enormous live stock
interests in this country, from the fields of
northern Dakota to the phiins of
Texas, including the states such as
Iowa, Illinois and Missouri, Avherc
the farmer divides his attention
between the production of tlic
cereals and the raising of stock
for the market; and considering
that all this vast country
witii its "rattle
upon a thousand
hills" and plains,
is tributary to a
largo extent to the
Chicago market, and
Hi 'urally flows thither
STOCK TRADE,
as it changes hands from the raiser, and we may
imagine, in an imjKjrfect way, the enormity of the live
stock trade at this great center.
Situated just beyond the corporate limits of the city
of Chicago, and covering a space of 3.50 acres with
pens, sheds and buildings for the receipt, handling and
shipment of the vast hordes of each day; giving
employment, directly and indirectly to over thirty
thousand persons, and being the center of a city of its
own creation and support, with stores, hotel, bank, and
daily newspaper, the Union Stock Yards is a place of
no small interest to even the most indifferent or casual
observer.
During the year 1882, the aggregate value of the
live stock received at this groat market, approached
ver}' nearly two hundred millions of dollars, averag-
ing over six hundred thousand dollars per day.
Almost all the states and territories, west, southwest
and northwest contribute their quota to make up this
vast aggregate. The corn fed stock comes principally
from Illinois, Iowa, !Missoi ri, Kansas, Nebraska, Min-
nesota and Wisconsin ; the grass cattle, from Texas,
Kansas, Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Oregon,
and even the British possessions send in their quota to
swell the groat volume of business.
All of the numerous railroads centering into Chicago
have branch tracks provided, connecting with the
Union Stock Yards, for dolivuring or receiving of live
stock to or from the market
I* ^ — o
TIIE UNION STOCK YAI!l>S OF CIIICAOO.
ORGANIZATION AND GROWTH.
Tlio "Union StoiU Yards sind Transit ('()nii)any " is
the name of tiie incorporatod company wliicli owns
anil <()nlrols this vast property and l)nsinoss. Tiic
chartor was granted tlie company by tiic icyisiatni'p of
Illinois on February l.'S, [)H>!), and the oriirinai capital
stock of the company was placed at $l,OUl),()00, divided
into shares of $100 each. Previous to the estahlish-
ment of the Union Stock Yards, the live stock trad<'
of Chicajro had been carried on at various places, in
yards located at different points about the city, thus
scattering the trade and causing great inconvenience to
shippers and buyers, as well a.s to the railroads in
receiving and delivering stock. The object in consoli-
dating the yards and ci>n-
tralizing the live stock
business, was to give the
railroads greater facilities
for mdoading their cu-s of
catt](>, hogs and sheep,
brought from the various
points of tlie interior, and
to those lines sliipping
east, better advantages for
handling their trade, and
by having the live stock
all in one location, own-
ei-s and l)iiyers would be
bi-outrht nearer together
and till' benefits of a largo
market accnn> to all alike.
At the Iieiid of the cor-
jmration of tiie Union
Stock Yards, stands the
jiresident , .lohn 15. Sher-
man, a man of great exec-
ntive ability and enterprise, and it is due largely to his
powerful niiiul, that the Union .Stock Yards lias grown
to be the great and busy mart that it now is. OfU
cered with a complete and competent corps of men,
from president, vice-president, secretary and tieasui'er,
down to the yard men and feeders, the organizatinn of
the company is as perfect as that of a regiincnt of
soldiers, each man having duties to neifonii and lieing
held to a strict accountability for tlieir pei-forniancc.
The company assumes the payment of the fieigiit due
to the various railroads as they bring in their consign-
ments of stock; attends to the care, feeding and count-
ing of the stock from the time it is unloaded from tiie
cars, and does the weigliing when sold. For all this
a large force of men is required, and a thorough
GRAN3 ENTRANCE TO THE YA'^DS
system and organization is necessary, and these are not
t'ound wanting.
The growth of the Union Stock Yards from its
establishment in iHi;.^ initil the present time, has lieen
niaivi loMs and almost lieyond cominelieiision. In
1(S(;(;, the lirst year after the establishment of the
yards, the receipts of cattle atnounted to .'?'.•.">, (ii)7 head,
while in the year l^<f<2 the i-eeeipts of cattle alone
agirreirated 1 ,.").S2,r);H) head, an excess over the receipts
of iMiii by 1,!)S9,.")2.'5. 'l"he numlier of hogs received
in l.sdi) were 1 ,(')lli;,7.')H, but in l.'S«2 the number had
grown to the enormous ligiire of ,"),S17,r)ltf, in the
short space of seventeen years. The value of the live
stock received in 1882 amounted to nearly five times
that of I.SGC.
Making due allowance
for the grf)wth and devel-
oiiment of the western
countiy tiibutary to this
market, and for the conse-
quent increased production
of live stock, it is still
tiaie that the Chicago live
stock market has been a
great drawing and central-
izing force, building np
its enormous business from
year to year l)v attracting
to it, the products which
in times past flowed into
other channels. As the
attention of cajiitalists has
&^! been drawn toward in-
vesting money in live
stock raising on the great
jilains and prairies of the
west, for the past few years as never before, we may
contidently pri'vliiMliat this great market has not yet
reached its culminating point of magnitude.
THE YARDS.
The construction of tiio great Union Stock Yards
was begun in .lime, isti"), and they were thrown open
fur the transartiou of liusiness on the 2")th of the fol-
lowing Deceinber Tlie capacity of the jarils is suffi-
cient to recei\e and ilispose of 2."),000 head of cattle
daily, liesides 100,000 iiead of hogs, 2."),000 sheep, and
stabling for UTiiH) liiMse-;, making a total capacity for
over 150,000 head. In Ldiiitioii to this there are about
300 shutes and pens for the transferring of stock to
and frcim the cars, with numerous barns for the storage
^
Iv, i ' t» '
THE UNION STOCK YAUUS OF CHICAGO.
(if hay 1111(1 corn. Thoro are, in llio yards, thirty-two
miles of iiiidfr (h'aiiiajjc, oi^jflit miles of t<lr('('ts and
alloys, four miles of water troiijjrhs in the various pens,
ton miles of feed troujfhs, 2,.'J()();^atcs, 1,.')00 upon stock
1)0118 for cattle, and W)() covered pens for ho^s and
shoop. Many of the principal streets and thorou^'h-
faios thron^'h tho yards arc paved with .stone or
Macadam, and tho othor streets and alloys with cinders
and gravel, while the pens and vards arc bottomed with
three-inch plank, rendering them clean and dry from
the under sewerage. There are fifty miles of switch
and side tracks in and about tho yards for tho accom-
modation of tho dilTorent railroad lines in bringinur in
the stock, and transferring it to tho various packing
houses, or loading and shipping it to tho eastern sea-
board. Fifteen
hundred cars of
live stock can be
unloaded and ta-
ken care of daily
at the yards.
There are five
artesian wells on
tho premiaes,
which supply an
abundancoofgood
water, and this is
carried by moans
of underground
pipes throughout
tho yards, into
every pen. There
arc hydrants scat-
tered all over the
yards, for use in A STAMPEDE OF
case of fire, there being thousands of foot of hose piix)
constantly on hand for any emergency. A police force
is constantly on duty throughout the premises to pre-
8er\'e order and protect projierty. The yards are
opened at six o'clock In the morning and the gates are
closed at six o'clock in the evening, after which time
no one, except the regular watchman and those having
passes, are allowed to enter.
The yards are divid'Kl into sections or divisions, and
these are designated by letters of the ali)habet, siK;h as
" Div. A," " Div. C," or " Div. D." Tluwe divisions
are divided into blocks numbered from 1 to 30, more
or less; these blocks embrace all the pens in tho
division, whether for yarding cattle, hogs or sheep, and
the pens in each block are numbered from 1 to 30 or
40, as the case may be, so that any pen in the whole
area of himdreds of acres can bo located at once, first
by the division, then by the number of the lihxk, and
then the mnnber of the pen. Over each division is a
superintendent and yard master, under whom is placed
the necessary working force for yarding, feeding,
weighing, etc. This force of men numbers about s(nen
hnndn-d in all, and the monthly pay-roll of the com-
pany foots up to about I.W.OOO.
In addition to the divisions before explained, there
are several shipping departments for the accommodation
of tho through niilway linos that ship live stock of all
kinds from the Union Stock Yards to the different
Atlantic seaboard markets. Eight roads have slnites
in these departments for loading cattle, hogs and
sheep for shipment oast, and a sufEcient number of
blocks and pens
are provided in
near proximity to
the shutos to ac-
commodateallthe
t stock that may lu-
^f delayed tempoia-
\^ rily for want of
'Y^ cars, or for other
X-A reason. Outside of
tho Stock Yards
W -» proper there is
tho department
for dead animals,
a largo number of
those being hand-
led in the course
of each year.
Those are all
pnmiptly loaded
on cars, and are taken to the Lnion Rendering estal)-
lishment, which is situated well out in the country, a
number of miles east of tho stock yards.
A largo proportion of the cattle arrivals dui'ing the
season of warm weather are Texan — rough, flat-ribboti,
long-legged, Spanish-looking subjects, narrow in tho
back, open in the loin, often of a yellow color, with
immense horns, weighing alive or " on the hoof," 900
to VIOO lbs. each, iliese cattle are all branded jierma-
nently and deeply, the brand being made with a liot
iron, when the animal is a calf, and sometimes reptiated
annually. This mode of branding is a system adopted
years ago, as a moans of identifying animals straying
wid(!ly over the prairies. The bulk of these cattle are
reared on the groat plains and I'unches of western
Texas, and driven thence up through Arkansas and
TEXAS CATTLE.
-Sg
A—
THE UNION STOCK YAHDK OK CIIICAOO.
tlio Indian Nation to Colorado, wlioro after months of
pood f('(>(liM;r. <li<'y '>ro forwarded to ('liii'a<ro, for a
market, by tlic Union or Southern raeitic railroads.
THE COMPANY.
Standing as ft snpprvisinp and reirnlatinp: head over
the immense estahlishment is the company, or eorpom-
tioii of til.-* Union Stock Yards. This company, own-
in<j as it does ♦he vast property, prescribes the rides,
and is the executive and directing force in the market.
Should stock he shipped into the market which is not
consippuod ''> uny commission tirm. the Stock Yards
eompanj' assumes control of it upon its arrival, sees
that it is properly sold, and remits the proiveds to the
shipper, wherever he may ho. The Union Stock
Yards company assnmea and promptly pays all fi'ci<jht
charges to the diflerent railroads that brinir stock, pro-
vided that the same is in fjood fair condition when it
reaches the stock yards. The live stock commission
men, who now sell about all the stock that arrives at
the stock yards, never expect to settle these churpres
until after the stfxk is finally disposed of, and it often
happens that pretty larnfo lots of stock may have to
remain in the stock yards several dM3's before it can bo
sold, so that the Union Stock Yards company is all the
time heavily in advance to the country shiijpers for
freip-ht and other cliarjrcs an;ainst the live stock brought
in. It takes from $2()(),(H)0 to $;{UO,OUO a week to pay
charges of this kind to all the dilferent railways *hat
bring stock from the country to the Union Stock
Yards. As much as $100,000 has l)cen paid to the
Chicago, Burlington an*! Quincy railroad company in
a single week for freight, etc., on stock that this single
road has brought in.
The company keeps complete and extensive records of
the receipts and shipments of stock, and is thus able
to furnish any statistical ififormation which shippers
and dealers, or others interested, may desire.
THE EXCHANGE BUILDING.
As one approaches the Union Stock Yards, he sees
first, the large five-story brick hotel, known as the
Transit House, built and owned by the Stock Yards
company, and patronized chiefly by those interested in
lie business at the yards, and by drovers and shippers.
Further on, and just after passing the grand entrance
to the yards, situated near the center of the vast field
of pens and yards, looms up the Exchange Building.
This is a brick structure 60 feet wide and 240 feet long,
two stories high, and is located within the yards in
order to be convenient and easy of access by those who
transact business thereaboiit. The Exchange building
was constructed with all possible care to aci'oniMKidato
stock men and the live slock interests. Here the ship-
pers, packers, commission men and buyers meet, and
within this l)uildnig a vasi volume of business is tnins-
acted every ilay. In this building, the raiser oi' shi|)-
pcr of stock from Dakota, Kansas or Texas, meets,
through the mediimi of the connnission merchant, the
buyer rcprescjiting thecasterncities or Europe. In this
building the checks and ilrafts are drawn which transfer
the title of almost a million dollars of liv(^ stock, from
one party to the other every day. Telegniph olfi<'es
located in the building furnish reports of the condition
of the grain and live stock markets at various points
of the country, together with any other information
which would tend to modify or fluctuate the market.
Bulletins are posted up, furnishing the hourly market
reports and daily recei])ts and shipments, and t((lc-
grtmjs from the Board of Trade in the city are posted
here showing the conditions of the grain market.
In the Exchange buildin^'tho commission men andalso
the buyers all have their otiii os. Hero are also the offices
of the superintendent, secretary and treasurer of the
company, and its gcnend business office for clerks and
book-keepers, about a dozen men being eni ployed con-
stantly in the latter capacity, to record all the transac-
tions of the vast business centering here, which the
comi)any exercises an oversight and supervision
tliroughout, and is responsible for. The eastern and
western live stock freight collections for all the rail-
roads, are settled here, as well as the yard and feed
charges, which annually foot up into the millions.
There is also in the building, a restaurant and a barber
shop. In a wing or annex to the builduig is the
National bank, which suppliea the funds to carry on
this gigantic enterprise.
THE COMMISSION MEN.
A necessarj' clement in the machine work of the live
stock trade is the commission man. He is to the ship-
per what the attorney is to his client — a counsel, advo-
cate, and experienced and skillful agent. Without the
commission man, the shipper would be at the mercy of
sharks and sharpers who would take every advantage
of his inexperience and ignorance in the market, and
would impose upon him by all manner of tricks and
devices, so that he would verily lielieve that he had
fallen into the hands of the Philistines. The result of
this would be the destruction of the market, and it
may then be said that the commission man is essential
to the live stock trade. To him all live stock is con-
m.
'Kn'
ku:.
II
TUB UNION HTOrK YAKDH nv CllirAUO.
("iiriii'il Ity tin' >lii|>iH'r, mikI tlic (lisp(isi(iiiii nf it is n
iiiiitlcr of Ins jiiiliiiiniil. ■-kill iumI lioiior. It is csmh-
tiiil to till' .shipper tli:il lie pliicf his properly thus in
the hiiiuls of only an honoriililo iin>l trnsi worthy coni-
nii-sjun lirni, \\lii> "ill sciuie him every iitlvuntii;i.'«' in
the niMrkel . ;ini| n.aUc prompt timl nliiiliie retniiis. It
is iil-o (•■•^riil ial in nimiy liises tiiiil tiic lomniission
iMi'rrh.inl h:i\i' :impl(^ <Mpi,:il:il his cunnniiml, iin<l is
pri'piireil to nmke iKhunces to the .shi[)per of |)erhiips
one-h;ilf or t\\()-lhinl.s the value of 'In- ealtic het'ore
they are sold. The huyer in theeonnlry niaiket, after
liM\uii! shippi'il a con-iirunieiit of stork to his commis-
hion merchant in Chieayo, may thus, hy gutting an
aihiuice of a portion of the value of his shipment, lie
cnahleil to eontiniio his |)ur<'hasi's without interruption.
C'ou.sidering tlial ^ .
the larireeonnnis-
.sion lirnis who
Ii:i\(' nni lerous
buyers in various
parts of the coun-
try, niiiy l>e ad-
MiiK'ini^' nmiicy to
n!:iny cf them at
the >.inie time,
the anidunl of
lloatin;^' capital or
actual cash re-
quired to conduct
a largo commi:'-
tion liu.^iness is
coiisiderahle, and
easily rtms into
the hundreds of
thousands.
THE EXCHANGE BUILDING,
There are over scventy-fivo oonunission firms ni the
Chicago live stock market, all having their ollico.s in
the Kxchango building. These lirnis are each under
bonds to the Union Stock Yards company in large
amounts, somethiiig like $2."),()ilU, for the safe and
proper perfonimneo of all obligations and the sottle-
iiieii* of all itein.s, .smdi as freight, yanlage and feed
bills, to the Stock Yards company. Kach commission
tirni eni[)loy.-i one or more helpers for duly alvout the
yards in handling .stock, and tiie.-e added to tiie f(U'ce of
700 yard men emiiloyed by the company, make nearly
1,U00 men scattered thnnighout pens, streets and alleys.
'J'l.cie is, among the legitiniatt! coiiinii.ssion men, no
such thing us speculation. No " longs," ".short.s" or
"stfadille.s," and no iaiying or selling for future deliv-
ry. No "margins," no "puts" or "calls" ever
intrude tiieir hvdra heads into tills live utoek market.
The"bulls' and " liear.- " are there, however, as
they are and must be in "very market, altl: uigh not
always dt luuninated by lli ise i.anies. 'I'he conimission
man is id ways the " laill," for it is his business to toss
the market, slilVen prices, mid get the best lignre for
the slock of his ci)nsigiior that is possible. On the
other Iriiid, the buyers are always " bears," and arc^
always aiming to depress values and buy at the lowest
[nice [lo.-sible, for the pai kers or eastern markets
which they lepresent. 'I'liese two opposing forces
meet daily, and although not in e.xcited nv violent
comltat or vocileratioii, as on the Hoard of Trade, yet
the liargainings ami bickerings are all go"-, through
with, which tinally result in a trade.
, The receipts or
arrivals of stock
are disposed of
eacji day, unless
for sulllcient rea-
win any portion
may be held over
until tiie next
morning, in an-
ticipation of a
more favorable
market. The
stock is sold on
its merits, at the
market prieo for
the day, and the
commission man
receives his com-
pensation for sell-
ing without re-
gard to what the stock brings. There is, conseijuently,
among the careful and well established eommissioii
firms, no such thing as the "gigantic failures," which
characterize speculation. The commission man per-
forms his service and receives his compensation,
together with an} advances, freight, etc., which he
may have made, and is thus always ou the safe side.
THE BUYERS.
There are a large number of live stock buyers era-
ployed regularly at the stock yards. All the heavy
packing establi.-hments emiiloy buyers to imreliase
their hogs for them, and all the shippers of hogs do
the same; all the heavy cattle dealers have their buyei-s
employed to make their purchases, the parties that
slaughter cattle and ship beef in the carcass, and the
IIIF. l?.NI«)N STOCK YAUnS Ol" ( IIICAdO.
'.'imicrH liiivc tli(>ir liuycrs. Some liriivv ciistorii cstul)-
lisliini'iils liMNc n1i('('|i Idiycr.t ciiiiiloyfil to |inrtliiiso
hIi('('|) I'lir lliciM tliniii;,''Ii ii liii'ijo portion of oiifli year.
Tlii'sc huyi'iH nil iiiako a Hjiocialty of hiiyiii;,' one par-
tilailar ('la.-s of slociv, ortpociallt in (lit' cattid dopait-
iiitMit. 'I'Ih^ cattlo I(oiif,'lit for siiipiuciil in rarcass, for
cxpori, or for canning, aro oacii ciiliri'iy ililft-nnt, one
from till' oilier, in ffrado ami ipialily. As a roninion
rule, tlio city liiitclicrs liny their own stock, cattle.
lio;.'s and .Hliee|), and there arcs a \tu<iii nunilier of them
in daily atlen<lance for the piirposo. Th'>re are all the
time a larire nnndier of transient, laiyers .it the >*t()ck
yards generally for the purpost! of purehasin;^ stock
<'attl() or feedfM's. Tho jjroat hulk of tlioso cn,sra,Q;oil as
buyers aro resident, and Iheso buyers, taken all
ton'other, bear a n\ost important jiart in the daily
workiPiT of the whole "(oneral business of the Union
Stock Yards. Tho eonunission men sometimes recei\t'
orders to buy I'oi- persons or linns at a distance, but
this is not conmion. There is also in the market a
class of s[)ecnlators who buy and sell for the jmrpose
of profiting by the rise in fiio market. These specu-
lators have their ollices in the l^xchiuiire buildinir. p.iy
cash for wiiat they buy, .and sell when and where they
can obtain the best price. They l)uy iarireiy, <'ripplcd
animals, wliich they sell "on tlie .street," or to tin'
resident linlchers to be slaiiufhtered at once. In casi;
they see a barirain in Texas steers or fat cattle, or are
inclined to believe I lie iniii'ket lo-morrnw mIII be better
than to-day, liiey seize ilw opporlimity, liny the lot,
and iiold it until th(> next day, when the animals are
sold and slauirhlere<l or siiipped eastward.
The demands in tl'(> east usually control the Chicago
mai'ket, and cause i's iluctuations. The buyi'rs rec<'ive
theii' instruction:* from the establishments for whicji
they buy, as to what thoy shall pay for stock, each day,
and it is the business of tho eonunission merchaut and
sellci's to iibtain tho l)est price thoy can.
THE BANK.
VVj ere so nnich business is transacted, and so nnich
value ijassinij constantly from buyers to sellei-s, it
became ncces.sary at tho first to establish a baidvini,'
institution for tho safe dopositiuir of capital within
eiisy and ready access when wanted. Tho business at
tho stock yards is largely done l)y checks, conipani-
tivoly little actual money being used. This is a great
convenience to the dealers, besides bein": much safer.
Tho freight, yardage and food bills are paid by tho
commission firm's chock ; the buyer gives his cheek for
the stock, and tho commissiou man draws his cheek to
the shipper for the proceeils after deducting hi- . mn-
inissioe, and advinces, or if the shiiiper is not in attiMul-
anc(> with the stock in the market, the coiiiiiii.tKion iiiau
draws his check Ibr the proceeds of the kiIo uml with
it buys a draft at the bank, which he remits to tlie
sliipi er wlauvTcr he may be.
The aggregate operations of the Union .St<M k YnnU
National l>ank average abiatt {(M(M),(Mii| daily, but iiiuk-r
certain conditions the l)iisine>s of the Ixink luu
amounted to $1,(KH),(I()(I in a day. This Ixiiik wim
brought into existence as a necessity for facililutinir
the general live stock business of the Union .>tiHk
Yards, and it constant ly keeps a large amount of iiuiiii-v
employeil in doing this. To give an iii-taiiro wrhidi
will illustrate the matter, a drover reaches the >l<Mk
yards on a given day with ten or twenty car Unuh *>(
hogs, consigned to some commi-sion lirm, who «e\\*
them tipon arrival to one of the l:trg<( packing finii.*.
.\ ticket is obtained from the otiice of the Union .^toek
Yards company showing that all freight ami otlier
chaiges have been settled upon suih hogs, and the licink
promptly adviinces tlii';unount <lue from tin: ^Kii-kor 'Vir
such stock, and the drover receives his pay at onee ami
leaves foi- liome, M idle the bank gets its check for lh«
advance niadi' irom tlie city otli<'e ot'tlie packer, in one
or two days, as the case may be, and the same kiml of
ride holds with scane of tiie heavier kind of tninsar-
tions in the catth^ trade. 'I'he bank aI>o facilitates the
shipment of livi^ slock from the Union SXifk Yank to
the dilVereiit eastern markets by disri>untin;.' .Inift*
drawn against it, for which interest ami diM-ouiit is
>'harged. The Union Slock Ymi'<1- company ke«-|»s
about $2.')0,lMi() regularly employed in paying to the
dilVerent railroads freight and other charires on .-tjn-k
that is coiislaiitly arri\iiig at the >tock yards, and ibi.s
anu)ni!t lies in the Union Stock Yards National Bunk
on deposit, subj(>ct to ciieck.
The liankalso proves a great and valualile ajrent for
collecting drafts drawn by country buyers again.-t their
commission merchant. Thus, for instance, a buyer in
Indiana, Iowa, or tho far west, having piirchasetl a cer-
tain number of car loads of cattle, or hogs, loads them
on board the cars, and consigns them to the eomnii.ssioii
firm of Jones & Brown, for sale at the Unir)n Stfwk
Y'ards of Chicago. Tho shipper then receives a I^tilroud
Receipt or Bill of Lading from the station agent at tbe
place of .shipment, statin ' that so many «"ai-H of cattle
or hogs have been received by him, and <onsiime<l to
the eonunission firm of Jones & Brown, for account of
the shipper, and to his ordo: Tho shipper now diuws
a sight draft on Jones & Brown for one-half to three-
•1^ '
*!i
TIIK IN ION STOCK YAHDH OF rillCAQO.
foiii'tliM til*' value lit' the HliM'k i4|ii|i|)i>il, iiiitl iilttiilifH to
tliiH Ills Kill lit' Lulling', |ini|«'rly iiiiliirHi'tl tivt>r to IiIm
coiiiiliy lijiiik. Tlir liaiik irailily uilvaiicfH tlii< iiinnt'v
«iii till- (halt, taking' tin- liili ni Lailin^' us xniirily.
TliiN ari'aii;ri<iiioiit fr\\^'s tiii> liaiik m- lioli|i>r of tlio Ilili
of liadin/j, tr/iiH voiiHigmd to the onlrr of' t/ir nhipptr,
ami liy liiiii prii|irrly iiiilorsi>i|, altsoliito rniitrnl of tiii>
|ii-(i|ii-rty until llin iliaft is paid. Tlu' ilraft, with its
Hill of liailiii^mttucheil, is forwimloil to Chii-a^'o, uinl
ivaihis till- riiiiiii Stork Yanls National liank, which
colli'i'ts it friiin .loncs iJc Krown, ami clmrgcn u certain
ffo fur Uuing tlii> liiisim>ss.
DAILY ROUTINE.
Kai-h milroad lias its particular iilacc ami tnu<k from
which to nnloacl or loml tho livo stock it hriiij,'!i or
receives, and beside the track is provided a |>latform
lon^ eiioii<rh to accommodate ihu longest stock tntin,
while mimerous schiites open to roeeivo tho pent-»ip
iinimals from the caiN. Arrived at its platform the
yard master of tlie division takes the siiipping hills
fium the cnndm tor, am' with his helpers imloads the
train and yards the stock, kce^iing in record a strict
olllcial account of all the stock taken from each ear,
the niniilier of the car, the nunilier of the schutes into
wliich it was iniloatled, and the iiunilier of iilock and
jieu ill w liicli it was yarded, the name i.f the owner and
of the consignee.
A\'hcii the commission man is ready to put a con-
signment of stock on the market he looks for the kind
of a l)U\er that deals regularly in the kind and quality
of stork he has to otl'er; if he has export cattle — the
best (piality the market ever all'onls — he looks up the
hiiyei-s of export cattle and works among them until
he etl'ects a sale; if he has cattle suiUihle for slaughter-
ing and shipping in the carcass, he works among the
buyers who niaki^ a specialty of buying this kind of
cattle, and the same as to canning, common butcher-
ing, or stock cattle. Tho same is true in regard to the
selling of hogs and sheep; there are shipping hogs,
packing hogs and bacon hogs, each lieiiig a separate
grade. Sheep are ge'nerally of two grades, shipping
and common butchering.
As soon as a sjile of stock ha.s Iwen efl'eeted by the
commission merchant, it is driven on the scales and
counted and weighetl to the purchaser, by the weigli-
niaster employed for the purpose by the Stock Yards
company. The weighman then issues a ticket to the
commis.ssion firm soiling the stock. Thi.s ticket fixes
the quantity as an element in the sale, and upon it are
ased the calculations which eventually result in draw-
ing the chockrt. I'liis ticket is really tiie only written
contract, or evideiieo of ii contract, lK>twe«n Heller and
buyer, and on the iKick of the ticket is written down
the price, by the commission man, and a computation
is made of the total tniiiHacti<ui. The fidlowiiig is a
form of tlie ticket:
All Muck U huld aul^art lo FrKlghl and Clwrg«l>
^i9Tlilf....!j^.^?.:.
John Smth.
76_ Cattlo, S5JIP _.,..Lb8.
Hogrt, _ '•
Sheep, _ __ '*
Date, 9:/3, 188J.
J ^:,Mon. Weigh Master.
Meager as the written evidences of the transaction
are, they are usually snfHcient for all purposes among
the commission merchants and the buyers, who are
personally known to each other. It is regarded as
damaging to the reputation of a buyer or seller to
" back out" of a tnule that has been onco fairly made,
although verbal.
" What do you ask for t lese cattle?"
" Five and a quarter."
'• All right, I'll take them."
This constitutes the only language necessary to a sale
of thousands of dollai-s worth of stock. Hut if, after
looking the pen over again with only a few moments
i'lterveiiing, tho buyer should say, " I won't take
them," he has damaged his standing and reputation
throughout the yards, and this course persisted in,
finally ends in routing him from the market.
After the seller receives the weighman's ticket, ho
sends it to the office of the Stock Yards company, and
from them receives a duplicate, in the following form:
Union Stock Yard and Transit Co.
9-J3, 188 J.
Martin Btos.,, To _ John Smiih.
76 Callle, 85^10
ffbgs,
Sheep,
7fo Charges. GEO. T. IFILLUMS, Secretary.
<Ptr. ^9:^P^-
TIIK I'NION MU<K YAHDH OK ClilCAUO.
On till' iNii'k of th'iH ilti|ili<'itti> Mtil<> ti, ki't lie li^'iiiiv^
ii|i tlin luiioiiiit of tliu Wile, uikI then ilitlivt'i'M tlii' licki't
til the iitlici' I'lirty til tlio i-iiiiti'itrt till' liiiyiM' who in
turn iliaw.H \\'\n check tor llic iiniiMHil ol' tlio ileal.
I'lion rcceivinj,' tho clu-ck of thn ituycr, thu coinniiH-
>ion lirni which hcIIm tint Ntock, iHMiicH iin order on the
I'liion Stock VjU'iIh company lor itn ilelivery, iiml l»y
thij*, it imsHes cut oC the poHHCHsion of the seller into
timt of the pun-htiNer. 'i'he followin;,' in thu form of
thn onlvr:
O
QC
QQ
Z
I-
<
Chicago. 9-t/l, t88S.._
To Union Stofk Yiinl and TruiiNit Co.
Please deliver to r^»*.»...'!^f'»if!!*.?.
T? Callle Ifngs, Sheep,
ffhcH: JI...... Pen, J1L. Division ■«. . . Scale *....
MARTIN BROS.
The coiumiitnion merclmnt Ihoii |tro<-«<f«li> to make up
hJH ueeoinitrt. Ill) MMulit to the otHco of tht.> Stmk
Vuriln compttnv ami aMerlainn the lVei;jrhl, yanlijre iiihI
feed 1)111 incurred on the^ttM'k ja-tt Milil.anl with iIhik'
ileiiw, he make!* out for hi- cinmtry ^•hip|ll•^, iin Account
Sale;*, jriviny all the |Nirticuluni of the tntuMutiun, iw
in the I'orin Ih-Iow,
In case any advaneeH hiivo lioon nmdc to the »hipptT
on ikceounl uf tho Mturk Ixifore it waa ri>«%>iviMl, the
amount will ap|M'ar on tho Account Siile* op|Hinite
"t'a«h advances," and thin, to;,'ether with the char^ri'n
for frei^rht, yanliifre, ote., will lie dinluctod from the
total Male, leuvinjf the iKilance due the Hhip|>er. On
the liook.-> of the commi>.si<in monhunt, sonu* of his
HJiipperH keep an o|m'u account, nid draw drutis "^jini-t
tho HJiipment In't'ore it nwhen tlie market. Theso
drafts UHUully come in one or two dayri in atlvunce of
the stock, and are paid ami ch.-irtred up to the a<'<'ount
of the ship|>er. When tho sttnk hua been »oid, tlio
FORM OF AN ACCOUNT SALES.
.milN M. MVUTIN,
U T. MAKTiN.
Union Stock Yard
MARTIN BROBt,
Live Stock Commissiuii Brokers,
EXCtiASUK Itl'ILDlSO.
r-f-/-
/^ ^^ ^Jt*'^^'' ^^'i' <='«•■".
CAK NOS.
NO.
STi)c:k.
WKIUHT.
OFF.
PUICE.
AMOIXT.
2472
4873
15261
70
Cattle.
H5210
5.00
4260
50
4260
323
50
CHARGES:
Cash Advancks.
Freigiit. fincUulincr feed on roiul^.
260
19
6
38
50
Yanl.
Hay,
Ciinii
E. &. 0. E.
iSfi,
'^ '
lission,
30
Net I'n
jcecds.
3037
OO
1
O 1
'.' ■
'•A 1
1
ii
J i
i '
Mhi'i
\i;i>s OK ( iii<A(;o.
residue, a*'ter dediietiii^r Hie " easli adviiiices," clinrires,
cti'.. is eariied tn llie ciccrK iil' the shipper, sld)jert to
liis t' 'iii-e dnit'ts. Sliippei-s liavinv'' ini open aicoimt
usually ke«'p a lialaiii'e with their rtiiuiuissioii iiiei-
cjiauts to tlieir credit, to cover any loss which may
ociMi- iVoui a decline in tli(> market, and an uulortu-
nalo >ale.
In case tin advances ai'e made, of no account is kept,
and the .-■; pper is not in the market iiimself, he usually
instructs his couuiiissiou meri'Imiit how to remit tho
net pnM'eeds of the sale. 'I'iiis may he l>y mailiuir Ji
ciuM'k, hv fortvardiuir New Vork exchauire, or Iiy send-
iuL' the <urreiicy Iiy ex[uess, at the risk ami expt'use
of the shipper.
The couunissiou merchants scttlo usually twice a
week with the Union .Stock Yard.s compaiy f •. .1
dues, such its freiirht advanced, yanlage, feed, etc , l>y
jMiiwiug over a cheek for tho umouiit.
CHARGES.
Tl!*> oharfTPs ^J the c')ininissiou men for soiling, are
fifty oent.s jx-r he;id for cattle, am! .six dollars per ear
for hogs and sheep. There are from forty to sixty head
of ho.^ in a car load, and eighteen to twenty head of
cattle. All eatile, shi-ep and hogs are sold by live
weight; from one to a score or more are driven on to
the f^caloH. The seller usually tries to got bis stock fed
and \Tatere<l tirst. Officers of the Society for the Pre-
vention of Ouelty to Animjds are constantly in attend-
i.-ico to report upon ami prevent cases of cruelty or
neglect.
Tho stock yards charges are twenty- five cents jier
liertd or rattle, and eight cents for hogs dn<l sheep as
yjirdage. and this is .always the same, no matter
whether the stock is sold in an houi after its arrival or
remains in tlio yards a month. This includes the
watering of the slock. The feed is ai' extra charge,
and from the famine prices demanded, one would think
we lived in the Kgypt of olden tinie.s. The price for
hay is (ixed at twenty-live dollars per ton, and for ear
corn one doil.ir per bushel. During ;he siiort <'ro|)
years of l.s.sl and ISMJ. the jirice td' ciir corn at these
yards Wiis one ilu/lar and Iwentij-fivt' cents per bushel.
The .StcK'k Yards conin^iiy supplies all the feed to tin"
slock iit all times, ancl. in fact, has a monopoly on it,
and allows no iced used <'Xi'ept such as is supplied from
the hnrns and cribs of the corpor.'ition. No wonder
the •-hares of sti>ck of this soulless corporation hav<'
.Hold at enonnous premiums, and doubtful if llioy can
Ik? hud in the market even then.
ABOUT CATTLE.
The (pialily of the >toik cat tic, hogs ;uid sheep that
reache-- liie .-lock yar.ls varies, ol' coMrM', iVoni \\w
highe>l to the Iow«'>t grade>, :;ni| liicre is a considera-
ble anionni of >t(iek all the time arriving l!ial ought
to be pi'ohibited from >ale in .any ■ unsnming market for
.sjinit.ary reasons aloni*; there i-, also ,i i;irgc amoimt of
stoi'k of all kind-i r<'ceivcil as i^oocl in <pialit\ a-, could
b<! found in the worlil.
.\dj:i<ent tothe>e st(M-k yards there are lour large!
establishment.* where, in each, upwar<l ot ;i Ijiousimd
cattle are killed .and dressed, daily, t'.nca.-scs, sides or
quarters, are distributed to the retail l)ulcliers of tin;
<'ity ami vicii-.ity. The canning and i)ackinLr establish-
ments take 7<N» to 1,(MKI car<asses, ■ nd several ref'ig-
erator ear loads are tk:patched daily to New Vork,
Boston and intermediate places. Every week. a]»oiit
1,(HH) <'an'jLs.scs are forwardeil to England by steamers
from IJostou .and New York, beingsent in cloths in tlu!
winter .season, and in refrigerator cars and chandx'rs
on )H)ard ship in the summer; and so carefully cooled
and managed is this Chicago slaughtereil meat, that it
is eaten in Liveriiool. M.anclmstei- and London a fort-
night later in a,s gootl condition as that killed only a
day or two previously in those cities. E<ir the did'erent
departments of the tnide, various auinials are used;
only the superior grades, weighing, when hung up, 700
to 7.")<) ftw., are sent to the seaboard and across tho
wean. For the canning business; four-year-t)ld Texan
and Coloratlo bull(M-ks, weighing net 4.")0 ti; .'.00 lbs.,
are chiefly usetl. The price per lt>. of the dresspd car-
cas.scs is aiN.Mit dotible that given for the live animal.
Commnnicating witii a large jard, where tho cattle
are heideil. is a series of ten jiens, into each of which
a cou|>le of bullocks are driven. From a platform
overhead, the ofwritor dextrously drops his pole,
armed with a ste<d blade, which severs tlu^ spinal cord
just iH'tween the first and second vertebr.a ; the first
thrust almost invariably takes etlcct ; the animal drops
dead instantly. Th<' ipiivering movements st'en have
been iL'uonuitly supposed to evidence sullering, but are
purely involuntary muscular movements. So soon as
the victim drops, he is fixed liy the lioi'iis to a revolv-
ing <-hain pa.ssing .along the floor, worked by an engine,
set in motion by the movement of a lever, and dragging
the cana.-s out of the slaughtering pen .some twenty
leet to the gn<at slii d, where In- is drcssol. The large
ve.s.sels of the neok are cut to allow thorough bleeding;
the horns are promptly removed by a eiieuhir .saw,
workeil by the engine and set in motion is reijuired by
a spring' on the floor; the hide is tukou off; the trees
• ..'.'.s^l^tiuk
fr
TIIR IJNION STOCK YARDS OF (^HICAOO.
arc iipjiiiod in tlio usual niiiniu'r and llie carcass strung
np. Ei^'Iilccn catllo are killed and dipssod in fiftcon
niinntos. So\enty-fivo arc soniotinios turned into tlio
coolinir elianihors in an hour. AVithont lahoi-ious lift-
inn oi" any Iioaw manual labor, the carousscs from the
slipds whore they arc dressed, aro swung along on
wheels running on stout iron rods overhead, and ranged
in the cooling chamber.
The tongues are forwarded to the packing houses for
])rerierving; the iiiiernal organs, carefully cleaned, aro
converted into sausage casings; the tallow is assorted,
the best of it goes for oleomargarine, the second quali-
ties are rendered into barrels for soap and cjindle
making; in several large vats, heads, bones and offal
aro digested and made into fertilizers; the blood is
presen'cd for the same purpose ; the hides find buj'crs
close 1)y, who are ready to take them green from the
block, doing the curinir ii'itl trimming themselves; the
discount claimed for all branded hides is about ten \)or
cent. So promptly is everything done, so handy are
t!i^' .'irrangements, so systematic the supervision, that
t , • killing and dressing is profitably done at less than
lifly cents per head.
The beef canning business has grown to large dimen-
sions in this market w ithiu the last ten ycai-s, and great
amounts of meat aro shipi)ed to Emope in this manner.
In some of these immense ostablis'iments from 5)0,000
to 100,000 ft)s. of cooked beef are turned out daily, the
sizes of the cans being uniform — two, four, si.\ and
fourteen ft)s each, nearly one-half being of the smallest
size. About fiiioeii machines are at work, cutting and
blocking the tins, which aro nearly square in form.
All bone aiul gristle are removed; (wq il)s. of beef
cut from the carcass are required to yield c.tcft. of
canned meat; a largo quantity is also put up for mar-
ket as corned beef. It is partially cooked in baths, of
which about 100 are usually in operation, each holding
six barrels of beef. In suitable pieces it is transferred
to the tin cans, which aro wheeled to another set of
baths, in which they remain from three to seven hours,
and are gradually cooked without any loss of the
natural juices or aroma. Air escapes through a punct-
ure in the lid. Removed from tho baths, a dozen men
aro constantly occupied soldering this aperture in the
tin. A cloiuiiug machine and several alkaline baths
effect uallv cleans the cans from grease and economize
the labor of about .WO girls, by whom the cans are
labeled and packed. Sanq)les are taken daily into the
test roimi, and examination made for leakage, <u' f(U'
evidences of imperfect keei)ing.
Tho canned corned beef is in large demand. Tho
fourteen lb. packages are chiefly taken by retail gro^
cers, restaunuits aiul hotels. Tho hams aro i)ickled for
thirly days, and are packed in barrels, coutaiiiing 220
ll>s. The rounds, generally boned, aro salted, soiue-
tip'-c:j smoked, and besides a liberal homo consumption,
aro largely used in the lumbering and mining regions.
The tallow is carefully rendered, and finds a ready
market at home aiul on tho seaboard. The marrow
from tho bones is canned, mud; of it going to Eng-
land, where it is used .as a substitute for butter.
HOGS, AND WHERE THEY GO.
The regular winter i)ack'ng season begins November
1st, and closes on the last day of February following.
Tho arrivals of live hogs .»t tho yards are tho largest
through November and December. Tho receipts as
rei)orte<l every week day nu)ruing vary from 2.'),000 to
()0,0()0 bead, except on Satinday, when they fall off to
from 8,000 to 10,00,)— the last day of tho week being
the lightest " run " of any. Values fluctuate, being
governed bj' prices of pi-oduct on the Hoard of Trade,
by the weather, by the recei[)ts, and oftentimes by
combinations among tho buyers. The jiackei-s and
shippei-s have their agents tvc work, soon as business
opens, at six o'clock in the morning, ami as a rule, tho
desirable lots have all been bought by twelve M.,
though there are days when the market is much de-
pressed, aiul prices very weak, when drovers refuse to
meet Iniyers, and many lots aro carried over to next
day's market, but very generally to tho disa<lvantago
of the holder. To sell on the day of arrival, is tho
most successful way for tho drover, take tho year
through, as the experience of many will confirm.
The I)est grades of live hogs received aro heavy, fat,
smooth, small boned, and averaging from 300 to 400
lt)s. gross. Those aio called " Philadelphias," and are
b(Uight by shippers to tho market of tho tame name.
The Boston buyers have their pick, ..ml fancy a stylo
of animal fully equal to tiie above, though they will
take coarser grades, if obliged to. The largest buyer
for ^lassachusetts owns 300 double-decked stock cars of
his own, enough for ten tniins, and the hogs i)urcha.sod
and shipped nearly every day by his resident agent go
directly through to Brighton, Ma.ss., stopping ofTonco
en route, in Canada, to rest and feed.
A lighter class of hogs will satisfy tho buyers for tho
largest city in tho United States; they weigh from 125
to 22.") ft)s. gross, and arc called "Yorkers."
Then we have bnyei's for tho English hoases, who
manufactu'o iirincipally bacon, and cuts adapted to the
export trade. They want a light-weight, small-boned
I hy rcUiil gro%
iiio pickled for
;ontaiiiiii<^ 220
salted, soinc-
e oousumption,
lulling regions.
1 fiii<ls a, roiidy
The iiiiinow
going to Eng-
r Imtter.
:y go.
'gins November
nury following.
are tlio largest
The receipts as
r Irotn 2.'),000 to
I tliey fall off to
the week being
Huctuate, being
Hoard of Trade,
1 oftentimes by
lie jiaekei-s and
soon as business
nd as a rule, the
by twelve M.,
iet is much de-
rovers refuse to
d over to next
he disadvantage
of arrival, is the
take the year
11 confirm,
il are heavy, fat,
fiom 300 to 400
■Iphias," and are
the wime name,
id fancy a style
hough they will
ho largest buyer
kcd stcM'k ears of
hogs purchased
esident agent go
stopping off once
ho buyci-s for the
^ weigh from 12.')
iers."
lish houses, who
ts adapted to the
ght, small-boned
THE UNION STOCK YAUDS OF CUICAOO.
siiowii from the avcraire net wciijrlil
oi' hogs jKicked by firms who offer vciy little product
for sale in this iiiaiket, but do an export trade almost
exclusively. The weight of the hogs jjacked l)y ten
such establisliuients, vailed from 1G.1 to 1!I2 fl>s. each,
or ail average of IT.JJ lbs. net.
The Ciiieago packers get their supply, alon^- with
others, and buy mixed packing hogs, and sometimes
auir.-.als of all gnidos. Even the hog buyers can some-
times say " Finally, my brethren," for the last grades
lie knows anything about aro the .sAyj.vand culls. Our
only comiictitor for this class is Cleveland, Oiiio. Tiie
range in price of live hogs on the sanu! kind of a mar-
ket, is about one cent per ft), gross, from fho lowest in
grade to the 1)est.
The shipments of live hogs east by rail vary from
24,000 to ,50,000 per week, from flio 1st of March to
about the loth of September, but not so many in
winter.
During the season of 1880-'81, or from November 1,
1880, t' November 1, 1881, which included summer
and wint<?r killing for those twelve months, the tot'il
number of hogs slaughtered at the Union Stock Yards
and vicinity footed up .5,093,569 head. And such are
the complete facilities for doing the work at the large
packing houses, un ulMindance of ice and the most
thorough refrigerator sj'stem known, that of this vast
number of hogs, 1 50,000 more were slaughtered in the
summer months than duiing the regular winter pack-
ing season, and the product fully cured and preserved,
and made ready for shipment to any part of the world.
The net weight of hogs packed in this market, from
November 1, 1870, to March 1, 1882, for the winter
packing, averaged 221 fts. The summer packing
begins March 1st, and ends November L«t, being a
period of eight months, or twice the length of the
winter season. The average net weight of hogs
packed during the summer for the past eight years,
was 189 fl)s. To pack live hogs the year through
on a large scale is a modern science. It would have
been regarded aa an impossibility a quarter of a
century ago.
The following tabu? shows the .'ivcragc of prices in
like Cliicago iMUi'kct for articles nauicil during the
winter packing stason for six years:
Mi'Srt I'oik
I>. s
I.nnl
l>.s
SlHinUlei's. . .
Slim
t iniM
SiKIl
t CWv.ir
s. r.
Iljiitm
l.lvo llo^a
^Siitson
TSsj-tt.
Sen* in
SeaHon
Ks|-*J.
l-ao-al.
♦ 17 M
tlK M
»i;t..Ti«
in '.14
II ni
» 1*1
ti (;<)
li («
4 M
IMt!
H ?!>,
Bits
11 M
U-tHt
7.U
II) M
!l.75
HIS
(1 .-,2
tt.lU
oMh,
Season Se:w.iii Sf.jiHnii Spiinon
187'J-i*). l!<7tl-7it 1977-;H.
til Hit
7 Hi
4 i).;H
li v!ii
I! :17
7 97M
4 a7
t H (HiV
5 ftj
•1 !ll
4 ft!
4 l:<\
6 Ji
3 iniji
«ll.40
7 .'i8
4 lii
5 m
r> !)4
7 7.')
4 U
IIIOHESr AM> I.OWKST I'ltlt KS FOK SIXTEEN YEARS.
The following table slio'.vs the highest and lowest
prices reached on arti<'les named for sixteen j'ears past :
T-lvo Hogs...
M>».S I'OIK
Ijinl
Short, llibs...
SlMJuWlnrH. . . .
S. I'. Iliiins . .
Date— Ulgheat.
Sept. IS7.'i, March ITO.
June ami .Viig., 1879...
Ki'linmiy, His
OcfolHT, laii'J
Ol-tOlMT, 1875
October, 1875
Price.
tin 00
U UO
•JO 7.1
17. 7S
» 25
14.50
Date— Lowest.
Doceinlii'r, 1878
December, 1878
December, 187*
Decern Ijcr, 1878
Jan-.arv, W79
Dec. 18t8, Jan., 187a..
Price.
5 J'K
2;t7W
5 00
CHKONOLOGICVl,.
The following chronological record is taken from the
17tli animal report of the secretary of the Union Stock
Yards and Tnmsit Company:
The largest receipts of stock in a day were:
Ciittip, Xovptiibor li->, 1S82 12.076
Calvos, Spptt'inbor 28. is,sl 1.428
Hogs, November 25. 1S7(» 64.(>4;<
Sheep, Febnmrv 8, 1S82 6.701
Horses. October .5,1874 4W)
Cars, January 11,1882 1.490
The largest receipts of stock in one week were:
Cattle, week ending October 21. 1S.'«2 4.5.2S6
Calves, week eiuliiig August 27, iss] 3;j66
Hogs, week ending November 20, 18.80 300,488
Slieep, week ending .lamiarv 21, 1882 22.(>3!1
Horses, week ending March' 20, 1881 1.125
Cars, week ending Decemljer 16, 1882 6,080
The largest receipts of stock in one mouth were:
Cattle, October, 1882 17i"),54n
Calves, August, 18S1 11 ,004
HogK. November, 1880 I,lll,9!i7
Sliecp, Mareli, 1882 «!),30;«
Horses. March. 1873 4.2.%3
Cars, Deccmtjer, 1882 2I.(i.-.3
The largest receipts of stock in one year were:
Cattle. 1882 1„-)82,,5.18
Calves, 1881 48,048
Hogs, 1880 7,05i».3.-)5
Sheep, 1882 r,28,887
Horses. 1873 20,289
Cars, 1881 187,191
"%v-^-
wmrn
" tf. , 1 '
MiMm;
inin
T IS within the niemory of men still livin<r to
rociill the periods of excitement and enthusiasm
(Kcasionod l)y the discovery of gohl or silver,
and the sudden openinjr of a inininj? reirion in the
United States. Meniorahle among such periods was
the year 1849, when the gold mines of California were
first discovered. Exaggerated re|K)rts of the extent
and richness of the fields were circu-
lated all over the states, and men left
the shop, the counter and the plow to
join in the great rush for the mining
regions. Collecting together a little
money, bidding good-by to family and
friends, and hastening away to emlxirk
on an Atlantic steamer that should
bear the eager aspirant for w^ealth
around by way of Panama, to the
Golden Gate were common experi-
ences. Or journeying by land, in
covered wagons, l)ehind ox teams,
amid dangers and privations,
through the Great Anieri-
Deaert, bound for Pike's
Peak or the gold
regions beyond,
the great
eager treasure seekers, their vision filled with gold and
wealth, rolled on.
There is, to tiie mind, a fascination in gathering the
precious metals from the earth, enhanced, perhajis, l)y
the uncertainty of the quantity, and now and then
sudden realization of rich returns. It shall be the
purjMJse in the few pages following to give some prac-
tical hints and information for the benefit of those who
purpose entering the mining fields, and who would
otherwise be compelled to spend, perhaps, yeara of
exj^orience and considerable sums of money in attain-
ing to that knowledge of the business which would
render it profitable. By the man of means, or wealth,
the senices of an experienced miner or prospector may
be secured, who, having made a study and occupation
of locating mines and distinguishing ores, will assume,
for a compensation, all that responsibility; but with
the man of limited means, entering the mining regions,
the case is altogether different, and ho must rely on
himstlf ; and his best capital will be knowledge. Hun-
dreds and thousands of ignorant men, ill-advised and
with no capital, arc consl,intiy going to the mines, as
if thej- expected to pick up nuggets of gold in the
streets and roadways, only to be disappointed, and
return home, sadder and poorer, if not wiser, than
when they first set out. Nature has been so liberal in
the distribution of valuable minerals, that there is no
countrj- in the world, no state in this great repul)lic,
where they cannot be found if the seeker has the
knowledge to search intelligently — iind the knowledge
required is not j)rof()und — it can bo acquired and
ajiplicd by any one. Some of the most
•^ valuable mines in the world have Ikhmi
discovered by persons who would rank as
utterly wanting in what is considered edu-
cation, but they had learned the signs
with which nature has stamped her
treasures, and when accident brou<'lit
od with ffolil aiul
MINING.
tlu'iii to tlu'ir iiltfiilioii, llic.v were iitilc In tnkc posse-
sion of tlioiii with kiiowi»Mlir<' of ihcir vaiiic
ORES AND METALS.
Then' arc soim- two hniidnMi iind lil'ly iiiincriil sporics
known in tl-c I'nitcd States, lini h'ss liian a Ihinl of
this ninnhpr arcs of value to tiic Idisiiiess worhi. Il is
vorv rarely thai nature ".'ives us a inelal in pure form,
1)111 fortunate]\ she has •riven them eertiiin chinaeter-
isties h\ whieh thev nia\ he reco^'iiized, and hy know-
ing: thoin, a faiiuer may lie led to a valiiuhle ore deposit
on his farm, or a traveler may find a hint in an insi^-
nitieaiit si one thai will li-ad him to the means ofaddinir
to his own fortune and enriehinir a locality thai was
ignorant of its own resouiTcs,
Amon<j the sui)stanies classed as (d(>montary hy
chemists, there are at present al)out tifty that aro
known as metals. New discoveries, however, are fre-
quputly makiuir chanires in this list of elements. In
this list ot' metals there are only fourteen i'ou>i ' -red of
•mi)oi tiiuce in the business world, viz: .Muiniiium,
antimony. l)ismuth, colialt, copper, irolil, iron, lead,
mercury, nii'kel, platininn, silver, tin and zinc. Of
these the ones that <'ver <'xist in the pure metallic state
in any couiiiderahle (piantily are gold, copper and tin.
Silver is also sometimes found in a M'vy pure .state, hut
not frequently in paying <piantities — it is looked upon
lis a curiosity. All ot" these and all the others are
generally foiuul comhined with other sul).staneos to
form 0/-C.S. Often several metals will he combined in
the same ore with one metal gi\ing the principal char-
iicteristic. The taking of these ores from the earth hy
digging is known as mining; the separation of the
metal from the other components of the ore, is the art
of metallurgy.
PROSPECTING.
In jilaees whera ores are known to exist, as in " the
hack-bone of the continent" (the Rocky mountains in
North America and the Cordilleni of South America),
there is a class of men who make a business of huntiujr
for valuable minerals. In this country they are known
as prospectors, in South .\mcri<a they are called mine-
ros. These men spe;id their whole time in wandering
about the mountains in search of signs of ore. If suc-
cessful, I hey hav(> something to sell, and endeavor to
Iind capital I o open up their new mine. They carry
with them provisions, and camp out, changing their
(piarters with their success. If good speciinen.s of free
gold in placer or "pocket is found, they stay as long as
the supplies hold out, or it unsucce.s.stul they keep mov-
ing, wamlering iiHo the most remote recesses of the
mountains, searching the water courses and Ihe hidden
crevices of Ihe rocks. The ores of the precious metals
arc luuiid ill \cins of varying size .'ind form— somelimcs
in tiiin hori/.oiital sheets lietween strata of rock, but
g<'iiciaiiy in ' ciii- that make an angle with the horizon,
a> it' the (111-1 (if the earth had been cracked by some
miglily force ihriisting upward, and while standing
open, till' li-siires Ihii- formed had been fille(l by Ihe
iiK'tallic depo-it.
When llicy arc well (letiiicd the orc-lieariiig veins are
inclosed in rock to which is given ihe name of hanging
wall and foot wall. Hctween Ihe ore and the walls is
irenerally a thin layer of clay to which is given the
name of gouge, or selvage. W lierc\ cr a vein >liows
itself on the surface of the earlli it is called the oiit-
I'rop, and the ore deposit i^ i;-ciicr;'lly made promineiil
from the fact that the rock i- liarder liian the ore, or
riiT rcrsd. and the elements acting on the sol"ter one
liriiigs the other into prominence by a sharp line of
outcropping ore it' the idck has lieeii worn away, or a
marked depression if tiie rc\'ei>c. Thc>c ontcroppings
or surface indications, tell the experieiiceil prospector
at a ghmce that I hey are ore deposits.
It often happens that a stream, in cutting a r;vine.
will carry down pieces of an ore vein that crops out in
its be(l: llicse piece>, picked up liy the prospector, will
give him the hint that the stream, in its rushing flood-
time. ii:L- liiduglit them iVoni some poin! higher up,
and he will cliinbthe ra\ inc. carefully examining every
foot of the lie(l of the -tream. and the sidc> of the
ravine for the vein of ore. This plan should always be
adopted in the mountain-, tlie bed of every •.Ireaiiilet
exiunined with care for specimen-, and occasionally the
.sand and mud washed for free metal-. Tlie prospector
earrie^i with him a pan or basin lor t.'ie purpose of test-
ing the mud from the bottom of the stream for free
metals. Thcmethodof doing this is extrciiiely simple.
He selects a place where the stream, in its turning,
makes an eddy, with a little stretch of backwater; here,
if the water had carried anything heavy in its cnirenl,
there wonld have been a check to it> nioinenluin in the
short level, and the hi'avy substance would sink to the
bottom. Fie scoops into his liasin some of the sand
and mud, and then fills it up with water; then he stirs
up the mud and pours out a portion of the muildy
water, careful not to disturb the heavier particles that
sink again to the bottom; tnen he refills the pan with
clear water and repeals llie operation. This he does
again and again, until llie water is no longer made
muddy, and there is left in the bottom u spoonful or
;-i4
[ 'Kl*
iili
i I
ili iiitt
MINING.
two of i^omcthing that ho must examine very cui-cfuUy
for gold or jilatinum or precious s^nes. If he finds
gold he will Im; certiiin that the stream has hrouglil il
frcm some point higher up, and there lie must seek tlio
parriit vein.
It often Imppotis that !• pn)spet'tor will tind in tlif
pan a t'ollection of shinv ;;arti(it's tlitil will make his
heartbeat fa-stcr lor a minute, until close jnspectitni
shows him that it is only glitteiiuu- and worthless
mica. The particles of mica are soattnutise, mi laight
and golllen, that the novice will hardl_\ he convinced
that they are not gold in fai't. The prospector, if
oxperieiiccd, will take a pai'ticle of the suhstnnce on
the blade of his knife, and, pressing it with the tinnnb
nail, its character will Ik? shown. Iron pyrites will
also deceive. When ac(piaintance is tirst made with
them they have the app<!arance of noble metal, l»nt are
only a (iwnbination of iron an<l sulphur. \\\' suppose
one prospector to Ix- s<'arching only for gold and silver,
and in his randiles he has di,sc()\ered something that lie
thinks is an ore of the jirecious metals. How is he to
know whethei' it is or not? How can he [trove that it
holds in ccmibination one or both of these metals?
How can he tell what percentage of metal it holds,
and whether it will pay to work it, or is only of value
to sell to some •• tenderfoot?"
HOW TO EXAMINE A MINERAL.
Kvery prosptn-lor >lioulil acquaint hiinself with the
use of the blow-pipe. I'his little instrument is a small
tul)e bent at right anirles and with a tine nozzle at the
end of the shorter arm. It is used to inject a current
of air into the center of the tiunie of a lamp or candle.
The flame is instant I v changed into a miniature bla.st
furnace, and all the phenomena of the furnace can l)e
re])roduced with this tiny instrument. Witli an ordi-
nary clay pipe for material, th<> prospector can provide
himself with a serviceable instrmnent with wbic-b ho I
can perforin all the operations necessary to determine
the character of a mineral. In order to change a clay
pi|>e into a blow-pipe, a i)iece of the stem aliout an
inch long is broken ofl' to make the jet ; a cork of the
right si/e. or piece (if wood shaped to tit the opening
ol' tlu' bowl lit the pipe is then taken and a hole bored
througJ! il of a si/<' to admit the piece of stem broken
from the |)ipe. The cork (U' plug of wood thus fitted
is then put in the pipe an<l we !;:ivo a c(nnbiuation like
the a<'c()nipMiiying drawing.
\\'ith this inslruuient there are [)rodnced two ditlei-
ent results. o.xidMtioii and reduction, according as li.e
end of the jet is h(>ld against the side of the flan e of
the candle in* lamp, or in the center of it. Hy (inc a
metal is changed to tni o.xide; by the other, with tl o
aid of a proper llu.\, an ore is <'hanged into a metal, or
rather, the metal is separated from the other sulwtunces
mi.xed with it, and is madexisible by taking its ijrojjor
metallic form.
.V >mall \ial of carl)ouate of soda mixed with a
minute (piantity of the cyanide of potassium, will Ik"
tlie only flux absolutely necessary. The pure curljon-
ati' of soda will do (piite well alone if it is found incon-
venient to procure the nnxtiu'c, but the cyanide with
the carbonate of soda is found to give cpiicker results.
The prospector nnist remember, however, that the
cyanide is a deadly poison, and if he carries it nnist In*
<'xtrcmely careful not to produce on himself the Iwd
effects of the poixiu by swallowinga pcntion, or inhal-
ing very freely tiie fumes arising from it.
The next reijuisite will be a piece of charcoal to
make the test on, and this will not be difficilt to pro-
cure unless the jirospcctor tinds himself in a woodless
ccnnitry, destitute not oidy of tices, but of shrubs or
gniss enough to make a fii-e.
We lia\(' said that two results could be prcMlueed bv
tlie blow-|iipe, and the accompanying drawings will
illu-trate clearly just how it nnist 1k' applied to the
tlainc to produce the right etfect. In the first illustni-
tion (shown on following page) it will be seen that the
mouth of the jet is placed ju.st at the side of the flame,
the result is a long yellow llame giving a high (leirwe of
heat. A substance placed just within the point of this
flame is subjected to this great heal, while, at the sjime
time, the !iir has access to it, and under these conditions
the I'xygeu of the air will greedily seize [)ou anv
metallic comi)ound, and change its consti' ilion into
what is known as an o.cit/e.
In the .second illustration it will be .seen that the
month of th(> jet is phiced in the center of the flame
and sjives a difl'erent appearance to the blast produced;
MtNINO.
witliiii the lonir yellow «<iivcloi)c then' is a wnll-detiiu-d
l)liio flume, eoiie-shapcd iind slmrjt-pointod. This is
ciilled th'j reduciiiir Himif. The siiljstimce to ho sid)-
initted to it8 action is so helil that it will Im eovered
hy this inner cone of hlne tlanie; tho heat is more
intense, and the outer envelope proteets it from tho
air, and under these conditions its character is ehanped,
the flux witli which the ore is mixed seizes upon the
bases and carries them away into the pores of the char-
coal, leaving the metal as a smooth globule oa the sur-
tiice of the charcoal.
In order to test a mineral it is finely powdered, a
small portion is taken and mixed with an equal quan-
tity of the soda flux, the mixture to form a mass about
as large as a small pea; a shallow depression is scooped
in the surface of a piece of charcoal and the mixture
placed in it ; then it is carefully subjected to the action
of the roduciu;j flame of the blow-pipe. In most of
tho ores with whi'h we arc to deal, when thus treated,
the mass will fuse, etfcrvesce, and the most of it disap-
pear in the pores of the charcoal, and there will lie
loft only the metal on tho surface. There are other
meials besides jrold and silver that will give this reac-
tion ; very often these metals will be found in oombini' ■
tion with each other and with others, as, copper, lead,
nickel, iron, etc., but it will not be necessary for the
prospector to go into the mysteries of metallurgy; he
can determine the percentage of noble metal in his
speinmen, and thus, its value as an ore of silver or
go'd.
The mineralogist has ()l)served another curious thing
about minerals anil has named it streak. If we take
an ore and .scratch a line on it.s surface with a nail or
k'.ifo, the line llius made or thi' powder formed in
making it will lie of a difl'erent color from the ore; this
is streak, and is .so characteristic that in works on min-
eralogy the streak is always given among the other
qualities that distinguish the dilTerent mineruls, and by
which they are recognized.
SILVER MINERALS.
The principal silver minerals are known to science
by the following names. We will give their familiar
titles as they are particularly described. The composi-
tion of each mineral is given with the scientific name:
1. Native Silver.
'I, AiiialKiiiii: Silv(?riiiHl mercMirj'.
ti. Argentttf: SilvfM' liiid Htilpliiir,
4. ProtistUu: Silver, milpliui-tiiul arsenic.
8. P>T.irt?yrito: Silver, suliiliur and antimony.
6. Stcphimltc: Silver, sulphur and antimony.
7. Polyiiasite: Silver, copper, sulpliur, antimony and arNnM.
S Cfliiuifyrite : Silver and chlorine.
9. Urumyrito: Sliver and bromine.
10. EmboUte: Silver, bromine and obloiine.
11. lodyrile: Sliver and iodine.
11. Carbonates.
These are the minerals richest in silver, and that
compose silver ores. There are other mine-^ils that
contain silver in company with other metals, but in
which the other metals are in the largest proportion,
and the silver is extracted as a by product, as in the
familiar Galena, and in several ores of copper, etc.
These nrnerals are all known to exist in the United
.States, but some of them are rare, or are found in veins
composed mostly of another ore; but as specimens of
any of them are liable to be found on the surface, the
prospector should know what he is handling, and we
will describe them in their order as written above.
Native silver exhibits all the properties of the
rediici (1 metal, and is often alloyed with ^old or co|iper.
Aniaigam is a rare mineral. Its color is silvery-
white and its streak the same. If rubbed on a piece
of copjier it leaves a silvery luster. If n jiiece of the
mineral is laid on charcoal and subjected to the reduc-
ing flame, tho mercury will be vohitilizcd or driven ofl'
in vapor, and the silver left as a globule smaller than
the original piece put on tho charcoal.
.Vgeutite is called, also, silver glance, or vitreous
silver. This is a very valuaiilo ore; it is found in
lumps, plates and threads. Its color is a l)Iackish lead
gniy, sometimes deep iron black, with very little luster
i r
! l-;l
U,W
u
f I li
sixty per cent of
silver. Healed mi
('liarcoal it f^ivcs
(ilV white I'lmns of
aiitiiiiony : in the
ie(JM(in<r flame with soda it gives a head of metnl. The
ore is found i'l erystals and masses. It lias metallic
luster, is h'.jttle, and easily ■ ■•.{ with a iviiif' '1 liis
is one oi t';e most (iesiral)le ;iiid s()i._'-ht-for minerals.
Stephaiiite is known as hritlle silver onv Muck silvei-
ore, hrittic sii\er iflanec. It is a comliination of silver,
siilpliiir and antimt cy. similar to the prcced" y. Imt
idiilaininir a larger pcn-entatrc <>l silver, ai,d, in ronse-
witli a jiioce oi'
moistened iron,
the iron become^
<'outed with a thin
film of metallic sil-
ver. This ore yields over seventy per cent of metal ; it
is found in varicnis places in th>} west and in Sonlli
\'nerica.
Hromyrite, or hromitc, is known also as plata verde;
its <()l()r varies from liriirlit yellow to grass green. It
is a rare mineral, occasionally I'onnd in mines, genernlly
i\ilii IIk' chloride just deserilied.
Kmlxtlil" is a mineral composed of the chloride and
(pienee. is a still more vi Inahle ore. Its color is black Oroniiile, somolinies found in large musses. Its color is
olive ami ''ravish green, A valnable ore in South
.\nieriea.
lody.'ite is a rare mineral. Its color
vellowish green, streak vellow. Heated
and its streak <iie saiiie. It li.ts a metallic luster
heatrtd on charcoul. it jrives oil" fumes of antimon
^'liisi
UK
gives a
ouree of
.
)^>
so as plttta venlc ;
) grass green. It
» mines, generally
j^^^
MININU.
with the l)lti\v-|tii)c it liiM'> iiiti) a glolniii' nt' silver,
wiii!(> tlic iodine is driven oil' in \M|Mir iIimI tiniio the
flanii' :i l>(>antitni violet ((dor.
S('ll)ile, rarlioniile ul' s'iImt. i'lic S|ianiai'ds called
tin> [data a/ne (Itinc silver). Il was not known,
except in the nnnes of Mexico, until a tew years ago.
Till' discoveiy of it in Colorado, in great i|'iantities,
caused niucii cxcilcinent .iinong niiiu'rs and capitalists,
and led to the iinildiiig ol° the city of Lcadville. Its
c(dof vai'ies from Mne gray to black, it is \(M'y soft and
easily reduces hct'ore the l)low-|iipe. It is a very
valualilc ore.
These are the ores of siKcr mineral, and tiic pi'inci-
pal sources of the melid. .Vs we liavealrcady said, the
metal is fomni (omhined with others and may contain
a paying amount of silver without heing a silvei oic.
To test an ore foi' silver that will not yield a gl(d)nl(!
of metal, the mineral nnisl l>e tinely powdered ,'tnd
placed in some I'eceplncle, as a cni) or hot tie, where il
can lie covered with nitric ;iciil. .\tler the laid has
acted upon the sulistance I'or an horn' c so, ponr it
earefuily into another hottlc without disturliim.'- the
snl)si;in<'e lel't imdissohed l»y the acid, ifliieie is any
left. Then !idd s<une water to ihi'acid — aliout as much
water as tliere is acid — anil you will have ii clear liquid.
Now add to this liipiid a solution ol' conunon salt, and
if there is any silver <lissolved in the acid, it will
appear as m white, cunly precipitate, that will tniii
brown after cxposnri' to the light. It', insleaci of a
s(dution of salt , we add :\ few drops of hydrochloric
acid, wc will detect thi' t'aintest trace of silver. 'I'o
test whether the precipitate is silver (n* lead, ponr over
it boiling \\:iter which will dissohi' the lead, bnt not
the fcilver. .Vninn)nia will dissolve the silver.
GOLD AND SILVER MINERALS.
ftolu is I he most precious connnodity in the world
of bnsin(>ss. As a metal it is widely distributed over
the globe. Although so widely distributed that there
is 11(1 country in which it cannot be found in some
form, yet natiiie has so ciimiiiigly covered it up. and
combined it with otJier things in order to hide it, that
it re(|uires the most skillful and the most laborious
exertions of man to acquire it and prepare it for the
uses of commerce, '{"he principal gold minerals are:
I. N.iliM'};,ilc| Ci:ii' liM'l;il.
i. OoM utiuiUaiii 4hiIiI iiiiil iiK-i-rury,
II. sylv:Miilr; (iiilil, *ilvi'i' uii'l It'llnriimi.
4. N:i;;y:iyil,': (ioM, siU'cr, r>>iiiM'r, Is'iliirimii, sulphur, luad
t/iti': Ciolil, silvt'r, It'ild, ti'Uui'iuiu, irou, sulphur.
I'. (':it:l\iMil*.': tiolil UMiI li'lKirinui.
7. I'cirpi'Ziii-: (liilil. stlvi'i'iiiid palhuliuui.
H. aiiodiliui: itold auil rhu<lluu).
These minerals, with varying proportions of gold,
are workeil in ditVerent parts of the wtnid, bnt the
greater quantity is loiniil as native golil the pure
metal — and reipiircs no chemical traiislormat ion to lit
il I'or Use. if it exists in the soil, the prospector, by
Using the pan, and washing carefully, will tind it in
small scales, ^t\■ plali-s. lis c(dor of gold yellow is
closely imitated by mica, but the plates of g(dd are
niall(>alile, that is, can be pouiiileil and llallei 'd, and
mica is not. Il can be fused on charcoal at a hi<ili heat
without the Use o4' a llux. If its presence is suspected
in quart/, the pi( of quart/, to be eMimiiied should
be liidkeii, and the I'resli face thus exposeil, looked
oxer caret'idly with a len--. If it is in large quantity,
the magnifying irla^» uill show the grains of gidd
embedded in the quart/. This is not a liiial test, liow-
e\('r, as gold is found in paying <|iiantilies in rock th.at
Iocs not give an outward sign of it, and in this ease il
can lie taken out by a process of which nature gives a
hint in the list ot' gcdd-'n-aring mlneraU given above,
vi/.: gold junalgam. The metal, mercury, has the
singular property ot' seizing on g(dd ainl sil\cr whcu-
e\ei'it finds ihem. and as il can be separ.'ited readily
from them ai^ain liy the action of heat, it is uiadc iisc
of in determining their presence in certain miiicials
after they have been properly prepared I'or the action
of the mercury. In order to lest I'or gold, the quart/
in which it cannot be seen lillt i> suspected, the rock is
lirst pounded up tine and sit'ted: a certain (plant ity of
the s.iiid tliiis obtained i- waslicd iii the pan, allowing;'
the heavier piiriiiles to sink, and the rest to lloal a\\a\ :
this is repeated until a inanageaiile quant ily i- secured
in which we may be certain that theg(dd will be foniid
if the quart/ held it. This is then ainalgamated by
mixing with it al)out Indf ihe (pianlily ol' clean mer-
cury as the lilllk of the M.bsl.Miicc left in the pan. The
mercury •.'.ill lake up gcdd aipl I'oriii ani.ilgam; this is
straine<l lo seiiaratc any excess of mi'iciiry, and is
liually heated over the lire in a criicilile or iron pot;
the heat drives od' the mercury in xajior, lea\ iiig the
gohl, which can be fused into a globule.
The detection of gold in coinbinat ion with othi'r
metals is more dilliciilt, and the prospector would not,
proliably. h.ave the means to make a satisfactory exam-
ination of tliem while in the tield. It is \ cry lommon
to tind it alloyed with copiier or sihei- aiul other baser
mi'tals. Il is a curious fad, also, tiial the >pecili<-
gravity of pure g(dd varies, as also its shade of color,
but these [leculiaritics will not le.ad one astray in
detecting it. When found existing in lumps (M- pie<'es
of irregular shape they are called niigirels. and there
Ij, I
ill ;<
-?.1
.liii"
siiii ^
— i^^
MINING.
are rpcoriU of hoim^ lua^iiiticont spociineiiH; diio from
Aiistriiliii wci/jflicd out* hiihdrcduiidoijjhty-fivo poimdft.
Tlio Mihstaiiccs most frniiicntly iiiistakcii for fold
uro iron pyritfs, oopiK-r pyrites, and nii<a. Tho
prc<'ioiis iiK'lal is, however, easily distiii^uislu'd from
tlieso by its malloahilily (Hattoiiiii;;; under the hammer),
and its great weiirjit, sinkinj,' rapidly in water. It Is
the houvit'st of all metals exiepliiifr platinum.
ASSAYING THE GOLD ORE.
The piospector has discovered a vein of ore that he
tinds is rich in sil'er or gold, and wishes to know how
mneh of the proeioiw metal the ore will yield to the
ton, whi( h determines its value as the basis of a paying
mine. \Vhetlier an ore is j)rolilal)le depends not only
upon the relative value of the metal, but also upon the
labor required to get it out and to .separate it from the
rock ()!• ganguo (pronounced gang), as it is called. In
the relati\'e values of metals there is a wonderful dif-
feicnce in the [)ercentage demanded of an or(! to class
it as a paying one. \\'liile an iron ore that wnuld not
yield over twenty-Hve per cent would b(! discarde(l as
worthless, only two jier cent is demanded of copper
ore. one per cent of mercury, while the ores of tlict
precious metals are paying if they will give one two-
tlioii-an.Ith percent of silver, one ten-tliousanilth per
cint of platinum, or one oue-hundrod-thousandth per
cent (if gold.
If we are testing for gold and the spocimen is fpiartz,
the operation Just described will nut only show the
presence of the met;il, but also the (|uantity, if it is
carried on with more method, and we have at hand
some means of accurately weighing the pro<liicts of our
experiment. A weighed portion of the (juariz is
re(hiced to powder, au'l amalgamated; the gold taken
up caret'ully, is weighc<l after the mercury is volatil-
ized; this will give us the parts of an ounce contained
in the (piartz o|)enitc(l on, and from this we get, by
)ir(i|i(irtiiin, tin- jirobable amount contained in :i ton
of the rock.
'rhi> experiment will have to l)e repealed a number
of times, and an average of the dillcrent results taken
for (lur linal determination, as, of course, there will be
some pieces richer than others, and the indi\iilual
results will v.ary in a way tliey would not if we cuuhl
operate ujion a large (piantity at a time. If the gold
is fonnil in pyrites wo weigh out. a portion, reiluce it
to powder and wasli as before; then the residue is cai'c-
fnlh' roa-tc(l at a read heat to drive oil' sulphur and .'iny
volatile cnnii)onents. After roasting it is amalgamated
and manipnlati'd the same as just described for quartz.
Pyrites shonhl yield at least one dollar's worth of gold
to the bushel (>f ore to he protitabi , <piarlz should
give about six dollars worth to the tea. m order to pay.
Gold is foinid in native silver, and as one metal is acted
on by nitric uciil while the other is not, wo have an
easy metho<l t>f separating them. 'I'he silver is nuido
as thin as possible iiy carefully flattening the specimen
with a haunner; it is then weighed and i)ut into a ves-
sel of boiling nitric acid, and in iiliout ten minutes the
silver will Im« perfectly dissolved, leaving the fini' gold
as an undissolved powiler. The acid is poured oil" care-
fully, and the powder washed, dried and weighed.
Although none of the inincnd acids will dissolve gcdd,
yet !i mixtuio of two of them will, viz.: nitric and
muriatic. This mixture is called (Ujua regui, in conse-
quence of this power on the noblest of metals. If (uie
has aqua regia at <"onMnaud, any substance can be tested
for gold by its use. .Submit the substance in a pow-
dered or finely divided state to the aition of the acpia
regia; if the substance is not all dissolved, pour the
liipiid oil' into another receptacle, separating it fi'om
the undissolved portion, then add to the liquid a solu-
tion of copperas, and if there is any gold present, it
will make its appearance as a reddish-brown precipi-
tate. This must be dried when, it' it is rubbed, it will
assume a bright metallic luster.
To test the purity of gold, rub it on a piece of hard
black slate and there will be left on the stone a yellow
streak; touch this streak with a drop of nitric acid,
and if the gold is pure, it will remain unchanged; if
alloyed with some other metal it will partly disirppear,
while if it is only an imitation of gold it will disap-
pear entirely. In washing for gold in the sands of a
river, it is generally considered paying if it will yield
twenty-four grains of gold for each hundred weiirht of
siind to be handled and washed. By far tlie greater
amount of gold in the world is obtained in this way.
and where the same plan is carried on, on a gigantic
scale, with the aid of powerful machinery, it is known
as hydraulic mining.
THE LAWS OF MINING REGIONS.
Having discovered a deposit of rich ore, the pros-
|)ecl(ir wishes to secuie himself in the title of it ; and
this is done by properly slaking it otf and posting a
notice. In nn)st of the mining regions in lh(! United
.State's the law allows theclaim owncra space of ground
extending 1, .")()() feet in length in the direction of the
vein, and .'iOO feet wide, so that a claim, wli, ii laid
out and staked oil", will be like the diagram on llie
following page.
liir'H worth of gold
f)l'. ; quart /i hIiouIcI
1114 111 order to pay.
* one iiiotiil i« lutod
ia not , wo liiivo an
I'lio silver is nmdo
'iiiiig tiio specinicMi
and put into 11 vos-
ut ten ininiites the
nviiijj^ the line <n>\i\
is p()ure(l oH'care-
ied and wei^'hed.
will dissolve gold,
1, vi/. : nitric atid
iiKi rt'tfia, in conse-
of metals. If one
tiini'o can be testeil
il)sfance in a pow-
action of the a(pia
lis.s(dved, poui' the
sei)arating it from
) the li(piid a solii-
ly gold present, it
ish-hrowii |irer'ipi-
t is rubbed, it will
on a piocp of hard
the stone a yellow
rop of nitric acid,
lain iMichaiiged ; if
I piirtjy disirppcar,
j:old it will disap-
1 in the sands of a
iiig if it will yield
hundred weiirht of
?y far the greater
ained in this way.
1 on, on a gigantic
liiiierv, it is known
REGIONS. i
ich ore, the pros- !
he litlc iA' it ; and
oil' and [losting a
ions in llio United !
rii space of ground |
10 direction of the
claim, \\\\ci\ laid ^
le diajrrain
\h
-fe^
z^)l^
HIMNU.
l,.'illU I'ni't.
l.iM'iitliin stnkx.
D
Dlal'iiviTV
shnn.
Piwi.
— •—
■ Vein
P(Mt.
I'fMl.
The pro->poctor should see well li> it that the laiul i-<
liiiil olf in the direction in which the vein pxtoiids,
otherwise tho l.rtOO f >t in length of tin' claim will he
(■(iniparalively valiicU'ss to him. The honiKlarics of
the <'laim must lie marked by slakes driven in the
ground, or stood up with stones pHoil around, or by
other permanent mark or monument, and a plain sign
or notice must be posted up at the place of discovery,
b(!aring the naiiu^ of the lode, the name of the locat(U',
and the date of the diseovory, soiuething as follows:
THUMHKT I.ODK.
'I'lii' iinilorslniii'il cliilmx »lxlv il:iy in which ti« ^iii1< Oiscnvory
shiifl. iiimI tliii'O inuiithH to record ilillin on ijilri vein.
OGDEX >VIIITI.(KK.
ScplriiilHr ID, 1S8.S.
'flic miner must now go to work and sink his dis-
covery shaft to the dejitli of ten feet iit least, within
the >i.xty days. Having done this, ho should, if |M)ssi-
ble, have a survey of the claim made by a competent
surveyor, l)ul lhi> may be dispensed with, and I he loca-
tion lertificate may be maih- out dcseriltinir tho i laim
suitiiiiMilly well from the boumlaries set up by the
prospccicii. This location certiticate must be drawn
up and tilcil in I he recorder's otlicc of the comity where
the claim i^ situated, and will be in the t'ollowing form :
LOCATION CKUTII'ICATK.
Know all men h// the^e I'restnls, I'hat I. O-rd'.ii W'hlt-
liirk. (if 111!' cuiiiiiy 111' Hiililii('l', _>l!ili' of < 'iildiinlii. il:iliii. liv riiilif
iif illsiMiviiy iiiicl jiiriitioii, llfli'cii li.iiiilrril I't'ct. liiicai- aiiil hmi-
zmilal iiiiMMirciinMit.dii llif 'I'ruiiipri I.odi". almi^ tlic vein lliiTcof.
w llli all iN dips, v.'ii'lalliiii!* and aii;;^"^; Io^ciIht with oin- hiindrod
and lll'ly fci't in « idlii iin cacli sldn of llic middle of said vein at
tlinsnrfaci'; imd all vidiis. lodes, l(>di;i's,(lo|Kisils ami. snrfiii-e ground
within till' linns of said (dalni, twelve ImndiTd fii.| 011 said lode
innnlni; ea-l ten de;j;rees north from the eeiiler nf tlie discovery
»!ial't and three hniidred I'let innniii;; west ti'H i|e:;ree< smith from
tin' eeiiliM- of the sal<l ilisrov ery shaft.
Said ilaim is in the valley of Spi-inj; Creelx. in lio dd"! nit> .
-tate iif (idiirado, and is limuHled and ile^crilM'd as fullow- ,'//».<■
tirsi'rihr tho rltiiiii hi/ its tinniKhtririt^,
Said lode was diseovereil nn the Tilth ilay of Sepleinher. Issi.
and loealed on Septeinher :;l. ISs-l. Date of thi* eerlitleate. Oi'to-
her ■!. 188-t.
OODKN Willi I (K K.
Atte-t : .loitx I)oi:,
riic location ot any lode chiiiu shall l>e construed to
include all surftice ground within the surface lines
thereof, and all lodes and ledges throughout their
entire dp])th, the top ov apex of which lie inside of
such lines extondod downward vertirnlly. with -iK-b
part> of all lodes of ledges a-. coiiliiiiH* Ity dip }ifyui\4
the xidp lines .tf the claim, but shall not ini lii<l<> .my
portion of si|. h lode, or ledge- Iw'yond the ond linr. #if
the 1 laiin, or llic end lines continued, whether bv dip
or otherwise, or beyond the side lini»s in any <>tbvr
manner than by the dip of the lode. If th<> lop nr
apcN of a loile in its longitudinal coiirx', •-ttrmK
beyond llie exlcrioi- lines of (he claim ,it any |«oint tm
the surface, or its extended vertically downward, •urh
lode may not be followed in its longitudinal ••iiir»«
beyond I he point where it is intcivpclrd by th* fji-
lorfor line-
The law i'C(piires that there -hall U at hiul ou*
hundred dollar-' woytli of labor jierfoni <! on th*
claim eai'h vear for lixc year-, before the government
will issiu- a patent for ihelaiid. Within ^ix in(intb<-
after any set lime <ii' annual period allowe^l fr^r the
perfiniuance of labor, or makinir any improvrment''
upon a lode claim, the person on who>e Itehulf -iieh
outlay was made, or -oine person for him. -hall make
and I'ecord an Mtlid'i\il in siib-tance it- frdlow-:
.sr.vTK or ( '<ii.oiiAiMi, t
<'orM>. ( ""•
llefore nn'. the >iili-i rlher, |«'r>oiiallv appeareil . . . wbr>.
liein;.' duly sworn. >;dih, tliat al lea-i... . dollar-" »'»nb »*
work or Iniprovenn'nls were pi'rforiiied nr inad«> iifKin 'k*r*
•Ifsfril.' rlifiiii III- i>iirt '•/ rlitiiii). -llMali' In initi(f.|£ dh-
irii't uiily of , stale of Colonulo. .Sn. h •■xji*n'U"it*
wa- niiile hy or at the expense • f nwn«>r nf <ai<i ■ijim.
lor the pni I f lio|i|in}r siild elalni.
Miirat.;
I 111- alli(la\ il i- regarded as /,ii,„ii r'firi't cs ii\t^n> f mf
tin- |icrformaiice of tlu' rcipiiicd laUu-.
In ordi'f to I'clocate an abandoned mine it i- ii«e«—
-ary to sink a new discovery -liat't. and fix new iMiund-
aries, ihc -ami' a> if il were the location of a new
I'laim: or llic irlocalor may sink the oriirinal ili-«-<«verT
.-halt ten l'c(d i|cc|)cr tliaii it w 1- at tlif time of .nUm-
j iloniiiiMil , and crc' I iicvv, or adopt the old lMiiniibtrie>'.
renewing tin' po-t-, if rcmovod or ile>tri>ye»|. In
I either case, a new loi'.ition -take nm-t Iw ere<'le«l. In
j ;iiiy ea-c, whether the m licdc or part of an :iUin'"«>ni"'l
cl.aiiii i- taken, llie Inealioii cert Jtic'alc iiia_\ -tate tlu. t
the whole nr.iiiy pail id'llie new loeation i- lni-:it«t| as
.abandoned properly. Ihit il i- ahvay- -afe ti> -ink a
new disc(i\cry -haft and tix iii^v lioimdarie-i. Wheilwr
the sh.'ilt i- an aliandoncd one or tint, i- deteni'iine<l
prarticaliy liy liii' annual i.ibor, a- prc-erd>ed Uy |:»n-.
beiiiL'' pcrformeil or nol.
Mining claims tire coincved ar.d iiiortgage<l the-ame
as real estate.
t
i'
M
r
■i il
U^'' ^ ' *
MIM.NO.
WORKING A MINE.
,\!> wv liiivf alt'i'iiiU ri'tiiiirUfil. iiiiiii'r-> liiivr i'l!i'>'>ilii'i|
on* \o\ti^ into tlii'<>« Mpcriix: llir <li|i, ni' riik)* vrin, tin
|)i|M- \<-iii, ami tli<> I't'iitlicr vein ; anil the kin<l <i|' vein In
Ih' tMirki'tl lia^ II ltimiI iIciiI In <Ii> willi llic inaiiiii'r nl'
o|H'raliii;:. I'lu' nniit i|r-«inili|i' ai'o IIh' ilip M'iii-t, ii«
tht'V laii Im> iiKiiVMVHicnialically wiirktMl, ami tin- i|iiaii-
tit\ lit' nil' rniitaiiii*)! in llii>ni nioi iTlainlv ^ui'n'<i>i| al.
Till' i>i|ii> M-iii it Kii-iaiii'il iVuni iln ?4inall m/v ami rniiinl
Hlia|»'. Ill wnrkiiii,' tin- iii|) \ciii, an fsraNalimi i> lii^l
inailc In learn the anirlc nl' i|i|i. 'I'Iumi a |iniiit is
clllisi'll. lilt' flinn<rll ll'nni tllt' ni|ti'rn|i, MCI I lull :i ^jiiilt if
Hiiiik |M>i'|M>mlii'iiliirly will slriki* llii> M>in at llif ilc|)lli
tliat i- piopoMod tnconinii'nri' tlu' wnrkin;^ — iVnin tliiily
In niic Ininilri'il t'ci't — ^uni'ially lirnitoil l>y tlii> rapital
III rninniiiml nl' llic niinri>. 'I'Ih' shaft i-> a Imlc liiri:!-
fnnii^'li In allow llu' lincki't.i of nir In tic ilniwii up,
anil till' niini'i'H am] niiitiM'iai to hi' si>iil ilown. U'lu'ii
till' sliat't ri'iirln*^ tin* ore, Innni'ls ai'i< starti'il in nppn.
.•^itc (liiTctions in tin* lioily of it, ami as fusi u^rxni-
vati'il it is si-nt np lo ln' ri'iliici'il. Tin' Imtlnni of llir
tiliaft is rarriod down soviiral I'i'cl lidnw lln' Icvi'l, and
intn this pit the watiT frnni I Ik- li'Vi>l i> draini'd and
fnini- II ivsiTvoir from whii h thf drainairi' can he
pnnipi'd to the snrfacc. All the ore in I lie vein is now
taken nut from hetween the walls, ;ind i- replaied hy
lieii\ y limherinjr "1' waste rock material.
It >niiietiine> liappeiis that dip vein-- are so ineliiied
that lliey meet and form those wnmlerfnl depiwil^ nf
rieh ore that have heoii <fiveii the name of hniian/a-,
and are the Lrreatcst prizes in the inininir hn>ine>-.
'riie pipe vein ^jenenilly follows a crnnUeil emnse Mild
often disappears entirely, works out ininpieiidy, nr
will iliininish from a width of ei^jfht or t> n feel to as
many inehe.-, after it has heeii worked for a Inii'r dis-
tance, and will in a few feel more hej^in In widen mil
a<rain In its Ijrst diiiu'iisions; or, a pnckel will l)e-.tnni-
hled nil, a mass nf rich ore corresp<Midin<j- In ihe
honan/.a. hut on a much smaller scale.
.Siinetimes while a vein is lH'in<r worked siiccessfnily,
and there is every prospect of plenty of ore, the vein
showinir no dffn of diminution, it will all at mice trive
out entirely a^'ainsl a .-olid wall nf pnrpliyry. This is
known as a fault, and lias heen caused hy .some jreilo^ric
convnlsioii nf the eartli; the vein has heen hrnken and
the ends separated frnin each other. The miner must
explore, up, down, in every direction niilil lie striUe>
the thread airaiii ; in, if it is a pipi' M'in, lie i- some-
times olilio-ed to g'wv np the search in despair.
In hydraulic ininiii','- a powerful stream of water is
thrown ajrainst a hhill' hy the use of machinery until
torn down and wasjied awiiy l»y llip riin<Mi« ui-ti(»n.
Till' <leliri- i- tlieii haiiilli'd mi a iarife .ntle oiniiiar lo
•'"■ '"• '•' of ii ;fnld washer with In- ixiii nr • nullr.
It i- li'd thi'oii^rli a M-rif* of sluillow riniiiiH. with nmiiv
irn«-. piece, ijmt laiiM' ritllc-. in the wuter ;•» ii niiiit
ihionL'h them. In tlie-M' ritlle. the tndd <>ink« In tho
iHtitoni and remain- then'. Meniiry i-> pnl in nther>.
and it calclii-« the lichitn,! piirlicji^ nf pild ami lioiiU
them a- iimaL'ain.
^Vlien liM. U-en extnicied from a iiiiiie it nni-t
Hi>t Im' fr I ;i. iiiinh a- |Mi*>ihle fmin Ihe adheriiiir
rn. k nr euiiirne, after which it is finely iMilxerixe*!.
i'lie mndelM met hiid nf pi||\ cri/.ili'.' i. !•• jM-s the iiri'
throiiL'li a iiN k lireakcr tii-.l. which crii-he. the nuk
into pines iilMiiil as liir^rea- wulnut.; it i. then lurritsl
under ma^-ive »t.inip. thai c|iani.'e it into tine jHiwder.
While In ill!/ |Mi\vdercd. water i. Iiron.dit to it. .o that
it cniii.> ri.ini the -lamp in the I'orm of -oi't |Ki<.t«>.
The inipalpahle pa-te t'roin the mill !•> now plmiil in
siiitahle \:il.. and tiiere i. addeil tn it. what i- i-illis|
maii'i.iral. a name L'iM'ii In rna.lc.l iion ;i;.i| cop|N>r
pyrites. .\ certain percentaj.'e nf the inutri-tral i»
ihoronL'hly mixed with the tinely di\iiled on-; men urv
i> then addcil in ipianlity iipiixaleiit to alhiiit -ix time-
the ainonnt of silver cnnlained in the ore a- detenniinil
hy a-say. and tlie ma-- thorouirlily kneadtsl. The
kneadinir npcniiinn i- ri'iM-ated until tlii> ditfereiil .iil»-
. Inner, aie thnrnii:,'illy ilicnrpnnitol, then the nut— i>
wa-lcd In -epar.ite the hea\ y ainalirun from the litjht
i:an;rne. ihe ainaliram i> pn>>.M><l in a (-.iiiva.- Iu» to
-cparale any exce— of meniirv . then put in in»n
rclnrl-. liealed enniii.'h In \ii|atili/c the tnen-urv; the
\apnlnf liuMi iny '. led intn cnhj water uikI eundei|.«tl
j In he ii>cd ai.iiin : I hoi her. left in the retort, i- melteti
' and run intn lKir>, and i> at'terwaril rethioil.
.\nnther:iiid more i oinmon inethtMl i-^. at'tir the ort>
ha. iiccn liiicly piil\eri/.ed, tn mix with it a |Hirtion of
salt and pyrile-, and rna-l the mixture, duriii:/ wliieh
tiic ore Inse. ten |M'r cent nf its wei:.'lit and i- changcil
In a liinwii 1 nlnr. It i- thi'ii <rrninid very rind and
! passed throiiirh a .-ieM' and is then convevitl to the
aiiLiliriiniatinir pans nr liarrels. Thi< methiMl with dif-
lerciil innclilii .•iiinns i> the one genenilly enipli>ye<l in
j thi- cnnntr\ .
MINING SHARK
A familiar per.niiaire in cities away fiom the miniug'
rei.'inn>. i> the •• ininiiiir shark." He iiuiy l»e ik'scriljotl
as a siiinnih ami lliient talker, well dn^-Mnl. and ap|wr-
eiitly provi'led with ample mean- at < nituiumd. Ili.-
eonversation is srnmdiloi[iient ; if one listens to him.
I if.
iJ 'V
\i Li
;■ ■!),<■ '
HININO.
lie iiciki > iIh" ritiid to t'ortiiiie sfoin very siiiiuitli ami
striiiirlil. lie rallies iniiiuMiiiis .simples of ores, aii<l
»'aii tell tlu'ir i'(>in|)tisitinii lo llu' vt-rv snialh-st fVat'tioii
ot' a per I'ciil. lie lias a lianilsoiiit'lv colort'il map.
sliowiiiir lli>' localioii lit' hi- iiiiiifs, ami a priiitcil pii>s-
iM'ctiis li'llini: llu' "'fxloirical furmatiDii nf tin' fumilrv
ill the \ iciiiil V ol' liis Itii-atioM. with a scii-iitilir (l«*-ci-ip-
tioii III' the oiil'-riip, w itii the ilip and strike ol' voiiis,
amiilic ii'siill- 111' ilcep horiiiirs; all jroiiiir lo pro\c
tliat it is a irm- lissiirc \t'iii. Ilcariiii,' tlif-f iiu'ii talk,
mil' is li'.i lo womK-r \vli\ tiu-v liavi> coiiif so faraway
IVom llii'ir riili possossioiis, for the iissistaiicf of other
men. If llu'ir ores were so rirli and so easily worked
■,is llicv clMini. a iiiMii wonlil soon make hiiiiselt' ri<'li liy
his own Lilior. Hill hilior i- not w hat tiiey an- lookinj.'
for: liny >\.iiil money wiihonl work. and they >n'i it in
pieiilN I'loni I rednliMis people who lielievo their tasei-
naliiii; -loiio of liiild .iml .silver to lie had in <jreat
( liniiks, ainio-t t'or the mere piekinir up. It often liajv-
piii- ili:ii ilie-e men will take their \ietinis to the pro-
poM'il mine and show iheiii a hole in the mountain, and
alll!ipn;jll ihe \ieli|n eaniiot seethe Wtimlerfnl lluiir's
pri'iiii el !iy the pro^peetll-. yet his i!,rnoiMllie will
lirtr.'\ liiiii. i'iii- lie .liies not know how la inili:e of the |
ii'M lii;siiie-». It :ill -''eill- --i) ea-y ; nii-rel_\ •.'etliliL'
ilii> -Mil lock, loll- at a l)la.-t, ami so many dollar.- i
1 iiilll! .' ill e\ el'V Ion. ,
.\ ii.:;:i -lioiiid li" -low tti invest Ills luoiicv ill a iiiiii-
\\\ir 'Oiiipaiiy wilhuiii aeipiaintiiiL'' himself with the
li!i-iiir - ■ liar.nler of the Pieii he i- lo !><• as-oeiated
\\illi. lie -hciild he eerl.iin lli;il a I horon'.'li pro-pert
ha- he. '11 made, l>\ means of iMiriiiirs under thediree-
lioii ot .'i man eapalile of jnijiriiiir of the re-ults, ami if
I lie oiiliiiok I'avors the opeiiinir np of the mine, lit ii
lie lioiii' in an e< oiioniieal manner, e\ ery del:. ,1 looked
nfler :is (arel'iilly as in any other '.n-ine--, wilh
proper ;idjii--i iinirl of ontLro lo ineoiin., lookinir upon
til.' 1 iiieipri-e raihi'i' in the liirht of a mannt'aet iir- |
iiiij lii!-iiii--. ih;in as a -eareh I'.ir the |diilo-oph< r-
slone.
ill'' miniiii,'' shiirk of the inonnlains i- a pro-pedor
Willi a whole liill-einn of -perillli'll-. If he eailtaleh
a •• lemh'rl'ool ,"" a- i' 'y eall an i;.''noi-;iiil lu'weonier in
the inoimtaiii.-. he will fill hi- inin 1 .i- full of vi-ionary
seheine- of easily aeipiired wealih, is his liinlher who
travel- with maps and pamplilets amoiiy the cities iu i
tlu' .-tales. If his victim i- loo shrewd to liny from
small specimens, he takes him to a claim that he has
"salted," or that has lu'en prepared in -iich a way that
a ipiantity of I'ri'sh ore taken tVoin the hole will -how
a larire percent. lire of irold or -iher, or Itotli. lo .i Ion.
There are several ways of aceompli-hin^'' this end of
makiiiir an ore seem more desir:ilile than it is. and wry
inirenions schemes haxc Im-cii invented tor it. .\ yiin
eharired wilh an onnce or two of irold ilir-t i- tired into
the hole, with I he re-iilt of leax in<; the roik and earth
specked with lh«' scattereil i:r'''iis of irohl. The f^'old
can l>o nearly all recovered airaiii, and wIkmi the imsii.s-
picioiis "tenderfoot" .s«'es a ipiantity of rock taken
out, iipparently at random, and hefore hi- very cm.- it
yields np a ipianliiy of pure ".'old in -iich proportion
as would indicate an emirmoiis tjiiaiitity to the ton of
rock, lie is ready to empty his jMickets without parley,
for liie partial ow-iership of this nature's trea-nn--
tro\e.
If molten silver is dropped into water -l:iwly from a
lieiLdil of two or three feel, ii will li" foimii in a lim ly
di\ ided state in the lioi tom of I he pail. This puis it
into a •food -hape l'(.r llie ii-eol'the mine -wiiidler.
He partially oxid'/es the -iUer hy the n-e ot a \M:lk
acid and then caiefiillv ■ onceal- it in the inter-ti. !■- of
the nick, where il may he found when .in evamiii.il ion
is heini.'- made of his claim. .V little -ilxer may he
nuule to iro a Ioiil'' way for ihi- pin po-e, and like liread
ttisl upon llie water, il will lie found a^r.iiii. Il will
have, loo, an exairirerated \aliie,;i- it i-lo he e-iini:;led
ill I he Ion of rock, a- in III" • ;'-e ol" L'ohl. and llic piir
chaser eoii;,'i:iliilales hirn-i If a- Ic iliink- ol' ihe liar-
i.'ain he i- secln■in;.^ Ilei.-mnol donhl the inilli of I he
pre-eiice of the melal. as i l.'iinied. lor I he whole epila-
tion ha- lieell performed 'llliler his <.yc. wilhiMll ih"
sliirhtest apparent endeaxor to deceivi.. :iiid he is
ileln led iiilo II 'lie, ill-- lii.il hi' i- li'iiii; laUen into a
secret Ihe pro-pe. I.n di-eo\eri-il the mine, -i ciiied the
claim, and i- only xx.iililii; l.> find .i j I aid Imiie-t
pailner to help hini l'cI ihe on- out. ri.itleiyand
.narice win. and the :,'rcenh,iin thinks he -ec« .i 4 h.iiiee
lo iret a l)onan/a lor ali;io-i noihiiiir. only to lin.l hiin-
-ell" mi-taken when ii i- loi. j.iic to corieci the error.
I he-e are only -pecinieii wa\- of ■•lisinir ' a mine.
( 'hemieal mean- are al-o employed, .iml niade to j.'ive
tiie .slime high iliaracter to a worthies- mine.
i
I ,
v\il Id 1)11 V fi'oin
laiiii llial III' has
>utli a \\:\\ that
' litilo will -.how
I' iHttli. to a ton.
Iiiii;.' till- I'liil of
III it i>. Mini M-ry
1 till it. A i;iiu
ilii>t i^ tirt'il into
!■ riK'k ami raiili |
irolil. Tlic irnhl
when tlir linens- !
,• ot" ruck taken
hi> vtTV <'\f.s it I
siii'li |ir<>|Mirti(iii
t V to till- tun of
without parlry,
iluro> lifa-nic-
cr ^liwly tVoiii a
tonini in a lim ly
il. 'riii> |iul> it
iiiiin' >wiiMlli'r.
ic ii>c ot a « lak
llic intcr-l ji ('> dl"
an csaniiiiation
.-iht-r may he
. ami like 'in-ail
ajLTain. I< ^^>ll
■> to lie i-lilli:il«'.l
till, ami llii- piir
iiik» ot' tlir liar-
the tnitii .>rtli<<
iir whnlf i'|Pi ra-
yo, willioiil i|"-
ivo. ami ill' is
n<.' takt'ii into u
llr, »i cinril the
(Kill aii'l liiiiii'^t
I. Il.illc'iy and
111' - '. - a rhaiK'c
Mily III |!im1 liini-
niiii till- iiinr.
tixin:.' " a iiiim'.
i] inailr to ;ri\i'
nnne.
i;
'.5t
%
m
m
■,' f'f.'l .
mi '
'i
;,
'I
convention iKTsIstently !ulvo<at(!il hy tlic Iciulinir luisi-
noss men ami othor prominent citi/cns of Nov Vni';,
who found Willi StrH>t tiie nalinal place for meeting'
and discussion. In the old City Hall, which stood on
the site of the present treasniy liuildin<r, the tirst Coii-
<ifres-^ of tile United States, after the adoplinn nt the
Constitution, assiMnhled, and on its Italcuny (Ji'oiirc
Wasliiu'Tton was inaufrurated fust President. .Siuct
that day, in every ••risis, poliliciil or tlnaucial. \\'all
Street lias been first to respond to the re.'iiizatiiMi of
every emerguucy. In the dariv liays of our nation's
peril llie sensitive street indexed jterfoctly the piildie
statt! of iiiind, and few wiio were there wi!' over forget
the feeliiifr on the street when the news was received
of the ass.issiuation of .Vin-aiiain Lincoln.
At till- present time Wall Street extends only from
tile K:ist ri\('r to Broadway, wliere stands Trinity
cliurcii, hiokiiiir down tiie famous street, and npliftiuir
its graceful spire, as it' a pcrpctiuil reminder tif inon;
solemn things; hut the imsy money-get icrs, whoswarm
like flies under the shadow of its \cneral)le walls, find
no lime or taste to linycr over .such iclleclioiw.
..[jV^ v::.
THE BULLS AND BEARS C' HE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE.
A GREAT FINANCIAL CENTER.
About a ■eiitiiry ago an old iiuttoii-wood tree -tood
in front of what is now No. ('.(I Wall >treet, jiisl lielow
wheri' the ( list, )m Iloiisestaiids, and its wide-spre.'idiiig
men of the young cily were in the lialiil of meeting
there for the purpose of Iiarlering in the few securities
which the country oll'ered. If was under this .•incient
liuftoii-wood that the niicl(>ns of wliaf is now the
hranche- and tlii<k foliiige .•itl'ordcd ample >lielier iVoni irieate~l in-titiiliiui of il^ kind in the world the Ni'\»'
either the rain, lU' the heat of the mid-day >iiii. It^ ' York .Storj^ I'.xchange- wa- fornierl. Not , however,
trunk wa> ^eveiid feet in diaiiicier. and liy ccnimoii until the year l.slT. w.is ;\ foriuiil organization of t hi'
coii-eni llie spai e within the .-liadou of it- liraii' lie> , .Slock LNcJian:.'!' eirceled and a const it iifion adopted, /
Itciaine a •' phu'C W liele Uielcli.inls IIIO-I do eollgle- and tiii- underwent ;l tll(U'oUi;ii ie\ isioli ill iM'd. when y
gate." and a few ot'tlie more ;iiti\eaiid cnleiprisini;- | some ol llie ino-l prominent eapitali-t- in llie city jA
r-^ ______
•tly the p\ibli<'
ri'.' over forgot
s WHS recpivcil
II.
•lids «>nly from
stMiiils Trinily
. iiihl uplift iii,<r
niiiilcr of inoic
CIS, who swarm
iil)l<' walls, find
[^(■tioiis.
I
i;,l,il ,,t' iii(rtiii<r
ir tVw M'tMiritii's
(Id- lliis aiici'-iit
hat i< now tlic
wi.ild llif NfW
Nul. llOWCVfl'.
anizatioii of <!'"■
iliilion adolili'd, f
„, in iM'ti. wlicMi V
i^t- ill tlif lily (p
WALL STKKKr AM> TIIK M\V ^<)i;h SUM K K.MllANtil.
joined tlio organization, and from w lii'li liiin' ihmv !)■■ iiii>iiili>' limc \\:i- mIIuwi'I iIh' ^ciiiriiv nu'aiiwhilc
said to datp tho real history of tiic |irc>riil New York ifinaiiiiiiir witii ilif ■.cllci'. and the Imycr paying iiiter-
Stofk Exchange. The war of Isl".' iiad given tin' liist 1 c^t. A list wa- kept of the varioii> MMiiritics dealt in,
I'cnuine impulse to speculation, thi' gn\('riimciit jdai-- aii'i liie-c were i iijled up one at a time. Dealimrs
in<» loans upon the market which ainoniitcd in tiir ; wnc alldwid in ea. h only a- it wa- naihcd in turn,
aggregate to 11 *.»(),-
nOO,(XK), and in
wlii<li there were
wide fluctuations
in the market (pio-
tations. 15a nk
stocks also became
a favorite class of
investments, and
in IS 1(1 there were
over 200 hanks in
tiir country with a
(■iinil)iiicd caiiital
<.i SS2 ,01111. (H)i).
All idea as to tll(!
character of x'lue
ot' the i)ii>iiic» of
the liriikei- of that
(lay liia\ lie gained
iVolii thestalclliciit
that the g(i\crn-
lucnl I'l'- ft' isll
were wcii'tli -lO in
>pecic and Tit in
Ncu- Vdik liaiik
ciiircii y. riio
hnk\ speciilations
ill tlic " shiii-plas-
t(M- " iif the jieriod
I'liiiiicd tlie liasis
upon which was
huilt ii|) in siilwe-
(pieut years one of
the leading hrok-
enige house- on
Wall street.
The meetiug> of
the Kxchange were
originally secret
and not recognized
by luw. The total
transactions of a day siddom c<|ual.'>l 1.000 -han'>
of stock, most of the purcha>cs and >ale> liciiig
made in small lots of 10 to 2.'> shares e.ich. Side-
were generally made on a credit »{' ten, thirty, or
sixty days, ami sometimes six and even twid\c
EXTERIOR VIEW OF THE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE
and when the li>t
was cdinplelcd,
hil-ine-- wa-clu-cd
for the day. I'hc
se<rctarv ol' tiie
hoard kept a record
of all the traii>ac-
tioiis and ihr luin-
nte- wi'i'crcad o\ cr
at the i'Mn< In-iou
ot' eai li da\ - liii-i-
nes>. \\ hi ii Hicii
liecaiiii' I'n.i 1 i\ i-
dencc lit' I hi- ■ midi-
tioii- ami tciin- nf
the c untraci- iliat
had liecii made.
THE PRESENT
STOCK EX-
CHANGE.
.Vt'ter the great
fire of \K<^), the
St(M'k Kxchange
was conipelled to
shift about i'or
suitalile acconiino-
datic'ii-, an<l tor a
time htdd its ses-
sions in .Ia"ncey
Court; then, in
1842, returned to
a hall ill the Mer-
chant-' Kxchange.
which had been re-
huiU, and in which
itcoiitiniiedtoopc-
rate until it> pre—
eiit building was
ercctid, in Iftli.'i.
Diiriiijr all lhcsi>
vears of growth and pro-perity on tlie part of the
.Stock Kxchange, it lia< not lieeii without rivals
and competition from other similar orginizatioii-
uhich have sprung up in its vicinity, which ha\ c
aimed t.. dr.iw otV the iiunien-e iiatronage or divide th.'
(I
^^
3=
'iii
< .1
■■ "' I '
W !
W.Vt.I, MIJKK.I \M> THK N K\V VOUK STOCK EXCIIANOE.
j)rofital>l(' hiisini'ss of (iio^rrciit iin<l constantly <rn>wiiifj | tin* so*'oiul tliKtrway, is tlu' •• lon<r room." wliicli is 40
Exrlianiro. In i\ lower I'ooin of tlic Mcrrliants' Ex-
clian^'t' lMiiI«lin<r, a rival orirani/.ation known as tlio
" IJonrfo." had licon cstahlishod. and anionj^ its nu-ni-
lK>rs wort' a nniiil>or ot" persons who hail i)rpvioiisl_v
holoiiii^ocl to tho Stock HxchanL'c. tint who had failo*!
and obtained disdiarircs in hanki iiptcy. They wore
not. howovpr, nnilcr the rnlo of the 8to<;k Exchanpo,
entitled to readniission. For some time the Honrse,
or '• Open Hoard." as it was also called, made serious
liy tW feet. Persons who are not mendn'rs of the Ex-
chan<re are admitted to these two rooms npon the pa)'-
ment of a snliscription feeof $l()(t per annnni. TIip
Iniard room whi're the re^jnlar pun'hases and sjiles of
>tocks are ma<le, fronts on New street, and is 110 feet
loiifr hv .'>H feet wide, the hiffiit of the leilinjr tK'inj' .")')
Ufi. The ''ciling is made entirely of iron in Hat |)un-
eU. fres<'>ed in the renaissance style and with orna-
mental hnx'ttes in its centei'. The rostrum is situated
inroads into the liusine.ss of the Stcwk Exchanse. and i .ijpiinst the inner wall, and about midway l>etween the
it IxManie evident that the two hoards should ••e oxtreme ends of the room. In and out of the New
t
hronirht to^'ether in some way. This was dune by the ' stre<'t cntntnces to the board room, messeu;rcrs carry-
old Stock Exchaiiire ^.'radually absorbinir the meinlM-rs injr order* and returnin<r froni their delivery, <ro and
of the Honr.se. waivinir restriction;* that would other- | come conKtaiitly throu<riionl the time the Exuhauire is
wise interfere with their reailmission. and in l^^ti! the o|>en. from lo a. .m. to '.i r. M. 'i'here is a ffiillerv on a
level witli the second floor at each end of the hosml
r<Mini tor the acconnnodat ion of visitors who wish to
ivitness the st.rusrirles of the bulls and bears on an
.sessions of the Hoursp were discontinued. .Vt idiLUt
the ^;inie time encouraged l)y tiie success thus secured,
the initiation fee to the Stock Exclian>re was rai.sed to
$l(Mi. at wliicii price many new meinlM'is were received.
In I n2.{ the initiation fee jiad been fixed at $2.'», from
which if was raised, in lMi>7, to $100, and in 1833 it
was further increa.sed to >1.'>0.
THE BUILDING.
The present .Stock E.xchann:'' bnildinp^ is an impo*-
h\<i edifice, and presents a strikinir apjieanince wn it
from on Hroad street, just off from Wall street. It
is faced wit!i white marble, and the entrance is made
throuirh an elaborate portico of polished pnmite and
marble, above whidi is carved the name, " Nkw York
active day, or watch the knockin<rs off of hats which
iH-eurs at times when tiiidin<r is dull. No persons
except members of the Exchaufre in ifood stimdinir are
admitted to the floor f-f the Exchan^'e.
The room in which the tleaHn<;s in <rovernment, rail-
roa<l and state lM)nds tak< place, and in which the frov-
eming commfttee also meets, is on the second floor.
next to which and looking out on Broad street is the
s«H'retari's room. The third and fourth stories are
devoted to c'ommittee rooms.
The memliership of the Stock Exchange is now
alHUif 1. 100. Viewed from tlie gallery, the Stock
Stock Exchanu;-,." .\n elaborate finish is displayed < Exchanire. in session, would b<> regarded by the imini-
throug'iout the entire front of the building, an I pilas-
ters, friezes and cornices are combined in ri<'h pk'ofu-
sion. .\l)ove all a handsome slated man.sard roof c:i|>s
the pahitial structure, from which, on public days,
always floats on the breeze, the stars and stripes.
Within, the floors of the building are richly tiled;
tiated oliMMver as '. disorderl}' uml confused niK.ss of
luiman In-ings without method or restraint, engaged in
a me«lley of liargains and disputes whi<'h would surpa.ss
the ingenuity of any one to unravel or comjjrehend.
The din and noise of thou.sands of voices mingle into a
roiir. and the operators vocif^nite and gesticulate its if
the ceilings are elaborately frescoed, in which Wue is ,|„.^. .^^.^^e an an^^rv nu)b. ih\\ underneath all thi^
the predominant color in fl"- Hoard room, and the
stairways are of easy ascent, with iron, granite and
marble stei)8.
THE ROOMS.
Ill form, till' linilding is a T. with the stem some-
what shortened. !< extends fV<tni Hroad to New >treei,
witli an area running out to Wall street, .anil entnime
is eflectcd from all snles. Entering from Hroad street
at the fnst dour below Wall street, the iiist rooic is
occupied by telegrapli and t'dephone otlices, and >eats
for the member.--, next to which, and also icached bv
surface of seeming confusion, there is a system, order
and exact n<'.s.>, and the .Stock Exchange is a model of
METHOD AND GOVERNMENT.
The entire governmont of the Stock Exchange is
veMl*-!! in a Governing Connnittee, comi)osed of the
pn sident and treasurer ot the Exchange and forty
meinlx'i-s, one-fourth of whom are electcil each year.
Tlir*y have power to try all ollenses under or agiiinst
the laws of the Exchange, and all charges again>l
memU-rs, and their decision is final. .\ majority of .ill
the niendM'rs tii the iro\ernini.'- cDniniitfee, as well
C>A
' wliuli is 40
[>rs of the Ex-
upoii Iln' i>!»y-
iiimuin. Tlio
< anil siilort of
md is 140 foct
•ilinf.' lH'iii«r .")')
•on in lliil pun-
ind with ornii-
ruin is sitnatcd
IV lK>t\vot'n the
lit of thi' Now
'sscn;r<'rs carn-
oliv»'ry, ".'(> iin'l
lio Exohunire is
s a prallery on a
1(1 of tho board
IS who wish to
id licars on an
r of hats wliich
II. No norsons
)od standi nir are
overnment, rail-
which tho pov-
Ihe scconil floor,
ad street is the
nth stories are
Kchangc is now
ry, the Stock
1 by the unini-
)nfuscd inKss of
int , engaged in
would surpass
or oomjjri'hend.
OS mingle into a
jrostii'idate its if
erncath all this
I system, order
is a model of
MENT.
•k Exchange is
•oini)osed of the
lange and forty
ected each year.
nider or ag-ainst
charges ngam-t
A majority of ail
iltee. as well a-
r3
S?
L
r?
If K
' 3
WALL .STKKKT AM) TIIK SKW VOKK STOCK K\( IIA.NOK
L. A N,
L. 8.
|dabq|
iLOAlftUJ
EBTE.
DJ
' «l
V
FLOOR DIAGRAM, NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE.
A, l)oiir oonnocting the lloor of the Kxchango with tho liiill; B.
the PiitraiU'P to the passagfji li, at th<! onils of the nm.u. through
whicli iiprsoii.s liiiviiig access only to the T.oni; Room may \>a>», or
stop iiixl converse wif" their brokers; (',thc \ew Street ent.-aiK'e
to the siinie pansagcs, aail also to the floor of theKxehange: 1), the
New Street entrance for clerks ainl ines?enj;ers from brokers'
otlkes. who arriiii«elbcni-.h.- .linn: 111.- pa-i-iige whv- Land iinni
a stand, >i. the iiemlH'i< cfil,,. l.n.UiT- \vli,i :in> wimteil at the .IcM.r
'•r railing ar« exiM>s..iI In while ll;,'niv< upon a blaiktxiaiil at ea.h
eu(li.ft!i.']<.onil)y('lnirl.'ity;i;.tli( tran.e fortlic American I il--
trlef Telegraph messengers, the p issa);e way K lieing set apail lor
them; K, tile central main cntrai fn>in \e« Siicet to the tbi.pr.
fi>r use i.nly by memlwrs. Tli.> -ignlMi.inls arranireil along the
center of the tbim-. inillcale the liicatinii in the rociin where the
more active stock- are dealt In; they inilicate, for Instiiuce. the
location of the " Krie crowd." the "Lake Sliore crowd," etc.
Other iiarts of the room are by coinmini consent set »iiiirt for
siHvitled <lock.s, where most of tile dealings in them t.ikc' place.
II, the rostnmi where the clmliman's desk Is situated, on an
elevated platform. The floor of th.' Kxchange is 1 1.-, f,.,.i l„njj,
and 65 feet wbh-, anil the ceillni; i- (U t'eet high. Directly over (i,
at elilier einl id' the room, and <in a level with the second floor of
till' re-t of the bnilding, are the visitor.-' galleries. It |s direetly
illKler these galleries that the brokers' numbeis are displayed when
they are called for by outsiders or messengers. Kacli memlier of
the Kxchange ha- a nuinlie'-. which (;oes m lib his seat.
(it eaili (if the siili-coimiiittees, is ticcessarv lo consti-
tiilc :i c|ii(iniiii. The ineinlu'rs of the ;rovcriiititr
(■(iininilti'c, toiretiicr witii tiic vice-])icsi(l('iit Jitid tlie
secfctiiiN , ((Uistiditc Ihc otficct- of the Exchange, jiikI
no pct-(in is cljoililc to ;iiiy otKcc who isiuit.at the
tiiiic 111' iii.s election, a iiiciiilii'i- in gooil standing,
Tht'tc arc a tiiiinlM'r of st;iiidiii<.r (■otnttiitiocs, oacii
having ciiargp of its own spccitil (icparttuciit, the prin-
(•ip;il (ino (d" wiiicli af(> iisfoUows: .\ Finance ( '(iiti-
inittcc: a eoininittt f .Vn'angciiiciit> : a ediimiillee
on .\ilniissioiis ; a eotimiiitec on . •securities, ;i coinniit-
tee (III (rovertitnetit .Securities, a cominittec on Stock
List, an .\rl)itratioii coniniittec, a Law coinnuttce, ;i
coinniittee on ('oitiinissjoiis, ami ;i coinmitfec on
Insolvencies.
'i'lie lotninitlee on a(lini.ssions consists of lifteen
nieiiilieis, and toil arc fcftrrod all new applications for
nicinlMM-siiip and all applictitions of .-usponded incinhcrs
for rcadniission : two-lhinls of the coinniittee approv-
ing, the candidate i> declared elected or re-elected to a
incintiersliip in the Kxchiinge, wheretipoii tli(> chaii-
man of the coininittce iiii'ornis the presiding otliccf of
the Exchange of the admission, and Ihc aiinoinicement
of the siinie i> niade (o the Exchiinge. K\cry ;ippli-
canl I'd!' nieniliersiiip niii-i lie :it letist :.'! ycar> of i\ij;v.
:in(l pay the rcijiiircil initiation tec of $l(i, (1(1(1 -this
does not co\('i' the price of a seat, Init i~ I lie fee p;iya-
ble to the Exchange for the (ifiginai incnihcrship.
Any iiieinlier lia> the right lo transfer lii> nicnilieiship
by siihinitiing the name of Ihc Iransl'eree to the coni-
inittee of adini-— ion-, pid\i(liii^' tli.il I wn-tliifils df the
cominitlce .ipproM' the transfer and the nicinhei' Iraii.s-
ferring hits no nnsettled conlnicts. Within the p;ist
vear or two scats have sold as liiirli as $.'i2,(MM); during
■\i-*^4*^.-:>!;=
^^7
llf.
WALL 8TUKKT AM) TIIK NKW VOHK tJKK K KXCHASOK.
the dull period of 187(i and 1M77 llio price decliiu'd to
I3.5UU. No tninsfor of membership is permitted until
all dnes to the Stock Kxchange have heen paid in fnli.
snch dnes hein;; treated as a prior lien npon the pro-
ceed?, of r.ale of nieMd>ership certificate.
When a nienilxT ilies, his membership is dis|)osed of
li\ llic conunittei' on admissions, and alter the claims
ot till' Mieintici« 111' the Stock Kxchanjre iiave all
liciii >Mtislii'd. tlic iiidancc is paid to the lcj.'al repre-
seiilal ivcs 111' the deceased niendier.
Any nicnilMT « Im fails to comply with his contrnets,
or who liccdiiM'^ in^-olvent. is innnediately suspended
until he ha- -cilleil with his creditors. It is the duty
ol -iii'li mendxT iinniciliately to infcM'm the president
in w I iiiii;.'- thai lie i~ nnalijc to meet his engagements,
and I he presiding.'' oliiccf give^ notice at once from the
chair, of till' -n>pi'n-ion ol' -ncli ineinlier. If he fails
to -clllc with In- ( Tcditoi- within a year, his nuMidier-
sliip i- ili~po-ed of iiy ilic lonnnitlee on admi>sion> and
the proceed- paid /u-n nifd to his ri'editors in the .^lock
Kxchange. Imt liic gmcrning committee may extend
the liiiii' for -clllcnicnl beyond one year. No member
I- alloneil to take a> partm-r any snspended nn-ndier.
dni'ing the period of his >nspension, or to Ibrni a part-
nci'sliip with any ins(d\ent peison. and whenever the
!.''o\ ciiiiii^; I'onnnittec -iiaii deteiinine npon the reiioi't
of llie committee (Ml ins(dven<ie>. that the failnre of ;i
nnanber ha- been cansed bv his doin'r business in a
lec'kle-s :iiid iinbnsjnes- like manner, he may be
dci iarcd ineligible for reaiimis-ion. by a majority
vote of the entiri' go\cining committee.
The rule- go\cniing di-lioiu'-l praitices, are very
.sti'ingi'iil . it i- provided that ;in\nieinber convicted
ol making licliiioii- -;ile- -hall be expelled, and the
iiieml.'er making ticiitioii- oi- trilling bids m- otl'ers shall,
upon conviction, be subject to sns|)ension or such other
jiciialiy .1- the iro\erning committee may impose. .VII
di'lu-. wilhont distincticm. are binding npon the inein-
bei- of the Mxcjiange, .and ■■ shonid any member be
irniliN of obvioii- fraud, of which tin- ''overnin<r com-
niiltcc -lijill bc' the jiidire. lie -hall, npon conviction
thereof l)y a vote of I wo-tliird- of the members of said
commit ti'C pre>enl . be declared by the pre-ident to be
e.\p(dled. and hi- niember-liip -hall c-cheat to the
Kxchanire." Any inciiiber w ho -liaM liim-ell, or whose
p.aitiiiT -hall apply tor an iiiJniiiM ion rc-i i;iining .any
oflic<T or lommitt if the Kxcli.in'jc from performing
his or it> ilnties nnder ihe (cn-; it nlioii ,uid liy-ltiws,
by that act ceases to he .a member m' ihi' a-sociation,
ami ,any member nniting directly or by a partner with
any other orgain'/ation where stocks, bonds, etc., are
dealt in — except the New ^ork Mining Stock Kx-
I'hangc, where there are no tlealiiii.'- in railroad and
>tate stocks and bonds— ceases to be a member.
It is the dnty of the pr«'siilent to -ee that t li,' -I'Ncral
provisions of the coii>titnlion and by-law- art' enforced,
and to haxe a care of ihe general iiilere»t- o|' the
Kxchange, but the po-iiion i- chietlv an honorary one
and is wilhont salary. ihe otlicei- who pre-ide- over
the lio.ard from Kt v. .m. to .'i e. m.. when it i- i-sem-
bled for business, is the chairman, or in his ab^eii'',
the vice-chairman. They generally alternate by each
ser\ ing one-half of tin' day. .Neither one i- permitted
to operate in -tocks chn-ing the period that he i- pre-
-iding. The •' calls '■ in the boarcl room and also in
the goxcrnmenl cleparlmeni arc niacji' by ihein. and
lllcy determiiie all cpie-lioli- of oicler, ilM Indin!.;' the
irdliction of lines foi' minor oll'ensc'?., ^ncli a- iinlecorons
language, disorderly conduct, etc.
The clnlie-i of ihe -cM'i'etaiv are oneroii- and the posi-
tion i- one commancling mnch re-[iec| — nevt lo that ol
pre-idcnl Inil vvhilc Ihe [n-esicleiil- are changed fiv-
cpi'ntly il i- I he custom ,il' late year- to elect a new man
at the end of either ihe lirst or the -econd year the
^ecretal•y is retained foi- many year-: the last change
Wiismacle only n[ion ther'-iiisal of tin' oc-npanl whohaci
served for fonrleen years, to remain longer in ollice.
I'pon the death of any member of Ihe Kxchange
each -nrviving member is asse-sed if lit. ami the faith ol
Ihe Kxchange i- ijledireil to pay to the widow and cjiil-
clreii. ol' the next of kin. out of tlie money -o col-
Icc'ted. $l(),()(l(). or a- mnch a- ni.iy liaxc been collectecl.
but it i- -pecitiially -lipnlalecl that this .-hall not be
ccm-l rued a- ccm-t it i,| ing ,in estate /// caw which can
be mt.rigagecl or pledged for the jiayment of any debts.
1 1 i- made the special duty of the goveridng commit Ice
to increase the snrpin- revennes ol the Kxchaiigc^ ;i-
I'ar as pos-ible for the pnrpose of acenmnlating a liniil
winch is known as the •• gratnity fnnd." which is imlei
the charge id' a board ol' trustees, tcnnposed of llie
pri'sidenl and treasnrer of the Kxcliange. and of live
other trnstees who hold ollice for live years, and one .'(
whom i- id( tecl annnally. I'^icli new mendjer i-
recpiired to pi y $1(1 to the gratnity fund, and wlien the
annual incoin(> of the Kxi'hange exceeds its actual c ui-
renl expen-es by $10,000, one-half of that sum i-
tnrnecl over to the trustees of the same fimd. the oilier
half beiii'T credited to the numbers in reduction of
their annual dues. WTienever the numb<'i' of death< el
members exceed fifteen in any oi;e year, thus inakiii:.''
;!;" 'iinount due hoin each member foi- I'.eath claims
during *.he year more than $1.")0. the excess is to he
><^^^-^-.
T^^
uiiiir Stmk Kx-
- Ill I'iiilroiiil aiul
uii'iiibff.
(■ I hat ill.' -I'vcral
ii\v> iiro I'liloi'icd,
iiit('n'-t> "!' ihi'
all lioiitirarv niic
wild |irr>iil(- I'MT
ulifii il i> ;i>:-i'm-
r ill \\\- ali>fiii ••.
allcniiito bv I'ai li
r Dill' i- iHM'iiiitU'tl
iiiil tlial 111' i- I'lc-
looiii ami aNii in
mil' liy tlu'iu. ami
U-r. im liiiliiii;- llic
>ur\\ as iinlcriirtuis
;>niii< ami tin- I'usi-
it — next to that tit
» ar<' ( liaiiji'cd tVi'-
ti) I'lfcl a lu'w man
(• -I'l'iiml Vcai- tlif
-: tlif last iliani;r
(' oc'iniaiil w liii liail
liinircf ill iitrui'.
i)t' till' KxiliaiiLTi'
111. ami llio faith ol
;hc w'lliiw ami <liil-
tlii' iiiiiiit'y >i> rol-
lavr lii'i'ii I'olli'rti'il.
t this >liall lint III'
I' /// iss<- \vhi<'li laii
VMiciit uf any ili-Ms.
iivi'iiiiiig i(>iiiinill''i'
(.t till' Kxchiin-rr a-^
ii'iiimilatiiiir 'i t'uml
mil." wliiili is \ nili'i
, I DllljlOSl'd ol till'
wihangr. mul of tiv^'
Ivi' yi'ai's, anil I'li'' "'
h iH'w nii'iiibi'v ■
fmid. and whon tlu'
ii'i'i'd- its ai'tual .111-
lalf of thai sum i-
■^anio fund, thr otlii'i' I
)<>rs in roilurlioii "1
luiiiibor of dc'iilli- I'l
(• voav. thus niakiii!:
bor for I'.oiith i laiin-^
I, tlio i'Xi'»'ss is to III"
THE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE IN OPERATION.
paid from Iho jrnituityfimd, if tliori' is siilliri..|it nioiii'y
bi'loiiLniiir to till' I'iiikI for that luirjiosi-; but if not, tlio
liability of nn'mluM's to pay in cxcoss oi tho ll.'iO is
not ill paii'i'd. Tho irraliilty fund is not to cxrocd
$ Loot). I I'M I. and this ruiid attaihos to tlio soiit. and is
tiiinsfcralili- with it.
THE LANGUAGE OF BROKERS.
The tci'hniral tornis i-oninion to thostri'ot. Imvc uniall
inclining to oiitsidors, hut nre frni«^ful iiiid descriptive
to those familiar with the traflii- ><f whiili the) :n<
I'liiblcmatir. ThiTc is. probably, no otlior biisimss in
thi' world nioi'c aptly desiTibcd in tho pliriisPH pw uliar
to it. Kf^^riilar voiabnlarirs liavi' been fiuinulatid, luil
11 tVw of tho loadiiiir trnns will s,.rv«> tlu" explanatory
purpose of the present artirle. It is well known tli..t
the sprruhition in storks i^ between to eli-nieiits. tin
IVais and the HulU. The bears are tho-e whi> ai'
endeuvorinfr to depress jirices, and who operate toi
-^®^;i
».^ m
¥ it ;'
h'.- i
r
WAIX 8TRKKT AND THR NRW TORK HTOrK RXCIIANOK.
li
lower figures. The Ixillx, on the contrary, are the
opentora for higher tisjfiuiw. The iiears Hdll nhort —
I. c, thoy Holl stwks that th«y Jo not own, uiid trust
to luauipulutioii or t'uturo nvent.s to buy thoni h&ck ut
K lower figure. The hulls buy stocks, and bid up
prinw and use all uchenufs to force valuet* tt) a higher
plane. Ab h rule, the " outside," or non-professioniil
operator, is a bull. It has never yet Iteen the fortune
of a broker to sufficiently explain to a novice how it
was pos8iblo to sell what he did not own, and what he
(lid not want to possess. It is easy enough for a (Msrson
wishuig to invest in stocks to understand that if '.lO
pu "liases KM) shares of Western Union at ^9 .t.iU ,.
>»dv»- lies to «;i, ^liat he bus made oao per cent minus the
'.ji. k. mgo — $lo') k-rts 4 I'lr buying and | for Mclliug —
'.r^ $7.5 net. Now if he had sold lO) shares at 82 and
Urv. stock hud declined one per cent, Ui 81, the result
wtMi! ' !mve been precisely the »iin\*\ In all regular
stock tn;ii8actious the stock Iwught or sold must I)e
delivered hwfore 2: 15 v. m. the following day. If the
transa<'.tioM is for " cash," the delivery must \>c made
the same day. So when a broker sells a stwk "short"
he must go into the loan market and borrow it for
delivery. All of the leading stocsks are bought and
solil in their respective sections of tiie board nutni.
Thus, there is the Erie crowd, the .St. I'liiil crowd, the
Western Union < rowd, etc., e»ich cii-cle bciiiur denomi-
nated !i " (!rowd." In the same way there is the /odii
crowd, when' stocks .-ind money an; louneii. .Vnd the
more prominiint houses have their brokers in eiicli
crowd wh<» pay no attenti«ui to any other feature of the
market. We will stip|inse .\ liiis sold liMlshiires Wcsl-
orn Union .-ihcrt at f^'2. Ilegoes into the loan crowd and
Imrrows of H at two per cent, i. e., ho gives his check
for the amount of the stoci--, $?<,200, and receives inter-
est at the nite of two i)er cent per annum for his money.
The hinder can "call" llie stoik (demand its return^ at
the same price uide.ss there is a distin< t ntiderstandiiig
to the contrary. If .i st(H"k loans Jiat. the borrower
getji no interest foi- his money. It is iVccpiently the
C4ise that the borrower is compelled to pay a premium
for the use of a stock, i". «., he rtn-cives no interest for
bis money and pays more thiin the maikct price for the
stock, in order that the delivery may Ik; made.
Short aiul long are terms descriptive of the roiativo
positions of the nellers and the biiyors of stocks. An
operator is "short" when ho has sobl -hn k lie does
not possess, and "long" when ho has accumulated
8to<;k. As a rule the [irofessional speiiilators, and
brokers are Ijeurs, and short of the market, while the
outsiders, or noii-professionaU, are buyers. These
" outsiders," so-called, <ire the lambs, and the real
sou. "e of profit to the brokers and strength to the
Htcx k market. As a class, their knowledge of values
is solely derived from the brokers, and it is t)e««usn of
their innocence, and their reliance upon tiie judgment
of othert hiitt' ly are dubl)cd lanil)s. Dut there are
some ex uoiis, and men w): > havean iii'imale knowl-
edge of . actual worth of the properties iiuwhich
they 'radc
A /;«■ is the term descriptive of si)eciHl advice
giren r> >e<'tin^ he future course of one o' more
stocks, iid the person giving a point v supposed by
rcisoii of association or olati' iJB to he possessed of
knowledge not obtainable by the general public.
\ pool is a cumbinutioii )f men who join their opera-
tions ill order to sot'ure and maintain control of a cer-
tjiiii line of stocks and manipulate them for mutuiil
profit. The usual pl.iu after the formation of a pool
is to i)lace its management in the hands of one of the
memlxirs. As an illustration, we will suppo.se a poo!
is formed to put up the price of .St. Paul stock. Bro-
kers aic engaged to buy all that is ollered. And whoji
the pot)l has accumulatcl "iiongli stock to .ontrol tlie
deliveries, and a "short " interest has lK»en created, the
price can be forced up t<> a point that will 3icld Ijiij
protil* (o the pool. Of course the success of a pool
depciitls entirely upon the secrecy 'itli which it is con-
ducted and the adliercMicc; (>f each individnal incinber to
thco'iginal [dan. It freipiently happens that one or
more n:eiiilR>rs of a pool will operalf against it for
individual luroiiut, and sell out through other brokers
stock lliat h:id Iwen (ircvionsly accinnnlatcd. This is
cu!lc<i " unloading," and is, of course, a violation of
agreement, or sharp practice.
•' Buyer's option," is tlescriptivo of a transaction in
which the pnrcluuser has the choice of taking a stock
within a specified time. Ordinary purchases and sale-
are t«rmed "regular," and are Icniiinated by liie legu-
lar rule of the Kxcliange, al iI,,- s^.ecilied hour for the
delivery of the -lock — a> ui-'\ii:iisly statcil. 2: 1") i'. w.
the following day. Hut if the sto<k is purcliMscil
" Ibiver ;5, ' or 10, or 'M), as tlie case may lie, it ncc.l
not be a<i<'pted by the purchaser until the exi»iiulioii
of lie s|)ccilk'd nnmlwr of ilays. " Seller's option " i>
sinpily the revei-se of this, the choice resting with the
.seller as In when the stock shall l)e delivered
When an opei^ator or a cliipie obtains control of all
or nearly all the available stock of a company, and then
suddenly advain'cs the price far l)eyond its nonual mar-
ket value, hois said to have "cornered" the 8to<k.
Some of these " comers '' bavo become famous in his-
^'^V-
WALL 8THKET AMt TlIE NKW VORK HTOOK KXCIIANOE.
)me iunioiis in his-
tory, notably the NorthwoHt "oornor," tho Hailem
•' oornor" luul tlio Eno " coriior," ol Inter date, which
wpro rondiirtrd by Diitiiol Diovv, Coininodora Yandeis
bilt, Jiiy Oould and .Iuiuoh Fisit, Jr., nwjMictively. It
wat* thix littttM- opumlioii tiiul guvo V'uk Um title of
" I'riiioo Krio."
To " <'<)vor," iH to buy in stocks to rioso oi ' tran»
iiclioii, and npplifs oinmlly wi'ii to uii o; < -u. ^^ll tliut
iuH i)rovc<( pnititablc, or thai lu'ts a lotw.
A " liiuilcd onlcr" is ono timt iixos Iho \n,t v f)oyoiid
wiiicli tii<> (ustoincr will not j^o, and a "stop order" is
one irivon to soli out tiii- sto< k hold hy n l)i()ki'r if it
toiiciios tlio point at \vlii<'li tlio stop m tixod, or to cover
II short sale in rase tlierc is an advanco. It is tlio
iiu'thod by which the customer prevents losses Iwyond
;i -itipniated point.
At times it is dosirnble for parties in interest to give
till' appearance of iiclivity to a stock, i. e., to Imve,
apparently. In . ^sjictions in it. This is done by
two or moi'e '»;ok • (!peratin<r toiretlior, and tJoiies
buying all t! stoc mt Smith otfers. This private
uiidoi-staii'''' 'T If in its nature, a fraud on outsiders,
and if deioile ' ••-ailei's the oU'enders liable to expiil-
■iion. It 1.1 totijiod " W!ishin<r." .\s there i.s no real
tnuisacts bot"'een .buies and Smith, the ostensible
su'tivity o> .r,: stock is dec('|)tiv(>. The purpose is, of
course, to excite active purchases and sales by other
parties, and prevent any decline that w<inld naturally
follow in case there was no market for the sto<k.
A '• listed" stock is one which has Ix-eii admitted to
dealings on tho Stock Exchange and the name placed
on the list of such stocks. T'he active list is " called "
daily. Stocks placed on the fWc lis/ an- only called
upon th(> recpiest of a member of the ICxchaiige, which
i> done generally for the purpose of tixing the market
vidiie of the stm'k.
.\ stock is said to be " pegged" when tlio controlling
iliqiie pnnent its going below a certain price, and take
all the stock otlcred at that tigiire. This is the plan
resorted to when it is for the interest of operators to
keep the market strong.
DAILY ROUTINE.
The Stock Exchange is t)pen for the transaction of
business from 10 a. m. to 3 r. m., except holidays and
such other days as may be designated from time to
time by the governing committee. Of late years the
iroveining committee has also ordered that during the
^iinuncr season, the Ijiisiness shall not begin until II
cl(H'k on Monday mornings. A fine of IfiO is imposed
upon any member who shall directly or indirectly moke
any transaction in st<Mkr or bonds lM<fore or after tho
hours mentioned, in the Exchange or its vicinity.
The business of the day liegiiis upon the annonnce-
ment from the idstniin by tho chairinaii tlml the hour
hiw arrived, tlu! announcement is iiHiially made with
the < hairmau's gave Every meinlK'r who w taking an
active intc'-esl ni the market, at tho time, is anxious to
bo piesi'iit at the opening of the board, mid it iiiiist Im)
a dull lime, indeed, wjien the first tiill of the giivel is
""t uediately followed by slionts from dillerent
parts of the loom and a rush to tho points where tho
most active stocks are dealt in, the ni|)id bids and
oll'eniigs being made with m) much noise and in such
(puck succession as to confuse mo>t thoroughly every
one nut fiiiiiliar with the biisincs?,. Hut everv wm-d
and iniiveineiit is ••omprehemli'd instantly by the bro-
kers. I'tists are placed in ditrerent parts of the room
on which are .small sign-lxiards indicating the stock
dealt 111 111 that immediate vicinity. If the Imnii-s me
making a raid on, .ve will ...iippo-e. Ileiiver and Uio
Gniiide (.st(M'k), tho plans Imveall been matured before
the opening of tho board, orders have been judiciously
distributed through some prominent house, to iinnii-r-
oiis brokei-s to sell a given number of shares ni' Denver
at the o|>ening. and a manifest desire to sell coniiiiir
aiiparcntly from half a dozen sources iit the same time,
is siillicieiit to create tho impression that .something is
wrong, and that a few persons are in po.sse.ssiou of the
fails respecting the unftivorable condition of ulfuirs.
Unless t le bulls are prejiared for tiie attack and are
strong <'iiough to take tln' .stock otfered promptly, u
break in the prico must follow. It miiy decline a frac-
tion of one per cent, or even more, if the bulls are
taken by surprise, and then rally; but, if the stock
has few friends, and they not stro;ig in their faith and
bank accounts, there is nothing to prexent a lieiivv
decline ill the jirice of the stock. While tlii^ marking
down process is going on — it may la.->t a whole day, or
many days— the " Denver crowd" is always a center of
attraction on the board. A few of the leaders on both
sides of the mark<'t are to bo seen l)oating the air and
shouting their bids ami otl'ers with such vehemence m
to be heard tor a considerable distance away from the
Exchangi- building. A stranger would very naturallv
regard them as extremely angry and in tlu midst of a
hand to hand tight. As a new nvriiit with fresh orders
from either side? enters the crowd, he islvesieged almost
to violence by the opposition, each one eager to be first
in making the ]Mirihaseor sale, and it leijiiiresa strong
mu.s<de as well as a strong nerve at times to resist the
onslaught. To the oxiiericnced broker, however, it is
-j:^
I J!
■!i I.,
•:«
WALL. MTItr.KT AND TIIK NKW VOHK KrtX'K KXriUNOK.
tlio very lite «>l' liix ImsiiicHs, and iiolliiiii; is iiioio tlis-
tasld'iil ti) liiiii llmii tlii' inniii wliitli itci-oiiiiuitiics »
iliill ilav at till' Stork Kxcliati^r<>. Tlic liiisiiu'-s itf tin-
lioai'd tliiis I'oiitiiiiii'H iiiiiiit(>rrii|itfi|lv until ;i n'llixk,
wlii'n II <'luM'k i.H put to t'lirtlior prtM-ccdin^fK by tlic vi;r<>i'-
.>iis rin;,'iii^' ol" a jronj; on llio floor of tin- Kxilianjro.
I'ntil riMcntiy tlic rliaiiinaii lic<ran the "•all" ol' all
r(';,'idar Of act i\c stocks in I lie lioard room at Id:. SO \.
M,, and a^'ain at I : ;iu i>. .m., lait tlicsc calls have hccn
transt'ciTi'd to a room up stairs known as tlic^fovcrn-
in^' conunittfc's room, the calls now licin;; made at II
A. M. and 1 : irt i*. M. The stocks and Ixnids re<.'ularly
listed include l<'t(! railroad stocks, )!() Iiank stocks, l.'t
coal and niinin;.'' I'ttocks, l;i miscidlaneous slocks, live
express stocks, 7."» slate Het'uritii's, 2t( city and county
securities, the vuriniiH issues of the IJiiitod States ^gov-
ernment, one forei^jn
;rovcriimcnt securi'y
(Quclu-c ), and I KMail-
roaii liunds including; .'iO
income lionds. There
art! also l!M) stocks and
honds on the free list
which are called only
upon the iv(pies( id' a
meinhcr.
The leading' Itroker-
aire houses usniilly have
suincone iiicnilier whose
priiicipjil Ipiisiness is to
execute 1 he orders on
the lloor of the Kx-
chanire. and it issiddoni
that he can he found elsewhere durinp hojird hours.
The ordcis received at the ofHce are usually sent in a
small envtdope I>y a messenirer hoy to the hoard, the
place for such hoys heiiifj on the N(>w street side of the
building'. Until recently, whenever a broker was
wanted, his name was called loudly three times by iin
employe of the exchaiiire, li\(' or six of whom were
always in attendance, and freijuently .i messen<;er went
ill search of him. .\t present, however, each u<'tivc
member of the board is ;»-iven a nunibcr, nmnin^r from
one to (ISO, and when jiiiy one is wanted, his ninnbcr
is displayed at one end of the board room by means of
an clcitiic appaiatus, which is opcralcil iVoni the mes-
8en;'er bovs' ciM'iier. When tli«! call is answered the
number is covered a^'.-iiu. The arrau;.'ement is ju'ivin<r
nnicli satisfaction, as a larjjre penentaire of the noise
and confusion of the board room came formerly from
the constant call for memlxTs.
A POOL.
I he only ii'cord kept by llio broker who IransHcts
the biisiiiess on the Kxchaii^'e, is made on ii little Hlip
iif paper, a bundle of which may always be seen in Ids
hand ihiriii;!.' bn-iness hours. When the orders are
executed these slips ei>iitaiiiini.( the l)riefest menionuxlu
are sent ai.niiu by mcssen<rer to the broker's otiice,
whence notice of the transaction is ^iveii to the cus-
tomer and the proper entries are made on the books,
riiis is the only cviliiice of transactions wliiidi amount
daily ill ihe ai.';.'iei.'.itc to many millions of dollars, and
vd disputes .si'ldom arise, and they are always settled
without recourse to law. Ktuh party to the traiiHiie-
tioii scuds a iiotici> to his office and, if the sain hus
been made in the rcifular way, durinj,' the aft«'rnoon a
conip.'ii i-oii is made by the twootlices of t heir record of
the piii'i'lniM' and sale. \Vhen an active business has
been done, this com-
parison of lii'iircs with
each house iiiNolves con-
siderable lime, and et-
forls have liecn made to
establish a sin^de clear-
inij house, w here all tlie
comparisons of u day's
business on the Kx-
chan^e could be made.
The stock purchased
must be lUdivered be-
fore 2i l.'i r. M. of the
fol low inir day, and
when deliveries arc not
made by that time, Ihe
contract may Im- closed
by an otlicer of the lioard, after due notice to the
defaultinir party, which must be ^dven liy 2: ;iO 1'. .v..
otherwise the contrail continues without interest until
the follow in;: day. When minor dilVerences arise, an
aiipeal is often taken to the chairman, whose decision
isiicceptcd. .More important difl'erences are referred
to the arliilraliou committee, which consists of nine
members. The decision of (his committee is final in
all ea.ses, indess an appeal is taken by a member of the
committee, or »ndess the ca.se inv<dves as nnich as
$2. .'•()(». when either party may appeal, within ten days,
to the governing.' committee for a tinal adjudication.
HOW TO SPECULATE.
The number of persons who are not directly enga^red
in speculation a.* a means of eurning a living, but who /j
oecasionally take a "flyer" in Wall street, is much ^
larger than it is jrenenilly siippo.sed to be. By out
*?tj ■ —
HAU. KrK»:».T A.M> TIIK M.U MtUK HltXK KXl'IIANt)!-:.
[ (»itl<<i-^ II ;rirat (Iciil of m-cHM V !•< itmiiitiihioti whon thoy
try tlifii' link in NVull Htroct ; luit iltM-lini, luwyors,
j (■l»>r>»yiinm, t<'iicln'rH, farmcrH, iiiprrhitiitrt, nil H|M>4-iilat«<,
I uikI iniiiiy (if lliciii without iiiiy il<'(1iiiti> i<lcii, <-itli)>r in
I n'i.'uril l.t till' iiiliiiiNic valiHmt* tlio M-curitii's tlicy Imy,
I III- tlio iiiaiiiK'r ill whioli tlu'ir onli'is aro uxonitoil liy
tlii'ir lirnkcr on 1 ho Stock Kxchaiiiro. For t ho iiilor-
niatiiiM of till- iiiiinl'(inn<>il tlir tollnwiiitr Mij^'tfoxtions
aiiil slali'inrnts arr iimdc :
In tlio rirHt pliK'o, ih) not for a nioniont think of ri^k-
iiij; any nioiioy ill tli(> Htock inarkcl whii'h yon faiiiint
iiU'ord lo lose. Tlu) Hhrmvtlost (>|ti'nitors, whtwc whole
alti'tition, ni^'iit and ilay, \-* ili'Voti-il to watriiiti^' tlio
niarkft, ami who havi> hiiiiilri'ils of Ihoiisands, or ovoii
iiiiliioii^ lo assist thrill in Mipixirliiiir I heir Im'-I Jiidi.'-
iiuMit. ofl<'ii tiiid it iiocossaiy to |MMk«'t a loss. Von
laiinot liopo to ho inoro foi'tinialo than thoy. Ilaviiiir
dooiiK'd to tiiko your ohiinoos, scdorl an hoin-st lirokor
who i> II nioinhrr of tho Stork l'',x('hiiniri', to wlioin to
irivo your ordois. Such a iiiiiii will not lie dillinill to
llii-i, liul when found it will lie iieios,-.ary to satisfy
liiiii liy introih.elion and reeonitneinlation as to your
honesty and irood lintmiial standinj.'. It is very sale
to assiinio thai the liroker who will lucopt your aeeoiiiil
without having' lirst ohiaiiied inforination in rc^niid to
your •.liiiidin;' in the eoiiiiuiinity where you iiii' known,
i- liiuiM'if not lo ho triislod. 'I'lio rules of the Stink
Kxejiaufro are very striel rou'ardin;,' I ho lominissions to
lie riiiii'^red. 'I'ho eoustiliitioii jirovidos that:
"('iiinniission shall Ito rhar^'edand |iiiid uinler all eir-
('nin^tiiii('(>s, lioth npon the piirehiise and sile of slocks,
IhiihU, imd othei' soeiirities either lur iiienil>ers of the
Kxeiiiiu^re or for other parlies, and the niiiiiiniini rales
on all securities other than .^old, iroverninenl ImhkIs
and e\chan;;o, Hhall l>e upon tho par value thoroof, as
follows;
()iie-ei;*hth of ono per cent, when the transaction is
^nade lor any parly not a inoml)or of this i;xchiin<.'(>.
No liusinosH shall Ik* done at less than this rale tor any
poisons or firms not iiu'inhoi-s of this e.xclmiijL'o, nor for
any hankiiiff or other institution," etc
'I'lie penalty for violation of this riilo is laid down
11-^ follow-.;
" .Viiy nii'iiihor violatiu<i: thi.s artiolo,diro«'tly or indi-
roctly, shidl, upon conviction, couse to ho a nioiiihor of
the Stock Kxchanjjro, and his ineinhorship shall escheat
to tho exeliaiifio.
Any inoinlier who shall ho convietcd of oferinq to
do lMi>ine>s for I0S.S than I ho foreiroiiii,' rates, shall he
considereil as liavinnr violated the I'onmiission law and
shall ho snhjoot to the penalty for so doiiiLr."
A- the incoino from a cominissiou hroker's Inisino.ss
depends very laiirely upon a strict <>l).servanoo hy his
assoi'iato inoinheiM of the < (imniis,si<,n laws, n oloso
watch is kept for any violation, and no other provis-
ions of the coiistitnlion are onfoind with u- hum h
severity as those relatin;; to "ohvioii, fnind." rrfrrriiitr
os|M'cially to the troatnioiit of noii.inetiilH>r>«. iumI the
article iihove (piolod piveriiintT ciiimiii«<ioii». nwH' i»
little donhl thill tho law U soinelimes \ io|atr.|. IhiI
airain conioM tho question: Will not tho hn.kor who
cheats his follow inoiiihor in thohoani and lay. Iiini<«>ir
liahle to oxpnUioii, iiNo cheat yon when th*- o|i|inr-
tnnily ollois!' Uesi assiirnl that tho op|Nirtiinitiix> f«ir
clioalinif you will ho many tiiiios as L'n-sit a> tht»M- in
which he ciiu defraud his assoeiatos.
So far as is known, Willi sirool hrokofs, iNith iiipm-
Im'I-s and iion-incinlicrs of the Slock Kxchan^rr. an- not
iMipiircd ill the philiiiitliropic work of doiiiir liii.iii<>«*
for oiit,iders for iintliiiii:. Cortain Wall Mr»N.t Kn.-
keis who ar<> iiol nionihers of tho Kx-hani.'o nv in iIh*
hahit of advortisjiiir fui- hiishiess in which lliev an-
nounce iIimI ••(irdcrs will he cx)>ciiti>i| on tlio StcH-k
l'Acli;uii:c." This i^ done to deceive, and lh«> •k-<-«>|>-
lioii ii-iially consists oiljiei in not puiclia-iiiif lh«' •(ink
III all. hill reporting' it a> hoiiirlit at -OHIO |.n<f nt
which the slock has Mihl during.' tho iliiy, or in linvin<r
the >|(.ck on the Hxchanire thioiiLdia iiioiMlior of iIh-
hoard and roporliu;/ the transaction a> liaviii]f U-«-ii
made at a fraction aliove the tiirnros actimlly |Kiii|.
Comiiiission houses that advertise almost intaria-
Illy announce, when siich is the ca«o, that ont- of the
memhors of I he linn is nlso a inetnlH-r of tho M<»'k
Kxeliaiiiro.
Ilavinjr selected a liroker and the s|(m k in whi'-h vou
wish to oper;ilc, notliini.' I'nillici icriiain* tlnii to
deposit the money reipiircd !>y tiic hrokor us .t/«rr/tVi,
and irive him your order to liiiy or sidl. Boforc \»*M
the usual porcenla;,'!' reipiircd as .M;iri.'in was tiv.- |K»r
j cent of the par valiii' oi" the slock; since tho war iho
I tliicliialions ha\c liccn so mu< li more < iolont and rapid
i that lirst-cliiss iiouscs havo cxacteil ti-ii jwr loiit mImtp
: tho Iradiiii.' is to ho coiidiicted in <.niod dividend |iciyin<r
Hoeiirities, and twenty per cent, or ovou nion>. uiierp
purchases and salos of fancy stoi ks aro to In- niatlc.
I Suppose that the whole market . alter a iliill |*rio«I
diirini: which prices di'cline materially, luis fiejnin to
advance, and Mint yon have particular r-a.s*>ns for think-
iiiir that a certain slock is a irood purc|ia><>. Tint
stock may ho ChicaLr". Milw;iukee anil St. I'aiil. i-om-
mon. or, as it is ircnonilly spoken ot". •• St. F'anl." iho
market ipiotation of wliidi i- In.iJ. If yon »i-.h lo
trade in as much as 1 ,(M)(t shares. \oii will have alrrady
depositod with your hroker t^lD.nni) and taken hU
receipt for tho samo. You Lrivo him a written or ver-
h:il order to huv 1 ,(1110 sliaie- SI. Paul -• at the in:irkct."
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WALL BTREKT AND TUI MIW TOKK STOCK MrilAMOE.
Hiiil tht' oiilor Ih «<x«M>iiteil dm qiiii'kly ah |NMiHi>il)> TIh<
lii-Hl lilt wliii'h is titFonMl U v>(M) MhnroM at U):\\ uii<i your
hi'iikrr III i>iii'i< rrioM " hoIiI," iiihI initkcH a ikiIc nf th«
Huli< oil II littlo Hli|i of iNipcr, u IttiiiilU- of whirli h«
ki><>|>N ill hiM Imiiil. Some oiio in hiixioiin to liri^tk the
price, itiiii II lot of IMN) HhHr<>it irt oti'crnil at UKi^, wliicli
your Itrokcr titkcH ut oiu-<>, iiri«l ho liuys .VH) HlmroH i.ior<>
»t l(Ki|. 'I'lio huniiieiM Im ri*port<Ml ut once to tli<> l)rok-
flrit^c otiir«', nnd in m Hliort tinip you r«H<eiv« a iiutic*
which rcHilH Honicwlmt hm follow*:
\\ «• lmv«i piin-liH-'i-ii for your »t<count and rink:
:<(H) Hharra St. I'aul ctuiiuion at Uv.ik
500 " '• " I():i|
2(H) " *• '• lo;«i
Surrii. .loNKfi A t'o.
The iiiivanco in the pri«'o of i\w stock which you
ex|M'ct«>(l, takoH plaro, ami you onlcr .VMi .nlmij-s hold at
1(17, whi> h in don*'. The rciimiiiin;; .KKl fhar«<H you
think yoH will hold for U)H, hut when the prico touchcH
1(17} thorn \n h liult, iiud then h sudden ilecline, and
tiniiliy, in Just one month tVom the time of the pur-
cliiiM' yoii order the iittt of your .st«Mk stdd "at the
market," which is done, the priro reulizod on the laat
yn) nhanw \n>u\fi KM).
'Iliiii hiiM Immmi It prodtnlile tniniMictinn aiicl your
arcount Htandn iw folloWH:
Mr, A. B. in aiTount with
Smith, JoneM A Co.,
Dr.
To :)00 nhareH St. I'nul iKuiffht at 108i... $ 30,07.^.00
'• .VK) " " '• loaf... fll,(JM7..'V0
» 800 '• " '• loaj... 80,700.00
" Bn>kerairv buying, | p^r rent 12A.00
•• " Hpllinjf, I " 125.00
Interertt ,
B«lanc« due.
Cr.
42 7.. 10
11,710.20
|113,7.'H).(X)
ByCiuih (margin) t 10,000.00
•• .MM) ilwres St. I'aul sold at 107 5a,.VH).00
• 500 " " " 104J 52,250.00
$115,750.00
Yo»i now have a httlanre with your broker of $11,-
710.20, and at« you advanced $1(),()()0, the net profitit
from your purehuMe ut 1,000 sharua of St. I'aul. wua
PUT.
AVr Yorl; Januair •/. /8S:i
yot Value gtrceitictl. Iht Bearer may DELIVER »•<• Fit* nundr.,i Shares of
the Common Stock of the Chicago, Milvmikt* ami St. Paul liaUruad Company, at Oiif r/undretl wnrf
Thrff per cent, any lime in Sixty days from dale.
Tht undersigned is entitled to ail tividendt or extra dividends for which Transfer Books
close during said lime.
i.-&
Expires, April 14, /SS-f,
1' P. M.
RUSSELL SAGE.
$1,710. 20. Hud you sold the whole amount at 107.
your profit would have l>e«'n $1,2.')() jrreatcr. The
details of the tntnsiM-tion in which y«>u arc char;?ed
with $427. .W) interest do not appear in the alwive state-
ment. The st(Mk was boiiirnt ••rejrnlar way." anil was
therefore not delivered to yiMir brokt-r until (he next
day, when he liypotluH-atetl it for a loan of $>ia,(K)0, to
wliicli lie added tlic $1().(MKI advanced liy you and $10,-
.■{t)2..">() which he contributed of his own money, thun
makiiifj: up the pnrcha.'^e price of $l03,a()2.50. On the
$«;i,(MM) iMirrowed, for which your stock wa« given as
security, and on the $10,362. .Vj advancwl by your bro-
ker, you were (harped six per cent j>er annum (tUf in
the rule except when monc)' cannot lMM)btainc<l on call
at that nito, when the euHtome; ■; charged the market
price). .Vfter the tirst five hun<i "d shares were -old.
the interest paid was only one-halt' the orit'inal sum.
For illustrutimi, we will siippos* the next deal to
be made <m the other side of the market; that is. ytni
sell short, suppose it to Im> ."iOO shares Western I'liioii
Teleirniph stock at 71t, regular way, and .")()() shareK
Aiis.souri I*a»ifi<' at 104, ncller JJO. Both slcK'ks, from
infonnation that you have received, you Iwlieve will
decline, .tml you will therefore be able to buy them
nuarr V, /S8<
'ransftr Books
WALL IT««1T AND THM KRW TOmi HTCKK >.X«-NASUK
I Ii«>»|t4tr, But mennwhiln yniir hroWrr miint deliver th«
WfHtem Union Ht<M-k not Inter tlmn 2: I A p. m. on the
iluy Mfter ho noIIp* it, nml lor th-kt piirpoMo lio horrowii
,VH» nhnn'H \V«wtorn Union fliit, tliMl is, witliont intcr-
chI. Inter<>«*t ii* chur^tnl only when for Honin rcitMiui
tht' HtcM-k in Monn'o, trnd Im worth nioro Ht thn tini«> than
th<' nuini-y. Thin iiuiy Ui tin* ciwfl Hhortly priNt^linjf
tlii> unniial ni«>«*tin^ of tho ('om|N>ny, whnn tliti nUwV. is
(l«'Hir<'<l Id ((introl Ihofllnrtion; or it in r<>rtain Id (k-i iir
wh<>n III! plfnrt in tteinjur ui«de to c«nior the stock. I'hr
•Vwi Hluir«-« Miwouri I'n. ilW wmi .|o not havf to iWliv. r
for thiiix iliiyx.
Nothinjf n>nmin< lo ltf> .lone hiit |i. «waii rvrnu.
Mill tin- iimtki'l <l<N-» not <!«•« linr h* >oii rx|)M tcti. TIm'
ImiIIh have liifuiivinil timl thrrri, a |jir;'r -.hoil inlrrrvt
in \\>.t«'rn Union, that i%. thjit i liir;.'<> Mnioimt of i|
has liot'ii Hojil short in Hnti< i|iution i.f Uin^THhlr to huy
it in »l a lower tljrnn'. The riny lontrolliiit' WaUb.h
anil 'IfXii^ I'uritif \-. hIim) <|e»iroiu> of hrin;fiii)r »>>«'Ut an
a<ivHnre in the priee of thuM ntoek*. in order thai it
CALL."
?ft% York, Martk Ii, !$$:<
For Talue R«MiTed, Ihe Vtarer may LALL DN » for Thr^. Il;mlr,.t Sliare^ if Iht Sttxk
of the »*^<#rrt ffMon Tth^aph Ctmparn. af B\ijhiy-u„. ptr cent, any hmt in thtrii, days from
dale.
The bearer is enlilled to all dmdends or extra dmdends declared during the lime.
Expires, A /ml 14, ntS3.
•J J'. M.
h'. F. ro.yynn 4 co.
may uiilouii a block of ;R),0<)0 rthures* ut a puiil profit ,
wlii< h it hart jn.^t lion^'ht. But to set-nrf the ^'rwitest
Kilvame the whole murket inuHt Hpprar Htronp. To
••Mjneeze" i.-. >;iven the timid ■• sh«>rto ' in \Vn>t«>rr.
Union, and their elVort.t to h«iy in K' fore the »'tvarK«
is t(»u frreat to Im? )irote«tid h\ their nmrptn«. ouly
UK iiiii|ili^li tliirt purpoHe, there is a proat <h'al of talk -tiniidates thr markft >*ill more, and ri> \«>u» smace-
hIhiiiI tlie inireuHed e.'\rnin>,'s of tlui tnuik linw. ami on nient \\'e>tern I nion \* M-llin:: at >•. M --^un PaMfW
.try Ii 'lit Iranrtaetionrt New York Central and Luke
hhore ri-c two or three |)er cent. At tlie Hanie time u
is quoted at liH'.J. Then- is a hreuk of < iit>-hjilf to i»tie
|)cr eent in the whoU market just when you are n-n-
STRADDLE."
.V>»- York, Mav •. /SS'.
JfOV IfnlnS lUcceivcd, t/ie Neanr may Deliver roe, or (all on me, ok one day '
notice except last day, when notice is not required, 'int Thuumuil Shares if Ihe Shttk »/ the
Sew Vorlf Central h'ailniiu/ Company, at Oti« //iimlrf't and Tirtntu per cent, if ?\/, '•"• at ' **
lluiulrml ami 'I'^i-eiUfi-Kight per cent, if ciiUed, at an\ time in fortii-tif* days from date.
sit! fiifidinds for which Transfer Hooks close, diirinij said time, go with the xtock.
Ixpires, 'i^co o'clock T. M.
0. .M BdG.^M
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• v;
Hi
':?•:
^-.J4
.')()()
.1. STI:KKT AM) TIIK. NKW ><»i;K MUCK KXCIIANUK.
siil( rin:j' t'li' (jiH'^iioii ni' jio- lictiiiu vmjr Ik*-* ot' $1',. ■»<•<>
(111 \\'(>'^l.-ni I'iiUmi, :iii-l rMriKint'Tcil li\ iiil<iilii>n:il iiiCor-
iiiiilidM rii:itill)ii!rii liy l!'.' Iimss. v >': rcxiUc tn n'iii:ii!i
siidit. A' I !.!• cii'l el" liiivi V (1 1_\ -i ■ iiiir lirokiM' liiiri'DW-i
'/)() li.ii' •- .M -xMii'i I'a'ilir ami iii.ikc* lli'- li.-lixiMV in
:|rr<ir.l.;i: i' W illl t!l»' ti'MII> nt' tilt' >:{\f. :nii| :i> \\ i-Ic|-|l
I'lii.iii I.-, ilint liiiic is -flliiijr ui ,s>, !ic <Mit> U<v hum-'
iiiarLriii. ^'('11 -cihl liiiii ailn'ik f.ir JL'.itiii, tli't.'tiniiiol
li. ••|l_.i il (Hit. il' it taki> all ^iiiniiicr." Wr^lnii
rr.iiiii I.' clic^ .^."'l anil yon rclli'i-t that il'vun liail ri^^'ii
)(M!r uril ;• In liny in-^ti-ail of -rll, yon nnirlil li:i^ <■ nia^lc
$l,7")l», |c^» till' rdlllllli — lull •. in-ti-aJ nl ImMIIIT lll'll
niiiili j.oori'i" iM.Hiilc-. tin- <<>ninii«-"ioiis. .Mi>-iini'i i':ii iln i
iliii-^ iiiil !.!(■. aliii\i> liiv l\ i^ tiiiii ilix'iiv fi'cil that a
](r(iniii;i"i; incnilicr dt'ilii- 1 in:.' wlm a^'i'i'Ml imi in^cll any
ito'li I'll iiiiii'ty ijay- iniil'i' an :ii|\ a:i> I' i.f ii'ii p'rii'iil,
iia-, tiiii'n::ii dtii-T InnUi'i-. In't'ii •"iiiiplyini: the >ti»i-t
ill; lii'lin'.' hi-. a--diiat.'^ vitli nin^t dl" t..c >U>i'\\ licit
lia> lici'ii Imnirlil . aiiil t licii- i^ a -niliKii in-li mi tin- |iarl
dl llic I ■in-iinin;,' incinliiT"> ot" the rdniliiiialinn tn -t-ll.
i nn l(MM' tin di'ilcf with yoiir lirokin- to liny in unn'
'itl'l »liarr- dt" \\'i'-!cin I'liidii at s|, ami lali-r li" Ihin--
3-()iir M!-'dni'i I'luili'' at jiai-. Vnnr ai loiml ^laiitU a-
I'dlldU -
Ml . A. H. 1.1 aiMdiiiil with
Mnith. .loi)i'~ l^c (.'«).
I»r
id ■inii-narr- Mn. I'ai . Iioii.'hi at liH) t .■|(i.(MHi.un
• juii '• W . l". .>l •Ji>..Vki.im»
" lildki'i.lL'f. llUMIi','. J, |it'fri'nt l-.'i.UO
•• -.I'linL'. 1 " l-J.'i.OO
UalaniMhif I I.IiI'I.l'ii
|i|n.'i.2iii.:.'o
< r.
liy Oisli (inai;,'in ami indliui ? Il.Tlo.i'n
•• (aikliliiinal inaiL'-in :.'.i"Mi.(iii
" 'ilM) sliun->i Md. I'hc. -dill at l(U .■h'.immi.imi
• .'lUii •• W . U. " T'.i ;i:t,.'.(l(i.iM>
$lo:i.i'I().:.'n
in ymir la^t tinnsnlidn ymi lo-t $l,i»tM»dii Wi'-tiTii
l.'uidii ami niiuli' $i',(wm) nnt nt' Miv-inui 1'.' ili. . ami a>
your iiih allies ("or iisaririn aiuonnt in all to $12,imii» sun '
WU' iidw i>i>,|i;ii.J(l all! ail.
Sn|(|Mi-i' the ni'Xl linn- vnii take a "tlyvr" liy liiiyin!/ ,
KiO^Iiair- d!' I,dni'\i!li' ami Na>h\illi' at .'ii;. ami In
jirdli'it Ndnr-cir airain-l i'\i't--i\f In— in i-ax- nf a
Ixsavy dfcliiu', ynii liny. Idi- $liMi, a i'nt. ninnini: >ixly
iiiiy< at "il. 'I'll!' stiiik lias lii'cn -nlij' idwlilc flint- |
nutidiis. Within the >ixlyilay> thai ynii aft- iiiMircil j
rt;,'ainst 11 iriouliT In— than ti\r pi-r n'nl mhI i nniini'-
-iidii-, ami the cost of yunr in-nraiiio dhi' |iii<i' of the
" |int " I, il tiiay m'II at citln r "(• di- !M— |Mi»-.ilily hdlli.
Thi' tiini'. .itor solliiii; iit ,Jlt, at wliirli ydii fiiiloil to
lake ynii: protll, il tlt'clini'il Id •!.'), anil (ln:iii;r the
ii-niaimlor dl" llic liim- tliil imt rally iil(d\i« 4S. Tho
iliy tlial yuni' pill was to t>\pirc ami lii'l'drr tho hour
n.rnril in tin- airiffiiit'iit. your hiokcr ludk aroiiml 100
sliar«>» Ldni>\ilh> and \ash\ill«' to tht- pfi'-dii wlin jiail
sdhl ymi I ho pii\ ili';ri'. ami ir<fi\r(l a rlicck lor $.'),1(K)
Mill' aniiMinl al .'il 1 whiili he plart-il to yunr i-rcdit.
Vdii had already U'en ehari"'d wi'.h ^."(.i.tMi (the eiiNt at
.'ill ) and I (ininii>-iiin.'<, $2'i, and ^liiii tiir the " put ," niak-
iniryniir Idlal ld>* $iI'J.">. There was no inieresi elmrfj««
lieian-e Miiir lialaiue with ymir lii'dker was iiidri> than
llie Idlal e,i>| dl" the I III I share- dl" .>tdik. The peiMin
» lid sdid Will the put i:!ay have sdld the stuek In-fdre
Ihe lir.-ak iit .V.l, and Ihiis made ^mhi, hesides the $|IN)
wliii h Mill paid him, tuil nl' the -tdik wliii h yon deli\-
ere I I dl' put ) Id hi III a I .'il , and with whieli he in I urn
liiiallied his sliol'l aei'diinl. If he \.altrd iinlil the
sld(!» wa- pill In him, dl' iiii:i-e he Id-I nidiiey.
W yun had Mild Ldiii.oville and Na-ii\ille sliort,
iiislead dl" liiiyinir il, and wi>hed In in-nn' aLrain-l a
irixeii aiiidiinl dl" ld>-, vdii Wdiild lia\e Ldiiirht a call
iil>li-ad III' a pill, thai i~, ym wiiilld lia\e paid a pi'e-
ininin (the priee nl' l!ie < all 1 I'nr the prix ile^-e dt'eallin;r
I'lir the -tdi'k .'il :'. ;:i\en pi ir»', w il !i \\ hii h In 1 hoe your
-hull aiidinil. ir liie niaiki'l lake-- the idiirse that
\iiii think il will, ail'! ymi iheret'die have no n>e I'lir
\diir pnl dl- rail, uni Id-e the nidiiey paid idi- il in the
siine way that Mm l>i>e I lie premiinn oil ytiiir tire iii>iii'-
aiH'i'. \\ lien the hdii-i' due- iidt lini'ii.
I'ei'Miiis Iiiiy pills and <all> iil-d wilhdiil lakiiifruny
diher ri>k in the market. It' ymi ^hunld pa\ $lJ.'i t'di-
i!.e pri\ilei.'e dl" •• piiltin;.'" IiH) ■.haie.- dl" helawan-,
l.ai kaw.inna and \\°e>lei-n slmk al any litiie within ten
d'ly- at I2n, ami ynii weie aMe to hiiy it in the nieun-
linie at I2.'i, ymi wmild evidently make ihiee percent,
;ji:(iM) le.ss the priee ol" the pill, f 12.'). m' a net pnit'il nl"
$17.'). If the stcH'k diiriii<: the time did not soil Indow
Il'iIi', the privili'ire wmild Im- dt" mi value to yon. \
'• -liaddle," or ••ddiihle privilejre." permit- \dii either
Id pnl dl- Id call the stoek al the prin- iiiiiiichI. It'
Ijjike .Shore i> .selling' at KM and the markit is feverish
and li.ilih', lis yon IM-Iieve. tn wide llnilnal'diis, n hih-
at the same lime vmi are in ilniilit a- In w li< I In r I will
:i hame or deiline. mhi may he willinir In pa\, we
will >iippdsi', jiJiMi for the prixile^'o of pnlliii;r ItHI
-hares of Lake Shme at lii| dr dt' (.■illinir it :it 112, iit
any tiine«ilhin ninety da\><. Olrour-e, vmi Id-eyoiir
l^JIH), mile - till' .-In. k -ells either altd\e nr Im'IoW the
extreme ipidlal idiis men tinned, and your jn-dtit depoinl-
npmi the iiihanee or decline I'roin those ti<:iiroH. The
Ii yon failoil to
111 (liiiiifr iho
llioxc IM. 'Ilio
«'ri>r(' tli<' lioiii
(Ntk aroiiixl 100
|ii'rs(iii wild luiil
li.'.k lor $.'..100
Id voiir cicilit.
i'>(Mi I tlu> <'<i^t at
lio " put," iiiiik-
I int< rosl <|iiir^«<
' was iMom tliitii
k. Tin- plM-MIU
lit- >-ti'<k iH'lon'
U-siilr^ till' $I(N)
vliii li yoxi ilcliv-
vlii( li III- ill I urn
ailiil nnlil tli<>
iiionry.
Sa-li\ill(' flunt,
n^iii'- airaiii^t a
I- l.onirlit a rail
i;iM' paiil a prt'-
\il(L''* olialliny
ii li 111 ( l«)«t' Vdur
till- < iiiir>r tliat
iM' nil nso l"iir
lid li>r it ill lli<*
MHir lii*! iiiMii-
.iit takin<: iiiiy
I.I pa\ i\-2:< fur
111' l)fla\vuri',
linii' within ten
it in till- ini>uii-
ilinr per iciit,
a int protll of
nut M'li Im'Iiiw
liif to yon. A
nut- \>M oitlii'i
iihiiuhI. 1 1
nkrl i-i f<'Vt'ii>li
■Inalii'iis, wiiiif
will till r it will
ii<r to pay. Wl'
.f piitlin;r I'Ht
in- it at l\-2, at
'. \on io'oyotir
|i' III Ik-Iow till'
jiriitit ilopoiiil-'
tiirnii's. I'Ih'
WAI.I. MItKKT AM) IIIK NKW VOKK MIMK KMIIAMIK.
oprnitioii is just wliat tin- Iitiiis imliralo— yon •.tiaijilli'
tin* initiki't, or iiiivo a iloulilo priviUi.'f in oitlirr pntlin;.'
01 lulling till' stmk.
HOW STOCKS ARE LISTED AND FORGERIES
OBVIATED.
Tlir luliiKlifiitioii of all ilispntcil ipiostioiis as to tin*
n-u'iilarity of -tork ri'ilitirati-s, lioiuls, oto. (I'xri-pl
L'nilril States ;.'ovi'riinn>nt si-inritii'^). ili-alt in at llii-
Kxihanpi'. ami all appliratioiis for plarinp on llir li>t
till' Minritii's of tin- si'vi'iiil slali-s. an- ri-fn i<'<l to tin*
roinmitlf on MH-uritics. Tlir I'liitiil Stati- uovi-in-
nunt M'luritirs have a spt'iial roniniittoi'. Tin- most
iniportant of tin- soruiitit's roininittfcs, liowovor, is
till- mininitti'i' on stork list , to wliii h i> iilVrri'il tin
an-itiu'i'Uionl of tin- ralU of stmk^ anil Itoinl.H. ami all
appliialion> tor plariiitr stoiks. Iiniiil-, olr., I'xri-pt
thoso alMivc iiu'iitiouoil, on tlii'li>l ilialt in at tin- Stock
Kxi liani:i'. Ivnli uppliiat ion must Im- ai rompanii'il liy
H Ii«' of $1<K> (foniioily tin- fi'i- was $,')(l\ to lovor rosi
of piiiitiiij.' anil otliiT I'xpoiisos of tin' roininiltii'.
Til" iVf Ihhoiui's <1u' propi'ity of tin- KMlianj.'p,
vrliotlii-r tln-applii-ation is ani'pti'il or ivji-rti'l. WIumi
niakiiiL' appli'atioii for listinj; aililitional ainonnt- of
•tiK-k'* or IhmuIs wliiili an- alivaily on tlio list, tlir iVi'
i« (i.'iu. All appliration< sliuiiM Iti' aiMfr— nl ami
choc ks '•lioulil Im- ilrawn to tli*- nnliM- of tho Cliair-
nmii of tin- StiM'k List roininitli'o. who for niaiiy yoai^.
pa.>t has U>oii Mr. S. T. Hussi>ll.
Ill all i-asrs of ajipliration for plariiijj <illiii- -torks
01 UiiiiU of railroail rninpanif^ on llir li>t. it i-
r«-i|niii"l that a full stati'iiu'iit of tin- loialimi and
il.Mription of tlir property, and. whi-n pos-ililr, a map
hhull U- furnishi'd. The stateni.-nt -hoiild ;ri\r: I.
Title of the roinpaiiy; 2, when oryauizeil, and \>\ wh.il
Biithoritx ; A, route from to ; 1, mile- of ro.id
roiiipleted and in operation, and any i oiitiniplatid
extension; .'>, fpiu;.'!' ; li, iron rails; 7, "teil laiU; s,
p<|iiiptnent ; !•, lialiilities and assets; In. niiiiiliei of
nhares and par value uf i-arh ; 11, a list of the min-
pins- olliier-', ete. ; 12, olliie of the ioinpan\ ; Kl,
traii-tii otliie; 1 1, re::i>try. When po-silile ihr -late-
liient should In- iiiadi' liy an otliiei of the ronipan\ 1 1
it i> a reorpnii/.atioii of an old i'oa>l I lie partiiiilar>
HJundd Im- slated.
It is al«o reipiired that a .sample of e.nli i--ne of
»t<M'k or iMinds shall Ik* shown to the i oininiltee, no th.'it
it may aM-crtain whether proper prerantimi-- liaxe lieen
takiii ajrain-t for^.'-eiy. No fonn of >loi K leiiilieate or
hoiiil will 1(0 aeeepted unless it hiu- U'eii earefullv
eiijiiMved l>y .■>oinr r»-.pon->iMc haul; note enL'raN in;;
eompaiiy. T!ie lai-e of e\er_\ liond. i'oii|ioii niiriiiti-
eate of »|o«-k iini>t Im- printed from steel plairs whiih
have licen eijjn.vfd in the lie'l nianmr, wiili >iiih
varietii-N of work a^ will atVord the irreale^t MTiirity
I auMiii'l ■ oiinlerl'eitin;.' In li:ind. Imu' eaih dnriniH'iit
I or in>lrinni-:il there mn-t lir at least two-tiii'l plates,
vi/.: H fiiit jihitr. from whiih will he |iriiileil an aiiti-
photouniphi' lolor. so arrani/ed a-- to imderlie impor-
tant portion- of the fare printing', and a f'arf /ihitf
eoiitaiiiin:; the \is;nette> an<l lelteriiiL'' of the di--i'rip-
tive i.r proinisijory poitimi ut' llir doniiueMt, to lie
prinle<l in lila< k or in Mai k mixed with a rolor. Thi-^c
BROKERS OfFlCE
two prinliiips mn-t Ih- -o made upon the papci tlial the
I • oinhined et1e<'t of ihi- whole, il' pliMto^Maplu'd. would
iH-a <onfii-«>«l iiuiv- of line- .mil toiiiis, to -iriiie etlert-
iiallv : :.'iin»t i oniili'lfeilii;:.'' I>y •< ielilitir pime-M'-.
Mi ai iivi -liH ;,- niii-l li' re;'i-lered at -onu' iii-litn-
I ion -at -la«i"i\ I,, the . omniiltrr. ami i a<li ajiplii at ion
mn-t 1h' a. .oi;ipaio'-d '■» :i lfit< r iV.Mii till ii'-i-lrar
! -t.ttill'.' the amoinil ol -l.u', I'ji-lrnd al lln'lime ot
' appli.-:'»i.'ii. ami al- • »-;. '■ I h. l'>".\\^ "\' Vri-rMiriit
with lJ."_'iMi^ii-. dill} r\<'. Mil d.prov idv I ii'li t'lin iia-
! mil ali.adv If en (ii.-d "itli the . ..nmnllri- In.a-eof
aii> -iil>-«'<pte;il ini-re.iM-of iil'ital ■tuik. ai ha-t thirty
day-' iioliie inu-i ■" L-i-.en tl e.-liiiir mw-p ipri-,
and in wriliii;: to the .iiesideni ot tin Mmk l.xiliaiiL'e,
..f aii> int.-nd.d iiieira-e of llir nnmlfr .>| hare-,
filher dirisi or thron;'h the is-iie of rninerl il>lr ImihU,
! and a -lalement must Ih- made of tlir ohjei t t..i w In. I
- -— 1
^*-i»iaii,£^,<^jjgj^'
I
m m '
(S^t
WALL BTKEKT AND THE NEW YORK NTOOK EXOHANOI.
aiK'h iiKTWiHO of stock or bondu in about to be made.
Aftrr Hiiy st<«"k bius oiuc Im-cii placed on the list, any
change in the form of oertiticatc, or place of regis-
try, numt receive the <onscnt of the committee, other-
wise the stock will !m' liiibh' to be stricken from the
list. Coupon liomls with privilege of rcgistnition
ceiiKe to Ik) a good delivery on the Stock Exchange in
caw the nninatnrcd < uiipouH arc removed.
App!iclltion^ to pliicc boiidn on the lixt must give a
description of the bonds as followa: 1, The amount of
theiHHue; 2, the date of the inHue; 3, the nuitnrity ; 4,
the par value of each kind of bond isstied; .'», the series
of nimibers luider each mortgage; ti, the rate of inter-
est ; 7, when payable; H, the names of the trustees.
Five copies of the mortgage must also be furnished,
and the isMiie must Ix' only on siieh ])ortiohs of road as
are ui'tiially cdnipleted.
The ronnnittee has the iM)wer to transfer stockfi and
Ixpiiiis fnini the free list to the regular list, and from
the reguliii list to the free list, as it may deem
proper.
GOVERNMENT LOANS IN WALL STREET.
Tlic -iiiiii, »iih>t;iiitiiil and conservative character of
Wall ^iieci h;i~ licen most fully display«'d by the man-
ner ill whieli it has handled the national loans, and the
statciiH lit will prol)ably go imrefiileil by any oiie of
jiidgmeiit. that witlnnit Wall street aid. the national
cHiiNC I null! mil have had a successful issue. When
,Iay ('(Hike it Co. were selccteil as the fiscal agents of
tlie gdvei'iimeiit for the neirotiation of the tirsl great
loan of ti\c liimdied millions of the .l-ilts of iHti.'J, they
immediately came to New York and app«»inteil two or
three leading Wall street baiikimr houses a- theii- r«>p-
rehentati\('s there. ()iii' nl those, t'isk it Hatch, which
since iH-camethe leading governnu'iit bomi house of the
coiiiitiy. wii- only about a year idd, and both the inem-
tM'i- 111' llie linn were young men. Hut they possessed
an iilii(ling laith in the government , and with great
zeal tlie\ begun their w(H'k. Kveiy dollar of their
cotiiniis.sioiiH wnK spent in advertising the bonds, and
the placini! of the loan, about which there had been so
much ^nlicitiidc, b<ith by the government otlicials and
tln' patii(.lic people of tiic country, .~onii iHM'ame an
accompli>li<>d tact. U'hen most of the bonds had been
disposcij of, the demand for them becaine so great that
in the ''P'l transaction (l.'i.tKHI.IMM) more were bid for
than Ihc amount remaining unsold, and sub.s<>(piently
the loan was incicused by that aiiKMint, making the
total $.'il.'i,IMKI.IHMi.
In all .-iubse(picnt negotiations ot the government
lottiiB, and eapecially in the refunding operationB that
liuve taken place since the war, Wall strnet has done
most or all of the business. The largest single sub-
8cri|)tion that was ever made in this or any other
coimtry, was when the last of the fotir j)er cents were
taken. The amount authorized which had not yet Insen
sul»scribed for was about 1180,000,000. Early one
morning — l)efore the usual linking hours — the officers
of the First National liank were closeted with Fisk A
Match, who had proposed that the wh"',^' aniotmt
remaining with the treasury be taken in a block. It
was an extremely bold proposition, and at first the
First National officials hesitjtted. They wanted to
advise with some of their friends. In this way the
scheme leaked out, and several prominent banking
houses forwarded private sulwcriptions anumuting in
the aggregate to $()(),(XaJ,0O(). When the MulxM-ription
of the syndicate, which had been fonne<l during the
day, was telegraphed to Washington in the aftern(X)n I
agre(>ing to take all the four per cents that were
remaining unsold at one-half per cent alnive par and
accrued interest, there were, therefore only |il2().(lOO.-
(KX) left of the $IH(»,(KM),(KK), which the secretary had
on hand in the morning.
When congress tiiilcd to jjrovide for the reilemption
of the fts ami lis of 1881, Secretary Windom visited
New York to i laisult with the ItJinkers there and per-
lect a plan by which the honor and good faith of the
government would Im> imiir.taine<l. tjirnest efforts
were made to persuade the secretary that a three per
cent bond <i>nld ite floated at par, but others advocated
four per cent, and Mr. Windom adopted a medium
iMftween the two rates — HJ percent. Since that tiuic.
however, three per cents have ^old at lOl. In thi' past
twenty years Wall street ha.s seen six per <cnt govt'rn-
inent bonds sell at tN) and four per cents at 12.H. (iohl
rose from par to 28.') and went Icick to jiar agjiin.
(roveniment IhiiuIs are bought and sold mostly evei
the counters of a few leading bankers, and they liav»
pas-sed entirely from the speculative portion of iIk
mark't, but the time was when there were large trans-
actions on the .Stock Kxchaniri', although the whole oi
the day's business was never done there, as is practi-
cally the case with railroad slocks uml bonds that are
listed. Ill .April, lN7!l. the toial sales of goveninicni
bonds reported at the .Stock Kxchange were $l.''i,M".;.
H.")!), and for the whole ye4ir they iggrcgated $112,.'i7I.
H.'itl. In l«M) liie imsiness at the board fell to $.')^, -
4.')!t,t)(i(l. and in iNMl, to $.»ti,ti();<,2,'i(). For some tini. ,
piLsl there were several days in succession without "Ulj
the re|M)rt of a single tran.sacfion.
/■
,T
lit
operfttions that
Btroot hae done
est single Bub-
» or any other
yter cents were
m\ not yet l»een
lOO. Early one
ura — the ofB<iers
tetl with FiBk A
wh"'^" amount
1 In a block. It
and at first the
rhey wante<l to
In this woy tho
niinent Iwukinp
tns amounting in
I the MubwM-iption
mnwl during the
I in the BfterntH)n
cents that were
M\t alK>vf pur and
,v i.nly tr2(t.0(M>,-
the secretary hat)
or the redrmption
f Windoin visited
Pi-s there and per-
oo«>d I'liith of Un
Eiirnest ctroits j
thiit a tlinr jxr j
I othciN aiK<»!tt<ii I
iople.l !i iiietliuiii
Since tlmt tinic
U)i. In the past
X per < cut ffovcrii-
„tH at 12:*. 0..1<l
to par agJiin.
,1 sold mostly ov»r
IS. luid tliey l«»v.
vc portion <it 'li>
(. were iurfrc tniii>-
loilgli the >vli<ile "t
\\wn>. w i" practi-
.iid hondH that an-
^ules of govcnniiciit
n;.r,. were liri.M'i'
■■rn.gute.lllli.'.''"'
lioard fell to i'<^--
f,0. For honii- t.iiH
rtuc«'es«ion without
WALL HTRKET AND THE NKW VOIIK STOCK KXCHANOE.
Wlicn the j,'o\crinnent oflirials visit New York to
consult till- I'lnMiii'ii'i's on Wall strcel. the roiifcrciiccs
diirinir t'le day arc usually licM in tlic siili-treasury
huildini,' on llic corner of Wall ami Nassau streets —
sonii'tiines at the cnsloni lionsc 'I'lie evening sessions
are irenerally at the Fifth Avenne hotel. It wa.s at the
latter pliue that Willian\ II. Vanderhilt, then a young
num. called on President (Irani, when the fJcnend vis-
ited the city on a nuMiioialile occasion to see what aid
coidd he extendod I" Wall street. William II. had
come as an emissary from his father. an<l hefore he
had procoedeil far in the present-it ion of the Commo-
dore's scheme, lie was inli'rrnptcil liy the (leneral sud-
denly inquiring after tlie t'(unmod(ne's lienltli.
" It is very gooil. thank yon," rcplicil William II.
'•Then why <h)n't iio come iiimself to -I'c lue'r"
CUSTOMERS' ROOM.
The hint wa* sufficient, and (he Commodore lost no
time in lulling on the President. Hut nothing of a
sulMitantial character was accomplished hy the inter-
view. In fact, the history of Wall street has heconn-
so closely interwoven wi(h the (inaiuial history of the
governmcMl, that neither can lie loldwitluml giving in
part the record of the other. If liic governnuMit
want.s money, it goes to Wall slice! to ■"•I it. If
Wall .'tnel wants moni'y, it goes lothc people. Om c
the secretary of the treasury thought he would ignore
Wall street, in his refmnling opernliun- h>' prepared
a hond for the people, and to niai.e it parliciihirly
attractive to the ma.->es, he pro\iileil '.hat any one « ho
had $1(1 to invest eoiihl place it in a government inter-
e.st-hearinir certilicate, and when encUL'h of these cer-
lilical(>s were ai'cunudated to eipial its facp, thev were
eonvertihio into a bond. There certiticates could !»«
obtained direct from the government, and in this way
the secretary proposed to avoid the payment of a com-
mission for the negotiation of the honds. The scheme
was such a complete Giilure as to )N*eome the s)i))ii>ct of
ridicule.
In all its MulweipuMit ret'unding operations tlie;;ov-
ernment has unhesitatingly availed itself of (Ih' a.ssint-
ance of Wall street, and its pre-eminent sncce** is
demonstrated l>y the fait that Unitecl Slati- gnvern-
meiit tiircc percents, redeemable at any lime at the will
of the goveriunent (but never payable mitil the irov-
ernnient is ready to discharire the debt), thus liaving
an uncertain time tn run. <'onmuuida higher price in the
maikct liian Ihitisli three |icr cent con-oU that are cer-
tain Id have ;i lite nf at least a ceiilm'v. .\l one lime,
when prices were lower. Kurojie bonirhl very larL.'<dy
of our bonds through Wall street batiLim: hcuse- hav-
ing branches alu'oad. but the ret'inidinL' "I the Imnds
laviring a liiL'h r:ite uf intcre-t intu bund- bearing a
low rale I if interest aiicl the hii.di piic, which all uf nur
bonils command in our uwn market. ha\e canned mn-.(
of (lio-e ludil Mbroad to lie rctiuiicd d' ihl^ • ouiilrv, in
exchaiiu'i' for which Kuroii(>an c;ipil.ali>|s lia\<- ihve-teil
more largely in tht.' hetler cla-s of .Vmeriian railroud
stocks and IxMid^, many milliiui.^ of which are now
held li\ them.
MISCELLANEOUS SPECULATIONS.
The business of Wall street U not coi;f!!n>d *.,i deal-
ings in governn)ent and rtate bonds and railioad slocki*
and bt)nd:^. .\s early as IM!.") a mining sio< k exchange
was established, thre<; ye. n> after the organization of
the thst mining exchange in San Framiseo. but its
usefulness wiu. short-lived. It was nearly t<'n years
hefore the subject was again levixed, since wliich lime
there have been om«, and for three years prior to .hme
1, l^,s;i, two niining exchanges in the \iiinil\ "f Wall
street. Tnidmg in mining slm ks reached su. h magni-
tude that the .-ales reported al the two e\. han;,'es in
l««l amounted to 4;sOJ7,J"Jt'> shan-. an<l f.-r the first
six nmntli* of 1?*^;?, to 28.211, 0.'ia sharr>. Ihe most
profiUible peiiod, however, was from l^Tf* to 1X81,
when many millions of eastern capital was invested in
milling st<sks. The business was .so badly m.iiiaged,
and .some of the manipulations were of such an out-
niL'eons chaniclcr. however, that inininL' slot ks hav<»
fallci, into gn-at disr.-putc One of the exchanges has
closed its doors, and the oih-. . has avoich-d a similar
IX
^ ,
Su
■< )'
IS f
V-
WALL STHEET AND THE NEW VOBK STOCK KXCIIANOK.
I'iitc !)V lidding doalinps in other seriirities to thosp of
mining, especially petroleum. Npvcrthf.l«»f a p«mk1
doal «)f' numoy is "ill finding its way t'ron> Wull street
into mining pnterpri«OH, l)ut in.><tejul of .oriwritions
capitalized at many timew the value of the proitertiex
reprentMited, most of the business is now done (juietly,
l»y the formation of small syndicates or similar com-
binations, iind the purchase of mining property, v. hich
iH developed under the direct supervision of a few per-
Hons most deeply interested in tiie mines.
All important feature of W'aW stnft s|M-<idatiot. ,
wiiiili has assumed very large proportions within tin"
jmst year or two, is the dealings in gniin and provision
options, mostly on the Chicago market. Started by
the ciVorts of a single l)roker, whose oi'ice was under
his hat, the liiisineHs to-day furnishes a handsome protiJ
for more than twenty tirms who devote their attention
exclusively to the Chicago market, where the " New-
York party'" forms a very important element in the
dealings.
Still more rerently dejilings in petroleum have
a.ssnnied a liiisiness like shajM'. First one and then a
second petroleum exchange w.is organized, anil the
daily purciiases and sales range from 1,.W0,0()0 to 10,-
(Xl(»,n(M» barrels. A remarkable feature of the prej»rnt
market i> the fait, that pclroleiun certiticates are con-
sidered a giK)d ci.llatcral among the Wall atreet bro-
kers in negotiating loans.
USE OF THE TICKER.
A very important part perfornie<l in the great vol-
ume of iiusiness lran.sact<Hl in Wall street, is to l>e
criiiited to an ingenious little iri-stniment called the
•' ticker," which su|)pli.s the broken; and other offices
in the vicinity of the .Stock Exchange with a refHJrt of
till" sales and ipiotations. Prior to its adoption the
incan.^ ot communication be: ween the broker"*' offices
!uid the door of the Exchange consisted of me.ssenger
buy-, will) were sent to and fro. 'I'his involveil, nc««s-
>ariiy. lonsidenibie delay, an<l wide nuctuations xime-
tiiiics 1(;oli j)laic on 'change betore the state of affaini
' oiiiii U' made Known to the brokei"« in their office.s
and llieii- customei"s.
N'.uious invciitors have produced ditfcrent devices for
(lie purpose of Iransmilling the <pii)tation-<. all .-onie- :
what similar in their construction, and the methcNl is |
to iia\c ii>|M)rters stationed throug!i(\:* Jiie Exchange j
hall to watch and report the movement-, of each crowd. '
U\l'\\ recently the Stock Excjiange bad ii:'ver exacf.il
nor received any conijieiisalion fur Ih. jnivilege of i
allowing reporters on tlic floor of llie Exchange, but j
the com|)etition frrra difTcrcnt companies r«prei«enting
the diffprent patents on "tickcnt" bet^me bo strong
that they cfTercd to pay the Exchange for the exclu-
sive privilege, nid as a result, the Stock Exchange now
receives $;5(i,()(H) per annum.
The re|H)rt« of puirliases and sales are obtained by
tniined employes, who are constant'.y wat<hing the
ditfcrent groups of openitors on the floor of the
Exchange, and who are supposed to make a record of
every transaction. 'I'o aid them they have the privi-
lege of overlooking the memoranda made by the br»>-
kers, and if a broker has reason to suppose that a sale
which he has made has not been reported, he in
expected to fiir><ish one of the reporters with the
information. If tin "-e is delay in getting report of a
sale and the |)rice in the meantime has changiHl, the
transaction apjiears on the ticker with the wonl ".sold"
l>efore it, thus indicatinir that on*' or more recent
reports at a ditl'crent price iiavc la'en published. Oea-
sionally it happens that a sale is made at a price which
diH's not ap|)ear on the publi-<lied list throughout the
day. In siu'h ca.ses, for the purpose both of satisfying
the cu>tonier and of protecting the lirokcr against sus-
picion, tiic ticker, on the following day. announces the
sjile, together with the name of the broker. Ke|K)rts
of the Siilcs are sent fiom the tloor of the Exchange to
the o|M'rating rooms of the companies, as fast as they
are collected, by means of an ordinary Mors-e telegraph
instrument, and are read liy sound in the operating
room>, l)iit a record is alsomailc by:, recording instru-
ment in order that any errors may Ik* corrected. The
rejxirts are distributed from the operating rooms of
each company to all of its indicatoi-s. or " tickers," at
the >anie lime. Ity meair-" ol an instrument <"illed the
" tninsniiltcr," the key-board of which lias much the
the .s;ime appcai'ance as tiic key-board of a piano, the
black ke\> representing letters and the white key>
figures and fractions. By striking any given key of
this instrnmnnt. a small wheel of lite indicator, which
i-i similarly lettered, is liU-ratcd, and by a weii»lit not
unlike that of a clock, or by power carried n\er the
ebitric wire, as t! e case may lie, the wheel is made to
revolve uiitil the de.sired letter or figui" comes in con-
tact with a narrow strip of paper (called the •' tape";
passing through the iuslrnini 'I , when the further
revolution of the wheel is arrested, and at the .•^anu'
instant the tape is pressed lirinly against it. There are
two wheels, imic for figure;, and the other for letter-,
and by kce|,«ing llicm propeily inked Ity means of an
ink Icdl. the tape comes from llie ticker with IIk'
desired letters and figures very distiiK'tly printed u
&
a£2
IIW ff
npanioH r«pre8onting
i" became «w) Htrong
himge for the pxclu-
Stuok Exchiiiipre now
lies u!'«> ohtaiiipil by
miV.y washing the
1 tho floor of the
to make u record of
they have the privi-
kIh luude by the l»ro-
suppose tliat a sale
ceil rt'ixirlcil, lie ib
reportei-s witli the
^'I'ttiiiir report of a
nil- ha> iliaii<r«'(l, tlic
itli till- wonl "sold"
one or iiiore recent
•('II piihlislicd. Oca-
lailf.' at a price wl'ich
1 list throu;rhont the
sc lK)tli of satisfying
e liidkcr atiiiiist siis-
g day, announces the
he broker. Ue|K)rts
r of the Kxchanpe to
lilies, as fast as they
liiiy MorfC telegraph
11(1 in the operating
V !i reconling instru-
Ik' corrected. The
opiratiiig rooni.t of
n-s, or " tickers," at
tniinent calhvl the
\vhi< ii lias niiicli the
lard of :i piano, tlic
nd the white keys
.' any given key ol"
tiic indicator, v.liicli
Hid by a weight not
er carried over th"
he wheel is made to
tigiir" t'onu's in con-
(calied the " tape" ,
when tiie further
d, and at tiie same
raiiist it. There arc
ic other for letters,
kcd tiy means of iiii /[
lie tickc!' with liic J }
iistly printed upon in
WAi.i. sTUKKT \\i> my. \i:\\ ihkk skh k 1 x( ii\s(i,:.
it. Thus, if Lake .shore mid ^fiihiLMii Southern ^tticU
lias jnst sold at i I2i!, the ll:lli-uc|l(»;i wilhippc:ir on lie'
tape witll the Icltels '• I,. S." (Ill tlic lipiier ,->idc (if the
tape, and iIk tii:iires •• 1 li'^ " just ln-yond and on the
lower side. At present lie- told and .^tdck Tel. •jriajili
Coinpaiiy has about 1,(MM) iiistriimeiits in opinitioii in
t!ie various brokers' and bankers' ntll-i -, tlw leadiii:.'' i
hotels and ollicl places dt' report by specnlnliir^, iiil (if I
wliii li fiiinisli only the ^ales and (pmLiiinns o\' tli(> ;
StiKk Kxehange. The t'ommercial cdinpany has sev-
eral hundred tickers m operation. It has lieen in
business only a short time and the iiiiiiil)er is rap-
idly iiicrcasinij-. The (told and .Stock companv also
o]ierales alioni ;{ihi in>tiiiiiieiils, which give (piota-
tions of cotton and petrolciini and of mining stocks,
and altoiit ;inn iiKU-e which furni'li tinancial news,
miscellaneoll'^ ipinlatiniis
and i'IIk r matter of inter-
est (<n Wall >lreet.
BROKERS AND THEIR
OFFICES.
.V |ic(iiliaiily of Wall
«ii-ccl ullirc^, is, the man-
ner ill wiiicli the |)ublic
ajipears to Im> .slnit out.
The doors are closed,
Ml cell* and part 't ions and
wire w iirlv pill lip, ami the
»l r iii:.cr hi an ofJice tiiids
lii~ ''uiiiniiinir:, uins must
be -eiii liii'iiiiirli a ismall
cjn illar ;i|iel'tiire in U
iri'iniiid-gla*- partition
lliat -•liiil> out I that i>
ll';'.ii-|iiriii': ill- ,
llio^e wlidM- I icss calls thelli there. And inside, '
the d dices lu'i /y and cdiiit'di'table, but, in \crv few >
iiislaiices are I'ley expensivtdy nr claburalidy t'lirnislied.
The ediiiiiii- liiiikcr^ lia\c a eii-ldi|iei/ I'dniii. a pri-
vate dllic(>. iji.iil iiiciit- I'di' ilci'.- wImiiic. invaiia-
Illy, I'eili ; , li\ wire l:itticc-v\ (ul. cai'cs tVdIll tli<'
visitors ill I er,tdiiiei-. l''dr ^ni ce— ■ in Wall -; reel i^
alv\ays diiicnd.'ilt upon ihe •■ rri-cy uilli wl.iili opera-
tidiis are eoi?diicled. Space is very valuable in "the
street" tind ilie gitler;' ollices of brokers ale con
tnieled to <<> npy iiw snmll a pii'i ortidii of luiildings n.s
is coiiviMiieiit to the proper di,>c!iarge of business,
liiipidity uid snciinuy are much more importan! than
display, ah*- n d» tiVinTthing is arraiii;ed with a \iew to
tlie comfort o.'all. Our illustration on a previtius |)age
represents the eiitiaiicc to one n ' the principal -Idck
■■diiiini->ioii l.diiscs in Hniadway. lieliind the parti-
lidli, the WdlkiliL' biKc dl' the (.tlice i. |.|ace.l and the
secrecy of iisdulic-^ i- niaiiitained bv \siie partitions
ll." >aiiic> lis till, tellers' .qiiiri i,t in .i bank liiinlreds
of sii.ji dlliee, within a few blii.ks aliiiiit ami ni"!r ||i,.
exc|iain.rc. 'Hn- cMsidiuers' idiiiu. a- slidwii ill diir
illiisiratidii, is tipeii i.i the jj-eneral public. It must
not be supposed, hdwcver, that brokers ,1„ a inisiel-
laneoiis trading business |ik,. ,|,.a|ers in cdiiiniddiiies,
for none ol' tin m uill take oniels to buy or sell sidcks
except t'ldiii pci-sdiis kiidwn or well recdinineiided, uiid
of whose bank aicdiiiils ami tiiiaiieial respdnsibiiit v
they have iiddiiiialion. .•so that Iroin dii(> dav Id
another, the same face« may be seen in the dtliecs, ami
the same spcciilaldrs i diiirn i^ate where they are best
known, and where their
dealings are. The seeiie
shown is a real ime and
has itscdimter|iart in lnai-
dreds df riidiiis. and c\erv
day in the year wiicn the
btdck lAcliailL'e is d|ie|;.
Nd
II re pi.iiiily liiiii-
JAY GOULD IN HiS PRIVATE OFFICE
Uiit there is alw:i\s eniraiue I'm'
islied. 'ir less |i|eleiilidiis
*'icecaii scarcely be rdiind
ill New Ydik tliaii ihal nf
the kiiiv ol -|Heii|atdis
and liiillidiiaiies, ,|av
(idiild, an illiisiratidii df
which isgivcii nil I his pa:j-e.
Situated in Ihe seidiid
story of an oil fa-liioiiiMl
and iiii|ircieiiiidiis liiii|,|.
illg ;■! I lie solllliw, I eoi-
iier df Uectiir street and Hroadway, the |>l,iiiil\ Iciicrcd
sign over the Mroadway wiiuidWs re.iiliii'j- W. Ii. ('on-
IKir t< Cd.. would iie\cr siiiTL'csl In the mind ol' a c:;-iial
visitor or pas.cr by. the fact that witiiin llidst. wiiiddWs
i- the otlii c of the irrcal i.iiiioad mairnalc :nid stm )<
spiiiilalor. The linn i- \\ aslni.^rloii K. ( 'diiinir, v, Im
bir M'ars has liei n Mr. ( idiild's most trusted brdker,
';ild (icdiL'e .1. (idlilil, the eldest siill df the !.'reat llia-j-
iiatc. Mr ( ii.iilii is a s|,(.e!al pailner. Tiie rdcms are
-lll.lll and li;irrow. (icmge (Jdllld's idom is Ijlied \ei\-
rill! witll the Iwd ereat <afes, his i|esk and a telc'jTaiili
o|ier;itdr's t.ible. It opens iiild the hallway, but the
dour is always locked. \iidllicr ddiu' cdiilieels \\ itii
his lather's private ollii e where Private Seerelaiv
.Morisini presides. Mr. (ioiild \ isiLs the ofbce daily in
busy times, bill his visits are usimlly of brief dui-at ion,
I.' M
\m:
It ; '
t ,
f j
\h
WAI.I, 8THKI-T AM> TIIK NKW VDIIK STOCK K.XCIIANOK.
US niiii'li (if his timo is ()i'<Mipi«'(l in iitt('ii<lin<; dirpcloiv'
mi'ftiiifT* liii'l i>> ••iinrcronn'.H willi liis niilrtci.l uml otln'r
lii'iiti-nants, iiml lio li:i.-> ntlicr (iDii-cs in tlic WoHtcni
Union hnililinir- An oriliniiiy uHicc <lcsU, {>v taiilo,
tuiil aniillirr ul' ^mailer size covimi-cI with ^rorn nil
cliitli, cliaii-s anil a sItM'k ti<-ki'i' coiiipiiso aliont all tlio
fnrnitnri*. Hark of (Ins room is tiuM-lnk's room whrro
t'om- Of live yonnv nii'n arc employed, ami Itack of thai
still, Mr. ( onnoi-'s private room, uliicii isaJMint ten by
twelve feet in tlimensions, and t'ompletely tilletl with a
huye cylimlerilesk and twostfx-k tickers. These latter
two rooms look ont (m Trinity clinreh yani, the others
on Ui'oadway. 'I"he doors aro always locked and no
one is uilniitted except after their names arn taken l>y
one of the clerks Ihronirh the piireon-hole windows.
15nt the ollice is democratic. .\ny one who i-iiters is
treated wilhont ceremony. The husine.'is is too e.\aet-
injr to permit of icd tape, and Mr. Connor or Mr.
(Joidd dispose of their « allers in the prum))tost htisi-
m>ss manner.
'I'wo room^ hack on the same tloor n door opens ont
of the dirty hall passa^j^e into t ho office of another ot'
thcj:reat millionaires and ;it<M'k specniators, Mr. liu.s-
sell .SaL'i'. which, althonjih soniewiiat larper. is no
iiioi"' pretentions. Yet these men transact hiwinesM
that nets them millions of dollars .innnally.
It will he readily seen that display is not a feature of
Wall street, if we exc«'pt, perhaps, some of the [)rivato
hanking' ollicc>, and tiie liankini; insvitiitionH where
more loririality. moie In.xnrions and pretentions ap-
point m<'nt> aic natiinil, and in keepiii:: with the char-
acter of the tinancial udministnitiun of the atfairs of
men and l'ov eniment-- llu- world over.
A GREAT DAY IN WALL STREET.
Tiic JIth of .SeptemlK'r, iHtJi), hu« pa.ssed into history
tmder the name of •• HIack Fritliiy," and stands as a
memoralile day in the annals of Wall street. Those-
were the days when frold specidatioii divided th<' atten-
tion of the hiilln and 1»eurs, with tlie Stcx-k Kxrhange,
and " Black Friday" was tla; residt of an att<'mptei!
c(Miier on ^'old. For some time previous to this inem-
oral)U' Friday, there hail l»een a ^rowinj; strinjreiiey in
the money market and the stcK-k market wiw feverinh
and fnll of excitement. On Wednesday there was a
sudden and heavy decline in New York ( Vntral of 24
per cent, and IIiiil>on 12 per cent. Hiil the ^cene of
excitement was transferred from the ,Sto( k Fxchan^re
to the (iold Kocm, and hi-re, n'\nco the fail of Rich-
mond, nothing hud cipiahMl tlie spectacle. The ojM^a-
lurs undertook to HeiMi^o um much as (XMieible uf the
tl,'i.lX«),(i(«i of ;rold luJd hy the New York lianks, ami,
hopinir that the I'niled States Treasury, which held
ahout $l(H).i)IH),(HN) ill ^old would not dare to aflTord
any relief, endeavored to niise (he price of <rold from
1H2 to an enormons lii,'ure (they hoped 2(M) percent),
.sell out and pocket the ;raiii. They had Iweii steadily
pnreliiwiiij!: for sevenil dayn, and there were forehodinirH
of the c imini,' battle on the ni^'ht previcms to this
tnemorahh- Friday. Thnisday eh s(m1 with I'very pre-
monition of thestruir<rle liy the hears inakiiiji; an attack
upon the stocks at the close of dealing's. Threats and
rumors were tlyiiif,' throiii.'h the air. 'i'he attack on
stocks was hut preliminary to tlie<.''reat stniirirle which
was to take place in the (told Wooni. Lou;;'' Ind'ore the
hour for openin;r ••" Friday, the c'rowd jiressed and
surijod, and aft<'r the dixu's were opened there wa.s u
rii'«h for adinittai'ce. To j;et into the (iold Kooin froi>
cither the Mroad street <>r rear eiitiiiiiee was more da- -
jrorous than cnlcriiiir a hnrninir Imildin^'. The ste] s,
narrow pas.s««,'es and little ve^lihnles were solidl\ ix-.-n-
pied. Men were tiirlitiii^ their way in and out >.ith
desperation; men who, anywheie else, and at any i ther
time would he regarded as ^'entlemeii, ready to sai rifice
their own comfort and convenience for a fellow, were
now piwhinwand i»ullinc:,aiid screaminjjand tminplinji;
upon all ill their way, vahid with l!ie poU] excitement,
and hlind to everything hut the all-important crisis at
hand. Onco into the passage, in a maniacal crew, with
no room to hnsitbe the dense, distracting^ air, one might
havtt heard what seemed the 8cree<'hes of the ilamned ;
it was only the operators in the GoUl Kooin. M«n were
lijfhtinj; to get in; ItegiriiiK to get in. Men were tight-
in;; to get out. Once in the (iold lioom the scene was
inde.M'rihahle. If the j)la<e were i "lilack hole" from
which (iod's hies.sed air had l»een entirely excluded ami
those tive hundred men were -nujrpling for existence
with all the condensed iij,'«»ny ot sudden sufliM-ation. it
could not have l)een much worse.
When t!ie report reached the Exchange thr; Socn
tary Hoiitwell had ordered $4,(K»0,(MK) of gold to \--
placed on the market, it was like the lightning liun
struck ill the hmmu. The grf-at huhhle hurst. The
hulls fled. (Iold, which hud gone up to 162, suddenly
dropped to l.'W). As the new«sprea<l, there wa«a rush-
ing of men throughout Wall street l)eyond all pre< •»-
dent. Thus liiirst a panic which was entirely artificial,
and not based on the eomlition of the country. Tiic
trai.sactions aggregated over tive hundred million dol
lars, iMid the Imll side of the house, of which .la>.
Fisk, .Ir. and Jay (ioiild were prominent nwnipulatois,
prolited about $11,(K)0,0(X) by the day's diMMterv.
■w York iMiiiks, uiul,
rcasiiiy. wl)i<li hold
I not (Inn- til afford
' price ol" poltl from
)|)im| -ilK) per cent),
y luul been steadily
•ro were foirhoilinuTH
•lit previdii.s tu this
.--eii with every pro-
rs inakiiijcf an attack
ilinjrs. Threats and
ail', 'i'lie attack on
rreat sli ii^'-irh' which
11. liOii^ In-fore tli<'
crctwil pi<'.ssed and
opeiieti there was n
In- (i(dd Room t'roi'
•aiice was niore da' -
iiildin;.'. Tlie stej h,
's were solidly (m'.'ii-
ay ill and out i.itli
Iso, and at any i thor
en, ready to .sai rifico
i^ for a fellow, were
niinii^and trampling
!i« pold exciteniont,
l-iniportant crisis ut
nmniucjil crew, with
icting air, oae might
;h&* of the efakinned;
d Kooni. Mwi were
n. Men were fight-
Itooni tile scene wa,-
i "black hole" from
ilirely excluded and
L'jjriintr for existence
iddeii hutf(M'ation. it
Ixclmnpe tli;-; Soere-
),tMH) of gold to \»-
' the lij^htniug luni
hiihhle hurst. The
up to 162, 8uddeiily
a»l, there wa«u rusli-
't l)eyoud ull |)re< t^
iw entirely artificial ,
r the country. The
iindred million do I
(iwe, of which .las.
lineiit iiianipulutor
lay'H diwuit«ni.
TEAIV*
\^
EATED
fLECTRlC
Dghted
\ [E8TIBflLEB
BBTWMBN
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