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 WORLD'S ATLAS 
 
 A UXIVKRSAL ASSISTANT AND THEASURE-IIOUSR OF INFOUMATION ON EVERY CONCEIVABLE SUBJECT, 
 
 FUuil TlIK IIOISEIIOIJ) TO THE MANVFACTOUY. OIVKS INFORMATION ABOUT EVEHYTHINO, 
 
 IS ABSOLUTELY INDISPENSABLE TO EVERY ONE IN ALL WALKS OP LIFE; 
 
 IT IS TO BE CONSULTED ON EVERY QUESTION THAT ARISES IN 
 
 E VERY-DAY LIFE BY OLD AND YOUNG ALIKE. 
 
 AKD CONTAINS 
 
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 INFORMATION OP SOLID VALUE AND PRACTICAL UTILITY FOR WORKINGMEN OP ALL TRADES, 
 
 OCCUPATIONS AND PROFESSIONS, THE STOCK RAISER, THE HOUSEHOLD, AND EVERY 
 
 FAMILY WHO WANTS TO SAVE MONEY; CONTAINING A REMEDY FOR 
 
 EVERY ILL, A SOLUTION FOR EVERY DIFFICULTY, AND A 
 
 METHOD FOR EVERY EMERGENCY. 
 
 PROFESSOR D. L. WEBSTER. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 CX)PYR10HT, 1U8S, BY OGILVIS * GIUUETT CtX 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 w^]V[. oobik: & oo., 
 
 aii AND 34 Front St., Wbst, 
 TORONTO. ONT. 
 
 Esssfina 
 
ACCIE 
 
 CALC 
 
 MINII 
 
 WON 
 
EPARTMENTS 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES. 
 
 ATUS DEPARTMENT. 
 
 COOKERY INSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 BANKING DEPARTMENT. 
 
 BUSINESS LAWS. 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 CALCULATIONS OF ALL KINDS. 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR HISTORY. 
 
 HORSE MEDICINES. 
 
 FAMILY PHYSICIAN. 
 
 MEATS AND VEGETABLES. 
 MINING DEPARTMENT. 
 
 POLITICAL HISTORY. 
 
 TWENTY THOUSAND THINGS 
 
 WORTH KNOWING. 
 
 MULTUM IN PARVO. 
 
 SPECULATIONS. 
 
 WONDERFUL BUILDINGS, TOWERS AND MONUMENTS 
 AND HUNDREDS OF OTHER TOPICS. 
 
 .tjemt, 
 
^^SJI 
 
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 h 'J 
 
If 
 
 ivj! 
 
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 ,IIIIII..Ulll4llliUUIJ.ll.! 
 
 Jt^^=L, 
 
 ...igi-Hiani. l.Ml.lM.^iS. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 .....,......i.i,ii.ntrf 
 
 Alabama, Map of 
 
 Abiakii, Mupof 
 
 An Aiiioriuim FurmBoeos. 
 
 A I'oiil 
 
 A HvtiM Sti-cot 
 
 Arizona, Miipuf , 
 
 ArkiuiHit^, M;tp<)f 
 
 AT( HI- l,(K«(t'i)i'thlKh 
 
 Alius (if tlloSllllc'SDftl 
 
 ArtluliH. Illlliif Siili'. 
 
 PAOB 
 
 .. 806 
 ... 804 
 
 ... e» 
 
 ... HTM 
 
 . 8411 
 
 ... 300 
 
 .. aor> 
 
 ... 415 
 tho Amoiicun Colon 272-23 
 
 2;J4 
 
 Aiictldii Suleiif I'oi'Hoiml I'loperty ^ -.. 
 
 Iliiltliuoru^Olilo Idiilroad Elevator, trooust Point, Boltliiioce 
 
 Zffii 
 4I>U 
 
 lliiiilt ("ouiitcr 4S 
 
 Itiiiilt (if lliiulaiid. <3!l'> 
 
 llaiili III .\<H'(li Amui'icaPH<irtorS40 .'IWi 
 
 Uaiikof Ndilli AmiTli'iiSiiii'olH40 8117 
 
 Bfflmc 171 
 
 ll<micl(ifT>H(iu lliiildiiiif, Now, Clilcago 4«1 
 
 lUiok-ki'Cpur'ii om<'c, llliiatruti'd HuadlnK of Book-keeping 4r>0 
 
 ItrloklHyti-iatWork W 
 
 Uulliiaiid Hears (if tlie Now VorK Stock Ezabange 54.S 
 
 Bunker Mill Moimmeiit 415 
 
 Biiiiiinirdf fhicaa(>. OetobcrO, 1871 337 
 
 llusinu^ U'rliintf. Tl-iSH 
 
 Caiiilul U'ttois on .Sailo. Sliowina RelnUve ProportJ-JM 35 
 
 Cajiiial IiCHip I.(nt(>i->i, Kiglith Principle 3B 
 
 Capital SltMU, L'aiiilal r,u"p 33 
 
 Capital Stem I,(,'il('is Scvi'iilli I'l'lnolple 80 
 
 Dincieiit .MovctiKMit.-', Lateral and Holling Combined 33 
 
 l''iKin'L'8and ('npicH tor Practice ■ 37 
 
 Form and Liioiis (d'Sina 1 liCttcrg 35 
 
 Movement Ivxcrcises, <)\al9 33 
 
 Ornamental l*eiinian.'<liip • 88 
 
 Oval Caps ."^iv! h Piiuelple. • 36 
 
 Posltioniif till) llddy WlilleSittinE 30 
 
 Position (if tlio llddy While Btandmg . 30 
 
 Position (if tlic Hand and Pen 31 
 
 Prineiples in Writiuff Xi 
 
 Pritaiples \|iplied. Small I<ettors. .. 34 
 
 8inall Aljilialiet, l.ettersof . 34 
 
 Types, Uesemlilaticeot.and aaAUUldite .... 84 
 
 California, Mai) of 306 
 
 Capitol at 'iVoshinston i!U 
 
 Cathedral at Cologne 415 
 
 Central America, Map of S9T 
 
 Cbamlier of Commorco, ChioaffO 480 
 
 Colorado, Maput 808 
 
 Commission Honsos IHO 
 
 Conueetient, Map of 807 
 
 Cordw()(jd 185 
 
 Corn Cril), Flared , 17B 
 
 Cotton Itiid and Blossom ^ 5M 
 
 Cotton Compressor 507 
 
 Cotton ViekiiiK • 605 
 
 Cotton Pressing and Baling 600 
 
 Counsel and Advice 215 
 
 Cylindrieal Vessels 181 
 
 Cutting LciKS . 858 
 
 Dakota. Map of 308 
 
 Damage by Fire 24C 
 
 Delaware, Map of 809 
 
 Deteeting Counterfeit Money 08 
 
 DictionaiT Mercantile and Legal Terms, Illustrated Headlnc 283 
 
 Dog and Safe, Beehive 817 
 
 Domestic Animals 245 
 
 Elevator and Grain Trade, Illustrated Heading, 495 
 
 Exterior Cotton Excliange, New Orleans 609 
 
 Exterior of the New York Stock Exchange 549 
 
 Firemen ata Fire 168 
 
 Florida, Map of 309 
 
 Fruit 246 
 
 Game 244 
 
 Georgia, Map of 310 
 
 Globe Shiming Converging Lines 183 
 
 Grnln (litis 180 
 
 Grain Bins, Partial View 499 
 
 Grain Hnekct. 503 
 
 Grain lOlevator Boot and Tank 503 
 
 Grain Elevator Shoveling' Mnchiae 501 
 
 Grain Kievator, Transverse Section 498 
 
 Grain House. Partial View 497 
 
 Handful of Currency 251 
 
 Hay IMc; 
 
 179 
 
 Highest lluildiii)23 in the World. 415 
 
 Hydraiilie Mining, Full Page 644 
 
 Idaho, Map of 811 
 
 Illinois, >:<ipor 8U 
 
 Indiana. Mapof 313 
 
 Indian Territory, Mapof 312 
 
 Interior Cotton Kxehange, New Orleans, Full Page 511 
 
 Interior Fiivit National 'iank, Chicago 398 
 
 Interior of Bank, Cashier and Book-keeper's WindOTW 318 
 
 "owa, Miipof 813 
 
 ()oul(1 in HlB Private OfBoe 565 
 
 tMBB 
 
 Kansaa, Mapof • US 
 
 Kentuekv, Mapof ■•■,. 803 
 
 Ijiud anil Water Scene , iSJ8 
 
 Law of CiuiyrlKht, Illustrated Heading, 3&'l 
 
 i^OKHiiiK I,oe(aiiotlve aH 
 
 lA>usiaiai, Mapof.. jjii 
 
 LiiiiilK'r Interests, lliiuitrated Heading ;ial 
 
 I.unilKrMiil 
 
 dOl 
 
 liUinlier Vard 184 
 
 Maine, Map of 31B 
 
 .Manilolia, Manof 299 
 
 Marsiaiii Fieiil & Company'* Betail Store, OhiMgo 
 
 Maryland, .Mapof. 
 
 Ma.'<saeiiusett.s,.Mupof 
 
 MeetuiK of tlie Board of Directors of a Bank.. 
 .Miner's l!low-|iiiic 
 
 841 
 315 
 81A 
 890 
 
 pijic 688 
 
 Mo.\ie.i, .Map of 297 
 
 Miehiifiin, Slap of 31fi 
 
 Miiiini; Camp 540 
 
 Minini,', Illustrated Heading B3B 
 
 .MiiiUfs.iia, Mapof 3|7 
 
 Mi.ssissippi, Ma|> of 318 
 
 .Misiioiui, Map of 3IH 
 
 Montana, Mapof 319 
 
 Nebiiiska, Miipof 319 
 
 Mowers at Work iJU 
 
 Nails. Speeiimiisof 187 
 
 Nevada, Mail of ;0) 
 
 New llantiwiure, Mapof 301 
 
 New .lei-sev. Map af 3ao 
 
 New Mexico, Mall of .121 
 
 New Vork, .Mnpoi ;)3ij 
 
 New Voik I'c-tOilice 297 
 
 New Yiakst.ei E.vchange in Opanitlcn 553 
 
 Nort'i .\iinii>n. Map of ZH 
 
 .Vortli Caiolina. Mapot 802 
 
 Ocean .>teatiii'r 57 
 
 Ohio, .Mapof 822 
 
 Ontario, Mapof 299 
 
 Oictfon, Mapof 321 
 
 Palmer House, Chicago 334 
 
 PayingTeller 401 
 
 Pennsylvania, Mapof 333 
 
 Politieal liailv 73 
 
 Pyramid of Cheops 415 
 
 Pyramid of Ccphren 41.^ 
 
 Quebce, Map of 800 
 
 Iteeovei y and Collection Of Debts, IliustratedHeadlmr 271 
 
 llcideneo . ..,." 249 
 
 llhtvle Island, Mapof 324 
 
 Koad in thuCiaintry 230 
 
 itrad Seero ..... 316 
 
 Kuinsof ltieCbli3afc4 Vhe , 268 
 
 Hun on the Bank 412 
 
 Scene in London , SB 
 
 Selling; Flour liySai^ple 184 
 
 Selling Grain by. Jam^.l 483 
 
 South AiU':rica, Mupof 294 
 
 South Carolina, Mapoi , 303 
 
 Spmid Eatrlo and Shie;d 303 
 
 Stampede of T .\a.= Cattle 6?6 
 
 Stationery Stock 144 
 
 Steamship at Sea 266 
 
 St. Mark's, Philadelphia 41fl 
 
 St. Pniii's, London 416 
 
 St. Petei-'catilomc , 416 
 
 Stnisliii.g Cathedral 416 
 
 8urve:,iti!? 181 
 
 Tennessee, Map of 300 
 
 Texas, Mapof 824 
 
 Treasury Buildingat \,'asbington.0.0 70 
 
 Trespass 238 
 
 Trinity ChuiohN. V- „ 415 
 
 Union Depot, Chica»ro& Alton Railroad, Cbloaso, 111 452 
 
 Union Stock Yards Exchange Buildin.'' and Bank 628 
 
 Union stock Yards OK^uoral "lew. Pull Page 533 
 
 Union Stock Yards Gran " Entrance 536 
 
 Unit.Ml st.itcs Patents, lllustr.ited Heading 26k 
 
 United SlatesBuprem Court in Session 32tl 
 
 Utah,Maiior 83.5 
 
 Vormmit, Mapof 301 
 
 Virginia, Mapoi 303 
 
 Wall Street Broker's Offlce 601 
 
 Wall Street Custonicr't, Hoom 563 
 
 Wail Street, with Treasury Building, and Trlnttsr Cburch 547 
 
 Ward 2M 
 
 Wiishinirton Homestead, Mount Vernon 25.1 
 
 vVashinjrton Territory, Mapof 33« 
 
 Wastiin^rton Capitol ilh 
 
 Wi^st Indies, Mapof 297 , 
 
 West Viiifinia. Map of 803 
 
 Wisconsin, Mapof 331! 
 
 Wreck atSea 2ii0 
 
 Wyoming, Map of 33i 
 
 t 
 
I! 
 
 I 
 
 
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 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 1^ I 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 iiiEiSiiiiiiiiiiiffiEiiEEliiEiiiiiiEiiEi# 
 
 A PAiir. 
 
 Ab()lltli)Ul8tg, AlKjlltlon of Slavery 7a 
 
 AbdtriH't i>r lldiueAtnnil iiiiil Gxninptlon LttWH S72 
 
 AhyBHiiilii, llcmrlptloiiof 2114 
 
 Aoclili'iit, Insiinincc.HlinwIiiK Formuf AculdoDtTloket '(It 
 
 Aecldf'iits iiml Injuries - 
 
 IlitcHiii ISlinnai f Iiisncts, How toCure lOa 
 
 llitijh, llarvcdt lliiif, lli)Hrt()<;uro 1(13 
 
 Kites, Mini I)i)K, I viwtoCiire 103 
 
 llllm, Serpent, IIdw to Cure 103 
 
 llleeillnKiit the NiM), TlireoMothoda 1U4 
 
 l)ie..liiii{frc)intliuIli)wels,To Htop 104 
 
 llliT.lln« f mm tlio Linilfn, To Stop 104 
 
 Bleed InK from the Moiitli, To Stop... , 1U4 
 
 II eeilinif from the Stomiieli, To Htop 1(H 
 
 lUoeillntf from Vurleone VelnH, To Htop 1(14 
 
 llurnBiiiiilHciilila.Huvuii MotliodgtoCnre 104 
 
 Cliuklmf, To r'revent 104 
 
 Colic, Cure for 1115 
 
 Convulsions, ('uro for Kk'i 
 
 CrRmp»,Ciiro for li>."i 
 
 Cuts, euro for KB 
 
 Deiith, How to DIstlnirulsh .1(15 
 
 DWoeiitlon, Temporary, Kollef In Casoa of Id.') 
 
 Eur, l( .elirii lloillos In the lUfl 
 
 Eur W:i.v,To Uoraovo Hiirdonoil.. KXl 
 
 Eve, To Itemovii Foreign llidleslntbo Kill 
 
 Fiilntliiif , Wlint to do 111 Cases of liw 
 
 Fits, 105 
 
 Plr\), How to lOxtlnuulHliClotlilniron lOll 
 
 Fractures, Ocnenil Kulea tor 106 
 
 Frost-bite, Trent mentor lOfl 
 
 Poisons, Their Syrnptixns and Antidotes KW 
 
 Sprains, How 1 1 Cure 110 
 
 SiiCToe^ition from Foul Air, Oua or Fire-damp 110 
 
 Sunstroke, Treatment for. .. llo 
 
 Account asil 
 
 Dealers, OvwdrawUin Tlieir 418 
 
 Of Dailv Hales in KetttU llualneaa aS4 
 
 orstoek XA 
 
 Hales, Form of 167 
 
 Accumulation, Faeidty of 67 
 
 Acre, Table for Measuring an i3& 
 
 Addition. Methoils (it 104 
 
 Admlnistrttlionsoftlio United States Government »[i 
 
 Advertisements, When First Appeared 155 
 
 AlBdavit, Form of Mlnlntf 54a 
 
 AfKhnnistan, Deserlptlon of 293 
 
 Africa-Its Location -Ship Canal-IsthmuB of Bucz-Entent of Africa- 
 Its ("oust -Islands -Intorlor-Elcvatlon— Mountains— Sahara Des- 
 ert - Oases — Heat -Uains — DroutfhtM-E(inatorial Heiflon -The 
 Iliver Nile— The ("onifo—Stnnlev audi, IvInKStono's Rxplia')ition.siu 
 Africa— Wild Animals -Mines -Its People — Ilailroad'*- Animals lor 
 Travel —The Camel — ('ivilization— Forests-Climate— Important 
 
 Product,s-Ex|)orts—A(jrluulture— Commerce, Etc aitt 
 
 Agency 226-r7 
 
 Aiireement and Assent S£i 
 
 Air Consumiition of in Activity nnd Repose 473 
 
 Extraet.Ml from Water V>r> 
 
 Of What Ciimpoacd 45ri 
 
 That Fish Ureathe 455 
 
 Vibrations of the 472 
 
 Ale, How to Mull afi'i 
 
 How to Hplce ;186 
 
 Allen, Ethan, I-lfe of 437 
 
 Algeria, Description of 203 
 
 Alpine Snow, How M Make 370 
 
 Alpnach, Tlio Hiido of ,. 454 
 
 Alps, The— Description of -Number of Mountaina and their Height— 
 The Summit -Timo Uequlrod to Ascend— How Many Guides Ue- 
 nulred and What They are Paid— Remarkable Ascents— The Intense 
 Cold— The Barometer -How It Affects Human Flcings— Perils of As- 
 ccndinit-Tho View from the Top— Care Required— Limit of Vine 
 
 and Tree Growth 4.'i4 
 
 America, When Discovered 1156 
 
 Aiaorloan Association 73 
 
 Wldgs 73 
 
 Anam, The Kingdom of 302 
 
 Ancient Roman Aqueducts .456 
 
 Ancient Tem|)les and Pyramids, How Built 412 
 
 .\nimals. Designation of Grou|>s of 4,38 
 
 Animals, Periods of Gestation in and Age Attained by 455 
 
 Antarctic Polar Region, The 441 
 
 Antilles, The Greater 297 
 
 Anti-masonry, Antl-rontiam 73 
 
 Apple Charlotte, How to Make 370 
 
 Baked, How to Cook 371 
 
 Cream, How to Make 370 
 
 Cuatard, How to Make 3r0 
 
 Fancy, How to Make 870 
 
 Fritters, How to Make 370 
 
 Tree Wood, Hardness of 454 
 
 How to Make Essence of 467 
 
 .Snow Balls, How to Make 370 
 
 Arabia, Description of 203 
 
 PAOF. 
 
 Araba,Tho 208 
 
 Arliit ration, Form of General Submlwlon to 280 
 
 .Vward, .Muiual Iteleasoonan 281 
 
 lloiiil, Form (.1 180 
 
 ■{evocation. Form of 381 
 
 .'Xrchitectural Itulus In Tbobnt iA6 
 
 Aridiiteeture 108 
 
 llond 800 
 
 Art. Illundersand AlmurdlUea in 471 
 
 .Arctic Kxploriitions. 
 
 Area of Nortii .America 
 
 Ark -I 'omi>aratlvo Htu' of the Ark and Great Eaatern. 
 Army of tiie ICev.ilution, The 
 
 Aspen Leaves. Why .Always In a Quive 
 Kehitivn Whitt'iiessof 
 
 440 
 4X8 
 447 
 481 
 464 
 
 Asli. White, 
 
 Asia Description Id' Its >*i«> Where It Mes-Its Greatest Length Size 
 Compared to the I'liitisl .Htates- Islands, Mountali.s Mt Everest, 
 Highest 111 tile Worlil Caspian Heii--Sea of Aral- Lakes llelnw .Sea 
 U'vel The Largest Lakes- Rivers— Ilimloostan The Obi River 
 Valleys - Pluins Feilillty -TemiKirature Huinfall Cliniiite Si- 
 beria India I'yeloni'S -Hay of llengal Southern Asia -Vegeta- 
 tion Products Plants- ("entriil Asia— Forests Wheat— Tea Hiee 
 -Western .Asia- ('oir«H"-Tobaeeo- Dates-Figs- Olives - Domestic 
 Animals llea.sts of llunlen— Southern Asia Animals Ilirds and 
 Heptih's -Wild Cattle (lold, Hllver and Tin Mines IVti-olenm- 
 PreelnuB Stones Pearls—The lllrthplaco of the Human Raee . 200 
 
 Assa.sslnation of Presidents 73 
 
 Assaying Gold Ore 642 
 
 Assignment 221 
 
 Of Demand for Wages or Debt 233 
 
 Form of llonil . 224 
 
 Association, .New Orleans Cotton, When Formed 6(17 
 
 Atlantic Cable, The First 442 
 
 Atlas of tlie World 20(1 
 
 .\utoeracy. .. 73 
 
 A wanl by Arbitrators, Form of 330 
 
 A.xle Grease, How to Make Four Kinds of W 
 
 .Azores, The 204 
 
 B 
 
 Babel, Tower of 466 
 
 Babies, Superstitions Regarding 4'.'8 
 
 Bahama Islands, The 21(7 
 
 Bttiik,Oiganl7jitionof a 397 
 
 Discount 173 
 
 Frauds, Embezzlement 413 
 
 Methods of Defraudliiga 414 
 
 Note Paper, Manufacture of 69 
 
 Of England 306 
 
 Of North America, Prior to 1(U8 896 
 
 Of North America. Biuee 1846 397 
 
 Run on a 412 
 
 Stntement 411 
 
 Bank Ciieeks, Showing Forma 44-46 
 
 Cortilleate of Deposit 4« 
 
 Crosseil Checks 45 
 
 Banking Facts and Suggeationa, with Forms 395-414 
 
 Book-keepers.. 409-410 
 
 Cashler.llis Duties 397-308 
 
 Cashier's Reference Book, Showing Notation 389 
 
 Certillciition, Form of 401 
 
 Collection Clerk, His Duties 405 
 
 Note Book, Paire from 40« 
 
 Paper, Prote.it 406-407 
 
 Register, Form of 406 
 
 Collector, Messenger or Runner 411 
 
 Dot<'itiiin of Counterfeits 404 
 
 Devices for KestoriiigConfldeuce 413 
 
 DItlerent Classes of Customers 40S 
 
 Discount Hook. Discount Le<lgcra 408 
 
 Clerl£, His Duties. 407 
 
 Day and Offering Dav 407 
 
 Register, Form 408 
 
 F.tp'-nse, and Profit and I/osa Account 410 
 
 General Book-keeper His Charge 410 
 
 Kiting 406 
 
 Meeting of the Board of Directors 800 
 
 Notice, Form of 406 
 
 OITering Book, Pago from 407 
 
 Opening a Ledger, Vowel System 409 
 
 Organizjition 397 
 
 OverCertltlcatiii.i 414 
 
 Panic, Want of Confidence 411 
 
 Paying Teller, Hia Duties 400 
 
 Paving Teller's Estimate of Signatures 401 
 
 Power of Credit 414 
 
 President 397 
 
 Receiving Teller, Hia Duties 4P3 
 
 Short Term Paper Preferred 407 
 
 Stamp for Cortlfled Notes, Form of. 406 
 
 Tickler, or Record of Notes Due, Form. 409 
 
 Bangkok, City of 292 
 
 Bannocks, How to Make 366 
 
 Barnacles, Destructire Work of 469 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAiir. 
 
 Until, NniirlMliiriirHtoHin MU 
 
 llulii'i'liiu Kiiin, I'lio Aiii'Uint 4M 
 
 Halii'i'HtMr I'lMikin,; Mi'utri, Kriilt, VevvMbiM, MtQ, i JM) 
 
 Ih'iiiily In lln'r<'<, 'I'lii' Artut IW 
 
 Iciiily, I'liiiM'i I'l'iaiir 41" 
 
 li>ii\i'i'><, Atfi< Alliiliiil by , 4IW 
 
 kMlllllK I'lllXCIIH , 4(11 
 
 IIi'.i'Iih'ihmI, Ki'lKtlvo llurdnoHor i^« 
 
 ii'.r ■ 
 
 4,V, 
 
 li'i'^wat, I III w III lli'flii)> 4ill 
 
 llillH, Till' I.m 
 
 lli'i'H, At(i> AllillMi'il liy 
 
 • lliflili' 
 
 rill' l,mitiv<i .,, 
 
 lli'liriM hlrtliiri, lliiii'mitlnn of 
 
 4ii; 
 
 467 
 I 4AI) 
 
 llcll.i. IImwi iMpllou 
 
 IImw Id I,iii'<i 
 
 lliiW to Cliilll Illl'IOII 
 
 Iii'iii'iii iiiiv, III' i'M.ii|iiM'ail\oIiiiiiir«noii ilii) 
 
 III rliiT'i, Tlio 'Mi 
 
 llilili', I iii'luiii Ill4.sri'tliin<irtlii>. ^llt 
 
 Mll'li'i, llir-lnrvi>r thu \ iiriiimiil'tlio WorM. 
 
 Hill iilSilii', !■■ il'lli 111' 
 
 Ilil'ill, Whiti', llclulUli llkt'illieiM of 
 
 Illi'ils. \^i' Am I'll liy 
 
 Iliiiil- III Mi'l'ily 
 
 s I Ml wiiii'liTlicy Fly 
 
 Illiiuiiliii, linw toMako 
 
 I'rrillll . . 
 
 Krciuli .. 
 
 ^lMh^^■.^^^^'.■^^/^■.'.^^v^^■^^^^^^^^^^'.'.' .'.'.'.' .■.■.'.'.■.■.'.■.■.■''.'.■.'.'.■.".'.■.■.■.■; we 
 
 ■ivii im 
 
 rtlH<'Ulii'ii'y.'<vriip, Iliiw III Miike Oiifi 
 
 Illackhlnis, A'-'o AH. luii'il liy 4M 
 
 Ilhli lviai>, Ani' Allililii"! liy ... 46(1 
 
 Hliiiit lii'Mlh I'l'iiJ'ii', 'I'lii' .:■.*** 
 
 HIiiMi'Miiiitfi', lliiwlo Miiki- 871-384 
 
 IIUiiiil, lll^liM') III tliii liiM'ovcry of itsClrutiliitlon 403 
 
 (iimiilitv Dl'tnliiiti il liv tha I Iciirt's Athlon 4JMt 
 
 HI UP Laws, IlliU'-liKlit I'i'ilcmll.st TU 
 
 lllir l.iiws/l'lii' 449 
 
 noiinliif Tiaili', I'liiiiiij 479 
 
 AI'iirniii'lMiiiUi't, Ciriinn) 486-487 
 
 Ai'liitialiiiiiiinii Appt iil.Ooiuiultto<i«of 480 
 
 ArliilniMoii <'i>iiiiiiltl''oln Si«8inii 487 
 
 ll'iiiimiH-i CI llati-i , 484 
 
 Klaunimiir lliianliit'l'iailp 483 
 
 l''"VMi.<iil' i'<iiitrii<'i'4,0nilii.<iildan<i lliiiiKlit 48tl 
 
 Mai'jiiw, ltat«'» 4(10-491 
 
 Ollii'.'i-Hatul Staii'linn Ciiintnlttooii 4SO-4H1 
 
 ()rnaiil/.aili'n,l)li.li'i'in 470 
 
 I'r-itliiil W.iikiiiKH il<0 
 
 I'uis I'al'H am! StmiliUea 487-489 
 
 It'll' •( .if .■^liiniirc 490 
 
 lli'.'i'iviii'r 'rni.l ', The 481-483 
 
 Uiili'< iluviTiiliiit hiipi'otlonot Omin 483-481 
 
 Si'lliiut ri'iilf liyHiiinpIo .... 484 
 
 Si'ilin r liiMiti by Siimplo 483 
 
 SiilinitMi'irt 488 
 
 f^i'tiliim'iili 493-404 
 
 Phippiiilf 'I'railo, TliP 48+-485 
 
 Sni'iiilativi.'Trnclo.Tho 4B5 
 
 Vlmtnri 481 
 
 Waii'liiiii'"' lli'i'i'ipts, Formof 490 
 
 \Vlii'.;i,Miirkit,'l'lii' 488 
 
 Hoilv, Mi'aii lli-il.or lIiimHii 458 
 
 lloilV, 'I'liolluiim'i, FailsAlxiut 42" 
 
 Iliillui'H, Tiilailar 480 
 
 Iliikhara. Descrlpt lull of iilC 
 
 Itiiii.ls, Korraol' 223 
 
 KoDkliiiiillii.' 300 
 
 Doiik-k'i'piiiir -i^iiiu'Noanil Coraprehonslvo Rxplnnatlon of SliiKleaud 
 Uinilil " l.'.iiii'V.SyHtpins -Neuesflllynud AitvantaKegofn Knowledge 
 
 III' Hiiiik-Krcjiillif 450 
 
 llniiini'oSlii'i't.HliiKlo Entry 4.'>1 
 
 Diiulili) F.nti'y 4.'>1 
 
 ( ii'tiiral I'l'iiiuiplcs 4'i4 
 
 SiiiKlo Kiitiy 4.''iO 
 
 Th.i faiih HoDk 451 
 
 ThoCaih Itciok Fxnmples 4.j3 
 
 The Day Ilruk 4.V) 
 
 Thu l>av lliiiik, I'ostlnif 4.'i3 
 
 The Mi'irlmiiillso Acc'onnt 4.'i;i 
 
 Tim I'i'ttv Cash Hiiiik 4.')3 
 
 Thu I'lopiT .System 450 
 
 noot, Itiirli-hc'i'lid 419 
 
 Biirili'i' ItiilllaiH "3 
 
 BoBtmi Ciouni, Hmv to Make 3i'i5 
 
 Brass, l'a-:t,c> for I'lcariinL' 480 
 
 To Ueinovo Spots flora 488 
 
 Bruzil, I'll! I I> '11 riplivc and Statistical Matter Ilelatlvo to 298 
 
 Hreiid, Ilowtii -Mako (ioo'l .. 300 
 
 Brown, Iloivto .MiiUeFhoKluujof . 366 
 
 Corn, How to .Make 3tlB 
 
 K'ioillc'iit. Ilowto Mpko 366 
 
 Vii ■■ "li, I low t'l Jfaki' 3iJ8 
 
 tim.iam. Mow to Make !1«8 
 
 rtalia'i, I'.ov.'toMakf im 
 
 HIl'O 11 lid Whiat, How to Make 366 
 
 Sa'to, llow'o Maki' 3fi« 
 
 St^'aiiii'il, How to Jlake 3tifl 
 
 nreakfii: tc.il-p'i, I low to Make 366 
 
 Brewinn ■■ 2(0 
 
 Urioklavor'snndStoneransonsWork 1U)-187 
 
 Urioks.: 300 
 
 Antkpilty of 4.57 
 
 UMil llik'lilayi-r.s 455 
 
 Brick Willis, Strcn(?tli of , 470 
 
 Bridircs 200 
 
 Ari'hed, Huspenslou, Tubular 197 
 
 Form of 192 
 
 N'i'w \orkaud Brooklyn Suspension 193 
 
 'm-^ 
 
 llrliliti«— Cnntlnuad. 
 
 VurliMiii 11... ' 
 
 Ilriliiili ColiiiiililH , 
 
 Ilriillicr .lonullmii 
 
 llrothK, How to Miikii All KlinH of, 
 
 Iliii'ktalli > 
 
 Iliii'kwiii'iit Caki'H, How to Muku i.<< 
 
 ym. k. How to Miiki' '"lli 
 
 MiilTiilo. I'lrlodof (l«4t«tl<mlll *5J 
 
 lliillilliiir, llliili on •ialiifTi? 
 
 Iliill.|liit(% VV hiliil 4a»-4»7,48i 
 
 lliiiikir Hill .Moiiii iil.Tliu ,*''' 
 
 lliiii'<. .S|iaiiinli, How to Muk« I •••" il!. 
 
 Ilatli, HowtiiMake ij" 
 
 Biirniiili, Kliiuiliiiii (if rr 
 
 llii.uil CiiMtonis , ^'jj 
 
 lliii«ini'i.4. How to t'lindiictanuooeHful |<J* 
 
 lliiiiliii*iis lorinii ilv 
 
 Arri'litiiiire 54 
 
 Hank Chi'i'k «J 
 
 Hill tor HirvU'i". 40 
 
 OvrlPhatiMif Hi'poalt 4il 
 
 O'rtllU'il Chuck 45 
 
 l)i'i:<ani| Noto '50 
 
 linn Bill 47 
 
 l,o. V 47 
 
 ,lolnlanilHi'\i'riil Nolo 60 
 
 Miri limit's mil 41 
 
 Ni'tfollalile Mild not NotlutlableNuUl* 49 
 
 Oi'ili'rs, VarloiiK 5'J 
 
 llo'i'ljits, V arloiis 43-4M 
 
 Si'tol l':.(i'lmuKe 55 
 
 HlKhtliriift 54 
 
 niishU'ns I.iiws In Brief 423 
 
 lIuslni'K.t Wntiiiu:, IturorilKiif thu I'cii 27 
 
 Apiiliiatioiiof thol'riiielpli's, Hniall t,fitten One Bpaeo Illvh 34 
 
 Ciiiilliil 1,1'ttern, Anahuls Aiinrillnif to I'lnclplose, 7,8 85 
 
 Loop 33 
 
 Loop Lettem, KiKlilli I'rinclpio il8 
 
 Htoin :I3 
 
 Hti'iu l.i'ltiirs, Si'Vi'iitli rrliK'Ipki ,16 
 
 roiik'sror I'l-arlfri' 87 
 
 lllfl'i'irnt MoieiiieniaCoinliliied ill VnrlouA Fornil 33 
 
 l':s'<i'nlliil F.leinont8 of Capital Letters 33 
 
 FlKures 87 
 
 Flinjcr Movement 32 
 
 Lateral niid ItollinffMovuraeut Combined 33 
 
 Ijileial Moveni. nt Fxerclaea 3'l 
 
 lA'lfllilllty, Finlah 80 
 
 Letters of the, HiniiU Alphabet 34 
 
 Materials t'si'd In WrltiiiK 27-28 
 
 Mo\ iiM'lxeri'lHi'S !)2 
 
 OviilH Umwii I lilt mill Ovals Kvon :i3 
 
 Ovull.i'llers, Sixth I'rinciple 35 
 
 Peii.s, Ink and Paper 28 
 
 I'osllionof tho Holly 29 
 
 I'lisilionof thu Body Wlillo Htandlnir 30 
 
 Position of the Hand and Pen 31 
 
 Principles In Writing 33 
 
 Rapidity, Beuiily ai 
 
 Ilufiiulntf, an Krror ii5 
 
 ShiidiiiM: 20 
 
 Hlant 2« 
 
 Stiid> with Priictico 28 
 
 Types, Ilesemblaiice and Alisurdity 84 
 
 Uiill'orinity 29 
 
 Upper Iaiii| "i,Ci'iisslnKat IlelKhtof One Space 36 
 
 Whoio Ann, or Free Moveniont 82 
 
 Hiittornut, Itelatlvo Harduesd of m 
 
 Cakes— Mow to Make— 
 
 Almond aog 
 
 Cinnamon aeH 
 
 C'lidcolate, Frosting tor atw 
 
 Cocoamit 3(ih 
 
 Ciiooannt Drop gujt 
 
 Cocoamit Jumbles jxjjt 
 
 Composition )m 
 
 Ciiokjci. ;ina 
 
 Cookies, Drop a^ji) 
 
 Cookies, Molasses 860 
 
 Corn Sturcli a68 
 
 Creinn ajg 
 
 *'"P ■■•■ 809 
 
 Currnnt sus 
 
 Delicate jjuj) 
 
 DeliclonsSwlss '. 309 
 
 Doiiiilnuits jjf,B 
 
 '>''"1>' ; 369 
 
 !',''l"l. ■•;' 309 
 
 Frostintftor ijgg 
 
 F™!'',,-,-; .889 
 
 Fruit, Plain 3-9 
 
 fiintrerSnaps [ ^g 
 
 (linicer Drop " ^g 
 
 (irahiim 3^9 
 
 lee ("reara Telng for White 'jos 
 
 IciiiRfor '..'.'..'" mt 
 
 Indian Breaktiist Patties '309 
 
 .liihnnle 007 
 
 ,lninlmll3 , 3-,' 
 
 i',"."'''e9 ■'". ■.'.:; ;. soo 
 
 KL^-sef 
 
 369 
 
 Lemon PutTa and Tarts 0?, 
 
 LlithtFrult oflA 
 
 Macaroons 07, 
 
 Marble, Llifht Part '.'.'..' onA 
 
 Marble, Dark Part , ; ; oig 
 
 Molasses (^lokies «,n 
 
 Muniii.') ; S^X 
 
 Nut ""' 
 
INDEX. 
 
 fHki'H lluw eoMiiko- rAiii. 
 
 mil ,,,• iiTii 
 
 Di'iiiiui' rriiiii|icitii in 
 
 llriMiiri-, MimCllKlli'itUiVbuni It 370 
 
 I'liiin 870 
 
 I'mU m 
 
 I'.niiKl BtO 
 
 IMIN 1170 
 
 ■■I 
 
 870 
 
 HiM.ii, uiuh :nii 
 
 Mil iw a7o 
 
 Hii'iiini'. h;i) 
 
 Hpoimi., Whllu ifiii 
 
 Hiriiwiii'iry .Hhiirf.«'iik« il>- 
 
 Hiitiui'.iiiiiiia fur MiikliiKt'iiko iKif 
 
 Wii'liiii'/l(iri „ . ,., 31) 
 
 l.ull'lllufi', .''CO ■•llmvlilOlllollluUl,'' uiicj«r H J''^i}L' 
 
 I'uiii I'll, l''.ni|ili'<' III' . (OS) 
 
 CaiUil-, .\w .Vti.iliii(|li.v 4M 
 
 ilniil i:ii<liiniMi'ii<ir Wf 
 
 I'l'iiiiii or 11. 41.11 1< III III 4 A 
 
 i'iini|ilinr, Siiiiill i,)ii.iiiillli'niif for lionin |fM 4AI 
 
 I'limiili'ir lci., llmvl.i MuKo 401 
 
 (.'iiim''i riiii liiiiiiliiliiii uf-Full Uiwcrliiliiin uiid fltntlii>li'iil Mnitur 
 
 ll.'liiilvc til ,. Z'9 
 
 CiiiiMl, I'lii'.'iilu* mo, 4i7 
 
 (!itimrli'H' \',U'.n, tlosi l.iiii'f ItTaki'H Id llnti'h. iM 
 
 I'lUuii'V Miiii.l.., |i '.oi'll'tlKiior i.'^M 
 
 Ciin.l'i'u, I'litciiu'i'l III (111 mill (liu 4^1 
 
 CiiiinHii, \'iiii 11, 1 Ivliiil.tiil' S'l 
 
 I iiiiiiiiii ilaiN. I low I'liKt thry Tmvul, iiml tliu Alr'a IIchUNidco tii Thfia. 4V'i 
 
 L'aini.ltviir ll.ivi-i ... l-ll 
 
 (it I'm Si'.«iN, liinvid Aw'Ttiiln 4'iW 
 
 CiI|ipTihvii, 11 ii|.||.iiiiir Wl 
 
 Ciljic! Vi'i'li' l.hiihli, l>iv..rl|.lliiiiof !!lil 
 
 Ciililtiils, Till' I'wi III' i-i 
 
 O.ll'll, Alt" Attllllivl liy .|.li 
 
 Cill'jiiMllrv .. SH 
 
 Cii'lii'I". II ivv t I ('!< 1111 Mil til.' riiiiir 4IU 
 
 t'linlii;' •. V.iiM.iH KiinK Kl Sill 
 
 Wh.Mi l'ir<l r-.'.l ill l.'iiiiiiio l.'id 
 
 Ciinliiiiil I'l ,1,1 llii-.iii,-,.^ ...!t«.S-ni|> 
 
 C'liliicnml 1 nl' I'liili, The .. 4411 
 
 ,'<fllliiT D'vilsi'.ir 347 
 
 'jiiti, iMiiii .r III It. 111. Ill of ... 4iri 
 
 CilMillii, llii'.v 111 Miiliii »-'7 
 
 IMw til K I'll (liiiiilTwimt'/ Yuiira ... 3x7 
 
 Miisliruiiiii .nnV 
 
 llVHtm- :W7 
 
 Timmtii, 11 OoikI ...... .387-.'t^« 
 
 Wiiliiiit :tHT 
 
 Cnttii', .'<! Kt.v r 111 r Kliiils of Mcukliio for 131-i;m 
 
 OiiviM, iVdiuii'irui. 4111 
 
 Cii.Vi'iiiii" I'l'i'iMT .. 44J 
 
 C'lil.ir, It 1 111 (I lliiiiliii'nitof 4 '4 
 
 Crlluliiiil, ll.iiiK(i-sof 421 
 
 CVllR'llt.illl riiil.^llillly (I11111I 4lW 
 
 Kor rilliiiir I.i It ni'iit, innmsa 48U 
 
 Fur (lliLss ll.ill 1,-1 ... ills 
 
 li'iir Iit'utlicr, MiiuliN 4.-18 
 
 I'm- Mi'iiiliiii; Viitmiiul raiiH i^*- 
 
 CiimffiTlcs, (nil- Niitiiiiuil 439 
 
 OiMitnil Aiiii-'iii'ii-l'iill, Dr.scrliitivoand Statistical Matter Uclutiveto.. i»7 
 
 Chiillliiili, Al'ii .VtHiliirilliy 4(15 
 
 ClmiiiiiH. Aui' AttiilMiMlliy 4S!) 
 
 ClmiiiiHii^iioCiip. Iliiwtii .Miiko 8tV> 
 
 Chai-ccial, (,iiiiuitlt.v<)l' Wiioil |{ei{iilred tn Make 4.V1 
 
 Clmrt-'is, fur Iiiipi'utloii iif (Jralii 80.1 
 
 Kill- Storintf 497 
 
 Charlii;t<i Uiusc 371 
 
 Clieiks 401 
 
 Chci'k I.l.it. KoriiKir 401 
 
 Cherry, Willi, Itnialivo Ifiiriliiosaof 454 
 
 riii".u.j, Antli|iiltv 111' tiii'llumocif 447 
 
 Cluistiiiit, Hi'liitivi' lliiiiliU'SMfif 454 
 
 Clilll-riill l)c.'<irl|iHv.Minil,'',tiiHslii'al MHtterRolatlveto 298 
 
 Cliliiiiipy, Hlirlinst 111 thi' W'lirlil 4fl7 
 
 Chliiinryi, How tiiSlniiuhtiiii.Siittloil 400 
 
 Cliiiicsd Mnijilro.'nie— I'lipuhitiiiM -I'ortllity of Liinil— Itlvprsnml Canals 
 — Iliiw IHlViiiiliiLIVP -Kiiiiil— Rxiuirts— TrilM'Siit WamliTiiiif Pco- 
 nli'-Cityiif I'Di.iii— Wullaol'Clilim— lIi'tttUeiiToiniili's— ItsHousc'B, 
 
 Moiintiilm. lUi; 
 
 Cliincso I'riivcrlis 
 
 Chliicw Wall, nisi'rlption of 
 
 Cli(iciilati\ How to Miiko 
 
 Cliriiiiiiw, How t I Variiisli 
 
 Cliroiiolii'.'y of Iiu'inrtiiiii I'voiits, from 2318 U.C. to Date. 
 Ciller, Koniiiila f.ir Artill -iiil 
 
 Citloa, ThoOlilsf iiitno Woi-M 
 
 Citritiiof Mii^'iH'sla. Ilowto MiiUe 
 
 Civil I aw. Civil. '<iMvl(i>, lU'lliiMloiisof 
 
 Civil Klirhis Hill. Civil .Srrvioc Itilnrm 
 
 Civil Will-. Till' (Jii'ut. 
 
 291 
 
 .... 4.'a 
 4;u 
 
 3<I5 
 
 .... 40) 
 
 4-7 
 
 .... 4<17 
 
 W7 
 
 .... 4i«l 
 .... 2K4 
 
 73 
 
 158-lM 
 
 lloiiiiiiiM I'liKl by ViirliiinStntos I.'i.i* 
 
 Cluoii iloKicalTiibic'siil' llattios 159-Iiia 
 
 Colmi'il 'rrnnp.'i Kiina'-rc'l in tho Sorvloo l*iH 
 
 Nil mil rot M'li Drnrtcl, livStntos 15S 
 
 T,it:il NiimlH'iof Trl>up^ Fiinilslioil by Each State l.iv* 
 
 Civility, K^M'iit ill! nie'iii'iil. ill Civilization 217 
 
 Cleavinif lloiwii liei'orils 429 
 
 Clotli, llow t I Itcniovc'-ipot.s from 411! 
 
 Clothes WriiitfiM-.s, Mi.'tlioil of Manufacture 4.'j'.i 
 
 Coaches, When I'ir^t. irseil ., l.V> 
 
 Coal, Ant liniiite. Value nf as Oompared to NatiiralOM 4.'>7 
 
 Aiithnirite, Wiien First Usetl 8H 
 
 Fielilsol F, iKlanil m 
 
 Fli'lili. .Vnieiie.in 8.H 
 
 First I'atiMit r ir MaUiii',' Iron with Granted M 
 
 Oils, When First I'ueil Praitie'llv H8 
 
 (iieiitShiiftof l'liilii.i6lphm,V i;eiilini.'C'i 88 
 
 HowMiiny (Jiihio Fe"tlniiToniif Viirions Kinilsof 431 
 
 How Many Pounds to JIalntuin Given Horse-Fowcr per Hour 457 
 
 Inl'orinatlon About 88,437 
 
 &- 
 
 Colli' C.iilliiiii'il. 
 
 Mini', li<i<|H'iil in I'.nKlanil 
 ('••i i| I", 'iiii'lliiiv' lion 
 Wliin l'n>i I'm, I 
 Fir-t Miiiiil 
 Flr«i 'III mi 
 
 Fir<l I 4eil rorHlillllilllir 
 I'li'fii lliiriii'l liiiliiite.4. 
 I'ir.i Miiii'il ill I lie I iilli'il Htiili'ii 
 Tiiv III 11 all il 
 Coal oil, ,' .1111 KirKt Iwil 
 I'lirlilii-'liiii'i, Kiiiiiii'uof 
 
 Coei'a.liinw 
 
 CinllMi. \je VHiillli'il by 
 
 Ciiir.i'. Howlo rliiKr - 
 
 li'iiil'ir itiiii'iii wli I'll DrawH 4iiil 
 
 Coins, Uii I, I'liiti 1 si.iii'<aiiii Fiiii'iirn li'l 
 
 Of F.v r\ I '011111 n III (111' W'li'hl 44"i 
 
 ."llcr, I "I'el'.^ I ll.'.il I'lllteil .■J|aU'»... llil 
 
 Viiliie 111' 111,1 .\iiii'rl '1111 4;«i 
 
 Colli, H'W M , 1. mill 111 liwa'i !lci»l'e<'«lK'l(iw Zero 4iB 
 
 Colli. 'ii.i'iiy in the W. Till -"'I 
 
 Ci.liiHiM-lliii.'il.l.' i:iiiiiliii,ii, . , 4.'.7 
 
 I'liloleil I'ojilll llliill 111 ll.ll'll Cellllllll ^'* 
 
 Collins II I lit Iliillli'.'I'lie 151 
 
 Ciiiii|iri"'.si il Vrii.,1. How Millie ; J'W 
 
 I iiiii.iii—i'.ii, r iiimr .\i iitHiiii'ii ••. l'« lft7 
 
 l'i'iiiiiil<"l'iiisiiiii| 111 III I'l-nire, Cot loll '■2'. 
 
 Cilhlllloliweililll or lli'lilllille • ,•♦ 
 
 I'oaipoiiiiil I III ,i-.tTiilile,hliowliiir$l from I loWyeam l.t 
 
 ciiiii|ii'iiiiii-i'i.f Wiu .I* 
 
 Coiiii'i'i,', \ Clieap.. 
 
 Coliili'll-i'i . • . 
 
 I'l'lilllioil I'ow.Ut 
 
 loiiilor, 'fli '.of Peril 
 
 t'oiili'ili'iiiev, I'onl'ii 'erule Hiiitri,. 
 
 Ciiiili"l nili' 11, Arllili'-ii I'. 
 
 Coiuro I'l'i'.' Mules, lle.ii'rllilloli of. 
 < iim'ie^', \ nil rii'iill llinl (oloiilal. . 
 
 4711 
 
 sua 
 
 «l!l 
 
 t:r, 
 71 
 74 
 
 291 
 
 ^ 
 
 2S4 
 
 74 
 
 512 
 
 ."12 
 
 71 
 
 2KI 
 
 •JIM -I'lH 
 
 Coii-iileriil 
 
 I'liiis 'Is, liiuliih. . . J,""' 
 
 Ciin-illutliin. Con>llliilliiiial riilini Parly 
 
 C'liiilni mill Ciiinrri'''S 
 
 I 0111 1 ml -1. .New (llleilllHCotliill, rollll of. 
 
 Coin eiil ion ol 17"7 ... 
 
 Co|i|.er M I 
 
 Cnpyritflit, Law of - i.,_- . ■ .« 
 
 Ciinimiinlialloii Eneliwinunn Assignment to Llbmrliin of Connress i*. 
 
 Forljilii'ls ,. , 3115 •v.il 
 
 Fiinii of .\MsiKiiiiii'iit, (ienerill ^1" 
 
 III iiliiiif, Certillealuol', Form '-'«<J 
 
 Coriu'i's ill Ibiilii, Fte *'*• 
 
 Corn, How to .Mi'iisme .. . .'i .•';•„•••: ■-" 
 
 Coiii,.'ipeeiiiallni{iii, Chieauollottrdgf Trodo 4ss 
 
 Cosiiiet iiiui's. How III Make i''i2 
 
 llamloiiiie '"'' 
 
 C.iiiipli'\ioii Wash 
 
 Fine I'll will 'I- 
 
 nil III Make lliilr Curl 
 
 Peiirl Di'iitrillie .... 
 
 Pearl Wall r for the Kiice 
 
 'I'll Ki'iiiove Wrinkles from the Skin 
 
 To < 'leiir a Taniieil Skin 
 
 Wash for 11 llioleheil Skill 
 
 Cotton l';<ilittiiK'e,'riii! New Orleans i/., '.'"i 
 
 Cotton Speeiilat inn BUb-iiOi 
 
 CoiiKh Ciiinlv, How to Make *>'*' 
 
 Syrup, A (looil <"' 
 
 Court Pianler, How to .Make 4il2 
 
 Cows, Atfo Attaineil by and Period of Gestation In 4.i.> 
 
 rianes, .A«e Attained by ■•• *■!] 
 
 Cream anil Snow Wl-.IT-. 
 
 I1I2 
 
 ti-a 
 
 ll!2 
 l'i2 
 1112 
 li!2 
 1112 
 1112 
 Irt2 
 
 ( 'ream, ( ioiweberi.v 
 
 Imperial 
 
 Ilasiiliurry 
 
 Hoek 
 
 Creams, Snow 
 
 .Sniinlsh 
 
 Whipped 
 
 Creilit Moiillier 
 
 Croimlil •, A'fO Attained by... 
 Cuba. Full lli^eriiitlon of — 
 Currant ('opiial, llliiek 
 
 Wine, How to Make ... 
 
 Cnriiiiis Ciileiilati'ins 
 
 Cnstanis, .\rrow lloiit 
 
 llakeil 
 
 Cliocolatii Croum 
 
 Oat Meal 
 
 I )i'e.nj,'e 
 
 Pice 
 
 :i71 
 ;171 
 371 
 
 ;rr2 
 
 372 
 372 
 372 
 
 ,1il.-| 
 
 ;ifi.-i 
 
 472 
 371 
 371 
 ,'f72 
 372 
 372 
 372 
 
 441) 
 
 Hamaseiis, Deseription of ... 
 
 Damp Proof Walls 
 
 Danish .Vnnrica 
 
 Hark Aue.i. The 
 
 Dark Days, .'^'iniollemai'kable _. ■ ■ - - , _,., ... ,„ ,, 
 
 Deulhs from Dtplitlieria per l.OiKHn tlio Principal Cities of tho World.. 
 
 Di'tiate, 'nieni.'.-itor '''•' 
 
 llei'islve ll.Utles of the World 
 
 Declaration of Inilepenilenee 
 
 Siirners oV the 
 
 Deeds, Parts of a. i'lr Conveyanco 
 
 Foiin of lioii'l forn 
 
 liittot lilentiire, Wiihont any Warranty Whatever. 
 
 Unit ■ 'liini Without any Warranty, Form of 
 
 'rni>t.'e's l''orm (.f 
 
 Warriinty, Form of 
 
 Deer. .\ife .Vttaiiieii by ,,j 
 
 Delivery of Cotton *' 
 
 Demoenitie Pi'rty 
 
 292 
 
 4.')M 
 
 417 
 41K 
 4i'i2 
 157 
 417 
 
 437 
 219 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAOE 
 
 Daposit, Indorsinff for. 68 
 
 Tk-kct, Form of <« 
 
 DepoditcrH, Uorruweis 89r >W 
 
 I)cpo«;tor'8l'asa Hook, Form of vfi 
 
 Ueutlisiif the Ocean, The Ore«to«t 447 
 
 DeloctinK <^o"'itcr:eit Money 07 
 
 AlttTtMl Iluiik Notes 70 
 
 Bank Note Paper 89 
 
 Coinpurintfiiad Kxttiniiiinir Notes 70 
 
 Counterfeit and Genuine Work 68 
 
 Couiitorfeit Money in Circulation 67 
 
 rounterfeit Signatures 70 
 
 Devices and Frauds. 68 
 
 Geometrical Lathe 68 
 
 Ijithe Work 68 
 
 Piiciutf. EU! 71 
 
 nulliiK Engine Work 69 
 
 SoliiiPriut 69 
 
 Vitrnettea 69 
 
 Dlamoniis a91-2i« 
 
 Dtana.TheTemploof 4.")B 
 
 Dictionary of Mercantile and LegeH Terras, Givlnsr About COO Terms 
 
 il Deflnitions Ki-8» 
 
 niBTPsti-n Tables l.V> 
 
 Dinner Menus, Twenty Choice i'JS 
 
 DiKcount, Itenk 173 
 
 Discnunts. Trade, Form of Hill 170-171 
 
 Doir, Period of Gestation in 4f)5 
 
 DiiKwood, Itelative Hardness of 
 
 Douif hunts. How to Make 3ti9 
 
 Drafts and llillH of Exchange £3 
 
 Draft Kiols, New York 75 
 
 Drauj-'litsmcn, I'soful Hints to 457 
 
 Dreil Siott Decision 76 
 
 DredRinif Machines— What WorUThey Cau AccompliBh ViT) 
 
 OreysniuKinif 431 
 
 Drunkenness. Certain Cure for 426 
 
 Duck Efgs, Ho w I,onif it Takes to Hatch 455 
 
 Ducks, Ilow to <'ook 375 
 
 Spwd at Which They Fly 457 
 
 Dyeintf, Uecelptafor 468-469 
 
 EaKlo, .Vsre Attained by 455 
 
 F^its. Whata Man 4CI 
 
 Kaiths (/enter, The 472 
 
 Eartlniuakes 440 
 
 Economy, Uiiies tor Economical Business 217-318 
 
 (ietf in)t a (Situation 218 
 
 Eel, Ap' Attained liy . 445 
 
 Ekks, Hiiwto TeH.\Keof 483 
 
 HowtoCook 873-373 
 
 Ilow Louii it Takes to Hatch Various 4,j5 
 
 How to Engrave on 443 
 
 Viihie of for Fo( d and Other Purposes 4(i4 
 
 Egjpt. Oescription of iiW 
 
 Ggypiinns, Tlie. 3'.'3 
 
 Electric Light 303 
 
 Elcmenn of Success in Dnsiness 215-218 
 
 Elephunt, Period of Gestation In 455 
 
 Aite Attained by 455 
 
 Elevator and Grain Trade 495 
 
 linsiness of Elevator Companies 495-49<i 
 
 t'Uar^^csfor InsiK'ction 6CKi 
 
 (.'ompcnsation for Storage 499 
 
 I 'onsi ruction, Various Differences in Elevators. 503 
 
 Daily Ueportof Sliipmenta 602 
 
 Ditl'ercntC lasses of Putilic Warehouses 502 
 
 Elevator n-sttu American Institution 495 
 
 Eievator, Hoot and Tank, Vertical Section of tM! 
 
 Elevator C »t Locust Point, Bal Imore & Ohio Railroad 496 
 
 Elevator Leg, Tile 497 
 
 Flaxseed, Inspection and Cliissiflcation 603 
 
 Foieinanof the Elevator, His Returns 501 
 
 Groin Hiiis, Partial View 499 
 
 Grainllucket 603 
 
 Grain of .Same Kind, and Grain Mixed 503 
 
 How Grain is Raised an 1 ' onveyed to any Partof the Building 496-498 
 
 Ili3P"ct ion Department 1 Inspectors 49.5-496 
 
 Noting tlioWeiglit of (ii.nii 497 
 
 Order for Delivery of G rain for Shipment, Form of 500 
 
 Registrar, IlisDuties 496 
 
 .Shovel 496 
 
 Trmaverse Section of an Elevator 497 
 
 Trimming 501 
 
 '■ loading Grain from Railway Cars 497 
 
 I iingor Loading Vessels 499-501 
 
 V, ■) ,iuse Receipts and Form of 499-500 
 
 ^ ,1 o«:ia the Elevators 495 
 
 i lU,, atU-e Hardressof 4.54 
 
 v: ixj.ionee. Masterpieces of 154 
 
 ' um- 'petion 76 
 
 ; 111 I,- '"nts, to protect 470 
 
 X-.. r. 1. 291 
 
 r>eiyL'iotl;, Device for Stretching 457 
 
 203 
 
 .inglnes, t'seful Hints .\tiout 460 
 
 Bngineers, .ntorraation for 4.57 
 
 Engineering Appliances f'sed by the Ancients 4W 
 
 Envelopes when First I'scd 155 
 
 Braof Good Feeling 78 
 
 Bsquimaux 295 
 
 E'trope-Desoriptionof-Where Situated— Size— Population of— Water 
 Boundary -The British Iilcs- Extent of Coast— To Whut II Owes 
 Its Commercial Supremacy-The Islands of Europe— Description 
 Of the Land-Caspian Sea -The Netherlands- High Europe Tho 
 Mountains -The .\lp«— The Mountain Olaciem-The Rivers of Eu- 
 rope—The L»k«8— .Salt L«kee-Climate - Rainfall -Frozen Marshes 
 -Forests— What Its Products Are- Animals— Fowls aad Fish- 
 Minerals— People, to What Races They Belong 280 
 
 Excellency 78 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Exchange, New Orleans Cotton iii 52} 
 
 Lumberman's "^i?l 
 
 Executive Ability -■ JU 
 
 Executors and .Administrators, Duties of ™?"2j 
 
 Exemptions from Forced Sale in Different States '"^'S: 
 
 Expansion '"* 
 
 F 
 
 J'armers, Riglitsand Duties of itSt 
 
 Damage by Flro 240 
 
 Domestic Animals 346-248 
 
 Fixtures 2d6-S3e 
 
 Fruit, Who Owns It 246 
 
 Game 244 
 
 Hiriiiura Farm by Lease 240-241 
 
 H!-ing (;f Help 241-S42 
 
 lliilroiid Lines Through Farms 237-288 
 
 Hik'iit of Way 237 
 
 Roads, Trees, Etc 236 
 
 Trespiuss 289 
 
 Water Rights and Di'ainage 28S 
 
 Fastest Hoat in tho World 463 
 
 Federal (iovernmeot. Federalist 76 
 
 Fenian Movement 76 
 
 Fiction of Law 286 
 
 Figs, How to, stew 37; 
 
 Financial Panics ! 78 
 
 Finger Nails an as Indication of Character 4i;4 
 
 Files, How to Mend Broken 458 
 
 Fire Grenades. How to Make 40:1 
 
 Fire, How to Extinguish i'^s 
 
 Fire Insurance, How it is Conducted 327-1^1; 
 
 Account Current for a Month, ormof ... . 330 
 
 Ad luster, Tlie, His Instructions 329 
 
 Agent's Agreement with Insured 329 
 
 Contrait or Policy 827-339 
 
 Daily Report of Agent, Form of jcg 
 
 Frauds SiO-iBI 
 
 .Joint Stock 3»» 
 
 •Mutual ;aH 
 
 Noticeof Loss 328-329 
 
 Policy Register, Form of a39 
 
 Pniot of Loss, Showing Items of Policy Instructions, and Magis- 
 trate's or Notary's Certificate 331-,'!.'i3 
 
 Supervising Agent's Report, Form of 332 
 
 Fires, G reat of History 433 
 
 Fish, .\go Attained by 4'i5 
 
 How lokeepSoinid ,S74 
 
 Secret A rta of Catching 4311 
 
 Fish, How to Choose, Cook and Prepare Various Kinds of 373-375 
 
 Anchovies ;i73 
 
 Halls 374 
 
 Boiled 374 
 
 Bass, Black ,■173 
 
 Chowder 373 
 
 t^am Fritters 373 
 
 Cod-llsh 373 
 
 Eels .374 
 
 Herrings, Broil. Roast, Frj or Pot 374 
 
 I T ."'er. Buttered, Curry of or Chowder 374 
 
 M'leserel, Fresh and Salt 374 
 
 Oysters, Fry, Stew, Esealioped, Pickle, Corn and Patties 37,V-375 
 
 Potted. ,374 
 
 Salmon. :i7,"i 
 
 Salt Cod ,189 
 
 Salt, General DirectionsforCooklngBllKindsof ,375 
 
 Sauces tor Fish 38.' 
 
 .still geon 375 
 
 Trout ,375 
 
 White Fish 373 
 
 Flour Paste, How to Make 463 
 
 Flour, Quantity of Derived from Wheat 4,"i,-i 
 
 Flowers, Languogc of 15,3-1,54 
 
 Natural, a Preparation in Which Dipped, Will be Preserved 461 
 
 Fogs Olf Coast of Newfoundland 300 
 
 Forests of the World 46(1 
 
 ?"orging. Chisel, Etc 4«o 
 
 Fox, Age Attained by ir,,', 
 
 Freckles, Ilow to Remove Without Injury to Skin 463 
 
 Freight, Comparative Cost by Rail or Water Transi>crtatJon 425 
 
 Fremont, .Iiihn ('., F.xpi i-atlonsof 433 
 
 Friction, The Law of 4,56 
 
 Frost in Siberia 4.56 
 
 Frosting, How to Make m 
 
 Fruits, Ilow to Preserve 131-130 
 
 Apples 121 
 
 Apricots , 123 
 
 Cherries 133 
 
 Citron 122 
 
 Crab Apples 121 
 
 Cucumber 122 
 
 Currants 122 
 
 Dewlierries 1 '3 
 
 Fruits, To Preserve Without Cooking— Without Self-Sealing Cans 
 —Without .Sugar or Vinegar— By Syrup Without Heat— In 
 
 Brandy— To Bottle— To Keep Fresh in Jars .. 131, 124-135 
 
 Ginger, G 'eet.' . . 123 
 
 Imitationof • 12J 
 
 Mock 123 
 
 To Preserve Melon-bke 122 
 
 Gooseberries 123 
 
 Grapes, in Bunches 122 
 
 In Vinegar 123 
 
 Hints on Preserving 121 
 
 Ilucklelierrics ]•<) 
 
 Jam, How to Make i:;,-. 
 
 How to Put Up While Hot uk 
 
 Jelly, How to Mate 12,^ 
 
 Custard 126 
 
 With Fruit 12J 
 
 With Gelatine 131 
 
 tf 
 
FAOB 
 
 W4 
 
 »8 
 
 871-182 
 
 ax 
 
 «t 
 
 S40 
 
 . !M6-248 
 
 . ads-sae 
 
 SM 
 
 ZM 
 
 . 340-241 
 241.S42 
 237-388 
 .... 237 
 .... 388 
 .... 2»» 
 .... 2W 
 .... 4«i 
 . . . . 76 
 .... 71) 
 ,... S86 
 ... Tit 
 
 INDIX. 
 
 Jell/— ConODued. page 
 
 UnclsM 126 
 
 Row to Color .128 
 
 How to Preserve from Mold 12S 
 
 Marsialade US 
 
 Mushrooms 123 
 
 Otmnrae, to Preserve Wbole UB 
 
 Oim&fe Peel . . 123 
 
 Peuhes 12* 
 
 Pears 123 
 
 Pineapples 123 
 
 PluEt, Damsoas Oreen Gaces, Purple 122-lS 
 
 Quinoee 124 
 
 Kaspberries 124 
 
 Rhubarb .124 
 
 Sttrawberrisa 124 
 
 Tomatoes 124 
 
 Trait Wines, How to Make ISS-ias 
 
 Apple 125 
 
 Apricot .125 
 
 Blackberry 126 
 
 Currant 128.368 
 
 Gooseberry 135 
 
 Grape 128 
 
 Futures, bectrine of Cotton 510-617 
 
 c 
 
 Galranic Battery 204 
 
 Game, How to Choose and Cook 375-378 
 
 Ducks 373 
 
 Partridge 378 
 
 Pheasant 37S 
 
 Plover 378 
 
 Quail 376 
 
 Rabbits 378 
 
 Snipe 378 
 
 Venison 378 
 
 Gar6eld. President. The Assassination of 442 
 
 Gas Compared to Oil 4.VS 
 
 Natural, Informatior. oil 4.^7 
 
 Time Required 1 1 Travel Through Pipes 4.".* 
 
 When First Csed 88 
 
 Gau^ ..204 
 
 Geese, Age -Attained by 456 
 
 Gems. Graham, Ho.vtoMake 3B7 
 
 Gerrjinander 77 
 
 G«ststion, I'eriodof ill .Animals 4.>5 
 
 Gintr^r Snaps, How to Muko 3^ 
 
 Glass. How to Iirill Holes in 4.t* 
 
 H'jw to Polish Plate 461 
 
 How to Frost 489 
 
 Windows, When First Used 1 j 
 
 Glue, howto Make liiiuid ♦tiS 
 
 How to Ke«'p S^weet 480 
 
 Size, How to Make 480 
 
 G^ild and Silver Minerals 206,541-542 
 
 Discovery of in California 155, 431 
 
 Ho» to Make Artittoial 433 
 
 HowSmallit, May be Divided 473 
 
 Mineii 291-295 
 
 Goldfimh, -Affc Attained by 4m 
 
 Goose E(ri,-s, How Ix>n(f it Takes to Hatch 455 
 
 Governor 306 
 
 tUivemment, Forms of ;g5 
 
 Grat-clul, How to .\ppear 419 
 
 Grain lnspe<tion Charges 4^4-103 
 
 Mixe.i 48;)-4,.T0e 
 
 Grand ,1ury 285 
 
 Granjre, or Patrons of Husliandy 77 
 
 Granite, Enormous Illoeks of 454J 
 
 Graiit, General l'. 8., Tour Arouni. tho World 44^ 
 
 Greenback 77 
 
 Gre-cTland 295 
 
 Griddle Cakes 3«7 
 
 Griyuiland West, Description of 294 
 
 Gruel. F-irtr, How to Make 385 
 
 Guaranty, Forms of 224 
 
 Indorsement, Form of, 64 
 
 Guardian, Duties of 254-255 
 
 Bond by Guardian, Form of 2.55 
 
 Petition for Ap(iointment by a Minoi Over Fourteen YeaiB,Form of 255 
 
 Guatemala. Description c*' 2fl4 
 
 Gnn. Gun Metal 205 
 
 Gunpowder 205 
 
 Charcoal in, of What Woods Made 4.i6 
 
 H 
 
 Hair, to Prevent Falling Out of The. . 
 Hard Ciderand Log Cabin Campaign. 
 
 Hare, Ape Attaineil by 
 
 Havana 
 
 Hawks. -Age -Attained by 
 
 Hayti 
 
 Haiel, Relative Hardnettsot 
 
 Hiadacbe, Cure ft T "'eivoiis 
 
 Health, Rules for"T Preservation of. . 
 
 Heat and Cold at Which Substances Melt, Boil or Freeie. 
 
 Heat Creating Power of Coal and 0ns 
 
 Hen E>rgs. How Long it Takes to Hatch 
 
 ed bv 
 
 Hens, -Age Attainec 
 
 Hickorv. Relative Hanliiessof 
 
 Highest Buildings in the World 
 
 point Reached by Man 
 
 Hints on Kitclien Work 
 
 To Young Housewives 
 
 Hiv«s, Thtir Cause and Cure 
 
 Holv Land. The 
 
 Homes, AUantagesof Owning 
 
 Homestead and Evcmption I.aws, DIfTorent States.. 
 
 Hone^ivas an Eli-menti'l' Success in Business 
 
 llwnev.'Huw to .Make Arlillcial 
 
 Vvhat the Chemical CempositiOl oti» 
 
 4.V. 
 
 2ff7 
 
 4.W 
 
 ,. 297 -.'.•>• 
 
 »-'>4 
 
 .... 4«I 
 
 439 
 
 .. . 425 
 
 457 
 
 4.55 
 
 4."m 
 
 . 4-4 
 
 41.V4I: 
 
 . ... 4'>:? 
 
 ... . 435 
 ... 4^1 
 
 '..'.'.. «o 
 
 271-2(*3 
 
 215 
 
 483 
 
 4<S 
 
 483 
 
 BoTM Remedies 
 
 Alteratives for Horses— 
 
 AlteraUveBaU 12T 
 
 Debility of Stomach 127 
 
 Defwtive Secretions 127 
 
 Disordered Stateof the Bkin 127 
 
 Simply Coeling 127 
 
 Ai»a*tbetic9 for Horses 127 
 
 Adhesive Plasters for Hoises, Various Rinds of 129 
 
 An'-dvnes for Horses— ' 
 
 Anodyne Ball 127 
 
 Ball for Colic 127 
 
 Cl<"onic Diarrhoea Cure 127 
 
 Uiarrhtsa Ball 127 
 
 Drench for Colic 127 
 
 Antacids for Horses 127 
 
 Antbelimntics for Horses— 
 
 I»ronch for Worms 127 
 
 Worm Ball 127 
 
 Antispasmodics for Horses- 
 Clyster in Colic 128 
 
 Cr.lic 128 
 
 Drench for Colic 128 
 
 Aperients or Purges for Horses— 
 
 A Warmer Physic Ball 128 
 
 Cooling Drench for Colds 128 
 
 Condition I'(jwder, a Good 491 
 
 Gentle Laxative Ball 128 
 
 Ljucative Ball for Washy Horses 138 
 
 LAiative Drenches 1?8 
 
 Mild < i(K'nmg Drench 128 
 
 Ordinary Physic Balls 128 
 
 Purjr.'tive Clyster 128 
 
 Purging Balls with Culomel 128 
 
 suig^'r IS Mcdicin • for 128 
 
 Very Mild Laxative 128 
 
 Astringents for Horses— 
 
 ASJrmg( lit Lf ition 128 
 
 Bloodv Lrine 128 
 
 r»iaix-tes 128 
 
 <iintments for Sore Feet 128 
 
 ricx-rateil Sores 128 
 
 Blist'crs or Vesicant^.for Horses— 
 
 Bli'-ter Ointments 128-129 
 
 Kinglx.ne, Spavinand Splint Blisters 129 
 
 Sweating Blisier 129 
 
 rau«»»csandCauterie>ifor Horses, Fourt "en Kinds of .... 129 
 
 Civst«-rs or Enemata for Horses, Various Kinds of 129 
 
 Oot<lials for Horses— 
 
 Cc>rdiiil and Exiiectorant 129 
 
 Coniwl » lis 129 
 
 Cordial Drench 129 
 
 Detnulifiitsfor Horses— 
 
 Drench. iH-mulcent 129 
 
 Marsl.ini^rr.w" Drench 129 
 
 Diai'bor... lies for Horses- 
 Hide iKmud Drenches 129-i;!0 
 
 Varii lus Dn-nclii s for 129 
 
 Digertives for Hor es— 
 
 Digest ive Ointment 130 
 
 Diureiicsior Horses- 
 Active Powder 130 
 
 Coofing Diuretic Ball 130 
 
 P-.wdcrfoi Mash l;!0 
 
 Stimulating Diuretic Ball 130 
 
 Btol'.'x-ationsfor Horses— 
 
 A .-live Sweating 130 
 
 Mustard Embrocation 130 
 
 Stjm iilal ill ff Embrocation 130 
 
 Sweataig. for Wind Galls 130 
 
 Bmuls)<'iis for Horses- 
 Active Emulsions 130 
 
 Siinjile Emulsions 130 
 
 icton 
 
 130 
 1,10 
 13(1 
 
 130 
 130 
 
 Eipet'torants foi^Horses— 
 
 Cougti ExT'Cctorunt 
 
 Standing C<iugh 
 
 Strong Exiiectorant 
 
 Febrifuges or Fever Medicine for Horses— 
 
 C<»olmg Drencli 
 
 < "^>"ling Powder lu^ 
 
 Fever Balls 130 
 
 lytionsfir Washesfor Horses- 
 Wash tor Galled Sores 130 
 
 Wash for Inflammation 130 
 
 Wash for ricers . 1^) 
 
 Sarf'XK-^ for Horses. Various Kinds i;tn 
 
 Refrigerants for Hors<-s, Various Kinds 1.10 
 
 Sedativiv for Horses, and Their Effects 130-131 
 
 Stimulantsfor Horses, Various Kinds i:(l 
 
 Stomach Meflicines for Horses. Various Kinds of 131 
 
 «ryt*i<-slorHorse.s, fur Stopping the Flow of Blood 1:11 
 
 Tonic UxlU tor Horses, Various Kinds 11)1 
 
 Hotse*. .Age .Attaine<i by 455 
 
 DuraJ'ility of 425 
 
 Hxw Fell in Norway 4.5H 
 
 PerJ"*! of <;cstat ion in 4.^)5 
 
 Ha«e«t Place on the Globe iM 
 
 Hoc Waitr Pipes, Joints for 4.57 
 
 Homc4K>M Becieipts 99-100 
 
 Beams. Kow to Shell Easv I'll 
 
 Beds. Feather, How to Cleanse 100 
 
 Bed-tJckK. How to Clean 9!) 
 
 Oari<ets. How to Clean 99 
 
 How to Remove Spots from 09 
 
 How to Remove Ink Spots on 09 
 
 How to Wash 99 
 
 Octh. How to Clean and Scour 99 
 
 How to Revive Color of Black 99 
 
 Httiovatitm of 99 
 
 Craj*. How to Restore 100 
 
 HamK English iU:-eipt for Sugar Curlaff lOO 
 
 MemtK, Hew to Pickle 100 
 
 ^ 
 
f 
 
 t>. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 chiilcl Itccelpts— Continued 
 I'lirk, How to Cut UpiuidCure. 
 
 >'tul II 
 \Va*i!uii- 
 
 iiisi'hiilil Ki^fuipts 
 'reptlftltii'ii'^ 
 
 PAOE 
 
 ... 100 
 ... 41)0 
 1(10 
 
 Flow Poor liiiys Ik'cipmc Si res.^ful Men '-jj 
 
 Howl ho Woifills Wfiuluil ami ll.s Density and Muss Computed 4(i3 
 
 Howtho L'nitodStalo.stiot lis Liuids ■> M 
 
 How ti) He Hiiiulioine •'■'* 
 
 How to liny Iim Hales of Cotton ;•,.'?,',' 
 
 How to (.'alinlato Various Kxiiraploa of ItM-llU 
 
 A<l(lilion ';i 
 
 Ai-i'i'Unt Sales, Form of l»c 
 
 lliii klajcrs', .'^tonema.sons' Work, Scille l»il 
 
 Ca|iai-ityof llo.tes jW 
 
 Cattle, To riiul Wuiiilit of liy Mwuiurement It-o 
 
 CisU'rnor Well.To FindCajiacity cf ISl 
 
 Commis-iinn ' , iSi 
 
 Coniponiicl Interest, with Trtblo ... li.»-174 
 
 ConverKinK Lines I*** 
 
 Corn on tlio Col) in Cribs ii" 
 
 Kraetions 1(15-1IW 
 
 (irain,To Find tlioConfiiitsot a liin in lliishels l™ 
 
 Hav, To i'ind tlio Nnnilicrof Tonsin Staeks 1"9 
 
 Hay, To I'ind Valuoof, Ktc 11*0 
 
 IiisuraiuT l'>*^ 
 
 Interest I'l-lli? 
 
 Invctitments, Heal Instate lie 
 
 Land Snrvoyinif, Divisions, Etc IHI 
 
 LoaTisunlieal Kstnte, .Mi atKa(?e, and oilier classes of Investments. ITU 
 
 Multi|iliiMtion,Sliort .Mehtoils of 1(15 
 
 Nails, Various Kimls, Sizes, Ete., How Made 137-i:iS 
 
 I'airiters' and Cakiinincrs' Work It 1 
 
 I'laslon-rs' Woi k, to I'nui Nnm'er YardsPliusterlng in a Uoom.... l.sti 
 
 I'raitieal .Measnn'nientB l"'.l 
 
 rrineipalor .\stroiioniieal Lines, Diat'ram IS'i 
 
 Qiiantitv of LwiiiliiT in a Lot;, .Soun mess of Timber 1.^5 
 
 Kiil.'Slor Mei-lianU'S 1B4 
 
 Seaiuliiii? and Timber Mca.^nre Itediiced to One Inch Hoard 
 
 .Measnie, Table* 185 
 
 Sell (ioivU ;ilt'« 
 
 Small Savin^:.<". with Tables Showing Kesults of Savinsrs ^. 178 
 
 SiuKMilatu in Wall Street. BiiO-Wl 
 
 Speeinatij on tli-' Hoard of Trade 4711 
 
 Stocks, H aids and Investments, Showtne Markft tiuotations 175 
 
 Taliieto I'md Number of Acres in a Itodyot Land, Ktc 184 
 
 TinilievMiMisme 184 
 
 To I'iiid .\iiMii'ir of Teot in Seuutling 1B4 
 
 How to l)e:.trov i louseliolil Tests— 
 
 .\n!s. It" iaiel Hlaik 101 
 
 lledl)il -s. r.levill .Methods 101 
 
 11... 
 
 101 
 101 
 101 
 
 101 
 )'J!i 
 
 ioa 
 
 Wi 
 
 ha 
 
 iiE'riiiliara 
 
 (Yickcis 
 
 V'ly Paper, How to Make 
 
 Iliseils 
 
 Si isipiitoes. How to Drive oil 
 
 Mot 111, How to Destroy in Carpets Wi 
 
 Ilowto I'ri'scrvcClotliinsirora KB 
 
 Hals, l-oiirtc-n .Methods KB 
 
 Wa'M'. to I'rovent Vermin in 103 
 
 How to Tell ,\ 'ly Pi-rson's A(?e 4:i2 
 
 Hinnaii Hndyai! ; L.in^'i-, ity 427 
 
 io',n.i!e. Veri" I oi C'-.station In 4.'i5 
 
 Str'iit:li 4:.'8 
 
 nurrieiiiie, N'eloiity of a 15."i 
 
 Hyena, Al'c .\ilaiiied by 455 
 
 Hvdraiilie, or llvdr oilieal Kn;fincerinir, and Hydro-dynamics «0.'> 
 
 Hydto.static, or lly.li-ostiitical aW 
 
 409 
 4IW 
 ;i(i7 
 
 Ice, Hard and Soft Water 
 
 The lii.i-ti.ityof 
 
 Sn-^taini'tr I'ower of 
 
 Which ICind Keeps Host 
 
 Tee f reaij. How to .Make Various Kinds of 3(j6 
 
 Iceland »« 
 
 Identidcatlon 30ti, 308 
 
 Illii-ti'ioiin .Men and Women 431! 
 
 Impcaehnii'nt, President .lolmson 7" 
 
 India. The Empire of— How Hnled—'^ize— Population— When Settled and 
 bv Whom -Laniruisfe- lleliirion-Kiust Imlia Companv— To What 
 Country Snbji it- .Momitains — Pl.tins— Kertility— Deserts-Cli- 
 mate- .\irriiiilliiro— Slock UaisiML'— Industries— E.\ports—Kood of 
 the .N'.Uives— Important Cities— Island of Ceylon— Colfee-Sjiiccs— 
 
 Pearl ( lysiei ••,— I'ishriie.s. Ktc Ml 
 
 Indians, Ameriian •JO't 
 
 Indeiienivii.-e 77 
 
 lnilori''nfntiol' Noie.s, Dral'tsand Checks fll-fifi 
 
 iia'ili Cheek, I'orm of, Showiin? Face and Back, With Indoi'sc- 
 
 nieii(- 02 
 
 C'.i'till' ate of Protest, Form of G.5 
 
 <;on.iilional 63 
 
 Criiaisxnty, Form of 64 
 
 In itlan Ba 
 
 In Full or Special 68 
 
 l,t:W fJovcriniiK 0() 
 
 .Note for Collection, How to Indorse, Form of 63 
 
 Protest and Not ico 64 
 
 Infants in Law 221-223 
 
 Injreroll'sOiatioM at the C.ravpof a Child 154 
 
 (jratiim at His Hrothor'sliravc 154 
 
 In-In,pe"tiona:i I Oot-Inspcotion of (irain. Charges for 4R4 
 
 Ink, l!ow t ) .'(fake Printer's 458 
 
 F.vtraetnr, Instantaneous 401 
 
 lieeeiptrorMuklMSf Violet 461 
 
 Inn, Hotel and Hnarding House Keepers 234 
 
 Inspection lit flrain in and i ui of store fM 
 
 Insurance, Life 261 
 
 Marine 280 
 
 InBiiranco— Continued, PAOK 
 
 Form of Immediate Notice of Loss. 258 
 
 Law KelatiuK to Fire 258-2.59 
 
 Notice, with Certillcute, and Assignment of a Policy, Form of Each 2.51) 
 Dr A.ssurance, Dclliiition of 286 
 
 Integrity, Itellaiice Ota Uusinesa Man 217 
 
 Interest on Money 473 
 
 And Usury 233 
 
 Compoun<l, Ciusting Up, and Table of 173-174 
 
 Different Merhodsof, and How it Accumulates 171-172 
 
 Interesting Industrial Items 103 
 
 1 ron . 
 
 , 200 
 
 Malleable, to Color 458 
 
 Prodnctionof 88 
 
 Halls, when First Used 88 
 
 Soapstone, Paint for 13;t 
 
 When First Made with Coal 88 
 
 When the Process of Galvanizing was Invented 157 
 
 Itemsof Intenat 156 
 
 items Worth Remembering 423 
 
 Jack, Jack Lever, Jack Screw 208 
 
 Jaguars, Age Attained by 455 
 
 Jamaica 297 
 
 Japan, The Empire of-lts Islands, Forests, Lakes and Hivers— Animals 
 —Motintains— Occupations of Its People— .Manufacturing-Mining 
 
 —E.vports -Principal Cities— Mikado's Hesidcnce— Tokio 201 
 
 Jellies, How to Make Twenty Kinds of '. 371-.!77 
 
 Jerusalem, History of the City of 443 
 
 Joint and Several Note, Form of 50 
 
 .Indgment Note 49-.50 
 
 .lumballs, How to Make 371 
 
 .1 u risprudcnee, (! enoral. Particular. 286 
 
 huv, Dilfeient Kinds 28« 
 
 Kansas and Nebraska 78 
 
 Khartoum, The City of 294 
 
 Knives, when tirst used 155 
 
 Kukli'X Klan 78 
 
 Labor, The Value of 472 
 
 Laud, Cultivation In .lapan 408 
 
 Measurement of 181-184 
 
 Ijinds, i'ho 1' nited States, How Acquired 436 
 
 Language Used by Christ, The 442 
 
 or HroKcrs 558-554 
 
 Of Gems, The 435 
 
 Languages, Number of 155 
 
 Law ivSIS 
 
 and Legal Forms 220-26j 
 
 Governing Hunk Checks 46 
 
 Governin-,r Drafts luid Bills of E.vchange 56 
 
 Goveriiiiig Indorsements 00 
 
 Governing Primiissory Notes 61 
 
 Govirning Iteccipts 43 
 
 Of Milling Uegions 542-543 
 
 Btatiite and Common 220 
 
 Lead 206 
 
 Mines 202 
 
 Leaning Tower of Pisa, The 431 
 
 Leases, Sugirestior.saiid Statements 242-243 
 
 by Grant, I'onn td" 244 
 
 Landlord's Notice to Leave at End of Term 243 
 
 Lardloru'3 Notice to Quit for Non-payment of Kent 243 
 
 ^■|lo•■^ Korra, Without Conditions 243 
 
 Leather, Morocco.... 203 
 
 Liquid I'eaient for 458 
 
 Lecompii 'II Constitution 78 
 
 Lee's SinTeiKier to lirant 438 
 
 Legislaliire 78 
 
 Lenionade, How to Make 365 
 
 Leiiiiai Pulls and Tait.s, How to Make .371 
 
 Syrup, How to Make 365 
 
 Leopards, Age Attained by 455 
 
 Letter, How to Wrilo a Business 144-152 
 
 A Model Hiisiness 148 
 
 .Addressing tlie Kuvelope, Diagrams 148-149 
 
 Arrangement of Items 150 
 
 Hi id v of t he Let tcr 148-147 
 
 Hrev it y and Style 150 
 
 Husine-s Lit ters. Various Formaof 1.51-1.52 
 
 Itiai-'rani ofthoStruetiireota 146 
 
 Foil I iiig t he Sheet 149-1-50 
 
 Ileadiugtho 145 
 
 In Advertising 214 
 
 InstriH'tions, A Dunning Letter 150 
 
 Introduction 161 
 
 Literature of a 150 
 
 Margin and Address 148 
 
 Ordering (ioods 160 
 
 Paperaud Fnvclope 144 
 
 Sending Money by 160 
 
 Structure of a... 1*4 
 
 Letters of Credit, Circular • 67 
 
 ('ircular Notes 60 
 
 Form of Circular IiCt tor of Credit 68 
 
 Level 206 
 
 Liberia, Description of 294 
 
 Liberty Hell 441 
 
 Liens, General, Specific, Mechanics', Maritime ■• ■ 2.56 
 
 Lite insurance 333-338 
 
 A pplicat ion. Form of 336 
 
 Declaration, Form of 33(1 
 
 Double Endowment for Twenty Years 334 
 
 Eipectation of Life, Constructed from ilortallty Table 335 
 
 Extent and Magniture of the Business 337-338 
 
 Frauds W 
 
 ^^- 
 
TAGK 
 
 !!5a 
 
 :, SM-l'SQ 
 
 Pormof Eacb aa 
 a«B 
 
 MI7 
 
 47S 
 
 za 
 
 173-174 
 
 171-17a 
 
 ]«3 
 
 aio 
 
 458 
 
 8» 
 
 m 
 
 Wl 
 
 88 
 
 137 
 
 IM 
 
 4a 
 
 •• 30« 
 
 ••• • 455 
 
 •••;■■: LW 
 
 s— Animals 
 Iff— Miiiiii(r 
 
 » 291 
 
 371-ii77 
 
 443 
 
 60 
 
 49-50 
 
 371 
 
 286 
 
 38« 
 
 INUKX. 
 
 Life I iisiimncp— Continued. I'AOK 
 
 Miirtiilily Table, Assured Lives IW 
 
 I'cilic'V, Form nl' !W7 
 
 rrcmiinns, Tiililpsof 33f>-:i:»l 
 
 s. iiu-l-')iilMwinfjiit lor Twenty Veurij k>4 
 
 Si'ui" iTc'iiiiuni Lil'o Pulicii's '.i'H 
 
 Ti'n l''c':niiiin iN()M-l'"(]rloit!nif I'lun ii->!! 
 
 4.Vl 
 •.Xi\ 
 431 
 1^ 
 A'n 
 ■ihr, 
 451 
 l.-)5 
 457 
 , 4118 
 1.5 
 ;j.->l-;«;i 
 
 MKliliiiiitr, HisturKo llollpctod. . 
 
 Iviinit.itintis 
 
 Llmitof Nutunil VIhIom 
 
 Linnet, A re Attained by 
 
 Lions, A.-'e Attaini'd by 
 
 reilddiil' (le^tationin 
 
 Lhinins 
 
 Lne, >miifi\(', Tiie I-'icst 
 
 Liieo.iotiv.':), lnl'<a-mati(iu About — 
 
 London lin l«" 
 
 Ijoom-s 
 
 Lossi'h. ViuiiMKin Mereaniilo liosine- 
 
 Lumber and (itl. IT Artiek'S, listimated Weiiflitoi 191 
 
 A Day at tliu ('ain|i K" 
 
 llooininur, Sortinjf nil 1 Sawiuif 3o3-!l'>:i 
 
 Oililoini I Hi dwood 'Hi! 
 
 Daiii-'-ei-s <il' I.outfini? 3.")8-:>'>tt 
 
 Interest.^, ilxtiul and Magnitude 3."ii 
 
 LoirHimt.r 357 
 
 Lossesa.id DiHi.'iiltics 3^U 
 
 Lu:ulppnn"'iV !;\eii:inBe 3ii.>-lHi4 
 
 Jtlllsiinil ll>i:id:i i;iii|.i.iyed in the United Stut<!s .Si^i) 
 
 Oregon and \^'i:.-!".i:j:,^to!i Territories -.. '''-*'t'i 
 
 I'riidm fi' n and Supplv, The Mill 3(31 -:>■>•; 
 
 llailroiid Loiru-jii),', I'orterV Loeomotlvc ^^^'t 
 
 Iteeejpts or l''oit'st I'rofiuets 3jU 
 
 Haw-Mill l"ir.-t Heard of, Kirst in the L'nited States .itX) 
 
 M 
 
 Mncnrn:^ , How to Cook 
 
 MiiKnct, N'atiiral, nndMatrnetism. 
 Mnhoi-'rtn.w To Stain and Polish. . . 
 
 Maine Liw 
 
 Malftv reniiisiiia. The 
 
 Malays, The 
 
 Maliie, Kinds of 
 
 Malk'iibiilty. 
 
 Mandulav, Tho City ot 
 
 Manliest ■... 
 
 Maiiitobn. 
 
 Maple, Itelutivo Hardness ot 
 
 Maps of 
 
 Aliibama 
 
 Aliislui — 
 
 Ari/.cinia 
 
 Arliiinsa^ 
 
 Calirornia 
 
 Ceiitr:il Atnerlutt 
 
 I'oKinido 
 
 (^Miiu-eticut 
 
 Daliota 
 
 U.Uiv.'are 
 
 373 
 207 
 4H3 
 
 '•!< 
 
 Sift 
 
 21^7 
 , £07 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indiana 
 
 IndianTerritory 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kanstis 
 
 Iventiielcy 
 
 I,onisia"*> 
 
 Maine 
 
 Manityba . 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massaolmsetts 
 
 Moxieo 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Miss'Hirl 
 
 Jlontaim 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Ncviviii 
 
 Now llampshlro 
 
 New .Tersey 
 
 New Mexitro 
 
 New York 
 
 North Atneriea 
 
 Noi't'ii (.'aroiiiin 
 
 Ohio ... 
 
 Ontario 
 
 Ore)jon 
 
 I'ennsvlvania 
 
 Qiiebee 
 
 llhode I-.'huid 
 
 Soulh America 
 
 South farollna 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Te.xiis. 
 
 Utah 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia 
 
 WashiiiBtoii Territory 
 
 West Indies 
 
 West Vlrfflniu 
 
 Wiseonsin 
 
 WvominK 
 
 MBTklnii (loods. Letters and Charaetora Used 
 
 Itiipid Process id' at any Desired Per Cent. Profit. 
 
 Marshniallows, as Made by Confectioners. .. . 
 
 MoKon and Dixon's Lino 
 
 Matelies, Preiiaration tor Tops of 
 
 When Invented 
 
 leiksuiements. Practical 
 
 300 
 454 
 
 . 30.5 
 301 
 
 ;iii<'i 
 
 305 
 
 . ;jo« 
 
 197 
 
 »i» 
 
 '307 
 , ,>I8 
 
 3f 9 
 . 309 
 . 310 
 
 311 
 . 311 
 
 . m-i 
 
 . 312 
 . 313 
 313 
 . 3ii2 
 . 314 
 . .•tl5 
 
 . 315 
 3U1 
 
 31l! 
 317 
 31S 
 318 
 319 
 319 
 ,3:;o 
 Ml 
 320 
 321 
 32-' 
 291 
 
 169 
 
 .78, 
 
 322 
 S99 
 32;) 
 323 
 300 
 324 
 294 
 .302 
 302 
 324 
 325 
 301 
 303 
 820 
 297 
 
 aw 
 
 326 
 ,327 
 -170 
 424 
 463 
 433 
 4,59 
 155 
 179 
 
 Meats, All Kinds, How to Prepare in Different Styles- 
 Hatter to IBO With, All Sorts of !IS3 
 
 lU'elsteak 378 
 
 lieei, Uoast 378 
 
 llrawn 378 
 
 Calves' Liver and Bacou 378 
 
 {.'old Meats .. 3:8 
 
 roriiid neef 878 
 
 Haniaiid (liiekoniujelly 378 
 
 How to Select 378-423 
 
 Lanib.Lem.r 379 
 
 Mmton 379 
 
 Oliserviitions (in "'70 
 
 ■Pi(fs' Cheek 379 
 
 Pi^.s' Peet and Kars 379 
 
 P(M-k, 111 all Styles 379 
 
 Pork Saiisaires 379 
 
 Itollcd Heel 378 
 
 Koiiiid of Iteef 378 
 
 Sauces for Meats 3.H9 
 
 Sau.«a),'e Uolls 379 
 
 Spiced neef 380 
 
 StcwedUeet 3,S() 
 
 Ton^-ne -v^ 
 
 Trill.' , 380 
 
 Veal, all Styles 3^0 
 
 Meats, VcKctables, Etc.— Various Heceipts for Ciii'inif, Pickling, Canning, 
 and Preserving- 
 
 Appies 110-111 
 
 neiins Ill 
 
 lleef Ill 
 
 Heets n9 
 
 Hirds 112 
 
 Hutter Ill 
 
 Canlillower 112,119 
 
 Celery 112 
 
 Cherries 112,119 
 
 Cider 112 
 
 Chopped Pickles 119 
 
 Chow Chow :. 119 
 
 CrahApples I'-'O 
 
 CiK-iinibers '19 
 
 Iv.a-s 112 
 
 I'l 
 
 ii!;eikins 
 
 '■;rit-.'r,Cireen.. 
 
 f:i,:. SI berries 
 
 'li'i'l-es 
 
 K.iiiei 
 
 Ill rbs 
 
 -Money 
 
 Horse Hadlsh. . 
 
 Laid 
 
 I, lines 
 
 Meat 
 
 Mill; 
 
 Mime .Meat. 
 Mushrooms. 
 
 ll.'ilU 
 
 .... 120 
 . .. 120 
 
 lit 
 ... 114 
 
 114 
 
 114 
 . 1 15 
 .... 115 
 ... 115 
 .,., 1211 
 11.5-111'. 
 .... llti 
 .... 111! 
 
 12:1 
 
 Onions 117,120 
 
 Pai-siiips 117 
 
 Peaches 117, VM 
 
 Peas 117 
 
 Peppers 120 
 
 Pieeiiliili 117, l.'.'O 
 
 Pickles liil-120 
 
 Pliiius 120 
 
 Potatoes 117 
 
 Pumpkins 117 
 
 Rainwater 117 
 
 Hoots 120 
 
 Hosebiids 117 
 
 Saner Kraut 117 
 
 Sansaire 118 
 
 Suet 118 
 
 Sweet Potatoes 117 
 
 Tallow 118 
 
 Tomatoes 118, 120 
 
 Vesrctables ,118 
 
 Vinegar, Cider 118 
 
 Yeast 118 
 
 Mecca, Description of 292 
 
 ?'Iechani( '.s Lien 2,55 
 
 .Mcchanieal I'owers !M7 
 
 «nd.Sciciitlllc Terms, giving Names and Detinitions in Architect- 
 ure and Huiiiiing, Carpentry andjoinerv,. Metallurgy, Nautical 
 
 Alfairs. and Processes o£ .-^rt and Industry 19S-212 
 
 Medical Department— 
 
 Ainicin tho Hreast, Curofor 89 
 
 AguoMi.xture 89 
 
 Anlile, Sprained, HnwtoCure 89 
 
 Apoplexy lieiief for 89 
 
 Asthma, (^iiri' for 
 
 Baldnes--, Cure for 
 
 Hilioiis Colic, Cure for 
 
 nilioiisComphilnts, Cure for. 
 
 Hlaekbcrrv Cordial ... . 
 
 nieeiliiv-'. How to Stop 
 
 Bhstci-snn tlio I'ect, Cure for 
 
 Hlood-ralsing 
 
 Hoils, Cure for 
 
 Dowels, Swi'llcd In Children 89 
 
 Ilreath, How to Cure Had 91 
 
 Hunions, How to Cure 91 
 
 Burns and Scalds, HowtoCure 91-104 
 
 Cancer, Ho<v to Cure 91 
 
 Castor Oil Emulsions 91 
 
 How to Disguise 91 
 
 Mixture 01 
 
 Catarrh, Cure for 91 
 
 Chnnned Hands and Lips 89,94 
 
 ChUblaius, S'uHoua Cures for K' HI 
 
:1n 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Medical D«partmen(-<k)ntlDued. rAOB 
 
 Cbildren, Sltni of DlwMe in S0.V7W 
 
 Chulera, How to Cure 80-81 
 
 Cold*. How to Cure 81 
 
 Conitimptloo, Cure for 81 
 
 ' CoUKh Mlxtiiree, V'arloui 83 
 
 Corns, Hdw to Ciiro All Klodlof 80-82 
 
 Cruuu, One Miaute Remedy for 81 
 
 Dandruff, How to Cure 81 
 
 Deatnesn, Cure for 92 
 
 Dlarrhn?» If fmedles 92 
 
 ChriHiie, Cure for 92 
 
 Diphtheria, HowtoCure 91 
 
 Drfipsy, Cures for 92 
 
 I)runkL'M!ie!w, Cures far 92 
 
 D,V80nt*ry, Cures for 92 
 
 DyspepBla, Cures for 92 
 
 Euniche, Cures for 92 
 
 EryNlpelus, Cures for 82 
 
 EycH, (irauuhir InflainmaUoa,CurMfOf 83 
 
 Iiilliiniid, Cures for 93 
 
 8ty,Cure»f(>r 83 
 
 Weeplnsr. Cures for 83 
 
 Felons, Cure for 83 
 
 Fever and Afruo ... 93 
 
 Fever Sores, Cure for 93 
 
 Fits, Cures for 93 
 
 Flesh Worms, euro ."or 93 
 
 Freckles, How to Remove.... 93 
 
 Oravol, euro for 93 
 
 Hair, Mow to Clean the 9i 
 
 Restorative 93 
 
 Wash 93 
 
 Hands, How to Soften M 
 
 How to Remove Stains from 91 
 
 Howto Whiten 94 
 
 Headache Drops 94 
 
 Head,T<> Cure Scurf in the 04 
 
 Heartburn, To Cure 94 
 
 Hiccoutrh, To Cure 94 
 
 HiveSyrup 94 
 
 Hoarsi-nees, Remedies for 94 
 
 Humors, How to Cure 94 
 
 Hysterics, How to Cure 94 
 
 Iteh, Ilartier's, How to Cure 94 
 
 Ointments 9,5 
 
 Seven Year, HowtoCure. 96 
 
 Jaundice, Cure for 95 
 
 Joints, Stillened, Cure for 95 
 
 Kidney Discnae, Cure for 95 
 
 Lame Back, Cure for 95 
 
 LiccHow to Kill 95 
 
 Liniment, A Wonderful forSprains „ 95 
 
 Rheumatic 95 
 
 Sore Throat 96 
 
 Lips, .fore to Cure 96 
 
 Li\er ComplnintCure 95 
 
 Lock .law. Cure for 95 
 
 Moth Patches, HowtoRemove 95 
 
 Mumps, Cure for 96 
 
 Nails, Finfter, How to Care for the 94 
 
 Inif rowinif , To Prevent 95 
 
 To Whiten 96 
 
 Neuraluria Cures 95 
 
 Oftliel'nce 96 
 
 Of the Stomach 90 
 
 Ointment, Olycerinc gg 
 
 For Itch 90 
 
 For Hemorrhoids 96 
 
 For Soro Nipples '. 96 
 
 ForSuiphur 96 
 
 Pains, Cure fur ' g6 
 
 Pain-Klller, Instantaneous 96 
 
 Pimples, (7ure for 96 
 
 Plaster, Poor Man's \ 96 
 
 Mustard , gg 
 
 Strentrthenintr ' g6 
 
 Poultice, Bread and Milk 96 
 
 Linseed 96 
 
 On insy, Cu res f 1 ir and Treatment of ! 96 
 
 HlH'umiiti.«ni, Itcraedies \ ." 96 
 
 Rin^rwnrni, To Cure ,, .. 96 
 
 Salt Hheiun |. .' 97 
 
 Salve, HcalinMr !!!'*.' 97 
 
 Stomach, Blcedinir of the '. . 97 
 
 Sii'kiK's.s of the .'.' 97 
 
 Sunliuru and Tan, To Remove 97 
 
 Sweat, To Produce !..,......! 97 
 
 Tan, To Remove " 97 
 
 Teeth, Care of the 
 
 and (iunig, Wa.sh for .. 
 How to Preserve the. . . 
 
 Tecthinif of Chililren 
 
 ThroHt, Cure lor Sore... . 
 
 Tooftiiiche, Cure for 
 
 Tooth powders 
 
 ITrine, I'rec PassaifO of 
 
 SealdiUB: 
 
 rrifiary Ohstructions 
 
 Veiieri'al Complaints. 
 
 Wai'ts, How to Cure 
 
 While Swellinir, To C\iro.. 
 
 Whoopintr Cou«li, To Cure 
 
 Wound.'", To Cure 
 
 Worms in Children, To Cure ,' .' .'.'!.'.'.'.' 98 
 
 Medical .lurispnidcnce. . 287 
 
 Medicine, Terms fsed in Mi. . ,"! !!.!!i 429 
 
 Mem<iry, Trniniudf of the Faculty of '..'.. ai6 
 
 Memphis. The Temple of 4,'i6 
 
 Mercantile Law 387 
 
 Metal. White.to M»ke ^3 
 
 Which Expands tue Moat Under Heat !. 463 
 
 PAOK 
 
 Metal WorklnK, Curioaitlea 4t>8 
 
 Mexico, Full DeseripUve and Btatiitlcal Matter Relative to 296 
 
 Mighty Hammers 444 
 
 Military Law 287 
 
 Tactics, Remarkable of Charles XII 46S 
 
 Mills, Useful Hints on 460 
 
 Mines and Minerals- 
 Coal 88 
 
 Copper 291-296 
 
 Gold 2ei.!!»5 
 
 Lead 293 
 
 Petroleum 291-295 
 
 Silver 291-295 
 
 Zinc f95 
 
 Mlnlni 636 
 
 Abandoned Mine 643 
 
 Affidavit, Form of 648 
 
 Assaying the Gold Ore 642 
 
 Blow-Pipe 638-639 
 
 DlBKram of a Claim 643 
 
 Gold and Hilvcr Minerals 641 
 
 Howto Examine a Mineral 63S 
 
 Improvements on Lode Claim 643 
 
 Laws of MIninf; Regions 643-643 
 
 Location Certitlcate, Form of 643 
 
 Ores and Metals 637 
 
 Prospecting. 
 
 Shark 546-540 
 
 Sliver Minerals 639-641 
 
 Tricks of Mining Swindlers 646 
 
 WorkingaMine 640 
 
 Missouri Compromise 78 
 
 Mohammedans 292-293 
 
 Monkey .Ago Attained by 465 
 
 Monroe Doctrine 79 
 
 Montreal 300 
 
 Moors, The 293 
 
 Morocco, Description of 2B3 
 
 Mortgages, General Remarks 247 
 
 Chattieaor Personal Property.Form of aChattelMortgage. . 262-263 
 
 Formof a Mortgage 247-248 
 
 Short Form of Chattel Mortgage 263-; 84 
 
 Mother Shipton's Remarkable Prophecy .. 430 
 
 Motion 207 
 
 Mountain, The Highest in the World 456 
 
 Moving Powers 207 
 
 Mozamt' I ue. Description of 294 
 
 Muffins, ^wtoMake 867-369 
 
 Graliam , 369 
 
 Mush, How to Cook . 367 
 
 Howto Fry 887 
 
 N 
 
 Nails, Varieties and Number to the Found 187-188 
 
 Native Americans 79 
 
 Natural Gas, History of 466-469 
 
 Naturalization , 79 
 
 Needles, When First Used 155 
 
 No,?ro Race, The 293 
 
 New Brunswick 390 
 
 New Orleans Cotton Exchange 604 
 
 As Between Members and Non-Members 620 
 
 Assistant Supervisors 621 
 
 Chief Suiwrviaor, His Duties 621 
 
 Commissions and Brokerage 522 
 
 Cotton Specuhition 606-607 
 
 DampCotton, Allowance for 620 
 
 Delivery and Press Room Inspection 620 
 
 Doctrinoof Futures Explained 616-617 
 
 Duties of Members 510 
 
 Expenditurefor Information 607 
 
 Failures 517 
 
 Form of Cotton Contract 512 
 
 Form of Tran8feral)lo Notice 513 
 
 Fraudulent Packs and Claims 621 
 
 Future Market of New Orleans 517 
 
 Futures 610 
 
 Governing Weighers ',,, 620 
 
 Herbaceous, Shrub and TreeCotton 606 
 
 Initiation Keeand Annual Subscription 610 
 
 Meral>ership, Conditions of 600-610 
 
 Numlierand Weightof Each Band to Each Bale 620 
 
 Object of the Exchange, Committees, Etc 608-609 
 
 Picking and Sending to Ginning Mill 505-506 
 
 Press Order, Form of 614 
 
 Press Supervision 521 
 
 Press Supervision and Leveo Inspection .. 619 
 
 Receipts and Deliveries 62C 
 
 Rejections .'6i9-.53i) 
 
 Salaries and Weight of Samples , 621 
 
 Sale and Delivery of Cotton 519 
 
 Seed Product ' gg6 
 
 Settlements 618 
 
 SpotCotton "\ 5jg 
 
 Supervision Fee " 522 
 
 Testing Scales '. bjq 
 
 Transferable Notices 8i2-613 
 
 Transfer, Form of Sl.1 
 
 Varieties, Height, Etc .'.'. 6^5 
 
 WeiRht of a Merchantable Bale ' 560 
 
 Newspaper, The Fiittin England 155 
 
 Niagara Falls, The Stoppage of 471 
 
 Description of 455 
 
 .Sending Vessels Over 4,'i7 
 
 Niagara Suspension Bridge ,.', 431 
 
 NiBkBames of States, Cities and People 7b 
 
 Nijihtiagale, Age Attained by 4,55 
 
 NireCou»try,fte , V.SIW, 457 
 
 Uiver, The 457 
 
 L 
 
 
 
.. S45-540 
 . e3»-641 
 
 648 
 
 . . . 640 
 
 78 
 
 29J-293 
 .... 466 
 
 70 
 
 300 
 
 ige. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 North Amoricn-ltsIX)cation-Kxtcnt-Slmpo-Mountaln»-yolcanoe8- 
 
 Yukoii Itivcr- Other Uivcra -Sdil— Clinmto-I'roducta— Veitetu- 
 tion -Seal -Willi Aiiiiuiils— Kcptilus-lllrds-MlniiKf KeHdiiroes— 
 Petroleum — CliilJ, Silver ond Zinc-Esiiuiiniiux— Indiiina-Whito 
 Hnec-Indiistries-Commcree—l'isherios— Agriculture— Greeuluud 
 
 -Icelnnd *2g 
 
 Northwest Territory '" 
 
 Ncjies, I'romissory ,''? 
 
 Novii Siotin '^"' 
 
 Nuliii, Deaerintionof ;:'■' 
 
 NuiKupiitive Wills <"^ 
 
 o 
 
 Onk Iliirk.Qiinnt'.ty UcqiiirpdlnTiinnintf 455 
 
 Oiik, He.l, Kehitive llnrtliiisa of 454 
 
 fiiTiili, Iteliitive Hanliicss of 454 
 
 Willie. Uiliitivc Hiii-dneas of 451 
 
 Yellow, iiclutive llnrdnesa of 454 
 
 Oil Cniiipiired to (ins 4.)rt 
 
 ' (juiinlitylieipiired for Uilleront Colors ot Paint 4:.'4 
 
 Olives, V/hii-e I'roilueed -1|;1 
 
 Omelet, riieese, HowtoMiike del 
 
 Aspaniu'iis, How to Mnko .>;- 
 
 Err, How to Make d.J 
 
 Ontario, Deserlptiou of. -•» 
 
 Oraiitfo Free States, I)e.seriptlon of 2«4 
 
 Origin cdtlie Names of States JU 
 
 Oyst'erai HowtiVcoruVsti.'wi'FiyVPIt'ki'. Eseuliop and iiako Patties. 373-375 
 
 P 
 
 Paint Quantify liequired to Cover a Given Surface 424 
 
 Si«ii..i. 1 low til Ueniove 401 
 
 I'ale^line, lii'si liption of 2iia 
 
 PaneiiU''-. KiiRli^li, Mow 1.1 Make 3ti7 
 
 I'aiueiU l^.iV, lli.-l'irv of the 440 
 
 Paper, ll^iw to TiiUKlieu ■.■:••••. *'''* 
 
 1 low to Va..iten I'eiiiil Markg and Prevent lilurnnif 4,5» 
 
 Iluw to'i'ni'isl'er Newspaper Prints to (Jlass 4'>H 
 
 Parrot, Aire Attained liy ...^ ,,VV 1C''5 
 
 I-..'S How l.ontr It lakes to Huteh 4.i;i 
 
 Partnership, Sliowinif Arlielesof SSS-fflll 
 
 Partridge, How to Cook 310 
 
 Pateuts, porek'n and rnited States 208-270 
 
 ApplieantK, Applieatioii.5 for 2ti'.i 
 
 As.^it-'imiicnl'' of 270 
 
 Caveat.^, ConveyaneeT'onn 2iiK 
 
 DesiifU for Ornamental Purposes 270 
 
 Uraiviii"..-, HowThev .Must he Made 209 
 
 Uurali.MilMthe I'nited States 2iSll 
 
 Fees In the I'nited statesund Elsewhere 270 
 
 Ir '■"oreirn Countries 270 
 
 Mo.lels, How 'I'liey May 1)0 Made 209 
 
 Payment and 'lender 224-225 
 
 Peaeoek, Auo Attained by ir.'t 
 
 Pearl ine, In^'redientsor 40!) 
 
 Pearls "'dl 
 
 Peliean, Awe At tallied by 4.")5 
 
 Pennian-liip, lirnainintal.. .••••■■: 38 
 
 Peisever.inee, F.h'ineut oL Success in Busmess 217 
 
 Persia, liescrlpt ion of 2'.i2 
 
 Petroleum ■ 2!il 
 
 Theory a.s to the Orltrin of 403 
 
 Plialan.v.'l'i'ie Ancient Greek 4.'i5 
 
 Pliai.^aiit, How to Cook ... . 370 
 
 Pickles, How to Put up Sf'O-S.s? 
 
 lieetlluots 380 
 
 Chow Chow 3W 
 
 PffL's 3.S7 
 
 CrienCorn 3.-7 
 
 Indian Pickle 3)<7 
 
 Mushrooms 3H7 
 
 Piihlc Sauco i\x7 
 
 lied CaliliaBO 387 
 
 Tomatoes 387 
 
 ■ Tomalol.illy 387 
 
 Walnuts 387 
 
 Pics— How to Make 381 3.11 
 
 lleelsteak ,WI 
 
 Chicken .381 
 
 Cocoaniit 381 
 
 Cream .381 
 
 Fish Wl 
 
 Ci II mo 38 1 
 
 Gililet 381 
 
 Hum 381 
 
 Lamb .381 
 
 Jlinco Meat Wl 
 
 Mince, Moclt 381 
 
 Minee.Good 381 
 
 Potato Pastry 3,s! 
 
 Potato 381 
 
 Salmon 3si 
 
 Veal 3S1 
 
 Vinegar .3^1 
 
 Pigeons, Au'o Attained by 4.''5 
 
 Carrier, Speed of 4,'>7 
 
 Eiws, 1 1' iw I.oii!? it Takes to Hatch 4.'i5 
 
 Pike, Ai'M Attdiic d by 4."o 
 
 Pine, Yellow, lielaiivo Hardnessof 4."i4 
 
 White, Uelative Hardnesa of 4.54 
 
 Platotilass, ilow to Polish 401 
 
 Platinum Mini'.! ■ .' '"il 
 
 Plover, llini' to Cook 3:8 
 
 Pliiinliers, Hecoipt.Uor 4';&-lfitf 
 
 Plymouth Hoek, History of 440 
 
 Poems, ( hoice— 
 
 liinircn on tho Rhino 1.37 
 
 Changes 138 
 
 §^ = 
 
 Poems— Continued. PAOK 
 
 Hereafter 135 
 
 Maid of Athena 142 
 
 MaudMuller 134 
 
 Oft in the Stilly NiKht 136 
 
 Oh, Why Should tho Spirit of Mortal bo Proud 136 
 
 'Ostler .Ii 
 
 1«7 
 141 
 
 140 
 139 
 1311 
 140 
 
 Hock Me toSleep 
 
 Tho Old Oaken Ducket 
 
 Tlio M u rdt rer 
 
 Twenty Years Abo 
 
 Tho Haven 
 
 'Tls tho Last Hose of Summer 130 
 
 We Parted in Silence 1.14 
 
 Would Wo Hcturn 134 
 
 PoUtc'ne.sj in SellliK? Goods 347 
 
 Political History of the rnited States, Vocabulary of Party Names. 
 
 Measures, Terms and Ma.xims 72-8;) 
 
 Poiiiilar Vote for Presidents 88 
 
 Tallies Showing the liesiilt of tho F.h.'ctoral CoUetfO, Proceedings 
 bvStates, Kvliiliitlnu' atatilanoo What States Were Carried liy 
 tl'a' Sueeesstul luid Insuccessful Candidates, from Washiimton 
 
 toDati; 82-85 
 
 Votes by States, Showinpr How Each State Went in Presidential 
 Elect ions from 18.'4 to Date, and by What Majority tho Party 
 
 Carried It 80-87 
 
 Pommes-BU-lilz, How to Make 372 
 
 Pomiiey's Pillar, Hescriiition of 4.'iO 
 
 Poplar, Uelative Hardness of 4."i4 
 
 Popovers, How to Make 3ii7 
 
 I'opularSovereit'uity 80 
 
 Portau Prince 293 
 
 Pi.irtoliieo 207-2'Jfi 
 
 Posts, How to Preserve 409 
 
 'J'iinlierfor, How to Preserve 451 
 
 Potato Cakes 373 
 
 Poultry, llow to Icoti^t, llroil or lioil— 
 
 Chi'.'kcns 3."^ 
 
 Chickens, Eacallopcd 388 
 
 Geese 388 
 
 Piireons 388 
 
 Sauces for 388-it.8il 
 
 Turkey 388 
 
 Potnidsma liushel, Dlllerent States 191 
 
 Precious Stones 291 
 
 A rrauKid .\eeordinj? to Color and Hardness 4;X) 
 
 Pre-emption liinht HU 
 
 Preserve Ornauic objects. How to 400 
 
 Preserves, How to Make — 
 
 Apiilo.lani 381 
 
 Apple .Marmalade 382 
 
 llarlierry Jam 3-..' 
 
 lllaek Curicuts .. 382 
 
 Cherry ,liun 382 
 
 Cherry Marmalade o--- 
 
 Currants for Tarts 3,s3 
 
 GrcenfiaKO Plums ., 382 
 
 Green Giuto. lam 3^2 
 
 Marnialade, Transparent 3.^2 
 
 .Marmaltide, Tomato 3r2 
 
 Pears, Dolled and Pickled 3'-3 
 
 PieklcdCitron 3«t 
 
 (Juinees 3Kt 
 
 Kasplicrries 3.^3 
 
 Spiced Currants SSJ 
 
 Stcived Pears, Whole 3^3 
 
 Strawberries Whole ""3 
 
 Strawlierriesin Wine 3.'.3 
 
 Tomatoes 383 
 
 Prince Edward Islands 3(.o 
 
 Printers' Inks, Ilow to Make 4.V< 
 
 Prollt and l.n.s.s, iteekonini-'Gainsand Losses.. .. ]08-lilii 
 
 1 Promptness I-^sseiitial in ilusincss 21ii 
 
 I'rotectni),' Water Pities 4i)9 
 
 PuUdint's, Ilow to JlakonU Kindsof— 
 
 Aihber 3.'^3 
 
 Ap|ile,llaked 3.s;i 
 
 Apple, Itoiled 383 
 
 Apiileiind .Sago 3^3 
 
 Arrow^ltoot H-s;! 
 
 Aunt Nelly's 383 
 
 Ilaked I nilian <3.s3 
 
 neel.steak 3>4 
 
 lllaekeap 381 
 
 nianc^ Manue 371.3-4 
 
 lioiled Matter 384, 3'0 
 
 liread 384 
 
 Christinas 38 1 
 
 Cottaue 384 
 
 Crnmli 384 
 
 iJamson 384 
 
 :i84 
 
 r,irn. 
 E\tra. 
 
 Fin 
 
 Gelatine. 
 
 Gooseberry... 
 Ground liiee. 
 
 885 
 
 iiiilian 3--.} 
 
 Kilney 385 
 
 l.eiiion 38.1 
 
 Mae:u-oni i;8j 
 
 7.[arrow . . 3^-5 
 
 Meat and PoLlto IS i 
 
 >'esselrode ii'-i 
 
 Plum 3.'-J 
 
 'otato 
 
 rinec of Wales S.'-j 
 
 net n 3-'i 
 
 tice. Plain and Plch 3.--tl 
 
 Rice, with Fruit 380 
 
 Horaau 3>-0 
 
 Sago , 380 
 
INUKX. 
 
 rucMinjfs-Cdiitinucd. 
 
 8|):iriiuli 
 
 fmt 
 
 'l'u|iliK':i 
 
 V.rm.iM.Ml 
 
 PiiUc, .Viilmil I'lilsiitlonof 
 
 I'lit.s, r.ii mi I. 'I HtmiMIca, OniiuTnido . 
 I'.vninii'!:, Tlir Ltrvi'tii"! 
 
 Qllllil, Huw t'lfnliU 
 
 ijuhiilit.v lil I'lu'ri ill II Crilp, Ti) I''inJ ... 
 
 Ill' rdituii lull Hull' 
 
 ol (lii.Ml.stu liiiv 111 lit t.iil Tmilu 
 
 III' thi.v iM a ."^t u'lt 
 
 of I.MI'lln-f iilil l.uy 
 
 ol' Vf licMt in a itiii 
 
 Qiiiirli-r, (Jiuirtu, i.iiiintal, Qillro . 
 
 Omhc*', lii^ii'iiptinii i)t 
 
 Qiiotatiun.s 
 
 l'\iiuiliai' ■ 
 
 (ir, 
 
 .. . iw 
 . 4r)(i 
 
 . y,'.) 
 
 . i"\ 
 
 oil 
 
 1.-.-) 
 
 , 111! 
 
 Ill) 
 
 iiiK; 
 
 142-1 W 
 
 Hnbliit, Aup Attained li.v i'i5 
 
 flow lo fook ilT'l 
 
 Itailival, ll.a-.S", Till- Kiist J.V. 
 
 \'iailia't. III! .\ur'traliaii 'tiiH 
 
 Kailnmils 111 liiilaiiil 4Zt 
 
 Uail-i, 1 1(111 and Wimd, U'licii First Used hH 
 
 Kaihv;i\-.s in .M'rifii ... l.''.';! 
 
 Ka.-|»l>fn'v \'iiu'*7ur, H 'W to Muko oi>."» 
 
 Itawii.s A(/ii Attained li.v ■l.Vi 
 
 Itc'ci-'ilJt?, X'sii'iiiu.-i rianisdf 43- 1! 
 
 I.aw (invcrninif 4:! 
 
 HOl'i|hS, Isrfiil 4;«i 
 
 r.ir Hi'-liiiiiii^'Tv|pc' liililiiMiH 4''M 
 
 liwiivi IV and lullri'IiulKd' 1)( lil,< 271-X'N.' 
 
 .\l..-.ii:nt 1 1' Koiiu Hlf.id and Mvciuptldii I/iiws, Diffureiit States ~?- 
 
 Itcnioval Inan t'liili-' totitate it- 
 
 Itclci'tilM'S.Cultoll SlO-.V.t) 
 
 Hclfi^e', l'cina.<id' (Ina.Tal .'"il 
 
 t'.onMi'kalto Insfrij-tiaiH . 17- 
 
 Ut'puUiu an Tartv i?i)-Nl 
 
 Uutail Ilnsiiic--i, C.ipit il.rt',' ;iU 
 
 lt.l.Vinrflinoc|.-; on ClVilit lit'.' 
 
 ISiivlni? iiiaiid <; lliiiirstaiird lUl 
 
 < a-liS,il sTicki 1, iMirmof K.i 
 
 Employes iiU 
 
 liateriiiKintii I'li'iiu l•^tlip H-I'i 
 
 Klltei'illTl f (in. lis IliaiKllt 3 :i 
 
 r..\!-.i.'n^".-;iind I'r ^litd Il-Vi 
 
 l-'ia ni 'if a i.eUer ;(!- 
 
 Ihnvti)^ I'.'ei'^ds iltll 
 
 Ke.'ianu' tac lluniiu Xi'. 
 
 Lnsse3 3oJ-!l."i2 
 
 Meinoi-amlinn or Slate :i41t 
 
 i'aviiiu' Inr (i.iodf, a"jl»-;Sl 
 
 I'e'.tvrash M.pipk, Kiinnof ;VA 
 
 I'r.iprietiirtliu MostbiiiMM'ssfiil Seller ;!47 
 
 Keoi'lvini^ancl MarkiiiK (inod.-* iJ4C-:vi4 
 
 Ueplenlsliimrtlio.st'iek ;H',) 
 
 Suinmarvid" ItiHinc.^s liM 
 
 'talk. Some SaU'>iinii Apt Too MiH-h ;U7 
 
 'I'liu Alereliant. Sonallv ... Sri.'i 
 
 W'liitin;.^ on I'lmtoiiiers, Dcmi-aiK I'ofti.iO Salesman JltT 
 
 Hajii'iiir IS, \tf ' Aitaini'd liy 4'i'i 
 
 l.'ie.- ■ roppii'lt! >. How iPLMako 372 
 
 (iNtard, lion- til M.i;;i' ;)r3 
 
 riiiiiiiiierv, llowto Mako 37'-' 
 
 riitl.'i-s, lli.w tD.Maku 37.; 
 
 Hivi'i-s, So'iio final , 4;iil 
 
 Solil .Matter in 4.-Ji 
 
 ItoSilH, .\ae .\tt:rlii'd liy 4.'yi 
 
 Uo;!-, I) •lii.iiiiis, ilij.vtci Mako ;!t)T 
 
 I'l.iieli, lliovioMake :iii7 
 
 It'' i,m I.e^rioii.The . . ^rC} 
 
 li.'-^ I'ii.iili ■, Tho l!eni:irkaliioPi. ry cf 44s 
 
 Hnyaltv in ICnuiaml, f.ii't of 4:11) 
 
 Kiiliiier, Mow 10 Cut HisilT 41.ii 
 
 U,.: ;,\..-v'v,..v round '.",M 
 
 Itnlesti'ivrniiij the Jiispcctlcn nf Gnuii In tlie Cit y Of Chintgr) 48:)- 1'^ I 
 
 for .Mechanics IM -Is.-) 
 
 Uiisks, How to .^laKo ;i'"7 
 
 Hus-iiu, Description of Sil 
 
 8 
 
 Sahara Desert. Tile ....... 
 
 Saiiron. The Cit.v of 
 
 Salaries of l.'niied States OfTicera per An.^um 
 
 Salmon, A'/u Attaineil by 
 
 Salt 
 
 Lake, Tlio Great 
 
 Mines 
 
 .'^ahii'.'", ('ireiiinstances Govei'iilnflt the Amount 
 
 San 1) .miii!-'o 
 
 Sandy Soil, Pile Driving in 
 
 Sappliires 
 
 Saiieesfor All Kiiidsnf Meats, Fish, Poultry and Game 
 
 Sconriii;{ Paste, An r\ecllont 
 
 Screws, Varion.s Kinds •..•...•■ ... 
 
 Sea, Teineeratureof tlis .i.> , 
 
 Dead ,. 
 
 Galll.'G 
 
 Peees-loii and Be-Admlsslon <'£ Heliei StaAen, 
 
 Se'-d. Viiar.tity Iteoiiiriil toSwo ftuAOW., 
 
 .''^enate 
 
 .•sene^'ami'ia, De.sci-fiiticn rt 
 
 Settlement?, hy nxi;liurib-« nt EmftS 
 
 ForOraiu .V .'.".V 
 
 2114 
 ail-,' 
 
 4."..T 
 
 4.V 
 !.",'l 
 3rS 
 4i« 
 ^10 
 
 . 440 
 . 4;;.-. 
 . « 
 
 . 4:5» 
 
 61 (! 
 
 'MM 
 
 .•Seven Wise' .Men of f^rcii ", The 
 
 Wiilldi rsi.f t!ie V'lMld ■■ 
 
 Si wiiiK .Machin''H, Wl Invented aial by W liom 
 
 Sllavln^.• i-oap, llowto .Make 
 
 siiecp, Twciiiy-iv.'i) Kiiid.s of .Medicine lor 
 
 .Xue .\r uiii'l by ••• 
 
 I'l rl'id of (iestaiion in 
 
 Slilii'.'i.s, II' wtoSt.'P.loinis 1!' 'tween 
 
 SldiMiici.'-, Dadv Ki'poriof Flevut.<>r 
 
 SliiiijHM',', Law of 
 
 A»i raw- 
 
 II 'itomiy. Charter Party 
 
 lonii of Chaiii'r Party " 
 
 l(c,/istiatioiianl LiLciise of Vessels 
 
 Ships. History of itiK 
 
 Shoe I'olisli, How to Mako 
 
 Shoes, Odd Faci.-. Aliiait 
 
 Silicna, Hi'scrlpiloii of ,',■„■, 
 
 tfiher .MIneiiils "•'" 
 
 How to 0.\idize 
 
 To Kemove irom PliiteU Ware 
 
 Sinvraiiore. I)es('ri(ttion of 
 
 Si'ikiiitf Fund 
 
 Sk,\ larks, .Vite Att'dned by 
 
 .'•'.i\e Trii'loiiiid ^iavery 
 
 SliiM'ry War 
 
 t*mol\e Consumers 
 
 .Siii.\ riia 
 
 ■.'.1,1 
 ;B7 
 :.";:| 
 2,Vi 
 4ld 
 4IW 
 4'.'4 
 •M 
 .MO 
 4>iU 
 (tiS 
 
 2(*9 
 
 4 ■) 
 
 tl 
 
 ?l 
 
 4'1'.) 
 
 at; 
 
 t^nipe. How to Cook 
 
 Sim pine. Inrxredieiitsof 
 
 Sol'Icr, How t.i .\ial.o'i'liii'ty Kinils 
 
 Soil, Pro'liiciivenesaof the onthu Nile liii or 
 
 SoloniotrH'i'i-nipIf. 
 
 Solid) e(.|ii.s.s lor Floor.^ 
 
 .Siaiiii'ii, 'I'tie 
 
 Siaiii'l.riu' Speed if, ill Air, WaierundOtheirSubtaiices 
 Soii|ie, How to .diiko Various Kill Isof 
 
 Alii I'.oke 
 
 Asi'iiiiiMiis 
 
 11. ■, I ill'olll 
 
 He, r I'ca 
 
 ilicf I'ea, l.iebltt's 
 
 Kouill'in 
 
 lliow 11 Gravy 
 
 I'll 
 
 Clam 
 
 CoMSoieme 
 
 Croutons 
 
 (iHllie 
 
 .lidii'ime 
 
 Lobster 
 
 Mi'Ck Turtle 
 
 (i\ster 
 
 (i.v'l'ail 
 
 lioval 
 
 Sci.il h Ilrolh 
 
 SplitPea 
 
 Toiimto 
 
 Turkey 
 
 \'aiiini3 
 
 \cal 
 
 \ I'll I Gravy 
 
 Viyebiblo 
 
 Vermicelli 
 
 South 
 
 Soiitli America '•■|ill Descriptive and Statisticul Matter Hclntlvc 
 
 South .Sea iialible. The 
 
 Sow. Pi noiiof Gi station 111. 
 
 So'.iidont, How to .Make 
 
 Siiectro cope 
 
 S|icllintr, Uiilcjifor 
 
 S'poiiKe Fisheries 
 
 SpoiitaiiconsCo.iibiistion 
 
 Spriiiirs. Heiiiiirkalileof California., 
 
 Iloiliii'-', F. plaiiationot 
 
 I'r.ilcr the iJcean — 
 
 Sqiiirrel, .\i,'e Attnined by 
 
 Still.', A no Attaiiied by 
 
 Slain i'j.ntriii'lor. Instantaneous. 
 
 Si aiiipiii'^- Powder for Ladies 
 
 stareli Fnainel lor St ilVening Collars nud Cliffs 
 
 Stai'IiiiLT. .\ife -Atiaincd by 
 
 Slate liiTlils 
 
 Statiieof leter till Great 
 
 Statues, Enormouii 
 
 yteam 
 
 l-'n^ine 
 
 Kn,;iiie. First Sent to This Continent.. 
 
 I'^iijfiii'-s, How to Go\'(-rii 
 
 Fiiyincs. Ii-rei^ulnr, Power in. 
 
 How to Deaden Noise of. 
 
 .b.ints, llowto Head 
 
 Power, Ncces.iity of Oilin'fnll Parts 
 
 Steamboat, I^'ii'st .\seeiiilid th • lliidson 
 
 I'ii-st on the Mississiiipi 
 
 Steamship Ui'iite, Most DanLrereiisln the World. 
 Sleiimsliips, How Many Tons Due Consumes on a Voyase. 
 Steel, Ilov.'t.) F.teh on 
 
 How to Ca.sehiirden 
 
 Pens. 'iViier. 'mciifed 
 
 I'lale, 'I'll Color P.liie. 
 
 ^^lllle of M:'.nuf'U'tiirod 
 
 Stew, Irisli, How to Mal'O 
 
 '"-t. Helena ""^ 
 
 St. I'l ter.-.l 'iirii 
 
 Stocks, Hoiiiisan.-I Tevestm.Titii 
 
 Stone, Kvi'-ii'^i. ill of by Heiit 
 
 Ihn'ihiessof 1 firioi:? Kindsof 
 
 (.niaiitiesof Good IlU'.liu'lil' . 
 
 Stn-iiL'th of. 
 
 To 1 rrest, 1 ii ^ar In ... 
 
 StiippaL'e in Triiiislr. 
 
 Pt'i.-TH. V-Moeisy ol 
 
 8tr:'V-:«!i'ry and .Apple «0'.iiiK, Hot to Owk. 
 
'1 
 
 'i'^^' 
 
 Mfmmtimimm'' 
 
 
 i 
 
 INDXX. 
 
 XV 
 
 S"tr. M' I I^r'nas, ilnwtoMnke .. 
 
 Suii, l.itrl'.tof tlio ....... 
 
 KuTiiiirkiiliiu (.uicuiatloDstteerurdlDB the.. . 
 
 Toinploolf liio 
 
 SwiilliiHH, tilK'c'ildl 
 
 Swuil. Auo Attalnc'l hy j. 
 
 KlfvTH, Iliiw 1,1'n^.' .tTiikot to Hatch 
 
 Swino, Aro Alliiliu"! by 
 
 VarluiiaMudluiiiesldi' 
 
 Synonyms, IJst of Twelve Thousand 
 
 
 PAOE 
 .... »i6 
 .... 4*ia 
 .. . tii 
 .... 450 
 .... W 
 .... ».V. 
 .... 4.'>c 
 .... 4r,6 
 .... l.Tit 
 47U-47e 
 
 Tnlil J IiitiTost. Kiitosi, t.iinitiil iipiis, FAn., for the Oiiitda States and Caniulii 
 
 Tiilili) iViiri', Wlilti' Jl'i:il 
 
 Tiililis, Wfi.-litsaml Measures 180 
 
 Tiimmuny Sock'ty 
 
 I'ank.s 1 low to .Mimlsiiic Itouild 
 
 Taiiiiini^, Infonnatior. on 
 
 Ta.xatiori 
 
 Tea, llii\vtoMali"OoiuI 
 
 llfll, ,\ iU I'll."-'- 
 
 Ti'iniHTatiin' at Which It If Drnnk 
 
 Ti'li'ftnisiMi|M>, 'ri'i^'uiaph, Tcloiihono. Telescope 
 
 Teli'h'iapli Wires, H.nv Often They Itenuire llenewnl. Cost of, and what 
 
 (ll.l W in IS U'ortli 
 
 Telephone, Ilistcpry of the 
 
 Telescopes, When I ii vented 
 
 Teiupe rat lire, Increa.so of, the Deeper ^.'0 fSO Init: thr Earth. 
 
 Of tlio yea 
 
 or Celestial f< pace 
 
 TeneinenLs 
 
 The Art of llenntvnnd Dross ilK. 
 
 Loftiest Inhaliited.Spotoa iheGlobu 
 
 ol.leBtL'lty ill tlicWorid 
 
 ThriiRh, .Vire Attained by 
 
 Tleki't, I'olitlcai 
 
 Timers, Aku Attained by 
 
 Timlier, L'estsfor 
 
 Charred in iteroulaneum „ 
 
 I.iiioon the Alp.'^ 
 
 Llnoonthu Andes .. 
 
 Timlieiv, Heavy 
 
 Time, Diiierencoin Whenit isNoon atWaaUngtOD 
 
 Tin 
 
 Till'irk,AtfO Attained by 
 
 Tomato Toa.st, How to Make 
 
 Tuul.^, Ilowto Keep ... 
 
 Mow to .Mark 
 
 Mow toSiiarpen 
 
 Tortoise. A^c Attained by 
 
 Township, l)<a)(raiu of 
 
 Trade D.ilfir 
 
 Trade Mark, Law of, iti the United States 360. 
 
 Transeaneasla, Deseriptloa Of 
 
 Tran3tuisHl«)n of Power • 
 
 Treason • 
 
 Tree, A Church Ituiltfrom a Single 
 
 Trees, liltr, of Califoiila 
 
 ThiitSlnk in Water 
 
 Tripoli, Description of 
 
 Trusts. Form, 1 )eed of Trust for Benefit Of a Married Woman 
 
 (10 
 
 4rei 
 
 IIKI 
 
 Hi 
 
 4li7 
 4;">5 
 Wfl 
 
 mr, 
 
 360 
 
 im 
 
 SI. 
 
 ,177 
 410 
 IW 
 4o« 
 45C 
 4M 
 :J(1!) 
 
 ■-ik; 
 
 455 
 282 
 iUTi 
 
 82 
 4,Vi 
 457 
 45.5 
 45o 
 455 
 4IS;! 
 2i;' 
 211 
 4.55 
 Se! 
 
 4ro 
 
 4?) 
 4CS 
 
 ISi 
 
 Ti:nis, Description of 
 
 Turkestan, 1 )eseription of 
 
 Turkey, Description of 
 
 Turkey Kuifs, How Long It Takes to Hatch 
 
 Twenty Thousaml Thinm Worth Knowing 
 
 Typo, .^izes of \'ariou3, Showlnsr How Many Unes of Each it "Takes to 
 
 Makoan Inch 
 
 Typewriter 
 
 u 
 
 UneloPam 
 
 Cnion Stook Yards of Chlcniro 
 
 .\"rouiit Sales, l-'orin of 
 
 At'jrnwite Operations of Union Stock Tarda Bank 
 
 Amountof Money Uegnlarly Employed In Paj-iDif I>iflet«nt Rail- 
 roads, Vieiirht and Other Cliari,'es 
 
 Artesian Wells 
 
 " naeiiout" of a Trade, DamaKlni? 
 
 Itank a Valuali'.oA(?ciit in Collecting Droits 
 
 Hulls and Hears .... , 
 
 Hiivers 
 
 Car-loads r.ivoStxick That can be Taken Dally " 
 
 Cattle, Fuels Al>out 53J. 
 
 Ctiaiws 
 
 Chronr.io(,'1.:;u Heport 
 
 Commissions Firmslu Chicago Ll-eStoc)- Market 
 
 Commission Men 527 
 
 Coriisot ."issistanta 
 
 Daily Houttiic 
 
 Depiirtiiicnt for Dead Animnls 
 
 DuplieatnW luhmanN Ticket 
 
 Easternaiid Western Livestock Freigh* Ooilectlons 
 
 Kxchaniro liuildinij' 
 
 Feed Trousf lis 
 
 Form of .'teller's Order on tho Union Stooir Ykrds dortituiny fo" 
 
 Delivery of Stock to Purchaser 
 
 Frciiihtaiid Other (;hnri7es ', 
 
 GnnK'Sof Hoe's ":'.! ,-..'ii.„-n ' ' ] 
 
 Hoirerr(.\i."^:n ii Vear '..",. 
 
 }loi..?Sliiii'-,''iti.iT;J in a Year 
 
 jjov- the V;'!-', .iie Oivide<j, Divisions, Bkicto, Pfins, NtanhKis '.'.'. 
 
 Hydnmt.s lor i_!sfinCaso.;t ?lro 
 
 l.ivo Slock Commission Men ', , 
 
 N.TSpccTi-irion ami njr </fft'itlinafcfJomfttifl«ioi!i Men ... 
 
 Olliei^of I h-' ' '(immiss|,)n Men 
 
 Onr'nizi;t.toii and (Jrowtb ,...."'!*, 
 
 Taveini Ids 
 
 l'e.v.U.;ll !......».'..".■■""■ 
 
 I'e.isfor Hog*. ojvemi „ ,.. •;;; 
 
 .207 
 2fll 
 455 
 
 83 
 466 
 
 44 
 
 taa 
 
 2(12 
 222 
 2t« 
 2(11 
 »)2 
 4fi5 
 451 
 
 455 
 312 
 
 624 
 
 529 
 
 529 
 
 .520 
 KIO 
 52!! 
 52»< 
 5'!S 
 •'}Jii 
 
 5y;j 
 
 KV. 
 
 .5';s 
 52U 
 
 wo 
 
 .■'!6 
 
 381 
 
 62? 
 
 ax 
 
 521 1 
 
 as.' 
 
 528 
 
 o^ 
 B211 
 
 Sim 
 S2e 
 
 Union Stork Taris— ConMniirvl PAOK 
 
 I'oM.e I'olii- , sa» 
 
 I'ricea, AveriiBe In Chlciuro Market forSU Venn KIS 
 
 I>>-:een, Hlijhest and l^owest lor Sixteen IfewB. 
 
 weeipt .1. and their Sale 
 
 Shipiiiiiit of Live llo)rs 
 
 SlilppiiiK Depart mei.tH. 
 
 Shiitesl'or Loading .uai Unloading 
 
 .S|.H'Ulators 
 
 Superintendent, and Yardtnastijr 
 
 Switeii and SIdu Trucks , 
 
 Thf Conipaiiy. 
 
 ......••.a. 
 
 ........... 
 
 63A 
 .. 6ai 
 .. K15 
 ..628 
 .. 620 
 .. 62« 
 .. 520 
 528 
 527 
 
 Te.vajiCatlle 680-.527 
 
 linderdriiinmcp, .streeti ami Alleys r,jn 
 
 Water TioukIis 111 tbo Various I'ens iin 
 
 Weitfhinn Slock ., rM 
 
 WelKlinian's Ticket to tho Commission Firm, Form of 5H0 
 
 When the Vardsaro Open and Closed ri2U 
 
 United States Iliaids m 
 
 United Stales, The— aenenil- Full Dracrlptlve imd Statlstlcnl Matter 
 
 lielatlvoto the... 2uo 
 
 UnltodStales, The— SpiH'lal— Tho followinif Pl"'eial description of Ala- 
 baniii will siiltlcotoBhow with whatdeiall tho matter relative 
 tliei-i'to Is written, and wiil show in n ifeneral way what can lie 
 found und a- thoheadini«of the various SliitesaiidT<'rritorlea, 
 thoiii.'li but one linoisiisc<lln tlieiiide.i tosliow 011 what piii^ra 
 they laii bo found. 
 
 Alabama Derivation and Mcanlni? of the Naini'-- When Settled 
 and by Wliom— When Admitted tolhi' I'nioii-Wlieii Secedinl 
 — t'apitalot Confederacy— Wh 'ii Stat4. lie-onlered the Cnion— 
 Niiiiibjroi Countips-W'hen Kl etlons are Held— NuinlK-r of 
 Seiiatorannd Ueiaeseiibitlves— iSessiiiisof U'ulsliit lire— Terms 
 of Senators— Terras of Letflslatoi-s-.Niiiiii er Kle):toi-al Vot<'s— 
 Number of Ciai/rcssmen- Who are flvcpi.led from VotiniJC— 
 Meniberof Coiletii^— School Systeni-Seli lol Ako— I,et,'iil liiier- 
 est — Penalty tif I'surj-— Number of .slaves in 1800-(ireMie(t 
 Lenuthaiid Wiltliof Statj — Description id' State, topot'raph- 
 iciilly— Miles of Sea, Coast — Harbors— >1ile,s #11 ^a\'ljfii''! 1 
 Wa.erways-f,>iialltyot' Sial -Timlier- lines -Sliiplo Pro-iii .(a 
 Cro|is -Averai.ee Value of Farm and l.'oiesl Ijinds— C.liiiMie • 
 ncat,Siiow 'lid Frost— KaiiiluU-Chiel ClUes-- tiCuUict.' [c... >.. 
 trios and Number of Same 
 
 AInska . 
 
 Arizon.i 
 
 Arkansas . 
 
 California. 
 
 11 
 .■■'4 
 . I 
 
 1 
 
 \o.-l 
 
 ■■:>ii 
 
 :jiii 
 
 ill I 
 :;il 
 
 Colciradii 
 
 Conn ■! tieut 
 
 Dakor.i 
 
 I.><'iawan' 
 
 Florlila 
 
 (leor-riu 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Iliilii.is 
 
 liMli.iua 
 
 Indian rotrltory 
 
 Iowa ,1) 
 
 Kans.ns '{ji 
 
 Kentucky . «)' 
 
 Ixiuisiana m 
 
 Maine , . . Jl| 
 
 Maryland ' j') 
 
 Ma-.saeh'isetbj aill 
 
 Michiifan aV\ 
 
 Miiiiu'sria , . iii7 
 
 Mis<i.;^ippt. -. air 
 
 Missia ri. . ais 
 
 JloritjKia 
 
 Nebrii.-ka . . 
 
 Ni?vafi.i , 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Now .Icr.sey 
 
 New .\Ie.\lio.... 
 
 New Nork 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Ore^'on 
 
 IViuisvlvania.. 
 
 n;i"de Island 
 
 Sotuli Carolina 
 
 Teniiessi'e 
 
 Te.vas 
 
 Ctali , 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virifiiiia 
 
 Wi'sliinj.rton, I). O.... 
 
 "^'lu'-liiiiKbin 
 
 Wt.-^t Vir!?iaia 
 
 Wis.'onsin 
 
 Veiimiiitt- 
 
 tJjefu! H::it3 and ttecuipts. 
 
 Valvp. Vrdve Gear 
 
 Vaseline, How I'lirlHed 
 
 ^'ls?^r Colioire. History of 
 
 Wgetables, How toCook— 
 
 Artichokes 
 
 Asparaijiis... 
 
 ■ leans 
 
 "i!rnecoli , 
 
 tYii;lni?o , „. 
 
 Coiilili.'iwer 
 
 CVlerv. To Prepare 
 
 Cue iribero, 'I'D IVopare... 
 
 Vif> '•:<\px 
 
 MU:>it*,tA*>mS 
 
 Oni'-! s. Vc Ploitie 
 
 P;'.r.ii!p£ ....'.. 
 
 Pen^ 
 
 Potatoes ,-. .. , 
 
 Tomatoes ,. .,..,... 
 
 .».>;-;•' 
 
 n 
 
 SI 
 
 .'rt.t^ia^jtr' ^it*»er^**.t*^ 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Vc'ifetablos— How to Cook. PAOE 
 
 TiirnliM , aM 
 
 Vi'triitiible Miirrnw 3M 
 
 Veifctulilu!', Seo Also "Moiitg and Vegetables." 
 
 ViiDuitlt'MDf ViirlDiia IloiUt'a 4S4 
 
 Vi'iiJHon, How ti> Ciiiik 3Ttl 
 
 VisHil, ('nrnitmciiniinrof'Toniiaifo" of a 4.'i8 
 
 Vt'Hei'lB, I'liwi'i' lt''c|iili('il totititi'C 45.% 
 
 ViirioiiHKlriils iiT 21:. 
 
 Vliu'wir, Ciilor, Hmv ti> iiiiiko, Various Mctho<ls lis 
 
 Vocftliuliiry. .Mt'clmiilral iiinl Scieiitlllo Turms l«>-ai-' 
 
 Mci'i'iiiitiloMiKl I,('K»I Terms 2ty) :;8y 
 
 I'ollticul Tfrms K-IS3 
 
 w 
 
 Wnnies.IIiiw to Miiko 887-3:0 
 
 \Vii«c8iM Enj;liiii(l ill 1086 437 
 
 Wall StrcotiUKl tlio Ni,w York Stock Exclinngo !47 
 
 Accountol II I'i'olltiUilu Truiisuutluu AS8 
 
 lllHik Frldiiy .Mki 
 
 lloiirsc, or (.'pen Itoiird &60 
 
 Ilnakintliu .MiirUot f>'9 
 
 KrokiTMiinil tliolr Olllcea US-.Vm 
 
 llrnki'i's KiM'orUoCTrniisuctlona ."W^} 
 
 lliiiiaiiii.', Tlio 5ftO 
 
 lliiHlness (If tlu! Old llrokors, Character of Some M'.> 
 
 liutloii-wood Tree, tiio Old fil9 
 
 Cull of StoikslnlStook K.vcliiiiiKO .V)6 
 
 Cll'iiie, Corner, in ritocka fi&t-.Vu 
 
 Coinniiasiioiis, Uiilua lU'Kiu'ding &.'ir 
 
 Crowd, in stocks , &'>4 
 
 Oiiith il Minilitra, Asr.issment Fee, Orotuity Fund 632-'i5-'i 
 
 ll'.'iiliiitr ill riitsiiiidCiilLs .'.<'<0 
 
 IlillLiiiu'.H, How .'^otlkd on Stock Hoard 5.Vi 
 
 DiitiLSoi tlie ['resident and Secretary. 5i: 
 
 Floor DliiKnini TmI 
 
 Form of ii full ,5)9 
 
 Form of n I'lit fud 
 
 Form of aHtraddle .^W 
 
 Goveriimont !,oniia in Wn II Street rJli 
 
 Government Assisted by Wall. Street fiiil 
 
 How Keponaof I'lirilaiseaniid ftileanroObtoinod oi'4 
 
 How Stoi ka iiro Listed and Forgeries ODViatod. .Tiil 
 
 How to .Spciiilato AVS-.VX) 
 
 LiinKu:i-e of lirokcrs « 5&i-'w>4 
 
 List, in I'tocks S-'A 
 
 Mnr:.nn , ''i7 
 
 ^leili'idnndOnvernmcnt... (t^'-Vil 
 
 MiniiitfKiiterpriaea &») 
 
 MiM e'.laneoiisSiifenlations 6lS3-.'.iV4 
 
 Number, Kacli Memberof New YorkStOOScBscbangtiIkiaa.. .. o:i6 
 
 Operator, ill Stocks .'v>t 
 
 Origin ot flic Name. ,M7 
 
 Fotroleiini ^'A 
 
 Point. Pool, I.amija, in .Stocks. V>1 
 
 Pre=.>nt.Stoek lixehamro bi'i 
 
 1', in n;ise of Shares, Urok -'sNotloeOf £-> 
 
 Hijutiu'.-, Daily , &5&-.Vi« 
 
 Kill xOoverning Dishonest Practices 6.^' 
 
 t^al' sHowMado .M'.' 
 
 Set ret. Meetings 5tn 
 
 Securities, Dealings in 54'.' 
 
 f-Iieeiiiation. Warof 1813Gavo FirstGennlne ImpulsatT 5(9 
 
 Ftaiuiinjrt'onimitteos b-il 
 
 Siiu"-'estion-iiii)d StatementafortlieCnIaformed.. .V)7 
 
 I'sc of tlie Ticker in IteportingSalesand Quotations 564-.TdT 
 
 Wli'TeConfereneea are Held 5<y 
 
 Walnut, Iteliitive I lard -s of 454 
 
 War, The liieat Civil, History of, Showing Number Of Men Drafted, 
 
 IiUiiortant H.ittics, Etc 158-1C3 
 
 .°nnirs, Famoiia _ 4^11 
 
 Wareliouse lieecipts. Form of Elevator 5c») 
 
 Warts, Howt'i Hriuovo 461-4'J2 
 
 Wasliiii;.''ton Monument o^^r 
 
 Watch, Tlio Fiist , l.Vi 
 
 Water, Expansive I'owcrof. 469 
 
 Enormous Power of 456 
 
 lees. How to Make , 37&-bT7 
 
 Life in 4V3 
 
 Pipes «8.4C'.' 
 
 Powe. .... 4.V3 
 
 Supplv, Tlio Loudon 470 
 
 Test fur Acid iu 469 
 
 Water-Continued. rAOF. 
 
 Test for Alkali In 4f.U 
 
 Tr!>t for t'HrbonIc Aoidin 4riU 
 
 Tout for I lard or Soft 4fi9 
 
 Teat for Iron In 4.'il) 
 
 Test for l.linii In *'>V 
 
 Tivt for iMagiiesl'iln 4.MI 
 
 To Purity 4110 
 
 Wheels iW 
 
 Water Kalis, Noted- 
 Awe In llavnria 4ri.') 
 
 Moiitniorencl 4h6 
 
 Niauiini , 4^1.5 
 
 stoppatriiof Niagara 471 
 
 Stiilibaeh InthuAlps 4.'>r> 
 
 Yosemlte 4B,') 
 
 Waterloo, Tlicllattlo ot *'M 
 
 Wuvi>. Motion oftho 4tlH 
 
 Wealth (d the liiiteil Sliiteaper Capita 4;i.'> 
 
 Wcightid'a .Nlerchaiitable Hall of Cotton f)"ll 
 
 and .Measures, Various 189-190, 1B5, 4lW 
 
 Of aCiihiclootcd' Stone, Earth, Metal, Etc -i'M 
 
 Of a cm. ie foot of Solid Gold orSUver 4riH 
 
 West Indies, The , ;!II7 
 
 Whale, Ago Attained by 4.'i'i 
 
 Wheel. Largest 111 the World 470 
 
 Whetstone, Artillclal 4"i7 
 
 White Hcaise, What itCoatstO Itunlt. » 4--' 
 
 White .Metal, How to Make 4iW 
 
 Whitewash.il I 'ire-proof 4IHI 
 
 Wills, Stall luents mid Suggestions Z61-'.'."i!! 
 
 Codicil and Niineupiilivi) . !.'"):.' 
 
 liisposiiig of lloth lieal and Personal Estate, Oonoral Form of S.W :,'u;i 
 I'ersonal Property <d' iJeeeased Left Undisinisod of. Order in 
 
 which it l.iSlmre.l by Kin .- Ziit 
 
 Exeeiitoraiuid AdmistrntorSiOlIiccsof 233-i.'5l 
 
 Wllmot Proviso Ml 
 
 Wiro Hopes , 4.''w 
 
 Wires, Telegraph !.'77 
 
 Wolf, Age Atiained by 4.W 
 
 I'erio;'. of (jestation In LVi 
 
 Women's Iliglits Ni 
 
 Wonderful liuildings, Monnmcntsond Towers 4Btt457,U17 
 
 Ancient lioman AipieiUiets I')i'> 
 
 Arcliiii'etiiral Uiiiiis in Thebes 4.*iii 
 
 Cido>M inn at Homo 4iMi 
 
 Enormous Statues , 4.'rt 
 
 EiryiiilKii Pyramids ^.^...m, l.'iii 
 
 P.aiipev's Pillar , 4.'iii 
 
 i.l.inioii'sTempIe • 4ritl 
 
 , jitiieof liter the G root 4"«i 
 
 ' .'niploof Diana ,.... t.'ii'i 
 
 Temjiloof Memphis « • 4riii 
 
 Teniploot thcSiin ,, 4"iii 
 
 Templuof Vpsambul , 4'>l'> 
 
 T.iwernf Habel , 451) 
 
 Wa>liiii.'ron Monument » .'1°-'.' 
 
 White House, Washington '•>-' 
 
 WonderaofS, i.iK e 4;^.' 
 
 Wood. Artilici:il,To Make , , 4i'.ii 
 
 Engraving, Tho lust I'l'i 
 
 EiiorinoiisForceot when Wetted 4i>7 
 
 How to stain ,,., 4iKi 
 
 Woofien liails , sa 
 
 Woods. Ucl.itlvo Hardneasof , 4.'>t 
 
 Toughness of Various ..* 4''i7 
 
 Worcestei^hire Sauce, Ueeeint for Making ...^ •.....• 4il'-' 
 
 Horkmanship, Wonders Of Minute. «...<■ ••>•••. 471 
 
 Workshop Hint.< ^ iw 
 
 »ren. Age Attained by «..•••••.• t. >..., Va 
 
 83 
 
 Yankee. Yankee Dondlc.. ,. ...<..i..t......r..>.>MM«.... 
 
 Y'east. The Ucst Kind totae ,. 
 
 Yellowstone Park, I)<«criptkXI Of tbe 4iSl 
 
 Tpsambul, Temple of ..,..,......«..,......,,......•(,,., iX 
 
 ZamAmi, Description ot ai4 
 
 Zinc .....,M> ..r.— M... SU 
 
 Wenroindcbtedtotheownerof the Copyright of Secrets of Success In Business, copyright ?8a3byO. L. Howe«ndO. M. Powers, fbr rennLssion 
 to use tho articles in this book on various fgibieotB that are on pages 37 to 63, lu to 153, l&4to21^S£toai&,28iito£89,8S6toa6i.8e6to414and479tu5«i3 
 inoluslve, 
 
 OOILVIB ft QUJJITS OOMPANT, 
 
 I 
 
^ic 
 
 a 
 
 !P®4 
 
 ^"^'^l fe- 
 
 
 HERE Is no easy road la success i— I thank God for It. • • • • 
 
 A. trained man will maka h.s Ufa tall, Without training, you ars 
 
 left an a ebs af luck, whara thousands gn down, whlla ona maats 
 
 with succBss. 
 
 JAMES A. G-ARFIELD. 
 
 .*>^i*^ 
 
 -m^' 
 
<>> 
 
 s: 
 
 I 
 
 k 
 
 
 
^<:^-^'^. 
 
 
 HE pulijiH't nf tlio inniortiiiu'o of 
 f,'0(](l writing i^ us liruail as iu luc 
 licacliiiigoiitiii every (lii'et;lion,iiiul 
 prrvii'.liiig every eonier of civilhietl 
 .-<i)eiety, from llici liuiiil)lest up to 
 tile hii^'lu'steiiiploytiienls, it iiusir- 
 viiiit (if man, secoiiil only iuimjiort- 
 lUU'u to tliat of .^pt^ecli itself. lu 
 tlio worlil of l)n.-iines3 its valuo id seen, 
 from tlu) .'^iinplcst record or memorun- 
 (Inm, ii|) to the jiarclunent ■\vliicli eouveys 
 a kingdom. \\'itliiiu(; it, the wlieel.s of 
 eomnieree eoiikl imt move a ginirlo hour. 
 At night it lias nM'in'iIeil the (ran-actioiis 
 of the ]$aiik of En^jland during the day; 
 of London; of tlio whole world. 
 ^v^'^<^ Through, tlio art of writing, the deed^i 
 
 ^ ^ of men live after them, and wo may sur- 
 
 round ourselves with t!ie eomjianionshij) of pliilosoiilur.:, 
 scientists, historians, discoverers and jioe.'s; and their (i ice v 
 cries, and reasonings and inuiginings bcconio ours. In tlie 
 amenities of social life, through the medium of the j en, 
 heart speaks to heart, though ocean rolls betwu. ;i. 
 Thoughts of tenderness and affection live when wo are 
 gone, and words and deeds of kindness are not jirctervdl 
 by monuments alone. What fonntainsof grief or joy have 
 been opened in the liearts of those who hav" read the ree 
 ords of the pen! The pen has recorded the ra^jturous emo- 
 tions of love reciprocated. The pen has written the 
 message of sadness which has covered life's ])ilgrimage with 
 gloom. The pen has traced the record of noble and useful 
 lives, spent in humanity's cause. The songs of the poet. 
 
 tao beautiful tints of his imiiginntion, the lli.jlita of the 
 orator in the realms of fancy. ;"id the facts of history, 
 W(»iii<l all per'sh ai tiioduw of mon.iiig, without this noble 
 art of writing. 
 
 As means of livelihood, tlu re i^ ])erhap3 no other 
 deiiartment of education which iillords avi-h universal and 
 lirofUablo employment, as writing. Fiom ii.otnero cop-, - 
 i>t, up to the prac!lii'al aeeountaat, and onvM'.rd into that 
 department of i)enman.>hip desigmittd a.i a lino art, the 
 lemnneralioii is always very ample, con.iidoring tiie time 
 and elIortre(pi;red in its acquisition. 
 
 Teachers, editors, farmers, doctors and all persona 
 sliould posse.-s a practical and substaiiti.il knowledge of 
 v,-riling, and.^houhi be nady with the \w\\. i'.utincss men 
 must of course bo ready writers, and heihc, in n treatise on 
 liusiness, de.-igned for the education tind i'lvancement of 
 tho youth of the country, it sjcnis eniiuuntly (Itting to 
 iirst make tho way clear to a idain, practical handwriting. 
 
 Neatness and accuracy should characterize tho liand-writ- 
 iiig of every one. Roteh-wurk and bungling are inexcusa- 
 ble, as well in writing us in fee tiaiL-action of business. 
 No person has a light to eau-e a tinge of shame to their 
 correspondent, by sendirg a lei'm- addressed in astiqiid 
 a'ld awkward manner, nor to C(ii;.nUi.c the time of aiiniher 
 ia deciphering theiilegible hool;sand .scrawls of a me^.-■:lge. 
 Kvery one .shoultl have the ambition to ('ViVi-respectably i.s 
 well as to uppvar ii'^pectable on any occasion. 
 
 MATl.KIAI.s 1 -Ki) IN v;i;riK(;. 
 
 Having a ?^uiiable desk or table, arranged with refer- 
 ence to light, in order to learn to write, it is necessary 
 to be proviiled with proper materials. AVriting mate 
 
 '■^c. 
 
w 
 
 rial- nil' <ii Mliiiiiiliint iitnl f<o ilii'iip ii> tlic.-o' tiiiit'-< tliiit 
 no cM'ii-c i' .'iirni'drd )'i r ii-iiiiir mi iiit'i'iicir nr w ciitlil(--» 
 .|ii;ilily. 'I'lic iimtoriiiU <<iiisi-t oi" /'«//,v, ////• mihI 
 
 PENS. 
 
 Sled poiift nro considtTcil tin- ItcHt. frnld pciix liiivc 
 I 111' tid\iiiil:iir«' (if iil\vii_v-i priidiic ii;,' till' Miiiir (|ii;ili(y of 
 \Mitiiii.', wliilc >lii'l pens, iicv (1. old, pnidiu'i liner or 
 rniii-cr iiiH'-. Nut witlist!iiidiii<.' tir-tMd\iiiiti|i."' in I'uor 
 (if lll('i;ip|d pen. Mtccl pell-* lldlicrc to tlic p:ipcr, iliul 
 pi'iidiK (' :i lii'tli'l' line. 'I'lic pell ^lio.lld lie !ld:ipl('(| to 
 I 111' liiiiid of I 111' wrili'i'. Some persons i'(i(|uir<' ii course 
 
 pen. Mild siillie fllie. 1'i!il>lii' pell- ill llii' ll.'llld ol (Uie 
 writer lll.iy pl'odlU'e I lie lie-t resllil.-, wliilc II le-s lle\i- 
 Me pell liliiy suit tlie lliilid of oilier- lie-t, I'ellS liro 
 lliailllliel ilivil iif ;iin,ii-t llIl illllllile irrade llllil (plillily. 
 Ill ol'ilii' til -nil the rei|llir('lllellt- ol' illl, Aliolll (lie 
 Hilly rule that ean lie giNcn in M'leetiny pens, is lo 
 wrile a tew lines, or a patro, with eiieli of the immis on 
 trial, and then emiipare the wriliiii;-. if it lie slmded 
 till! lii:r. il_\. -eleet a less tlexilile pen, if the liair line- 
 are Inn delicate, select a ciiarscr pou. 
 
 INK. 
 
 lllai'h ink is always prel'eralilc. That wliieli is tVee 
 tVolll -rdinient and lloWs well, should lie -elei'led. I'-e 
 all ink--liiiil with lirnad lia.-e as liciniij- le.-s lialile In 
 iip-ei. \\'iih ]ii'rsonsii! leurninir til write it i- pei'liap- 
 hest ti) liinca (piality of ink wliidi is perfeelly lilaek 
 when put on the paper, in order that they may -ee the 
 rcsi.'ts (if their lalmr at luiee. l>n-ine-> men and 
 aeeoniilaiit- prefer a llnid ink, liiiwe\'er. x\hiih, 
 althoiiirh not lilaek at lirst , eoiitimies to erow lilaik, 
 and lieinnies a very liriirht and dnralile hlaek, imlwilh- 
 standini:' the aetimi nt' lii;']it and heat. A\(iid the n-e 
 of t'aney colored ink-, especially the inoi'c iraiidy, siidi 
 as liliie. red or irrceii. ill writinir all doeiimciits which 
 )U de-ire to command attention and respect. 
 
 PAPER. 
 
 There are almost as many irrades of paper to lie 
 fomid in the stationery stores, as there ave of |)cns. 
 For pract ici nir penmanship, iiotliiiiir is more -iiitahle 
 than foolscap, which may lie easily sewed into liook- 
 form, with cover of some ditferent color, and tlius 
 serves every requirement. The paper should have a 
 medium surface, neither rouirh and coarse, or too line 
 and <rliize(h Have a few extra sheets b(\side the writ- 
 ng hook, for th( puriiose of jiracticing the movenvMit 
 exercises and testiuL"" tlie pens, lie jirovided at all 
 
 times with a larL'e-sizcd lilotter, luid when wriliiiL'. 
 keep this under the hand. Do not iiltempt to wrile 
 with a NinL'le »hccl of paper on a hare talile or dewR ; 
 theie should lie iiiiiny sheets of paper uudcrueath, Ilk 
 oi'der to make nn elastic surface. 
 
 STUiJY WITH PRACTICE. 
 
 .\iiiile— , indiirerenl, or careless practice, never tniido 
 a iriiod writer, and never will. In order to succeed in 
 tin-, a- in other thin;;-, there must he will and dcter- 
 
 Miinalion tosii 'cd, and then persevering' and studi(Uis 
 
 ell(."t. Study the models until tlieir forms arc ti.xcd 
 ill the mind. 
 
 \o one can execute thai whiili he does not elearlv 
 ciiiiceive. The artist niii-t lir-l see the picture on the 
 white canvas, hefore he can paint "t, and the sculptor 
 niii-1 lie aide to M'c in the roiii.di ami 'nin\iiin'.>' stone, 
 I he lUlt lines nt' the lieailtil'ill illiaire " ii'ill he is to 
 ear\e. In writing;-, a clear idea of the fo. 'nation of 
 the dilVcrcnt letters, and their various proportions, 
 inii-t lieioine familiar liy proper study, examination 
 .iiiil analysis. Study prcicdes practice, it i'-, (.f 
 loiii'-c, not necessary, nor e\en well, to unil("tak(^ the 
 inasicry of all the forms in writinii, liy study, until 
 .-nine ha\i' liei'ii i'\eciiteil. It i- he-t that eacli fonn 
 -lionld, a- it i- taken ill), be Ih'st measured and ana- 
 lyzed and then praitircd at once. 
 
 It i- (he act whldi crowns the thought. After 
 stiiil\ . careful and eirncst practice can hardly fail to 
 make a ifood writer of any one. .Some persons seeiii'c 
 a irood style of penmanship with le-s labor than others, 
 and attain to th(> elegant, and beautiful formation. 
 But it is only '"lir to presume that ii.) greater diversity 
 of talent exists in this dire(ti(iii tlum in the study of 
 other things. All do not learn arithmetic or history 
 wiih like ease, but no one will assert that all who will, 
 may not learn arithmetic or history. .\nd so, all who 
 will |. lit torth the proper exertion in study and prac- 
 tic(i „i;,y l(.at'ii to write a g-ood business style, while 
 many of the number will attain to the elegant, 'i'lie 
 loiiditions of practice in writing are, Pimli(»i of tlie 
 Boihj, Position of the Hand and Pen, and Murc- 
 menl. 
 
 i.i«4«v.v>igsja 
 
sH 
 
 
 f 
 
 UL'tti.Nt:.'<M wiiin.Mi. 
 
 .'•♦•• M 
 
 ^1 POSITION f BODY. 
 
 ••^ 
 
 c(iTTlNO Hqimrrlv tVoiitini: f!ii' •Ick, with iVct |il!i<c,| 
 ^ tiniily (111 lilt' iloor.iiiiil l)i>tli .inn-nii iliiili'^k,i-*,ii-a 
 I nilc. tliolit'-il position toriifmti(fiinvritiii^',or<(. I'- 
 ll'. IMimlfiii'f. 'rill- ri.L'lit !-iili'. limy, liowcvcr, In- plarcd 
 tollii'dc-'U. with th.'ii,i.'ht arm. oiiiy. 
 rcstiiiif lluTi'oii, and r^dim' pcr-oin 
 pri'lV-r tills position. Avoid i ro-invr 
 the fi'i't, sittini: on the »•(!;.'•' ol' iho 
 chair, or assuming,' any 
 cai'dosMiittitiidf. The hody 
 shoidd ho erect, hntsliL'ht- 
 ly inclined lorwani. ii 
 order that the eye may fol- 
 low the pen closely. This 
 position will never canso 
 iMiMitnre of the spine. 
 I he hody should 
 never he allowed to 
 -ettle down into a 
 criuniK'd and nnhoa 
 thy position with the 
 lace ahnost on the 
 paper. Hy liniscom- 
 prc'sinfr flit' liin^rs 
 and the di;:estive orjrans they 
 arc soon inJnriMi, and il' tiic 
 stomach lose il- tone, the eye- 
 siirht is impaired, there is such 
 a clo-e sympathy hetwei'n these or^ims ot' tlie 
 liody. The practice ot' writinir sli' nld he. ami 
 jiroperly is, a healthful exercise, and injurious 
 elicit, result only from improper positions of 
 the liody, at variance with jrood writiiiir as 
 well a- L'ood health. 
 
 ^\ lieu wearied hy sittinjr and the etl'o.t at 
 
 SHADING. 
 
 As a h<'anti(1er of the handwriting?, by eiuixlntr a 
 iliversity of liirhl and shade ainonu the h'tter-, -liadinir 
 has Its value; hut in the [uactical handwritini.' for 
 husiiie" pnrpoM", il sIkuiIiI, as a rule, he cla-'cd with 
 ilonrinhm^', ami left out. Ueipiirin^ time ami etl'ort, 
 to hriny' down the ^hailcs on letti'r«, hu-ine»s nieii. 
 clerks and tele^'iaph operat(M'^ tind a uuitonn and rci:n- 
 
 lar stv'h" of writin;.', without 'hade. 
 
 the hest, even tliiuij.'h il may m>l lie 
 
 UNIFORMITY. 
 
 nio-l necessary ele- 
 hi all <rood pemiiati- 
 is uniformity. lu the 
 ) of the letter* and 
 Is which torm a writ- 
 )ii!.'e there must Ik- no 
 rroemeut. With the 
 letters jpaiiin;: about 
 in \!iriousdirection-. 
 writing' is pre-ented 
 in its nio-t ridicu- 
 lous phase, I'ni- 
 forinity in the .i/.e 
 r>. throu;.'honl the 
 paire; Imw ^M'cally it 
 ■~ to nealnes- and 
 .Ml letti'i's resting 
 ine, and hcin^'<if nni- 
 liirlit. add. aunt 111 r 
 coiiiUtion towards "dod peiiniaii.hip. 
 This essential element of uiiifoiniity 
 ^ may t)c watched and •ruarded closely and 
 cultivated hy any Icainer in liis own 
 practice. 
 
BUSINESS WUITINO. 
 
 m 
 
 |{i>i 
 
 m 
 
 ^PositioniBody While standing.*!} 
 
 Q^r 
 
 TiiE practical book-keeper fiiuLs it advantageous to do 
 Ids writing while standing; in fact, wlicro large 
 books are in use, and entries are to be transfciTod from 
 one to another, the work of the 
 book-keeper can hardly be i)er- 
 formed otherwise than in a 
 standing position, free to move 
 about his ofEce. Cumbrous 
 books necessitate a diiferent 
 position at the desk, from that 
 of the correspondent, or the 
 learner. Since large books must 
 lie squarely on the desk, the 
 writer, in order to have the 
 proper position thereto, must 
 place his left side to the desk. 
 The body thus has the same 
 relative position, as if squarely 
 fronting the desk with the paper 
 or l)ook pluoed diagonally. In 
 other words, th.; writer, Avhile 
 cuiragcd in writing in large, 
 heavy books, must adjust him- 
 self to the position of the books. 
 Slimdd the correspondent or bill 
 dork perform his work while 
 stauiling, ho would assume the 
 same as the sitting position — 
 squarely fronting the desk. 
 
 LEGIBILITY. 
 
 Children, in Icurningto \mt8, 
 are apt to sacrifice all other 
 good qualities of beauty, regu- 
 larity and grace, for tbo quality 
 of legibility, or plainness. 
 "With some older persons this 
 legibility is considered of verj' 
 little consequence, and is ob- 
 scured by ail manner of mcau- 
 i.igless nourishes, iu ■which the 
 writer takes jiride. In the esti- 
 mation of the 1)usiness man, 
 writing is injured by shades and 
 flourislies. Tlie demand of this 
 pnictical time i-a plain, regular 
 style that can bo Mritteu rapidly, and read at a glance. | of letters may bo soon nuistcrcd or corrected. 
 
 FINISH. 
 
 By a careless habit, which many pei-sons allow them- 
 .-.cives to tail into, they onut to attend to the little 
 things in writing. Good penmanship consists in atten- 
 li(in to siii.iil ilctails, each letter and word correctly 
 formed, ni.;!.c.. the beautiful page. By inattention to 
 the tiui-^h oi or.Q letter, or part of a letter of a Avord, 
 oftentimes the word is mistaken 
 foranother.andthc enlircmcan- 
 ing changed. Particular atten- 
 tion should be devoted to the 
 finish of some of the small let- 
 tei-s, such as the dotting of the 
 i, or ( rossing of the t. Blend- 
 ing tile lines Avhi( Ii form a loop, 
 often cau>cs tlie letter to be- 
 come a . tcm, similar to the t or 
 d, or an e to become an i. In 
 many of the capitiil letter.-,, the 
 wail I of attention to th'j fiiiish 
 of the letter converts it into 
 another ordi'stroys its identity, 
 siicii, for iustarue, as the small 
 cross on the capital F, which, 
 if left off, makes the letter a T. 
 The AV often becomes an M, or 
 vi'ri' '■, rsa, and tlie I a J. !Mis- 
 takes in this regard are more 
 the result of carelessness and 
 inattention than anything else. 
 By cneful practice a person 
 will acquire a settled hal)it of 
 giving a i)erfection to each let- 
 ter and word, and then it is no 
 longer a task, but is performed 
 naturally and almost involun- 
 tarily, whilethediirerencein the 
 appearance of i] ' written jiage, 
 as well as the exactness and cei- 
 tainty of the meaning conveyed, 
 may be incalculaldy great. 
 
 "While practicing penmanship, 
 or M"hile endca\oringto ooiToct 
 a careless habit in writing, the 
 mind must be upon the Mork 
 in liand, and not be allowed to 
 wander into fields of thought or 
 imagination; by thus cr liining 
 the attention, any defect or 
 inipcr ection in the formation 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 c" 
 
 ■■Ml 
 
iiToet 
 work 
 
 •.I'd \o 
 
 jj-lit or 
 fiuiiii;' 
 
 ■ct or /' ' 
 nation v\ 
 
 KUSINESS HTirnNO. 
 
 :;;=>cv.^ 
 
 ■*i^^^-<czz;r^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Position of the Hand and Pen. 
 
 ^— i.^^j- 
 
 -^-^§2'^- 
 
 THE rijrLt arm should rcsl on tlio tnii-< Ics just Wow 
 the elbow, iind wrist .sliould Ix'olcviitcd.soiis to move 
 free from iwjjor and <losk. Turn tlio lianil so that 
 the wrist will he level, or so tliiit the hark of tl:e hand 
 will faee the oeilintr. Tlie third and fourth fimrers 
 turned slightly nndcrtic.itli the liaiid will form its su|v 
 jKirt. and the pen, these lin^rers and tii" muscles of the 
 arm near the elbow form the oidy |)()ints of rest or con- 
 tact on desk or paper. The pen should point over the 
 shoulder, and sliould be so held tliat it may ]):i-s t!)e 
 root of the nail ou the seeond fnigcr, and about opjx>- 
 
 sito t!ic knuckle of the hand. An unnatural or cramped 
 IKTsition of the hand, like such a position of the body, 
 i.s on|K>.«e<] to irood writinir, and after many years of 
 ofic»('r.a;;on and study, all teachers concur in the one 
 pa^-itiou alMive described, as bein<^ the most natural, 
 easy and irraieful for the writer, and as aifording the 
 most fr«-e<l()ui and streiiirth of movement. 
 
 Avoid gettinir the hand in an awkward or tiresome 
 IK>>iti<iii. rollinir it over to one side, or drawing- tin; 
 fore finirer up into a crooked siiape. Hold the pen 
 firmly l.-ut liirhtly, not with a irrip as if it were about 
 to cacajK? from service. Do not say, '* I can't" hohl 
 the [K-n oorre<-tly. Habits are stiong, but will may be 
 strouL'er. and if you hold the \tr\\ corr.'t tiy in spite of 
 old habits, for a few les.^ons, ail will tlicu be easy, and 
 
 
 I 
 
 the ]K?n wii. take its position at each writinir exercise, 
 with no ell'orl whatexer. Kverythin.ir beiiiir in readi- 
 ness, and the proper position assumed., the writer mii^t 
 niiw obtain complete contri/1 of hand and pen, by prac- 
 tice in mt)vement. 
 
 RAPIDITY. 
 One of the essentials of a practical business style of 
 ^vr;li',ij.' Tutist i)e rapidity of execution, in order to be 
 t'f ."..iy avail in tlu' necessities and pr"ss of a l)iisine.-s 
 
 I !><•-. ion. The demand of tli'.- mci. ii.iiit is. tliat hi.s 
 clf-r'i shall not only write well, I. it with iai>i.liiy, and j 
 
 f the volume of letters to be answcre.!, bills to be made j 
 out, or iK^ms to be entered on the iiooks of ;i'cotiiit, 
 
 I coiujK'l the clerk to move the t>;'ii with tlextirity and 
 
 f rapidity, as well as skill. Wirile there is irreat diver- 
 sity :(nion«: persons as to the rapid.ily as v,-(dl as qnality 
 of iheir i)enmanship, some lieinij naturally nuu-e alert 
 and active than others, yet by sectiring the proper posi- 
 
 tion of the hand, arm and bo.ly, f ivorabh- to ei'.--e and 
 frecJom of execution, then toiiosvini;' this with careful 
 practice in movement, until all the\aried motions nec- 
 essary in writiiiir are thoroiiifhly masti'red, the jierson 
 may, with suitable etl'ort,ac(iuire the quality of rapidity 
 in writinir, jrradiially increasing the speed until the 
 desired rate is accomplished. 
 
 BEAUTY. 
 In the handwritiiiir, as in other things, beauty 13 
 larcrely a matter of taste and edu( ation. To the man of 
 bti-inc-.^-i, tlie most beautiful handwriting is that which 
 is writtc-u with case, a p.d expresses plainly and neatly the 
 thoiujht of the writer. To tlu' professional (U* artistic 
 taste, while such a \\\\w\ may lie regarded as "a good 
 basinc~.» liand," it would not be<'onsidered as beautiful, 
 (H^caiL-* it conforms to no rule as to proportion, s'lade, 
 and .^|)acing. In the p-ractical art of writing, it is not 
 verv untiir to mciisure its beauty I; rirelv by its utility, 
 
BUSINESS WBITINO. 
 
 r 
 
 
 (2.^ •♦- 
 
 =€ MOVEMENT. 
 
 ^ C^. 
 
 iNOEU movement, 
 oiMvritiiigln'thc 
 iisiMif tliofiiiirfis 
 as the motive 
 power, iseTitire- 
 \\ iniidcquiite to 
 tlicreqiiireniciits 
 ofljiisincss. 'I'lio 
 liiiirers >ooii lic- 
 coiiie tired, tlie 
 liaiul heromes criiniped, the writing shows a lahored 
 ellbrt, and lacivs freedom and ease so essential to jrooil 
 business })(>nmansiiip. In the oflice or eonnting-room. 
 M'iiere tlie clerk or correspondent ninst wrile tVom 
 morning till night, the linger movement ol' course 
 cannot he used. 
 
 \\\\\\.X is designated hy writing teachers as tii(> ^\'holc 
 Arm. or Free Arm ^lovcment, in which the arm is 
 lifted free tVom tiie desk and completes the hotter witli 
 a dash or a swoop, is necessary in ornamental pcmnan- 
 sliip and Honrishing, hut has no j)lace in a practical style 
 of bnsines.-. writing. The man of business would 
 hardly stop, in the midst of his writing, to raise the 
 arm, and e\-ceut(> an "off-hand capital," while cus- 
 tomers .'ire waiting. 
 
 But adapted to the practical pnr[)oses of business is 
 tiie )ii>tscuh()' tnovemenl, in which the arm moves freely 
 on the museles l)clow the elbow, and in cases of precise 
 
 gAsv^- 
 
 writing, or in the more extended letters, such as f, is 
 assisted by a slight movement of the fingei-s. The 
 third and fourth fingers may remain stationary on the 
 (laper, and be moved from time to time, or between 
 words, where careful and accurate Avriting is desired, 
 l)ut in more rapid, free and flowing penirunship, the 
 fingers should slide over the paper. 
 
 MOVEMENT EXERCISES. 
 
 Having everything in readiness, the student may 
 begin his i)ractice on nu)vement exercises, the olyect 
 of which is to obtain control of the pen and train 
 the muscles. Circular motion, as in the capital O, 
 reversed as in the capital W, vertical movement as in 
 I", long s and capital J, and the lateral motion as in 
 small letters, mu>l each be jjracticed in order to be 
 able to inoNc the pen in any direction, up, down, or 
 .siilewise. 
 
 The simplest exercis*! u\ movement. Try to follow 
 around in the same line as nearly as possible. Do not 
 shade. 
 
 The same exercise, only with ovals drawn out and and slight shade added to each down stroke 
 
 4a2fi> 
 
 Sides of ovals should be even, forming as nearly a straight line as possible. Reverse the movement as in 
 third form. 
 
:^ 
 
 it as in 
 
 I 
 
 BUSINESS WRITING. 
 
 Tlio following three exercises embrace the essential elemonts In capital letters, and should at first be made 
 large for purposes of movement : 
 Capital O, down strokes parallel. 
 
 Capital stem. Down stroke a compound curve. Shade Iom-. Finish with a dash. 
 
 Capital loop. Curves parallel. First curve liiirhcst. 
 
 Ilavinir su(»ccednd to some extenl with those exercise^, the learner may next uudertakc the vertical movement. 
 In order to (il)t:iin tiie laleral nioviMUcnt, which enahlcs one to write lonir words without lifting the pen, and 
 in()\(' easdy and gracel'ully across tiie page, exercises like the I'ollowing slioiild lie practiceil- 
 
 Down >trokcs ^.traiglit. Kven and resting on line. 
 
 III all ni.ivcnicr.t exci'i ise-; the third and nxiith iinirers should slide on th(^ ])aper, and the tinger n"o^■emcnt 
 should he careftdly a\-oidcil. The diU'erciif niovenients having been practiced, they may now he combined in 
 various forms 
 
 Latei-al and rolling mo\-emeni 
 .'omhined. Vertic:;! nidvemcnt 
 and rolTmir movenie'.il londiined. 
 
 Do not shade the circles. Lines 
 should he parallel. 
 
 Movement cxereises may he midtiplied alnio-f indefniitely hy .-tudyin!> the forms u>cd in M'riting and their 
 condiinalions. l\(>pcatinu many of t'.ie small htter-, sueh as m, u, e, r, s, a, d, h and ?, also capitals D, J, P, 
 etc., forms an excellont exercl.-;) for tin: le;:;-i;'i'. 
 
 PRINCIPLES IN WRITING. 
 In order to enable the learner to ex i;;ii:'e, amdyze and < rillci c !ii> writing, t'.ie following principles are 
 given as his standards of measureuicnts :i:i 1 form. By I'omhining them in viuions v.-ays the essential part of all 
 fetters in the alphabet may be fo^ ..u d. 
 
 lc^57 '^'i^ principles must he fust carefully studied, and separated into ilie pnnKiiy lines which compose tliem and 
 tnc form of each principle well understood. The student may then form a. scale like the one following, bv 
 

 
 BUSINESS WHITINO. 
 
 y diviiliii!.' till' ilistiiiicc lu'lwocii tlic liliic lines on the p.'ipor into lour equal spacer, with a li-rlitly ruled line. Tlu 
 letters of tlie small alphabet should then he placed in the seale and the hisrht of each h'tter fixed in the! mind. 
 
 if 
 
 :. ../^J.11jL1 ZZZj OSO. rrr^f^gfe^ 
 
 Noliee that the contraeted lett"'i's. or tliose whieji oceupv' oidy one spaci'. as a. ni. n, o. s, \-, w and e, and that 
 part of d, IT, h, i| and y, found in the first space, aic all widl roinnicd and devcdopeci. 'I'hese letters and parts 
 of letters, found in the lirst -pace, I'orui the essential par! of all wriiini;-. and liierefoie deserve espei ial care. 
 Also notice that *he loop Ictlcfs, alio\c Ihc line, -avAx a- h. f. Ii, k and I, extend two and one-half sjjaee-, ahove 
 the l)lne line, while the loop helow the line, such as (.r, t", J, ' y and /, extend one and one-half spa^'cs helow 
 liie blue line, thus two and one-half and one and one-half niajvinir the four sfjiiees of the scale, and the u)>pcr 
 loojis on one line will just meet the lower loojis of the line ahox'e, hut never eonllict, to fl;o destruction of neat 
 liody writinir. Notii'i' tlu' type of the printer. 'I'he extensions al)o\-ethe shoi'ter letter."* iire ([uito iusiiTiiifieant , 
 and are only tised to savi' the letter from resemhlin;.'- some other letter of the alpliahef. Thcv never conflict, 
 and how leyiljle \.\\c\ an-. 
 
 
 -0^1^2^1-1^ 
 
 The Tyi)ey, 
 
 A Kes'.Mnbhiucc. 
 
 An Ab-surdity. 
 
 Besides, to make louir loojis, requires more time, and more power with the pen, while shorter loops are in 
 ev(>ry way easier to acipii:.', .jnicker. and better. Tideirraph operators, tionie of whom are among our best 
 business penmen, niaUe all extended lettei-s very short, while iicoonntants, .-md business men, favor the style of 
 short loops, well developed letters, and .small ea])ilals. 
 
 Apply tlie pi'ineiples. Observe regularity. Muscular movement. 
 
 Down strokes straight. 
 
 Up strokes '.'urved. 
 
 Principle No. 1. Well formed loop. 
 
 These exercises should bo practiced with the muscular movement, until they can bo made with rcirulanty 
 and ease. 
 
 4th principle. Let 3d and 4th fingers slide. Notice the top. 
 
 O closed at top. \o retracing. 
 
 Two spaces liigli. 
 
 Down stroke strai'^hf. 
 
 ,^C^^L 
 
 'fT 
 
 ^ / 
 
 A rnie in ^vriting may bo laid down, that all small letters should commence on the blue lino, mid end one 
 sjiace hi^h. 
 
 (t 
 
 n 
 
 
■. iinil lli.'it I 
 
 I 
 
 jiiid part- |» 
 
 icnal I'iirc. 
 
 11 
 
 inccs ahdvc \l' 
 
 ;;.■(•> lu'ldW 
 
 1 llip upper 
 ion of iK'iit 
 -iirMificiint, 
 LT conflict, 
 
 i 
 
 loops are in 
 ig our best ' ^ 
 tiio style of 
 
 rf'inilarnv 
 
 7^.- 
 
 ■ ^ / 
 
 (1 end ono 
 
 .([ 
 
 r 
 
 
 nrsiNF.ss AvuiTmo. 
 
 Discover fiic principles. Avoid rctraciiijr. 
 
 Notice t'orni. In w, last |iart narrow. >.Iai<c witlioii-t rais^n'r ilu' [;c.i. 
 
 Kxteiid two spaces ahoxc tlic liiu', ami oui' liclow. 
 
 :^;^^^^i^^^^^^:^>^--" v^^^^ 
 
 lielracin".' i< an error. The only exception to tliis is in il, t, p and x, wlicn^ it heconus necessary. 
 
 e^^-a4y;^2^^/7-^/''r77^,7^^'n^y^i^^^^^^ 
 
 Jm^ J^yn^^u7yn^^/yi^y^y^' ^^-^^^/^^^^^V'-'^^/^C^' 
 
 ,11 
 
 ''zwuy^iay^'?'?^^^ 
 
 Upper loops iiii, (hoir crossing at tiie liiglil ot' one space, while lower loo[is <'ross at the M . iin( 
 
 /^/^^:^-truAy/2/-t^Z^^yU^^^. 
 
 
 -^/^'Uy^t^ 
 
 \*\ 
 I?! 
 
 iSl 
 
 '/t^i4dyM^/^^an^/^/i^y^^^^^ 
 
 I'liice the capital letters on the scale, analyze Ihcni aceordnig to )iriiici[)les (i, 7 and cS, and notice their 
 relative pi-opcn-tions. 
 
 ^^^^^^ 
 
 
 m 
 
 -T^- 
 
 TZl 
 
 ^2 
 
 ^ 
 
 .... — ■■'■y"^: 
 
 ^z:^2i 
 
 r^:^' 
 
 jK:yL^A 
 
 i-V- 
 
 
 UtHz 
 
 in order to practico capital letters (o iidvantaire. as well ;,. io suidy Iheiii, colI(>i( i:i n prnnp or fatJiily ail 
 those Utters wliich have soino one form or [irincipLi ;..-. an c-siuilial part. Taice lirst ihc I'nii principle, or ovai, 
 Huu we groui) the letters as follows: 
 
 rt^i-^ '^'~ ."'^? ^ ■; ■^■S-'.^.^ •- '':' 
 
 !1 
 
 _. ....^ ,.»t.f^. 
 
 The cvcoUeuc© of an oval depends largely on its fullness and roundness. No corners or t^at «i(}eft. 
 
I -! !^ 
 
 I 
 
 IU>IM:>.s WKITINCi. 
 
 l)owii strokes parMlld. 
 
 ("apitnl I) i- a ("iqiilal () with a knot on the lower roriier 
 
 €y O.^^/^ (J^^j^a^^ G^u^J^^U>^^uyy^'MiJa/2/7^a^l^^ 
 
 
 fy^U/T'Z^y (jytcsy?y^-fyL 
 
 
 The letters in which tlio caiiital stem, er Ttli iniiiciplo, I'ornis a Icndiiii,' part, may he g-t'oupcd as follows: 
 
 I lu the II and K, tlio capital stem is alnuot strai-iii (m tlio down stmko, in the F and T it is little more of a 
 ; wave line, and in S and it the lino is much of a coniponnd or doiilile curve. 
 
 I ,^^ .^<^Va^^yi^ ^/A^^^yt^ ^^'//y^^T^ 
 
 '^^ /^T^ 
 
 /^^ 
 
 /J7^ 
 
 /^^ 
 
 >^ ^:^a';^^^^<^y>' ..^^.^Z^y^^^^Ty-^^^^ j^ ^d/yyiyyyy^^>7^ jt^4^t 
 
 T 
 
 ^r^ .<d<C^-^^yf2' 
 
 ■Jyh.. 
 
 v>^ya^^^/?na^ 
 
 The oapitnl 1, and also the J, -which is u moditlcd I, are sometimes classed among the capital stem letters, 
 from t!ip resomhknoc of the I to tliis primlplo in all hut tiic top. 
 
 
 /Z 
 
 ^/ruU/i^yuu-:^'^Ct^J^a^'^z^'^f^^^ 
 
 
 
 i^^ 
 
 The capital loop, or Mil pruinplo, is found as an o>=ential cleinont in 
 
wor corner. 
 
 tie more of a 
 
 stem letters, 
 
 BUSINESS WRITING. 
 
 In tho ciipitiil 1()()|), or 8th principle, another oval may bo made within the largo turn at the top, but lor 
 practiral purposes tho letter is perhaps better without it, and may be simplified even more, as in tiie N 
 below. 
 
 0^^ 
 
 /^. 
 
 '.^^^ 
 
 FIGURES. 
 
 Make figures small, neat, and of form exact. Each figure must show for itself, and cannot be known by 
 those which precede or follow it, sut is tho case with letters. The common tendency is to make figures too 
 large and coarse. ^lind tho ovals in figures and have them full and round. The chief excellence of the zero 
 lies in its roundness; tho 3, 5, 6 or 9, without care in making tho ovals, may degenerate into a straight line, or 
 simply a meaningless hook, which it would hardly bo safe to uso in expressing sums of money, ordering goods, 
 or tho transaction of other business. 
 
 ^p-* 
 
 •I COPIES FOR PRACTICE, i*^^ 
 
 - i^~rii %n 
 
 Having proceeded thus far in the study and practice of writing, and having obtained the proper control of 
 tho pen through +ho movement exercises, all that is necessary now in order to seeing a good handwriting, is 
 continued and wcn-directed practice. 
 
 p/00^ 
 
 
 'x^^^. 
 
 j7 yr 
 
 %^dr 
 
!l 1 
 
 ^jy^'y^-J^ \ iiAi;.Mi.\(i and fasH-inating arc thoprracofnl and 
 
 ■''^"•'^'~- '(^ |V liaitiMiiiioijs curvos produced, wlicn, wielded 
 
 l>y soiiH' fiMincd ami skillful haml. tiu' pen 
 
 bocnnies an mstrnmeiit of htaiify. As In* llio 
 
 pdwcr (<i sp('('( li, men may pas* fmm the cdni- 
 
 moii tone of ooiivpr*ation tip to tlie melodious 
 
 .strains of musie, or may si)ar in fliirlits of 
 
 oratoiT into the suttlinie. tnitil the nmltitudo is 
 
 entranced; so the capaliilities of the i)en are not 
 
 limited to tlie common uses of life, hut niay 
 
 taice on forms of l)eauty in tdcirant outlines of 
 
 bird, or landsetipe, or graceful .swan or bound- 
 
 ^- inir >^tag. 
 
 Ornamental writing is not a practical art, ami ha.s no connec- 
 tion wliatever with tiie practical bu.-ino?s of life. It is in the 
 realm of poetry. The imagery of graceful outlines must first be 
 .seen by a poetic imagination. While the great masses may 
 acquire a good style of plain, practical penmanship, fvw have the 
 necessary conception of mind, combined with the skill and dex- 
 terity of hand to become successful ornamental penmen. 
 
 The ornamental pages which follow are given, not as models for 
 imitation or practice by the learner, but merely to .show the jws- 
 sibiiities of the pen in the hand of a ma.ster, and as a fitting 
 closing to this, our chapter on ))enmanship. 
 
 To any one who may Iwnc an artistic quality of mind, and 
 delights in beautiful lines and harmonious curves, these pages of 
 ornamental penmanship wdl .serve as models for practice and 
 imitation, and c\-ery attem|)l at su<h an exercise as the one on 
 this, or the following pages, will give greater strength and 
 iVeediim of movement, and better conunand of the pen, so that 
 it will conduce to an easy, flowing and elog-ant style of plain 
 ])usiness writing, while all'ording a most i)lcastint and profitable 
 employment in the cidtivation of the taste. 
 
 A'arioiis b(>au1iful designs or pictures may be made with the 
 ]>en, in the hands of one that posses.ses the skill ot a penman and 
 the e)e of an artist. 
 
 ^ 
 
 -. iiv; 
 
.n__ 
 
 JIUHINKMH KOHMS, 
 
 USINESS 
 
 
 -i'? 
 
 ORMS. 
 
 
 In tho transnotion of biisinoss, men have 
 found it noccssary to ailopt certain forms or 
 written instruments whicli are passed from 
 one party to tho otlier a-s evidence of tho 
 transaction, or intention of tho i)artios. 
 These aro called Husiiic'^s J'ljrms, and are ia 
 such extensive use that every pei-son shojdd become 
 familiar witli their form and peculiarities, no matter 
 how limited their business experience may chanco to 
 bo, and no one should presume to affix his si<i:naturo to 
 such documents without fully comprehending the 
 meaning and responsibility of tho act. 
 
 For tho sake of convenience and readiness of reference, 
 aa well as uuifonuity, accuracy and legibility, most of 
 
 the forms used in business are printed, leaving blank 
 spaces for names, amounts, dates, etc., Avhich aro tilled 
 in with pen and ink to suit the roquiremanta of each 
 case. 
 
 These fonns aro then an-anged in tablets or pads, or 
 bound into books, and are detached as they aro needed. 
 
 It is the design in tho few pages following, to so 
 acquaint tho reader with the various business forms 
 and ihcir peculiarities, that ho will lie able to write 
 out a document in correct manner, either with or with- 
 out tho printed blanks, and will at the same time 
 nndci-stand tho legal significance of such acts. 
 
 These forms consist of Bills, lleceipts. Due BiJh, 
 2Totes, Orders, Checks, Drafts, and Bills of Exchange. 
 
 BILLS. a*^ 
 
 BrLL is an itemized 
 statement of goods 
 bought or sold, or la- 
 bor or sen'ices per- 
 fonned, together with 
 the price of each ar- 
 ticle, the amount of 
 the whole, date, etc. 
 Tho heading of a 
 bill should consist of 
 the name of tho city 
 or town, state, and 
 date, and in many 
 cases, especially in 
 professional bills, tho name and number of tho street is 
 iilso placed above the uumo of tho city, but perhaps tho 
 
 more general custom is to place tho nimiber and street 
 under the name of tho firm, although this is not theo- 
 retically so correct. The name of the pei-son or firm to 
 whom the goods are sold or for whom tho service is 
 perfonned, is placed at the left, and in case of a non- 
 resident, it is well also to insert tho address. 
 
 When a bill is made for labor or services, the name of 
 the pcivon rendering such service should be preceded by 
 To and followed Fiy Du., while in ;ase of goods sold, it 
 is now quite customtiry to use the words "Bought of." 
 
 Tho custom is now common, of placing the advertise- 
 ment beneath tho name, thus causing the bill head to 
 bear the business card of the person or finn issuing it. 
 
 Among merchants it is customary to have printed on 
 tho bill head the terms of sale and discounts allowed, 
 together with rules in regard to rebates, etc. 
 
! I 
 
 ■1 
 
 I ) 
 
 hi;hin£88 fuumh. 
 
 FORM OF A BILL FOR SERVICES. 
 
 U To SAMUEL B. MATTHEWS. Dr. 
 
 'Mpi-. 
 
 
 
 ATTOHNKY AT LAW AND CONVliYANCliR. 
 
 
 
 
 
 )PUa^. 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 s^ 
 
 cnf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ux^ttde^^ .£u/L/y^ ^^^nidAyM^/ntyyt^t^a^^rvuca^ 
 
 . / 
 
 /per 
 
 6(^ 
 
 too- 
 
 
 
 Oi^(:3e<^^2:??z^C^^^>^c^^^z<*^eX 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■0LnM£^QMm!iui^- 
 
 
 
 as 
 
 HE dates on tho left of the bill are used to show 
 when eaeh servieo was perfonned, but in ease tho 
 bill is rendered immediately after the labor has 
 been eoni])leted, no date is then nerossary hero, 
 tho date at the he«d of the oill will suflioe. If 
 labor is eharfjed for by tho day or hoin*, the number of 
 days or houi-s and tho price of each must be put down. 
 When tho bill consists of one item only, it should be 
 l)laced in tho total column, but when several items, 
 then* sum only siiould bo extended into this colunni, as 
 in the above bill. When the bill is paid, it should be 
 receipted by writing lieceived Payment, and signing the 
 name, by the maker of the bill, and is then passed over 
 and beh)ngs to the party paying it, and should be care- 
 fully jn'oseiTcd as iiis receipt. 
 
 In malting out a bill of any kind, it is alwap best to 
 obsene those conditions which give perspicuity to the 
 writing. Any paper that is neatly drawn has a certJiin 
 prestige as compared with such as arc; rendered barely 
 intelligible, either from bad or careless writing, or have 
 their sense killed by brevity. Every item should 
 appear full and plain, and if there be occasion for 
 expressing numbers and prices in the bod}' of the bill, 
 as already indicated, these ought to be so -vvi'itten in, as 
 to be easily read and uudei-stood. Sufficient room must 
 
 be taken to write tho matter in so that no part of it may 
 be mistaivcn. 
 
 If indeed it ho necessary to economize siMiro in tho 
 body of (lie bill in order to set down all that is desired, 
 the writing UiUst of coui-se bo smaller and tho lines 
 closer togetlier. In a bill of goods, which is mado 
 similar in f r'u to the above, tlie price of articles that 
 are enumerated in a single line is sometimes written 
 immediately above each article in small figures, then 
 the several amounts are added together and set down in 
 the colinnn in wliich the simis of items are shown. 
 
 To avoid much crowding of matter in small space, 
 it is usual among most business men to have the foi-m 
 of the bill head printed upon paper of different sizes, 
 large as well as small. Generally the same fomi is 
 printed on longer sheets, without any increase of 
 width. 
 
 lyiucli time is absorbed every day in most departments 
 of active })usiness, by reason of careless or inacciu'ate 
 making out of l)ills. The sending back and forth to 
 have bills corrected or explained, often affords an excuse 
 for delay in the payment of a bill, and sometimes pro- 
 duces unpleasant friction between business men as well 
 as the disadvantages which arise from lack of prompt 
 settlement. 
 
irt of it may 
 
 nwe in the 
 
 is desired, 
 
 the lines 
 
 ch is made 
 
 rticles that 
 
 ics written 
 
 urcs, then 
 
 et down in 
 
 lown. 
 
 null spaoc, 
 
 the form 
 
 ent sizes, 
 
 le fomi is 
 
 icrease of 
 
 |)artments 
 inaccurate 
 forth to 
 an cxense 
 imcs i)ro- 
 'H a.s well 
 f prompt 
 
 ■':■■ 
 
 
 ui;»ifi£tia I'OiiMs. 
 
 FORM OF A MERCHANTS BILL. 
 All Otolma Car Paniff or HhortoKo uiutt bo inatio within 5 limjt from the re««lpt of the CMiadfc 
 
 Folio 
 
 9f4 
 
 Salesman — ^^•-^•^•. 
 
 ^^^ke<md>. 
 
 ''■^r,yt>, (^^«4*t<*^ //^^'(^S^. 
 
 "P^u^ 
 
 f Feankun MagVeaoh & €o., 
 AVHOLESALE GROCERS, 
 
 Tennai Caah. 
 
 Claoovmta: Two per oent If t^'ii. at our offlM atrlcUjr within 10 daya. 
 
 
 a 
 
 >^f/ 
 
 When n hill has been paid by note, or otherwise than 
 by cash, it should bo so stated on the bill. As in the 
 above bill one-half is paid by note and cash given for 
 the balance. Instead of allowing the note to draw 
 interest, the merchant usually prefere to include the 
 interest in the face of the note, and then have the note 
 written without interest. In this case the interest 
 must be charged in with the goods as in the above 
 bill. Wholesale merchants and jobbers send a bill with 
 each purchase. Retail merchants usually render a bill on 
 J^ the first of each month for the past mouth's purchases. 
 
 When l)ills have ])oen reuJcrcd for gootls sold from 
 time to tiine during the month, it is customary where 
 settlements are made monthly, to render at the close of 
 the month, what is called a Statement. This is a sjniop- 
 sis of all of the bills rendered during the month, show- 
 ing only the total amounts of the several bills, together 
 Avith the dates, etc., but not specifying the various 
 articles sold. This sJ^lopsis of the monthly account 
 enables the merchant to check over the various pur- 
 chases and readily ascertain the conectuess thereof 
 before settlement. 
 
i: 
 
 ii 
 
 ' t 
 
 
 Jtll 
 
 
 
 ^^: 
 
 '^ Q e e i p t s 
 
 ■■J 
 
 
 ^t^ 
 
 kw^^^' 
 
 i)^«- 
 
 'iiKN nioiioy IS imid for tlio Hottlpiuout of dobt, 
 or ti) apijly on 11 debt or cliiini, for llio piiy- 
 inoiit of rout, or for payment ailvimced on ti 
 contnut, a receipt should always be taken. 
 Never fail to take a receipt unless you liavo 
 Honio other cvideuco of pajniicnt ho tliat a re- 
 ceipt becomes unnecessary. Parties may die, witnesses 
 move away, and memory fail, and then, in settling ni) 
 
 tlio estate, yon may l)e put to troiilile ami lo.xs unless 
 armed with a receipt. 
 
 As a rule, every one liavini,' liusim --i wilii otlicrs, 
 whereby money or its e(|iii\aleiit is passed, sluudd 
 
 rerpiire a receipt, which ouL'lit to be (piickly friven, iis 
 .' i\ 1 ..I :i' 1 :il 
 
 if lie will 
 
 I 
 
 a matter of course. |)o mil iisk any one it .. 
 
 liMve a receipt for \iiliic; reiuKn' it at oii<e witliout 
 
 words. 
 
 FORM OF A RECEIPT. 
 
 ^2^^.2:^^-.=^Z_^/^^/^Z<^,^; 
 
 ■^^'Z^Z-i^.-i^/t^' 
 
 i). 
 
 
 nUrmfi^TinltJatml'aiaS'^'^ T"^ '^ '-'-^-^— ^^^-- "-^^ .» ir^rr^- 
 
 A reeeijjt written ■with jjcncil is legal, Itiit a prudent 
 and careful business man would hardly give a rcceii)t 
 in pencil. Never fail to have a receipt properly dated, 
 as it is frequently of gre^it importance to know irhcn a 
 payment was made. The receipt should state elciirly 
 and fully what the pa}iuent Avas made for; if on a con- 
 tract or note, specify what <'ontract, or note; if for 
 rent, state for what premises, and y/w/t whav date /<> 
 Avhat date the riMit is paid. 
 
 FOR PAYJIKNT OS A CONTRACT. 
 
 1500. PiTTSiirunii, Nov. 18, 1884. 
 
 Received of Watson D. Brown, Five Hiindrod Dollur.s, 
 being the lir.st iiistallinont paid on a contract to build for him 
 a brick dwelling house ut No. 933 Vine street. 
 
 CoLBUKN & Dewey. 
 
 I'OU MONKV TO AI'l'LV OS ACCOUNT. 
 
 If 100. Omaha, Neb., Jan. 10, 1884. 
 
 Uocciveil of .JoJHi W. Siiiitli, Oiio lluiulied Dollars, to 
 ii[iply on account. II. M. WiNSLOw & Co. 
 
 IN Fi;i,l, or AIX DEMANDS. 
 
 *38.0r). Drrnorr, Mich., Jan. IG, 1884. 
 
 Uoceivcd of Peter Hind, Thirty-Eight and 05-100 Dollars, 
 ill full of all demandB. ' J. AV. IIuNTEli. 
 
 FOR RENT. 
 
 *--25. Coi.LMBUS, Ohio, May 1, 1884. 
 
 Rocoivwl of II. D. Soutbworth, Twenty-Five Dollars, for 
 rent of dwelling No. 187 Elm street, from May 1st to June 
 1st, 1883. jAMEd S. Goodrich. 
 
 TO APPLY ON A NOTE. 
 
 1150. IlicuMoxn, Va., Jiuio Ist, 1884. 
 
 Roccivcfl of Wm. L Irwin, One Hundred and Kfty Dol- 
 lars, t<> upjily on his note for JiGOO, duo August 3il, 1883. 
 
 James Duncan. 
 
n-^- 
 
 I loxs imli'ss 
 
 lIL'ttlNKHH I'UUUH. 
 
 IlKOKIIT VOH NTOCK TO WIXTKII. 
 
 I'AKKKIl. Ill . N..\. m, l«fi3, 
 
 Ifcccivwl from Jiioknon WckmI, Iajii Iu'smI nf lioriuil cuttlo, 
 imnic'iy four i'hwm and m\ y<""iK oxen, tojji'ilicr with lliroo 
 liorM'H, iind ll\(! >\riiu', \Tlii(^h I iiroiiiiso In \nv\> lliniii;;li tin- 
 Miiiliraml iVf*! with i^dihI huy, corn, ctf., urnl ri'turii in wxxl 
 ciinililion, on tliu lil'tcontli day of April ni'xt, ciiMUullioH 
 I'.xi'clittHl, hii inlying inu oi^ht liolliirM cite!! for tlio i^iltlo iind 
 liorHi'H, ami t>\\v dollui' and lifty cont* each for tliu Hwine. 
 \Viti«;s« my hand. John Sciiuodku. 
 
 IlKOKIIT TO UDAJUIIAN FOK TAVMF.NT OV ACCOUNT OF IIU 
 WAllU, 
 
 tViO. Mii.WAiKKE. Wis., May M, 1H84. 
 
 Kt'coivcd from .Tolin Hell, >,'nar<lian of Harrii'l, Ijindon, one 
 (if tiio minor chililron and lioirH of ,Focl Uimlon, di'iviu^iHJ.Ono 
 llundrwl and Twunty DoiiarH, in full (or Ixiard and tuitiuu uf 
 8uid llarriut Luuduu, from March t, IS84, to date. 
 
 Henjamin Simmons. 
 
 to kxkcl'tok fok i'avmknt of a iikuuimt. 
 
 ♦3,000, MoNTUOMKUY, Ala., Ik'v. yi, 188;j. 
 
 Ilcooivott of Edrii- HiK)nicr, executor of the last will and 
 toatamontof Warnui Hizer, doeoa.sod,thortuni of Two 'I'honaand 
 Dullars, in full of a Icgucy txstiuuutlicd uio bv Raid la^t will and 
 tuslamoiit. Samuel, ILvne. 
 
 FOR A NOTE. 
 
 ♦376. ritoviDENcE, U. 1., May 35, 1884. 
 
 IJocoivcd of Geo. D. Woo<lworth, hin noto at thirty dayfl, for 
 Two Hundred and Sevoiity-Fivo Dollars, in full of account. 
 
 S. 1). I^NU & Co. 
 
 ron iNsTiiiicTioN in muhic. 
 
 Lake Zi lucii. 111., .July 18, 1834. 
 Rocoived of Charles IJurher, the sum of Ten Dollars, in 
 full of all dcmuudd on accouut of histruction in music. 
 
 M. E. WlNTEU, 
 
 AUENT'M UKCKU'T TO IIOlHi; OWNKIl KOIl I'AVMKNV «". 
 
 accui;nt uf kf.i'aiim. 
 
 ClIKArio, Miinll '^tl. 1H8!. 
 Kcrpivp(l of Oplen Whitcomli, Kifty Dollarr*, for ^laildill;.' 
 and calcimininK liousu at Hyde I'ark, and conimi'''<ioiiH for 
 HU(ieriiitendin^' same, Ki.a.vk I). Uau. 
 
 FOIt HONKV I'Ain OS AN INHt'llANCK I'OIJCV. 
 
 Clin Add. .luly io, 1^84. 
 IU>opivcd of Au;;uHt Ki.^cher, the sum of Tlirce Dollars and 
 Sev('nly-Ki\c Cents, in full on insurance prciniiini in A. <i. 
 Insurance Co., No. lo.riHt. Ciiahi.hs Wav. 
 
 I'AIIT I'AV.MKNT ON INTKIlK'tT NOTK-IIOKUOWKU MONKV. 
 
 Si'iiiNUKiKi.i), (>.,.Fuly 111, 18«4. 
 Ileccive*! Nineteen Dollars of tin' Twenty Ki\c Dollars du.' 
 on Anthony White's note of Five Hundred Dollars, to onhr II. 
 Hanker; Baid 130 being due .Fan. P.", '84, halaiice, *•;. to Ih' 
 paid Jan. 30. Ciiaui.es (iuEENoiuii. 
 
 ron I'AVMKNT OF rilltCII.VMK MONEY. 
 
 Kniiii' nil Mill III/ llirnf /'ir.srut.i; 
 
 That I, Allicri I'iiKT, of (icncvn lioreby ackiiowl(;dj.'o the 
 receipt from Aimer I'ick, of Hatavi... of Si.x Hundred Dollars, 
 
 being tlio last |taynient, and in full, of tweUe tliou.-and dullar-", 
 d Aimer I'ick paid as the consideration of the piircha.'e 
 ertain tract and iiareel of land situate in etc., (as 
 
 by said Abner I'ick paid as the consideration of the piircha.'i 
 of a lertain tract and narcel of land situate in — 
 in the agreement, hoiul or conveyance described) 
 
 That the entire sum of tbosi.x hundred dollars aforesaid, and 
 overv part thereof, I do, by these presents, for me, inv heir-', 
 c.xeculors, and administraiors, aci|Uit and discharge said Abner 
 I'ick, his lieirs, executors, and administrators forever. 
 
 In witness, etc. Alueut Pipeii. 
 
 ANOTIIKU. 
 
 Roccivcxl this fifth day of November, of the within named 
 Abner Pick, the sum of Six Ilundreil Dollars, l)cing the full 
 consideration and purchase muuey witUiu mentioned remain- 
 ing to bo paid me. 
 
 Witness : George Whitney. Aluekt Pii'EU. 
 
 -•-I- 
 
 \ « a tfoEMHaWe 
 
 ^t 
 
 ;? 
 
 Ih 
 
 LAW GOVERNING RECEIPTS. m^ 
 
 I' 
 
 _(r'iH2- 
 
 UECEIPT IS not certain proof of payment. It nuiy bo 
 iuDiwrativo from mistake or fraud, and is open to 
 explanation or contradiction. In this resfiect releases 
 differ from receipts. A release cannot Ix) contnulictal by evi- 
 dence, oxce{>t on account of fraud, but if the words are 
 ambiguous, the law jwnnits the introiluction of evidence that 
 the meaning may bo determined. 
 
 An entry in the books of tho creditor showing u payment is 
 not a receipt. 
 
 A release is in tho nature of a contract, and must bo taken 
 to mean what it has set down in writing, unless for rea- 
 sons alromly indicated. A receipt that contains any writing 
 to the elfcet of an agreement as to tho use to bo made of the 
 sum paid — as if it bo paid beforehand on tlio score of future 
 transactions — is legal, and not i» be modified by {)arol evi- 
 dence. 
 
 Where a receipt is taken for a noto received in payment 
 of an account, it will not always constitute a defense to ii> 
 action on tho account, unless it should bo proven that the 
 creditor consented to take tho noto in payment, and assume 
 the risk of its being paid. 
 
 A receipt for the consideration money in a deed of real 
 proixjrty is generally conclusive as against tho seller and hU 
 privies. 
 
 Where a payment is nnulo in a particular kind of money or 
 a promissory noto of another [lerson, it is frc<iuently so 
 specified in the receipt. In most states, it is presumed that 
 negotiable pa|)er is received on the rule or condition that it 
 shall not work a discharge of the demand unless it shall pnne 
 good and satisfactory. K such pajier given in payment turns 
 out to bo dLshonoral, the creditor is entitleil to return it, 
 and demand to bo paid again. If the receipt docs not siiecify 
 an absolute acceptance, it is subject to explanation, and 
 the creditor may contrailict it by proof, and show that the 
 money, noto, or check given as papnent, was afterwanl found 
 to 1x3 counterfeit, or check on a bank that was insolvent 
 though not known to be so by the parties. 
 
 A receipt "in full of all demands" means what it says; it 
 settles all demands or accounts on both sides. 
 
 An attorney's receipt that was given for securities he was to 
 collect and account for, has Ikjcu held as presumptive evidence 
 of tho genuineness and soundness of the securities. 
 
'Il 
 
 
 1 li^ 
 
 : < 
 
 f|-p'^'-f ONV-.\ir..NCE aii'l .-atoty, as well jw otlior 
 ^-W"!?-' it>ii-alfratii)U!?. iiidiK'o iiio.-t liusiucss men aiul 
 
 m 
 
 iloiiiir il c-oiisidiialilc cash business, to 
 
 V?^ Ii'f :■'! i'<oiint at tlio bank, ami near tli(> close (if 
 
 t <- ■ 
 
 *«' ■•(■(i lav's liu~ii>c's-,, ilepo-it the liulUot thocasli 
 
 I rei ■! ■•. <';■;• I i.i" ilay, reserving a riutBcicnt sum on 
 liauil tv) meet 'Le imiuediate nced-^ ofevcniuir or morn- 
 
 FORM OF A BANK CHECK 
 
 ing. This extensive use of the banlc as a place of 
 deposit, has brought into equally extensive use the 
 Bank Check as a method of payment, until it would 
 now be exceedingly diSicult if not impossible to 
 transact the business in the irreat centers of trade, if 
 all pa_\nnents were retpiired t< be made in currency itud 
 coin, handled and cotmted. 
 
 
 ^J^^?/y/(^.f/^i^t<^^^^k 
 
 
 The merchant, ha.ing a depo>it in the bank, and 
 bei.ig supplied witii a book of blank checks, writes out 
 .1 'heck for the payment of his obligations. The 
 \ per>-:,i r-^'ceiving this check may transfer it by indorsc- 
 ■ nil nt to another (see Indoi-sements), and thus it may 
 p!;->s through several hands, and discharge several debts, 
 
 before it finds its way to the bank on which it is ditiwn, 
 and is then charged up to the merchant and canceled. 
 
 The pei"son who writes the check is called the drawer, 
 the cue to whom it is made payable is called the payee, 
 and the pei-son Avho writes his nanio on the back of it is 
 called the indoi-ser. 
 
 
BUSINESS FOKMS. 
 
 In filling ont a check the amount should Iw exprc*>€<l 
 in fifrures at the mnrgin and also in Avonls in the Ixwly of 
 the check, as a guani against errors. If the wonls 
 expressing the amount do not fill up the l)lank space 
 entirely, a dasli or heavy wave line should be used to till 
 in, thus preventing any dishonest person from raising or 
 changing the amount of the cheek. 
 
 Should the person receiving a check not desire iho 
 money, he maj' present it at the bank, and have it 
 "Certified." By this act of certifying, the bank prom- 
 ises or obligates itself to pay the check, whenever pre- 
 sented. 
 
 After the checks have been canceled by the hank they 
 are, at stated inter\'als, usiially once a month, retume<l 
 to the drawer. These canceled checks are then called 
 
 voucher^, or evidences of payment, and should bo care- 
 fully presen'ed by the depositor as his receipts. Hence 
 many business men prefer to pay by check, than by cur- 
 rency or coin, and arc in such cases not so particidar 
 about a receipt. All checks shoidd be numbered for 
 convenience in describing them, aiul the numbers should 
 continue m consecutive order, as long as the fonn 
 remains unchanged or until the signature is altered. In 
 haziness, bank checks are always s' .)ken of and treated 
 a« ca-sh. tL:» presumption being that the dnxwer has 
 money on deiJosit to meet his check when presented. 
 
 CROSSED CHECKS. 
 
 In England, where there is no bank note of a less 
 value than £5 ($25), a great use is made of checks; 
 
 FORM OF A CERTIFIED CHECK. 
 
 skh.^rY, 
 
 ^£}y,^y y<^u^^y/^, J ?<?S.' 
 
 h(^n<^ypu!yit/ 
 
 and it is no imusual thing among the small tradesmen 
 to meet checks which have been in circulation some 
 months. This being a recognized fact, the banks pay 
 without difficulty or question all ordinary checks pre- 
 sented at their countci-s, made payable to "cash," or 
 " bearer," or to a pci-son. In the case of such checks, 
 identification is, at least in the large towns, never 
 asked for. 
 
 Tliis facilitj' of having checks cashed, evidontlv re- 
 quired a modification. A check for a large amount 
 might ea^^ily be stolen or lost. *" Hence arose the system 
 of crossed checks, which has proved of great value and 
 convenience, and which may be thus briefly explained: 
 
 Supiwsing that A wishes to send Ba check for $1000, 
 \ and is doubtful of the honesty of his messenger. He 
 ^^ -J knows that B banks with, say, the Alerchants' Na- 
 tional, of Boston. Ho makes out the check a.s usual, I 
 
 and then writes across it Merchants' National Bank, of 
 Boston. 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 FiBST 
 
 Pay to the order 
 One Thou 
 $1000 
 
 Boston, iVLirch 4, 1884. 
 
 NATIONiVr B.VNK, 
 
 of Charles BroAvning, 
 sand Dollai"s. 
 
 Wm. Anderson. 
 
 Under the English system, A's bank will only pay 
 tht check when presented by or through the Merchants' 
 National Bank. 
 
 The ordinary- way is to cross a check so that it may 
 be paid through any bank. This is done by writing 
 dc Co. insteiid of the name of a particular kink. 
 
■m^^Wt 
 
 nrSlNKSS FOKMS. 
 
 'I'lii' ii(U:uitiiiro t)l' till' system will hi' at oiici' evident. 
 A stolen eliedi. if crossril, is ot" no use to llie thief. 
 Thieves, at least of t lie kinil who would steal a check, 
 have no h.oik account, and if they hud, it would bo 
 all till same, for the check known to have l)een lost or 
 stolen would ho at once traced to the dei)ositor. 
 
 The systi'Ui has received tho sanction of various Acts 
 of I'arliamopt, intendetl to protect hanks rofusin*,'- to 
 pay a crossed check over their counters, wiien presontoil 
 evoa by tho person to whom it is made payui)le. 
 
 l-rauds in checks by forfreries and altorutious, often 
 (li>l)end upon i)oor styles of chocks, poor paper used, 
 and I'.wkward tilliu"- out. 
 
 CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT. 
 
 Should ii person depositing money in a bank not 
 desire to dniw it out by cheek, ho may receive from tho 
 bank a Certificate of Deposit, showing date, name of 
 depositor, and amount of deposit in the following form: 
 
 FORM OF A CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT. 
 
 
 ;:»<' 
 
 ^"■1 
 
 7//f/rM€j:^aiiA 
 
 'A^iZ/Z/rzii;/^^^^^^ 
 
 m ^mm^^m 
 
 ij*«**^*4s4fii«i*i 
 
 n^ J^my 
 
 <• LAW GOVERNING BANK CHECKS. -^^^^ 
 
 CMF.rKs are L<> l)c presented for jiayiueiit without unreason- 
 ahlc delay. 
 'I'heru is no payment by i;ivinL: a check unless tiie chock 
 is }iaul. 
 
 The jiarty on whom a check is drawn is obliged to honor it 
 if he has fluids belonging to the drawer in hand. Until 
 disiioiiorcd IL nnist he regarded a-s payment. 
 
 The drawer of a chetJv lia.s no occasion to complain of the 
 jjoi'son (holiier), to wiwim lie hits given a check, for not exer- 
 cising dili,',ence in presenting it at tlie bank, because, if the 
 bank fail after he could have got his money on the check, the 
 loss is siiftaiiied liy the holder. 
 
 If the laidc before he j)rcscnts his cheek pay out all the 
 money of the Jrawer. on other chocks, he may then look to the 
 drawer. 
 
 A bank must know tho writing of its deiK)sitors. If it pays 
 a check that is forgcd.it is liable for tho loss. 
 
 If a chock Ijo drawn when the drawer r.eiLlier has funds in 
 the l)ank, nor litis made any arrangonieiit by which ho has i'- 
 right to draw the check, tl.e drawing of it is a fraud. 
 
 A check not drawn within tho state where the bank is situ- 
 ated, is suijject to tho law governing !)ill.s of exchange, — the 
 holder of it must jaotest in writing, usually through a notary, 
 against all parties liable for any lo.ss or damage by tho nou- 
 jiayiueiit of it. 
 
 Joint doiiositors must join in a check, and if any of the num- 
 ber iibscond.s, tho remainder may draw the money by iwrmis- 
 sioii of a court of eciuity. 
 
 The drawer of a cheek is not ijound with and for another, 
 as is tho drawer of a bill, but a principal debtor, like a maker 
 of a iiot.e. 
 
 An ordinary check is male payable to a certain jier.son or 
 bearer ; this is to guard against loss or theft, since no paymeut 
 will be made unless the [layee writes his name on tho clieck. 
 
 If a check is jiaiil by a bank i)cf()ro receiving notice of the 
 death of a drawer, the iiauk is not lilamable or responsible. If 
 a check is given in [iros[icct of death, it must Ijo presented and 
 paid while tho donor is alive, because his death countermands 
 his clieck. Othsrwiso, the holder o' a cheek woiilil present it 
 for acceptance to tho legal representatives of tno deceased. 
 
D-^'. 
 
 BUSINESS FOUM8 
 
 J mk"^^^ 
 
 jJU 
 
 HEN an account or claim has been adjusted, ap J 
 the amount due from one party to the other 
 dofinitely agreed upon, an acknowledgment of 
 this indebtedness may be made in writing, to 
 prevent further controversy, and this written 
 acknowledgment of indebtedness is called a 
 Due Bill. If a due bill is payable in merchandise or 
 
 property, it should state the exact quantity and 
 quality, for if nothing 's said as to how payable, it is 
 presumed to be payable in money. The date also should 
 be given. 
 
 The words or order may bo inserted in the due bill 
 immediately after the name, and would thus make it 
 negotiable by indorsement, the same as a note. 
 
 FORM OF A DUK BILL, 
 
 /yj-^. 
 
 ■j^ys, yj^cp'j. 
 
 
 ^mM 
 
 This form of paper differs from a promissory note, 
 wiiich latter usually contains a promise to pay, at a 
 time specified therein, a sum of money to a certain per- 
 son, or to his order, for value received. 
 
 PAYABLE IN MEatCOAN'JISE. 
 
 180. Omaha, Neb., Jan. 10, 1884. 
 
 Due A. S. Woradell, or order, Eighty Dollars, payable in 
 merchandise at my store. James Hume. 
 
 PATABLE IX WHEAT. 
 
 Monmouth, 111., May 10, 1884. 
 Due Henry Seymour, or order. One Thousand Dollarf nay- 
 able in No. 1 Spring Wheat, at the market price when deliv- 
 ered. Edward A. Hudson. 
 
 I. o. u. * 
 
 Another form of acknowledgment of a debt is used, 
 and is known by tiie abbreviations I. O. U. It is dif- 
 ferent from a promissory note, being merely evidence 
 of a debt as a result cf a contract previously made. A 
 miiiiaturo form of si'fh an obligation is as foUovs: 
 
 $30. B.VY City, Mich., March 12, 1«84. 
 
 John Smith, Ivsq., 
 
 I. O. U. Thirty Dollars. 
 
 JiVJiE.s Hood. 
 
;!i! 
 
 II 
 
 I ( 
 
 BUSINESS rOKWS, 
 
 
 
 ^^prluppn^,^ ■ prI lB ppny^^|pfll,r ■ P'"uJi:■"'upp a u^ | JJ ■l ^t^ | p<|'u^,^j>kA ■ ^j g L^^jj'""f'p'^^'P 
 
 romissory 
 
 S.^J-.-'JI-J'-'-l-u-'.V l l i rf J^ il ^•"'' '^"-' '^"■'' '^ •'^ rf . 1n„ i rf,tn„ .■f,ir,„,rfJn,rfJrmrf,Jn i urtjavurJO-i , ^Jn„rtLln.,rfjnr j. - . 
 
 T would be Impossible 
 to carry on the cntcr- 
 prisi's liiul business of 
 the -world without 
 credit. Credit, or 
 mutual I'iiith, lies not 
 only at the foundation 
 of business, l)ut also 
 of our iroveriunent 
 and institutions, and 
 it is only when, ))y 
 over enthusiasm , spec- 
 ulation, and the ex- 
 treme use of credit, 
 that the people have their faith shaken, and panic and 
 disaster ensue. 
 
 Tliis credit, whicii forms a portion of the capital of 
 almost every business man, does not always consist of 
 booic accounts, but may taice on the tangible foraa of a 
 written ]n'omiso to pay, and is then called a promissory 
 note. 
 
 The extended and varied use of this form of credit is 
 beyond all power to estimate or control. It repre- 
 sents ail forms of senMce, all articles of merchandise, 
 and especially all frrcat works and interests, as manu- 
 fiictorics, ships, railroads, public and private contracts, 
 as well as public debt. A housekeeper's passbook is 
 balanced by a note at three or six months, while the 
 retader buys goods of the wliolesale merchant and 
 settles with his note; the jobber receives notes from 
 the wholesale merchant, and the former gives notes 
 to the manufacturer or producer; notes are given for 
 raw material by the manufacturer, Avhile the factor is 
 already under acceptance to the grower, and the notes 
 of the latter are given to the bank long before his crops 
 are gsithered. The sugar from Havana or our OAvn 
 shores, has notes in sets 2'i'edicatcd on it before it is 
 rolled in hogsheads from the vessel to our whancs, 
 
 and it continues to accumulate notes as it passes through 
 on its way front the refiner to the grocer. After it has 
 gone into the moutiis of c(>nsmners, its notes arc still 
 alloat, iu)t settled, in the market. The millions of notes 
 thus carried ou the market, serve to represent untold 
 millions of dollars of value, no matter what the form, 
 nor what the condition. Notes may be for services yet 
 to be performed, goods to be delivered, or oven for some 
 form of life as yet uidiorn. 
 
 Tliis tbrm of credit is spread out all over llic region 
 of active business, and serves between man and man as 
 currency. It passes current like the notes of a bank 
 tiiat docs not suspend. It dillris from baiUv liills only 
 in tiiis, that it is transferred by indorsement, and ma- 
 tures at a »tated subsequent time, while the indorsers 
 are liable to the owner in ctuse of non-payment by the 
 maker. It is a species of currency forced upon the 
 sj)hero of active life from actual necessity, and its use 
 in good faith has been of incalculable advantage to tlie 
 civilized Morld. For example, a man of sound mind, 
 of known integrity, and strong will, may be credited 
 and intrusted with a large sum of money, for which 
 he simply gives his promissory note, even wjtiiout 
 security. His creditor has confidence in iiim l)ccanso 
 he is the possessor of reason and common sense, and iias 
 a disposition, coupled with a will to meet all obligat ions, 
 or force an undertaking to succes.s. 
 
 A pronnssory note is a written or printt^d i)ro;uiseto 
 pay a certain sum of money at a sj>ecitied time, or on 
 demand, to a person therein named, or ins order or 
 assigns, or to the bearer. 
 
 The per.son signing the note is called the maker, and 
 the person to whom it is made payalilc is called the 
 payee. The person v .lO writes his name across the back 
 of the paper is called an inJoi'ser. Notes are said to be 
 negotiable when they are transferable from one person 
 to another by indorsement, iuid when in<lorsed it is 
 in some respects similar to a bill of exchange. 
 

 
 OS through 
 U'tcr it has 
 'S aro still 
 us of notes 
 Mit untold 
 the ibrni, 
 (TV ices yet 
 n I'or xinic 
 
 I he rcirioii 
 
 11(1 uian as 
 
 ot" a l)auk 
 
 bills only 
 
 , and nia- 
 
 indorsors 
 
 1 I-y the 
 
 |i(iu the 
 
 1 its use 
 
 re to the 
 
 1 mind, 
 
 ci'e'lited 
 
 )!■ which 
 
 Mithont 
 
 Ix'canso 
 
 » 
 
 and has 
 ^rations, 
 
 diiiise to 
 ', or on 
 order or 
 
 BUSINESS rOUMS. 
 
 FORM OF A NEGOTIABLE NOTE. 
 
 'r /z^^TrA 
 
 ^^t 
 
 /</)/ ^<? O^ ^ <y' S 
 
 \S 
 
 ^y. 
 
 7A^^-t:?l^7^yi 
 
 /^CjyTyJ^irf^ /"ZfX^ ^ 
 
 iiC^a:^^^ 
 
 llJfd^ldH:^^^^^ 
 
 
 .x»x-v«K»X-X*V'^-*S^*'>*v*K*^*»X«!«fi!S^^ 
 
 A fonii of a Xogotiable Note is here shown, by whieh 
 may bo seen at a glance the difference between that and 
 a Note not Negotiable, as appeal's below. The fii-st is 
 written "pay to the order of H. AV. E." (otherwise 
 "pay to II. W. E. or bearer"), while the other reads 
 " pay to John D. Hendci-son." The negotiable note is 
 payable to the person holding it at the time of maturity, 
 but the one not negotiable is payable to the particular 
 person in whose favor it is drawn. 
 
 A Produce Note is on(> written to the puri)ose of a 
 delivery at a certain time and place, or on demand, cer- 
 tain named articles of value, at current nites, and to a 
 limited amount. The maker of .such a note must be 
 prepared to prove that he was ready at the time and 
 place expressed therein, and continued ready, to deliver 
 the articles; otherwise, he may have to pay their \iilue 
 in money. A produce note may be assigned. 
 
 A note that is given over and above the principal 
 
 NOTE NOT NEGOTIABLE. 
 
 /^s/. S^. 
 
 ■e^fo^ 
 
 ^^^^<?^<^^, 
 
 .^ 
 
 €l^d /, ^^(^4^. 
 
 ■i<t>^^ ^/irr-^d rrj^l^yf- ^t^'^ (^rV^'*^^^^'^^^ -^ ^^'f^'?■f -^ 
 
 <!f^4e<?^ 
 
 ^l^f^Z^ 100 X^) 
 
 ^€^^ i^eic-e^^'i^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^. (9f-M/j..y/ 
 
 itself, is called a Collateral Note. It is additional to 
 sometfving else, and given as secnrity. 
 
 A promissory note that is written in the customary 
 foimi, with the addition of a power of attorney to con- 
 fess judgnKMit for the amount specified, is called a 
 Judgment Note. 
 
 In the settlement of a defendant's estate, a scaled 
 note must bo paid before one Avithout a seal. A judg- 
 ment note li.is a seal, and is executed in presence of at- 
 testing witnesses. "When a judgment note becomes due / 
 and stands unpaid, a suit may be brought on it, and *> 
 judgment obtained at once, upon which execution may 
 
i'- 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 "J 
 
 < i 
 
 1 ; 
 
 • ! 
 
 i- 1 
 
 
 ; 
 
 lirsiNKSS KOUMS. 
 
 DEMAND NOTE. 
 
 AV^^. 
 
 (Q... .^.. 
 
 A -ri-A— fc. 
 
 
 \>>\\\'. It usually contaius ninny stipulations as to the 
 time (if coufcssiuir the judirnicnt, against a[)i)(>al, and 
 dtliiT ronuHJii's for ^ottin^ thii judirnicnt aside, etc. 
 
 When a promissory note is written payable on de- 
 mand, it is called a Demand Note, as shown by the fcnn. 
 Such a noic, not known to have been dishonored, is 
 rea-ui-ded dverduc after a reasonable time, and, in deter- 
 miuinir what is a reasonable time, the eireumstances of 
 a ease must Ije eoiisidereJ. In some states the period 
 
 within whieh the note shall not be overdue, is tixed by 
 statute. 
 
 When there are two or more makers to a promissory 
 note, it is eallcd a Joint and Several Note. The makers 
 may be liable thereon jointly, or jointly and severally 
 — eaeh one separately — aecordinir to tiie (eiuir of the 
 note. (See form.) A Joint Note reads " we j)romise 
 to pay," etc., value reeciveil, and is si<rned by two or 
 more persons. Or it may be written, " we pronuse to 
 
 JOINT AND SEVERAL NOTE. 
 
 J$2,S0. 
 
 
 
 pay," and siirned John .Smith, principal, and William 
 Jones, security. By the temis principal, and security, 
 arc shown the relation of the makei-s to each other; 
 these terms haviiiir no c*^her effect. A note bcfifinninir, 
 "I promise," and signed by one partner for his copart- 
 ners, is a joint note for all. 
 
 Notes are usually dniM'n with the words "value ro- 
 eeived" written in after the amount; and sometit^es 
 are used to begin with, a.s "Value received, I promise 
 to pay," etc. The phnise suoidd lie written in every 
 note, but is not necessary. If not written it is pre- 
 sumed by the law, or may be supplied by proof. 
 
 aidir^ 
 
10, is fix I'll l)v 
 
 BUSINESS FOUM8. 
 
 -5fe 
 
 LAW GOVERNING PROmSSORy NOTES. 
 
 ~H i> 
 
 -Va-g- 
 
 t^XUfe:^ 
 
 ^=-v- 
 
 
 
 NOTE is piiyablo iit all events, not ileiienilcnt on imy cou- 
 ffi tiiij^'oiicy, nor piiyiiblo from any siwcial fund. And it is 
 ''^ jiayalilo in money only. 
 
 No purtienlar form is necessary to promissory notes. A 
 promise to pay the money, or be resiwusible for it, is cinito 
 suftk'icnt. 
 
 A promissory note is never made under seal. It is not com- 
 plete until il is delivered. If any contingency that affects the 
 promise itself apjHjar on its face, it is not negotiable. 
 
 lu drawing the note, the payee must bo designated, unless 
 tlie note be nuulo pay.ible to hearer. It may reiul "I promise 
 to pay to my own ordiT," and then it would not be effective 
 until signed and indorsed by the promisor. 
 
 If a note is not dated the time is computed from the day a 
 ku(iwle(lgo of it is first gained. If there be any difference 
 l)etwfen the amount in figures and that written in words, the 
 words control. A note does not bear interest until after it 
 matures, unless so written. 
 
 One who cannot write should have a witness vrhen he makes 
 liis mark. 
 
 Bumk notes are a kind of promissory note, and issuhig from 
 an institution that is regulated by law, they do, by common 
 consent, and for oixlinary business purposes, serve as money. 
 Bank notes or bills are good for the payment of debts, if not 
 objected to by the iwrson to whom they are offered, and on 
 the ground that they are only promissory notes, and not legal 
 tender. 
 
 The necessary consideration of a note or negotiable paper is 
 that which confers some benefit upon the person who makes a 
 promise or njwn a third party at liis instance or request , or 
 some disiulvantagc or loss sustained by the one in whose behalf 
 the promise is mivle. A note as a present is void for lack of 
 consideration. 
 
 A note is void if procured from the maker wliilo he was in a 
 state of intoxiciition. If a note be given on Siuiday, or if it be 
 founded on fraud, it is void, unless in the hands of a bonafde 
 holder, purchiising before maturity and without notice. One 
 who has notice that a note is vitiated by fraud or upon legal 
 grounds, and yet takes the note, he places himself hi the 
 same jx;rilous position of the {)erson he got it from. 
 
 A note is not negotiable when it is nuido payable to a cer- 
 tain person only. It nuiy bo transferred by assignment. 
 
 In most states a note that is not negotiable may be trims- 
 ferred liy assignment, and the si't-offs and defenses existing 
 between the original parties go with it. 
 
 Payment must bo demanded ujion the hist day of grace. 
 If that day falls on Sunday or a legal holiday, the denumd 
 must be made the day before, fresentmcnt of a note must 
 be mude by the iiolder or liis authorized agent. A written 
 denuuid sent through the post-otHco \rill not suffice. If no 
 time is siiecitied, a note is payable at once. 
 
 If a note bo payable at a certain place, it must bo presented 
 at such pla(;o on the day it is due, in order to charge iin 
 indorser. Payment nuist Iw demanded during business hours 
 at the place of business of the maker or at his house at sea- 
 sonable hours, if no place is designated. In ciiso of joint 
 makers, the note must be presented to each one. No pre- 
 sentation is necessary if the maker has absconded ; and in 
 case of his death, it should Ixs presented to the executor or 
 lulministrator; or, if no such officer has been appointed, at 
 the house of the decea^^ed. 
 
 The maker of a note must jiay it at maturity, or any time 
 after, unless he has some defense in law or is barred by the 
 statute of limitations. 
 
 A note that has nuitured, if not paid by three o'clock, 
 should be put into the hands of a notary for protest, as that 
 will be evidence that the note was duly presented for pay- 
 ment, and payment was refused. 
 
 Notice of non-payment, written or verbal, but well authen- 
 ticated, should be given to the indorser of a note to hold him 
 liable. Denumd, protest, or notice, is not required ^o fix the 
 liability of the maker of a note. If a note has been duly 
 presented and payment refused, the notice should desigiuite 
 the fact in wonls, and should contain such description as 
 would show its identity. 
 
 If a note be guaranteed by a party, such guaranty is equal 
 to a promise to pay it, and the party is not entitled to notice ; 
 if not paid by the maker or debtor, it will be paid by the 
 guarantor. In case of a guaranty of collcctability, however, 
 it is rerjuired that the holder shall use diligence without 
 success. 
 
 Where a note is sent to a bank for collection, and the bank 
 places the note in the hands of a suitable sub-agent or notary 
 for presentment or demand, the bank is not liable for the 
 default of such sub-agent or notary. In such case the sub- 
 agent or notary becomes the agent of the holder of the note. 
 
 A note that reads "I promise to pay," and is signed by two 
 or more jMrsons, it is joint and several. The holder can sue 
 either signer, or all jointly. If it roiuls, "We promise to 
 pay," without words to the effect of a several responsibility, it 
 is a jouit and several note, and all nnist be joined in case of 
 a suit. 
 
 A note that has been accidentally destroyed may fie recov- 
 ered upon adeiiuate proof. If a note is lost or destmyed, 
 notice must bo given, and payment must bo demanded the 
 same as if tho note wius still secure in form. 
 
 In case of the loss of a negotiable note, equity alone will 
 grant relief where the premises arc not covered by statutory 
 provisions ; and the claimant must file a bill in chancery to 
 enforce payment, indemnity being offered to the debtor. 
 
 A note given by a minor is voidable at his elcctii>n, and of no 
 effect until ratified by him when ho arrives at full age. 
 
■ I 
 
 IirSINESS FOi.jMH. 
 
 ^^r«s^ ; 
 
 
 -«-r— -• 
 
 If N Order is ii written request from one jwrson or finn 
 M to iiuotiici', for tlie delivery of ii sum of iivouey or 
 I arliclcs of niercliandiso. These orders are usually 
 drawn hv one merchant on another, or by ix-rsons in 
 the sanie town or neiirhliorhood, and arc a kind of 
 informal draft, not intended to be transferred by in- 
 
 dorsement, nor (;irculiito us do the several forms (f 
 negotiable papi'r. 
 
 The person or firm on whom an order is diiiwn, must 
 in filling it, know that it is genuine, and the order 
 itself should then be earefully j)rcsci'vod a« a voucher, 
 in ease disairreemeuts should ever arise. 
 
 ORDER FOR MERCHANDISE. 
 
 
 r? 
 
 ■C4: 
 
 ^/.^^(TJ. 
 
 i-ti^^*^^ .' 
 
 •^e^i^i^ t^ie^^t^z^i' -^ir- •^^:8^^«^^ ■/^^^-^^ -^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 
 _^J^<3^«rf. 
 
 FOR MONST. 
 
 Bloomington, DL, Jnne 19, 1884. 
 Mr. Gr. C. Duncan : 
 
 I^lease pay John Sanford, or order, Rve Dollars, 
 and charge to my account. 
 
 Daniel Hesdeesok. 
 
 fob goods stored. 
 
 Chicago, May 18, 1884. 
 
 Empire Warelionso Co. : 
 
 Plcii.-^e iillrtw the bearer, Leonard Jones, to remove 
 ten Ciises of Dry (ioods, st/ored by us in }r)Lir warehotBe. 
 
 Marshall Field & Ca 
 
 FOR AnsnCHANTJISE NOT EXCEEDIXG A SPECIFIED .VMOfXT. 
 
 St. fjOfLS, May 'Xl, la64. 
 Messrs. J. M. Rice & Co. : 
 
 Please deliver to the toarer, CJeo. Bartlctt, <?ach 
 goods as lie may select from your store, not exceeding One 
 ilundrcd JJollars, and charge the same to my account. 
 
 James A. Hawlbt. 
 
 TO A BROKER FOR MININO STOCK. 
 
 Boston, April 1, 1884. 
 Harrison & Hart, Stock Brokers : 
 
 Please buv for my acoopnt and risk, ten shares 
 stock in W. 0. Copper Mning Oa 
 
 John Wbight. 
 
 m FCI.Ii OF ACCOUNT. 
 
 OoDENSBURQ, N. Y., May 35, 1884. 
 Messrs. Roe & Doe : 
 
 Ploa«) pay to John Jones, or bearer, Seventy- 
 Five Dollars from your store, and hold this as your receipt m 
 full of my account. 
 
 James Merit. 
 
 FOR LD.ttBEB. 
 
 Marshall, 111., May 16. 1384. 
 Mr. Edwin Booth : 
 
 Please pay Valentine King Fifty Dollars in lum- 
 ber from your yard, and charge to my account. 
 
 J. Steeeteb. 
 
 i 
 
 <o. 
 
BUSINESS FORMS. 
 
 
 venil forms cf 
 
 is drawn, niu-jt 
 ami the order 
 us u voucher, 
 
 '(r<rj. 
 
 ^ "^f^^. 
 
 €t'ft4: 
 
 pril 1, 1884. 
 isk, ten shares 
 N Weight. 
 
 ly 35, 1884. 
 
 arer, Sevont^- 
 3ur receipt m 
 
 MEs Merit. 
 
 ly 1(5, 1884. 
 ollars in luni- 
 Stbekter. 
 
 -oR 
 
 ^t^^^^«^eK^- 
 
 J^RAnS AND^ILLS OFjExCHANGlI^^ 
 
 IflE oldest class of com 
 mcrcial paper is tho 
 Bill of Exchange, 
 
 which was originally a 
 
 security invented among 
 
 merchants in dift'ercnt 
 
 coimtries for the more 
 safe and easy rcmittano of money 
 from one to tho other, and has 
 since spread itself into almost all 
 pecuniary transactions. It may 
 be defined as an open letter of re- 
 quest from one man to another, 
 desiring him to pay a sum named 
 therein to himself, or to a third 
 pci-son on his account ; and by this 
 method a man at the most distant 
 part of the world may have money remitted to him 
 from any state or trading country. 
 
 Bills of Exchange arc used not only in remitting 
 money from place to phicc, but idso in collecting debts 
 in distant cities and places. Tims the wlioh^salc mer- 
 chant draws a draft on his customer, payabK; to himself 
 or to tlic banlv, and forwards it to the bank in tho town 
 where his customer resides, for collection. The ship- 
 per draws 11 dral't on the connnission merchant, to wiioni 
 he has consigned ills live stock or produce, iuid disi'o\uits 
 the draft in bank, thus receiving the money for liis 
 shipment before it reaches its destiimtion. And the 
 niercliant, M-lien pressed to meet payments, even draws 
 a draft on his nciiilibor, witli the understanding that he, 
 the drawer, shail take up the paper at maturity, and by 
 this use of Ids neighbor's borrowed credit is able to 
 raise the jiecessary funds to meet maturing ol)ligations. 
 The terms Draft and Bill of Exchange are almost 
 synonymous, the real ditlerence l)eing that drafts are 
 drawn on persons residing in tiie same state or country 
 as the drawer, while bills of exchange are drawn on 
 ])ersons residing in a distant country, and were origi- 
 nally drawn in sets of three, and forwarded by dillerent 
 routes, so that in case one or tAvo bills Avere lost in 
 transmitting, the third would reach its destination and 
 be paid. But Mith the modem and improved facility 
 for transmitting commercial i)aper from place to place. 
 
 the risk of tosing in the mail has 
 become eo inconsideral)l<^ that the 
 practice of drawing three hills has 
 been largely discontinued. And 
 the term bill of exchange has also 
 been largely displiwed by the more 
 brief imd rciulj term dnift, which 
 is now pencndly applied in busi- 
 ness usage to tho ialand and foreign 
 paper alike. 
 
 Tho person who -vrrites the draft 
 or bdl of exchange is called the 
 drawer, the person on m hom it is 
 draAvn is called the drawee, and tho 
 person to whom paynient is order- 
 ed to be made is called the payee. 
 The address of the drawee is usu- 
 ally necessary in order that ho may he found, and pay- 
 ment or acceptance di'niandcd. 
 
 The pre.-umption or theory upon which drafts or bills 
 of exchange rest, is that the drawer has funds in the 
 possession of the drawee sutlicient to pay the draft, ".iid 
 a bill ought, therefore, to be so drawn as to ini])ly an 
 order to i)ay the amount specified. 
 
 Drafts which are dra^n "at sight" are called Sight 
 drafts, and are payable wlicn presented, or wlion tho 
 drawee sees the draft. Tims, in the form given, when 
 James II. Raymond, or whoever may l)e the holder, 
 shows tho draft to A. J. White &. Co., it is then due 
 and payable, and if payment is refused it is said to be 
 dishonored, and is returned to the drawer, James Rol- 
 lins. Drafts which arc not payable at sight are called 
 Time drafts, and are usually written "at ten days' 
 sight," or " ten days after sight," or "ten (bys after 
 date.'" In the fomi of a time draft given, the words 
 "at tliirty days' sight," menu thirty days after the draft 
 shall have been presented to the drawee, John Thomp- 
 son. If the drawee, John Thompson, is Avillmg to pay 
 the draft, ho writes acn)ss tho f.ice of it, usually in red 
 ink, when presented to him, the words "Accepted 
 August 11th, 1884, John Thomixson." This writing is 
 callt'd an acceptance, and the paper will thei 
 thirty-three days after this acceptance. 
 During this time, this piece of negotiable papc 
 
I i 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 ^ 
 
 BUHINKMS FUKMH. 
 
 1)0 imlf>r>i('(l over Mini pass tln'oiiirli liiilt'a do/.rn lioiiscs, 
 piiyiii;,' liiiiKlirds of didlai's of dchts l)('l'oic (iiidiiiir its 
 way t() John Thoiupson's place ol' buyiiu'SH for payiiieiit 
 at maturity. 
 
 'I'lic voi'ds "with cxchani,'!' at par in New Vork or 
 
 Cliiciipo," aro Insorlcd in tiir dial'l for tin' purpose of 
 covorin^' tlw diirfrcni'e lictwccn tiic current finids of 
 N<nv Orleans and Now Y'orij, or tiio cost of transniittiujir 
 the money from tlio fonuor to llio hitter city, eitiier Uy 
 means of drafts or hy express. Thus, in tho form fe'ivoa, 
 
 FORM OF A SIGHT DRAFT. 
 
 
 ^V -<^^^^^^^^ ^/^ :;^Rfe?^z^ 
 
 "/r*^— --^^^^ 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 ., 
 
 /t/d^f^f^/^ ,' 
 
 the face of tlic draft, $150, is due Mai-siiall Field & Co., 
 in Chicago, and whatever expense may be necessary in 
 transmitting the money, or its equivalent, to Chicago, 
 should bo borne by tho drawee, John Thompson, and 
 this is exacted by tho wonls "with exchange," etc. 
 
 » i » »i rtfMt f >m ii»i fi»»it»i^ i i^' i » i » i » it n i 4i» ii } ii i|i ij i i)» j B 
 
 The person on whom a draft is drawn must know that 
 the signature of tlie drawer is genuine, and also that 
 the amount as written in tho draft has not been altered 
 or "raised," for if he accepts a draft which has been 
 forged or raised, he is liable on his acceptance in case the 
 
 FORM OF AN ACCEPTANCE. 
 
 'If 
 
 ^^ . — 
 
 try .(^n^«>«!^-^-^ 
 
 ^/I^^^^!a6^::^i^i^(?^ 
 
 
 paper should afterward be sold to a person who is not 
 aware of tlie forirory. The drawee may claim a reasona- 
 ble time, ustially a few hours, when a draft is jjresented to 
 him for aeceptanee, in -whieh to examine his accounts 
 and ascertain whether he is iridebted to thi^ drawer. 
 
 The use of the draft in business transactions is much 
 more convenient than money, which in some respects 
 it represents. Let the following example illustrate: 
 Suppose that A, of Chicago, sells and ships to B, of New 
 York, 1000 l)bls. of flour. lie has the flour insured, 
 

 I" llii- |)iir|i()se of 
 eiUTciit liiiids of 
 t of tmnsiiiittiii^^ 
 crcity, fit her hy 
 II tlio iovui t'ivou, 
 
 iniis IS lunch 
 lino respects 
 illustrate: 
 toB.ofiVew 
 our insured, 
 
 uust know tlmt 
 and iilso that 
 ot Ix'en altered 
 Inch has been 
 nco in case the 
 
 "I 
 
 BUBINEttd FOKMS. 
 
 |)ni'-,.rcs II hill of liulini; from the riiilroad company, 
 Mid IIkmi draws a draft on U, of New York, payalilc to 
 the i)rder of the hink whoro A tranciuts hiH hnsinoss. 
 Til'' dr.ift and hill of ladinjr arc then pinned lo;rctlier, 
 and witii IIichc A stc|)s into his. hunk, where he oiitains 
 the money on his draft on the security of the hill of 
 ladin^r. By this means A hiw actually received yniy- 
 nicnt for the (loiirlM'fore it has left Chieajjo. The hank 
 charges a compensation for advancin;,' the moiu'y, and 
 afterward forwards the draft to Now York for collec- 
 tion from B. 
 
 It is plain that all parties are accommodated and hen- 
 efited hy this tnmsuction, although i ot a dollar has 
 passed hetwoea L and A. A has rocei l his pay for 
 
 the floiir much aoonor than lie couhl have possihly done 
 wer(i it necwsjiry to wait until the flour had reachotl 
 New York, and then until returns could have hcen i-e- 
 ceive<l from B, while the compensjition charged hy the 
 hauk IS much leys than the expn-ss charjr<'il <>n the 
 money from New York to Chicajro, tofrothcr with lo8« 
 of time, d(!lay and risk attondiii;; such transmission. 
 
 When three liilU of exehaiijre of the same tenor are 
 drawn, they are iiuinl»cied one, {wo and three, and arc 
 called a Set of Exchangt>. l-jich bill provides that it is 
 jiayahlo in caw the other two fail to reach their desti- 
 nation. The words "second and third unpaid," nimu 
 that in case the hills numhered two and three are un- 
 paid, pay i,liis the first, or if the first and third are not 
 
 A SET OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 ft 
 
 tpf,laff« m Vf>< ' uff!i ' 
 
 X 
 
 i » ff ^ i '*MriiJ ' *wPi p* "C'M 
 
 mi 
 
 imPJ for £1000. JVew York, Jan. 25, 1884. ; ; 
 
 nirly (lays after sight of this First of Exchange, , ' 
 {Second and Third unpaid), pay to the order of v 
 James S. Seymour, Ono Thoiisiiiid rounds Sterl- i \ 
 iiig, value received, and charge to account of ^ i 
 
 To Charles Lawson, V' illiam C. Morse. ; 
 
 Liverpool, England. 'No. 1670. ^ , 
 
 imm for i;iOOO, ,reif York, Jan. 25. /884. 
 
 Thirty days after sight of this Second of Ex- 
 change, {First and Third unpaid), pay to the order 
 of James S. Seymour, On<> Thousand Pounds Sterl- 
 ing, value received, and charge to account of 
 To Charles Laivson, HVliam C. Morse 
 
 ^ Liverpool, England. j^o. 1670. ^ 
 
 
 " ii ri « i j i ^ I ) ii«i r> ' ^ ( S^B ' i' iD it ii i ■ i »»» Mit- i» ui'M"'-i'»j * "i >j" f 
 
 EXClailge for £1000, ^VV/c York. Jan. 25, /884. 
 
 Thirty days after sight of this Third of E.v- 
 change, { First and Second unpaid ) , pay to the order 
 of James S. Seymoui; One Thousand Pounds 
 Sterling, value received, and charge to account of 
 To Charles Lawson, William C. Morse. 
 
 Liverpool, England. Xo. 1670. ^ 
 
 i t 
 
 paid, pay this the second hill, and if the first and second 
 are not paid, pay this the third. These bills are then 
 forwarded to their destination by different routes, or 
 by different steanici-s, and in case the vessel bearing the 
 fii-st bill is lost, either the second or third will reach 
 itr. destination and be honored. 
 
 But it is possible that two of these biils may thus 
 be lost in the passage, and to provide against even 
 such a remote contingency, the third bill is sent, and 
 "will probably reach its destination safely. 
 
 It may therefore be seen that it would be among the 
 impossibilities to do the immense business which is now 
 carried on in the commercial world between merchants 
 of different states and comitries were it not for the use 
 of this instrument called a draft or bill of exchange. 
 
 By the use of the bill of exchange the trouble, haz- 
 ard, expense and loss of time, which would amount in 
 many cases to Avccks and even months, of sending large 
 sums of coins from one country to another, are nearly 
 avoided, and would be entirely avoided were the exports 
 and imports or sales and purclnises exactly equal in value 
 lietween the countries having commercial intercoui-se 
 with each other. Not only so, but since a oil 1 of ex- 
 change is p.iyable in the coin or currency of the country 
 where the drawee resides the inconvenience of changing 
 funds from the cuiTcncy of one country to that of another 
 is also avoided. Thus, a draft di-asvn on a party residing 
 in England is payable in poimds,as the pound is the imit 
 of money there, or if the payee resides in France, it 
 would be payable in francs, as a franc is the unit there. 
 
' ; 
 
 I • . 
 
 II 
 
 \ 
 
 DU8INGHH rOUMfl. 
 
 
 ^ lAW GOVERNING DRAFTS AND BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 S^ f — 4, — 
 
 If s IS tlw ciwo of n proniiHsory iioto, no piirticuhir fonii in 
 U Muccssiiry Id inlniftor bill ol' (<x(:lmii;,'(\ Mostof the ruliw 
 ■* I wliicli aiiply to iioU'D. Iioiir tlio miiiio ruliitmii to bills of 
 
 ■^ cxtlmngc. 
 
 Af, liny tiiiio bofitro ii bill bd'omi's (hu>, tlio luiMiT iniiy prc- 
 ft'iit it to liio ilnuToo for iifceptiiiico.wiiich iiiu«it, in cuso of m 
 iiiliMiil bill, bo by writiii^ron tlu' instruiiit'nt ; but. in ciu^o of ii 
 fiiR'l;,'n oni', il may booitliiT writtt'ii ov verbal, but it Is to 1ki 
 rcj,'rottC(l that anytliinj,' sbort of tho U!*ual, rojjular, and proiK;r 
 niiidi' nf ur(('|pian(0 in \rritin;,'Hlioulil, under liny circumstuufes, 
 bo <0Msi(li'ri'<l an aiicptanic. 
 
 AI'liT acc'optaiiie, if a Idll bo not paid on urrivinj,' at 
 nialiirily, tlio lioMir ba.-i a n,i.'bt of notion iiirainst any, or 
 oitlior, of tlio parties whowi nainoHiipiieurtlioriMin anlocodontly 
 to his ; but siR'li riijlit is suiijoct to tlio oondition that bo sball 
 liavo presented it to tliu drawoo on tho day it iK'caino duo, and 
 that iio jravo roa.sonablo iiotioo of ils dishonor or non-paynient; 
 that U, under ordinary oirt iiinslaiui's, iiutico on tho followini,' 
 day, or, to persons not ro^idiii.i^ in the I'aiiio town, by tho |)ost 
 of that day, or in ease of ii foreign bill, by tho noxL ordinary 
 liost or coiive}iiiito, to all tho parties wlmni bo intends to 
 eliarge, or at loa-t to him who^o name was last ;.laood on tho 
 bill, in order that the latter may give tho liko notice bo tho 
 party next before him ; and so in sueLes.-iion, ouch party being 
 allowed in turn a similar linio for tho pui'iK>sc. 
 
 An orittinal payee can only resort to tho drawer. If tho 
 drawoi' refuse aeeeptanee,— the law will imply a refusal, unless 
 ho iieoepts iit onoe, or within twenty-four hours after tho liill 
 is left wit li him for thai- purpose. — the drawer and iiidorsors 
 are liable to make immediate payment, though tho bill has 
 not arrived at maturity ; but notice of the noiwicceptanco 
 must bo given, as before state<l in n'fercnco to tho case of 
 non-payniont. After this notiee, the holder may hold it, and 
 prficont it for payment when it tionies to maturity, without 
 waiving his right of rcoourso against the other parties, 
 
 A bill need not bo presented for aeeeptanee, unless it be 
 drawn payable ul a siicoiliul time after sight or after demand. 
 
 Wiiero the ceremony of iiresentmont for aeeeptanee is (except 
 111 the ca.«es last menlioiied) omitted, tho bill must bo presented 
 for payment; and the sauio law of proec(>ding against the 
 drawer and iudonsors will then apply, as already slated in ref- 
 erenco to the case where an a<;ceptod bill is presoutod for 
 [xiynient. 
 
 Tlie most common form of a bill of oxchango is for the 
 drawer to address it to the intended payer or acceptor, who 
 acteijt.s it at once. It then becomes subject to all the uici- 
 dcnts above mentioned in the case of an accepted bill. 
 
 It is always safest to protest a bill after its acceptance is 
 refused. 
 
 After 11, bill has been protested for want of acceptance or 
 payment, it may be accepted anjira protexl by a party not on 
 the bill, to save the honor of the drawer or a particular indoraer. 
 
 Two or more |H'rsoiis may lioeonio rtccpptor« »Hpra protest for 
 I ho honor of dilToront individuals. An aeeoptor supni protest 
 is iHitind to pay the bill if it is not paid by the ilrawoe. 
 
 Any material altoralion of a 1)111 of oxebango vitiates tho 
 bill, and it caiinol U' logallj enforced against any of tho parties, 
 iinlesH tho alteration 1h> made bofnro tho bill Im! aocrpted, and 
 also before it has passed out of tho hands of tlio drawer. 
 
 'i'hus, if a bill bo loft for iieeoiitaiico by tho drawer, and tho 
 drawee alter tho note, either time, or amount of the bill, ami 
 then aecept it, the alloration docs not afTect tho validity of I ho 
 bill, but if it 1)0 left for aceoptaiieo by a third party, and llio 
 ilrawco then alters and accepts the bill, tlio bill is vitiatul. 
 
 Any alteration in the date, sum, time, name of drawee or 
 payee, or appointing a now place of payment, is a material 
 alteration. l$ut any alteration made with tho view of correel- 
 iiig a mislako d<H's not vitiate a bill, provided it lie iiiailo with 
 the ooiiourronco of all tlio parties. 
 
 If a drawee accepts a bill. and before ho gives the liill out of 
 his pos.sessioii, corrects his, acceptance, ho cannot be comjiclled 
 to pay it. 
 
 A bill given for an illegal consi deration cannot bo oiiforcod 
 by the drawer, but it may bo enforced by an innocent holder, 
 who hail no knowledge of the illegal cousidcration, and who 
 reccive<l the bill before it was due. 
 
 The priiici[ial illegal considerations are those arising from 
 usury, gambling, and smugirliiig. 
 
 A iKTson under twenty-one years of age, whether aeeoptor, 
 drawer, or indorser, of a bill of exchange, cannot lie sued at 
 law, and compelled to pay, but if ho draw a bill and transfer 
 it to the third iicrson, tho third party may sue and collect of 
 tho acceptor. 
 
 If a banker or other [lerson should receive a bill by post, 
 they would not bo re<|iiirod to present it until the next day. 
 
 The holder of a bill payable on demand has the whole of the 
 banking hours of the next day after he receives such bill, 
 within which to iiresiiit it. 
 
 A tinder of nogolial lie paper is under obligutions to make 
 reas.iiablecirorts to discover the owner, and cannot use the 
 property found until he has failed in his elTorts. If ho con- 
 ceals tho fact of tinding, and appropriates the thhig found to 
 his own use, ho may Ix) charged with larceny or theft. 
 
 Where it is evident that words are wanting iii a bill, such aa 
 arc deemed necessary may bo inserted afterward, and if any 
 ipiestion is raise<l over them, the jury will decide it. Missjicllctl 
 wortls will not lessen the force of tho bill. 
 
 If a draft is drawn on two persons who are partners, it 
 should Ix) presonlcd to each, ivs m this instanuo one cannot 
 bind the other ; but if drawn on the firm, it may be accepted 
 by either one of the memtjers. 
 
 If the drawee of a draft fails or refuses to pay it in aca)rd. 
 anco with its terms, tho holder can come upon tho drawer for 
 payment. 
 
[•^-^0- 
 
 *« 
 
 I it bo mudo with 
 
 oso iirisini' from 
 
 ^6^ 
 
 CIRClTLAIt LETTKItM OK flimiT. 
 
 ft.rtP"-»-''«Jiiij» 
 
 »«<Hjh»i-lJ>"« 
 
 ^>-(-#J-^ C I R C U L A R ^ 
 
 ©tt©r 
 
 £f- 
 
 OUIUSTS in foroifrn lundu, and Aiupricans 
 tnivclinp alu'oud, an Inisinrss, have l)cen 
 the moans of calling inlo existence in this 
 country Letters of (JreiJit. To eany the 
 ncee.sHary amount of money for one or 
 more yoai"s' journey would not only be 
 veiy inconvenient to the tourist, but un- 
 safe, and in every new country witli a dillerent coinajro 
 this money would need to bo exchancrcd for current 
 funds, at a broker's office, another inconvenience and 
 an (>x|)enso. 
 
 liillri of exchansfo are not suited to the tmveler's 
 needs, as ho must l)o identified at any bank where he 
 desires to cash a bill of exchange, and in a stranpe 
 land this is troublesome, if not impossible. Not only 
 so, but ho nnist dniw all the money called for by the 
 bill of exchange at one time. Thns, a traveler from 
 America, having a bill of exchange on Paris for 5,000 
 francs must draw the amoimt when he arrives in Paris, 
 and then, if he expects to visit Berlin, he may buy a 
 bill on Berlin. But this entails an extra expense for 
 exchange. And even if our American banks could sell 
 
 the tmveler a separate bill of exrhango on London, 
 another on I'aris, another on Berlin, Home, Constan- 
 tinople, and all tlie jjrinciiial cities of the Orient, this 
 might prove an inconvenience to the traveler, as it 
 would limit his expenditures in each city, if it did not 
 tlecido tin; length of his stay. And it wouhl 1k> alnnit 
 impossible to provide against this on a long journey, by 
 any forecast or calculation. 
 
 The Letter of ("redit as adopted by our banks at the 
 present time, obviates all these ditlieulties, and places 
 the funds of the traveler as nnieh at his dis]K)sal, 
 wherever ho may be, as though he were at home near 
 his own liank. 
 
 The method of managing the finances on a foreign 
 trip is about as follows; Having decided upon the 
 amount of money necessary for the journey, the would- 
 be tourist steps into any bank where Letters of Credit 
 arc sold, eitiier in his own town or in the large cities, 
 and purchases a Letter of Credit similar to the fonn on 
 the following page, i)ayable in pounds, in London, and 
 addressed to a niunber of banks and bankei-s in all 
 iwrts of the world, whose names will appear on the 
 back of the letter. 
 
 The baidv here then inuuediatcly notifies the London 
 bank that such a letter hius been issued, and for the 
 issue of the letter the banks usually charge a small fee. 
 
 Anned with this document, he proceeds to London, 
 and there finding his funds becoming short, he goes to 
 the City Bank, or to any other bank, as well, and 
 draws a draft on the City Bank of London, payable to 
 himself and signed by himself, for whatever sum he 
 may need, just lus a depositor drag's a clieck. The 
 bank compares the handwritnig and signature of the 
 draft with tho signature at the bottom of the Letter 
 of Ci'odit, and if genuine the amount is indorsed on 
 
■></'* 
 
 ll 
 
 : f 
 
 \i 
 
 .. Q, 
 
 Martin Beem,- 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Five Triindrcd— 
 
 c/// mim 
 
 f/cu {^^m 
 
 ^t^l 
 
 / 
 
 founds Sterdni:^, 
 
 /c ^r///(/f f'j'/f'j// /f //frrrjfc?^ /(^ JuN^m^ aJ ifmf^^r/. 
 
 f)/j^}f?f\y /ife f//jffu/// M'i JrJf/ <?u ///e f'ar/f rf ma m/^l. o^/ 
 
 if^//fr// //r <'j/a{7^f J/if/^ miff/ mm r/ff^ /^r-^/t^l. 
 /<0?(>l /r /^ 
 
 J^^^i/dmeu, 
 
 ^jm 
 
 <!%^ fifimf?'// JHf^nf. 
 
 (^j ^U(0 f4 m Auf JifM^ / Januan/ 1st, ^ M 
 
 
 ^&f^ nafif If "J/Sd 
 
we Mm rV 
 
 Sterling, 
 
 CntCLLAK LtTTtKii OF CUEOIT. 
 
 ih*" liack of the Lottor of Credit, aiul the money i.-* 
 inid over, after deduethig a coiiimissioii of two jx;r 
 o?iit. In Paris, Rome, Coustantiiiopio, Imlia or Aus- 
 inlia. -whenever the tourist needs funds, lie repeats 
 the above oi>erition, of drawing on tlie City Bank of 
 London, and the money is paid over to hini, less the 
 commission and five jjer cent interest for the time 
 required in eoVieetinir tlie (h'aft in London. 
 
 The drafts as they arc dr.iwn, are sent at once to 
 the Citv liank of London for collection, and are then 
 
 CIRCULAR NOTLS. 
 These are drafts dniwn l>y an American bank on a 
 LoniJoD bank and issued to the tourist in amounts of 
 £5 or £10 for fonvcnicnce. They will be cashed in 
 any |Mrt of the world by banks and also by merchants, 
 ami are hence coming to Ikj extensively used by trav- 
 eler* instead of Letters of Credit, and by many pro- 
 ferre«J. Ilavin^Lr sei-ured the re({uisitc number of these 
 smuii <lraft.-. the toiu'ist carries them with him as he 
 w old money, and whenever he desires to dispose of 
 
 Scene in London. Thames River, Thannes Embankment, Houses a' P3U^ iaflner,*, Westm ■ .'.er Abbey, and S. W. R. R. Bridge and Depot. 
 
 chsnred to the acc(>;int of the Fii-st National hink of 
 Chicagw. 'When !ho last draft is drawn by the tourist, 
 wherever he may then be, the Letter of Credit is 
 retume<i with it. Should the traveler complete his 
 journey and ret urn lumie without drawing the entire 
 amount of the Letter of Credit, he may present it at 
 the hank where it wa^ purchased and receive the 
 impaid remainder. 
 
 *>ne, he simply indorses his name on the back of it, 
 ami prodwes fnmi his pockot a small certificate from 
 the AttieritTai! l>ank bearing his signature, to show that 
 the indci^ement is good. 
 
 A draft on London M'ill pa.ss a.s money in all the 
 civilized tomitries of the world, less charges and inter- 
 est for the time recpiired in forwarding the iraft to 
 London Cur ixtUoction. 
 
 «•- .i-- 
 
 '.> 
 
I : 
 
 1-;; 
 
 it 
 
 MISCELLiVNJiOUS. 
 
 TABLE OF INTEREST RATES FOP THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. 
 
 I'xnaltlxH for UmuTi Stututo of Limitations on IJelits, Noti>s .lucl|$inantii und Spuleii Iniitnimnntx. 
 
 tl' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sr.vTi 
 
 TH l> 
 
 •■ 
 
 
 STATES 
 
 Legal 
 Rule 
 
 Iluto por 
 Contract 
 
 PRNALTIES fob tTgURY. 
 
 I.I.'MIT.XTIONS. 
 
 
 AND 
 
 .- « 
 
 X 
 
 '■r2 
 
 ~p2 
 
 UBXMARKd. 
 
 TKHUITOUIE.S. 
 
 PcrOont. 
 
 I»erCent. 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 Y. 
 
 - 5 
 
 III 
 
 
 Alabama • •• 
 
 g 
 
 8 
 
 Forfeiture entire Ins't... 
 
 ■i 
 
 (i 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 Jndfrments of other sintps limited io20venrs. Jlxemp. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ti(eis— I'ersomii propertv $|iKK), Homestead $•2000. 
 
 Arii^onti 
 
 AikiiniJW 
 
 10 
 
 Any 
 10 
 
 
 ;i 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 Kxeniptioiis- I'roni #I'.KH) io ts'dMHi. 
 
 Forfeiinre jirhiciiml and 
 interest. 
 
 Judgments reiiuired to be remiwed ever>* three years. 
 Exemptions- f200 to if-2.1IKi. 
 
 
 T 
 
 Any 
 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 .'> 
 
 ,") 
 
 Oujuilifineuts tor money loaned 7 per cent only. Ex. 
 
 
 empllous— From *1IKI0 tof.iOOO. 
 If ilebtaaroconiiiietiHl wiibiu tlie suite the .statute of 
 
 
 M 
 
 Any 
 
 
 :i 
 
 3 
 
 li 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 liniiiations extends six years. E.vemptlona— $300 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ♦•20(10. 
 
 
 « 
 T 
 
 \/ 
 
 
 3 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 li 
 
 6 
 20 
 
 17 
 20 
 
 Exeiuptions— tJflO to ♦500. 
 
 
 Forfeiture of Interest. . . 
 
 Kxeinpt ions-ffioo. 
 
 
 6 
 
 » 
 
 Forfe'tnip I'finelpal,. . . . 
 
 
 
 •.>o 
 
 •20 
 
 Exeniidions— ji.i to ^275. 
 
 Pi^^t. of ColurobiOt 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 Ft>rfeittU'eentito Ins'l... 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 Exemptions— J.iKi to $10" 
 
 Florida. 
 
 Gpoi-^'iii ..•■ 
 
 « 
 
 r 
 
 Any 
 
 
 4 
 
 li 
 
 JO 
 7 
 
 •20 
 20 
 
 Exempt ions- *li»)0 to ♦•2000. 
 
 Forfeiture excess 
 
 l^xemptions— ♦IMH). 
 
 M 
 
 I* 
 
 Forlcit .Itiinesanrt paid; 
 line #;t'K» <u- ti tnos. iui- 
 
 
 5 
 
 ,') 
 
 li 
 
 Est iui>tlou9-$100 to ♦5000. 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 S 
 
 prisontneut, or Iiotli. 
 Fncl'ejtnre excess Ins't... 
 Forfeiinre excess Ins't... 
 
 » 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 Exemptions— ♦lOO to tlOOO. 
 
 
 C 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 •20 
 
 Jud^^ments luuiit bo renewed, if not executed, within 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 live yeurs. Exemptions— ♦tiOO. 
 
 
 • 
 
 10 
 
 ?"orfcit\ire entire Ins't... 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 '20 
 
 On notes, If partial jittyment has been made, date of 
 llinitalion beudns from lust iniyinent. Exemptions— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuuutv, 40acres; cltv, y^ acre with buildings regard. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 less of value. 
 
 Kansas ..... 
 
 t 
 
 10 
 
 Forfeiture double excess.. 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 ."i 
 
 1.1 
 
 On open accounts, limitnl ion exteudsbut two yearsfor 
 niui-residenlsof Ilio slate. Exemptions— ;i^3(>U to ♦lOO. 
 
 Kontnrkj 
 
 a 
 
 « 
 
 Forfeiture entire Tns't... 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 1.5 
 
 ExempI iiuis— ♦.'jOO to ♦l.)00. 
 
 6 
 
 a 
 
 Exce~.s al)ovi> s, after lua. 
 
 3 
 
 S 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 Jud .'lueuts may be renewed at anv time l)efore explni. 
 
 
 
 
 luri'v. forfeits uiitirc 
 
 
 
 
 
 ttnn. Exeiuiitious— None in cities; country home* 
 
 
 
 
 'nterest. 
 
 
 
 
 
 >tead,J-2oi)' 
 
 Main? ..•. 
 
 « 
 
 Anj 
 
 
 6 
 
 li 
 
 20 
 
 ■20 
 
 If uotesare witnessed, --'O vears. Exemptions— ^VX). 
 
 Jlarvlanil 
 
 6 
 
 H 
 
 Forfeiture of excess 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 iJ 
 
 12 
 
 Ex.i ipi.ons-^IIKi. 
 
 >I:l»sa(-|lUHCtt3 
 
 ? 
 
 Any 
 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 Notes witnessed, ^20 vears. Exemptions— $.100 to ♦soo. 
 
 
 to 
 
 Fiufeituro of exeess If 
 
 tJ 
 
 li 
 
 10 
 
 ill 
 
 Executions tm judgments not euti'red witidu •J years 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 must bor. iiewed. Exemiition^— ii.iO Io$l.'i00. 
 
 
 T 
 
 10 
 
 Forfeiture entire debt — 
 
 ' 
 
 (> 
 
 Id 
 
 •20 
 
 Jud:<nicnt liens cxpiie utter .^> vea.rsif not attJichGcl. 
 
 
 Exem|itlous-$5liO t.) ♦liKHi, beside, homestead of so 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 acres In countv, and one lot to ).■ aeri! In cities. 
 
 ^lissi'wippl 
 
 • 
 
 10 
 
 Forleit\ire entire Ins't... 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 ( 
 
 Exemptions— ^^.W to $500. Kcsidenco in city, ♦2000; 
 
 
 conntv, W) acres. 
 
 Missouri 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 T.on-ltM- f'»rfcil-.ieiilire in. 
 tcri>.^t. l.oriiiwcr i.av 10 
 ].crct. t.> veil. ml fund- 
 
 Forfeiture entire Ins't... 
 
 o 
 
 10 
 
 .0 
 
 ■20 
 
 Kxeinpiions— f3iH). Homestead in conntrv, 100 acres; 
 in cities, liomestead ju value Iruiu lloOO to ♦iiOOO. 
 
 Alontanft 
 
 10 
 T 
 
 Any 
 lu 
 
 4 
 
 li 
 
 10 
 
 I) 
 5 
 
 Exemptiims— $S00 to ♦•2.500. 
 
 
 Actiouonforeiuu in dements must becoimneneed-vlth- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in .) years. Exciiiitious— Persona, proi)ertv, ♦MKI; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 eouutrv, loOaeif . cities, two lots. 
 
 KovuUa. 
 
 10 
 
 Any 
 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 Mcrcbauts', or St' ■ accouuis, one venr onlv after last 
 
 
 
 iiurcbaso. Exi ptions— ♦200 to ♦."jOO; hotiicsteud, to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bead of laTUiU, :i^"«.n)0. 
 
 .New llamiMliIre 
 
 6 
 
 < 
 
 Forfeiture of .! times tlio 
 excels and co..ts. 
 
 U 
 
 (i 
 
 20 
 
 •20 
 
 Actionson.luilKinents must bebrou.aht wlthlu2 years. 
 Exempt ions- ♦loo to $400. Interest in homestead, to 
 wile,iiurliisiite, $.')(Ki. 
 
 New ,I(;rHoy 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 Forfeiture entire Ins't... 
 
 li 
 
 U 
 
 20 
 
 U 
 
 Exemptions— I'eisonality, ♦•200; hotnest«ul, under 
 staiutin-y notice, ♦iin«). 
 
 Now Mexico 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 Forfeiture of excfws 
 
 
 
 
 
 Exempti<tns — To l.e.id of Cimily residing on property, 
 If Claimed, ♦IIKKI. 
 
 New York 
 
 S 
 
 8 
 
 Voids eontnu't and is a 
 ini>iteniea?;or. 
 
 fi 
 
 G 
 
 20 
 
 ■20 
 
 Corporations l);iried defense in actions lor usury. Ex. 
 emptlons— ♦■2,')0; homestead, if riiorded, ♦1000. 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 Forfeituiii entiri> inter- 
 est, iHirtv luiviu^ uiav 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 ill 
 
 Exeentions mus; be renewed witain one year and one 
 
 
 (lav fiinii duo of 1-sue. Exemptious— rcrsonaillv, 
 
 
 
 
 reeo\'er*ioultb-ani't pd. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ♦.Kio; home dead, ♦laoii. 
 
 01. in 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 Forteitnre ol exci'ss 
 
 Forfeiture ori^'inal sum 
 
 t; 
 ti 
 
 1.1 
 i> 
 
 l.'i 
 10 
 
 1.-. 
 10 
 
 Exi'iuptions-*.'iOii toijliKiO. 
 
 Oiegoii 
 
 Exemptioiis-*iiiO to tTOO. 
 
 
 
 
 and costs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Prnnsvlvania 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 6 
 Any 
 
 
 (i 
 
 II 
 li 
 
 20 
 •20 
 
 20 
 •20 
 
 Exempti.ai — ♦:ion. 
 
 No hjsjruerrate thun li percent interestcan b« c.'^Uected 
 
 HliuHe Island 
 
 
 
 
 by law. Kxi^mptions-J-JdO to $.)00, 
 
 flontli Tarollna 
 
 3 
 
 T 
 6 
 
 V '.rfeilureof all interest.. 
 Ita-feiluii* of excels, line 
 
 li 
 
 8 
 « 
 
 20 
 10 
 
 20 
 10 
 
 Exemptions— Personality, ♦.Wo; liomestead, $1000. 
 Excmiitious-^-i'iO, hcuuestead, ♦looo. 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 
 
 
 and iiuprisoninint. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Texas 
 
 a 
 
 12 
 
 Forfeiture of all Ins't.... 
 
 ■i 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 Exemptions- Furniture and farmlns; Implements and 
 •2li<)acres. In cities, rcui estate, ♦.'moo. 
 
 Utah 
 
 It 
 
 Any 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 .1 
 
 Exeniptions- Per-ouality, ♦^(Kl to $400; horaenlcad, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ♦ IIKIO, and ♦■2.'i0iulditional to each meuil>er of family. 
 
 Veniinnt 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 Fcjrfeiturn (>f «'xcesH 
 
 6 
 
 K 
 
 1) 
 
 8 
 
 Exempt ons— Pers. nslitv, ♦2.".0; hoiucstead, $6(10. 
 
 Vir;.'inia 
 
 8 
 
 • 
 
 Forleitureof all Ins't 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 •20 
 
 •iO 
 
 Exetaptioiis— Persoiuii:iy, ♦200; liomestead exemp- 
 tiini. leal or peisoual propertv. ♦•20iKi. 
 
 WasliinRton Tcr. 
 
 to 
 
 Any 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 li 
 
 t! 
 
 i; 
 
 Exemptions Per^onal:t\, *150 to $.500; lioraos%oad 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 occ^upicd by famllv.iiOOO. 
 
 West Vlixinia 
 
 e 
 
 a 
 
 Forfeiture of exeess 
 
 3to5 
 
 ti 
 
 lU 
 
 •20 
 
 Exemptions Per oiialitv, I»"i0 to ♦•2iiO, homestead, If 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 recorded beiore cieation i>f debt, ♦lio). 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 T 
 
 10 
 
 Forfeiture of all Ins't 
 
 6 
 
 II 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 Exemptinn— Persoinlliy, ♦200 to$-i'ifl, | rintluf; mate. 
 rial^, ♦i.iOO; homestead, countrj-, 40 acres; town or 
 eltv, W of an acre. 
 
 
 12 
 
 Any 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 E xempt ions- J.')liOtoi»soo, and woarlni;nppiin'l for every 
 person, ll.anestead, ni tualiy occupied, in country, 
 11.11 acres; i..wn oreity lots.^l.'OO. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Canada 
 
 8 
 ( 
 
 Any 
 Any 
 Any 
 
 
 Ito.-. 
 
 ti 
 
 II 
 11 
 
 li 
 ■20 
 
 •20 
 •20 
 
 ExempI ions- ♦on to !? lull. 
 
 Exemptions- lloii.seh.iUletrecIs, ♦HO; homestead, $000. 
 Exemptions- \Vearinj{ap|)nrel and beUdlnK forlamily, 
 tools, one Htove and one cow. 
 
 New Urnnswlolc 
 
 
 Nova Meotia 
 
 
 
 
 
 '20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NoTK.— Tlielejinl rate of interest for England ond France is R jierceut. Ireland li percent. When the rate of Interest Is not sjieclfled, the legal rate 
 Is always understood and so allowed by the (•ourts. Debts of all liin.lsdmw IntiTcst from the time they lu'comedue, btit not before unless siieclfled. 
 
 
 Jl 
 
lot cxi-cutecl, within 
 
 •-xeinptions— ^500. 
 
 riii)lciBcnts and 
 
 P 
 
 :^g 
 
 INDORSEMENTS. 
 
 ) 
 
 HOW TO INDORSE NOTES, DRAFTS AND CHECKS, AND THE REASON FOR SUCH INDORSEMENTS. 
 
 PROTEST AND NOTICE. 
 
 II ^ « » 
 
 ♦^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 -*-!'—-• 
 
 TAST beyond appreciation, is the volume of 
 business transacted each day by means of 
 checks, notes, drafts and other forms of 
 commercial paper. And as the actual coin 
 or currtmcy involved, beais a small proportion to the 
 amount of value passed from hand to hand daily, in 
 business, so the aggregate value of the checks, notes 
 and other negotiable paper, themselves bear a small 
 proportion totlic whole indebtedness canceled by means 
 of these indispensable instruments to modern com- 
 merce. A single check, note or draft, may, and often 
 does, by being passed over from one person to another, 
 discharge five or ten times its equivalent of indebted- 
 ness. 
 
 The transferring of the title to commercial paper is 
 thus a great vehicle for the furthcnuue of l)usiness 
 transactions, and on account of its importance to the 
 commercial world, the law recognizes it and hiis thrown 
 about it a peculiar sanction and protection. 
 
 Centuries ago when commerce was in its infancy and 
 commercial paper in its formative state, tiiis quality of 
 negotiability or transferability did not exist, but the 
 jviyco of a note or draft was supposed to hold it until 
 i, ii('( anie due and was paid. But as the necessities of 
 connnorco grew, it became desirable to pass the title of 
 notes and drafts like other species of property, and 
 
 thio was done by writing the transfer or assignment on 
 the back of the instrument, and this writing was 
 called an Indorsement. 
 
 The subject of Indorsements may at first thought 
 seem to be of comparatively small importance, but 
 when viewed in all its various phases and bearings it 
 assumes an importance only second to the paper itself. 
 
 An indorsement is anjlhing written on the back of 
 an instrument pertaining to the instrument. Thus a 
 name written on the back of a note, eaeck or draft is 
 an indoi-sement. The person who writes his name 
 thereon is called an indor.ter, and tlie person for whose 
 l)encfit the name is tiierc written, and to whom the 
 paper is transferred, is called an indorsee. 
 
 As there is no limit to the number of times which 
 the paper may be transferred, so there is no limit to 
 tlie numl>er of indorsements wliicii may be placed 
 thereon, and if tlie back of the paper is entirely cov- 
 ered with indoi-sements, an additional piece of paper 
 may he pasted thereto for the purpose of receiving 
 more indoi-semcnts. Indorsements may be made njion 
 the face of the er as well as upon the back, and the 
 custom of indorsirig on the back only arose from tlic 
 fact that the back is always clean and more suitable / " 
 for receiving indorsements. "When a note or check is vvl 
 held in proper position for reading, the left 
 
I t, 
 
 h' 
 
 ,»« 
 
 i '' 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 il 
 
 'mm 
 
 INIJOIiSKMKNTS. 
 
 bo tlio iipi-.T oiul 
 wlicii reversed I'ortlK" 
 l)ur|ios<i of indoiNe- 
 niont, aiul tlio first 
 iiidorseiupiit .should 
 bo iiiiide iio:ir the up- 
 per cud so as to leavo 
 room ("or auy future 
 iudorseuiouts whieh 
 may bo desired. 
 
 Au indorseniout.as 
 a ride, uot only 
 trau>fers the title to 
 the ii!.-triuu(Mit in- 
 dorsed, but also irives 
 additional security 
 for its ])ayiueiit, as it 
 isau iiiii)lied((iiitract 
 oil llie jiart of ih(^ Mi- 
 dorser that the siirna- 
 tiircs of all the previ- 
 ous ])artics are fsen- 
 uiuc, and also that his 
 title to the iustrn- 
 nieut is perfect, and 
 that if the check or 
 note is not paid at 
 maturity, he -will 
 take it up after jjaj'- 
 mont has been do- 
 raandcd and refused, 
 and duo notice has 
 been given. 
 
 feimply writing the 
 name is called an in- 
 dorsement ill blank 
 and transfers the 
 ownership of the pa- 
 per to bearer, and the 
 paper may then be 
 pa-ssed fvom hand to 
 hand without in- 
 dorsement. In case a check or note so indorsed be 
 lost or stolen, the owner incurs the risk of the finder 
 disposing of it for value to a bona fde purcha.ser, who 
 could collect it. It is not safe to send paper so 
 Indorsed through the mails, or to indorse paper in 
 blank any considerable length of time before it is to 
 be transferred to the indorsee. 
 
 When it is desired to make a check, note or draft 
 payable to a particular person, above the name 
 
 "fj 
 
 FOR DEPOSIT 
 
 to the credit of the 
 Book-keeper Pub. Co. 
 
 should be written " I'ay to or order," and such is 
 
 called an indorsement in full, or a special indorsement. 
 After a special indorsement, none but the indorsee, or 
 l)ersous to whom ho may order pa\inent to be made, 
 can demand payment on the nistrumcnt. Paper which 
 is to bo sent through the mails should be indorsed 
 l)aya])lo to the order of th(> person to whom it is sent, 
 so that in case it is lost the finder can make no use of 
 It. In the example on this page, Abin. Wilkins, 
 
 BB 
 
n^DOBSEMENTS. 
 
 who IS supposed to receive the check from Suith 
 indorsed specially to Wm. Jennings. 
 
 When a note is left at the bank for collection it 
 should be indorsed thus • 
 
 
 By this indorsement the title of the imper is not 
 passed to the bank, but remains in the indorser, ■while 
 the bank is only authorized to collect, and in case the 
 bank fails while the paper is still in its possession the 
 owner could reclaim the note and save it from going 
 into the hands of the assignee as assets of the bank. 
 
 When an indorsement is made subject to some con- 
 dition without the fulfillment of which the indorsemi^ni 
 IB void, such is called a conditional indorsement. Thus, 
 " Pay to Amos Brown or order upon the deliverj' by 
 him of a Warranty Deed to lot 28 in block 14, Haine's 
 subdivision to the city of Cincinnati," signed by the 
 indorser, would be a conditional mdorsement. This 
 class of indorsements are rare in business. 
 
 An indorser may release himself from liability on 
 hia indorsement by writing under his name, " Without 
 recourse," or similar words, which indicate his inten- 
 tion to thus release himself, but the indorsee would 
 seldom be willing that the indorser should thus indorse 
 unless by special agreement and under peculiar circum- 
 stances. 
 
 "Pay to John Smith only" when signed by the 
 mdorser, would limit the career of the note, check or 
 draft aa negotiable paper, to the indorsee, John Smith, 
 or would prevent the instrument from being further 
 transferred. The words "for my use, or "for my 
 account," when included in the indorsement, signify 
 that the ownership of the instnmient is not transferred 
 but merely an authority to collect, and in this respect 
 is similar to the indorsement •' For Collection." 
 
 The indorser of a check may, m the indorsement, 
 direct how the payment is to be applied, M'hether on a 
 note or otherwise, as, for instance, the chock on 
 the preceding page, is indorsed by William Jennings 
 " for one year's subscription." Now when the publish- 
 ing company indorses the check for the purpose of 
 receiving value on it the indorsement becomes a receipt 
 to Jennings for subscription. 
 
 In indorsing a check or note, sign your name just as 
 it is written on the face; if " J. Smith," write "J. 
 Smith," or if " Jas. C. Smith," write ' Jas. C. Smith." 
 If this is not your usual method of signing, or if the 
 name is incorrectly spelled, indorse both ways, first the 
 wrong and then the right. 
 
 When it is not desired to draw the mon«y ob a chsck 
 but io deposit it in the bank, the following form is 
 largely used : 
 
 FOR DEPOSIT 
 
 IN THE 
 
 Commercial National Banh, 
 
 von CREDIT OF 
 
 MARKLEY. ALLING & CO. 
 
 The handling of numerous chf^ks makes such a 
 lengthy indorsement quite a laborious task, and hence 
 large firms have a stamp prepared by which the letters 
 are stamped upon the back of the paper with ink which 
 is not easily erased. The bank soon comes to know 
 the stamp as the signature of the house, and the writ- 
 ten signature is not necessary. This printed signature 
 would not, however, be considered good outside of the 
 city where the firm is located, nor would it be consid- 
 ered good where the transactions of the firm were 
 limited in number. The object of indorsing " For 
 Deposit," aa above explained, is to prevent fraud or 
 collusion on the part of the employes of the deposit- 
 ing firm. For instance, the messenger, upon going to 
 the bank to deposit, could easily abstract a check from 
 among the others, and by telling the bank officials a 
 plausible story, that one of the partners wanted to get 
 the currency for this check for his private use, could, 
 if the checks were indorsed in blank, draw the money 
 thereon, and by " doctoring" the pass book, cover his 
 default for weeks, mttil the amount would reach large 
 proportions. 
 
 The statutes of the various states have modified the 
 common law in regard to indorsements. For instance, 
 in some states, when a draft or note is discounted at 
 the bank, the law requires the bank to first exhaust its 
 remedy against the maker before it can proceed against 
 the indorsers. But as a large portion of the notes and 
 drafts discounted in our banks, is taken upon the credit 
 of the discounter, while the maker or acceptor is 
 ;mknown to the bank, perhaps living in a distant city, 
 it is evident that if the bank were compelled to look 
 to the maker for payment, such paper could not be 
 
llj|!l 
 
 I I 
 
 \^ 
 
 I I 
 
 iii 
 
 
 
 I x"^^ 5 
 
 INDOKSEMfiNTS. 
 
 roiidily (liscouiitoil. Toavoid tliis cnibaiTassnicnt which 
 the .statute uuposos, the following indorsement is used. 
 
 rii/ri'Cd- 
 
 g-^-ltf^/^n 
 
 c~. 
 
 For value rcceiveil, .... lioroby guaranty tlio pay- 
 int'iit of tlm within note ut maturity, or at any time 
 thereafter, with interest at eiglit per fent iwr aniinm, 
 until paiil, ami agree to pay all costs or expenses i>aiil 
 or iTicurretl in collecting the same. 
 
 c/. 
 
 a^-y-^Cii- 
 
 The name is written both alxwe and below the 
 printed guaranty, in order to cstiiblish the fact of an 
 intention on tho part of tho indorscr to guaninty the 
 p.ajTncnt, or, so that it could not l)e alleged that tLs 
 l)ank stampotl tho words of guaranty above the signa- 
 ture without authority from the indorscr. Hut by 
 thus having tho signatures at an appropriate distance 
 apart, the object of the double indorseuu'ut becontes 
 apparent. Tho first indorsement may be regarded as a 
 transfer of the title of the paper to the bank, while the 
 second is a guaranty of its payment. 
 
 PROTEST AND NOTICE. 
 
 ILLS OF ExCH\NOE are distinguished as either 
 f()r(>ign or inland. They are called foreign 
 wlicn drawn in one state or coimtry upon a 
 person residing in another. The states of the 
 American Union arc foreign countries so far as 
 bills of exchange arc concerned, for the reason tliat the 
 laws of the dillerent states concerning negotiable paper 
 are not iniiforni. Inland bills of exchange are those 
 wliicli arc drawn on a jxM'son residing in the same state 
 or country as the drawer. 
 
 AViicn M foreign bill of exchange is dishonored, that is, 
 when payment or acceptance is refused, it is not only 
 customary but necessary, in order to Iiold the drawer 
 or indorsers, that tho paper should be properly pro- 
 test(>(l, and notice given iiv due form to tho parties to 
 be cIiargfMl. 
 
 Tiie object in protesting foreign paper is to ail'ord 
 satisfactory evidence of its dishonor, for the benefit of 
 t'.e parties to the paper, who, from residence abroad, 
 in a foreign country, or another state, might experi- 
 ence great diilicully in ol)taining reliable .uul sufficient 
 evidence of the fact, and perhaps be at last compelled 
 to rely upon the representation of the iioldcr alone. 
 
 Courts always give due respect and consideration to 
 such an official act as a protest under the seal of ii 
 foreign notary. Although not necessary in the case of 
 inland bills, tlie iiractice of protesting negotiable paper 
 has yet Ix'cn extended largely to inland bills of ex- 
 change and promissory notes, and as these have found 
 
 their way extensively into bank transactions in the ordi- 
 nary course of business, the protest has become a cogent 
 and ellcctual method of exposing the breaches of pimct- 
 uality which occin- in payment of commercial paper at 
 the bank, and the merchant or business man who allows 
 his note to "go to protest," is advertised as incum- 
 bered, embarrassed, or financially disgraced. 
 
 Protest and notice must l)c made l)y a notary public, 
 except in certain cases where the law provides tiiat 
 should there ])e no notary in the jilace, a i)rotest may 
 be made by any respectable merchant, attested l)y wit- 
 nesses, and will tlien have the SJime ellcct as though 
 made by a notary pul)lic. 
 
 A notary was anciently a scribe, who made writings 
 of all descriptions, both public and private, but with us 
 he is a public officer appointed by the governor, and 
 ])roperly provided witli a notarial seal. 
 
 In ca.se of non-payment or non-acceptance of a foreign 
 l)ill by the drawee, protest must be made forthwith by 
 a notary, tmder the formality i)rescri'bed by tiie law of 
 that place, and projjcr "notice given to indorsers. This 
 protest must be made on the day on which the instru- 
 ment Incomes payable; that is, on tiic^ tiiird or last day 
 of grace, though it may not be dniwn u|) and completed 
 in legal form until afterwards. 
 
 After protest, tho next step is to give proper notices 
 to all such persons as the holder of the bill designs to 
 hold responsible. The holder may notify all tho 
 parties prior to himself, so as to avoid hazard of some 
 
3 in the ordi- 
 
 INDOR8EMENT8. 
 
 ^tatc of JXIltioiB, 
 
 „ County, [ S3. 
 
 CERTIFICATE OF PROTEST 
 
 Be it Known, That ou tliia.. day of.., 
 
 in tlie year of our Ix)rd oiio thousand eight hundral and.„.., 
 
 I,.. 
 
 - a Notary PubHc, duly coniiuiasioned and sworn, and residing in the 
 
 ^ _ hi said County and State, at tlie request of _ _ _ _. 
 
 wcntwitli the original which is above attached, to the office of 
 
 anddcnmndai .thereon, which was refused „ 
 
 Wiioreujwu I, the said i-Totary, at the request aforesaid, did PROTEST, and by these presents do Solemnly Protest, 
 
 iis well against the - of said the indorsers thereof, as all others '.7hom it 
 
 niav or doth concern, for exchange, re-oxchange, and all costs, charges, damages, and interest already incurred by reason of tlio 
 
 nou- of the said 
 
 And I, the said Nocary, do hereby certify, that, on the same day and year above written, duo notice of the foregoing Protest 
 
 was put in the Post Olhce at as follows: 
 
 Notice for _ 
 
 " for. „ _. „ 
 
 Each of the above named jilaces being the reputetl place of residence of the {xjrson to whom this Notice was directed. 
 In Testimony Wueueof, I hava hereunto set my hand and affi.xed my official seal, the day and year first above written. 
 
 Notary I'ublic. 
 
 Fees.— Noting for Protcsl, 
 Ceitlflcato and Seal, 
 
 !S cents; 
 25 cents; 
 
 Protest 75 cents; 
 
 Pobtoge ; 
 
 Noting Pi-otest, . . 
 Vol. . . ; Page, 
 
 ffi cents; 
 
 Notloos, 
 » 
 
 of the parties being discharged by the omission of the 
 notice, but if he is sati-sficd with the responsibility of 
 his ininicdiatc indorscr, there is no necessity for giving 
 notice to others, and if this indorscr desires to hold 
 those prior to him, it is his business to talac -care of 
 himself, and sec that the party rcsponsi<l)lo to him is 
 duly notified. Notice must always be sent with dili- 
 gence, for if it is not given within tlie prescribed 
 time, the remedy of the holder on these parties is lost. 
 
 Notice may be either verbal or written, but it is gen- 
 erally wrilten, and must be precise, either to describe 
 accurately the instrument by giving the name of the 
 drawer, indoi-scrs, payee, amount, and also of the fact 
 that presentment and demand for acceptance or pay- 
 ment has been refused. 
 
 If the notice of dishonor is given in writing, it laay 
 be left at the residence or place of business of the per- 
 son to be notified. If the party resides at a distance, 
 the notice may be given by letter. Should his residence, 
 plaioe of business, or present post office address be lui- 
 known, the notice is to be sent where he is known to 
 have formerly resided. If all of these be unknown, and 
 after the exercise of due diligence, then want of notice 
 will be excused. 
 
 NOTICE OF PROTEST OF NOTE. 
 
 ^•tlltC Of lUlttOlB, 
 
 County of. 
 
 > S8. 
 
 ..^....188 
 
 Sir, 
 
 X..... 
 
 ...../or $. 
 
 Dated „ 
 
 Payable „ 
 
 Signed by 
 
 Indorsed by. 
 
 Being this day due and unpaid, and by me Protested for 
 non-payment, T ha-d>y notify you that the payment thereof 
 has been duly demanded, and that t/ie holders look to you for 
 liayment, damages, interest, and costs. 
 
 Done at the request of... 
 
, i 
 
 Ijf 
 
 §1 
 
 I. 'i 
 
 I- 
 
 r, r 
 
 I"! 
 1 
 
 ^N. 
 
 ;?^; 
 
 iA^i: ->5^' LAW GOVERNING INDORSEMENT i. PROTEST AND NOTICE.-^ 
 
 '^^i^ 
 
 -^^-i- 
 
 
 If I'IRST iiiilorscr i^ liiibk' to all suhawiiicnt imlorscn". 
 ll All iii(li)i'sc'iiiont iii sulijuct to the hiw of |«lac%* where 
 ■A I the iiiilor.scmeiil is imule. 
 
 A An iiulor>er of a chock is on the same footing iis on 
 all otiier foniis of iiewtiiihle iiajier. 
 
 A iiiesuriiiilioii of law is, tiiat- iiulorsenieuts and transfers 
 have Ijcoii niailo hcforo the jmix-T became due. 
 
 Wiiero there iirc joint jiayees of a bill or note, all nm^t join 
 in an iiulorsciiiunl, iink'.-s tliey are jiartners. 
 
 All parties to iie;;otiable pafHT, whether maker, drawer, 
 indorser, or acccjitor, have a defense as aijain.'^t fraud. 
 
 A fimler of a bill or note, lost by the owner, atrjuires no 
 ri^'iits thereby as against maker, drawer, acceptor, or indorser. 
 All i.'krser hiw certain coinitionai responsibilities, but he 
 can qualiiy lliem in writinn; his indursemeut if ho chooses, 
 
 L I. le letter coiitiiiniiii: a prote '^ of non-payme:;t '« put 
 
 into tiie po^*t olliee, any miscarriage does i; jt aii'ejt the party 
 
 giving notice. 
 
 A negotiator may g laranty the payraeu* of a uote at 
 
 '".' nty, iuiJ the imrchaj<er will have the advauta^ of an 
 
 uidorsement without its disiul vantages 
 
 III case a holder begins a suit against an i;;Jorser, tlie Ijegiu- 
 ner cannot be allowed U> strike out the name of any one who 
 has indorsal Injfore the defendant. 
 
 If an indorsement be stricken out throagh miiiake of a 
 holder, he may restore it. If he strikes it out on puqiose, the 
 indorser is released fiuni all obligation. 
 
 A purijluw-^er of a bill or note may prudently in-Lst on a 
 waiver of demar.iMprotest, mid notice, at the time of tiie trans- 
 fer; especially when the in.vir.ser liv^s ai adi.-tance. 
 
 A jierson leteiving a note under a idank indorsement, or 
 when drawn pa-'aMo to bearer, he is on first view the lioUer, 
 and entitlei". *;•_> recover the amount due on tiie note. 
 
 A payee who parts with a note for value by indorsement, 
 has no further iiiterest in it other than its payment at maturity 
 tiy the maker, .«o its to save him harmless. 
 
 Where a person puts his name on the back of an iii.stni- 
 mi-'it on demand or on time, at the time of its inception, he 
 is liable, not as indorsu', but as original [iromi* '. 
 
 ,\ jierson that transfers by delivery and not by indorsement, 
 a bill of e.xclutnge or promist;ory note made payable to bearei, 
 Joes not rent' r himself liable on the bil) or note to the jxTson 
 who receives it. 
 
 An indorser of a note is entitled to notice when it is due, in 
 order to hold him for payii.ent. If an indorser chooses he 
 may waive notice before maturity of the paper by writing, •* I 
 waive notice." 
 
 A holder's right of action ari.ses at once when a bill ii di£- 
 lionorsfl. The drawee's refusi'.l toai«ept involves the breaking 
 of the contract, since, l-y the «''t of drawing and indorsin^', 
 the drawer and indo-scr guariruity acce|)i,»iice. 
 
 An indorser i.ir.,!t be notified, whet ler a drawer is entitled 
 
 r 
 
 to notice or not. Even if the other parties are guilty of 
 fraud, that would not deprive the indorser of his right to 
 projior notice, unless he is guilty of fraud himself. 
 
 rai>er that is indorsed solely for the accomnxKlation of 
 another is called accommodatioii |)aiH?r. If the maker, 
 drawer, indor.-er, (ir acceptor is coiniielled to pay such pajx.'r, 
 lio may recover the amount, together with costs, from the 
 accommodated ]party. 
 
 Xoticeof tlie dL^lionor of a bill must bo given, oven if the 
 drawee Ijo (ic;ui. The bolder will not be e.xcu.sed from giving 
 notice, on account of tlio death of the drawer or indorser. In 
 such ca.se8 he roust use due diligence, if necessary, in giving 
 notice to the surviving re;>resc.ilatives. 
 
 A lost b:'l or note must be dosciibed with certainty, or a 
 copy ot it must bo ."-'lown. When a demand i.s made on a 
 lopt not*", a l)<>nd of indomnity iiuist t)e executed and tendered 
 to t'lC jiarty on whom demand is made; '/lljorwise the remedy 
 on drawer or indorser will 1x3 lost. 
 
 A lull or note is not finally di3(;hargpd vrhnn i^aid bv an 
 indorser, ^xiejit in res " t to sulisei|iieiiL indorsers. It is not 
 e.ttinguishei. ;intil paid liy the maker in case of a note, or 
 aciieptor in cise of iv bill. Hence an indorser, who takes up a 
 dLshonored note or bill, may put it again in circulation: 
 whereas, if paid by or on behalf of maker or acceptor, it is no 
 longer negotiable. 
 
 A check drawn payable to Richard Roo, or bearer, may be 
 transferred to any other jierson by handing it over as if it were 
 a bank bill. If the wonl order, instead of bearer, were writ- , 
 ten, the one who is to receive pay must put his name on the I 
 back in onier tn transfer it to another. Then the paveo ' 
 Ijec-omes indorser. and tiie i)erson receiving it from him 
 iijilorsee. The check may be indorsed Ihe.-eafter by many 
 parties, as in the case of a bill of eichaiige or promissory 
 note. 
 
 A maker or acceptor of a note or bill, lx;fore I>aTing it, 
 should know that the indorsements are genuine, if indorsed 
 in blank, to knoir that the payee's indorsement is genuine, 
 Tlie holder caiiDot acquire any title through a forged i><tj)er, no 
 matter how many indorser-i there are. The holder's title 
 arisen through the first indoi-ser, and hence the maker t 
 acceptor is protec'ed in making jiayn 'snt, aa if the pajier '."^eic 
 payable to a certain jn^Tson or order, 
 
 A negotiyble note that is ))i'of)erly traiioferred to an inno- 
 centhc'der for value before it is doc, rniiy be coUe-'ted by the 
 holder without rcard to liie rights and c<|iiities which cristeil 
 as l»etween the original ),arties. A i.egotiablo paper ''at is 
 tran«ferre<l after it has bi.„omo due is t>',ken by a p n^haser at 
 his own j)eril. Though nO{,otiable as iK^foi'c maturity, the 
 pjTty tfcke.-; it subject to ever/ defense exi«tiiig against it in 
 t'lC hiiud.s of the ho!i!»'r \?heri it matiireo. Over due pu(jeris 
 •onaidered payable within a reasonable time, on demauil, when 
 it is tracsfened. 
 
 . «^ 
 
 ii j,A,i,ii^*,*« "-«>'^ 
 
 r^'' 
 
 
 '- T"^ 
 
1 nro gnilty of 
 i>f his right to 
 
 ■eir. 
 
 •mriKKliuioii of 
 f the iiiiikor, 
 iiy siitli pajx-T, 
 :osts, from tlio 
 
 on, oven if the 
 ^(1 from piviiig 
 p imlorser. In 
 sary, hi giving 
 
 certainty, or a 
 is niiwlo on a 
 and temlered 
 
 ic tiie remedy 
 
 n j)i«(l Ijy an 
 !rs. It is not 
 of !i note, or 
 ho takes up a 
 circulation ; 
 *I)tor, it is uo 
 
 i»r(T, may be 
 
 JW if it were 
 
 were writ- 
 
 wne on the 
 
 the pavec 
 
 froiri liim 
 
 i'y many 
 
 irouiissory 
 
 f 
 
 />HTing it, 
 indorsed 
 geiiiiine. 
 l^itjK^no 
 ler's title 
 maker t 
 laper ■'■eie 
 
 an iimo- 
 
 e'i hy the 
 li ''risted 
 ''■<it is 
 
 :lll»S(?r ut 
 
 rify, the 
 iiisit it in 
 pujjer is 
 111, wjien 
 
 ' hi: desire to ticcumulate property is one 
 of the noblest that nature has im- 
 planted in man, and it is through the 
 Buc<e88ful results of this desire, wo 
 are enabled to point with unerring 
 certainty to the disembarking line, 
 . . ^ which so Hurely characterizes the ad- 
 
 ^^^>^^fnl\^%^^ vanced, educated, refined and civilized 
 ■•ijMk**' man from that of the wild savage, 
 
 whose highest desire is to slay and rob his fellow men, 
 and proudly exhibit their scalps, or the plunder he has 
 acquired, as evidence of his cunning or courage. 
 
 It is through this inborn desire to accumulate that 
 man is willing to labor, toil, suffer, and forego 
 present gratifications for the hope of future greater 
 satisfactions; that has resulted in the building and 
 e(|iiii)ing the mighty ships of commerce, whose white, 
 spreading canvas dots eveiy sea where commerce may 
 bo known, or where the interests of God's creatures 
 may best be sei'ved. It is through this desire, coupled 
 with unremitting toil, that we owe everything of per- 
 iiiauciitenjoyinent, of enlightenment and of prosperity. 
 The millions of dollars of paper money ^vhich is 
 liandled every day as the natural fruit of toil and 
 .^aving through the many and diversified transactions 
 in the vast, illimitable and ever rapidly developin;;: 
 field of commerce, is but the represeBtative of owner- 
 siiip of property. 
 
 If this rei)resentative is what it purports on its face 
 to lie, eacii and every one who receives it in exchange 
 for services or commodities, owns not merely a piece of 
 paper, with designs, words and promises printed or 
 engraved thereon, but an interest or an undivided whole 
 in a farm, a block of buildings or a store well stocked 
 with merchwmlise, which, in Ids estimation, at least, is 
 more desirable to him than the labor or commodity foi 
 
 which he has voluntarily made the exchan^ ; but, if 
 on the contmry, it is other than what it purports on 
 its face to be, he finds that he is the owner of a piece 
 of paper whose value is nil. 
 
 There is, at the present writi"", 1884, nearly eight 
 hundred million dollars of ])aper i arrency in the United 
 States, consisting of gnvuKicks and national currency, 
 a great jwrtion of which is in actual circulation, and it 
 has been estimated by eminent authorities who occupy 
 positions of trust in the various departments through 
 which the financial machinery of this vast sea of paper 
 money is daily circulated, that there is in circulation 
 nearly one-fifth of this amount in counterfeit money, 
 or about one hundred and sixty million dollars; and 
 not one dollar of this counterfeit money owes its circu- 
 lation to any excellence of the work in its inamifacture, 
 but wholly to tlie general ignorance of those who handle 
 it, SIS to what is reipjiretl to constit;ito a genuine bill. 
 The time will come when the United States will r'nleem 
 all of its issue of paper money, Avhen those who are 
 holding any of this count<*rfeit money will have to 
 stand the loss to the extent of the sum in their p<>sses- 
 hioii. 
 
 Toallof tho.«j wIk) are willing to take a small jiortion 
 of their time each day for a few weeks in learning just 
 what it takeii to constitute a genuine bill, there need 
 be no necessity of ever losing anything by eoiinter- 
 foiters, as it is impossible far them to make bills which 
 will in any way approach the beauty aud exactness of the 
 genuine ones. There is not at the present time, nor 
 has there ever been in the past, nor will there ever be 
 in the future, a counterfeit bill made that cannot be 
 detected at sight ; and the positive knowledge of how 
 to know at all times when a bill is genuine and when 
 "ot is within the reach of all those who may have the 
 privilege of reading the following information or in- 
 
 L-^.r^ 
 
,f I 
 
 BhTEOrriNO COUNTERFEIT MONET. 
 
 killiblo rules with a genuine desire to bo bcnefitetl 
 thereby. 
 
 DEVICES AND FRAUDS. 
 
 Various devices are resorted to by a numerous gang 
 or l)()fly of porsons, to get on in the world witiioiit 
 tui'iiing tiicir attention to legitiniato and useful fiii- 
 ployinents. 
 
 This class ini'liidos many that are not engiiged in the 
 practice of counti-rleitiiig and j)utting forth bad inoncv, 
 but who nudce themselves I'cit in various wa3's through 
 vain tricks iind schemes, which are, to all intents and 
 pui'posfs, frauds. 
 
 business men are generally apt at detecting and 
 turning olf petty scheinos, but they find it licst to have 
 tlje mean.-, witii wiiich they may deal successfully as 
 against rogidar swindlers, forgers im !. counterfeiters. 
 
 COU.NTERFEIT AND GENUINE WORK. 
 
 As indicated above, counterfeit notes are issued and 
 put into the channels of circulation In nlMuidance every 
 year by those engaged in the 
 ]) r a c t i c e of counterfeiting. 
 These notes are often such 
 good imitations of the gen- 
 uine that it is quite dillicult 
 to discern the ditference. 
 
 That he may protect him- 
 self, each bus iness man 
 should have some definite 
 knowledge of a genuine bank- 
 note. 
 
 The engraving of a gen- 
 uine Iiaidv note, in most all of 
 its parts, is done by machinery, and it is more exact 
 and perfect. On the contrary, most all parts of coim- 
 tcrffit notes arc done by hand. 
 
 Counterfeiters cannot afford to purchase machinery, 
 such as is used for tlie prt)duction of genuine n^tes. 
 The cost of such miiehincry is between $100,000, and 
 $ir)0,tiUO, and if it were in wrong hands it would be 
 always liable to seizure and confiscation. 
 
 In order to prevent the foi'gery of l)ank-notes, a 
 greiit deal of ingenuity and art has been expended on 
 their production. The principal features of the manu- 
 facture ai'e described as a peculiar kind of paper and 
 water mark; an elaborate design. ])rinted with a pecul- 
 iur kind of ink. and certain private marks, known 
 only by the bank oflicial.s. 
 
 The Avork of counterfeiter can never etpial that of 
 the makers of genuine notes, whose skill and faciUties 
 for producing the highest grade of ^/ork known to the 
 art, are the best that the world aflords. 
 
 DETECTING COUNTtRFEIT flONEY 
 
 Uidess one is .somewhat learned as to the quality of 
 engraving, that he nuiy be able to distinguish a lino 
 specimen of the art when ho sees it, ho is likely to 
 become a victim of the counterfeiter's operations. 
 
 LATHE WORK. 
 
 ■\Vhen the genuineness of a bank-note is doubted, the 
 Lathe AVork on the note should lirst be closely seruti- 
 nized. The several letters of denomination, circles, 
 oviils. antl shadings between and around the letters in 
 the words, etc., n\v. composed of numberless extremely 
 line lines — inclusive of hues straight, curve<l and net- 
 work. These are all regular and unbroken, never run- 
 ning into each otiii'r, and may be tracetl thi'oughoiit 
 with a magnifying glass. 
 
 Without the skill or machinery, by which the gen- 
 uine is jircMluced, the same (jiiality of work cannot bo 
 done. Therefore, in a counterfeit, the lines aro im- 
 perfect, giving the paper a dull or ha/y aspect, that 
 
 jnay be all the betti'r appre- 
 ciated by coni[)aring it with 
 the genuine. The lines in 
 the counterfeit will be found 
 now iind then irregular in 
 size, and broken ; not uni- 
 form ill course, sometimes 
 heavy, .sometimes light ; no 
 two stamps or dies on tlio 
 same note l.einge.xactly alike. 
 The line, uniform, shade- 
 lines, with which the letters 
 on the genuine arc embel- 
 lished, are wrought by a machine that cjannot be repro- 
 duced by counterfeiters, nor used for other than 
 legitimate i)urposes, by authority. 
 
 GEOMETRICAL LATHE. 
 
 The fine line is the ciiai'acteristic of the various and 
 beautiful ligures which are seen on a genuine note. 
 'J^iis line is produced by what is called the Geometri- 
 cal Lathe. The ])atterns made by the geometrical lathe 
 are of every variety of form. They are not engraved 
 directly upon tiie bank-note plate, but on pieces of soft 
 steel plate, which are afterwards hardened. The im- 
 ])rossions are then transferred to a soft steel roller, 
 which, in its turn, is also hardened, and the impressions 
 remain there, in relief. Tiiis roller is then capable of 
 transferring the same designs to the bank-note plate 
 1)} means of the transfer press. 
 
 In counterfeit engraving, the design is loade 
 upon the plate, and not by transfer, as in the 
 
«0— , 
 
 IlKTKCrriNCJ COUN-IKHKKIT MONEY. 
 
 lion of plutort for ^('iiuiiio iiotfu. Tho oseoiitial <Utfri- 
 ciiic' l)«'t\v('('U (lie two iiicIIumIs of prodiirtioM in, tlic 
 t'oiiiitd'fcit is luiulf In liaiid, iiiid i.s incxucl aiid iinpcr- 
 fiM't.wliiio tilt) gciiiiiiK^ i.s iimdo on ^roonictrical priii- 
 cipl<'s, ai)d is tlicn'ton* exact, artistir and iH'antiful. 
 
 In all tlic j,'(iv('rnni<'nt issues the jreonu'trie lathe 
 work is lilxM'i.lly used. 'I'iiis should lie .studied »'are- 
 fidly, as it eoiistitiites the chief test of ^'enninene««. 
 
 Fine lint's, ofunerrin;,' exactness, neNcr hroken, are 
 seen on the ^'cnnine medallion heads, or shields, upon 
 which tliedcsiMf|iation of the note is sometimes stamped. 
 This nicety cannot ho yiveu hy hand, or with the use 
 of impt^rfect machinery. Ky dose .scrutiny 
 the lines will Im' found to break oil' in 
 the pattern, or appear forked, irre<,'ular in 
 .-izc, and not well tlellned t hroui,dioul. 
 
 On most counterfeits the vignettes are not 
 well engraved, and the portraits have a dull 
 appearance; the Ictteis are usually wanting 
 in clearness ; the printing is soinetmies faulty, 
 hy which some features of tho noto are 
 ohseured. 
 
 RULING ENGINE WORK. 
 
 In Ruling Kngint^ Work, as it is called, 
 tho fine liuo is present, also. Tho engraving 
 is produced ami fninsferred in tho same way 
 as the geomclri<"il lallu^ work. In this they 
 arc paralhd and not in circles. Those which 
 constitute tho shading of letters iiro ho fmo 
 that they form a perfectly even gray shade. 
 They may he printed so that the shading 
 will appear darker, hut th(> aspect will Iw 
 uniform. Tho spaces iM^tween linos are 
 exact, whether the lines l)c horizontal or 
 d'lgonal. The lines are iiltto made crooked 
 or wavo-liko, not ahsolutoly parallel. Rul- 
 ing engine work is generally used for shad- 
 ing of n.imes r'" hanks, and also for tho 
 namo.s of town, siuie, etc. 
 
 VIGNETTE& 
 
 While latho work and <.'iat of tho rulinir 
 engine are invuriahly machine work, and thereforo 
 cannot ho successfully reproduced iiy countorfoitors, 
 th«^ Vignettes are chiefly the work of the hands. In 
 all genuine work they Hre made hy first class .artists, 
 who are well paid for their services, and who therefore 
 Iwve no inoentive to exercise their skill for illegitimate 
 purposce. 
 
 .Sometimes water and sky arc done mth tho rnling 
 
 engiiM', and when thoy are, no ooimterfeiter run sur- 
 cesHfnlly imitate thcin. Fine vignettes are seldom .seen 
 on counterfeit not«'s. If the lathe and ruling engine 
 work Ih> genuine, iin ordinary vignotto cuniiot make a 
 note counterfeit, and if that Ik* counterfeit, no vignett** 
 can make the note gcmiine. 
 
 The vigni"ttes on genuine notes are exeeulod liy men 
 at tho head of their v(N-titiun, and are very life-like and 
 hcautifiil. Connterfeit vignettt's u>ually have a sunken 
 and lilelcs.-. appearance, (ieiniinc \igm'ttes, as seen 
 u|i(ni government issues, consist of out-door scenes, 
 portraits, historical pictiiros, and allegorical figures. 
 They are idl ex< cedinirly licanliful, and it i> 
 not likely tliMt Mich uork will ever Ih' su<'- 
 eessfnlly iniitatetl. 
 
 SOLID PRINT. 
 
 Tho lettering, <»r soliil print, in gemiiiie 
 work is done hy a first-class artist, who 
 makes that kind of work his exclusive con- 
 cern. The name of Ihi' engraving tompany 
 is always cngnived s^itii great pains and is 
 very accurate. It will \m seen on the upper 
 and lower margin of tho note. Tiiis, in 
 counterfeits, is not (julte uniform or even. 
 The words "one dollar," as on the one ilol- 
 lar grccid>a<ks, are to Ik,- considered u.t a 
 sjimple of solid print. 
 
 BANK-NOTE PAPER. 
 
 llank-iiotcs are printed upon jMipci com- 
 posed of linen, the (piality of which is not 
 always tho sjunc, and it vai'ics in thickness. 
 Therefore, the paper is not always a sure 
 test, hut it is important. The manufacture 
 of this paper is a profound .-ecret, as carefully 
 kept as the comliinations to the great 
 vaidts whore the government's millions lie 
 awaiting further river and harhor hills. It 
 is made only at tho Dalton mill, which dates 
 hack almost to colonial days. What its 
 combinations are uoIkkIv knows except tho>e 
 intimately connected with its manufacture. The.secret 
 of tho paper-making is jealously guarded, a-s i.s also the 
 paper it.solf. From the moment it i-j made until it gets 
 into the treasTiry vaiilts it is carefully guarded. It 
 »o(> there in small iron .sjifes, the sheets carefully 
 conntv^d, and all precautious against its loss being taken 
 both by tho govermuent officials and by the express 
 companies which carry It. 
 
I , I 
 
 ' t I 
 
 DKTKrTINU CXJUNTKKKKIT MONKV, 
 
 COUNTERFEIT SIGNATURES. 
 
 Soiin'tiiiK'H jjriMiiiiiK' iiiili'K iii't' »li)li'ii iMflorc Ihoy lire 
 hiiriK'il; iIm'Ii till' iiiily tliiiii.'' iiIhiiiI iIu'Iii nm<li> t'oiintrr- 
 f'cil i« till' .•<i;.'imliiri'H. TIki-ic who un- t'lniiliar with 
 
 111" »iL'li:ltlll<'S ot' till' (itlifCIN of llli'llllllk wluTl' IIOtcH 
 
 ;ii" |iiirli>iiH'<l, iDiiy iiiil III- ii-iiil iiiiii cniir, an Hiich 
 xiirnatiin-.t iiMiniily a|i|ifiir inim' or Ioxh cniiiiiK'il or 
 nnsd'iiily; Imt llicrr is no siirr proti'i-tion airJiiiint u 
 riiiiiitrrfrit nt' tliis kiml tor tliosr wiio ilu nut iiiivo 
 Hpt'rial knowloiijifi' ot'tlii* Hi^niiliiroH. 
 
 ALTERED BANK-NOTES 
 HiUiii-iioii's ail' altcn'il la two wayn, naiiu'iy; riiiaiiig 
 
 tlii< ili'iioiiiinatioii, ami rhaii;,'iii)r tlii> tuiiiio of a lirokcn 
 to that of II r*>H|)unMil)|i> ItiinU. 
 
 KirHt.iii alt('riiii.'a note, i( is niTiipcil until thin; then 
 li;.'iin s ot' lari;i'r ili-noniiiialioii arc [ta-^ti'd over. A 
 pasti'cl nofi- may In- ilctnti'il liy holdinir it np to Iho 
 li^'lil, wliiMi till! paxtoilpartH will ap|H>ai'iliii'koi', as tlioy 
 ar« liiiikrr. 
 
 Si'i'oml, till' ili'iiornination of a iioti' is raii4i>i| hy tak- 
 Uxfi out II low mil' with an arid, and printing' in a hi^hor 
 oiii' with a roiintrrfi'it Hiainp. Tlii' ink Jisnl in ;,'i'nii- 
 ino liank-iKito pi'intiii;i; is ii priiiliar kind, and not 
 fanily to Ih) obtaliinil hy connti'rfi'iterM; thcrofons thoir 
 printiii!.'' will not appear as rlcar and liriirht as that of 
 till' ''iiviTiiiiii'iit, whiih is done with ink of tlici 
 
 UNITED STATtS TREASURY BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 tini'st fpiality. If tiip ink is hlack, it <;ivc's a rlciir and 
 glossy imprt'ssion, without any of that smutty appear- 
 ance, as is sometimes seen in foiMitei'f'cit bank-notes. 
 It is almost impossllile to imitate the <ri'eei\ ii.k tliat is 
 used liy the isi)\v\ \ient, and it is nearly as ililHcuIl to 
 imitate the red and other colors. Counterfeit inks 
 look dull and muddy, while irennine inks have a "rlossy 
 appearance. 
 
 Ill the lii.sc of !i note altoved hy the use of : 'd, it 
 may he noticed that the acid, hy -in-cadiiiir more than 
 was intendeil liy the couiitirt'eitei', has injured parts 
 
 of other letters, and the paper will appear more or less 
 stained hy the acid. 
 
 COMPARING AND EXAMINING NOTES. 
 
 A counterfeit should he conii)ared with one that is 
 •renuine, in order to familiarize one's self with the dis- 
 tinjjfuisiiing features which have already l)een indicated. 
 
 It is best to acijuire the habit of <ri^ in<i- each note a.s 
 received a searching ^'laiicc, turning it over to see the 
 back, .•mil if there be any defect, it will probably catch 
 the eye If there 1mi the least siispiciou. a critical 
 
c» 
 
 iiiiio t>(' a hrokoii 
 
 until tliiii ; tlicn 
 iuHti'(l ovor. A 
 ni; it lip to tlin 
 I- ilaikcr, as tlicy 
 
 irt ruirtod Ity tnk- 
 itiiii.' ill a lii^rhor 
 ik \iM'i\ ill ;,'iuiii- 
 ' kiiiil, iiiiil not 
 tlioreforo, thoir 
 liriirlil as tiiat of 
 ith ink of tlio 
 
 r luoro or less 
 
 TES. 
 
 Ii ono that is 
 with llic (lis- 
 cu imlicalcil. 
 r cacli iioto as 
 vcr lo sec tho 
 •(ilial)ly catch 
 II, a critical 
 
 DETCCmNO COUNTKUKKIT MUNKT. 
 
 ' 
 
 pxaminution «tf all iU* piirtit hIiouIiI t>n niatln. 
 
 In cttue of doubt, llm lutho work mIioiiIiI Imi cttrofully 
 oxumiiiiKi, iiii'l it iiiuy Iw cotniiun'd with u |K>rlVctly 
 good bill ; thoii nxuiniao tho 8hiidiiig uroiind tho IcttorM, 
 and Hcurch for Hiiy nlgtx of altorHtioii in tho titio or 
 donomination of tho noto. If thoro arc any ni(Mlullion 
 lipmU or ahiohltt, notice tho linoMj if thoro in any rod 
 lctt4!r work, designod to appear on Iwth HidoB, look at 
 tho character of tho work on tho faoo, thon turn tho 
 noto and oxainino tho back. If tho printing is not 
 oxui'tly aliko on both HidoH, but varioa in any part tho 
 not« if counttirfoit. Thon olisorvo tho vignotton and 
 portraits, to sih) whcthor thoir ntylo and |M'rfootioii 
 comimio well with tho work on genuine iiotoH. 'I'hcn 
 oxamino tho wolid print and ongnivors' nainoH, ad well 
 118 tho printing, ink, and paper, liy niioh thorough 
 oxamination, one can hardly Ikj at a Iosh to dotoruuno 
 tho Hiatus of tho noto. 
 
 Good magnifying glasses are nocesHary, In most 
 InstaiKW, to brhig out tho fine linos on bank-notos. 
 SomotimoH a microscope of great |)ower is recjuircd tc 
 discern the gonuiuo line. 
 
 PIECING. ETC 
 
 Countorfoitors soinolinu's make ton bills of nine by 
 what is ti'nncd picciii<j. Tliiis, a counterfeit not«> is 
 cut iutu ten piucvs by the cuuutertieiter, aud tbuae 
 
 piet'CM aro uHml in pitH'ing nine genuine bills, from each 
 of which 11 pioco has Imh'u cut. Tho nine grnuine 
 pieces, thus obtained, .iro then ptisted t^igethor, an<i 
 with tho tenth <-oiiiilerfoit pie<-o added, make a t«iith 
 bill, which i-< tiio gain. 
 
 l*iiM'ing bank-bills is not a very Hucoeasful prartico. 
 Olio who possesses sik h iiifomiiition a^* hero given, cun 
 remlily dotoct the difl'eronco liotweon tho ••«»iiiiterfeit 
 and the genuine. This difl'ereiice is, however, made 
 loss apparent by tho counterfeiter, who defines the 
 <-ouiiterfeit part, so aa to give the note a worn appear- 
 ance, 
 
 (Counterfeiting is rondorod very ditHrult in cons«- 
 cpieiice of the remarkable excellence of the wiirk on 
 tho government and national currency, as also from 
 the difficulty of imitating tho green. Hut this cur- 
 rency, if successfully imit^ited by counterfeiters, will 
 repay large outlay and care, iw tho greeiiliucks puss 
 aiiywluTo in the nation, and a counterfeit may lie 
 earned to other states or sections as it liecomi's known 
 ill any imrticiilar hHtilily. National bank <-iirreiicy 
 may Ist counterfeited by pn'paring a plate, ami thou 
 with simple change in tho name of tho liunk the coun- 
 terfeit can be adapted to tho various towns where itiinks 
 are l(Haled, This much is written, not to lessen the 
 value of or confidence in tho issues of the government, 
 but to admonish tho public agumjiit the daugeni uf a 
 false security. 
 
 Vt%^ 
 
 
;:!rsiir-' ^s^^- 
 
 It!; 
 
 I'OLITIC^U, miSTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 
 w 
 
 . . ^ -erj ^i 
 
 lUmted States. 
 
 Vocabulary of Party Names, 
 |/\ Measures, Terms >f Maxims. 
 
 jr ImllttonlatH, Alxilition nf Slaverx. Tlic 
 
 11 ','arne?t opiwrn-nt-* of the institution of 
 
 rm Hlnvrry were so.cuUeU, Irom their iincom- 
 
 \ proniii*luif spirit an<l |>erelst<'nt effort.* i:i 
 
 ^ tile <l..-ection of :ii»oitt''jn. Tlie di!*cover>* 
 
 and tiettlenient *tf Ame»,^ \ gave r* ^e to tliat foul 
 
 stigma on ehri'tenili .11. the African slave traile, 
 
 by wliieli nilllto-.i ot the iinliappy Africani 
 
 were torn from tiieir native countiT", anil sub. 
 
 Jected to a n i!<eraMi- servitude. Tiie vessels 
 
 wliieh transi>iirteil tlin slaves from Africa to 
 
 America wcr»* uverciiiwdcd. and ttie extreiiiest 
 
 aiilTering, re^ui;ing in ttie<leatti cf tnany. was 
 
 theor.'y onti r in itiMl iahiuiian business. (For 
 
 niatterconcemin'^ tlif supprej.siikn of tli slave 
 
 trudeand the nlnilitioii of slavery lbrou;iliout 
 
 the Rritl«Iietnpire. see Slave Tradeand s|aver>'.^ 
 
 FiTuii the be^'nniiitf of our national hLstory up 
 
 to the war of HilVi, negn) slavery existed i-i 
 
 this c(*initry. It wiw op]>H«Hl prior to ITTtj by 
 
 the ijiiakers, i>r Society t)f Kri»'nds. slavery w;is 
 
 !i>Mlished in lije northwest territor>- by tiie 
 
 ordinal. V..' of 17i<7, in the state of New York by 
 
 Ifradu.d cuianci|Kition act in 1.'''.^, and in the 
 
 territories wi'st of the Mi«-si)*sippi by the Mis. 
 
 sonri couipromi.se. Tlie tntttlc in slaves wiw 
 
 suppresscil by law in (jreat Ttritaiii in l-*)?, :.nd 
 
 likewise by liie Uniteil States m 18W. The colo. 
 
 nizaliiiii society >. is or„'uni.:cd at Wxslilni;ton 
 
 in Ulii, to colonize free white negroes, and a 
 
 colony was estal'li^hed i»ennaneutly at t'a|K' 
 
 Mesumuj. This colony l»ei-anie a- inde|it»nd»'nt 
 
 republic itl PM7, under the tifiiueoi i.it>eria, witii 
 
 Monrovia a.s its capital. From l-'Ji, William 
 
 Lloyd Garrison, and others, favoietl aliolition 
 
 wttlu'Ut i-egani to colonization, un the first of 
 
 Junuary. IKIl, (iarrison Ix-ifmn puiilishing The 
 
 LiViiT'-'r in Boston. This was fullowe<l b^ the 
 
 K.:^\? I'inul.ind antlflaverj- society, In 1$!-^. orj^.m. 
 
 Izel in January, >>n the In^is d immediate 
 
 £iboUtK)ti. In December, I**), the .\mer:car 
 
 r.iitUtiveiy society was fo.ined -.1 Pbiladelphia, 
 
 jUuU*!: (ireun being president, and I.ewli Tap. 
 
 psa And .lolin (".. Whutier K«cretarie§ of the 
 
 00B7«ntlnn. Tbe slarery que^rioti *Uuk t>e«ane 
 
 imtx>null/'.Kd, and the alioiilinn |urty asiumeU 
 
 the Impurtanee of a (rana moTemanr The 
 
 origlual anMslr.TarT aocltty split in iiM. Whit. 
 
 tier, U«rnt •: :'h, anUother* well known, leav. | 
 
 lag Mae radliMii Uarriaonianv, aad foiialag. iu '■ 
 
 l*l», the Ameiieaii and Korelgu aatUlaTer>' 
 
 sooiety. Mr. Garri:ton, throusii bis neweiMt|i«i-*, 
 
 -•lullahed mcoeskivBlT. and Jo«hua R. U id ding*, 
 
 ot Okie, iu coni(re<<, laited tkeir rei. re se Uut 
 
 the Ttieie country h«ar^. tkeai. Mr. Owrlaan 
 
 was fln*t ^:^,;^;c:el. to most bitter denuncia. 
 tions. Pud aft<»r T.) rtl, in Octidx-r, is;r>, on the 
 occas^.in (fa inceiinirof tlic Female antislaver>' 
 socic;.y in '*'»ston, In "ore whidi lie lntende<l to 
 spc.ii, ',ic was seized I y a mob and dratjged 
 tl-ouj^'h the streets t^i the cilylmll, and ccuil. 
 mitted to jail. Mr. tiaiTison printe*l an tiie 
 forefront of the I.ilicr.itor: " My country is the 
 world; my countrymen are all mankind." 
 Wendell I'liilllps, wlio, iniudl'iil of the Inddncss 
 and pl-.ick :ls displnyc<l by (Jarris'iu in the jiri's- 
 i nee of p^-i*secution and cruel abuse, became an 
 avowed friend and co. worker wit/i him "n isai. 
 Mr. riiiUips afterward withdrew fi-om the i)nic. 
 ticeof law, sin< ehe conceived that the constl. 
 tution o' the ruited States was tainted witli 
 tlie spi.it 'tf slavery. He thevefore drnouiu'ed 
 tiiat document a? "a covenant witli death and 
 an aiireiincnt with hell." lie foiu-ht a«a.nat 
 .slavery ami oppression for upwanl of thirty 
 years. In tin; fall of IsJT, (Jwcn I,o\ejo\' was 
 muniere(l it)r printing atH>lition -'iitiuients, 
 lie resitled at Alton, Illinois, where iiis printini^ 
 otllte wiLs l»rok---n up !*y ;; i,\o\: of iiicii diietly 
 from tile slateof .Missouri. One of tlie princi. 
 I^il fell lures ot the abolition mo' ciienl, wius the 
 ]!ro«biction of " I'ncle Tom*... Cabin," by IlaiTlet 
 Ueecher Stowe. The matter Ilrst appeariMl as 
 a serial story in tin' Natiniml Km, at Wa^hint^. 
 ton, ISi'd-",;. The inonilof titat .--tor^'WiLs forcibly 
 ilniwn as airainst tlie awliil curse of slavery, and 
 the rise of the reimblican [Mirty iu ISV; was, in 
 tact, ilue to the renins of Mrs. stowe, as <lis. 
 [•laycd in lliat work. .Vs a I>arty, the nbolitiim- 
 i.ii.M met at Warsaw, Xew York, 1;J Novein»-c:r, 
 Isii, and place<l in nomination for iv.-<'sldent, 
 Jani'S G. Ilirney, of tliat state, and for vice, 
 liresiiient, Fmncls J. I.cMoyne, of Pen'.syiva- 
 nla. Altiiousjli these gentiemen I'.iilin d, they 
 wen; votol lor by 7,0ii» pei-sons, us utntinst 
 Harrison, the whig candidute, and Van Iluren, 
 who had t)een nominated for iv-eleetlon by tlio 
 denicrafe. Ii- the caiU|i«iKii ot 1X44, the alioll- 
 tioiii.'ts, er the name of llbeml |>arty, let n! 
 nnfraiG, in Aiiguxt, and again noin.nat* ' di 
 Kirn^y, then of Michigan, and Thouia* .Uorris, 
 of nido. This ticket for preeident and vlce- 
 preeirtent, recelred «-2„ioo vote*, cauting the 
 defeat jf Henry "lay, whig candidate, and the 
 eieetlOD of Jama* K. Polk, demociat. Thaabo- 
 Ulianimaa^baequrntly vutea with the free.tuil 
 and republican partle.s. Froin 11.^ to IMM, the 
 ai>olitioniRts aided fugitive sljves (in spite of 
 tlie 'uginre slave law) toescajie from theaoiith 
 aad pllottKl tkemthrough the northern state* to 
 
 C'anoila. The oripinization was known as the 
 ''iiderground ralliw.id. In the exigencies of tlie 
 war for the union, the fu{jitive slave laws were 
 tlually alKili.shed, is .!une, IS'd. The complete 
 alMiKtionof slavcrj' viLsaccouiplislaiias a result 
 of that war (ISdl-Ti). For inloruiation concern. 
 in;f t he iireat measures involved in the abolition 
 movement, see ( irlinance of 17S7, Missouri Com- 
 promise, Wilinot I'l-ovi.ao. Comproniiso of 1850, 
 and KansiLs and Nebni.ska. 
 
 AllHiny Regency. A name given t*i the giolltlcal 
 faction wh.cli, frxim IS-J*! till l.s54, managed the 
 dt'iuo^'nitic party iu New York. 
 
 .\li Talk and No Cider. .\n expression used 
 by dis^ustid luemtK'rs of tlie iMsly |>olitlc Iu 
 Bucks county, I'ennsylvania, where a com. 
 puny met to test u liarrel of cider, |iresum- 
 ably d.irlng tlie liard. cider 'iid log. cabin 
 cainiwitni Political topics were discussed with 
 .so iiiuc",! enthusiasm lliat too Iwrrel of fluid 
 wa-s ibrgotten until sevcml iiepHins got up to 
 retire fniui the meeting, saying at the same 
 time tliat the concern ot the S|>uakers was "all 
 talk and no cider." 
 
 Antalgamatlnn. .\ term often used to indicate 
 the prociss of ."eiuiratiiig gold and silver from 
 their ores, or the combinations of iiiercui-y with 
 othvr uietal.s. In the I'nitt'd States It is improp. 
 irly applit'l tot'ie mixinif 0/ nu'cs, as the black 
 anil the white. 
 
 .American .\ssoeiatlon. The name of an lusso. 
 elation, as proimsi-d by the continental con. 
 gress [1774), the niemlx'rs ot which should 
 agn.H> not to trade Willi Uront Kritalii, the 
 West Indies, or with |urties engaged lii the 
 shivo tr.idv. 
 
 .Vmerlean I"arty. See Know-nothings. 
 
 .Vmeriean Whigs. First American jiolltlcal 
 |t\rty. Fpjm 17(i:) to 177.'), the tories favored 
 |v<ssivo obedience to the crown, but the whigs 
 lade nunil'e.st their spirit of independence. 
 Klnif iJeon-e IT dii-lareit his American subject* 
 out ot their dleglanct, ivla-ii .ih ..:t:r<leclared 
 their imli iiendfiice oi liiui. The name whij 
 then Itccaine synonymous with patriot, and 
 tho»e who supimrted the crojrn were called 
 tories. 
 
 Amaeitr. An act of obliriun, by which crii»e» 
 and offentee against the government up to a 
 certain time art so obliterated that they cannot 
 again be brought against the guilty paitiaa. 
 President Johasoa issued a proclamatiati of 
 ainaenty, by which the lu-ssofaoutliei-acithtene 
 could receive pardon, •» May, IMS. 
 
 Aatt-r«<lerallai*. 8e* Fe4enl!ata. 
 
POLITIC;VL, HISTORY OF THE U>1TEI> STATES. 
 
 ty Names, 
 ^Maxims. 
 
 wus known aa the 
 liooxigi'niicsof the 
 ivc Slav.' l.iKH were 
 l^A. Tlie complete 
 >ini>li.s;ic(l IIS a result 
 luriniilioii concem- 
 ve<l In Ihrubolition 
 
 17*7, Missouri Com- 
 'oinpronil«o of 1850, 
 
 iven t<)tlieiH)lltIcal 
 1 1.S54, iiiHnii^e<I the 
 rk. 
 
 n expi(r:Mii)n used 
 he IxMly ixilltio In 
 lii, where ii com. 
 of elder, jiresum- 
 ir -nd log.eiiblii 
 eredisoUHHTd with 
 lie Iwrrel of nuld 
 persons gut up to 
 yluK nt I lie Kitme 
 sixaukers wus " all 
 
 I used to Indloute 
 d and silver from 
 sof merc'ui-y with 
 -iiitesit Is Iniprop. 
 nu-es, as the lilack 
 
 name of an luiao. 
 continental con. 
 of which should 
 ont Ilrltain, tlie 
 s en(,tifc'ed In the 
 
 lothlnga, 
 
 ■lericun iwlltlcal 
 le tories favored 
 in, hut the whtpi 
 of Indejiendence. 
 Vmerlcaii siilijeet* 
 !>■ "i! ": ilrdtred 
 The name whi^ 
 ilh patriot, and 
 "*u were called 
 
 by which crimes 
 eminent up to a 
 
 that thejr cannot 
 e BolIt.T partlea. 
 
 prarlamatlaii of 
 
 oiilliei'H citizens 
 M.t. 
 ts. 
 
 AntlBMaarr- The iiociety of free iniuonn was 
 riata^*<J in the I'nitwl jsiutes during laat < c?u. 
 tiiTT- ^iUiam Morpui. of Batnv'n, New York, 
 tarsals, la lilK. irittcn a Inxjk i^piliiet uiuaonry 
 — c-xpaslaK ^^ aocreta of the order— ho wus 
 -wiml aad tjiken to Niattara, in Septcmlrar, and 
 <.<::tJ.z^ fnrilKT wa."" ever bouni of him. Tho 
 i::t:.=i»*>ns in Sept<jnd>er, t-^Sl, nominated 
 WU;jia» Wirt, of Maryland, ;;nd Arao3 EUmukcr, 
 '>{ PemnsTlraiiia, for jtnsidcnt and vice-presi. 
 <!*n« rwport''' Jt. These citndldatcs recoivcti 
 «ti* ei«ct<»«l vot^ of Vermont. See Morgan. 
 
 .%aair*aUaB> An orBrantzrd op]K>sition to ma. 
 auTitl rijiits of afnioultural lands in New York 
 ita^e. Tcmaats had deeds for their farms, but 
 paid aaual rental in kind in lieu of a principal 
 mm. wUcb oaasKl diwontent ai.iong the ten. 
 mai» alter IT'^'i. After is.2i the tenants beinin a 
 reifB of loTX'T and refu»<*d to iiay rent for some 
 t«* jcara. In IMC the antircntcrs procure<l tlio 
 (^■rtioa of a clause in the new state const itu. 
 lioa. ahctUbing all feudal ti'nun'8 and inci- 
 dcaU^eCc After lri47 all disturlianceg cuascd on 
 ■ccooBt of aiitirenti><m. 
 
 ABtisiaTT- Oj'vpo^iiion to slavery. 
 
 Ap|Mili»»— *wt- An apiiortlonment in n'pre- 
 veaSaitHa; a# that uuide 1>y iK-t of apjiortlon- 
 BMBI. paasnl in eonsrress, Kehmnry, liWJ, by 
 -irbarlairB* ««qatilisbe<l anillo ^'iviug 3'U nm. 
 NfT* ao lib*" bt>n!»e i»f n'pre!.fiitut tvca, 
 
 .%H4<orv»«7. Se^ roramonwealtli. 
 
 JkMaMimattam of P midenls. Abniliam Lincoln 
 w:i# <4K<t thrwUi^h the hejid by John Wllkt's 
 I;.i».'!!i. »t FoTilV theatre, in Wasuiiifiton, after 
 !«^ -ei«»rk<wi lliel4thof .Viuil, l*;i, and expired 
 a iK»atT.f«ro sninutos )i;i«f seven o'clock the 
 iv-Tr -3ftf«Tain2. An attemjtl niton tlie 111'? of 
 Mt i ttary William H. S<'wanl was made at the 
 jB^wtsnar, viiilebe wa.«eontlne<l to his beil from 
 lhe«fl^'rt*o!ra fall from a carrln^^e ; thi'^a.HSiL^sin, 
 L«vS* Pavnr Powell, inflicteilscvcre wounds by 
 »r fkljksal the thrxiat of his victim tliree times, 
 Htmraoknl olT t<.save l-.is own life. James A. 
 GoifleU wa* tixA in the u|>]ier ;.!, ■ ,,<' ||ie ami 
 aiMt !■ f^e «Meor liack. near the ttackbi>iie, by 
 *G«il«tan. tit the IliUtimore and Potomac 
 la Wa&hln:rt«n, at iirin a. m , on tlieJd 
 Jslr. no. aBdan.r a ivtinfiil illness of nearly 
 IbRC iCTlha. SBddenly explri'd at ia:r> p. m., 
 Miadar. ScfilCBlier 1!>, issl. See Execulion of 
 \.4«ia«i^BiL 
 
 Amtarwmrf. Tlial fumi of (tovermnent In wlilrb 
 tbit tovtr^gn exercises nu'-ontrolletl i>owir, 
 TBrtitry *■■ • Mi^dfWf tl>e1el^i^la1 ive and e\</ciitiV" 
 pownsof the Mate. AlnKxt all Kaxttrii nations 
 hare tUs tuna of fn>veriinient. 
 
 >ratt«»l States. \n institution that 
 I faMSVpo''"'^ in 17111, but did not ^o Into 
 I till 17M. It was the tli>t one of tlie 
 kfnl la theooaatrr, and c.«tAbllshed at t he su^'. 
 B« J tip w of Alenai'.er Ilamilt<m, seen-tari- of tho 
 tttamarf. It»c*ai1er was to r".n twenty years; 
 hMdk^aattcrs ia tlie city of Phlladelpliia. The 
 csfatalof tlir tauik was tHi.<ii».i«i>. Its charter 
 e sy t e eiJ hy Hmltat ion in l«ll. andtheelTort to 
 ms<lef«Hl«-d liy one rote In the liousi', 
 bjr the Tot* of the vice-pnwldent In the 
 ' fteoond fniteil States bank was 
 I ia KKifor the same tenii, wMli a ci\\A- 
 tal of SSumjMi. An act of congress In K't-i for 
 e«*eoiilior it. was retried by President .lacksim, 
 wl»>oc4n«<d the funds kept in the l>ank to Ui 
 vishdmwa fimn It in Septemlier, 1M.1. This net 
 pnadaecd iDnrli excitement thron^dunit the 
 aaioa. Tlie wrnate jiussol a re^olutlon of cen. 
 a«i« la Hairh. 1KM, which was expunged by 
 ocilerof the «enate in January, IS37. 
 
 ■artiw a s. $<« Hard Cider and Log Tabin Cum- 
 
 arte. Oaewboattacbeshlnwelf tothe iHxly 
 
 puTiosefi. 
 
 An epltUrt a|>|ill<>d to the anil. 
 
 iher« of the democratic party in 
 
 ."be uune wasKircn by those who 
 
 the old story of the man whoso 
 
 iBfenred vlth rata, anil who knew of 
 
 no tiettpr way to rid himself of th^^vi «x «« ti « by 
 burning tlie barn. The lrruim«aa; Iteiwdi 
 crats who Ui'flirefl to nb•lll.4^ all 
 because of :,lietr dis.'^utisfiw'tloa ^^^ith theooipo- 
 rutlon and system of the (.'nicer. *t*tf» taalL. 
 (See rtank of tho t'nited State*) The tinra. 
 burners met at I'tlca, •--June, L-rt*, 
 nated Mr. Van Ilun'n fi «r presidf^nl, 
 DiMlge, of Wisconsin, for Tlce-pmUcat Se» 
 nnnkeiM. 
 liluck Repiililiran. .\n eptttetuedtiyacsber* 
 of the demoenilii' piirty in lUtnotf tdil *•>*»•- 
 where, to I'.stinguish a nuli<.\>i n»ti>ibti<B»«L Ttxr 
 alxilitionists were often eiUcd biacti 
 tionists. 
 nino<ly Shirt. Applied to the pnlitletaa 
 disiMised to iiamite acta of violeiu*.^ jori i 
 eominlttet! iiTider carp«'t-t)tti,p sroTeritQD#at. 
 Blue LuwH. An epitht;t appUerl to eerlaia r^ip.^ 
 ]iositltlous regulations which wev« isatjn mc«3 
 uiioii tlie ir habitants of the -^tate^of Staaaa ira- 
 BctUi and I'ouiivcticnt in the sereaucalh aad 
 eighteenth centuries; any law of the |«Ifaaii, 
 who were so.calletl from thetr |nnffilm»ilra- 
 onlinary purity In wonhi p .'int t Cfittdart. 
 itlue-llglit Federalist. iMinn;; t(-*> vjir Ok' Sfltl^ 
 wiiile the Itriii.-h tie. t Uiy off S«» 
 f'onn., blue lights were of.,!n attm 
 shore; ami it wa.sclaimerl that these 
 iisi'd us signals to the enemy bythOMr who had 
 opposed t' <• war. The ei>itbet wa» !k • 
 as it was never shown that an A niai i sa 
 a blue light in such aciioae^ 
 RoU. To hiivo a polit'eol istitr j i Maal y: to 
 
 neglect or refuse to vote for. 
 It<irder Kullluns. Citizens of the ^ trier cnoatie* 
 of MIssoimI will. i:ivacled the t»T- ttrrir of Rui- 
 sas 111 the interi.-st of slavery wcvc so^aUml. 
 Freiiuinl raids were nmiloliy slave Maaeacttlcn 
 in K'MI, and Lawrence and ijij fla aot t niie wrrv 
 nt.irly dcstniycd. John P.romi, vlth tHrty 
 men, was sun e-i-uil in opponin.' *»» 
 men who at tucked (Jssuwiittotnl*^. lie 
 waril called "iissawuttomie Broraa." Sm-Ksos- 
 sas and Nelmiska. 
 floss, llonslsm. The net or pta c tlee <cf a |niliti- 
 ciaii wlio diit.ites t'le dNtribstUta of pu«en>> 
 meiit iKitronagu in a commimity^ fltale. or 
 sectliMi. 
 
 It is trim tliut he wa.s remnml tar Kf* better 
 reason tban to make riKiui (for *>n<^ c^f Oaaaenai^s 
 IieiK-hmeii. and thereby strengthen the pffwrrui 
 lb,' I'eiiiisvl van! 1 '•'««.■.. . . It w :.« iCn^ulami 
 sei|iiil to the pie^idi'iit's In'I'.ruTnentoO'aiarrua 
 as the Ihius of I'cnu-sylvanui.— «JltiraguTtil«Bia«'. 
 .Liiie.'i, Ivs-J. 
 We denounce the svstem which auke* imnmL- 
 go and spoils out of pmllc ome«», ae ifca waix * 
 the lioss Mile wlueii, » li.'^n tamely , nrtTf^rJ, aualaa 
 leadei-s Into autiM'rats und r*"'. -■ja«scif 
 
 iltlzensliiii into p.ilitle:il U :: ' . -raaad. 
 
 Iiwtead of III,' iiisi,|t'iii'e, ir' -. • ■■» t^T. 
 
 Miiny ot b<,s-.i iin, 11." tree ui;d ■ -■ . • i :- 
 
 else' ol private judgin*'nt l.i r,.iir:."». i "i.*-. — 
 Major Merrick, rtiinsylvania. Jnr :. .*!•_ 
 Some maile a fuss, asof tH\*s it t. 
 About the bllUbte, refmia:;- ..i . 
 Bill III 111*! iiincii my price fl *- ri^f* 
 And I'm the lios« of leir'- , 
 
 Itoiinty. A preniiiim paid by g r. .■;. — .l: ;._ iht 
 priHliicers, exporters, or importer* of ecrlBia 
 commodities, >.-:tb tl;e view of eti«»»>iai':i«p»gr tSae 
 prosecution of these bmnrbeHOf larfaMry; alKt. 
 a sum of money given by irireraaseat to |*t. 
 sons enlisting ill the army or naryp fa ovtfcr to 
 induce thi'iii to eater these 
 
 Ilrother Jonathan. (Mivemor 
 bull, the elder, of ('onni-cttral. «■» the 
 live of the state named at tlw tiSK Gcacnl 
 Waxhington was In comnHOalof 
 ary anny. The genenU p 
 In the wisdom and sympathy of thi» 
 nor, who was in a ixMition to tM MlB 
 lug the wants of the \:my. 9« the Una 
 originateil fnini a remark of W»bia«laB. IhM 
 he must consiit " lipither Jonsltaev'* Tbe 
 army was confronting the BrftNb trtnrr Bon- 
 Ion, ami Itnither Jonatlian. on lirtr^ m i'i iiwl lod 
 by tlie commander. <arae furwar»I »air* «>«.-* iiid 
 as rendered the army more tfcal ir* *" a 
 
 difficulties afterwarfl arose In the uriay. It 
 bwanie a by-word, "We must consult Ilrother 
 Jonathan." This lonii has now become charuc. 
 tensile of tile whole country, as J.ihn Bull has 
 for England. 
 
 Barktalls. A term applied to the political oppo. 
 iients of I>e Witt Clinton, a publicly active 
 r:tizen of New York, wlio lllleil the ollli e of 
 mayor in l!?l.'». The biicktai; i w<ire In their hats, 
 on certain occasions, a iwiti'ii •>/ t.'ie taP of tho 
 d*'i'r. Hence the name. 
 
 BaC^M'ar. -V notlointr fancy lliat Is rei.iili-l from 
 tlie 'dunipor through a iiev simper by a political 
 »4-nsa11onallst, to scare the unsophisticated pco. 
 pie into the supjKirt ofaincasnre or party; a 
 wareerow; a man of straw; aixilltical sensation. 
 
 Balldozp. To inlimidate. The term orl;;inated 
 iu Louisiana, where it wa.s used after the war 
 of 1H»;1-.S, in connection with tlie alleged Intlml. 
 dtttion of negro voters In that state. 
 
 Bnllionl.4. One tliat prefers coin, Instead of 
 ]iai»».*r, iLs money. 
 
 Bunimpr. A woiihless pei'son, without any Tlsl. 
 ble means fif sup|>irt. In iKilitics, a sort of all. 
 lalk-nnd.n<. cider fellow. 
 
 Baneome. S]>cecli-niaklng for purposecof poLltl. 
 <'.al intrigue; mere talk. 
 
 Oaaipal^n. The four or live months whlcli iutar- 
 Tenes lietwi'cn the nomination of cundidatM 
 lor preiiident, and the liny of elect Ion in Xorem- 
 ber. "<'anviLss," t • seek for Inflnenco or voteij^ 
 alio. lyJt used in the I'liited States, to cellmate or 
 t" eonnt votes. 
 
 Clarpet-tncKer. One of those unprlacipled ad. 
 venturers who sought t^i prollt by iiliindrrlng 
 the defenseless people insonieiiartsof the south. 
 .Mter the w:ir of ISi;|-.". the term was used with 
 effect during the jierlod of reconstriu tioii. 
 The?-** is fliK.dhi'r InfliieiH'c efimilly injnrloiiH 
 
 aHtli tbeii-s (kn-Kl!ix).andiigfeiitdeai"iiioriMletrl. 
 
 ■aei'tal to the tame and chaiHcter of the lepnhli. 
 
 can juirtv. 1 allude tti what are known as tlie 
 
 "thievingt^ariM't-liaggers."— Honice (ireelpy, New- 
 York. June I'J, ls71. 
 
 Caaeos. .\ meeting of the leaders of a iiollfieal 
 jcirly, to consider and agree uism a iiliin of 
 anion for the camiiaign. 
 
 C^^n^us. .\n i'liiimeritiou of the people, made 
 ever^' leu years in the I'liited Stales. 
 
 Charleston, Kraeuatlon of. Sec under tlie liead 
 of "~wamp .\ngel." 
 
 Charter nak. A tree in wliich the colonial 
 cbsrI'T was secreted, at lliiitloi-d, i.'onn.. In 
 luss. p.lowii down In ls.",tt. 
 
 Ciril lUeiits Hill. \ iiieiusiire, having iiassed thn 
 wr.ate, .tpi-ii 'J, was adopted by the bouse con. 
 trary to the president's veto, by a vote of I-'-' to 
 4L This wa.s for tlie protecllon of llie freeil- 
 men. but did not glvi? 1 liem tin' rigid to vote. 
 For til is latter purixisethetlftecnth a mend men t 
 to the national constitution was adoptefl by 
 ocmcress -Jlitli February, W,!i, and having been 
 mtifl'il by thri'<'. fourths of the states, was 
 deciim-"! effective .Hit h March, ls7(i. 
 
 Oril MTTlee Iteforin. In acc<irdaiice witli an 
 a<t of eongrefw. piuwe*! :id March, ls71,a lioard 
 of wven eouimlssloiici'9 was U|i]H>inte<l by 
 President t;r.uit to Inquire into tho matter of 
 refonninrthe civil si'ivicc. Iiiirlng rresldent 
 Hayes* udniinistiutlon an order was issiiml to 
 the lollnwing efleet : "No ofllcer should lie 
 rerjnirwl or iM'nnlttiMl to take part in the man- 
 a^:iient of iiolitieal organizations, caucuses, 
 conventions, or eli^tlon camimlgns. Their 
 right tovoteaiid to express their views on luib. 
 lie cinesllons. either orilly or thrfiugh the press. 
 Is not denied, provide<l It does not interfere 
 »-itli the discharge of tlielr otllelal duties. No 
 ■sM-osment for iwiliticnl purixiscs on offlcers or 
 fiulKU-dlnates should be allowed." The criMllt 
 for Ktartlng the movement in favor of this 
 ol))«t iK-longs to I'rcslilenl (imnt, who rociuii. 
 aaended it in his second anuiuil message, fitli 
 DeeienitHT. l«7o. 
 
 OaUHw] Soldiers. Persons of African deeccnl 
 wtTC receiviHl into service of government by 
 antburity of congress, 17 July, l*i.'. In MU, 
 
 ^ 
 
A' 
 
 l< 
 
 :;i 
 
 rOFJTICWL UIBTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 thoy wcTo uncoinUtlnnally acc( ptwl iw trtMijw, 
 
 niKl (X.1 many ;n isfi.OlT wuro In llm Unitotl States 
 
 MTvicn (luring <'»'^ ^\':»r. 
 
 Commoii'r. IIr:iry (lay wm.s Hct.calle<l, rj* also 
 
 wu-H Tlioni:n Corwin, Ity ailmlrci"ii. Clay was 
 
 niHO CttUcd thi) f^rcat jKu-iacator, froiu his con- 
 
 oiliatory tlis;x>sltlo:i -ln', o:i two iK-ca-slon.M, in 
 
 lt^:Oaii'I i:i ! .">). hiK*co€(U'(liji cffoctliiK * lOiiipm. 
 
 iiilsn tx'twccii Iho Klavo Ktat^i!! and the aliuU. 
 
 tlonlstH. 
 
 Coninonwralth, or Urpubllc. A J'onn 'if gov- 
 
 fniment in wliU'ii tli('iH">plc,i>rfttlca:itrti)orlion 
 
 of ihrni, ;;:■ ' u'-Uu twl^'l^tnl \]\o snnir(M)f p«iwor, 
 
 and liavri ili'^diriTt apiKJlntm^'iil of tlionfflcora 
 
 of 111© U'gishil\i:*' aji'l txn- .: ivi?. When the 
 
 ImmIy of the p<"'oiiU) Ui i»or<rtos.siNl of tlii.-*f*npreiim 
 
 j>owrr, tliii i-t rallcl a ili'inforary ; when thr 
 
 suprenm iH»wf r Is Kwlged la tlio hamU of apart 
 
 of the I'wiple, this U callcU an «rl«t4»cra('y. Sec 
 
 Ext'ollrni'y. 
 
 . . . Thp rXatri wa^ wllHnR that ln» MinnM )>r 
 
 anvthiiiif HO that liflid not intru'lp nitliin thv 
 
 Holivt cliclf whtrh rnli"! th^ o«>mmcmwf»Hlth. Hv 
 
 I ho w:iy, Ma-sHi-husftl^ mpmi- ha-^ htM-n asiiU4>; it 
 
 liuai Iway^ Irr^n a '■c->ijnnonwfiillh,"an'i inHtHli 
 
 ciii^iml tli*» union, an 1 r**taiiiH limt offlri.il (Icrtin- 
 
 natlon lu ihls tlni*?.— Chicago Tribune, NoTenii'«'r 
 
 10. I'W'i. 
 
 Community. A i^ihrine of ^K'ial llvin-j ostbl*- 
 lishe<M)T John Mumj-hrcy Noyr>, al OtitM'la, 1 
 111.' .^tatr' of Ni'W V.rk. in \M7. Thf I.'a^!in^' 
 prini'lplesof ihft comniunity arc: niconoiliatlon 
 toi;<)'I, salvatiiin from .••in, .eiMwinltion of tho 
 hrothrrtuHxl nwl r^piulity of uian and woman, 
 and tho lummunlty of UU)r and it.** fruit**. The 
 riMuninmly wa.s iH>or at fli-st. Imt It hus ♦-ur- 
 viv^Nl nil vi(*i?<HitiHU''*, and it.^ I-4ndo<l p)-iiiM»rty 
 and hiiildinj:^ ftr" now Tulufd at upward of 
 
 ComproniUe of IH.%0. Thn frdin;^ lM'tw*»on tlio 
 luu'th and f-outh on ftifonnt »>f ^tuvrry, had 
 iMM'onir ho intonsi* that llii' h'adli^ ^latrsmm 
 thoiij^ht It ht'St to fffiTt aiKdhiT (N rnpi-oinlsff 
 {sv** Missouri <'onipr<imls»\ A I«:i>i-4 of spitlr- 
 m<'nt \ia-* iiniposf^l by Hrnry Clay, UTrhninnaii 
 of aH<'lri't committer of thirttH-n that lud In-otx 
 KpiKiint»'<l to cony^idnr th** wholo snltjf*!. This 
 romi)n)mi^t»iidin-i<4'd Califomla a-a tn^^Mtatr. 
 «'r#»ct4*d rtahandSi^w Mi'xiro into trnitoricM. 
 h'«vlnwtliiMpif«lion of s-I.tvci y t«» iM'dt^jih'd Iiy 
 th*» jKNipli) thi-TOuf when llioy cainr to form 
 Htalo constitutions; Hiol tin- wc«.t<'ni Ih»unda:-y 
 of IVxju-*, awanlin^^ ten million doi;ni-« to that 
 state for Io^ms during tljt» Mcxiran w:ir of 
 lH4*i-4S, alM)iishtM| tho slave ti-ade in the Di.-trlct 
 of Coluubla, and <diaJij,'»'d the lu^itive slave 
 law in onler to render it more eff«n'tivo. The 
 sevffnl jiroiMwitions were disens-ed in <"nijt^ri*s* 
 antll'V Ihi^ P<'om1ii fir ujiward of four month-, 
 Mr. CUy havin;; reported llieuion tl,e>th May, 
 an<l the final aet was jKioried thmuffh rouKn'-HH 
 tn Septemhrr. 
 
 ConfMlrnftey, A ntinilicr of fonfiMlo •uted but 
 lndoj>rndent states, tho centp.tl authority of 
 whi(h havhi>c »'> [wiwer to cnforee any of 
 Itri niou-Mun^ nj>on the ludiviiJual statcH, that 
 lH'lni< In the liand.s of thi'ir own >;overnnuMitJ«. 
 Tho Ornianie confudcmtion heluugfl to this 
 clasH. 
 
 CiHifrdrratfo Statei. A Hr[Mnite K*'V<*rnn)ent 
 formed hy the Hcvcns(tuthem states whiehwrrr 
 the llrst to seoodc fn>m tin* nutiomil union in 
 ls61. Coiisrt^sHof dele^pites met, Kelmiary 4, at 
 Mont;^oni'>ry, Ala., whero. l»y joint uetion of 
 South Carolina, deorKia, Alabama, L.tni^iana. 
 Florida, and Misiiisslppi, (T^xa.-* dt'h;;ales not 
 tK'ln{< Rirpolnted till luterV a provisional ron. 
 stltutlon was adopted, and, ni\ Kehruary !», 
 JefTcrson Davis, of .MiHslssippi. waa circled a-* 
 |Trwtl<lont,and Ah'xander II. Stephens, of (ii^or- 
 pla, aJ< virc-presldent. on May 6 th« Confed- 
 crato ( ongrti9>< [Kissed an a<t i-woxni/in^? a state 
 of war w itlt thn CnlK'*! States. Virfrinia, North 
 Carrdlna, Tenncsflce, ant! .\rkan'>us, May '', N;i, 
 p(U«*<Mt onllnanee* of Hfrehslon. DavlH and 
 Ht^'phena wcmehwte*! to their ofllccfl under the 
 permnnont 'constitution, NoTomber 6. ItMl. 
 
 CunffMlf ration. Artlelm of. Tho articles as 
 adopted, 1,» November, 1777, hy tho Hceondeontl- 
 nentul eon^;ress, and Wiiich formed tlu' biisi.sof 
 the federal union in Auierlea. This eimfedenu 
 tlon wa.s milled on lln! tlrst of Mareh, iTsi, 
 \vho;» thr liLst one of the original stales .slj^ned 
 the eonipaet. 
 Con|p-ess, an .inirrlean. A nicetlnKOtdclcf;n(t4'H 
 from tho colonial astu'mblinfl, held at Albany, 
 Nfw York, lif June, IT.'M, to eonelllate the Iit)- 
 ipiots and fonnarlotwr alllaneeof the eolonle.s, 
 A plan dmwM up by l»r. Frmklin was adopted 
 hy the convention. It was opiKJsed by the 
 I.ntfMsh lonlsof tnule, who thought it toollb. 
 eral for I he colon h's, and t he assem lilies rnjpote<l 
 It InH'aus« It seemed not truly American. 
 CoDipresH, Colonial. The (li-st eon;;;rehM held In 
 America. It w.is comjHiseil of dclr;^'ate.s from 
 nine of the colonies, who mrt in New York. 
 October", I7«.>, a:id puiillsluHl a deelanitloil i)f 
 their ri^litJ* an<l ^fU'Vimeei, i?i.sistin;i iKirlien- 
 larly on tlm ripht of exclnslTidy luxinK them 
 helves, and eomplainin^ loudly of the Stamp 
 act, whhdi s^e. Seeal.-ioConlinent.nt ConRTe-ssi's. 
 Cnuj^rttsnuin. A member of lb" It^iMatlvc 
 branch of the T'nited States fTovermnont,— 
 strictly, a nifml*er of the housiMtt reprej*enl«- 
 lives. 
 C'onsrnHii <.r thf> United States. TbeHenateand 
 
 h'u:seo( repreHcnlatives. 
 Connertl'*iit KeMrrw. A largo distrlet of land 
 retaluLsl by C'ounoctlcut wh<'n the laiid.^eom. 
 jiriKin^ the n<irthweMt territory werecedcil to 
 tho rnltcl colonies (American confedcnicy). 
 Thedistricl is det*criU*il jts ino nurthea.st jiart 
 of Ohio, iJMniles from (Mtsl to we,sl, and .'.J Irom 
 north to Si)Uth, couipl isin^; seven counties, and 
 a(ronUni;IouriniI!l4>na*'reH. Calhtlalfo Wt'sU'ni 
 Uescrve. .'^ee Northwest Territory. 
 Consrrvallvr. One who.so aim Is to prtw^rve 
 from innovntiunur radical clian^o theexistin^ 
 institution!) of tho country, both civil and 
 ecelesiiisllcul. 
 Constlt4ition. The estubllsliiHl form ot f^overn- 
 mcMt iu any countiy, stale, or eommuMily, 
 wUetluT that Ik; a body of ^vntten laws or T>e 
 founded on prescriptive us;i';e. Iu re^.»rd to 
 political i)rlnci]iIeH, etmstitul ions iire (1) demo. 
 ei-ulic,iLs In th'5 Cniled Stales, where the k<iv. 
 ereiyn jMjwer is vested in I people, (i) aristo- 
 cralic, when the K"vernn.cnt is ehieily or 
 entin-ly In tho ha:al(* of certain privileged 
 claa-^e.^; i^:^ inonfti*eLleal, when in the hands of 
 one person; (1} *d' a nil.xed chumeter, aa In 
 Ihllain, wheie the H«)verei»;n iM)wcr is dis- 
 ti'iliuled over t !ie kiiw, lords, and c unnions. 
 Coiistltutlonul I'uion Party. A nameadopteil in 
 \^'A\ by the reniuininf; elements td' the whi;; 
 p;irt\ . May U, Im*}, a ctuiventitni uhtaiid nomi- 
 nated John Ile:i, of Tennessee, for president, 
 and Kdwaiil Kvendt, for vlce-presiilent. The 
 Ibll-Kven'tt tldict ciirri***! Kentiuky, Tenne.*'- 
 he»*, and Vii-winia, but nveivcd a very li^dit vole 
 inthenorllt. Tliis viis tin; liwt vesti^'e of the 
 M hi^; i>ai ty. 
 Continental. A term that was ns<'d before tlu' 
 American derlatulion. It hul s;H*clal tippllca- 
 tb>n to the e4iloiiies as a whole. In colonitd 
 Ihnc.-* a meelintr of delegates fnnii tlie various 
 colonies Rtrmed a continental eon^;i-ess. M'hen 
 Kthan Allen was asked hy what aullH>rtly la- 
 demanded the surrender of Tlcondenij^o. he 
 replie<l "In the name of the ^reut Jehovah 
 and of llie ( 'on' ineidal congress! " 
 Continental Coii^resHes. The Ili-st (■<>« Mnt'ntnl 
 congress, coMsiritlnK of Ilfty-llvetlehrj;. ! ., 'nan 
 nil tta* eoU>nies except (leorKia, met at Phila- 
 delphia, 4ni the. Mh SejitemlMT, 1774. This Iwidy. 
 on behalf of the ixKipte, as KUbjectH of the 
 Uritish |N)wer, Inimed a dei-laration of rt^bls, 
 and drew up an address (o the kin;,', at. other to 
 tbe|M'oplr of lireiit Britain, a id a t lilnl (,> ili<< 1 
 eolonies, T'heeotonist:* demandeft t heir lights, i 
 imrtleularly In relation to u Just shaiu In Ihej 
 regulation of tlielrowndomoatio nUUIra, and in 
 
 lm|K>slnr; 1 heir own ''iJtes; the right of a speedy 
 trial by jury In the btrality In whieh tho offense 
 should lsM*omnillte<l,and the rli;ht to hold pub- 
 lie me«din^'s ami iwlltitu as a;,'ainsl wrbitniry 
 rule. Thes.'nnid Cotitiiienlal cont^ress inet at 
 rhilad<'l:ihia, M May, I77.\ and adopti'd tl") 
 apju'llation ni the Cnlled r»donies. .\ petition 
 was preivm-^l undM-ntto Kri,'l.ind I'-.-kinj; for ii 
 redre.s.s of jirievances. Tiie thirteen colonloa 
 were, therefore, orj<anize<l into n f.th r.d unhni, 
 and couRresa ilelibei-utely ussmuuhI tiie gen • ml 
 dinM'tiou of alfairs. A ihvlanition was diuwu 
 np, Justifying the eon.'S<'of ri-slstanee lo Ih it Ish 
 oppi-esslon; a loan of money was atdliorized; 
 the tr(M)j« were formed lutoaeoiitint-ntul ; my, 
 ami (Jeorge Washington, a member of tin. on- 
 gn ss from Virginia, was placed In eo;Tiinaud. 
 Thii Americans Iiad hitherto b en contending, 
 not for Indejiendence, but f.r constitutional 
 liberty. .See r>e<'laralion of Indepcmh re. 
 Contraband. lit I.-<i;I, whihMienend H. V. Uutler 
 wofl In command of Kortri'ss Monroe, a nnin- 
 lM;r of Hluvi's, having escaped fn>m thfir mas- 
 ter, were brought l>rrore him. Kach was 
 i'xamlned and then tn'i at wot k lor tlie benefit 
 of the government. ^Vhen they were applied 
 fur by onfedenite ofTlcers on belmlf of tho 
 owner (Colorii'l Mallon ), tlie general replif*d 
 that he should detain the ne;:.oesascontnibaud 
 of war. 
 
 Convention. A nnndlng orassembly of Indlvid- 
 n;il *. This term is \nv*rv particularly applksl to 
 a formid meet in;:, '-v ai; asH'mMy (d' dele;:al.';i 
 fir representatives t- >ri hi' tnm.saelion of In.jwir- 
 tant busiiies-, civil iir eci-li-^iastieal. 
 
 Ckimentlon 4»f 1*87. The Utdy (d 4lclt'gate.s fixmi 
 the4>ri';inulsl.H4'S, whi.h irat at Philadelphia, 
 •i.'i May, 17-7, to rev i>e and p4'rlecl tin- fundamen- 
 tal laws 4.f the eoufeib-nicy. At tiiat time tlm 
 neee^siiy f'f M mon-enicieut gen4-ndf;overnnu»U 
 was4'\ten:-iv) ly felt, and after a session of about 
 four niontli-^ the eon V4 -a Hon agn-eil on the fed- 
 4'nd const itui ion. That instrument was tnins. 
 milt«'d by 4'ongi'4'ss to tho .several stall's, \n 
 nearly Us present form, ami was, In 17v4, niliih>d 
 by 4deve;i of them (aft-Tward by the otiier two) 
 and beeann; tlie e<mstilution 4jf tho I'nited 
 Sl:it4's. S4'e Ordiuan4-e of 17-7. 
 
 CiMidlrs. A iK)litical h'rily In the stato of New 
 York, in iSM. 4»f which " Abhm-Wck Coody '• 
 ((Julian (*. VerplaucU) w;is tlu- leiding spirit. 
 Ih wusa writtr ofaitlcles, a;id 4ti leavoreil U> 
 m«)ld public HiMit hnent in f ivor of ili" war tla-n 
 be|n%' \\iu:4d against (;r4'at Urltain (M.'-U— tho 
 siHNuiil war tor IndeiHMuh'Uce). II(> attacWe4l 
 He Wilt t'llnton, i.nd was ..nswer4'd by a shurp 
 writ4'r, wlio«ditirg4'd with all but a vo4-alm!ary 
 4if sariMstie terni'^, among wliich one cbai"ucter- 
 l/.inglhi- C-MHlies as the "s;i;iwn "t fi ilcralisnj 
 and jin*iibinism." 
 
 Cuoii. T1u!i>opular emblem of the whigs in tho 
 4'am|ttiigti 4)f IS44, when Kei:ryClay and Theo. 
 FiTlini.,'bnys4'n W4're <':in<l:dat4's for pre>:dent 
 and viee.pr4*sldi'td. Mt. Vmm Pureu h mI iieeri 
 called "the ^ly lo\ of KimlerlKMi!;," In cons*;. 
 4pH-uceid hispreviouiieaudiiliicir', Mr ('ia\' hud 
 lM'4*n siMdci'n <it as '■ that sane* ol 1 eoon." The 
 whi'-Hwere clmrged with huMtiiig nCer 'Mliat 
 sanm 4)lrl e«Min." Ihuiee tint i"::ec'(M)h - - 'lu 
 emblem. " A g4»ne eoon," haid »»f 4um t»so 
 eas4- Is hojH'less. 
 
 Copperhead. Northern sym|Mitbizers with the 
 4i>nfe«lcr.iiea w4to so-eulled, during the civil 
 wttrof l%/!l-.'i. 
 
 C^irii Klt^ht. A right to 4>ne hnmlri I acr4's of 
 land, tliat wasae.piired in 4'arly tlrms by t.ttiso 
 w Iio plant4>d nil aero or moie (d corn. la \'ir. 
 gtnltitla^ prlvilegt* l(»so4ibtain l.i id wits t alletl 
 ('4>rnrigbt. 
 
 i:4»rp4iraPrt Oimnl. Tlai nnwi in 4-ongress who 
 snpjKUled I'resident Tyb r alter he l..el Is'en 
 iiMiotUH'ed by the wliIgN, tn Is41. 
 
 Cradle (ir Liberty. Fain-uil hall.iu I'ntston. Tho 
 orators of tlic revolution raised their \ olcea 
 theruHgninHt IlrlllHhojiprevaion. 
 
 I 
 
 m • 
 
 i 
 
Ill' right iifftRiK.o(ly 
 ill "lilrlKliooTriiso 
 II' rl;;hl lul.oM j,,,!,. 
 ii^'aiii.-l urljltniry 
 
 llll roMcn-M imi lit 
 
 ii:ii| a.ldijtci ti-T 
 liinli's. A pi-iitloii 
 n,'l.in.l .'..-kill- for a 
 
 IllillfCIl <',)l.)|il08 
 
 nil) 11 f,(li iij iiiilmi, 
 'mil tiic KL'ii ral 
 ai-itli.ii WM iliun-n 
 
 I'Slslllllc,. ),, iJiliisli 
 
 ty was aiil!i<)rizeil; 
 iK'imtincnljl ; 'iiy, 
 nciiilK'f (if till nil. 
 Kill ill co^iiiimiiil. 
 I' rii ('luitpiiiliiiff, 
 
 f'l' I'l'Il-tlluIlDiiuI 
 IKli'iKlllll IT. 
 
 K'l-il II. r. Iliitlpr 
 
 IS .Miiiinir, a nil,,,. 
 
 I Inuii iiii-ir luu.s. 
 
 Iiiiii. Kucii ,v[^ 
 
 I'll liii- lllc llPlioflt 
 
 <<'fy «<'ii'«j,p|ji,(j 
 
 "11 iii'iuiir iif (1,0 
 
 !<■' Ki'iu-iiil n.|,||r,i 
 '"■'•ast-i„itnilMua 
 
 ii'llllliy „f iiiillvid. 
 I'lllaily ilpiilli^I ,„ 
 iiMy or '1,.I,.;^:„,,,3 
 
 ii'lidii 111- l.i,|i„|. 
 ^tii'iil. 
 
 ' il''l>'i:iitr.s film, 
 I III I'liiludi'lpliiu, 
 
 I'l Illi' I'lMhl.lliii.il- 
 
 At tiiat iiiii,. ti,„ 
 
 ''l-Illl!,'iiVlTllIll(„t 
 l''l'.Svil.lll,fftl„,||t 
 
 ^'r.'i'iliin tlio f,.,!- 
 iiii'Mt nns tmiiH. 
 I'vcnil .siati.H, In 
 «, ill ITvi, mtiii,.,! 
 
 •y tlU'ilIlHT tWil) 
 
 >'f till) riiitca 
 
 111' KlllIO llf \ryf 
 
 imlrck Ciioiiy '• 
 ' li'iilin^' uplilt. 
 
 I I'll liavorcd to 
 III til" wart iii'ii 
 
 'IIM (M.'-Ii-llio 
 
 ?■ Ki^ att;uki.(J 
 
 ■•It'll iiy It ii!iMr|, 
 
 It u voi-Mlailary 
 
 "llf t'liamriiT. 
 
 II "f I'l ilrnilisiu 
 
 1) w 
 
 liKH 
 
 III tho 
 
 lay 
 
 am 
 
 rill.,.. 
 
 f')l 
 
 ITI 
 
 -iiii'iit 
 
 iri'u 
 
 h.i 
 
 1 liiTn 
 
 >!;.*' 
 
 111 
 
 i'oii.s«. 
 
 -.y, 
 
 ■ t ill >■ liuU 
 
 ■I c. 
 
 mil. 
 
 ■ Tho 
 
 Jf a 
 
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 " lluit 
 
 ICCI 
 
 iiii 
 
 ■ 'in 
 
 if 1 
 
 Ur 
 
 11)^) 
 
 .irs 
 
 Willi the 
 
 ill',' 
 
 lhi. 
 
 I'ivJl 
 
 Iriil 
 
 ai'i 
 
 I'i Of 
 
 ■III')* 
 
 l.v 
 
 tiMMO 
 
 oni 
 
 !• 
 
 \ir. 
 
 111 Ha.si 
 
 allcHl 
 
 "iilfri'sii 
 
 who 
 
 111- 1 
 
 ail 
 
 IMIOM , 
 
 ioni 
 
 •11, 
 
 The « 
 
 tlll'l 
 
 I- ^ > 
 
 lIl'CS 
 
 POLITICVL HISTOHY OF TIIK UNITED STATES. 
 
 Crf>(Ht Moblllflr. In FmiuT, u tri'linnil niK-lPty 
 crttnblislHMl In ls.Vi,ui»in Uw priiK'tpU-' of IhnitM 
 linbillly.untler tlio BiLiictioii of tlir povcninuMit. 
 The ciipitiil wiisflxett al*:n,0()(',noo fn\nrx, (liviilfil 
 into Hliarrfl of .VX) franco au'li. (Mijccts of tho 
 Booii'ly: To aM the progn s of publio wnrkH, 
 tiiifl pnjiiiotf tlmdovolopint-nt of iiatlonHniuliitt- 
 try, iimkinj^ nillwnyH, iniiiia;<ln{^pw cvniiimnies, 
 nnd, 111 f.ict, tKroinliij; ii kliiil tif unlrrn^al tmd- 
 ln{?n.ssorlutii>M, for tin buying up of tlic slmrcH 
 nnd boti«iH of oxlstliiK trading' N(K*iPtlfH nnd 
 t'oiuj»imlc8, for tho pnriMwu of consolidivtin^ 
 them int*) on*! comnioti stiK-k, nnd forlho tmun- 
 artion of jri-ncnil haukliif^ nnd bn>kcmpr oi.cm- 
 lions. The funds for thu wirrylnj? out of thuMi 
 divorce oprmtions aro, (I) tlio cnpltAl of tlio 
 company, nnJ (J) thiMl;^|H>ultH nHt*ivo<l fnmi tho 
 Foclnty hy the puhllc. lu tho t'nltrd Rt-xtf**, 
 con?»T('!"H |XL«*flod an net rliartrrfnf^ tho Tnlon 
 rnrlflc niilwfiy, in l^.-2. In aniirrch, dolivwrcMl 
 in Scptrnihrr, I'^Ti, at ImliaunpoiU, Mr. (ircoloy, 
 «H IV prcrtldcnlhil cuiididivtt', niado KtaloinontH 
 substantially as follows: ritn;<rr!4fl roHolved to 
 nid tho rnlorprlso j^cncrousl} , .\nd fcnvntcd tho 
 riftht of way throi:;;li tlio pnlilic hind:*, wltli the 
 right to tftko nmtorial.s from any pfirt of tho 
 jiuMlo clonmin. Thou a lar^r ^rant wiw inndo in 
 nidof ih<! i'(Kid, and bonds of tlu govenunent 
 oalHnu for $"25,(100 a milo wrro hxinoil to tho com- 
 I>flny, Rnd tho lli-sf mortj^ai^i! on tho mih*ond 
 tnk. n tliorofor; thud tin; building of tho n)ad 
 was prrividofl for with ])ublio funds. Tn ft feu* 
 ypui-s. this ont«'rpriso havlnj; |>Rflso<l Into tho 
 hau'N of Hrhomlnjj n»ou, houio boing membors 
 of oou^froHs, tinothor stop was takon, nnd con- 
 fjnss \vi\^ prcviiiird uihhi to authorize a now 
 lonn of f-jA.nnu a milo. V socond mortiyngo of 
 ofpinl amount was takon on tlio road, nnd so tho 
 floourlty of tho flrst mortgage wfia dofltroycd. 
 Innlittio whJIo u i)rivatn compnny was somo- 
 whrroohartorod, ontitlod tho Crodlt Moblllorof 
 Amorioa, and Iliat privato company, or ring, 
 was oomiH»sod of a numbor of aollve mombors 
 of Ihol'nion racitlc inilroad comi)#iny, ft^nio of 
 thorn nnMubers of corit^ross. No Urtt of this 
 Crrdit Mobillor was ovor publiahod.or can bo 
 obtAlnod. Ib;t thos4» gmtlomon proccedud to 
 innko ooiitnvotH virtually with lhom»olvofl, i. r, 
 thonamoinonasotlloorsitf tho I'nlon Pftclflc rail- 
 road Cfintnirtoil witli thrmsclrca as ofTlcrrsfif 
 tho Crodlt Moblllorof America to conMruct tho 
 roftd at enormous jtricos, which ausorlwd lK>th 
 tho bonds loano4| by tbn ^iovernnient nnd the 
 jirlvatoloan of tho coinin-ny; this contracting 
 with thomsolvoH to jiay tlnunsolvufl twice the 
 fiiir cost <if out iroly builillngaud oqu tipping tho 
 road, and after butldiiip: tho road wU)i tho pro- 
 CtM'ds ot the money loauoil by the govommont, 
 they ppMcodoil to divido aini)ng themselvea the 
 other bonds, equal to tho amount wlilch con- 
 groHp hiul mado mortgage on tho entire roail. 
 ny these moans twmty or thirty millions of 
 dollars wnro dlvldod among tho partloa, and 
 after all that money wius bo divided and they 
 weio called uiM)n t<» jHiy, Ihoy divided tho Ijonds 
 anil iMillt tho n>ad with tho government iMinds, 
 which wore a Hocoiid mortgage on that com- 
 pany. "Now, you Ho*',"siiid Mr, (iroeloy, con. 
 tinning, "those gontlonion who engmooi-od 
 tlirongh cfmgress this project of innklng the 
 road cohI double what it Hhould ct>H*, and nmk. 
 lug half the cost a dividend appropriated among 
 thomaelvoH, those gontlonion now appear before 
 congrcsa for additional advantages." In Feb. 
 niar>', 1R7:I, the committeo ap]x)li)to<I by con- 
 gress to Invo.stlguto the comipt Credit Mobillcr 
 matter, made a reix>rt wlilch aikiar.ed the ]>oophe 
 at largo, nn<l a long Investigation grew out of 
 thla. As aconsoqnenco, Oakes Ames and .Jiinu*s 
 Brooks of the houso wore censnrod, md the 
 reputAtion^ of Hovrnd pronilnont iKjlltlclAns 
 wfre mmiowhut dnniaged. 
 
 OovcMie Invefltlfctttlon. A eointntttoo aut:iorlziMl 
 by tho hou.sn of reprosontutlvos to IncinUu Into 
 thnchlo«ncr>' of the Iluchanan admlnlstmtton, 
 In attempting to foist tho Lccompton constUu- 
 
 tlon u]H)n the iieojileof Kanwis. An examina- 
 tion, after the aptwilntment of tho »^jmmltleo, 
 .'ith March, I'^iiO.roHidtcd In developing tlio tnith 
 of the cliargcd of corruption. Soo Leoonipton 
 Constitution. 
 I)urk ITorno. No donht thnt this phmso orlgl. 
 natofl fnmi the coloring of horses by J<X'koys in 
 onler (U bring them Into a race under different 
 nami 4 and win tho prlEo**. In iM)litics, the snc- 
 c«««f,.i nominee <if n iwrty who Is little thought 
 of a* tho nominee, Hayes, nnd (iartleld wen* 
 " dark horses." S«>o Surprise Candidate. 
 From whencn Is lo como the "dark hoi-«ie?*' 
 Some say It will Ijo Druniniond. some miv Hyde, 
 HoTiio say Spring, and others Ulalne. The inan 
 whom tlie ring luw determino<l nfx>n t/i load tlie 
 republlcnn party Is now cngnfotl In the lionest 
 and peaceful occupation of a flshennnn, and his 
 name is WllUnm 1*. Frve.— Boston Post, Maine 
 jKdltic^ 1-wj. 
 
 Declaration of Jntlep«ndeno«. The thlrte<>n 
 c^donles slowly awoke to tho Idea of Indeiiend. 
 once, Karly In the struxgle against (iront 
 Hrltaln, any such de'*ign, tlmugh favontbly 
 entert«ine<l by New Kn^lnnd, waa dlsavnwiHl 
 t>y tho other colonists, and by omipx-ss, July, 
 1775. Tho sentiment In favor of seiAration 
 became more marke^l as tho war wa« trans, 
 forrcd to tho south In May and June, 17T(<, nnd 
 tho Virginia convention inHtrncte<l tho delo- 
 gntcs of that state In congress to lnln*duce 
 n rowjlutlon favoring Independence. Hlchanl 
 Henry Loo presented tho resolution, which was 
 formally ndopted, Jaly % Pennsylvania, Mary- 
 land nnd New Jersey, l»efon; that date, had 
 changed from tlio attitude of disfavor, and 
 onicred their delegates to vote for the dcclam. 
 tion. By the third of July, the delegate's of 
 .South t'nrollna, who hu<I oppowsl the niuisuro, 
 came forwnni and IndorwMl It, Oelawan' yielded 
 her consent on the fourth of July, and on that 
 day, tho dtHilaration «tf indejiendenct; was 
 jxissed, the New York wmvention refusing to 
 vote, but afterward consented, and it thus 
 bocaino "The Vnanlmous Doclaralicm of tho 
 Thirteen Tnlted Statoaof America." Jefferson 
 was tho antlior of the l>eclaratIon of Independ- 
 ence, 
 
 Demagoynf*. A politician who attemptfl to gain 
 the i>eople over to his own wlflsh views by 
 employing decoll and falselHMxl for tliat pur- 
 pose; acliarlatAn, 
 
 T>emocracy. So<^ (Vunmonwealth. 
 
 Demncratlc Party. The ihoory of the old demo, 
 oratlc. republican party was, popular govern- 
 ment, with limitation o; *he powers of the 
 general or f(*<IerFO government, In ordernot t<i 
 restrict the rights of stAtes In the nmnagenienl 
 of local Interesta. In the last dccadeof the jjost 
 centi:r>', tho party assumed the name of repub. 
 lloan, by which It waa jiopularly known until 
 n1>out iSTn, when the more radical jjortlon s*'p- 
 ar.ito«l fnim tho cojiscr^Titlve element, and 
 assumed the nnmc of national rcpubllcjin. The 
 conservatives wen^ called deraocrata, but that 
 term being regarded as equivalent to republi- 
 cans, they were known aa republicans till nliont 
 1^*30. These pArtti«, until after the elwtlon of 
 Jackson, In 1^2«, clnlme<l the name of republi- 
 can. Tho friends of Adama were styled the 
 mlmlnlstrutlon wing, and thoeeof Jackson, the 
 oplK)slti.»n. The Jackson men nfterwani fixed 
 ui>on the title of deinocmt, nnd then* has lieen 
 no furtlier variation of tho name of the paiiy 
 hIiico, The democmta were suceeasril In sue- 
 oos-iivo presidential elections until that of 1S40, 
 when tho whips, with C»eneral Harrison, came 
 IntoiMtwer. ProHidont Harrison died in Just one 
 month after his lnai4niration, and thoHdmlnlH- 
 tratlon under John Tyler lK>camo ilemmTatic. 
 The administration of Jamcti K. Polk was next 
 In onior, ikud then the whl^ again sucroodwl iu 
 imA, when Goneml Taylor was elected. The 
 democrata followed mltli the election of Frank- 
 lin Pierce, In 1S.V2, and James Bucluumu In 18.V't. 
 The attempt to force a pro.hlaver>* constltuti(Ui 
 upon tho territory of Kansas, waa followe<l by u 
 
 split in the demoomtic party. Tho popular 1111- 
 nols Honiitor, Stephen A. Pougliw, assiiuu'd the 
 U*«dershlpof tho nnrthon\ wlnir, while tho pro- 
 slavery men that fornuvl tho soutliern \ving 
 weie leil by the administration. In H;o the 
 democratic c*uivetition, which mot at Charb ■<- 
 ton. April 'if, failed to agri'O u]ion n-^olutlons 
 and candidates. There wore tif!yHO\en Inof. 
 footual ballots, Mr. Uouglas, for ]iresidcnt, 
 always leading. Many of the delegates with- 
 diow from this oonventlon and met inanotlier 
 hall, adoptofl ros4>lMtions, and itdjoiiriied to meet 
 in Ulohmond, on the second Monday in .luiio. 
 Tin- regular convention adjourned, Maj* ;;, to 
 meet at P.altimoro, June H. In the r.altiniore 
 Cfuiventitm there aro>*<' a disagreement on 
 account <d the admission of del(Hj:itos froni ihe 
 states wlilch had withdniwn from the Cljailes. 
 ton efinvontlon. The result of it was the with, 
 dmwal of a consitlenible number of delegates, 
 including the chairman iif the convention, Caleb 
 Curbing, and Uonjamln F. Ibitler. >t('plien A. 
 Douijlas wa-s then nominated for prosldi-nt, and 
 Her»'ohel V. .lohrison, of (leorgla, was nflerward 
 selected t)y tho *'Xoeutive committee as candi- 
 date for vice. president. The didof^ates who 
 withdrew fntm tln' ortnvention at Baltimore, 
 boiufx joinofl by dele.trations which !i:id born 
 retused admission, assembled at Maryland insti- 
 tute, .Tune '^s, hihI jtnt In nondnntion, ftir firekt. 
 dent, John C. r.rookinrldge, of Kentucky, and 
 J(ts»'pli l.une, of Oreg<»n, for vtcepro.sldont. 
 Those who liad withdniwn fnim tho Charleston 
 convention nnd at lUidmiond, Ju>\o U, and 
 adjiUirned fnun time t<^> tii'.e until the Hecoden-' 
 convent ion at liail ituore had nominated P,rc<'k. 
 Inridgo ancl I.nno. when tho^o nomlnntinitH 
 wen! Indorscfl. The demtuntt ic party, thus 
 <livlde<l, while tho ropubllcun party Inul l>ecoitie 
 a unit against slavery o\tenvi,iii ainl for the 
 iinhui, wont before the country with small 
 chaiicoM of success. Mr. I >ouglas took the stump, 
 luid ina series of spoochc* in "liffoM'ut seeti«Mis 
 of tho country, exiK)un<lod his views to great 
 cri>wds <»f his country:. tu. He w:is all bitt idol, 
 i/.f^l by tho free-soil doTiiornits, who r.iilied to 
 his stiuidanl with enthusiasm. At the cIo( ion, 
 the jxipular vote for Mr. Houglas was viry 
 gnmt, but his c'.octoml vote was nimll. Tho 
 defeat of Mr I'ouglas and tho democralic inuty 
 by the republicans, with Mr. T Incrdn as tho*tuc. 
 cessfid candidate, jtn>ved a cleatb-deallng ilisap. 
 ]Mdntment to Mr Douglas, wliose ambition to 
 rise to the presidency w:lm earnest, and seconded 
 by the balU)ts of upward of one million three 
 hundred and seventy ■ five thoti«iand of his 
 friends. In his dying days he made very e (. 
 plicit expressions of loyalty to the fotleral union 
 an<l the government of tlu' Fnited States. He 
 died on the ;id of June, ISiU, In the fnrty-nlnlh 
 your of his afc'e. Since the third <d Marcli, Istii, 
 tolho jiresent time (|K«:t), tho roputilicans luive 
 Ikh'u in ixissesslon of tho presidential ofTlce. 
 Se(! Uepubllcan Party. 
 
 DfoputJitlnn. A nuHd)er of persons selected In 
 oi*der to represent the views of a larger txxly 
 orcomimny on any imrllcular itm-stion, to lay 
 their cjise Imforo somo jXTstin of influence or 
 in office, or to net for them In any particular 
 affair. 
 
 Don't Hive up the ship. 8ald by Captain Law- 
 rence, c»)mmander ctf tho I'nited Stat*'*' Chesa- 
 Iteako, after he was n;ortally wounded, and was 
 being taken below. His vessel was capturcil by 
 tho British ship Shannon, after an action thirty 
 niilea from Boston light, 1st Juno, 181.1. 
 
 DouKh-Cuee. An oj ithet appllofl to tho northern 
 iqndogist forslavorj' In the south. 
 
 Ih-uft lllots. A dnift commenced In New York, 
 III July, IHta, when u great riot broke out, and 
 continued for three days, during which time 
 tho building la which the dm ft had begun waa 
 dofltroyed by tire, lumses and stores wen' plun- 
 dered, cltizcutt wcru mistreated, colored persons 
 wore killed, a colored ttrjihan asylum waa 
 burned, the lumutcs scattering In all dlrec 
 
 '■m 
 
' I 
 
 ■^^^ 
 
 POLITICAL IIISTOUY OF THE IXITED NT AXES. 
 
 tions lor tli'ir livfs; f<nn- ln.n'lrr<l llvrs wrr«' 
 Hi<ril!».-.l. aiMl i)ii.l»t'r»y worth *^2,(XNmi<h» wih 
 if.-str vx..!. 
 Droi) Si uH l>n<Ulo«, A (trt'Ulon >?tvrn l»y the 
 I'mti'l '*t:H''?« ** Min'im* rrnu-t, Mtiuli (i. lK,i7, 
 wtion-by llpMl '^i-ntl, wild h:it| hrrn t-l:ihn<'<| im tk 
 h!iiv(* ill n fn-o *(:i!n, wiw n-niaiiilf*! toslavnry. 
 <n' Iln'Hi'v<'n Iniltroi*. two ilfclurpd lor hi-iln-t'. 
 ilnm. Uy thi-« "Ifcislon tli*' Mi-^-oMil ii.mpiu. 
 iniM* of H'JO ^^!H ilccliir)''! )iM('oit<-lil nI iomil, ami 
 tlir>r-t>ii)wm aro»C' tli<^ i>'>|>nl:ir phrtsf, "Nr^'n»i».'4 
 hnvr no Hirlits tlmt wlitle men iin* bouixl to 
 
 ll'-ilU'I't." 
 
 Kniancipatlnn, The net n!" Hotting fn-*' tlioso 
 piTttuvM li"!'t lis Hi'.ivrs. ri*<'sMt*lit I.tiuoln 
 issiH'i! I'M pt'iclatnation '•! t'lnanripatioii, Jan- 
 uary \, I^'i:'.. 
 
 Era of <JoiMi 1'<»p1Ii|(». \n "spri'-^sirnmnplinl to 
 thf a<liiiiin>H\.l i"'ii di rrrvj, t,.|ii .M.>i)rt»t< (Isi;- 
 *-*.v. Tilt' iiv-i'N'iiI siart.'.l, ;i! May. l-^i;, and 
 vi-itcd tin' inrtluin -itat.-i, liiH Joiiniry ct)n. 
 timiiiitr tlirotitrli si'vni:;! tiioiitli^. Tli" ptttjilo 
 rtM't'ivc'l liiin ''.t'lly.un'l tlr^ iMliM't o( ItU pi'r«. 
 I ait' was Ini- ii'll liy alt wlut, lii Iionoroi his 
 I Mill'. lii"*ti»uc<l 1 la' (Mnipliinriil of Iho-« iiia^^ic 
 \M»nN: I'.n \ nr ikhip rr.i:i,(\';. 
 
 Exri'llrnry. \ lltii) roric<vli-d hy many to the 
 (jovt-nioi-s lit' states, (orci^n iiilnist«'rH, atnl the 
 pn'-ith'iit of t'l.' t'hitnl -talcs. N..I a.itlioiizod 
 hy 111 • itatlon:il(*on»(itiil ii<n,iuiil Ity wry li-w of 
 t In* s|;it('«MK)stirtjlif)n!*. i^ifi* l> nionwiitlth.) 
 Thi- olllcc (>; j-ovt'intir <»f III" Htalf fs Ih'M |n 
 
 hi;;h c-ttt'i'Mi i'l .Uaxsarli!i-.i'tt?«. 'Ilh* iiioi who 
 
 i-r.c 111 > that p- -ilioii i-; i<-.iuii"l !<■ Ix' n| ii.>hl<- 
 
 liiiu'liipiisof llar\'.ir<l i< 
 
 t " i'isn'.i'«'Mi'lU'>'." mikI 
 
 r. 
 
 on 
 
 or* 
 
 lo :ri-'»:;iii/ 
 to fonli-i 11 
 th.'.lr.-r 
 
 ha- 1m 
 (.aiit 
 
 Tri-r 
 
 if t!i<' un-iii 
 tl.i' tti .niiv o 
 
 i'lt lillii, \\ ilh 
 
 .I- I» r-it.roi I 
 
 I fllM't- 
 
 r't)ini!li' 
 Nov. l; 
 
 sr-'Vcr 
 ioii lis 
 
 , oiiip .ukI lit 
 av. s." ' Kvot .■ man \\ ho 
 or tMvifs t lii'nc' t..'th in 
 !o<'ior of laws.— (Miiravro 
 
 KxiTullvi'. Th»- h'ad of i!u' cxccntiv* drpirl- 
 iiu'iil of Ihi' :rovi rnaniil ;!s, iln* ^'o\ rrnor nl' a 
 sUiIe. "I- pjoi.UiiU'f I ill I list I'd -talf. uiiuT 
 wise ihr .'liitf inaLiislmtf, or tin* klnix. 
 
 ]E.\t).-utloii«ir As'^iMsUis. Im\ id I*:. Ilarold,<ii>ortfv' 
 A. Ai/« roit, law is I'ayn.' Powcd, and Mr*. K. 
 Mtrratt.aiainnvIii'iHof Uooih hi tin- as-*U'>,sina. 
 tloiiot Prisid'-nt 1. hicohi. wrro huiip^ 7th .July, 
 Ww. oihcts wi ri' .-oat np to |>iy Tortnirai for 
 lit!!. Ijt'iuy \'^ iiz, for iiu'liy to luihrn pi i>oii. 
 fisiU \ndci-oiiviIU'. was Iniii'! In \Vash!ii::ion, 
 10 Novi-nilii I. InkV (,'harl''^<>id1i'uti; Un- niunii r 
 of rn*'-idt nt <>arl)<'ld, vm-* hini'f, :«i .liiiir, l-'-O. 
 S"o \ssiw.-lnai:on t*( l'n'>id('nls, 
 
 Fintton. A t< nil iipplh'd 1m a ha<l simisi' tti any 
 I'Tty in M -t tf or country that oif.rs niuoni- 
 pi-omi-intf oppo-ition i.i tlin nnMsuM-s of the 
 jr-»vi'rnmt'i>t. or (hit I'nd'-.iVor-, to rxcit*' pnJilii* 
 di-»roiUriil N}>on nnrt-a.^oiial>h' ni-omid'.; one 
 w lnK<»r divi-ion «d a j^irly. 
 It<'ptil>lii'aii f.i 'lion tl;;hlsniay this ypanrivo the 
 
 (U'iiin, r.its a iii.i.,irtt> m con^rVt -.- aiid a niiinlM-r 
 
 of.rovf. ,r ]., ' ,r un !»'•■> thi.s faction ii;,'litin_' rtm. 
 
 t lii'h's for t wo yi'ars l-in:it>r I'm' i-c^mIi oI lo-d iv 
 
 wiMwnai-anli'fiioIliiii^'foriSN^.— New Vork Ihrald, 
 
 Nov. 7, jsvj. 
 
 FathtT of liK Country, (inor'^c \V;i.«h!n^toii, 
 P itrtot and lirst picsiilrni of the I'nilt'd Statos, 
 WHS so.raljftl. Ill' was cinniimndrr-in-rhii'f of 
 tli(» AiiM'iir in annli's a man of iht- h ippi»'>t 
 iiiifoii of Ko4id iinalitlrs. Horn on his f.iihcr'.s 
 pslutf, hi \\ «-*tinc»it'himl ciniiity, Va., '.^-J Ki'Oni. 
 iiry, 17-'.-.', and ail"-r a Ilf'- oi iinsnllit'd ;.dtiry, lii' 
 died. II I>' .. i!il..-r. I?*;*. 
 
 rnili*rul <H)\i riiiiKMit. A j{ov«'rnincnt formed 
 hy th<» nnioii of >4.»vi'ral sovfrciiin >-t itc-*, rarh 
 state fi^'ii'LT np a |i<M'ion of Its [Miwcr to the 
 c'iMitnil liiilhortly.and yid retainhi;; its (Mtwers 
 of '•elt-'fovorttnii'iil. Thi^ {jovernaient of tlii' 
 t'nilt'd -^tat"--! i-u f.flei-.d i.'ov«rnin.;it. 
 
 FiMleriiliot. Tilt' name of a political party In the 
 I'nM.d '*lalrs, i.iniied in \7<'i, tin- nu'ialM-is of 
 which elainird t<» he th.- p< .-nliar Iriet.d.sof tin- 
 constitution and fed t nil ^,n>vernriient. The 
 most 'li^ll'ii^iilshed leadiisof llie feth-rd partv 
 were \Vu-hln>rton, Adams, Haniilton, and .1 >y, 
 the l.',.l:'!u' hderdi-t states wt-ie .Massi. 
 uhnHells and t onnet llcnt, supportisl Kenenilly | 
 
 hy tho nthrr New Enjjlund tttatos. Oppotwl to 
 this parly, W"Mi' Jellerson, Mudliton, V -t : w, 
 Ituir, andiiaUatin '.lepiihlicans), who werucalanl 
 antldVdnalist-i. iind cliarjied with heinj; Indif. 
 fereiit or hostile to tlK'ciiti'it itntioniind ^'Overn- 
 inent. linrin^ the coMtests of tho Fremli revo- 
 hillon th<* ledeinitist.s leantnl to the Hide of 
 Kntxland, tho repn.iUeanH to that of Franco. 
 The r|iNH«iliition of the hdeml purly was luts- 
 teaid hy na.-on ol its opposition to the M^cond 
 \vaiMlsr2) lor indrpendeneo. This war came lo 
 pa.ssprinctiKUIy Irom tlie unjii>iclulms of tiivat 
 ItrUain lolheri«taof soai-chiiiK American ves- 
 ttclM for UodortefH and UrlUsh -•'amen. Ah a 
 nnie<ly for the eviLs which tho fedemlists 
 cliariredovera-tainst llietfovernment tmaccuiint 
 ot the war, a convention was held (commencing 
 IJth Deci nilier, isllj al Hartford, Conn. This 
 Ijody rccommenueil Ck'rtain mt-asnres fo tho lej^- 
 islalnre-sof ihiMiLsteni ftatos, hiokinK to a limi. 
 tutionof tho iH»\verof tho fedoinU government 
 over tin' mililla of tin .-tales. It also prop<ised 
 Heveral ami'iidnicnts to the conslilnthm. Itut 
 thelalMiisof tile convention W«ne bion^^litto ti 
 cht.se hy t la'iiewsol t lie treaty of peace l»ctween 
 111'' ruitcd States andtin-at Ihilatn, si>fnetl on 
 the'ilth, ninth day alter the as-emhliii;,' td' that 
 hody. The i)M>ral and visible elfcit of this con* 
 venlion was felt alittte later when In Ks.H), thu 
 f.'denil party wa.s completely disbanded. 
 Kenian .Ui»v<Mnenl, Ai. oi;;aiii/at ion btai'ted In 
 the liiited >tates ,u Ids, aiwl atliibutcd to 
 Jame* sii-phens, whit comiiu ncd the work of 
 lenlanism in this country by lak'n>.'advanta„'o 
 of the military or;.'ani/ation of the states to 
 li.ixe Irishmen armetl, nnifornied. and drilled. 
 Before the war of IsCI-o, there was formed n 
 >i>!ei*el army of tliiify thotisand lli^htlii^ men. 
 The lenians litu^'lit bravely dir'im; that war. and 
 toward the *h'-e of |si^;, Ihey a-sinnei! a civil 
 eonstitiition and e-tal<li-<h"d an Irl.-h lejxihlte 
 in Amvilea after I he mode: ..f lin' I'nitcd SlaU's, 
 lor the pnrt^>-.eof brinfiin;;aboiil "the rr^uireo. 
 tion of Ireland to indeiH'ad -nt nationhood.*' 
 This idea iHiittribnteil tt» John *»*Mahoney, the 
 llrst in-ejiidenl. In .January. \^l\ Ihemeuiljci^ 
 of tin' b'ni.in .s<a'i**ly resolved lo include Ire- 
 land. 1. upland, aiul all lis depeiiileiicies within 
 the scope of 111* ir oprntiiolis. Slepheu:^ and a 
 Ktmn;^ hand <if oij;:'::! '"rs translV-rrud their 
 aelivily lo I re Ian 1. The tlr.--* funian rovoln. 
 ti. mists were arrested hy tin; I»"itl^i' ';overn- 
 nienl in ScpteiulHn' of tliat year. o'l>onov.kn 
 Uoss;i po.s,ses.ses I le hlsturie renown of liavinjf 
 been Ih-slarie-.ted JaniesSleiihens.as the head 
 eeiitc! of ihe mo VI meat, was at lerwaiil arrest. "d, 
 and hiscM-apc Irnu custody wasalh'i t"d by U.e 
 aid of fenians. Since Is7\ when the land b-a^fue 
 w.Ls formed, it i.s i>resiimi!d that fenianism 
 enteietUnto till) working powi'r *»f llie league, 
 and i*slix)ii;^i'r now than the land iejiyue proiter, 
 a^n'picsented by Mr. raruell. The Ulslnatlonal 
 conj^ressol iheb-niun brotherhood w;ts licld in 
 ('hieai<o, ,ld N(«v., H..;, when uboul la.lNM) fenlauH 
 W.-re re,ireNent» d. 
 Fifly-ftxir Forty or Fii^lit. An exproHStlon u?'ed 
 durin;; the noi Ihwe.sirrn boundary dispute t liat 
 anme soon after rre.sidenl Polk's inaii^nritton. 
 The tire^rmi quest l<m, hs it is called, was llrst 
 1101101*11 ilia ptiblie manner by rresiilent Tyler 
 In hi- imssa^re to cotiuri>s, ,'ith DminlH'r, IMi. 
 Tht' territory of the nation known its theoie-^on 
 territory, lyin^r "ii the i'acille »K*eaa, north of 
 till' flirty -second de^^n-e ol latitude, w.ts chiimed 
 in jKirt by (iieat Ihitain. In Hl;{. a liii: wua 
 lurried thron^di tln'senati* hy a inajorlly of onOf 
 for laMnjj iHisse^siim \>t the whole of the di>. 
 pnlcd territory, but I hi' hou-e refuseil to concur 
 In this measuit'. In his mi'ss:i;;'.> of Is^i.l, the 
 prcf^ident. (I'ylei) asserte-l iIm' claim on liclialf 
 of the Inited Slates, in re^'uid to I hut territory, 
 to the tmnillel ot :d de;4. 10 tuin. north latitude, 
 and .lames K. Polk was cleitcd, in Isil, tw one 
 dispoKfii to insist njM>u the .'d di*;;, I't udn. par- 
 allel as the bound. iry of uri'^on. It was under- 
 stoiHl that the rniled Status were to absorb Ihe 
 
 whole of tho territory— the whole or none, 
 "W-40 or flRht." However; tlie new proaldtMit 
 felt that It was best to act In the lijiht of previ. 
 ons eflTortA at coni|)romlse, In consiKiuenco of 
 which tlio forty-ninth iwinUlel wa."* to bo tnc 
 northrni limniriary of the territory of Hit 
 nation. Finally (Is June. IMC*), all jirevloua 
 ctfort.s having fjiiled, an adjustment of the 
 northwerttnrn Ihumdary dNpnle was reaehml by 
 m(*an<«oi »i convention, proposed by the nritLsh 
 ndnlster. which decided n|M>n thr forly-nlnth 
 dt*icre*of nor:'' latitude. From the Htand|»oint 
 of thoseopi»osed to compromise, this wiw "tlui 
 back-ilown frmn.'>4 4a." 
 FillbuKtor. A corruption of the English free. 
 boctor or bnccanrN»rs. " Filibustering;," a cant 
 term mneh used 'vf late yeai-s in tiie lej;islative 
 assembliesof the rnited states |o ileslgnate tho 
 emi>loyment of |>arliame itary tactics to deteat 
 a measure, by nilsin^ frivolous questions of 
 onior. callH to the liouse, motions l(» adjonni, 
 etc., in onler to weary out the opixisite [Kiiiy 
 nnd to |?iin time. " FiMbtihters," Ihe imme 
 given to certHin adv^ntureiN; the most noted 
 lllibuMer was William Walker, who led an o.\pe. 
 dition against Nicarij^ua, in IsVp, and succewlerl 
 in maintainini< himself in that country for 
 nearly two years, but was at leii;;lh expelled by 
 the union aiurainst him of tlie other Centml 
 Ainorican Mtatos, Walker was Hubse^iuenlly 
 taken and shot at Tni.villo, in Centnd America, 
 in HK», wlien enf,'ax«'d on another tilibustering 
 t'.Tpedilion. 
 
 Finu4iclul l*anlrH. The tinancial Iiistory of tho 
 C(nuitr>' was marked by distress in IHU, wlien 
 rnllod States treasury notes were seventeen 
 per cent below p.ar. The situatiim was a^^^ni. 
 val*Ml by the peace i>:irty, whose leadei-s per- 
 Miadi'd the n<*-I -n hank'* loiifpiire ih.it the 
 noleson Honth'i '1 hanks, then in tle-ir pos-scs. 
 sion, ha redeemed. In lsj:i, the linaiicial dilU. 
 cullii's were *"ry serious: paper money had run 
 down lo .Vt per cent, there liad lieene\ce.sH of 
 imp^utalion, American staples had declined In 
 loreiy;n countries, cott<»n and brea'Istulfs were 
 down .lO jwrceBt, and thei-e wasgeneml business 
 ihliression. 1:. >^il the distre.'^s was jjreat wirst 
 of the Alle^lianie.-s farmei-s w<'re unahlo U) pay 
 their debts due to i;oviiniuent at wi*t idiK 
 i>tliee.s. Con^ros ^milled relief by permitting 
 jwrtions ol land to be surrendensl, ami tne 
 money |Kii 1 over tube apjil led on the i<*matnder 
 to secure It. In Km. a cmsh came on the heels 
 of a Mi'f pension of tlie New York banks; many 
 other banks went down, corixinitions shut up 
 their wor';»i, business lum.ses lailed, the products 
 of the farm declined, and credit jrave v.uy lor 
 want of eontldence. This crisis w;m duo to 
 excessive t-pecnlatlon, laix»? importiulons, and 
 businc-^s depres-ion for want of capit:il. (^di- 
 fornia felt tlio stniin of depp ssion in February, 
 InV). Anj^ust 'Z4, K^7, the Olilo Life Insiininco 
 and Trust company failed, many hanks soon 
 suspended imyments, nil owinj; to land and 
 "rallroatl " si>eoulat ion. Septemlier l!i, t87:t, the 
 linn of J ay fixjk ,t Co.. of Philadelphia, failed, 
 i'rojn wdiich ii Ki't'ct^il llnancial i>:inle came to 
 |K*s.*, destroying con.idenee, thronln/ working? 
 {H'ople out of cm}>loymenl, 2>i'«>'l<iclng stagna- 
 tion and misery. Ttio causes iissl^neil in this 
 case were v:.rious, including reckless specula- 
 tion au'l Increasing cxtrava;;ance of the peojile, 
 too libeml iJ'i(>ortiit ions, careless coatiiicts, etc. 
 Many |R'ople lost all their ciiuhly iMissessions, 
 and Jolmsl the army of tramps, and the dull 
 tread of that army, little ii*duce<l in numlrt>rs, is 
 still heard in the laud. 
 
 Flrv-outrrs. An epithet nnich ns^wl In the n«M'th 
 before the war of Wd, and applied to the ad vo. 
 catps of strict sc»uthern views. "Southern 
 extremists. " 
 
 Freeilmikn's Iturpnu. .A bureun that congress, 
 :td Maivli, lHi;'t, esiabllshcd for im-eilnjr Ihe pi-rss- 
 ln« neislsof the freedmen, and helping Ihem lo 
 secure some of Ihe blesslntrs of education, 
 tienend O. O. Howard w*)is at the head of this 
 
e lOiiKllsh fico. 
 "Ifiiiif;," 11 cant 
 1 tiio hxlilatlve 
 l()i|i'«|gnntrtlio 
 actlcH to <liil>-at 
 IS <icji>>lloiis of 
 >'is to mljoiini, 
 opiKisIti' iKiify 
 '■^." llir imiiie 
 li" iiiiMt noted 
 lioli'il iin o.ipe. 
 and Hucieedert 
 t oountiy for 
 tlieijiellud by 
 otlitn- Ccnlral 
 
 HIllwillUlMltly 
 
 ainil Aniprica, 
 '• llliljnHteriiijf 
 
 rinnni{s.''lon. Tliii fioiMlinun'it bank, ii;ivins 
 bwii ('>4tal>llsli("l litter tlio war for the iimimiI' tln^ 
 iMnancipatcil, bccanii', lhron;,'li iriklips man- 
 uRiMiicnt. 11 faibnv In ISTI. Thron;;!) InvcNtiKa- 
 tlons in Kit' Willi ri'KanI lollii' iiuit lor, no bluinu 
 coiiM 1)0 (*liarix(*(| to tti(> eoiiiiiils8lont'i'. 
 Frci- Noll rurly. A iHilillcal p;iily wliU-li, as an 
 linnifiliato result of tlip a;?ilalion of tii" W'llinol 
 pro\-iM», wiH foniHMl In ISIH. The imrt y noiiii. 
 natiil Martin Van Uiircii for pri'.slil.ait ami 
 Charlrs Fnincis Ailanis for vlcn -prt'slihnit. 
 Tlii'S'* ranili'lati-H roL'oivi'il llii-Hupport of nearly 
 m>f»*> (<vv.~'i-'<-:.,, oi.t the wliitf party, coiii- 
 IKiMi'd of those who wi'i'fi ilinrfatisllfd Willi tin; 
 condiicl of alfairMniiilf.r 1 he so. culled tlenuH'nitie 
 parly, lanied tin' elcilimi for Taylor and Fill- 
 iiun'i*. In IKVJ, the free.Hoil paiiy named John 
 I', Hall', of New llaniiwliire, lor pr'-Hldeni, ami 
 George W. Jnlian, of Indiana, for vlee-prcsideiil. 
 Theie candidate.^ received I.V),(<i^ votes. Tlie 
 whii^Hiind free.Hoiler^i- the latter liavinj; nonii. 
 nuled .Seott and lirahaiii — wero iletVated by the 
 Htrai^lil.ont denioerit'4, and Genenil KranUIIn 
 I'ierce.of New Hampshire, and Williani IE, Kliij;, 
 of Alabama, were elected lo tile otllci's of presi- 
 dent and vi<e. president respectively. 
 And then the question of f.eiisoil, wlint shall Ijc 
 the fate of that:-' I nresnmc llieriMire here Honie 
 fri?e-soil nn'ii [Ves! ye.s! all frec.soill-I mean 
 those to whom the iinestion of cMeiidinK or 
 restricting slavery out weighs all other consident. 
 lions. — llonicu tfrei-le>', N*'\v York, Sept. 'J7, l!^!."^. 
 FiieltlvK Slavn Ijiw. .\ law enacted In KVtas a. 
 liart of the compromise measures of that period. 
 It provided for the return of any slaves who 
 inlKhl have escaped. This law wasodlons in the 
 eyes of ev3r\ nti. slavery man and woman of 
 the north. 
 GenerHl Asstinlily. .\ represeiitali\*e body in 
 wdiieli is vested the power to enact laws; as Illi- 
 nois ^:eiienil assembly, 
 Gerryinaniler. To (l.x tlio poiitlu'.l divisions of a 
 state in siieli manner that one party may obtain 
 an advantiifie lor it-self, as a^nuiist it.s opponents. 
 . . . Deiioimces tlii> rtetion of Ihe lej;isla.iire 
 in red i strict iiij< (^eriAioanderinj;) 1 1 le st:tii' solely 
 in the iiiteifsl of the demtieiatie party a-* aii 
 Httompt to ilisfmnchise IIKMKK) volei-s, .mil as a 
 crime au'ilinst sutfiii^e wliieli sliould be relnikiHl at 
 til'' poll sal I lie iic.xt election. - K.\t. Keporl (irecn- 
 baek Conveiilion, Mnbeily, Mo.. May :vi. l-^*:. 
 (ioverniiient . The lliree bmiu'le's which consti- 
 lute liie j^overnineiil of Ihe Tnited statcit, 
 Tiiesc arc- le',iislativ<', exccutivi', und Judicial. 
 The followlii^f are ipiotiil ions Irom the ledoral 
 constltntiun: 
 
 LEOISIATIVE. 
 
 .Article 1, section I -.\1I leplstire powers herein 
 ^riMited, shall I';- vested in a conf^ress ot tlie 
 1 iiited stales, which shall consist of a senate ttiirt 
 u Iioii.se of representatives. 
 
 ICXKIITIVK. 
 
 .\rticlei, section I— The eieeutlve imwer shall 
 be vested in a president of the L'nlted States of 
 Anivrion. . . . 
 
 .IIPICIAI.. 
 
 Aiticle .1, section I - The .ludiclal jiower of the 
 United States slrill be vested In one stipi-eme 
 court, and in such inferior courts as the connres^ 
 tuny, from lime to time, ordniii and establish. , , 
 Grnuge, or l*iitriiiirt of lliishiaiidry. An or^uil- 
 zaiio. of the a.;ri'nltiir.il interests. It orl:;i- 
 nated In \Vashlnj;ton, I). ('., In Wi', nnd the llrst 
 Kraii^ie was estalilishcd at Ilarrisbnr^, Pennsyl. 
 vaniu. The j;miij;e, as an order, is opposed to 
 all tlieextreinoaiid oppressive s<dieines of per. 
 8on.sor<'lasscsaciin);f on thepri'senleomiietitive 
 system. %Vllhre»?ard toco.o|M'nition, tlie L-ninj^e 
 is favonibly dis|H)seil, and the national or^aiii- 
 zatlon has re|K>rtfMl In favor ol Incorpor.vled 
 aMuciiitioiis of that class. The grunge advises 
 buying as far us pmetlcable from tlie pro.lucer 
 and nmnnlaetnrer, and selling to the lon-nmcr. 
 If iMissible, itiifl declares empiiai leally ill fcvor 
 of buy In;; and sell inj^ for cash. It Is a rule of tlie 
 {{ruii^e to " neither fear nor court coinis'tition." 
 / su |K)l!tical party, llie j:nim:eisi met with the 
 lalmriHK '»en at Cleveland, Ohio, in Maicli, |s7.i, 
 and adoiited a phtttorni of principles as cxjircss- 
 Ive of the views of the i^r.in^e imrty Ihronch. 
 out the c.iiiiitry. The older has many branches 
 
 111 the various statics of tho union. Men and 
 women stand upon an eiraal fuottnt; as imuu- 
 be IS. 
 
 (ireenhuck. A form :;f i«per money, Issnetl by 
 the ledenil government. The act autliorlzln^ 
 the Issue of Kieen backs says that they ".shall 
 al.so be lawful moiiey and le^ai tender." Tlu^ 
 honor of the addition of the term creiMiback lo 
 onr vocabulary is Justly attribiitalile to Salmon 
 r. Chase, .secretary of the treasury, Isiil-I. It 
 was chiefly his |Millcy that carried the nation 
 thiiniKh tho war of that period. "Green, 
 backer," an advocate of greenback or impcr 
 money. 
 When he was nominaled by the Kreenbackcrs 
 
 this fall, evervbody iauKhed, but thiwe laugh best 
 
 who laugh last— Uiitler thinks.— Chica^u Journal, 
 
 .Sov.lP, ISS'i. 
 
 GreenlMi'k Reptililican, orneinncrat. A repnb. 
 licaii or a democrat disposed in favor of legal 
 tender (government) paper money. 
 This increases the repiililican membership of 
 
 the house to liy, or, coniiting 11, e six greenback 
 
 republicans, to I.W.— ChiciBO Inter Uueim, June 
 
 :t, l.ssj. 
 
 Gubernatorial. Vertaining to n ffovernor. 
 
 "Hall Coliinihia." National ode of America; 
 written by .losejih llopklnsoii. In the Duiiiiner of 
 I7!ts, for a young actor, named Fox, to render on 
 his beneiit night. 
 
 Uair llreoils. An epithet, used to distinguish 
 those of the republican imrty who were friends 
 of (!arP" d and liisailniinistmtion; followers of 
 niaine, '.d other prominent men behinglng 'o 
 llie tiarllcid faction, (ipposed lo Slalwurls, 
 .vlileli see. (See exlniet un'ler the head of Inde. 
 pendents.) 
 The election to.day Is properly lo bo regarded 
 
 asa pitched battle lietween the stalwart and the 
 
 halt'.breed wings of the reiiubllcan party.— New 
 
 Y':,K llenild, \ii\-, 7, I—-: 
 
 Half >luve and Half I'ree. Said by Abniham 
 I.iiicohi. See llcpublican party. 
 
 Hard Cider and Log <'aliin Campaign. The 
 camiiaign of isui, which resulted in tlu' election 
 of WllUani Henry Harrison for priMldent, and 
 John T>'ler, for vice-president, \\.is »i!ic of tlie 
 most exciting, jolly, and Interesting if liny in 
 the history of tiin I'liited states. The demo- 
 crats noininateil Mr. Van Ibiren for re. elect ion, 
 and the iiimlittonisis naiiisl James li. Ilirnev 
 lus their candidate for president. Tho or-itors 
 and iournalsof the democratic party rlJl'.'uled 
 the w higcandidate for president (Harrison), and 
 callid lilinan oldtiranny. One of the editorial 
 fraternity nnwlttingiy wrote: "Give him a log 
 caldn and a barrel of hard elder, and he will be 
 content on his farm in oliio, wliLie iilTairsonly 
 Is he capable of inanaging." Thereupon the 
 whips took lip the cry of hard elder and log 
 cabin, and the hitler became most appropriate 
 and eflcctiinl me.ins In Joining tlie issue In favor 
 of tlie wliigs. Log cabins wero raised and haril 
 cider was drunk at tho various meetings; a 
 paiM'r with tho lillo of Log Cabin was )iublisliod 
 by Horace <;reeley, and 'he music of Harrison 
 gleo.clnlw was echoed and re-echoed from liiU to 
 dale. At the larger meetlnssor l«rbiK'UOS, the 
 jieople were fed during the d»y without charge, 
 on which occasions animals were roa-sted bod. 
 lly; log cabins and barrels of hard cider were 
 mounted on wheels and drawn by oxen or horses 
 in the processions. It wasdiiringtliis campaign 
 that the expression " Tippecanoe aiuTTylertoo" 
 wassoimiled In song, a stanza of which is here 
 given. 
 " Wluit h;.s caused this great commotton-mo. 
 tion.niotion 
 
 Our country llirough? 
 II Is the ball aixilling on 
 For TiplM'eanoe and Tyler tw», 
 For Tlnpecanoo and Tyle.' too; 
 Ami with liiiii we'll IhmU little Van; 
 Van, Van, Van is a ustsl up man, 
 And with lliein we'll lieat liUle Van." 
 To this song was 'Hided th"s.> other well-known 
 lines, which are co'iiinenioi'atiV' of the whig 
 victory in the stall of Maine- 
 
 have you hcartl bo' 
 wont? 
 
 It went li I bi'iit 
 For (Vovernor Kent, 
 For Tippei'iinoe and Tyler t(xi,"etc. 
 Hard Tan. In tluaiiclal afTiiirs, hurii money— 
 gold and silver -or hard. money basis. "Com- 
 ing down to hard iiaii," s:iidof a reti, "ii to specie 
 payments. 
 Haril-sliell Drmoerats. ■see S'lft-sliell Di'tllo. 
 
 cnits. 
 Hickory. See Old Hickory. 
 
 " Higher Law." .\ii expression used liy Willlain 
 H. Seward, In a speecli on freedom In the terri- 
 lories, delivered in the rnltc'l States senate, 
 11 March, ls.'i0. 
 
 " It is true, iiid I, tiiat the national domain is 
 
 ours. , . . idit there is a higher law llinii the 
 constitution wlii. Ii le^ul.it'S our iitithorit v over 
 thedoinalii.aiid devotes || in thcsami' noli'le piir- 
 iKises. 'i'he territory (California) is a iMirt, no 
 Inconsldenible part. "of the eoiiiiiiiiii lierllHgo of 
 uiaiikiiid, bestowed ii|ii,ii ilieiii by till' creator of 
 the universe. We are bis stewar'ds, ami must so 
 iliscliartre our trust as to eeme in the highest 
 attainaljle degn-c, their happiness." 
 Honorable. Meni'iers of l.tdli litinses of con- 
 gress, and of stale legislalnres, are st>.ealle<l 
 from cmrtesy. Tlie title is extended lo heads 
 of departments of tlie governmeiit. 
 Hotheads. ReiMiot partisans. 
 
 Ten days of the time of igressan 1 thousands 
 
 ot dollars of pui'lic ii.'Ui y Ii.im' been inisspeut 
 mill wasted by IMli Springer mid Ids fellow hot. 
 heads and tlciiiagoLrues in bolstering up a most 
 seiindalons iiiteiii)it lo cheat a majority of the 
 voteisiof acongre^slnii-il district out of repre.siai. 
 lati.'ii, etc.— Chicago Tnljunc, June .'i, Iss-i. 
 
 House. See Seliule. 
 
 HuiiltiTS. .\s pertaining to the ilemocratlc party 
 of -Sew York, In \M7, a seiuanite body of men 
 who favored the election tif Genenil Lewis 0as3 
 to till' presidency. OpiHised totholjarnburners, 
 who iiominaleil ,^Ir. Van Buren, See Barn- 
 burners. 
 Iiiipeacliinent of President .Tolinstin. .Articles 
 of linpeachnient were agreeil upon i>y the house, 
 •Id March, NW, and preseiiled tothesenatoon the 
 .'(111, Spccilications were liased u|h)ii the presl- 
 dent's removal of Secreiarj' Stanton In riolatlon 
 of the tenure of ofllee bill, his expressions In 
 public spe.'cli**sof contempt forcongress, deelar. 
 ing the thirtj-niiilli not a constitutional con. 
 gress, and his liindrance of the uzecution of 
 stitne of its acts. The honso of reprcsentatlTCS 
 has solo powi r ol liiii>eaclimcnt, and the senate 
 lias sole j)owerti>try all impeachments (see art. 
 l.iecs. -iand :i, const.) The trial bei,'aii"i3 March, 
 ami closi^d '2il May. In the Boiiato the vote 
 stood: Kuilty, .T."!; not guilty, l'.t. So the preal. 
 dent was iicfinllted. 
 Independence, neelaraliun of. See Diilar:itlon 
 
 of Independence. 
 Intlcpentleiits. Those who take a stand regard- 
 less of party, and who are not subject to bias or 
 liartisan influence. The term Is idti'U applied 
 to those who break away now and then but do 
 not entirely aliandon their party. 
 In Pennsjlvanla the liidependents deliberately 
 iiiudi' up their minds to turn I he si at cover lo the 
 tlemocrats nitlier than to see their |Kirty used for 
 the beiicllt of one man.— Chicago Journal, Nov. 
 '.I, lss-.>. 
 
 As In all clTli wars, a good ni.iiiy i«'oplo who 
 heart il\" say, " .^ plague on both your lionses," 
 are yet" tori'-cd to tak'- siilcs. and Iliiis we see some 
 bid I'e rolls s peclacles, such as t lie Independents and 
 civil si'i'vice i-efornurs voting witli the half breed 
 muchiiie, au'l marching in eileet under the ImiiTier 
 of .Mr Itlaliie, who luia as:<umed the Icadei-sliip of 
 the half breeil army. 
 
 The liidei«'n<lentfl who unwillingly vote with 
 the Itlniiie macbliie lo defeat I be Mtburor Cam 
 eioii maeiiiiie still give no signs iliiii iliey am 
 riMitIv lo aliandon llie republican part v. -New 
 York Herald. No\. 7, Iss^. 
 liiliatlonlst. One In tavor of IncrcitstHl issues of 
 
 paper currency. 
 Iron-elad Oalli. Theoiiih which those engaged /' ' 
 In the late war against tho ledeivl government I 
 wero ii'Miiirtsl to lake, In order lo legniii llieir \ 'j 
 rights of citizenship. St> called from Its being 
 dlslastefiil to them. 
 
 ^ 
 
 .«Jkit^)^HR 
 
, '» 
 
 m 
 
 t -I 
 
 I 
 
 rOLITICAL HISTOUV OV TllK UNITKl) STATES. 
 
 ' IrrpproiwUilf t'onlllrt." Sulci tiy WIUliiiii II. 
 Si'wiinl. Sec Kcpulilliun imrty. 
 KaiiHusuiid NXiriiiikH. Arii'r till' iin)|mao(l ooiu- 
 
 piOniUlMif lUlfl, Wllllll »!H Sllnil'rit In CllllglTH!! 
 
 In l.«iO,'-*rii MiH-ioiirl ('<Mii]iriiiiil»*i'), tlm Hluvery 
 (inrslion roiiiiiiiiril ill iil>ryutu-r iiptil IMil, wlii'ii 
 Kavld Wlliiml, 11 n'liri'si'iittitl/r fi-iim ri-iinsyl. 
 viiiilii, ftllriiMl what Itfi-uiiiM known iwtluiWil- 
 nidl priiviso (wliii'h Hpr). Thlti pi-niKiKitlnn wns 
 folliiwi"! Iiy till" t'lMiipriMiiisiKpf Kiil(wli|pli «ri'), 
 lit wlili-Ii timt' tuiotliiM* tiMiipormry NOttli'iiiunt 
 was eflv-cti'il. .January i"t, KM, tlm slriYrr;' qiu-n- 
 tliin was ri'iipcnnil In ron^rrwa hy Stcji ipn A. 
 DoiiglA.*. Hrniitiir from Illinnifi, who rp{virt«^U u 
 bill (i-alh'!! tlir Kun!<tis-N<'!"-«iika Mll)<ir);i nlr.lnK 
 t<'nlt<irii<(if K»n>>».i iinil I^plirmsha. TIh' ctfrvt 
 of oiifi of tlmdct'liijiis wft.4 to repeal I ho H l«'MMirl 
 winipnuMiMii law. Tho propotierl hlU eauaod 
 lnt<nHO fcnlinK In thfl nation, hnt w»i i(1u|it«d 
 liy Ihonpiniti', MHr-h 3, unrt tiy thn hoi in May 
 29, licini{»ppnivoil liy I'rfnlilrnt Plfn'P, SI May, 
 l^<ft4. Tin* (loclrine of impiUar HOTcrrljinly, lut 
 spcrlnlly »ilr«iui«l hy Mr. DullKlvfl, wiw IiimiItliI 
 In the K«n.«.M.!1<<hrMki> hill. It wM thr iilcjt of 
 tin- Illinois MPniitor, who nMcrwanl rwrivril the 
 imnK' of •' Utile Khiiit." th«l the ixiMil.' of «ieli 
 .itatr or ti'irito-y shunM lie alloweil to j^oTcrn 
 thriiirf^lTc* in their own way, and ho opjxiHeil 
 llip I.econipion oon^tltntion Itocansi* it din not 
 r -present tlie will of the pcoi>lo of Kansn.-*. In 
 the presidi'iitial c'aTii|«i«n of IsiV), Ilie "little 
 jrlftiit " was noiniimtiil us candidat4i lor presi- 
 (U'lil, and It'll otf nndiT tlio iHilitiottl ilnrtrini' 
 III' had proniiiltfnti'd, that ronprresiilmii no jwiwer 
 I'ither t'l sanrtion or lorhid aliiTery in tini ti'rrl- 
 lortiti. T!ie stniKj^lr for and iiKainst Hlavi'i*>' In 
 Kansrw WMS ti'rrilili'. iind i-ontiiiiii-d until the 
 hi'-tnniii^ of till! fivli w.ir, in l^u'd, when that 
 slat» rami' into the union. S'-ii Iioi-ili'i' Ifnfllans. 
 Kiwc: <'fitti>n, or Coltuii U KJn^. A phntsp iniii-h 
 ns(.il i,y sontiiiTU iHxipli' lip to and a yi'ar or two 
 allT Ihi- hr.'al;iiii<ont of ihewaro.' lt^l-.\ Tlu'y 
 sai'l till' north roiild not ilo withont cotton, and 
 that it w.nild I'VontiiallT triumph. 
 KiintT-nidliinffs. Thi» niiinii of a si'cret political 
 I«irty whioh oriuinatid In is»Vl. The |iurly, or 
 ratlirri-oi-ii-ty, aistati'd hy tlii'Ni.'W York Tinii'M, 
 was llr^t fornii'd hy a piTson of Monio ni.torlrty, 
 wliooaili'd hiniHClf Ned llililtline the wrlti'l' of 
 sea storii'S. Ned was once a niidshlpninn in the 
 I'liitiil states navy, hut li'ft the sei'^-ien and 
 coninii'iH'i'd till' hiisiiKss of loiindin;; a si'cri't 
 order, of so I'xi'lusive a clianictur tliat none 
 weri' to he adiiiitti'd a.s nu*iiilN'i*!< whose (,'nini|. 
 fulheri were not imtiTes of the TnltiMl StateH. 
 Ned jjKve instriietloiisto his followei-slori'iiiy to 
 all 11 nest ions in respect to the inovenientaof tlie 
 new p;Arl>' " I don't know." Sothey were at fli*Ht 
 called ilon't-knows, and then know-nothlnfci, 
 hy initsMlers, Ttie Cni.sader, a party op,^hii, 
 pHnted the priliilples of tlie society as follows: 
 liepeal of all natnrallr.iition laws; none but 
 native Aiiierieans for ofllce; a pure .\nierlcan 
 roniiiion selusil system; war to the hilt on 
 Koniunisin. In the year I'^j.vr, the slavei*y iinoa. 
 tlon h:id assumed imrumount iinivirtiince, and 
 the civil wur between the flee state men and 
 the pni.slaveryltes In the territory of Kansua, 
 soovei-shado-:\ed the public nitiid, that foreij!n 
 citUenship was for(»otien, und the know.noth- 
 iuifH as a Ixidy disaii|s>aM'<l. The nearest ap- 
 
 proach to kno\r-no(liini;l.sin or A ricanUtn, In 
 
 Is-Vi (as Indicated by lln' name), was the Ameri. 
 can party, whose nominees for president and 
 vice, iiresident were Millard Klllmore, and 
 Andrew ,1. Donclson of "ennessee. In that 
 year there was a ^'enenil i-xi-itenicnt, and crush 
 of IMihiieal elements, which resulted in the com- 
 plete annihilation of the Ainericun und whij; 
 IMirlies. TlierouiKHi rose the Uepiibllciin |nrty, 
 whi'-l; see, 
 Kiikinx Kliin. A secret jvilltical orgnnlzation 
 that arose fnnn the preJuiUeiis of iinrr'coiiciled 
 l«>r*oiis in some |xirtlonsof the soiitli. It orlj^i. 
 natc<l In the Htnte of Teiines.<ee, presiimalily, 
 early In the year iHBU, und houu ulterwurd 
 
 extended Itrt nieinbership and inUchlevoun 
 liithieneo over various Heetlons. The ulle>;i'il 
 object of the kliin wiw to redeem the »outli. 
 Alter its fashion 1^ opjMisiHl the enforeeuieiit of 
 the reconslruction iu:t.s, and endeavonsl to 
 maintain tlic dominion of Ihii while race iis 
 aptliist Mie eoloreil race. Hie mule )iortton of 
 which hitler were enfniiicliisisl by cflect of the 
 llftceiitli amendment, SO Maix'li, IHTO. Wilhln a 
 few niontliHof llH Incepliin the niinibeisiof the 
 various divisions of tlie kian '»ere l)icriY\M>il to 
 a total or.'WO,(KIU persons. Later on. Hie |silitical 
 lUipiratioiiH of the klan weri'Kiven up, and mem- 
 liers of tlie order abjuidoniMl thcmselvei* lo 
 Hcheme-sof imtraguand miinler- May :il, ISTU « 
 ixiiijfressior.al act was pas^iHl, whicli provided 
 for the jtrotectlon of the lately-cnfninchlrti'd 
 ooluri'd men, as aKUiust the " laiUdozlntf " pni. 
 punslllesof thckiikliix. In February followiag 
 a striiim'iit act was (lassed for a similar piuiiose, 
 and on the third day of May, I'TI, a pMclama. 
 tiun t^ilnst llio kian wus Issued by ri-i>.-,i(lent 
 lirant. During the next year C1S72) efforts were 
 made to exiHise the kian. .\ conimlltisi waa 
 upiHiliiterl by I'onffiess to make an liivestiKution 
 of tiiekiikliix mystery. Many witnesses wcro 
 examined by this committee, and the fact.s were 
 revealed us perlalnin,i< to the existence of llic 
 ktiklux bands and their horrible doing's. 
 Lerotnpton Cnnstilutlon. An Instrument that 
 was fniiiii"! in co'iventlon at I,*'com]itoii f.ir the 
 Htute of Kansas, In September, IH'7. It pnivldiHl 
 forllie iiilrodiiction of slavery, and at an elec- 
 tion III DecemlieralMiiit l!,.i<K) votes (incliiBlve of 
 many fruiidiilent ones) were cusi for It, The 
 free slate men refmlneil from voting, until the 
 elertion, till .laiiiiary, |s.")S, when the Lix-< niploii 
 coiisUtiitlon was voted down hy lii,(i(XnimJovUy. 
 In .Inly a froo constitution wim uduptud ut 
 Wyniidot. 
 
 I.eiril Tender. See (Jii'enbai'k. 
 
 I><<Kiiilature. Tlioliody or IxidlcH In natAto or In 
 the I'nltisl States veeted with the jviwer ol 
 maklntf laws: thus, the novemor and general 
 as-senibly co'.stltnte the legislature. The pn-si- 
 deat, Uoii-s*' and nenate constitute the uatioiml 
 livl'latiiii'. See (lovernment. 
 
 Let the I'nlon Slide. An eipre*«lon usdl during 
 a deliate In coiKrniis bv lieneral Tlatiks. 
 
 Uberal Itepubllcanii, and Oemnr rat.i. Those 
 niemlM'i-H of tlieold jiartles who iwrtlciiiatiM In 
 llie new deiuiiltire movement of l^.», when 
 Horace (Jris'ley was nominated for president by 
 the llbeiiil repiibiicnn. ut rlnclnnall, and the 
 demoerntaat Ilaltlmore. T'lelilHTil republican 
 nominee for vice-president, II. (ii-atr. Iln^wn, of 
 Missouri, wa.s also Indorsed by lip* deinoci-ats. 
 Tlieseeandirlates were defeati»il at the election 
 by the reijiihir republicans, who hud renomi- 
 nated (iener.il (Irniit, 
 
 Liberty Cap. .\ piiikivl cap placisl on the lii-ad 
 of the >;'sldi'ss of liberty. "I.ilH'rty Pole," u 
 lla^-statf surinount4Kl with the symtiolH of 
 liberty. 
 
 LlVerty Party. SeO .Mmlltlon of Slavery. 
 
 VJttle fiUnt. StuiilM'n A. l>ou;,'lns, who wn.i of 
 fc'mall stature, but a »<reat onitor. See Kuiihils 
 and Nebnwka, and DemiM'mtlc |«ny. 
 
 Lobby. The individuals who frispient the 8|Micn 
 In a hnll of li'^^isiation not iihinI by regular niein- 
 IjerH. (Se<! I.oi::rolliii)?.) 
 
 Indeed, the lobliyistH and loifrollers around anil 
 In congress an' aceustonied lo rei'kon iijion the 
 thermoincler in the middle of .liine every other 
 Hiimnier, niueli ii-s they reckon on twelve o'cliH'k, 
 Mnn'hl, In the altunmtu yiMini.— Now York^)Ull, 
 IfW.!. 
 
 I.«eofoeo. .\ term iijiplled lO the ullni deniiM'- 
 nic.v or lory i>arly In the I'll It I'd Stall s. I.iieifi r 
 luati'lies were lerineil locofocos, and theupplicu. 
 tlon of the wonl lo this iiartlciilar |s>lltlcal 
 XHirty arose thus; In t.-^'U, a cerbilii iiiimber of 
 the extreme deiiiis'nicy met at Tammany hall. 
 New York, and therehapiM'nlii^;atrre;it diversity 
 of opiiilon, tho ctiairman left his si'at,andthe 
 lights were e\tln(?nlshed, with a view to ills- 
 sol vo the mevtini;; but thoso In favor of ex- 
 
 treme ineaNureu pn»areil loeofoco inatchos, 
 
 reklndleil the lli;htH, cont4niie<l the meetliiK, 
 
 ail'l uc<:ompllslleil their olljei't. 
 
 I ask IheseifriH'.iioliers) what ho|H' they liavn of 
 
 keeidiiK slavery out of calitoriiiaund New Mexico 
 
 with (o'lierni (Slss presidi'iit and a Iim-oI'ih'o €*on. 
 
 xres*r lloruoeHreeley, New York, Sept, •/!, IMH, 
 
 I^icmlllnic. A ciislom peciillurt<i liimlierreKloniL 
 
 In tlie lo^Klni(cam|Mof Maine, llie several ptir- 
 
 tieHlielp each otiier at loTnilllii),'. In fMilltiea, 
 
 the term denotes an exchange of voti^s lietween 
 
 imrllen, iu onler to can-j- Ihroiiith citraruKaut 
 
 meofliirea In which they are liiteruNled. 
 
 Withall hia extravagant nolloiis, (General (irant 
 
 amothereil a bill of this kind (river and harlKir), 
 
 when only one.ililrd ot the present umoiiiit waH 
 
 aiipro;irta'te<l; and the n'Hi>oi'table |inv4M, wilhout 
 
 illstini-tion of iHtrtv, Iihn Ims'ii more deciiUsI in 
 
 condein.'iitior, of 'this loh-rollliiK Jcbberj by 
 
 means of which miilioiis arc uiiiiiially siiuanilered 
 
 and Htfilen, tlian of any othvr nieii.siiru before con- 
 
 uresH.- New York Sun,' May H>, \!Vi. 
 
 Marhlne. The hoily of politichins belonftluf; to 
 
 any party, who aim to use the pisiple for aelUsh 
 
 puriMises, Inst "ad of serving them In thelroITIcefl 
 
 iw they should. 
 
 lle((iov. romell) wiw sintrleil out for defeat by 
 the Art hur.ronkiin^ machine beci.iise he had 
 declined t'l use his otilcliil iiiliiu me In favor of 
 I onkllnu's re-election t.i the senaie and liecainm 
 he had liroken away from till' miicblne. . 
 The repiiliiicjins of New \'irk have ri'Klstere<I 
 their luolest ui.'iilii'-t fi'deial and iiiaehlne liiler- 
 ference wllli an einjiliasis mat inakeH it flnal.^ 
 Chicai o Triliiine, Nov. |s>fj. 
 
 It may Im' said of this Hint It Is the way iKKwea 
 of eiiM-tion iiiiiciiiiie.s alwiiyiy talk. The shrewd 
 Imish iilw:iys says "the pei'iple " when he ineanH 
 the ni'Mlijie.or tla' cabal of jirofesslonal jtiolit l- 
 clans who iiuiiu>4{u tliu miu'hine.— chlciiKo 'Times, 
 Nov. l.'i, IS-.-:. 
 
 Uulne Ijiw. .\ law enacted in \Mt\ and amended 
 'n ISM ill tlie stale of .Maine, beiiiK tlie fli-st to 
 pni..lliit the .sale of Intoxlcat ini| liiiuom, anil 
 lieconilnKci lebnited for her lei;:slatlon on this 
 Kuhject tliroii„'li tlie active etlbrls of lieneml 
 Keal I low. I'he Maine law was adopted b.v otiier 
 8t vtes, iiotalily Kansas, Out of Mi cities and 
 .owns 111 Illinois, M'l wore n()-llc>vniiu place:iin 
 
 IS(«I. 
 
 Muann and IMinn'a Line. A line ;BI dr-urees, 4.1 
 mliiiilesaii'rxs wtsinds north lutltuile, estnb. 
 Il-'hed in I7i;4-T, by Charles .Ma.son und Jeremiah 
 Dixon, two KnKlLshmalhematlchinsand nstron- 
 oniers, In onler lo divide the disputed question 
 of Isiundary 1)1 twix'u I'ennnjlvanlu uiel Mary. 
 land. 
 
 Muss Meeting. .\ p'liera; meetlnt! calhsl for 
 some siiifial pni-iKise; llrst t^tlkeil of during the 
 )Militlcul cuni|ulK» "f l'*<". when Ilarrlsin was 
 electi'd president. The term now ilenoteii any 
 lan^e me^'tin^^ without regard to iiarty. 
 
 Messuife. In t he Cnitt'd states, a communication 
 Iiy a 1,'evernor or the prcHldent, on state afluira, 
 to Hie b'^islatiire. 
 
 Mississippi s<'heme. In AiiKUHt, 1717, John Law, 
 a linincierand noted Kumbler, obtained jiennlit- 
 Hlon from Fninee to start the MissisHippl com. 
 puny, a wheme which had for Its object tho 
 juiyiuK off the national debt, und the enrlchiii); 
 of It.s suiiserilH'r!!. Finally, l.aw'a entablish- 
 Iiicnt wa-s cn-ated the Koyiil Uiiik In 171s, and, 
 In I7'jii, he wan nomlnatisl coinptroller-generHl 
 of (Iiiance. Hy iiMsiKninu Louisiana to the Rank 
 of Kmnce, S(»l,n(io hIiiiii'h of ii'i'i each wei-e added 
 to the 1,2(10 slmeHofii'icieaeh, which latter wei-e 
 for ltsli'(,'itlmati'pur|Hisea. .\flei ward the farm- 
 Ini^of lol)ae<'o, and theexcliislve trade lo Iiiillu 
 wcreconfernsl, on wlilcli .')<i,(«i') new sharea were 
 cn-ated, and llnaily It conslsteil of iidii.onOHhnreH. 
 Tho p"ije<'t iHH-ame extravai^actly isipular, and 
 every one apiHiiiiMt anxious to convert his (fold 
 and silver Into |iapei; but tliebubbie.it length 
 biii"sl, and many tliou.stnids of tamil es, onco 
 wi^illhy, 'R'ereiwlnceil loiMiverty, Lav liecaino 
 the object of j^enenileTecml ion, und wax obllgc<l 
 loipiil i-'nuiee. He wuiidered iilKiut tiernumy 
 during Heverul yeurs, and died in li)dlgen*:0 at 
 Venice In 17;i. See South Sea nubble. 
 
 Missouri ('■■■i|>rainise. So-called rtMin an act of 
 con;;n'SM paasisl in |s-J(), anil ajiprovitl by I*refll. 
 dent .Momuo, oth March oi thol year, by wh 
 
riK'o iimtehna^ 
 tliu meeting, 
 
 ' thf»y havoof 
 il Nrw Mexico 
 
 |iH'n|'(H>u ot»n. 
 <*»|it, 'i7, IH4M. 
 mlMTroRlona, 
 
 Ti) iMiUtlra, 
 ot*fl l>pt ween 
 rx|p*ra«ant 
 
 (t4>(l. 
 
 Jt-nrml <irant 
 'athl liftrlKM'), 
 uinoiiiit wuM 
 
 riVMt, WlllHIIlt 
 
 I' (l^Ttdwt in 
 J<I>l)fr» hy 
 ■' miiiandri't'd 
 e boforo co». 
 
 roLiTicAi. iiiarouv or the united states. 
 
 Hl!*fionrl wnA permlttofl to enter thn union as a 
 
 Hluvc-holtlln^ Htut4% with tlu^ OfcrotuK'nt that 
 
 aiiivcry uhuiiUl l»o fonivnr pmhiliitv^t lit Ihe tcni- 
 
 t^irir^ of the nation lying noi-th of latltuUu liH 
 
 tWiXr*^'H :m> Mtlnuti'S. 
 
 Monroe Durtrlne. Tn IttiK.duringlho pnwidenry 
 
 of .luiiiiM MonnM\ thn SpanUh-Anu'rlran (*o|n. 
 
 nh*s having fought their way to Indciwnilpnt'c 
 
 lis i(gal"Mt 8|ittln, thry wrrr itTogni/.rd iih iir* 
 
 tiid)*;«'ndent i)ow»>r by lln' rnltfil Statn«. In 
 
 hlH annual nifanagotot-otigroNsln lH-2.1, tho pretd. 
 
 d^nt pnx'.iaimwl tho < ch-hnitcd doctiino of noii- 
 
 '.it^rU'r«n('rt, an follown- ''That hh n I'rtnfiplt* 
 
 thf Ainerifan contlni'MtM. hy tlio frtM' itid liidi'- 
 
 pcndont |M>Mltl<in whlrh thry havnatu-iiintHl und 
 
 maintuinrd, ara lionrcforth not to !>«< onHldtred 
 
 iiH fliihjfirt4 of fntui'ft colonlKatlon by . ny !- in>< 
 
 )>f«n |K)wftr." ThU dootiine U attrloiii4>d to 
 
 Adams, who wiw aocretarj of uial' under 
 
 Moiir*>e. 
 
 Morgan. ** He'aagiMMl enough Uiirgan," wn.s huM 
 
 !iy H prominent politician uimhi l>riug nMnindn<l 
 
 tliat the dead IkMj found In Mflgam rivov would 
 
 not (tOM tor Morgan. The phnxsft irt applied to u 
 
 n-al or ttnppoiHDti Irlrk or im|ioHltlon, |>artlcn- 
 
 InrlT of a jiollticnl niitiire. Sro AntiiiuLsonry. 
 
 Mormnna, "Mormon War." \ H4>et of religionu 
 
 fi»u*lt.i<^ ♦hat liBj* arisen wltldn tlie prewnt gen- 
 
 «>i*<«tI<\T.\ Rli'i pitnrd ovrr many eimrert^. Itn 
 
 rinnr^tef Vi^.? Joseph Smith, an Anierlcnn. Uilg- 
 
 (i;*5tt!^'3&ltr^ aucoreiletl, after the dwith of Smith, 
 
 t')l3is^^»l.of pntphflt, and retnlned It until hlM 
 
 death, ni Bait iJtke city, ju August, ih77. In 
 
 I'cbrwiry, 1W7, an at nn-d ImmIv of Monn'ms dis. 
 
 perae<1 the United States diMrict court, in T'tnh, 
 
 iukI o)>only ucIUmI iho Itiws of IU<* milion. 
 
 hfM'ttUie their territory wiw not udmltl4-d ti.i ii 
 
 Htato. PrcaidiMit Hnrhanun a)>|)oint4Nl Colonel 
 
 Cnmmlng governor of the territory, und sent 
 
 lr<MiiM to suppnwrt the r«t>rlllon. Young l>*Hued 
 
 a nuinifeJ4i'», and iletennined on n«drtlanee to 
 
 nut lout*' iinthorltT. hut Tlirn the Kovennu' 
 
 ■:-..> ed there, in April, lf\V<, Voun^,' tonrluded t4i 
 
 Hunender, and «o th»t " Ihjmion w:ir " 4'nile(l. 
 
 Aftern'maiuing for atlru4*, the t!-<M»))H, tn May, 
 
 ItW), left \\\v terrilijnr. 
 
 Nation. The 04iuntry at large More Btn-nslm^l 
 
 lM»*n liid on iliis tenn hy Aiaerlcana shuv the 
 
 win- of l-r.l-.v 
 
 Nutlotial <ireenl>»ekera. The Mdvocatca 4>f legnl 
 
 tender or ;;<ivern*nent money, 
 
 I detiiiind Ih;it th:it <1ollar shall h(« Issued hy tlu) 
 
 gctverumeiit iiloue, ... I want Ih«t dollar 
 
 wtamp'd ui«ui siuue convenient ami eh('apmat4>- 
 
 rlftl. ... I also desire tht^ dollar to Im* mado of 
 
 Huch uuiti rlMl for the ptii i>o^e that it shall tievia' 
 
 he 4'Xi»orte(l - desiiuh'.e to currv on' of the r-Hni. 
 
 try. . . I desin- ihitt *lie <I.,;! ir ^■o i-,^M.-.l .-^hull 
 
 ne'ver l»e r^deenu'd. . . . For eouveiueuf'e only, 
 
 1 pmiMi^r that the didlar si» Issuetl <4lmll iHMiulle 
 
 eipial tt». or ii little Indter, than the pn'smt uv*r 
 
 Uk'e;;"M doll.irof the woilil, . , . so that when 
 
 all th"' pnip -tiv of the (otinlry adjusts Itsi-ll to II 
 
 !iHii meiwureul* vulu'? It shall rcinahiallxtNl staml- 
 
 ar<l forever. N. V. Ileiuld reiM>rtMiM*«eh of iionend 
 
 II. F. lluller, IS7.-I. 
 
 Native Anierlejinn. The na Me of ii im>1 tieal 
 IMrty that had ri nhort exlsten ^e, innn IMl, and 
 was founded u|M>n thn notions of Individuals 
 who utlvociited the rights imd privlU'g**^ of imt- 
 Hitu* Iktu In tho l^nit4'il Stat4>s, as opifused to 
 those of forcignivH. It proiHist'd uu extension 
 of the tenn 4>f residfUU'e reipdnMl by law pre. 
 ceiling udinl.sslon to full eitUenshl|; fnun seven 
 (o irt cnty-one year-*. Ttii-* party ^ive way 
 iK'foro the know-nothings und the Anu'rican 
 IM.rty that lollowe<l in IHM and IHOtl msiMH'tlvely. 
 See Know-nothings. 
 
 Natarullzuthtn. The act of cimferrlng n|Kui an 
 iilien the rlghls and i)rivileg(s of a native 
 Inkahltant or eitlzen. Aliens nuty iHt'onw rill, 
 zona 4)f the I'nitiMl stales after residing in tin' 
 nation live years. Fir-<t ntituralir.atlou art in 
 the colonies W1U4 thai ■ aj^>ed ly the assemtily id 
 Maryland. A law of this kind was iKissi-d hy 
 congrr . .M Mareh. ITao. 
 
 Negro I:\4m1iis, A movenntit fnuu Ihe .*oulh to 
 tho Htute of Kansas and other nonliern states, 
 cointiicncuU In Mandi, 187ll, und ctuUluueil for 
 
 Roverul yinirs; cnusml no douht hy tho hard cou< 
 dttlouNof living In the south. 
 New Knglitntl dtnfederatluii. The union lorintr<l 
 l»y I he .'DlunieH tor Hclf.protfCtliui UMu/^iinst the 
 Indians and French, In H^iil. 
 Nleknanies of tttutea, Clilea tiud I'eople — 
 Arkan.Mu*'- Hear Htutv. 
 Alhiulu tiatciity. 
 nulllmon- .Monnnnuilal city, frutn tho fnuid 
 
 nionumenlK. 
 Itoston Athens of AmcriciL Tho lIuU 
 Ilro4»klyn— City of Cliurchra. 
 Uu1Iiih>'<^IU4>en city of the lakes. 
 California- (-olden state. 
 (*anacla Canuck ; u Canadian la ko-<.>&1Icx1. Also 
 
 written Cannuck, and K'nuck, a French Can. 
 
 ad Ian. 
 Chicago (iardenclty. 
 Cincinnati— ijue4<n city (»f tlw west. Turk. 
 
 4)|Mdifl. 
 
 Cleveland— KorcHt city. 
 
 C(dorailo-C4*ntennial state. 
 
 ColumhliA- l*almett4> city; tho capital of Hfnith 
 Carolina is H't.calliMi inun the armn of the 
 atnt", wliich contain a lulmetto. 
 
 ronneetleut-Illu4'.law hlate. Nutmeg or Free 
 stone. I. ami of sU'iuly hahlts. 
 
 l>4'laware Ulamontl state. Itlue Hen. 
 
 netrott- City 4if tin? slmllM. 
 
 Florida I'enlmtula st«t4'. 
 
 (U'orgia- F.midro4if the south. Cniektuf*. 
 
 (Jul t states - Florida, Aluliuum, Mitwlsslppl, Loui- 
 siana, and Texaa. 
 
 Illinois I'niirle or Sucker state. Nntivtw ealh'i 
 Huekers from the hahlt. In early days, 4>f such- 
 Ing walrr Irom crawllsli liohs with holhm- 
 wei'ds. Southeastern i»<uti<ui culled Kgy|»t, 
 fnnn fertility of the S4>11, autl alh'g4sl nu'ntal 
 darkn^^M. 
 
 Indiana MiK)Mier, a c*)rruplion of the t4'nn 
 hnslur, ai'plird to -ongh nn'n from Indiana 
 who exhililted u t1is]K>sit Ion to hti-ili ui* their 
 4>pi><uients. Applied hy the K»'ntnckians to 
 n4'lghtK)rH In Indiana who res]K>nd tu u knm'k 
 (Ui tln^ door, '* Who's ycre?" 
 
 Indlana|>ol is— Kail road 4-lty. 
 
 hiwa llawkcyo stale, fnun old llawkeye, an 
 Indian chlet". 
 
 Jayhawker- A cant nan.e f(»r a lawless or other 
 aoldier not enli<"ted. 
 
 Kan.sas- Jayhawker, or (ianlen of the west. 
 
 Kuntucky lilm* gnt^s, 4»r l>ark and hloody 
 ground, Corncrackers. 
 
 Ke<)kuk (Iowa) (iatc city, fnnn Its jajsltlon on 
 the .Mississippi river, a natural center of navi- 
 station. 
 
 I,onWla:ia Pellean state. Cr«S)le. 
 
 I,..ulsville-^FallHcily. 
 
 Lowell (Matw.)— city of spindles. 
 
 Maim'— Pine Tre4f state. 
 
 Massaehusetts- Original name, Moaauchnsctta 
 Hay. Hence, Ihiv slate. 
 
 Michigan \Vi)ivrrine. 
 
 Mlnnes4>tu tJoiiher, or North StJir btut<>. 
 
 Mls»iisHl)ipi Itayou state. 
 
 Ml'tsouri Ihilllon state, from Senator Hon- 
 ton. who was jKLrtlal to eoln nnuiey. 114! was 
 called Old Uullitm. NatlV4's an> nicknanu'il 
 I'UKes. 
 
 Montreal-Clly of the Mount4dn and the Kai)idd. 
 
 Na.-hvlili'-City of Itocks. 
 
 Neviida Silver. 
 
 New I'.runswick- Illne Noses. 
 
 New llam)».sidre— (iiiinltu slate. 
 
 Nt'W Mavcn (Conn.) City id" Lima, 
 
 New .Iriscy Jersey Itln*"*. 
 
 NiMvOvlenn-*— ''ri scent city heeauseof ltaHhai>o. 
 
 New Yotk Uotham, so-ea'.icd Iroui theallegcd 
 o4hl trndilion disp1a> e<l hy its luhahitants, A 
 dcsi-«>ndant of one of tlie old lUitch families 
 wasealied a KnIckerlKHk4'r. (New York was 
 tli-st setlh-d hy the Low Puti h, in If.ll.) 
 
 New York (stat4') Kmpire.or Kxc4'lsior. Knlck- 
 erlMM'ker. 
 
 Stulh Carolina old North state. Tur|K'ntlne. 
 Tar Heels. 
 
 Nutmeg stnt*— Connroticut, on Account of tho 
 
 story tluit vtNxlen nutnutgsare manulacturml 
 
 there for 4'xiMM-tat ion. 
 Ohio Ituckeyo Htiit<% from the huckcyti tree 
 
 which grows there. 
 Oroffon— Weh-foot state. 
 I'ennnylvania- Keyst4U)eHtat4>, from ItMc^ntnil 
 
 ]M)fittlon as regurdn the 4)ther4)rlglnal statea. 
 rhllailclphiu-V^uikor city. City of Brotherly 
 
 LoTe 
 IMttahurgh- Iron city. 
 Portland {Malm-) Forest city. 
 QuelM'c (;lhi-ullur 4>f .\nierloii. 
 ItlHxIe |slai><l Litth'Uhofly. 
 San Fnineisco City of the (;olden ilfttO. 
 SprlngHeM (in.)-Flower city. 
 South Candlna- Talmetto Plate. 
 St. l^tntU' Monnd tdty, from themound.i found 
 
 there l»eforc Ih^ city waa huill, 
 Tennetwee— Mudhcuds, the natlv4^sof tliatntate 
 
 arnsoxalled. Big Uend state. 
 Toxaa Lone Star, fnnn the single atar In the 
 
 center of the flag of that stutc. iloetheada, 
 Ton)nto — City of C4)ilcge«. 
 rp-C4tuntry— In New iLaui}>9hlr4;, used ou tho 
 
 coaj«t. 
 I'tah — .Mormcm. 
 
 Vermont -!;rt'*"-u MountAin atiitr. 
 Vfrginla— Old i»omlnlon. Wln-n a colony, th*» 
 
 king 4'uU4>d li "The Colony and Dominion of 
 
 Vlivlnla." Mother of Stat4'H. 
 ^Va^hlng1on— *'lty of ll(ignlflc<!nt I»Utance8. 
 West Virginia— Panhandle state. 
 Wl«*c4inHln — Ita<lger Ntat4», 
 N4>rtli. In a i>olitlcal .sens*', the northern statof. 
 or those states lying north of Mason and I)ixon*fl 
 and the .Missouri compromise line. 
 North Americana. Those of the Anu'rican or 
 know-nothing p*»t-ty In the north who were 
 op|H)se4l to slav4'ry. 
 Northwest TerrlU>ry. The c4>lonle«of Virginia, 
 New York, Mas«>a<'hurt4'ttH, and St)uth Candlna, 
 nt an early 'lay, lu^pil red claims to lamls ex tend- 
 inis' from the Atlantic ti» tin* raelllc. In r.s:t, 
 -■ongress nrgtsl ujhui l!H*44'colonles Ihe necessity 
 of yielding Iheir siM-t-lal claims In favorof tho 
 I'nited colonies. Virginia ucc<»rdingly ceded 
 her claims t4> the northw4->l4'rn territory In 
 March, \7M. The claimsof New York were like- 
 wis4! c(Mle<1 to the rnlt4'd *x»lonU'H, and tho 
 wcatern lM>unds of that 4'4)lony were described 
 by "u line from the luu-tJH'iLst corner of tho 
 cohtny of Pennsylvania, along thenortli l)i>nndR 
 thereof, t4> Its northw -st (■orn4'r, eontinue<l dtu) 
 west until It shall he intei'sected by a meridian 
 line, to he drawn from the lorty-llftli d' gree of 
 north latitude, thi-ough a isilnl twe.ity niilca 
 dvuj west from the mtist west<'rly oent, or incli- 
 nation of th" river, 4»r St nil t 4if >l:igura; thence, 
 by the said nn'rldlan line, a> tho fortyllfth 
 degr4'e of north tatitutle, th4'nee by the siiid 
 forty-tlfih di>,'r4'e u( north latilude." M:i-shi- 
 tluisetts eeded Inr 4laim, in April, 17s.>, to all 
 lands W4'st of the line alK)ve 'uflic4Ue<l. C4ui. 
 ntitlcut. In Sept4Mnh4'r, 17HI, cedeil ull lands 
 within the limits td hergrant lying r^) ndles 
 w 'St (tf the western Nnnnlary of I'(?nnsylvanliu 
 Sou^h Carolina, in August, l>7, surrendered nil 
 luT right t4) lamls W4'sl »d tin? '*halu of numn- 
 talns, which a4'i«imt<'s the ea,stcrn from tho 
 west4Tn writers. So the Ciiiti'd colonies ah. 
 Hcu-hed all the landn northwest of the Ohio, and 
 a goveMnn4'nt tor the northwest territory 
 iH'Ciimc imiHiiithe. This latter waselfccted hy 
 th4'Celehnite4lnnUnaneo of 17f^7, which see, see 
 CotnuM't icut Kescrve. 
 Ntillfflenthin. I»lvers4« Inter4'sts which involvml 
 the imrthern and sontlurn scellous of tho 
 Cnitisl states In frei|Ui-nt and 4-xi-illng disputa- 
 tions and eon tent ions, were elearly Indicated In 
 tlu' single Instance of the *' nnllllleatlon move. 
 ment." During tin' tlrst term of I'reslditit 
 Andn-w Jaiksim, the tJirlir (luesllon iwsnnn'd 
 fpilte formidable proixutitm^. Tho south hud 
 no manufactures to foster, and ikKiHossetl a sta- 
 ple article wl ;ch It desired tt) sell, there:'or4' It 
 
1) 
 
 »■ * 
 
 ( 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 1: 
 
 1 ' . 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 ' 1 
 
 i - 
 
 1 ' 
 1 ' 
 
 ^^.-^c 
 
 I'OLITIC^VL IIISTOUV Of THE I'NITED STATES. 
 
 w»«opixinr»l til II prntci'llvii lurllT. On tlioiNt 
 toi'itli .lanuiin , Hai, UdImiI V. Ilayiic, i-imjuldr 
 of Joliii <". CaMlnllll, iliul Ncillllor flnim *«inUll 
 
 riiKilitiii.fli'Iivfri'il liU ^rt'ut H) ( h In l;iv»ir <if 
 
 niillilli'iitiiin.iinil tlir r< lilinili'il reply »( nniili I 
 Wrlwli'i- w:w iiiail"iiii Ihi'-lltli. I'ri'slili'fit Jack- 
 
 MIII.UlM iMIKjIH't, Mill Apl'll, tlllci-l-ll 111)' I'ilUliHIH 
 
 tiKwt: "iiiif iVili ml inilDu: It iiiii-.t lie pr<'- 
 ktvimI." In 1 •;■.', Iiavln;^ n>iic|ir(| tlio )ii>iiit «»1' 
 I'Xtrc'iii.' i>pi»ntlliiii I'ltlii'tiuiir, iirli. ■ Iniii'iiHcd 
 mtiMif (liilli^, wliirli cniif^rK?*'* liail liihl, thr stuto 
 of Smlii I'uri'llmi, In convriitliiti, Nnvi'inluT 111, 
 mtUri'il that llii' larilV acln wi!ir nni'unstitu- 
 tleiiHluirl \iii<l. Thar Mt.ait' at oiiro pri'iiiiicfl ti> 
 H'slst till- iiatiiiniil aa'iiiiril/ Iiy fiirt'r cif iinii^j. 
 ProcKuut Juikiioh, iiivliiK 1 "I'll rciliTtifl, In 
 IH.1i, WM III iinic" ami (l><tui'iiilnc'(l lucxi'iutu 
 tlirlnws, wlili'h I c ilil by prdclaiiiatlim, Issiiril 
 Dtrciiilicr In, ii'.'l an (inirr for (Ji'iionil Srntt to 
 pi'tMTrd t«> « liarlr-tini wllh all tlin nallonul 
 troops 11' irr liiri loniiiiaiiil. Ilr also t-ciit a vi'S- 
 8rl of war to tliat ])ot-t,anfl luul tin* It'iulnxof tin* 
 
 UlOVPIlHMlt illtorilll'll ol' lli.l llllMllloll to Hcl/e 
 
 and liuii;? IIkmii as hooii um tl<"v tilioiild firotliu 
 first xnn atraliwl tlii' iial:' iiitliorily. Tlio 
 
 danger of ili-tiiii ion wa-*, I'oi .!..■ Ilinr, avrrteu. 
 Ilrnry Clay pro|K»''iH| a i-oiiiproiiiise tiu'a.<mro In 
 tlip form of a laililMII, uliali prcn iiliil for i 
 tcrudiial ri-ilni-t ion of dutli'.^ daring till' follow iiifc 
 di'Ottdr. Thf iiirumirn laa-uiiiu ii law, .Mairli -J, 
 I-,tl. S.-o stain ItiKlilM. 
 OIHe'#*-lioM#T. niir Avli ) liolda an oIlliT iiiidnr 
 Kovt-rninont. oileii iii nd as a tt-rni of rrpioai'li, 
 "Ofll<OMikii-,"oiu> wlio Htrlvcs to (-it ft puMIc 
 
 |>o«ltioii oiolllci'. 
 
 Old .Mm-. MiiiiliHiii IliK'oln wa.'iKo.i'alli')!. Diir. 
 
 tiiK tin' war of N;i-.'Miil()i4'd jit'oplc of tin' south 
 
 (\dlrd lilin Ma«sa I.lnkinii. 
 OIH I'oiO'. One who 1.1 not iiji to thr spirit of 
 
 the aj,'!'. 
 Old Ilh'kory. liciicrul Jmrkson. picshhiit of tin- 
 
 I'liilc-il Niati'S. Socallnd Iroin Ms t()iij;li iiatiiri', 
 
 and Ills lnt<lllr*:ciit flriiiiw-s. I'arson IJiownlow 
 
 wa-- lallt'd the IlicKoi\- iih'.olilsl, 
 Onr-liorap. A Ipnii applird toaiiy siiiull coiicirn ; 
 
 as a oni'dioi.-i' hank, onchonir town, rlr. 
 
 Till' twin iiiisi- of Kan-as, innv tliut 1 hr iKjitli-r 
 riiltlaiiB have stopiicd i-avuRlnR hrr, »ri' laml "pri-. 
 Illation aiid onchoisf iiulltltiiiiia,— ]lo:itc'0 liree. 
 Iry, IK.'.ii. 
 
 On 111 Uli'liiiiond. A phrusc hillcved to have 
 
 orlKinalfil with Jlr. I'itz Ilrnry Wui riii, ilsso. 
 
 <lat« odi;or of llin Nr» York Trlhiinc, who 
 
 wroti' II, " Korwaid lo lilcliinoiiil! " TIn-cipies. 
 
 8lon was jMipiilarlztMl usaliovc, 
 
 I wlslilohr ilistlintly understood as not st-rk. 
 
 Ini; lo lie irliiviil li'oiii unv ii'spoiislhilItT for 
 
 iiri,'lii(,' thnadvanci-of thr union ;:iniid army Into 
 
 Vlrtiniu, thoimli the onal-.' |ihrHs«., •• 1 orwaid to 
 
 Hlohinond!" isn.it minp, and Iwnnid litivc i.if. 
 
 furred not to llimte It. — lloruce (Jri-eley, .Inly 
 
 Onllnunrp of t7Hr. Tlin rclrhniiiil ordiimnoe 
 tind artli'lrs of coini^K't, us fninird hy thr run. 
 Krrits of till' Anu'rlian coiilrdrnny. I!y thr 
 ado|itloii of this mra.snii', l.i .Inly, I7s7, a liiiriiH 
 wu«r»lahl|shrd for thr u'lVi'innirnt of tin' vast 
 nrrfhvrrst Icrritoiy. Tin- arllclrs of thr roni. 
 part piovld.d lorrrlih'ioiisliri'dom, llii' hnicllts 
 of the writ of hahnis corpus, trial hy Jury, t'tc. ; 
 for thr I'hriairaKi'inrntnf .schixiln; for Just treat, 
 mriil of thf Indians; and liy theslxlli and la.^t 
 »rt|rlc fiirlialr any "slavery or involiintai-y 
 servitude exeept li.rei iiiie," nlihlii l!ie IkhmiiIs 
 <if the tiiiltory. Artlair St. (lair was eleetrd 
 Iiy loiDjn-ss, .')th (X'tolicr, ITHT, aa the tli-st (.-over, 
 norof the niirthweHt trnllorj'. .Sec Northwest 
 Territory. 
 Orlcin or the Nnmes of htHtPR- 
 Alalaiii.i conns f.-,.|„ aiireek word, 8l)?nlfyin(t 
 
 " Till' lai d ol re-t." 
 Arkansas isd.nvcd from tlio Indian word Kan. 
 
 ««, "smoky Waiei>," wltlilhe Fifnch proflz 
 
 of ark, " a liow." 
 CaJlhiinla, from aspiinish TMnanre. In whieli Is 
 
 deM<rll)(«l "the Kreat .sland of (all lorn la 
 
 where an iiliiindance ol gold and procions 
 
 stones urc found." 
 
 rolonido. ruddy or Wooil-reil. from the color of 
 
 the wai cr of I'ului vlu river. 
 l,'onne< tleut'ii WM Mune^D, ciwllisl originally, 
 
 (^inn.*di.ta.ciit, -iKnlfymg "a lonj; river." 
 IH'Iawai.- derives ltd name from TlKiiiuui WcHt, 
 
 I.onl K« lu W.irt', povcmorof VtrKinlu. 
 >'lorldu K«li> lis naiue from KiiM|ua;t du Klorcn, or 
 
 " f'etwt ft the llower*." 
 
 IlUiiois' name H derived fhini lh« Indian word 
 
 -mini," men, and the Frendi alllx "oIh," 
 
 nm..liig "Trllwof men." 
 
 Indianit's name chdm' froui ttut of the Indium*. 
 
 Iowa sihMillles, In \'Mt IiidUii \A,ig\Mge, " Tho 
 
 drow sy ones." 
 
 KansiLs t-s an Indian word for smoky wat<ir. 
 
 Kentucky, iUs<i, U an Indian name, "Knin. 
 
 tnk.ae," signifying, at llie lieail of tho river. 
 
 Louisiana wiu isi nainni in honor ' f I.oiils XIV. 
 
 Maine take:) Its name fn)m the jiixjvlnieof .Main, 
 
 In Fmneo, and was iwi.c«lle(* In eoniiih.iient to 
 
 theiinevnof riiarlea I., Uenrlelta. Its owner. 
 
 Maryland recelvi-t lt« name from tit;" nmeii of 
 
 Cluirli-s I., Ilcnr'- 'fa Maria. 
 MaKsaoliuselt«, fr thcind; agiw '^, alfpl. 
 
 fy'm; ''i ■ • oupl .i u» • i 'ill' 
 
 ilU-: . ir - nam. \ ■ .'^ . »( .-"^lu tl 'i;.':e,the 
 Iiiil.a'i name fur i ■' •.•;•)■, o ' ^ whuh tlio 
 shajK) of tbc I ' .e »>...■ ' . -J 
 Sllnnesoto, an i- kin i ." '"t.i'.Jy wafer." 
 
 .".:'ssi,,.ilppi deriveil ita >. . .• fttnn ■'■■ .if the 
 Kreai .'ve!., which !», In th." Natch ,; 'UO, 
 
 "The Katherof Waters." 
 Ml.ssonrl i.s an Indian name fur mtiddy, liavlnK 
 reference lo the inuddincui of the Ullssonrl 
 river. 
 .Si'W llainixhlre — flrst called Laconin — from 
 
 llami<ehire, KngLuid. 
 New- Jers^-y w*.i3 naiiM^l by one cT Its orijflnal 
 proiirieton'. Sir tieorgel'arter, alter the Islainl 
 of Jentry In the Itritbb vliaiiiuJ,of which liu 
 was Kovrmor. 
 New York wa-ss«> nami^l asaconijillincnt to the 
 Uuke of Y'ork, »!ii.-e lirother, Charles II, 
 KRinlLsl him that territory. 
 The Can din:i-s Were naiiitsi In lionor of Charles 
 
 I, and (■•'Orsia In honort.f CUirles II. 
 Ohio Is the 3liiiwue« name for "The beautiful 
 
 river." 
 on'Kon, from It* river. In Indian mi'aiilng 
 
 "i:nerof Ilie Wi.st." 
 Pennsylvania, as is tieiicrally known, takes Its 
 name from ^\ illUuu Tcnn, and tlw word "sil. 
 van la " tni^nln); wmwIs. 
 Kiiode Ii.kiiid gels lis name from the fancied 
 re^eml.lanceof the ULuid tottiat of IlhiKirs In 
 the ancient Levant. 
 Tcnness>'e Is an Indian name, meaning " The 
 
 river with the i.:>f 'nern^" 
 Vermont, from tueGr«'n mountains. (Krench, 
 
 irr/f inunt.) 
 Vlr.finla ftefs Its name from «,'uren Kllzabeth, 
 
 the iitiTnarrie*!, or Vir,;iri Qnfrn. 
 West Virjrinia is simiily a i«<'U(.'ru)ili|eal deslfina- 
 tlon Kroin ltj» «liai.e, the northern jKirt Is 
 call..; " I'anlandie st.ite." 
 Wlscoi: 4ln*s name is said to be the Indian name 
 for a wiM rushing channek 
 IVeulb>r InatHution. Said of nngro slavery, 
 
 wlili'h was peculiar to the 9«jiith. 
 Pfrkhi^s and Stealjnir>< reniulsltiv of office, 
 
 will' h are not always lioni^tly obtained. 
 I'latfurnt. .Vdeclarscon of |'iinci|>Ies to which 
 mrmlK'rx of a political |«rtr declare tlii'lr adhe- 
 sion. 
 rnlltleal Capital. The means of imlitlciU ad. 
 viincement. 
 
 ojmlar .Sovereignty. The 1 1^1:1 of the whole 
 |ieoiile to i-jrtleip«ite In forming the constitu. 
 tion, and iiiuctini; the Utws under w hich they 
 arc to live and hr which they are to be gov. 
 erned. "S<i natter sovereignty," the right of 
 Hinalti rs li; a territirjr of ti.e (iiittsl States lo 
 form and lej-Miiati- their own 'iomestic relations 
 inllielrown vsy , the^4|tialler "siverei^insof Cal. 
 ifonila voted ur.iinst slavery, and entered the 
 union as a free state. See Kansas and Nebraska. 
 
 Piv- flmpllnn Klghl. The rikdit Klven tnsettl 
 of piiljlU' lands, to purchase ilieiii In preferonea 
 toothers. Inorderto maintain this ri^ht, Mm 
 pre.eniptoru'iist haveeiei ted a house or entereil 
 niKin the work .if Improving tho land, of which 
 he Ii!iH taki^n jiosseiislon. 
 I'resldeiit. In the I'ultud. States, tho chief ezeou. 
 
 live oi the nathin, 
 rrohlbltlonUt. one In fovor of iirohlhltlng by 
 
 law Mill sale tif alcoholic iM'veruges. 
 I'ro-slnvery. In favor of slavery. 
 KuK llnliy. The Iditt of niakliig greenbacks tha 
 le^'iil. If not the only, money of the nation. 
 opiHisi'd to nullonal.bnnk money. The green. 
 Uickers I'l'^^ard the jireelous metals as cumbrous 
 and expen.dve articles for currency. Sf Na. 
 tloiiiil (iriS'iiliackerH. 
 Itag .Money. Paper uioni-y. This term was 
 aplilled to lhogiiM>nliiick currency by the hard. 
 money press. 
 Ilebelllon, War of. See Slaverv War. 
 Ilrd nog. An epithet applied 'o certain tiank. 
 notes, uiion tho hack of whirl tho f ini .i i 
 sta'ai) was printed In red l.k. 
 V st ( f Lake Ichl^an we never had a |iH|ier 
 doll. ir that ^vas worth exactly as iiiitch asagold 
 dollar. . . . lied dii^^and Htnni)i. lull were the 
 di'scrlptlvo tenns aiiplled by us lo our eiirreney 
 beliiie the war.— 1). II. Whoeler, March .'i, lst;»<. 
 Ite|iu)>lleun I*arty. The nntl. slavery jiarty tliat 
 rose into vljiorona life during the jmlltlenl 
 Ulilieaval of ls.i(i. The luiino has been used sev. 
 enillliiies In tho history of American [lolltles. 
 (.Sen Deniocratlo Party.) The democrats wero 
 the ] Mil I Ileal iVIemIs of the south, or of siavei-y. 
 The repnliileans were their |K>litlcal opiHinnnlH. 
 Previous lo its organization In KW, the ele- 
 ments of tho republican party op|x>sed tho 
 extension of slavery, and geneiidly, were In 
 favor of aboittion. The lirst national conven. 
 lion inel at Plilladel]ilila, June 17, of the year 
 named, and nomlnaled Colonel John C. Kre. 
 inont, of Calllornla, lor piesldenU William 1.. 
 I>ayloii, of New Jeivey, wa.s ehosi-n Itir vice. 
 pi .'sldeiit. The nominations were luade uniini. 
 inous. The democmlM had previously dosli;. 
 liated tlielr candidates, Jiiiiies Itiichanan, of 
 I'ennsylvanla, lor iiresldent, and John C. llrw^k. 
 Inrldye, of Kcntiieky, lor vlce.prrsideiit. The 
 eanii«ilt,Mi followliii; tliesr and otlirr nomina. 
 tlons, was one of ureal ex> Itcment, which the 
 war in Kansas tended to Intlaiiie. .\i iheelte. 
 Hon the republicans iKilled a viry larye (sipular 
 vote, and llniily established llieniselves its the 
 most I'ormI li.ble party In opposition to the 
 natio! .1 deniocriicy. The denuierHlic adniiiiis. 
 t.atlon tliHt hillowed was marked by the Hrrd 
 Scott decision— (kIIoiis to Hie repiiWl leans- tin- 
 njipnival of the I.ecompton constiliilion by 
 President Iliichnimn, wliich was asodl'ins, and 
 the exr<'ntioii of John llrown, which uniiisi'd 
 the feellnus of the alolllionlsts. Mr. Lincoln, 
 atS|irlii(;(1rld, 17 Jiinr, IKW, Hnnouiiced that the 
 governmrnt could not |>ermanently eudnir half 
 Hla\eand half free; and later, Oetolier 'i.^, in a 
 speech at llochester, Mr. Seward ilei'larrd, as 
 between slavery and frrrdom, there existed an 
 Irreiiressllile conflict. These plimscs were often 
 repeated by tho repiibiicaiis, and llieKoulhern 
 democrats tiMik notice of tlirm as declarHtloas 
 utterly hostile to the Institution of slavery. In 
 tlieiauiy jmrt of the year, .senator Douglas, of 
 Illinois, the great northern ally of the sonthejn 
 drniocraey, took issue witli the admlnlstrnlion 
 on account of the attempt of Hie iillni demo, 
 ciats to force u jiro. slavery constitution upon 
 the people of Kansas. Jdr. Itiichanan hud 
 Indorsed the Leconigiton silicme, us Indicated, 
 and theopiMisltlon of Mr. Douglas had the rlTeet 
 to weaken the democmtlc party in the north. 
 In the elections lininedlately following this 
 remurkaiile contest, when most members of the 
 thirty. sixth congri'ss were cluism, the republl. 
 cms showed Increased strenutli, and the demo, 
 cmtie minority of the bouse was again over. 
 thniwn. iMiriiig the year liUit, the brmoh 
 widened between the north and south, and In 
 
 i 
 
 
POLITKIAL lllhTOIiY OK Till: INITKI) KTAVKH. 
 
 
 iHflO, Mm ivpublleiin iwrty, ull HoMdltliMl nixl 
 Htroug, Kiitrrpd tlir |<r*'Hl<l('nttul ciiiniMilRti with 
 renewal vigor. Tlio rrptililti-ui niitlonHl con. 
 vnitlon iiifil In ('ril(>ti4<i>. May Hi, nti'l i>ii tlit* Ir^lli 
 ttir iKJiiitnutloii <il Ahnitmiii I.liiniln.nf llUfiolfl, 
 for i>r<*Hl(1f>iit, Hint llaniilt);il ll.i..ilh), ol Matno, 
 Inr vU'A-|iri*Hl4liMit, wiirt iniiMc iinaiitiiioiw. op. 
 IH^^^O to |.liH'4tln mill lliuithii, urn* ltciitt(lii>^ iin<l 
 .liiliiiw.i ( I>4ni;.'liiM <l<'in)K'ri(c'y\ lM*ii klm lili(f 
 itii<t l.)i!i(* (Un'( klnrltlut iUMn<irrm-\ ), ami lli'll 
 Hii'l Ever t* tCdh tlMitUi 1 niijoir In lli'tC •<•. 
 tliiri ri>lln\« iip; nil t . Hc iioiiiltintfoiw, the vvv 
 HtnUr* wryt r- iTlt'il l-v !'»■ M'lMihlU aii" ami Ml 
 l.lricoln r<T. iv((| a liii^rrr (Kiptilar voir tliuii 
 Ihii* '-tu^t for .)iuiit"4 r<iM lianiin, loni- yi'iiiN ltt> 
 Wll.'il till' U'MllU WItH ili'icriiilMivl, ?*I»VC1-1 .(1. 
 
 mill onicopi In Sonih Carollnii rrsljfncd ll»!lr 
 IMwilions, and tin' jwojilo of that >*l 'If |iri*j>ariM| 
 t4» stHNMh* Troin ttiiMinlon. I'lt. .itcni Itnchanan, 
 by IiIm nn'HHm'i', Itrornitui* 4, Airlinilly ri'cojf. 
 tii/.«Hi »Ih» t Jit of Hi'ci'MMion, • rl onn ul'ti-r 
 ji,u)tli4-r vrtrl»>nH Honlhrrii stiifi- -■■.■im*iU'«1 fmni 
 tJH' union, iH'xlnnin;; with >ontli Carolina, 
 |M'r<TnlMTJ<», ls(i*), »n<l rndin^ w Ith the sn-c-iNion 
 of T# niU'HHci', which wwh riTcctcd .lunc H, IhiU. 
 Mr. Mnc'oln was ltiant;iimtr<l iis prf'stdrnt llh 
 March, 1j*(1I, when the war f'lr tlic nnlon was 
 commenced and lamhed to a Hucci'MMfnl Icrmlna- 
 lion. KroiM the year H'.l t<. the time nl Ihl^ 
 writing; ( I'^H.n till) national re)inl)tican pni ty hnn 
 iKH-n lnc<>nMtanl iMmsesslon of the pre^ldcntlnl 
 odlee. -^ee I>entocniti<* party. and Wide awakes. 
 
 n4>|MidUitliml*<t. f»ne who favors or mlvitrate?* 
 repudiation o( dehtn. 
 Tlif •^♦inth was never at ftny timo niorc ftdly 
 
 repiiventetl at Washington liv ii famitieal and 
 
 Inuat Ic pni.sla\'erv set t liaii Is the west al pre?«enl 
 
 bv a fainttical aiid Innatic Het of silver inoney 
 
 re|tndlHlionlsts. — N(!w Vork lleiuld.iilHtiil Decern- 
 
 her. IK77. 
 
 Ketiirnlnic Itnurtl. A number of men whosr 
 duty Is that id eanvaj*s|nj^ tie ^oIi-m cast at an 
 olrcthm, and niakliu; kn«>wn Uie result. Certain 
 MoutlHTn states, 
 
 Itteltinond. Cuptial of Virginia, and dmln^' the 
 hluvery war ft H 1 ■'» wnslbr si-jit of jfovernnuMil 
 In Iho Sontbei.i confedenu*y. Tlin capture of 
 Pt'trrsbur^' an<l Uichnnmd '»y tho nntionat 
 troojis under (ittint, was ctfected "M and ;til 
 April, Wk'). For surrender of l.eomtd .lohnston, 
 I'ti*., sec under the lipmi of Slavery War. 
 
 Kln^. .V set of opcnitoiN for seir-intorest orsclf- 
 H^Krundl/.ement, whose uetH are detrimental lo 
 the iMilille. This sort of rln^' was aptly Illus- 
 trate* I in a iMiok by the useol a cut showlnji the 
 rlnjf men of New York standing; In a circular 
 lino, Utw* Tweed beluL; prominent, each one 
 IHdnttn^ at the one nex' to him. Theplctui*c 
 was lattelled, '* T'was hhn." 
 
 I{4>os|er, I)4-inncrutlc. Itlid It. Clinpman. a |m>II. 
 ticliinof rcpiile in Indiiuia. aliout l>lt, published 
 a dcmocrM*ic pnpiT, and on the occasion C)f a 
 victory at ^oiv local eltict ton, was felldtati'd 
 by an actlv«» democrat, who wrote, "it. w. 
 (?hupman, crow. '* These won la were used as a 
 hoadllne In hU next day's edition, and ho tlio 
 drnuK nit ie roofilci* wtia flrnt IntnKlnccfl as tho 
 harbin^crtd vicl^u-y. 
 
 Suit lUv^r. An Iniajxlnary rlK"er, up widch de. 
 le/tcd iMilitieal candidate^) aw sujuwaod lo bti 
 wnt. The pbr.ist' " to row up salt river" bad its 
 origin from salt ilver, or Salt creek, a small, 
 winding? stn'am In tho state of Kentucky. 
 (>wlnt< t*i th« many bars undhiiallows lij whlcli 
 it \n clmnictffrli'.cd, It \h dinicidt to row up tin* 
 strfttui. Tho defeated indlvidti.il 1.-+ mwed up 
 Suit river. 
 
 Hcrntch. To scrutch the nainr of n cundldntc, ho 
 thul it will not »ppi*ar on the lieket. .\ 
 Mer*toh»d ticket Is onr uitli the nuuieof i can- 
 diil«t« rnwcib A " Imdiy seralclipd ticket" U 
 on« with Ihft namas vt .se>.*:n*l eandidut^s 
 rrrw«l. "wr T!cJt»*t. 
 
 S^c«ifl»iMi|«ta, TkovM of tk« jMirty In the nouth 
 in f .^i 4t{ wlthdiiLWln; U'im\ the feUcml uiiiwn. 
 Til" tftim HOCMh «a;* commuinly applied to »*ctvefl- 
 sionints. "Sei'eMU," tho conlrdei-ul«aUtes. 
 
 «..r<jn'\- 
 
 
 :Pl 
 
 as 1h 
 
 
 •y 
 
 .i Vl 11 
 
 I 
 
 ■i.-ii 
 
 ■Ml lliui 
 
 n 
 
 furl 
 
 •Ini s. 
 
 ( 
 
 '. I'i 
 
 H^MInnnlUm. A fo^llntfof flii4<<*lii' IntcrrHt InoiiM 
 sei'tlun nither than In the whole ci>>intty. 
 
 Hcnuti*. The higher brt'K-h of the congrfHs of 
 the Cnlled >tat4-H. It U eom|M>H4'd o| I wo sena- 
 tors from each htHt4» of the fi-deiutlon. chiM«cu 
 for a term «)f mx yearn. The pritsiilln^ oftlcer 
 1h the vice-president of the I'nit4*d stal4-*. 
 "Uous*','* lh<' lowrr hraiudi »d the con^nvs-* oT 
 tho CniltHl Stati'H; It In comjioh4'd of memlMM'H 
 chosen every HufMind year bytlai pi>op|e of tin* 
 sevend ^tatt'H. 
 
 Nlilnplu>l4 r. A Nink nolo (u- any paiMT miih4*y 
 that Is ijf low dpnominulhui or d<'pn'rlat4'd In 
 value. 
 
 Sllv4'r Ihdinr. Se*' Tnide l»olIar. ^ 
 
 SlUiT <*niys. ,\ Itrrn applied to eon-<ervativo 
 wld^s In the state (d New V«nk, who dlsat{r4'4-d 
 with (dl'.er iueuihei*s at u convention, anil 
 conseipiently wilhdfew. The dinsrnlers wi-re 
 ohserv»'d to b4» f;4'nttetneu <d' inatiirer yea I'm, iirtd 
 many wer4^ irniyhaind. Wlnrcnism some one 
 remarked, as they lell I ho meelln}{, "Th4'ref!4> 
 the silv4r K'^'y^'* 'I'bo youuirer 4d4>ment. lU' 
 radii. d memlH'rs of thu whi^ I>a< ly> wer<' 4-aUcd 
 woelyhearls, a-* distinct from sllvir !?rays. 
 
 Slate. A term applied to an luiii^Muary slate, 
 upon w hicb is w rilteu tla* nauiesof lanilldalei* 
 fori>nico. Those who csp4'ct !«> be<>om4>eandl- 
 datts strive to jjet lladr names on tin; slate, 
 which Is alMiut 4Hiulvul4^nt to ^etlln;? tho iiuml. 
 nation. 
 
 NIhvo C'«m|4'. a dlK4st of laws ivl '^1, ' .v'.ji 
 and the slav4' Hystem. 
 
 Slavery War, 4>r K4d>ellloii. Th 
 (d shivery in the rnil4'd State- 
 the con federal 4' ■*, uiwh-r llcauf 
 with thirty heavy guns and »> 
 StmiliT, In the harlKtr of ^ .j 
 April, lH»il. During four y4*HfH. i.. v ;.«'■* W4»n', 
 killed In battle, (il.lttij; 4tU^<. of w nds. :M,:37; 
 db'dof disi'use, IKt,'.*,.;; tit, ' dhd, -JTIU:!;; t»dal 
 deseiled, Ilf.'.HC). Confctl '4>ldl' -s whodted 
 
 of wtaindsor disease, l.t'i,. i mt\, lai. im- 
 
 partial Ilguies. Tidal cimi. <lei.ite and unhui 
 dead. U;l,l'.»7. Kstlmated cost (tf the war. f t.ixio,- 
 (N)0,(iOO. Kxp4>ndltun>s arising from the war 
 wore, on June 10, l.s,s(>, as roiMtrted by Secretary 
 Sherman, ♦C.lW.iei.Jt^K.'K ('(Uifi-deintc fi)Tvcrt 
 nnilcr (JonernI l-ce surr4*ndered to Cieneral 
 (imnt, April !t, HhV rr4's|di*nt I.I?H'oIn was 
 ass:isslimt4'd at Washint-'ttm, \pr!l II. (tciund 
 Jidmston's coubslemte army surrendered t4> 
 (i4'nenil Sherman on tho '2«lh, and early in May, 
 Hh'i, the war embMl, 
 
 Slavo Tra4l4^ .ind Slavery. cSuppr4'S)»ion and 
 abolltlmi Ir the HrlC b emplre)^Tlio fH'cu|>n. 
 tlon of pn curintf and sellin;; persons who arc 
 at the disposiU of id hers. The l»or»u^rU4'se 
 lic^an Ui tmnsiK»rt m'^fnM.s fnuti their pos<i ■. 
 sions hi Africa to Spanish .\merlra in l.'>id. 
 In 1M7 the emp4'ror, Charles \\ le^'all/.ed the 
 Hlave tmde, and it whs p4'rmltt4'd by tho French 
 umler I.nuis XHI.nnd tin- I'.nirlish uuder^'uein 
 Kllzabeth. The tlrsi KuKlislmuin to en^niK'' '» 
 th.' tritHe wKMSlr John Hawkins, and betwwn 
 the x^ars Itisn and ITno, tho Knslish tnvlcrs 
 oxported .jno.dOd slaves fn)m Africa, jiml fn>m tho 
 year last nanu'd up to ITHd. Mut t;iu,(»i*i to 
 Jamaica, the prlnelpnl of the Hrltish West 
 India Islands, The most im|>4)rtant marktds f<ir 
 slaves in Africa were llonny and Calabar, *mi tin: 
 coast of (lUiiwa. Here tho slaves who came 
 from the Interior wore exchan;;e'| for runv 
 brandy, toys. Iron, salt, etc., and the nuintH'r of 
 ■ ISO bein-is who havr beeu thus torn from 
 their country durinpf three crnturb's is lalcn- 
 Ittted to amount to upward n^ forty millions. 
 Almost from Iho very ibno that this tniflic was 
 established, there wne persons who moro or 
 less |M)werlu!ly declatnl iifttlust it; but thr 
 honor of 1iuv|ui;systoniAtlcully and sueve^afully 
 taken upthe cuu'^oof thi* sIrtcs li(*Ionjs to tho 
 (juukor«, and thn moroin^nt bei^an nioro par- 
 ticularly about I7?7. lu IT-M thr gualMm ou- 
 tirely ubollshe^l it umou$ tli«msWveii, ttnd In 
 177i GruuvlUu Sluu-p ohtaiucil a decision ol the 
 
 F.nffllsh Judifofi, Iti tlm famous 4-HH4t of \\\p> iH>gro 
 S4jmeisfct, that n KlHve, OH siHin as la* Mi<t hla lo4>t 
 np«m KngUsh gruund NhonJd Uvtun* fr«w. la 
 l7H;i a t"dlllim for thu Hlsillllon of iho slavo 
 tniile wiiH uddii'siM'*! to |«irllMnu nl by the (^ua< 
 kor<, and In I7*C u » b'ty Un Its suppietotitui 
 WAS esiiiidlshc^l In Imiiltin. In \'f** fin onler 
 was tditiiiit)'*! for a C4Mtiuittl4>H of t!u' privy 
 council to Imitiiri* Inio It. May I'.', I7hi*, Willair. 
 force made h\n iir«i sfh^t n in the *• uw on tha 
 
 e, Ko\. ninvlllfi, 
 ut utt4*i ipts wore 
 le obh'4't was iu»t 
 Ah4>n a bill that hud 
 . I he n-yal a^si'Ml, 
 M'd, ■> ,\nixust, Ktl, 
 aixbont the Itrlthh 
 
 snbb'Cl, NMpiMM-t^d by f 
 iMid ritt. Various .--.dis. 
 mtde w lllion' HUCi-i's-*, ,ti 
 eftrtfd until Manli . ■ ^' 
 |Kt-sed Uitli lious«»* ns V 
 
 Uy tln' teriMH t>f an tut • 
 
 slavi-ry was to v>4»asc ihr 
 
 ompli'4>on Iho flr<«t 4>f Am.rust, |s:M, ami at that 
 
 llmo iHMriy soa.no" novfp»es lM<<*ame nominally 
 
 free. They were t** U' wholly if*'*' atlora low 
 
 yi-ars' apprentieesiiip nnibu' 1h4dr l4a-iuer own. 
 
 eis*. !»ee Alsiliticuiists, etc. 
 
 S4iclulUtM. Those who Mi'o«'pt tho pvbndplos of 
 
 stHdahsni as lautrbt by Ihdiett uw4<n, who pro- 
 
 |Mt^* d to reofKiiiil/o MK'iely by banislilnif old 
 
 nnitivex <if aelUm. ineludiiv^ - ll^ion In any of 
 
 lis s|M'eiid forms, and to enlabli-h tlie soeial imII- 
 
 tlco on the Ihisis 'tf co-ofM i-ition and mutuul 
 
 ii!>4'fiilnet>s. As summed up I y llonu'i *ir4'oif>, 
 
 tlM*thre4 proJe4ts for soelnl reform aro - 
 
 OtrcM.— Place human belnys m pitiper iidatlons, 
 
 under luvoiiriiT i lieimistaiu es cnnonf/ wldch I 
 
 include 4*d)H a «m imd intelll({ent i^ luid (hey will 
 
 do riLlil Hither than wion^. Iliilnito, theheil. 
 
 ta/4' of thi< L'l-eat majorily has been (ill It, squalor, 
 
 lamiTM>. i.rnoi-iinee. siiiieisiii iim -, and th< s4^ hai'ti 
 
 hii|M-ll4-d many t<» indoiitM e and vice, if not t4> 
 
 erime. Make lln Ir ixtenial 4nnditlons w lint they 
 
 .•*bould be, and I Im-^4' will ^ive place to industry, 
 
 s'tbrb'ly, and virtue. 
 
 St. Siinnti.- " I.ove is ihe fidtlllinK of \\w law." 
 S*M-Mre to every 4»ne op]¥it tunit\ ; let each (h> 
 w hiitc'-er ln'<-an do lM'«t , and tlio'biijl.esi ^ihhI 4»f 
 the w hoh> will be lu'ltii'V <'<! and perpclualed, 
 
 /•''nirifi: Sis-ietx. us n*' find it, is 4M';;ani/,ed 
 
 riiKicily. Halt ol* Its fonsj' Is spi'iil In repr4's»ing 
 
 itr n"*wtln;r the Indonsies and rowu4'ries 4)f Ita 
 
 inemU'ix. We m-ed toor«:tni/e uitlvei-sal Justice 
 
 l«ise<l on f.(doiue. The iru-* l-.di ti lies bctiire, not 
 
 iM'hind Us, We niuv so provide that labor, now 
 
 iX'puhive. shall be attra'tivt*; w hile Itseniclency 
 
 in prtNluctioii shall Im- lncrea-<Ml by tho Improvt*' 
 
 mcnt in machinery lU'd tlie extciub'il us4» of 
 
 naluml |or4'es, ^♦o as to scfure idnindanci', edin'a* 
 
 thu), and 4|i pint luxury to all. What Is ufiMlod 
 
 is toprovid4>tdl w lib hoini's. employment instnic- 
 
 Ii«ii), ^immI living, the mo<*t 4-lb(-ti\ e iniplenients, 
 
 marhlner> , 4tc.. sei-uiiutf to eiudi the lair and full 
 
 r*somiH'n"'*4' of his a4-hleM>ment ; iiihI this can 
 
 ts'-t be attained tiirotigli the iissociat hni of somo 
 
 tour to tive hundred famtlle-i in a common house* 
 
 hold, and in the 4iw neiship and culllvat Ion of a 
 
 4'tuuinon domain, kiv td' 'J.hio acres, ornboiit unu 
 
 acre to i-aeli |H-rHon lUiin,' tln-reon. 
 
 S4»fl Monry. A l4'rm applU'd to paper luonoy, 
 
 «*s|M*ciaIly the green'iiicks. l-(u- llaid Monoy, 
 
 see Hard I'lm. 
 
 >o»*-sln>ll I>^ni4M'ritts. That iHirtlon of tho 
 
 d4'm(Kn4tie party in Ni'w Vork, which favoroil 
 
 ':Mioi» and harmony, and ipjMised IliR election 
 
 of t;cii4*ral Lewis Cass, in ls*s. The "softs" 
 
 supiMUied \ an Ibiren fur pit»id4-iil, a.s HiMjdid 
 
 tin* llarnbunicr-, which s<'4'. The hard -shell 
 
 domocnils supiMtrted Cuss, fuvorod the o\ocu. 
 
 tlitn of I iio lu)rltl\e -shive act, and w«ro for 
 
 ilividin;; theonici vh among tho pmslaviuy hun. 
 
 kei-s, Soo Hunkers. 
 
 «4>ll(l. A term applied lt>a )M>liticuJ party, w hune 
 
 momlHTs vote as a unit for il-s rogular nuininces 
 
 aiwl principles; also, thr various leealitlos or 
 
 ^(■ctlons wlu'ro vot^'sare ni.st. 
 
 F4»ur years uao tho miuIIi v.^a solid for free 
 
 tmde. .* . . There are niore deiuucratlc umtrc- 
 
 tl'inists in tho M>utn than in vny other sAcrlon of 
 
 tin* C4>utitrv, except l'4'unsylTanU, and on ihU 
 
 issue th^ i-artv will split.— Chlcagi> lntorOco»n, 
 
 Jnne.'t, I'W-J. 
 
 Sons of Liberty. Tho namo assumed by those 
 ci>lonists whit, in I7t>r>, united In oppusltlon !• 
 the odhms stamp uct,aad other unlawful mean- 
 uresoi i;reut Rrilain. 
 S«reh«ad. A itolltician wUu U disMtisHed with 
 c)*rlain acts of his party, and dls|ieso<l toc< 
 [ilaln. 
 
 Ho wa-a wimt tho virtuous i>olltlctan< gf tkft 
 prei*eut day woulil call u sArehead. a soreheml 
 
 ! 
 
POMTICAIi IIIHTOUV OF TIIK IMTKI) HTATKH. 
 
 1^- 
 
 iNMttK A |M^r«Min with •w>inn Iflciutiir hU own, iinri ti 
 iiiiin not -^Iffnc*!, Hrultil, iin<l ili<llvrt'i'<l up In t<*^ 
 •)iii|)li' to imriy. -Inui I'miII's l.lli' of (inrli'v. 
 Huiitli. A t)<nn lipplt*'''' t«> till* Hiutrrt lythK Miiitli 
 or MiKoti mill IM\<iii'>4 lln«, hi wlilrli nluvriy 
 t'xislril. Mil' North. 
 fkiiilh H»'it lltilililx. Ijiw't Mliwlnl|i|il iirhfiiit* 
 U'triit, In KiikIiiu'I, it c-iini|iiin.v for innlhiK to the 
 Hoiitli HcitH, iinil It Hlnilliir iniiniA hi'I/oI on tl))> 
 Knull"h nullon. Thrri' wi'ri'':i>,i<«iiihuri'iiol iliio 
 iiU'h, iiii'l thi'>' roMf, In n f^'w Hci'ki*, to llfty and 
 UNttlnifH their viilur, Imt tht'»)M'r<>tary uhnt'onil- 
 Init witliii luriti' |iiHi|iortlcHio( tin' riijiltkl, iiinl It 
 Utlntt 'lUrovt'it-il tUiit litiuilnh'nt nhiircn wt-rc 
 iHani'il llicy frll '•\ prlci' iw mi'lilly iw they roMc, 
 ami Mioiiiun'l4 ni'ic lift In ili "tltli.tlon. The 
 ti^uiiiornry Mnrct" h t*f tin' South uru huhMr khvc 
 ri'4t! to Minniny Th'^nn-ianil c-oitiiHinU'H that tho 
 yntr I7J- U Ki-m'ntlly ciillril thi' hnhhlt' ycur, 
 M..,' Ml .,i-iK|[i|il Hch.nw. 
 
 Nnr<•rl•I^M. A illlzi'n of thi' I'lllti'd SIlUc* 
 
 Nplll. 'i'o.llvlili'or'<|>lit In lH(i. 
 An 'rlmt wiw niii'If to towi' u imKHliivi'ry cott- 
 
 "tliMlni npon till' iinitorv (KitnHiixi, iinil II Mpllt 
 
 III'' linioiniili' ikirly Into two wlnus.— lIlMlory of 
 
 th.' Illltlll Stutl'K. 
 
 Hplll Tl.'kft. M'l' TIrki't. 
 
 HpollH. The piiy , hoiiorrt, und cTnoliinii'nt'i of oill- 
 
 (-lilt |K>'4iilon. 
 
 To till' \irioiM holoiiK ihi' siioilH of tho I'noinv.— 
 Wllllinn I.. Miiri'V, I'<.I7. 
 
 U'hil'' ilrnoiirii-ti"r thr "Infiitnotm «ii.«»ll'* syn. 
 Icni," Ihi-H iKMtinii- :T;:|or Mrrrk'k, rmn.) 
 holiN ilu'ht to oiii' t'lindli' of '4ttoMs until hi' ici't.** 
 ri'iuly to ii'iiih out for iinnlhi'r und luritiT liunillu 
 
 t)f spotl-4. Ni'W Vol k Min,. .llllH* 5, |SM*.>. 
 
 Spri'uil l':aKli-. Thr fIvurA <>f nil oiixlo, nyiiiilly 
 with ■'lili'hl «liM«|iiK Mtrii*!* niul -^tHrM, nrrow-*, 
 oliv«> In-iiiicli, iiiiit Moi.ii'tlnu'ri horn of plnity; 
 III!' imtioMiil .'inlili'Mi of thii I'liltt'il .Hhiti'H, itii 
 I'Hu'h' » ilh i'\tt ii'li-il wlni;'4. 
 
 .S<iniitlrr Sovcri-lKnty. Sir I'lipiilnr Son'ri'lvrnt}*. 
 
 SlulwiirlM. A I linn nt-il to il|s|iii>;nl.li tl.o«i'of 
 llir ii'piilillriin inuty who wit^ iiiifrM'nilly to 
 till' uiliniiilstnitloii of (oit'fli'lil; followi't-s of 
 Conklliii,'. iip|v.-i'il to llulil.rri'cU, whlrhH»H'. 
 The two IHclioiM III Ni'W Voik. thitt liinv liti 
 
 (iilh-cl lor lonniiji nil' llii' <otrfli-lil iinil thi' Conk- 
 
 lliii; ii'piil'lii'iini. h:ili' I'lirh othrr wlih iin Intrn. 
 
 mIIv timt fhariHti'i i/f'* all qiiMiri-N ol thr kiiiil, 
 
 ami ihi'V ili'cluiiil wnr to thr kiilfi', lunl thi' kiilfi- 
 
 tolhi'hilt. (:hli'iii,'o,loiirniil. Nov.'.i. Iwj. 
 
 Ntitnip Art. An ml hy wlinh u illri'i t tux wa-i 
 Inipo-'i'il n|nin Ilir I'oloiiii'i hy (inat Urltain In 
 I?'!-'!. It wa-^ piopoHi'ii (hat Ihi'i'XjK'n'*''*! InrnrriKl 
 111 ili'ti'iiilliiu' Anicricuii jni'isi'^Nloiw ilnrin;; the 
 Kri'iii'li am' liiillaii war ^ IT.VWiTiti) •-houlil In' oif- 
 Bi't hy la\allon, hrnri' llii' stiimiMut. Tin- vIk- 
 OBiiis <ip|«i-ilion ot thr I'olonixtH i'an'«i'il the 
 sIninpMrt tohi'i'pi'ali'il thi'iu'Xl yrar. AiiotliiT 
 atti'inpt to lav till' i-olonisis wa> niaili* In I7iI7, 
 hilt il rami' to iiaii^'ht hi'lori' tin' wnilh of tho 
 pioplr, \iho wi'ii' ili'trriiiiiii'il to npliolil ihi> 
 ))rlii'-iph' of " no taxation \viihoiit rriurti'iita- 
 tioii," 
 
 Stur< anil '^Irlpoa. Thi' iiitional i'iii|«n of the 
 
 I'nitril ^lali'-. It wan ailoptiil hy ai't of ion. 
 
 Krc.-", 11 .Iniii'. 1777, In Ilir hillowliiK wuiili; 
 
 lirsnh:;!. Thai till' fliik' ot Ihi' thirli'in I iiltcil 
 
 coliinii'-' i 1' ll:irt'i'n •.Iii|i''< altii nati'lv iihI ami 
 
 Whili'. Ih.ll llll' Mllion III' IliillH. II '■I.U>. Hhili' HI 
 
 tt bliii' II. '111. II |;'-.". iiiiiK a i.i'W roiiHii'iiatloii. 
 Slur-spaiiuli'il Itii.incr. Tlii' national 11ii« was 
 tlrst Ho.i.;ll.(l liv Kmnil.'i'~. Ki y, in his hfautlfij 
 Kun^of that naine- 
 Ohl say, oaii yon si'v, hv thi' ilawn'H onrlv llu'lil. 
 What so proiiilly wo linll'it at thr twillj.-ht'i' last 
 irl" niiiij;. 
 Whosr hroi'l -lrl| It anil lirlKlit xtari, tlii'oii;.'h thii 
 IM'illoiiH ll«:il, 
 O'rr tho mipnrt.s wi' watch''! wi'ii* '.o j,'allantly 
 i*Iri'aiiiliiu'-' 
 Ami till' loikit's ii'il irlan', tin' l»)iiil« hiirxthiK 
 
 in air. 
 Oiivi' piiMit ihroiigh till' nli,'ht that our tliii.' was 
 
 still III")'!'. 
 
 Oh! Hf'.v,tloi'sthatslar-rtiian«li'il iNUinniyct wnvii 
 O'i'r till' iaiiil ol ihi' frci' uiiil thi; hoii'ii' of thu 
 
 liiaM'? 
 
 Mntps. Sci' Mikniimi'sof smtpH, ntlrii, and I'co- 
 pli'. si-i-. also, (irij^in ol Iho Niiiii«< of smtux. 
 
 (•tut* IliehlH. The rixhls of thr .si'viral •t.itrs iw 
 opposi'd to thn frdrml govorninrnl ; thr Jiidg- 
 Diont of u.stiitu ax opiKMed t<> the two huiuas of 
 
 ('fHmrrHM. till* |in>ii|il(>nt, und thi' Mupreiiir court 
 of tli)> I iilti'ilsiiiii'H. Thxorlulnot ihr fKiinnii 
 rPMolntli'im of ITIIh, InlriMhn'isI In iMm»(ri'Mii hy 
 JainSH Maillaon, U ntlrlhiilfiil lii Thoinai .IrtTrr. 
 will. Till' Hoiilh wtM tlui hoiiin of thfl fltutc 
 rlKhlM piirty w hi'ii John .\duiiiH U'l-niiui prc^l- 
 di'iit In 17:17. Ki'iitiirky it'lopt'il i|7:iN)lliii HtJili' 
 rlMhlii niaiillViito whirli .Ieirrr>iiin wim prlviiti'ly 
 Milli'lli'il todnift,aiid hy which lliul Ntitli' pni- 
 claliniHl hrr opiMiMlthm To 'sdi'nil riilr. Kiinohi. 
 tloiis in favor of niillinrk . ,ii wi'io uflnrwanl 
 drallid liy ^ladlson mid Intrmlnrrd In tin- 
 li'Ulslaliirn of Vlrxliilii 'loliii I' ( ulhoun WM 
 ii'Kiirdiil iiM priiiic Kutlioi ol Htutii rightjk Sru 
 Niillilli'iillon. 
 HtralKht. t'liiiiliKil; im n ntiitlKhl llcki'l, h 
 Htrul^lit rrpiiliIU'iin. "stmlKht.out," Ki'iiuliiri 
 trill', uii, n ntnilxht-oiit di'iii'icmt, or, HtinlKlil. 
 lint Kti'i'iiUu'ki'r. S«'h Tii'ki't. 
 Slump. Till' nprlitht imrt of n tri'i' mmnlnlnK In 
 till' ground ultrr Ihi' trri' Is cut down. In 
 foriucr tliiii's, this was used as a Htaiid for 
 upcakcnt. To lakf- llii' nliiinp and ){<> <>i> •i" 
 ch'ctloni'i'rlnK lour, Irt Itic oi'i'ii|>alloii of noiiic 
 rundlilati'ii ilnrlnx it |M>lltli'itl caiii|iitliri' 
 Nluinp-lttll. Si'i' Kill Itou, 
 Surprise CiiniMilHli'. A |H>llllral randldatn Hud- 
 
 di-iily put uji hy wiri'.piilli'rs. 
 Swamp AiiKel. ,\ .Mii.|<<iiimli'r I'liriidt uuii that 
 was |i|anli-d In 11 tuitrsh hi'twi'cn Morris and 
 Juiiii's' IslaiidH, within tlvc iiiih'sof (harh'sloii, 
 H. r., under Ciiininaiid of (irni'ral (illniori', 
 August, ls(i:t. .ihi'lls wire Ihrowii Inlotheclty. 
 At* a result of the o|K'nitioiii, fort Warner wan 
 i'viii'iiati'd hy the conledrrali'.s and oi-i-npled hy 
 the national troops 71I1 Sep!., |si;i, charliston 
 \t:is ilnally evaciuti'd, und oi-i'iipled hy t;enentl 
 •ihrniian's lioo|»<. Is Kehriiary, MUI. 
 SwlnicliiK Aniunil thn i'lrcle. \n <'.xiin'M»loii 
 nsid hy I'ri'-idrnt Johnson, who laid tlu'corni'i' 
 stone of the ItouKtiu iiionniiicnt, at t'hiciti^o, 
 litliSi'pl., !-(»;. Ilii tiHik advantat,'e of hi 1 tour 
 to make many H|M'is-hi's throiiirli tlie nnintry, 
 and the tthove r.\prr«iloii wu.s used In uu epi. 
 thetlcul Hense hy thuue wliu dtsiippixivod of IiIh 
 coni'si'. 
 Tummitny .torlety. An oivniilzatlon "turted in 
 Si'« York, rj .May, I7s!i, for eharltahle pur|«isi'S, 
 hy Ullllaiii .Misimy, un Irishniiiii, wlio wiut 
 prliui' iiioviT. The name Is deriveil fiiim an 
 Indian chief of K'i'cat a^e and vlitiin, who was 
 patron sjilnl. This siK'iet\' was modeted after 
 the Jai-ohln cliili ot Paris. In later >eai>4 It was 
 alisorheil hy the deinocratlc fiaity, or Iiei'tuui' 
 one Willi; of that |iarty,aiid 110111 the iissiKlatlon 
 
 of such men as William .M. T« I, the late .New 
 
 York hoss, received a had name. Imt Nitice the 
 hn-akiii^ iipot the Tanimany rln;^, 'Js octoher, 
 |s7l, the Taiiiinany deiiiociiicy seem to liitve 
 noiirislied. 
 Ti-rrlliiry. A ureiit district of ciiiiiilry, owned 
 hylhernlted states. It U ills|in;ful<hed lioin 
 u state In that It Is orKuulzed witli a sepanitii 
 h'Uisliitiire, placed iiiider it lei ritorial Kovei'iior 
 and other olllcers ap]H>liilei| hy the president 
 and senate ot the I'liited Slates, 
 TIrkt-l. The liinii of names printed on n »ll|i of 
 paper, and used as a halhd at an election. 
 " lteKiiiar,"or " stiiii;;!!!," tlekil, a list ol can- 
 dlilati^ it-s iiumed hy an a.ssemhlai{e of liele^^ate.s 
 Irom a hinly of constitnents. "('lean ticket," 
 same as regular or Ntniluht ticket. "Spill 
 ticket," one that Is t'ormed to meet the reipilre. 
 lueiit.'f of till! diirerent divlsioiiH of a political 
 jiarly ; a.s, tho two wintfs. (Sei'Scnilch. "Mixed 
 ticket," one ill wliicli is coillhllieil tho elenu'llts 
 of dlirereiit IMirtioH. 
 
 Have they fortfotleii tho ffroolcy dlnaiiter? A 
 mixed ticket this year wini'd ii'jiol deiiuK'mtH on 
 the one side luiirrepuhllcuiis on the oilier, unit 
 lieilllcr sl.ie collhl poll 'Ls lull vote for It.-.New 
 Viirk •^iiii, .May 'Ju, Iss-j. 
 Tippecanoe »ni| Tyler Too. See Ilnixl Chlornnil 
 
 I.oSCaiiin ( 'aiii|*iiKii, 
 Tory. .\ tei-iii vv liieii fortwoceiitiirhvs, hasHi^rrod 
 toilosi«imteoii<> of two prlncliial |>olltlml ixir- 
 tied In Kngland, nnd wm iiaed during thu war et' 
 
 tho n*Toliilhin hy tliA vhlgt or |«trlota wi 
 nunliiHt thoMA who HiipiMirtoil tha cniwn. Tho 
 llrst ilrtlnltliMi Klvrn hy Dr. Juhnunn Ic "A 
 runt turin, derlvod, I (upiiiM, (Voin an IrUh 
 wopI, Mlfiilfylng mva/ii." Ur«|iertln|f tint prlii- 
 idpU'Nof u tory. Iho IriiioKitiphor itdUa "Oiia 
 whoitdlirrt* to the uiiclenl coiiHtltiillon of ihn 
 Ntutii, und tliM HiMjHtullcMl lilfliitrf'by of the 
 rhiiix-h of KuKland" 
 
 Trade llnllar. A aiiverilolhtr of (MKntliia Tniy, 
 that wiiH eolnod hy Oct of coiiKrofe*, I'i JiAiiiiMry, 
 IK7.I, In consi'ipieiii'e of u 'lemaail on tho ritcillo 
 count for u coin to ho iiHod in riiiiiiiiarrlal tmiiit. 
 ftctioiiM with nrverul of the Asiatic iiatlontt, 
 • |M'<'lally Jiipan and China. TIiIk rokii oanm to 
 Im' i|iil*e oxtennhrly olrcnlnti'd In tho varlouH 
 Hlnti>sor the union. Prevloim to the colnitKoof 
 thn undo dollar the old «ilv T dollar of :I7I^ 
 Kiitins was tile icily Hi:^ 11 ilnlUtr known, hut Itii 
 loliiaffo wiiK discontinued hy thn net of ItTJ. My 
 sulMi'ipiont h'Klftlutlon, tho tntdo dollur ooiiih 
 were lotlicd; Ihii coinaue is llinitist, and the 
 dollur U no longer le^iil tender iia t>ef ivooii 
 InhalillantKof the I'niled Stat*.*. 
 
 Troawin. .V hetnirlnii, Ireiu'hery, or hroiich ol 
 tultli. In the rullcd stales, tlio nctiati lovyliiK 
 of war aLTitliist the iiiilon, itiid f;lvlnt{ aid und 
 t'omlort to IIH enomleji. .lotterson Ituvlit, on 
 trial fortreitMin, in M'.?, at Klchmond, waa iHh. 
 charucd on nccoiint of a nii//o friMi'^iii. i. 1*., thn 
 Kovernmenl lieiii^ tiiiwiUiiiK t4i priM'eoil flirt lier 
 In the jinifccutloii ot Ita Muit. See Conltsli'Tiile 
 stalls. 
 
 Uncle Sitm. The impnlnr tlllo for the rnlled 
 statca. In the yiiir ISIS, it htrKO i|iinntlty of 
 provisions for the army wits pnrehiuied at Tiiiy, 
 
 New York, hy Kliart .Vinlois n Kovcrnnu'iit 
 
 ointructor. Tlic kikhIs •ere inM|iecti'd hy two 
 hrolhers, Kheni'^er und Saninol Wilson. The 
 lust nunied <tas invarialiiy known iiinonK thn 
 workmen a.s rm'le Sam. The (Pickaxes 'verii 
 inarkeil K. A. V S. (in heliu ii«kisl thn mntn. 
 Inn of tliose Initials, It workman Jokliif,'iy ropllod 
 tiiut he did not know unless they iiii<aiit i:ilH'rt 
 Anderson and riicle Siuii. sotiio title hocainn 
 oinrrnt anioiiK woikinen, soidieni and |Mople, 
 and the rnlted stales pivernmeiit Is known 
 now hy those who alTccti'iiiaii'ly cull It I'ncle 
 Sum. Nee.iNo llnilhei .h'liatlmn. 
 
 rnilorirroiinil ItMllroad. see \ Imlitlon ofslitvery. 
 
 IJnhin. The isiilllcal connection hetwreii the 
 Hhitesof .North Ainerlcu. Tlie rnlled stutiii. 
 
 I'lilonlsls. oeeConslltiilloiml riiioii I'urty. 
 
 I'pper lliiuno. .V Hcnale. The term In iiiieil In 
 Home stales, where the h'Klslatlvo hranehes of 
 ^'oveniment are calhsl iipinT and lower; ii-s, 
 iipis'i house, lower house. Said iilao of Hie two 
 
 houses of i'oll;;i*l'ss. 
 Vlailunce <,'ommlttoe. An oii/aiiized Uidy of 
 
 clllzens w ho, l.ein;< satistli'd III the ujiathy und 
 
 lack of hacklsiiin on the part of Iim'hI iiiilhori. 
 
 ties, piiH'i'iKl to rcKiihito matti-rs In the com. 
 
 iiiiinlly ; especially to puiiKli crlinlnaS. 
 \VuIk Over, roliilc.illy, iiii etisy vieioiy. Op. 
 
 [Ktsed to hirloi n hope. 
 WoKt. Thn slal.s ol llir niii'.n I .ujr -.icst of 
 
 I'ennsylvanlu, \ irixlnia, ui I .s.a to 1 .iioiina. 
 
 The iiiireitsonahle dominution ol llie we^l i.s no 
 iiiore III he siiomiited toihaii wa.-, Ihe unri'.-l.soti. 
 ilileiloniitiatl'ill ol the solltll.- .New ^ 01 k lU'lllhl, 
 Nov. I.-|, ls77. 
 
 Wentern Keaervn. See Conneet lent Kcservn. 
 
 WhiK I'urty. A political imriy which may he 
 said to have had its inception, loui'tlici « itli tlHl 
 ili'inoci-atlciHirlViln isis, when pii idle .si'iit linen t 
 
 hii'ii illvlded u|K)n the tailtr i|upstloii. The 
 
 llrst wlilj,' iiailonal convention mot at I'ltts. 
 hiirtih, III IiiccmlMr, KB, when llaiTlstin and 
 Tyler his'itine caiidtdati'a lor presldenl and vice', 
 president. (See Hard Chirr and l.i« Cahiii 
 CnmpalKn.) This later whitf inirty, as dU 
 tlnct fiiiin the .\uierioun wliltfs (wlilili siii), 
 fill iiied the ponservHllve party of the coimlry, 
 and Henry CUy, who waa ll« nomliice for iiresi- 
 iloiit In lst4, had itoen, kti .Mr. iirwdey sniil, a 
 ebuutplou of liiUM-nal linpniTCUI(iiit«, protuotlon 
 uf home lii(liiali'y,a80uaUairfiRalform itfltkiiul 
 
 
 
l|«lrbiU M 
 Iniwn. Thn 
 wm la- "A 
 lin tn IrUli 
 |iK tliA prlii- 
 
 Ijlliin «t Ilia 
 jliy iif the 
 
 ^nilii* Tniy, 
 
 Vi Jttnimry, 
 
 tli^ Puclllc 
 
 •rclil Imim. 
 
 jllr iiAtlurtH, 
 
 [ohi nmiu) to 
 
 Iflf^ vurliMiH 
 
 le cnliiifc^f* of 
 
 )l«r of ;i;i^ 
 
 rn, lint ItM 
 
 [iiri»73. My 
 
 r Iiicilt'h lit 
 I iiiil li^vy titg 
 >iiM uld nnil 
 KiivIh, (III 
 ml, wan illn. 
 7'". * '., Ill" 
 ■i'«l liiiniiM- 
 
 ['iMlltlllTIlIl' 
 
 IHiLITirAI, HIHTOUY OK TlIK CM-nih HTATCH. 
 
 currrnpy. Tlin nUilllliinliil*, wlin hatl mtiiln 
 n'liiiliiiit vl Ml'. lll'ii'V r I' |HT>Mi'iil, Kuvn ii 
 litrvf-ly liiiTiMiM'il Mitf hir tli*'lr niiKltiUt*'. uii'l 
 tliU n'Miilti'l III lliii ilrfi'iit or llnirv I'liiy. In 
 IHM Ihli wIiIk^ lliijiliirili'il illiil rlivtC'l lii'lll>litl 
 /.iii'liiirv I'm I'll I >r (innlili'iit iiiwt ^IIDumI t I.i 
 iiiiii« for virr pill lili'iil. IIimI lli4» frill ili'iim 
 cmtiittiiil liAriiliiirii(*nivolfil for l.f*wl<« rKM, tlii' 
 mrattilit iliiiiiocml, III! wiiuM Iiuti> Ihiii iIi'iIimI. 
 In l<V'i, iM'iiinil WliitliiM Nrott viw llm iiiiiiiii' 
 rnwhil ntiilKliiti' iwii|i|iiMt'<l to |i nuikllii I'Iitci', 
 who w;i< I'liitiil. Ill tlmri!ii;«il Ml III KjI, tlii' 
 iriimunt of thn wIiIk imrty iiml llin AiiHTlrnii 
 luuty iiiilli'<l mill nul i<7«,.'i.U votri lor Killiiioio 
 mill D'Hii'lMiii, im luuliiil till' rf|iiiliUciin4 wllli 
 Kri'ttiorit mill llm i|< miN'mti, wlio mim>c«>i>iI^i1 
 with ,)iitiii-4 lliirliaiiiin. 'I'liiiii thr whu( |iiirly 
 
 |IM*Ni'i| iiwiiy. 
 
 Whito l.fHvpio. All iirxiknlzntliiii of aniH'il mi-n 
 
 III Sow iMi 11, III l'<:i, whiKfi •latoiinllilcolijoct 
 
 wiM tliiit of |iii(tlii|( ilowii till* iii*^i'iH-i< who «rrn 
 r»'iMirl«'i| IIS oil ihi< imlnt of iiti ii;ir|i|iiix. TIio 
 li*ii)Ciii' Hciil fiiriiniiw, w htchikri Ivril on it i*t<iiiiM*r, 
 hut thiiiity iiiithoilll. 1, h.i>.;i{ I. .iivi for thn 
 
 WI'lllnlllKof tlH' MtlllH KilVITlllllinl, ll'flHIil to 
 
 iilloH- Ihr li'iiunn to tiikii iiohmi'skIoii of thiuii, 
 ThU |iroviikii| till! Ii':i.;ii<' to l|i>oil4 llrtloli, 
 which, on thi' mil Si .iIiiiiImt, p-iiiltiil In thr 
 (Ii'iiih of nioi'i- I hull n hiiii'Iri'il |h'P4iiim. 
 
 Wliltfi l.lni'r. A |iio.:<liiv<'iy imrly in I.oiiiitliinii. 
 
 WIiIk Awnkf-ii. A liiilni- r.|iiilliil to tin' I'llltliMl 
 oiuiiiii/iillon uhlrh liml f<irll« ohli'i t tin' rli'c. 
 tliin III Minihuiii l.lnriiln to tii«< pri-stilriu'y 
 Till' «iiliul«ilKi-i \vi IT ri|;il|i|ii .1 « Ith »-» Ili.jlliK 
 toiTlw's mill 111 uk ciiiii mill niin'n. 'riii- onlrr 
 orl:;lniiti'il In llartlonl, ('oniiiitli'nt, iiml tlin 
 iiii'iiilninhlli ii'urhnl iii^Kir.l of half II inlllloii. 
 Till' llril wlili'.iwiikii dull wiw fnniiiil In that 
 citv .III Muri'h, Kill. 
 
 Willi Cat, Thn latnk ntiliia of an Innlltilllon In 
 
 tliii aliitii of UlrhlKiiii, lutvliiK on thilr firn a 
 ri'prmrhlatiiin of a |iiiiilhi'r, Wliin tUI« Imiik 
 falliil thn ilHunttisI li.i'ih'iiiof IK hlllt it|.|illf<i| 
 tlixi'lilllint of wlMi'iit to tliii |>iinllinr iiioni'y. 
 lli'iii'K till' Ir'iiiN, Willi -nit iiioiiA>', Willi rut iHtnte. 
 liU liitllliilloii'', I'Ir. ,xi'« lli'il Doi;. 
 
 Wllftiot l*rovlM». \ tiiiwunri* |irfi|HiM«<l In niri. 
 (jr."". \iii{iml, l'«il, hy liu\ II Wllnint, a njirr 
 Hi'iitallvii fi'oiii Pi'iiiinylvitnlii. Tli.' i'I-hvIho mum 
 olTi'inil iw nil uihlitliin to it hill llirn iHlorii thn 
 hull"!', n;i|iro|ill.ltln,{ iiiotii'y fir Imari' lii't{lill:i. 
 tlonit Willi Mi'tlni. It iirorliliil that ■';„ „, 
 rxiiri-nn mill liiiiilniiiitiiUil I'linilltliiiito ttin iiri|ii|. 
 
 Bltlon of any U'rrlUiry fi tli" ri"|iii'illi' of 
 
 Mcxlio liy thn rnllnl stati'H, liy vlrtimof nny 
 tM'Uty wlilrh may hn n^nllati i| Ih'Iwi'i'ii Itinin, 
 nil I t'l till' itw l-> tliii nfcrutlvn of lli« iiiiini>\'4 
 hi'M'tn a|i|<ro[irliilnil, iinllhiT Mlavnry nor Iti\'oI 
 nntaiy norvltmloiilutll •vnrnilnt In nny (airt of 
 Balil tnrrlKiiy, njci'i.t for rrlinn, wlinmof thn 
 imrty iihiill hn flrit "Inly I'onvlrlnil." Thn pni- 
 vIho win* uil'iptnil mill rituloptfil liy tint honiM'. 
 lint irjcntcil liy thn Nnn.itn. mhi Kn«i Soil 
 I'iirlv, 
 
 WIrf I'lillvra. TIkmii who plot Hnil xrhKiiin In 
 iiiili'i III liavn iKiiniit Inlliioiu'n In llm tn,(tuiiof 
 imlltli ». 
 
 . . . Alrinvly tlwt rllvirhlliuloltihlni III mini 
 with w Irt'-pnllrn*, liiihlin ii|>iiiion niiiiiiifartiir*ii'«. 
 i'iiil(r\ ciriililiii't iiflli'i-r*, Int urn ainlnt-0'a'lon«, hiiM 
 
 llm Whoin liniiiil III jmlllll'rtl niltki Kllilln, »hii 
 I'.intrivn tolU'i' mil oi^ thn piiliMi' piit^n liv alniii- 
 liiK pnlillu vii»lnlity. — Nuw York Miri'ur, Jiinn 
 
 ,•■, I- 1". 
 
 Woman'* lllfhl"* An Inhiip, nilin<l liy numtwt 
 ami now i-nlniiiulnil wonifii, who Imvii lM*4'n 
 HccoiiiU'il liy nion, In favor of woiiiaii*'* P'piality 
 iH'fori' thn law, tlin rlirlil of woiimii IoImmi volnr 
 iinil cltiznn the iMinn h^ iiiomu oI thn opiMmltn 
 
 Mf. rint woinitn'* rl(hU mnrflKlIon wm 
 
 KullOfl, UJulT, Wt-, lit tnnKrn Kall», Nnw Vmk, 
 
 tlin naiiina •ti[N'n<l(il to t|i,i rail v nri* I nnri'tlii 
 
 Mi'tt,K.lliitla*tlii Hilyotaiiloii, M irtliix , WrUhl, 
 
 Kml Mkiy Ann Mn'lintoi'k I h» at,itn«ot Maa. 
 
 ■411 hi,<4«'tt«iin'l KaM4iia mIIow v < hi m !•• vot«i for 
 
 any *,• t.<K»l ufflinia, m'iiI til'* t' I r. lory of Wyu* 
 
 111 Inn lor nny atnlMiipi-iiinf y ofllrpr. 
 
 Mr. I'rPHlilcnt, I n«ii nrnki* tin' mimi'i'Ii oiir frinrul 
 
 Mfinlriil 111 .Init onu niiinili . I lioll it thn rulit 
 
 of pvi ry wiiiiiaii to il i any ami nvrrvthlnx ihitt 
 
 ilin I'ltii ilo »■ II, provi'lnl It oiinlil to I"' ilolin. If 
 
 !• .iiii;lil II..' I I li.'il.iiin Hi ,11. or If Hhi'i iimiit il'i 
 
 II, lllnii aim hi4a no ri||lil ti ilii II , Iml II II oii^llt 
 
 I'l |m.iIiiiii . (Ml all MM I .111 II, limn Imr rl^hl toilo 
 
 It I-, to ii.y inlnil, liiilUpiiluMn. Ami llntl H all 
 
 III It I lli«\ a to any, now or I'Vnr, on llm a.|Ii)».|.| of 
 
 w.iiiiiin'a rlMhlM. - llonu'n (irrcl.'V, lit Hull l.ikkv, 
 J il> liVi. 
 
 Wnailjr ll»*lU. Thiamiif llm whlH imrly.ao nulliiil 
 t«i iliatlnniliah Ihaiii Iriiin llm iiiiiin iiiiiai.r\iiti\ n 
 I li'iiirnt. Thn «iMi|y Ima.ls liiriinin ai'iNii-ulml 
 from thn ronaprrntU'raiilaiiit tlin^aur Ki4i. Thn 
 liittPr wrrn r^Un I HUvrr iir^y.*, wli.rli i*i'i'. 
 
 Y»nWrf*, anil Vanlifr IIihmIIp. sntil to Im a i-or* 
 nipt I. in I. r till- w'.ril Kn, lUli. |iroli'iiiiirni| I.y Ihii 
 Inillnr.ii Vniit(n#i*i>, ami la now thn |Mipiilar iiiiinn 
 for tliu New KllKlKnilnra. Ylinknn llooilln la thn 
 ntitiip t(l\'i'ii t I lltp nntioiinl air of thn I'liilcil 
 htatmi. It firlKlinilpil In I7.'■.^. whi'ii IIik lliltlah 
 I'olonlca III Ainnrli'a i-inili ilmtn.l tin Ir anvnnil 
 iinotiwof inrii to ulil thn llrlllah army In riilim. 
 Iiii; llm rri'imli laiwnr In i luiri'la. Tlmir nwiii''«a 
 Mini awk wttnliiiHa U'laiiin thn a|airt ol thn 
 llrltlih nriny, iiii'l an KnKli.<h plivih lan iiaiimil 
 shankliunf roTinaiai'il a 1 linn, ami rnniiiniiii;iiil04l 
 It, liy wuy of Jokn to thn Aninrlnmin, ami It 
 liiiiiuili..!' ly la'camn cell. Iimt nil, 
 
 Taiikwiliiiii. All nplllml appllml at thn aonlh 
 to llm iiurtli, I'jtpi'clally iliirinu I ho war ol 
 
 
 :• ADMINISTRATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. :- -^K 'fC0^ 
 
 ;# 
 
 va 
 
 1. tirorifn WuahliiRton ;Kni|nnili*l). Horn at 
 
 Wi'siiiiiiii'laiiil, Va., JJ I'llirnary, 17Ti. Dnlliiary 
 Hi'liiail tnilnlnif. rrn.aMnnt two tprma. lTr«t-17!i7. 
 Iiliil II Imi'iiniliur, I7:>'J. John Ailani«, vicii- 
 pn ■.I'lniit. >nn Katlmr of lila roiintry. 
 
 •I, ilnhn .Ailania(Kn<li'niliHt). Itorn at llntlnlmp, 
 MiisM.,:;<ii>rt., 17.l"i. Kir»l aiiilaisMuilorClT'Ci) fi.iin 
 I'lillnil statni to (Jrnal llrltuin. rrnnitlont mn. 
 tprm, 17117-Wil. Uhil 4lh July, IH-JII. Thomas 
 ,|pffiii<iiii, vlcn pri'-lilniit. 
 
 :i, Tliniiiiia .Inft'nrMiii i liriniM'rut Ic-Unpiihllcan). 
 Horn atshailH-nll, Va.,.'il April, I7«1. Kilnnatcilat 
 Wllliaiii mill >liiry liiillrgn, WIlllamaliiirK; t'on. 
 tliiiiital iiiiiKi'H^; liov. of Virginia I7?.i-'.'<l; M. 
 ('., \''<\. mill, to Kniiinn. .\iitlior of " Sotnami 
 VlrKinla." I'liwlilpiit two tnrina, IHDI-ii. Dlml 
 nil July, KJii, Aaron Uurr uml lioorvc Clinton, 
 vli'i..pn'.slilniil.H. 
 
 4, •lunira Mnillwin (licmnnmtlc . Knpnlilli'Hn). 
 Iloiii at Kiiir( >i>.ii>tn, Va., Ill Man li, 1701. (,ia'|. 
 iialril from rrlnni'ton oollnjjn. Piralilent two 
 tnrmi, I'^iKi-'l?. DlnirJH Junn, IKW, Uooni« I'lin- 
 Ion mill i;. tinrry, vlcn.pr<'silileiit8. 
 
 A. ilunira Miinmn iDninocml le . KnpuhllPaiiV 
 Horn In W'p^tmornlaml connty, Va., 'irt April. 
 r.lH. William anil Mary collflftn (Va). Mnmlirr 
 InKlnlaturn, r. S. snnator, iiilii. to rmni-r, ifov. 
 in I7:h. IMnslilint twotnniia, IHI7 "il. I>. N. V., 
 4tn July, Kll. |i. I'. Tompkins, vli'n.pn'al'lniit. 
 
 C John Uiiliiny Ailaina (Natlnnid Itrpnhll'nn). 
 Morn at Hniliitrii', Mttsa,, 11 July, I7tr7. Ilarvanl 
 t'ollc^;!'. AmIiiiH!4R(liirtoTt('rlin,(*oiiff. of ViPnim, 
 and court of si. Jainna. I'rnalili'iit oiin tprni, 
 :«•»-». I>loil,it Wii.sliliiKton,-£J rnb.. Wit. John 
 O. Cnlhoiiii, vtcn-inTMlilPUt. 
 
 7* AnHraw .furkaon (Nnw I>piiioci-atlo |airty). 
 Born In Mcx-klnulmv^ noiinty, S. ('., 1.1 Marcli, 
 17(7. r. S. Hdiiatiir in I7!i7, then (anarnl of atntn 
 Iruupa; In 1814 iiii^ur-isenrnil V. ^. .'M-rvlcn; In 
 Irtl ((ovcmor of Klnri4a', In IWia ajaln arnntoi. 
 11'uaklant two t«nuii, lil)»-'37. inrd near Nosh. 
 
 villi', atli Jiinn, im.1. John ('. Calhoun ami Mar- 
 tin Van niirnii, vlcn.pri"<li|pntn. 
 
 R. Martin Van Ktirvn (lininonrut). Horn at Kin. 
 lU'ihiiok, N. v., ,'iih Ixv., 17*.'. Uuiliiimiitary 
 truliiliiKi Htmllril law, stntn apiiator N'. V. In 
 |s|-.'; V. >*, ^.nnnlll^; (iovrnior. I'rfalilPnt onn 
 U'liii, KI7-'4I. Iili'ilal Kln(lrrliiHik,'J4 July, l,Hi;j, 
 II. M. .I'lhiijio I, vli'i'-prnslilent. 
 
 O. Wllllain llnnry Ilarrla4in (Wliltf). Horn at 
 llnrknlny, Va.,lilli K.li., 1771. Kon«lit Imliani In 
 N. W. Tir., M. ('.; liov. Tnr. Iml., HU '1.1; MaJ.. 
 (Inn. r. S. A.; M. C Innn Cinninnatl, ami In l*J4 
 aniiator. I'l'n.Mlilnnt oiin moiilli, IMcil 4th April, 
 IM\. JoliiiTylnr, viin.iiriiiilcul. 
 
 ll>, .liiliiiTylpr 'linmocrit . Horn inChnrinaClty 
 county, V.I. , .".I .March, \TMi. .Mninhnr of lr)(ialik. 
 tnrr , M. C.miiliiov. ; I', s. -i.natn; mcui.Cinfcil, 
 coii;^. l*rn^|l|nnt ihrrn yoiii>innil nli'Vcn inontlw, 
 l'<ll-.'i. Dliilat Ulchmonil, 17 Jan., l.-mj. Samuel 
 I., -oulhanl. W. V. M.in::u:ii, vicn.prcHl.lnnN. 
 
 II. .lainra Knnx rolk (Dnmormt). II. In .Mnck. 
 lunliiiiTC'oiinty, .N. i'.,'*l .Nov., MXi. rnlvnmlty 
 of N. C. Tinn. Ingislafiirn; M. C. II yniir-; (niv. 
 Tnnn. I*rriiilniit Olio Innn, Is4'-'t!t. I>.atNa.ah. 
 vIMn, l.\.liiiin, l'<i:i. Ii. M. IMillin, vIcn.piTfilili'nt. 
 
 I'i. Zacliary Taylor ,\Vlii«). II. oninKn county, 
 Va., ■.'! Sept., 17*1. I.lnat. major, limit. .col., and 
 aftcrwanl ^fni^ral. I'ri^aidrntoiin ynar and four 
 inontli.a. I>. mil July, liUO. Mtllnnl FlUiiinrp, 
 vlcn prnaldi'iit. 
 
 1.1. Millard Flllinnrn(WhlK). H.at Siiminrrhill, 
 N. V.,7tli Jan., l.'«iii. Limited ndncatlon, .N. Y 
 Injtlolutiiin; .M. ('. four tcriii«. rrcaldnnt two 
 y«iis, rl({lit months, liM'.W'.Vl. I>. Nth Mnn-li, Ml. 
 
 14. KrankllnlMari'ftnnniocriit). H. at IIIUhIkii- 
 ouKh, N. II., il Nov., IHfil. Howdoin collc^'p. 
 Mnm. Ifflslatiim, N. H.| M. C. twlc^; f S. Brna. 
 tor, lrt.17; col., then brl^.-grn. I'rnnideiit onn 
 tnnn. 1>. al Coiicord, N. li.,KthUct., IS«i. 
 
 15. Jaaars Durlianan (Damocrati. H. at stony 
 Hatter, Tcun., 'ti April, 101. Dlnkinaon coUaf «, 
 
 Carllal', Pfnii. Mlnlatir to .-t. pniirslniri,', to 
 KCI; M.I .; aiiiliajwailnr t.i liiiKland, K'll till K'al. 
 I'r««lil«iit tmn tnnn, lHfl7-'id, l>. at I.mii'ii.Hti'r, 
 I'nnn., 1-t Jiiii», Wui. John C. Ilrncklnrldirn, 
 
 Vlcn.pri-alilnnt, 
 
 la. Aliraliaiii I.lnrolniHnaul Itnpniillnnn). II, In 
 
 Ilanlln i innty, K.\., 1: Kcli., Is«i. Siif, ihn atnil. 
 Mpinla'r llllnoNli-Kialatiirfl, Nil. Ilptoof Ainorl. 
 can repiitillcaniam. Hn^ildpiit una tnrm and min 
 montlL 11. at ^Va.«lllllLtloll, l.'i .\prll, liio, llaii. 
 nllial llanillii and .Viidrnw Johnson, vlcr.prnsl- 
 drnta. 
 
 IT. Aiidrrw.lnlinaon . Iininonnili. ILatUalnlxh, 
 N. C.,'-i 111 I . 1 <a.. 'nlf.n.liirali-l. Aldirnian in 
 (in'niivllin,miil mayor; Tnnn. li'K'lalatiirn; .M.e. 
 IS4.I; lioT., Miiutor; mil. piv. Tnnn. I'rnsidniit 
 thinn ynars ami i Ii-m ii inonlliH, l-ii,ViSi |i. at 
 limnnvllli-, Tnnn., Ill July, I.s7.'i. l.aKaynttn Foa- 
 tnr and llnaj. t'. W.cln, \ lcn.pr(...*lil|.nls. 
 
 IH. I'lyasns s. <iriinl ^lt<.plll.licalp, II. at I'oint 
 I'lnasant, iiliio, .7 April, l-.V. Wnat I'lilnt; Jd 
 l.t. 4tli Inf.. I apt.; Adj. -(inn. III.; Col. JNt 111.; 
 Hrlij.'linn.; I,li.iit,.iiniinrar, tinimnil, l'rn..lili'nt 
 two tnrini, N:i-'77. SnliiiylnrCollax and llonry 
 Wilson, vlcn.pmaldniits. 
 
 10. Kuthrrford I!. Ilayos vUnpuhlkaii]. II. In 
 uhlo, llhiict., !«.•■:. KnnyouCollnun, Camliridjjo 
 Law School, Is4.'i. .Major 'ild »i. VoN. in W. V.; 
 Hri|{..ti»'ii.; M. C; tl.iv. iiiiio. I'm^lilini ono 
 tnnn, lsT7-'sl. Win. \. Wlmrlni, vlcn.prcsidnnt. 
 
 'io. Jamra .\.<iarH«ld Iti'piiliiicnii). II. iir.iiivp, 
 ( uyaUofH connlv, uhlo, l:i Nov., Kll. (icaiiira 
 (dhio) .\ia(l., and Wllllnni's collrun. Mass; Col. 
 4idO. ItPSft.; Hrii,'..iinn. ; MiiJ..i;nii., .M.c; V.H. 
 arnator. I'msidmit ..ix iiionthsaml ilftnnii day.s. 
 I), at Kliirriiii I. unit Itr.in.h) N. .1., l:iSnpl., ISHI, 
 chrslrr A. .Vrthiir, vlcn.ornaldinl. 
 
 ai. Chi>«trr A. Arthur ilinpiihlicaii), 11. at Fair- 
 llclil,Vt...Mli Oil., l«:io. IMucat.-iUt Vnlnii, VI 
 admlltrd to tho liar in N. V.; quartnnna.stnr- 
 (tnnrral atjite .N. Y ; coil. |>ortof N. V,, Iftl-H. 
 
 ^S. 
 
I I 
 
 roLITK'AI. INrORMATlOir. 
 
 Ti, (fnoTKK (;r,r,TKi,ANn (PemoiTHt). Former ocoii- 
 iiutioii, UwT^r, uli^riff, muror and ^ovcriiKr. Currinl New 
 Vorii when eleetfil ^'iiTcriior lir tli« jiliminfiinul niitjiiiitv 
 
 of o.ri' I '.1(1,(1(1(1 Tolfi. TuoHiS A. riUNIIUKKM, of llllll'- 
 Hliii, Tiro-|iriMi>lt'Mt. 
 
 'i'A. ItKN.IAMIN llARItlSdN (UaplllillCAIl). Fornicr men- I 
 imtit'ii, ltt>vv<*r, j,'i'iirn»l in l'. S. *rin_v, nml I'nili'il Slali'^ 
 Kf-nul'ir. ituil 4;'.i,.'lii't iiopiiUr Tott's Ii'hh lliaii liin (i|i|iii- 
 ncntB, \vl hill u iiiiAJiirily of (\'> in tlio clui'iuriil cdIIc;'!'. 
 Iii:vi I'. MouTos. of Novr York, vic(i-|)roniilunl. 
 
 POLITICAL INFORMATION. 
 
 iti:(*il.T III' TIIK i.i.i,iriii;.\i. toi.i.i.iii. |'i;o(i:i;iiin(1s iiv 
 
 MTATIH I'KiMI ir>'.t TO AND 1 NCMMd NO I SSII. 
 
 Il.'^!>, Wii'tliiiij.'loii i'.ii'l Adums — WiiHliiiiuton liml tin- 
 vole of nil tlio Sl.'itiM, vi/., Ni'W llainp-iliiie. .Miissiiclni- 
 Hi'lis, ( 'oiiiii'ci iiMit, Si'w tlcrscy. I'l'Miisylvaiiiii, Id'luwarc, 
 .M:ii\ laiiil, \'ii-;^'iiiia, iS.)iitli ( 'arollim a.iij (iciirjlia. 
 
 A'laiin liaij all of X" . Ilampsliiri', .MaHsarliiisctls, 5 of 
 till' 7 of Coiincrtii'iit, I of llio li of New .IcrHcy, H of llio 
 1(1 of IVnii-iylvariia, r> of tlm lOof Virt'iiiia; lolal ;14. 
 
 ITlt.'l, Wasliin^'ton and Adiinis — Wasliin^jton had tlui 
 votcH of ail thn Stati'H, viz., New llainjiMhin', New York, 
 Now Ji'rst'V, I'eniwylvaniu, Pclawari', .Nfaryland, N'ir^'iiiia, 
 Kcnliii'ky, Nortii ('iirolinu, .Suiith Curoliiiu und (Jourgiii; 
 total i;fv'. 
 
 AdtiiMs carried all tlirsc States with tlio exeeption of 
 New York, Virj^inia, Kontmrky, Nortli ('urolina and 
 (Jeorjjia; total T7 vnicH. 
 
 IT'.K'. .\ilaniM and .lefferflon — Adiim!) had the votes of 
 New llHin|)Hiiire, .Ma'^^achiiii'ltii, l{l\oil« Island, ('onneeti- 
 cut, Vt'rnioiit, New ^'ork. New Jcr^ev, Pohiwart', I of the 
 16 of IVniiHylvania, 1 of tlio 'iU of \'ir;;inia, 1 of tho I"-.' 
 of Nortli (!urolina, and 7 of tho 1 1 of Maryland; total 71. 
 
 Thonnw ilclTerHoii IkhI II of fiio !."> votos of I'cnnsylva- 
 nia, 4 of tho II of .Maryland, '-.'(> of tho 'Jl of Yir^rinia, 
 Kentucky, 11 of iho I'i of North (!uroliua, Icnnessee, 
 Goorj,'ia and ISonlh Caroliiiii; total 08. 
 
 1801. .Ii'lTersin and Hiiir — Had tho votes of tho States 
 of New York, S of tho 1.") of I'cnnsylvania, 5 of tho 10 of 
 Maryland, Vir;;ini.i, Kentucky, 8 of tho 1'-.' of North Caro- 
 lina, Tonne-isec, South (.aroliiui and (ieorfjia; total 7;t. 
 House decided .lelTcrson Presiilontand UnrrN'icc-Prcsident. 
 
 Adams and Pinckney — Had tho votes of tho Slates of Now 
 IIam|)Hh!re, Mas^achusettM, IJhodo Inland, (lonnocticnt, 
 Vormont, New .Icrscy, 7 of tho J5 of i'eiinsylvania, Dela- 
 ware, 5 of tho 10 of -Maryland, und 4 of thu 1^ of North 
 Carolina; total 05. 
 
 180,'), JifTer-'on and Clinton — Had tho votee of tho 
 States of New llainjwhirc, MasHachiiMctts, Rhode Island, 
 Vermont, New York, N«w iJersoy, Pennsylvania, Mary- 
 land, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, (ieorgia, 
 Tennessee, Kentucky lind Ohio; total 1C3. 
 
 Pinckney and Kinj^ — Had tlio votes of tho States of 
 Connecticut, Delaware and 2 of tho 11 of Maryland; 
 total 14. 
 
 IHOii, Madison und Clinton — Had tho votes of tho States 
 of Vermont, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 9 of 
 tho 11 of .Maryland. Virginia, 11 of "tho 14 of North Car- 
 olina, South Carolina, (ieorgia, Kentnckv, Teuiiesseo and 
 Ohio; total K't'. 
 
 Pinckney and King — Had tho votes of the States of 
 New Yoik, Massachnsettn, Kliode Island, Conneotiout, 
 Dolaware, ;.' »! the 11 of Maryland, and '3 of tho 14 of 
 North Carolina; t«tal 47. 
 
 18i:i, Madiiion and Gerry — Carried Vermont, Ponusyl- 
 vania, 6 of the 11 of Maryland, Virginia, N«rth Carolina, 
 
 South Carolinii, Georgia, Kentnoky, Tenneifee, Ohio and 
 Loiiiniuna; total 1;.>H. 
 
 ('liiiton and liifV'ixoll— Had tlm votei of tho States of 
 New lIuiiipHliiie, .MuH.'aehnMt'lt-, Khode iNland, Connec- 
 liciit, .New ^'ork, .Sew .lertiey, J>elawar« luid 5 of the II 
 of Mui'ylaiiil; loia! t*\K 
 
 l><l!', .^!onrll(• und 'roin|ikins — Hud tho votes of tho 
 Sl.'iltM of Ncv,- HampHhii'e, Uli'MJe Inlatid, N'ernioiit, New 
 Yoik, New .leriiy, Pennmiiiinia, Maryland, V'irginiu, 
 Nortli Caroliiia, South Carolina, (ieorgia, Kentucky, 'I'en- 
 nt'.sHce, Ohio, Loui-iana Mild fndiana; total |h;|. 
 
 Knit^iilld lloward— Hud the Votes of the States of Mas- 
 ■achtisetis, Coiincclicnt ai'il Di'lauiiie; t<itul -'U. 
 
 l.S','l, .Monroe and 'ronii kins— Had tho voles of every 
 Stale in till, lliinii; totid 'i;l| 
 
 Adams and Stocklon — .\<liiiu8 had 1 vote of tho 8 of 
 New llainpsliiii , und SioiUion 8 of tho lA of .Massatdiii- 
 Kelts. 
 
 |f"X'.'), Adaiiwuiid (';iIhoun — Had the votes'/ the Stiiteii 
 of .Maine, New llampsliire, MafftachusettH, ({liodc Island, 
 ('oiinecticiii, Veinmnl, :.'(! of the Uii of New York, I of 
 tlie :i of Delaware. :J of t:,o II of Maryland, V of the f) 
 of Lonisianu, and 1 of tho .'I of Illinois; toinl 84 for 
 .\dams. ('atliiiiin for N'ice-PiesiiU'iit earrieil several States 
 that Adams did imt carry, and had u total of \H'i votes. 
 
 Crawford— Had 5 of the .'K! votes of New York, ',! of the 
 :i of Delaware, ami 1 of tho 11 of Maryland, Virginia and 
 (ieorgia; total 41. 
 
 ilacksoi: — Had 1 of the HO votes of Neu- York, New 
 Jersey, Pennsylvania. V of tho 11 of .Murylund. North 
 Cai'olinu. South Carolina, Tennessre, •') of the ,'i of Louis- 
 iana, Missi-tsipjii, Indiana, Illinois and Alaliania; total {•!). 
 
 ('lay —Hail 4 of the HO votes of Now York. Kentucky, 
 Ohio and Missouri; total 117. 
 
 No choice hy tho electoral oollege, it dovolviig upon tho 
 House of Itepi'e.sentativcs. A choice was reached nil first 
 liailot as follows: Adams— Connooticnit, Illinois, Kentucky, 
 Ijouisiana. Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, 
 New Hampshire, Now York, Ohio, Ulifido Island and 
 \'ermont; I'.i States, .lackson — Alahama, Indiana, Mis- 
 s.inii. New .Jersey, Pennsylvania. South Carolina and Teii- 
 in!S-ec; 7 States. (Vawford — Delaware, Georgia, Nortli 
 Carolina and \iiginia; 4 States. 
 
 18'^'.), Jackson und (-'ullioun — Hnd I of tho votes of tho 
 of .Maine, ^'0 of the HO of Now York, I'cnnsylvania, 
 T) of tho 11 of Maryland, Virginia, North CJarolina, South 
 C.irolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, 
 Mississippi. Illinois, Alaltaniaund Missouri; total 178. 
 
 Adams und Rush — Had 8 of the votes of Maine, Now 
 Hampshire, Mussachnsetts, Uhodo Island. Conueeticut, 
 Vermont, IGof tho HO of New York, New Jersey, Dela- 
 ware, and (i of tho 11 of Maryland; total 83. 
 
 IH.'iH, Ju(!kson and Vun iUinr — Hud the voti ,sof Maine, 
 New llaiiiii.shirc. New York, Niw Jersev, Pennsylvania, .'J 
 of tho 8 (It Maryland. Virginia, North ('uroliiui, (ieorgia, 
 Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana. Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, 
 Alahama and Mist^ouii; total '^'10. 
 
 Clay imd Sergeant — Had the votes of tho stutosof Massa- 
 chusetts, Rliiido Island, Connecticut, Delaware, 6 of the 8 
 of Maryland and Kentucky; total, 41). 
 
 18.17, Van Buren and Johnson — Had tho votes tf tlie 
 states of Maine, New llainpehire, Rhode Island, Connecti- 
 cut, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, 
 Louisiana, Mi.<(ais;;ippi, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkan- 
 sas and .Mii'higan; total, 170. 
 
 Harrison und (Irauger — Had the votes of tlie states of 
 Vermont, New .lersey, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, 
 Ohio and Indiana; total, 7H. 
 
 1841, Harrivon and Tylf-r — Had the vates «f tke states 
 «f Maine, Maesaohusetts, Rhode Island, Oonnectiout, Var- 
 
 T(C3g^ 
 
•^f:yr 
 
 POLITICAL, IMFOHMATIOM. 
 
 Lioiiii*iuii;i, MidriiHMipiii. liiiliiiiiM, IlliiiciiM, Aluliuinik, Mis 
 Boiiri, ArkitiiriikH, Miirliipin. Kl 
 
 iilii. 'IcxikH, lowii, Wiscon- 
 
 iiiKiii, N'kw York, Nuw Jeracy, i'l'imitylvitiiiit, DvUware, 
 Mitrylaiiil, North ('aroliim, (Icori^iu, Koiitiicky/riiiiiitfiuivc, 
 Ohio, liOiiiHiiiiiii, Mitniiuiippi, liiiliikiii hii'I Michit^mi; toUl, 
 •i'M. 
 
 Vitii Huron — llud tho votes of tho ittutoi of New Iluniji- 
 Hhirii, Vir^'iiiiii, Hoiith Citrolinu, Illinoiii, Alitbuiiia, Mil- 
 Mouri uimI ArkniiHHM; totitl, OO. 
 
 IHt:i, l*<>lk mill Ditlliw— llud tho votoH of the itatea 
 of MuiiK*. Nt*w Ilittii|i8hiru, Now York, I'vnniylruiiia, Vir- 
 ginia, Soiiih Cnrolinit, Ocoruiu, I<oui«iiia. Miititai|ii>i, In- 
 (liunu, IliinoiH, .Vluhuniu, MiMMunri, Arkanuu and Michi- 
 gan; total, I7<). 
 
 Clity ami Kri'linxhuyiion— Had (hn votvi of tho itatei of 
 Rhodi) Inlaiiil, Cormi'dtiiMit, VcrinoiU, New Junvy, Dela- 
 ware, Maiyliiml, North ('urolimt, Kentucky, Tennvitiii'o 
 and Ohio; total, 10^. 
 
 IKI'J, 'Taylor and Kdlniori> — Had thu votcH of tho 8tat(>ii 
 of MikSriuoliimcttH, Itliodo litlanil, OonnucticMit, Vrrnionl, 
 New York, Now Jimhi'}, I'ennHvlvatila, Delaware, Mary- 
 land, North (^'aroliiia, (ieori^ia, Kuntticky, 'reiincHHee, 
 LouiBiana and Florida: total, l*i.'l 
 
 Cam and Butler Had (ho votes of the States of Maine, 
 Nuw HainjiHliire, Virf^iniit, South ('arolina, Ohio, Missis- 
 sippi, Indiana, IliinoiH, Ahiliania, MiHHonri, Arkansas, 
 Mi('hi((an, Texan, Iowa and WiMeonsin; total, I'iH. 
 
 18i).'J, I'ierco and KiiiK— Had the votes of the States of 
 Maine, New Hampshire, liliode inland, ('onnecti(Mit, New 
 York, New .lorsey, I'eniiHvlvania, Delaware, Maryland, 
 Virginia, North ('arolina, S'oiith Carolina, (ieorgia, Ohio, 
 niH.iipp 
 , Mi.-h 
 Hill and California; total. '^'.*i4 
 
 S<!ott and (Jraluiiii— ll;i i the Votes of the States of Mas- 
 sauhuMcttH, N'cniioiit, Kt'iitiicky and 'i'ennoHHoe; total, 4*'^. 
 
 1H,')7, liuclianan and Mreckinridgo — Had the votesof the 
 StateH of Ne>v .Icrsey, IVnimylvuiiia, Delaware, Virginia, 
 North Carnliiin, Smiili Cnrolina. (ieorgia, Kentucky, 'IVn- 
 ncHce, liOiii 'iiiitk, .Mi,-i->i-si|i|ii, Indiana, HIinoiti, Alahania, 
 Mi-;soiiii, A kiinsas, Klunda. Texas and California; total, 
 1T4. 
 
 I'Vcniont lid i>ayt<iii — Hail the votes of the States of 
 Main.% Ni'v, lliini|iHliire, MasMai-hiisettH, lihodo Island, 
 Connecitiriil, Nirmonl, New York, Ohio, Michigan, Iowa 
 and W'isciitisin; total, 1 14. 
 
 Killnioro and DonelHon — Had the votes of the State of 
 Miirvland: total, 8. 
 
 isili, Lincoln and Hamlin — Had the votes of tho States 
 of Maiiii', Nuw Hainp.sliiiv, .MaHHaoliusetts, Rhode Island, 
 ('onnciaient, Vermont, N(>w York, 4 of tho 7 of Now Jer- 
 Hov, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, IliinoiH, Michigan, Iowa, 
 W'iHeonsin, California, Minnesota and Oregon; total, 180. 
 
 Hreckinriilgo and liiine — Had tho votes of tho States of 
 Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
 Georgia, Fjouisiana, Missinaippi, Alatianni, Arkansas, Flor- 
 ida iiiid Texan, total, 7'i. 
 
 DiiiigliiH and Jolinson — Had tho votes of tho States of 
 Missouri, and ',i of tho 7 of New Jersey; total, 12. 
 
 Hell and Kverett — Had tho votes of tho States of Vir- 
 giniii, KiMitiiikv and Teiinesnee; total. 30. 
 
 18<1.), Liiici. and Jolinson — Had the votesof the States 
 of Maine, New latnpHhire, Massaihnsetts, Hhodo Island, 
 Connecticut, Vcimont, New York, Pennsylvania, Mary- 
 laiul, Ohio, Indian:. Illinois. Missouri, .Michigan, Wiscon- 
 sin, Iowa, Califon. 1. .MiiiMcsota, Oregon, Kansas, West 
 Virginia and Neiira.ska; tolal, '-il'i. 
 
 McClellan and reiulletoii -Had the votes of the .States 
 of New .lersey, Delaware and Kciituckv; total, 21. 
 
 Kli'ven States did not vote, viz.: .\labania, Arkansas, 
 Florida, (ieorgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, 
 South (Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia. 
 
 1877. Haves and Wheeler— Had the votesof tho S 
 of Mhiite, New Haniphiro, Vermont, MassachusettH, I{ 
 Island, Ponnsvhania, South Carolina, Ohio, Lonis 
 
 IH(;ii, (irant and Colfax— Had tho votes of tho States of 
 Maine, New Hampshiro, Vermont, MiuwiachusettH, Rhode 
 Island, ( I'linei ticiit, Pennsylvania, North (Carolina, South 
 Carolina, Alitliaina, Ohio, Tenneswe, Indiana, Illinois, 
 .Missouri, Arkansaii, Michigan, Floridl^ Iowa, Wisconsin, 
 California, Minnesota, Kansas, West Virginia, Nevadaand 
 Nehrikska; total, 21 1. 
 
 .Seymour and Itlair— -Had the votes of the States of New 
 York, New ilersey, Delaware, Maryland, (ieorgia, liOiiiMi- 
 ana, Kentucky and Oregon; total, 80. 
 
 'I'lireu States did not vote, viz.: Mississippi, I'exa* and 
 Virginia. 
 
 I87:l, (irant and Wilson— Had tho votes of the .Htati-s of 
 .Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Mitssanhusetts, Rhode 
 Island, (Jonneiaiciit, New York, Now .rorsov, Pennsyl- 
 vania, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro- 
 lina, Alahama, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, .MissisKiniii, Michi- 
 gan, Florida, Iowa, WiKconsin, California, Minnesota, 
 Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia, Nebraska and Nevada; 
 total, 28(;, 
 
 (ireelev and Brown — Had the votes of the States of 
 Maryland, (ieorgia, Keutuckv, Tounesseo, Missouri and 
 Texas; total, (13. 
 
 Three electoral votes of (Ieorgia cast for Oreelev, and 
 the votesof Arkansas, )>, and lx)uisiiina. S, cast for (irant, 
 were rejected. 
 
 ~ States 
 
 Rhod« 
 
 . . isiana, 
 
 Illinois, Michigan, Florida, Iowa, Wisconsin, California, 
 Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, Nevada. Neliranka and Colo 
 rado; total, 18.^. 
 
 Tilden and Hendricks — Had votes of Connecticut, New 
 York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North 
 Carolina, (ieorgia, Alaliam.t, Kentucky, Tennessee, 
 Indiana, Missouri, .\rkanHu., MissiHsip)ii, Texas and West 
 Nirginia; total i^*4. 
 
 1881. (iartield and .\rthur — Had votes of Maine, New 
 Hampshire, N'ermont, Massiudiusetts, Uliode Island, (on- 
 necticiit, .New Y :k, lennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illhiois, 
 .Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, 1 of the <i of (Jalifornia, Min- 
 nesota, Oregon, Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado; total 
 214. 
 
 Hancock and Knglish — Had votes of New Jersey, Dela- 
 ware, .Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
 (ieorgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mis- 
 souri, Arkansas, Mississipjii, Florida, Texas, 6 of the ef 
 California, West Virginia and Nebraska; total 165. 
 
 1884. Cleveland .uid Hendricks — Had votesof Alabama, 
 Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, In- 
 diana, Kentucky, Ijonisiaiia, Maryland, Mississippi, Mis- 
 souri, New Jersey, New Yrrk, North Carolina, South 
 Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia; 
 total 203. 
 
 Blaine and Logan — Had votes oi' California, Colorado, 
 Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, 
 Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, .New Hain|)8hire, Oliio, 
 Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Wisconsin; 
 total 1 (if.. 
 
 1888. Harrison and Morton — Had voles of California, 
 Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, .Maine, .Mas- 
 sachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, New 
 Hanipsliire, New York, Ohio, Oregon. Pennsylvania, 
 liiiiiile Island, Vermont vr:.ponsin; total 2:i;i. 
 
 Cleveland and Th:ri!'i!i—-!i.ul votes of .Mabaina. Aik- 
 ansas, Connecticut l),'l;.\vure, Florid';, Georgia, Kent'icky, 
 liouisiana, Mar.l iid, Missis-sippi, .Hi! soiiri. New Jersey, 
 North Carolina. . Suit h Carolina, 'J en.iessee, Texas, Vir- 
 ginia, W. Va. ; tot.-i! 168. 
 
 
 n 
 
! -t 
 
 VOTE BY STATES. 
 
 Alubttnitt — IH'i-i, Dtiii. inuj. 5,'-JtiO; 1628, ')ent. aiuj. 
 15,200; lt<;}';, J>eni. iimj. ;5.431; 1840, rem. iiiiij. 5.520; 
 1844, Deiii. iiMJ. IJ.OJO; 1848, f)«>m.!n:ij. 881; 1852, Dciii. 
 inaj. 11,8411; Iti'ilj, Dem. inuj. 18,187; IhtiO, Diiii. iimj. 
 7,35.5; 18f;s, 1{.-|> iiiiij. 4.2:8- 1ST2, Ht-p. niaj. 10.82t> 
 18TG, Duin. iimj. ;1;J.:T2; 188t'. I),.|ii. maj. 2U,8G7; 18f4, 
 Dem. plur. 33. 520; 1888, Ih-ui. j.lir. 00.113. 
 
 ArkaiiBiiB — 1830, IJcni. iiiaj. 1,102; 1840, Dem. »..ttj. 
 889; 1844, Dem. maj. 4,042; 1848, Dem. maj. 1,712; 18,V2, 
 Dem. maj. 4,709; 1850, Den., maj. 11,123; 1800, DiMii. 
 maj. 3,411; 1808, Hep. maj. 3.034, 1872, Itep. maj. 3,440; 
 1870, Dem. maj. l'J,113; 1880, Di-m. ii-aj. 14,749; 1884, 
 Dem. plur. 5J2,208; 1888 Dem. plur. 27,210. 
 
 California — 1852, Dem. maj. 5.119; 1856, Dem. plur. 
 17,200; 1870. Kcp. plur. G.iT; 1804. Hep. maj. 18,293; 
 1808, Hep. maj. 500; 1872. Hej'. muj. 12,234; 1876. Rp. 
 miij. 2,738; 1880, Dem. plur. 78: 1884, Hep. plur. 13,128; 
 1888, Hep. plur. 7,080. 
 
 (Jdloni'la— 1880. Hej). maj. 1.308-. 1884. Rep. maj. 8,507; 
 1888, Hep. plur. 13,224. 
 
 CouiK'oiicut — 1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) maj. 
 5,001); 1828, Loose Constructionist (Hep.) maj. 9.381; 1832; 
 Loos'i CciMstruetionist (Hep.) maj. 0.480; 1830, Dem. nuij. 
 708; 1810, Whi;? (Rfl>.) maj. O.l.il ; 1.S44, \Vliig{Kep.) niuj. 
 1,0(8; 1848. Whig. (Hep) i>lur. 3. -.'08; 185'^. Dem. i)lur. 
 2,8'.t2; 1850, Hfp. Hiuj. 5,liC>; 180O, H,.p. niaj. 10.238; 
 1801. Hej). maj. 2.4nii; ih(;8. He]>. niaj. 3.043; 1872, Hep. 
 maj. 1,348; I8;i;, Dem. maj. 1.712; 1880, Hep. maj, 1.788; 
 1884. D<Mi. plur. 1,2:4; 1888. Dem, piur.330. 
 
 Delaware — 182 , Loo.se Con.^tructioiiisi (Itep.) niaj. 420; 
 1832. Lo.iso Ci'iisiru. tioiiLst. (Hep.) maj. 100; 1830. Wliig 
 (Uep.) maj.583;ls40. Wliig (IJep.) mij. 1.083: 1844, Whig 
 (H.'|). )!naj.2-i::: lS48,W!iiu(H. ,1.) maj. 443; I8."i2, Dem. plur. 
 25; 18.')0. .U(.:i. i!iaj. l..')21: 18C0; Dem. plur. 3,483; 18(;.|, 
 Dem. Iimj. 012; 180». Dem. maj. 3,357; 1872, Hep. maj. 
 422; 1870. Dem. -uaj. 2.029: 1880, Dem. maj. 1,023; 1884, 
 Dem. plur. 423; 1 v>. D. 111. plur. ?.441. 
 
 I'i..ri.i.i 1818, Whig (li.ji.)maj. 1,20'.); 1852. Dem. 'iiaj. 
 1,443; l8.»ii, Dvm. maj. l,.'i'.'>; 18(;u, D.'in. -'mj. 2.7:)'.t: 1872, 
 Hep. iii.ij. 2,330; 18ti;, !{,.[.. maj. 920; 18,s!i, !)• lu. maj, 
 4,310; ls><4. Dmu. plui-. 3,;38; 18S8, D.-in. jilur. 12.002. 
 
 (Jeoigia— 18!0, W hi;,' (Ki'|i.) iii.ij. 2..8or; isio. Whig 
 (Hep.) maj .h,3.>; 18l4,Dem.iiiaj. 2,0", I ; |8-)S, Wliig (Hep.) 
 maj. 2,742; 18.-)-^, Dem. maj. 18.01.".; I8."t';, i».iii. maj. 
 14.350; I8O11, D.-m. plur. 9,»io3: !80'<. Dem. maj ».').588; 
 1872, Dem maj. 9, 80O; 18"'0, Dim. iiiaj 79,012; 1880, 
 Dem. maj. l.i'.i'.i; 1884. Dem. plur. 4';,9.;i; 1888, Dem. 
 p'ur. 00.029. 
 
 Illinois— 1824. Dem. plur. 3.")0: 1828, Pem. maj. 5.182; 
 1832, Dem. maj. 8,71s; l,s3" . Dmi. maj. 3.1 14; 1840, Dem. 
 maj. l,79o; IS44, Dem, maj. s.i^ti; 1>48, Dem, plur. 
 3,253; 1852, Dem. maj. 5. OoT: 1n50, !), .-n. plur. 9.150; 
 IPOO, Hep. maj. 5,029; 1804. H.p. maj. 30,100; 18i;8. Hep. 
 maj. Si.lCO; 1872, Hej). maj. 53,948; 1870. Hep. maj. 1.971: 
 1880, Hep. maj. 14,358; ;884. Hep. plur, 2'i.l22; 1888, Hep. 
 plur. 22,042. 
 
 Iii.liaiia— 1884, Dem. plur. 2.028; 1«28. Dpjii. maj. 
 5,185; 1832, Dom. maj. l';,o8ii: 1830, Whig (Hep.) maj. 
 8,801; 1840. Whig (Hep. > maj. 13.0o7: 1844. Dem. maj. 
 208; 1848, Dem. plur. 4,s38: i,S52. Dem. maj. 7, old; 1850, 
 Dem. mh:j. 1.9(i9: I8OO. Hep. m.-ij. 5,923; 1804, Hep. maj, 
 20,189; 1,S08, Hep. maj. 9.508; 1,872. Hep. maj. 21.098; 
 1870, Dem. plur. 5,515; I880. Hep. plur. 0,041; 1884, Dom. 
 plur. 0,527; 1888, liep. plur. 2,348. 
 
 Iowa— 184.S, Dem. plur. 1,000; 1P53. Dem, maj. .303; 
 lasr. Rep. plur 7,784; 18C0, Hep. maj. !2,4S7;1804, Rep. 
 maj 39,479; 1808. l.{ep. maj. 40.359; 1872. Hep. maj, 58.- 
 140; 1876, Ii»}p. -./laj. .-iO.lOl; J8S0, Hep. maj. 45,732; 1884, 
 Hep. plur. 19,790; 1888. Rep. ).lur. 31,721. 
 
 -;rT^. - - 
 
 Kan.sa.— 1804, Hop. maj. 12.750; 1808. Hep.mij. r..058; 
 1872, Hep, Iiiaj. 33.482; 1870. Rej). niiij. 32.511; 1880. Hop. 
 maj. 12,021; 18.84. Hei).plur.04.-i74; 1888. l{ei..plnr.',!i.901. 
 
 Keiituikv — 1824, Loo.-o Constru.itiouist (Hep.) majority 
 .0.32','; 1828. Dt 111. niajiritv 7.912: 1832. Lo-ho (".)t,Htruc- 
 li; .'.i.-c (Hep.) majeritv 7.149; 1830, Whig (Hep ) luajor- 
 t- 5. 20; 1840. WiM::"(Hep.)majoriiv 25,873; 1844, Whig 
 (Hep.) majority 9.21)7 ; 1848. ^Vhig (Htp) nuiiority 
 17,421; 18.52. Whig (Hep.) majority 2.997; 1850. J)em. 
 majority 6,912; 1800. Constitutional Union jilurality 
 12.915; 1804, Dem. majority 36.515; 1868, Dem. ma- 
 jority 70.324; 1872, Dem. maj. 8,855; 1876 Dem. maj. 
 59,772: 1880. Dem. maj. 31,951; 1884, Dem. plur. 34,839; 
 1888, Dem. plur. 38,666. 
 
 Louisiana — 1828, Dem. majority 508; 1832, Dom. m». 
 jority, 1,521; 1830, Dem. majority 270; 1840, Whig (Hep.) 
 maj. 3.680; 1844. Dem. niajor:ty"099; 1848. Whig (Hep.) 
 najority 2.847; 1852. Dem. majority 1.392; 1856. Dem. 
 'najoriiy 1.4.">5; 1800. Dem. plurality 2,477; 1808, Dem. ma- 
 ^ nty 46,902; 1872, Hep. majority" 14.634; 1876, Rep. ma- 
 / .rity 4.490; 1880, Dem. majority 33,419; 1884, Dom. 
 plur 16,260; 1888, Dem. plur. 54.700. 
 
 .Maine — 1824, I.,oose Constructionist (Hop.) majority 
 4.540; 1828, Loose C .nBtriietionist (Hep.) majority ti,848; 
 1840, Whig (Hep.) majority 217; 1844. Dem. majority 
 (>,5')5; 1848; Dem. plurality 4.765; 1852, Dem. majority 
 1.0J6; 1850, Hep. majority 24.974; 180O. Hep. majority 
 27,704; 1804, Hep. majority 17..V.I2; 1808, Rep. majority 
 28,0.33; 1872. Hep. majority 32.355; 1870, Hep. majority 
 15.814: 1880, Hep. majorify 4.400; 1884, Rep. plurality 
 20,009; 1888. Hep. plurality 32,252. 
 
 Maryiaiiii — 1824, Loose Construetionist (Hep.) plurality 
 10'.'; 1828,LooseCoii8tri.ctii.iiisi(Hep.) majority 1.181; 1832, 
 I oo.-^e Coiistructioni.-t (Hep.) majority 4; 1830, Whig 
 (Hej).) majority 3, 08.'.; 184t», Whig (Hep.) majority 4,776, 
 1844, Whig (Hep.) majority 3,308; 1.848, Whig (lie]!.) ma- 
 jority 3.049; ls-,;>, Den.." majority 4,900; 1850, Know- 
 Nothing majority 8.00,4; 1.8i;o, Dem'. plurality 722; 1804, 
 Hep. majority 7.414; 1808, Dem. niajomy 31,919; 187" 
 Dem. majdrifv 9o8; 1870. Dem. majority 19.7"iO; 1880, 
 Dem. m:ijorily 15,l;tl; 1884, Dem. plur. 11,305; 1888, 
 Dem. ;ilur. 0.182. 
 
 .Ma.'^.-aenus'tts — 1824, Ixjoso Coii.-triietionist (Hep.) ma- 
 jority 24.071: 1828. 1joo.-;o Conslruelioiiist (Hej>.) majority 
 22.817; 1832. L00-" Con.struetioni.-t (Hep.) majority 
 IS. 458; 18.30. Whig (Hep.) m.ijorit v 7.592; 1840, Wliig 
 (Hi'p.) iiia;nritv r.t.305; l.'<44, Wilis,' (Hep.) majority 2.712; 
 1848, Whig (iilep.) i.liirality 23,oi4: 1852, Whig (Hep.) 
 hiiirality 8,114; 1S50, H.'p". majority 49,324; 1800, Hep. 
 majority 43,981; 1,S04, Hep. majority' 77,997: 1858, Hep. 
 iiiaji-ritv 77,O0'.i: 1872. Rep. inajorit'v 74,212: 1S70, Ifep. 
 majority 40.423; ls.80, J.Vp. m ■'. 49/t97; 1884, Heji. plur. 
 24 372;"l888, Rep. plur. 31.457. 
 
 Mi. hiiraii— 1.830, Dem. majority 3,300; i840. Whig 
 (Hep.) majority 1.514; 1844. Dem. plurality 3,423; 1848, 
 Dem. plurality 0.747: 1852. Dem. majority 740; 1856, 
 Hep. majority 17.906; I860, H- p. majority 22,213; 1864, 
 Hep. maiorit', 16.917: 180S I..,., majority 31,481 ; 1872, 
 Hop. majo,-it"v .'>5,908; 1870. Heji. majorit"y 15.542; 1880, 
 Hep. majority 19.095; 1884, Rep. plurality 3,308; 1888, 
 Ro!). plurality 22.903. 
 
 Minnesota— I8O0. Rep. majority 0,339; 1804, Rep, ma- 
 jority 7,085: 1808, Hep. majority "l5.47(i; 1872, Hep. ma- 
 jority 20,604; 1876 Rep. majority 21,780; 1880, Hep. ma- 
 jority ■J0..5S8; 1884. Rep. plurality 38,738; 1888, Hej). 
 plur." 30,005. 
 
 Mississippi— 1824, Dem. m.-ijor! 1,421; 1828, Dem. 
 majority 5.182; l.>^32. Dem. majority 5,919; 1830, Dem. 
 inajorit'y 2',il, 1840. Whig (Rop.) m'ajority 2,523; 1844. 
 Dem. inajority 6,020; 1848, Dom. majority OiS; 18J)2, 
 
 ■^fc^.-; 
 
=^ 
 
 [).niij. 1 ; .O.'iH; 
 11; lHS(i. Kop. 
 
 Iii'li.) iii;ij.)rity 
 ) '^^'! ("oiintruc- 
 (Uf)i ) iiiiijor- 
 ; IK44, Wliig 
 ,»>]).) iimjority 
 ; 185(;, J)em. 
 liou ]iluralitjr 
 8, Di'in. iiiu- 
 li Dcin. iiiuj. 
 plur. 34,839; 
 
 2, Deni. ma- 
 . Whig (Rep.) 
 
 Whig (U.T-) 
 ; 1850. Deni. 
 (iS, Dt'iii. ina- 
 870, Kep. ma- 
 i; 1884, Dom. 
 
 ■p.) inujorit» 
 iijority 0,848; 
 cm. iniijority 
 )ein. nmjofity 
 Jep. niiijority 
 Hop. Iimjority 
 Hi'p. iiiitjority 
 IJop. plurality 
 
 lop.) plurality 
 ;v l.ISI;18;t2, 
 ■ 18;i(), Whig 
 ajniily 4,7:6, 
 
 '.- (''''I'-) ""'' 
 18.")0, Kiiow- 
 V V2-i; 1804, 
 :il. '.•!!!; 187" 
 l'.i.7"iO; 188G 
 11,305; 1888, 
 
 si (Kop.) iiia- 
 lop.) iiiiijnrity 
 
 p.) iiiujiiiify 
 .': 184(1. Whig 
 iiijdi'ily '..'.712; 
 
 Whig (Hop.) 
 
 4; ISOO. Hep. 
 
 : isr.s, Ivop. 
 
 I: ISTO. liop. 
 54, Ui'ji. plur, 
 
 i840, Whig 
 ;i,4-.'3; 1848, 
 ty 740; l.S.-iO, 
 •!•.'.•.' 13; 1804, 
 31,481; 1S7V', 
 l,').,VK';lShO, 
 3,308; 1888, 
 
 04, Rep. ina- 
 ^7",*, lio)). ma- 
 <(i, li'op. nia- 
 ;; 1888, ]{ep. 
 
 1828, Dem. 
 
 1830, ■Deni. 
 
 v\5J3; 1844. 
 
 ,v 0i5; 18i»:>, 
 
 5»9^ 
 
 POLITICAL IXrORllATIOS. 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 C^ 
 
 Decc. majjoritT 9,328; 185C, Dora, majority 11,251; 1860, 
 I)«in. tM^ority 12,474; 1872, liep. majority 34,887; 1876, 
 D*ni. mmjority 59,568; 1880, Dem. majority 35,099; 1884, 
 D«m plurality 33,001; 1888, Dem. plurality 55,375. 
 
 Mi««ouri — 1824, Looso Constructionist (Rep.) majority 
 liU; 1848. Dem. majority 4,810; 1832, Dem. majority 
 b.lvi; 1S36, Dem. majority 2,058; 1840, Dem. majority 
 6,7?.S; 1^44, Dem. majority 10,118; 1848, Dom. majority 
 T,4*;»*; 1852, Dem. majority 8,309; 1850, Dem. majority 
 d.MO; iS60, Dem. plurality 429; 1804, Rep. majority 
 4l.i)?S; 1866, Rep. majority 21,232; 1872, Dem. majority 
 \:*.S>iH; 1876, Dem. majority 54,389; 1880, Derr. majority 
 r>.»»7; 1884, Dem. plurality 33,059; 1888, Dem. plurality 
 
 25.:<:'j. 
 
 XebTMka— 1868. Rop. majority 4,290; 1872, Rep. ma- 
 jority 10.517: 1876. Rep. majority 10,320; 1880, Rep. ma- 
 joritj 32,603; 1884, I'ep. plurality 22,512; 1888, Rep. 
 pioralitj «7,873. 
 
 N'eTada— 1864. Rep. majority 3,232; 1808, Rep. ma- 
 jority 1,262; 1882, Rep. majority 2,177; 1870, Rep. ma- 
 jority 1.075; 1880, Dem majority 879; 1884, Rep. plural- 
 ity l,f!15; 188, Rep. plurality 1,930. 
 
 Ser Ilampsiiire — 1824, Loose (Jonstructionist (Rep) 
 nuj'iriiT 3. 404; 1028, Loose Conatniotionist (Rep.) ma- 
 jontT3,3H4; 1832. Dom. majority 0,470; 1830, Dem. plur- 
 ality 12. 4<*4; lS4it, Dom. majority 0,380; I8M, Dem. ma- 
 jonty5.13;i: 1848, Dom. majority 5,422; 1852, Dem. ma- 
 j-iriiy '.155; 18,^0, Rop. majority 5,134; 180O, Rop. ma- 
 jority 9.085 ; 1S04. Rop. iniijority 3,529; 1808, Rep. ma- 
 jority 6.1W7; 1872, Hop. majority 5.444; 1870, Rep. ma- 
 joriiV 2.954; 18M0, Rep. nmj. 3,530; 1884, Rep. plur, 
 4.«>59: 18!>8. Rop. plur. 2,370. 
 
 Xew Jersey — 1824, Dom. majority 079; 1820, Loose 
 Con«tnicnonist (Hop.) ni:ijority 1.80H; 1832, Detii. major- 
 ity 4<£i: 1836, \Vhig{I{oi).) in.ijoritv 545; 1840, Whig(Rop) 
 majoriiy 2.248; KS44, Whig (Roii.) iniijority 092; 1848, 
 Wb:g (t{«'p.) majority 2,285; 1852, Dom. maj'oritv 5.399; 
 I45«, l>em. plurality 18,005; 1800, Dem. majority 4,477; 
 ls«J4. Dem. majority 7,.30l; 180s, Dom. majority •..'.870; 
 Kt. R«-p. majoritv 14,570; 1870. Dem. majority 11, CW); 
 l>S»-». IVm. plurality 2.010; 1884. Dem. plurality 4,412; 
 IsS*. Dom. plur.Hlity 7,149. 
 
 Xew York — Is2k, Dem. majority 4, .350; 1832, Dom. 
 majoritr la.Oul; 1830, Dom. majority 28.272; 184tt. Wliip 
 (Rie-p.) iiisjuriiy 10.,">00; 1K44, Dom. "plurality .^. 100; 1848. 
 Whii(ll?p.) iiiijority 98,093; 1852, Dom. nnijority 1.872; 
 1»»5«;. R^'p. plurality 80.129; I81IO, Rop. majority' 50. 130: 
 lS»;i. Bep. majority 0,749; 1808, Dom. majoritv 10. (kX); 
 K:. Rep. majority "51,800; 1870, Dom. majority 20,5r,8: 
 l>'<*». Kep. majority 8,000: 1884, Dom. plurality 1.148; 
 1».N Rop. ]>liirality 14.373. 
 
 Xonb Csrolina— 1824. Dom. majority 4,794; 1828, 
 IVm. majority 23,93!t; 1832, Dom. iniijority 20.299; 1836, 
 Uem. majoritv 3,284; 1840, Whig (Rop.) maioritv 12.158; 
 I'm;. Whig (l^^i) ) majority 3,945; 1848, Whig (Rep.) 
 majority 8,081;* 1852, Dom. iniijority 027; 1850, Dom. 
 majoriiy 11.300, 18t'>it, Dom. majority 048; 1808. Rop. 
 majority 12.108: 1872, Hop. majority 24,(;75; 1870, Dom. 
 majority 17.010; |88h. Dnn. majority 8,320; 1884, Dem. 
 plarality 17.884: 1888, Di'Ui. plurality 13,11 '. 
 
 Ohio — 18-24. Loose Coiislruotic)iii.-<t (Hop.) j lurality 798: 
 IftJS;. I>em. majority 4.2<il; ]^:Vi. Dom. nnijf.iity 4.707; 
 is^W. Wiiijfdlon) inajoiitv '■457; 1840, \Vhig (Rop.) ma- 
 jority 22.472: 1844. Whiir IfoP') I'lnralily 5.94(1; 1848. 
 I>eni. piuraiitv li;.415; 1852. Uoin, plnialily 10,0',>4; I8,Vi. 
 Itfp. pluraliiv 10.023; l8(;o. Rop. niaiority 20.; 79; 1804. 
 Rrp. maj'trily 59. ."80; IS08. IJoj). majority 41.017: 1872. 
 K.i-p majoritv 3J.2fi8; i870. Hop, majority 2,747: 1880, 
 llep. majoriiv 27.771; 1884, Rep. plurality, 31,602; 1888, 
 R^P plnralitV 19,599. 
 
 ^*. ^^^ 
 
 t. 
 
 Oregoo— !«(«<:», Eep. plurality 1,318; 1864, Rep. majority 
 1,431; 1««*, Dem. majority 164; 1872, Rep. majority 
 3,517; l»7e, Bep. majoritv 647; 1880, Rep. majority 422; 
 la84, B«p. plurality 2,250"; 1888, Rep. plurality 6,769. 
 
 PeoiiaylTaaia — 1824, Dem. majority 24,846; 1828, Dem. 
 maj'mtj 5«'.N(.4: ]k32, Dom. majority 34,207; 1830, Dem. 
 majontV 4.3^: 184<t, Whig (Rep.) majority 2; 1844, Dom. 
 majori:y 3.11*4; lt>48. Whig (Rep.) majority 3.074; 1852, 
 Dem. m'aj-.niy IO.mjh; 1850, Dem. majority 1,025; 1800, 
 Rep. maj'-ritj 59,018; 1804, Hop. majority 20,075; 18(18, 
 Rep. laajority 28.8i<8; 1872, Itep. majority 135,918; l!;70, 
 Iter- Bimymtt 9.375; I88O, Rop. majority 10.008; 1884, 
 Rep. ploiality 81,019; 1888 Rep.jilurality 79,458. 
 
 Rhode bJan<i — 1824, l^oose ConstructioniHt (Rep.) ma- 
 jority 1/M5; 1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep,) majority 
 1,93.3; 1*TC, Loose Constructijjnist (Hop,) majority 0,S4; 
 183^;. D<em. majoritv 254; 1840, Whig (Hop,) mujority 
 1.935; 1M4, Whig '(Bop.) majority 2,348; 1848, Whig 
 (Rep.) majoriiv V.403; 1852, Dom. majority 405; 185(i, 
 Rep. nMionty'3.112; >800, Hop. majority 4,537; 1864, 
 Rop. majority 5.222; 1808, Hop. majority 0,445; 1872, 
 Rop. majority 8.3.30: 1870, Hep. majority 4.947; 1880, 
 [i»'p. majority 7.180; 1884, Hep. jilurality 0,039; 1888, 
 Rep. pinnlitr 4.427. 
 
 Sooth Carolina— 1808, Rep. majority 17,004; 1872, Rep. 
 majoritv 41».4<.<': isTD. Hop. majority 904; 1880, Dem. 
 majority 54,241: 1^^4. Dom. jilurality 48,112; 1888, Dom, 
 
 plurality 5 V"^- 
 
 TenneiBHK^— 1K24. Dem. majority 19,009; 1828. Dom. 
 mJijoritT4I.K.V«: Ik.32, Dom. majoVity 27,301; 1830, Whig 
 (Rep.)maj'.ritT 9.M2: 184(», M'hig (Hop.) iniijority 12.102; 
 1S44. Whiz <Rep.( majority 113; 1848, Wliig (Hop.) ma- 
 jority <5,?3SC: 18^.-^. Whig (Hop.) iimjority I. ,'■80; 1850, 
 Dem'. in*y>nir 7.400; 18<;i), ('on.stitntiiiiiiil riiiini ]iliiiaiilv 
 4. .505; !«««. Rrp. majority 30.499; 1872, Dom. iniijority 
 8.73«; l»r«. iMa. majorit'v 43,000; 1880, Dem. nuijority 
 14.5W: 1««4. Dem. plur. 8,275; 1888, Dom, nliir. 18, '1118. 
 
 TeXiU — iNl*. Ik-m. ma^i>rity 0,150; 1852, IK'in. mujor- 
 ity 8..V»7. !**«, Dom. majoritv 15,530; 18(10, Dom, iimjor- 
 ity .T2.1h'»: 1»»72, Domniajority 10,595; 1870, Dom. iiia- 
 jo'ricy .W.itV»: 18W, Dem. majority 7o,878; 1884, Doiii. 
 pIuraFity 132.1CK; ]K88, Dom. plurality 140,003. 
 
 Vertnonl — 1*''28. I>»oge Const mot ioniKt (Hop.) majority 
 10 57?»: 1*32. lx«»Be CoiiRtruoiiunist (Hop.) ni.ijorilv 3,282; 
 I.H.3>7. Wfc!2 <Iioj..) majoritv 0,954; 1840, Wiiig" (Hop.) 
 majoritv 14.117: 1844, Whig (Ifoj),) inajoriiv 4.^:5: ls|8, 
 Whi-ziiU-pi pJundity 9.285; Is52, Wlr',_' (Hop.) iiiujoiiiy 
 .V),S: l!0;, liep, majoritv 28.44';; I8ti0, I'oji, nnijoriiv 24,'- 
 772; l*»-l, Bep. majo.iM- 29,098; 1808. Hoj). mujority 
 32.1*2: I*T2, feep. majority 29,901; 1870, Hop. majority 
 23.83H: I»»!Hfi, Rep. majority 2t;.O30; 1884, Rep. jilurality 
 2-i.t.<l; l*«K«. Rep. jilurality 28,404. 
 
 Virginia — 1^'24. Dom. majority 2,023; 1828, Doin. ma- 
 jority HjCl: 1K.'»2. Dom. majoriiv 22.158; isi'.O. Dum. 
 majority <5.*«t3: ]sJO, Dem. niiijori'ty l,;!'.i2; 1814, Dom. 
 majority 5.*<«3: ]k48. D.ni, majority 1.453; 1852. Dim. 
 majority I5.2><6: 1850. D<ni, majority 29,1(»5; 18(lii, Con- 
 fltItnlionalUni<'>n plurality 358; 1872,"l!o|i. innjorily l,';:2; 
 187^. Dem. majf>rit V 44.112; 188(i. Rogular Dnn. inaj<.iitv 
 12,810; Dem- pJaralitv 0,315; 1888, Dom. jiliualilv 1,539'. 
 
 W.-.t Virpima— 1804. Rep. majority 12,714; 18(";8, Hoji. 
 roajorrty ««.*<C9: 1872, Rep. majority 2.201: l8;o, Di'in. 
 maj'ritV 1?..1M: 1880, Dem. mitjoritv 2.0i;9; 1884. Dcin. 
 ptiiriUty 4.?2I: 1888. Drtii. jplnialty 831i. 
 
 Winciinriii— 1S48. Dom. jil-irality 1.254: 1852. Don;. 
 
 majority '2.<<(>4; 18.50, Roii, iniijoi"it\ I2.(i08; Isoo, Hrji, 
 
 { majoriry ■i.\».i(i4^.*: 1804, liop, mujority 17, 5M; 1808, l.'cj., 
 
 majority t4.1S<#; 1872. Roj>. majority 17.08(5; 1870, Hoji, 
 
 I majority 5>.2<'.<5: 18s(i. Hoji. mujority 21,783; 1884, Roji, 
 
 I plurality 14,«(3: 1888. Re,>. plurality 21,271. 
 
 i 
 
iti i 
 
 HOLIT CAI. INFORMATION. 
 
 POPULAR VOTE. 1 
 
 SHOWINO HOW KACH 8TATK WBNTANI) BY WHAT MAJORITY I 
 THK PARTY CAKHIhl) IT FROM 1824 TO DATE. 
 
 For l'ru.4iil'jntial uitiulidatfa from ISH U> liinl iiiclmlin^ 
 1.S88. Prior to l^H electorij wuro clxtsfii by tho lugislu- I 
 turiM of tho (lifTerent StittcB. 
 
 18.U, J. Q. A.iiiiiis— lLi.1 U)i.:m to 155.872 1-. ...ick- 
 801), -ILvVsa for Cniwfonl, and 4<!.587 for ('Any. J.ichson | 
 over Ailiiiim, 50, 551. Ailatns It-si tlmri coiu'Diiied vote of 
 otIa'iH, U(t,8(i!t. Of I ho wliolo Vftc Adams liiid aO.il'J jut 
 cent., Jiicksou 41. .?, (,'liiy I'-i.'i'i, Crawford 13. '-^3. Adams i 
 elecli-d l>v lloii.'fe j( Koprcsfiitativo*. | 
 
 1828, Ja.-kson— Had 647,231 to 5()lt.01)7 for Adams. 
 Jai'kiion's majority, I3H,].'I4. Of tiie whoiu vote JackHoii 
 had 55.i(7 j)erct:>f., Adams 44. o3. 
 
 l-t;).', J,i(:k8oii — ilid 087,50,! to 5;)U,189 for Clay, and 
 33,108 for Floyd and Wirt c'lniltiiifd. .I^ickson's majority, 
 121.205. Of tiio wholo vote Jackson had 54.00 jur ci-nt., 
 Clay 42.39, and othrrs coinhiiKMl 2.'!5. 
 
 1831), Van IJuren— lliul 701.54'J to 73»i,(J5t!, tho com- 
 liined voto for llarri.son, Whiiu, Wi'hsiiT and Maguin. 
 Vail Hiircii's majority, 21. H'.)3. Of tliu wholo voto Van 
 Huren ha<l 50.H3 perrcnt., and tho others fomhiiuMJ 4!t. 17. 
 
 1840, Harrison— Had 1,275,017 to 1,128.702 for Van 
 Huron, ami 7, (159 for Hinify. Harrison's majority, 139.- 
 25<!. Of tho whole vote Harrison had 62.89 per cent., 
 Van Huren 4'1.82, and IJirnev .29. 
 
 1S44, I'olk — Had 1,337. 243 to 1.299 OOS for ."'hy, and 
 (i2.3oo for Hirney. i'olk over Clay, 38,1 7«. Polk loss 
 than others combined, 24.125. Of "tho wholj vote I'olk 
 liad 49..')5 percent., ('lav 48.14, and Hirney 2.21. 
 
 1.S48, 'i'avlor— Had 1.360,101 to 1,220,544 for Cass, and 
 20l.2(;3 for Van Huren. Taylor over Cass, 139.557. 
 Taylor le.^s than others combiiied, 151,706. Of the whole 
 voto 'I'avlor had 47.36 per cent., Cass, 42.50, and V^aii 
 Huren li>. 14. 
 
 IS.-..'. 1' ore. — H:i 1 1.001,474 to 1.386,578 for Scott, and 
 156. 149 f .r Hale. I'ler.o over all, 58,747. Of the whoh 
 vote I'lvreo had 50.90 |iereei.t.. Scott44.IO, and Halo4.97. 
 
 1856, Hiirjianan— Had 1,838.169 to l,341,2t!4 for Fre- 
 mont, and 874.534 for Fillmore. Hnchaiuiiiover Fremont 
 4'.Mi,905. Hiiehanan less than combined voto of otherti, 
 377,629. Of tiio wholo vote Hucliainin had 45.34 per 
 ont., Fioiuont 33.09, and Fillmore 21.57. 
 
 ic''0, Lineoin— Had 1.866.352 to 1 .375,157 for Douglas, 
 845,763 for Hr.'ekinridK<', iinil 589.581 for Hell. Lincoln 
 over Hreckinriilge, 491,195. Liiu'olii less than Douglas 
 and Hreckinridge eombined, 354.568. F>incoln less than 
 '•ombined vote of all others, 944.149. (.>f the whole vote 
 liiiicoln ha I 39 91 percent.. Douglas 29.40, Breckinridge 
 1>< 08. and H II 12 61. 
 
 1864, F.iiicolM — li id 2,216,067 to 1,808.725 for MeClel- 
 lan. (Kieveii Stj'.tv ■( not voting, viz.: Alabama, Aikan- 
 sa-, Flori<la. deorgia, [joiiisiana, Mis-*isHip|ii, North 
 (' oliiia, Somh Carolina. Terine-rtee. Texiisund Virginia ) 
 '.iiic'olti'.^i inajnil; V, 4(is 342. Of the « hole vole Ijliicoln 
 had 5;.. (Mi percent., and .McCleliMn W 94. 
 
 1868, (!i:iiit — il.id .1.0l5.o;i lo 2. 71*9,613 for Seymour. 
 (Three States not voting, viz : Mis«is-iippi, Texas and 
 \'iiL'inia.) (irant's majority, 3o5.45"<. Of the whole vole 
 liraiit liiel 52 67 p r cent., and McClellan 47. .33. 
 
 is;-.'. <.'iaMt — H.id 3 597.070 to 2.831.079 for flreeloy, 
 29.408 fir O'Connor, and 5.608 for IMiuk. Crint's major- 
 ity 729.975. Of thewholo voteOranthail 55.!i3 percent., 
 Oreelev 43.83, O'Cof.nor .15, Hlack .09. 
 
 1876. Haves— Had 4,033.9.50 to 4,284,88,') for Tildon, 
 81,740 for Coo(>er, 9.52'J for Smith, and 2,630 scattering, 
 '■'ilden's majority over Hayes 2.50,935. Tiidon's majority 
 n tho entire vote cut, 157,037. Hayes lera than tho 
 
 combined voto of others, 344,833. Of tho whole vote 
 cast Hayes had 47.96 per cent., Tilden 60.94 per cent., 
 Coope- .97 per cen'.., Smith .11 per cen»., scattering .03. 
 
 1880, (Jarlield— Had 4,449,053 to 4,44'xi,036 for Hanc(»ck, 
 .307, 3o0 for Weavir, and 12,570 scattering. Oartiold over 
 Hancock, 7.018. (Jarfield less than the combined vote for 
 others. 313,804. Of the popular vote Oarlleld had 48.26 
 per cent., Hancock 48.25, Weaver 3.33, scattering .l.'i 
 
 1884, Cleveland— Had 4.913.248 to4,848,150 for Ulaine, 
 151,062 for St. John, 133,728 for Hiulor. Cleveland over 
 HIaine, fi5,098. Cleveland less than entire vote of oppo- 
 nents, 219,712. 
 
 18W. Harrison— Had 6.4;}0,607 to 6,638,045 for Cleve- 
 land, 257,243 to Fi^k, anil 114,623 to the liabor issue. 
 Cleveland over Harrison, 10i,438. Ilarriaon less than 
 entiro vote of opponents, 479,304. 
 
 If turtied oTerevpiv S iiionlhii, 
 
 '6 " 
 
 • 8 " 
 
 12 " 
 
 '• "2 vi'srs, 
 5 ■ 
 
 HOW TC CONDUCT A SUCCESSFUL 
 BUSINESS. 
 
 That short credit and small profits form the golden rule 
 for sueceK.-4 in trnde nniy be iieen from the following table, 
 exhibiting the amounts realized for HOO at various percent- 
 ages during various periods. 
 
 Ani't at Ain't at Am't at Ain't at 
 a pr. (1. 5 pr. et 8 |)r. el. 10 pr. ct. 
 |a2t5.aO |7O3,0U ♦3,172.4.'i (;4..'>-'.'5 02 
 18(1.01 26.V:t2 460 111) 072.76 
 1>W.70 207.89 317.21 417.72 
 lH4:tll 102.88 'iV,H9 2.'i0 37 
 U.'i.Oa 127.02 UO!»:t 101.05 
 lOO.iiO 110.26 110 04 121.00 
 
 (.'oncerning Coal and Iron. — First notice of stone coal 
 is H. C. 371. 
 
 The coal fields of Kngland were the first jiractically 
 developed. 
 
 First record of stone coal used in England was .\. D. 820. 
 
 Ueeordsof regular mining in Knglanti first nnide in 1180, 
 
 Coal first 1136(1 in London in 1240. 
 
 First tax laid on coal in Kngland in 1379. 
 
 Ta.x was repealed in 1831, having been laxed 400 years. 
 
 First patent for making iron with pit coal was granted 
 io Simeon Sturtevant, in 1012, but was not sncceHsful. 
 
 On (loa!. Steam Heating, Etc.— In 1747 iron was made 
 in EnglaiKl with pit coal, suitable for the muniifacture of 
 eatmon. In 1788 the production of iron with pit coal in 
 Kngland was 48.;iO() tons; with charcoal, 13,000 t<ins. In 
 1S64 tho pioduction of iron in Great Hritain was 6,000,- 
 0(10 tons. Wooden rails in mines were used ir. 1777. 
 ('ast-iron rails in mines were used in 1790. Wroughtiron 
 rails in mines were used in 1815. Coal gus lii'st inuile use 
 of |M-aetically in 1798. 
 
 Anieriean" Coal Fields.— First coal fields worked in 
 Amerii:a were the bituminous fields at Kicluiiond, Va., 
 discovered in 1750. This coal was used at Wesiham, on 
 the .lame.'t river, to make shot and shell during the War 
 of Fiide|iendence. Tho first use of anthracite coal was in 
 I7(;8(i9. First used for smithing purposes in 1790. First 
 used I o burn in a common grate in 1808. First succcbs- 
 fiill ii.so of anthrai'ito coal for tho smelting of iron was in 
 1839, at the Pioneer Furnaco, at Pottsville, Pa It had 
 been tried on tho Lehigh in 1826, but was unsucccsKful. 
 Tho great shaft of the Philadelphia and Reading Iron 
 tJompaiiy lias been sunk to ii depth of 1,609 feet from tha 
 siirfiwe to the gr'iat mammoth coal vein wliich attains a 
 thieknessof 25 feet, in that distance passing through no 
 less than 15 coal seams, of whicli 6 are workanle and have 
 an avc' If" thicikness together of 64 feet. Even then 
 there arc a number of coal Eeama underlying these. 
 
> of stuiie coal 
 
 !♦ >--^ 
 
 t»:e family physician. 
 
 
 THE . 
 
 pamily pi^ysigai^ 
 
 
 
 Tlio foUowitiR receipts written by DU. J. H. GUNX 
 
 will III' fomid of jiroiil valiif, i'S|M;c'iully in einergi-ncicis : 
 
 Asthma. — 'i'uko hyssop water aiiii poppy water, of eaoii 
 ten ounces ; oxyinei of si|iiilis, six ounces ; syrup of niaiiieii 
 hair, two ounces. Take one spoonful wiien you lind any 
 (litViriilly in lircatliinp. 
 
 Ague In the Breast. — 'rak(^ one jian of gum camphor, 
 two jiaris M'liuw hces-wax, three parts clean lanl ; lei all 
 melt .slowly, in any vessi'l learlhen best | on titove. I'.-e 
 cither colli or warm ; spreail \ery thinly on cotton or linen 
 clotiis, covcriiifi those wiili llannel. No matter if the 
 breast i.< bn)kcn, it will ciu" if persevered in. l)o not, no 
 matter how painful, cease from drawing milk from the 
 breast that is Mtfeeted. 
 
 Ague, Mixture. — Mix twenty ^'rains i|iiinine with one 
 pint ililiiinl j,'in or port wine, and iidd ten {,'rains s:il)ear- 
 iiona'e of iron. Dose, a wine-trlass each hour until the 
 aj;ue is broken, and then two or three limes a day until 
 liie uholo has l)een iincil, 
 
 •,'. Take Peruvian baik, two ounces; wild cherry tree 
 iiark, I ounce ; cinnamon, onedraehm ; powdered capsicum, 
 one leaspoiiiiful ; Hulphur. one (Uiiici^; port wine, two 
 (pntrls. Let it stand ii day or two. Dose, a wine-;rhis.sful 
 every two or three hoin-s until the disease is hroivcn, and 
 then two or three times a day until idl is taken. 
 
 Sprained Anitle. -Wasli the ankle frei|uentlv with 
 c.ild ,-all unij uaier. which is far better I ban w.irm vine^'ar 
 
 or ilei'octiolis of herbs Keep your fool iis cold as pos>ib!e 
 
 to prevent iiillammaiion, and ril with ii elevated on ji 
 eu.'hiou. Live on very low diet, and take every day s.^r'ie 
 eiiolin;,' nicdicinc. Ky obeying; iicse direciiond only, a 
 spiaiiieil ankle has been cured in ii few days. 
 
 Apoplexy. Occurs only in tii. corpulent or o!)ese. uiid 
 till' j,'ro>s oi bij^li livers. 'I'o treat, raise the head to a 
 nearlv tipii;.'ht ))osiiion ; unloose all ti;.'ht clothes, strings, 
 etc.. ami appiv cold water to lh«' liead and warm water and 
 warm clotns to the feet. Have !he apart nent cool and 
 Well ventilated (live nothin:; by the nioulh until the 
 breathing is relieved, and tlicn oidy draughts of cold 
 water. 
 
 Preparation for the Cure of Baldness.— Unni.one 
 
 pint; alcohol. >ine ounce; di-l illed water, one ounce, liuct- 
 iire of eantharides, a half dracjiin; cail>onateof potash, a 
 half drachm: cari)onati> of ammonia, one drachni. .Mi\ 
 llic rn|tiids after haviuLr dis^iolvcd the mdts, and lllter. 
 Afti'r the skill ol theliead lias been wetted with tloj pi 'pa- 
 raliou bn- several minutes, it shoiihl be washed with water. 
 Bilious Colic. Mix I"" tablc^poonfllls of Indian meal 
 HI bail' a pint of told water; drink it at two di'(iu>.'hts. 
 
 Bilious Complaints.— Take the mot, and brniich of 
 
 dandelion, and steep it in wd'l water a stiHicient h ngth of 
 time to extract all the es.sciice; then strain the liipior and 
 simmer until it becomes ipiite thick. Dose: l'"rom one to 
 three glasst s a day may be taken with good clTect. 
 
 Blackberry Cordial.— To one (|uart blackberry juice 
 
 add one pound w liitc sugar, one tahles|)oonfill each cloves, 
 allspice, cinnamon anil nutmeg. iioii togciiicr tifteeii 
 minutes, and add ti w iiie-i;lass of whisky, brandy or rum. 
 Mottle while hot, cork tight and seal. I'sed in iliarrhica 
 and dysentery. Dose, a wine-glassful for an adult, half 
 that (jiiantity for a child. It can lie taken three or four 
 times a day if the casi; is severe. 
 
 Blisters, — <>n the feet, occasioned by walking, are 
 iiired bv drawing a needleful of worsted thread through 
 theu;; cli|i it oil at l>oih ends and leave it till the ^kin 
 
 peals off. 
 
 Raising Blood.- .Make a ti.i of white oak bark, and 
 drink freely diiiiiig the da\ ; or lake half a pound of yellow- 
 dock loot, boil ill new milk, say oi." ijiiart; drink oih' gill 
 three limes a day, and take one pill of white pine pitch 
 every day. 
 
 How to Stop Blood, lake the liiie diisj jif |im, or the 
 
 scrapings <if the in-lde of taniid leather. liiiiil jl ll|ioti 
 the Wound I'tosely, and blood \ull n»>\\ cease to Ibiw. 
 
 Boils. -Make ii poultice of ginger and Hour, and lay it 
 on ll'e l..iil. 'i'his will sunn di-aw it to a lu'ad. 
 
 Swelled Bowels in Clijidren. - Maihc the -lomaeh of 
 
 iheihild w'th catnip Nieejieil, niixcil with frc-li biili'r and 
 sugar. 
 
 Chilblains. — Dr. i'\'rjjiis recoiiunends piilphnrons aiid 
 in tiiis allei lion. It should be applied with a earners hair 
 brush, or by ineiins of a spray iirodiieer. One applieaiion 
 of Ihi- I llects a cure. The acid should be used iPiire. A 
 giHiil wash for hands or feet alTeeted with chilblains i< sul- 
 phurous acid, three parts; glycerine, one parl.iind water 
 one part. The acid will be found |iariieiilarly useful in the 
 iiritat'iig. tni iiieiiiing stage of ■■ hilM.iii,-. 
 
 Chilblains and Chapped Hands. Winn diilbiain^ 
 
 manilest tbeiuH'hes, Ihebcst remedy not only for prevent- 
 ing tiuir ulecratiiiL', but overemning the tingling, itching 
 pain, ami siiiniilaling the irculation of the part to licaltKv 
 action, is the liniment of bclladona, two ilracbins; the Ijni. 
 meiit of aconite, one dracliin; cailiolic aciil, ten iliops: 
 1 iilloilidii lU'xile, oni' ounce: |iainleil w it h a cainers hair pen 
 cil over their surface. When t be chilblains vesicate, ulcer 
 ate or slough, it is bi'tter to omit the aconite and applv t In 
 otheri ompouuntsof the liuiiiiuiit without it. Theeollt.ili.M 
 
 
 
 ini 
 
 i 
 
 l) 
 
 
! '! i 
 
 MiT 
 
 r >: 
 
 
 ■tnft FAMILY PHTBICIAN. 
 
 flcxilo furiiiH II coiitiiij; or protect iiijj liliii. wliicli t'xcludcs 
 tlio iiir, whilii the Hciliitivo liiiiincntM allay llio irritation, 
 >;oiic'rally of no triviirf nature. For ehapiied lunula wo 
 advise tiie free use of >;lyeeriiie iiiul j;ooil oil, in tlu^ propor- 
 tion of two parts of tlio former to four of tlio latter; after 
 tliiri hart heeu well riilibed into tlio iiamlrt Hn<l iillowett to 
 remain forii little time, ■ . d the lianda Hul).se(jiUMitly wiiBlied 
 with Castile soaj) and Wi.»er, wo recommend tlio bella- 
 donna anil (N)llodioii llexilo to Iks |)ainted on, and tho pro- 
 tective tilin allowed to remain permanently. 'riies(> com- 
 plaintrt not, iinfri'quently invade persons of [anguicj circula- 
 tion and relaxeil lialiit, wiio nhould be jmt on a pMieroiis 
 rcfjinien, and treateil with ferruj;inou.s tonics, (tbstinato 
 cases aro occaHionally met with which no local application 
 will remedy, unless some disordered Htato of tho system is 
 reiiioved, or the ^'.'iieral coiuiition of tlie patient's health 
 improved. ('li:iii|Kd lips are also benefited by tii(( uliinu- 
 latinj,' f'lrm of ajiplication wo ;nlv.; 'ate, but tho aconite 
 must not be allowed to get on the lips, or a disagreeable 
 tingling results. 
 
 Chilblain Balm. — Hoil together ten fluid ounces oMvo 
 oil, two Ihiid ounces X'enico turpentine, and oiu; ounce yel- 
 low wax; strain, and while still warm add, constantly stir- 
 ring, two and a half drachma balsam of IVni and ten 
 graitH camphor. 
 
 Cure for Chilblain.— Make a strong lyo by boiling 
 Wood ashes in waler. I'ut your feet in a snuill tub and 
 cover tlieiri with the lyo as hot as you can bear it. (irad- 
 nallyadd more lye, hotter and hotter. Keep them in half 
 an hour, bathing and rubbing them continually, and bi'ing 
 very careful to keeji the lyo hot. 
 
 Chilblain Lotion. — Dissolve one ounce murnite of 
 ammonia in one-half pint eider vinegar, and apply fre- 
 (pienlly. One-half jiint of alcohol may bo added to this 
 lotion with good etTects. 
 
 Chilblain Ointment.— Take mutton tallow and lard, 
 of each ihree-fou. (lis of a pound avoirdupois; inel* in an 
 iron Vessel, and add hvdrated oxide of iron, two ounces, 
 Htirring continually v*itli an iron sjiooii until the .'nasa is of 
 a uniform black color; when nearly cool add N'enice tur- 
 pentine, two ounces; Armenian bole, one ounce; oil of 
 lierganiot, one drachm; rub up the bole with a little olive 
 
 oil before pulling it in. Anpiv several times daily by put- 
 
 ■ ' . It ■" ■ ■ " ■ " ' 
 
 (iavH. 
 
 ting it upon liiit ur liiieit. It houla thu worst cusua in a few 
 
 Russiaa Remedy for Chilblains.— Silecs of tho rind 
 
 of fully ripe .iiciiniliers, dried with the soft parts attached. 
 i'rcvioiis to use they are sofleiieii by soaking them in warm 
 water, and are tiicii boiiiid on the sore parts with the inner 
 side ni'\t thciii, and left on all night. This Ireatment is 
 said to lie adopted for btith broken uiul unbroken chilblains. 
 
 How CO Cure Itchinj? Chilblains.— Take hydrochloric 
 
 aciil, one part, and water, eight parts; mix. Apply on 
 going ;o bed. 'i'liis must not be u.seil if the skin is lirokeii. 
 
 Sal aminoTiiac, two ounce* ; rum, oiU'pint; caru]ihor, two 
 drai'hms. 'f lie alTected tmrt in wetted night and morning, 
 aii'l when dry ia touclieif with a little simple ointment of 
 any kind — cold cream or pomatum. 
 
 (>il of turpeiiline, four ounces; eaniphnr. tiix drachniH; 
 oil of lajepiil, tw(i drailiiiis. Apjily with friction. 
 
 How to Cure Broken Chilblains. Mix together f«.nr 
 fliiiil iiunces eollodioM, one ami a half lliiid ounces N'eiiicu 
 tur|ientine, and otic fluid ounce castor oil. 
 
 How to Cure Corns. — Ti . equal parts of men u rial 
 and galliaiiuni oiiinieiits ; i',\ I 'ii w' I t('!::''ther, spread 
 on a piece of soft leather, and ;.;,'* ! t.. tliu c^'ms morn- 
 ing and eyeiiing. In a few <!iiy.; b« mi f',- will i. deriveii. 
 Take two oumreH of gum jirnmoniiK!, tw-; ounces of yellow 
 wax, and six ounces of verdi:,Tia ; pv-li theiu togetiicr, and 
 
 spread tho rompoBition on soft louther ; cut away n« much 
 of tho corn as you can, tliiti njtply the plaster, and renew 
 it every fortnight till tlio corn is away. (Jet four ounces 
 of white diachylon plaster, four ounces of Flioemaker's wax, 
 and sixty dro|)s of muriatic, ucid or K|)irita of salt. Hoil 
 them for a few minutes in an earthen jii|>kin, and when cold 
 roll the mass between tho h wuis, and upjily it on ii jiieco of 
 white h'athcr. Soak the feet well in warm water, then with 
 a sharp iiistrumeiit jiaro olT as riiucli of tho corn as can ,0 
 dono without pain, and bind up tho j)art with a ]iiece of 
 linen or muslin thoroughly satunited with sperm oil, or, 
 which is better, tho oil which tloata upon tho surface of the 
 herring or mackerel. After three or four daystho dressing 
 may bo removed by scraping, when the new skin wiil bi! 
 found of a soft and heaithy texture, and less liable to the 
 formation of a new corn than before, t'orim may bo jire- 
 vented by wearing easy shoes. Bathe tlio feet freipiently in 
 lukewarm water, with a little salt or potiuihes dissolved in 
 it. 'I'lio corn itself will be completely destroyed by rubbing 
 it often with a little caustic solution of potiuih til' tho ..oft 
 skin is formed. Scrape to •■. pulp suflicu-nt Spanish gi.-lie 
 and bind on the corn over night, after first soaking it we,' 
 in warm water, and scrajio off as much aa possible of the 
 liardene<l portion in tlio morning. Hopeat tho apj.lication 
 aa reipiired. 
 
 How to Cure Soft Corns. — Scrape a piece of common 
 chalk, and put a pinch to tho soft com, and bind a piece of 
 linen rag upon it. 
 
 How to Cure Tender Corns.— A strong solution of 
 
 tannic aiid is saiil to bo an excellent application to lender 
 feet as well as a preventive of the offensive odor attendant 
 upon their profuse perspiration. To those of our readers 
 who live faraway in the country, we would suggest a strong 
 deeociion of oak bark as a Biibstifiite. 
 
 Caustic for Corns. — Tincture of iodine, four drachms; 
 ioiiide of iniii, twelve grains; chloride of antimony, four 
 drachms; mix. and apfily with a camel's hair brush, after 
 paring tho corn. It is sjiid to cure in three times. 
 
 How to Relieve Corns.— Hind them up at niglit with 
 a cloth Wet with tincture of arnica, to relievo the pain, and 
 during the day occasionally moisten tlio stocking over tho 
 corn with arnica if tiio shoo is not large enough to allow tho 
 corn being IdiiiuI up with a piece of linen rag. 
 
 Remedy for Corns. — 1. The pain occa.sioned by corns 
 may lie greatly alleviated by tho following preparation: 
 intoa one-oiinco vial put two draclimaof niiiriati(wicid and 
 six drachms of rose-water. With this mixture wet tho 
 corns night and morning for three days. Soak tho feet 
 every evening in warm water without soap. I'ut one-third 
 of tlu^ acid into tho wat(>r, and w ith a little |)ickiiig the corn 
 will be dissolved. 2. Take a lemon, cut olT a small piece, 
 then nick it so as to let in the toe with the corn, tie this on 
 at night HO that it cannot move, and in :he inoi ning you will 
 liiid that, wiili a blunt knifi', you inuy remove a cousider- 
 abl(! |iortion of the corn. .Make two or three applications, 
 aiul great relief will be the result. 
 
 How to Cure Solvent Corns.- Kxposo salt of tartar 
 
 (pearlash) in a w iile-iiiotii h vial in a damp ))laco until it 
 forms an oil-like liijiiid, and apply to th<- corn. 
 
 How to Cure Cholera. — Take landanuin. tincture 
 r'ayciiiic, con 1 1 Mill nd tiiuiurv rhubarb, i>eppcrniint and cam- 
 plio , of each cipial parts. Dose, ten to thirty drops. In 
 jihiin lernis, lake e(jiial parts tincture of o|iiiini, red pepper, 
 rhubarb, peppermint a. id camphor, and mix them for use. 
 In case of (jiarrh(i>i;, take a dose of ten to twenty drops in 
 thret^ or four teaspoonfula of water. No ono who has liiia 
 by him, and takea it in time, will ever have the cholera. 
 
 Signs of Disease In Children.— In the case .r a baby 
 
 ot yet ibie to talk, it must cry wlien it is ill. The c<'lic 
 
 •^- 
 
Ill 
 
 niiikus a baby cry loiiil, long, and iiasnionuti'ly, aiuJ shod 
 tears — stoppinf? ^)r a inoiiicnt anil bi-^jitiniiif; again. 
 
 If Ibn ('hunt irt alTcctt'iI, it gives ono sharp cry, breaking 
 <)(T iiiiincdiatclv, an if civing iiurt it. 
 
 If till! Iii'ud IS alTi'i'tcd, it cries in sharp, piercing shrieks, 
 witii low moans ami wails between. Ur there may be fpiiet 
 dozing, anil startini^s between. 
 
 Jt is ea«y enough to perceive, where a chil.l is attacked 
 by didoasp, that there has some change taken place; for 
 cither its skiii will bo dry imd hot, its appetite gone; it is 
 Htujiidly sleepy, or fretful or crying; it is thirsty, or jiale 
 and languid, or in Koino way betrays that something is 
 wrong. When i\ child voi.iits, or has a diarrho'a, or is 
 costive and feverish, st is owing to some derangement, and 
 needs attention. Hut these various syniptoms may con- 
 tiiuio for a day or two before the nature of the disease can 
 bo dotermino(l. A warm bath, warm drinks, etc., can do 
 no harm, and may help to determiiio the case. On corning 
 out of Mm bath, and being well rubbi'd with the hand, the 
 skin will show Bymptoms of rash, if it is a skin di.sca.'<e 
 which has commenced. Hy the appearance of the rash, 
 tlio nature of the dise!i.s> can bo leariieil. Afeasles art! in 
 patches, dark red, and comr> out first about the face. If 
 Bc -let fever is impeiuling, the skin will look a deep pink 
 all over the body, though most 8< boui the neck ami face. 
 (;liicken-pox shows fever, but not so miicli running at the 
 nose, and appearances of cold, as in measles, nor is there 
 as much of a cough. Resides, the spots are smellier, uml do 
 not, run much togdluT, and aro more ditT,.sed over the 
 whole surface of ilic skin ; »nd enlarge inlc ui^sters in a day 
 or two. 
 
 How to Cui'e ConS'.inptiori.— Take one tablespoon- I 
 ful of tar, and llie yolks of three hen's eggs, heat them well 
 together. Dose, one Uiblespoonful morni^ig, noon and 
 night. 
 
 Croup, Remedy for In One Minute.— This retncdj i- 
 
 simpl) all. ill. Take a knife or grater, and shave or grate 
 o(T in sn.M'l particles about a te!i.s|)oonful of alum; mix it 
 wit!i about t wici' its ([uan'i'y of sugar, to snake it palatable, 
 and administer as (|' i. Kly as pos^^ible. Its elTects will be 
 truiv magical, as almoBt instantaneous relief will lie 
 affordiMl. 
 
 Cholera Remedy, Hartshorne's.— Take of chloro- 
 
 forin, tincture of (ipiiini, spirits of camplKir, and sjiiritsof 
 aromatic amnioiiia. each oiu and one-half lluid I'lachnis; 
 creosote, tiirec dro|)s; oil of > innamoii, eight dro|)s; brandy, 
 two lluid drachms. I)iline a tcaspoonful with a wine-glass 
 of water, and pve two teaspuoufuls every livo minutes, fol- 
 io wi.-d by a lump of ice. 
 
 Cure for Dandruff. — Oood mild pnap is one of the 
 safest remedies, and is sutlicicut in ordinary cases; car- 
 bonate of potash or poda is too alkaline for the skin. Every 
 applicaiiou removes a jiort ion of the cuticle, as you may 
 oliservc by the smoothness of the skin of your hands after 
 washing them wilii it. hoi'ax i;; rei'omme' deii ; but this 
 ia also soda combined with a weak acid, boiiicic, acid, and 
 may by protracted use also injuriously act on the anil]}. 
 Soap is also soda or potash < oin'mu'd with the weak, fatty 
 acids ; and when tiie soap contai"s an execs of the alkalies 
 or is siiarp, it is as iiijuiious lus the carbonate of potash. 
 All that iiijurea till- seal' 'iijurcs the growtii of the iiair. 
 OiU! of the best a[iplicat'ous fi'o:ii the vcgctalih^ kiiigdoin is 
 the niiieilaginous di'coction of the root of the burdock, 
 called bardane in Fcii'h (botanical name. Lappa .\fnior). 
 In the mineral kingdom the best remedy i-: a solution of 
 flowers of sulphur in water, which may be niaile by the ad- 
 dition of a very small jiortioii of suljihideof potassium, say 
 ten or twenty grains to the pint. This soluti(Ui is shaken 
 up with the saTphur, aud the clear liquid reniuining on the 
 
 top is used. This recipe is founded on the fact that sul- 
 iihiir is a poison for inferior vpj^ctablc or animal growth, 
 like dandriitT. itch, etc., and is not at all a poison for the 
 superior animal like man. 
 
 How to Cure Diphtheria.— A Krrnch nhyHician ex- 
 presses his |iic'fereiice for lemon juici , a.<! a local applica- 
 tion in dipiilheria, to chiorati! of pctash, nitrate of silver, 
 percliloridc of lime water. He iises it by diii|(ing a little 
 plug of Cottonwood, twisted around a wire, in the juice, 
 and pressing it agaiiiHt the diseased mrface four or live 
 limes daily. 
 
 How to Cure Bad Breath. - ih;d or foul breath will 
 be i'moved bv taking a tcaspoonful of the following mixt- 
 ure ufiT ei.eli meal: One ouik'c lifpior of potansu, one 
 oiince chloride of soda, one and one-half ounces jdiosphate 
 of soda, and three ounces of water. 
 
 5?. Cliiorate of |iotasli. three drachms; ro;-e- water, four 
 ounces. Dose, a lablesjioonful four or five times daily. 
 
 How to Cure Bunions.— .\ bunion is a swelling on 
 the hall of the great toe, aod is the result of pressure and 
 irritation by friction. The Ircatmonf for cortis ap[)lies 
 also to bunions; but in conseiiiiencc of the greater exten- 
 sion of the disease, the cure is more tedious. When h 
 bunion is forming it may be stopped by pfuilticing and 
 carefully opening it with a hincct. 
 
 How to Cure Burns and Scalds. Take half a pound 
 
 of p<iwciii(i| alum. diss. live it in a <piart of water; bathe 
 llie liurii or scalil «ilh a linen rag, wetted with this riiixt- 
 ure. then bind tlii' \m t rag on it with a strip of linen, and 
 nioi,.^teii the bandnire with the alum water fre'|ucntly, 
 wilhout rciiKiving it during Mvo or three days. 
 
 Tea Leaves for Burns.— Dr. Searlcs. of WarBaw. 
 
 Wis., reports the immcdiale relief ficiin pain in severe 
 liurns and scahls l>y the a|ipliciition of a poultice fif tea 
 l.-aves. 
 
 How to Cure Cancer. - Hoil down the inner hark of 
 red and white oak to the consistency of rnolius.scs; triiplv as 
 a plaster, shifting 't once a week; or. burn red oak mirl< to 
 ashes; sprinkle it on the sore till it is eaten out; then apply 
 a plaster of tar; or. take garget berries and leaves of stra- 
 monium; simmer lliem together in cpial parts of nealsfool 
 oil and the lops of hemlock; mix well together, and ajiply 
 it to t!;i,' [larts iilTected; at the same time make a tea «f 
 winter-green (' A and brancli); put a handful into two 
 'juarts of water, add two ounces of sulphur and drink of 
 this tea freely limiiig the day. 
 
 Castor Oil Mixture.- Casmr oil, one d(*«sert spoonful; 
 magnesia, one dessert s|ioonful. iiiih together into a 
 liaste. Hy this ■ ■mDinatioii, the tasti^ of the oil is almost 
 entirely concealc' and children lake it without opposition. 
 
 How to Dis! se Castor Oil. -Hull up two drops oil 
 
 of <inuamon " ii ounce of givi crine and add an ounce 
 
 <d' castor oil. iiildren will take it as a luxury and ask 
 for more. 
 
 Castor Oil Emulsions.- 'lake castor oil ami svmp, 
 each oi..' oui! the yolk of an egg, and orange (lower 
 water, oiu-lui ; ounce Mix. This makes a very pleasant 
 emulsion, wh*- .\ is readily laken 'oy adult" as well as chil- 
 ilren. 
 
 How t Cure Catarrh.— Take the bark of sa"sa'ras 
 root, dry oimd it, use it as a siiiilT. taking two or 
 
 tiiree pile h, i day. 
 
 How to Cure Chilblains. Wash the parts in >lroii;' 
 alum walci, ;,.iply as hot I's can be borne. 
 
 How to Cur3 Cold.— I'ake Iim-cc cents' worth of li(( 
 uorice, three ■[ rock candy. Iliiee of gum arable, and f'Ui 
 them into a ipiart of water; sininuT them till thoroughly 
 
 i 
 
 • 
 
 IB 
 
 I 
 
 
THR FAMILY PHYHICIAN. 
 
 I :? 
 
 knsiii\i'ii, tlit'ii mill tlin^i' I'i'iit.s' wortli pHrcgorii!, iiiul li liko 
 ij.iaiitit y of iiiitiiiiiiiiiul wiiu'. 
 
 How to Cure Corns. — Hi'il tnimcro ilown to itit cx- 
 
 liHct, ilii'ri mix uilli it ii i|iiaiiliiy i>f wliitc |>iii(' i)iti'li, iiiiil 
 i»|(|il\ it III liic coi'ii; ii'iu'w it (nicc a week until tlio coin 
 
 cllSU|i|lrai.>. 
 
 Good Coug'h Mixture. — Twh oiiiucs itniiiioniu i><ixt- 
 
 iiif; ri\(' iiiitircs ciiMpliiir iiiixliiii'; nnc (Inicliiii tiiu'tiirn (if 
 iliyjitalis (fi)X>;li)Vc); (iiic-ljiilf iiiiiii'i! cai'li of sweet, niiiritrt of 
 nil re and sM'ii|i "if |"i|i|iies; t wo (Iraeiinis sohitiou of huI- 
 (liiale of nn)r{)liia A talilespounfiil of tills niixttirti is to 
 lie taken foMi' linu s a i!av. 
 
 '4 'I'inelure of l)l(Mii||()iil, line (innee; snip'naie of inor- 
 |iliia, one ami a lialf ^'lain-*; tineiure of di^ntalis. one-half 
 ounce; ttJMu of aiiliinoiiv, one half oiinee; oil of winter- 
 (^reen, ten ilrops. .Mix. |)ose from twenty to forty (Irojm 
 Iwiee ur tlirt'o times u day. Exei'llunt for^ii huril, dry 
 
 l!OUi(h. 
 
 .'l. Common sweet eider, hoiled down to one-half, mukes 
 a most, exeellont syi'iip for colds or eonj;hs for ehildreii, is 
 lihiii.sani to the taste, and wiil keep for a year in ii cool 
 i;i!llar. In ivcoverinj,' from an illness, tho Hyslem iia.-, u 
 oraviiii,' for some plea.sani drink. 'I'his is found in cider 
 which i- placed on the lire as snon as made, and allowed to 
 come to a hiiil, then cooled, put in casks, and kejit in a 
 itool cellar. 
 
 1. Riiast a large lemon very carefully witliout hiirninjr; 
 when it is thoroiiu'hly hoi. cut and sijuee/e into ii cup upon 
 Miree ouiicesof su^Mri'aiidy. liiielv piiwilered; take a sponn- 
 I. I whenever your ciiuf,'h trouliles \oii. It is as good as it 
 i i plea-aut. 
 
 Cure for Deafness. — Take ant's ej;j;s and union juice. 
 .M : V rddioptiicm into tlie ear. l>roji into the I'ar. at 
 ui;^ht, ; or ei;:ht ilrops of hot sweet oil. 
 
 Remeaies for Diarrhoea. -1. T.ik(> one teaspoonful 
 
 of .-dl. I lie .-ane- iif j;impi| \ine;:ai'. and a talilesponiiful of 
 w.ilci ; mix and drink, li acts like ii charm on tho s\.^lem, 
 and even onii dusu will j,'cnerally I'ure ohstiiutte cases of 
 di.irrho'a, or the tii>l .>.ta;.'cs nf chnlera. If the first does 
 not liiiii^ eompleii! relief, re|>eate the di^se, as it is fpiite 
 h.irmlcss. 'i. The hest rliuliarli root, jiuherizcd, I ounce; 
 pcpperndnt leaf. 1 ounci', capsicum, i ounce; cover with 
 iioiliu;,' water and steep thorouf^hly, strain, and add lii- 
 I ailionale of potash and essence of cinnamon, of each A 
 ounce; with hrandy (or good whisky); eipial in ninount to 
 the whole, and loaf su;:ar, four ounces. Itose- — for an 
 adult, I or y talilesjiiiiins; for ti child, 1 to 5J tea.s]ioons, 
 fiom H 10 fi times per day. until relief is ohlaiued. .'!. 'I'o 
 lulf II Imshid of hlackherries; well mashed, add a ipiarter 
 of a pound of idlspic(', '-i ounces of cinnamon, '■i oiincesMif 
 clii "s; pulverize well, mix and Imi! slowly until |iriiperly 
 iJonc; t li. n strain or sijuee/.e the jiiico through hiMiie-spiin 
 or tlaiiiiel, and add to each jiint of the juice 1 pouml of 
 loaf -'i^'ar. hoil aj^ain for snnie time, take it olT. and wliiio 
 eooliu'r, add half ii gallon of the hest t'ognac lirandy. 
 
 Cure for Cnronic Diarrhoea.— Iiuyerrecommends the 
 
 ftSKoci.iiiiin of cinchona, chari'oal and liismuth in the treat- 
 ment of chninie diarrlnea, in th" fiillowiiig priiportions: 
 Sulinilrate of liismuth, one ilrachm; ciniliona, yellow, 
 powdereil, one-half drachm; charciial, vegelahle, one 
 drachm, .dako twenty powders and take I wo or three a 
 day d iiing tho intervals lid ween iikmIs. 
 
 Cures for Dysentery. Tincture rhuharh, tincn.-e of 
 capsicum, linciuic cf camphor, essence uf ginger and 
 laudat'.iim, (tipnil parts. Mi\: shake well and take from 
 ten to Iweiifv drops every thirty miiiincs until relief is oli- 
 t.iin :d. Tins i ; a dose for an adult. Half the amount f<>" 
 a . iiild under twelve vears of age. 5J. 'I'ake sonie butici 
 olT th(M'liurn, iinmediately lifter being cliiiriied, Jiiat as it 
 
 Trrs" 
 
 is, without being salted or wiwlipil; clarify it over tho fire 
 like lionoy. Skim <ilT all tlie milky luirticles win n melti^d 
 over a clear firo. FiCt the patient (if an adult) Like two 
 talilespoonfnis of tlie elaritied remainder, twice or tlirico 
 within I lie day. This has never failed to <'!Teet a cure, 
 and ill many cases it has heen almost instantaiieouH. II. In 
 diseases of this kind tho Itulians list the roi.vc anri leaves 
 of the hlacklierry hush- a decoct ion of which, in hot water, 
 Well hoiled down, is taken in do.ses ol ". gi!i ' efore er.eh 
 itn-al, and before retiring to bed. It is an ii.;n.*l infallible 
 cure. 4. Beat one egg in a teacup; add omt tablespoon fill 
 of loaf sugar and half a teaspoonful of ground s|iice; iill the 
 cup with sweet milk, (five the jiatient one tablespoonfiil 
 oticii in ten minutes until relieved, ."i. 'i'ake one table- 
 spoonful of common salt, and mix it with two talilespoon- 
 fnis of \inegar and pour unoii it a half |iint of water, 
 either hot or eold (only let it no taken cool.) A wineglass 
 full of tliiM mixture in the above proportions, taken every 
 half hour, will he found (jiiite etlicaeious in curing dysen- 
 tery. If the stomach be nauseated, a wine-glass full taken 
 every hour will Rullice. For a ehild, the ipnintity should 
 b<< a teaspoonful of salt and ouo of vinegar in a teacupfnl 
 of water. 
 
 Dropsy. —Take the leaves df a currant bush and niake 
 into lea. drink it. 
 
 Cure for Drunkenness.— The following singular 
 
 means of curing hahitnal dninkciiness is eni]iloyed bv a 
 Hnssiaii physician, I Ir. .Schreil er, of lir/ese I.itewski : It 
 I'onsisis in contining the drunkard in a room, and in fur- 
 nishing hi-ni at discretion with his favorite sjiirit diliiteil 
 with two-thirds of water ; as much wine, beer iiiid colTee as 
 he desires, but containing oiie-l bird of spiii' ; all the food 
 — the bread, meat, and the legumes are .■bleeped in spirit 
 and w;iter. 'i'he poor devil is ciiiitinnally ilriink and dort. 
 On the (ifth day of this regime he has an extreme disgust 
 for spirit; he earnestly rcipiesis other diet : but his desire 
 must not b(! yield'Ml to, until the poor wretch no loiii.'i'r de- 
 sires to eat or drink ; he is then certainly cm. d of his pen- 
 chant f<ir liiunkcniiess. lie acipiires such a disgust for 
 brandy or other spirits that he is ready to vomit at the very 
 sight of it. 
 
 Cure for Dyspepsia.— 1. Take bark of while poplar 
 root, boil it ihick, and add a little s]iirit. and then lay it on 
 the stomach. 
 
 '4. Take wintergreen aini black cherry-tree bark and yel- 
 low dock • put into two (|uartsof water ; boil down lo three 
 jiints ; take two or three glasses a day. 
 
 Here are two remedies for dyspepsia, said by those who 
 "have tried them" to be infallible. 1. Kat onions, 'i. 
 Take two iiarts of well-<lried and ]i(iunded poda of red peji- 
 ]ier, mixed with one part of ground mustard, and sift it 
 ov('r everytliing you eat or drink. 
 
 How to Cure Earache.— 'lake a small jiieee of lotton 
 batting or cotloii wool, make a depression in tho neuter 
 with the tinger, and then till it n|) with as much ground 
 nepper iis will rest on a live-cent piece; gather it into a 
 oall and tie it ii|i ; diii the ball into sweet oil and insert it 
 ill the ear, covering the latter with cotton wnol, and use a 
 handagi- or cap to retain it in its jilace. Almost instant re- 
 lief will he expel iemcd ; and the ap|ilicalion is so gentle 
 that an infant will not get injured by it. but experience re- 
 lief as Well 1- adnds. Hoast a pieceof lean mutton, sipu-e/e 
 out the juice and drop it into the «"ar as hot as it can b<' 
 home. Itoast an onion and 'uit into the ear as hot as it can 
 be borne. 
 
 How to Cure Erysipelas.- Hissolvetive ouncesof salt 
 ill one pint of good brandy and take two tablespoonfnis 
 three times per day. 
 
 ^ 
 
"vor tho fire 
 will n iiu'ltdd 
 It) l.iko two 
 or (hrico 
 !T('ct u Clin', 
 
 • 'OllH. I). Ill 
 
 iintl Iciivt's 
 
 ill liof wiitor, 
 
 iforc ('(U'h 
 
 n( infullililo 
 
 ll)l('S|H)l>llflll 
 
 I'iri'; lill tlw 
 
 lll)l('S|)l)(lIlflll 
 
 one tiililc- 
 
 talll('S|MM)|l- 
 
 it fpf water, 
 \ willc-;,'lllHH 
 
 taken every 
 iriii^' (lyseii- 
 is full taken 
 ility kIkiiiIiI 
 a tea('ii|iriil 
 
 Miiil make 
 
 K Kiii^'iilar 
 iloyeil l)v a 
 itewski : It 
 mil in fiir- 
 irit ililiiteil 
 nd coiree as 
 III! t he fiMxl 
 ■li in s|iii'it 
 k ami (liirt. 
 •nie (lisjrnKt 
 I his (lesir<* 
 1 liiiiL'er (le- 
 I <if his pen- 
 
 (lisL'HSt for 
 
 at tlio very 
 
 liite |Hi|ilar 
 en lay ii km 
 
 trk anil yil- 
 iwn lotru'ee 
 
 tlioNe wild 
 onions, '2. 
 of reel pc|)- 
 
 md t-ift it 
 
 1' of I'oiton 
 tlio renter 
 eh pround 
 r it into u 
 d insert it 
 and use ii 
 instant re- 
 so p-nlle 
 erienee re- 
 in, K(|iiee7.o 
 it can 1)0 
 ot MH it can 
 
 ncesof wait 
 espoonfnis 
 
 TIIK tAMlLY PHYSICIAN. 
 
 Cure for Inflamed Eyes. —Tour hwVwn water on 
 
 alder Ihiweis, iii:d steep tlieiii 'ike tea; when cold, put 
 llirec or four dropK of laudaiMiin into a small glass of liic 
 alder-tea. and let the mixture run into the eyes iwoor llirce 
 times a d.iy, anil the eycrt will liccoiiie perfeutlv stronjj in 
 the 1 oiiise of a week. 
 
 Cure for Weeping' Eyes. -Wash the eyc» in diamo- 
 niile tea ni'.'lii jmJ iiKiniiii'.:. 
 
 Eyes, Granular Innammatlon.— A promiiu'ut ocu- 
 list sa\stliiii I lie iHiita;,'iiMis K;;yptian or ^'ranular inllam- 
 malinii of the eyes is -picidiii!,' tlirou;,'liiMit the cciiinlry, 
 and that he has liceii uMe in many, and indeed in a major- 
 ity "f cases, lo tiaee the disi'a,':e to what are commoidy 
 called rollinjr towi Is. 'I'mvcls of this kind aic j;eneri:ll\ 
 found in c'liiiiiry hotels and the dwellings of the workiiif,' 
 classes, and, k'ing thus uscil hy nearly every one. are made 
 the carriers of one of the mos'. troulilesonie diseases of the 
 eve. This lieinj; the case, it is urfreritly reconimeiided that 
 the nsu of these rolling towels he iliM'arded, and thus one 
 of the si)ecial vehicles for the spread of a nmst daie. emus 
 disorilcr of the eyes — one hy which t housands of wmking- 
 nieii are annually deprived of their I'leuns of support — will 
 no longer exist. 
 
 Cure for Sty In Eye.— Hathc fre«|uently with warm 
 ualcf. When t he stv hii'sts. iisean omlnient compose I of 
 one part of citron ointmcni and four of spermaceii. uell 
 riihlii'd together, and smear along the edge of the eyedid. 
 
 Cure for Felons. — 1. Stir one-half teasooonful of 
 
 water into an ounn' of X'enice turpentine until the mix- 
 ture appears like granulated Imney. Wrap a gnod coaling 
 of it around the lin-.'cr with a clnth. If the felon is only 
 recent, the pain will he removed in six hours. 
 
 '■i. As soon as the part lii'irins to swell, wrap it with a 
 cloth saturated tlioroughl\ with llie I inciureof lohelia. An 
 old physician says, that he has known this to cure scores of 
 ease-., and tlia it never I'ai is if ajijilied in season. 
 
 Cure for Fever and Ague. — 'Pake of cloves and cream 
 of tartar c;i''h one halt oiiiirc. and one ounce of Peruvian 
 hark. .Mix in a small ipianiily of tea, and take it on well 
 day-, in sit'h i|'i:inlities us the stomach v;i\\ iiear. 
 
 Cure for Fever Sores.— Take ,,r hoarhonml, balm, 
 
 sarsa ai'illa, loaf sugar, aloes, gum iiinphor, honey, spike- 
 nard, spirits of tur|ieniine. each ino ounces. l>ose, one 
 talile.-i .lonfnl. three moii ;jej.-. missing three: and for a 
 wash, make II strong lea of sumach, washing th. alTected 
 |iarls frci|ii iitlv. and keejiing the handage well wet. 
 
 Cure for Fits. -Take of tincture of fox-glove, ten 
 d rolls at each liiiie twii-e a day, iind increi4.se one drop at 
 each lime as long iis the stoinaeh will hear it, or it causes a 
 
 inillseolis feeling. 
 
 Glycerine Cream. — Kcecipt for cimpped lips: Take 
 
 of si'ciinaeeti. four .iiachms; whiti wax. one drachm ; wl 
 of almonds, t»vo tniy niinees ; glyeeriiie. one troy oiintre. 
 .Melt the spernmcc!i, vax and oil together, and wlien inol- 
 ing stir in glycerine and perfume. 
 
 Glycerine Lotion. — Kor softening the skin of the face 
 and ha;id~. i -.pei lally during the eonuneneeinent of cold 
 Weather, and al.-o for allaying the irritation caused hy the 
 razor: Triturate, four and a half grains of cochineal with 
 one and a halt llnid ounecs of lioiling water, adding grttdii- 
 itlly ; then add t»o and a half llnid ounces of alcohol. 
 Ahii) make ail emiilsioii of eight drops of otiar of roses 
 with thirty grains of gi*tn aialiic and eight llnid ounces of 
 water : then add three lliiiil ounces of glycerine, and ten 
 i.id diiiehins of i|uince iiiueilagc. Jlix the t wo lii|uids. 
 
 Flesiiworms. -The.'^e spmks, when they exist in any 
 niii.iiier, are a cause of much iinsightliness. They are min- 
 ute corks, if we may iisp the term, of coiignlated lyinji, which 
 
 cliiHe tho orilieeH of Rome of tho pore.? or exhulent vcHsels of 
 the skill. On (he skin iinmediatelv adjacent t<> them lie- 
 ing pressed with the linger nails, tliesi- hits of coagulated 
 lymph will roine from it. in a verinii iilar form. They are 
 viilgai'lv called "llesh worms." iini'y ner.'ons faticying 
 them lo he living ereatiiri'S. These mav he got rid ol' nliil 
 prevc.itcd from returning, lis washing with te|iid water. I>y 
 , proper rriciion with a lowd, and hy tin application of ii 
 little cold creMiii. '{"he longer thesi' little piles are per- 
 mitted to remain in tht skin the more lirmly they heeomo 
 I lixcd ; and after a lime, wli n I In y lose 'heir moisture they 
 are converted into long lioiiy |i.'iies as dense as hristles, and 
 ' having milch of t hat char;. eler. They ar known hy the 
 name of spoiteil aehne. Wit' retard to local tre-'incid, 
 the follow ing lotions are alciiit'eil to ho servieeahlc^ : 1. 
 I hislilled ro-e water, I iiiiit ; sulphate of zinc, 20 to (iO 
 I grains. .Mix. "..'. Siilpinte of copper, '..'(> gniiiis ; rose- 
 ■ w.'iler, -t ounces ; water. T.' Minces. .Mix. .'J. ;;ilof sweet 
 ; almonds, I oiiiiee ; llnid potash, I dr.chm. Shake well to- 
 gether and then mill rose-water. 1 ounce; pure w: ter, '> 
 I unices .Mix. 'i'lie ■ lode of n. ing these reiiie 'icR is to rui) 
 the pimples for some minutes with ii r-Miidi towel, and thoii 
 ilali tlieiii with the lotion. 4. Wash the face twice a day 
 with warm water, and riili <lry with r c arse towel. Then 
 with a soft towel mil in a lotion made of two ounces of 
 white hiandy, one ounce of cologne, and one half ounce of 
 liipior jiotassa. 
 
 How to Remove Freckles.— Freekles; si persistently 
 
 regular ill their annual letiiin, have annoyed the fair sex 
 from time imniemoiial, and various means have heeii de- 
 vised to eradicate them, although thus far with no vlceidedly 
 satisfactory rcf'iilts. The inniiinerahle remedies in use for 
 the reiiiov.il of these vexatious intrniicrs, are either siinple 
 and liarinlc.-s washes, such as parsley or horseradish water, 
 solutions of liorax, eti ., or injurious nostrums, consisting 
 liriiieipally of lead and nierciiry salts. 
 
 If the exact cause of freckles were aIiowii. iv remedy for 
 thee '. rht ho found. A eiiemi t in .Aloravi.i, ohscrving 
 till :>'eii. ii'iig elTcit ol inerciiria! |irepar ''oiis. .iiferred • hat 
 tlio>-ri ..,;1' of a local parasitical fungus was the (•■•tu.eof the 
 disi oioraiioii of the skin, which extended lie ripened its 
 spines ill the wanner season. Knowing that si:l; h - arho- 
 lale of zinc is a deadly enemy to all iiarasiti ■ egetalion 
 (il.scif not heiiig otiiciwi.^e injiiriius;, he aiiiill d tlii Fult 
 for the purpose f reiie viii ' he fre kles. '. he (■ompoiiiid 
 eciiisi-ts of I »\o parts f siiiphoeail. lateof /inc. twenty-fivo 
 parts of (li-tillc'l e!\c riiic t eiity-tlve p.rts of rose-water, 
 and live parts of .^ceiii d alcohol, and is o he amdied twice 
 daily for from half an hour' >anli< ii , then w:t.slied olT with 
 cold water. I'roiei lion again! * th sun h\ veiling and other 
 means is reeoiiimciided, and i .ddition. for p rsouuof pale 
 eomplexion, .<-ome mild pn-paration f iron. 
 
 Gravel. — 1. -Mak a stnmj^leaof tho low lierb called 
 luyirt's eiu«e, and drink freely. :.'. Make if .laeoh's ladder 
 u strong lea, .'inil ilriiik freely. .'!. Make of bean leaves a 
 strong tc.'i. and dniil; frcelv. 
 
 Wash for the Hair. — ( .n-iile soap, fin«-Iy shaved, ono 
 
 tea>| 11 III I; .piriis III' ha rl. shorn, one draehin; alcohol, livi^ 
 
 ounces; cologne water and bay riiiii. in ei|nal ipiaiitities 
 eiioiigh lo make I'iglit ounces. Thin should In* ]ioiired on 
 the head, followed l)\ 'Aariil water {.-.oft water); the result 
 will he. on washing, a eopioiis lather and a smarting seii.sH- 
 lioti to ili(> person operated on. Ifiih this well into the hair. 
 Finally, rinse with warm water, and afterwards with cold 
 water. If the head is very niiieli clogged uiih dirt, the hair 
 will come out plentifully, but il;'- sculp irill become white 
 
 and perl'ectly elcatl. 
 
 Hair Restorative. — Take of (yistoroil, six flni! ounces; 
 alcohol, tweiit\-six lliiid ounces. Dissolve. Then add 
 
 '&■- 
 
 ; 
 
 ! 
 
I I 
 
 II 
 
 n 
 
 'il 
 
 liMi 
 
 !■; ,t 
 
 TSI PAMII.T I'llYHtCIAN. 
 
 lii ctiii'c of c'linllmridcs (miulo with strong iilcohoh, one 
 lliiid oiiiiic; cHui'tico of jt'HHUiniiie (or other pi'rfunir), one 
 and a Imlf Iliiid oiiiicom. 
 Cure for Heartburn. — Sal volutihi combined witlicam- 
 
 Jlllor is !l >.|ll -lllfid lllllrllv. 
 
 sick Headache. — 'i'alti'uteiwpooni'ul of jKiwdered char- 
 
 f'ii;d in iiiiiliif'MW i\rry inoriiinfj, uiid vauiii it down with a 
 iittli' Icit, or drink liall h ':l!U<.'4of raw rum or gin, and drink 
 fri'i'lv of riKiv weed leu. 
 
 Headache. I'r. SiivcrH, of Ohio, in the PhilMieiphia 
 
 .Ui (/Kill and ^'iiiyiiiil I't/itirler, rrconitiii'nds t-rgot in head- 
 ni'lic, i's|ii'i'iitlly t lii^ ijcrvdiis or .sick hi'.tdache. He sayii it 
 wdi iiiro II lar;;(r |iroiiorticiii of iwna tliununj other ronitily. 
 His tiirorv of itsai'iiui) is tliat it h'bttcna the nuaiitity of 
 lilood III till' liiaiii liy coiitractiiij,' tiio niiiBCiilur liKrtsot the 
 iirtiria! walls. Ilcfrivcs leu U. twenty droim of the fluid 
 c-xtnul, rf|icat('d every lialf hour till relief n obtuine<l. or 
 four or live doses used. Jn other ftirms of di.>caf<e, where 
 <i|>iiiiii idiiiui is eontra-indii'iiteil, it.4 had ofTecta arc moder- 
 ated, he says, liy eoinliinin^' it with ergot. 
 
 Headache Drops. — I'or tho euro of nerTons, «nn, and 
 siek iieadaelie, lake (Wo ijiiiirls of iilcoiioi, thri-e otincea of 
 Castile soaii, one oiine<- eaiiiphor, a:id twuonneesumnionia. 
 Ha! lie liil'eiieail and teui|ileil. 
 
 Hive Syrup.— I'ut one ounce each of squills and lenc-rs 
 
 Ktiakt -rii.ii into one pint of water; boil d<'Wii to one-half and 
 stiiiiii. 'I'll. 11 Held one half pound of el.iritied hoiit-y eon- 
 l.iiniii- t U( l\e (.'rains tart rati' of iintiiiion\. I)o>e for a child, 
 tell drops to one teaspooiiful, according to age. An eicel- 
 leiit reiiii dy for eroiip. 
 
 How to Clean the Hair.— From the too frequent u§e 
 
 ol I'li- ill Ihe liair, iiiai \ l.idicH destroy the tone uiid color 
 ol their tresses. 'I'lie Hindoos have a W'ly of reniedyiug 
 tlii^. 'I'liev take a liaiu lla^iu lilleil with cold water, and 
 ha\e nai' • ••11 (|iiani ity of pea (lour. Thehaii is in the 
 lirs p'l. Aid III the operation of iM'ing waj^hi-d in 
 
 lold water, a iiandfiil ol ;!<(» pea Hour is tiiei applied to the 
 head and nililied into (i r r for ten minuted ut leu«t, the 
 scrsaiit adili'ij; fresh water at short intervals, until il be- 
 ciiiiies a perfect lather. Thi' whole head id then washitl 
 ipiite cle.n with eopiona (<np|ilies of the aqueous fluid, 
 eoMihed, aiiil ufleiwards ruohcii dry by mcun.s of cfiarse 
 towels. 'I'hr hard and soft brush id then resorted to, when 
 the hair wili lie found (o lie wholly free fn .i; sill encumber- 
 ing,' oils and other iiii|iurities, and assume ;. ;.. <..-!.sy softnciw, 
 eiiiial to the most delieate silk. This proi.T t ;ends to pre- 
 serve the (one and natural color of the hair, wijeh isso fre- 
 quently destroyed by the too constaut use of caustic cos- 
 metics. 
 
 How to Soften Hands. — After clcan-'ing the hands 
 
 with soap, mil lliem veil wuh o'ltmeul while wet. 
 
 How to Remove Stains from Hands.— Damp the 
 
 hands lirst in water, then rub (hem with tartaric acid, or 
 salt ol lemons, tm you would with soup; niLsctheni and nib 
 them dry. 'I'arlarie acid, or salt of lemons, wiil quickly 
 remi>ve stains from wlii'e muslin or linen. Put k-^ than 
 
 lia!fatcas| nfiil of salt or acid into a tat>les|Hxjnful of 
 
 wat«r ; wet tin- stain wilii it, and lay it in the sun for an 
 hour; wet it oiu'c or twice with ci,|i| wiiterduriiig thetime: 
 if this doe.s n"t quite remove il, rejicat the acid waiter, and 
 lay it ill (he sun. 
 
 How to Whiten Hands.— 1. Stir i of a pMind of Ca^ 
 
 tile snap, and place il in ,i jar iii'iir the tire, pour over it J 
 jiiiit of alcohol: when the soap is dissolved and mixi-<! wnh 
 (he spirit, adil i ounce of glycerine, (he sitme of oil of al- 
 monds, with a few drops of essence of violets, or ottar of 
 roses, then pour it into moulds to cool for ii.se. 2. A wine- 
 glassful of CttU-de-cologue, and one ol" lemon-juice, two 
 
 taikc* of broken Win<lsor soap, mixed well together, when 
 hard, will form an excellent siilmtaiiee. 
 
 How to Cure Scurf In the Head.— A simple and 
 efTeetual remedy. Into a idm of water drop a lump of 
 fresh (piiek lime, (he si^^e of a wa'iiu(; let it stand all night, 
 then jioiir the water o'T clear from the se(limeii( or deposit, 
 mid i of a pint of (he best vinegar, and wash (he head wi(h 
 the mixture. Perfectly hurmloas; only wet the roots of (he 
 hair. 
 
 How to Cure Chapped Lips.— Taki 2 ouii<esof whi(e 
 wax, I ounce of sjiermaccli, 4 ounces of oil of almoiiilK, 2 
 ounces of honey, | of un oiilici' of essence of bergamof, or 
 any odier scent. MeU (he wax and spermaceti; then add 
 the honey, and melt all (ogetlier,and when hot add the a|. 
 moiid oil by degrees, stirring (ill cold. 2. Take oil of al- 
 monds .'(ounces; spermaceti. 4 ounce; virgin rice. A ounce. 
 .Melt (liese (ogethero er a slow fire, mixing witli them a 
 little powder of alkan ■ root to color i(. i\eep stirring till 
 cold, and then add i. few drops of the oil of rhodium, il. 
 Take oil of almond.-i, spermaceti, whi(e wax. and wlii(o 
 sugar cundy, ecjuul jii.r(s. These form a good, wlii(e lip 
 salve. 
 
 How to Remove ("oth Patches.— Wash (he oaiehes 
 
 widi sulii(ioii of common biciuhonate of >•' i\u ami water 
 R'Veral times during the day for two days, or until (he 
 |ia(clie8 are removed, which will usually he in for(y-eiglit 
 hours. After the proeesj wash wi(h some nice (oilet soa)t, 
 ami (he skin will lie !ef( lice, smooth aticl clear of patches. 
 
 How to Take Care o.' the Nails.— The nails should 
 
 be kept clean by (he daily use of tin nail brush and soap 
 and water. After wiping Mie hands. bu( while thev iiro 
 still soft from the action of the water, gently push hack (ho 
 skin which is apt to grow over Ihe nails, which will not 
 only jireserve them neatly rounded, but will prc\eiil the 
 skin from cracking around their roots (nail siuings), and 
 becoming sore. Tlie points of the nail should be jiared ut 
 least once a week; biting (hem should be avoideil. 
 
 How to Cure Hiccough. — A con\ubi\e moti.-m of the 
 diaphragm and parts adjacen(. TIk- common eauws aro 
 flatuency, iiidigesdon, acidity and worms. It may usually 
 l>e removed by the exhibition o| \iarm carminatives, cor- 
 dials, cold water, weak spirits, eamph.ir julep, or spirits of 
 sal volatile. A suddeii fright or surpri.se will oflcn pnx.uco 
 the like e(Tec(. An instance i.'? recorded ofadelicale young 
 hidy that was trouhled with hieeoiigh for sotiii' months, and 
 who was reduced to a stale of extreme dcbililv from (ho 
 loss of sleep occasioiieil (hereby, \vl o was enied by a fright, 
 after medicines and to|iical apiilicat ions had failed. A 
 jiinch of snulT i glass of cold soifawiiter, or un ice-cream, 
 will also frequently reiiicve this coicplaiiit. 
 
 How to Cure Hoarseness.- .Make a strong (ea oi 
 
 lior,-e-radish ami yellow dock i'oo(, sweetened witli honey 
 and drink freely. 
 Remedies for Hoarseness.— Take ono Jnu-hm ot 
 
 freshly siiape 1 horse-radish root, to be infused with lour 
 I'lineo of watci in a close vessel for llirce hours, and mado 
 into u hyriip, with double its (|iiaiility of vinegar, .\ teu- 
 -{MMjiifiil has often proved clTcctiial. 
 
 How to Cure Humors. — Take ecjuul parts of s:itTron 
 
 and ^eneca snake rooi, make a strong (cii, drink one lialt- 
 ' jiint a day, and this will drive out all humors from tlio 
 syst4-m. 
 
 How to Cure Hysterics.— Take the leaves of mother- 
 wort and thoroiiiihwcirt. ;:iiii the bark of pioplar root; equal 
 ]Mtrts. .Mix (hem in molasses, and take four ot' tlicm wiieii 
 the first svmptoms of d'.s irder are ftdt, and they will elb^et- 
 ! ually iheck it. 
 
 How to Cure Barber's Itch.— Moisten the i>a>-ts 
 affected with saliva (spittlo) and rub it over th' -ouglily 
 
 ^ 
 
 C ' 
 
 as 
 
 •=g 
 
;i ihcr, when 
 
 TlIK rAUII.Y PHYHIOIAN. 
 
 tlir('(> times u duy with tlio iwIioh of u /ooil Kuvuim ci/iir. 
 Tliiit !•< n ciinjile ruiiu'dy, yot it iiaa curi-ii tliu nioBt olmti- 
 
 nati< r:i-:i'-(. 
 
 Itch Ointment. -I. Tiilcf iuni, oih' iihuikI ; biu'I, oiu- 
 
 |Hiiiii(i ; Hiifjiir of Ii'IhI. cifihl nijiici'.s; vt'l'liiilliiiii. two 
 oiiiucs. .Mix. Hc'i'iit with ii little ht rjjmiiot. 2. 'I'like 
 hii-hliiriihi of iiiereiirv, iiiio oiiiiee; hiril, imtt |ioiniii ; Hiiet, 
 one |ioiiii>l ; hvclriM'liJdride uric], one uiid ii half (hiiicih. 
 Melt, Mill! well mix. ami when |ieifeetly eiilil.Htir in (>j^en<(' 
 of li'iMini, fiiMi- iliaehniK; ( .^enre of hi in.imnt, mu' (jraehm. 
 <°<, 'lake iiiiw'ilen.l chlnriile of lime, >i\\t' ounee; liini, one 
 jioiiml, M\:\ Well, then aihl essence of lemmi, two tlraehniH. 
 4. Take hiehloriile of inereiirv, one part; liinj, lil'ieeii 
 piirtK. Mix well lu;.'ether. i^. 'lake while |iicii|iilati'. one 
 jiarl; lanl, twei\e pails. Mix. \ iicjitioii "f either <'f 
 ihe-e ()intinenlr< must he well iiilihi'd on thu parts iilTeeted, 
 ni;.'hl and inoiriiii;.'. 
 
 How to Cure Seven-Year Itch.— 1. U«e plenty of 
 
 eastile snap and water, ami linn apply freely iodide of 
 Kiilplinr oinlinent; or take any j^'iveii (pniiitity of simple 
 snlphiir oiiiiiie'iit and eolur it to a li^'hl hrown or ( lioeolule 
 ( olor with the snhrarliiiiiale of iron, and then perliiino it. 
 Apply this freely, and if the ea.-e Hlniuid he a severe one. 
 adniini.ter ndlci alleiJitives in eunjiiiietinn with the oiil- 
 waril apjiliiMiicin. X'. Tho sulphur hath is a ^rood remedy 
 for ileh or any other kind of hkin diseases. Leprosy (th<' 
 most ol)>linate of all) ha.-i heeri ei)m]iletely eiired hy it, and 
 the eoiiiiiiiin it'll .mil recpiires two or three ajipliial ions Id 
 completely eiiiilieato it from the system. II. n"n;',ine, it is 
 Raid, will elTeet u eciinplite cure for seahies in ilw I'onr.-e of 
 half (ii three ijn.'r'teis of an hour, after whi<'h the patient 
 should lake a v.a'iii hath from twenty to thirty iiiiiiuteB. 
 How to Cure Jaundice.— I. Take the whiter, <.f two 
 
 heii'.s ei;;^ , heal them np well in a jjill of water; lake of 
 thi.s a. little Very niiunin^r; it will hooii do ^ooil. It also 
 creates an apjiv'tite, and slrenf;;henH the slotnaeh. '.'. Take 
 of hhiek I'iierry-li'ee hark, two ounces; hlond root and ;;old 
 thre:(d, each half I'l' ounce; put in a pint of hrandy. 
 Dose, from u tcu8poonfiil to a tahlesponnfnl morning aiul 
 ni^'hl. 
 
 How to Cure Stiffened Joints. -Take of the hark of 
 
 while eak and suiel ap]ile trees, c(pial parts; hoil them 
 down to a thick suli!<t,'ini'e, and then add tin; same ipiantity 
 of fjoose-grease or oil, siinnior all together, ami then ruh it 
 on the jiart.s wiinn. 
 
 How to Cure Kidney Disease.— K<pial parts of the 
 
 oil of ri'd cellar und the oil nf spe.irminl. 
 
 How to Cure Lame Back, 'i'ake the herries of red 
 
 cedar at. d allmv them to sininier in neatsfoot oil, and use 
 as an ouitnirtit. 
 
 How to Kill Lice. — All kinds of lice and their nil.s 
 may he got rid nf hy wasliiinr wiiii u simpler decoction of 
 Httivi'^Mcre (/>i !/i/iiiiiitm ylii/i/ti>i(igri(i), or with ii lotion 
 made with the hruised seed in vinegui or with the tinc- 
 ture, or hy riihhing in a salvo imule »viih the scciIb and 
 four times their weight of iard very carefully hcateii 
 together. The acetic solution und tho tincture are the 
 cleanliest and most agreeahle preparations, hut all are 
 eipially etVicaiinus in destroying hoth the creatiirc« and 
 their eggs, and evi'n in relieving the intohrahle ilching 
 which their casual jiresenre leaves liehind on many Bciisi- 
 tivo skins. The alkaloid delphinia may also he eniployei<, 
 hilt possesses no advantage except in the preik"— atinii of iin 
 ointmenl, wlicii fmni any reason that form .t application 
 should lie preferred. 
 
 Rheumatic Liniment.— Olive oil, spiritH of camiihov 
 
 and liiloroforni. of each two oiini'es; sassafnw oil, 1 
 
 rachin. Add the oil of siusFufras In the olive oil, then the 
 
 Hpirits of <'U"iphor, and »i|iiike well before putting in tho 
 
 ohlorofonn ; Hhake wlien uHcd, nml kwfi it eorkcd, hh tlio 
 
 chhirofiirm evaporates very fast if it is left open. A[iply 
 lliiee or four tinieM daily, riihliing in well, and iilwayH 
 toward llii^ hody. 
 
 Sore Throat Liniment.— 'inm camphor, two onnceH; 
 cast lie K'lap, sli:i\< d line, uiie drachm; oil nf lurpenliiie and 
 oil of origanum, each one-half ounce; opium, oiie-foiirth 
 of i:n onni i> ; iilcohnl, one iiint. In a week or ten dayn 
 they will lie (it for n.~c. Hatiie the purls freely two or three 
 tinics daily until nlii f i-i nlil.iined. 
 
 A Wonderful Liniment.— Two ouiicch oil of Hpike, 
 
 two ounces nriganuiM. twii ounces lienil(>ek, lw» ounced 
 wdrinwdod, four ounces Kwect oil, two ounces spirit of 
 ammonia, Iwn oiinees gnm camphor, two oniiccsHpiritstiir- 
 peiitine. .\dd one ipiavl xt roiiK alcohol. .M:x well together, 
 ami liotlle tight. 'I'his in an uiiefptaled hnrst- liniment, 
 und of tlie hest ever made for huinaii uilmentH viieli ua 
 rhenmali-im. sprains, etc. 
 
 ' v to Cure Sore Lips.— Wiwli the lijw with u strong 
 
 tea, ..laile finui the hark nf the white oak. 
 
 Liver Complaint.— Make a Hirong tea of syrup of 
 hiinhick, wormwnnd and dandelion, eipial parts, and drinlc 
 
 freclv. 
 
 Lock Jaw. — It is sahl that the upplir4jtion of wnrtn lye. 
 made of ashes a.s simnj.'uM pos-ihie, to a wounded i)urt, 
 will prevent a locked jaw ; if a font or hand, ininierse in it; 
 if aiinther part of tho WKly, butho with lluiiiiel.s wrung out 
 nf the Warm lye. 
 
 Mumps. — This tlisease, most common among children, 
 hegins with snrcness and stillness in the side of the neck. 
 Soiiii u swelling of the parotid gland takes place, whit h is 
 painful, and continues to increase for four or tiv(! days, 
 sometimes making it dilVicnit toswallnw, or open tin- mouth. 
 The swelling sometimes comes on one side at a time, hut 
 commonly upon hoth. There is often heat, and soiuelimes 
 fever, witli a dry skin, quick piil.se. furrc<l tongue, cniisti- 
 piitcd howls, and scanty and high-colored nrint . The dis- 
 ease is contagions. Tho treatment i-i very simple — a mild 
 diet, gentle laxative, wi iisional hut fomentations, and 
 Wearing a piece of thmnel round the throat. 
 
 How to Prevent Ingrowing' Nails.— If the nail of 
 your toe he liard, and apt to j:rnw rnund, und into the cor- 
 ners of your toe, take? a piece of hrokcn glass nnd scrapo 
 the top very thin; do this vhenever ytm cut your .lails.und 
 hy constat ' um' it makes the corners Hy ii|> and grow Hat, 
 so that it is impossihle they should give you any pain. 
 
 How to Whiten Nails.— The liest wiish fur whitening 
 the nails is two drachms of diluted seiiihiiric acid, ono 
 drachm of tincture of myrrh, added t i four ounces of 
 spring water; first clean.-ic the liandf, and then ajijily tho 
 w.ish. 
 
 Sure Cure for Neuralgria.— i. Fill a tight-top thim- 
 
 hle with cnlion ^..11!, and drep on it ;l few drnp'^ nf ••irnng 
 spirits of hartshorn. The open mouth of the thimhle is 
 then applied over tho seat of pain for a minute or two, 
 until tho skin is hlistered. Tho sk-.i is then rulihcd olT, 
 and upon tli(> denuded siirfuee a sma.. 1. entity of morphia 
 (one-fourth grain) is applied. Thi.; allnnls almost instant 
 relief. A second !ipplication of the ne rp'iia, if reipiired, 
 is ti. he preccilcd hy first riihhing oil Uf new foriimtiou 
 that has sprung np over tho fnrmer hlistered surface. 
 
 2. |)r. J. Knox llndrre recommends the follnwingas an 
 a|iplication which will n.lievo facial or any other neuralgia 
 idniost insiantiineously: Albumen of egg, one draiditn; 
 rhigoleiie, four ounces; oil of peppermint, two ounces; 
 colodion and chloroform, each ono ounee. Mix. Agitato 
 occasionally for twentv-four hours, and hy gelafinization 
 al"'autifiil uud seiiii-sofidifleil, o|K)deldo(;-looking compound 
 
 i^^ 
 
 I 
 
L. 
 
 ■ji'i 
 
 ♦ I 
 
 ■I 
 
 II 
 
 i. !■ 
 
 5 ' 
 
 m0 ' 1 I 
 
 K 
 
 TIIK rAMII.Y IMITSICIAM. 
 
 n'Hiil'H, wliicli will retain itM ronaiHtonrynnd ImM the injtrc- 
 ilioiiiH iiitiiiiiitcly l)lt>ii(l<>() fur tnoiitliH. Apnly liy Kinart 
 frii tioii uilli tho imiiil, or >;i<iitly with u loft oruHli or iii .p 
 
 ullMg tli<> COlirMU of tho IKTVC* ill\<>lV('(l. 
 
 8. Mix ono iiiid ono-lnilf ilracliiiiH icHlido of potiuth, (If- 
 ti'i'ii ^'riiitiH of (|uiiiiiio iiml on« oiiiico );<"P''' -^vriip, ai.il 
 lu'oaricl II liiklf ouiiroB wiilor. |)omc, u tiklil(>|ii>oiifiil every 
 tlirco liiiiirf*. 
 
 •I. Of the Stomach.— Tttkr of iliMtiliGd water of cherry 
 
 l.tiircl, live parlH; iiitirinto of morphia, oMe-teiilh purl. 
 Mi\ and (lissiiUi'. (Mii'dropoii a lu(ii|) of xii^'ar iiiiiiu'di- 
 at(l\ lirripif iiicals. 
 
 Ointment for Sore Nipples.— <ily<'iTiiic. n>Hc water 
 
 and laiiiiiii. cipial wci^dits, nililied to^^eliicr into an oiiit- 
 iiieiil. is very hi^chly rucoiiiiiieiided fur «oro or cracked 
 
 nipples. 
 
 Glycerine Ointment.— Melt to^M-ther Hpermaeeti, two 
 (InK'luii-; » iiiie »a\. uiii'-lijiif drai'hm; oil of Hweet (ilinoiids, 
 two oiiiii'es, and then add ^'l\ri'rine, onu ounee, and stir 
 hri.skiy until cool. An adniiralili' application for ehappeil 
 hands, etc 
 
 Ointment for Itch.— White jimripi'ato. (Iftocn j;rains; 
 Haltpelrc, iMie-half drarhin; Hour of Kiilplmr, one draehni; 
 .Mix wtdl with lard, two ounces. Long celchratcd for the 
 cure of iii'h. 
 
 Sulphur Ointment.— Flour of Hulphur, oiglit ounccH; 
 oil III' liri'L.'aniiit iw'i drachms; lard, ono pound. Hub 
 
 freel; ' iii r uui a dav, for itch. 
 
 Ointment for Piles. -Tannin, two dradimsi water, 
 two tliiid drachms; triturate to;,'etiier, and add 1,'iid, une 
 and V. half drai'liniH. An cxcelli'Mt application for piles. 
 
 Ointment for Hemorrhoids.— Sulphate of morpliia. 
 
 liiir. '^i-iins; e.Mracl of Miainnnia, thirty ^rrains; olive oil, 
 one drachm; carbonate of lend, sixty grains; lard, three 
 
 dnirliuis. 
 
 Pains. — 1. Steep iuari|.'old in go<rd cider viiu'pir and 
 rrii|iienth wa.sli iln' alTeiied parts. This will alTord speedv 
 rciiid'. 
 
 '■i. Take half a jiound of tar and the sjimo qniuitity of 
 
 toljaccd, and Imil them dnwu Kcparately to a thick 8ub- 
 staiiic; then simmer them ii)|retlier. Spirad a plaster ami 
 appiv il to the allccted paiis. and it will allord iinmudiuto 
 
 relirf. 
 
 Painters' Colic. — .M'.ke of tartaric acid a syrup similar 
 to I hat (if ieiiinii svnip; aild a sullicient (|U!Hltily of water, 
 and di'iiik tuoor I Inn' ^da-ses a day. 
 
 Instantaneous Pain-Klller.— Another and oven more 
 
 install I cure id' |iain is made as follows: Takeaipia-amm inia, 
 sulphuric utiier u.ud t^lcoUol. cuual parts, and aiaily over 
 till' pain. 
 
 How to Cure Pimples.— Take a toaspoonful of tho 
 tinctuic iif ^nm j^nuiiacinu and one Icaspoonfui of vinegar; 
 mix Well and apply to the alTected parts. 
 
 Poor Man's Plaster. — Melt together beeswax, one 
 ounce; tar, three ounces; resin, three ounces, and .spreuil 
 on iiaper or muslin. 
 
 Rheumatic Plaster.--<)ne-fiiurth pound ,f resin and 
 <ine-riiuith jiniiiid of sulphur; nu'lt liy a .■^low lire, and add 
 ono oiiiue of t 'avenue pepper and one-fourth of an ounce 
 of camphor gum; .stir well till 'iiLxed, and temper with 
 ncatsfiiiit oil. 
 
 Streng-thening Plaster.— T.ithargo jdasfers, twenty- 
 four parts; whii,. rcsin. six parts; yellow wax and olivo 
 oil. of each three jiarls, and n-d oxide of iron, eight parts. 
 Let the o.vide he ruiihed uitli the oil, and tlu^ other ingredi- 
 ents added melted, and mix the wludo well together. The 
 plaster, after being spread over the leather, should be cut 
 
 & 
 
 into atripi* two inchoii wide and strappoil tlrmly urniind the 
 joint. 
 
 Mustard Plasters. — It is stated that in nuiking a miiH- 
 tard plaster, no water what(>vcr should he used, but the 
 nnistard mixed with the white of an cug; thn result will be 
 a plaster that will "draw" perfectly, out will not priNluco 
 a idister even upon the skin of uii infant, no matter how 
 long it is alliiwcd til remain upon the part. 
 
 Bread and Milk Poultice. — Take stale bread in 
 erundis, pour boiling sweet milk, or nnlk and water o\er 
 it, and simmer till soft, stirring it well; then take it from 
 the lire, and gradually stir in a lillU- glycerine or sweet 
 oil, sons to retalcr tlu! poultice pliable when applied. 
 
 Linseed Poultice. —Take of lin-eid, nowdered, four 
 ounces; hill water sullicient, mix and si ir Well uitli aspooii, 
 until of snitaiiliM-onsistence. A littie <iil hIioii d be added, 
 and son>e Hineared jiver tho surface an wdl, to prevent its 
 gelling hard. A very e.xcellent poidtice, suitable for many 
 purposes. 
 
 Spice Poultice. — Powdered einnunion, cloves and Cay- 
 enne pep|icr, of each two ouiu'es; rye meal, or Hour, spirits 
 and honey, of each sullicient to make of suitable con- 
 sistence. 
 
 Quinsy. — This is an inflanunntion of the tonsils, or coin- 
 iniiii inllammatory sore throat; commences with ii slight 
 feverish attack, with consideralile pain and swelling of the 
 tonsils, causing sonuulillicidty in swallowing; usthe attack 
 advances these symptoms become moie intense, there is 
 headache, thirst, a painful scnsi :if tension, and acute dart- 
 ing pains in tho ears. The attack is gciu'rally brought on 
 by exposure to cold, and lasts from live to seven days, « hen 
 it subsides luiturally. or an abscess may fiuiu in tonsils ami 
 burst, or the tonsil may rcnniin enlarged, the inllammalion 
 subsiding. 
 
 TiiiArMKNT. — Tho patient should renniin in a narm 
 room, the diet childly milk ami good broths, some 'ooling 
 laxative and diaiduirclic nicdiiiiie maybegnen; ..'t the 
 greatest relief will be fmind in the freipii nt inhalatio.' of 
 the steam of Iml water through an inhaler, or in thcoli'.- 
 fasliiiiiied way, tlnuiigh the sp'Hit of a teapot. 
 
 Other Remedies for Rheumatism.— I. Hathetho 
 
 parts alTected with water in which potatoes have been 
 boiled, as hot as can bo borne, just before going to bed; by 
 morning it will be much relieved, if not removed. One 
 application of tlii- .>-im[do remedy has cured the most (d)sti- 
 nate of rheuniatie pains, 2. ifalf an ounce of pulveri/ed 
 salljietre j)ut in half a pint of sweet oil; bathe llie|iarts 
 alTectetl, and a sound cure will be speedily etfectcd. U. 
 Hheumatism has freipientiv been cured by a persisicnt use 
 of lemon juice, either undiluted or in the form of lemon- 
 »de. Suck half a lemon every morning befort* breakfast, 
 and occasiiiiially during the day, and jiarlake of lemonade 
 when thirsty in ju'cference to any other drink. If severely 
 alllicted a jdiysician should be (U)nsnlted, but, in all cases, 
 lemon juice will hasten tho cure. -l. Ky the valerian 
 bath, iiiadi* simply by taking one pound <d' valerian root, 
 boiling it gently for about a fpiarter of an hour in one gal- 
 lon of water, straining and udding the strained liipiid to 
 about twenty gallons of wa'u-r in an ordinary bath. Tho 
 temperature should bo about ninety-i'ight degrees, and tho 
 time of immersion from twenty minutes to half an hour. 
 Pains must be taken to dry tho piitienl perfectly upon get- 
 ting oiitof th(> bath. If the iidlammat inn rcnaiin refrac- 
 tory in any of the joints, linseed meal poultices should be 
 made with a strong decoction of \alcruiii root and ap|diod. 
 How to Cure Ring'-Worm.— To om- part sulphuric 
 acid, add sixteen to twcntv parts water. I'se a brush and 
 feather, and aijjily it to tlm j)art8 night and morning. A 
 few dressings will generally cure. If tlie solution is too 
 
 kf:j^i 
 
THR rAMII.T HIIYHICIAN. 
 
 ttrtmn iind oauiioi pnin, dilute it with watnr, and if the irri- 
 tation ill (>x<'t)i«ttiv(<. mil on ii littUt oil or uth(>r Hoftcning aji- 
 I>li(!Ution, l>iit iilwiiYx avoid tlitt iiHit of Hoap. 
 
 Or, wiixli tliti lii'iid witli Hoft Hoaii cvitv iiioriiiiiK. and 
 apply tliu followin)/ lutinii cvi'ry ni^lit : One half drachm 
 of Huli-cui'lMinatu of Hodii diHHoivcd in out' ^iH of vinrgar. 
 
 Healings Salve. Swtct oil, thrco rpiartH; rcHin, thrur 
 ounocM; liccHwax, tlirco (iiincoc Melt toffcithor; thi-n add 
 |K)wdi'n'd ri'tl h'ud, Iwii poiindH; lioat all tlicHo to^ctlu'r and 
 when nearly cold add a piouo of camphor as largo an u nut- 
 nipg. (iood for liiirnH, etc. 
 
 Salt Rheum. I. Make a strong tea of elm root hark; 
 drink the ten freely, ami wanh the atTeeled part in the 
 Mime. 'Z. 'I'like ono ounce of liliie (lag root, Hteep it in 
 h.'dfapint of gin; taku a teiiKiiooiifiil three titneM a day, 
 niiirning, noon and night, and wauli with the mtmo. 'A. 
 Take one ounee of oil of tar, one draehin of oil of eheokei 
 herry; mix. 'i'like from live to twenty dropn morning anil 
 night as the Hlomai'h vtiil hear. 
 
 Bleedingf of the Stomach.— Take a teuMpoonfiil of 
 
 canioniile teaevtury ten minuleH nntil the hieetling HtopH. 
 
 Slokness of Stomach.— Drink three or four timeH a 
 day of the Hteep iiiudii from the hark of white poplar lootH. 
 
 Sunburn and Tan.— I. Take two draehnm "f horax. 
 one draelim of Konian alum, c.ie dniehm of cam lior, half 
 an ounc'u of Hiigar i aiidy, and a pound of ox-gall. Mix, 
 and Htir well for ten minuteN t ho, and repeat tluM hI iriug 
 three 'ir four timert a day for a fortnight, till it appearH 
 clear and transpannt. Strain Ihroii^'h hlottin^' paper, 
 an<l hottle up for use. ;;.' .Milk of almondH nuttlo tfuiK: 
 Tak(< of lilanched hitter iiinioiicU half an ounce, Hoft vtater 
 half a pint; nntke an cp iilnion liy heating '.' n almoniU and 
 water together, Hirain ti roiigli a muHliu doth, and it in 
 made. 'A. A preparation composed of uipial jiarta of olive 
 oil and limu w.iter id ahto an excellent remedy for sunburn. 
 
 To Produce Sweat. — Take of nitre, one-half <! ichm; 
 Hnake'n head (lierh), HutTron, t'aniphor, nnake-root, Hciieca, 
 hark of HaHHufniH root, each one oinic) ipeca<', and oiiiiiu), 
 eatdi one half ouikc; put thealio\c in three ipiarta of Hol- 
 land gin, and take a tahlc~|>oonfiil in catnip tea every few 
 minutes, till a hwciii jm prmiiiced. 
 
 Teething*. — Yonng children vvhiixt cutting their first 
 set of led ii often hiilTer Kcvere i uiiMlitnt ional diHiiirhance. 
 At tirst there is rc.slleHKnc,->j and pi'c\ inhneHH, »ilh slight 
 fever, hilt not >infi'ci|uently tlicKe are followed l>v convul- 
 sive titH, a-< they are coinuioi.!\ called, whicli depends on 
 the hrain liei'oniiri<; irritated: nod Homelinirs uiuler this 
 condition the chili' iseiili< rent otTsiiddciilv, or the founda- 
 tion of wrious mi- lief to (lie lirain is laid. Tiio remedy, 
 or riiMur thosafeguinl, against lliesefi ighlfiil cniise(|uences 
 is trilling, wafe, and almost ceri;iiii, and consists merely in 
 lancing the gum ro\eriiig the tooth vt liich ^ making its 
 making its way through. When teething is , out it may 
 hi! known by the spittle constantly iliiveliiu from the 
 mouth anil vvetling tiiu froi k. Tlio (diild has its lingers in 
 its mouth, and hitcs hard any snlistance it can get hold oT. 
 If the gums ho carefully I'Mikcd at, the imrt where the tooth 
 is pressing lip is Hwolleii and redil. r lli.iii usual; aid if the 
 finger he pressed on it tlie cliiM Hliiiiiks n' d cries, hhowing 
 that the gum is tender. When these HVHiptonm occur, the 
 j'f.iu should he lanced, ind sometinu's the tooth comes 
 through the next day, if in ar t 'le surface; hut if not so far 
 advanced tlio cut heals and a si ,>, forsiis, which is thought 
 by Home objeiilionahlc, as rendering the passago of the 
 tooth more ditlicult. 'I'his, however, isuninie, for the scar 
 will givo way nnich more ciiHily than the uncut gum. If 
 tlio tooth does not como through after two or three days, 
 the lancing may bo repeated; ai I this is more especially 
 needed if tne onild ho very fractn is, and seems in much 
 
 pain. liHncing the g\\mn is further advantngeoiu, t)oeauM) 
 It emptieN the inllamed ]>art of its IiIimhI, and so relieviM the 
 pain and inflamnuttion. The relief rhildtcii experience in 
 the course of two <ir three lioiirM fmm the operation is 
 often verv remarkable, as they almost immi'diately become 
 lively and cheerful. 
 
 Wash for Teeth and Gums.— The teeth should he 
 
 wiuihed night and morning, a iiKHlerately Hinall and soft 
 hriiHh being used; after the morning aliliition, pour on a 
 second toolh-brush, slightly dampened, a little of the fol- 
 lowing lotion: Carbolic aciil, 20 drops; apirits of wine, 2 
 drachms; distilled water, ttoiinci's. After using this lotion 
 a shoit 'iiiie the guiiih U'come firmer and less tender, and 
 impurity xf the breath (which is most commonly caiise<l by 
 bail t<>etli). will be removed. It is a ((r(*at mistake to use 
 hard tootli-bniHlu ', or to brush the teeth until the gums 
 ble*«l. 
 
 Tetter. — After a slight feverish attack, lasting two or 
 three days, clusters of Hinall, transparent pimples, tilled some- 
 times with a colorless, sometimeH with a brownish lymph, 
 appear on the idieeks or forehead, or ou thu cxtrcmituiH, 
 and at times on the Ixsly. The iiimples are about the si/e 
 of a |M'a, luid break after a few (lavs, when a brown or yel- 
 low crust is formed over them, wliiidi falls olT aliout the 
 tenth day, leaving the skin red and irritable. The erup- 
 tion is attended wiih heat; itching, tingling, fever, and 
 restlessness, especiiillv at night. Hingworm is li curious 
 form of tett< r. in which the inflamed patches lutsiime tho 
 form of a i : _■. 
 
 TUKATUKST — .Should consist of light diet, and gentle 
 laxatives. If the patient be advanced in life, and feeble, a 
 tonio will be desirable. For a wesh, white vitriol, I 
 driu:hm; rose-water, bounces, mixed; or an ointment made 
 of alder-llower ointment, I ounce; oxide of zinc, 1 drachm. 
 
 To Remove Tan. inn may be removed fnuii th" fine 
 by mixing magnesia in soft water to the consistency of ]iaste, 
 whicii should then be sprc:id on the face and allowed to 
 remain a minute or two. Then wash oil with Castile soap 
 Hiiils, and rinse with soft water. 
 
 Care of the Teeth. — The mouth Ims a temperature of 
 Its degrees, wanner than i- ever ex|M'rienced in tho shade 
 in tho latitmlo of New I' ind. It is well known that if 
 beef, for c\amph>, be ■ \posed in the shade during tho 
 warmest of our Hiimmer davs, it will very hikui decompose. 
 If we eat beef for dinner, the particles invaiiably fiml their 
 way into thespaces lielvveeM the teelli. Now, ii' these par- 
 ticles of beef are not removed, they v»'ill fre<piently remain 
 till they are softened by decom]iosition. In most niouthn 
 this process of decomposition is in constant lungress. 
 
 Ought we to be sur]irised that the ijums and teeth against 
 
 itrefvi 
 become subjects of discaiH-? 
 
 which thes(* decomposing or put 
 
 nng 
 
 masses lie should 
 
 llow shall our teeth he preserved? The answer is very 
 simiile — keep them very <'lean. How shall thcv be kept 
 clean!'' Answer — Ky a toothpick, rinsing with water, ami 
 •he daily use of a brush. 
 
 The toothpick should Ih' a fpiill, not because the metalic. 
 picks iniure the enamel, but because the ipiill pi<k is so 
 tlexible it fits into all tiie irregularities between the teeth. 
 
 Always after using the toothpick the inoutli should he 
 thoroughly rinsed. If warm water be not at hand, cold 
 may be used, although warm is much b(>tter. Closing the 
 lips, with a motion familiar to uU, eviiything tnay be 
 thoroughly rinsed from the mouth. 
 
 Kvery moniing (on rising), and every evening (ou going 
 to bed), tho tooth-brush should ho used, and the teeth, 
 both out i do and inside, thoroughly bruslu'd. 
 
 Much l;as been said pro and com., npon the use of soap 
 with tho tooth-brush. My own experience and the 
 
 

 A^ 
 
 »o. 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TAJ^GET (MT.3) 
 
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 IL25 III 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
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 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4S03 
 
 
 6^ 
 
,A..vttt^>iacM»BrSfei«ili**'i«S,i.^. 
 
 lii I 
 
 THK PA.M1I.T I'lIYSICIAN. 
 
 ux])ori('ii(o of members of my fiimily is liij;hly fuvorable to 
 the rr^^'iihir niornijitj ;iii<l ovcniiig use of soup, t'astile or 
 otiicr jrooi) soiip will iiiinwor this purpose. (Whatever is 
 u'ool for Ihi! li.iiiils ii' (1 fuel' is good for tlie toftii.) The 
 slightly uiipU'iusaiit. tasio which soap bus wbeu we begin to 
 use it will suiMi l)o uuiioticcil. 
 
 Tooth Powders. — Many jiersons, while hnulably atten- 
 tive to the jiriservatioii of tlicir teeth, do tliem harm by too 
 nuR'ii otli'.^iousnoss. Tiu-y daily apply to tbeni some denti- 
 frieo powder, which they rub so hard as not only to injure 
 the enamel by excessive friction, but to hurt the gums even 
 more than by the alnise of the toothpick. The quality of 
 some of the dentifrice powders advertised in newspapers is 
 extremely suspicious, and there is reason to thi"kthat they 
 are not altogether free from a corrosive ingredient. One 
 of the safest and best compositions for the purpose is a 
 mixture of two ])arts of prepared chalk, one of Peruvian 
 bark, and one of hard soap, all finely powdered, which is 
 calculated not only to clean the teeth without hurting them, 
 but to preserve the firmness of the gums. 
 
 Besides the advantage of sound teeth for their use in mas- 
 tication, a proper attention to their treatment conduces not 
 a little to the sweetnesa of the breath. This is, iiuleed, 
 often alTected by other causes existing in the lungs, the 
 stomach, aiul sometimes even in the bowels, but a rotten 
 state of tht'. teeth, both from the putrid smell emitted by 
 carious bones and the impurities lodged in their cavities, 
 jiever fails of aggravating an unpleasant breath wherever 
 there is a tendency of tiuit kind. 
 
 Remedies for Toothache. — l. One drachm of alum 
 reduccil to an impalpable powder, three drachms of nitrous 
 spirits of etlier — nnx, and apply them to the tooth on cot- 
 ton. 2. ^lix a little salt and alum, equal portions, grind 
 it fine, wet a little lock of cotton, fill it with the powder 
 and put it in your tooth. One or two applications seldom 
 fail to cure. ii. To one drachm of collodion add two 
 drachms of Calvert's carbolic acid. A gelatinous mass is 
 preci|iitated, a small portion of which, inserted in the cav- 
 ity of an aching tooth, invariably gives imn.ediate relief. 
 4. Saturate a smnll bit of clean cotton wool with a strong 
 solution of ainr.ionia, and apply it immediately to the 
 alTectcd tooth. 'J'lie jileasing contrast immediately pro- 
 duced in some cases causes fits of laughter, althougii a mo- 
 ment ])reviou3 extreme suffering and anguish prevailed. 6. 
 Sometimes a sound ti>oth aches from sympathy of the nerves 
 of the f'ai'c with other nerves. But when toothache pro- 
 ceeds from a decayed tooth cither have it taken out, or put 
 hot fomentations upon the face, and hot ''rinks into the 
 moutii, such as tim^ture of cayenne. 
 
 To Cure Warts. — Warts are formed by the small arte- 
 ries, vciuf, and nerves luiiieil together, taking on a dispo- 
 sition to grow by extending themselves upward, carrying 
 the scarf-skin along with them, which, thickening, forms a 
 wart. Corns are a similar growth, brought about by the 
 friction of tight boots and shoes. 1, Take a piece of dia- 
 chylon ])laster, cut a hole in the centre the size of the wart, 
 and stick it on, the wart ])rotruding through. Then touch 
 it daily with aquafortis, or nitrate of silver. They may be 
 removed by tying a string tightly around them. 2. 1'ake 
 a blacksmith's jiunch, heat it red hot aiui burn the warts 
 with tlie end of it. When the burn gets well tl.'O warts will 
 bo gone forever. 3, Scrape down enough dry cobwebs to 
 make a ball large enough to. or a little more than, cover 
 the wart and not touch the flesh around the same; lay it on 
 top of tiio wart, ignite it and let it 'w until it is all burnt 
 up. The wart will turn white, and in a fewdayscome out. 
 4. Pass a pin through the wart; apply one end of the ])in 
 to the llamo of a la»ip; hold it there until the wart fries 
 
 idir tiie action of the heat. A wart so treated will leave. 
 Dissolve as much common washing soda us the water 
 
 will take up; wash the warts with this for a minute or two, 
 and li't theindry without wiping. K.ep the waterin a bot- 
 tle "id repeat tiie washing often, and it will take away the 
 lar"est warts, fl. They may be cureil surely by i)aring them 
 down until the blood comcsslightly and then riibl)ii;g them 
 with lunar caustic. It is needless to say this hurts a Utile, 
 but it is a sure cure. The hydroehlorateof limeaj)]ilicd in 
 the same way will cure after several applications and sumc 
 patience; so will strong good vinegar, and so it is said will 
 milk weed. The cures founded upon superstitious prac- 
 tices, such as muttering some phrases over the excrescence, 
 stealing a piece of beef, rubbing the wart therewith and 
 then burying it under the leaves to await its decay, etc., 
 etc., are all the remnants of a past state of ignorance and 
 are of no use whatever. Warts are generally only tempo- 
 rary and disappear as their possessors grow up. 
 
 How to Cure White Swelling-.— Draw a blister on the 
 inside of the leg below the knee; keep it running with oint- 
 ment made of hen manure, by simmering it in hog's lard 
 with onions; rub the knee with the following kind of oint- 
 ment: Bits of peppermint, oil of sassafras, checkerbcrry, 
 juniper, one driichm each; simmer in one-half pint neats- 
 foot oil, and rub on the knee three times a day. 
 
 How to Cure Wounds. — Catnip steeped, mixed with 
 fresh butter and sugar. 
 
 How to Cure Whooping-Cough.— Take a quart of 
 spring water, put in it a large handful of chin-cups that 
 grow upon moss, a large handful of unset hyssop; boil it to 
 a pint, strain it off, and sweeten it with sugar-candy. Let 
 the child, as often as it coughs, take two spoonfuls at a 
 time. 
 
 How to Cure Worms in Children.— i. Take one 
 
 ounce of powdered snake-head (herb), and one drachm each 
 of aloes and prickly ash bark; powder these, and to one- 
 half teaspoonful of this powder add a teaspoonful of boiling 
 water and a teaspoonful of molasses. Take this as a dose, 
 night or morning, more or less, as the symptoms may re- 
 quire. 2. Take tobacco leaves, pound them up with honey, 
 and lay them on the belly of the child or grown person, at 
 the same time administering a dose of some good physic. 
 3. Take garden parsley, make it into a tea and let the pa- 
 tient drink freely of it. 4. Take the scales that will fall 
 around the blacksmith's anvil, powder them fine, and put 
 them in sweetened rum. Shake when you take them, and 
 give a teaspoonful three times a day. 
 
 Scalding of the Urine. — Equal parts of the oil of red 
 
 cedar, and the ofl of spearmint. 
 
 Urinary Obstructions.— Steep pumpkin seeds in gin, 
 and drink about three glasses a day; or, administer half a 
 drachm uva nrsi every morning, and a dose of spearmint. 
 
 Free Passage of Urine,— The leaves of the currant 
 bush made into a tea, and taken as a common drink. 
 
 Venereal Complaints.— Equal parts of the oil of red 
 cedar, combined with sarsaparilla, yellow dock and burdock 
 made into a syrup; add to a pint of this syrup an ounce of 
 gum guiaicum. Dose, from a tablcspoonful to a wine-glass, 
 as best you can hear. 
 
 How to Cure Sore Throat. — "One who has tried it" 
 communicates the following sensible item about curing sore 
 throat: lict each one of your half million readers buy at 
 any drug store one ounce of camphorated oil and five cents' 
 worth of chloride of potash. Whenever any soreness ap- 
 pears in the throat, put the pota-sh in half a tumbler of 
 water, and with it gargle the throat thoroughly; then rub 
 the neck thoroughly with the camphorated oil at • jlit be- 
 fore going to bed, and also pin around the throat a small 
 strip of woolen flanDel. This is a simple, cheap and sure 
 remedy. 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 WfJ 
 
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 I 
 
 HOUSEHOLD RBCIPm. 
 
 S HOUSEHOLD RECIPES 
 
 ^^4i^^4^- 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Axle Grease. — l. Water, l f Jlor; ,5o(la. \ ])i.iriu!; jiii!iii 
 oil, lu iiDiiiids. Mix liy lieiit, and s^tir til! lu'iiriy cold. 
 
 I. Water, raiie oil, of each 1 piiii.ii: sJciiu, ^ ijoiiiid ; 
 palm oil, 4 jiouihI. 
 
 3. Water, I tjalloli ; t;dlo«-, 3 pounds ; jialinoil, '1 iiouiids ; 
 soda, \ pound. Heat to-Jlo de|_'. Falirenlieit and slir until 
 cool. 
 
 4. Tallow, s ]ioii!id.!: palm oil, 10 pounds; plumbago, 
 1 pound. .Makes a good liilirieator for wagon axles. 
 
 How to Shell Beans Easy.— Pom- upon tlu; pods a 
 
 quantity of .scaldin;,^ water, and the iieiins will slip very 
 easily from the j>od. Jiy jxiuring scalding water on ajiples 
 the skill may he ca.sily slipped olT, and luueh labor saveil. 
 
 How to Clean Bed-Ticks.— Apply Poland starch, by 
 rubbing it on thick with ii cloth. Place it in the sun. 
 When dry, rub it if necessary. The soiled part will be 
 clean as new. 
 
 How to Wash Carpets. — Shake and beat it well ; lay 
 it upon the door and tack it firmly; then with a clean flan- 
 nel wash it over with a quart of bullock's gall nii.xed with 
 three quarts of soft, cold water, and rub it off with a clean 
 flannel or house-cloth. Any particular dirty spot should 
 be rubbed with j)ure gall. 
 
 How to Clean Carpets. — Before proceeding to sweep 
 a carpet a few handfuls of waste tea-leaves should be 
 sprinkled over it. A stilf hair broom or brush should be 
 employed, unless the carpet is very dirty, when a whisk or 
 carpet-broom should bo used, first followed by another made 
 of hair, to take oS the loose dust. The frequent use of a 
 stiff carpet-broom soon wears off the beauty of the best 
 carpet. An ordinary clothes brush is best adapted for su- 
 perior carpets. When carpets are Tery dirty they should 
 be cleaned by shaking and beating. 
 
 Beat it well with a stick in the usual manner until all 
 the dust is removed, then take out the stains, if any, with 
 lemon or sorrel-juice. When thoroughly dry rub it all 
 over with the crumb of a hot wheaten loaf, and if the 
 weather is very tine, let hang out in the open air for a night 
 or two. This treatment will revive the colors, and make 
 the carpet appear equal to new. 
 
 How to Remove Spots on Carpets.— A few drops of 
 
 carbonate of ammonia, and a small quantity of warm rain 
 water, will prove a safe and easy antacid," etc., and will 
 change, if carefully applied, discolored spots upon carpets, 
 and indeed, all spots, whether produced by acids or alka- 
 lies, if one has the misfortune to have a carpet injured 
 by whitewash, this will immediately restore it. 
 
 How to Remove Ink Spots on Carpets. — As soon as 
 
 the ink has been spilled, taKe up as nnicli as you can with 
 a sponge, and then poui on cold water repeatedly, still 
 taking up tlie liquid ; next rub the place with a little wet 
 oxalic acid or salt of sorrel, and wash it off immediately with 
 colli water, and then rub on some hartshorn. 
 
 Cleaning* and Scouring^ of Cloth.— The rommon 
 
 method (jf eleaning cloth is iiy lieating and bi'ushing, un- 
 less when very dirty, when it undergoes the operation of 
 scouring. This is best done on the snnill scale, as for 
 articles of woarit^g apparel, etc , by dissolviii<j a little curd 
 soap in water, and after mixing it with a little ox-gall, to 
 touch over all the s]'ots fif grease, diit. et<'., with if, and 
 to rub them well with a stiff brush, until they arc removed, 
 after which the article may be well rubbed all over with a 
 brush or spong" dipped into some warm water, to which 
 the ))revioMS mixture and a little more ox-gall has beo'i 
 added. When tliis has been pnqierly done, it only remains 
 to thoroughly rinse the article in clean water until the lat- 
 ter passes otf uncolorcd, when it must be hung up to dry. 
 For dark, colored cloths the common lu'aetico is to add some 
 Fuller's-earth to the mixture of soap and gall. When 
 nearly dry the nap should be laid right and the article care- 
 fully pressed, after which a brush, moistened with a drop 
 or two of olive oil, is passed several times over it, which 
 will give it a superior finish. 
 
 Cloth may also be cleaned in the dry way, as follows: 
 First remove the spots, as above, and when the parts have 
 dried, strew clean, damp sand over it, and beat it in with a 
 brush, after which brush the article with a hard brush 
 when the sand vvill readily come out, and bring the dirt 
 with it. Black cloth which is very rusty should receive a 
 coat of reviver after drying, and be liung U]) until the next 
 day, when it may be pressed and finished off as before. 
 Scarlet cloth requires considerable caution. After being 
 thoroughly rinsed, it sh.ould be repeatedly ])assed through 
 cold siiring water, to which a tablespoonful or two of solu- 
 tion of tin has been added. If much faded, it should be 
 dipped in a scarlet dye-bath. Buff cloth is generally 
 cleansed by covering it with a paste made with jiipe-elay 
 and water, which, when dry, is rubbed and brushed off. 
 
 Renovation of Cloth.— The article undergoes the 
 process of scouring before described, and, after being well 
 rinsed and drained, it is put on a board, and the thread- 
 bare parts rubbed with a half-worn iiatter's card, filled with 
 flocks, or with a teazle or a prickly thistle, until a nap is 
 raised. It is next hung up to dry, the nap laid the right 
 way with a hard brush, and finished as before. When the 
 cloth is niuel; faded, it is usual to give it a dip, as it is 
 called, or to pass it through a dye-bath, to freshen up the 
 color. 
 
 How to Revive the Color of Black Cloth.— If a 
 
 coat, clean it well, then boil from two to f(>ur ouni'es of 
 logwood in your copper, or tjoiler, for lialf an hour; dip 
 your coat in warm water, and squeeze it as dry as you can ; 
 then put it into the copper and boil it for half an hour. 
 Take it out, and add ajMcce of green copiioras, .ibout the 
 size of a horse-bean ; boil it another Jalf hour, then draw 
 it, and hang it in the air for an hour « .• two ; take it down, 
 riuso it in two or three cold waters ; dry it, and let it bo 
 
 ^ 
 
I! 
 
 N 
 
 well brushed with a soft brush, over which a drop or two of 
 the oil of olives has been rubbed, then stroke your coatreg- 
 ulurly over. 
 
 How to Restore Crape. — Skimmed milk and water, 
 
 with ii little bit of ghio in it, made scalding hot, is excel- 
 lent to restore rusty Itiiliiin crape. If clapped and pulled 
 dry like muslin, it will look as good as now; or, brush the 
 veil till iill the dust is removed, then fold it lengthwise, 
 and riill it smoothly and tightly on a roller. Steam it till 
 it is thoroughly dampened, and dry on the roller. 
 
 How to Cleanse Feather Beds.— When feather beds 
 become shIIimI ami lu'Mvy tlu'y may be made clean and light 
 by lieitig treated in tlio following manner : Rub them over 
 with a still brush, (lipiK'd in hot soap-suds. When clean 
 lay them on a shed, or any other clean place where the rain 
 will fall on them. When th(iroughly soaked let them dry 
 in a hut sim hir six or seven successive days, shaking them 
 up well and tniiiing them over each day. They should be 
 covered over wilh a (hick cloth during tlio niglit ; if ex- 
 posed to tho night air they will become damp and mildew. 
 This way of washing the bed-ticking and fcathei's makes 
 them Very frc<h and light, and is much easier than the old- 
 fashioned way of emptying the beds and washing the feath- 
 ers sepai-i'tely, while it answers quite as well. Care must be 
 taken to dry tiio bed perfe<'tly before sleeping on it. Hair 
 mattresses that have become hard and dirty can be made 
 nearly as good as new by ripping them, washing the tick- 
 ing, and ])icking the hair free from bunches and keeping 
 it in a dry, airy ]ilace several days. Whenever the ticking 
 gets dry till it ligiitly with tiie hair, and tack it together. 
 
 How to Cut Up and Cure Pork.— Have the hog laid 
 on liis back on a slont, clean bencii ; cut off the head close 
 to tiie base. If the hog is large, there will come off a con- 
 sideralile collar, between head and shoulders, which, 
 pickled or dried, is useful for cooking with vegetables. 
 Separate tho jowl from die face at tho natural joint ; open 
 tho skull lengthwise and take out the brains, esteemed a 
 luxury. Then with a siiarj) knife remove the back-bone 
 tho whole length, t!i(>n tho long strip of fat underlying it, 
 leaving al»nit one inch of fat covering the spinal column. 
 
 Tlie leaf lard, if not before taken out for the housewife's 
 convenience, is removed, as is also the tenderloin — a fishy- 
 shaped piece of flesh — often used for sausage, but which 
 makes delicious steak. TIic middling or sides are now cut 
 out. leaving the shoulders s(|uaro-shaped and the hams 
 Tsointed, or they may be rounded to your taijte. The spare- 
 ■ibs are usually wholly removed from the sides, with but 
 little meat adhering. It is the sides of small, young hogs 
 cured as hams that hear the name of breakfast bacon. 
 The sausago meat conies chielly in strips from the back- 
 bone, jiart of which may also bo used as steak. The lean 
 trinuniiigs from about til Joints are used for sausage, the 
 fat scraps rendered up with the backbone lard. 
 
 Tho thick jiart of the batkbiiio that lies between the 
 slioulders, called griskin or ihine, is se]);'.rated from the 
 tapering, bony part, called baiklionc by way of distinction, 
 and used as flesh. The chiiK s are smoked with jowls, and 
 and ii.:cd in lato winter or sjiring. 
 
 Whi'ii yoiir meat is to be pickled it should be dusted 
 lightly with saltpetre sprinkled with salt, and allowed to 
 drain twenty-four hours; then plunge it into pickle, and 
 keep under with a weight. It is good jiolicy to jiickle a 
 ])ortion of the sides. They, after soaking, are sweeter to 
 cook with vegetables, and the grease fried from them is 
 much nun-o u.seful than that of smoked meat. 
 
 If your meat is to be dry salted, allow one teasiioonful of 
 pulverized saltpetre to one gallon of salt, and keep the 
 mixture warm beside you. Put on a hog's ear as a mitten, 
 and rub each piece of meat thoroughly. Then pack skin 
 
 side down, ham upon ham, side upon aide, strewing on 
 salt abundantly. It is best to put large and small pieces in 
 different boxes for tho convenience oi: getting at them to 
 hang up at the different times they will come into readi- 
 ness. The weather has eo much »o do with the time that 
 meat requires to take salt that no particular time can be 
 specified for leaving it in. 
 
 Tho best test is to try a medium-sized ham ; if salt 
 enor.gh, all similar and smaller pieces are surely ready, and 
 it is well to remember that tlie saltness increases in drying. 
 
 Ribs ami steaks should be kept in a cold, dark place, 
 without salting, until ready for use. If you have many, or 
 the weather is warm, they keep better in pickle than dry 
 salt. Many persons turn ancl rub their meat frequently. 
 We have never practiced this, and have never lost any. 
 
 When tlie meat is ready for smoking, dip the hocks of 
 the loints in ground black pepper and dust tlie raw surface 
 thickly with it. Sacks, after this treatment, may be used 
 for double security, and I think bacon high and dry is 
 sweeter than packed in any substance. For sugar-cured 
 hams wo append the best recipe we have ever used, though 
 troublesome. 
 
 English Recipe for Sugar-Curing Hams. — So soonastne 
 meat comes from the butcher's hand rub it thoroughly with 
 the salt. Repeat this four days, keeping the meat where it 
 can drain. The fourth day rub it with saltpetre and a 
 handful of common salt, allowing one pound of saltpetre to 
 seventy pounds of meat. Now mix one pound of brown 
 sugar and one of molasses, rub over the ham every day for 
 a fortnight, and then smoke with hickory chips or cobs. 
 Hams shouhl bo hung highest in meat-houses, because there 
 they are t. liable to the attacks of insects, for insects do 
 not so much infest liigh places-^unlike human pests. 
 
 Pickle. — Make eight gallons of brine strong enough to 
 float an egg ; add two pounds of brown sugar or a quart of 
 molasses, and four ounces of saltpetre ; boiland skim clean, 
 and pour cold on your meat. Meat intended for smoking 
 should remain in pickle about four weeks. This pickle can 
 be boiled over, and with a fresh cup of sugar and salt used 
 all summer. Some persons use as much soda as saltpetre. 
 It will correct acidity, but we think impairs the meat. 
 
 Washing Preparation.— Take a i of a pound of soap, 
 a i of a pound of soda, and a ^ of a pound of quicklime. 
 Cut up the soap and dissolve it in 1 quart of boiling water ; 
 pour 1 quart of boiling water over the soda, and 3 quarts 
 of boiling water upon the quicklime. The lime must bo 
 quick and fresh ; if it is good it will bubble up on pouring 
 the liot water upon it. Each must be prepared in separate 
 vessels. The lime must settle so as to leave the water on 
 tho top perfectly clear ; then strain it carefully (not dis- 
 turbing the settlings) into the washboiler with tho soda and 
 soap ; let it scald long enough to dissolve tho soap, then 
 add 6 gallons of soap water. The clothes must be put to soak 
 over night, after nibbing soap upon the dirtiest parts of 
 them. After having tho above in readiness, wring out the 
 clothes wliieh have been put in soak, jmt them on to boil, 
 and let i ■.'h lot boil half an hour ; the same water will 
 answer for tho whole washing. After boiling each lot half 
 an hour drain them from the boiling water put them in a 
 tub and pour upon them two or three pailsful of clear, hot 
 water ; after this they will want very little rubbing ; then 
 rinso through two waters, blueing the last. When dried 
 they will be a beautiful white. After washing the cleanest 
 part of tho white clothes, take two pails of the suds in 
 which they have been washed, put it over the fire and 
 scald, and this will wash all the ilannelsand colored clothes 
 withont any extra soap. The white flannels, after beiii<r 
 well washed in the suds, will require to be scalded by tun 
 ing on a teakettle of boiling water. 
 
 i 
 
 Ho\ 
 
 gardeil 
 half al 
 or earf 
 ward 1 
 powdi 
 die or] 
 Ho^ 
 
HOW TO DESTROY HOUSEHOLD PESTS 
 
 '»--2^r~^ 
 
 How to Destroy Ants. — Ants that frequent houses or 
 gardens niiiy ho (k>slro}-e<l liy taking flower of briiiiHtoiio 
 half a jiouiid and jiota.sh four ounces; sot them in an iron 
 or earthen iian over the fire till dissolved and united; after- 
 ward heat thcin to a jjowder, and infuse a little of this 
 powder in water; aiul wherever you sprinkle it the ants will 
 die or fly the phiro. 
 
 How to Destroy Black Ants. — A few leaves of green 
 wormwood, scattered anujug the haunts of these trouble- 
 some insects, is said to l)e ofToetiuil in dislodging them. 
 
 How to Destroy Red Anis. — The host way to get rid 
 of ants, is to sot a f|iianiity of cracked walnuts or shell- 
 barks on plates, and i)ut tliein in the closet or ])lace8 where 
 the ants congregate. They are very fond of these, and 
 will collect on them in myriads. When they have collected 
 on them make a general auto-da-fe, hy turning nuts and 
 ants together into the fire, and then replenish the plates 
 with fresh nuts. After they have become so thinned off as 
 to cease collecting on jjlates, powdersomo camphor and put 
 in the holes and crevices, whereupon the remainder of them 
 will speedily depart. It may help the process of getting 
 them to assemble on shell-barks, to remove all edibles out 
 of their way for the time. 
 
 How to Destroy Black Bees.— Place two or three 
 shallow vessels — the large/ kind of flower-pot saucers will 
 do — half filled with water, on the floors where they assem- 
 ble, with strips of cardboard running from the edge of the 
 vessel to the floor, at a gentle inclination; these the un- 
 welcome guests will eagerly ascend, and so find a watery 
 grave. 
 
 How to Destroy Bed-Bugs.— 1. When they have 
 made a lodgement iu the wall, fill all the apertures with a 
 mixture of soft soap and Scotch snuff. Take the bedstead 
 to pieces, and treat that in the same way. 2. A strong 
 decoction of red pepper applied to bedsteads will either kill 
 the bugs or drive thorn away. 3. Put the bedstead into a 
 close room and set tire to the following composition, placed 
 in an iron pot upon the hearth, having previously closed 
 up the chimney, then shut thedoor, let them remain a day: 
 Sulplnir nine parts; saltpetre, powdered, one part. MLi. 
 Be sure to open the door of tho room five or six hours be- 
 fore you venture to go into it a second time. 4. Rub the 
 bedstead well withlampoil; this alone isgood, but to nuike 
 it more effectual, get ten cents worth of quicksilver and add 
 to it. Put it into all the cracks around the bed, and they 
 will soon disappear. The bedsteads should first be scalded 
 and wiped dry, then put on with a feather. 5. Corrosive 
 sublimate, one ounce; muriatic acid, two ounces; water, 
 four ounces; dissolve, then add turpentine, one jjint; de- 
 coction of tobacco, one pint. Mix. For the decoction of 
 tobacco boil one ounce of tobacco in a -Jpint of water. The 
 mixture must bo applied with a paint brush. This wash is 
 deadly poison. (5. Hub the bedsteads in tho joints with 
 equal parts of spirits of turpentine and kerosene oil, and 
 tho cracks of the surbase in rooms where there are many. 
 Filling up all the cracks with hard soap is an excellent 
 remedy. 
 
 March and April are the months when bedsteads should 
 be examined to kill all the eggs. 7. Mix together two 
 ounces spirits of turpentine, one ounce corrosive sublimate, 
 
 d one pint alcohol. 8. Distilled vinegar, or diluted good 
 
 vinegar, a pint; camphor one-half ounce; dissolve. 9. 
 AVhite arsenic, two ounces; lard, thirteen ounces; corrosive 
 sublimate, one-fourth ounce; Venetian red. one-fourth 
 ounce. (Deadly poison.) 10. Strong mercurial ointment, 
 one ounce; soft soap one ounce; oil of turpentine, a pint. 
 11. (Jasoline and coalipil are l)oth excellent adjuncts, with 
 cleanliness, in ridding a bed or house of these ts. 
 
 How to Destroy Caterpillars.— Boil together a quan- 
 tity of ri. . wormwood, and any cheap tobacco (equal 
 parts) in ('oinmon water. Tho li(|iiid should bo very strong. 
 Sprinkle it on the loaves and young branches every morn- 
 ing and evening during the time tlu' fruit is ripening. 
 
 How to Destroy Cockroaches ana Beetles.— 1. 
 
 Strew the roots of black hellebore, at night, in the places 
 infested by these vermin, and they will be found in 
 the morning dead or dying. Black hellebore grows 
 in marstiy grounds, and nuiy be had at the herb shops. 
 2. Put nhout a quart of water sweetened with molasses 
 in a tin wash basin or smooth glazed china bowl. 
 Set it at evening in a place frequented by the bugs. 
 Around the basin put an old piece of carpet that 
 the bugs can have easy access to the top. They will 
 go down in the water, and stay till you come. 3. Take 
 pulverized borax, 4 parts, flour 1 part, mix intimately and 
 distribute tho mixture in cupboards which are frequented 
 by the roaches, or blow it, by means of a bellows, into the 
 holes or cracks that are infested by them. 4. By scatter- 
 ing a handful of fresh cucumber parings about the house, 
 f). Take carbonic acid and powdered camphor in equal 
 parts; put them in a bottle; they will become fluid. A\ ith 
 a painter's brush of the size called a sash-tool, put the mix- 
 ture on the cracks or places where tiie roaches hide; they 
 will come out at once. Then kill. (J. Mix up a quantity 
 of fresh burned plaster of paris (gypsum, such as is used 
 for making molds and ornaments), with wheat flour and 
 a little sugar, and distribute on shallow plates and box 
 boards, and ))iaco in the corners of the kitchen and pantry, 
 where they frequent. In the darkness they will feast 
 them.selves on it. Whether it interferes with their diges- 
 tion or not, is dilTicult to ascertain, but after throe or four 
 nights renewal c f the preparation, no cockroaches will be 
 found on the promises. 
 
 How to Destroy Crickets.— Sprinkle a little quick- 
 lime near to the cracks tlmjugh which they enter the room. 
 The lime may be laid down overnight, and swept away 
 in tho morning. In a few days they will most likely idl be 
 destroyed. But care must bo taken that the children do 
 not meddle with tho lime, as a very snuill jiortion of it, 
 getting into the eye, would prove exceedingly hurtful. In 
 case of such an accident the best thing to do would be to 
 wash tho eye with vinegar and water. 
 
 How to g-et Rid of Fleas.— Much of the largest num- 
 ber of fleas are brought into our family circles by pet dogs 
 and cats. Tho oil of pennyroyal will drive these insects 
 off; but a cheaper method, where the uerb flourishes, is to 
 throw your cats and dogs into a decoction of it once a 
 week. When tho herb cannot be got, the oil can he pro- 
 cured. In this case, saturate strings with it and tie them 
 around the necks of tho dogs and cats. These apjilica- 
 t.ons should be repeated every twelve or fifteen days. Mint, 
 
 •; 
 
 ■I 
 
 

 HOW TO DESTROY HOUSEHOLD PESTS. 
 
 Croslily cut, and hung round a bcdstoad, or on the furni 
 turo, will prevent annoyance from bod insects; a few dropi 
 of essontitu oil of lavender will l)o more eflicacions. 
 
 How to Destroy FliOS. — l. Take an infusion of qnas- 
 hiii, one j(ii;t; biMwn .sui(iir, four ouncrs, ^fi'oiiiiil i){'|)pi'r, 
 two ounces. To be well niixcil li i^cther. ami ]mt in small 
 hIiuIIow disbt's u'lu'reriMiuircd. ;.'. ISIack |i('])|ifr(|)o\v(l('i-cil). 
 one drucliiii; brown sii;,'iii', ono dracbm; milk or creuni, 
 two di'ucluii.s. Mix, ami phua' itoiui j)lute or saiiicr wben? 
 tbe fli(!s lire most troublesome. ;!. Pour a little simple 
 oxymel (an article to be obtained at tbe druijgists), into a 
 oonwnon tumbler glass, and plaou in tbe glass a jiiecui of 
 cap inipcr, nuide .nl.o tbe sliape of tbe upjier part of a 
 funnel, wilh a liohi »t tbe bottom to ailinit tbe tlies. At- 
 tracted by liie smell, tbey readily enter tbe trap in swarms, 
 and by tie f bousandrt soon collected prove tbat tbey bave 
 not tliev.il or tbe disposition to return. 4. Take some 
 jars, niug^, or tunibk'rs. till tlicm balf fidl witb soajiy 
 water; coser Ibem as jam-])ots are covered, witb a ])iece of 
 pap'T, eitb.T lied '](t\vn or tuc!;ed under tbe rim. Ijet tbis 
 pap'T be rulibed inside wiib wet sugar, molasses, honey, or 
 jam, oi' any I bing sweet ; cut a snndl bole in the center, 
 large eu'digli for a fly to enter, '{'be Hies settle on tbe top. 
 attracted by tlie suu'll of ibe bait; tbey tben craw! tbrougb 
 tbe bole, t.) fee.l upon tjie sweets l)(ineatb. .Meainvbile tbe 
 wai.-iilb (/f lb(^ wcatlicr causes tiie soapy water to ferment. 
 and p:-''(]ii(;t'S a gas wbieb overpowers tlu^ Hies, and tbey 
 drop (b(\vu into tbe vessel. Tliousand.s may be destroyed 
 this way, and the I ra])s last a long time. 
 
 Fly Paper.— .Melt resin, and add thereto while soft, 
 snnicien' .-vveet oil, lai'd, or lanii) oil to nuike it, when cold 
 about, tbe (u)n;;isteucy of boney. Spread on Avriting paper, 
 and i)!uce in a (ionvciiic'it spot. It will i^oon be filled with 
 ants, .'lies, and otbcv vcrniiii. 
 
 How to Expel Insects. —.Ml in.seets dread pennyroyal; 
 tlie Kn:c|| of it destroys some, and drives ethers away. At 
 the time that fresh ]ieii)iyro\al eamiot be gathered, get oil 
 of pennyroyal; pour some into a saticer, and steep in it 
 small i)ieces of Wadding or raw cotton, and place tiu'iu in 
 norners, eloset-shelves. })i;reau drawers, boxes, etc., atid 
 the co(!kroai:bes, ants, or oilier insects w ill .soon di-ajipear. 
 It is also Well to ))iace .some between tbe niiittre-sse-, and 
 around tbe bfd. It is eiso a splendid thing for brushitig 
 oir tbat terrililo little iii.vci. the seed lii-k. 
 
 How to Destroy Mice.— 1. U.-i^ tartar emetic ini'igii d 
 with some favorite food. Tbe mire will b-ave tbe ]iremises. 
 
 3. Take o.ie part calomel, five jiarts of wlu^at tlonr. one 
 part sugar, and one-tenth of a part of ultramarine. Mi.\ 
 tog't lier in a tine powder and place it in a disii. Tiiis i> a 
 niosi efficient poison for mice. 
 
 3. Any one desirous of keeping seeds from the depre- 
 dations of mice can do .so by mixing pieces oi' cani|ihor gum 
 in with the .seeds. Camphor ])laced in d-,:u-ers or trunks 
 will ]ire\ cut mice from doing them injury. The little 
 animal oiijects to the odor and keeps a good distance from 
 it. lie will seek food else .'.here. 
 
 4 (lather all kinils ^ mint and .>eatter about your 
 .shi , arid they will forsake tlie [uvmises. 
 
 How to Drive Away Mosquitoos.— 1. A camphor 
 bag hung up in an open easenient will jjrovo an elfeetnal 
 barrier to llieir entrance. Camphorated spirit.'a applied as 
 perfume lO the face and hand.s will prove an eflectnal 
 preventive; hut when bitten by them, aromatic vinegar is 
 the best antidote. 
 
 2. A siiiull amount of oil of pennyroyal sprinkled 
 around the room will drive away tlic mosqnitoes. This is 
 ail excellent recijie. 
 
 Take of gum camphor a piece about iialf tho sizo of 
 Ru egg, and evaporate it by placing it in a tin vessel and 
 
 ^ 
 
 holding it over a lamp or candle, taking care that it does 
 not ignite. The smoke will soon till the room and expel 
 the mos(|uitoes. 
 
 How to Preserve Clothing- from Moths.~i. I'ro- 
 
 cure siia\ iugs of cedur wood and cihIo-c in muslin liags, 
 which sliould be distribule(l Irecly iinuuig clothes. 2. 
 I'roeure .shavings of eampbor wood, and enclose in hags. 
 H, Iipi'iiikl(! pimeiiio (allspice) berries ainoiig the clot lies. 4, 
 Spririklc tlie clot lies »''tli tbes-eedsof Ibc musk |ilaiil. ."i. An 
 ounce of gum campliorand one ot'tlie ]iowdered sbc!i (d'red 
 pepjier are macerated in eight ounces of strong alcolud for 
 seve'.al days, tben strained. With ibis tiiuitnre (be fiir.s or 
 cloths arc sprinkled over, and rolled u)) in sheets. (>. 
 Carefully sbake and brush woolens early in the .spring, so 
 as to be certain that no eggs ai'e in them; then sew them 
 up in cotton or linen wrapjiers, putting a piece of camphor 
 gum, tied uj) in e bit of muslin, itito each bundle, or into 
 the chests and closets wliere the iirti<'les are to lie. No 
 moth will appida(di wdiilt^ the smell of the camphor 
 continues. \Vbcn tie* gnin is evaporated, it niuBt bo 
 renewed. Knclose them in a moth-proof box witb cam- 
 phor, no matter whether made of white paper cr white 
 pine, before any eggs are laid on them by early spring 
 moths. The notion of having a trunk made of some par- 
 ticular kind of wood for this ])nrpose, is nonsense. Furs 
 or woolens, put away in spring time, before motli eggs are 
 laid, into boxes, trunks, drawers, or closets even, where 
 motiis cannot enter, will be safe ficuu the ravages of moth- 
 worms, provided none were in them that were h.id late in 
 the autumn, ftu' they are not of .S])ontaneon8 production. 
 
 How to Kill Moths in Carpets.— Wring a coarse crash 
 
 towel out of clear water, s[(iead it smoothly on the carpet, 
 iron it dry with a good hot iron, repeating the operation on 
 all parts of the carpet suspected of being infected with 
 moths. IVo need to press hard, and neither the pile nor 
 color of the carpet will be injured, and the moths will be 
 destr.'iyed l;y the heat and slcani- 
 
 How to Destroy Rats. — 1. When a honse is invested 
 with rats wbieb refuse to he caught by cneese and other 
 baits, a r\ >v diops of the highly-scented oil of rhodium 
 ponied on the iiotiom of the cage will be an attraction 
 which they caiiiiot refuse. '2. I'lace on the floor near 
 wliere 1l;i-ir holes are sui>posed to be a thin layer of moist 
 I'aiisti',! |iotash. When tlie rats tn;vcl on tliis, it will ean.se 
 tiieir ieel to become sore, wbicii tluy li(^k, and tlieir 
 foiigncs l.'oc'uue likewise sore, Tju. consc(|uence is, i hat 
 tbey shu:i (bis iocalitv, and seem to inforin all tbe neigh- 
 boring rats about it, and the result is tbat they .soon abtin- 
 don ii house that lias sindi mean lloors. 3. Cut some 
 corks i;m thin a.s wafers, and fry, roast, or stew them in 
 grease, ;ind i)iace the same in their track; or a dried sp(uige 
 fried oiuipped in molasses or honey, with a small (|U;iiitity 
 of bird lime or oil of rhodinm. will fa.sten to their fur and 
 (■aii.^'o them to <lepai't. -1. If a live rat can be caught and 
 smeared over witli tar or train oil, and afterwards allowed 
 to escajie in the hole.s of other rats, he will cause all soiui 
 to take their departure, o. If a live rat be eanglit. and 
 a small bell be fasrened around bis neck, and allowed to 
 escape, all of his brother rats as well as himself will very 
 soon tro to some other neighbor's house. (1. Take a pan, 
 about tvv.dve inches deep, and half till it with water; then 
 spriiikle some bran oil the water and .set the jian in a place 
 where the rats most frequent. In the morning you will 
 find several rats in the pan. T. Flour, three jiarts: sugar, 
 one-half jiart; sulphur, two parts, and iihosfiborue, two 
 part-s. Smeiir on meat, and idaee near where tho rats are 
 most troublesome. 8. iSquills are an excellent poison for 
 rats. The powder should be mixed with some fatty sub- 
 stance, and spread upon slices of bread. The pulp of 
 
 ^ 
 
 onions 
 Take tw 
 pounil o 
 holes iiiK 
 duces gr 
 is a very 
 odorless, 
 one ouiu 
 about tl 
 Make a 
 one thai 
 one oiiiii 
 and one- 
 mixturcf 
 on thin 
 greedil 
 plaster 
 about 01 
 ter. Wl 
 the wate 
 sprinkle 
 dium. 
 pouudec 
 
■■ } 
 
 #'ftr, 
 
 I 
 
 it does 
 il oxpel 
 
 HOW Tl) I)F,8Tli()Y HOL'SKHOLl) I'EdTS. 
 
 onions is also very good. Kiittt are very fond of oitlior. 9. ' 
 Tuko two oiinci's of ciirbonati' of l)iinto>, and mix with oiio : 
 )ouiid of stipt or tallow, place a portion of this within thuir i 
 lok's and ah.iiit thoir liiiiintr!. It. is ^tcimHIv utiten, pro- I 
 diit'i'ri jtrriMt thirst, and death fii.sncs aft'T drinking. This 
 is a very clIi'ctMa! ]ioirion, liccausc it is hotli tasteless and 
 otlorless. U). Take one ounce of tliK'ly powdereil ai'senic, 
 one ounce of lard; luix these into a paste with meal, put it 
 about the haunts of rats. Tlicy will eat of it greedily. 11. 
 JIake a paste of one ounce of tlour, one-half gill of wat(n', 
 one drachm of phosphorus, and onc^ ouiu'c of Hour. Or, 
 one ounce of Hoar, two ounces of jiowdered cheese eruiuhs, 
 and one-half drachm of phosphorus; (uhl to each of these 
 mixtures a few dro])s of the oil of rhodium, and spread this 
 on thin pieces of bread like butter; the rats will eat of this 
 greedily, and it is a sure poison. 1',*. Mix some ground 
 phister of j-aris with some sugar and Indian meal. Set it 
 about on ]ilate s, and leave beside each plate a saucer of -wa- 
 ter. When the rats have eaten the mixture they will drink 
 the water and die. To attract them toward it, you may 
 sprinkle on the edges of the plates a little of the oil of rho- 
 dium. Another method of getting rid of rats is, to strew 
 pounded potash on their holes. Tiie potash gets into their 
 
 coats and irritates the skin, and the rats desert tlio place. 
 Vii. The 1 Hitch methfxl: thi.-« is «iicl to I)e uwd f!ne(;essfully 
 in Holland; wo ha<e, however, never t ried it. A numberof 
 rats are left together to themjelvt-» in a very large trap or 
 <?ago, with no food whatever: tlieir craving Ininger will, at 
 last, catise them to light «"d the weakest \Mil be eaten by 
 th(^ others; after a short time the fight is re.ewed, and the 
 next weakest is the victim, ."'."'l i^o it i:>>v on till one strong 
 rat is left. When this im-- hun fi'.i-u the hist rcmftius ot 
 any of the oti'eis, it is set h",-sv: ilie u< inc.l has now ac- 
 (jtiired such a taste for rat-tU-li that la- is liie terror of rat- 
 (loui, going round seeking what rat lie may iievour. In an 
 incredibly short time the prenii.«-s are abandon icd by all other 
 rats, which will not conie back Wfore the cannibal rat has 
 left or has died. 14. Catch a rat and smear hiia over with 
 a mixture of ])liosphi>ni.s and lanl. and then let liim loose. 
 The house will soon be emptied of the.tm pests. 
 
 Vermin, in Water.— 0» to the river or pond, and with 
 a small net (a piece of old nn>squ!to bar will do) collect a 
 dozen or more of the small fi*hes known i(s minnows, and 
 jiut them in your cist.-ni. and in a slif»rt time you will luive 
 clear water, tiie wiggle-tails and reddish-eolored bugs or 
 lice being gobbleil iii> by t!ie Sshes. 
 
 ;syKai^s!i!gajj^ai«aiigagaaKaKaa.?snaMfe;siMs^^ 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES 
 
 s^nsriD Eco^u^ to 3veeet tietttm: . . 
 
 As accidents are constantly liable to occur, the imj)ort- 
 anee of knowing how best to meet the various emergencies 
 that may aiise can hardly be over-estimated. In all cases, 
 and under all circumstances, the best help to assist a party 
 in this trying moment in presence of mind. 
 
 Harvest Bug" Bites. — The best remedy is the use of 
 benzine, which immeiliately kills the insect, A small drop 
 of tincture of iodine has the same etTect. 
 
 Bites and Stings of Insects.— Such as bees, wasps, 
 
 hornets, etc., although geiuMally painful, and ofttimes 
 causing much disturbance, yet are rarely atteiuled with 
 fatal results. The pain and swelling may generally be 
 promptly arrested by bathing freely with a strong solution 
 of er|ual parts of common salt and baking soda, in warm 
 water; or by the aitplieation of spirits of hartshorn; or of 
 volatile liniment (one part of spirits of hart.shorn aiul two 
 of olive oil). In the absence of the other articles, warm 
 oil may be used; or, if this is not at hand, apply a paste 
 made from fresh day-earth. If the sting of the insect is 
 left in the wound, as is frequently the case, it should 
 always be extracted. If tliero is faintness, give sonm 
 stimiilant: as, a tablesjioonful or two of lu'andy and water, 
 or brandy and auinionia. 
 
 Mad Dog" Bites. — 1. Take immediately warm vinegar 
 or tepid water; wash the wound clean therewith and tlien 
 dry it; pour upon the wound, then, ton or twelve drops of 
 miiriatic acid. ^Imeral acids destroy the poison of t'.e 
 saliva, by which means tlio evil elfec^ts of the hitter are 
 iieutraHxed. "v*. .Mutiy think that the only sure preventive 
 of evil following tiie bite (>f a rabid dog '.s to suck the 
 wound inuncdiately, before tiic iwisoii has '.lad time to cir- 
 culale with tlic blood. If the person bit cannot get to the 
 wound to suck it, he must persuade or )»ay another to do 
 it for him. There is no fear of any harm following this. 
 
 for the poison entering by the stomaich cannot hnrt a per- 
 son. A spoonful of the poison might be swallowed with 
 impunity, but the person who sneks the place should have 
 no wound on the lip or tongue, or it might (>e dangerous. 
 The precaution alluded to is a most important one, and 
 should never be omitted j>ri>>r to an excision ami the appli- 
 cation of lunar caustic in every pirt, especially the intei'ior 
 and deei)-scated portions. Xo injury need be anticipated 
 if this treatnietit is adopted promptly and effectively. The 
 poison of hydrophobia remains latent on an average six 
 weeks; the part heals over, bnt there is a pimjile or wound, 
 more or less irritable: it then l<ecomes painful: aTid the 
 germ, V, hatever it is, ripe for dissemination into the svstem, 
 and then all hope is gone. Novenheless, between the time 
 of the bite and the activity of the wf.iind jn-evious to dis- 
 semination, the caustic of nitrate of silver is a sure prevent- 
 ive; after that it is as ustless ai a!) th.- o'her means. The 
 best mode of applii^itiiiu of tl^e niinite "f silver is by intro- 
 ducing it soliilly into the wo^srd. 
 
 Serpents Bites. — Th>? |H>i.-=<^t!i inserted by the stings and 
 
 bites of many venomous reptiles is so rajadly absorbed, and 
 of so fatal a description, as frHjUeiitly to occasion Icath 
 before ;iny remedy or antidote can be applied; and they :\re 
 rendered yet more danger>>ns from tije fact tluit these 
 wounds are iiitlicted in p:trt.i of the country and world 
 where jn-ecautionary meiunrie^s fare seldoi;i tiiought of, and 
 gciu'rally at times when pi-«->ple are least p.i'ej.ared to meet 
 them, 1. Iti absence of ai:y reme<lies, tlie liist lies* );hiii 
 to adopt on being biite:i i'V aiiy of the j'oisoiions .^^nakes is 
 to do as rcconiip.ended al>>ve iu Mad I>og Bite.s — viz., to 
 wa.sh olf the place immetiiatelT; if po.ssiljle get the mouth a- 
 to the spot, and forcibly snek out all the poison, first apply- (J 
 ing a ligature above the woand as tightly us can bo borne. 
 2. A remedy promulgated by t!ie SihitJisonian Institute i.5 
 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
 ■! 
 
 hi 
 
 ! I| 
 
'i 
 
 I 
 
 ACCIDKNTS AND INJl'UIES. 
 
 to tuko 30 grs. ioilido jiotiissiimi, 3(1 j;rs. iddiiic, 1 oz. 
 wut(ir, to ho a[ii)li('(l I'xtpniully to tlio wound liv satunitiiij^ 
 lint or Itiiitiiii,' — tlio wiiiio to lio kept moist wltli the unli- 
 doto until tiiu cnro 1)0 cITcctt'd, wliicli will Iju in onc^ Imur, 
 and HonictiiucH instantly. 3. An An.straliaii physician lias 
 tried anil riM'oinnicndH I'arholio ai'id, dihilcd and adniinis- 
 tcriMl internally evory few niinntcs until recovery is cerlain. 
 4. Another Australian |ihysician, i'rofessor llall'ord, of 
 Melhourno University, has diseovered that if ii jiroper 
 uii'.D'.'.nt of dilute ammonia ho injected into tho eireulalion 
 of u patit^nt HulTerinfj from snakehito, the curative elfect 
 is usually sudden and startliiip:, so that, in many cases, 
 men hav(! thus heeii hroiif,'ht hack, at) it were, by magic, 
 from I lie very shadow of death. 
 
 Bleeding at the Nose. — 1. Roll up a piece of paper, 
 and press it under the upper lip. 2. In obstinate cases 
 blow a little fjuni Arabic np tho nostrils through ii quill, 
 whieli will immediately stop tho discharge; j)owdered alum 
 is also good. 3. Pressure by tho linger over tho small 
 artery near the ala (wing) of the nose, on tho side where 
 the blood is ilowing, ia said to arrest tho hemorrhage 
 immediately. 
 
 Bleeding* from the Lungs.— A Now York physician 
 lias relateil a casein which inhalation of very dry persul- 
 phate of iron, reduced to a ])alpablo powder, entirely 
 arrested bleeding from the lungs, after all tho usual reme- 
 dies, lead, onium, etc., hud failed. A small quantity was 
 administered by drawing into the lungs every hour during 
 part of tho iiiglit and following day. 
 
 Bleeding from the Bowels.— Tho most common 
 cause of this, whoii not a complieatii>u of some disease, is 
 hemorrhoids or piles. Should serious hemorrhage occur, 
 roat and quiet, and cold water poured slowly over tho lower 
 portion of the belly, or cloths wet with cold water, or 
 better, with ice water applied over tho belly and thighs, 
 and to the lower end of tlie bowels, will ordinarily arrest 
 it. In somo cases it may bo necessary to uso injections of 
 cold water, or even put small pieces of ico in the rectum. 
 
 Bleeding from the Mouth.— This is generally caused 
 by somo injury to tho cheeks, gums or tongue, but it some- 
 times occurs without any direct cause of this kind, and no 
 small alarm nuiy be caused by mistaking it for bleeding 
 from the lungs. Except when an artery of some size is 
 injured, bleeding from tho mouth can generally bo con- 
 trolled by gargling and washing the mouth with cold water, 
 salt and water, or alum and water, or some persulphate of 
 iron may be applied to the bleeding surface. Sometimes 
 obstinate or even alarming bleeding may follow tho pulling 
 of a tooth. Tho best remedy for this is to plug the cavity 
 with lint or cotton wet with the solution of persulphate of 
 iron, and ajiply a compress which may be kept in place by 
 closing the teeth on it. 
 
 Bleeding from the Stomach.— FowjjViw^; Mood.— 
 Hemorrhage from tho stomach is seldom so serious as to 
 endanger life; but as it may bo a symptom of somo dan- 
 gerous affection, it is always best to consult a physician 
 concerning it. In the meantime, as in all other varieties 
 of hemorrhage, perfect quiet should be preserved. A 
 little B*lt, or vinegar, or lemon juice, should bo taken at 
 intervals, in a small glass of fresh cool water, or ice-water, 
 as ice may be swallowed in small pieces, and cloths wet 
 with ice- water, or pounded ico applied over the stomach. 
 
 Bleeding from Varicose Veins.— Serious and even 
 fatal hemorrhage may occur from the bursting of a largo 
 varicose or "broken" vein. Should such an accident 
 occur, tho bleeding may be best controlled, until proper 
 medical aid can m procured, by a tight bandage; or a 
 "stick tourniquet," remembering that the blood comes 
 toward the heart in the veins, and from it in the arteries. 
 
 The best thing to prevent the ruptureof varicose or liroki a 
 veins is to siipjiort tlii^ limb by wearing ilastic si iugs, 
 or a eiiicfully ap[)lie(l handage. 
 
 Burns and Scalds. — There is no class of accitn.-isthat 
 cause such an amount <if agony, and none which are followed 
 with more disaslrons restdts. 
 
 1. IW putting the burned ])art under cold water, milk, 
 or >ther lilMiid lluid, iiislantaneous and perfect relief from 
 all ])uiii will he expeiienci'd. in\ withdrawal, the burn 
 sluuild he perfectly covered with half an inch or more of 
 common whcaten Hour, ]>ut on with a (lre(l;.'ing-lio.\, or in 
 any other way, and allowed to reiiiain until a cure is 
 elTected, when the dry, caked Hour will fall off, or can be 
 softened with water, disclosing a lieautifiil, new and 
 healthy skin, in all ca^es where the burns have heen super- 
 fieal. X'. Dissolve white lead in llaxseec! oil to the con- 
 sistency of milk, and apjily over the entire burn or scald 
 every iive minutes. It can bo applied with a soft feat !ier. 
 This is said to give relief sooner, and to be more jier- 
 manent in its elF(^cts, than any other application. 3. 
 Make a saturated solution of alum (four ounces to a 
 quart of hot water). Dip u cotton cloth in this solution 
 and apjily immeiliately on the burn. As soon as it becomes 
 hot or dry, replace it by anothoi, and continue doing so as 
 often as "the cloth dries, which at first will bo every few 
 minutes. The pain will immediately cease, and after 
 tweiitv-four hours of this treatment tho burn will be 
 healed; especially if commenced before blisters are formed. 
 The astringent and drying qualities of the alum will 
 entirely prevent their formation. 4. Glycerine, five 
 ounces ; white of egg, four ounces ; tincture of arnica, 
 three ounces. Mix tho glycerine and white of egg 
 thoroughly in a mortar, and gradually add tho arnica. 
 Apply freely on linen rags night and morning, washing 
 
 Sroviously with warm castilo soap-suds. 5. Take one 
 rachm of finely powdered alum, and mix thoroughly with 
 ttie white of two eggs and one teacup of fresh lard ; spread 
 on a cloth, and apply to the parts burnt. It gives almost 
 instant relief from pain, and, by excluding the air, pre- 
 vents excessive inflammatory action. Tho application 
 should he changed at least onco a day. 6. Al. Joel, of 
 tho Children's Hospital, Lausanne, finds that a tepid bath, 
 containing a couplo of pinches of sulphate of iron, gives 
 immediate relief to young children who have been exten- 
 sively burned. In a case of a child four years old, a bath 
 repeated twice a day — twenty minutes each bath — i he sup- 
 puration decreased, lost its odor, and the little sufferer was 
 soon convalescent. 7. For severe scalding, carbolic acid 
 has recently been used with nuirked b' nefit. It is to be 
 mixed with thirty parts of tho ordinary oil of lime 
 water to ono part of tho acid. Linen rags satured in the 
 carbolic emulsion are to be spread on the scalded parts, 
 and kept moist by frequently smearing with the feather 
 dipjied in tho liquid. Two advantages of this mode of 
 treatment are, tho exclusion of air, and tho rapid healing 
 by a natural restorative action without the formation of 
 pus, thus })rescrving unmarred and personal appearance 
 of the j)atient — a matter of no small importance to some 
 jieople. 
 
 Choking. — In case of Choking, a violent slap with the 
 open handljctween the shoulders of tho sufferer will often 
 effect a dislodpment. In case the accident occurs with a 
 child, and tho slapping process doos not afford instant re- 
 lief, it should be grasped by the feet, and placed head 
 downwards, and tho slapping between tho shoulders re- 
 newed ; but i.T case this induced violent suffocative par- 
 oxysmg it must not be repeated. If the substance, wliat- 
 ever it maybe, has entered the windpipe, and the coughing 
 and inverting the body fails to dislodge it, it is probable 
 that nothing hut cutting open the windpipe will be of any 
 
ISC fir fipoki i) 
 
 U «l illgH, 
 
 i'1'it.i..iH tlmf, 
 ail' I'ollowod 
 
 'Viitcr. milk. 
 
 I'l'liff ti-((iii 
 
 tlio burn 
 
 1 (11- IIKIIC of 
 
 ik'-lid.x, (ir in 
 a euro is 
 tl', (ir can he 
 new 1111(1 
 lit'cn snjier- 
 to the con- 
 irn or suuld 
 iol't fciitlier. 
 nioie jicr- 
 ication. 3. 
 unccs to a 
 lis solution 
 I it hcc'(-nies 
 doing BO as 
 3 cvei-y few 
 ivnd after 
 "II will he 
 iro formed, 
 alum will 
 erine, five 
 of arnica, 
 of egg 
 ;ho arnica, 
 f, washing 
 Take one 
 uglily with 
 rd ; spread 
 ves almost 
 10 air, pre- 
 ipplication 
 kl. .loel, of 
 epid bath, 
 ron, gives 
 ecu exten- 
 ild, a bath 
 —I he snp- 
 ifferer was 
 •bolio acid 
 Ft is to be 
 of lime 
 red in the 
 led parts, 
 e feather 
 mode of 
 tl healing 
 mation of 
 jpearance 
 B to some 
 
 with the 
 ivill often 
 rs with a 
 slant I'e- 
 3ed head 
 ildcrs ra- 
 ti vo par- 
 e, wtiat- 
 ioughing 
 probable 
 '6 of any 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES. 
 
 avail ; and for this the Bcrvicos of a snrgoon should always 
 ho jirocurcd. If food has Btuck in the tiiroat or gullet, 
 the forefinger should bo inuntuliatcly iiitrodu('i'<l ; and if 
 lodgtMl at the entrance of tiio gullet, the Hulistaucu may bo 
 reached and extracted, possibly, with tlio f(iri'lin;rcr almic, 
 or may bo seized with a pair of i)in('crs, if at band, or a 
 curling tongs, or anything of the kind. 'I'liis iiroccduro 
 may bo facilitated by directing tho person to ]iMt tlic toiigiu* 
 well out, in which position it nuiy bo retaiiUMl by the in- 
 dividnal himself, or a bystander by grasping it, covered 
 with a handkerchief or towel. Should this fail, an elTort 
 should bo made to excite retelling or vomiting liy jiiiss- 
 ing tho finger to tho root of the tongue, in liojies that 
 tho ofTending substaiu'O may in this way l)0 dislodged ; or 
 it nuiy iiorisibly bo cITected by suddenly and unexiiecteilly 
 dashing in the face « basin of cold water, tlio shock sud- 
 denly relaxing tho muscular spasm present, and the invol- 
 untary gasp at tho same time may movo it up or down. 
 If this cannot \m done, as each ;,. slant's delay is of vital 
 importance to a choking man, sicze a fork, a sjioon, a jieii- 
 holdor, pencil, quill, or anything suitable at haim, and 
 endeavor to push tho article down tho throat. If it be 
 low down tho gullet, and other means fail, its dislodgmeiit 
 may sometimes be effected by dasliing cold water on the 
 spine, or vomiting may be induced by anemeticof Bulpliale 
 of zinc (twenty grains in a couple of tabiesiioonfiils of 
 warm water), or of common salt and mustard in like man- 
 ner, or it may bo pushed into tho stomach by extemporiz- 
 ing a probaiig, by fastening a small sponge to the end of 
 a stiff slrip of whalebone. If th.s cannot bo done, a sur- 
 gical operation will bo necessary. Fish bones or other 
 sharp substances, when they cannot bo removed by the 
 finger or forceps, nuiy sometimes bo dislodged by s\valIow- 
 ingsomo pulpy mass, as masticated bread, etc. Irrc;;ularly 
 shaped substances, ajjlato with artificial teeth for instance, 
 can ordinarily bo removed only by surgi(.'al interference. 
 
 Colic. — Use a hot fomentation over tho abdomen, and a 
 small ciuantity of ginger, pepcrmint or common tea. If 
 not relieved in a few minutes, then give an injection of a 
 quart of warm water with twenty or thirty drops of 
 laudanum, and rejicat it if nocessarv. A half tcaspoonful 
 of chloroform, in a tablospoonful of sweetened water, 
 with or without a few dro])s of Ri)irits of lavender or 
 essence of peppermint, will often give proniiit relief. 
 
 Convulsions. — In small children convulsions frequently 
 happen from teething, sometimes from worms or from 
 some irritating substance within the stomach or bowels, 
 and somelimes from some ailcction of the brain. 
 
 Wiien ii child has convulsions, place it immediately in a 
 warm of hot bath, and sjiongo its head with cold water. 
 Then apply a hot mustard plaster to the wrists, ankles and 
 soles of the feet, or, in case a plaster cannot bo obtained, 
 apply a cloth wrung out of hot mustard water. Allow 
 these to remain until tho skin reddens, and uso care that 
 the same do not blister. After the fit has subsided, use 
 great care against its return by attention to the cause 
 which gave rise to it. 
 
 Convulsions in adults must be -treated in accordance 
 with tiie manner which gave rise to tLem. During the 
 attack great care should be taken that the party docs not 
 injure himself, and the best preventive is a cork or a soft 
 piece of wood, or other suitable substance, placed between 
 the teeth to prevent biting the tongue and cheeks : tight 
 clothing must be removed or loosened ; mustard poultices 
 should bo applied to the extremities and over the abdomen ; 
 abundance of fresh air should be secured by opening 
 windows and doors, and preventing unnecessary crowding 
 of persons around ; cold, water may be dashed on the face 
 and chest ; and if there be plethora, with full bounding 
 
 pulse, with pvidenco of cerebral or other internal congps- 
 tion, the abstraction of afow ounces of blood may bo bene- 
 ficial. 
 
 Cramp. — Spasmodic or involnntary contractions of the 
 muscles gi'iierally of the extremities, accompained with great 
 jiain. Tlio muscles of the legs ami feet are the most cum- 
 nionly alTected with cramp, especially after gi'i^at exertion. 
 Tho best treatment is immediately to stand upright, and to 
 well rub the part with the hand. The application of 
 strong stimulants, lus spirits of ammonia, or of ano- 
 dincs, as i/piato liniments, has bei'ti recomtnonded. When 
 cramp occurs in the stomach, a teasiioonftil of sal volatile in 
 water, or a dram glassful of good brandy, should bo swal- 
 lowed immediately. When cramp co!ues on during cold 
 bathing, the limb should be thrown out as suddenly and 
 violently as possible, which will generally renidvo it, care 
 being also tiiKen not to become flurried nor frightened, as 
 presence of mind is very essential to personal safety on 
 such an occasion, A common cause of cninip is indiges- 
 tion, and the uso of acescent licjuors; these should be 
 avoided. 
 
 Cuts. — In case the flow of blood is trifling, stop the 
 bleeding by bringing the edges of tho wound together. If 
 the tlow of blood is great, of a bright Vermillion color, n:\d 
 flows in siMirts or with a jerk, an artery is severi'd, and at 
 onco should pressure be made on the parts by tho finger 
 (between tho cut and tho heart), until a compress is 
 arranged by a tight ligaturo abovo the wounded part. 
 Then the finger may bo taken olT, and if the blood still 
 flows, tigliti'ii the lia'ulkcrchief or other artii Ic that, forms 
 tho ligature, until it ceases. If at this jioint the utteiid- 
 anco of a physician or surf,pon cannot bo secured, take 
 strcuigfeilk thread, oi wax together three or four threads, 
 and cut them into lengths of about a foot long. Wash tho 
 parts with warm water, and then with a sharp hook or 
 small ])air of jiinccrs in your hand, fix your eye steadfastly 
 upon tho wouiul, and directing the ligaturo to be slightlv 
 released, you will see the month of the artery from which 
 tho blood springs. At once seize it, draw it out a little, 
 while an assistant passes a ligaturo round it. and ties it up 
 tight with a double knot. In this way take up in succes- 
 sion every bleeding vessel you can see or get hold of. If 
 tho wound is too liigh up in a limb to apply the ligature, 
 do not lose your iircseiice of mind. If it is the thigh, press 
 firmly on the groin; if in the arm, with the hand-end or 
 ring of a common door-key make jircssuro above tiic collar- 
 bone, and about its middle, against its first rib. which lies 
 under it. The jircssure should bo continued until assist- 
 ance is in-ocured and the vessel tied up. If the wound is 
 on the face, or other jdace where pressure cannot etTectuully 
 be made, place a piece of ice directly over the wound, 
 allowing it to remain thereuntil the blood coagulates, when 
 it may be removed, and a compress and bandage be applied. 
 
 After the bleeding is arrested the surrounding blood 
 should bo cleared away, as well as any extraneous matter; 
 then bring the sides of tho wound into contact throughout 
 the whole depth, ic urder that they may grow together as 
 quickly as possible, retaining them in their position by 
 striiis of adhesive jilastcr. If the wound be deep and ex- 
 tensive, the wound itself and the adjacent parts must be 
 supported by proper bandages. The position of the patient 
 should be such as will relax the skin and muscles of the 
 wounded part. Rest, low and unstimulating diet, will 
 complete the requirements necessary to a spectly recovery. 
 
 How to Distinguish Deatll.— As many instances occur 
 of parties being buried alive, they being to all appearance 
 dead, the great importance of knowing how to distinguish 
 real from imaginary death need not be explained. The 
 appearances which 'mostly accompany death, are an entire 
 
 ^ 
 
 ; 
 
 I 
 
 n 
 
 { 
 
 r 
 
I 
 
 tl 
 
 'i 
 i 
 
 ' I' 
 
 ' I? 
 
 i 1. 
 
 '■'^ k 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ACCIDKNTS AND INJUBIBH. 
 
 >l(>;i|>,i;,'t' of I)iviitliiii;r. "f tin' liriirt's ai'tinn; llio cyelidrt 
 arc [iiirily iloi'il, the ovfs l'I:i -y, iiiul tin- jiiiiiils usimlly 
 ililiiiril; till! ,ian» afo clciu'liiil, tliti ruiL,'('i(i [larlially coii- 
 tr.ii'ii'd, and tin- lips ami iiDstiil.-) iiidi'o or li'ss covcriMl with 
 I'mtliy iMiiriis, wiili incri'a^in;^ pallnr and ('(iMMcsH of wiir- 
 Uuf, and tlio imiscli's siidii Ix'cnnio ri;,'id and tlic lilnll^^ fixed 
 in ilii'ir jioqtion. Hut as tln'so Haino cnuditiiiim may ulsd 
 exist in cirtaiii Dtlu'r ca.-cM of unsjicndiMl animal ion, j^rcal. 
 caro Mlionld lio oli^crved, wlirufvcr tlici'o is tlio least doiilit 
 concern inf,' it, to prevent tlio unnecessary crowding of the 
 room in which tlu> (■iir])S(' is, or of jjarlics crowding aronnd 
 the hody; nor nhonld the Imdy ho allowed to remain lying 
 on th(! hack witiinnt the tongac hcing so secured as to iire- 
 vent the glotiis or oriliiH^ of tlu) wiii<lj)ipo h>i'ig closed hy 
 it; norsliiMild l he face he closely covered; imr lou^vh usage 
 of any kind he allii\vc(|. Iti ease (iicre is preat dmiht, the 
 body Hhonld not he allowed to lio inclosed in lluM'otiin,and 
 under no circuiusianc csshonld iairi.d he allowed until ther(^ 
 are uninislakaMe sii,'us of deconiposition. 
 
 Of tlio iiumernii.-, incdidils |(roposed as signs for real 
 (lotttli, wo Kidect the f(dlowing: 1. So long as hrealhing 
 continues, the surface of II mirror hold to the monili and 
 nostrilf will heconie dinimcd with mcisliire. '.'. If a strong 
 thread or flniall Cord ho tied tiirhily rmnid tin* finger of a 
 living poraoii, tlio ])ortion hcyond tlio cord or tlirea<l will 
 become rod and swollen — if dcail, no change U proiliiceil. 
 3. If tlio hand of a living ])ersoii is held hefore ii sli'oiig 
 light H portion of the margin or edges of the lingers is trans- 
 lucent — if dead, every part of it is opaipie. 4. A coal of 
 fire, a pioco of hot iron, or tho fhunuot' a candle, applied to 
 the skin, if life rcnmins, will lilistcr — if dead it will merely 
 seur. 5. A bright steel needle introdnccil and allowi'd to 
 remain for half im hour in living flesh will ho si ill hright — 
 if dead, it will ho tarnished by oxvdatioii. *>. A few drops 
 of a solntif a of atropia (two grains to one-luilf ounco of 
 water) introduee<l into the eye, if the person is alive, will 
 cause the pupils to dilate — if dead, no cll'ect will ho pro- 
 duced. 7. If the pupil is alrcaily dilated, and tho ]ierson 
 is alivo, a few drops of tincture of tho cahihar hcan will 
 cause it to contract — if dead, no etlect will be piodnceil. 
 
 Dislocations.— These injuriescan mostly he easily recog- 
 nized; 1. l?v the deformity that the dislocation gives rise 
 to by comparing tho alteration in shape with tho ot licr side 
 of the hody. 'i. Losa of some of tho regular movements 
 of the joints. 3. In case of dislocation, surgical aid should 
 be jirociired at once. While waiting tho arrival of a idiy- 
 sician, the injured portion should bo placed in the jiosiiion 
 most comfortable to the patient, and freiiuent cold bathing 
 or cloths wrung out of cold water, applied to tho parts 
 affected, so as to relieve suffering and prevent inflamma- 
 tion. 
 
 Foreig-n Bodies in Ears. — Great care should he taken 
 in ivinoymg foreign bodies from the ear, as serious injury 
 may be inflicted. Most foreign bodies, especially those of 
 small size, can be ca.sily removed by the use of a pyringo 
 with warm water, and in most cases no other means should 
 bo used. Should tho first efforts fail, re])eat tho operation. 
 A syringe throwing a moderately small and continuous 
 streatii is the best adapted for the purpose, and the removal 
 may generally be facilitated by inclining the ear downward 
 while using the syringe. Severe inflammation may bo ex- 
 cited, and serious injury done, by rash attempts to seize a, 
 foreign hoily m the ear, with a forceps or tweezers, or try- 
 ing to pick it out with a pin or needle, or with an car 
 scoop. Should it bo nece.-sary from any cause to use iii- 
 strumeuts, great care sliouhrbo observed, and but very 
 littlo for' e exerted. It haslatcly been rocommcnded, w hen 
 foreign lodics cannot bo removed by syringing tho car, to 
 introduce a small brush or swab of frayed linen or muslin 
 cloth, or a bit of sponge, moistened with a solution of glue, 
 
 and ki'pp it in conlact with the foreign hoiiy iiiiiil 
 adheres, when the body may bo easily rc^moveil. 
 
 Insects In the Ear. — Insects in the ear nuiy lie easily 
 killed iiy [louring oil in tho car, irfter which remove by 
 .syringing. (Heo foreign bodies in ear.) 
 
 To Remove Hardened EarWax.— Hardened car wax 
 
 may lie Mit'lcned by iliopping intollioear some oil or glycer- 
 ine, and then syiitiging. (See foreign bodies in ear.) 
 
 Foreig'n Bodies in Eye. — To remove small particles 
 from the eye, unless they havo penetrated tho globe, or bo- 
 come fixed in tho conjiincliva, cioas follows: 
 
 Orasp the upper lid between tho (hninb and forellnger, 
 lift it from the eyeball, and having drawn it ilown as far as 
 possible ontsii'o the lower lid, let it slido slowly back to its 
 place, rcsling uixm tho lower lid as it goes iiack; and then 
 wipe the edges of tho lids with a soft handkerchief to re- 
 move the foreign sulpslauce. 'J'his may iio repeated a iinm- 
 her of times, if necessary, without injury. Should this 
 means fail, evert the lids iiiid rcmovo the foreign substiiiuHi 
 by touching it lightly with tho fold of a handkerchief, or 
 with tho point of a roll of paper made like a candle-lighter; 
 or, if necessary, witliusinall jiair of forceps. A drop of 
 sweet oil instilled in tho eye, while perfectly harmless, pro- 
 vokes a flow of tears that will frecpicntly wash away any 
 light substance. 
 
 Hits of metal, sharp pieces of sand, etc, sometimes pen- 
 etrate thoglohoof the eye, and, unless removed, may excite 
 so much inflammation as to destroy tho eye. They should 
 bo removed by a competent surgeon. 
 
 Faintinfif. — Tjiy the jierson who has fainted in a current 
 of air, or in such a jiosiiion that tho air from an open win- 
 dow or door will havo full play upon the face. Do not 
 allow parties to crowd closely around, but give the sufferer 
 plenty of room. Hei-overy will take place in a few min- 
 utes. Tho clothes also mav be opened, and cold water 
 sprinkh^d upon the face, liands and chest ; and some 
 pungent substaiico, as smelling salts, camjihor, aromatic 
 vinegar, etc., may be applied to the nostrils ; and as soon 
 as able to swallow, a littlo fresh water, or spirits and 
 water, may be given. Persons who faint casilj^ should 
 avoid crowded rooms and places where the air is close 
 
 Fits. — See Convulsions. 
 
 Clothing on Fire.— If a woman's clothes catch on fire, 
 let her instantly roll herself over and over on tho ground. 
 In case any one be present, let them throw her down and 
 do the like, and then wrap her up in a table-cloth, rng, 
 coat, or the first woolen article that can be found. 
 
 Fractures. — As we can only give general rules for 
 treating the various fractures, wo would advise any one 
 suffering from .such to immediately apply to the nearest 
 surgeon, and not rely upon an inexperienced party. 
 
 Frost-Bite. — Place the party suffering in a room with- 
 out file, and rub tLe frozen or frosted parts with snow, or 
 pour ice- water over them until sensation begins to return. 
 As soon as a stinging pain is felt, and a change of color 
 appears, then cease the rubbing, and apply clothes wet 
 with ice- water, and subseqiuntly, if active inflammation 
 follow and suppuration results, a s.diitinn of carbolic acid 
 in Witcr, one pait to thiny, should ho applied. If morti- 
 fication set in, amputai'on is generally necessary. Where 
 persons siilTer from tic constiiiitioi a! effects of cold, hot 
 siimulantpshonld'jc given internally, and the hody rubbed 
 briskly with the hands and \vaiin Ihmnel. 
 
 Poisons, Their Symptoms and Antidotes.— V, hen 
 
 a persMii has taken ))ois')n, the first; thing to do is to com- 
 pel tho patient to vomit, and f"r that ]inrpo.-o give any 
 emetic that can bo most readily and (piickly obtained, and 
 whiidi is prompt and energetic, but safe in its action. 
 
 i 
 
 C\ 
 
llilil llir ;;||in 
 
 liny 1)1' ciiNily 
 ii'inovct hy 
 
 ■lU'il cur wax 
 il "I- glycer- 
 in oar.) 
 
 ill |iartioIp8 
 flobc, or be- 
 
 forcllnjrer, 
 
 ttii (IS far 08 
 
 :ick (o its 
 
 iiiid then 
 
 ■cliii'f f«) ro- 
 
 ti'tl a imin- 
 
 ii'iild tlii.s 
 
 Hlll)H(lUlCl) 
 
 i!n'liii>f, or 
 llf-li-Iitor; 
 A (Iroj) of 
 niipHu, pro- 
 I II way any 
 
 tinioH pon- 
 niay excite 
 hoy should 
 
 I a current 
 open win- 
 Do not 
 lio siifTerer 
 few ni in- 
 old water 
 Hud Bome 
 , aioniatic 
 d as soon 
 >irit8 and 
 Ij^ should 
 oioso 
 
 •h on fire, 
 3 ground, 
 lown and 
 oth, rug, 
 
 •ules for 
 
 any ono 
 
 I nearest 
 
 ■y- 
 
 »n wiLh- 
 snow, or 
 > ii'tiirn, 
 of color 
 lies wet 
 iiniation 
 ili(! a<'id 
 f niorti- 
 
 U'liere 
 Did, hot 
 
 rubbed 
 
 -When 
 Id coni- 
 ivo any 
 ed, and 
 actio!i. 
 
 (tl 
 
 
 
 For ihia purpose there is, perhaps, nothing better than n 
 largo teaHpoonfiil of ground mustard in a tunibicrful of 
 warm watet-, and it iiai the adva.'*i4ge of being ulnioHt 
 always at liaiid. If the dry miislui . is nut to be liad, uise 
 mixed niiisiai'il from Hit! niiisturd pot. Its operatidU may 
 geiiprally l>o faiililated by theaildilion of alike (|iiantity 
 of common table salt. If the niiinlard is not at hiin<l, give 
 two or thriiO teaspoonfiils of powdered alum in syrup or 
 uiolaBses, and give fieely of warm water to drink ; or give 
 ton to twenty grains of stilpiiiito of ziiio (while vitriol), or 
 twenty to tlii'My grains of ipecae, with one or two grains 
 of tartar emetic, in a large cup of warm water, and repeat 
 every ten minutes until three or four doses are given, 
 unions free vomiting is sooner produced. After vomiting 
 has taken placo, largo draughts of warm water should be 
 given the patient, so that the vomiting will continue until 
 the i>oirtonous substances have been thoroughly evacuated, 
 and thou suitable antidotes should bo given. If vomiting 
 cannot be produ'ied, the stonmch-punip should bo used. 
 When it is known what particular kind of poison lias been 
 swallowed, then the proper antidotufor that poison should 
 bo given, but when this cannot be aHcertained, as is often 
 the case, give freely of eipial parts of caltMiied magnesia, 
 pulverized (diarcoaf, and sesipiioxiile of iron, in sutlicient 
 quantity of water. This is a very harmless mixtnie, and 
 is likely to bo of great benetit, us the ingreilients, though 
 very simple, are antidotes for the most common ami active 
 poisons. In case this mixture cannot bo obtained, the 
 stomach should be soothed and protected by the free 
 adminisiratioii of demulcent, mucilaginous or cleagiiKUis 
 drinks, such as the whites of eggs milk, mucilage of gum 
 arable, or slippery elm bark, flaxseed tea, .><larch, wheat, 
 flour, or arrow-root mixed in water, lin.sccd or olive oil, or 
 melted butter or lard. Subsequently the bowels should be 
 moved by some gentle hixative, as a tiiblespoonful or two 
 of castor oil, or a toaspoonful of calcined magnesia; ami 
 pain or other eviihdice of inflammation nius^ be relieved 
 by the adminisi ration of a few drops of laudanum, and 
 the repeated application of hot poultices, fomentations and 
 mustard plasters. The following are the names of the 
 articles that may give rise to ))oisoiung, most commonly 
 used, and their antidote: 
 
 Mineral Acids— Sulphuric Acid (Oil of Vitriol), 
 Nitric Acid (Aqua Fortis), Muriatic Acid (Spirits of 
 
 Salts). — Symiitoins : Aciil, burning taste in the month, 
 acuto pain in the throat, stomach and bowels; frequent 
 vomiting, generally bloody, mouth and lips excoriated, 
 shriveled, white or yellow ; hiccough, copious stools, more 
 or less bloody, with great tenderness in the abdomen ; 
 difficult breathing, irregular pulse, excessive thirst, while 
 drink increases the jiain and rarely remains in the stomach; 
 frequent but vain efforts to urinate ; cold sweats, altered 
 countenance ; convulsions generally preceding deatli ; 
 nitric acid causes yellow stains; sulphuric acid, black 
 ones. Treatment: Mix calcined magnesia in milk or 
 water to the consistence of cream, and give freely to drinlc 
 a glassful every couj)le of minutes, if it can be swal- 
 lowed. Common soap (hard or soft), chalk, whiting, or 
 even mortar from the wall mixed in water, may be given, 
 until magnesia can be obtained. Promote vomiting by 
 tickling the throat, if necessary, and when the poison is 
 got rid of, flaxseed or elm tea, gruel, or other mild drinks. 
 The inflammation wliich always follows wants good treat- 
 ment to save the patient's life. 
 
 Vegetable Acids— Acetic, Citric, Oxalic, Tar- 
 taric. — Symptoms: Intense burning pain of mouth, 
 throat and stoniacli; vomiting blood which is highly aci'', 
 violent purging, collapse, stupor, death. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Oxalic Acid i.t freipicnily taken in miMtake for Kpsoni 
 saltM, to whiidi in shops it often bears a strong reHeiii- 
 blaiire. Treatment: (live chalk or magiusiii in a largo 
 iiiiantity of water, or Iiiij;c dniiights of lime water. If 
 tncHe are not at. liiind, derape the wall or cei'iug, and give 
 the Her.ipingM, mixed wiili water. 
 
 Prusslc or Hydrocyanic Acid-Laurel Water, 
 Cyanide of Potassium, Bitter Almond Oil, etc.— 
 
 Symptoiim: In huge doses almos't iii\arial'ly inslaritane- 
 ouwly fatal, when not inimediutely fatiii, sudden Ions of 
 sense and courrol of the voluntary muscles; the odor of 
 the poison generally siisceptiblo on the breath. Treat- 
 ment: riihtiiiie, in the ftu'iii of ciiloiine water, in doses 
 of from one to four fluid drachniH. (liltited, Weak solu- 
 tion of ihloride lime of soda; water of aiiiinoniii (spirits 
 of hartshorn) largely diliited may \w given, and the vuji'jr 
 of it cautiously inlialed. Cold atTusion, and chloroform 
 in half to teaspnonful doses in glycerine or mucilage, 
 repeated every few minutes, until the symptoms are 
 ameliorated. Artificial respiration, 
 
 Aconite — Monltshood, Wolfsbane. — SymptomB: 
 
 Numbness and tingling in the nioiuli and throat, and 
 afterwa'ds in other ))ortions of the bo(l\,wiih sore throat, 
 jiaiii over the stomach, and voniiliiig; dimness of vision, 
 dizziness, great j)rostration, loss of sensibility and delir- 
 ium. 'I'reiitment: An eni'.'tic and then briindy in table- 
 spoonful doses, in ice-water, every half _ hour; spirits of 
 ammonia in half teaspoonful doses in like manner; the 
 cold douche over the liead and chest, warmth to the 
 extremities, etc. 
 
 Alkalies and their Salts— Concentrated Lye, 
 Woodash Lye, Caustic Potash, Ammonia, Harts- 
 horn. — Symiitouis : Ciiiistic. iiirid tasli', excessive. IkiiI in 
 the thidiit. stomach and intenstines ; vomiting of bloody 
 matter, cold sweats, liiecoiigh, ]iurgiiigof bloody stools.— 
 Treatmeiii: The common vegetable acids. Common vin- 
 egar being always at liand, is most fre(|iieiitly used. The 
 fixed oils, us castor, flaxseed, almond and olive oils form 
 soaps with thoalkalies and thnsalso destroy their caustic 
 effect. They should bo given in largo (juantity. 
 
 Alcohol, Brandy, and other Spirituous Liquors. 
 
 — Symjitonis: Confusion of thought, inability to walk or 
 stand, dizziness, stiijior, liighly flushed or pule face, noisy 
 breathing. — Treatment: After emptying the stomach, 
 jiour cold water on the licad and back of the neck, rub or 
 slap the wristsnnd ])alms, and the ankles and soles of tlie 
 feet, and give St fong, hot cotfee, or aromatic spirits of 
 liartslioni.in teaspoonfiil doses in water. The warmth of 
 the body must be sustained. 
 
 Antimony, and its Preparations. Tartar Emetie, 
 Antimonial Wine, Kerme's Mineral.— Hymptoms: 
 
 Faintness and nausea, soon followed by painful and con- 
 tinued vomiting, severe diarrhoea, constriction and burn- 
 ing sensation in the throat, cramps, or spasmodic twitch- 
 ings, with sympto'us of nervous derangement, and great 
 prostration of strength, ol'ten terminatingin death, — Treat- 
 meiib . If vomiting 1k;s not been prodiucd, it should be 
 eff'ected by tickling flic fauces, and administoring cojiiouB 
 draughtsof warm water. Astriiignu'nt infusions, such as 
 of gall, oak I)ark, IVruviaii bark, act as HUtidotes, and 
 should be given ])roniiitly. rowdered yellow bark may be 
 used iiniil the infusion is piepured, or very strong green 
 tea should be given. To stop th(> vomiting, should it cim- 
 tiniie. blister over the sloinach by a})plying a clotli wt't 
 with strong spirits of ]uirlylio''n, iiinl then sprinkle on (lie 
 one-eighth todtii^-t'ourth of a ^rain of moi'iihiii. 
 
 Arsenic and its Preparations— Ratsbane, Fow- 
 ler's Solution, etc. — Symptoms : (ienerally witliin an 
 hour pain and lieat are felt in the stomach, soon followed 
 
 t 
 
I } 
 
 I 
 
 A<V"IDKMH AND 
 
 •.11 IKS. 
 
 liy vomitinp, with n biirninp (IrviifH^ of tlin tl'.niM( mid 
 grfiit tliif't ; tlio timttpr.H voiiijh-il an' K'''>''i"iilly colorcil, 
 *ii!ii r ({lY'oii yi'llrtw, ^r iTowniili. iiinl noiiicliiiifs lilnntly. 
 T)iurrh(i'ii wtlvHoiitiry onsiii-", Nvliil(> tlu< jiiiIhi' Ih'ciiiiics 
 srimll uiiil iiifiiil, yet irregular. Bri'iilliiii;; iimi'li Kitini'ssi d; 
 dittl' iilly iiivoiiiiliiif^inayoi'ciir, while (riiiii|is, ciiiivilsKins, 
 or t'V(<u piilalyMis often pri'i'nhMliath, wliicli wiiiiictiiMi'.-i 
 takes piiu'c wiiliii) live orsix iioiii.-t al'lcr ai-seiiir. jum \iri\\ 
 taivcii, — Treat iiuiit : (Jive ii prompt ciiietie, and then 
 iiyiiratc of peroxiih' of iron (recently prepared) in tuhli'- 
 Hpoonfnl (IcHcH every ten or (ifteeii minntertuiilil llH'iir;,'ent. 
 HyniptoMH are lelieveil. In iIk* ahseneu of tliiM. or while it 
 is lieim; pri'pare(|, f,'ive iar),'e dran;;htM of new milk and 
 raw eLTLTs. liniewaler and oil, inelte(l hntfer, ina^'ni'^'iii i" ii 
 iar>re (piantity of water, or oven if nothin;; else isrt hand, 
 lloiic anil water, iilways, however, ^fivini; an einetie the 
 lirst (hin;:, or <'aiisiiiK voniitint; hy tickling; I h(< throat with 
 H feather, eti<. 'I'lie inllaininalion of tlu^stoiiiueh whiidi f'>l- 
 lowrt iiiiist lie tic. lie. 1 hv hli-iler-, hot foineiitai ion.M, niiicil- 
 nginoiis ihiiik.'i, ele., et.'. 
 
 Belladonna or Deadly Night Shade. —Svmptom.s : 
 
 Dryness i<< the month and throat. <;\vnt thirst, ditVK'iiltv of 
 swallovviiii:, nausea, dinin.'ss, confusion or loss of vision, 
 j;reat eiilar','ement of the pupils, di/ziness, delirium and 
 coina. — 'I'lciitine'it: 'i'lici'c i.s no kin;.\ ii antiilote. (Jive ii 
 proiniit eini'iir anil then relijiiiie must lie placed on eoii- 
 tinual stimnhitiiiii with hrandy, whisky, etc., and toneces- 
 Kary arlilicial respii.uiDn. Opium and its preparations, an 
 nioiphia. hiudainim, etc., iiriUlmu :lit liy .some to counter- 
 act theetTictof hellailiiiina. and may lie;,'iven in .small and 
 repeated i|, urs, as alsM strniiLT hiack coiree and f,'reuii tea. 
 Blue Vitriol, or Blue Stone. —s.v foi-pcias. 
 
 Cantharldes (Spanish or Blisterlngf Fly) and 
 Modern Potato Bug'.— ^ympmins; .sick'ninj,' odor of 
 
 the lii'eath. Hour ta-!e. uilli huiiiiii;; heat in tho tliroat, 
 Btoinach, and lowels; freiiuent voinitinir, often liloody ; 
 copious bloody stools, great iiain in the .stomach, with 
 l)urniii!^ sensaiiim in tho hladoer and dilliculty to urinali', 
 followed with terrihlo conviilsiuns, deliriiiin ami death. — 
 Treatment : Excite voinitinj,' hy drinkin;; pleiitifidly of 
 KWoct oil or other wholesome oils, siiuMr and water, milk, 
 or Kli|)pery elm tea; give injections of castor oil ami 
 stari-'h, or warm milk. 'l"he inllammatory symptoms which 
 generally follow must he treated hy a medical man. Cam- 
 phorated oil oi camphoriited spirits shoiihl be rubbed over 
 the bowels, 8lomacliand thiglis. 
 
 Caustic Potash.— See Alkalies. 
 
 Cobalt, or Fly-Powder.— Synijitonis : Heat and pain 
 in the throat and stomach, violent rctihiii'faii.l voinitiuv'. 
 cold and chunniy .skin, ptnall and feel'lo jjiilse, hurried and 
 ilitlicult breathiiiL', diarrlnea, etc — Tre.itment . An emetic, 
 followed hy the free- administration of milk, I'ggs, wlx'at 
 flour anil water, uiul mucilaginous drinks. 
 
 Copper— Blue Vitriol, Verdigris or Picl<les or 
 Food Cooked in Soul Copper Vessels.— Sympioins : 
 
 (leneral inilanuiiatiun of the alimeiitary canal, .suppression 
 of uriiu^ ; hiccough, a disauTeeahlo melallii' taste, vomiting, 
 violent colic, excessive thirst, sense of tightness of the 
 throat, finxiety ; faiiitness, giddiness, and cramp.) and con- 
 vulsions genei;:lly precede (h-ath. — Treatment : Large 
 doses of siinplfi Fyrnp as v.:irm as otiii ho swallowed, until 
 the stomach rejects the amount it (.'ontains. The whites of 
 eggs and largo quantities of n. 'Ik. Ilydrated peroxide of 
 iron. 
 
 Copperas.— See Imn. 
 
 Creosote.— Carbolic Acid.— Symptoms : Burning 
 ]iai 1, acrid, pungent taste, thirst, voiniling, imrginrr, etc. 
 — Treatment: An emetic, and tho free administration of 
 
 alhiimen, as the whites of eg^", or in tho uhHuiiRu of tliuMo, 
 milk, or Moiir and water. 
 
 Corrosive Sublimate.— Soo Mowury. 
 
 Deadly Night-Shade. .Sce llelladonna. 
 
 Fox-Glove, or Digitalis. SMnptonn : F-ohm of 
 strength, feeble, lllllterihg pulse, faintliess, nitUseU, and 
 Mimitiiig and Htuiior; cold |>crspiration, dilated puj)ilH, 
 sighing, irregular lirealhing, iind Hoinelimes conviilNioiiN. 
 — Treutinent: After vomiting, give brandy iiiid ummonia 
 in frei|ueiilly repeated doses, apply warmth to (he extrem- 
 ities, and if i ecc.sary resort lo iii'iilicial r.'spii.itioii. 
 
 Gases -Carbonic Acid, Chlorine, Cyanogen, Hy- 
 drosulphurlc Acid, etc.— Sym|itoms: (Jicat drowHJ- 
 ness, dilhciilt respiration, features swollen, face blue as in 
 sirangulation. — Treatment: .Artillcial rcHpiratiotis, cold 
 douche, frictions with stimulating substanci's tolheHiirfHcd 
 of the liodv. Inhalation of steam containing pic|iai'atiiiii8 
 ofammonm. Cupping from nape of neck. Internal iiso 
 of chloroform. 
 
 Green Vitriol.— See lion. 
 
 Hellebore, or Indian Poke.— Symptoirm: Violent 
 
 vomiting and purging, bloody stools, great anxiety, tremorn, 
 vertigo, fainting, sinking of the jmlse, cold sweets and con- 
 vulsions. — Treatment : Hxciti' speedy vomiting by large 
 draughts of warm water, molasses anif water, tickling tho 
 throat with tho finger or ii featlu'r, and emetics ; give oily 
 and mucilaginou.s drinks, oily i)urgatives, and ( lysters, 
 acids, strong oolTee, cam[)lior anil opium. 
 
 Hemlock (Conlum).— Symptoms ; I)rynes.s of tho 
 throat, ticinoi's, dizziness, ditliculty of swidlowing, prostra- 
 tion and faintness, limbs iiowerle.ss or ]iaralyzei|, pupils 
 dilated, pulse rapid and feeble ; insensibility acd con.id- 
 sioiiH siinielimes precede death. — Treatment: Kmpty the 
 stomach and give brandy in tablespooiiful doses, with luilf 
 leasiioonful of s|)irits of Ammonia, frequently repeiiteil, 
 and if much pain and vomiting, give l)roiniile of ammon- 
 ium in tiyo-grain doses every lialf hour. Artitieiul resjiini- 
 tiim may bo required. 
 
 Henbane or Hyoscyamus.— Symptoms : Mu.scuhir 
 twitciiing, inability to articulate jilainly, dimness of vis- 
 ion and stupor; later, yomiting and luirging, .small, inter- 
 niitteut pul.se, conyulsivo movement of tlio extremities mid 
 coma. Treatment : Similar to (»i)inm Poisoning, whicli 
 see. 
 
 Iodine. — Symptoms: Hurninir pain in tliroat, lacerating 
 ]iMiu in the sloniach, fruitless etfort to vomit, excessive 
 teiiilerness of the epigastrium. Treatment- Free emesis, 
 )pronipt adniinistration of starch, wheat flour, or arrow- 
 root, beat up in water. 
 
 Lead.— Acetate of Load, Sugar of Lead, Dry 
 White Lead, Red Lead, Litharge, or Pickles, Wine, 
 or Vinegar, Sweetened by Lead.— Symptoms: When 
 
 taken in large doses, ii sweet but astringent inetallic. taste 
 exists, with constriction in tlio throat, jiain in tho region 
 of tho Btoniach, painful, obstinate, and frequently bloody 
 vomiiings, hiccough, convulsions or spasms, and death. 
 When taken in small but hnig-continned doses, it jirodiices 
 colic, called painter'.s colic; gretit ]>ain, obstinate constipa- 
 tion, and in extreme cases par.ilylic symiitoms, especially 
 wrist-ili'o]), with a bine line along tlio edge of the guni.s. 
 'I'reafmcnt : To counteract the poison, give alum in water, 
 one and a half ounce to a quart; or, better still, Epsom 
 salts or (Jlauber salts, an ounce of eitlier in a quart of 
 water; or dilute sulphuric acid, ti teaspooiiful to a quart 
 of water. If a 'argo quantity of sugar of lead lias been re- 
 cently taken, empty the stomach by an emetic of sulphate 
 of zinc (one drachm in a quart of water), giving one-fourth 
 
 hoi 
 It 
 
 itil 
 
 taJ 
 
 inl 
 fttl 
 
 oil 
 
It. 
 
 I'll 
 iHi 
 
 ■rill 
 Ml 
 
 aiiij 
 
 ijiilH, 
 
 (iiifi. 
 
 I II ill 
 
 III- 
 
 Hy. 
 
 IIH'Ni- 
 
 •t in 
 .•old 
 
 iim 
 
 INU 
 
 AOriDENTH AND IK.tURIKS. 
 
 to (iominonno.nnil ropoatinir smnlliir donen until fro« vomit- 
 ing in prodiu'od ; ruHtor oil nhoiilil lio Rivnn to ricnr tiio 
 bowoln, anti injiu'tioiiH of oil unil Htiircli frouly adniiniBterud. 
 If tiio liii<ly JM I'lilil, ii.Ho tli(< wiii'iii iiatli. 
 
 Meadow Saffron.— Sco lUiiimlonnu. 
 Laudanum. ><i'i< (>i>iiiin. 
 Lunar Caustic— St(. silver. 
 
 Lobelia.— Iniliiin I'okc — Syniptoms : ExoMHiye Toni- 
 
 itin||(uii(l ynru'wxa, piiiiiM in tlio IiowcIh, cont ruction of llio 
 piipilH, ilcliriiini, coinu, iinil coiivnlMionM. 'rri'iitin(>nt: .Mus- 
 tard ovi-r tlin Htoiniicli, and lirandy and aniinoniii. 
 
 Mercury. -Corrosive Sublimate (imn p'-innnM frc- 
 rpiontiy . oiituin this iioisoii). Red Precipitate, Chinese 
 
 or Eng^llsh Vei million. —Synii)l()ni.H: Acrid, niclallic 
 Uu<tn in tint nioiitli, ininiiMiiatc conr'triction and linrii 
 ini; in lli» tiiroat, with anxiety and toarin^' piiiiiH in both 
 fitoniacli and IiowcIh, Hickncss, and vmnilin;,' of various col- 
 ored lliiiils, und Hiiinetiniert liluody and profuse diarrliiea, 
 with dilViciiltv and pain in ni'inatin<^r ; pulse (jiiick, HiiniU 
 and liard ; faint sensations, Kreal debility, dilllenlt breatii- 
 ing, cramps, cold sweats, Hyneope and convulsions, 'i'li'iit- 
 ment : if voniitiii^ does not already exist, emetics ninst be 
 ffivtin iinnuMliately— albuinoii of ef;gn in oontinnoiiH large 
 aoHOH, and infusion of cateclm afterwards, Bweet milk, mix- 
 tnrosof Hour and water in successivo cupfuls, and to check 
 oxooHflivo salivation put ii half ounce of chlorate of potash 
 in a tumbler of water, and uso freely ad u gargle, and swal- 
 low a tables|ioonfnl i^very hour or two. 
 
 Monkshood.— See Arnica. 
 
 Morphine.— Seo Opium. 
 
 Nitrate of Silver (Lunar Caustic.)— STinptoms; In- 
 
 touBo pain and vomiting and purging of lilond ; inueus and 
 shreds of mucus membruneH ; and if theso stand they be- 
 como dark. Treatment: fiivo freely of a solution of com- 
 mon Halt in water, which decomposes tiie poison, and nfter- 
 wards flax-seed or elm bark tea, and after a while a done of 
 castor oil. 
 
 Nux Vomica. — See Strychnine. 
 
 Opium and all Its Preparations— Morphine, Lau- 
 
 danum« Paregoric, etc. — Symjitoms: (iidiiiness, drowsi- 
 ness, increasing to stupor, and insensibility; pulso usually, 
 at first, (piick and irregular, and breathing liurried, and 
 afterwards pulse slow and feeble, and respiration slow and 
 noisy; the pupils are contracted and the eyes and face 
 congested, and later, as death upproaches, the extremities 
 become cold, the sin face is covered with cold, claniiny per- 
 spiration, and tlu^ sphincters relax. 'I'l.n effects of opium 
 and its preparations, in poisomius doses, a])pear in from a 
 half to two hours from its adnunistration. Treatment: 
 Empty the stomach immediately with an emetic or with 
 the stonuich pump. Then give very strong coffee without 
 milk; put mustard plasters on the wrist und ankles; use 
 the cold douche to the head and chest, and if the patient is 
 cold and sinking give brandy, or whisky and ammonia. 
 Belladonna is thought by many to counteract the i)oisonous 
 effects of opium, aiul may be given in doses of half to a tea- 
 epoonful of tlio tincture, or two grains of the extract, every 
 twenty minutes, until some effect is observed in causing 
 the pupils to expand. Use warmth and friction, and if 
 possible iirevent sleep for some hours, for which purpose 
 the patient should bo walked about between two persons, 
 and if necessary a bunch of switches may ho freely used. 
 Finally, as a last resort, use artificial respiration, and a per- 
 Bistance in it will sometimes be rewarded with success in 
 apparently liopeless cases. Galvanism should also bo tried. 
 
 Oxalic Acid.— See Acids. 
 
 Phosphorus— Found in Lucifer Matches and some 
 Rat Poisons, — Symptoms: Symptoms of irritant poi- 
 
 •oning; pain in tho stomach and how«l«; vomiting; diar- 
 rliiea; t«ndenu)HHand tension of the abdomen. Treutmont: 
 An enii'tio is to be promptly given; copioiiH draughts con- 
 taining magnesia in Hiisp.'iision; mucilaginous drinks. 
 (General treatment for iiillaniinatory syniptoms. 
 
 Poisonous Fish. — SymploniM: In an Imiir nrt wo — oftc ■ 
 in iiiiicli shiiiltr time — airier the (Ish has been eutmi. 
 weight at the slomach iiimes on, wiMi slight vertigo nml 
 headache; seiiHO of heat abuiit the head and eyes; consider- 
 able thirst, iiikI often an eruption of the skin, 'rreatnient; 
 After full vomiting, an active imrgative should he given to 
 remove any of the noxious matter from the iiitestineg. 
 Vinegar and water may lie drunk after the above remedies 
 have operated, and the body may bo sponged with tho same. 
 Water made very sweet with sugar, with aromatic spirits 
 of ai/imonia added, iniiv lie drunk freely asa corrective, A 
 Hohitioii of choloriite of potash, orof alkali, the tatter weak, 
 may be given to obviate the elTect of the poison, if spasms 
 ensue after evacuation, laudanum in considerable doses is 
 necessary, if inllamiiiation should occur, combat in tho 
 usual way. 
 
 Poisonous Mushrooms.— Symptoina : Nausea, heat 
 and pains in tliesloinarli ,iiid bowels ; vomiting and purg- 
 ing, thirst, coiivnlsioiisand faintings, pulse small and fre- 
 ((iieiit, dilated pupil and stupor, cold sweats anil death. 
 
 Treatment: The stomach and bowels are to be cleared 
 by an emetic of ground mustard or sulphate of zinc, fol- 
 lowed by frequent doses of (llanbcr of Kpsom salts, and 
 largo stimulating clysters. After the poison isevacnatod, 
 eitlier may be given with small (|uantities of brandy and 
 water. Hut if inllammatorv symptoms manifestthemselvos, 
 such stimuli should be avoided, and these symptoms appro- 
 priately treated. 
 
 Potash. -See .\lkali. 
 
 Prusslc Acid, Hydrocyanic— See Acida. 
 
 Poison Ivy. — Symiitoms. Contact with, and with 
 many persons tho near aj'proach to tho vine, gives rise to 
 violent erysipelatous inflammation, especially of tho face 
 and jiands, attended villi itching, redness, burning and 
 swelling, with watery blisters. 
 
 Treatment: fiive saline laxatives, and apply weak lead 
 and laudanum, or limewater and sweet oil, or bathe tho 
 parts freely with spirits of nitre. Anointing with oil will 
 prevent poisoning from it. 
 
 Saltpetre, Nitrate of Potash.— Symptoms. Only 
 
 poisonous in large ([uantities, and then causes nausea, pain- 
 ful vomiting, purging, convulsions, faintnesB, feeble pulse, 
 cold feet and hands, with tearing pains in stomach and 
 bowels. 
 
 Treatment: T'rent just as is directed for arsenic, fo"" 
 there is no antidote known, and emptying the stomach and 
 bowels with mild drinks must be relied on. 
 
 Savine. — Symptoms: Sharp pains in tho bowels, hot 
 skin, rapid pulse, violent vomiting and sometimes purging, 
 with great prostration. Treatment: Mustard and hot 
 fomentations over the stomach and bowels, and ico OTily 
 allowed in the stomach until the inflammntioti ceases. If 
 prostration comes on, food and stimulants must be given 
 by injection. 
 
 Stramonium, Thorn-apple or Jamestown Weed. 
 
 — Symptoms: Vertigo, headache, perversion of vision, 
 slight delirium, sense of suffocation, disposition to sleep, 
 bowels relaxed and all secretions augmented. Treatment: 
 Same as IJelladonna. 
 
 Strychnine and Nux Vomica.— Symptoms: Muscu- 
 lar twitching, constriction of tho throat, difficult breathing 
 and oppression of the chest; violent muscular spasms then 
 occur, continuous in character like lock-jaw, with the body 
 
 S^ 
 
 i 
 
 If 
 
I I 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 ACCIDENTS AKD INJfRIES. 
 
 situpor, fuintinfjf, 
 liility, cold sweiit, 
 Treatment: After 
 tlie iibdonien ami 
 
 lieiii l);iik\v.irtl.-i, sometimes like n bow. Treatinei\t: Give, 
 if olitiiiiiiible. one ounce or more of lione ciiurco-' mixed 
 with Wilier, and follow with mi active emetic give 
 
 chloriiform in te:i.sjioonful doses, in flour anc u-r or 
 glv<'erine. evciy few minntes while tlio sjiasms k.m, and 
 afterwards brandy and litiirinlants, and warmth of the 
 extremities if n<-ce?s;iry. H.'eoveries liave followed the 
 free and [iromj.t admini-tratiun of oils or melted butter or 
 hiril. In all cases emjuy the stomach if postiible. 
 
 Sulphate of Zinc, White Vitriol.— See Zinc 
 
 Tin-Chloride of Tin, Solution of Tin (Used by 
 Dyers), Oxide of Tin op Putty Powder.— Symptoms: 
 
 \ omitiiiL'. pains in tiie ?i'>;naeli. anxiety, restlessness, fre- 
 (|iient pulse, delirium, etc. Treatment: Empty the 
 stomach, and irive whites r^f e<rirs in water, milk in larrje 
 quantities, or iloiir lx;ateu up in water, witli magnesia or 
 ohalk. 
 
 Tartar Emetic. — Soc Antimony. 
 
 fobaCCO. — Symptoms: Vertigo, 
 nausea, vnmiting. sudden nervmis de 
 tremors, and at times fatid prostration, 
 the stciuuuii is empty ajij^y mustard to 
 to the extremities, and give strong coffee, with brandy and 
 other stimulants, with warmth to the extremities. 
 
 Zinc— Oxide of Zinc, Sulphate of Zinc, White 
 Vitriol. Acetate of Zinc— Sympto 's: Violent vomit- 
 int;'. :i-'iin_'''!it last-, hurtling pain in the stomach, pale 
 eoiinte'ianre. ccild extremities, dull eyes, lluttering pulse. 
 Deatii suldoin ensues, in coiisefpieiiee of the emetic elfect. 
 Treat iiient: 'i'he vomiting may be relieved by copious 
 draughts of waim water. Carbonate of soda, administered 
 in solution, will decompose tlie sulphate of zinc. Milk and 
 aliiunu'ii will also aet us antidotes. General principles to 
 bo observed in the subsequent treatment. 
 
 Woorara. — Symptoms- When taken into the stomach 
 it is inert: uiien absorljed throi.gh a wound it causes sud- 
 den stupor and insensibility, frothing at the mouth and 
 speedy death. Treatment: Suck the wound immediately, 
 or cut it out and tie a cord around the limb between the 
 wound a;id the heart. Apply iodine, or iodide of potas- 
 sium, and give it internally, and try artificial respiration. 
 
 Scalds. — See Burns and Scalds. 
 
 Sprains. — The portions most frequently iinjilicated are 
 the wrist and ankle; no matter which jiortion it may be, 
 
 iiowever, rest and qnietn':i5g '.■ ■ ■■•■;■ important part of the 
 treatment, and, when p«aitir*U. .;. in elevat-eci position. If 
 the wrist ia sjirained it fhoaM ttc carrio^J in u sling; if the 
 ankle, it should be anppoited on a touch or stool. Cold 
 lotions (see Bruises) srtonM be fw-r-lv ajijilieil, and irriga- 
 tion by pouring water from a pi5.''-her <t t«i-kett]e resorted 
 to several times a d-^y Ut yn'^^'.A inflammation, filter, 
 frictions with op.-)ileId.'«'-, or wilth Jiome wimulating liniment, 
 at'd suippfirting the p-it.4 bv ji-neiRSure ma<]e wiili a flannel 
 roller, or laced stocking when ihe asike is involved, will 
 ho useful to restore toiie: or fIripi^ of adhesive plaster 
 jiroperly ajipli'd will be usefnl Unr the name iniriiose. Ke- 
 covery from severe sprain.* \s tAwtx^ \*<\\o\\f. It is an old 
 saying "that a bad -['rain U wof"-.- tlian a broken bone."' 
 
 Stings of Bees and Wasps. — '^.' Bites :ind stings. 
 Suffocation from Nozioas Gases, Foul Air, Fire 
 
 Damp, Etc. — Remove to fnesJn air liud dash cold water 
 o\cr the head, neck and cheffl: 'aiffully ajijily 'lartshorn, 
 or smelling .salts to the n^'x-trils, aod when the breathing is 
 feeble or has ceased, resort \tamfiiiaX*:\\ to artificial respi- 
 ration (see Asphyxia atfl hnwmnz). Keep up the 
 warmth of the body, and a» w<o>!i as t&e patient can swal- 
 low give stimulants in small qaaiilities. 
 
 Sunstroke. — This is caiued by long exix»Bure in great 
 heat, esjiecially when acoompankd w'rth great fatigue and 
 exhaustion. Tiiough generaDj happening from exposure 
 to the sun's rays, yet pretis^lj Hinilar effects may be and 
 are jiroduced from any andue erposore to great and ex- 
 haustive heat, such as workmen are fxpoetxl to in foundries, 
 gas factories, ba'eries, and Mber amilar emjiloyinents. 
 Its first .symptom is pain in the bcadand dizziiu'ss. (juiekly 
 followed by loss of conscioasnear, and »*«uhing in complete 
 prostration: sometimes, hows^Ttfr. li*e aitla^k is sudden, as 
 in apoplexy. The head i.-^ genenHj bnriiing liot. the fitce 
 dark and swollen, the breathing lafaonnd and snoring, and 
 the feet and hands cold. Remore tL<e patient at once to a 
 cool and shady pl.ire, and lav him dovn witli Jiis head a 
 little raised; apply ice or ice^l wairer to the Jiea<l and face; 
 loosen all cloths arourd the nw.-k or 'mds.i: batlie the chest 
 with cold water, apjdy mastani i«l2L-i«-rs. or cloths wetted 
 with turpentine, to the calves ar.»l r*']'^ of the feet, and as 
 soon as the patient can ^valloir, giie weak brandy or 
 whisky and water. 
 
 fumiliiiiiiililiiiiiiii^il^f^iS^^ll^^ 
 
 M ^^_ HOW TO CURE, STORE -^' PRESERVE _ ^ «J 
 
 1^ MEATS AND VEGETABLES "^ 
 
 How 10 i'f^^'j} Appies. — The followijig is a good plan : 
 The ai.pies s'r. -i i be nlaci'd in glazed earihen vessels, each 
 containing about a g:ilion. and surrounding the fruit with 
 paper. The vessels being jx-rfect cylinders, about a font 
 each in iieiglit. stand very eonveiiieiriy ujion each other, 
 and thus present the means of preserving a large quantity 
 of fruit in a very small room. If the sj)ace between the 
 toj) of one vessel and tiie base of another be filled with cem- 
 ent, composed of two parts of the curd of skimmed milk 
 
 the 
 
 and one of lime, by which the air will befxduded 
 
 winter kind of ap})les will hf- i>7*»fn'*\ •witii iitile change 
 ill their appearance from Octofer i-t March. A drv and 
 c(]l(l place in which there is Irtde i-faanire of temiieratnre is 
 the best. 
 
 How to Dry Apples. —Tb*' m«^ general method /It' 
 adopted in drying ajiples is. afttr thev an- jmred. to cut \ 
 them in slices, and spread thfrm on eUAha. liibies or boards, 
 and then drv them out-df)ors. In tletir and drv v.cather 
 
of tllf 
 
 Pn. If 
 if the 
 Cold 
 liiwiga- 
 piTted 
 [filter, 
 
 Jiiiiiriel 
 ll. will 
 I'laKfor 
 lie- 
 
 
 this is, perhaps, the most pxpcditious and host wav; hut in , 
 cloudv and stormy weather this way is attended with much , 
 inconvenience, and sometiiiRS loss, in t onf-'cquenco of the | 
 apples rotting before they drv. To some extent they may | 
 be dried in this way in the lioupe, though this is attended i 
 with much inconvenience. The best method thut we have i 
 ever used to dry apples is to use fram(;s. These combine I 
 the most advantages with the least inconvenience of any 1 
 way. and can be ni^ed with equal advantage eith.er in dry- ! 
 ing in the house or out in the sun. In plea.-iunt weathc. | 
 the frames can l>e set out doors against thi; side of the : 
 building, or any other support, and at night, or in cloudy i 
 and stormy days, they can bu brought into the house, anil 
 set against the side of the room near the stove or fireplace. I 
 Frames are made in the following manner: Two stri[)s of \ 
 board, 7 feet long. 2 to '2i inches wide — two strijis 3 feet 1 
 long, li inches wide, the whole J of an inch thick — nail i 
 the short strips across the ends of the long ones, and it 
 makes a frame .3 by 7 feet, which is a convenient size for : 
 all purposes. On one of the long strips nails are driven 3 
 inches apart, extending from the top to the bottom. After 1 
 the apples are pared they are quartered and cored, and 
 witli a needle and twine, fir stout thread strung intf( 
 lengths long enough to rear-h twice across th(! frame ; the 
 end;; of the twine are then tied together, and the strings 
 hung on the nails across the frame. The ap])Ies will soon 
 dry so that the strings can be doubled on the nails, and 
 fre*h ones put on or the whole of them reiiioveil. and 
 others i)nt in tlieir place. .\s fast as the apples beiome 
 snfiiciently dry, they can l-e taken from the .strings, and 
 the same striuL's us<»d to dry more on. If large apples arc 
 used to dry. they can be cut in smaller pieces. Pears and 
 (juinces, and otHer fruits that can be strung, may be dried 
 in this wav. 
 
 How to Pack Apples in Barrels.— Wiien the farmers 
 find out that the manner of jiacking apples in barrels 
 greatly induences the j)rice of the same, they will take 
 more care than they usually do. A neatly packed barrel 
 will bring from one to two dollars more than one in which 
 the apples are thrown in without any effort to make a good 
 show. When you begin to pack tlie barrel turn it upside 
 down, the head resting on the ground or floor; then take 
 the b.>itom out, leaving the head in. Then choose about a 
 peck of your prettiest and finest apj)le3 ; wipe them clean, 
 being certain that there are no spots on them, or in any 
 other manner disfigured ; then place them in the barrel 
 with their stems down, first placing them around the rim 
 of the barrel, entirely round the same, after which make 
 another ring, until the whole is covered. Then throw in 
 your apples, and when your barrel is full, press them down 
 and put in the bottom, after which turn them head up- 
 wards. When the barrel is oj,ened from the top, your 
 apples will \te found in good condition, even and nicely 
 packed. 
 
 Apple Batter. — Select two bushels of sour apples, and 
 peel, core and <juarter them. Take a barrel of goixl. sweet 
 apple cider, and boil it in a copper kettle until all the im- 
 purities have arisen to the surface. After this is done, and 
 the impurities skimmed off, take out two-thirds of the 
 cider. Then put in the apples, and as the f|uantity boils 
 down put in the rest of the cider. After putting in the 
 apples the butter must be stirred without interruption 
 until it is taken off. it will take about five hours' boiling 
 after the apples are put into the eider. It should be boiled 
 until the whole nitiss becomes smooth and of the same 
 consisrtency, and of a dark brown color. Sjiice with ground 
 cloves and cinnamon to taste. The butter can then be 
 taken off and put into vessels for use. Earthen crocks are 
 best for this purpose. Tie the vessels over with heavy 
 
 paper and set them away in a dry place, 
 keep a year if wanted. 
 How to Keep Beans Fresh for Winter.— I'rocuie a 
 
 wide-mouthed stone jar, lay on the bottom of it some 
 freshly-|)ulled Frciich beans, and over them put n layer of 
 salt: till the jar up in this manner with alternate layera 
 of l)eaiis and salt. Tlic beans need not all bo put in a' the 
 same time, but they are better if the salt be put on while 
 they are quite fresh. They will keeji good all through the 
 winter. \Vlien going Id usi? them, steep for some hours in 
 fresh (I lid water. 
 
 How to Dry String Beans. — Dried siring beans are 
 very excellent m '.vintei'. Cut the beans up in the u-iial 
 lengths, dry them. jMit theui in a bag. In winter, soak 
 them and cook tlicni in tlie usual way. 
 
 How to Pickle Beef. — Rub each piece of l)ecf very 
 lightly with salt ; let them lie singly on a tray or board for 
 twenty-four hours, then wipe them very dry. Pack them 
 closely in a tub. taking care that it is perfectly sweet and 
 clear. Have the ])ickle ready, made thus : Boil four gal- 
 lons of soft water with ten jiounds of coarse Siil'. four 
 ounces of saltpeter, and two pounds of coarse brown sugar; 
 let it boil fifteen minutes, and skim it whilt; boiling very 
 clean. When i)erfectly cold pour it on the beef, laying a 
 weight on the top to keep the meat under the i)ick)e. 
 This quantity is sufticient for 100 ))ounds of beef if closely 
 packed. 
 
 How to Preserve Butter. — 1. The best methcMl to 
 preserve butter from iIk; air is to till the pot to within an 
 inch of the toji, and to lay on it common coarse-i:rained 
 salt, to the depth of one-half an inch or three-quarters of 
 an inch, then to cover the pot up with any tlat article that 
 may be convenient. The salt by long keeping will run to 
 brine, and form a layer on the top of the butter, which 
 will effectually keep out the air, and may at any time l>e 
 very easily removed by turning the pot on one side. 
 
 'i. Fresh butter, sixteen pounds ; salt, one pound. 
 
 3. Fresh butter, eighteen pounds ; salt, one pound : salt- 
 peter, one and one-fourth ounces; honey or fine brown 
 sugar, two ounces. 
 
 How to Make Pennsylvania Apple Butter.— Let 
 
 three bushels of fair sweet ai)ples be jiared, quariered. and 
 the cores .•emovcd. Meairvliilo let two barrels of new 
 cider be boiled down to one-half. When this is done, 
 commit the prepared apples to the cider, and let the boiling 
 go on briskly and systematically, stirring the contents 
 without cessation, that they do not become attached to the 
 side of the kettle and be burned. Let the stirring go on 
 till the ..nialgamated cider and apples become as thick as 
 husty-pudding; then throw in pulverized alispice. when it 
 may be considered as finished, and committed to pots for 
 future use. 
 
 How to Pack and Preserve Butter.— Packing but- 
 ter that is gathered up at country stores i; a nice o])enition. 
 and needs to be carefully performed. As it is of all shades 
 of color, from white to pale yellow generally, a coloring 
 may be prepared by melting some of the butter aiul dis- 
 solving in it the ])repared annatto, which may lie prneurecl 
 at any drug store. This should be kept for use as it is want- 
 e<l. To use it. take a quantity of the butter to beenloretl 
 in the mixing-liowl. cut into it gashes with the butter ladle 
 (iliin't touch it with the hands), place a small portion of 
 tlie coloring preparation in eaeh of these gashes, and nnx 
 until the color is evenly s]n-ead and no streaks are to be 
 seen. Then gash it once more with the ladle, sprinkle ime 
 ounce of salt to the p<iHnd of butter, and leave it twenty- 
 four hours. Then piMir otT any water i ollic,;, .'■ in ii. and 
 pack it in a new' oak tub that lias lieen soaked «Hh brine 
 for a day and night. Water should iie\er be used for 
 working butler at anv time. 
 
•I 
 
 .: 
 
 MEATS AND VE0ETABLB8. 
 
 How to Preserve Birds. — Birds may be preserved in 
 11 fresh stale for some time by removing tlie intestines, 
 wipiiiif the inside outi|iiito dry with iitowel, andthenflour- 
 iiif,' thern. A jjit'ce of blotting paper, on which one or two 
 drops of creoste have l)een placed, is now to be ]>nt inside 
 them, and asiniilarly i)rci)ared jjiece of paper tied around 
 them. Thev should then bo hung i\\) in a ccmiI dry jilace, 
 and will bo f.iund to kci'pmuch longer than without under- 
 going this J)fni'cs.:. 
 
 How to Keep Cabbage. — Oat her them before tb.e 
 severe fall finsts. Lettlu^ coarse outside leaves reniiuii on 
 them. l'"ix a strong string ar()Uiul the stalk, and suspend 
 the cabbage from the timbers of llu> ceiling, heads do'iii- 
 wivrd. The cellar should be cool and dry. This will j)re- 
 servo them with a certainty. 
 
 Another good method is to cut the cabbage from the 
 stump, jiaek chise in a ( ask, ttiking care to till up all the 
 vacancies with dry clialf, or bran, and keep in a dry cellar. 
 
 How to Keep Cauliflower.— They can be kept in a 
 cellar by covering tlu! roots and stalks with earth, tdl Feb- 
 ruary. " Or they luay be placiil in a trench in the garden, 
 roots down, tind covered with earth, np close to the heads, 
 and tiien cover with Jiay or straw, four or tivo inches thii'k, 
 placing just enough soil on the straw to keep it in its posi- 
 tion. 1'his method does well in the latitude of New York; 
 but in colder climates a thicker covering would be re- 
 quired. 
 
 How to Keep Celery. — This may be kept in good con- 
 dition through the winter in a cool, dry cellar, l)y hav- 
 ing it set in eartli. When a small fpiantity oidy is wanted, 
 take a box and stand the celery np in it, placing a little 
 earth about the routs. The farmers who raise (pmntities of 
 it oftei: keep it in their old hot-beds; standing it up, and 
 ])roteeting it from frosts. There is no vegetal)le more rel- 
 ished than this, ami every person who has a garden should 
 raise euougli for his own use, if no more. 
 
 How to Keep Sweet Cider. — Use only sound apples. 
 Make the cider when the weather is almost cold enougli to 
 freeze the a])i)lcs. Expose the cider during freezing 
 weather, and stir it till the whole of it is reduced as near 
 the freezing point its possible without freezing, 'i'hen bar- 
 rel it, bung up tight, ami place in a cellar ke])t nearly 
 down to the freezing jmint. As long as you can keep it 
 cold enough it will not ferment, and as long as it does not 
 ferment it will remain sweet. 
 
 How to Drjr Cherries. — Take the stems and stones 
 from ripe cherries; spread them on flat dishes, and dry 
 them in the hot sun or warm oven: jioiir whatever juice 
 may have run from them, a little at a time, over them, stir 
 them about that they may dry evenly. When they are per- 
 fectly dry, lino boxes or jars with white inipor, iind pack 
 them close in layers; strev. a little brown sugHr, and fold 
 the paper over, and keep them in a dry place; or put them 
 in muslin bags, iind hang them in an airy jjlace. 
 
 How to Store Eggs.— Wright's illustrated Book of 
 Poultry says that a systcnuitic trial for two seasons has 
 shown that, lor purposes of long keeping for eating or 
 breeding, eggs should be packed with the largo end down- 
 ward, msteail of placing them on the small end, as is com- 
 moidy done. The longer tlie eggs are kept the greater 
 diiTereiico will be found in the results of the two methods. 
 Experiment has proved that eggs i)laceil as roeomniended 
 may be set and .suecessfidly luitehed, with remarkable uni- 
 formity, at ages which with the usual method of storing 
 would render suet ess almost hopeless. The practical phi- 
 losophy of the case is alleged to consist in delaving the 
 spread of the air Imbble and it» detachment from tlie mem- 
 braneous lining of the egg, thub retarding nlterations de- 
 structive to vitality. 
 
 How to Dry Eggs. — The eggs are beateji to uniform 
 consistency, and spread out in tnin cakes on batter platea. 
 This dries them in a paste, which is to be packed in close 
 cans and sealed. When required for use, the paste can be 
 dissolved in water ami beaten to a foam like fresh eggs. 
 It is said that eggs can be preserved for years in this way, 
 and retain their fliivor. 
 
 How to Pickle Eggs.— The jar is to be of moderate 
 size — wide-nn)ntlied earthen jar, suflicient to hold one 
 dozen eggs; let the latter be boiled quite hard; when fully 
 done, place the same, after taknig them up, into a jian of 
 cold water. Iveniove the sheUs from them and deposit 
 them carefully in the jar. Have on the lire a quart or 
 more of good white vim^gur, into which jint one ounce of 
 raw finger, two or three blades of sweet mace, one ounce of 
 alls])ice, half an ounce of whole black jiepper and salt, lialf 
 an ounce of mustard seed, with four cloves of garlic. 
 When it Inis simmered down, tiike it np and pour the con- 
 tents into the jar, taking care to c)bserve that the eggs are 
 wholly covered. When quite cold, stopper it down for use. 
 It will bo ready after a month. When cut into quarters, 
 they serve as a garnish, and afford a nice relish to cold 
 nu'at of any kind. 
 
 How to Keep Eggs. — 1. Parties in the egg business in 
 a large way build brick vats made water-tight, in which is 
 lime water, made by putting lime in water, and when it is 
 slacked and settled to the bottom, drawing off the liquor. 
 Into this liquor the eggs are placed and kept beneath the 
 surface. They arc kept as cool as possible. These are the 
 limed eggs with which the market is supplied during the 
 winter. 
 
 2. Another mode of keeping eggs, tested by the Agricult- 
 ural Department, is as follows: Hub the eggs with flax- 
 seed (linseed) oil, and place tlietn, small end downwards, 
 in sand. Eggs so prepared were found at the end of six 
 months to liave the same taste and smell of perfectly fresh 
 eggs, and to have lost in wei 'bt only three per cent. 
 Greasing eggs with lard or tallow Jias not been successful in 
 preserving them, except for short periods. 
 
 3. Take a thin board of any convenient length and width 
 and pierce it full of holes (each one and a half inches in 
 diameter) as you can. A board two feet and six inches in 
 length and otie foot wide, has five dozen holes in it, say 
 twelve rows of live each. Then take four strips two inches 
 broad and nail them together edgewise into a rectangular 
 frame of the same size as your other board. Nail this 
 board upon a frame and the work is done unless you choose 
 to nail a heading around the top. Put your eggs in this 
 board as thev come from the })oultry house, the snniU ends 
 down, and they will keep good for six nu)nths, if yon take 
 the following precautions: Take c;n'e that the eggs do not 
 get wet, either in the nest or afterwards. Kee]> them in a 
 cool room in summer, and out of the reach of frost in win- 
 ter. If two boards bo kept, one can be filling while the 
 other is emptying. 
 
 4. I'^g'Ts can easily be kept from October to March in the 
 follov.ing manner: A ])iece of lime, as large as a quart dip- 
 jier, is jiiit in five gallons of water, iind salt added until an 
 I'gg will float. This is straiiu'd and ]>ut into a clean keg, 
 into which a louse head is nnide to lit easily; a knob is 
 fitted to the liep.d for a handle. The eggs are i>ut, as they 
 are gathered, into the lii|uid, and the loose head iilace<l on 
 them to keep them below the surface. The keg should be 
 kept in a cuol jilac,^ in the cellar. The l;(|Uor will not 
 freeze e.xi.ept at a lower temperature than freezing point. 
 Eggs thus preserved will sell readily as limed eggs until 
 fresh eggs come, and are almost as good as fresh ones, 
 
 6. Take one quart of unslacked lime, pour to it water 
 enough to make it the consistency of whitewash, add one 
 

 teaspoon of cream tartar; let this be in u wooden or stone 
 vessel, and put the eggs into it. 
 
 C. Hung them by hooks in strong enbbago nets, and 
 every day liook tiiem on a fresh mesh, so as thereby to 
 turn the eggs. 
 
 7. Apply with a brush a solution of gum arable to the 
 shells, 01 immerse the eggs therein, let them dry, and 
 afterward:! pack them in dry eharcoaldust. This prevents 
 their being afTeeted by alterations of temperature. 
 
 8. Mix together in a tub. or vessel, one bushel Win- 
 chester measure of quick lime, thiiiy-t v.o oMiiccs of salt, 
 eight ounces of cream of tartar, with as much water as will 
 reduce the composition to a sufficient consistence to iloat 
 an egt;. Tiieii put and keep the eggs tliercin. which will 
 preserve them perfectly sound for two yciirs at le-ist. 
 
 tt. Eggs can be preserved by keeping ilicm at a temper- 
 ature of forty degrees or h-ss in a refrigerator. Kggs 
 have been tested when kept in this manner for two years 
 and found to be perfectly good. 
 
 10. Dissolve three or four ounces of beeswax in seven 
 ounces of warm olive oil; put in this the tip of your linger 
 and anoint the egg all over. Keep the eggs in a cool place 
 and tlicy will keep fresh for five years. 
 
 How to Can Fruit. — The jirinciple should be under- 
 stood, in order to work intelligently. The fruit is jire- 
 served by placing it in a vessel from which the external air 
 is entirely excluded. This is effected by surrounding the 
 fruit by liquid, and by the use of heat to rarefy and expel the 
 air that may be entangled in the fruit or lodged in its 
 pores. The preservation does not depend upon sugar, 
 though enough of this is used in the liquid which covers 
 the fruit to make it palatable. The heat answers another 
 purpose; it destroys the ferment which fruits naturally 
 contain, and as long as they are kept from contact with 
 the 1 air they do not decompose. 
 
 The vessels in w Inch fruits are preserved are tin, glass, 
 and earthenware. Tin is used at the factories where large 
 quantities are put up for commerce, but is seldom tised in 
 families, as more skill in soldering is required than most 
 people jiosse.ss. Besides, the tins are not generally safe to 
 use more than once. Glass is the preferable material, as 
 it is readily cleaned and allows the interior to bo frequently 
 inspected. Any kind of bottle or jar tlnit has a mouth 
 wide enough to admit the fruit and that can bo securely 
 stopped, positively air-tight — which is much closer than 
 water-tight — will answer Jars of various patterns and 
 patents are made for the purpose, and are sold at the crock- 
 ery and grocery stores. These have wide mouths, and a 
 glass or metallic c;ip which is made to fit very tightly by an 
 India-rub't>er ring between the metal and the glass. 'J'iio 
 devices for these caps are numerous, and much ingenuity 
 is displayed in inventing them. We have used several 
 patterns without nnich difTerence in success, but inive 
 found there was some dilference in the facility with whicii 
 the jars could be opened and closed. The best are those 
 in which atmospheric jiressure helps the sealing, and where 
 the sole dependence is not upon st^rews or clamps. To 
 test a jar, light a slip of paper ;rd hold it within it. The 
 heat of the flame will expand tli air and drive out a por- 
 tion of it. Now ])ut on the cap, when the jar becomes 
 cool the air within will contract, ai\d tlie pressure of the 
 external air should hohl the cover on so lirmly that it can- 
 not bo jitdled off without first letting in the air by jiressing 
 aside the rubber or by such other means as is jirovidcd in 
 the construction of tlio jar. When regular fruit jars are 
 not used, good corks and cement must bo provided. 
 
 Cement is made by melting 1^ ounce of tallow with 1 
 pound of rosin. The stiffness of the cement may be gov- 
 erned by the use of more or less tallow. After the jar is 
 corked, tie a piece of stout drilling over the mouth. Dip 
 
 the cloth on the mouth of the jar into the melted cement, 
 rub the cement on the cloth with a stick to break up the 
 hubbies, and leave a close covering. 
 
 The i)ri)cess. J-]verything should be in readiness, the 
 jars clean, tiie covers well fitted, the fruit picked over or 
 otlicrwi>e 'ircparcd. and the cement and corks, if these are 
 used, at hand. Th.e bottles or jars are to I'eci'ive a very 
 hot liquid, and they must be gradually warmeil beforehand, 
 iiy placing warm water in them, to which boiling water is 
 gruduallyadded. Commence by making a syrup in the 
 lU'opoition of a ]ioMnd of white sugar to a jiint of water, 
 using lesssngar if tiiis quantity will make the fruit too 
 sweet. Wlun the syrup boils, add as nuuh fruit iis it will 
 cover, let the fruit lieat in tJje syrup gradually, and when 
 it comes to a boil, ladle it into the Jars or bottles which 
 luive beci: warmeil as above directed. Put in as much 
 fruit as possible, and then add the syrup to fill up the in- 
 terstices among the fruit ; then jiut on the cover (u- insert 
 the stopper as soon as possible, llave a cloth at hand damp- 
 ened inhot water to wii)e the necks of the jars. When one lot 
 has been bottled, ])roceed with more, adding more sugar and 
 water if more syrup is required. Juicy fruits will diminish 
 the syrup much less than others. AVhen the bottles are cold, 
 put them away in a cool, dry and dark jjlace. Do not 
 tamjjcr with the covers in any way. The bottles should be 
 inspected every day for a week or so, in order to discover 
 if any are imperfect. If fermentation has commenced, 
 bubbles will be seen in the syrup, and the covers will be 
 loosened. If taken at once, the contents may be saved by 
 thoroughly reheating. Anotbr r way is to prepare a syrup 
 and allow "it to cool. Place the fruit in the bottles, cover 
 with the syrup and then set the bottles nearly up to their 
 rims in a boiler of cold water. Some wooden slats should 
 be placed at the bottom of the boiler to keep the bottles 
 from contact with it. The water in the boiler is then 
 heated and kept boiling until the fruit in the bottles is 
 thoroughly heated through, when the covers are juit on, 
 and the bottles allowed to cool. It is claimed that the 
 flavor « f the fruit is better preserved in this way than by 
 the other. 
 
 What nuiy be preserved. — All the fruits that are used in 
 tiieir fresh state or for pies etc., and rhubarb, or pie-plaiit, 
 aiul tomatoes, (treen peas, and corn, cannot be readily 
 preserved in families as they require special apparatus. 
 Strawberries — hard-fleshed sour varieties, i;uch as the Wil- 
 son, are better than the more delicate kinds. 
 
 Currants need more sugar than the foregoing. Black- 
 berries and huckleberries are both very satisfactorily pre- 
 served, and make capital pics. Cherries and plums need 
 oidy picking over. Peaches need peeling and (piarter- 
 iiig'. The skin nuiy bo removed from ripe peaches by scald- 
 ing them in water ur weak lye for a few seconds, and then 
 transferring them to cold wafer. Some obtain a strong 
 peach flavor by boiling a few peach meats in the syrup. 
 We have had peaches keep three years, and were better 
 then than those sold at the stores. " Pears are pared and 
 halved, ir quartered, and the core removed. The best, 
 high-flavored and melting varieties only should be used. 
 Coarse baking jiears are iinsati.sfa-tory. "A])ples — very few 
 ]iut up these. Try some high-flavored ones, and you will 
 bo plea.- ed wit II t Item. Quinces — there is a great contrast 
 between quinces pres rved in this wav and those done up 
 in the old way of pouiul for pound. ^I'liey do not become 
 liard, and they remain of a fine light color. Tomatoes re- 
 quire cooking'longer than the fruits proper. Any intelli- 
 gent person who understands the principle upon which 
 fruit is preserved in this way, will soon find the mechanical 
 part easy of execution and the results satisfactory. 
 How to Protect Dried Fruit From the Worms.— 
 
 It is said that dried fruit put away with a littl bark 
 
 }■ 
 
 i- 
 ■t 
 
I. 
 
 MEATS AND VEGETABLES. 
 
 Siinsiifrud (say ii large hiuulfiil to tlie Imshcl) will save for 
 voiirs, iiniiiolet*to(i by those troiiblesoiiie little insects, 
 wliipji so often destroy huiulreils of bushels in a single 
 eason. The renieily is elieap and simple, but wc ventuie 
 to say a go.Ki oi'e. 
 
 How to Keep Canned Fruit. — 'I'ho preservation of 
 
 canned fruits (le|icnds very niiicli oti the place where they are 
 stored. If])iiiin a cellar, unlw-s it is exceptionally dry, 
 they will gather imiuld and loose all the tine, fresh flavor 
 it is so desiral)le lo retain. If kept in too warm a spot, 
 they will ferment and linrst the cans, and in thatcase, even 
 if tlio fault has not Iteen spilled over tlie sheivor, it will 
 have been made so sour that no re-scalding, etc.. can nuike 
 it good. .Severe cold does not injure it unless the weather 
 is below zero. 
 
 On-; stinging cold MKirning we entered our milk room to 
 find long rows of greuiidiers in red coats, standing trium. 
 pliantly amid the fragments of numerous defeated bottles, 
 Tiic tomatoes being presei'ved entirely witiiout sugar or 
 spice were frozen to ii solid red ice, but the fruits put nj) 
 with a small ijuantily of sugar were only slightly frozen, 
 and as we immediately immersed the jars in cold water 
 until the frost was extracted, they did not burst. The 
 tomatoes were saved by an immediate re-bottling. 
 
 A double-walled closet in a fireless room on the second 
 floor is one of the best ])laces for storing canned fruits in 
 the winter: and in summer a cool milk-room will be found 
 Biife. 
 
 How to Dry Gooseberries.— To seven pounds of red 
 gooseberries add a pound and a half of powdered sugar, 
 which must be stewed over them in the preserving j>an; let 
 them remain at a good heat over a slow fire till they begin 
 lo break; then remove them. Repeat this process "for two 
 or threo days; then take the gooseberries from the .syrup, 
 and spread them out on sieves near the fire to dry. "This 
 syrup may be used for other preserves. When the goose- 
 berries are (|uite drv. store them in tin boxes or lavers of 
 paj.er. 
 
 How to Keep Red Gooseberries.— Pick Gooseberries 
 vheii fully rijie, and for each quart take a quarter of a 
 pouiul of sug.ir and a gill of water; biiil togethcruntil quite 
 a syrup; then i)ut in the fruit, and coidinue to boil gently 
 for liftecn minutes: then jmt them into small stone jars; 
 when eold. eovor them close: kee]) them for making tarts 
 or pies. 
 
 ^ How to Keep Grapes.— 1. They must not be too ripe. 
 Take nil any imperf.Tt grapes fronithe bunches. On the 
 bottoin of a keg put a layer of bran that has been well 
 dried in an oven, or in the sun. On the bran put a layer 
 of grapes, with bran between the bunches so that they n'lay 
 not be in eontact. Proceed in the sanm way with alternat'e 
 layer.-: of gr.-ipes and bran, till the keg is fidl; then clo.se the 
 keg so tliat no air can enter. 2. In a box first lay a paper, 
 then a layer of grapes, selecting the best bunches and re- 
 moving all imperfei't grapes, then another naper, then 
 more grap;>s, nud so on until tiie box is full;' then eover 
 all with .several folds of jjajier or cloth. X.ul onthe lid. 
 and KQl in a cool room where it will not freeze. We 
 use sifudl boxes, so as not to disturl) more than we want 
 to use in a week or so. Oive e;u;h biuuh plenty of 
 room so they will not crowd, and do not u.se newsjjapers. 
 Some seal the stems wiiii sealing wax and wrap each bunch 
 by itself, but we get along without that trouble. The 
 gra'ies should be looked toseveral times during the winter. 
 iShou'l any mould or decay, they should bo removed and 
 the good (UT's ag;ii:i re])aolced. "P.y thi.s means we have 
 IkkI. with oiir|)itrher of cider and basket of apples, our 
 plate of grapes daily, besides distributing some among our 
 friends and the sick of the ueiLdiborhood. 3. [Cliinese 
 
 Method.) It consists in cutting a circular piece out of a 
 ripe pumpkin or gourd, making an aperture largo enough 
 to admit the hand. The interior is then completely 
 cleaned out, the ripe grapes are placed inside, ami thu cov 
 er replaced and pressed in firmly. The pumpkins are then 
 kept in a cool place — and the grapes will be found to retain 
 their freshness for a very long time. We are told that a 
 very careful selection must be made of the pumpkin, the 
 common field pumpkin, liowever, being well adapted for 
 the purpose in question. 
 
 How to Cure Hams. — The committee on bacon hams 
 of the Second Annual Exhibition of the Frederick (Mary- 
 land) County Agricultural Society awarded the first j)remi- 
 um to Mrs, (feorgc M. Potts, and the second to W. II. 
 fjeiuso, Esq., and observed " that the hams were remarka- 
 lile for their excellent flavor, and were at the same time 
 juicy and tender.'" — The followinnj arc the rcijies: 
 
 Mi£,s. Potts' Recii'K. — To each green ham of eighteen 
 pounds, one dessert-spoonful of saltpetre; one-fourth 
 pound of brown sugar applied to the ilcsliy side of tln^ ham 
 and about the hock; cover the fleshy side with line salt half 
 an inch thick, and pack away in tubs; to remain from three 
 to six weeks, according to size. Before smoking rub off 
 any salt that may remain on the ham, and cover well with 
 
 f round pepper, particularly about the bone and hock, 
 lan^ up and dram for two dajs: smoke with green wood 
 for eight weeks, or until the rind assumes a light chestnut 
 color. The pepper is an effectua' preventive of the fly. I 
 never bag hams. This recipe took the first premium. 
 
 Mit. Lease's Rkcipe. — AVhen the liams were cool ho 
 salted them down in a tight ciisk, putting a bushel of salt, 
 well mixed with six ounces v saltpetre, to about one thou- 
 sand pounds of pork; after it iiad been salted down four or 
 live days, ho made a strong brine, sufficient to float an egg, 
 and cured the meat with it, and then let it remain five 
 weeks longer; then hung it uji, dusting the fresh •sides 
 with black pepper; then smoked with green wood. 
 
 AxoTHEif. — After cutting out the pork, rub the skin-side 
 with about half a teaspoonful of saltpetre, well rubbed in. 
 Rub the pieces all over with salt, leaving them well covered 
 on the fleshy side. Then lay the hams in hxrge, tight 
 troughs, skin-side down. Continue this process until it ia 
 all salted down. Lot them remain in the trouglis without 
 touching or troubling them for four or live weeks, accord- 
 ing to the size of the hog, no matter liow warm or change- 
 able the weather is. Then take them out of the trough, 
 and string them on white-oak sj)lits; wash all the salt off 
 with the brine, if sufficient; if not, with water; then rub 
 them well and thoroughly with wood ashes. .Let them 
 hang u|) and remain twenty-four hours or two or three days 
 before you make the smoke under them, which must be 
 made of grei'ii chips, and not chunks. Make the smoke 
 under them every day, ami smoke them five or six weeks. 
 After the smoke stops, let the hams remain hanging all the 
 time. Shonlderscurc in the .same manner. Always kill 
 your hogs in the morning, and let them remain from twen- 
 ty-four to thirty-six hours before cutting them up. 
 
 How to Keep Smoiced Hams.— Ma':; .;-.,!;s of coarse 
 cotton cloth, large enough to hold one ham, and fdl in with 
 chopped hay all around about two inches thick. The hay 
 prevents the grease; from coming in contact with the cloth, 
 and keeps all insects from the meat. Hang in the smoke- 
 liouse, or other dry, cool jtlacc, and they will keeji a long 
 lime, 
 
 How to Dry Herbs.— 'J'hey should be gathered in a 
 dry season, cleansed from <li.scolored aiul rotten leaves, 
 screened fro. a earth or dust, i)lacs'd on handles covered 
 with blotting ]iaper, ami exposed to the sun or the heat of 
 ii stove, in a dry, airy place. The (piickcr they are dried 
 the better, as they have less time to forment or grow 
 
 P^^ 
 
 H, 
 
^» 
 
 MEATS A NO VEGETABLKfl. 
 
 moldy; litm o they sliould bo spreutl tliiii, and fro(|H(.'iitly 
 turjiod; « lion dried they should bo Hhiiken in a iiirgo 
 iuosIicmI sievu to get rid of the eggs of any insects. Aro- 
 nuitio iierl)8 ought to bedried qniekly with a nioilcrato lieat 
 tliat their odor may not be lost. Cruciferous plants Kliould 
 not be drieil, as in that CHse they lose much of their anti- 
 8Corbuti(; qiuililies. .Some persons havo propo-^ed to dry 
 herbs in a water bath, but this oecasious them, as it were, 
 to bo half boiled in their own water. 
 
 How to Keep Honey. — After the honey is passed from 
 the comb, strain it through a sieve, so as to get out all the 
 wax; gently boil it, and skim otT the whitish foam wliich 
 rises to the surface, and then the honey will Ijeconio per- 
 fectly clear. The vessel for boiling should be earthen, 
 brass, or tin. The honey should be put in jars, when cool, 
 and tightly covered. 
 
 To keep honey in the comb, select combs free from jjoI- 
 len, pa(!k them edgewise in jars or cans, aiui pour in u sidli- 
 cient quantity of the boiled and strained honey (us above) 
 to cover the condjs. The jars or cans should be tightly 
 tied over with thick cloth or leather. These processes 
 have been in use for twenty years with unvarying success. 
 
 How to Make Artiflcal Honey. — to ten jiounds of 
 
 food brown sugar add four pounds of water, gradually 
 ring it to a boil, skimming it well. When it has become 
 cooled, a<ld two pounds of bees' honey and eight drops of 
 peppermint. A better article can be made with white 
 sugar insteatl of common, with one pound less of water. 
 and one pound more of honey. To twenty pounds of col- 
 fee sugar add six pounds 01 water, four ounces cream of tar- 
 tar, four tablespoonfuls of vinegar (strong), the white of 
 two eggs, well beaten, aiul one pound of bees' honey, 
 Lubin's extract of honeysuckle, twenty drops. Place the 
 water and sugar in r. kettle, and put it over a fire; when 
 lukewarm add the cream of tartar, stirring it at the time; 
 then add the egg, and when the sugar is melted, put in the 
 honey and stir it well until it come.^ to a boil; then take it 
 off, let it stand five minutes, theustrain, adding the extract 
 last. Let it stand over night, and it is ready for use. 
 
 How to Keep Horse-Radish.— Grate a sufficient quan- 
 tity during the season, while it is green, put it in bottles, 
 fill up with strong vinegar, cork them *!o'lit> ^^^^ set them 
 in a good place. 
 
 How to Keep Lard from Moulding.— It is not likely 
 to mrld if properly tried and kept in a cool, dry place. 
 Earthen crocks or pans well tinned are good to put lard in 
 for keeping. Lard made from intestinal fat will not keep 
 so long as leaf fat. It should be soaked two or three days 
 in salted water, changed each day. 
 
 How to Keep Lard Sweet.— Even during the warmest 
 weather lard can be kept sweet by the following i)lan 
 When rendering (melting) it, throw into each kettle a 
 handful of fresh slippery elm bark. Xo salt must be added 
 to it at any time. The jars in wliich the lard is to be 
 kept nnist be thoroughly cleansed. 
 
 How to Bleach Lard. — Lard may be bleached by 
 applying a mixture of bichromat'3 of potaasa and muriatic 
 acid, in minute proportions, to the fat. 
 
 How to Try Out Lard. — This should be done in the 
 
 open air. Set a large kettle over the fire, in some sliel- 
 tereil ])hico, on a still day. It will cook much quicker in 
 large (piantities. Put into the kettle, while the lard is 
 cold, a little saleratus. say one tablespoonful to every 
 twenty pounds; stir almost constantly when nearly done, 
 till the scraps are brown and crisp, or until the steam 
 ceases to rise; then there is no danger of its molding; 
 strain out into pans, and the first will be ready to empty 
 into crocks when the lust is strained. 
 
 liow to Make Lard. — cut the fat up into pieces about 
 two inches square; fill a vessel holding about three gallons 
 with the pieces; put in a pint of boiled lye made from oak 
 and hickory ashes, and strained before using; IkiII gently 
 over a slow fire, until the cracklings have turned brown; 
 strain and set aside to cool. By the above process you wilt 
 get more lard, a better article, and whiter than by any 
 other j)rocess. 
 
 How to Keep Meat Fresh in Winter.— In Minne- 
 sota, where winter thaws are not nuicii to be feared, it is 
 quite common to hang u}) a porker or a leg of venison or 
 beef, and cut from it as it liangs, week after week. It 
 seems to us that meat so kej)t must greatly deteriorate in 
 flavor. AVe like best to cut the beef or venison into good 
 pieces for cooking in various ways, and pack them down in 
 snow. Of course they freeze, but thawing a piece brought 
 in to cook is a simple matter. Put frozen poultry or meat 
 in cold water, and all the frost will shortly leave it. A 
 coating of ice will be found on the outside, which will 
 easily cleave off. 
 
 How to Protect Meat from Fly.— An effectual way of 
 
 excluding the fly is by using a wire meat-safe, or by cover- 
 ing the joints with a long loose gauze, or some thin cloth, 
 and hanging them from the ceiling of a dry room. Pcjiper 
 and ginger should be sprinkled on the jiarts likely to be 
 attacked by the fly, but should be washed off before the 
 joint is put to the fire. 
 
 How to Cure Meat. — To one gallon of water add 
 one and a half pounds of salt, half a j)ound of sugar, half 
 an ounce of saltpetre, half an ounce of potash. In this 
 ratio the jiicklo to be increased to any quantity desired. 
 Let these be boiled together until all the dirt from the 
 sugar rises to the top and is skimmed off. Then throw it 
 into a tub to cool, and when cold pour it over your beef or 
 pork, to remain the usual time, say four or five weeks. 
 The meat must be well covered with pickle, and should not 
 be put down for at least two days after killing, during 
 which time it should bo slightly sprinkled with powdered 
 saltpetre, which removes all the surface blr.od. etc.. leaving 
 the meat fresh and clean. Some omit boiling the pickle, 
 and find it to answer well, though the ojieration of boiling 
 purifies the pickle by throwing off the dirt always to be 
 found in salt and sugar. If this recipe is properly tried it 
 will never bo abandoned, There is none that surpasses it, 
 if so good. 
 
 How to Preserve Meat in Cans.— A new method of 
 ])reserving meat in tin cans, which is favorably ccmmeuted 
 upon, is that of Jlr. K. Jones, of London. In this process 
 the meat is first packed in its raw state into tins of any 
 desired size. The lids are then soldered down, the top of 
 each lid having a small tin tube inserted into it, which 
 communicates with the interior of the tin. These tubes 
 are next inserted into the exhauster, which is a receptacle 
 connected with a machine designated a "Torricellian 
 vacuum," iin a])panitiis in which the air is exhausted by the 
 action of water. The tins are then placed in the cooking- 
 bath, and at the proper juncture the vacuum is created 
 and the meat most thoroughly cooked, at a temperature 
 varying from ISO to 2'iS degrees. At this stage another 
 feature of the invention comes into play. The vacuum 
 liaving been created, a suppl}' of gravy is turned on from a 
 rccciitacle, iind the tins tilled with nutritious fluid. The 
 feed j)ipes of liie tins are then nipped and the casc-s her- 
 metically scalcil. By thus filling the tins with the gravy 
 the dilliculty of collapse, which has always hitherto pre- 
 vented largo tins from being used, is obviated, while the 
 whole space of the package is utilized. Testimonials, from 
 captains of ships and others who have used it, are furnished 
 by the inventor, certifying to the excellent quality of the 
 
W \ I 
 
 iiR'at, Ry this improved ijrocess, overcookiiisj tlic iiiciit, !■< 
 j)rcvoiiti'(l, 1111(1 as now prepared it would si'i'iii to merit 
 goncnil a}>probation. 
 
 How to PicklQ Meat. — .Moist sugar, '^ pounds; bay or 
 common salt, 4 jiouiids; saltpetre, i pouiui; fi'esli {ground 
 ails|)ice, 2 ounces; water, G to 8 (puirts. Dissolve. Used 
 to iiicklo nu'at, to whieii it imparts u tino red eolor and a 
 superitu' flavor. 
 
 How to Keep Milk. — Milk may bo preserved in stout, 
 well-corked and wired bottles by heating' tluiu to tliO l>oil- 
 infr point in a water batli, by wiiieli the small (Hiantity of 
 inclosed air becomes decomposed. Jlilk, or green goose- 
 berries, or j)eas, thus treated, will keep for two years. 
 Some persons adil a few grains of calcined magnesia to 
 each bottle of milk before corking it. 
 
 Mince Meats. — Three pounds of raisins, stoned: three 
 pounds of currants; three pounds of beef suet, chop|ie(l 
 fine; one pound of bread crumbs; tlirec-<|narteis of a 
 pound of mixe<l candied peel; one and a half iiounds of 
 fillet of beef, previously cooked; salt, sugar, spices and 
 ginger to taste. Each ingredient to bo choj>))ed up sejia- 
 rately, and very fine. Mix all well together, and take 
 especial care that the beef is well mixed with the other 
 ingredients. Moisten with a bottle of brandy and stir 
 occasiciially. Another: Half a ])ound of candied peel, 
 cut in delicate slices, then cho))ppd; two wineglassfuls of 
 brandy. Mix well together with a wooden sitoon, and jnit 
 the mince meat, well pressed down, into a covered jar, tied 
 over ver\ ivell. The mince meat should bo made some 
 days before it is wanted, and when about to be used a 
 little more brandy should bo stirred into it. Another: 
 Quarter of an ounce of fine salt; half an ounce of mixed 
 epice; three pounds of moist sugar; three pounds of well- 
 cloaned currants; two pounds of stoned raisins, chopped; 
 two and a half pounds of beef suet, finely chopped; the 
 thinnest peel of two lemons and their juice; two pounds 
 of apples, baked to a pulp, and weighed when cold. 
 
 How to Keep Unions. — (Jather in fall ami remove the 
 tops; then spread upon a barn floor or in any open shed, 
 and allow them to remain then' until thoroughly dry. Put 
 i; to barrels or small bins or boxes and jilace m a cool place, 
 and at the approach of cold weather cover \vh]i straw or 
 chaff, if there is danger of very severe freezing. Onions 
 are often injured in winter by keeping them in too warm a 
 
 Slace. They will seldom be injured by frost if kejit in the 
 ark, and in tight barrels or boxes, where not subjected to 
 frequent changes of temperature. It is the jternato 
 freezings and thawings that destroy them, and if pliiced in 
 a position where they will remain frozen all winter, and 
 then thawed out slowly and in a dark jilace, no considera- 
 blo injury would result from this ajiparently harsh treat- 
 ment. Onions should always be stored in the coolest part 
 of the cellar, or put in chaff and set in the barn or some 
 out-house. 
 
 How to Keep Parsnips. — The almost nnivcrsal prac- 
 tice among farmers is to allow their parsnii)s to remain in 
 the ground through winter, just where they were grown. 
 AVe believe t!io quality of this root is improved by being 
 frozen, or at Last kept cool, but it is not necessary to leave 
 them in the open garden during winter, where, if the 
 ground remain frozen, they cannot be got at until it thaws 
 in spring, and then used in a very few weeks or not at all. 
 If the roots are dug up late in the fall, leaving all the tops 
 on, then carefully heeled in thickly together in rows, after 
 which cover with a little coarse litter, they can be reached 
 whenever wanted during winter. 
 
 How to Dry Peaches. — Never pare peaches to dry. 
 Let them get mellow enough to bo in good eating condi- 
 tion, put them in boiling water for a moment or two, and 
 
 the skins will come olT like a charm. Let thorn be in the 
 water long enough, but no longer. The gain is at least 
 sixfold — saving of time in removing the skin, great saving 
 of the peach, the part of the peach saved is the best part, 
 less time to stone the i)eaclus, less time to dry them, aiul 
 betti'r when dried. A whole iiushel can be done in a boiler 
 at once, and the water turned off. 
 
 How to Can Peaches. — Pare and halve your peaches. 
 I'ack them as closely as possible in the can without any su- 
 gar. When the can is full, pour in suflicicnt pure cold 
 water to fill all the interstices between the ])oaehes, and 
 rt'aeli tlu! brim of the can. Let them stand limg enough 
 for the water to soak into all the crevices — say six hours — 
 then pour in water to replace Avhat has sunk away. .Seal up 
 the can, and all is done. Canned in thia way, peaches re- 
 tain all their freshness and flavor. 
 
 There will not bo enough water in them to render them 
 insi])id. If prt'ferred, a cold syrup could bo used instead 
 of jiure water, but the peaches taste more natural without 
 any sweet. 
 
 How to Preserve Green Peas.— When full grown, 
 
 but not old, ])ick and shell the peas. Lay them on dishes 
 or tins in a cool oven, or l)eforo a bright fire; do not heai> 
 the peas on the dishes, but merely cover them with peas, 
 stir them frequently, and let them dry very gradually. 
 'When hard, let them cool, then pack them in stone jars, 
 cover close and keep them in a very dry place. When re- 
 (piired for use, soak them for some hours in cold water till 
 they look plump before boiling; they are excellent for 
 soup. 
 
 Piccalilli, Indian Method.— This consists of all kinds 
 of pickles mixed. and put into ono large jar — sliced cucum- 
 bers, button onions, cauliflowers, broken in pieces. Salt 
 them, or put them in a large hair sieve in the sun to dry 
 for three days, them scald them in vinegar a few minutes, 
 when cold put them together. Cut a large white cabbage 
 in quarters, with the outside leaves taken off and cut line, 
 salt it and put in the sun to dry three or four days, then 
 scald it in vinegar, the same as cauliflower; carrots, three 
 parts, boiled in vinegar and a little bay salt. French beans, 
 radish, pods, and nasturtium8,all go through the same proc- 
 ess as capsicums, etc. To 1 gallon of vinegar put 4 ounces 
 of ginger bruised, 8 ounces of whole white pepper, 2 ounces 
 of allspice, -J ounce chillies bruised, 4 ounces of tumeric, 
 1 pound of the best mustard, -^ pound of shallots, 1 ounce 
 of garlic, and ^ pound of bay salt. The vinegar, spice, 
 and other ingredients, exccj't the mustard, must boil half 
 an hour; then strain it into a pan, pnt the mustard into a 
 largo basin, with a little vinegar ; mix it quite fine and free 
 from lumps, then add more. When woll mixed put it into 
 the vinegar just strained off, and when quite cold put the 
 jiickles into a la'-go pan, and tlio liquor over them ; stir 
 them roi)eatedly, so as to mi''' liieni all. P'inally, put them 
 into a jar, and tie them over first with a bladder, and 
 afterwards with leather. The capsicums want no prepara- 
 tion. 
 
 How to Store Potatoes. — Potatoes should not be ex- 
 posed to the sun and light any more than is necessary to 
 dry them after digging them from the hill. Every ten 
 minutes of such exposure, especially in the sun; injures 
 their edible qualities. The flesh is thus rendered soft, 
 yellowish or greenish, and injured in flavor. Dig them 
 when dry, and put them in a dark collar immediately, and 
 keep them there till wanted for nse, and there wonld not 
 be so much fault found about bad quality. This is also a 
 hint to those grocers and marketmen who keep their pota- 
 toes in barrels in the sun — that is, if they wish to fnrnish 
 their customers with a good article. 
 
 How to Keep Potatoes from Sprouting.— To keep 
 potatoes intended for use at the table from sprouting until 
 
 pari 
 thrJ 
 
 Sull 
 o\\ 
 not| 
 cri 
 plaJ 
 
 retil 
 Th\ 
 sliE 
 
 (: 
 
 J 
 
:1? 
 
 
 MEATS *KD VEQETABLKS. 
 
 now potatoes grow, tako l)oilin;i; Avator, pour into a tub, 
 turn iu ua iniiny potatoes as tho wnter will cover, tlieu 
 pour oil all tho water, haudlo the potatcn riircfiiDy, liiyin;; 
 up in ft dry place ou boards, only one layer deep, and see 
 if you do not havo good potatoes the year round, without 
 hard strings and watery ciuU caused by growing. 
 
 How to Dry Pumpkins. — Take tho rij)e pumpkins, 
 pare, cut into small pieee.s, stew soft, mash and strain 
 through ft colander, as if for making pies. Spread this 
 
 Snip on plates iu layers not quite an inch thick ; dry it 
 own in tlio stove oven, kept at so low a temperature as 
 not to scorch it. In about a day it will become dry and 
 crisp. Tho sheets thus made can be stowed away in a dry 
 place, and they are always ready for use for pies or sauce. 
 Soak tho pieces over night iu a little milk, and they will 
 return to nice pulp, ns delicious as tho fresh pumpkin, 
 Tho quick drying after cooking prevents any portion from 
 slightly Bouring, as is always the case when the uncooked 
 pieces are dried ; the llavor is much better preserved, and 
 the after-cookii»g is saved. 
 
 How to K«»ep Rain-Water Sweet.— The best way to 
 keep rain-water sweet in a cistern, is to first collect it m a 
 tank, aiul filter it into tho cistern below the surface. This 
 will remove tho organic matters, and prevent fermenta- 
 tion. Care should also be taken to prevent surface drain- 
 age into it. 
 
 How to Preserve Rosebuds.— A method employed 
 in Germany to keep rosebuds fresh into tho winter, con- 
 sists in first covering the end of the recently cut stem 
 with wax, and then placing each one in a closed paper cap 
 or cone, so that tho leaves do not toucli tho paper. The 
 cap is then coated with glue, to exclude an-, dust and 
 moisture, and when dry it is stood up in a cool place. 
 When wanted for use, the bud is taken out of the cap and 
 placed in water, after cutting off the end, wlien tho rose 
 will bloom in a few hours. 
 
 How to Keep Sweet Potatoes.— Sweet potatoes can 
 be kept by placing them in bulk in a bin or box (the 
 more the better) without drying, and maintaining for 
 them a uniform temperature of 45° to 50°. Putting 
 something between, among, or around them, may serve 
 to keep them at tlio i>r()i)er temperature, but it is of no 
 value whatever aside from this ; and if it ^houId retain 
 dampness, it will be a positive injury. Afier the sweat 
 takes place, say iu three or four weeks, scatter over them 
 a light covering of dry loam or saiul. In this way it is 
 easy to keep sweet potatoes for table use or for seed, as 
 well as "the inferior and less nourishing Irish potato." 
 Another way is to i)aek in barrels, and pour in kiln-dried 
 sand until the intervals arc full ; or boxes of uniform size, 
 piled up on tbp side of a room where tho temperature 
 never falls to the f iee?,i:ig jioint, which is a condition of 
 first imjiortance. This wall of boxes may bo papered 
 over, and left undisturbed until sjiring, when tho potatoec 
 will command tho highest prices. 
 
 How to Keep Sweet Potatoes in Bulk.— A sweet 
 pc ..to grower in Southern Illinois states that sweet pota- 
 toes will keep in bulk. He has kept seven hundred 
 bushels in one jiile. The potatoes should be dug before 
 the vines are injured by frost, sunned until dry, aiul then 
 placed in a cellar on a clay fioor, putting fine hay or fiax 
 straw between the potatoes and tho wall, and covering with 
 tho same material. Tho deeper and larger the pile the 
 better. The hay or straw sliould bo covered with clay, a 
 thickness of one or two inches being sutticient for tho 
 climate of that region. At the top should be left one or 
 more air-holes, aceonling to tlio size of the pile, for tho 
 escape of steam. In damp, warm weather open a window 
 or door in th' day-time. 
 
 r^ 
 
 How to Make Hard Soap.— After the raw soda or 
 barilla is ground or joundc-*!. it is jdaced in a vat in alter- 
 nate lavcis with u«.;lackH lime, tho bottom layer being 
 lime. \Vater is allowed to infiltrate through those layers, 
 and the lye is securcfl as it trickles througli a liole in the 
 bottom of the vat. The lime absorbs tho tarlionic acid of 
 tho soda, nuiking the lye c:au?tic or fit for the soap-ketlle; 
 and the quantity of lime applied must be in proportion to 
 tho quantity of rarlwtiic acid in the soda. To every twen- 
 ty pounds of tallow add one gallon of weak lye, and boil 
 until the lye is spent. The mass nnist then cool for one 
 hour, the spent tye drawn off, and another gallon of strong 
 lye be addud; the mixture again boiled until the second 
 doso of lye is spent, and the same process must bo rejieated 
 for several davs, until the mixture, if pro])erly numaged, 
 is converted into white tallow soap, which should be 
 allowed to cool gradually and settle, when it is poured iiito 
 molds, and when solid it is cut into tho bars which are 
 found in our markets. Twenty pounds of tallow ought to 
 make 30 pounds of first-quality hard soap, allowing three 
 pounds of soda-ash for every 2Q j)ounds of tallow. Tho 
 balance of the weight is m^de up by the large qiumtity of 
 water which enters into combination with tne grease and 
 alkali in the course of gaponilieation. 
 
 AVhen yellow or resin stap is required, the hard soap has 
 to bo made in the nsnal manner, and at the last charge of 
 lye, or when the soapy mass ceases to absorb any moi j lye, 
 one-third the weight of pounded resin is introduced, tho 
 mixture constantly stirred, and the boil kept up vigorously 
 until the resin has become incorporated with tho soap. 
 The whole must stand until it settles, and tho soap then 
 dipped out. liesin soap, when well made, should be a fine 
 bright color. 
 
 How to Make Soft Soap. — The principal difference 
 
 between hard and ioi: ?■ i]- is. that three parts of fat 
 atford, in general, fully ■;••- ji.irtsliard soda-soap; but three 
 parts of fat or oil wili ;i;!'j.3 ^ix or Feven parks of potash- 
 soap of a moderate C':':-?ijteucc. From its cheapness, 
 strength, and superior solubility, potash-soap is preferred 
 for numy purposes, particularly for the scouring of wool- 
 ens. 
 
 The lyes prepared for making soft soaps should be made 
 very strong, ami of two densities, as the process "f making 
 potash or soft soap differs materially from that ,-C making 
 soda or hard soap. A portion <if the oil or fat being j)lace(l 
 in the boiling-pan, and heated to near the boiling ])oint of 
 water, a certain por:i->n of the weaker lyo is introduced, 
 and the fire kept up so as to bring the mixture to the boil- 
 ing point ; then some more oil and lye are introduced 
 alternately, until the pan is filled. The boiling is continued 
 gently, strong lye being ad<led until the saponification is 
 complete. The fire should then be removed, and some good 
 soap, previously made, added while cooling down, to pre- 
 vent any change by evap^j-ration. Onejiound of oil requires 
 about one-third of a p*:<and of American potjish, and will 
 make one and three-qtiarters to two pounds of wcll-boilcd 
 soap, containing about 40 ]>er cent, of water. Sixty pounds 
 of lard will make 1»» fKiunds of first-class soft soap, by 
 using one and a half cans of concentrated lye, which is 
 made from salt, and is r»j-;illy a soda-lye. 
 
 How to Make Sauerkraut— In the first place, let 
 your "stand,"' holding fr<'m half a barrel to a band, bo 
 thoroughly s(^aided out. the cutter, the tub and the stamper 
 also well scalded. Take off all the outer leaves of the 
 cabbages, halve them, remove the heart, and proceed with 
 tho cutting. Lay some clean leaves at the bottom of the 
 stand, sprinkle with a hamlful of salt, fill in half a bushel 
 of cut cabbage, stamp gently until the juice just makes its 
 appearance, then add another handful of salt, and so on 
 until the stand is fnlL Cover over with cabbage leaves, 
 
 Q 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
i 
 
 , 
 
 "in 
 
 
 I: 
 
 ^1 
 
 MEATS AND VEOETABLKS. 
 
 pliu'o on top a cli'im hoard fitliiij,' tlu' spaci^ jirctty wi'll, 
 ami on top of tliali a stono wcif^'liiiii,' twclvo or fifteen 
 lioniids. iSiaiiil away in a. cool place, and when lirrd 
 freezing,' coMie.-i on reniovi* to thi^ eellar. It will ho reaily 
 for use in from fonr to six week^i. 'I'lie eahhau't' Miionld he 
 I'lit, toierahly coifse. 'i'hu Savoy variety makes tlu! hest 
 nrtiele, imi, it i.s only lialf as jiroiluutivo as thu Drunihead 
 and Fiat Dutch. 
 
 How to Make and Keep Sausage.— To make faniil} 
 
 sausau'e, I lie I rimmiii;,r,s and oiliei' lean and fat ])ortioiis 
 of pork are used, takini; care that there is ahout twicu as 
 nuu'h lean as I'al ; sonic consider it an improvement to add 
 ahout one-sixth of tlio weight of lean heel'. As to season- 
 ing;, that is a matter of taste. 'I'lii! majority of ]ieoplo nso 
 salt, iiepper, and saiic only, some nsc only salt and jieppcr, 
 while ol hers, in addition totlieahove, put in thyme, inaue, 
 cloves and otlu'r s]iice3. 'J'liero is somethini,' repulsive 
 aliout the intestint's or "skiii.s"nsed forstiitliiig sausafie, 
 mid the majority preserve the meat in hulk, in cold 
 wcnther it will kee[) for ii lonj; ti'ue, but if it is desired to 
 presc'vo it heyoiid cold wcaliierit needs some care. Wo 
 liavc found that muslin haijs, made of ii size to hold ii roll 
 two and one-half or three ineln'S in diameter, keep the 
 meat very satisfactorily. These hai^s, when tilled with 
 sau.siigo meat, are dipped into melted lard, and hnuj<; up in 
 a dry, cool place. For scasoniiiij, wo use to one hundred 
 jiounds of meat forty ounces salt, and from eight to ten 
 ounces of pepper. 
 
 How to Keep Suet.— Snct may bo kept a year, thus: 
 1'ake the lii'i'iest and most free from skin or veins, remove 
 all traces of these, ))ut the suet in the saucepan at some 
 distance from the lire, and let it melt gradiudly; when 
 melted, pour it into a pan of cold spring water; when liard, 
 wipe it (Irv, fold it in white paper, jjut it in a linen bag, 
 and keep it in a cool, dry place; when used, it must be 
 Bcrajied, and it will makcun excellent crust with or without 
 butter. 
 
 How to Can Tomatoes.— The most thorough and 
 reliable mode of canning tomatot,, is as follows: They are 
 just sutliciently steamed, not cooked, to scald or loosen the 
 skin, and are then poured upon tables and the skin re- 
 moved, care being taken to preserve the tomato in as solid 
 a state as possible. After being ptudcd, thev are ])laced in 
 large jians, with false bottoms perforated w'ith holes, so as 
 to strain olf the litiiiid that emanates from them. From 
 these pans they are carefully placed by hand into the cans, 
 which are filled as solidly as ]iossihlc — in otb'n' words, all 
 aro put in that the cans will Jiold. They aro then put 
 through the usual process, and hermetically sealed. The 
 cans, when o]»ened for use, present the tomato not only 
 like the natural vegetable in taste iind color, but also in 
 appearance; and moreover, when thus sealed, they are 
 warranted to keep in any climate, and when opened will 
 taste as natural as when just plucked from the vine. 
 
 How to Clarify Tallow.— Dissolve one pound of alum 
 in one rpiart of water, add to this lOU poum's of tallow in 
 a jacket kettle (a kettle set in a larger one, and the inter- 
 vening space fdled with water; this prevents burning the 
 tallow). Uoil three-rpiarters of fin hour and skim. Then 
 add one pound of salt dissolved in a quart of water. Boil 
 and skim. When well clarified the tallow should bo nearly 
 the color of water. 
 
 How to Harden Tallow.— We havo used the following 
 mixture with success: To one pound of tallow take ono- 
 foiirth of a pound common rosin; melt them together, and 
 mold them the usual way. This will give a candle of 
 superior lighting power, and as hard as a wax candle; a 
 vast improvement upon the commou tallow candle in all 
 respects except color. 
 
 How to Make TomatoCatsup.— Take of perfectly ripe 
 
 tomatoes 4 bushel; wa.sh them clean and break to pieces; 
 then ])ut ovt'r the lire ami h't fliein come t(j a lioil, and re- 
 move from the tire; w hen they ai'o Hiillicieiitly cool to allow 
 your hands in them, nib through a wire sieve; and to what 
 goi's through, add salt 5.' tea-cups; allspicoand cloves. grouiul, 
 of each, 1 teaiiip; best vinegar 1 (piart. Put on to the lire 
 again and cook one hoiii-, stirring with great care to avoid 
 burning. ]5ollle and seal for use. If too thick when used 
 imt in a little vinegar. If they wore very juicy thoy may 
 need boiling over an hour. 
 
 How to Keep Vegetables. — Sink a barrel two-thirds 
 of its depth into the groiiirl (a box or cask will answer a 
 better ])urpose); heap tlie earth around the ]iart jirojectitig 
 out of the ground, with a slope on idl sides; place the vege- 
 tables that y(ai desire to keep in the vessel; cover the top 
 with a water-light cover; and when winter seta in, throw 
 an armfid of straw, hay, or something of fhiit sort, on the 
 barrel. If the bottom "is out of the cask or barrel, it will bo 
 better. Cabbages, celerv, and other vegc-tahles, will keep 
 in this way as fresh as when taken from the ground. The 
 celery should stand nearly perpendieidar, celery and earth 
 alternating. Freedom from frost, ease of access, and espe- 
 cially freshness, and freedom from rot, aro the advantages 
 claimed. 
 
 How to Keep Yeast.— Ordinary boor yeast may bo 
 kept fresh and fit for use for several months, by placing it 
 in a closo canvas bag, and gently sipieczing out the moist- 
 ure in a screw ])ress, tho remaininjK matter becomes as still 
 as clay, in which state it nnist be preserved in close vessels. 
 
 Yeast Cakes, or Preserved Yeast.— Put a largo 
 
 handful of hops into two quarts of boiling water. Boil 
 thioe large potatoes until they are tender. Mash them and 
 add them to wo pounds of Hour. Pour tho boiling hot 
 water over tlr. Hour through a sieve or colander, and beat 
 it until it is quite smooth. While it is warm, add two 
 tablcspoonfuls of salt, and half a teacupful of sugar. Be- 
 fore it is quite cold, stir in a pint or more of good yeast. 
 After the yeast has become quite light, stir in as much In- 
 dian meal as it will take, roll it out in cakes, and place 
 them on a cloth in si dry j'lace, taking oirc to turn them 
 every day. At the end of a week or ten days they may bo 
 j)ut into a bag and should bo kept in a dry place. ^Vhen 
 used, take one of these cakes, soak it in some milk-warm 
 water, mash ft smooth, and use it as any other kind of 
 yeast. 
 
 How to Make Cider Vinegar.— 1. The most profita- 
 ble return from such a])ples as are made into cider is tho 
 further transformation of the juico into vinegar. To do 
 this, tho barrels should bo completely filled, so that all im- 
 purities that "working" — fermenting — throws off will be 
 ejected through tho bung-hole. This process should bo 
 completed before the barrel is put in tho cellar', and when 
 this is done, tho purified juico should bo drawn out of tho 
 original cask and put into others where there is a small 
 amount of old vinegar, which will anuiziugly hasten the de- 
 sired result. If no vinegar can be obtained to " start " the 
 cider, it must remain in a dry cellar six months, and per- 
 haps a year (tho longer the better), before it will be fit for 
 tho table. 
 
 2. Save all your apple parings and slice in with them all 
 waste apples and other fruits; keep them in a cool place till 
 yon get a pailful, then turn a la-go plate over them, on 
 which alight weight should bo placed, and pour on boiling 
 water till it comes to tho top. After they nave stood two 
 or three days pour oil tho liquid, which will be as good eider 
 as much tluit is offered for sale; strain and pour it into a 
 cask or some other convenient vessel (anything that can be 
 closely covered will do), and drop in a piece of " mother," 
 or vinegar plant, procured of some one that has good 
 
MEATS AND Vi:aETAI,E8. 
 
 viiii'^^iir. If Kct ill a wiirni pliioo, tlio viin'j,'iir will bo fit for 
 iiso ill tiii'ctt or four wiu'kH, wlu'ii il chii lie dniwii oil' for 
 MM', and tlio viMk liileil wilii v.'uh'V iiuulu from liiiKt to tiiric 
 by Ibin |)roc('SH. 'J'lu> |)iiriiii,'.s HJioiild i)o nrcnscd coiiiiniijly 
 into ii till) or pull, and only viilcr cnoii;;!! poured over to 
 i'oni(» to tlicir Htirracc. otiicrwisc tlic cider would Ik! ho weak 
 UH to re(|iiiro tluMiddil ion of nxplasserf, l?y lia\ iM;,Mwo casks, 
 one lo contain tlio vine;,'ar already made, and llm oilier to 
 nil iiilo from timo to time, one never need he willioiil, ;,'o(id 
 vine^'ar. Th?. rinHin;;M of preserve kettles, KWcatnaat jai's, 
 and from lioncy, also stale lu^or and oM cider, sliould all Ijc 
 saved for tlio vinej^ar cask; only caution should ho used 
 that there bo siillieieiit sweetness or body to whatever is 
 poured in, or tlio viiiepir may dio from lack of Htitiij^th. 
 
 3. A barrel or ii cask of now Bwcet cider, buried so as to 
 be well coverod with fresh earth, will turn to sharp, clear, 
 delicious vinegar in three or four weeks, as good as over 
 sought airmity with cabbage, pickles, or table sauce, and 
 better than is possible to nuiko by any other process. 
 
 How to Preserve Pickles.— The strongest vinegar must 
 bo used for pickling; it inusliiot be boiled, or the strength 
 of the vinegar and siiices will bo evaporated. By jmrboil- 
 ing tlio pickles in brino they will bo ready i much less 
 timo than they are when done in tlio usual manner, of soak- 
 ing them in cold water for six or eiglit days. AVhen taken 
 out of tlio hot brino, let them got cold and quite dry before 
 you put them into tlio piokle. 
 
 To assist the preservation of pickles, a portion of salt is 
 added, and for the same purpose, and to give ilavor, long 
 pepper, black pepper, allspice, ginger, cloves, mace, osclia- 
 lots, mustard, liorse radish and capsicum. 
 
 Tho following is the best method of preparing the pickle, 
 as cheap as any, and requires less care than any other way: 
 JJruise in a mortar four ounces of tlio above spices, put 
 them into a stono jar with a quart of the strongest vinegar, 
 Btoj) the jar closely with ti bung, cover that with u bladder 
 soaked with pickle, set it on a trivet by the side of tho lire 
 for tlirco drys, well shaking it up at least three times in the 
 day; the jiicklo should bo at least three inches above the 
 pickles. The jar being well closed, and tho infusion being 
 made with a mild heat, there is no loss by evaporation. 
 
 To onablo tho articles pickled more easily and speedily 
 to imhibo the Ilavor of tho picklo tliev are immersed in, 
 jirevioua to jiouriiig it on them, runalarding-piu through 
 them in several places. 
 
 Pickles should bo kept in a dry place in unglazed earth- 
 enware or glass jars, which are preferable, as you can, with- 
 out opening them, observe whether they want lilling up; 
 they must bo carefully stojipcd with well-fitted bungs, and 
 tied over as closely as jiossiblo with a bladder wetted with 
 the pickle; and if it be jireserved a long timo after that is 
 dryi it must bo dipped in bottle cement. 
 
 When the jiickles are well used, boil up tho liquor with a 
 little fresh sjiico. 
 
 To walnut liquor may be added a few anchovies and escha- 
 lots; let it stand till it is quite clear, and bottle it; thus 
 you may furnish the talde with an excellent savory-keeping 
 sauce for hashes, niado dishes, fish, etc., at very small 
 cost. 
 
 Jars should not be more than three parts filled wiuh tho 
 articles jnckled, which should bo covered with picklo at 
 least two inches above their surface; the liquor wastes, and 
 all of tho articles pickled that are not covered are soon 
 spoiled. 
 
 When they have been done about a week, open the jars 
 and fill them up with picklo. 
 
 Tie a wooden spoon, full of holes, round ea»h jar, to take 
 them out with. 
 
 If you wish to have gherkins, etc., very green, this may 
 
 be ciisilv iiceoniplislicd liy keeping tlii in in vinegar, siilll- 
 cieiilly liot, till they become so. 
 
 If you wish ciiiilillowers, oniims, etc., to be while, use 
 distilled vinegar for them. 
 
 To I'litirely ]ire\('nt the niiscliief arising from the action 
 of the acid upon the metallii' utensils iisnally eniploycil to 
 prepare pickles, the whole of the process is directed to bo 
 jierrornied in nngla/.ed stone jars. 
 
 How to Pickle Beets. --I'>oil your beets lilltindcr, 
 but not cjuite s(jri. To four large beets, lioilthret^ ''r-'K** 
 hard anil rcniovo the shells; wlieii the beets are done, 
 take otf the skin by laving them for a few minutes in 
 cold water, an<l then stripping it off; slice them a quarter 
 of an inch thick, put the eggs at the liottom, and Ihen imt 
 in the beets with a lit lie salt, I 'our on cold vinegar enough 
 to cover them. 1'lie eggs imbibe the color of the beets and 
 look beautiful on the table. 
 
 Beet-Root, Plcklod.— Simmer the roots till three parts 
 (lone tfrom one ami a half lo two and a halt' hours) ; then 
 take tliem out, peel and cut them in thin slices. I'lil lliem 
 into 11 jar, and pour on sutlieient cold spiced vinegar to 
 cover them. 
 
 Cabbag'e, Pickled.— C'hoose a fine, close calibago for 
 tho jmrjiose of pickling, cut it as thin as possible, and 
 throw some salt upon it. Let it remain for three days, 
 when it will have turned a rich purple ; drain from it the 
 salt, and put it into a ])an with some strong vinegar, a few 
 blades of mace, and sonii! white pe])per-eorns. (Jive it ii 
 scald, and when (^old, jiiit it into the jars, and tie it up 
 close. 
 
 Cucumbers, Pickled.— Make a brine by putting one 
 jiint of rock salt into a jiail of boiling wiiter, and pour it 
 over tho cucumbers ; cover tight to keep in the steam, and 
 let tluun remain all night and part of a day ; make a 
 second brine as above, and let them remain in it the same 
 length of time; then scald and skim the brine, as it will 
 answer for tho third time, and let them remain in it as 
 above ; then rinse and wipe them dry, and add boiling hot 
 vinegar ; throw in a luni[) of alum as largo as an oil-nut 
 to every pail of jiickles, and you will have a fine, hard and 
 green pickle; add sp'ces if you like, and keep the ]ncklos 
 under the vinegar. A brick on the top of the cover, which 
 keep tho i)iokles under, has a tendency to collect tho scum 
 to itself, whic'.i may arise. 
 
 Cherries Pickled. — Take the largest and ripest red 
 cherries, ri'inovi! the stems, have ready a large t;lass jar, 
 fill it two-thirds full with cherrie.;, and fill iiji to the top 
 with the best vinegar; keep it well covered, and no boiling 
 or spico is iiocessary, as the cherry Ilavor will be retained, 
 and the cherries will not si'.rivel. 
 
 Chopped Pickles. — What we call chopped pickle goes 
 also under the name of chow-chow, ]iieklette, liigduni. etc. 
 It is liked by most persons, is readily made, and admits 
 of the use of a number of articles. There is no particular 
 rule for making it, and the bases may be of whatever 
 liiekle-niakin^^ material is most abundant. We have just 
 put up our winter stock, and this time made it as follows: 
 (Jreeii tomatoes fiirnislied the largest share; then there 
 wore nearly ripe cucumbers with the seeds removed, cab- 
 bage, onions, and green-peppers. These were chopped in 
 a cliop|iing-machinc, and mixed, sprinkled freely with salt, 
 and allowed to stand until tho next day. The abundant 
 juico was then thoroughly drain off, and enough spiced 
 vinegar prepared to cover tho material. No rule can be 
 given for the spico, which may be according to taste. 
 Whole peppar, cloves, mustard-seed, broken cinnamon, or 
 whatever spice is fancied, may bo boiled in the vinegar. 
 Wo prefer it with the addition of sugar. Some mix up 
 mustard and add to the pickle when cold, and others boil 
 
 I 
 
'': ,ir 
 
 i 
 
 ]] 
 
 
 — e 
 
 MEATS AND VKOKTAIU.F.a. 
 
 tiinncrin in tlio viiicpar to ;;ivp it ii uiiif(irm pllow color. 
 ft in II (licklc tluit ciiii III) iimik' uci'onliiijr to fiiiicy ratlicr 
 tliuii iicronlin^r to nilc. Jii wiiilcr, riilil)ii;;i', ci'lcry iiml 
 (iiiiiiii.-^, ticiilcil in tlio saiiiu wny iiiiiki' ii very linn pii'ixli'. 
 A;* witli otiiri- ]iicl;li's, lli(i vincjiar hlioillil \n< jiolircd olT iilid 
 Itoilcil, Ml iiilrrv;il-f of II fi'vv (lays, two or llirctj times Ijuforo 
 it is [lilt, a\v:iy Inr tlm winlcr. 
 
 Cauliflower and Broccoli.— 'i'lios'o pIiohM Iw sliced. 
 
 and Sidled for (wo or tlircc days, then drained, and sjiiead 
 u|Min I', dry ciuili liel'oro tlioliri' for twenly-l'oiir hours ; 
 then |)ut. iiilo !i jar and covered with spiced vinegar. l>r. 
 Kiiclieiier says, that if vcgetahles arc )Mit into cold salt 
 and water (a (|iiarter of ii ])oiiiid of tialt to iv (juart of 
 water), anil trradnally heated to hoiliiig, it answers the 
 eaiiie [piiriiose as letting theiTi lie some days in salt. 
 
 Crab-Apple, Sweet, Pickled.— Boil tlie fruit in clear 
 water iinlil ii hrconies ii little soft; then drain tlunioiiii 
 large dish ; then to every poand of friiil add quo of siigiir, 
 and liiiil hard until they are jn'eserved. 
 
 To make the pickles', take one-half synip and one-lialf 
 vinegar; till the jar with the preserves, and pour on t ho 
 syrnp and vinegar ; add sjiiees to suit the tuste. 
 
 Gherkins, Pickled. — Steep them in strong brines for a 
 week, then pmir it oil', heat il to a Imiling point, and again 
 juair it on tlie glurkins; in twenly-fonr liotiis drain the 
 fruit on a sieve, put it into wide-iuoiithed hot ties or jars, till 
 them up with strung pickling vinegar, boiling hot, Imng 
 tlown immediately, and tie over with iv Madder. A\ hen 
 cold, dill the corks into inelteil bottle wax. Spico is 
 usually added to the liottles, or else steeped in the vinegar, 
 
 Jn a similar way iiro pickled : onions, mushrooms, cu- 
 oiimhers, waliuits, Haiuiihiivs, green gooseberries, ciUili- 
 flowcrs, nuliiiis, barheriies, peaches, lemons, tonuitoes, 
 beans, radi.-h pods, codlins, red calibago (without salt aiul 
 with cold vinegar), beet-root (without salt), garlic, peas, 
 etc., etc.; observing that the softer aiul more delicate 
 articles do not re(piire so long snaking in brine as the 
 harder and coarser kinds, and may be often ailvantagcously 
 jiickleil by simply jiouiMng very strong pickling vinegar 
 over them, without applying heat, 
 
 Green-Ging-er, Pickled.— (lean and slice the ginger ; 
 spriiiKle with salt; let it remain a few hours; then put; 
 it into a jar or bottle, and pour boiling vinegar over it; 
 cork it up when cool. 
 
 Limes, Pickled. — They shouM he sm.all, and with tliin 
 rinds. lUih them with jiicces of flannel, tlK'ii slit them 
 lialf down in four <juartets, but net through to the ])ul|i ; 
 till tlio slits with salt, hard pressed in ; set them upright 
 in a pan for four or five days until the salt melts, turn 
 them three times ii day in their own li(pior until ten- 
 der ; make a Rutlicient fpiantity of pickle to cover them, 
 of vinegar, tlio brine of the lemons, iiepperaiul ginger; 
 boil and skim it, and when cold jnit it to the lemons with 
 two ounces of mustard seed and two cloves of garlic to 
 every six lemons. In boiling the l)rino care should bo 
 taken to use a well-tinned cojiper saucepan only, otherwise 
 it will be discolored. 
 
 Mixed Piccalilli, Pickled.— To eadi gallon of strong 
 vinegar ])ut four ouncts uf curry powder, four ounces of 
 good llower mustard, three ounces of bruised ginger, tio 
 ounces of turmeric, eight ounces of skinned shallots, and 
 two ounces of garlic (the last two slighly baked in a Dutch 
 oven), one-fourth pound of salt and two drachms of cay- 
 enne pepper. Digest these near the tire, as Jirectcd above 
 for sjticcd vinegar. Put in'o ji jar, gherkins, sliced cu- 
 cumbers, sliced onions, button onions, cauliflower, celery, 
 broccoli, French beans, nasturtiums, capsicums, large 
 cucumbers, and small lemons. All, except the capsicums. 
 
 to be ])arb(iiled in salt water, draineil, and drieil on a cloth 
 before the lire. I'oiir on them the above Jiicklo. 
 
 Mushrooms, Pickled.— 'I'd lurserve the flavor, but- 
 tiiiis must lie iiililieil wii ha ]iiece of llaiincl and salt, and 
 from the large ones take out the red inside, for Avheii they 
 are black they will not do, being too old. Throwalilllo 
 salt over, and jiiit them in a stewpan with sonio mace 
 and white jiepjicr ; as tlut liipior comes out, shake them 
 W(dl, and simmer them over a gentle fire till all of il is 
 dried into them again ; then ]iiit as much \inegar into the 
 pan as will cover them ; make it warm, then put all into 
 glass jars or bottles, and tiednwn with a hliulder. They 
 will keep two years, ami are delicious. 
 
 Mixed Pickles. — One largo white cabbage, beans, 
 green tomatoes, gherkins and green pepper (the veins to 
 be (uit out), without regard to ipuintily; chop them up 
 linely, and place in sepiirato vessels ; salt them, and let 
 them stand twenty-four jionrs; sipieeze them through a 
 sieve, mix all together, ami llavor with mustaid-seed spice, 
 cloves, bh'ek pepper luul horse-radish ; pour on scalding 
 vinegar; cut up two large onions and throw in, and let 
 them stand twenty-four hours; then pour olf the viuegiu* 
 ami .11 u[i with cold. 
 
 Onions, Pickled. — Sc^ald one gallon of small onions 
 in salt water of the slrt'iigth to bear an egg. Duly just 
 let them boil; strain them olT, and jieid them after they 
 are scalded, jilai'o them in a jar, and covt^r them with the 
 best cold vinegar. 'J'lio next day pour the vinegar olf, 
 add two ounces of bruised ginger, one oiinco of white 
 jiepper, two ounces of Hour of mustard seeil, half an ounce 
 chillies; boil them twenty minutes, turn all together, boil- 
 ing hot, to the onions ; let tlii'in remain ten days, turn the 
 vinegar out agiiin, boil as before, turn tiiem hot on the 
 onions again. They will be readv for use as soon as (|uite 
 cold. 
 
 How to make Peach Pickles.— Take any quantity of 
 
 fine peaches just before they are ripe, stick into each live or 
 six cloves: make a syrup of three pintsof vinegar and three 
 pounds of iieaches; add cinnamon if you like. I'>ring the 
 syrup to a boil, and pciur hot over them; repeat the process 
 f(jr three days, or until they are shrunk on tlu? ]iit. After 
 the last scald they should be well covered and put away in 
 a very cool cellar until cold weather sets in. i'hey will bo 
 ready to use, however, in ii few days after they are pickled. 
 
 How to Color Pickles Green. — A beautiful green 
 color, entirely destitute of any poisonous qualities, may bo 
 made by dissolving live grains of salfron in one-fmirth 
 oune(! distilled water; and in another vessel dissolving four 
 grains of indigo carmine in one-half ounei! distilled wati'r. 
 After shaking each tip thoroughly they are allowed tostand 
 for twenty-four hours, and on being mixed together at the 
 ex]iiration of that time, a line green solution is obtained, 
 capable of colering five pounds of sugar. 
 
 How to Pickie Peppers.— Soak fresh, hard peppers 
 in salt and water for nine days, in a warm place, changing 
 the brine everyday; then ]iu't tlicin incold vinegar. Iftlie 
 pickles are not re(iV.:red very hot, take out the seeds from 
 the greater porticjii of the peppers. 
 
 How to Pickle Sweet Plums.— Take seven pounds of 
 fruit, put them in a jar with threi! ami one-half pounds of 
 sugar, one quart best; vinegar, two ounces stick cinnamon, 
 two ounces cloves; the whole boiled together and thrown 
 over the fruit three days. 
 
 How to Pickle Roots.— Roots, such as carrots, salsify 
 and beet-root, may be jiickled by being .sliced, or cut into 
 small ])ieces; ixnd -slightly boiled in vinegar without destroy- 
 ing their crispness, and" adding the common sijiccs; with 
 beet-root, put button onions, or cut some Spanish onion.s 
 in slices, lay them alternately in a jar; boil one quarl '" 
 
 § 
 
 tO 
 
MKAT8 AND VEOKTAIILEa. 
 
 la 
 
 vinopnr witli ono ounce of mixed popnor, Imlf iin onnro of 
 giti^or, and hoiuo nult, tiiul pour it cold ovur thu bout-root 
 and onioiia. 
 
 How to make Sweet Pickles.— For picklinp all kinds 
 
 of fruit to keep j,'o(i(l till' \i;ii' loiiiiil, tliu follmvin;^ rulu U 
 snfo: 'I'd threo pdiiiuirt of isii;,'ar addotm pint of f;ood vinc- 
 pir, Hpici'M to your tasto; lioil it tii;,'t'tii('r, then lut it cool; 
 till tiiu jars with clean anil Noninl I'liiil, sni'li as ])ca(;lii'M, 
 pears, plums, cherries ami jfiapivi (eaeli kind in a neparato 
 lar); then, when tli(! vinej;ar is i imiI, put it on tho fruit; 
 lot is stand all ni},'hl, then tarn olf tho liiiuor, and lioil it 
 down a littlo; then let it cnol, and (Miur it in tho jar<; 
 cover them iiieely, and put tliern ill a cool plaic. If, in 
 timo you discover a while Hcinn on tho top, skim it olT, 
 turn ol! tho vinegar, add a littlo su^ar, and hoil it; when 
 cool, pour it on tho fruit uyain, and you will havo a de- 
 lightful pieklo. 
 
 For ]ieaeh niangooa, these are excellent. Tako sound, 
 ripe, fre(!-stone peaches; wipo olf tho fnr; split them open; 
 tako out tho pits; havo ready some lino chopped tomatoes, 
 cahiiage, horse-radish, and nuistard-s((ed; till tho vacancy 
 in th(! peach; then place them together, and tie them witn 
 a string; till your jars with pi'cpared vinegar. 
 
 How to Pickle Tomatoes. -Always use thoqo whicli 
 are thiironghly ripe. 'I'iio small, ronml onesare decidedly the 
 hesl. Do not priek them, as most reeipedxioks direct. Let 
 them li(! in strong hrino three or four days, then put ihein 
 down in layers in your jars, mixing with them small oiuons 
 and |iieces of horse-radish; then pour on tho vinegar (c'dd), 
 which should ho tirst spiced as for peppi'rs; let there he a 
 fipice-hag to throw into every pot. Cuver them carefully, 
 and set them liy in a cellar for a fidl month before using. 
 
 How to Pickle Green Tomatoes.— To one jieck of 
 
 tomatoes add a handful of salt, and t'uough water to cover 
 them. Let them renniin in this twenty-four hours. I'ut 
 them in a kettle (porcelain-lined is the hest), till up with 
 vincgai', and set upon the stove until tho vinegar begins to 
 boil, then set away to cool. When cold, set tlio kettle 
 a:rain uiion the stove, and bring it to the boiling point. 
 Then skim the tonuitoes, and put them into a jar; till up 
 with some new, coM vinegar, and llavor with mustard- 
 seed, alls))ice, cloves, etc. 
 
 The .'!amo viuogar first used will do to scald more to- 
 matoes in. 
 
 Hints on Preserving'. — A very common discovery 
 made by those who pi'eservo fruits, etc., is, that tho pre- 
 serve either ferments, grows moldy, or becomes candied. 
 
 These threo elleets arise from three separate causes. 
 Tlio first from insuflieient boiling; the second from being 
 ke[)t in a damp place, assisted in some degree by tho tirst 
 cause; and the third from being two quick and too long in 
 boiling. 
 
 Preserves of all kinds should bo kept entirely secluded 
 from the air, and in a dry place. In ranging them on the 
 shelves of a store-closet, they should not be sulTered to 
 come in contact with tho wall. Moisture in winter and 
 spring exudes from some of tho driest walls, and preserves 
 invariably imbibe it, both in damjiness and taste. It is 
 necessary occasionally to look at them, and if they have 
 been attacked by mold boil them up gently again. To 
 
 ))aper over the frui 
 
 prevent all risks it is alwavs as well to lay a brandy 
 lit before tying down. This may be re- 
 newed in tho spring. 
 
 Fruit jellies are made in the ratio of a quart of fruit to 
 two pounds of sugar. They must not be boiled quick, nor 
 very long. Practice, and a general discretion, will be found 
 the best guide to regulate tho e.xaet time, which must 
 necessarily be affected, more or less, by local causes. 
 
 How to Preserve Fruits without Self-Sealing 
 
 Cans. — Prepare a eeniiwit of one ounce resin, ono ounce 
 gum shellacs and a cubic inch of beeswax; put them in a 
 tin cup and melt slowly; too high or too ([uick heat may 
 cause it to Bi^oreh. 
 
 PhuHi the jars where 'hey will become warm while th« 
 fruit is cookii.g. If th.'y aro gradually heated there is no 
 danger of breaking. 
 
 As soon as the fruit is thoroughly heated, and while 
 boiling hot, till tln^ jars full, letting tho juico cover tho 
 fruit entirely, llavu ready some circular jiieees of stout, 
 thick Cotton or linen cloth, and spread over with ciMiient a 
 piece sullicient to cover the inoiith and rim uf the iur. 
 \Vipo tho rim iierleclly dry, aiul apniy tho cloth wiiilo 
 warm, putting tho ceinent side down, bring tho cover over 
 the rim, and secure it lirmly with a string; then spread a 
 coining of ceinent over the upper surface. As tho contents 
 ol' ino jar cool, tho pressure of the air will depress the cov- 
 er, and give positive [iroof that all is .'^afe. 
 
 How to Preserve Small Fruits Without Cooking*. 
 
 — SlrawherricH, riisplieiries, blackberries, cherries and 
 poaches can bo preserved in this inaniu'r: Lay tho ripo 
 fruit in broaddislies, andsprinkloover it thesaineciiiantity 
 of sugar used in cooking it. Set it in thesiin, or anioder- 
 ately heated oven, until tln^ juice forms a thick syni]) with 
 the sugar. Pack tho fruit in tumhlers, and pourthesvrup 
 over it. Paste writing paper over tho glasses, and set 
 iliemina cool, dry place. Peaches must bo pared and 
 split, and cherries stoiieil. Preserved in this manner, tho 
 fiiiit retains iniich more of its natural llavor and healthful- 
 ness than when cooked. 
 
 How to Preserve Fruits without Sugar or Vine- 
 gar. — Pick tlu^ fruit fiuin tho stalks; put tliem into tho 
 bottles. Put one drachm of alum into four gallons of 
 lioiling water; let it stand till it is <iild; then filltho bot- 
 tles with this li(pior, bung them tight, juit them into a 
 co[)perof cold water, and heat to 1?U"; and then tie tliem 
 over with bladder and seal them. 
 
 How to Preserve Fruits by Syrup without Heat. 
 
 — Mmiy fi'uits when ]iri'served by boiling lost' much of their 
 peculiar ami delicate llavor, as for instance iiineapples; 
 and this inconvenience may, in some instances, bo reme- 
 died by preserving tliein without heat. Cut the fruit in slices, 
 about one-lirdi of an inch thick; strew jiowdered loaf-sugar 
 an eighth of an inch thick in the bottom fd' a jar, and put 
 the slices on it. Put more sugar on this, and then another 
 layer of tho slices, and so on, till the jar is full. Place tho 
 jar with the fruit U]) to tho neck in boiling water, and 
 kee[) it there until the sugar is comiiletely dissolved, which 
 may tidvo half an hour, removing the scum as it rises. 
 L;istly tie a wet bladder over the month of the jar, or cork 
 and wax it. 
 
 How to Preserve Apples. — Pare and core and out 
 them in halves or (piarters; take as many i>ounds of tho 
 best brown sugar; put a tea-cuii of water to each ]inund. 
 When it i.> dissolved set itovertlu> tire; and when boiling 
 hot j>nt in the fruit and li't it boil gently uiitil it is clear 
 and the syrup thick; take the fruit will a skimmer on to 
 flat dishes; spread it to cool; then ]mt it in pots or jars 
 and pour the jelly over. Leinons boilei' tender in water 
 and sliced thin may be boiled with the apples. 
 
 How to Preserve Crab Apples.— Take off the stoma 
 
 and core them with a sharp knil'o without cutting them 
 oi)en; weigh a pound of white sugar for each pound of 
 apples; j)iit a tea-etip of water to each ]iound of sugar, and 
 then put it over a slow fire. Wlien the sugar is dissolved iind 
 hot put tho apples in; let them boil gently until they are 
 clear, then skim them, cut and spread them on flat dishes. 
 Boil the syrup until it is thick; put tlio syrup in whatever 
 
 i: 
 
I 
 
 fi 
 
 MEATS AND VEOETAIILKH. 
 
 tlii'V arc to lie kept, ami vvlicti tlio Hyriip in poM iiiul Hclllnl, 
 iKiiii' it cnrcl'iilly over tlic fruit. .Slices nf li'iiitui lioiicil 
 with till' fniit is to Miiiio all iiiipi'DVciiii'iit; oiki li'innii is 
 Hiilliiiiiit for Ht'vcral ihiiiikIs of fruit. Criil) iippN'S iiiiiy lio 
 pi-c.-t'iv('il wIk/Ih wiiii lliii r-(|iiiirU'iN of an imli of hIciii on, 
 tiu'ii'-ipiiirtriM of ii piiiiinl of .-iii.Mr for ciii'li poiiiiil of fruit. 
 
 How to Preserve Whole Apr jots.— 'I'iilvotiiolai^'ist, 
 
 ami fli'.iiit'st upi'ii'olH to lii' ;;ol ; pick out tlio hIohum wiiii ii 
 nilvcr wkcwcr, or slit tlicm down llio sides willi ii nilvcr 
 knife; t;ik(! iieiirly their wci;.'lit in f,'oo(l lump nu;,'ar; diii 
 ("ich lump in wulerand put over tho lire; let it just lioil; 
 Hkim and put hy till cold; then pmir it over lluf fruit in the 
 preJcrvini^-can, w.iriii very fjcntly and only allow tlicrn to 
 Hiinmer; then put tlicni livtill next day, uimI warm them 
 a^'ain; conliiiiiiiij; this t ill they look clear; then take tlu' 
 fruit from the syrup. 'I'he latter must iiow he well boilud 
 and skimmed, and when i oM pound over tho fruit. 
 How to Preserve Citron Melon.— I'aro, core and 
 
 cut into slices some lino citron melons. Wciu'li tlietn. 'i'o 
 kIx pounds of nu'loii alhiw six poumis of reline(l 8Ui;ar, the 
 juice and {,'rated rind of four lar;.'n lemons, and ,i ipiarler 
 pound of root f:in;,'er. Boil tho kMccs of melon half an 
 lioiir or more, till thev look ipiiie dear and am ko tender 
 that 11 broom wtraw will iiicrco them. 'J'heii drain them, 
 lay them in a pan of eohl water, cover them, and let thcin 
 Btaiid all night. In tho inorniii;; tio tho root gin^or in ii 
 thin muslin cloth, and hoil it in threo ])intd of dear water 
 till tho water is liij;!'!} Ilavored; tako out tho hag of ^'inger 
 and ]ioiir tho water over tho jiieees of Biigar, whiidi is jire- 
 vioiisly broken and put in a preserving kettle. When tho 
 Hiigai' is melted, set it over tlio lire, ])iit in tho grated jicel 
 of tho lemons and boil and ^(kiln it till no moro Kciim rises. 
 Then put in tho wlicod citrons and tho jiiico of tho lemons; 
 boil them in tho .syrup till all tho slices iiro qiiito transpar- 
 ent, and KG Koft tliiit a straw vill cro through them, but do 
 not break them. When dono put tho slices, still warm, 
 into jars, and gently pour over tho syrup. This will bo 
 foiiii(l delicious. 
 
 How to Preserve Cucumbers to Imitate Glngfer. 
 
 — Take Hinall cucumbers, with llowers and stalks on them, 
 and some largo ones gathered dry; jiiit them in a stono jar 
 with salt and water enough to cover them; then juit cab- 
 bug'j leaves on tho top to cover them close, and set them in 
 tho chimney c. rner for a fortnight, until they aro turneil 
 yellow; then drain tho water away and throw away tho cab- 
 bago leaves, which will smell very strong, almost to putre- 
 faction; split tho largo ones, take out tho seed, juit them 
 in an earthen pipkin over tho firo with weak salt and 
 water; cover thciii close, and let them green gently for ten 
 hours, when they will look a liltio green, and are very 
 clean; take them olf the lire and drain them, and jnit them 
 into cold water, shifting them twice a day for two days; 
 then drain 'hem and dry them in a lino cloth. Have ready 
 a thin syru / with a good deal of whole ginger boiled in it, 
 and some I uion peel; when it is cold juit it on tho cucum- 
 ber. Boil lip tho syrup every day for a fortnight, and 
 when it is cold pour it on as before. Tie them down with 
 a bladder, and a leather and a paper under it, and keep 
 them in a cool, liry j)':ice. A jiint of water to a pound of 
 sugar is a good proportion for tho syrup. 
 
 How to Preserve Whole Seville Oranges.— Cut a 
 
 holo at tho .stem eiul of the oranges ihe size of a half dime, 
 take out all the ])ulj), jiut tho oranges into cold water for 
 two days, changing it twice a day; boil them rather more 
 than an hour, but do not cover them, as it will spoil the 
 color; have ready a good syrup, into which put the 
 oranges, and boil them tiil they hxtk clear; then take out 
 the seeds, skins, etc., from the pulp first taken out of tho 
 oranges, and add to it one of the whole oranges previously 
 boiled, with an equal weight of sugar to it and the pulp; 
 
 iw (Ire, iind, 
 aile, and put 
 
 boil tliix together till it looks clear over a 
 
 when cold, nil tho oranges with this marmal 
 
 on tho lops; ('o\er them with Nvriip, ami jiiit brandy paper 
 
 en the top of the jar. It is better to take out the iiiNido 
 
 at llrst, to preserve the lino llavor of the juice and pulp, 
 
 which Would be irjiired by boiling in the water. 
 
 How to Preserve Grapes In Bunches.— 'lake out 
 
 the stones from the grapes with a pin, breaking them as 
 lillle as possiitle; boil t'onuM'l.-vrilied Hiigar nearly to candy 
 hi'ight; then put in Hullicicnt grapes to co\er the bolloin 
 of the pri'serving-paii, without luwiig them on eaili other, 
 and boil for live iniiiulcs, nii'rely to <'\traet all t he juice; 
 l\y them in an earthen pan, awd ]iour the t^\ nip over I hem; 
 cover «illi paper, and tho next day boil the syrup, skim- 
 ming it well for live minutes; |iiit in the grapes, let I hem 
 boil a miiiiite or two; iiiit them in ]iots, and pour tho syrup 
 over them, after w hich tio down. 
 
 How to Preserve Imitation of Glng-er.— Moil, as 
 
 if for the tahh', small, tender, white carrots; scrape them 
 until free from all spots, and take (uit the hearts. Steeji 
 them in spring witter, changing it every day, until ail 
 vegetable llavor has left them. To every pound of <'arro'a 
 so prepared add oim (piart of water, two jioumls of loaf 
 sugar, two ounces of whole ginger, and a rind of lemon 
 shred tine. Uoil for a (piarter (jf an hour every day, until 
 t!ie carrots clear, and wlii^ti nearly done, add reil pe]ii)er to 
 taste. This ivill bo found a good imitation of Wt'nt Indian 
 lu'csorved ginger. 
 
 How to Preserve Melon like Ginger.- When tho 
 
 melon is nearly ripe, pare it thin, and cut it into jiieces 
 about tho size of ginger; cover it with salt water, (dianging 
 everyday for threo days; then jmt in clear spring water, 
 changing it twice a day for threedaya. Then make a thin 
 syrup, and boil it together with the inelon oneo a day for 
 threo davs; next make a thicksyrup, aiblingthe rind ofono 
 or tmu'o "lemons, according to the (piantity of melon, cut into 
 narrow strips, and tho juieo squeezed in; then add some 
 best white ginger, with t'lio outside cut off, so as to mako 
 the syrup strong of the ginger. This should be boiled, and 
 when cold put to tho nielui. 
 
 How to Preserve Currants.— Tak. ripo currants, 
 
 free from stems; weigh them, and take the same weight of 
 sugar; put a tea-cup of sugar to each pound of it; boil tho 
 syrup until it is hot and clear; then turn it over tho fruit; 
 let it remain one night; then set it over tho lire and boil 
 gently, until they aro cooked ami clear; take them into the 
 jars or ]iots wiih askimmer; boil the syrup until rich and 
 thick; then jiour it over tho fruit. Currants may be jire- 
 served with ten jiouiuls of fruit to seven of sugar, 'iako 
 tho stems from seven jiounds of ,ho currants, and crush 
 and press the jiii.e from the remaining three pounds; put 
 them into the hot syrup and boil until thick and rich; put 
 it in pots or jars, and the next day secure as direete<l. 
 
 How to Preserve Cherries.— Take fine largo cherries, 
 not very rijji; take ol! the ems and take out tho stones; 
 save whatever juice runs from them; take anei|ual weight of 
 white sugar; make the syrup of a tea-i'up of water for each 
 ]iound; set it over the firo until it is dissolved and boiling 
 liot; then put in tho juice and cherries; boil them gently 
 until clear thronghontr take them from the syrup with a 
 skimmer and spread thc;non flat dishes to cool; let tho 
 syrup boil until it is rich and qnitetbick; set it to cool and 
 settle; take the fruit into jars or jiots and jioiir the syrup 
 carefully over; let them remain open until tho next day; 
 then cover as directed. Sweet cherries are improved by 
 tho addition of a])iut of red currant juice and a half pound 
 of sugar to it for four or five pounds of cherries. 
 
 How to Preserve Damsons. — Put a quart of damsons 
 into a jar with a pound of sugar strewed between them; 
 
 M 
 
 w 
 
 tl 
 (1 
 
;t 
 
 -C. 
 
 illMl. 
 Mid jHit 
 
 iii^ido 
 
 1 IHlIll, 
 
 Hct till" Jiir in ft wiirin oven, or put if. iiiti> i\ ki'ttlo (if ciild 
 wiiirr mill Ki't it nvrr tJHi liro for itii Imur, llicti tal<i> it out, 
 H< t to iMTonid colli, liruiii tlid jiiii'x oif, Imil it until it \h 
 tliii'k, llii'n iioiir it ovor tlio 11111111.-; wiicn coll, mvit an 
 (liri'clril fur jirc-ii rvcM. 
 
 How to Preserve Dewberries. —Pick your licrricM 
 Mirly in tint iiiornin^', wci^^'li thctn, thun ti|in'iii| tlictu 011 
 iliflic.H, Hpi'inkld tlicni witli Hiipir in tlic (liic |ii'oportiou uh- 
 hI tncil tlictu ([louud for |ioiin(l). When the jiiico Hcttlct 
 from tlicni in thti dishes, jxuir it olf, and with it tiioistcii 
 llu! reiniiiiidcr of tlio Hnj,'iir; Hiuitucr tliin over 11 hIow lire, 
 iind, whilo HiniiiH-rin);, droj) in a purlioii of the iicrricH; let 
 tlictu iiecotiKi clear, iiliil return tliciil to the dishcH to cool, 
 while tlio reuiiiiuder takcK their place in the k"tt'('. Wlicn 
 all aro dear, uinl the nvnip lioilcd down to 11 rii'li cotisint- 
 eiicy, pour it over theiu, uiid wiiun cool cih)u;;Ii, triiUHfer 
 lluuu to j^las.s jarn. 
 
 How to Preserve Greeng'ag-es.— Select wdl-Krown 
 
 jjrceii;;a;;e.s, hut not the least ripe; luick them with a fork 
 to tlu) tttoiic, and an mum iis prickeil, put theiii in watcT iit 
 u jircseiN iii;;-pati. Wlieii they aro all done, juit tliciii over 
 H hIow tiro to Hitiinicr very ff^'iit'y, bo um to iiiako tlictu ten- 
 der without breakiiif,'; try tlieiu with afork,iiiid when ten- 
 der to tlio Rtotic, iiiit tliciii in cold water, and a.s nouio will 
 get HO ft heforo other) they iniist !.o watched carefully; let 
 tlietii liu in water ii day and a uigiit; strain tliein, uiul when 
 well drained, put thctn in an earthen jjaii, and jiour over 
 them Bottio boiliiif,' hot clarified Bupir Bufliciciit to cover 
 tlietii; jiiit 11 ;>aper over them; tlio next tlay jimir olT tlio 
 flynii) and hoil it; if three qiiart.^ (.r thereal)0ut.^, hoU fur 
 ten niinutoH, then jioiir it over tho fruit, ami again hiy *lio 
 paper over them. Hoil tlio Byriip every other duy in the 
 Hutno mauncr until it is about tlio coimiKtenco of cream (in 
 flvo or six boiliti),'.!). If tho syrup shrinkfl, so an not to krep 
 tho Iniit well covered, add a fresh supply. Whilo Imiliiif; 
 tho Byrup tho third time, put tho greengages in, and let 
 them sittimcr gently for a short time, vliich will bring 
 them greiui; and tho lust time of boiling tli^: syrup, let them 
 simmer u little in it. 
 
 How to Preserve Gooseberries.— Take full-gro-.' n 
 
 gooseberries before they are ripe, pi(;k them and put them 
 in wide-niontlied bottles; cork them gently with new, soft 
 corks, and i)ut them in an oven from which tho hrcail has 
 been drawn; iet them sttind till they have shrunk iiearlv a 
 quarter, then take them out and beat tho corks in tiglit; 
 cut them off level with tho bottle and resin tiiem down 
 close. Keep in a dry place. 
 
 How to Preserve Grapes In Vinegrar.— Grapes aro 
 
 preserved in vinegar by tho Persians after tho following 
 fashion : Tho grapes aro gathered when halt ripe, and put 
 into bottles half filled with vinegar, which so macerates 
 them that they lo.se their hardness, and yet do not become 
 too soft. Tho grapes have a sweet acid taste, which is not 
 unpalatable, and is especially refreshing during tho gnat 
 heats. 
 
 How to Preserve Huckleberries.— Tho huckleber- 
 ries may bo easily kept fur winter u.so by putting them in 
 bottles or cans, withoutaddiuganythingtothem,aiMl without 
 cooking. Tho moutlis of tho cans should bo tightly closed, 
 and the cans should bo buried mouth downward, in a bo.x 
 of sand. When taken out of tho sand for uso in the winter 
 tho color of tho berries is slightly changed, but tho shajio 
 and flavor is preserved in perfection. They make excel- 
 knt pies. 
 
 How to Preserve Green Ginjfer.- Scrapo and clean 
 
 your green ginger well; to each pound of green ginger put 
 a pint and a half of water ; boil it down on.. -third ; skim 
 carefnlly while boiling, then strain off tho liquid; add a 
 
 pound of !<ugar-candy, uikI boil tlui ginger in it until (piitn 
 
 ttUldiT. 
 
 How to Preserve Mushrooms.- 'i'he xnnill open 
 
 niu.slu'ooins r«iiit lust, 'rriiii and riili tlictu clean, and pi;t 
 into a Blew pan a i|iiiirt of tho iiiiHliriioms, Ihiin (iiiiiees of 
 'iiiitler, two teiispootifiils of Halt, and half a triu<pooiiful of 
 cayenne jiepper and mace mi\cil;Htew until the iiiUMlirooni,4 
 aro tender; take thctn carefully out and drain them on a 
 Hlopin^r dish, Wln-n cold, press into Htiiall pots, and |ioiir 
 clarilied hutter over thctn. Put writing paper over the 
 butter, and on that pour tiicltcil hin', which will exilnde 
 the air, and preserve them for many weeks, if kept in a 
 dry, cool place. 
 
 How to Preserve Mock Ginger.— Cut oiT the utocks 
 
 of Iclllice just going to Heed, Mini peel olf the ntrillgs, 
 
 cut tlictu in pieces two or three inches long, and throw 
 tliem into water; after washing them, put them into sugar 
 and water, mixed in th(< pro|ioilion of one pound of .sugar 
 to live pints of water, add t<i this (piantily two large spoon- 
 fuls of pounded ginger. Moil tho whole together for 
 twenty iniiiiites, and set it by for two (i;iys. Then hoil it 
 again for half an hoi , and renew this liMi or .six times in 
 llie same syrup. Then drain the stalks u|ioii a sieve, and 
 wipe them dry; have ready a thick syrup boiled, and niako 
 strong with whole ginger. Pour it upon the stalks boiling 
 liot, lioil them in it once or twice, or until they look clear, 
 and taste like the West-India ginger. 
 
 How to Preserve Orange-peel.— Clean earefully ; 
 
 cut in thill Htri[is; stew in water irilil the hittcruess is ex- 
 tructiMl; drain oil the wnter and slew again for half an hour 
 in a syrup of sugar and water, allowing a half-pint of 
 water and a pound of sugar to each pound of tieel. Put it 
 aside in jars, and keep it in a cool jilace. If desired, a 
 little cintuimon and ginger maybesti'wed with the peel, 
 but it id more delicately cooked simply with sugar. Lemon 
 jieel may bo iircparcd in tho samo manner, either alone or 
 mixed with orange-peel. These form jilea.sant " reb.shes " 
 eaten with eako or bread, or if eliopjied linely when pro- 
 pared, they form excellent llavoring for iiuddings und 
 pies. 
 
 How to Preserve Pears.— Take six pounds of pears 
 ♦ '> lour pounds of sugar, boil the parings in as much water 
 lis will cover them, strain it through tho colander, lay some 
 pears in tho bottom of your kettle, ]uit in somo sugar, and 
 so on, alternately, tiien pour tho liauor off tho jicar-skins 
 over, boil them until they begin to look transparent, then 
 take them out, let tho juice cool, and clarify it; put tho 
 pears in again, and add somo ginger, ])re[iarc(l ua in the 
 above recipe; boil till done; let tlie liquor boil after taking 
 them out, until it is reduced to a syrup. 
 
 How to Preserve Pine-Apple. — Chooso ripe but 
 
 sound ones, ami cut them iu slices about an inch in thick- 
 ness, and cut off the rind. Weigh tho slices, and to every 
 two pounds of fruit put one pound and tlireo quarters of 
 sifted wliito sugar. Boil them together in u preserving- 
 pan for thirty niitiutes, and if tho slices are tender, take 
 them out carefully with a wooden spoon, and place tliem 
 on a wooden dish; boil tho syrup for a short time longer, 
 and then pour it over tho slices of jiine-apple. This proc- 
 ess must 1)0 repeated for three successive days, after which 
 tho preserves may bo put into Jars and covered. 
 
 How to Preserve Purple Plums.— Make a syrup of 
 
 clean brown sugar; clarify it as directed in these recipes; 
 when perfectly clear and boiling hot, pour it over tho 
 phiuis, having picked out all unsound ones and stems; let 
 them remain in tho syrup two days, then drain it off; make 
 it boiling hot, skim it, aiul pour it over again; lot them 
 remain another day or two, then put them in a preserving 
 kcttlo over the fire, and simmer gently until the syrup is 
 
 i 
 
 i' 
 
 " 
 
1 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 i , 
 
 m 
 
 MEATS AND VEQETABLEa. 
 
 reduced, and thick or rch. One pound oi sugar for ciieli 
 pound of plums. Small damsons arc very fini', jircscrvcd 
 tis cherrii's or any otlier ripe fruit; clarify the Byrup, ami 
 when boiling hot put in the plums; let thcin boil very 
 rrently until they are cooked, and tlie syrup rieli. Put 
 tluiuin pots or jars; the next day seeurc as directed. 
 
 How to Preserve Peaches. — Take the peaches wnen 
 ripe, pure thein, and if y./U de>ire to jtreservo th'iu whole, 
 tlirowthcni intocoKl waterasyou ])arotlieiu, toiisto prevent 
 thetn losing color. When you have everything ready, place 
 the ])ea(!hes in a can, adding as much sugar to each layer 
 as will make them palatable. Then -et the can in a vessel 
 containing hot water, ami allow it to remain in boiling 
 water until the fruit becomes heated through. This will 
 rei|iiifo, if a quart can be used, from twenty to thirty miu- 
 ute<. When heated sufticiently, seal at once by heating 
 tlie <()vor and pressing it at onee firmly into jjlacc, and al- 
 lowiiii,' a Weight suilicient to keep down th.e cover to 
 rein:iiii upon it uiitil the cement hardens. 'J'ho proper 
 teiiiiierature of the lid is easily and conveniently ascer- 
 tained I'Y jtutting a piece of resin, about the size of a small 
 ])e:i, on •> cover when it is put on the stove; as soon as 
 the refill melts, the cover is ready to juit in ])lace. This 
 J fei'aiition is necessary, as the solder with, which the parts 
 of the lid are joined together easily melts. It is not ab- 
 solutely necessary to use sugar in this jiroc^ss, but as it 
 assists in the preservation of the fruit, they can bo sealed 
 at a lower temperature than if not nsed. As sugar is used 
 to render the fruits palatable, there can ho no objection to 
 using it when preparing the fruit for family use, as it will, 
 in any ca-^e, be nei-essary, and there is no reason why the 
 sugar should not be used iK'fore the can is sealed. 
 
 if si>tt peaches are preferix-d, they should be cut up as if 
 intended to bo eaten with cream, and must not be jilaced 
 ill water. When ready, t)>ey should be put in cans and 
 heated as describi-d above. It is not necessary to heat 
 them in the can, but a larger quuntitv may be more con- 
 veniently heated together and ])ut into the cans or jars 
 while hot and sealed. A flat stewpan, lined with porce- 
 lain, will be found well adapted to tliis purpose. It must 
 not, of course, be ])lacitl direetlv over the tire, but in a 
 vessel of water which is set directly on the lire. JJy this 
 means soft i)eaches may rea<lily and certainly bo ])i'eservod 
 for wi:iter use in sm h condititm as scarcely to differ at all 
 from the fresh ]>eaeh. A most delicious dessert may thus 
 be secured much n/ore readily ami at less expense, and 
 much more palatable than the ordimiry ])reserve. This 
 method of (.reserving f.esh peaches has been fully tested 
 and may be reliei! ujion. 
 
 Quinces, Preserved, Whole "^p Half.— Into two 
 
 qiuirts of b<iiliiig water, jmt a quantity of the fairest 
 golden pippins, in slices not very thin, ami not pared, but 
 wipe 1 c'Mn, lio' them very quickly, close covered, till 
 the wi.Lcr becomes a thick jelly; then scald the quinc ■>. 
 To every pint of pijipin jelly, put one pound of the finest 
 sugar; boil it and skim it clear. J'lit those quinces that 
 are to be done wh"le into the syrup at once, and let it boil 
 very fust; ami those that are to be in halves by themselves; 
 skim it, and when the fruit is dear, juit some of the syrup 
 into a glass to try whether it jellies, before taking it olf 
 the lire. The qu.iatity of quinces is to bo one pound of 
 sugar and one {wuud of jelly, already boiled with the 
 sugar. 
 
 Rhubarb. Preserved. — Cnt without peeling or split- 
 ting, six pounds of ordiiiary-sizeil rhubarb into pieces 
 aljout an inch long; put it in with the rind ol a lemon, into 
 the stewpan, in which nuist be about a tablespoonful of 
 water to licep it from burning; let it boil till tender, then, 
 with a strainer, take out the fruit, and add to the juice five 
 pounds of sugar; boil this forty minutes, then again put 
 
 in the fruit and boil ten minm**. Txiis is a delicious 
 serve. 
 
 Raspberries, Preserved. — Theae may be preserved 
 
 wet, bottled, or maib; jira or Mxaniialade of, the same as 
 strawberries. liuspberrir^! anc- vi-jy good d ried in the suu 
 or in a warm oven. Thej are reiy delicious stewed for 
 table or tarts. 
 
 Strawberries, Preserved^ — Use ripe strawberries, 
 
 but not soft. Mtike :i. - .- ,_ ■ t ' : •- ]".nijd of sugar to a 
 pound of berries. Miig:u* i;....i.i i* douMe-retined (though 
 retincd sugar will anawer), as it mak*-? the ])reserves have 
 a more brilliant color than simjAv refined sugar. To each 
 l)ound of sugar put a teai-onp of wralfr; set it over a gentle 
 lire and stir it until totaiij dimtAred. Wijon boiling hot 
 l)ut in the fruit, h a vioj^ picked off every hull and imper- 
 fect berry; then boil very genllj in » c<jvered kettle, until 
 by cutting one open, yon find iteooked through; that will 
 be known by it having the sauoe color tliroughout. Take 
 them from the syrtip with a skimnHT, and spread them on 
 flat dishes, and let them rK-nuain til] cold; boil the svrup 
 until quite thiik; then leE in '-fifAnsA tattle; put the fruit 
 into jars or pots, ami 3trj.i or pcHir the syrup carefully 
 over, leaving the sediment; »..;frh*iU beat the bottom of 
 the pitcher. The next day <:T>Ter with several papers wet 
 with sf.gar boiled to candy: «* tbem in a cool, airj' jilace. 
 Strawberries keep perfectly v^hll made with R^ven pounds 
 of sugar to ten of frnit. Tte*j should be done as di- 
 rected aliove, and the syrnp CfifAim quit* thick. A pint of 
 red currant juice and a ihokuhJ t..f sugar lor it to three 
 pounds of strawberries, niAki? tEae syrup very beautiful. 
 
 Tomatoes, Preserved- — ScaJd the tomatoes, take o£E 
 the skins. Weiu'h the tomato**, which must be full grown 
 and ripe. Allow to every two p/unds of the best brown 
 sugar, a largo spoonful of grontwi ginger, and the juice and 
 rind of one large lemon. MEi tine tomatoes and sugar and 
 white of one egg tugether. i:. ! iLit in a porcelain kettle. 
 Boil slowly till the scnm I - ipjx-tar; then add gradu- 
 
 ally the juice and gratr:-: ;- . :£ the I'^mons, and boil 
 slowly for an hour or more, llrc' tioma-toes must all have 
 burst by this time. When doEfe lakt them oH, and when 
 cool put them in jars. 
 
 Walnuts, Preserved. — PSctw jrmr nnts several times 
 
 with a fork, and boil them in. •a-av.r uutii they begin to bo 
 tender; take them out; of " ^ -. and when cold make a 
 
 hole through every one w. :. :-,y large bodkin, and in- 
 troduce a piece of candieii krnowjn tyr citron. Make a syrup 
 of brown sugar and a little wai!«-r (the sugar to the weight 
 of your nuts), and boil your nana well until the sugar has 
 penetrated to the center: then put them into preserving 
 pots, tilling them with a thick srnip, and tie them up like 
 jellies. 
 
 Peaches, Canned, by the Cold Process.— Pare and 
 
 halve the peaches. Pack ih^-rr. ii tj'.i»eJy as possible in : 
 can without any sugar. Wh-r. z'r.v can is full, ]»our in sux- 
 licient cold water to fill 
 peaches, and reach the to. 
 enou'di for the water to .^. ■; 
 
 hours — then pour in wat> :• 
 Seal up the can, and all i- 
 way retain all their fresii: 
 bo enough water in th'-m ry. 
 ferred, a cold syrup ce.uid i 
 but the peaches taste most; r 
 
 Fruit, in Brandy.— f^^' 
 
 crevices between the 
 
 ■nn. Let it stand long 
 
 :':e crevices — say five 
 
 •. .hut has sunk away. 
 
 :-es preserved in this 
 
 ' -T. There will not 
 
 m jnsijfid. If pre- 
 
 - -:ead of pure water, 
 
 v.: .'.out any sweetening. 
 
 it Ufure it is quite 
 
 rij)e; jirick them with a p:.. .. :- . - .•: ]>utthem into a 
 stewpan of fresh spring w . ■ w them gently until 
 
 you can })ass a pin with f.- . st.one of the fruit, 
 
 when take them from the fii.:. .,•..: ; them to 'irain on a 
 sieve. Whilst draining, prepa.--. i, =;-■ up, which, when the 
 
 ^' 
 
 i 
 
 
 i !■ 
 
 I* i 
 
t» 
 
 yo 
 
 MEATS AND VEGETABLES. 
 
 fniit 13 nicely arranged in a tnrcen, shouM be thrown on it 
 boiling hot, and so left for twenty-four hours, when the 
 fruit is again put to a drain, and tiie syru]) boiled for one 
 hour, and jjonred l>o''iug Imt all over the fruit once more. 
 On the third day arrange tiie fruit in the preserving jiots, 
 ami Ixjil the synij) to a iiroj)er consisteney : when cool mix 
 it with brandy, in the ]proj>orti'jii of two-thirds syrup to 
 one-third bmndy. i;nd pour it over the fruit. 
 
 How to Bottle Fruit.— Cherries, strawberries, Bcliced 
 pineappli .-. piMu-, aprieots, gooseberries, ete., may be 
 preserved in tliu following manner, to be used as fresli 
 fruit : Gather the fniit before it is very ripe : put it in 
 wide mout lied )»ottles made for the purpose; fill tliein as 
 full as thevwill hold, and cork them tight ; seal tiie corks ; 
 put some iiay in a large saueepan ; set in the bettles with 
 hay !>etween them to ]irevent their touching ; the!i fill the 
 saucepan with water to the necks of the bottles, and set it 
 on the fire until the water is nearly boiling, then take it 
 off ; let it stand until the bottles are cold ; then keej) thoni 
 in a cool place until wanted, when the fruit will be found 
 equal to fresh. 
 
 How to Keep Fruit Fresli in Jars.— We advise the 
 
 use of silf-sealiiig gla^s jars. I'ut the fruit in a porcelain- 
 lined preserving kettle, sufficient to fill four quart jars ; 
 sprinkle on sugar, one-half jiound, place over a slow tire 
 and heat through, not boiled. While the fruit is being 
 heated, keep the jars filled with moderately hot water. 
 As soon as the fruit is rcaily, empty the water from the 
 ^'arg, fill to the brim with fruit, and seal immediad^iy. As 
 it cckjIs a vacuum is formed, which prevents bursting. In 
 this way every kind of fruit will retain its flavor. .Some- 
 times a thick, leathery mold forms on the top — if so all 
 the better. The plan of keei)iiig the jars full of hot water 
 is merely to prevent tlie danger of cracking when the hot 
 fruit is insertc'.. Some prefer to set thf bottles full of 
 cool water in a Iwiler of water, ami heating all together 
 gradually • but the other way is much oimpler and equally 
 effective. 
 
 Jam. — Let the jam be drawn on a dry day ; wipe the 
 fruic dean, but do not wasli it ; jicel oil' liio skin anil 
 coarse fibres, and slice tlie fruit tliin. To each pound 
 thu-> prepared allow a pound of fine sugar in fine jiowder ; 
 put the fruit in a jian, and stew a <|U:irter of the sugar 
 amongst it and over it; let it stand until tlie sugar is dis- 
 solved, when 1^(11 it slowly to a sniootli pulp ; take it from 
 the fire, and stir in the remainder of the sugar by degrees; 
 when it is dissolved, boil the preserve (piii.'kly until it be- 
 comes very thick, and leaves the bottom of the pan visible 
 when stirre<l. The time required for preserving this pre- 
 serve will depend on the kind of fruit useil, and the time 
 of year it is made. It will vary from an hour to two 
 hours and a quarter. The juice should be slowly drawn 
 from it first. 
 
 How to Put Up Jam while Hot.— It is said that 
 onlinary jam — fruit and sugar whicii liave been boiled 
 together some time — keeps better if the pots into which it 
 is poureiJ are tied up while hot. If the paper can act as a 
 strainer, in the same way as cotton wool, it must be as 
 people suppose. If one pot of jam be allowed to cool be- 
 fore it is tied down, little germs will fall npiui it from the 
 air. and they will retain their vitality, because tliey fall 
 upon a cool substance; they will be shut in by the paper 
 and will soon fall to work decomposing the fruit. If 
 another jKjt, perfectly similar, be filled with a boiling-hot 
 mixture, and immediately covered over, though, of course, 
 some of the outside air must be shut in, and germs which 
 are tlmiting in it will Ik; scalded, and in all probability de- 
 stroyed, EO that no (kcomposition can take place. 
 
 Jelly. — To make a quart, soak one ounce of gelatine 
 in a pint of cold water for twenty minutes, then add the 
 
 r« 
 
 same quantity of boiling water, stir until dissolved ; add 
 the juice and peel of two lemons, with enough sugar to 
 sweeten; have ready, well beaten, the white and shell of 
 one egg; stir these briskly into the jelly, then boil for two 
 minutes without stirring it; remove it from tiie fire and 
 allow it to stand twenty minutes; then strain tiirough a 
 coarse flannel hag; this jelly may be flavored or colored 
 according to t;nte. 
 
 How to Make Jelly Custard. — To one cupful of any 
 
 sort of jelly, add one egg, and beat well together with 
 three teaspoonfnls of cream or milk. After mixing thor- 
 oughly, bake in :: good crust. 
 
 How to Make Jelly with Fruit in.— Put in a basin a 
 
 half pint of calf's loot jelly, and wiien it has bocomc stiff, 
 lay in a bunch of grapes, with the stalks ujiwards. or fruit 
 of any kind ; over tins put a few vine leaves, and fill up 
 the bowl with warm jelly ; let it stand till next day, and 
 then set the bowl in water up to the biini for a UKiment ; 
 then turn out carefully. It is an elegant looking dish. 
 
 How to Make Jelly with Gelatine. — Take two 
 ounces and three-quarters of gelatine, dissolved in about a 
 quart oi water, four lemons, one pouml of loaf sugar, 
 nearly half a bottle of raisin wine, or a little brandy, and 
 less of the wine , a little white of egg is necessary to clear 
 it. as the c^g takes from the stiffness of the jelly. Boil 
 together, strain through a jelly-bag, and put into a 
 mold. 
 
 How to Make Isinglass Jelly.— Two ounces of isin- 
 glass to a quart of watir ; boil till it is dissolved ; strain it 
 into a basin upon a slice of lemon jjcel pared very thin, sis 
 cloves and three or four lumps of sugar ; let this stand by 
 the fire for an hour ; take out the lemon and cloves, and 
 then add four tablespoonfuls of brandy. 
 
 How to Color Jelly. — To color jelly red, boil fifteen 
 grains of cochineal, in the fin: jt powder, with a drachm 
 and a half of creain of tartar, in ludf a pint of water, 
 very slowly half an hour. Add, in boiling, a bit of alum 
 the size of a pea. 
 
 How to Preserve Jellies from Mold.— Cover the 
 
 surface oiic-fi'urth of nil iiwli dcejt with fine ]Hilverized 
 lo!if sugar. When thus jirotected, the jellies will keep for 
 years in good coiuiiiion, and five from nioldiness. 
 
 Marmalade. — Pare and cut uptho fruit in small pieces, 
 and to a iiound of fruit add a jiound of sugar. When the 
 sugar is dissolved, set it over the tire, and let it boil till 
 it is a smooth jiaste. Stir it all the time it is boiling. 
 If you wish to flavor, add any essence yon desire. Put it 
 in the jars while warm, and paste them over tlie next day. 
 
 How to Make Apple Wine. — Take pure cider made 
 from sound ripe apples as it runs from the press ; put 
 sixty pounds of common brown sugar into fifteen gallons 
 of the cider, and let it dissolve, then put the mixture 
 into a clean barrel, and fill the barrel up to within two gal- 
 lons of being full, with clean cider : put the cask in a cool 
 jilace, leaving the bung out for forty-eight hours: then 
 put in the bung, with a small vent, until fermentation 
 wholly ceases, and bung up tight ; and in one year the 
 wine will be fit for use. This wine reipiires no racking ; 
 the longer it stands iipcui the lees, the better. 
 
 How to Make Apricot Wine.- Wipe clean and cut 
 twelve pounds of ajiricots ; boil them in two gallons of 
 water till the water has imbibed the flavor of the fruit, 
 then strain the liquor through a hair sieve, iind to each 
 (piart of it put six ounces of loaf sugar ; then boil it and 
 add six pounds sugar and one pound of sliced beet-root. 
 When feriiiented, put into the cask a quart or more of 
 braiidv or flavorless wliiskv. 
 
 How to Make Blackberry Wine.— Crather the ber- 
 ries when perfectly ripe, and in such a manner as to avoid 
 

 i ; 
 
 MEATS AND VEQETADLES. 
 
 bruising. Einjity tlieni, ns fiist as gutliered, into a tub 
 until you liiivi> a (luiintity suflicient to till, with juice, the 
 cask in wliioli you propose to nmko the wine. 
 
 Have the utensils, etc., ri'ouirt'il in the process nil ready 
 before you pick — (.r at least bi'foro you mash your berries. 
 Everything must bo serupulonsly clean. You want a keg, 
 a beater of seasoned hard wood, a jiail, a largo l)owl, tureen 
 or other vessel into wliieh to strain your juiee, a good 
 thick strainer — two or tliree folds of line white llannel is 
 the best material — a couple of yards of (' naburgs, a spare 
 tub or a bucket or two, and a tub of soft spring water. 
 Everything must be perfectly clean and free from dirt or 
 odor of any kind. 
 
 Crush Iho berries thorouglily with the beater, and then 
 after straining tlio lifjuor, wliieli runs freely from the pulp 
 through tiio folded llannel, empty it into the cask, nu'as- 
 nriug it as you put it in. AVhen the juice lias been all 
 drained fromthe pmlp, you proceed to jjress the pulp dry. 
 If tiie (puintity is large]! this had best be done by a regular 
 press, but if only a few gallons are wanted, the Osnaburg 
 answers very well. Stretch out the Osnaburg, put a gal- 
 lon or a gallon and a half of the pulp into the center, fold 
 the cloth over it on each side, and let ii strong hand at 
 cither end twist the cloth with all their strength; when the 
 juice is well pressed out, remove and lay aside the cake of 
 pomace, and jiut in more pulp. This process is apparently 
 rough, but is both rapid and elTectual. The juice so ex- 
 tracted is strained and measured into the cask as before 
 mentioned. The llannel strainer and the Osnaburg may 
 need rinsing occasionally during the work. 
 
 When all the pulp is pressed, put the hard cakes of 
 pomace taken from the cloth into a tub, aiul pour upon 
 them a little more soft spring water than you have clear 
 juice ; break up the balls and wash them thoroughly in 
 the water, so as to obtain all the juice left in the mass, and 
 then strain it clear; measure out as many gal'ons of this 
 water as you have of clear juice, say five gallons of the 
 water to five gallons of the juice, dissolve in each gallon 
 of the water six pounds of sugar (brown or white, as you 
 want common or lirst-rato wine), and when thoroughly 
 dissolved, add the juice (first passing it again through the 
 strainer), and mix them. Then rinse out your cask, put 
 it where it can stand undisturbed in a cellar ; fill it jier- 
 fectly full of the mixture, and lay a cloth loosely over the 
 bung-holo. In two or three days fermentation will com- 
 mence, and the impurities run over at the bung ; look at 
 it every day, and if it does not run over, with some of the 
 mixture which you have reserved in another vessel, fill it 
 up to the bung. In about three weeks fermentation will 
 have ceased, and the wine be still ; fill it again, drivein the 
 bung tight, nail a tin over it, and let it remain nndisturbcd 
 until the following Xovember, or what is better, March. 
 Then draw it oil, without shaking the cask, put it into 
 bottles 0. demijohns, cork tightly and seal over. 
 
 For a ten-gallon cask, you will need about 4J'j gallons of 
 juice, 4J J gallons of water, ami Sfi jiounds of sugar, and in 
 the same proportion forl.irger or smaller qtumtities. Some 
 persons add spirit to the wiuc, but instead of doing good, it 
 IS only an injury. 
 
 Another process is, after po'iring in the mixture for a 
 ten-gallon cask, to beat up the whites of two or three eggs 
 into a froth, put theiu into the cask, and with a long stick 
 mix them thoroughly with the wine. In five or six days, 
 draw tho now clarified wine off by a spigot, aiul without 
 ehaking tho cask at all, into a clean cask, bungujj and tin, 
 to be (Irawn oil into glass in November or .March. 
 
 The more carefully your juice is strained, tho hotter tho 
 quality of sugar, and tho more scrnptdously clean your 
 utensils, jiarticularly your kegs are, tho jyurer and better 
 will be your wine. 
 
 II r- 
 
 The best quality, when you gather your own fruit, and 
 make it yourself, costs you oidy the price of the white su- 
 gar, and when bottled will cost "you in money about twelve 
 and a half cents a bottle. 
 
 How to Make Currant Wine.— The currants should 
 be fully ripe when i)i<,-ked; put them into a large tub, 
 in which they should renuiin a day or two; then crush with 
 tho hands, unless you have a snudl patent wine press, in 
 which they should not bo pressed too much, or the stems 
 will be bruised, and impart a disagreeable taste to the juice. 
 If tho haiuls are used, put tho crushed fruit, after the juice 
 is poured off, in a cloth or sack and press out the remaining 
 juice. Put the juice back into tho tub after cleansing it, 
 where it should remain about three days, until the first 
 stages of fermentation are over, and removing once or twice 
 a day tho scum copiously arising to the top. Then put the 
 juice in a vessel — a demijohn, keg, or barrel — of a size to 
 suit tho quantity made, and to each quart add 3 lbs. of the 
 best yellow sugar, and soft water sutficient to make a gallon . 
 Thus, ten quarts of juice and 30 lbs. of sugar will give you 
 10 gallons of wine, and soon in proportion. Those who do 
 not like sweet wine can reduce the quantity of sugar to two 
 and a half, or who wish it very sweet, raise to three and a 
 half pounds per gallon. 
 
 The vessel must be full, and the bung or stopper left off 
 until fermentation ceases, which will be in 13 or 15 days: 
 Meanwhile, the cask must be filled up daily with currant 
 juice left over, as fermentation throws out the impure mat- 
 tor. When fermentation ceases, rack the wine ot! carefully, 
 either from the spigot or by a syphon, and keep running 
 all the time. Cleanse the cask thoroughly with boiling 
 water, then return tho wine, bung up tightly, and lot it 
 stand 4 or 5 months, when it will be fit to drink, and can 
 be bottled if desired. 
 
 All tho vessels, casks, etc., should be perfectly pweci , and 
 the whole operation should be done with an eye to cleanli- 
 ness. In such event, every drop of brandy or other spir- 
 ituous liquors added will detract from the flavor of the wine, 
 and will not, in the least degree, increase its keeping quali- 
 ties. Currant wine made in this way will keep for an age. 
 
 How to Make Gooseberry Wine.— Pick and bruise 
 
 the gooseberries, and to every pound put a quart of 
 cold spring water, and let it stand three days, stirring it 
 twice or thrice a day. Add to every gallon of juice three 
 pounds of loaf sugar; fill the barrel, and when it is done 
 working, add to every twenty quarts of liquor, one quart of 
 brandy, and a little isinglass. The gooseberries must bo 
 picked when they are just changing color. The liquor 
 ought to stand in the barrel six months. Tiiste it occa- 
 sionally, and bottle when tho sweetness has gone off. 
 
 How to Make Grape Wine.— Take two quarts of 
 
 grape juice, two quarts of water, four pounds of sugar. Ex- 
 tract tiie juice of the grape in any simple way; if only a 
 few quarts are desired, we do it with a strainer and a pair 
 of squeezers, if a larger quantity is desired, put the grajies 
 into a cheese press made particularly clean, putting on sutfi- 
 cient weight to extract the juiee of a full hoop of grapes, 
 being careful that none but perfect grapes are used, per- 
 fectly ripe and free from blemish. After the first i)ressing 
 put a little water with the pulp and press a second time, 
 using the juice of tho second pressing with the water to bo 
 mixed with the clear grajie juice. If only a few quarts are 
 made place tho wine as soon as mixed into bottles, filling 
 them even full and allow to stai.d in a warm place until it 
 ferments, which Avill take about thirty-six hours usually; 
 then remove all tho scum, cool and j>ut into a dark, cool 
 {ilace. If a few gallons are desired place in a keg, but the 
 keg must lio even full, and after fermentation has taken 
 jilaco and the scum removed, draw off and bottle, and cork 
 tight. 
 
fuit, and 
 Vhito su- 
 twelvo 
 
 should 
 
 ke tub, 
 
 |ish -ttitli 
 
 rcss, in 
 
 le stems 
 
 liejiiice. 
 
 [Iiejuico 
 
 biiiining 
 
 f sing it, 
 
 llie first 
 
 |or twice 
 
 puttlio 
 
 size to 
 
 of the 
 
 giilloil. 
 
 ivo you 
 
 wliodo 
 
 to two 
 
 ; and a 
 
 MEDICINES FOK HOUSES AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 r^ 
 
 trw. T-..-rj ~^'^' - - -^= - ^= ^^- ^ ^' -' ■■ -' — -^ 
 
 MEDICINES FOR HORSES 
 
 AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS 
 
 
 Alteratives. — This term is not very scientific, but it is 
 in very general use, and easily explains its own meaning, 
 though the modus operandi of the drugs employed to carry 
 it out is not so clear. The object is to replace unhealthy 
 action by a healthy one, without resorting to any of the 
 distinctly defined remedies, such as tonics, stomachics, etc. 
 As a general rule, this class of remedies produce their 
 effect by acting slowly but steadily on the depuratory 
 organs, as the liver, kidneys and skin. The following 
 may bo found useful: 
 
 1. Disordered States of the Skin — Emetic tartar 
 5 ounces, powdered ginger 3 ounces, opium J ounce; syrup 
 enough to form sixteen balls: one to be given every night. 
 
 2. Simply Cooling — Barbadoes aloes 1 ounce, Castile 
 Boap 1^ ounces, ginger ^ ounce, syrup enough to form six 
 balls: one to be given every morning. 
 
 3. Barbadoes aloes 1^ drachms, emetic tartar 2 drachms, 
 Castile soap 2 drachms; mix. 
 
 4. Alterative Ball for General Use. — Black sul- 
 phuret of antimony 2 to -1 drachms, sulphur 2 drachms, 
 nitre 2 drachms; linseed meal and water enoueli to form a 
 ball. 
 
 5. For Generally Defective Secretions — Flowers 
 of sulphur ounces, emetic tartar 5 to 8 drachms, corro- 
 sive sublimate 10 grains; linseed meal mixed with hot 
 water enough to form six balls, one of which may be given 
 two or three times a week. 
 
 6. In Debility of Stomach — Calomell scruple, aLes 
 1 drachm cascarilla bark, in powder, 1 drachm, gentian 
 root, in p«wder, 1 drachm, ginger, in powder, 1 drachm, 
 Castile soap 3 drachms; syrup enougli to make a ball, 
 which may DC given twice a week, or every other night. 
 
 AnsesthetiCS. — Aniesthetics produce insensibility to all 
 external impressions, and therefore to pain. They resem- 
 ble narcotics in their action, and, when taken into the 
 stomach, may be considered purely as such. The most 
 certain and safe way of administering them is by inhala- 
 tion, and chloroform is the drugnow universally employed. 
 The modus operandi of the various kinds has never' yet 
 been satisfactorily explained; and when the comparisoTi is 
 made, as it often is, to the action of intoxicating fluids, 
 we are no nearer to it than before. With alcoholic fluids, 
 however, the disorder of the mental functions is greater in 
 proportion to the insensibility to pain; and if they are 
 taken in sufficient quantities to produce tiie latter effect, 
 they are dangerous to life itself. The ac^'ou of anaisthet- 
 ics on the horse is very similar to that on man. 
 
 Anodynes. — Sonotimcs called narcotics, when taken 
 into tlie stomach pass at once into the blood, and 
 there act in a special niann r on the nervous centers. At 
 first they exalt the nervous force; but tiiey soon depress it, 
 the second stage coming on sooner according to the in- 
 crease of the dose. They are given either to soothe the gen- 
 eral nervous system, or to stop diarrhwa; or sometimes to 
 relieve spasm, as in colic or tetanus. Opium is the chief 
 
 anodyne used in veterinary medicine, and it may be em- 
 ployed in very largo doses: 
 
 1. Anodyne Drench for Colic — Linseed oil 1 pint, 
 oil of turpentine 1 to 2 ounces, laudanum 1 to 2 ounces; 
 mix, and give every hour till relief is afforded. 
 
 2. Anodyne Ball for Colic — (Only useful in mild 
 cases.) Powdered opium ^ to 2 drachms, castile soap 2 
 drachms, camphor 2 drachms, ginger 1^ drachm; make 
 into a ball with liquorice powder and treacle, and give 
 every hour while the pain lasts. It should be kept in a 
 bottle or bladder. 
 
 3. Anodyne Ball (ordinary) — Opium ^ to 1 drachm, 
 castile soap 2 to 4 drachms, ginger 1 to 2 drachms, 
 powdered anise seed i to 1 ounce, oil of caraway seeds, 4 
 drachm; syrup enough to form a ball, to be dissolved in 
 half pint of warm ale, and given as a drench. 
 
 4. Anodyne Drench in SrpERprROATiON, ou Ordi- 
 nary Diarrhcea — Gum arable 2 ounces, boiling water 1 
 pint: dissolve and then add oil of peppermint 25 drops, 
 laudanum ^ to 1 ounce; mix and give night and morning, 
 if necessary. 
 
 5. In Chronic Diarrhcea — Powdered chalk and gum 
 arable of each 1 ounce, laudanum -J ounce, peppermint 
 water 10 ounces; mix, and give night and morning. 
 
 Antacids. — As the term implies, these remedies aro 
 used to neutralize acids, whether taken into the stomach to 
 an improper extent, or formed therein as products of dis- 
 eases. They are often classed as alteratives, when used for 
 the latter purpose. They include the alkalies and alka- 
 line earths, but are not much used in veterinary medicine. 
 
 Anthelmintics. — Drugs which are used to destroy 
 wovms receive this name in medical literature, when the 
 author is wedded to the Greek language. The admirers of 
 Latin call them vermifuges, and in English they receive 
 the humble name of worm medicines. Their action is 
 partly by producing a disagreeable or fatal impression on 
 the worm itself, and partly by irritating the mucous lin- 
 ing of the bowels, and thus causing them to expel their 
 contents. Failing, the following may be useful. 
 
 1. Worm Ball (recommended by Mr. Gamgee) Assa- 
 fffitida 2 drachms, calomel li drachms, powdered sarin li 
 drachms, oil of male fern 30 drops; treacle enough to 
 make a ball, which should be given at night, and followed 
 by a purge next morning. 
 
 2. Mild Drench for Worms — Linseed oil 1 pint, 
 spirit of turpentine 2 drachms; mix and give every morn- 
 ing. 
 
 Antispasmodics are medicines which are intended 
 to counteract excessive muscular action, called spasm or, 
 in the limbs, cramp. This deranged condition depends 
 upon a variety of causes, which are generally of an irritat- 
 ing rature, and its successful treatment will often depend 
 upon the employment of remedies calculated to remove the 
 cause, rather than directly to relieve the effect. It there- 
 fore follows that, in many cases, the medicines most 
 
MEDICINES FOH HOUSES AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 successful ill removing spasm, will bo derived from widely 
 Bcpiinited divisions of tlio ■iiiuferia mcdicn, such as aperi- 
 ents, anodynes, alteratives, Btiniulants and tonics. It .s 
 useless to attempt to give nnmy formulas for their exhibi- 
 tion; but there are one or two niedicines which exercise a 
 peculiar control ovcrspiism, and we shall give them with- 
 out attempting to analyze their mode of 0])eration. 
 
 1. In Colic — Spirit of turpentine 31 ouncesj laudanum 
 lA- ounces, ISarbadoes aloes 1 ounce; powder the aloes, 
 and dissolve in warm water; then add the other ingredients, 
 and give as a drench. 
 
 2. Ci.YSTEii in Colic — Spirit of turpentine G ounces, 
 aloes 'i drachms; dissolve in three quarts of warm water, 
 and stir the turpentine well into it. 
 
 3. Astisi'ASMODk; Dimc.ncii — (iin 4 to G ounces, tinc- 
 ture of capsicum a drachms, laudanum 3 drachms, warm 
 water l.y i)ints; mix and give as a drench, when there isuo 
 intlammution. 
 
 Aperients. — Aperients, or purges, are those medicines 
 whicli (iiiicken or increase the evacuations from the bowels* 
 varying, however, a good deal in tiieir mode of operation. 
 Some act merely by exciting tlie muscular coat of the 
 bowels to contract; others cause an immense wateiy dis- 
 charge, wliirh as it wore, washes out tho bowels; whilst a 
 third set combine tho action of tho two. The various 
 purgcsalsoactuponditferent partsof iho canal, some stimu- 
 lating tlio small intestines, whilst others pass through 
 them witliout alTocting them, and only act upon the largo 
 bowels; and others, again, act upon the wholo canal. 
 There is a third point of difference in ])urge8, depending 
 upon their influencing the liver in addition, wliich mer- 
 curial purgatives certainly do, as well as rhubarb and some 
 others, and which effect is partly duo to their absorption 
 into tlio circulation, so that they may bo made to act, by 
 injecting into tho veins as strongly as by actual swallow- 
 ing, and their subsequent passage into the bowels. Pur- 
 gatives are likewise classed, according to the degree of 
 their efect, into laxatives acting mildly, and drastic 
 purges, or cathartics, acting very severely. 
 
 1. OunixAiiY Pnvsrc Ralls— Barbadoes aloes 3 to 8 
 drachms, hard soap 4 drachms, ginger 1 drachm. Dissolve 
 in as small a quantity of boiling water as will suHice; then 
 slowly evapoi-ate to the jji'oper consistence, by whicli means 
 griping is avoided. 
 
 2. A Waumkii PiiYsrf Ball — Barbadoes aloes 3 to 8 
 drachms, carlionate of soda iidrachni, aromatic jiowder 1 
 drachm, oil of caraway Vi drops. Dissolve as above, and 
 then add tho oil. 
 
 3. Gently Laxative Ball — Barbadoes aloes 3 to 5 
 drachms, rhubarb jtowder 1 to 2 drachms, ginger 2 
 drachms, oil of caraway 15 drops. Jlix and form into a 
 ball as in No. 1. 
 
 4. Stomachic Laxative Balls for Washy HonsES — 
 Barbadoes aloes 3 drachms, rhubarb ?• drachms, ginger 1 
 drachm, cascarilla powder 1 drachm, oil of caraway ]") 
 drops, carbonate of soda li drachms. Dissolve the aloes 
 as in No. 1 and then add tiie oilier ingredients. 
 
 5. PruGixd Balls AviTH Cai.omi'.l — Barbadoes aloes 3 
 to G drachms, calomel ^ to 1 drachm, rhubarb 1 to 2 
 drachms, ginger + to 1 drachm, Castile soap 2 drachms. 
 Mix as in No 1. 
 
 6. Laxativi-; Drench — Barbadoes aloes 3 to 4 drachms, 
 canella alba 1 to 2 drachms, salts of tartar 1 drachm, mint 
 water 8 ounces, ili.x. 
 
 7. Anotheh Laxative Duench— Castor oil 3 to G 
 ounces, Barbadoes aloes 3 to 5 drachms, carbonate of soda 
 2 drachms, mint water 8 ounces. Aiix by dissolving the 
 aloes in the mint water by the aid of heat, and then add- 
 ing the other ingredients. 
 
 8. A Mild Opening Dhench — Castor oil 4ounce8, Ep- 
 som salts 3 to 5 ounces, gruel 2 pints. Mix. 
 
 9. A Veuy Mild Laxative — Castor oil 4 ounces, lin- 
 seed oil 4 ounces, warm water or gruel 1 pint. Mix. 
 
 10. Used IN the Stagoeus — Barbadoes aloes 4 to 6 
 drachms, common salt G ounces. Hour of mustard 1 ounce, 
 water 2 pints. Jlix. 
 
 11. A Cently Cooling DuENCH in Slight Attacks 
 OF Cold — Epsom salts G to 8 ounces, whey 2 pints. Mix. 
 
 12. PiHGATivE Clyster — Common salt 4 to 8 ounces, 
 water 8 to IG 2)int8. 
 
 Astringents Ap()car to produce contraction on all 
 living animal tissues with which they come in contact, 
 whether in tho interior or . the exterior of tho body, and 
 whether immediately applied or by absorption into the cir- 
 culation. P)Ut great doubt exists as to the exact mode in 
 which they act; and, as in many other cases, weare obliged 
 to content ourselves with tiieir effects, and to prescribe 
 them eniiiirically. They are divided into astringents ad- 
 ministered by the mouth, and those applied locally to 
 external ulcerated or wounded surfaces : 
 
 1. For Bloody UniNE — Powdered catechu -i ounce, 
 alum 4- ounce, cascarilla bark in powder 1 to 2 drachms, 
 licorice powder and treacle enough to form a ball, to be 
 given twice a day. 
 
 2. For Diaijetks — Opium | drachm, ginger powdered 
 2 drachms, oak bark powdered 1 ounce, alum as much as 
 the tea will dissolve, camomile tea 1 pint. Mix for a 
 dreiicii. 
 
 3. External Astringent Powders for Ulcerated 
 Si'Ki'ACEs — Powdered alum 4 ounces, Armenian bole 1 
 ounce. 
 
 Another — White vitriol 4 ounces, oxide of zinc 1 ounce. 
 Mix. 
 
 4. Astringent Lotion — Goulard extract 2 to 3 
 drachms, water 4 jiiiit. Alix. 
 
 Another — Sulphate of copper 1 to 2 drachms, water i 
 pint. Mix. 
 
 5. Astuin'gent Ointment for Sore Heels — Acetateof 
 lead 1 drachm, lard 1 ounce. Jlix. 
 
 G. Another for the Sa.me — Nitrate of silvier powdered 
 \ drachm, (ioulard extract 1 drachm, lard 1 ounce. Mix 
 and use a very small portion every night. 
 
 Blisters or Vesicants — Busters are applications whicli 
 inflame the skin, and jiroduce a secretion of serum between 
 tho cutis and cuticle, by which tho latter is raised in tho 
 form of small bladders; but in consequence of the presence 
 of tho hair, these are very imperfectly seen in tho Iiorse. 
 They consist of two kinds — one n.scd for the sake of 
 counter-irritation, by which tiie original disease is lessened, 
 in consequence of the establishment of this irritation at a 
 short distance from it; the other, commonlycalled "sweat- 
 ing" in veterinary surgery, by which a discharge is obtained 
 from the vessels of the part itself, which aro in that way 
 relieved and unloaded; there is also a subsequent process 
 of absorption in consequence of the peculiar stimulus 
 applied. 
 
 1. Mild Blister Ointment (Counter-irritant) — Ilog's 
 lard 4 ounces, Venice turpentine 1 ounce, 2)owdered can- 
 iharides G drachms; mix and spread. 
 
 2. SruoNciER ]$LLSTER OiNTMENT (Countcr-Irritant) — 
 Spirit of turpentine 1 ounce, sulphuric acid, by mcfisure, 
 2 drachms; mix carefnlly in an open place; and add — hog's 
 lard 4 ounces, powdered cantharidcs 1 ounce; mix and 
 spread. 
 
 3. Very Strong Blister Ointment (Counter-irritant) 
 Strong mercurial ointment 4 ounces, oil of origanum \ 
 ounce, finely powdered euphorbium 3 drachms, powdered 
 cantharides ^ ounce; mix and spread. 
 
 ^ 
 
MEDICINES FOB HOnSES AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 4. Rapidly Acting Blister Ointment (Counter-irri- 
 tant) — Best Hour of mustiird Bounces, mtuie into a paste 
 with water; add oil of turpentine ^J ounces, strong liquor 
 of ammonia 1 ounce; this is to bo well rubhed into the 
 chest, belly, or back, in cases of acute iiiflainmation. 
 
 6. Sweating Blisteh — Strong mercurial ointment 3 
 ounces, oil of origanuui 2 dracbmn, corrosive sublimato S 
 draciims, cantharides powdered 3 drachms; mix and rub in 
 with tho hand. 
 
 e. Stuono Sweating Blister, for Splints, Eing- 
 Bones, Spavins, Etc. — Biuiodidu of mercury 1 to 1^ 
 draolnns, lard I ounce; to bo wellriiblied into tliolegsafter 
 cutting the hair short; and followed by the daily use of ar- 
 nica in shape of a wasli, as follows, which is to bo painted 
 on with a brusli : tincture of arnica 1 ounce, water 12 to 15 
 ounces; mix. 
 
 7. Liquid Sweating Blister — Cantharides 1 ounce, 
 spirit of tur)H'ntine 2 ounces, methylated spirit of wine 1 
 pint; mix and digest for a fortuiglit; then strain. 
 
 Another — Powdered cantharides 1 ounce, commercial 
 pyroligneous acid 1 pint; mis and digest for a fortnight; 
 thou strain. 
 
 Caustics OP Cauteries.— Caustics are substances 
 which i)urii away the living tissues of tho body, by the 
 decomposition of their elements. They are of two kinds 
 — first, the actual cautery, consisting in tho application of 
 the burning iron, and called firing; and, sccomlly, tho po- 
 tential cautery, by means of the powers of mineral caus- 
 tics, such as potassa fusa, lunar-caustic, corrosive subli- 
 mate, etc. 
 
 Firing is described in the cha;: ier on operations. 
 
 The following are the ordinary chemical apiilications 
 used as potential cauteries : 
 
 1. Fused Potass, difficult to manage, because it runs 
 about in all directions, and little used in veterinary 
 medicine. 
 
 2. Lunar Caustic, or Nitrate of Silver, very valuable 
 to tho veterinary surgeon, and constantly used to apply to 
 profuse granulations. 
 
 3. Sulphate of Copper, almost equally useful, hut not 
 80 strong as lunar caustic; it may be well rubbed in to all 
 high granulations, as in 1 rokeu knees and similar growths. 
 
 4. C'uuKOsiVE Sublimate in powder, whicli acts most 
 energetically upon warty growths, but should be used with 
 groat care and discretion. It may safely be apjilied to 
 small surfaces, but not without a regular practitioner to 
 largo ones. It should be washed oft" after remaining on a 
 few minutes. For the mode of applying it in castration, 
 see lIoKSE Castration. 
 
 5. Yellow Oupiment is not so strong as Corrosive Sub- 
 limate, and may be used with more freedom. It will gen- 
 erally remove warty growths, by picking off their heads 
 and rubbing it in. 
 
 C. Muriate of Antimony, called Butter of Antimony; 
 a strong but rather unmanageable caustic, and used either 
 by itself or mixed with more or less water. 
 
 7. Chloride of Zinc is a most powerful caustic. It 
 may be used in old sinuces in solution, 7 drachms in a pint 
 of water. 
 
 Milder Caustics — 8, Verdigris either in powder or 
 mixed with lard as an ointment, in the proportion of 1 to 
 3; 9, red precipitate, ditto, ditto; 10, burnt alum, used 
 dry ; 11, powdered white sugar. 
 
 Mild Liquid Caustics — 12, solution of nitrate of sil- 
 ver, 5 to 15 grains to the ounce of distilled .vater. 
 
 13. Solution of blue vitriol of about vouble the above 
 strength. 
 
 14. Chloride of zinc, 1 to 3 grains to the ounce of water. 
 Charges are lidhesive plasters which are spread while 
 
 hot on tne legs, and at once covered with short tow, so as 
 
 l^ 
 
 to form a strong and tinyielding support while the horse is 
 at grass. 
 
 1. Okdinary Charges — Burgundy pitch 4 ounces, 
 Bar'oadoes tar ounces, beeswax 2 ounce.-!, red lead 4 
 ounces. Tho first three are to be melted togetiier and 
 afterwards the lead is to be added. Ti:e mixture is to be 
 kojjt constantly stirred until sutliciently cold to be applietl. 
 If too stiff (which will dejiend upon tho weather) it may lje 
 softened by tho addition of a little lard or oil. 
 
 2. Arnica Charge — Canada balsam 2 ounces, pow- 
 dered arnica leaves 1 ounce. 'l"he balsam to be melted and 
 worked up with the leaves, adding spirits of turpentine if 
 necessary. When thoroughly mixed, to be well rubbed 
 into tho whole leg, in a thin layer, ami to be cohered over 
 with the Cluirge Ko. 1, which will set on its out.-ide and 
 act as a bandage, while tho arnica is a restorative to the 
 weakened vessels. This is an excellent application. 
 
 Clysters, or Enemata. — Clysters are intended either 
 to relievo obstruction or spasm of the bowels, and are of 
 great service when properly api>lied. They may Ix? made 
 of warm water or griKtl, of which some quarts will be re- 
 (|uired in colic. They should be thrown '.;p with the projier 
 syringe, provided with valves and llexible tube. 
 
 For the turpentine clyster "ii colic sec Antisp.\smodics. 
 
 Aperient clysters, see Aperients. 
 
 1. Anodyne Clyster in 1>iarriicea — Starch iiade 
 as for washing 1 quart, powdered opium 2 drachms. The 
 opium is to be boiled in water and added to the starch. 
 
 Cordials are medicines which act as temporary stini • 
 lanls to the whole system, and especially to the stomach. 
 'J'liey augmetit the strength and spirits when depressed, as 
 after over-exertion in work: 
 
 1. Cordial Balls — Powdered caraway seeds dr J jis, 
 ginger 2 drachms, oil of cloves 20 drops, treacle enough to 
 make into a ball. 
 
 Anothi-.r — Powdered anise seed 6 drachms, powdered 
 cardamoms 2 drachms, powdered cassia 1 drachm, oil of 
 caraway 20 drops. Mix with treacle into a ball. 
 
 2. Cordial Drench — A quart of good ale warmed and 
 with jilenty of grated ginger. 
 
 3. Cordial and Expixtorant — Powdered anise seed^ 
 ounce, powdered squill 1 drachm, powdered myrrh l| 
 drachm, balsam of Peru enough to form a ball. 
 
 Another — Liquorice powder + ounce, gum ammonia- 
 cum 3 drachms, balsam of tola H drachms, powdered 
 squill 1 drachm, linseed meal and boiling water enough to 
 form into a mass. 
 
 Demulcents are used for tho purpose of soothing ir- 
 ritations of the bowels, kidneys, or bladder, in the two last 
 cases by their efTect upon the secretion of urine. 
 
 1. Demulcent Drench — Gum Arabic ^ ounce, water 
 1 pint. Dissolve and give as a drench night and morning, 
 or mixed with a mash. 
 
 Another— Linseed 4 ounces, water 1 quart. Simmer 
 till a strong and thick decoction is obtained, and give as 
 above. 
 
 2. Marshmallow Drench — Marshmallows a double 
 handful, water 1 qiuirt. Simmer as in the second part of 
 No. 1 and use in the same way. 
 
 Djaphoretics have a special action on the skin, in- 
 creasing the perspiration sometimes to an enormous extent. 
 
 1. Ordinary Diaphoretic Drench — Solution of ace- 
 tate of ammonia 3 to 4 ounces, laudanum 1 ounce. Mix 
 and give at night. Or, 
 
 Another — Solution of acetate of ammonia 2 ounces, 
 spirits of nitric ether 2 ounces. Mix and give as above. 
 
 2. In Hide-Bound — Emetic tartar 1^ drachms, cam- 
 phor i drachm, ginger 2 drachms, opium i drachm, oil 
 

 MEDICINKS von IIOHSKS AN'D DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 of uiirawiiy ladiop.'^.liiisecMl iiu'iil iiml boiling water to form 
 !i ball, wliii'li is to bo given twico or tlirico a wwk. 
 
 3. 1\ lliDK I)Oi\i) (but not>«o I'lliuiicioiis) — Antinioiiiiil 
 poudur ;! (li:i(;linis, giiigur 1 drac'lini, jjowdcrtd carawayn 
 (! di'ai^luns, oil of aniso si't'd ^0 drops. Mix as above. 
 
 'I'liu.so ruini'dioa rocpiiro modoralu exoroiso in (dotliiiig to 
 l)riMg out tlu'ir I'lIi'Cts, after whicli tlio liorso slioubi bu 
 wi.s|H'd till quite dry. 
 
 Dig'estives. — Digestives are a2)plicatioiis wliich ]iro- 
 nioto KMppiiralion, and tlio healing of wounds or idcers. 
 
 1. Diiii;sTivi; Oint.mknt — Keil i)reeipitato 3 ounces, 
 Venice turpentine 3 (/unces, beeswax 1 ounce, liog's lard 
 ■lounces; melt the last three ingredients over a slow lire, 
 and when nearly cold stir in tlio jiowder. 
 
 Diuretics. — Diuretics are medicines wliich promote the 
 secretion and discharge of tirine, the elTect being produced 
 in a dill'erent manner by dill'erent medicines; some acting 
 directly niion the kidneys by sympathy witii the stomacii, 
 while others are taken up by the blood-vessels, and in their 
 elimination from the blood, cause an extra secretion of tlio 
 urine. In eitiiercase their effect is to diminish the watery 
 part of the blood, and thus promote the absorpti'Mi of fluid 
 eiliised into any of the cavities, or into tlie cellular mem- 
 brane in the various forms of dropsy. 
 
 1. Stiml-latixg DifUFTic Ball — Powdered resin 3 
 drachms, sal i)ninelle 3 drachms, Castile soup 3 drachms, 
 oil of juniper 1 drachm; mix. 
 
 2. A Moke Cooling Diuretic Ball — Powdered nitre 
 •J to 1 ounce, camphor 1 drachm, juniper berries 1 drachm, 
 soap 3 drachms; mix, adding linseed meal enough to form 
 a ball. 
 
 3. Diuretic PowDKU FOR A Masu — Nitre ^ to :J ounce, 
 resin ^ to J ounce; mix. 
 
 4. Anotiieu More Active PovTDER — Nitre 6 drachms, 
 camphor 1^ drachms; mix. 
 
 Embrocations. — Embrocations or liniments are stimu- 
 lating or sedative external applications, intended to reduce 
 the pain and inflammation of internal parts, when rubbed 
 into the skin with the hand. 
 
 1. MusTAKU Emukoc'ation — Best flour of Mustard C 
 ounces, liquor of ammonia li ounces, oil of turpentine 1^ 
 ounces; mix witli sufficient water to form a thin jjaste. 
 
 2. Stimulatixo EMiiKOCATiiix — Camphor ^ ounce, oil 
 of turpentine li ounces, spirit of wine l| ounces; mix. 
 
 3. .Sweating EMtutocATinN i-qr Winhgalls, Etc. — 
 Strong mercurial ointment 2 ounces, camphor ^ ounce, 
 oil of rosemary 2 drachms, oil of turpentine 1 ounce ; 
 mix. 
 
 4. Axother, but Stronger — Strong mercurial oint- 
 ment 2 ounces, oil of bay 1 ounce, oil of origanum -^ 
 ounce, powdered cantharides -J ounce; mix. 
 
 5. A iMo.sT Active Swi:.vtixg i; mis hoc a tigs- — Binio- 
 dide of mercury ^ to 1 drachm, powdered arnica leaves 1 
 draclun, soap liniment 2 ounces; mix. 
 
 Emulsions. — AVhen oily matters have their globules 
 broken down by friction with mucilaginous substances, 
 such as gum arable or yolk of egg, they are called emul- 
 sions, and are specially useful in soothing irritation of tlie 
 mucous membrane, of the trachea and bronchi. 
 
 1. Simple Emulsion- — Linseed oil 2 ounces, lioncy 3 
 ounces, soft water l})iiit,subcarbonate of potass 1 drachm; 
 dissolve tho honey and potass in the water; then add the 
 linseed oil by degrees in a large mortar, when it should as- 
 sume a milky appearance, it may be given night and 
 morning. 
 
 2. Another More Active Emulsion — Simple emulsion 
 No. 1, 7 ounces, camphor 1 drachm, opium in powder ^ 
 drachm, oil of anise seed 30 drops; rub the last three in- 
 gredients togetlier in a mortar with some white sugar; then 
 add the emulsion by degrees. 
 
 Horse Expectorants. — Expectorants excite or pro- 
 mote a discharge of mucus from the lining membrane 
 of the bronchial tubes, thereby relieving inllammatiou and 
 allaying cough. 
 
 1. Expectorant Ball in Ordinary Cough without 
 Imi'Lammation. — Ouin ammoniacum bounce, powdered 
 scjuill ] drachm, Castile soap 2 drachms; honey enough to 
 form a liall. 
 
 2. In Old Standing Cough (Stomach) — As,safrt>tida 3 
 drachms, galbanum 1 drachm, carbonate of amtnonia ^j 
 drachm, ginger 1\ drachms; honey enough to form a ball. 
 
 3. A STiiOKo JLxi'ectorant iV\ll — Emetic tartar i 
 drachm, calomel 15 grains, digitalis^ drachm, powdered 
 squills ■;! drachm; linseed meal and water enough to form 
 a ball, which is not to be repeated without great care. 
 
 Febrifuges. — Genernlly culled fever medicines, are 
 given to allay tho arterial and nervous excitements which 
 accompany *3brile action. They do this partly by their 
 agency on tho heart and arteries througii the nervous 
 system, and partly by increasing the secretions of the skin 
 and kidneys. 
 
 1. FeVicr Ball. — Nitre 4 drachms, camphor 1^ drachms, 
 calomel and opium, of each 1 scruple, linseed meal as 
 above. Or, 
 
 Another. — Emetic tartar 1| to 2 drachms, compound 
 powder of tragacanth 2 drachms; linseed meal and water 
 enough to form a ball. Or, 
 
 Another. — Nitre 3 drachms, camphor 2 drachms; mix 
 as above. 
 
 2. Cooling Powder for Mash. — Nitre 6 drachms to 
 one ounce; may be given in a bran mash. 
 
 3. Cooling Drench. — Nitre 1 ounce, sweet spirit of 
 nitre, 2 ounces, tincture of digitalis 2 drachms, whey 1 
 pint. 
 
 Lotions or Washes consist of liquids applied to the 
 external parts, either to cool them or to produce a healthy 
 action in the vessels. 
 
 1. Cooling Solution for External Inflammation. — 
 Goulard extract 1 ounce, vinegar 2 ounces, spirits of wine 
 or gin 3 ounces, water 1^ pints; mix, and apply with a cal- 
 ico bandage. 
 
 2. Another, Useful for Inflamed Legs, or for 
 Galled Shoulders ok Back. — Sal Ammoniac 1 ounce, 
 vinegar 4 ounces, spirits of wine 2 ounces, tincture of arni- 
 ca 2 drachms, water ^ pint; mix. 
 
 3. Lotion for Foul Ulcers. — Sulphate of copper 1 
 ounce, nitric acid -J ounce, water 8 to 12 ounces; mix. 
 
 4. Lotion FOR the Eyes. — Sulphate of zinc 20 to 25 
 grains water D ounces; mix. 
 
 5. Very Strong One, and only to he dropped in. — 
 Nitrate of silver 6 to 8 grains, distilled water 1 ounce; mix 
 and use with a camel-hair brush. 
 
 Narcotics. — A distinction is sometimes made between 
 anodynes and narcotics, but in veterinary medicine there is 
 no necessity for separating them. (See Anodynes.) 
 
 Refrigerants. — Lower the animal heat by contact with 
 tho skin, the ordinary ones being cold air, cold water, ice, 
 and evaporative lotions. (See Lotions.) 
 
 Sedatives. — Depress the action of tho circulatory and 
 nervous systems, without effecting tlie mental functions. 
 They are very powerful in their eifects; and digitalis, 
 which is tho drug commonly used for this purpose, has a 
 special quality known by the name of cumulative; that is 
 to say, if repeated, small doses are given at intervals for a 
 certain time, an effect is produced almost equal to that 
 which would follow tho exhibition of the whole quantity 
 at once. Besides digitalis, aconite is also sometimes used 
 to lower the action of the heart, and by many it is 
 
 i ;ii 
 
or pro- 
 icnibnino 
 ition uiid 
 
 loiiia jS 
 III a liall. 
 tartar ^ 
 wwderod 
 
 to form 
 
 iro. 
 
 103, aro 
 IS wliicli 
 by their 
 nervous 
 tlio skin 
 
 
 MEDICI>fE8 FOll H0KSE3 AND DOMESTIC AN'INALS. 
 
 siijiposod to bo equal in pototioy to that drug, witliout tlio 
 daiigi'r which always attends its use 
 
 Stimulants. — By liiis term is understood those sub- 
 stancea which excite the action of tiio whole nervous and 
 vascular systcins; almost all medicines are stitnulants to 
 some part or otiier, as, for instance, aperients, whicli stim- 
 ulate the lining of the bowels, but to tiie general system 
 are lowering. On the otiu'r hand, stimulants, so called 
 ■par vxceUcncc, excite and raise the action of the brain and 
 lieart. 
 
 Old ale 1 quart, carbonate of ammonia ^ to 2 drachms, 
 tincture of ginger 4 drachms; mix and give as a drench. 
 
 For other stimulants, see Coudiai.s. 
 
 Stomachs. — Stomachics are medicines given to im- 
 prove ilie time of tlie stomach, when impaired by badnuin- 
 agcmeiit or di.-iease. 
 
 Stomachic Hall. — Powdered gentian^ ounce, powdeii'd 
 ginger \\ drachms, carbonate of soda 1 drachm; treacle 
 to form a ball; or 
 
 ANOTiiEii. — C'asearilla. powdered 1 ounce, myrrh \\ 
 drachms, caslile soap 1 drachm; mix with syrup or treacle, 
 into a ball; or 
 
 Another. — Powdered Colombo ^ to 1 ounce, powdered 
 cassia 1 drachm, powdered rhubarb 2 drachms; mix as in 
 second part of No. 1. 
 
 Styptics. — Stypticsare remedies which have a tendency 
 to stop the llo'.v of blood either from interijal for external 
 surfaces. Tliey are used either by t!ie mouth, or to tiie 
 part itself in the shape of lotions, etc. ; or the actual cau- 
 tery, which is always the best in external bleeding, may 
 be employed. Sometimes, however, the part cannot bo 
 reached with the heated iron, and is yet within the in- 
 .luenco of an injection, as in bleeding from the nostrils, 
 for which tl;e following may be employed: 
 
 Matico leaves h ounce, boiling water 1 pint; infuse, 
 and when cold strain and inject into the nostrils. 
 
 For internal styptics, see Astuingents. 
 
 Tonics. — Augment the vigor of the whole body per- 
 manently, whilst stimulants only act for a short time. 
 They are ohiefly useful after low fever. 
 
 Tonic bALL. — Sulphate of iron ^ ounce, extract of cam- 
 omile 1 ounce; mix and form into ball. 
 
 Cattle. — 1. Drink, Cough and Fever. — Take emetic 
 tartar 1 drachm. ])owdered digitalis ^ drachm, nitre 3 
 drachms; mix and give in a cpiart of tolerably thick gruel. 
 
 2. Drink, Purging. — Take epsom salts 1 pound,powdered 
 caraway seeds \ ounce; dissolro in a quart of warm gruel 
 and give. 
 
 3. Drink, Purging. — Take emetic tartar \ drachm, nitre 
 2 drachms, powdered gentian root 1 drachm, powdered 
 camomile flowers 1 drachm, powdered ginger -J drachm; 
 pour upon them a pint of boiling ale, and give the infusion 
 when nearly cold. 
 
 3. Drink, Expectorant. — Take licorice root 2 ounces; 
 bruise and boil in a quart of water until the fluid is re- 
 duced to a pint, then gradually and carefully add powdered 
 squills 2 drachms, powdered gum guaiacum 1 drachm, 
 tincture of balsam of tolu ^ ounce, honey 2 ounces; give it 
 morning and night. 
 
 5. Drink, Turpentine for Worms. — Take oil of turpen- 
 tine 2 ounces, sweet spirit of nitre 1 ounce, laudanum, ^ 
 ounce, linseed oil 4 ounces; mix and give in a pint of 
 gruel. 
 
 6. Drink Stimulating. — Take digitalis 1 scruple, emetic 
 tartar ^ drachm, nitre 3 drachms, powdered squills 1 
 drachm, opium 1 scruple; raiz, and give with a pint of 
 gruel. 
 
 7. Drink, Sulphur Purging. — Take sulphur 8 ounces, 
 ginger ^ ounce, mix with a qnart of warm gruel. The 
 
 drink should be rep«rate(l evtry third day, if 
 appear to require ii. 
 
 «. Drink. Kheiiniaiio. — Take nitre 2 drachms, tartar- 
 izod antimony I druchm, spirit of nitrons ether 1 oiiiico, 
 anido seed powder 1 ounce; mix with a pint of very thick 
 griiul, atid rei)«at the dose morning and night, except 
 wlien it is neeessarv to give the sulphur purging drink, 
 No. ?. 
 
 0. Embrooation, Rbenoiatic. — Take neatsfoot oil, 4 
 ounces, camphoraied oil, spirit of turiicntine and lauila- 
 dum, each one ounce, oil of origMnnni 1 driichin ; mix. 
 
 KJ. Ointment, llt-aling. (.'leansing. — 'i'ake lard 2 
 [)ounds. resin 4 pound : melt them together, and when 
 neai'iy cnld, stir in caiamine, very finely powdered, half a 
 pound. 
 
 11. Camphr.ratetl Oil. — Take camphor 2 ouiiiis, and 
 break into small pte<-es : put it into a pint of s|iernia(!eti, 
 or common olive oil. and let tht' bottle, being closely 
 corked, and shaken everv day stand in a warm place until 
 the camphor is dissolved. 
 
 1"..'. Drink. Cordial, Bbenmatic. — Take rhododendron 
 leaves, 4 drachms, briil it in a quart of water until it is 
 diniinished to a pint ; strain the decoction, and to half 
 of the liquid, warm, add gum guaiacum tinely jpowdcred 
 2 drachma, powdervd caraway seeds 2 drachms, powdered 
 seed 2 drachms ; mixed with half a pint of warm 
 
 Totiic. — Take gentian root, powdered ^ 
 
 anise 
 ale. 
 
 13. Drink 
 ounce, ginger powdered 1 drac-hm. epsom salts 2 ounces, 
 mix the whole with a pint of warm gruel, and give it morn- 
 ing and night. 
 
 14. Drink for the Yellows. — Take of calomel and 
 opium, a scruple; mix and suspend in a little thick gruel. 
 
 15. Drink, Physic, a Strong. — Takrf epsom or glauber 
 salts -J pound, kernel of croion nut 10 grains; take oil 
 the shell of the croton nut, and weigh the proper quan- 
 tity of the kernel, mb it down to a tine powder, gradually 
 mix it with half a pint of thick gruel, and give it and im- 
 mediately afterwani* give the salts, dissolved in a pint and 
 a half of thinner gmel. 
 
 16. Ointment, Blister. — Take lard 12 ounces, resin 4 
 ounces, melt them together, and when they are getting 
 cold add oil of tarpentine four ounces, powdered can- 
 tharides five ounces : stirring th" whole together. 
 
 17. Drink, Astringient. — Take prepared chalk 2 ounces, 
 oak bark powder**! 1 ounce, catechu powdered ^- ounce, 
 opium powdered 2 scruples, ginger powdered 2 drachms ; 
 nnx and give in a quart of warm gruel. 
 
 18. Drink, .\3tring1ent, with Mutton Suet. — Take mut- 
 ton suet 1 pound, new milk 2 quarts ; boil them together 
 until the suet is dissolved ; then add — Opium powdered 
 ^ drachm, ginger 1 drachm ; having previously well 
 mixed them with a sj-^i^nfiil or two of iluid. 
 
 19. 'Uliey, Alcm. — Take alum -t ounce, water 2 quarts ; 
 boil them together f-»r K-n minutes and strain. 
 
 20. Astringent, S:Jmnlating. — Take oil of Juniper 2 to 
 4 drachms, tinctnre of opium 1 ounce, oil of turpentine 
 1 ounce ; mix and give in a pint of linseed tea once or 
 twice a day. 
 
 21. Drink. StimElating. — Take epsom or glauber salts 
 1 pound, ginger 4 ounce, carbonate of ammonia 4- ounce, 
 ]>our one quart of 5>»ilJng water upon the ingredients ; 
 stir them well and gi^e when milk warm. 
 
 22. Stimulating Drink, Mild. — Take ginger 1 drachm, 
 gentian 1 drachm, spirit of nitrons ether 1 ounce ; mix 
 and give in a pint of gmel. 
 
 23. Astringent. Mild. — ^take oak bark powdered jounce, 
 catechu powdene»l 2 drachms. o])ium powdered -J scruple ; 
 mix together in a pint of gruel or warm water. 
 
I i 
 
 21. Ointment, J[orciirial Garget. — 1'iiko soft soup 1 
 pound, mercurial ointmout 2 ounces, eumphor ruhbed 
 down witli a littlo spirit of wiuo I ounce ; ruo tliem well 
 toj,'et].er. 
 
 25. Ointment, Iodine. — Take hydrate of potash 1 
 drachtn, liird 7 drachms; rub tiiem well together, 
 
 2(!. Drinii, l)illreti(^ — Take ))owdered nitre 1 ounce, 
 powdered resin 2 ounces, ginger 'J draehins ; mix them 
 well together iu a littlo treacle, and give them in a warm 
 gruel. 
 
 27. Ointment for Soro Teats. — Take elder ointment 6 
 ounecs, beeswax 2 ounces ; mix them together, and add 
 an ounce each of sugar of lead and alum iu tine jjowder, 
 and stir them togolhcr until cold. 
 
 28. IJriiik, JSliinulant, Warm. — Take ginger powdered 
 + ounce, caraway seeds drachms, allspice ^ ounce; mix 
 in a quart of warm water or mild ale. 
 
 21). Drink, Anodyne. — Take powdered opium Adraehm, 
 sweet spirit of nitre 2 ounces ; rub them together, adding 
 the Ihiitl by small quantities at a time, and give tho mix- 
 ture in a pint of warm gruel. 
 
 30. Drink, I'lirgative, .Strong. — Take Epsom or Glauber 
 salts 12 ounces, ilowers of suli)hur 4 ounces, powdered 
 ginger 4 drachms, spirit of nitrous ether 1 ounce ; to be 
 dissolved in warm water. 
 
 31. Drink, Cordial. — Take caraway powder 1 ounce, 
 gentian, powered {r ounce, essence of peppermint 20 
 drops ; mix. 
 
 32. Drink, Tonic. — Tako gentian 2 drachms, tartrate 
 of iron 1 drachm, ginger 1 drachm ; mix and give iu a 
 pint of gruel. 
 
 33. Drink, Tonic, Jfildest. — Take gentian 2 drachms, 
 emetic tartar -J drachm, nitre ^ ounce, spirit of nitrous 
 cthei' \ ounce ; give in gruel. 
 
 bt. Lotion, Disinfectant. — Tako solution of chloride of 
 lime, in powdered :Jr ounce, water 1 ]>iut ; mix. 
 
 35. JIurrain, Drink for. — Take Sweet Spirit of Nitre f 
 ounce, laudanum i ounce, chorido of lime, in j)owder 2 
 ounces, prepared chalk 1 ounce ; rub them well together, 
 and give them with a pint of warm gruel. 
 
 3(i. Drink, Tonic, for Murrain. — Tako Columbia root 2 
 drachms, caiiella bark 2 drachms, ginger 1 drachm, sweet 
 s])irit of nitre -V ounce ; rub them together, and give iu a 
 pint of thick gruel. 
 
 37. Fuinigatiou. — Tako common salt 2 pounds, oil of 
 vitriol 1 jiound. 
 
 38. Drink, Laxative. — Take Epsom salts + pound, sul- 
 phur 2 to 4 ounces, nitre + ounce, ginger 2 drachms, 
 spirit of nitrous ether 1 ounce ; dissolve in warm water 
 or gruel, and rej^oat o.ce a day for several days. 
 
 39. Liniment. — Take alum and white vitriol, of each ^ 
 ounce, treacle 1 gill ; dissolve in a pint oi warm water. 
 
 40. Astringent Powder. — Take blue vitriol, powdered 4 
 ounce, powdered alum i ounce, prepared chalk 2 ounces, 
 armeniau bole 1 ounce; mix. 
 
 41. Tonic, Strong. — Take powdered ginger 1 drachm, 
 powdered caraway seeds 1 drachm, gentian, powdered 
 4 drachms, spirit of nitrous ether 1 ounce ; to bo mixed 
 slowly with gruel. 
 
 42. Drink for Inflammation of the Bladder. — Take 
 antimonial powder 2 drachms, powdered opium 1 scruple; 
 rub well together with a snuill portion of very thick 
 gruel, and repeat the dose morning and night. 
 
 43. Eye Lotion, Sedative (1) — Take dried leaves of fox 
 glove, powdered 1^ ounces ; infuse them in a pint of cape 
 or dry raisin wine for a fortnight, and keep the infusion 
 for use. 
 
 44. Eye Lotion, Sedative (2) — Tako extract of goulard 
 2 drachms, spirituous tincture of digitalis, (made in the 
 same manner as the vinous in receipt 43, No. 1) 2 
 
 drachms, tincture of opium 2 drachma, water 1 jjint ; 
 this should also he introdueeil into the eye. Two or three 
 drops at a time will sullice. 
 
 4."). Lotion for the Eye, Strengthening. — Take white 
 vitriol 1 scruple, spirit of wine 1 drachm, water 1 pint; 
 mix them together, and use the lotion in the same nmnncr 
 as Nos. 43 and 44. 
 
 40. Drink, Cordial. — Take caraway seed in jiowder ^ 
 ounce, anise seed, in powder 4 oiiiuie, ginger ^ ounce ; 
 mix with a pint of good ale, made hot. 
 
 47. Physic Drink, for Locked Jaw, Strong. — Tako bar- 
 badoes aloes It ounces, kernel of croton nut powder 
 10 grains ; dissolve in as snudi quantity of boiling water 
 as jiossible, and give them when the liquid is sulliciently 
 cool. 
 
 48. Anodyne Drink, for Loek-Jaw. — Tako camphor 1 
 drachm, rub it down in an ounco of spirits of wine; 
 to this add: powdered opium 1 drachm; and give the 
 mixture in a small quantity of thick gruel. 
 
 40. Embrocation for liite of serpents. — Take hartshorn 
 and olive oil equal quantities. Shake them well together, 
 and rub the wound and the neighboring parts well with 
 the liniment morning and night. 
 
 50. Lotion, Discutient. — Tako bay salt 4 ounces, vine- 
 gar 1 pint, Wiitcr 1 qinirt, oil of origanum 1 drachm; add 
 the oil of salt first; rub them well down with a littlo 
 water; then gradually add the balance of the v/ater and 
 vinegar. 
 
 61. Embrocation for Strains. — Take bay salt 4 ounces, 
 oil of origanum 1 drachm; rub them well together, until 
 the salt is reduced to a powder; then add — vinegar ^ pint, 
 spirits of wine 2 ounces, water 1 quart. 
 
 52. Embrocation for Strains, Strongest. — Tako spirit of 
 turpcutino -^ j)int, oil of origanum i ounce, olive oil 1^ 
 ])ints, cantharidesl ounce; mix them together; shake them 
 often and keep in a bottle for use. 
 
 53. Charge for Old Strains and Lameness. — Take bur- 
 gundy pitch 4 ounces, common jiiteli 4 ounces, yellow wax 
 2 ounces, barbiuloes tar C ounces; melt them together in a 
 ladle, and apply the mixture to the parts when thoroughly 
 warm and liquid. 
 
 54. Mango Ointment. — Take flowers of sulphur 1 pound, 
 strong mercurial ointment 2 ounces, common turpentine 
 ^])ound,lard 1^ pounds; melt the turpentine and lard 
 together; stir well in the sulphur when these begin to cool; 
 and afterwards rub down the mercurial ointment on a 
 marble slab with the other ingredients. 
 
 55. Drink, Alterative — Take flowers of sulphur 2 ounces, 
 black sulphuret of antimony 1 ounce, iEUiiop's mineral -j- 
 ounce, nitre 2 ounces; mix and divide into four powders, 
 give one every second morning in a little thick gruel. 
 Turning into a salt marsh will bo an excellent auxiliary. 
 
 50. Vermin, Jlercurial Ointment for. — Take strong 
 mercurial ointment 1 ounce, hud 7 ounces; mix them well 
 together, and rub the ointment well on wherever the lice 
 appear. 
 
 57. Vermin, Lotion for — Tako corrosive sublimate 2 
 drachms; rub it down in 2 ounces of spirits of wine, and 
 add a pint of water. 
 
 58. Tonic Powders, Alti itive. — Take flowers of sulphur 
 4 ounces, black sulphurcL of antimony 1 ounce, ^thiop's 
 mineral i ounce, nitre 3 ounces, powdertcl gentian 2 
 ounces, powdered ginger 1 ounce; mix and divide into six 
 powders, and give one daily. 
 
 59. Bull Burnt, Lotion for. — Take Goulard's extract 1 
 ounce, spirit of wiue 2 ounces, water -J pint; mix. 
 
 CO. Cow-pox, Lotion for. — Take sal ammoniac i ounce, 
 white wine vinegar^ pint, camphorated spirit of wine 2 
 ounces, Goulard's extract 1 ounce; mix, and keep it in 
 a bottle for use. 
 
 
MKDICINKH HOK IIORHES AND DOMKSTIO ANIHAtiS. 
 
 
 01. Calves. — Drink, Aperient for — 'lako Kp^ioni biiUh, 
 from 1 to ^ (iiincos, iicicordiiig to tiio iigc luid hIzo of tlitt 
 culf, iirid (linsolvo in iiivlf ii pint of griit'l; tiu'n luid gingor, 
 Isornplu; csBuru^o of pupporniint, ',\ drop.s; mix. 
 
 6'Z. Diiirrhcu.i in — 'I'liko prepared olmlk ,'J dnichms, pow- 
 dered opinin 10 graina, powdered cateciui A draciini, gin- 
 ger .J draclini, osseneo or noppermintS drops; mix and give 
 twice 11 day in iialf ])int of grtiel. 
 
 G;t. I'lUfTing, to Stop — Take Dover's powder S scrnples, 
 starcdi or arrow-ioot in i)(iwder i onncc, comnonnd cinun- 
 nion powder Idrai'iim, powdered kino i draelini; Tjoil the 
 start'ii or iirrow-ioot in a jiint of water nntil it liocomos 
 well tliiekencd, and tiioii gradually stir in tiio other in- 
 grodientH. 
 
 C4. Ildovo in — Take oil of turpentine 1 onnec, linaeeil 
 oil 3 or 4 ounces, gniger powdered 1 draciini; mix. 'I'o he 
 repeated at the interval of a week, a.s often as !nay he re- 
 (piired. 
 
 U5. Sheep. — 'roiiic Drink. — Take gentian root powdered 
 1 draciini, caraway jiowdei' .1 (hacliin, tinctnre of caiaway 
 10 droi)a; giv(^ in a quarter of a pint of tliiek gruel. 
 
 CO. Purging, Drink foi' — Take Kp.som .salts ;i ounces, 
 powdered caraway ;t ounce; warm linn giiul snllicient to 
 dissolve tiio salts. 
 
 07. Astringent Drink for — Take eomiionnd chalk 
 powder with oiiiuni 1 drachm, gentian 1 sf^ruplc, essence 
 of peppermint C drops; mix with ii little thin starch, and 
 give morning and night. 
 
 08. Cooling Fever Drink. — Take powdered digitalis 1 
 scrnide, emetic tartar iD grains, nitre 2 drachms; mix with 
 thick gruel, and let it ho given twice eaeii day. 
 
 09. Laxative Meiliciiie. — Take Epsom salts 1 onncc, 
 gingor 1 scruple, genliaii 1 draehm, warm waters ounces, 
 linseed oil 1 on nee; tlio above may he given either alone 
 or with gruel, to a full grown slice]); and from one-fourth 
 to one-half to a I I'nh, a.^eordiny; to its age. 
 
 70. Stienu^tju'iiiiig Drink. — Take jirepared chalk 1 
 ouni'e,eatec!!U .}draclini, opium :20 grains, spirit of nitrous 
 ether '^ drachms, gentian 1 (Iraclim; to be dissolved in 
 gruel, and given twice a day till the purging ceases; after 
 whii:li the la<t two ingredients, with adrachni of nitre and 
 10 gi'Miiis (if lartarized antimony, should bo given in gruel 
 once a day. 
 
 71. I'liysio for Blown. — Take (llauber salts 1 ounce, and 
 dissolve in peppermint water 4 ounces; to this add tincture 
 of ginger I (hvudini; tincture of gentian 1 drachm; boiling 
 water 1 ounce. Tiiis should he given every six hours until 
 the bowels are opened, and half the quantity on each of 
 the four next mornings. 
 
 72. (leneral Tonic Drink. — Take gentian 3 drachms, 
 Colombo 1 dr»fihm, ginger \ drachm; give in four ounces 
 of warm gruei. 
 
 73. Mixture for the Rot. — Take common salt 8 ounces, 
 powdered gentian 3 ounces, ginger 1 ounce, tincture of 
 Colombo 4 ounces; put the whole into a quart bottle so as 
 to fill the bottle. 
 
 74. Seeor.ci Mixture tor the Rot — Take of the receipt. 
 Mixture for the rot (whicii see), one (juart. To this add, 
 spirits of turpentine 3 ounces. Shako them well together 
 when first mixed, and whenever the medicine is given, two 
 tablespoonfuls are the usual do.se. 
 
 7;"). Caiistie. \.=;triiigeiit I'owdor for Foot Rot. — Take 
 verdigris, arni'Viian l)oh\ and sugar of lead, equal parts. 
 Rub them wtll l()gether. until tiiey are reduced to a fine 
 powder. 
 
 70. Arsenical Wa.sh for Lice. — Take arsenic 2 pounds, 
 soft soap 4 pounds; dissolve in 30 gallons of water. 
 
 77. Mercurial Wash i'or Lice. — Take corrosive sublimate 
 1 ounce, spirits ot wine 2 ounces. Rub the corrosive sub- 
 limate in the spirit nntil it is dissolved, and then add 
 
 cream of tartar 1 ounce, bay salt 4 ounces. Dissolve the 
 whole in two quarts of water, and apply a little of it with 
 a small piece of sponge wherever the lice appear. 
 
 78. Fly Powder for.— Take white leacl 2 potinds, red 
 lead I pound, and mix them together. 
 
 70. Ointment for Sore Heads, — Take black pitch 2 
 |)ounds, tar I pound, flowers of sulphur 1 jiound; melt 
 thorn in an iron pot over a very slow fire, stirring together 
 the ingredients as they begin to melt, but carefully watch- 
 ing the compound, and removing tlie pot from the lire the 
 moiiient i lie ingredients are well mixed, and lieforo they 
 begin to fidil, for they would then rapidly swell to un ox- 
 traordinaiy extent, and tiic whole mass would run over 
 into the tire. 
 
 80. Astringent Powder for. — Take jircjiarcd ehulk i 
 ounce, ginger .} drachm, catechu powdered ^ flraclini, 
 powdered opium 2 grains; give this in a little gruel, twice 
 daily until the purging abates. 
 
 81. .Mild liaxitivo.— Take linseed oil 3 ounces, pow- 
 dered ojiium 2 grains; to be mixed with linseed tea, lin- 
 seed and oatmeal gruel should be given several times u 
 day, and the second day the astringent powder for sheep 
 should be given. 
 
 82. Tonic Drink for Debility.— Take gentian and pow- 
 dered caraway seeds, of each 1 ounce; Colombo and ginger, 
 of each i an ounce. Pour a quart of boiling water upon 
 them, and let the infusion stand throe days, stirring it 
 well every day. Then pour ot! the clear liquid, and bottle 
 it for use. Give a tablespoonfiil daily in a little gruel, 
 mixed with an .iqual quantity of good ale. 
 
 83. liotion for 'Jlondiness on the Eyes.— Take corrosive 
 sublimate 4 grain.i; rub it down with spirits of wine i 
 ounce; and add om pint of water, 
 
 84. .McrQurial Ointment for Scab.— Take crude quick- 
 silver 1 ]iouiid, venico turpentine^ pound, spirits of tur- 
 pentine ;! ounces; mix. 
 
 85. Mild Ointment for Scab.— Take flowers of sulphur 1 
 pound, venico turpentine 4 ounces, rancid lard 3 pounds, 
 strong niercurial ointment 4 ounces ; rub them well 
 together. 
 
 80. Powerful Ointment for Scab.— Take white hellebore 
 3 ounces, bichloride of mercury 2 ounces, fish oil 12 
 pounds, resin ounecs, tallow iV pound; the two first in- 
 gredients to bo mixed with a portion of the oil; and then 
 melt the other ingredients and add. 
 
 87. Smearing Mixture for Scab.— Take a gallon of 
 common tar and 13 pounds of any sweet grease. Melt 
 them together, stirring them well while they are cooling. 
 
 88. Swine.— Fever Medicines for.— Take digitalis 3 
 grains, antimonial powder 6 grains, nitre i drachm; mix 
 and give in a little warm swill, or milk, or mash. 
 
 89. Alterative Powder for.— Take flowers of sulphur i 
 ounce, .^Sthiop's mineral 3 grains, nitre and cream of 
 tartar i drachm; mix and give daily in a little thickened 
 gruel or wash. 
 
 SoAPSTONE Paint for Ikon. — Both in China and 
 Japan soapstono has long been largely used for protecting 
 structures built of soft stone and other materials specially 
 liable to atmosplieric influences. It has been found that 
 powilered soapstone in the form of paint has preserved 
 obelisks formed of stone for hundreds of vears, which 
 would, unprotected, have long ago crumbled away. See- 
 ing what a pre.servative quality this material has, it is 
 specially of interest to shipowners to learn that Mr. Good- 
 all has, in the course of manv experiments, "found noth- 
 ing to take hold of the fibre of iron and steel so easily and 
 firmly as soapstone." For the inside painting of steel and 
 iron ships it is found to be excellent. It has no anti-fou 
 ing quality, but is anti -corrosive. 
 
 ( 
 
 i, 
 
 =^5.. 
 
'J •■. 
 
 I r 
 
 OUOIOR P0RU8. 
 
 .. ,«-h^;ir^f^k:=i., .. 
 
 CHOICK POEMS 
 
 "••T^5i^|^>5=^'" 
 
 WOULD WE RETURN P 
 
 Would we rotiirn 
 If onco the giites which closoil upon tho past 
 Woro onoiieil wide for us, and if tho du! r 
 Remomliered pathway stretched befoio ui clear 
 To lend us back to youth's lust land ut !tuit. 
 When oti life's April shadows lightly cast. 
 Recalled the old sweet days of ehildigh fear 
 With all thnir faded hopes, and brought anear 
 
 Tho fur oil streams with which our skies were glassed ; 
 Did these lost dreams which wake tho soul's sad yearning 
 Cat live once more and waited our returning, 
 Would wo return? 
 
 Would wo return 
 
 If love's ouchuntment held the heart no more. 
 And we had come to count the wild, sweet pain, 
 Tho fond distress, the lavish tears — but vain ; 
 
 Had cooleil tho heart's hot wounds amidst the roar 
 
 Of mountain gules, or on some alien sluire 
 Worn out the soul's long anguish, and had slain 
 At last the dragon of despair — if then the train 
 
 Of vanquislied years eaino buck, and, as of yore, 
 Tho sumo voice culled, and with soft eyes beguiling, 
 Our lost love beckoned, tiirongh times gray and smiling. 
 Would wo return? 
 
 Would wo return 
 Once wo had crossed to death's unlovely land. 
 And trod tho bloomlesj ways among tho dead 
 Lone and unhappy ; after years hud fled 
 With twilight wings aloi.g that glimmering strand. 
 If then — un angel came with ontstretcho.1 land 
 To lead us back, and wo recalled in dread 
 How soon the tears that once for us are shed 
 
 May flow for others — how like words in sand 
 Our memory fades away — how oft our waking 
 Might vex the living with tho dead heart's breaking. 
 Would we return — 
 Would we return? 
 -Boberl Burns Wilson. 
 
 WE PARTED IN" SILENCE. 
 
 BY MRS. CRAWFOUD. 
 
 We parted in silence, we parted by night. 
 
 On the banks of that lonely river ; 
 W here the fragrant limes their boughs unite 
 
 We met — and we parted forever I 
 The night-bird sung, and tho stars above 
 
 Told many a touching story 
 Of friends long passed to the kingdom of love. 
 
 Where the soul wears its niuntlo of glory. 
 
 Weparted in silence — our cheeks were wet 
 
 With the tears that were past controlling ; 
 We vowed wo would never, no, never forget, 
 
 And those vows, at the time, were consoling; 
 But those lips that eohoed the sounds of mine 
 
 Are as cold aa that lonely river ; 
 And that sje, that beantiful spirit's shrine. 
 
 Has shrouded its fires forever. 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 And now, on tho midnight sky I look, 
 
 And my heart grows full of weeping; 
 Each star is to me u sealed l»>ok, 
 
 i^omo tale of that loved one keeping. 
 Wo parted in silence, wo parted iu tears. 
 
 On the banks of that lonely river ; 
 But the odor and bloom of those bygone years 
 
 Shall hang o'er its waters forever. 
 
 MAUD MULLER. 
 
 BY JOH>f O. WIIIITIKB. 
 
 Maud Muller, on a summer's day, 
 Raked the meadow, sweet with hay. 
 
 Beneath her torn hat glowed tho wealth 
 Of simple beauty and rustic health. 
 
 Singing, she wrought, and her merry glee 
 The mock-bird cclioed froui his tree. 
 
 But, when she glanced to tho far-off town. 
 White from its liill-slopo looking down, 
 
 The sweet-song died, arul a vague nnrest 
 And a nameless longing filled Iior breast— 
 
 A wish, that she hardly dared to own. 
 For something better than she had known. 
 
 The .Judge rode slowly down the lane. 
 Smoothing his horse's chestnut mane. 
 
 He drew his bridle in tho shade 
 
 Of the upple-treeb to greet the maid. 
 
 She stooped where the cool spring bubbles up 
 And filled for him her small tin cup. 
 
 Anil blushed as she gave it, looking down 
 On her feet so bare, and her tattered gown. 
 
 " Thunks ! " caid the Judge, " a sweeter draught 
 From a fairer hand was never quaffed." 
 
 He spoke of the grass and flowers and trees. 
 Of the singing birds and the humming bees; 
 
 Then talked of the haying, and wondered wketber 
 The cloud in the west would bring foul weather. 
 
 And JIaud forgot her brier-torn gown 
 And her graceful ankles bare and brown. 
 
 And listened, while a pleased surprise 
 Looked from her long-laahed, hazel eyes. 
 
 At last, like one who for delay 
 Seeks a vain excuse, ho rode away. 
 
 Maud Muller looked and sighed: "Ah met 
 That I the Judge's bride might be! 
 
 "He would dress me up in.8ilks so fine. 
 And praise and toast me at his wine. 
 
 " My father would wear a broadcloth coat ; 
 My brother should sail a painted boat. 
 
 " I'd dress my mother so grand and gay ; 
 And the baby should have a new toy eaoh day. 
 
 ii 
 
3 yean 
 
 m. 
 
 vrn. 
 
 lea up 
 
 vn 
 
 wn. 
 
 r draught 
 
 ■ees, 
 aees: 
 
 i wketber 
 weather. 
 
 nel 
 
 
 •OOICK PORMa. 
 
 "And I'd fcL'd tho liniiffry iind clothe the poor, 
 And iili hIioiiM I)I(!hm iiiu w1k> loft our door." 
 
 Tho .Tiidj,'o Idokrd lincl; us lio climbnd the hill, 
 Aridsuw Maud Miilliu' HUiiidiiigHtill ; 
 
 " A form more fiiir, a faoo morn Hwcet, 
 No'or liiith it heuii my lot to moot. 
 
 "And lior modorit iuiHW,»r and graceful air 
 Show luT widu and good ud shu id fair. 
 
 "Would she wore mirio, and I to-day, 
 Liki) hor, a Imrvester of iuiy. 
 
 "No (l()ulitfiill)alani'(( of rights and wronga. 
 No woiiry lawyors with ondloss tongues, 
 
 " But low of ciittio, and song of birds. 
 And health, and (juiot, and loving words." 
 
 But ho thought of liis si itor, proud nnd cold. 
 And hid molhuj', vain ot hor rank and gold. 
 
 So, closing hid heart, tlin Judge rodo on, 
 And Maud was left in the iiuld t'loiie. 
 
 But tho lawyers smiled that afternoon. 
 When ho hummed in oourt an old love tune. 
 
 And tho young girl muHed bosido tho well. 
 Till tho rain on tliu unniked clover fell. 
 
 IIo wedilorl a wife of richest dower, 
 Who lived for fiishion, as ho for power. 
 
 Yet oft, in hi.i marble hearthV white glov, 
 lie watched a picture come and go ; 
 
 And BweotMaud MuUer'a hazel eyes 
 Looked out in their innocent surprise. 
 
 Oft, when tho wine in his glass was red, 
 lie longed for tho waysido well instead. 
 
 And closed his eyes on his garnished rooma. 
 To dream of meadows and clover-blooms ; 
 
 And the proud man sighed with a secret pain, 
 "Ah, that I were free again! 
 
 "Free us when I rodo that day 
 
 Where tho barefoot maiden raked tlie hay." 
 
 She wedded a man unlearned and poor. 
 And many children i)layed round Iut door. 
 
 But caro and sorrow, and child-birth pain. 
 Left their traces on heart and brain. 
 
 And oft, when tho summer Pun shono hot 
 On the new-mowu hay in tho meadow lot. 
 
 And she heard tho little spring brook fall 
 Over tho road side, through tho wall. 
 
 In the shade of tho apple-tree again 
 Sho saw a rider draw his rein. 
 
 And, gazing down with timid grace, 
 Sho felt hid pleased eyes read her face. 
 
 Sonietinies lu'r narrow kitelicn walla 
 Stritchod iiWiiy into stately ]i;ills; 
 
 Tho weary wheel to a spinnet turned, 
 Tho tallow candlo an astral burned. 
 
 And for him who sat by the chimney lug. 
 Dozing and grumbling o'er pij)e and mug, 
 
 A manly form at her side she saw, 
 And joy was duty and love was law. 
 
 Then she took up lier burden of life again* 
 Saying only, " It might have been." 
 
 Alaa ^or maiden, alas for Judge, 
 
 For rich repiner and household drudgel 
 
 r longuo or pen, 
 " It might havo beanl" 
 
 Ood pity them both! and pity ns all, 
 \V iio vainly the tlrcams of youth rorall. 
 
 For of all sad words of tonguo or pen, 
 Tho HuddcHt aril tlicHc 
 
 Ah, wclll for us all sonio sweet hope lies 
 Deeply l)uriod from hunuin eyes; 
 
 And, in the hiTcafler, angcU nuiy 
 Itoll the stone from its grave awayl 
 
 OFT, IN THE STILLY NIOHT. 
 
 Oft in the stilly night, 
 
 Ere slumlior s chain has bound me. 
 Fond memory brings tiie light 
 Of other days aroum' me; 
 Tho smiles, tho tears, 
 Of boyhooil's years, 
 Tho words of lovo then spoken; 
 Tho eves that sbono, 
 Now (limm'd and gone, 
 Tho cheerful hearid now brokeni 
 
 ThuH, in tho stilly night. 
 
 Ere slumber's chain hiid bound me. 
 Sad memory brings the light 
 Of other days around mo. 
 When I romemborall 
 
 Tho friends solinked together, 
 I've seen around me fall. 
 Like leaves in wintry weather; 
 I feel like one, 
 Who treads alone 
 Some bannuct hall deserted, 
 Whose lights are lied. 
 Whoso garlands dead, 
 And all but he departed! 
 Thus, in tho stilly night, 
 
 Ere slumber's chain has bound me. 
 Sad memory brings the light 
 Of other days around me. 
 
 — TiiOMAa Moosa. 
 
 IIEKEAFTER. 
 
 land beyond tho setting sun! 
 
 O realm nioro fair than poet's dreaml 
 IIow clear thy silvery streamlets run, 
 
 How bright thy golden glories gleam! 
 
 Earth holds no counterpart of thine. 
 The dark-browed Orient, jewel-crowned» 
 
 Pales as she bows before thy shrine. 
 Shrouded in mystery so profound. 
 
 The dazzling North, the stately West, 
 AVhoso rivers flow from mount to sea; 
 
 Tho South, flower-wreathed in languid reat— 
 What are they all compared with thee? 
 
 All lands, all realms beneath yon dome. 
 
 Where God's ovn hand hath hung the sttfi^ 
 
 To thee witli humblest homage eoino, 
 world beyond the crystal bars! 
 
 Thou blest hereafter! Mortal tongue 
 llath striven in vain thy speoch to learn. 
 
 And fancy wanders, lost among 
 The flowery paths for which we yearn. 
 
 But well we know that, fair and bright. 
 
 Far beyond human ken or dream, 
 Too glorious for our feeble sight, 
 
 Thy skies of cloudless azure beam. 
 
' an Tim 
 
 OROice puKMfl. 
 
 \Vi' kiiDW tliy Imppy viilloyg lin 
 
 III Rrofii ii'|)"80, Hiipri'iiiKlii' l)lc«tj 
 W'li know it^tuiiNt thy mippliiru iiky 
 
 'i'liy riiDiiititiii {u'aku HiibJiiiioly rest. 
 
 Ami "oiiii'tiiiiiM ovoii now wo ciitcli 
 
 Faint ;,'lcainiii^'H from tlio fiir-olf hIion, 
 
 Ami Hiill with t'aj;i'r ovfs wo watch 
 Fur oMO Hwui't sign or token inoro. 
 
 For oil, tho (l('i'|ily lovod uro thoro! 
 
 'I'ho liiav(>, ihi! i'air, tint jfooil, tiio wi«0. 
 Who iiiiicil f(ir I liy Hcrcnor air, 
 
 NorMhiiniir 1 tiiy hoIciiih inyHtorioH. 
 
 Ther« urn tho Iiopca that, ono by one, 
 
 Dicil even a-i wu ^javcthiMii birth; 
 Tho ilrciiiiM tliat pacsod oro well hogun, 
 
 Too dear, too beautiful for earth. 
 
 The iwpirations, strong of wing, 
 
 Aiming at heigiitH wu could nut reaoh; 
 
 Tho 8ong:i wo tried in vain losing; 
 Thoughts too VH«t for human speech; 
 
 Thou hiirft them all. Hereafter! Thou 
 
 (Siialt keo|) them naft ly till that hour 
 When, with (iod'ij sinl on luarl and brow, 
 
 Wo claim them in immortal power! 
 
 CIIANdlX 
 
 Whom lirat wo love, yon know, wo ^eldom wed. 
 
 Time rules iisiill. And life, indeed, is not 
 Tho tiiiii;; wo plaimeil it o.it, ere hope was dead; 
 
 And tiieii. wo women cannot choose our lot. 
 
 Much must boborno which it is hard to bear; 
 
 Much given iiway v/hich it were sweet to keep. 
 Ood help mall! who need, indeed. Ilia care; 
 
 And yet. I know, the Shepherd loves Ilia sheep. 
 
 -My little lioy lirgins to babble now, 
 
 tfpon my knee, his earliest infant prnyer; 
 
 He Inn IiiH father's eager eyes, I know; 
 And, they .say, too, his mother's sunny hair. 
 
 But when ho sleeps, and smiles upon my knee. 
 And I can feel his ligiit breath como and go, 
 
 I think of one (Heaven help and j)ity mo!) 
 Who loved ino, and whom I loved, long ago. 
 
 Who might havo been * * * nJi! what, I dare not 
 think! 
 
 Wo are all changed. God judges for us best. 
 (Jod help us d.) our duty, and not shrink. 
 
 And trust in Heaven humbly for tlic rest. 
 
 But blame ns women not, if some appear 
 Toocf.ld at times; and some too gay and light. 
 
 Some griefs gnaw dee]). Some woes are hard to bear. 
 Who knows the past, and who can judge us rightP 
 
 Ah! were we judjrod by what we might have been. 
 
 Ami not by what we are — too apt to fall! 
 My littlo child — he sleeps and smiles between 
 
 Theso thoughts and me. In heaven wo shall know all. 
 
 OH. WHYSnOTTLD THE SPIRIT OP MORTAL BE 
 PROUD ? 
 
 ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S FAYORITK POEM. BY WILLIAM SHOX. 
 
 Oh, why should tho spirit of mortal be proud? 
 Like a swift-fleeting meteor, a fast-Hying cloud, 
 A flash of tho lightning, a break of the wave, 
 passes from life to his rest in the grave. 
 
 The loaves of the oak and tho willow Khali fade, 
 Ho scattered anni' <! and together bt> laid; 
 And the yoniig ami tho old, and the low and tho liigh, 
 Hhall niolder to dust, and together Hhall lie. 
 
 Tlii> infant a mother attended and loved, 
 The mother that in Cant's alTection who proved, 
 Tho husband tiiat mother and infant who blessed, 
 Each, all, are away to their dwollingH of rest. 
 
 Tho maid on wliosi' eheek, on wlior^e brow, in whose eye, 
 iSlione beiMity and pliMisiire — lier triumphs are by; 
 And (he nii'iijory of those who |ove<l her and praised; 
 Arc alike from the minds of tho living erased. 
 
 Tho hand of tho king that the sceptre hath borne, 
 Tho brow of the priest that the mitro hath worn, 
 Tho eye of the sago ami tlie heart of tiie brave, 
 Aro hidden and lost in tho depth of the grave. 
 
 Tho peasant, whose lot was to sow and to reap. 
 The tierdsnian, who climbed with his goats up tho steep, 
 Tiio beggar, who wandered in search of his bread. 
 Have fadeil away like the grass that we tread. 
 
 Tho saint who enjoyed the communion of Hoaven, 
 The sinner who dared to remain unforgiven, 
 Tlie wise and tlii; foolish, (he guilty and just, 
 Havoipiietly mingled their bones in the dust. 
 
 So the multitude goes, like the flowers or the weed 
 That witheiH away to let others succeed; 
 So the niiiliitiido comes, even tiioso wo behold, 
 To repeat every tale that has often been told. 
 
 For we ani tho same our fathers have been; 
 We see tho same sights OHi fathers liavg seen, — 
 Wo drink the same stream and view the same sun. 
 And run the same onnrso our fathers havo run. 
 
 Tho thoughts we are thinking our fathers would think, 
 From the death we aro shrinking our fathers would shrink. 
 To tiio life wo are clinging thev also would cling; 
 But it speeds for ns all, like a liird on the wing. 
 
 They loved, but the story we cannot unfold; 
 They scorned, but tho heart of the haiightv is cold; 
 They grieved, but no wail from their slumljors will come; 
 They joyed, but the tongue of their gladness is dumb. 
 
 They died, aye! they died; and - 'hingstliat aro now. 
 Who walk on the turf that lies ■)\fr their brow. 
 Who make in their dwellings a transient abode, 
 Meet tho things that they met on their pilgrimage road. 
 
 Yea! hope and despondency, pleasure and pain. 
 We mingle togetiier in sunsiiine and rain; 
 And the smiles and the tears, the song and the dirge 
 Still follow each other, like surge upon surge. 
 
 'Tis the wink of an eye, 'tis the draught of a breath; 
 From the blossom of health to the paleness of death. 
 From tho gilded saloon to tho bier and tho ghrond,— 
 Oh, why should the spirit of mortal bo proud? 
 
 TIS THE LAST ROSE OF SUMMEE. 
 
 'Tis tho last rose of summer. 
 
 Left blooming alone; 
 All her lovely companions 
 
 Aro faded and gone; 
 No flower of her Kindred 
 
 No rosebud is nigh 
 To reflect back her blushes. 
 
 Or give sigh for sigh. 
 
 S 
 
 S=SE 
 
are now. 
 
 1 
 
 OnOICIi: PDKMM, 
 
 I'll not lottro the, t'lou loiu' oiioJ 
 
 To pino «n tli«» Mrm; 
 Hiiicu tlio liivi'lv iiro blrutiini^, 
 
 Go itli'i'll l\a.A wilil IlH'Ili. 
 
 Thus kiiKlIy I - nttir 
 
 Thy li'iivcn o'l-r tlio hod 
 Wlu'nt thy iiiiiii'ii (<t iiit> pinlen 
 
 Lio HCl'lllh'nH aiul dciul, 
 
 So Honn nmy I folh)u , 
 
 W'lii'ii fiii'ii(lHlii(n (ItTiiy, 
 And from lovo'ti Hhinin^ circle 
 
 Tho fjiiiis drop iiwiiy. 
 Whon tiiio hcan.H \u< « itliorM, 
 
 And foml oiH rt un' Ihiwii, 
 Oil. wiio woiilil iiiliidill 
 
 This hlt-ak worhl (lioiu'? 
 
 — 'I'liuMAs Moors. 
 
 niXClF.X ON TIIK l;I[IXE. 
 
 MV CAUOMNK ^. XcilCIUX. 
 
 A soldier of llu' f.i'jiioii luy dyin/ in Al;^it!r8: 
 
 'I'lioro wilt) hirJi (if \voni:in'8 niuviiii;. tiifrt; was ileartli of 
 
 wonirtii's t('ar.s; 
 Hnt a ('oniiad(« Miodd iiosidu hnn, \\liiU'hi.s iifit hhiod ebbod 
 
 away, 
 And hoiit witli pi'ying •{iancett, to lu-iir wl.itl he niigiit. 
 
 say. 
 The dying soldier faltcriMl, us lie took that ooninide's 
 
 hand, 
 And iiosaiil, " 1 never nioro nhail see iiiv own, my nulivo 
 
 hind. 
 Take a nu'-snge and a tokei\ to some distant frienda of 
 
 mine; 
 For I was l)oiii at IJingon — at Miiiu'eu on the Hhiiiol 
 
 "Toll my liro'hers and eompanioiiK, wlieii they meet and 
 
 crowd around. 
 To hear my moiimfnl story, in tlic pleasant vineyard 
 
 groini'l. 
 Thai, we foi:j;lit I lie hatile liravely ; and wIkmi the day was 
 
 done, 
 Full many a corpse lay ghastlv pale henealh the citing kuii. 
 And micfst. the dead and 'lying were some grown old in 
 
 war, 
 The death-w(jiiiuls on their ;.'aliant hicasts tiie la.sl of 
 
 many .-cars; 
 Rut some were young, anil suddenly hcheld life's morn 
 
 decline; 
 And one liad come from Hingoii — fair Hingcii on the 
 
 Hiiiiu>: 
 
 "Tell my mother tiiat her other sons shall comfort In r 
 
 old age. 
 For I was .shll a truant bird that thought his homo a cage; 
 for my fat iter was a soldier, and even as a child 
 My heart hnped foi'th to hear him tell of st rngglea fierce 
 
 and wild: 
 And wlicii 'i died, and left ns to divide his scanty hoard, 
 I let thoni take whate'er they would — hut kept iny father's 
 
 .sword, 
 And with boyish love I hung it. where the bright light 
 
 used t) sliino 
 On tlio cottage wall at ISingen — calm Biiigeii on the 
 
 Kit inc. 
 
 '•■ Tell uiy sister not to weep for me, and sob with drooping 
 
 head. 
 When the troops come marching home again, with glad 
 
 anil gallant tread; 
 
 D'lt tolook iiiioii tlieni proudly, with a culm and Ktend> 
 
 fii«t pye. 
 
 For lior brother was a Holdier too, and not afraid to die; 
 And if u coniiade mi k iier ii>ve, I ank iur iu my iiainu 
 'i'o listi II to him kiiii!!;', ivitlort ii gret or himiiie; 
 And to hang thi< old sword in its place, my father's sword 
 
 and mine. 
 For the honor of old Itingeii — dear Bingen on the Ithltie! 
 
 " Tlicre's another, not a sintr'r; in the happv days gone by. 
 You'd have known her by ilie iiierriinent ifiat sparkled in 
 
 lier eye ; 
 Too innoceiil for co<pietiv, too fond for idle heoiniiig; 
 
 friend I I fear the lightest aeurt makiH Hometimes 
 
 hea\iest mourning. 
 Tell her the last ni,:;lil of my lifi^ (for ere this moon bo 
 
 risen, 
 My liodv will be out of |iaiii, my soul Uh out of prison, 
 
 1 dreamed I ^tood \\iih her, a'.d saw llio yellow sunlight 
 
 shine 
 On the vine-clad bills of IMiigeii — fair Hingeii on the 
 lihine! 
 
 •' r saw the blue Kliine sweep ulong; I heard, t seemed to 
 
 hear, 
 The (Jeriiian songs wo used to sing, in chorus sweet and 
 
 clear; 
 And down the pleasant river, and up the sl.'inting hill. 
 The echoing chorus .soiiiiihd, thiongh the evening calm 
 
 and still; 
 And her g.ad blue eyes were on me, aa we passed, with 
 
 friendly talk, 
 Down many a path beloved of yore, and well-romcmbered 
 
 walk; 
 And her little hand lay lightly, confidingly in mino; 
 ihit wi'll meet no more at Biiu;en — loved lii.igen on the 
 
 lihino!" 
 
 His voice grow faint and hoarse — his grasp v. as oliildish 
 
 weak ; 
 His eyes put on a dying look — he sigtied, ui: I ceased to 
 
 speak; 
 Ills comrade bent to lift him, hut tiie spark of life had 
 
 iled; 
 The soldier of the Legion in a foreign land wu-: dead I 
 
 And the soft inooii rose tip slowly, am! calmly she looked 
 
 down 
 Oil tho red sand of the batlle-lieM, wiiii bloody corpses 
 
 strowii. 
 Yes, calmly on that ilie:ulful sieiic her \>tuv llu'ht seemed 
 
 to shine, 
 ,\s it shone on distant Bin.'cn — fair llinj:','!! on the 
 
 lihiiie! 
 
 •''OS'lI.Hi; .TOK." 
 
 I stood at eve as the sun went down, by a grave where a 
 
 woman lies. 
 Who hired men's souls to tlie shores of sin with the light 
 
 of her wanton eyes; 
 Who sang tho song tiiat the siren .sang on tlie Ircachoroiis 
 
 Lnrley height. 
 Whose face was ns lair as a summer day, and whose heart 
 
 was as black as night. 
 
 Yet a blosscni 1 fain would pluck to-day from the garden 
 
 above her iliitt — 
 Not tho languorous lily of .-oiilles" sin, nor tho blood-red 
 
 rose of lust. 
 Uiit a sweet white blossom of i>o!y love that grew in the 
 
 one grei n sj I't 
 In the arid desert, of I'hiyiie's life, where all was ]iarcliei 
 
 and hot. 
 
 ([■ 
 
 I 
 i 1 
 
 I 
 
CHOICE POEMS. 
 
 In the summer, when the meadows were aglow with blue 
 
 and red, 
 Joe, the 'ostler of the Magpie, and fair Annie Smith were 
 
 wed. 
 Plnnip waa Annie, plnmp and pretty, with a cheek as 
 
 white as snow; 
 He waa anything but handsome, was the Magpie's 'Ostler 
 
 Joe. 
 
 But he won the winsome lassie. They'd a cottage and a 
 
 cow 
 And her matronhood sat lightly on the village beauty's 
 
 brow, 
 Sped the months and came a baby — such a blue-eyed baby 
 
 boy! 
 Joe was working in the stables when they told him of his 
 
 Joy. 
 
 H.- was rabbin^ down the horses, and he gave them then 
 
 and there 
 All a special fetd of clover, just in honor of the heir, 
 i It had been his great ambition, and he told the horses so. 
 That the Fatee wonld eend a baby who might bear the name 
 of ./oe. 
 
 Little Joe the child was christened, and, like babies, grew 
 apaoe; 
 
 He'd his mothers eyee of izure, and his father's honest 
 face. 
 
 Swift the hapj y years \ ;.it over, years of blue nnd cloud- 
 less sky, 
 
 Love was krd of :h.M jmall cottage, and the tempest 
 pasiol then. by. 
 
 Passed tle'i by fo: jcars, then swiftly burst in fury o'er 
 
 t'.ieir 'ome. 
 Down the iane by Annie's cotti^^^e chanced a gentleman to 
 
 roam; 
 Thrice he came and saw aer sittinj by the window with 
 
 her child, 
 And he nodded to the baby, and the baby laughed and 
 
 smiled. 
 
 So at la-t it grew to know him -Little Joe was nearly 
 
 four; 
 He would call the "pretty gemplin ' as he passed the open 
 
 duor; 
 And one day he ran and caught him, and in child's play 
 
 pulled him in: 
 And the baby Joe had praye-i for brought about the 
 
 mother's sin. 
 
 'Twas the same old wretched story, that for ages bards 
 
 have sung, 
 'Twas a woman weak and wf.nton, and a villain's tempting 
 
 tongue; 
 'Twas ;i picture deftly pai jted for a silly creature's eyes 
 Of the B.ibylonian wondevs, and the joy that in them lies. 
 
 Annie listened and wap tempted; she was tempted and she 
 
 fell, 
 Ae the angel" Teii from heaven to the blackest depths of 
 
 hell; 
 She was piomisci wealth and pplendor, and a life of guilty 
 
 sloth, 
 Yellow gild for child and husband, and the woman left 
 
 them iiotk. 
 
 Home f^T'C "'c r^me Joe the 'Ostler with a cheery cry of 
 
 •Wifor' 
 Finding that which blurred forever all tlie story of his life. 
 She hiid left a silly letter — through the cruel scrawl he 
 
 spelt ; 
 Then he sought the lonely bedroom, joined his hands and 
 
 knelt. 
 
 "Now, Lord, O God, forfive her, for she ain't to blame," 
 
 he cried ; 
 "For I owt t' a seen her tronbk, and 'a gone away and 
 
 died. 
 Why, a wench like her — God hiesa he.- ! — 'twasn't likely as 
 
 her'd rest 
 With her bonny head tonrer on s 'ostler's ragged vest. 
 
 " It waa kin! o' hert* b*ar me nil this long and happy 
 
 time ; 
 So, for my sake plea* So bl!e« her, though you count her 
 
 deed a crime. 
 
 If so be I don't pray prowr. Lord, forgive me; for you see, 
 I can talk all right to owes, but 
 
 I'm nervous like with 
 Thee." 
 
 Never a line came to tbe collage from the woman who had 
 
 flown. 
 Joe, the baby, died iiua «iat«r, and the man was left 
 
 alone. 
 Ne'er a bitter word he uttered, but in silence kissed the 
 
 rod. 
 Saving what he told the koEKe, saving what he told his 
 
 God. 
 
 Far away in mighty Loitdoa rose the woman into fame, 
 For her beauty won menli homage, and she prospered in 
 
 her shame ; 
 Quick from lord to I&to. dse flitted, higher still each prize 
 
 she won. 
 And her rival paled be^dd* h^rns the stars beside the sun. 
 
 Next she made the stage ber market, and she dragged Art's 
 
 temple down. 
 To the level of a show-r, '. >■ ' t the ontcast.s of the town. 
 And the kisses she hai r-.--\ - jKor 'Ostler Joe for nought 
 With their gold and cosijj jewels rich and titled lovers 
 
 bought. 
 
 Went the years with fijimg fooisveps while the star was at 
 
 its heicrht ; 
 Then the darknesa c^me on ewiftly, and the gloaming 
 
 turned to night. 
 Shattered strength atd £ad«<d beauty tore the laurels from 
 
 her brow ; 
 Of the thousands who had vorEhiped never one came near 
 
 her now. 
 
 Broken down in health aisd fortune, men forgot her very 
 
 name, 
 'Till the news that ahe wa« dying woke the echoes of her 
 
 fame ; 
 And the papers La their gwEEJp mentioned how an "actress" 
 
 lay 
 Sick to death in hnmtle HtdgingF. growing weaker every 
 
 day. 
 One there waa who r«wi the story in a far-off country 
 
 place, 
 And that night the djiaz »oman woke and looked upon 
 
 his face ; 
 Once again the strong" aroaf clasped her that had clasped 
 
 her long ago. 
 And the weary hea<i iaj p:Jl>jw«3 on the breast of 'Ostler Joe. 
 
 All the past ha<i he f«:«rgx>tten, all the sorrow and the 
 
 shame ; 
 He had fourd her lick aad lonely, and his wife he now 
 
 cof.'kJ claim. 
 Since the grand folkx who ha<I known her one and all had 
 
 slunk away, 
 He could claap hia loojj-krft darling, and no man can say 
 
 him nay. 
 lu his arms death foand ber laying, in his arms her spirit 
 
 fled; 
 
't to blame, 
 
 away and 
 
 sn't likely as 
 
 ged Teat. 
 and happy 
 
 ij count lier 
 
 for you see, 
 as like with 
 
 lan who had 
 nan was left 
 e kissed the 
 t he told his 
 
 nto fame, 
 prospered in 
 
 11 each prize 
 
 ide the suu. 
 iragged Art's 
 
 f the town. 
 oe for nought 
 [ titled lovers 
 
 le star was at 
 
 :he gloaming 
 
 laurels from 
 
 >ne came near 
 
 got her very 
 echoes of her 
 V an "actress" 
 weaker every 
 
 ,r-oflE country 
 
 looked upon 
 
 , had clasped 
 
 of 'Ostler Joe. 
 •row and the 
 
 wife he now 
 
 ae and all had 
 
 man can say 
 
 .rms her spirit 
 
 IS r 
 
 CHOICE POEMS. 
 
 And his tears came down in torrents as he knelt beside her 
 dead. 
 
 Never once his love had faltered through her base unhal- 
 lowed life ; 
 
 And the stone above her ashes bears the honored name of 
 wife. 
 
 That'3 the blossom I fain would pluck to-day from the gar- 
 den above Iier dust ; 
 
 Not the languorous lily of soulless sin or the blood-red rose 
 of lust ; 
 
 But a sweet, white blossom of holy love that grew in the 
 one green 8p<jt 
 
 In the arid desert of Phryne's life where all was parched 
 and hot. Geukge R. Sims. 
 
 THE MURDERER. 
 
 [as cspcblished poem by edga:. alles fob.] 
 
 Ye glittering stars ! how fair ye sliiiie lo-night, 
 And O, thoa beauteous moon 1 thy fuiry light 
 Is peeping thro* those iron bars eo /lear me. 
 How silent is the night — hnw clear and bright I 
 I nothing bear, nor aught there is to hear me. 
 Shunne*! byall,asif the world did fear nie; 
 Alone in chains ! Ah, me ! the cursed spell 
 That brought me here. Heaven could not cheer me 
 Within the=c walls — within this dark cold cell. 
 This gloomy, dreary, solitary hell. 
 
 And thou, so slow. O Time I so passing slow ; 
 Keeping my soul in bondage, in this woe 
 So tortaririL' — this uncontrollable pain : 
 Was I to blamo ? I was they say. Then so 
 Be it. Will this deep, sanguinary stain 
 Of my dark crime forever liaunt my brain ? 
 Must I live here and never, never hear 
 The sweetness of a friendly voice again ? 
 Mast I this torture feel year after year ? 
 Live, lie in hell, and Paradise so near ? 
 
 Am I dead to Thee, Christ ? Thou who sought 
 
 The prisoner in his lonely nell ; taught 
 
 Him to feel the enchantment of Thy love — 
 
 Am I dead to Thee ? Canst Thou not be brought 
 
 By prayer from Thy celestial throne above 
 
 Into this darkene<l cell ? Dost thou, too, reprove 
 
 My soul ? Thou, t-x), doom it to endless misery ! 
 
 Am I so hardened that I cannot move 
 
 The divine, forgiving love in Thee ? 
 
 Canst Thou be Christ and have no love for me? 
 
 What ! lost am I ? ne'er will I feel the bliss 
 
 Of heaven ? Ne'er feel the joys above this 
 
 World of siu ? What I never ? Is my destiny 
 
 Hell ? Into that dark, fathomless abyss 
 
 Of sin and crime ? Into that misery 
 
 Etenial ? Into that unquenchable sea 
 
 Of fire ? Is 'here my future — is it there ? 
 
 Ah ! it coir before my eves. See ! see I Ye 
 
 Infernal fiends 1 Why come ye here. How dare 
 
 Ye come ? Away I mock me not with your stare ! 
 
 Away ye fiends ! Whv at me now ? Am I 
 Not hardcnerl yet ? Am I not lit for hell ? Why 
 Test me again ? horrors, hear the groans 
 Of tortured victims! Ah I see them lie 
 Bleejlin;? .ind in chains ! IIe:ir the mocking moans 
 Of the ma>Men'd dem(>n>, in deep wild tone.^ ! 
 See them hurl their victims into the hot mire ! 
 Now see the devils dance I What I are they stones? 
 Have they no hearts, no love, no kind desire ? 
 Fearfully eveling 'midst Jehovah's fire ! 
 
 Cries, cries I horrible cries assail my ears ! 
 
 I see her ! My munlercd victim now appears 
 
 Before me I Hear lier pleading for mercy ; 
 
 Ah ! see herstare, with eyes swollen with tears; 
 
 Horrors ! see her white arms outstretched to me, 
 
 Begging for life ! O woe ! misery ! 
 
 Take me demons I take me out of this col' ; 
 
 Satan, I'm thine ! Iliar, hear, I call on thee , 
 
 Torture me — rank me with the piiins of hell ; 
 
 Do what thou wile, but break this madd'ning spell. 
 
 Listen I Wli;;t'o that ? My soul, they come, they come ! 
 
 The demons come to take thee to thy honie ! 
 
 See, see ! No, no ! O heavens ! What brought this 
 
 Pale skeleton liere ! Speak ! ^peak ! What I dumb ? 
 
 And has thou naught to say ? What is thy office ? 
 
 Away, fiend ! What ! move not for me ! What is 
 
 Thy want? Speak, devil, speak ! Come, come, unsheath 
 
 Thy tongue. Com'st thou from the dark abyss 
 
 Of sin ? Hold, hold I I know tliee — niv breath I 
 
 lla I ha I I know thee now — 'tis Death f 'tis Death ! 
 
 TWENTY VKARS AOO. 
 
 I've wandered to the village, Tom; I've sat beneath the 
 
 tree, 
 Upon the school-house play-ground, that sheltered you 
 
 and mi. 
 But none were left to greet me, Tom, and few were left to 
 
 know, 
 Who played with us upon the green, some twenty years 
 
 ago. 
 The grass is just as green, Tom ; barefooted boys at play 
 Were ^porting, just as we did then, with spirits just ae 
 
 gay, 
 
 But the " master " sleeps upon the hill, which, coated o'er 
 with snow, 
 
 Afforded us a sliding-place, some twenty years ago. 
 
 The old school-house is altered now ; the benches are re- 
 placed 
 
 By new ones, very like the same our penknives once de- 
 faced ; 
 
 But the same old brick<< are in the wall, the bell swings to 
 and fro 
 
 Its music's just the same, dear Tom, 'twas twenty years 
 ago. 
 
 The boys were playing some old game, beneath that same 
 old tree ; 
 
 I have forget the name just now — you've played the same 
 with me, 
 
 On that s:ime spot ; 'twas played with knives, by throwing 
 so and so ; 
 
 The !oser had a task to do — there, twenty years ago. 
 
 The river's running just as still ; the willows on its side 
 
 Are larger tnan they were, Tom ; the stream appears less 
 wide ; 
 
 But the grape-vine swing is ruined now, where once we 
 played the bean. 
 
 And* SWUI12 our sweethearts — pretty girls — just twenty 
 years ago. 
 
 The spring that bubbled 'neath the hill, close by the 
 
 sproitding beach. 
 Is very low — 'twas then so high that we could scarcely 
 
 reach: 
 And kneeling down to pet a drink, dear Tom. 1 tarted so, 
 To see liow sadly I am changed, sinco twenty years ago. 
 Near by that spring, upon an ehn, you know I cut your 
 
 name, 
 Your sweetheart's just beneath it, Tom, and you did mine 
 
 the same. 
 
 8r< 
 
Il'l ! 
 
 lili'^ 
 
 1: 
 
 CHOICE POEMS. 
 
 Soil!" ln'iiriloss wiitcli Im- p^-eleil the biiikj 't'.vjis dying 
 siiri' but hIow, 
 ■ist ;i.s ^iii: ilit!(l, whose luiine, you cut some twenty years 
 
 .My liil.^ ii.ivo long been dry, Tom, l)ui iiai;! cauie to my 
 
 cvos: 
 I thoiiglit of her I h)ved so well, those furly broken ties; 
 I visited the old cliureh-y;ird, iind took some llowers to 
 
 tit row 
 Upon tlic ;_'r!iVL'.-; of those we loved, some twcnly years ago. 
 
 Soinc! 'ire in the o!iurc!i-y:ird laid, s'Mne sleep hpiicafh the 
 
 sea; 
 IJut tuw rtf-; I--ii of our ohh old class, exevpting you and 
 
 me; 
 And when our tine shall come, Tom, and we are called to 
 
 go, 
 I hone t'rioy'll lay ;h where we jiliiyed, just twenty years 
 
 ar^o. 
 
 THE OLIt OAKE.N HrCKET. 
 
 DY SAMfEL WOODWOUTH. 
 
 How dear to this heart are the scenes of my childhood, 
 
 When fond recollection presenis them to view ! 
 'J'hi'oralnird, the meadow, the deep-tangled wildwood, 
 
 And every lovod spot wi;. 'i my infancy knew! 
 The wile -ipreading pond, and tiio mill that stood by it; 
 
 'i'he briilixe. and tiio rock whtie the cataract fell ; 
 The cot 01 iuy father, tlie dairy-house nigli it, 
 
 And e'en the rude bucket that hung in the well: 
 Th* old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket. 
 
 The ln■^^'s-covered bucket which hung in the well. 
 
 Tinit nioss-cDVtred vessel I hailed as a treasure; 
 
 For often at n on, when rolarncd from the field 
 I found it tile source of an exquisite ])leasure. 
 
 'i'he p'lrest and sweetest that nature can yield. 
 How ardent 1 seized it witli hriiids tliat were glowing, 
 
 And quick to the white-j)uublcd bottom it fell! 
 Tlioii soon, with the eui'.l.'i;! of truth ovurilowing, 
 
 .'\'id iliipiuiiT with coolness, it rose ^ oin the well: 
 Th(> old w.ikeli bucket, the iioii-bouud bucket. 
 
 The moss-covered bucket, arose from the well. 
 
 How sweet from the green. mos.9y brim to receive it; 
 
 As, jioised o!i the curl), it inclined to my lijisl 
 Not a full, biusii!nggobh-t eould t-'inpt me to leave it 
 
 Tho lirightest that beauty or rcveiry sips. 
 And n'i>v far removed from the loved u.djiiation, 
 
 Tli'i learof legrei will intrusively swell, 
 As fancy reveii.sfo my father's plantation, 
 
 .Vnd sighs fnr the bucket tiiat hangs in tho well: 
 The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket, 
 
 'I'lie moss-eovered b;'f>ket r]i:'> Iv.tng? iti {he well. 
 
 Till-; KAVKX. 
 
 Oiiee u 1 111 a iiiiduiirii- dreary, wiiile I pondered weak and 
 
 wu;try, 
 Ove' many a quai it and curious volume of forgotten 
 
 ore; 
 While i nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a } 
 
 tapping, ... ^ 
 
 As of sotne one gently rappjui:, rapping at my (diamber 
 
 door. 
 '■ 'Tis some visitor. '" f muttered. •• tapping at my chamber 
 
 door — 
 
 Only this, and TiothiiiLT more." 
 
 Ah, distinctly T remember it was in th'^ bieak December. 
 And each separate dying ember v i-oiight its ghost upon 
 the lloor. 
 
 Eagerly I wished the morrow — vainly I had tried to bor- 
 row 
 
 From my books surcease of sorrow — sorrow for the lost 
 Lenore — 
 
 For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels named 
 Lenore, 
 Nameless liere foreverniore. 
 
 And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple 
 
 curtain 
 Thrilled me — filled me witli fantastic terrors never felt 
 
 before; 
 •So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood 
 
 repeating, 
 '■'Tis some visitor entreating entraucs at my chamber 
 
 door. 
 tSoUie late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber 
 
 door; 
 
 This it is and nothing more." 
 
 Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no 
 
 longer, 
 "Sir,"saiil I, "or Jladatn, truly your forgiveness I im- 
 
 lilorc; 
 Hut I he fart is 1 was napping, and so gently you came 
 
 nipping, 
 And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber 
 
 door, 
 That I scarce was sure I heard you:" here 1 opened wide 
 
 the door. 
 
 Darkness theie and nothing more. 
 
 Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there won- 
 dering, fearing, 
 Doitbting, dreaming dr-^ams no mortal ever dared to dream 
 
 before; 
 But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no 
 
 token. 
 And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, 
 '•Lenorel " 
 
 Merely this and nothing more. 
 
 Rack into the chamber turning, all my soul within me 
 burning. 
 
 Soon again I heard a tajiping, somewhat louder than before. 
 
 "Siiiely." .said I, '"surely that is something at my widow- 
 lattice; 
 
 Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mystery 
 explore. 
 
 Let my heart be still a moment, and this mystery explore; 
 'Tis the wind aiul nothing morel 
 
 Open here I Hung the shutter, when, with many a Hirt and 
 
 flutter. 
 In there stepped a stately raven of the saintly days of yore. 
 Not tho least obeisance nuide he; not an instant stopped 
 
 or stayed he; 
 But with inie'-. of lord or lady, perched above my chamber 
 
 door — 
 Perched upon a bust of Pallas, just above niy chamber 
 
 door — 
 
 Perched, and sat, and nothing more. 
 
 Then this ebony bird lieguiliiig tny sad fancv into smiling. 
 By the grave atid .-itein decorum of the countenance it 
 
 wore, 
 ••Though thy cie.st be shorn and shaven, thou," I said, 
 
 "art sure tio craven, 
 Shastly, grim and ancient raven, wandering from the 
 
 nightly shore. 
 Tell me what thy lonlly name is on the Night's Plutonian 
 
 shore."' 
 
 Quoth the raven, '•Nevermore." 
 
 ?J« 
 
 I ■ 
 
j^i 
 
 Jiucli I marveled this ungaiiily fowl to hear (ligooursc so 
 
 pliiiiily, 
 Though its answer little nieaiiiiig — little relevaiicv bore; 
 b'or we ciiniiot help agreeing, tluit no living hnnmn being 
 Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chaniber 
 
 door — 
 Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chanilicr 
 
 iloor., 
 
 With such name :is ''Xevern?ore." 
 
 But the raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spokeonly 
 
 Thiit one word, as if his soul ii> that one word he did out- 
 pour. 
 
 Nothing further then ho nnU' .>red; not a feather then he 
 fluttered — 
 
 Till I scarcely more tlian muttered, "Other friends have 
 flown before: 
 
 On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown 
 before." 
 
 Then the bird said, "Nevermore." 
 
 Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken, 
 "Doubtless," said I, "what it utters is its only stock and 
 
 store, 
 Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful dis- 
 
 aste • 
 Followed fast and followed faster till his song one burden 
 
 bore — 
 Till the dirges of his hoj)e that melancholy burden bore — 
 Of 'Never — Nevermore.'"' 
 
 But the raven, still beguiling all my sad soul into smiling. 
 Straight I wheeled a cushioned .seat in front of bird, and 
 
 bust, and door; 
 Then, upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking 
 Fancy into fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore 
 
 ifcant in croaking •'Nevermore." 
 
 This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing 
 
 To the fowl who.se fiery eyes now burned into my bosom's 
 core; 
 
 This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclin- 
 ing 
 
 On the cushion's velvet lining that the lamplight gloated 
 o'er — 
 .She shall press, ah, nevermore! 
 
 Thfii, methought the air grew denser, perfumed from an 
 
 unseen censer. 
 Swung bv seraphim whose footfalls tinkled on the tufted 
 
 flo.)-! 
 ••Wretch," I cried, "thy God hath lent tiiee— by these 
 
 angels he hath sent thee 
 Respite — respite and nepenthe from thy memories of 
 
 Len^rel 
 Quaff, oil quaff this kind nepenthe, and forget this lost 
 
 lA'norei" 
 Quotli the raven, " Nevermore." 
 
 "Prophet!" said I, " thing of evil, prophet still, if bird 
 or devil I 
 
 Whether Tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee 
 here ashore. 
 
 Desolate, yet all undaunted, on this desert Ian I en- 
 chanted — 
 
 On this home by Horror haunted — tell me truly, I im- 
 plore— 
 
 Is there — is there balm in Oilead? Tell me, tell me, I 
 iniplorel" 
 Quoth the raven, •• Nevermore." 
 
 • I'rophetl" said I, "thing of evil, prophet still, if bird 
 or devil! 
 
 By that heaven that bends above us — by that God we both 
 
 adore — 
 Tell this .soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant 
 
 A id in. 
 It shall clasp a .sainted maiden whom the angels name 
 
 Lenore — 
 (Jlasp ii rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name 
 
 riCnoro!''" 
 Quoth the raven, " Nevermore." 
 
 " r-e that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend!" I 
 shrieked, iip.starting — 
 
 " Get thee back into the tempest and the Night's Plu- 
 tonian shore! 
 
 Leave :io black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath 
 spoken! 
 
 Leave my loneliness unbroken! Quit the bust above my 
 door! 
 
 Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from 
 off my door!" 
 
 Quoth the raven, "Nevermore." 
 
 And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is 
 sitting. 
 
 On the pallid bust of Pallas, just above my chamber- 
 door ; 
 
 And his eyes have all the seeziiing of a demon's that is 
 dreaming. 
 
 And the lamplight o'er him streaming throws his shadow 
 on the floor. 
 
 And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on 
 the floor. 
 Shall be lifted, nevermore. 
 
 — Edgar AUati Poe. 
 
 ROCK ME TO SLEEP. 
 
 Backward, turn backward, Time, in your flight. 
 Make me a child again just for to-night ! 
 Mother, come iiack from the echoless shore. 
 Take nie again to your heart as of yore. 
 Kis.i from my forehead the furrow.s of care, 
 Smooth tile few .silver threads out of my hair; 
 Over my siumber.s your loving watch keep ; 
 Rocic me to siei-j), mother. — lock nie to sleep I 
 
 Backward, flow backwanl, tide of the years I 
 
 [ iim so wcnry of toil aiid of tears, — 
 
 Toil without leconipense, tears all in vain, — 
 
 Take theni, and give me my childhood again I 
 
 I have grown w.ary of dust and decay. — 
 
 Weary of flinjring my soul-wealth away ; 
 
 Wi'ury of fiO'."ing for others to reap ; 
 
 Rock me to .-^leep. mother, — rock me to sleep ! 
 
 Tired of the in.llow, the base, the untrue, 
 Mother ! mot her I my heart calls for you ! 
 Many a .summer the gra.ss h:is grown green. 
 Blossomed, and faded our f:i<f-s between. 
 Yet n itli stroiiir ycaniitig an 1 i::issioiiate pain 
 Long I to-iiigiit for your presence again. 
 Come from the silence so long and so deep ; — 
 Rock me to sleep, mother, — rock nie to sleep I 
 
 Over my heart in the daya that ..re flown. 
 No love like mother-love ever has shone ; 
 No other worship abides and endures, — 
 Faithful, unselfish, and patient like yours; 
 None like a mother can charm away pain 
 From the sick soul ami the world-weary brain. 
 Slumber's soft calms o'er my heavy lids creep ;-• 
 Ro..k me to sleep, mother, — rock me to sleep ! 
 
 f \ 
 
 ■ I 
 
.1 , 
 
 i:: i ■ 
 
 OHOIOB POEMS. 
 
 Corno, lot your brown hair, just lighted with gold, 
 Fall oil your shoulders again as of old ; 
 Let it drop over my forehead to-night. 
 Shading my faint eyes awiiy from tlie light; 
 For witli its sunny edged shadows once more 
 Haply will throng the sweet visions of yore; 
 Lovingly, softly, its bright billows sweep ; — 
 Hock mo to sleep, mother, — rock me to sleep I 
 
 Mother, dear mother, the years have been long 
 Since I last listen'd }our lullaby song ; 
 Sing, then, and unto my soul it shall seem 
 Womanhood's years have been only a dream. 
 Clasped to j'our heart in a loving embrace. 
 With your light lashos just sweeping my face, 
 Never hereafter to wake or to weep ; 
 Bock me to sleep, mother, — rock me to sleep. 
 
 E. A. AUm. 
 
 MAID OP ATHENS. 
 
 Maid of Athens, ere we part, 
 Give, oil, give me back my heart! 
 Or, since that has left my breast. 
 Keep it now and take the restl 
 Hear my vow before I go. 
 
 My life, I love you. 
 By those tresses unconfined. 
 Wooed by each Egean wind; 
 By tho.-c lids whose jetty fringe 
 Kiss thy soft cheeks' blooming tinge; 
 By tlioso wild eyes like the roe, 
 
 -My life, I love you. 
 
 By tliiit lip I long to taste. 
 By tliiit zone-encircled waist; 
 By all the token-llowers that tel! 
 What words can never speak so well; 
 By love's alternate joy and woe, 
 My life, Hove you. 
 
 Maid of Athens, I am gone; 
 Think of me, sweet! when alone,— 
 Thouf.'li I fly to Istambol, 
 Athens holds my heart and soul; 
 Can 1 cease to love thee? No! 
 My life I love you. 
 
 -Louu Btbok. 
 
 Familiar Quotations 
 
 The following selection of epigrams, proverbs, " wise 
 saws," and original conceptions include some of the 
 brilliant passages of standard authors — gleams of sun- 
 light which here and there flash through the foliage of 
 thought — as well us many gems of anonymous origin. 
 They will be found not only full of entertainment and in- 
 struction, but useful where a pertinent quotation is re- 
 quired to illustrate ideas either in speech or writing. 
 
 WORDS OF WIT AND WISDOM. 
 
 'Tis strange the miser should his care employ, 
 ToKi'iii ihoue riches he can iieer enjoy. — Pope. 
 If yon would not have affliction visit you twice, listen 
 at once to uliiit it *Piiohes. 
 
 Some sort of eharity will swallow the egg and give away 
 the shell. 
 
 A word of kindness is soMom spoken in vain. It is a 
 seed which, even when dropped by chance, springs up a 
 war. 
 
 Mean souls, like mean pictures, are often found in good- 
 looking frames. 
 
 A child is eager to have any toy ho sees, but throws it 
 away at the sight of another, and is equally eager to have 
 that. We are most of us cliildron through life, and 
 only change one toy for another from the cradle to the 
 grave. 
 
 Learning is wealth to the poor, an honor to the rich, 
 an aid to the young, and a support and comfort to the 
 aged. 
 
 Love is the strongest holdfast in the world; it is 
 stronger than death. 
 
 Hope and fear, peace and strife. 
 Make up the troubled web of life. 
 
 False friendship, like the ivv, decays and ruins the wall 
 it embraces; but true friendship gives new life and anima- 
 tion to the object it supports. — Burton. 
 
 A man who hoards riches and enjoys them not is like 
 the ass which carries gold yet eats thistles. 
 
 People should remember that it is only great souls that 
 know how much glory there is in doing good. 
 
 Happiness is a perfume that one can not shed over 
 another without a few drops falling upon himself. 
 
 With love the heart becomes a fair and fertile garden, 
 glowing with sunshine and warm hues, and exhaling 
 sweet odors; but without it, it is a bleak desert covered 
 with ashes. 
 
 Prosperity is no just scale, adversity is the only true 
 balance to weigh friends. 
 
 To discover what is true, and to practice what is good, 
 are the two most important objects of life. 
 Life has its hours of bitterness, 
 It3 joys, its hopes and fears; 
 Our way is sometimes wreathed with smiles. 
 And then baptized with tears. 
 
 Prosperity is not without its trouble, nor adversity 
 without its comfort. 
 
 As riches and favor forsake a man we discover him to be 
 a fool, but nobody could find it out in hi,<? j)' ^perity. — 
 Bruiicre. 
 
 Troubles are like babies — they only grow bigger by 
 nursing. 
 
 You can not injure anyone by elevating poor fallen hu- 
 manity. It is the noblest work man can engage in, not 
 only to elevate himself but to elevate others. 
 
 Happiness is a butterfly, which, when pursued, is always 
 just beyond your grasp, but which, if you will sit down 
 quietly, may come and alight onyoii. 
 
 Purchase not friends with gifts; when thou ceasest to 
 give, such will cease to love. — PuUcr. 
 
 By humility, and the fear of the Lord, are riches, and 
 honor nnd life. — Proverhs. 
 
 Life appears to be too short to ho. sjient in nursing ani- 
 mosities or registering wroiig.s. 
 
 If thou wouldst be borne with, bear with others. — Fnl- 
 kr. 
 
 Lu<lies who have a disposition to punish their husbands 
 should recollect that a little warm sunshine will melt an 
 icicle much sooner than a regular northeaster. 
 
 A wise man knows his own ignorance; a fool thinks he 
 knows everything. 
 
 Cyrus, the conqueror of Bal)yion, of whom wo read in 
 the Bible, was once asked what w the flrst thing he 
 learned. "To tell the truth," was the rej)lv. 
 
 Every man can and should do sornethiug for the public, 
 if it bo only to kick a piece of orange-peel into the road 
 from the pavement. 
 
 A rich man who is not liberal resembles a tree without 
 fruit. 
 
 
 : 
 
^ri 
 
 IIow brightly do little joys beam upon a soul which 
 stands on a ground darkened by clouds of sorrow! So»do 
 star.s coino forth from the empty sky when we look up to 
 them from a doep well. 
 
 It it not going into the furnace, but the coming out, 
 which demonstrates the metal. 
 
 Inutilging in dangerous pleasures, saith a Burmese 
 proverb, is like licking honey from a knife and cutting 
 the tongue with the edge. 
 
 There are more poor willing to give charity from their 
 necessity than ricli from their superfluities. 
 
 Wealth does not always improve us. A man as he gets 
 to bo worth more may becouio worth-less. 
 
 The greatest friend of truth is time, her greatest enemy 
 prejudice, and her constant companion is humility. — Col- 
 ton. 
 
 Beauty unaccompanied by virtue is a flower without 
 perfume. 
 
 Virtue, like a dowerless beauty, has more admirers than 
 followers. 
 
 iNCver trouble trouble till trouble trouliles you. 
 Whoso hath this world's goods, and scoth his brother 
 have need, and shuttoth up his bowels of compassion from 
 him, how dwelleth tlie love of God in him. — 1 John. 
 
 Every good deed is a benefit to the doer as sure as to the 
 receiver. 
 
 Wo should value affliction as we do physic — not by its 
 taste, but by its elTects. 
 
 lie that givcth unto the poor shall not lack, but he that 
 hidoth hiseyes slr.ill have many a curse. — Pmi'i'rbs. 
 
 Jlost of the shadows that cross our patliway through 
 life are caused by our standing in our own way. 
 
 Avarice is like a graveyard; it takes all that it can get 
 and gives nothing back. 
 
 It is not wealth, but wisdom, that makes a man rich. 
 Virtue, like a rich stone, looks best when jjlainest set. 
 The duties and burdens of life should be met with cour- 
 age and determination. No one has a right to be a wart 
 on the fair face of nature, doing nothing useful, produc- 
 ing nothing of utility or value. It is a gross and fatal 
 error to suppose that life is to be enjoyed in idleness. It 
 can never be. 
 
 If a man be gracious to strangers, it shows he is a citi- 
 zen of the world, and that his heart is no island cut off 
 from the other lands, but a continent that joins them. 
 — Bacon. 
 
 True friendship is like sound health, the value of it is 
 seldom known until it is lost. 
 
 All our affections are but so many doors to let in 
 Christ. 
 
 Much wanted more, and lost all. 
 
 Troubles a 'e like hornets, the less ado you make about 
 them tliG better, for your outcry will only bring the whole 
 swarm upon you. 
 
 God lays us upon ur backs that we may look heaven- 
 ward. 
 
 The more liberal we are to others from a principle of 
 faith and love, the more liberal God will be to us. 
 
 The flowers that breathe '.!)■! sweetest jicrfumo into our 
 hearts bloom npon the rod witfc which Providence chas- 
 tises us. 
 
 Be not stingy of kind words and pleasing acts, for such 
 are fragrant gifts, whose perfume will gladden the heart 
 and sweeten the life of all who hear or receive them. 
 
 Rare as is true love, true friendship is still rearer. 
 — Ro chefo ucaxild. 
 
 Tjcarning by itudy must be won; 
 'Twas ne'er entiiiled from sire to son. 
 
 —Gay. 
 
 The violet grows low, anil covers itself with its own 
 tears, and of all flowers yields the aweetegt fragrance. 
 Such is humility. 
 
 Wo should not forget that life is a flower, which is no 
 sooner fully blown than it begins to wither. 
 
 He who lias other graces, without humility, is one who 
 carries a box of jjrecious powder without a cover on a 
 windy day. 
 
 Heaven's gates are not so highly arched as princes' 
 palaces. They that enter there must go upon their 
 knees. — Webster. 
 
 God strikes not as an enemy to destroy, but as a father 
 to correct. 
 
 'i'liis may be said of love, that if you strike it out of the 
 boul, life would be insipid and our being but half animated. 
 
 It is better to bo poor, with a good heart, than rich, 
 with a, bad conscience. 
 
 From the walks of humble life have risen those who are 
 the lights and landmarks of mankind. 
 The universal lot, 
 To weep, to wander, die, ami be forget. 
 
 — Sprague. 
 The path of sorrow, and that path alone. 
 Leads to the land where sorrow is unknown; 
 No traveler ever reaehed that blest ubode, 
 Who found not thorns and briars in his road. 
 
 — f'ovper. 
 
 lie that does good for good's .sake seeks neither praise 
 nor reward, though sure of both at hist. 
 
 Living in the fear of God takes away the fear of death; 
 for the sting of death is sin. 
 
 Nothing is more dangerous than a friend without discre- 
 tion; even a prudent enemy is preferable. — LaFoutaine. 
 
 The grand essentials to happiness in this life are, some- 
 thing to do, something to love, and something to hope for. 
 
 He that has never known adversity is but half ac- 
 quainted with others, or with himself. Constant success 
 shows us but one side of the world; for, as it surrounds us 
 with freinds, who will tell us only our merits, so it silences 
 those enemies from whom only we can learn our defects. 
 — Colton. 
 
 Base all your actions upon a principle of right ; preserve 
 your integrity of character, and, doing this, never reckon 
 the cost. 
 
 Adversity is the trial of principle. Without it a man 
 hardly knows whether he is honest or not. — Fielding. 
 
 Never be cast down by trifles. If a spider break his web 
 twenty times, twenty times will he mend it. Make up 
 your mind to do a thing and you will doit. 
 
 A covetous man lives without comfort, and dies without 
 hope. 
 
 Whoso stoppeth his ear at the cry of the poor, he also 
 shall cry himself, but shall not be heard. — Proverbs. 
 
 Value the friendship of him who stands by you in 
 storms. Swarms of insects will surround you in suuRhine. 
 
 Pleasures have honey in the mouth, but a sting in the 
 tail, and often perish in the budding. 
 
 Religion teaches the rich humility, and the poor content- 
 ment. 
 
 It is far more easy to acquire a fortune like a knave, 
 than to expend it like a gentleman. — Colton. 
 
 Excesses in our youth are drafti upon our old age, paya- 
 ble, with interest, about thirty years after date. 
 
 Riches and true exeell'^nco are seldom found together. 
 
 The use of money is all the advantage tl-ere is in 
 having it. 
 
 Truth is a mighty weapon when wielded by the weakest 
 arm. — Fletcher. 
 
 
 
ONsiuKHiNO tho vast amount of business Iran- 
 ^wIhw) •''"'■^*^''1 by corrcspoiiloiicc betwoon the par- 
 ^ ^■p y tics, Letter A\'riting seonif< only second in 
 iniportanec" to booiv-ivoeping. The niei'ciiant ot'tiie smal- 
 ler cities or towns, perhaps in the t'ai' west, desires to 
 order articles of merchandise from tlx- wlmlesale honse 
 in New York or lloston. I'ossibly a remillanci' is to be 
 >ciit. It iiiay i)c that an ei'ror has occurred and needs 
 coireclion. ('I'cdil is iii be ;islaid, I'oferonces yix en. ami 
 a midlitude of other matters call for adjustment 
 throuiili cori'opondence. To 
 wi'ite every coucei\alile \ar- 
 iety and shade of meanin*;, 
 ex press in ff the proper 
 tiiouiiht in the most fitting 
 and appropi'iafc lan^fuage, is 
 indeed a rare and \aluable 
 uccipuiplislnnent. And when 
 the i)roper lanyuaire lakes on 
 tlie irraceful and business like 
 air of the well written letter, with its several parts 
 harmoniously arrauircMl, it is a combinatimi of brain and 
 skill which can hardly be overestin;ated. 
 
 This subject , therefore, naturally divides itself into 
 two parts: Tlu' Mii-hnniml SlrHclnn-. and the Liler- 
 aliirc iif (I Lctli-r. The tbrmer of these bein^' the less 
 ditlictdt will lie tiist considered. 
 
 THE STRUCTURE OF A BUSINESS LETTER, 
 
 Consists in the arraiiiroment of its -<'\'ei'al parts, with 
 a \iew to the mo>t h;irmonious clfcct. I^xccllcnt pen- 
 manship is wry desirable, but not absolutely essential. 
 Tho i)cmnanshij) may indeed be poor, in 'he arranii'c- 
 meiit of the several parts of the letter, the neatness, 
 and finish, may be such as to <rive it an .attractive .ap- 
 
 pearance, while on the other hand, the letter may bo 
 clothed in the most tdejrant penmanship, and yet the 
 construction Ik; such as to stamp its author as a care- 
 le.ss and indiflerent jierson, devoid of precision and 
 order. 
 
 No one li'reat thing, but many little things carefnlly 
 watched, and attentiv(dy practiciMl, make up the slru<- 
 tiire and dress of a business letter, and give it a ])nsiness- 
 like air. The peinnanslii[) shoidd be a neat, strong- 
 hand, \ery |ilaiu and L,gible, anddo\(iid of all flourish. 
 
 PAPER AND ENVELOPE. 
 
 The paper and euv(dopcs 
 used in business correspond- 
 ence should be of a good, dur- 
 able (piality. and a white 
 color is prcfci'able. Cheap 
 materials are not only un- 
 satisfactory to the writer, 
 but may gixc the reader an 
 uufa\t)rable impression, which would be an injury far 
 excee<!ing the cost of the best stationery fbra life time. 
 Persons form impressions from very little things 
 sometiuK's. 
 
 The size of a letter sheet in business correspondence 
 sh(udd be about HxlO inches. This sheet afl'ords a 
 sufficient space for a connnuuication of ordinary lengtii 
 to be written on one side only, which is essential m 
 case the lettei' is copied ii\ a letter press. A ^heet of 
 paper, note size, (•").x^) i-* oftentimes usetl \:jv wicl 
 couniiunications of no special importance, and n(>' de- 
 signed to be filed for futui'c reference. .Vmoug prole., 
 sional men the connnercial note sheet is moreex '>nsively 
 used, ])ut with business men the letter size is considered 
 preferable. 
 

 V) 
 
 iivcly A - 
 ilorod nl, ,t 
 
 HOW TO WRITE A BUSINESS I. 
 
 The t'lncloj)© ahnultl lorrcspond in size to 
 that ofth" li'ttor sliwt, uiul ^thoulcl 1h> a trifle 
 loiifjor tliaii ono-hiilf the l(Mi/ifth of the sheet. 
 Thus in a sheet eight hy ten indies, one-half 
 the lenprth of the sheet is live inches, and this 
 requires tlie h'nirth of tiie envelope to lie about 
 five and a (juarter inches. Its width is usually 
 about three inehes. .Vvoid the use of faney col- 
 ored and faney shaped paper and envelopes. 
 These may not he ohjectional in sooinl corre- 
 .spondeuce among ladies, but the gravity of bus- 
 iness attiiii's dooB not adiuit of such display. 
 
 THE HEADING. 
 
 With most tirnis cufraired in business rt has 
 become a I'tistoni to lia\'e the l)usiness lulver- 
 tiscnient plai'cd at tlic licad of the letter i)aire, 
 tojrether with street, iuuuImt and city. Thus 
 leavin:,' only tlic dale to be inserted lo conipl(>te 
 the headinj.'. 
 
 In case the headiiifr of thi' letter i> to be en- 
 tirely written, it should lie placed so as to 
 occupytiie riirht hand lialfof the tiist two lines 
 at the topof the paifc. If. lioweV(>r, th(> letleris 
 to bi' a very brief one, occnpyiuir only ih-'" or 
 four lines, the lieadiuir niay then be placed 
 lower down on the sheet, so as to briny the 
 body of the letter ai)out the ceut-r of the 
 sheet. 
 
 W'ritiuir from a lar<re 'ity the hcadiuir should 
 contain the street and nnud)cr. Vonr corrc- 
 spoitilent, in directinur his answer will rely on 
 the address given in the heading of your let- 
 ter. Never 1h' guilty of the blinider coiuinitted 
 bv ignorant persons of placing a part of the heading 
 under th? aignatnre. 
 
 DIAGRAM OF THE :=~;::7URE OF A LETTER. 
 
 I wr-»f 5. 
 
 coMm.mt.Kert.fr' tjoitESit. 
 
 PARAQRAPH- 
 
 PARAGRAPW 
 
 PARAGRAPH 
 
 C'CIWIPLIWEWTABT CLOSINa 
 
 SIQNATURE 
 
 The second lino of the beading should begin a lit- 
 tle farther to th<' ngbt than the first line, as seen 
 above. 
 
 If the writer has a box at the Post Office and wishes 
 his mail lolivered there, he may head his letter, 
 as on the following pogv: 
 
 OHAIL A. BOBBBT*. 
 
 Wm. J. Psama. 
 
 OFFICE OF 
 
 ROBERTS & DENNIS, 
 
 DEALERS IN FANCY AND STAPLE GROCERIES, 
 
 320 Jefferson Street. 
 
 
; I 
 
 ^ ( • 
 
 
 r i 
 
 V 
 
 now TO WHITE A 11USINES3 LETTEB. 
 
 AVritinir from tlic |tniici]iiil cities of the Uiiitcl 
 States it is nut nt'cesMiiy tu make tlie name of tlie .state 
 a ,iart of llie lieadiriir. as tiiat is supposed to ho known 
 and understood, hut with smaUer cities tlie name of 
 the state also, slionld l)e •::iven. Thus, there is a Quiney 
 in Illinois, and also in iNhissachusetts, and unless the 
 state were nienlionod ii person answering a letter from 
 Quiney, would not know which state to direct his reply 
 to. In writinir from an obscure town or villaire, not 
 only the state should ho ^iven, but the county as well. 
 
 The punctuation of tho heading and other parts of 
 the letter, is of great importance in the estimation of 
 cultivated persons, and something which can bo learned 
 l»y a little attention on the part of nuyone, in examin- 
 
 ing the forms here given. 
 
 MARGIN. 
 
 A margin three-quarters of an inch in »vidth shouM 
 be left, on the side of the letter, as shown in the din- 
 gram. This is convenient for any mark or memoran- 
 dum which your correspondent may desire to make 
 concerning anything containod in the letter, ))ut its 
 greater value lies in the open, airy, and cheerful dress 
 which it imparts to the letter. A margin too narrow 
 coiivi'ys the idea of stinginess, as if to economize 
 ])aper, while an irregidar or zigzag margin conveys 
 the idea of carelessness or want of precision. On a 
 sheet of note p.'iper the margin may be onl^- one-half 
 inch in widtii, thus making its width proportionate to 
 the size of the sheet. 
 
 ADDRESS. 
 
 On the next line below tho heading, that is the third 
 line from the top of the sheet, and beginning at the 
 left margin, should be placed tho Address, which con- 
 sists of the name of the person to whom the letter i.s 
 written, together with his titles, if any, and his place 
 of residence or business. The letter is not complete 
 without all this, in the estimation of the business man. 
 It does not fully explain itself, if the place of resi- 
 dcuee is not down as well as the name, and in preserv- 
 ing a letter press copy, this is quite essential for future 
 reference. 
 
 S ii • 
 
 
 ?J 
 
 Or if tho letter is written to a jiorson living or doing 
 business in a largct city, thus* 
 
 Tho names and residence should not be allowed to 
 extend further to tho right than about tho center of 
 tho sheet, thus leaving an open space Ixitwcen this and 
 tho heading of your letter. In case the names or place 
 of residence should be so long as to require it, they 
 may lie placed thus : 
 
 (of (c^ut^'nti^aui; 'O^S^/t^^diO^. 
 
 'tyyvtf€^ntfn.' 
 
 The words Dear Sir or OemUmen are sometimes 
 placed farther to the left, as in the above example, but 
 most business men in their correspondeuce place this 
 complimcntiiry address with reference to the words 
 above them , about tliree-quarters of aa inoh farther to 
 tho right, as shown below. 
 
 /yy (^ue ^/., Q&eutA»u 
 
 The custom of placing the address beneath the body 
 instead of at tho beginning of the letter, is not much 
 in vogue in business circles in this country, most busi- 
 ness men preferring to place tho name and address at 
 the head of the sheet, and then write at it as if they 
 were talking to the person himself. When, however, 
 the address is placed below the letter it should occupy 
 the same position as to the margin, etc., as if placed at 
 the Ixjginning. Tho custom is borrowed from the 
 English, and its use is confined mostly to government 
 officials and professional men. 
 
 BODY OF THE LETTER. 
 
 This constitutes the written meseapfe. It ahould 
 begin on the same line with the word* D«ar At*, 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 ft 
 b 
 
iwed to 
 ■liter of 
 this 1111(1 
 or pliicc 
 it, they 
 
 imetimes 
 iple, but 
 lace this 
 le words 
 arther to 
 
 the body 
 not much 
 lost busi- 
 iddress at 
 as if they 
 however, 
 Id occupy 
 placed at 
 from the 
 ivernment 
 
 now K) witrii: a husinesh lettek. 
 
 GfHtlnnen, ioiiviug iil'lcr these words a suiail space. 
 Ill r'ase the place of residence or business is not written 
 ill the address, tlieii tiie eoinpliinentarv adib'ess of Ihur 
 Sir or Gentlemen will be placed on tlie next line under 
 tiie name, or fourth line from I lie top of the sheet, and 
 tiio letter will liegin on the liftli line from the top, 
 thus- 
 
 Sometimes for the sake of convenience, and the 
 savinu^ of time and labor, the letter head has printed in 
 the loft corner, above the addresj^ a blank form of 
 memorandum as follows : 
 
 ReferrlriK to j 
 yoiira of.. . .\ 
 
 OB. 
 
 In reply to 
 your favor of . . . 
 
 ,( 
 
 and after this introduction the writer is able siieedily to 
 get at the marrow of his letter, without acknowledof- 
 iiig the receipt of a former communication. 
 
 The body of the letter should be divided into as many 
 para<;rapliii as there arc distinct subjects in the letter, 
 or a new para^rraph should be commenced at every 
 chan^fe of the subject. The habit which some persons 
 have of tucking one subject to the end of another, and 
 thus making a letter one continuous paragraph of 
 mixed up information, inatructions and requests, is 
 extremely objectionable. It destroys the force of what 
 is said, instead of fixing each thought clearly on the 
 mind of the reader ; it leaves him confused, and he reads 
 •A second time and tries to get his ideas fixed and 
 systematized, or he throws aside the letter until he 
 has more time in which to study it and get the mcan- 
 iag clear. 
 
 If the letter is long and is really concerning only one 
 subject, then it may properly be divided into para- 
 graphs by separating the different divisions of the sub- 
 ject, and giving a paragraph to each. These should be 
 arranged in their logical order. Wherever the letter 
 is to contain numerous paragraphs to avoid omitting 
 any of the items, it is best to jot them down on a slij) 
 of paper, then embody them in the letter in their 
 natural order. 
 
 The first word of each paragraph should be in- 
 dented, or moved in from the margin, usually about 
 the width of the margin. Thus if the margin is three- 
 fourths of an inch in width, the paragraph should 
 begin three-fourths of an inch from the margin. Some 
 writers, however, prefer to commence the firat word of 
 
 the ))aragra|)li an inch iVoni the margin, and it is really 
 not so essential what thedistance is, as that it should i)e 
 uniform, and all the paragraphs begin alike. \ little 
 attention is necessary here. In ordering goods make 
 each article a separate paiagiapli. 
 
 COMPLIMENTARY CLOSING AND SIGNATURE. 
 
 The complimeiilary closing consists of such words 
 as Yourn Inihj, lie.specf/iil/ij, etc., and should be placed 
 on the next line beneath the last one occupied l)y the 
 body of the letter, commencing a little to the right of 
 the middle. The signature should lie placed under- 
 neath the words of rcsjiect, and begin still a little 
 farther to the right. Thus the conclusion of the letter 
 will correspond in position and arrangement with the 
 heading. 
 
 <0^<li-ttid tUtCu., 
 
 /^^. 
 
 The language of thccomplimentaiy closing should be 
 governed by the relation iK^twcon the parties, and 
 should correspond with the complimentary address. 
 The first letter In'twecn strangers should commence 
 with Sir and end with the word Iteapectfidhj. After 
 the exchange of a few letters and a sort of business 
 acquaintance nm}' be .sai<l to exist between the corre- 
 spondents,then Dear Sir, and Yours truly, may properly 
 1)0 introduced. A little more cordial would be such a 
 conclusion as the following : 
 
 d^e 
 
 att-id -UfAi, 
 
 11/ utifu, 
 
 The man of business is apt, however, to have one 
 stereotyped beginning and ending to all his letters, 
 and seldom stops to discriminate between strangers and 
 old customers in this respect. Often the conclusion 
 may bo connected to the closing paragraph with per- 
 fect grace and ease thus : 
 
 In the signature of a letter, especial care should be 
 exercised. Bear in mind that names of persons are not 
 governed by the rules of spelling, and words which 
 precede or follow, proper names will not aid us in de- 
 ciphering them if they are poorly written. 
 
( ii 
 
 now T(t Wltni. \ llf.'lNKJHi* l.KTTKU. 
 
 A MODEL BUSINESS LETTER. 
 
 <Z7ht^ ^-inrdd .yfuZi/t> ,^^ Ct^, ^vtc/ 
 
 m 
 
 Tho youn? jKTson who woiilfl loam to write a good 
 busiiics- letter, slioiilil, wifii pen. ink and suitablo 
 l)ai)Pr, >\\ down and iiractico t'aitlit'idly at'tor tho iilwvo 
 modt'I. A\'iitc and n-write it a dozen times or more, 
 until your l<'tt<'r rosi'nil)los it (do.soly. Then ttd\C any 
 of tlic n)od('!.- lor i('flcr> iriven near tlio dosi! ot' this 
 chapter, and witii tlii> matter, write a letter wiiioii 
 will (•(ailoiin witli the i'nrei;niiiir model in api)carMnec 
 and di'e>s. Writ*' the sain" matter over a^ain, 
 and ininro\c it in. its defect-. ■' ritieise eaeli line ami 
 word. .<(e that no word- (M- I'tteis are omitted, and. 
 that the punef iiation is a(< (irdiiiir lo tli<> models in this 
 Iwok. Kliiniiiate ali iiiiirainly letters, shorten the 
 loops, see that each letter rests on the line, and that, 
 withal your i)age is clean and reirnlar. 
 
 The person who will thus devote a little earneet 
 
 study and ])ractirc, may early acquire the valuable 
 accomplishment of writing a pleasing business letter, 
 so fiir as the mechanical structure goes. 
 
 ADDRESSING THE ENVELOPE 
 
 After the letter is finished, and tvhile it yet lies open 
 before you, the p^iivelope should Ik? addreased. As 
 before stated, the directions on the envelo|)e must <'on- 
 forin to the address at the beginning of the letter, 
 hence the necessity for addressing the enveloiw Iwfore 
 the letter is folded. 
 
 The first line of the address of the envelope should 
 consist of the name of the iierson or firm to whom the 
 letter is written, together with any appropriate titles, 
 and should be written across or ji little below the 
 middle of the envelope, but never above it, beginning 
 
r^ 
 
 10 valuable 
 iiess letter, 
 
 et licrt oi)en 
 resseil. As 
 must <'on- 
 thc letter, 
 }\o\K! Iwtbrc 
 
 lopo Hhould 
 o whom the 
 »riate titles, 
 below the 
 L, beginning 
 
 now r<» WICITK A m.xINK.SH I.Kn'KU. 
 
 Iff! vi\< 
 
 Th 
 
 iH-h 
 
 tliin tirst li 
 
 iliv'hlcil 
 
 til 
 
 .tiler li 
 
 •ll (if wli 
 
 near t:>(' Idl i'(l<,r('. riic spiirc Im-Iwccii tliH iu-sI lini' I ilivhlcd aiiioii;^ tin' oilier liiifs, each (it wIihIi Im'j,'Ui» 
 uiid till' lM)tt(i'!\ til' tli('('MV('!ii|H), should Im) about ('(|ually | Mtill t'lirtiicr to the riirbt lliaii tlio oin' aliovc, tluw: 
 
 
 When writin<» to a pcrnon in a larjrp city the numl)er 
 and street should Im' a part of tho address, and may 
 lie pla<'(!d art in the al)ove form, or in the left hand lower 
 corner iw follows: 
 
 
 ^eW^S^ 
 
 
 
 //cf 
 
 {c^/tiufti^ C'^-u*-, 
 
 
 <^//. 
 
 Ill case the lettiu- is addressed in care of any one this 
 should Ik) placed In tho lower left corner. If a letter 
 of introduction, the words In(ro<hinng Mr. John Smith, 
 or similar words, siiould bo iilaced in this corner. 
 
 Letters addressed to small towns or villages should 
 bear tho name of tho county as follows: 
 
 
 Or the name of the county may l>c placed In the 
 lower left corner. Tho Post OfKce lx).\ numlnir is 
 usually placed in the lower loft corner. 
 
 FOLDING A LETTER 
 
 Ilavinfr written an excellent letter, and fatiltles.sly 
 addressed the envelope, all may bo easily .stamped as 
 unbiisiness-liko, and spoiled, by iuiproporly performin<,' 
 so simple a part as the folding. Kemembor that ex- 
 cellent rule that, whatever i;j worth doing should lie 
 well done. 
 
 ^N'ltli the letter sheet lying liefore you, turn the 
 bottom edge up so that it lies along witii the top 
 edge, thus making a fold in thi midiUe, which press 
 down with tho thumb nail or with a paper folder. 
 Then fold tiie right edge over so that it falls two-thirds 
 the distance lu-ross the .sheet, and press down the edge. 
 Xoxt fold the loft edge of the shoot over to the right, 
 Iireaking the fold at the edge of the i)a;t folded o\ or 
 just before. 
 
 In cas" a check, note, liraft, bill or currency is to be 
 .sent by letter, it should be placed on the upper half of 
 (he .'ilieot as it lies open, and then the letter should be 
 folded the same as if it were not there. This will fold 
 tlio pajier or document in the letter so that it will be 
 ditlicult tfi extract it while being transmitted in the 
 mails, and so that it will not Ik3 dropi^ed or lost in 
 opening the letter. 
 
 Tho letter is now folded so that it will l^e of equal 
 thickness in every part of the envelope. Insoii the 
 last broken or folded edge in the eiiveloiie lirst, 
 
f • \ 
 
 ilii 
 
 HOW TO WltlTK A Itl'KINKN-i I.KTllUt. 
 
 Il ri^riiijil i'ilj:cs ot' tlio Hlicct at tin- irnl of tlii'on- 
 
 M'li)|i(> wliii'li tli<> Htaiiip i^' on; wlicti tiikrn iVi'iii tlit* 
 (•iivcl(i|H' llic If'tli-r will then In- piuprr (»i<lr ii|k 
 
 THE LITERATURE OF A LETTER 
 To 'm' illil"' to iom|M>r.«' II li'tlrl' li(|iiiri'> I'loli' :iliilitV 
 than to <ri\f it tin- |iro|M'r ai'raiiirriiiciit ami incrliaiiiral 
 (liT^. A iiiiml "I'll >lor"il with useful kiio" 1<m1l'<> as 
 Well a> I'oiiiiiiaiiil i<\' iMMiriiMjri'. i-* iH'rcssary in wrilinj.' a 
 It'tlcr on ;L.'<'ii"'ial ■>iil>i<''t>. 'I'Ih' slrictlv liiisiiicss Irttt-i' 
 rc(|niri'w a llioi'oiiirli nmlristaniliiiirot' llic tui'tMcoiiccni- 
 iii;,' wliii'li till' litti I i- written, ami tlii'sc tin-is to Ix- 
 st>t I'ortli ill jiImIii ami iiiiiiiistalxaMt' laniriiairi'. All 
 ilisplav ol' rhi'tori"' oi- llmirisli ot' wm'ils i- cntiri'ly out 
 oCjilafi' ill Ilic .-(ihcr. prai'tii'til Irttrr ot' liii>iiirs>. 'I'lic 
 pirpiT iiM' lit' lapitiil li'ltfiN. pnmliiatiiHi. ami rorrnt 
 .-pi'lliii;: iiri' I'-M'iitial to tlir wrll \viitti'ii letter, ami 
 with a little rare ami slriviiiL' "lav he easily anpijreil. 
 
 ARRANGEMENT OF ITEMS. 
 
 As stateil tH'l'i)re, eaell item or slllljerl in a lettef 
 
 slioiilil lie enilirarcil in a separate para;>'rapli. Th-'w 
 slioiiM Im' airaiiL'i'il in llie uriler in wliieli tliey would 
 natiir.illy rdinc. either in |Miiiit urtinie, iiiiportanee, or 
 as irrriril- iMiliiy. Never lieirin a letter a!,ri [yt'ij with 
 ;< roniplaint. lint rather hriiiL' in all 'irplewoiat 'y.jV- 
 jeel- tovvanl the elo^c. If an aii-wci' tc « L'^t«r ct 
 impiiry. lake np the i|ncstions ii.<? they iiro asiiSil, l««n- 
 fiitf> tirst what the iiiutetion is. and fciion state iiSftifly liie 
 answer. TIip first parair: mh .-jbouid iiCAat/Tr.eilije the 
 reieipt of the cinnmunMition now to be an>wereil. 
 •rivin;.' date and intliiating jta I'a-^uTe and eontents, 
 tlin>- 
 
 fffVuiftarf' r/f.f.r/j »j i,r,t,',,/^ r fc. 
 
 The ilosiiiir paiiiirrapii usnully heirins with sneh 
 words as llojtihij. 'J'tunHiifi, AimfliiKj. 7'/i(nih')i'j, or 
 similar e.xjii'essjons. and is coniplinieiitary in its tone 
 'id desi^rjied as a courtesy. 
 
 BREVITY. 
 Husino.s.s letters should lie In-iof and to tho point. 
 The U'sl letter .states elearly all the fiiets in the fewesi 
 words. Brevity is not ineonsistent with a lon^' letter, 
 as s(i nincli may neeil to 1k' .slid as to reipiiro a lonir 
 letter. I, lit all repetitions, lenirthy statements and niiil- 
 tipliiation <if w&rils .should be avoided. U.sc short 
 seiitemes, and make every word mean somethincf. 
 .sjiort seiitenees are more toreilde, and more ea.sily 
 niidi'islood or remembered, than loii'' drawn out utter- 
 
 
 K' 
 
 STYLE 
 
 Sty e r» f rs to the lone, air, or manner of oxpreHMion. 
 Di^rnily and ntn-iiL'th »lii>nld eliaraett rixe tho ntylo of 
 the lin.-ines-. letter. No ornament of exjiression or 
 eloipienee of lan<.'iia;:e is iieees.siry or appropriate in ii 
 rin'respondenee Iietw(>oii bnsin<'s.s men. Come to yonr 
 ineanini.' at ome. .Slate the laet-, l^ei every seiiteneo 
 bristle with |iiiinl-. 
 
 The >iieee.-.sllll liii-'ilie-^ man ninsi |)o«-.ess ellerjjy, 
 derision, and foree. and these c|iialitien shonlil Im> eon- 
 spieiioiis in his ei>rres|iondeni e in order to eoininand 
 res|ieel. Never use loose or slany expressicn.s. The 
 business man .should In* a tji'iillviiuni. Inilnl<fe in no 
 diHpluy of snpeiior knnuledire or edneation, but leni- 
 |)er each para,i.''riiph with re.--peet and det'ereme to 
 others. I'he learner who wonhl !t>pire to write a L'ood 
 letter, xhoidd, after havinj.' tinished hisallempl, ^'oover 
 eueh sent<'nee carefully and wherever the pronoun I 
 iM'iurs, miMlify the expression so as to leave this out. 
 
 ORDERING GOODS. 
 In ordtriiijf <'ooils of anv kind, care shnnld l)e used 
 
 to B«ak» f«ry (<xplii'ilty the color, .size. i|nality, and 
 qmuitity of the articles desireil. If niannfaclured 
 S^cxnIs, the name of I lie inannfactiirer, or his trade mark 
 or brand slioiiid be driven. .\lso >tate wlien yon desire 
 the ;rno.ls shipped and In what way. If by fi-eiL.dil or 
 express, slate what Freiirht line or Kxpre.s.s C'onipany. 
 
 SENDING MONEY BY LETTER 
 
 Pajier cnrreii'y should seldom Ih' trnstwl to pass 
 throuirh the mails, as the liability to hw^s is tfM» i,neat. 
 Ik'tter send draft or 1'. <). money order, and in every 
 case the amount of the remittance should lie stated in 
 the letter, ami also whether by draft orother\vise sent. 
 The letter may become important evidence in rej^ard 
 to payment at some future time. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS 
 
 In jrivinp instructions to aL'ents, manufacturers and 
 others, let each order occupy a separate paragraph. 
 State in unmistakable laniruajre flic instrncfions desired 
 to 1)0 conveyed. If possible a dia<ifram or j)lan should 
 be enclo.sed in the letter. Cautions and complaints, if 
 any, should be clearly .set forth in parajrraphs near the 
 close of the letter. 
 
 A DUNNING LETTER 
 
 State when the delit was contracted, its amount, the 
 fact of it havintr been lon«r pu.st due, the necessity for 
 inunediate payment, and any other facts <lependin!; on 
 
 
'^^::^- 
 
 IIIIW ru Wlllli; \ lll'nINKHM LKITKH. 
 
 till' |><'i'l||ial'itil-rt <ll' llic ri|M>, w||i( ll il IIIIIV M'I'III liot 
 til llluUl' llnt> ut', Hlll'll IIH |iriit|liM'H t<l |NI,V. Wllil'll llllM' 
 
 lint lio'ii iii(>| : tilt' iiK'niiMiiiriii (• MS Wfll iM iiijiiiy iiiiil 
 
 (listnitt rilllHt'tl liy »llr|| ill'';.niliirilii'M, I'tf. 
 
 LETTERS OF INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I'll' |ii>t Mini triillit'lit. MMijiliiiir Miiv -t i'r<'<ity|M><l tiiriii 
 ill Ic'iicr-i ul' in) I'liiliuiioii. N<'\«'r <:\\i' t\ IcHit nt' in- 
 I nil I ml il II I nil Ir-' \ I'll Iim\ r mlin' cdiiliilfiirc in llir |icr- 
 Miii Id wlinin il i^ yivcii ; il immv rcllcct on voiir I'luinir- 
 Icr III' Im' iisciI iiL'irin-t yon. lie \riy ;riiitr<l<'il llml no 
 i'\|ii'cs.-tioii.<4 iiiiiy Im' const i'iii'iI into ii Irllcr of 'I'cclii . 
 iIiiin iiiMlviiiL.' til"' writiT liuMi' for |ia\iiit'iil. r>r no 
 iinroiiiiili'il ■•iMli-ini-nt^ or a^-t'i'iion>, ovcr-rstiuiatiny 
 your tViciiil, M-- llii'>i' may |tioM' inilnic. 
 
 Willini: lo I'Xicnil m favor to a iVii'inl liy ^riviiii.' ■■! 
 li'ltir of inlroiliKiion, i|o not lie ■."•iiiity of inlrodiiciiiL: 
 liiiii III any onr in wlioni In- may not pliuu (untiiiciii i'. 
 
 MS lie llliirlll Im- a loMT li\- sllcli. 
 
 >^"i- 
 
 Form of a Letter Ordering Goods. 
 
 IJH .liirk-iin stHMl, 
 
 Uli'llMiiMi, Va., Miiy til, IK— . 
 Me«m-:i. Jusiv* A smith, 
 
 *;; Miirki'l si,, r'lillii<li'l|ilii.i. 
 Htmllfiiifit ■ I'll i«rNlit|i nil- hy Kiihi Kn'lalitiK-Miii UHptiiwIblethofot' 
 IoU'Iiil; CihiiU 
 
 :lliliil- N.o. .\|,,la".'i. 
 
 I lllil. linillMlllli'll -^lltilll' 
 
 .ti'lii'it-i i:ii!,'IUIi llrisikl'iixl Ti'ii. 
 
 ■J s;u'k-* M.irli;! I nil'''!', wailird iimI i;)ttiniit. 
 
 .■| liiKi-iCnl^iiilc'H rMlli-l <,iii|p. 
 
 I will K'Milt lliiMiiiiiiiiiil of till- ImviiIi'i' liiiiiiiKlliili-ly ii|iim tliii rrci'lpt 
 
 of till' JfHIiU. 
 
 Vniii-x ii"|i('i'iriill), 
 
 .lA.MKS ( . A1>A.>I>. 
 
 OrderinjT Goods and Encloainj Price. 
 
 i;ii inniMi, iNii , Kit. 'JIi, IS—. 
 Mo8firs. MAn.«ini.i tinn .*(■•., 
 
 cliiriiKo, III. 
 trftttlt'ntfii ; I'loiini' tiirwai-i| me liy .\iiiui-lriin ExpiTf^s Hi oiu'ti 
 I l.iuiri-'li'i' S|,ri.:i,l, ju.,'M) 
 
 IJ yiN. i^i'.i^'liaiii. -.111:111 rliiTk. (I.'m-.) i.sii 
 
 .Iclii/., SaiikiM- iif.:.ni\ j),(Ki 
 
 (14.:lO 
 Fill- wlili'h 1 ItifliiHr r. o, Mnni'v onlrr. 
 
 Iloiitii)^ to r»?i'rlvi' tlu' g i^ M-iihouI ili-lny, I am, 
 
 Ui'siii'ctfiilly. 
 
 WIl.l.lAM I,. MILI-KU. 
 
 Desirinir to Open an Acconnt. 
 
 MeHWlX IIOLMRH .* Wll.WlN 
 
 Di'tiiiil, Mich. 
 
 DWTiis. < llMii.Orl. I J, 1,1— 
 
 Di'tiiiil, Mich. 
 
 (Iciillriiieii ; lluviirj irroiitly I'.stalilislinl iiiyHelf In tlii' irlall Ilanl- 
 wiirf tntili- In lliisclty, wttli fair jiros.jcrt?* nf sm'tTi-J.anil lu'ln;^ in ihm'i] 
 of iirw ^'oDils from tiiiii' In limr, wonlil liki' to iipi'ii an acconnt with yon !■ 
 lii^hly iispi'Ptalilc lionsi'. 
 
 My I aiiital |i Mmall. lint I liavH the Hatisfiutioii of knowing tliat wlial 
 little 1 \io-<scss is till' frnit of my own Inilnsti-y ami saving. I can icfcr 
 yon lo till! well known llrm of Smith, Hay ,* Co., of this city, an to my 
 chaiactcranil stumlinK' 
 
 Shonlil my referonco provl" HtttUfoctory, iiU-asc I'mwaiil meat onco liy 
 U. S. Kxpress, 
 
 '2 Rntcliei-ri' How Saws. 
 
 S ilox MitrtlM^ l.iii'ki, Hllh I'on-claiti KtiiilM. 
 i keM<« 1.11 NatU, 
 ami I'haiue lo iii> accoillit. 
 
 Ilophiii llmt my unler iiiny 1 Ivc yoni ii^inil pnimiil iitiniitliiii, 
 
 1 am, 
 
 Yuui'«riw|HK'l fully, 
 
 IIKNin M. U.UIItoWii. 
 
 Utter uf Oriiilll, 
 
 I.KXINUTIIN, KV., JllllP'JIt, lit—. 
 Menari. Kiiluil'., M.\Mi|l .t lUVOK, 
 
 Ni« Voik Illy. 
 tii'Hth'iitiuf rii-anc 11 How Ine lieiiiei'iir I liu, >l r. .Iiinies I'lirl 1^, a cieillt 
 for siii'h MooiUiui he miiy mi-ici-i, not e.xreiMlliii^oni* ThoiiNaml iloUum, iiiul 
 If lie iliii'H not pay fiu'lhem, I will. 
 
 riiasc notify me In cane lie liiivs, of Hie iiiiiouiil, ami » lien iliiii, ami 
 If the III lint Is III I Kelt It'll pi'omiitiv aeeoiilliiK lo aurei'meiit, wrile iiiii 
 
 III lllU'lt. 
 
 ViMU" Hilly, 
 
 I11UA.M IM SL'.V.N. 
 
 Inoloiing au Invoioe. 
 
 U\ l.iikestrix'l, 
 CIIU Alio, Ki>v. lA, lit—. 
 
 - VMII I, I). I'llKNTICK, Ksil., 
 
 \ evay, liiil. 
 /'fill .Sir.- liiclostsi pliMsc llml Invoice oi ^ooiN aitioiiiiUni{ lo f>ilrt.fVi, 
 "lilppi'il you thlsilay liy I he U. ,1 O. Ktpii'ss, as per yoiii' oiilci' of tim llth 
 Inst. 
 
 lliipliiK that the ttoixls may piove sallsfaclory, ami that we may he 
 fuvuri'U with riittlii'i'uitlvi'n, we lemaliii 
 
 V0UI11 truly, 
 
 slIil.KV, HI Ol.KY AOU. 
 
 Letter of Introdnotioa. 
 
 KM I .live StrePt, 
 ST. lolls, .|illl»<4, IS—. 
 IlKNHY M. ni.lKK, Kltip, 
 
 Huston. 
 Iiiiir Sir: Tills will inliiiilut'e to yon the heiiier, Mr. William I'. 
 Ihiinliiif, of llilK cily who vMts Dustuii. for the purpose ..1 eiiKii^'liiji In 
 llie Mat, Capaiiil Kiif tnnlc 
 
 lie is a yoiiii^' man of cm r;jy itml uhlllty, ami with il. .1 )feiiil(>iiien In 
 ever}' sense. 
 
 .\iiy iisslstame yon may leielei- liiiii hy ».iy of liilnMlnclion lo yoiii' 
 Icailim; meTcliants or oliierMi..c, in 1 stalilisliln^; liN new caterprlHe 
 will lie (Inly uppi'uciuleil hylioth himself ami 
 Yoni-s tnil\ , 
 
 .lAMKs W. llltooKINli. 
 
 Inclosing Remittance, 
 
 M 11 w Oh KK, Wis., Keli. Is, |s_. 
 Measfs. AR»oi,l), Ponht Mill; ,' ( ".. 
 New York. 
 Ueiillemeii : The ({oixls onlitcil of yon on Ihe 'I'l ln»l. Iiave heen re. 
 eel veil ami are entirely sati^faclory i;t hotli iinalil\' ami price. 
 
 Kncioscil iilease llml New York etchaii;.'e tor ^lii.."!, tlie anionnt of 
 your hill. 
 
 TiiaiikinK yon for your promptness in llliint,' my onlei, I am, 
 YimiM respi'ct fully, 
 
 IIK.NI.'Y t.ooDFKI.LUW. 
 
 Inclosing Draft for Acceptance, 
 
 Skw YiiUK, .MlU. S, IS- , 
 Mossl-H. WiaiSTKH ,^ DlIN.V, 
 
 Cuiro, ll,, 
 UciUlfiiwii ; Iiieloseil we hiiml you Unift ut 3i days foraecoptiince for 
 ^•'JS.I.'l, llieaniomit ofhalanceilue from you to us to the present ilatc 
 
 We shall feel ohlii^eil liy your accept 1ii(j: thesauie, ami ret urn 1 111; il hy 
 due coui"se of mail. 
 
 Awaiting further ravin's, wc are, 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 DODllF., IIOI.MKS 4 CO. 
 
I! ; 
 
 i II 
 
 '!! 
 
 '^^!i 
 
 now TO WKITK A IJUSINE.SS LKTTKK. 
 
 Inclosing . Statement of Account. 
 
 cmcAiio, Miiich 1, IS—, 
 Mf.Hsro. niAsr. A ll>>«-.»Bf>, 
 
 South IU'ikI, In<l. 
 flenttem^n : Inclas4>«l pU-si-*s4* fln(! a sf atninciit of your lU'coiint for t h«' 
 past threo nionttu*. <«i>...!i wo beiievi* you will llml t-orrect. 
 
 We slui». ffcl oMlged !iy > our <'X:iniininf^ tli<' siinie at your ('arlirst 
 convf nlenco, b»J siuUI be liap|>y to rf<tivi' yo ir click for tlio aniouut 
 or instruct ions to druw on you in the ordinary coui>- j. 
 We arc, tfcntlcuu'u, 
 
 Voui*H truly, 
 
 J. V. FARWELL & CO. 
 
 A Dnnmng Letter. 
 
 DExvKit, Cot-, Juno SO, 18—. 
 Jamrs C. Adam*. Esq.. 
 
 Great Bond. Kanvi^. 
 Dear Sir: Allow ..je t.» rr-inind you that your account with n»o h:'s 
 boon standing forseveral nonths unsottlod. 
 
 I should not oven nov luiv.. nilli.<l your attohtlon to It, were It not 
 that in a few days I nni*t ni«?t a lii-ary bill, and ninst rely in part .>u 
 your account to furnish me the means. 
 
 I woul<l, therefore, esJcem it a gi-vat fa or If you would lot nie have 
 cither till irliole, or at least the greater pa' t of yourcccount In thoeoi"-so 
 of a wouk or ten days. 
 
 '^lianking you for iiast favors, I remain, Sir, 
 
 Yours trul> 
 
 ... K. MORa..U>'. 
 
 An Application for a Situation in !?nsine8s. 
 
 Pattethe AilitrtitetnerU nt Ifie .'ie\ttl ufihe thetl, nmt urile at/oltciu's: 
 
 1J4 Fayette Street, 
 
 SVRACISE, S. Y., Sept. 17, 18— 
 K. JoURSAi. Office, 
 City. 
 Dear Sir : In repl^ to the aliovo a<lvortisoinont I woulcl respectfully 
 offer my services. 
 
 I am l.> ycari of p^o, liave a pood o<luoat ion, and liavc had aomo expcr'- 
 once In busines.^, *uvinir a.»>iste<l niy fatln'i- in his jrrocery store. I am 
 not afraid of -.p. k, and never allow ni\'self to bo idle when vhore i.s work 
 to bo done. I ran refer yon as to my chaniotor, to Jlr. J. II. Trout, piv U 
 doit of the tias f'ompany, who liis know:i im- all my life. 
 
 In reference t-jsuary, I l«ive llmt with you, but fool certain tliat I 
 could eum five dollars i>er we<k for yo i. 
 
 Ilopip-' to have the pleasuiie of .an inloiriow, I rom;ilM, 
 Bespoetfuiiy, 
 
 HENRY OTIS. 
 
 Asking Permisiiion to Eefer to a Person, 
 
 Sytia<'L-8K, N. v., Sept. 17, IS—, 
 J. U. T»oUT, E*i.. 
 
 7V-ir.Sfjr.- 
 I beg to inform y^r tlMit In applySiir for a situation this momlni.', 
 advurtlietl in the y.art.a/, I took the liberty of using yournainoasa refor- 
 tnce. 
 
 Tli« li .inth of ti-T Z "lar* been honon..! with ynuracquninfanco, am' 
 the »-onUof eB'""-i>nement which you ha\ o given mo horototoro, lead 
 no to hop^ /oil would tpeak favorably in this instance, uddiug this to 
 the nu'ieroua obligations »lr»»dT conferred ui>on 
 
 Tour obed ien t servan t , 
 
 HENRY OT 
 
 Inqnihn^ 3U tm BwsxAt ProEpectB. 
 
 Mr. J. I>. Shavlor, 
 
 I»'*nver, OH, 
 .yff/ Df'ttr Mir : A.^ I told yo^T * p^aur fcpo, I imvf 1km-*: ^liinkin^' st'iionsly 
 nf (li.^I)osin^ t'f my '*mall hn.'*nij«»* li*™*- jluJ li.»ruting li» mjiih' livi':;ii(! 
 MriMiiisiu:; city out vent.wba^VK- Icaottjfronr up nt iili lbi'iu>jiilry usyuii ww. 
 
 Will y«ni liiivf the kimta**'— 
 v»Miiciice, full inft>nn;iti(jn ia • - 
 rcnt.-i, cost of livinir. »-r. 
 ciiilly ill rc^iu^! U* f ho h:t;' v : 
 
 If you win thiw l»:int!., . 
 liitioi). ami all I.s favoril » 
 
 evcatuully become your n* 
 
 Mil ait'l write iiir al yjur cou- 
 ]'Ti:»«inH'ts ttf Imsiness, i)ri('C of 
 ' ;.' y oUicriiifonuution.t'j^po. 
 
 '.-. 1: . U VbiCll I fUIl bUM'U CUU'U. 
 
 tii-uiy viejt Denvfr thi^ fall, ami 
 
 T»>4i3« T'ieaj inaXy, 
 
 J. C. GOOUUICII. 
 
 Letter of E^'.aclhi' lidation. 
 
 »*aLA*-ii> R*v£K, Midi., Hay 17, 18—. 
 To Whom it Mat C'oNk-.'ETix : 
 
 Mr. IIenrj'McP*ier»')a, wbiv b* aiw ..'liiTin^: our omploy, lia^ been in 
 <nii otflco for t'ic piL-*t tw>> 7-*ar». ^xriix vLicli linif In luw fuithfully 
 
 altendtMl to hH (lutie;*, provin:?^ i; 
 reliable. ile I?* a ^^aoX p«nmAn, -^ 
 oorrcspondonce. 
 
 WcHhall ut any time c\if.^r- ■ 
 bu^'«rcg.\rUing hia character xi^'^ 
 
 It'-iudurfrjousanl thorougiily 
 : u'. '■'.••jutitiit. andacquajnttHl with 
 
 • t.>udt<jiii] ujiplications we may 
 :>?t-., iLud viiih hill) t-ven.- £iucco»9. 
 
 TfwumriLij-, 
 
 W(X>1> ft HILL. 
 
 ITotice of Dicultnaps: ff a PartDersliip. 
 
 3'ATtK^f.»KT, 1a., I-€t*. 1(1, 18—. 
 
 JA8. L. Btwoham A0>., 
 
 Cellar RapliL^^ Ia. 
 
 Gentlemen: On thf* L-t » f J-.^a-maey ai-t-rt lite partnership for the past 
 ten years eiirftinj^ l»etwei»n ix^o. H. Ciitff* JLud Uenr?' W'tbster, wholesale 
 yrocers in thi-* City, wilt t^xpir^ h-j ZiaxiSta-ticm <»f thf contract. 
 
 Tho firm takf-rt thi.^ opportrmrt:?" 'j" aiuoik lt¥ cQFtomers and friends 
 for tlieir {^fni'mu-t patrona^frt itruf w^^fjVX. irb«^>»T ibe business of tho 
 liouse grew to '^urli lar^f* propf^rtifto*- 
 
 After tlio fip*t of J:i.nriar7 tlii* t^^rut^jijtMs '■rUJ lie earriwi on at the old 
 stand, Nos. 7.1 -. ;d T* Main *r., ^y nraoy V«taC«T i*-»d Cyi-us I). iJmdford, 
 under the Ann nam** of TTpbrtti^rifcBaAiarC Wt'jir*', pentlf'iiifn, 
 
 CLAEK ft WEBSTER. 
 
 Recommending i SitoKEnor hi BnEineBj. 
 
 Ti> TiiF, rrnLic: 
 
 It l^ with 
 retlrc;nei.' from the hn.sine«w 
 .stock and premUe<< will tlua t« b' 
 Wrrren, whom we cheerfafly 
 to rocomnien'l tliem for it 
 patrnnairo which yon have N..»r 
 llotli those yonng gf^ntl^rr 
 years ])a.st, ami aro In ev.»ry w;fcy itA»iijtn\i MaiA 
 husines-s. 
 
 We»r» 
 
 TI, Ohio, I>e( 
 
 mT l^§l<et that we a 111. ounce our 
 
 of t lie n'*w yi^ar. Our 
 
 to Itesfrs. /'ranl;Iin and 
 
 >,and fe, 1 It ouiduty 
 
 ■* -^ tirt liberal e<inlidencc and 
 
 • -iorir.p thejtiLMt twenty yeai-s, 
 
 .^.n f'lerk»< of ours for sevei-al 
 
 aiAblc tv eontinue the 
 
 jQBXsoiA rox. 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 t/^'u." 
 
v..f< 
 
 i 
 
 ^^ 
 
 lANGUAOE OP FLOWERS. 
 
 . . Language of Flowers . 
 
 Acacia — '"oncealed love. 
 AdoDU Vemalis — Sorrowful remem- 
 brances. 
 Almond — Hope. 
 Aloe — Religious superstition. 
 Alysaum, Sweet — Worth beyond beauty. 
 Amorosia — Love returncj. 
 Applo Blossom — Preference. 
 Arbo." Vitae — Unchanging friendship. 
 
 Bachelor's button — Hope in love. 
 
 Balaam — Impptience. 
 
 Begonia — Deformity, 
 
 Btllflower — Gratitude. 
 
 Uiividere, Wild (Licorice) — I declare 
 
 ■gainst you. 
 Blue Bell — I will be constant. 
 Box — Stoical indifference. 
 Briers — Envy. 
 Burdock — Touch me not. 
 
 Cactus — Thou leavest not. 
 
 Camellia — Pity. 
 
 Candytuft — Indifference. 
 
 Canterbury Bel! — Gratitude. 
 
 Cape Jes^mine — Ecstasy; transport. 
 
 Calla Lily — Feminine l>eauty. 
 
 Carnation (Yellow) — Disdain. 
 
 Cedar — I live for thee. 
 
 China Aster — I wlil see about it. 
 
 Chrysanthemum iiose — I love. 
 
 Co'.vilip— PcnsivenesB. 
 
 Cypreas — Mourning. 
 
 Crocus — Cheerfulness. 
 
 Cypress and Marigold — Despair. 
 
 Da 'odil — Chivalry. 
 
 Dahlia — Forever thine. 
 
 Daisy (Garden) — 1 partake your senti- 
 
 ler.t. 
 Daisy (Wild)— I will think of it. 
 Dandelion — Coquetry. 
 Dead Leave.^ — Sadness. 
 Dock — Pat i viicf. 
 Dodder — Meanness. 
 Logwood — Am I indifferent to you? 
 
 Ebony — Hypo ?risy. 
 
 F?lantine — I wound to heal. 
 
 Eli'er — Compassion. 
 
 Enf.ive — Frugality. 
 
 Eveaing Primrose — Inconstancy. 
 
 Evergreen — Poverty. 
 
 Everliisting — Perpetual remembrance. 
 
 Fennel — Strength. 
 
 FillK-rt — Reconciliation. 
 
 Fir-tree — Elevation. 
 
 FhiT — I feel your kindness. 
 
 Forget-me-not — True love; remem- 
 brance. 
 
 Fox-gloTc — Insincerity. 
 
 Ft: rze — Anger. 
 
 Fuchsia — Taste. 
 
 Gentian — Intrinsic worth. 
 
 Geranium, Ivy — Your hand for the 
 next dance. 
 
 Geranium, Nutmeg — I expect a meet- 
 ing. 
 
 (ieraniuni, Oak — I.,ady, deif i to smile. 
 Geranium, Rose — Preference. 
 Geranium, Silver leaf — Recall. 
 Gilliflov.er — Lasting beauty. 
 Gladiolus -Ready; armed. 
 Golden Rod — Encouragement. 
 Gorse — Endearing affection, 
 Gass— Utility. 
 
 Ilarebell — Grief. 
 
 1 luwthorn — Hope. 
 
 Hazel — Recollection. 
 
 Ilartsease — Think of me 
 
 Heliotrope — Devotion. 
 
 Henbane — Blemish. 
 
 Holly — Foresight. 
 
 Hollyhock — Fruitfulncss. 
 
 Hollyhock, White — Female ambition. 
 
 Honeysuckle — Bond of Love. 
 
 Honeysuckle, Coral — The color of my 
 
 fate. 
 Hyacinth — Jealousy. 
 Hyacinth, Blue — Constancy. 
 Hyacinth, Purple — Sorrow. 
 Hydrangea — Ileartlessuess. 
 
 Ice plant — Your looks freesf. me. 
 
 Iris — Message. 
 
 Ivy — Friendship; matrimony. 
 
 Jessamine, Cape — Trantient joy; ecs- 
 tasy. 
 Jessamine, White — Amiabilitv. 
 Jessamine. Yellow — Grace; elegance. 
 Jonquil — I desire a return of affection. 
 Junijier — Asylum; shelter. 
 Justli-ia — I'erfection of loveliness. 
 
 Kalmia(Mountain Laurel) — Treachery. 
 
 Kanuedia — Mental beauty. 
 
 Laburnum — Pensive l^e luty. 
 
 I^ady's Slipper — CapriciOv-.s beauty. 
 
 Larch — Boldness. 
 
 Larkspur — Fickleness. 
 
 Laurul — (ilory. 
 
 Lavender — Distrust. 
 
 lA'ttuce — Cold-hearted. 
 
 Lilac — First emotion of love. 
 
 Lily — Purity; modesty. 
 
 Lily of the Valley — Return of happi- 
 ness. 
 
 Lily, Day — Coquetry, 
 
 Lily, Water — Eloquence. 
 
 Lily, Yellow — Falsehood. 
 
 Locust — Affection beyond the grave. 
 
 Love in a Mint — You puzzle me. 
 
 Love Lies Bleeding — Hopeless, not 
 heartless. 
 
 Lupine — Imagination. 
 
 Mi'.llow — Swectnes'-; mildness. 
 
 Maple — Reserve. 
 
 Marigold — Cruelty. 
 
 Marjoram — Blushes. 
 
 M rvel of Peru (Four O'clocks) — Tim- 
 idity. 
 
 Mint — Virtue. 
 
 .Mignonette — Your qualities surpass 
 vour charms. 
 
 .Mistletoe — I surmount all diflBcalties. 
 Mock Orange (Syringa) — Counterfeit. 
 Morning Glorj- — Coquetry. 
 Maiden's Hair — Discretion. 
 Magnolia, Grandiflora — Peerless and 
 
 proud. 
 Magnolia, Swamp — Perseverance. 
 Moss — Maternal love. 
 Motherwort — Secret love. 
 Mourning Bride — Unfortunate attach* 
 
 ment. 
 Mulberry, Black — I will not snrriTft 
 
 you. 
 Mulberry, White — Wisdom. 
 Mushroom — Suspicion. 
 Musk-i)lant — Weakness. 
 Jlyrtle — Love faithful in absence. 
 Narcissus — Ecotism. 
 Nasturtium — Patriotism. 
 Nettle — Cruelty; slander. 
 Night Blooming Cereus — Transient 
 
 beauty. 
 Nightshade — Bitter truth. 
 Oak — Hospitality. 
 Oats — Music. 
 Oleander — Beware. 
 Olive-b.'Mnch — Peace. 
 Orange-flower — Cbaitity, 
 Orchis — Beauty. 
 Osier — Frankness. 
 Osmuiida — Dreams. 
 Pansy — Think of me. 
 
 Parsley — Entertainment; feasting. 
 
 Passion-flower — Religious fervor; sna- 
 ccptibility. 
 
 Pea, Sweet— Departure. 
 
 Peach Blossom — This heart is thine. 
 
 Peony — Anger. 
 
 Pennyroyal — Flee away. 
 
 Periwinkle — Sweet remembrances. 
 
 Petunia — Less proud than they deem 
 thee. 
 
 Phlox — Our souls are united. 
 
 Pimpernel — Change. 
 
 Pink — Pure affection. 
 
 Pink, Uonhie Red — Pi. re, ardent lore. 
 
 Pink, Indian — .\versioii. 
 
 Pink, \'ariegatc(l — Refus! 1. 
 
 I'iuk, White — You are faii. 
 
 Pomegranite — Folly. 
 
 Poppy — Consolation. 
 
 Primrose — Inconstancy. 
 
 Riiododendron — Agitation. 
 
 Hose, Austrian — Thou art all that's 
 lovely. 
 
 Rose, Bridal — Happy love. 
 
 Rose, ('al)Vage — Anib ssador of love. 
 
 Rose, Cliina — (irace. 
 
 Rose, Damask — Freshness. 
 
 Rose, Jacquoniiudt — Mellow love. 
 
 Rose, Maiden's Bliisli — If you do love 
 me. VdU will fiiul me out. 
 
 Rose, Mo.ss — Siip^rior merit. 
 
 Rose, Moss Rosebud — Confession of 
 love. 
 
LANOIAGE OF FLOWEUS. 
 
 Rosi', Swcet-bi'iiir — Sy in iiatliy. 
 Rose, Tea — .Vlwiivs lovely. 
 Unri-, iViiili,' — lam woitliy (if you. 
 Rosi', York and Lancastor — War. 
 IJosi', \\'ilil— Simplioily. 
 iiiic — l)i.siiaiii. 
 
 S.ifrniii — Excess is ilaiigfrous. 
 Sanloiiia — Irony. 
 Sunsitive Plan t— Timidity. 
 yiiap-I)raj;oii — Presumption. 
 Siio»-l)all — 'I'liouglils of Ilciivcn. 
 Snowdrop — Consolation. 
 Sorrol — Wit ill-timed. 
 S[)earmont — Warm fcidings. 
 Star of Botiik'liem — Reuoaciliation. 
 
 Strawberry — Perfect e.Kccllence. 
 
 Siimao — Splendor. 
 
 Siiiitlower, Dwarf — Your devout 
 
 mirer. 
 SuMllower, Tail— Pride. 
 Sweet Wdliam — Finesse. 
 Syringa — Memory. 
 
 Tansy — I declare against you. 
 Teazel — Misantlirojiy. 
 Thistle — Austerity. " 
 Thorn Apple — Deceitful charms. 
 Toueh-menot — I '"patience. 
 Trumpet- tlower — Sejiaration. 
 Tulierose — Diingerous jilciisures. 
 Tuliji — Declaration of love. 
 
 ad" 
 
 Tulip, Vaiiega cd — Reautiful eyes. 
 Ttdij). Yellow — Hopeless love. 
 
 Venus' Flytrap— Have I caught you at 
 
 last. 
 
 Venus' Looking-glass — Flattery. 
 Verliemi — Sensihiliiy. 
 Viilet, J{lue — IjOvc. 
 Violet, White— Modesty. 
 
 Wallflower — Fidelity. 
 Weeping AVillow — Forsaken. 
 Woodbine — Fraternal love. 
 
 Yew — Sorrow. 
 
 Zeunai — Abseut friends. 
 
 -^^:^^ 
 
 ^^^if 
 
 J>L\ 
 
 Y^?^^ 
 
 MASTERPIECES OF ELOQUENCE 
 
 The following niasierpieces of elegiac eloquence are un- 
 surpassed in the rcporio.-y of the English classii s, for 
 lofty and noble sentiment, cm, 'lisite jjathos, vivid imagery, 
 tenderness of feeling, glo^^■ing power of description, brill- 
 iant command of language. ai"d that immortal a>' ' seldom 
 attained faculty of painting in the soul of the . ^"er or 
 reader a realistic [)icturo whose sublimity of conception 
 impresses the understanding with awe and admirtition, 
 and impels the mind to rise involuntarily for the time to 
 an elevation out of and above the inconsequent contempla- 
 tion of the common and sordid things of life. 
 
 .\T ills nmiTiiKn's ckavk. 
 
 The following grand oration was delivered by Hon. 
 Robert (J. Ingersoll on the occasion of the funeral of his 
 brother, Hon. Ebeii ('. Ingersoll, in Washington, June 'i : 
 
 " My friends, I am going to do th.'-.t which the dead oft 
 piomi.-ed ho would do t'or me. The loved and loving 
 brother, husband, father friend, died where manhood's 
 morning .ilmost toueiies noon, ami while tlicshadows were 
 still fa.lling towards the west. IK' liad not passed on life's 
 highway tiie stone that marks the liiglicst point, but being 
 weary for a moment he lay down by the wayside, iiml us- 
 ing his l)urden I'or a pillow ftdl into that dreamless sleep 
 that kisses down tiie eyelids. Still, while yet in love with 
 life an<l "aptureil with the world, lie pa.-<ed to silence and 
 pathetic dust. Y'et, after all. it may be best, just in the 
 happiest, sunniest hour of all the v..yagc, while' eager 
 winds are kissing every sail, to dasli against the unseen 
 rock and in an instant to hear the billows r lar, 'A 
 sunken ship;' for whi^thor in mid sea or among the 
 breakers of the farilur shore, a wreck must mark at last 
 the end of each and all, and every life, no matter if its 
 every hour is rich with love, and every moment jeweled 
 with a joy, will at its close become ii tragedy as sad and 
 deep and dark as cau be woven of the warp and woof 
 of mystery and death. This brave and tender nnin in every 
 storm of life was oak and rock, but in the sunshine he w.as 
 vine and llower. He was the friend of all heroic soius. 
 He clindied the heights and left all superstitions far bebrw, 
 while oi. his forehead fell the golden dawning of a 
 grander day. He loved the beautiful, and wa.s with eohu', 
 f(n'm and music touched to tears. He sided with the 
 weak, and with a willing hand, gave idm.s. With loyal 
 Jieart, and with the ])urest hand lie faithfully (iischarged 
 all public trusts. H(i wa.s a worshiper of liberty and 
 a friend of the oppressed. A thousand times I have heard 
 him quote the words, ' For Justice all jilace temple, and 
 
 all seasons summer.' He believed that happiness was the 
 only good, reason the only torch, justice the only wor- 
 .-liipcr, humanity the only religion, and love the priest. 
 He added to the sum of human joy, and were everyone for 
 whom he did some loving service to bring a blossom to his 
 grave, he would sleep to-night beneath a wihlerness of 
 llowers. Life is a nar.ow vale ijetweeu the cold and bar- 
 ren peaks of two eternities. We strive in vain to look be- 
 yond the heights. We cry aloud, and the only answer is 
 the echo of our wailing cry. From the voiceless lips of the 
 unreplying dead there comes no word, but the light of 
 death. Hojie sees a star, and listening love can hear the 
 rustle of a wing. lie who slcejis here when dying, mis- 
 taking the ai)proach of death for the return of health, 
 whis[iered witii his latest breath. " I am better now." Let 
 us i)elieve, in spite of doubts and dognnis. and tears and 
 fears, that these dear words are true of a' the countless 
 detul. And now, to you who have be. chosen from 
 among the many men he loved to do the i.ist sad oflice for 
 the dead, we give his saored duet. Speech cannot contain 
 our love. There was, there is, no gentler, stronger, man- 
 lier nmn." 
 
 AT TH- GUAVE OF A Cim.D. 
 
 Colonel Ingersoll uj)on one occasii^n "as one of a little 
 ])arty of sympathizing friends who had gathered in a driz- 
 zling rain to assist the sorrowing frietids ofavoungboy — a 
 bright and staiidess flower, cut oil" in the hloom of its 
 beauty and virgin purity by the ruthless north winds from 
 the Plutonian shailos — in the last sad (iflicc of committing 
 the poor clay to the bosom of its mother earth. Insjiired 
 hv tliat true sympathy of the great heart of a great isian. 
 Colonel Ingersoll stejiped to theside f/f the graveands]Mike 
 as follows: 
 
 " .My friends, I know how vain it is to gild grief with 
 worils, ami yet I wish to take from every grave its fear. Here 
 in this world, where life and death are equal kings, all 
 should be brave enough to nieet what all the dead have 
 met. The future has been tilled with fear, stained and 
 ))olluted by the hejirtless past. From the wondrous tree 
 of life the bi.ils iind blrt.ssoms fail with ripened fruit, an<l 
 in the common bed of earth the jiatriarchs and babessleeii 
 side by side. Why should we fear that which will come 
 to iill that is? We cannot tell ; wo do not know which is 
 the greater blessing — life or death. We cannot say that 
 ileath isnot a good; we do not know wdiether the gravt? is 
 the end of this life or the door of another, or wliether tlu^ 
 night here isnot somewhere else a dawn. Neither cmi we 
 
 mm 
 
 1 
 

 tell which is the more fortunate, the child dying in ito 
 mother's arms, before its lips hare learned to forma word, 
 or he who journeys all the length of life's uneven road, 
 taking tiie last slow steps painfully with stufT and crutch. 
 Every cradle asks us ' whence,' and every coffin 
 ' whither?' The poor barbarian, weeping above his 
 dead, can Miswer these (piestiona as intelligently and satis- 
 factorily as the robed priest of the most authentic creed. 
 The tearful ignorance of the one is just as good as the 
 learned and uiinit-aning words of the other. No man, 
 standing where the horiznn of life has touched a grave, 
 lias any right to propliesy a future tilled with pain and 
 tears. It may bo that death gives all there is of worth to 
 live. If those we press and strain against our hearts could 
 never die, jjcrhaps that love would wither from the earth. 
 May bo this common fate treads from out the patlis be- 
 tween our hearts the weeds of selfishness and hate, and I 
 had rather live and love wliere death is king, tiian have 
 eternal li'e where love is not. Another life is naught, un- 
 less we know anil love again the ones wlio love us here. 
 They who stand with breaking hearts around this little 
 grave ne -d have no fear. The larger and the nobler faith 
 in all that is and is to !ie, tells us that death, even at its 
 worst, is only perfect re-t. We know that through the 
 common wants of life, the needs ami duties of each hour, 
 theirgrief will lessen day by day, until at liist these graves 
 w'li be to them a place of rest and peace, almost of joy. 
 There is for them this consolation, the dead do not suffer. 
 If they live again, their lives will surely i)e as good as ours. 
 We 1 ave nofear: we are all the ciiildren of the same 
 mother, and the same fate awaits us all. We, too, have 
 our religion, and it is this: ' Help for the living; hope for 
 the dead.'" 
 
 SUNDRY BRIEF ITEMS OF INTEREST. 
 
 In 149v America was discovered. 
 
 lu 1S4S gold was found in California. 
 
 Invention of telescoi>es, 1590. 
 
 Elias Howe, Jr., invented sewing m tchinet in 184G. 
 
 In 1830 envelones came into use. 
 
 Steel pens first made in 1830. 
 
 The first watch was constructed in 147(1. 
 
 First manufacture of sulphur matches in 1829. 
 
 Glass windows introduced into England in the eighth 
 century. 
 
 First coaches introdnced into England in 15G9. 
 
 In 1545 needles of the modern style first came into use. 
 
 In 1527 Albert Durer first engraved on wood. 
 
 1559 .saw knives introduced into England. 
 
 in the same year wheeled carriages were first used in 
 Trance. 
 
 In 1588 the first newspaper appeared in England. 
 
 In l&id the first printing press was lirought to America. 
 
 The first newspajier advertisement appeared in Ki.iS. 
 
 England sent the first steam engine to this continent in 
 1703. 
 
 The first steamboat in the United States ascended the 
 Hudson in 1807. 
 
 Locomotive first used in the United States in 1830. 
 
 First horse railroad constructed in 1827. 
 
 In 1830 the first iron steamship was built. 
 
 Coal oil first used for illuminating purposes in 1836. 
 
 Looms introduced as a substitute for spinning wheels in 
 1776. 
 
 The velocity of a severe storm is 36 miles an hour; that 
 of a hurricane, 80 miles an hour. 
 
 National ensign of the United States formally adopted 
 by Congress in 1777. 
 
 A square acre is a trifle less than 209 feet each way. 
 
 Six hundred and forty acres make a square mile. 
 
 A "hand" (employed in measuring horses' height) is 
 four inches. 
 
 A span is lOj inches. 
 
 Si.if hundred pounds make a barrel of rice. 
 
 One hundred and ninety-six pounds make a barrel of 
 flour. 
 
 Two hundred ])oiin(ls make a barrel of pork. 
 
 Fifty-six pounds make a firkin of butter. 
 
 The number of languages is 2,750. 
 
 The average duration of human life is 31 years. 
 
 PHYSICIANS' DIGESTION TABLE. 
 
 SnOWIXG THE TIME IlEC^L'I KEI) Full THE DIGEST lOX OF 
 THE OKIJIXAKY AKTRLE.S OF FOOD. 
 
 Soups. — Chicken, 3 hours; mutton, 3^ hours; oyster, 3^ 
 hours; vegetable, 4 hours. 
 
 Fish. — Ha.ss, broiled, 3 hours; codfish, boiled, 2 hours; 
 oysters, raw, 3 hours; oysters, roasted, 3J hours; oysters, 
 stewed, 3A hours; salmon (fresh), boiled, IJ hours; trout, 
 fried, 1^ hours. 
 
 .Meats. — Beef, roasted, 3 hours; beefsteak, broiled, 3 
 hours; btef (corned), boi'id, 4^^ hours; lanili, roast, 2^ 
 hours; lamb, boiled, 3 iuurs; meat, hashed, 2^ hours; 
 mutton, broiled, 3 hours: mutton, j "jast, 3^ hours; pig's 
 feet, soused, 1 hour; pork, roast, 5^- hours; pork, boiled, 
 4i hours; jiork, fried, 4^ hours; pork, )jroiled, 3:^ hours; 
 sausage, fried, 4 hours; veal, liroiled, 41. ours; veal, roast. 
 4i hours. 
 
 Poultry and game. — Chicken, fricasseed, 3.? hours; 
 duck (tame), roasted, 4 hours; duck (wild), roasted, 4J 
 
 hours; fowls (domestic), roasted or Itoiled, 4 hours; goose 
 
 (wild), roasted, 2\ hours: goose (tame), roasted, 2^ hours; 
 
 turkey, Ijoilcd or roasted, 2A hours; venison, broiled or 
 
 roasted, H hours. 
 
 Vegetables. — Asparagus, boiled, 2^ hours; beans (I.inui), 
 
 boiled, 2A liou'^s, beans (string), boiled, 3 hours; beans, 
 
 baked (with pork), 44 hours; beets (vouiig), boiled, 3} 
 
 hours; beets (old) boiled, t hours; cabbage, raw, 2 hours; 
 
 cabbage, boiled, 4A hours; cauliflower, boiled. 2i hours; 
 
 corn (green), boili-d, 4 hours; onions, boiled, 3 hours; 
 
 parsnips, boiled, 3 hours; potatoes, boiled or baked, 3^ 
 
 hours; rice, boiled, 1 iicur; spinach, boiled, 24^ hours; 
 
 tomatoes, raw or stewed, 2^ hours; turnips, boiled, 3^ 
 
 hours. 
 
 Bread, Eggs, Milk, etc. — Bread, corn, 'i^ hours; bread, 
 
 wheat, 3A hours; eggs, raw, 2 hours; eluese, 34 hours; 
 
 custard, 2J hours; eggs, soft-boiled, 3 hours; eggs, har;l- 
 
 boiled or fried, 3^ hours; gelatine, 2A hours; tapioca, 2 
 
 hours. 
 
 THEMES FOR DEBATE. 
 
 Following are one hundred and fifty topics for debate. 
 The more usual form in their presentation is that of a 
 direct proposition or statement, rather than that of a 
 question. The opponents then debate the "aflirmative" 
 and "negative" of tlie proposition. It is well to be very 
 careful, in adopting a subject for a debate, to so state or 
 explain it that misunderstandings nniy lie mutually avoided, 
 and quibbles on the meaning of words prevented. 
 
 THEMES FOK I>EB.\TE. 
 
 Which is the better for Ms nation, high or low import 
 tariffs-' 
 
 Is assassination ever justifiable? 
 
 Was England justifiable in interfering between Egypt 
 and the Soudan rebels? 
 
 Is the production of great works of literature favored by 
 the conditions of modern civilized life? 
 
 
 t 
 
TIIKMKS FOU DEBATE. 
 
 Is it politic to place restrictions iijioii the immigration of 
 till' CliiiH'so to the United StatoH? 
 
 Will coal ahv'iivs constitute the main source of artificial 
 heat? 
 
 Has tlio oxj)friment of universal sullrage proven a suc- 
 cess? 
 
 Was (inmt or Lee the greater general? 
 
 Is an income-tax C(>mnieM(lai)le? 
 
 Ouglit the naiionul hanking system to l)e aholished? 
 
 Slioiild tlio govcniincnt lease to stockgrowers anypor- 
 lion of tlie imlilic doiiiaiii? 
 
 Is it advisalilo longer to attenii)t to maintain both a gold 
 and silver standard of coinage? 
 
 Which is the more important to the student, j)liysical 
 science or mat hematics? 
 
 Is the study of current politics a duty? 
 
 Whicli wai; the more inlluential congressman, Rlaine 
 orGartield? 
 
 Which gives rise to more ohjectionahlo idioms and lo- 
 calisms of language, New Kngiand or the West? 
 
 Was tlio juirchaso of Ahiska hy tliis government wise? 
 
 Whii'h is the more iuipertant as a continent, Africa or 
 South America? 
 
 .Sliouhl the government iiiterfero to stop the spread of 
 contagious iliscases among cattle? 
 
 Was Ca-sar or Hannibal the more able general? 
 
 Is the study of ancient or modern history the more im- 
 portant to the student? 
 
 Should aliens be alloued to acfjuire property in this 
 country? 
 
 Should aliens be allowi'd to own real estate in this coun- 
 try? 
 
 I)<i the benefits of the signal service justify its costs? 
 
 Should usury laws Ito abolished? 
 
 SliouM all laws for the collection of debt be abolished? 
 
 Is labor entitled to more remuneration than it receives? 
 
 Should the continuaiu'O of militia organizations by the 
 several States bo encouraged? 
 
 Is an untariii-hed reputation of more iiui)ortance to a 
 woman than t() a n'an? 
 
 Dof's homo life promote the growth of seinshness? 
 
 Are mitieral veins aiiueous or igneous in origin? 
 
 Is tl.o theory of evolution tenalde? 
 
 Was Homo justifiable in annihilating Carthage as a na- 
 tion? 
 
 Which has left tlie more j)ermanent imj)ress njion man- 
 kind, liret'co or Home? 
 
 W^hicii was the gfcater thinker, Emerson or Bacon? 
 
 Whicii is the more important its ti branch of edncatio!!, 
 mineralogy or astronomy? 
 
 Is there any improvement in thcfunility of the literature 
 of to-day over that ct last century? 
 
 Should the "Spoils System" bo continued in Ameri- 
 can politics? 
 
 SlKUild the co-eduoation of the sexes be ciumui raged? 
 
 Whi(di should be tin,' more encouraged, novelists or 
 dramatists? 
 
 Will the African ami Caucasian races ever be amalga- 
 maied in thx United States? 
 
 SiiouM the militai'V or the interior department have 
 chirgeover the liulians in tin? United States? 
 
 Which is (jf moi'i; benefit to his race, the inventor or 
 tho ('X|)lorer? 
 
 U history or philosopliy the IjcUer cvcrciso for the 
 mindr 
 
 C:in any effect iial provision he iiuulo bv the Slate against 
 •' liard times ? " 
 
 Which is of the more Iji'iU'flt to society, journalism or 
 
 V? 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Which was tho greater general, Napoleon or Welling- 
 ton? 
 
 Should tho volume of greenback money be increased? 
 
 Should the volume of national bank ciculution be in- 
 creiised ? 
 
 Should the railroads be under tho direct control of tht^ 
 government? 
 
 Is the doctrine of " State rights" to be commeded? 
 
 Is tho '• Monroe doctrine " to be commended and up- 
 held? 
 
 Is the pursuit of politics an honorable avocation? 
 
 Which is of tho greater importance, the college or the 
 university? 
 
 Does tho study of physical science militate against 
 religious belief? 
 
 Should " landlordism " in Ireland be supplanted by 
 home rule? 
 
 Is life nnire desirable now than in ancient Home? 
 
 Siioiild men ami wonu'u receive the same amount of 
 wages for the same kinil of work? 
 
 is tho prohibitory li(|uor law preferable to a system of 
 high license? 
 
 Has any State a right to secede? 
 
 Should any limit be placed b^' the constitution of a 
 State upon its ability to contract indebtedness? 
 
 Should tho contract labor system in public prisons be 
 forbidden ? 
 
 Should there be a censor for the public press? 
 
 Should Arctic expeditions bo encouraged? 
 
 Is it the duty of the State to encourage art and litera- 
 ture as much as science? 
 
 Is suicide cowardice? 
 
 Has our Government a right to disfranchise the polyga- 
 mistsof Utah? 
 
 Should capital punishment be abolished? 
 
 Should the law jilace a limit upon tho hours of daily 
 labor for workingmen? 
 
 Is "porialism" treason? 
 
 Should the education of the yonng be compulsory? 
 
 In a hundred years will republics be as numerous as 
 monarchies? 
 
 Should book-keeping be taught in the public schools? 
 
 Should Latin be taught in the public schools? 
 
 Do our methods of government promote centralization? 
 
 Is life worth living? 
 
 Should Ireland and Scotland be indejiendent nations ? 
 
 Should internal revenue taxation he abolished? 
 
 Which is of greater benefit at the present day, books or 
 news])aiK'rs? 
 
 Is hoiiusty always the best ])olicy? 
 
 Which has been of greater benefit to mankind, geology 
 or chemistry? 
 
 Which could mankind dispense wi.'i at least incon- 
 venience, wood or coal? 
 
 Which is the greater nation, Germany or France? 
 
 Which can siqjport the greater popuhition in proportion 
 to area, our Northern or Southern States? 
 
 Would nninkind be the loser if the earth should cease 
 to produce gold iiiid silver? 
 
 Is the Occasional destruction of large numbers of people, 
 by war and disaster, a benefit to the world? 
 
 " Which could man best do without, steam or horse 
 power? 
 
 Should women be given the right of sullrage in the 
 United States? 
 
 Should crennvtion bo substituted for burial? 
 
 Shouhl the govr leiit establish a ntifional system of 
 telegraph? 
 
 Will the populatioti of (Miicago ever exceed that of New 
 York? 
 
THEMES FOR DEBATE. 
 
 Should the electoral college be continued ? 
 
 Will the population of St. Louis ever exceed that of 
 Chicago? 
 
 Should restrictions be placed upon the amount of prop- 
 erty inheritable? 
 
 tVhicli is more desirable as the chief business of a city — 
 commerce or manufactures? 
 
 Which is more desirable as the chief business of a city — 
 transportation by water or by rail? 
 
 Sliould the rate of taxation be graduated to a ratio witli 
 the amount of property taxed? 
 
 Will a time ever come when the population of the earth 
 will bo limited by the earth's capacity of food production? 
 
 Is it probable that any language will ever become uni- 
 versal? 
 
 Is it probable that any planet, except the earth, is in- 
 habited? 
 
 Sliould the State prohibit the manufacture aiul sale of 
 alcoholic liquors? 
 
 Should the government prohibit the manufacture and 
 sale of alcoholic liquors? 
 
 Should the guillotine bo substituted for the gallows? 
 
 Was Bryant or Longfellow the greater poet? 
 
 Should the jury system be continued? 
 
 Should the languages of alien nations bo taught in the 
 public schools? 
 
 Sliould a right to vote in any part of the United States 
 depend upon a property qualification? 
 
 Can a horse trot'faster in harness, or under saddle? 
 
 Should the pooling system among American railroads 
 be abolished by law? 
 
 Is dancing, as usually conducted, compatible with a 
 high standard of morality? 
 
 Should the grand jury system of makiug indictments be 
 continued? 
 
 Which should be the more highly remunerated, skilled 
 labor or the work of professional men? 
 
 Wiiich is the more desirable as an occupation, medicine 
 or law? 
 
 Should the formation of trade unions be encouraged? 
 
 Which has been the greater curse to man, war or drunk- 
 enness? 
 
 Which can man the more easily do without, electricity 
 or petroleum? 
 
 .Should tlie law interfere against the growth of class dis- 
 tinctions in society? 
 
 Wiiich was the greater genius, Mohammed or Ruddha? 
 
 Which was the more able leader, Pizarro or Cortoz? 
 
 Which can to-day wield the greater iuflueuce, the orator 
 or the writer? 
 
 Is genius hereditary? 
 
 Is Saxon blood deteriorating? 
 
 Which will predominate in five hundred years, the Saxon 
 or Latin races? 
 
 Should American railroad companies be allowed to sell 
 their bonds in other countries? 
 
 Should Sumner's civil rights bill be made constitutional 
 by an umoiulment? 
 
 Does civilization promote the happiness of the world? 
 
 Should land subsidies be granted to railroads by the 
 govcrnmont? 
 
 Whiili is the stronger militarv newer, England or the 
 Uniteil States? 
 
 Would a rebellion in Russia be justifiable? 
 
 Should the theater be encouraged? 
 
 Wiiich has the <;reater resources, Pennsylvania or 
 Texas? 
 
 Is agriculture the noblest occupation? 
 
 (!an democratic forms of government be made univer- 
 sal? 
 
 Is legal punishment for crime as severe (w it should bi-? 
 
 Should the formation of monopolies be prevented by the 
 State? 
 
 Has Spanish influence been helpful or harmful to Mex- 
 ico as a people? 
 
 Which is of more importance, the primary or the high 
 school? 
 
 Will the tide of emigration ever turn eastward instead 
 of westwanl ? 
 
 Should the art of war be taught more widely than at 
 present in the United States? 
 
 Was slavery the cause of the American civil war? 
 
 Is life insurance a benefit? 
 
 How to :\lHke 32 Kinds of Solder.— 1. Plumbers' 
 solder. — Lead 2 parts, tin 1 part. 'Z. Tinmen's solder. — 
 Lead 1 part, t-n 1 part. :j. Zinc solder. — Tin 1 part, 
 lead 1 to parts. 4. Pewter solder. Lead 1 part, bismuth 
 1 to 2 parts. 5. Spelter soldier. — Equal parts copper 
 and zinc. G. Pewtcrers' soft solder. — Bismuth 2, lead 4, 
 tin 3 parts. 7. Another. — Bismuth l.lead l.tin 2 parts. 
 8. Another pewter solder. — Tin 2 parte, lead 1 part. 'J. 
 (ilaziers' solder. — Tin 3 parts, leail 1 part. 10. Solder 
 for copjier. — Copper 10 parts, zinc 9 parts, 11. Yellow 
 solder for brass or copper. — Copper 3"^ lbs., zinc 29 lbs., 
 tin 1 lb. 12. Brass solder. — Copper 01.25 parts, zinc 
 38.75 parts. 13. Brass solder, yellow and easi^,. fusible. 
 — Coj\i)er 45, zinc 55 parts. 14. Brass solder, white. — 
 Coppcj'r 57.41 parts, tin U.CO parts, zinc 27.00 parts. 15. 
 Anotner solder for copper. — Tin 2 parts, lead 1 part. 
 When the copper is thick heat it by a naked fire, if thin 
 use a tinned copper tool. L'se muriate or chloride of zinc 
 as a flux. The same solder will do for iron, cast iron, or 
 steel; if the pieces are thick, heat by a naked fire or im- 
 merse in the solder. IG. Black solder.— Copper 2, zinc 
 3, tin 2 parts. 17. Another.— Sheet brass 20 lbs., tin G 
 lbs., zinc 1 lb. 18. Cold brazing without fire or lamp. 
 — Fluoric acid 1 oz., oxy muriatic acid 1 oz., mix in a lead 
 bottle. Put a chalk mark e.ich side where you want to 
 braze. This mi.xture will keep .about G months in one 
 bottle. 19. Cold soldering without fire or lamp. — Bis- 
 muth i oz., quicksilver i jz., block tin filings loz., spirits 
 salts 1 oz., all mixed together. 20. To solder iron to 
 steel or either to brass. — Tin C p;.rt3, copj)er 3'.'^ parts, 
 zinc 7^ parts. When applied in .. molten state it will 
 firmly unite metals first named to each other. 21. 
 Plumbers' solder. — Bismuth 1, lead 5, tit» 3 parts, is a 
 first-class composition. 22. White solder for raised 
 Britannia ware. — Tin 100 lbs., hardening b lbs., antimony 
 8 lbs. 23. Hardening for Britannia. — (To be mixed 
 separately from the other ingredients.) Copper 2 lbs., 
 tin 1 lb. 21. Best ooft solder for cast Britannia ware. — Tin 
 8 lbs., lead 5 lbs. 25. Bismuth solder.- Tin l.lead 3, 
 bismuth 3 parts. 2G. Solder for brass that will stand 
 hammering. — Brass 78. 2G parts, zinc 17.41 parts, silver 
 4.33 parts, add a little chloride of potassium to your borax 
 for a flux. 27. Solder for steel joints. — Silver 10 parts, 
 copper 1 part, brass 2 parts. Melt all together. 28. 
 Hard solder. — Copper 2 parts, zinc 1 part. Melt together. 
 29. Solder for brass. — Copper 3 parts, zinc 1 part, with 
 borax. 30. Solder for copper. — Brass parts, zinc 1 
 part, tin 1 part, melt all together well and pour out to 
 cool. 31. Solder for platina.— Gold with borax. 32. 
 Solder far iron.— The best solder for iron is good tough 
 brass with a little borax. 
 
 N. B. — In soldering, the surfaces to be joined are made 
 perfectly clean and smooth, and then covered with sal. 
 ainnioniac, resin or other flux, the solder is then applied, 
 being melted oa and smoothed over by a tinned soldering 
 iron. 
 
 I 
 
M 
 
 ? J 
 
 THE GREAT CIVIL WAll. 
 
 ^'-z-^^;&=:L 
 
 ^A^^^ 
 
 THE GREAT CIVIL WAR • 
 
 THE ENROLLMENT IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY . . , 
 
 fe^ 
 
 
 f ^i>i<5:^ 
 
 P 
 
 Tlio following tabic shows the total inimhcr of men fur- 
 nished by eaoh of the several States for the United States 
 army during the Civil AVar of 1>S('1-18G5. The first column 
 of figures shows the number furnished under tlie cull df 
 President Lincoln for 75,000 troops, issued April 15, 18(!1. 
 The second column shows the aggregate number of white 
 men furnished under all the calls: 
 
 STATES. 
 
 hire. 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Ilarups 
 
 Ve.inont 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Kliodu Island 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 New York 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Peniisvlvaiiia 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Maryland 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Wi.sconsin 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Kansas , 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Arkansas , 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 California 
 
 Nevada 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Wasliing^jn 
 
 NcbiusK'a 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Dakota 
 
 First 
 
 771 
 
 779 
 
 782 
 
 3,;;J(i 
 
 3,147 
 
 S.'lOd 
 
 l:i,tioti 
 
 3,123 
 
 20.175 
 
 775 
 
 All Calls. 
 
 New Mexico. 
 
 Total.. , 
 
 900 
 4.720 
 2.557 
 
 4,(;.s(; 
 
 4.S20 
 781 
 817 
 !I30 
 9G8 
 10.501 
 
 C50 
 
 1,510 
 
 , . . 03.320 
 
 71,715 
 34.005 
 35,24(1 
 
 151,785 
 23,711 
 57,270 
 
 4(14. 150 
 79.511 
 
 300.320 
 13.051 
 49,731 
 32,(103 
 10.872 
 
 317.133 
 
 195,147 
 
 258.217 
 90,119 
 90,118 
 25.034 
 75,800 
 
 108,773 
 78,.54o 
 
 20,097 
 12,077 
 
 7,451 
 210 
 617 
 895 
 
 1,279 
 
 1,702 
 181 
 
 2,395 
 
 .088,523 
 
 The following exhibit gives the number of colored and 
 drafted troops furnished to the Union army by the differ- 
 ent States including the States which were in rebellion; 
 besides which 92,576 colored troops were included (with 
 the white soldiers) in the quotas of the several States. 
 Many who enlisted from tho South were credited to North- 
 ern States: 
 
 :^_ 
 
 .STATUS AND TEKUITOUIES. 
 Ni:\V ENOLANU STATES. 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Maine 
 
 .Massachusetts 
 
 New Hampshire , 
 
 Kliodi' Island 
 
 \'erni(]iit 
 
 TOTAI 
 
 MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New York 
 
 IVnnsylvania 
 
 ToTAi 
 
 WeSTIMIN ST,.TKa AND Tkiikitokies. 
 
 Colorailo Territory 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Iiuliana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 CoUircii 
 Troops, 
 1801-05. 
 
 1,704 
 104 
 
 3.900 
 
 1 
 
 1,837 
 120 
 
 Nunilicr 
 Driiltid. 
 
 msas. 
 
 Ki 
 
 Michigan , 
 
 Miiiiusota 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Wisconsin , 
 
 Total 
 
 UOUDEIl STATES. 
 
 Delaware 
 
 District of Columbia... 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 .Maryland 
 
 .Missouri , 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 Total 
 
 routherk states. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 .\rkansa8 
 
 Florida 
 
 Oeorgia 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 V^irginia 
 
 T()T,\L 
 
 Gkand Total 
 
 At large 
 
 Not accounted for 
 
 Ollicers 
 
 Total , 
 
 jr^o 
 
 1,185 
 
 4.125 
 
 _8.0^2 
 
 13.922 
 
 12,03 
 27.324 
 41,582 
 10,800 
 4, .321 
 __7,743 
 
 103,807 
 
 ^ 0,887,554 
 
 7.837.044 
 
 22,905,550 
 
 9,030,313 
 
 820,709 
 
 4.528,775 
 
 070,005 
 
 32,325 23,808,967 
 
 151,488 8(1,029,228 
 
 178,873 43,154,987 
 
 302,080 153,(153,182 
 
 95 
 1,811 
 1,537 
 
 440 
 2,0,so 
 1,387 
 
 104 
 5,092 
 
 105 
 
 12,711 
 
 4.909 
 5.520 
 1,044 
 
 3,480 
 
 17,809 
 
 5,035 
 
 5,402 
 
 20,133 
 
 47 
 
 03.571 
 173,079 
 
 733 
 5,083 
 7.122 
 
 18"6'!or7 
 
 32,085 
 41,158 
 7,548 
 1,420 
 22,02v 
 10,79( 
 50,400 
 38,395 
 
 203,924 
 
 8,035 
 14,338 
 29,421 
 29,319 
 21,519 
 
 3,180 
 
 100,412 
 
 17.290,205 
 .354 
 ,171 
 ,407 
 ,855 
 ,404 
 
 23.557,373 
 5,855,356 
 
 7.290, 
 9,182, 
 1,015, 
 57, 
 9,604, 
 2,000, 
 
 (i9, 229, 185 
 
 1,130,599 
 
 134,010 
 
 092,577 
 
 6,271,992 
 
 l,2is2,149 
 
 804,737 
 
 10,382,064 
 
 C^ 
 
 8f/ 
 
The viirioua Ciills for riiou by llio Prosiilont wore sis fol- 
 lows, not iiiclmliiig tliu riii'.itiii, broiiglit into service diiriii^r 
 the (lifTerent invasions ot Lt'u's ivnnius into Miii'vliuid atnl 
 Peniisylviiniu: 
 
 18'il Cull for threi-inonths' men. . . 
 
 lH(il I Cull forthiio Vfiirs 
 
 18t;2:rull for thri'o Vfurs 
 
 18(iv ; Call fur iiiise months 
 
 I'Stil Call f,ir throe yt'iirs, I-'obniary 
 18()4 Call for ijiroe years, March.. . 
 18fil (Jail for 'iiri'o veiir.^, Jolv 
 
 18<M 
 
 T.'i.tHM) 
 
 oiMi.tKin 
 .")ii(i, 0(1(1 
 
 ri(io.(MH) 
 
 3(1(1, 0(H» 
 
 Call for three yours, December 
 
 ToTAl 2,(j;5.()00 
 
 Tho Piovost-Marshal General in 1 ■<'J(J roiiortoil the fol- 
 lowing as the number of casiialtio.s m tlic volunteer anil 
 rejiular armies of the Unitcil Stales diiring the war: 
 
 Killed in battle, <^1,.'>(;-..' ; diecl of ."ounds, 3l.T^'7; died 
 of disease, 183.tJsr ; total died, ^'79,3;'l; total deserted, 
 19',l,10j. 
 
 Number of .soldiers in tho Confederate .-;ervice who died 
 of wounds or il sease (partial statement), 133,8"21; deserteil 
 (partial stati'ment). 104.4-J8. 
 
 Number of United States troops captured during the 
 war, •21"3,(3(>8; Confedei'ate troojis captured, 47G,lC'.i. 
 
 Nutnber of United States troojis paroled on tiie field, 
 1G.431 ; Confederate troops jia-oled on the field, y48,.j99. 
 
 Number of United States troops who died wliil-i prison- 
 ers, '.J9,T'^'.) ; Confederate troops who died wliile prisoners, 
 20.774. 
 
 A CORRECT AND CONCISE ACCOUNT OF THE VICTORIES AND 
 DEFEATS AND IMPORTANT BATTLES. 
 
 NoVEMHEI!, 18G0. 
 
 10th — Bill to eriuij) and raise 10,000 volunteers intro- 
 duced in South Carolina Legislature. 
 
 18th— Georgia Legislature voted *1, 000,000 to ami the 
 State. 
 
 20th-"-23d — Specie p.iyment suspended by banks in Rich- 
 mond, Baltimore, Washington, Philadvjlphia and Trenton, 
 also generally through the South. 
 
 Dkcicmukh, 1S(J0. 
 
 3d — A John Brown anniversary meeting in Boston 
 broken uj) by riot. 
 
 10th — Louisiana Legislature voted i'.X n.iUKj to arm the 
 State. 
 
 24tli — Election in Alabama — 60,000 majority for seces- 
 sion. 
 
 27th — Troops ordered out in Charleston. 
 
 J.VNTAUY, 1801. 
 .'">th — Steamer Star of the West sailed from Now York 
 with sujiplies and reinforeenionts for Fort Sumter, 
 arrivei' oil Charleston on Oili, was lired upon and driven 
 back to sea; returnel to New York on lv.Mli with two shot 
 holes in her hull. 
 
 7th — Senator Toombs, of Georgia, made a secession 
 speech in U. S. Senate. 
 
 18th — Virginia Legislature appropriated ><l.(i(i0.000 for 
 the defense of the Slate. 
 
 2Ut — .lolTerson Davis withdrew from U. S. Semite. 
 31st — U. S. mint at New Orleans .seized by State author- 
 ities. 
 
 Fi:i)KiAiiV. 1801. 
 9th— .Jolfersoii D ivis eleeted Pri'sident of C. S. A. 
 9th— U. S. *■.' j.(i(K).000 loan bill signed by the President. 
 
 Mauch, 1861. 
 4th — Abnham Lineoln inaugurated President. 
 26th — Sam Hoiuton, Governor of Te.xas, dejiosed for 
 refusal to take an oath of allegiance to the C. S. A. 
 
 May, isci. 
 2d — N. Y. iZnh IJeginient arrived in Washington. 
 :nn — ) rriier»l ISi.il V-r look jios.-iossion of Belay House. 
 Ilth — Charle>t"ia Moekaile establiihed. 
 ITth — S. C C«tigr«sg authorized issue of iii.50,000,000 
 S-;: •,'(i-ye:ir bonds. 
 
 ■I'Jth — ['r«»tilrm IXarii re;u-hed Hicdimond. 
 :Ust — CuTalnr Jk3^nJi^ll at Fairfax C. II. , \'a. 
 
 Jl'XK, 1801. 
 ~d — Batiie rjif PiaiJlippo, Va. ; Confederates routed. 
 
 10th — B,itc[f-f»f iSsg Bethel. Va.; I'nion forces repulsed. 
 
 11th— Col. Waillbcx- routed Coijfe<lerate force of 800 at 
 liOMiney, Va. 
 
 14t!i — CottfederaJf.? evadiated ami burned Harper's 
 Ferry. Va. 
 
 Istli — B^kttEeof iVxtueville, Mo.; Confederates routed by 
 Gen. Lyon. 
 
 :.'3d — Forty-eight B. & O. 11. B. locomoti\es, valued at 
 *<4(it».iii'(;. deatroyVi hy Confederates. 
 
 .29th — GeDeni C«>uiJCil "f War held at AVashingtou. 
 
 July, ]^01. 
 ,5th— Praidmt LUnxdn called for 400,000 men ftiid 
 *40(.».tn)0.(>]Otoimtdowrj the rebellion. 
 otli — Battle of Carlljage. Mo. 
 loth — Battle of Laurel Hill. 
 11th — Battle at Kk-h Mountain. 
 
 isth — Battle near C*ijtreville, Va., called by ihe Con- 
 federates Battle (A Bull's Bun. 
 
 21st— Battle (A Ball's Run, or (by the Confederate.^) 
 JIanassas. Confik-t ]as1*>d ten hours, wheii j)anic seized 
 the L'^uion forces aiiid ihey fled in disorder to Washington. 
 The loss was: 
 Confederate — 
 
 0:5(> killed: 2.23.5 -wounded; 150 missing— 3.01.5. 
 Union — ^."^l kiOed; 1.011 wounded; 1,216 missing — 2.09h. 
 The number emgaifed were: Union 40,000 vs. Confed- 
 erate 47. ooo. wlijcli »*-re reinforced during tho battle by 
 20,u00 or -.io.wtX 
 
 Arcr.^T, 1801. 
 2d— Battle of Dag Spring, Mo. 
 4th— Bai;c!e of AiLejjg. Mo. 
 7th — Hampt:"'. Va.. burned by Confederates. 
 8th— Battle ^i Ijc-Tetttville. A'a.; Confederates routed. 
 10th— Battle of Walson Creek. Mo. Union force, ,5.200; 
 Confederate If'Ti--^. 15.H»('(.*. Aft<T six hours fighting, Con- 
 federate.s r> ; 
 
 • def-lared in St. r^nuis. 
 ■' •. f? ordered all Northern men to 
 > :iLin fortv davs. 
 
 ■iwk't: Nest, Va.; 4,000 Confeder- 
 
 i.Vgt.: driven back with 50 killed. 
 
 : : and Capture of ]'"i.rts Clark and 
 
 •j:e los.s. 705 prisoners and 1,000 
 
 14tli— M 
 
 l.-,tli_I'p - : 
 leave the (■■-.:'- 
 
 20th— S!<- r,,. 
 ates attaekul L '. - 
 
 28th— P.. 
 Hatteras. i 
 stand of arnn. 
 
 2'Jth — [..esitigiitjc. Mo., attacked. 
 
 Cth--Padii.-.ir. 
 
 lO'h— Bnff ' 
 
 18th — Bi . v^ .: 
 20th— C; -M . 
 
 with 2..5<Hi m n. : 
 24th — R.irnney. 
 
 States troopa. 
 
 Se3T5:mber, 1861. 
 
 K\.. occu]iied by United States forces. 
 •'"arTiifei Ferry, Va. 
 \'e» Orleans suspended s]tocio jiaymont. 
 Iz'-iTi purreniiered at Lexington, Mo., 
 
 -,;.<.' C«!ifederates. 
 Va., stormed and captured by United 
 
 d 
 
'|ii| 
 
 THR OnEAT Civil, WAU. 
 
 0(T()I1KU, 1861. 
 
 .'id — Biittlo at rirocnbiior, Vii. 
 7tli— Ceil. \V. T. SliiTiiiuii relieved. 
 ItJtli— Kiitilt) near I'iloi Kiiol), Mo. 
 •^Ist— I5ullle of Hall's Hliitr. 
 21st— Battle (if Wild Cat. Ky. 
 yStli — Battle of (Iroiiiwell, Ivv. 
 
 XOVK.MDKK, 1801. 
 Irtt — Wiiifield Scoii, C'oiiiiiiaiidi r of tlio United States 
 army, retired, and .VIaj.-(ien. d'eo. B. .McClelliiU waa ap- 
 pointed in his place. 
 
 7tli— Great navnl fight off Hilton Head. 
 8th— Battle of Belmont. Mo. 
 nth— Battle of J'iketon, Kv. 
 
 Ittth— Eiifilish jiiieket Treiii l)o.irdcd by Capt. Wilkes, 
 iind Mason and Slidell cafitiired. On the 2kli inst. they 
 were jilaced in Fort Warren, Boston Harhor, from wkieh 
 tluy were released .January 1, ISii'-i, on a demand of the 
 Biitish government. 
 
 ')!:( Kviii:.i, l.'^Ol. 
 2d — Naval engagement at Newport News. 
 0th — Congress passed bill anthorizins; exchange of 
 prisoners. 
 
 i;ith — Shelling of Free Stone Point by Union g mbonts. 
 :." 'i— Battle of Drainsville. Mo. 
 
 .'!( '<a.i ks of New York. I'hiladelphia, Alb;.ny and 
 
 Bo;:, oj. ,.ued specie paymem. 
 
 .lANfAltY, isi!2. 
 2d— Battle on Point Boyul Island, S. C. 
 Kith— Battle of Middle Creek, Ky. 
 1"*!: -Battle of Mill Spring, Ky. " Confederate loss, 192 
 kilie !, fiH wonnded, .sO prisoners; Union loss, 39 killed, 
 20 ;■ woiinde(l. 
 
 FEnRf.. HY, 1862. 
 Otli — Fort Ilcnry captured by Union soldiers, 
 ^th and 8th — Battle of Koanoke Island. Union los^ 
 5(1 ..illed, 222 wounded: Confe.'M-ate loss, 1,'! killed, 'M) 
 wonnded. 2,.")27 prisoners. 
 
 1 Uh — liattle of Fort Donelson, which was kept np in- 
 cessi 'itly till the Kith, wiien the fort was surrendered to 
 the L iiion forces, l.'nioii loss, 44(' i;illod, 1 .T.'i.i wonnded, 
 150 iirisoners; Conf.^?ii ,iato loss, 2:{7 killed, I. on',' wounded, 
 Vi.'Mii) prisoners. 
 
 21si — Battle near Fort f'raig, N. M. Union loss, 162 
 killed. 4v; ..onnded. 
 
 Maucii, 1802. 
 Cth ti 8th— Battle of Pea Pidge, Arkansas. Union 
 lojs, 20.'i killed, 972 wonndod, 176 missine; Confederate 
 ]o.^s, 1,100 killed, 2,4(tO wounded, 1,600 j)ris>>ner8 
 
 9th — First cncouuter cf iron clad vessels, "Monitor" 
 and •' Merrimac," in wliicli the .Merrimao was defeated. 
 Ki'h — Manassa. Va., evacuated by rebels. 
 14th— Battle of Newbirn, N. C. 
 2Jd — Battle of Winchester, Va. 
 28th — Battle of Valles Paiich, N. M. 
 31st — B. it O. H. It. reopencn, alter having been closed 
 nearly a year. 
 
 Ai'Kii,, 1862. 
 Gth anil 7th— Battle of Pittsbur;]? Landing or "Shiloh." 
 Union loss: 1,7;5.") killed, 7,822 wounded, 4,044 missing. 
 Over 3.IMIII (lonfoderates were buried on tlio lield. 
 
 7th — Island No. lo, ^!l.sslssippi Kiver, .surrendered after 
 a twenty-three iia'-^* oomhardinenf. C!,.iife lerate loss: 
 125 sruns, ]'.'i steain.;r.=;, lo.oiio small urm.s, 2,'>oo horses, 
 l.Oiio wagons, am', over fi.tiod prisoners. 
 
 nth — i'ulaski surrendered after a tliirty-hour bom- 
 bardment, j 
 
 10th— Battle of Leo's Mills. 
 19th — Batt''^ of Camden, Nor Carolina. 
 20th — Com. iodore Farragut demanded the surrender 
 of New Orleans. 
 
 May, 1802. 
 Ist — Now Orleans captured by Union forces. 
 6tii — Battle of Williamsburg, Virginia, 
 8th— Battle of West Point, Virginia, 
 loth — Surrender of Norfolk, Virginia. 
 10th— General Butler captured i{i800,000 in gold at New 
 Orleans. 
 
 2lM — Battle of Front Koyal, Virginia. 
 25th — li.ittlo of Winchester, \'irgiiiia. 
 27th— Battle of Corinth. 
 .■?i8t — Battle of Fair Oaks, Virginia. 
 31at — Battle of Seven Pines, Virginia. 
 
 JrxK, 1862. 
 4tli — Battle of Tranter'.s Creek, North Carolina. 
 Cth — (ireat gun-boai tight bef(,,-o Jlemphis, at the 
 close of which Memphis siirrenrlered unconditionally. 
 8th— Battle of v"rosi Key;:. Vi.giniii. 
 9tli— ''atth3 -f l',)rt Pe|)"ublic, Virginia. 
 26th — Battle of Mechaiiicsv'lle, Viririnia. 
 27th — Bombardment of Vicksburg, .Mii'sissippi, 
 30th — Battle of White Oak Swamp, 
 
 Jii.Y, 1862. 
 1st — Battle of Malvern Hill, the last of tlio seven days' 
 figiit before liichm iiid. Tot ' Union loss was 15,224, of 
 whie.h 1,565 were killed. 
 
 Ist — President liiicoln called for 000,000 men. 
 5th — Bonibaidiiiciit o' v'icksburg. 
 i(th — !''(jstage stamps made a legal tender. 
 20th — Morgan's (iiierillas overtaken and scattered, 
 
 AuoL-sT, 1802. 
 '.Ji — President Lincoln ordered .'!00,fl00 men to be 
 drafted. 
 
 5th — Battle of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 
 5tli — Attack on Fort Donelson. 'ronnessee. 
 9th- -Battle of Cedar iMountain. 
 
 21st — Five Confederate regiments crossed the Rappa- 
 hannock and almost walked into the masked b.ittvries of 
 General Sigcl, which opened .'Ire on (hem with grape and 
 canister, mowing them down by scores, 700 being killed 
 and 2,000 captiired. 
 
 28th— Battle near Centrevillc, Mo. 
 28th — Union forces evacuated Fiedricksburg, Va. 
 29tli — Battle of (Jroveton, near Bull's Pun. Va. 
 30tli — Groveton battle rtMiewed. (ien i'oiio defeated 
 and what is known as the "Second Battle of Bull's Knn" 
 ended. 
 
 30th — Bittle near Richmond, Ky. Union forces de- 
 feated: 20(1 killed, 7Cli wounded and 2.000 prisoners taken. 
 
 SM'TKMtiKK, 1862. 
 
 1st— Battle nefir ('liantiily, \':<: 
 
 1st — Battle at Britoi;'s Lane, 'renii. 
 
 12th — Ifarj)er's I'^'rry invested by Confederates. 
 
 14th — Bvtlle of South .^'ountain, Md. Union InsJ- 
 2.325. 
 
 15th — Harper's Ferry siirreiukred; 1 l,ii00 Federa' ■ sui • 
 rendered. 
 
 17th — Battle of .Antietnm. l']a.:li army numbered about 
 tOO.OiiO; Union loss, 12,4(:it; Confederate 'oss, 25,542. 
 
 17;h — .Miinfordsville, Ky., surrendered to the Confed- 
 erates; 4.6(1) L'nioiiists ca..; iircd. 
 
 20'li— Battle of Lika, .>liss. 
 
 22(1 — Fui.iiicipatioii proclaiiuition issued. 
 
 *-v; 
 
 ;r ^' 
 
 ■'. T-^; 
 
TUE nRKAT Civil, WAR. 
 
 defeated 
 ill's Run" i 
 
 OOTOBKK, 18G2. 
 
 3(1 and 4th — Battle of Corinth, Miss. (Jnion loss, 
 2,359; Confederate loss, !l,;u;:!. 
 
 8th and 9th— Batdo of IVrryvillc, Mo. 
 loth — Heavy fighting between Lexington and Rioli- 
 mond, Ky. 
 
 18th — Morgan, the raider, (lushed into Lexington mid 
 captured 1'-l!> prisoners. 
 
 a2d— Hattlo of Miiysville, Ark. 
 
 N()vi,.Mi)Ki(, I80:i. 
 Ist — Artillery li^riit ut IMiilmoiit, Va. 
 3d — Ueoontioissiinco ut tlio base of IMuoIlidgo Mount- 
 ains— tJonfodcrates literiilly driven into the river and 
 drowned by scores. 
 
 4th — (fiilvoston, Texas, surroiidorod. 
 KJth — Capt. Dalilgren, with i>i men, dashed into Fred- 
 ricksburg, Va., and routed oUO (;onfe(h!rati'8. 
 
 2l8t — Oen. Sumnor demanded the surroudor of Fred- 
 ericksburg, Va. 
 
 27th — Battle near Frankfort, Va. 
 28th— Battle of Cane Jlill, Ark. 
 
 DfX'EMIlEK, 18G2. 
 
 4th — Winchostor, Va., captured by Union soldiers. 
 
 5th — Rattle near Coffeevillo, Miss. 
 
 7th — Battle of Prario Grove, Ark. 
 llih — Fredrieksburg, Va., slielled by Federalists. 
 12th — Fredericksburg captured. 
 13th— Battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 
 29th — General Shormiin repulsed by the Confederates. 
 
 3l8t — Battle of Murfreesboro. 
 
 January, 18G3. 
 
 Ist — Battle of Galveston. 
 
 1st — Battle of Murfreesboro renewed, with fearful 
 results to tlio Federals. Union loss was 1,500 killed, 6,000 
 wounded and 4,()(i0 prisoners taken. 
 
 7th— Battle of Springfield, Mo. 
 
 March, 1803. 
 2 Ist — Battle of Cottage (irove, Tenn. 
 28th— Battle of Somerville, Ky. 
 
 AIay, 1S(;:3. 
 2d — Battles of Fort Gibson, Miss., and Ohancellorsville, 
 Virginia. 
 
 12tli — Battle of Ravmond, Jliss. 
 16th— Battle of Cliampicm Hill, Miss. 
 i7th— Battle of Big Black River, Miss. 
 19th — llepulse of the first Vicksburg assault. 
 
 June, lS(i:!. 
 15th— Battle of Winchester, Va. 
 2.')tli — Cliambcrsburg, l\i., captured by Confederates. 
 30th — Battle of Hanover .Function, Va. 
 
 July, :1863. 
 
 2d— Battle of Gettysburg. 
 
 4th — General Grant captured Vicksburg. 
 
 nth — Surrender of Port Hudson. 
 10th — Repulse of the assnlt on Fort AVagner. 
 13th — Commencement of the New York draft riota. 
 
 Ai'ursT, 18G3. 
 ■Lawrence, Kansas, A\as burned. 
 October, 18G3. 
 17th~Prosidont Lincoln called 300,000 more men. 
 
 November, 18G3, 
 16th — Battle of Campbell's Station. 
 24th— BftttlM of Lookout Mountain and Missionary 
 Ridge were foupht at Chactanooga, Tenn. 
 
 March, 1804. 
 17th — General (iraut assumed command 
 armies of tlio United States. 
 
 May, 1804. 
 4tii — 'i'lio Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan, 
 and encam[)cd in the " WilderneMS." 
 
 Ttth and Oili — Battles of llie Wilderness, Virginia. 
 Otii — General Sherniiin began bis Atlanta campaign 
 flth — Battle of Spottsyivania, Virginia. 
 14th — Battle of Resiica, (icoiiria. 
 2.")lli — Battle of New Ho|)e ('lunch Station, Georgia. 
 20th — The Confuderutea were lepulaed in an attack on 
 City Point, Virginia. 
 
 JiNE, 1804. 
 ist — Battle of Cold Harbor, Virginia. 
 3(1 — A battle was fought near Cold Harbor, Virginia. 
 10th — Federals were defeated in an attack on Peters- 
 burg, Virginia. 
 
 19th — The investment of Petersburg. Va., was begun. 
 lOtli — The Alabama was sunk oil Cherbourg, France, 
 by the Kear.^arge. 
 
 2l8taiul 2>'d — The Federals were repulsed in attacks 
 upon the Weldon railroad, Virginia. 
 27th — Battle of Keiiesaw Jlountain. 
 28th- riio Confederates moved on Washington by way 
 of the Shenandoah V^alley, Virginia. 
 
 July, 18G4. 
 9th — Battle of Monocacy River, Maryland. 
 20th — Battle of Peach Tree Creek, Georgia. 
 22d — Battle of Decatur, (ieorgia. 
 30th — Another unsuccessful assanlt was made by the 
 Federals upon Petersburg, Virginia. 
 
 AcoL-sT, 1804. 
 f,th— Fort Gaines, in Mobile Bay, surrendered to 
 Admiral Farragut. 
 
 2l8t — The Weldon railroad captured, 
 aist — The battle of Joneaborough. 
 
 SlOPTEMIiER, 1804. 
 
 2d — The Federals entered Atlanta. 
 19th — The battle of Winchester, Virginia. 
 22(1— The battle of Fisher's Creek, Virginia. 
 30th — Battle at Peeble's I'arm. Virginia. 
 
 OcTOBIMt, 1804. 
 2(1 — Battle of Holston River, Virginia. 
 Otb— Battle of Allatoona Pass, Georgia. 
 ] 9th— Battle of Cedar Creek, Virginia. 
 27th— The Federals were repulsed at Ilatchcr'a Run, 
 Virginia. 
 
 NoVE.iBER, 1804. 
 
 IGth — General Sherman began his march to the sea. 
 
 Decembeu, 1SG4. 
 13th — Fort McAllister was captured by the Federals. 
 15th — The battle of Nashville, Tennessee. 
 25tli — The Federals were re])ulsed in an attack upon 
 Fort Fisher, North Carolina. 
 
 January, 1805. 
 15th— Fort Fisher, N. C, was captured by tho Federals. 
 
 February, 1805. 
 5th — The Federals were repulsed at Hatcher's Rnn, 
 Virginia. 
 
 March, 1805. 
 
 Ifith— Battle of Averysborough, North Carolina. 
 18tli — Battle of Bentonville, North Carolina. 
 
I I 
 
 I ! ■ 
 
 THE OREAT ClVir. WAK. 
 
 •,'jtli — Kort StuiKliniiii. noiir I'otersbiirg, wiia oiiptiirud 
 »y tlie CoiifcderiitoH, uml rnciiptiircd hy the I-'odoralu. 
 3l8t — Tho buttlo of Fivo Forks, Virgiriiii. 
 
 April, \Mr,. 
 2d — Ilichmond was I'viiciintcd by iho CoiifodoratcB. 
 fitli — liiittlo of Fiirnivilk'. Virginia. 
 Ittii — fice siirreiidorcd witli X'<l,lir» iiipii. 
 9th — Ocnoral Loe witii h'M iirmy Hiirn-ndered to Oon- 
 inil (traiit. at Appomattox (^jurt IIoii.si', Virginia. 
 
 j;ttli — Moijiii! Hiirrt'iidi'red to a coiiibiiu'il army and 
 naval Httacl(. 
 
 14i,li — 'I'in' flag Oonoral Atidorson iiad lowered at Fort 
 Siirnter wiw restored to its position. 
 
 llth — President Liiieoln wasassofisiMHted at Wasiiington. 
 I[fl was sliot in the hack of the head at Ford's 'I'heatro by 
 Wilkes iJootli, and died next morning. 
 
 l.jth — Andrew Johnson, Vico-l'residcnt, took tho oath 
 of oflice as President. 
 
 'iHth — Wilkes Bootli shot in a ham in \'irginiaftnd died 
 iH twenty-four hours. 
 
 '■iCdh — (icneral .lohnson surrendered to General Shcrnnm 
 in \orth Carolina. 
 
 May, 1805. 
 
 5th — flalveston, Texas, rtirrendored to tho Federals. 
 
 10th — JelT. Davis eaptn red in (ieorgia. 
 
 l.'Uli — A skirniish took idaco near Mrazos, in Kaslern 
 Texas. 
 
 •^Cilh — Tho Confederates in Texas, under (Jonoral Kirby 
 Smith, surrendered. 
 
 Tho armicm of tho East und West were disbanded and 
 returned iiome, after a review at Washington. 
 
 Junk. IHiiS. 
 
 Cth — An order was issued for tlio release of all prison- 
 ers of war in tho depots of the north. 
 
 .'fi.Y, I8t!:.. 
 
 7th — .Mrs. Surratt, llaro'ii, I'ayne an:l Azertoth hanged 
 at Washington for conspiracy in tho murder of Lincoln. 
 
 DEt'EMIlEH, 1805, 
 
 18th — Soeretary Seward otricially declared slavery 
 abolished. 
 
 COS.MKTIQUFS. 
 
 CoMPi.EXiov Wash. — Put in a vial one drachm of ben- 
 zoin guru in powder, one draclwn niitnicg oil, six drops of 
 orauge-lilossom t<a, or apple lilossonjs ]iut in half pint of 
 rain-water and bnijoii down to one teaspoouful and 
 strained, one pint of sherry wine. Bathe tlie face morn- 
 ing und niijlit; will remove all llesh worms und freckles, 
 and L'ive a beautiful couiplexion. Or, put one ounce of 
 powiierecl gutn of bfiiznju in a pint of whisky; to use, put 
 in water in wash-bowl till it is milky, allowing it to dry 
 without wiping. This is perfectly harmless. 
 
 To Clrau a Tavxep Skin. — Wash with a solution 
 of carbonate of soda and a little lemon juice; then with 
 Fuller's earth-water, or the juice of unrijie grajtos. 
 
 On. TO Make THE IIaik fU'ui,. — Olive oil, one pound; 
 oil of iirgauum, one drachm; oil rosemary, one and one- 
 half diaciims. 
 
 WitrxKLES IN THE Skin. — White wax, one ounce; 
 strained lionoy, two ounces; jiii<eof lily bulbs, two ounces. 
 The foregoi.ig melted and stirred together will remove 
 wrinkles. 
 
 Peahl Water for the Face. — Put half a pound 
 best Windsor soap s(!raped fine into half a gallon of boil- 
 ing water; stir it well until if cools, add a pint of spirits 
 of wine and half an oiinco of oil of rosemary; stir well. 
 This is a good cosmetifpie, and will remove freckles. 
 
 Pearl De.vtifrice. — Prepared chalk, one-half pound : 
 powilereil myrrh, two ounces; camphor, two drachms; 
 orris-root powdered, two ounces. Moisten the camphor 
 with alcohol and mix all well together. 
 
 Wa.sii for a Hlotchei) Face. — Rose water, throe 
 ounces; sulphate of zinc, one drachm; mix. Wet the 
 face with it, gently dry it and then touch it over with 
 cold cream, which also gently dry off. 
 
 Face Powder. — Take of wheat starch, one pound; 
 powdered orris-root, three ounces: oil of lemon, thirty 
 drops; oil of bcrgamot, oil of cloves, each fifteen droi)8. 
 Rub thoroughly together. 
 
 Bandoline — To one quart of rose water add an ounce 
 and a half of gum tragacanth; let it staml forty-eight 
 hours, freouently straining it, then .=tr!iin tbrough acoarso 
 
 =2! 
 
 linen cloth; let it stand two days, and again strain; add 
 to it a drachm of oil of roses; used by ladies dressing their 
 iiuir, to make it lie in any jiositioti, 
 
 TIIK ART (IF BKAUTV I.N DRFS 
 
 It is far easier to find fault with existing customs 
 than to devise and put in practice other and Ixitter onefl. 
 
 Ladies do not like to appear singular, and nuike them- 
 selves conspieiDUs by wearing such articles of dress aa are 
 laughed at, possibly, certainly not worn by any other ])er- 
 sons in tho city or county in which she may belong. And 
 so the matter goes on. .Manufiicturcrs, dry goods dealers 
 and milliners and dressmakers carry the day witli a high 
 hand. Yet there is alwa\s some choice, and as, th.i'ik* to 
 our civilized habits, a full-length mirror is obtaiiuiblo by 
 most ladies, given tho resolution to make the most and 
 best of themselves, the greater number of women can so 
 study the art of dressing well as to ])roduco Bomo excellent 
 results. 
 
 It will hardly do to copy tlie old miuslers of painting in 
 tho arrangement of drapery, at least anyways closely, for 
 no matter liow well the voluminous folds may look 
 painted, they certainly would bo very much in tlio way in 
 real life, and impede any free action of the muscles some- 
 what, while tho length of sweeping gowns certainly looks 
 more in place on painted canvas than it can do on an 
 ordinary walking dress, fijidies have realized this fact, 
 however, and the short walking-skirt, at once pretty 
 an<l convenient, has been the result. 
 
 In some pla(>c8 the common sense shoe can be found, 
 and this jiermits the muscles of the foot, if not the freest, 
 yet fair l>lay. One great mistake in tho dressing of tho 
 feet is iu getting tho covering too short. It will throw 
 back tho toe joiids, antl a bunion is only too frequently 
 tho result. If the soles of tho shoes are too thin, the feet 
 become chilled, atid disease ensues. Yet in repeated 
 instances they have been known to draw tho feet, and 
 made them exceedingly tender and sore. A light cork 
 sole sewed to a knitted worsted slipper will give a foot 
 covering, equally light and far less injurious in its results. 
 
 There are ladies who wholly ignore woolen hosiery, pre- 
 ferring lisle thread, cotton or silk. Yet, in winter time, 
 particularly for children, woolen stockings are almost a 
 necessity, particularly if woolen is worn over the rest of 
 
 be 
 Hr 
 fui 
 to 
 pl« 
 
 far 
 
 aril 
 
 is 
 
 hu 
 
n _ 
 
 pru""- 
 
 , hanged 
 iiicoln. 
 
 gluverv 
 
 rain; adjl 
 ising their 
 
 g customa 
 Hitter oni'B. 
 Hike lliem- I 
 iresa iia are | 
 
 other pcr- 
 ong. Ami 
 oda dealers 
 
 il)» II high 
 th.'.'iki to 
 
 iiiniiblo \>J 
 most and 
 
 lien enn so 
 
 10 excellent 
 
 pointing in 
 closely, for 
 niiiy look 
 the way in 
 iscles Bome- 
 ainly looks \ 
 ^\o on an I 
 thia fact, 
 lice pretty 
 
 be found, 
 , the freest, 
 ssing of the 
 will throw 
 ,, frequently 
 lin, the feet 
 in repeated 
 lio feet, and 
 light cork 
 give a foot 
 in its results, 
 hosiery, pre- 
 winter time, 
 are almost a 
 fr the rest of 
 
 TlIK A lit DC IIKAl'TY IN IHIKSH. 
 
 till' l).<(ly. There are some jiuopic w! o cniinot nhido the | 
 rceliii'^ (if woolen giiriiiciits next the Hkiii, iiml tlie,> are | 
 olili>;t'd to get their warmth of (■loiiiing in otiirr than 
 thi'ir iinclori;urnieatH. llfiivy oulHide giirnieiiis an- not I 
 (|iiile HO griicerui us ihoKo of Hofler und lighter niiili'i iiil, ' 
 hut, if they must l)e worn lliey will hear ii |iliiiner ent 
 tliiin su(di (chillies at are natiirully clinging and udupt 
 theiiiHelves to the ll;;iii'e. 
 
 Solid uiul j)liiin roliirs have ii greater rielines.s tlian 
 mixed Hliiide.M. If coniliineil tini.s are used, they Hlimihl 
 ituiy iio such as liarnionizo well, and in tlio fulllen;;th ti);- 
 ui(! give a good personal etleet. I'rohahly more ladies err 
 iu g''ttinggood general elTect.M than in any other one |iiir- 
 tieular. They iiave various garments, [iretty eiuiigh, 
 |)o.-isihly, in themselves, yi't which ilo r )t iiarmonize wi'll 
 together, either in nialtuial, color or cut, or possilily with 
 their |)articular stylo of figure and shade of hair and com- 
 plexion, l-'or oxamphs the skirt will have one style of 
 irimmiii:;, the waist anotlier, the bonnet may look exceed- 
 ingly well with one suit and bo ijuilo out of kee])ing with 
 another. A short, (luiiij)y person will wear llounces, a 
 tall, slim one stripes, while some red-haircil woman will 
 faiiey an exquisite shade of pin!:, while green or blue 
 would have been niueh more becoming. 
 
 IJIack generally makes people look smuller and wlutc 
 larger. A very palo person can bear a cerlain amount of 
 l>riirht red. Any <lelicati^ com])lexioii looks well with -oft 
 riichings or laces at neck and wrist. Lace is so expensive 
 tliiit it cannot bo so generally worn as it might be with 
 excellent elTect. Probably no prettier iiead-covering ha< 
 ever been desigiuMJ than the veils worn liy the .Spanisii 
 women. Certainly they are infinitely more graceful tiian 
 a modern ])oke bonnet. 
 
 lb-ess goods cut up into little bits and sewed together 
 into fantastical shapes called trimmings are apt. if loo 
 freely used, to give an air of fussiness to the dress, and be 
 withal a sourci! of endless annoyanoe in catching dust and 
 dirt. The former ideas of a border or hem to finish has 
 become the reater jiart of the garment. 
 
 Noihing is gained in grace by making any outside gar- 
 ment, skin-tight, while much is lost in comfort by so 
 doing. A sleeve, for instance, to lie serviceable .ind look 
 well, should ho loose anil adapt itself somewhat to the 
 curv(( of the arm. Likewise a dress waist looks far better 
 a little loose, as well as being more iiealthful and webring 
 better. 
 
 Large, stout persons can add to their appcarence much 
 by wearing all outside skirts buttoned on to fitted under- 
 garments below tiio hips several inches, for gathers about 
 the waist only add to their stoutness of look and are 
 uncomfortable to carry about. A yoked petticoat ansv^'ers 
 the purpose very well in lieu of the buttoned skirts. 
 
 A wrapper for a tall, slim person can liave a Spanish 
 flounce, while a slaslied skirt with kilt inserts is more 
 becoming to a short figure. Largo folds are always more 
 graceful than small pleats and ])uckers. One very great 
 fault of our dressmaking lies in not allowing the goods 
 to fall in large and natur.*' folds, but in bunching and 
 pleating it in folding, and pressing the goods down into 
 fantastic and inartistic shapes. Added to this, paniers 
 and padding, bustles and hoops, until an ordin.iry woman 
 is forced to appear like a stulled figure instead of a living 
 human being. 
 
 Every woman can modify, and arrange, and simplify. 
 and that without becoming either ultra or conspicuous. 
 It will take time. That cannot be helped, yet possibly 
 the saving in comfort and expense may fully compensate 
 for the few hours spent in studying her own dress with 
 the mirror before her and with the determination to ror.ke 
 the very best and most of herself. 
 
 ALL ABOUT KITCHEN WOIlK. 
 
 A lady who for a time was compelled to do all of her 
 own kitchen work says: "If every iron, pot, pan, kettle or 
 
 .p. 
 , III 
 
 any iileiisil used in the cooking of food, he washed as s>>"n 
 us emnlied, and while hIIII hot, half the labor will be 
 saved ' It is a simple habit to aiMpiire, and the washing 
 of potsnnd kettles by 1 lis tiieaiis loses some of its dihla>le- 
 fill aspects. No lady seriously objects to wasliingand wip- 
 ing I he crystal and silver, but to tiuiklo the black, greasy, 
 and forniiilable-looking ironware of the kitchen lake a 
 good deal of sturdy brawn and muscle as well as eommon- 
 selise. 
 
 If the range bo wiped carefully with brown paper, after 
 cooking greasy food, it can be kept brf'.'hl with little 
 ditliciilty. 
 
 Stoves and ranges slitiiild b(! ki'jit fri'c from soot in all 
 comp.'irtments. A clogged hot-iiir ]ias.sage will prevent 
 any oven from baking well. 
 
 When the draught is imperfect the defict freipiently 
 arises from the chininey being to low. To remedy the 
 evil the chiniiuv should be build up. or a chiniiiey-pot 
 added. 
 
 It is an excellent plan for the mistress to ac(|uaint her- 
 self with the p.aetieal workings of her range, unless her 
 servan!s are exce|)tionally good, for inaiiy hindrances to 
 well-cool<ed food arises from some niisiinilerstanding of, 
 or iinperfeclion in. this article. 
 
 A clean, tiily kitchen can only lie secured by liuviiig a 
 place for »'Veiytbing and everything in its place, and by 
 freipieiit scoiirings of the loom ami utensils. 
 
 .\ hand-towel and biisin me needed in every kilcbeii for 
 the use of the cook or houpe- worker. 
 
 Tnless didi-towels are washed, scalded and thoroughly 
 dried daily they become iniisly and unlit for U5e, as also 
 the disll-chilh. 
 
 ('inde.-s make a very hot tire— one particularly jrood for 
 irotiing days. 
 
 Milk keens from souring longtr in a shallow pan than 
 iu a milk pitcher. |)eep pans make an c(pi>l amount of 
 cream. 
 
 Hash snioothly jilaKlered down will sour more readily 
 than if left in broken masses in the chopping Uiwl, each 
 mass being well exposed to the air. 
 
 Sauce, plain, and for iiiimediato use, should not be put 
 into a jar and covered when Mann, else it will change and 
 ferment very fpiickly. It will keep some days with care 
 in the putting ii|i. Let it stand until perfectly cold, then 
 put into a stone jar. 
 
 To scatter the IMiiladelphia brick over the scouring 
 hoard on to the floor, to leave the swip in the bottom of 
 the sccrubbing pail, the sajipolio in the basin of water, and 
 to sjiatter the blm^k lead or stov* polish on the floor are 
 wasteful, slatternly habits. 
 A clock in the kitchen is both useful and necessary. 
 
 INTERESTING INDUSTRIAL ITEMS. 
 
 Auburn, Maine, lias the biggest shoe works in the 
 world. 
 
 Tempering copper, a lost art, is again accomplished. 
 
 Pittsburg iias the biggest ax factory ; makes 3,000 per 
 day. 
 
 This country has 1,000 canning factoriea and leads the 
 world. 
 
 Over 1,000 cattle were recently shipped to England on 
 one boat. 
 
 Mexican railroads havo mahogany ties and stations of 
 fine marble. 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
f 
 
 ■'J ! 
 
 PRACTICAL RULES, SHORT METHODS, AND PROBLEMS USED IN BUSINESS COMPUTATIONa 
 
 » ■■^' 
 
 '^^ ^Ai'iDiTY and iKciinicy in iniikin;: of iiiiiitcs 
 
 J-^^ iiitl ill tiirnriiijLr out tlio result ot" husiiipss 
 
 JL Ik ir.irisiK'tioii.x is of the frroatost ncci'ssity to 
 
 \^llii' Tiiaii ot" tiiisiiioss. A iniscalciilatioii 
 
 may invdlvi' tlic loss ot' liiimli'ctls oi' tiioii- 
 
 snnils ot' iloliar^. in many cases, while a slow anil tfili- 
 
 ous lalcnlation inxolvcs loss of time and llie advantaire 
 
 wliirli >lion!d lia\r hecn seized .it the moment. It is 
 
 proposed in the I'oUowinir paires to jrive a few l)riet' 
 
 methods and ))r.ieticai rnles for porforminj: ealcniaf ions 
 
 whi<Ii ocenr in every-ilay transactions amonir nieii, 
 
 presnmiiii.'' that a fair knowledire of the onlinar^' rules 
 
 of arithmetic has i)revi<)usly Ih-oii attained. 
 
 ADDITION. 
 
 To 1)0 able to add up lonir colinnns <>f tiirures rapidly 
 an 1 correctly is of irreat value to the mercliaiit. This 
 re<piires not only a knowlo<lire of addition, lait in order 
 to have a corroet result, one that can he relied upon, it 
 reipiires concentration of the mind. Never allow other 
 thon;rlit- to lie Hitting' tlironi.'h the mind, or any out- 
 side matter to disturb or draw it away from the liirnres, 
 until the r^^i.lt is (d)tained. Write the tens to be 
 eariied each time in a smaller t'jrure umlerneath the 
 units, so that afterwards any ccdinnn can lie a<lde<l over 
 ugjiin without repeating the entire operation. By the 
 pnu'tiee of addition the eye and niiml soon ber'ome 
 accustomed to act rapidly, and this is the art of addi- 
 tion. Grouping figures together is a valuable aid in 
 rapid addition, a^j we group letters into worda in 
 reading. 
 
 862 1 
 53« ■ 
 G74 
 813 ' 
 
 2JI17 
 
 Thus, in tho nbove example, we do not wxy 3 and 4 
 arc 7 and 8 arc 1.") and 2 are 17, but sjHiak the sum of 
 tho .oiiplet, thus 7 and blare 17, and in the second 
 colimin, 12 and !l are 21. This method of grouping 
 the figures soon becomes easy and reduces the- labor of 
 addition about one-halt", while those somewhat expert 
 may grouj) three or nion' lii.'iires, still more reducing 
 the tinu' and lalior, and -oiiietiines two or more columns 
 may be adiU'd at once, by ready reckoners. 
 
 .Vnothcr method is to group into tens when it can 
 be coinciuently done, and still another method in 
 adding u\- long ((duiiins is to add t'roin the bottom to 
 the top, and whenever the mnnbers make even 10, 20, 
 .'50, 40 or .'iU, write with pencil a small figure opposite, 
 I, 2, 3, 4 or .'), and then jjroceed to add as units. Tho 
 Sinn of those figures thus set out will be the nimilwr 
 of tens to bo canned to the next column. 
 
 (i'2 8 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 t) 
 
 2 
 
 V 
 
 1 
 
 8» 
 
 8 
 
 ;v 
 
 a 
 
 ,') 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 1' 
 
 .{ 
 
 2» 
 
 f) 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 5 2 8 
 
t my 3 nnd 4 
 the sum of 
 the Kocoiicl 
 
 of irroiU'iiiir 
 the liihoi- of 
 
 •wliiit .•x\)ort 
 
 lovc n-iliK'i"? 
 
 morocolufuns 
 
 xshcn it Clin 
 ■r luothoil ill 
 th,' liottom to 
 
 ;,. l-V.'U 10, 20, 
 
 run; ()i)l)o>*itPi 
 .IS units. 'Hie 
 Kj the numher 
 
 BOW TO OALOVLATK. 
 
 SHORT METHODS OP MULTIPLICATION. 
 
 For ccrtjiiii i'1iim4«w uf cxniiiploft in iiiiilti|ili<'uti()u 
 HhoH iiii<tli()il.s may Im* oiiiployt'tl arid tlio hilior ot'tulcu- 
 latioii i<<(hi('f<l, Itiit of courMi' for th(> ^'rrat hulk of 
 inulli|ili<'ation.s no jinu tical ahhroviation rcniaiiiH. A 
 |H>i-Non liavin;; nuich nmhiplyin^ to do tthonlil l(Miri) tlio 
 tahlc up to twenty, which can Im) dono without nnuh 
 hihor. 
 
 To multiply any num>M>r hy 10, 1(K), or lUOO, btmply 
 unnox one, two, or tlire«' t-iphurM, um tho niMu may Im). 
 If it irt dcsiri'd to nudtiply l)y 20, 300, .'»(KK), or a num- 
 ttvr f^rcatcr than o'u> with any uuiuIkt of ciphurH 
 annexed, multiply fu-i^t hy the nundHT and thou uuQox 
 Ott many cipheru im the nudtiplier contuuui. 
 
 TAIII.K. 
 
 5 oooU (Kiual 1 'JO ot n 
 
 (luUur. 
 
 m 
 
 ci'n 
 
 la e<iuul l-ft ul u (luUm. 
 
 10 " •• 110 •' 
 
 I, 
 
 » 
 
 " 
 
 *' M ** * 
 
 an " " k 
 
 " 
 
 asK 
 
 It 
 
 " H " " 
 
 UK " " 1^ ■' 
 
 •• 
 
 M 
 
 " 
 
 - H " 
 
 Example. 
 pound? 
 
 Articles of nierchaniliso arc often l)ought and sold 
 by tho pound, yanl, or pdlon, and whenever tho price 
 Ih an equal {)art of a dollar, iuh Hcon in tho ahovo tuhlo, 
 tho whole cost may bo on^ily found by adding two 
 cipboru to tho numl)or of pounds or yards and dividing 
 by tho equivalent in tho table. 
 
 Example. What cost IH dozen eggs at 16|e per 
 dozen? 
 
 6 )1800 
 ♦3.00 
 What cost 10 pounds butter at 25o per 
 
 4 )1000 
 
 Or, if the pounds arc equal parta of ono hundred 
 and tho priro is not, then tho same result may bo 
 obtained by dividini^ the price by the e<juivalent of tho 
 quantity as seen in the table; thus, in tho above cose, 
 if the jirice were lOc and the number of pounds 25, it 
 would, 1)0 worked just the same. 
 
 Example. Find the cost of oO yards of gingham at 
 14c a yard. 
 
 2 )1400 
 $7.00 
 
 When the price is (ine dollar and twcnty-tive cents, 
 lifty cents, or any numluT t'oinnl in the table, the result 
 may Ix" quick'}- found by tindin^' the price for tho extni 
 cents, as in the above examples, and then addin;,' this 
 to the number of poimiJs or yards and calling tho result 
 dollars. 
 
 Ej-ntiijilf. Find the «-oi4t of 20 biuhvU potatoes at 
 $1,121 I'ci' biLihel. 
 
 8)2(HM) 
 
 U'i.W 
 
 If the price is $2 or t:\ in-ilciul of $1, then the num- 
 ber of liu.-i|ii>l» nniKl liixl Im' niultiplieil by 2 or 3, as the 
 ease may Im*. 
 
 Example. Find tho ( ost «)f i* hats at |4.33| apie<-o. 
 
 3)t;(H) 
 •J 
 
 21.00 
 2.00 
 
 $2t) 
 
 When 12.'5or2.')0 are multiplien* add throe ciphorn 
 and divide by tt and 4 respectively. 
 
 To multiply u nnmlicr consisting of two figures by 
 11, write tho sinn of the two ti;:ures between them. 
 
 Example. Multiply .Vi by 1 1. Ans. .')«3. 
 
 If the stun of tho two innnlKTs exceeds 10 then tho 
 unity only must Ik; placed between and the tens figure 
 carried and added to the next tiguro to the left. 
 
 Example. Multiply 87 by 11. Aiis. 1)57. 
 
 FRACTIONS. 
 
 Fnictional part* of a cent should never be denpiswl. 
 They often make fortunes, and tho counting of all the 
 fnu'tiona may con8tit\ito the ditVerenco between the 
 rich and tho poor man. Tho business man readily 
 understands the value of the fractional part of a l)ushel, 
 yard, pound, or cent, and calculates them very sharjjly, 
 for in them lies jierhaps his entire profit. 
 
 TO HKDUCE A FK ACTION TO ITS SIMPLEST JX)RM. 
 
 Divide both tho numerator and denominator by any 
 numbor that will leave no remainder and repeat the 
 operation imtil no number will divide them both. 
 
 Example. The simplest fonn of JJ is found by divid- 
 ing by 'J = J. 
 
 To reduce a whole numl»er and a fraction, a.s 4J, to 
 fractional form, multiply the whole numlK'r by the 
 denominator, add the numenitor am! write the result 
 over the denominator. Thus, 4 X 2 =« 8 -|" ' — '•' 
 placed over 2 is \. 
 
 TO \I)I> F« ACTIONS. 
 
 Reduce the fractions to like denominators, add thoir 
 numenitoi-s and wi'ite the denominator under the result. 
 Exoiiij^h. Add 3 to ?. 
 
 I — A. i — TJ. ^S +■ Ti — H — Irr Ans. 
 
 11 
 
'"■< 
 
 ■ m 
 
 
 I i 
 
 . G 
 
 now TO CVLCULATE 
 
 \\' T<» >l ItTH.VI T Mi.VCTIii.SS. 
 
 fl ui'iiii.c till* Inii'tio;!^ Ill liUi' (li'iimiiiiialoi's, siihl 
 
 >l met 
 (lie 'iiiiiu'Ritors ami writi- ihr iliMtniiin.'itoi's imdor tlu' 
 
 IT.-lllt. 
 
 r..Vil,:qil> . Killil I In- iliirtTi'lSCi' Im'IwcciI J lUld }. 
 
 g = J„' 4 = Ji' Ju So "= Jo- -iJW- 
 
 Ti> .Ml I.rir!.V IKKTIOXS. 
 
 .Miilti|>ly till" iiriu«'r:ili>r> loiritlu'r for ii now nimioni- 
 tor ;iiiil Uif «lciioniiii:itur> loiri'thci' I'lr ii *iew iloiioiiii- 
 iiat'.^r. 
 
 Krininih. Multiply ; Ity \. 
 
 ; X i 
 
 4 1* 
 
 Alls. 
 
 TO IHVIIIK KI;.\(TIO\S. 
 
 Mii'tiply the 4liviil<>ii<l l>y tin- divisor invcrtoj. 
 ivi-iittiph . I>!vi<K' ; liy \. 
 
 j X 3 -- 1;. I{«'<lin-t'<I ti> >imiiii' form l)y dividiiif; 
 hyi i, |,< = 1 ' . Ai:s. 
 
 Ti> Ml I.IIl'l.V .M!\KI) M MIIKKS. 
 
 WluMi two niiiiilM>i-s :iri> to 1m> nniltipliod, one of 
 whi'h roi'tani< a fri< tion. tiist multiply tlio wliolo 
 iuumIm'i- toL'itlKT. tlit'ii multiply llic fraction liy tin 
 otlitT wlitdi' iiuiidKT. add tin' two rc.-^uKs tojjotlior fjr 
 tilt' lorrrrt an-iwor. 
 
 K.ranijih-. What co^t " j yards at \tW a yui-d':" 
 
 IN- 
 
 J± 
 1» X •'• - I'O 
 lf< X i *> 
 
 .•«.• 
 
 U'licii iKitli urinilicr> 'xiiUiiJi :i fnutioii, 
 
 Fii>t, multiply Xhtr wh<»l<- iiuuiU-rs to<:«'lli»'r, 
 
 S'«t)iul, niuitiply tLr low'cr wb«U' iiumbi'r by tho 
 iipjHi" fnii'tioii; 
 
 Third, multiply the Vfper wiiolc huiuIht by tho 
 l«(Wfr fraction ; 
 
 Fourth, multiply the 6actiou5 tofrctluT; 
 
 Fiftli, adil alt tbr re»uitr Ut \hv ccimnt au.swer. 
 
 L'.tiniiiph . Wbat cKfSt lij I»oulld^ of buttor at I8}c 
 jK-r pouml? 
 
 \H 
 
 l» X 12 = 
 
 il<i 
 
 12 X 
 
 1 = 
 
 y 
 
 1"*X 
 
 i = 
 
 If 
 
 X 1 = 
 
 h = 
 
 i 
 
 Common t'ni< tioik» maj" oftt-n }»»' <hanirod to decimals 
 Nt'ry r«*adily. and the mkubtioiis thereby uiudf much 
 •asi.r. 
 
 TO iHAxr.r. fojoir.^t itlmtionn ti> dkcim.vls. 
 
 Ai^uox one or nK^'nc if-i|»}«i> 1<» Ihc nuiiicnitor und 
 iii\ id<- b^' tht' th^nominailor. 
 
 Audiiijilt'. (.Taiuri* I toa dociiual. Aus. .75. 
 
 W<- add two ) lyiwn to tl»e 3. making' it 300, and 
 divide by 4, whkh »h«» us^ -T.'i. In the sjimo way 
 I = ..'). or { -= .7.>, awl *<• ffo. When a quantity is in 
 dollars and fr.uniofk> of * <loIliir. th< fractions should 
 ulv/aysi lie thiu reduced to <«nt» uiid luillb. 
 
 
 » .1 * 
 
 
 -^COMMISSION 
 
 &0A 
 
 -•♦- 
 
 -«*- 
 
 II ('0!MM!SSION incr- 
 
 M < !i;:n' is one 
 
 \ who sells iiicr- 
 
 cli.uidiso or 
 
 l)r--_ierly for 
 
 iumtiici'. The 
 
 former may 
 
 siiip. his stock. 
 
 p riMluce. o •■ 
 
 t'3 iViiit direct to 
 
 (he i-onuiilssioi) 
 
 men hant in thn larci' city, who sells il at the IiiL'licst 
 
 ni:iikct pri'-e. or h<dd« il. nccordiiiL' to the iiHtruelioiis 
 
 of f he s!iip;M>r. for s.-de o-t his ac<'om)(. Thecomitrv 
 
 ''>^"^' t^~ir - ' -- " r" '"' ~^ " - ~" 
 
 men h:int -h<|iH bottfT. «^j g ^ ribeew, jKiultry, and other 
 produ' e from th«» £inii, formic in this way. The city 
 men hail t timl* in hit* -Iw-k of fioot.^ and sIum-s, ilry 
 e-oods or f:mrrTie!i. «rr»'ii|* vfalcb an* uns:ilable for the 
 season, and not •lM*irinff to ** <::«rTy them over." he 
 sends tiierii to tltp '^>aini»H^ii(*n tii«'r<h:int to be di>posed 
 of at Ihe mii^t (iivfrnhlf prw*«". Heine may be found 
 in the larire eitte*. Gtain .yimaif^'ion Merchants, who 
 deal e\i|ii-ively in wheat, ««m. (cits. etc. ; i^tocU < 'oni- 
 mission Mi-rihant*. who i#!! <'att!e. sIkh p. and lioi.rs; 
 I'nidiice ('«mmus,*i«»n yiemiantii, vho handle oidy pro- 
 li.ice and fniit, an«I ^"*» <»n- 
 
 The f.'o<>«ls -hip|wt| to a fomniissif^n merchant are *^ 
 said to \m* coa^rirwwl. aixl are cillwl a eonsiirnmeiit. 
 
 K 
 
 w -■ • » I 
 
r. 
 
 ir hy tho 
 
 ^,r by tho 
 
 iiriwer. 
 
 cr tit l«}c 
 
 1 to do^'iinuls 
 muile iiiuth 
 
 KCIM.VLS. 
 
 imonitor uiul 
 
 is. .T.""). 
 
 ' it iKH), tuul 
 
 hi' sJinu! way 
 
 juuntity is in 
 
 tiona Bhoultl 
 
 trV.anilothlT 
 
 l.y. Th.-«ily 
 
 1h1 shoos. «1ry 
 
 lll;lt.lf l"«'i" <1"' 
 
 |,.,H CMT." ll'" 
 
 ,, ]»■ .li>i»"<''l 
 
 |,„:iv h<' t'ollll'l 
 
 •nhants, who 
 
 |. stoiMv <'oin- 
 
 li.lh- oiiiy \)V(>- 
 
 Imrrchnnt iiro 
 (H>i»si''nimMit. 
 
 now TO CVLCl'LATE. 
 
 The »hi|inor U mllwl th'> coiisifjiior and tho j>cr8on t<) 
 whom rthi|)|»«l U «illetl tho oonsi'^iKH'. 
 
 Cofnini.-i^ion menhants charfro a feo for their H^^n-ioos 
 in selliii"; the pkkLs, cither at a certain price jht r.ir 
 load, as in stock, or at a certain per cent on tho salcH, 
 a« in moHt articles of merchandise. 
 
 RatCD of commL-wion nuiy dofxjnd tipon the vol- 
 ume and kind of V>usiness tniasacted, hut the com- 
 mltfion mcrcbantrf generally have a uniform price 
 
 for hu}"lng and selling the various articles of mer- 
 ehaiulisi'. 
 
 After the proi)orty has lieen sold, a statement is 
 rendered l)y the consignee, showing the Kirtiinlars -ds 
 to tho sale of the consignment, the chaiijes, conunL*- 
 sion, and net proc«e<ls due tho consiguiT ; this state- 
 ment is calle<l an Ai-connf Salts. The 'hargt-s other 
 than commission, embruco, cooperate, storage, iiuur- 
 ance, measuring, otc. 
 
 FORM OF AN ACCOUNT SALES. 
 
 Pe-Ja **7. 
 
 '^..^ J"^'^^ ^^^ 
 
 J*. S r /f(.. S^rJfZ-^o^. 
 
 Account Sales of. 
 
 Sot \\ FOR APr'T of ^^^^^--W^'^f?'' c/^^c^r^t^x. O^K^nr^/n^ J^ 
 
 By Oe W. MaIson 4fc Co.. 
 
 COMMISSION MERCHANTS. 
 Received MyJJi^-.^. Rendered "bj.J'^Mi: i67 south water street. 
 
 
 
 SOLD F. 0. Baxter, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 250 bu. Earli <Rose Potatoes, 
 
 $1.A0 
 
 
 
 $350 
 
 
 
 
 rn.\iui»>v 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rrrictit mnil CBrtA^r r»ld. 
 Marmcr. 
 
 
 16 
 2 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inaormiuv. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C'oniiiiU«lnfi anil Otianknty, /'ff 
 
 
 24 
 
 50 
 
 43 
 
 58 
 
 
 ti. *i n. i:. 
 
 
 
 $306 
 
 42 
 
 now T<» FIMJ TIIK (XIMMISSION. 
 
 Multiply the amount of the S4iiis l)y the mt« jht 
 <ent and the ])rn<hK't will N' tlie coinjiiisslon. 
 
 Fxouiph . A conuni>sioii mercliant sold a ctmsign- 
 ment for $<;«»i>om J |»er cent commission. Wluit was 
 liis conmii-'.Hion':' 
 
 .Sllc^, i^tiOO 
 
 Ifcite |K»r cent , 04 
 Commiiv'ion, $i'4.(^t 
 Examplf. A .-ommi-- ion merchant pohl a consign- 
 ment of :ipp!e> foe if\'l\, and clwrgi'd oj jkt cent com- 
 
 mission, lie paid freight, $8.40, and drayage, $2.75. 
 Wliat wcro the net proceeds? 
 
 ■ — -•■ '■,,1 
 
 Itiic jKT cent, O.U 
 
 \>\ X ;; -- 
 iU X I = 
 
 (iJ 
 
 Commission, 
 
 Kreii.ht. 
 
 Dniyage. 
 
 $4..l4 
 ^.40 
 
 Salcfl, 
 
 Charges, 
 
 $124.00 
 15.49 
 
 Kct protx'cdi, $lu».5l 
 
 Total cimrge.*, $ir>.4y 
 
r- 
 
 I 
 
 h; 
 
 i ■ i 
 
 HOW TO CALCl'L.VTE. 
 
 g-i^tt»3>3<^>i^») 
 
 ^•INSURANCE. 
 
 ^'"Kj:x%i:*i^» 
 
 
 C'ONTIiACT l)OtWC0Il tWO pUltJC:? 
 
 in whu'Ii, till' 11 I'crtaiii fco, 
 op.o iigrcciJ to iiuleinnify the 
 other against loss by any spceics 
 ol' eiujualty is called insurance. 
 Companies organized for tlie pin- 
 poso of engaging in insurance 
 UKually confine themselves to a 
 particular class of risks. Fire 
 Iniinimce, Life Insurance, Acci- 
 dent Insunuice and Marino Insur- 
 ance are namcjj forditTcrent kinds 
 of risks. 
 The written contract between 
 the company and the insured is called a policy, which 
 recites the particulars in a special case, speoifj-ing the 
 
 premium or other consideration, the amount insured, 
 tlio risks, etc., for wliich indenniity Ls stipulated. The 
 sum paid for iubunuice is called the premium, and is 
 usually reckoned at a certjun nite jwr cent on the size 
 of the risk assumed. 
 
 In order to find the premium on a tire policy, nndti- 
 I)ly the amount iiLsured by the rate, thus: 
 
 Exanq}le. A merchant insured his stock of goods 
 for |3,2.iO at 1 J percent. What wiw paid for premium? 
 
 $ 32r)0 
 
 m 
 
 Premium at 1 i)er cent $32. .')0 
 " " i '♦ ><.125 
 
 " '• U " 40.G25 
 
 To find the premium on a life policy, find the pre- 
 mium, from the tables, on a ix)bVy of $1000, and multi- 
 ply this by the number of thousands in the policy. 
 
 
 — i^SC^^H^^PROFIT AND LOSS.*^«- 
 
 '\ 
 
 ■N THE calculations 
 of the l)Msiness 
 man, the reckon- 
 ing of gains and 
 losses form no un- 
 iniportant part. 
 An article having 
 cost a certain 
 anioimt, at what 
 price must it be 
 .sold to make a iust 
 ])rofit, taking into 
 con>iilciiitioii freight or express cliarges, rent of store, 
 l)ad ilclits, cleik hire and otiier expenses; what is the 
 gain per cent on tlie ilillercnt classes of goods sold; 
 winch yields tlio liest income, and what interest on the 
 capital invested, do I make? are questions which tiio 
 prudent, carefid and successful merciiant is continuallj- 
 asking himself. It is not too much to sny tiiat the 
 Cailnri' nf a large proportion of the fannei-s and mer- 
 chants who do fail, is owing to a hareni-scareni, reck- 
 less nietl'iid of doing business, disregarding all rules 
 of aritlnnetic or Ijook-keeping, and in their ignorance 
 supposing that they arc getting rich, until the crisis 
 
 comes, and all at once the true condition of affairs 
 dawns on them and the sheritT clo.se.s them out. Their 
 neighbors sjiy, " bad nianagci.ient," but the thoughtful 
 l)usinesa man, speaking more definitely, saj-s it was 
 paying eight per cent intercut and only making seven 
 and a half per cent net profit on goods sold. 
 
 Having given the « ost of an article and the jxjr cent, 
 to 1)C gjiinod or lost, to find the g-ain or loss, 
 
 Multiply the cost by the rate jxr cent and the pro- 
 duct will 1)0 the g;iin or loss. 
 
 Example. A fanner bought a cow for $36 and sold 
 her at 20 ner cent profit. Wliat docs ho gain? 
 Cast, $3t5 
 
 Gain jier cent, .20 
 
 Gain, $7.20 
 
 Example. The cost of an invoice of goods is $68.00 
 and freight $t..30 additional. What is the gain by 
 soUini^ at 33J pci ent profit? 
 
 Goods, $6«.60 
 
 Freight , 4.30 
 
 3:^ percent = JjT^MtO 
 G.iin, $2t.;50 
 
 Having thus found the gain, the selling price is 
 easily found by adding tiie gain, or subtracting the 
 loss from the cost. 
 
 ( 
 
insureil, 
 u. The 
 , and is 
 the size 
 
 r, iimlti- 
 
 )f nroods 
 
 remium? 
 
 the pre- 
 lul niulti- 
 olicy. 
 
 of affairs 
 lit. Their 
 thoughtful 
 [ij-s it wiis 
 
 ing sevou 
 
 li> i)cr cent. 
 
 L\ the pro- 
 
 If) und sold 
 lin? 
 
 Ills is $68.fiO 
 ae gain by 
 
 jiig price 19 
 Iructiug the '] 
 
 HOW TO CiLCl I.ATK. 
 
 Given, the cost and the selling pri<'i', in oriw to fiml 
 the rate \^r cent of tr.un <>v loss. 
 
 Take the ditr«Ton«'<' Vtwoen tlio cost iind selling 
 price, anil divide this liy the cost price, the .luotient 
 will b«» the nite jK»r cent of gain or loss. 
 
 Exaniplv. A suit of <lothes «-ost $lii and sold for $20. 
 
 Selling pri<c. $20 
 CJost, Iti 
 
 1«) 4.(K)(2.') iH?r cent. 
 3^2 
 
 Exdiiiph . Puiught <'orn at ttiW per hushei and Hold it 
 at 4(ic per l>ii>liel. AVhat w.is tiic percent of loss? 
 
 Cost, ."iOc 
 
 Selling prici', It! 
 
 .'»0; 4.(M)( K percent, loss. 
 
 4.1MI 
 
 The gain or loss is ahcinjx re<'koucd on the cost, 
 never on the selling price, hence the reason for always 
 dividing hy tlie lost. and thus using it a.s u basis of 
 calculation or niea-surenient. 
 
 <SMARKING GOODS.i> ^1-^^ 
 
 1 . 1 , » ■ J . f - .. . . t , 1 I . i f 1 n .1 l i I i f irii i f i 1 .1 . r , 1 . . ,. » »n„ . < In^rt 1-.„ i « »n„rl | i , ' 
 
 This is easily done hy adoi)ting any word or phnisc 
 having ten letters, no two alik*-. to represent the nine 
 digits and cipher. Such wonls and ])linises as the fol- 
 lowinir nia\- Im* used : 
 
 — ' — ^ — ^ * «*» 
 
 OMPKTITION in tr:ii|e. the pecidiaritics of 
 custoiiiei>, cost of rents, clerk hire, 
 J advertising, freight or ex |)r<'ss charges. 
 and intercut on the capital invested, .are 
 factors which the merchant must con- 
 sider in «liH'idingat what jirotit he may mark his goods. 
 Certain ehusses of goo<ls whieli are salalile oidy during 
 a certain hrief |)erio(l in the year, should he sold at a 
 higher profit, to coni|H'nsiite for carrying over, any 
 portion of the sto<k which remains unsold, while on 
 other articles an ordinary rate t)f profit is made. In 
 order to se<'ure cu->tom, mt'rchant.s sometimes i-esort to 
 the method of >elling :-taple articles, such i\n calico or 
 sugar, at almost cost, and making iq) this loss on other 
 articles concerning the <-ost of whi<h the jjuhlic are not 
 so Well iut'ormed. I..iirge tnide is often attr.icted in 
 this way. and fortunes have l>y it In-en made. 
 
 In marking giKxls most menhants prefer to use a 
 system of chanuters or letters understood only In 
 themselves and their sidesmen, to represent the cost 
 price of g(K>ds,and in some <-a.ses flu- .selling price also. 
 the ohjei't Ix-ing to concejil from the customer, the 
 amount of profit made. 
 
 (lAS Fl.XTIKK. 
 
 Hl.vck IIohsk. 
 
 MlSIOItTlXK. 
 
 iMroirTWCK. 
 
 Fisii Tacki.i:. 
 C.vMi PiioKrr. 
 
 So FU1KM>LV. 
 
 Gainkil .Ion. 
 
 HlIOWN .'^rOAI!. 
 
 Now IJi: SnAUi". 
 Klicidatcji!. 
 Of iN'isTin. 
 
 I-Jich figure is given a letter to represent it, and 
 when it is reipiired to mark a Ik).\ or jmckage the letter 
 is used iiLstead of the figun-. Thas, 
 
 C A S H P R O F I T 
 
 I 2 3 4 .5 () 7 8 9 
 
 III nia .iug an article, the cost of which is $3.7.0 and 
 the selling price is $4. .'>(), hy sid)stituting the letters 
 we have S O I* — II P T, and as the cost and selling 
 price are usually written in the fonn r)f a fnietion with 
 tlie cost price alMive. we have f,^. An extra letter 
 called a repe.iter is ot'ten use<l to avoid the repetition 
 of a letter wliich might tlisclose the i)rivatc mark, thus 
 in writing $1.22. inst<iad of using the key letters, 
 which would lie C A A, we sul>stitute for the hust let- 
 ter, some extni letter, as W . and make it read C A W. 
 .'M-actions may l>e written thus; 42t)i. H A li-^. 
 
 Instead of letters, menhant.* sonu»tiines adopt a sys- 
 tem of chanicters. such as follows: 
 
 I 2 ;'. 1 .') <i 7 s !l Ue|»eatcr. 
 
 ■lLl][lAuVAn+ O 
 
 A gre^it many article- are luiuglit liy men hants hy 
 the dozen, such as hats aiid cajjs. hoots ami shoes, and 
 notion.-, and while pricing such goods in the wholesale 
 house, it iMM'omcs im|M)rtaiit to know readily what 
 profit will he yielded hy .s«'lling the articles singly tn 
 
 ■2^ 
 
u 
 
 4 I 
 
 ^=: 
 
 now TO CALCULATE. 
 
 tlio liiiycr's niarkot a) ii cortain prico, or what tlii> arti- 
 ck's should rotail for to iiiako a prolit of 20 \)ov cent. 
 [ Divide llic ro.i( of tliC (irh'clcs bij the dozen hy 10, 
 w/iirh w done hy removing the decimal point one place to 
 the hj.. 
 
 Thus, whon .straw liats arc wholesaled at $13.50 per 
 dozen, the huyor knows at once that each hat nnist 1k' 
 sold for $1.35 in order to yield him a ffross profit of 20 
 per cent, and ho can then decide whetlier it woiikl Ih" 
 profitable to l)iiy. 
 
 Using 20 per cent as a hasis, a larsror or snmilor 
 gain may he readily found hy adding to, or subtnicting 
 from, the selling piiee. The cost of an article is l(M) 
 per cent, and if 20 per cent gain is made, the sellii • 
 l)ri<e is representeil by 120 per cent. Suppose the 
 merchant desires to make a profit of 30 per cent. 
 Removing the decimal point one place to the left, he 
 has the selling price of the artich; at 20 per cent 
 profit, and as he denires ]() per cent more profit, which 
 is j'j of 120, <his is found by adding ,'j to the selling 
 price of file article. IIe>ice the following table: 
 To make 20 p. et. remove the jioint one plac(> to the left. 
 
 80 " 
 
 
 
 and a 
 
 Id 
 
 J 
 
 it.sclf. 
 
 (50 " 
 
 
 
 4( 
 
 
 h 
 
 t( 
 
 50 " 
 
 
 
 t( 
 
 
 i 
 
 (( 
 
 44 " 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 1 
 
 T 
 
 (( 
 
 40 " 
 
 
 
 4( 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 (< 
 
 37 " 
 
 
 
 (( 
 
 
 \ 
 
 <( 
 
 35 " 
 
 
 
 (( 
 
 
 i 
 
 (. 
 
 m " 
 
 
 
 (t 
 
 
 i 
 
 (( 
 
 To make 32 p. ct. remove the point and add iV itself. 
 
 To make 
 
 30 p. ct. 
 
 ren > 
 
 ■alu 
 
 \ poii 
 
 land add ,'f 
 
 (( 
 
 28 " 
 
 
 
 i( 
 
 " A 
 
 (( 
 
 2(1 " 
 
 
 
 (( 
 
 11 1 
 
 ill 
 
 a 
 
 25 " 
 
 
 
 t( 
 
 " i\ 
 
 (( 
 
 12J" 
 
 
 
 it 
 
 siibtriu'l ,'« 
 
 it 
 
 109 " 
 
 
 
 >t 
 
 " jV 
 
 a 
 
 18? " 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 " A 
 
 Example. If I buy one dozen shirts for 120, what 
 .shall I retiiil them at to make 50 i)er cent ? .\ns. $3.25. 
 
 Remove the jmint one i)hKo to the left, making 12.(50, 
 then add J, or (5.5e for extni gjiin, and the result will 
 1k! $3.25. 
 
 Merchants, in marking goods, usually m.ike the per 
 cent of profit some (^ven part of a dollar, for con- 
 venience, and when articles are not bdughf In' the 
 dozen, but singly, the following table for finding the 
 selling price will be useful: 
 
 To make 10 per c«'ut profit, add ^^ to th<» cost. 
 
 12i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1<)S 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 } 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 33J 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 mi 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 7.-) 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 87J 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Example. A book cost the book-seller $1.08, at 
 wliat price must it be marked to make a ])rofit of 33J 
 P'^r cent? Aiis. $1.44. One-third of $1.08 is 3()c, 
 which, addcvl i-< the cost, gives the selling ja-ice. 
 
 -^*- 
 
 '-r.-^.. 
 
 o^k 
 
 -V, 
 
 l» 
 
 TRADE DISCOUNTS. 
 
 
 "^ 
 
 -«>- 
 
 K 
 
 EUCH.VNTs, in certain lines of business, 
 manufacturers, and j)ublishei's of books, 
 have a i)rinted price list of their goods 
 and wares. For all the fluctuations in 
 market value, it would l)e very inconvcniiiiit, if not 
 impossible, to issue a new catalogue of prices, jind 
 heu< (■ the market price is reached by giving disc(,uuts 
 from the " list price." Suppose the regular discoimt 
 on !iu article, " to the trade, " that is to other dealers, 
 is 40 per cent, and it is desired to give a greater reduc- 
 tion, fliis is done by an e.xfra discount, and we would 
 then have 40 and 10 olF, and if, on tucoimt of buyin<r a 
 large ([u:intity, it is desiiiible to give still a l)otter 
 reduction, we woidd have 40, and lO, iiutl 5 off, as in 
 the following bill: 
 
 BOUGHT OF The National School Furniture Co., 
 
 Mann/ticturera and I>etUfrs in 
 
 SCHOOL FiniMTI RE AND .SCHOOL SITPLIES. 
 
 2i> 
 
 Double School i)?((Ay, A, 
 40 off, 
 
 70 of, 
 
 r> off. 
 
 at!) 
 
 ISO 
 72 
 
 
 PIS 
 
 II 
 
 S'l 
 
 ■1 
 
 L'O 
 Sll 
 
HOW TO CALCULATE. 
 
 To pci-soiis ignorant of tho principles of disrountinp, 
 in tho forogoinj^ hill tho cliscoiints would iii)poiir to bo 
 (■()niil to ii sin<,'li' discount of ')."> per cent, hut sudi U 
 not tlio ca.sc, as Ihcy arc in reality less tiiau .")() per cent, 
 seen hy comparing tho final re->nlt witii tho original 
 price. The reason of tliis is that .di tho discounts arc 
 not compute<l on tho list price, hut only on tiio sum 
 remaining ::ftci iiie previous di.scount h;us been de- 
 ducted. 
 
 EXAMPLES SHOWI.VO THE DIFFERENCE IN DIHfOUNTS. 
 
 List price, $2.50 
 70 otr 175 
 
 Net, $ 75 
 
 Net, $10.S 
 7.') 
 
 $ ',V.\ IVifTercnco between tho motbods. 
 
 In marking goods, as seen in tho pn-vious chapter, 
 tiic selling price is usually placed at n certain per cent 
 above cost, and in case a discoinit is given, it is im- 
 portant to know jr/i«< discount may be ailowiul. Thus 
 if an article is marked -10 per cent above cost and a dis- 
 "ount of 2") per cent allowed from the marking pr'ce, 
 the gain would not still Ikj 15 jjcr cent, tus might Iw 
 
 List price, 
 
 40 otr 
 
 $2.J0 
 100 
 
 20 off 
 
 \:>i) 
 m 
 
 10 off 
 
 120 
 12 
 
 supposed, but only 5 jwr cent, and if '.it) jht cent dis- Vil 
 eoimt wore allowed, instead of leaving a profit cf 10 
 percent, tho merciiant woidd l>e actually h/sfiuj 2 per 
 cent. Thus may losses arise when prnfits are supim^ed 
 to 1)0 made, througli lack of knowle<lgeof discoimting. 
 
 The reason for this seeming d«'«eptif)n 1>. that dis- 
 eoimts are reckoiuil on a greater sum than the ctist. 
 Tims, if tho cost is $1.00, and a profit of 4u in-r cent is 
 marked, the selling price is $1.40. Now 30 |K;r cent 
 of $1.40 is 42c, which deducted leaves the selling price 
 at 98e, which is 2c le.ss than the .'ictiial cost. 
 
 Examjjh'. AVhat is the a<tual profit to .» menhant 
 who marked an article of hardware whii-h < o-t him $10 
 at 50 per cent profit and in order to effect a sJile threw 
 oiF HO per cent? 
 
 Cost price, $10.00 
 
 50 per cent profit, 5.(K» 
 
 Marking price 
 
 $l.').t>tj 
 30 [ler lent discount. 4..'fO 
 
 Selling price, $10.."»0 
 
 Cost, lO.'H) 
 
 Net gain, ..VJ 
 
 Discounts should never l»o given at nindoni. but only 
 after careful calculation, as tho merchant may W tlms 
 very easily deceived and led into a loss while supix)sing 
 ho is making i\ good profit. 
 
 ^B 
 
 "^ 
 
 r— -» 
 
 -.^^ INTEREST. -^-^ 
 
 -^-^^-^ 
 
 
 Ni: 'I' tiic most 
 iu\portant cal- 
 culations uiet 
 with in busi- 
 ness is iU-ti of reckon- 
 ing interest. Timn wa.s 
 in tho dark agos, when 
 al' interest wjis usury, and illegal, for the rciuson, aa 
 said, tiiat money could not grow or incroiisc, and that 
 a ,nan wouhl " <udy borrow under the imptdse of hard 
 necessity." Hut later, men perceived that with money 
 theycoidd buytiiat which woid<l increase; aiul a.s com- 
 niene revived, instead of borrowing tmder no essity, 
 money was Iwrrowed aiul intorc«t paid for the Immic- 
 fits which accrue from the use of cajjital. In our 
 own time usury is the taking of interest higlier than 
 tho nitc allowinl by law, and a few of tho slates have 
 oven aholished usury laws, and idlow any rate of inter- 
 
 est to lie charged. There is no <loubt but that eventu- 
 ally all distinctions of legal and illegal interest will 
 disapi)ear, and tue laws of supply and demand will 
 regulate the price paid for money, as it now regulates 
 the price of tHJiumodities, or hdK>r, the e«iuivaleat^ of 
 money. 
 
 The legid nite of interest is the rate established by 
 law for all contracts in which no rate of iutcreet is 
 mentioned. 
 
 1 Tho pergonal charartpr of fjorrowor. 
 iiiituri' iif thi' iKi-iiK*-*. 
 haraiter of tin* };i>v<'rnment. 
 
 Rate of liitor- 
 t>st will <le- ■ 
 pend ii|K)ii 
 
 1 Risk. -^2 Til.' II 
 1 3 Tli«-i- 
 
 ■ 1 Facility of Traa-fpr. 
 i i't'nnaiiPiK-v of tli«- ioam. 
 
 2 (,'oiivoTiipm^of 
 liivestineiit. ^^ Puuctuality In ijayiueiit, 
 
 3 rmfltsot iisp. 
 
 4 Supply ami il«Mnan<L 
 
 The sum for which interest i> |Mid is cjilleilthe prin- 
 cipal, and the nuud)er of tents jwid for the u»e of every 
 dollar for one year is calletl the rate. 
 
KJHWH 
 
 
 now TO CALCULATE. 
 
 I'nrortimiiti'lv no iiiiit'onuif y oxi.st.s in ciili'iiliitiii^ 
 tiio timi' I'lir wUiili intiui'st is chiirgod. Tiic United 
 St;itp-i ^(ivonuiit'iit, in tlio ciusc of ImukIs, cstiiimfos i]Ct!> 
 days to the your, and wiiilo soiiu* iMiniiois Imv(! adopted 
 tliis ill caiciiiatiii^ iiilci'csl, oIIumn cKliinatc' ."•(!(> diiysi to 
 the year, and ;il) Aiiys In I In- nionth, tlu'ri'lnrc iis oiio- 
 twi'lftli (if a yiMi', and a day as ono-thirtieth of li 
 inoiitli. 'i'liis is most t'oinnioiily ii'Ctl, and calculatioiis 
 made an- n>iially I)iis,'(l on ',\iM) days to the year. 
 
 A very larjre pioportion of the uhulaliovis in inter- 
 est are in days, usually 30, tiO or !)0 days. Hanks «lo 
 not like to liandli- paper for ii longer time tlmn 90 
 day>, and nierchaiits sell <rooils en .30, (!0 or itO days' 
 credit. In most of liie states of the United States, 
 and in (.'anada, the Ic^al rate is (! per cent. The fol- 
 1 )wing- ride for liiidinv the interest at tl percent when 
 the time i> in day^, will lie t'ouild eA<'ellent : 
 
 .slXT^- DAIS MKTlloli (IF lNir,l!Ksr. 
 
 Hemo\'e the point twii places farther to tli(» left in 
 tlie piiii'ijial, thi^ will >/i\o iho. interest for (10 days at 
 t> per cent, 
 
 Extinipli'. What i< thi> interest on $2.')0 for (iO days 
 at tl per cent? Ans. $J..'iO. 
 
 To find the interest for .'iO days, take one-half, and 
 tor I'O days add one-half to the interest for t!0 days. 
 
 Exainph'. What is the interest on $(!rM) for .30 days 
 at i; percent? An.-. jSo.OO. For !tO days? Ans. |<).00. 
 
 Notes given usually have ',i days of grace, so that the 
 time would he ;'.'i, (i.i or \Ki days, in which ciuse, fii*st 
 find the interest for the time without grace, und then 
 add jf of the (10 days' interest, or ^V '>f 30 days' 
 interest. 
 
 Example. What i;? the intercut on a note for 1240, 
 :^.! days, (! per cent? 
 
 Intor»st for (iO days $2.40 
 
 " " .30 " 1.20 
 << .> 3 .. 12 
 
 * " !>3 " $3.72 
 
 To find interest for U) days take I uf the iritorost for 00 days, 
 <■ « <• j2 *■ " . " " « «< 
 
 <. « « 20 " " I " « « <. 
 
 *•■ " '• 40 "SDtltraCi i from '» « « 
 
 « « « 4>j .. .. i .< « (( « 
 
 " " " 75 '• add \ to the " « " 
 
 « " 1-.J0 " double the « " " 
 
 Using (iO days a.i a IkisIs, the interest may thus Ixi 
 
 found for any ntunl r of d.iys liy adding to or sul>- 
 
 tracting from, the interest for (iO days. 
 
 TO riNi) Tin; inti:i£K.st at any uatk. 
 rirst find till' inten'st at )i per cent for the given 
 time, ami if the nito Is greater or loss than tj \)qx cent, 
 add to, or suhtni't fn^n, the Interest at (! per cent, its 
 follows; 
 
 « 
 
 k 
 
 To (Iml the interest at .3 </c take { tlio intei'ost at 0% 
 
 a u 4^^ « J u „ 
 
 " « « ^ % " 
 
 " 7 % luld 
 
 « u (I 8 ^ " 
 
 " * « 10 ^ " i " " 
 
 The foregoing method will he found of great value 
 in all (Uses where the time is short, and a little prac- 
 tic<^ will load to its adoption hy all who desire a quick 
 C'ld simple method of casting interest. 
 
 to find tiik intehest at any uatk roK any time. 
 
 If the time is in months and days, reduce it to days, 
 or ii' the time is in years and months only, reduc(< to 
 months. Place the principal, time, and nite on one 
 side of a line, and if tiie lime is in nionths, place 12, 
 or if in days, place 3()0, on the opposite side of the 
 line. Shoi'tcn the operation hy canceling, multiply 
 togethe" the remaining numbers, and point otl" two 
 places for cents. 
 
 Exainph: Find the interest on I.WO at 9 per cent 
 for ."> months 12 (la\"s. 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 ^hm 
 
 ."i mo. 12 da 
 
 = 1(52 da 
 
 
 i(i2 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 .99 
 
 1(;2 X 14 = 
 
 $22.()8 A 
 
 Example. Find the interest on a note for $288, 
 ilmwing 7 per cent interest for 1 year 8 months. 
 24 
 ^968 1 yr. 8 mo. = 20 mo. 
 20 
 .07 24 X 20 = 480 X .07 = $33.60 Ans. 
 
 1\\ some ca.ses very little canceling can lie done, but 
 even If none ia done, this mctliod is then as short as 
 any other, for working the same problem. 
 
 » 
 
 HOW INTEREST ACCUMULATES, 
 
 If one dollar lie inve.stcd and the intere.st added to 
 the principal, annually, at the rates named, wo shall 
 have the following result as the accumulation of ono 
 hundred years : 
 
 Onfi Dollar, TOO years, «t 1 V (»irt W.TB 
 
 2 " 7.2« 
 
 2>^" 11.76 
 
 3 " 10.25 
 
 3U " 81.25 
 
 " " 4 " B0.50 
 
 " 4>i " BL-W 
 
 6 " 13VB0 
 
 " " 6 " 840.00 
 
 " " 7 " 868.00 
 
 " »* 8 •» 2,2(«.00 
 
 » 9 " .r,,r)4:UK) 
 
 " " 10 " 13,509.00 
 
 " » 12 " 34,tJV."..ll0 
 
 " " 15 " l.i:4.'inr>.(K» 
 
 " " 18 " 15.14r).(H)7.(K» 
 
 2.1 " 2,551.700,404.00 
 
 VS^ 
 
[it viiluo 
 
 ;lo pnic- 
 
 11 quick 
 
 TIME. 
 
 to (lays, 
 (mIiu'c to 
 1 on OHO 
 |ilii((' 12, 
 Ic of the 
 
 limit iply 
 I otV two 
 
 t per cent 
 
 as. 
 
 for $288, 
 
 IS. 
 
 .60 Ans. 
 one, but 
 sibort ns 
 
 luldcd to 
 
 wo shall 
 
 on of ono 
 
 •Q.7S 
 7.25 
 U.TB 
 10.2& 
 81.25 
 
 uo.no 
 
 81 ..50 
 131.60 
 
 84U.U() 
 fi(i8.0() 
 
 n.r)»:t.(Kt 
 13,90900 
 34,UV."..(H) 
 
 1 i:4.'iiir..(H) 
 
 15.14.'>,(H)7.(K» 
 51,7U'J,4»)4.00 
 
 ci 
 
 UOW TO CALCTXATK. 
 
 *-♦•— VfJ-^ 
 
 [(?>• 
 
 - >tBAN K DISCOUNT. 
 
 •^--^^-^-^Tvfe- 
 
 frt«^ 
 
 V-V»-V 
 
 ^^^^^HftV^fS^ I 
 
 O FIND the value of a dtbt or note l)oforo it 
 I I f irt duo, the interest on u i'or the luicxpired 
 • A*" time must Iw deducted, and l)coau.so it is 
 - "• deducted this interest is called discount. 
 
 Discount ditVers in no way from simple interest, and is 
 calculated by tiic rules previously given for reckoninjr 
 interest. 
 
 In l^nik Discount three r/rtj/.t o/' 7wc»' are inclu<lcd, 
 and with some banks the day when the note is dis- 
 counted is added, makinir four extra days. The reason 
 of this is that tiie note may have been discounted and 
 the funds advanceil early in the morninfr, and paid late 
 on the last day of jrnne, so that tiie bank loses the use 
 of the money while tho boiTowor roccive.s ita use, for 
 really four extra days. 
 
 The iii.s«ount <J«lu<t«l from the face of the note, or 
 debt, leaves the Procredti. In case a note bearing: 
 interest is> lisctHinted, the interest to the time of 
 maturty mtt*t first be computed anil added to the note 
 and then the •li'^tount taken on tliis amount. 
 
 Tlic anii>unt tluc at nuiturily in tiiey«cc of the note, 
 ainon;» tiankcr*. 
 
 f'j-iii),j)!>'. Wbat 19 tbe disccumt lil t! jier cent and 
 I)roi^'ee«is of a note for f 1.'»(n> due ('id dnys hence? 
 
 Du<«unt for at davs, $1. ").()() 
 
 •• 3 " ^ 
 
 .. .* ^3 .. 
 
 F«ee of ncitc, 
 Di^eount, 
 
 Proreeds, 
 
 1.'..7.') 
 
 ei.'ioo 
 
 l.'i.T.'S 
 $14»4.2.5 
 
 COM POUN D I NTEREST. 
 
 
 -»--a — tj^*i 
 
 IT 
 
 iiE.v the interest on a debt is payable at 
 stated iiiter>als, as yearly, half y« arly, 
 or quarterly, and is not paid when 
 due, it may, by agree.nent between 
 the parties, be addcil to, and benme a part of, the debt 
 or principal and draw interest with it. This interest 
 on interest and princiiml combined is called compound 
 interest. 
 
 In casting up the compound interest on a debt or 
 obligation, the interest must lii-st 1m> found for the 
 year, half year, or cjuarter, as the case may 1h>, and 
 adiled to the principal and then interest for the next 
 inter\al of a year, half year, or (juarter conipiited on 
 this amount and added, and so on. 
 
 Example. Find the an' >unt due at compound inter- 
 est of a debt of $i)U0. in 3 ycai-s, at 8 jjcr cent, com- 
 l^ounded amxually. 
 
 ^ — 
 
 Principal 
 Int. for 1st year 
 
 $600 
 
 .C8 
 
 48 
 GOO 
 
 AmoanI at end of 1st vear. 
 
 G48 
 .08 
 
 Int. for 2 J year, 
 
 .'■)1.84 
 ()48 
 
 Amount at end of 2d year. 
 
 (!Jt!t.84 
 .08 
 
 Int. fe>r 3d year. 
 
 t! 
 
 V>.})872 
 
 t<t.8i 
 
 Amonat doe at end of 3d j-ear. $7.5.').82-f-Ans. 
 
 Ke<konings for a loofl: period of time or with fre- 
 quent i-ompoundinss. entail considerable labor, ami it 
 is well, therefore, to liav<- mar at hand, a table which 
 can \)c easily referred to, and thus save the labor and 
 liability to error of a long talculation. 
 
i! hi 
 
 ti' 
 
 i If 
 
 I 1 
 
 ;''! 
 
 IK)\V TO f'ALCrLATE. 
 
 TABLE SHOWING THE AMOUNT OF $i AT COMPOUND INTEREST FOR ANY NUMBER 
 OF YEARS. FROM i YEAR TO 50 YEARS INCLUSIVE. 
 
 :; 
 
 Yea Its 
 
 4^ I'KU Cknt. 
 
 6 P21« Cemt. 
 
 6 PkuC'e.vt. 
 
 7 I'i;U ('ENT. 
 
 8 Peu Cent. 
 
 9 Peu Cent. 
 
 10 Peh Cent. 
 
 Yeabh. 
 
 1 
 
 1.04 JO 0000 
 
 1.0500 000 
 
 l.OOOO 000 
 
 1.0700 000 
 
 1.0800 ((((0 
 
 I.OIKM) 000 
 
 1.10((0(((«[ 
 
 
 a 
 
 1.0K20 2r>00 
 
 1.1025 000 
 
 1.1230 000 
 
 1.1449 000 
 
 1.1004 0((0 
 
 1.1881 000 
 
 1.2100 (H(0 
 
 
 3 
 
 1.1411 (;tll2 
 
 M576 250 
 
 1.1010 100 
 
 1.225(( 430 
 
 1.2507 120 
 
 1.2050 200 
 
 1.3310 (H)0 
 
 
 4 
 
 1.1H2.') ),st;o 
 
 i.2155 003 
 
 1.2624 770 
 
 1.3107 900 
 
 1,3004 81(0 
 
 1.4116 810 
 
 1.4041 (((' ' 
 
 
 ■' 5 
 
 1.2401 81114 
 
 1.2762 816 
 
 1.3382 250 
 
 1.4025 517 
 
 '.4bi)3 281 
 
 1.5386 240 
 
 1.6105 loo 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 1.3022 (!()12 
 
 1.3400 1(56 
 
 1.4185 101 
 
 1.6<K)7 304 
 
 1,58(,8 743 
 
 1.6771 001 
 
 1.7716 lUO 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 1.3(108 »)1S3 
 
 1.4071 004 
 
 1,5030 303 
 
 1.0057 815 
 
 1.7138 243 
 
 1.8280 301 
 
 1.0487 171 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 1.4221 0001 
 
 1.4774 554 
 
 1.5038 481 
 
 l.-MSl 802 
 
 l.S '(0 3((2 
 
 1.1(025 020 
 
 2.1435 S^'S 
 
 c' 
 
 
 
 1.4S(;o !t.M4 
 
 1 551,3 282 
 
 1.0804 700 
 
 1 .84 50V 
 
 1.0' '(( ((40 
 
 2 1718 033 
 
 2.35 ;it 477 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 1.552'J <J'J42 
 
 0288 -^lO 
 
 1.70(( '" 
 
 l..-'7; h)\ 
 
 •i 1.' 1250 
 
 '.!.3073 037 
 
 2.5037 425 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 1.0228 hM\h 
 
 1.7103 304 
 
 1.8082 080 
 
 •Ml.. ■ 'i-;!. 
 
 ■ 3310 390 
 
 2.5804 204 
 
 2.8531 167 
 
 11 
 
 Vi 
 
 1.0 '.t.W SI 43 
 
 1.71(58 503 
 
 '>.0121 005 
 
 25 i ■■; 
 
 . '.ISl :oi 
 
 2.8120 048 
 
 3.1.384 284 
 
 12 
 
 \\\ 
 
 1.7721 !M11() 
 
 1.8S,50 401 
 
 2...;2"2S3 
 
 2,4((08 .; . 
 
 2., •■•••237 
 
 3.((0.58 040 
 
 3.4.522 712 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 1.8.M1)44!»2 
 
 1.0:00 310 
 
 2.2000 Oh! 
 
 2,5785 342 
 
 2.1' .-W> 
 
 3,3417 2:(( 
 
 3.70:4 1(S3 
 
 14 
 
 \u 
 
 l.U3i.2 824 i 
 
 2,0780 282 
 
 2.3005 582 
 
 2.7500 315 
 
 3.1721 0,.l 
 
 3.0424 825 
 
 4,1772 482 
 
 15 
 
 If, 
 
 2.0223 7(n5 
 
 2.1828 740 
 
 2.5403 517 
 
 2.9:21 038 
 
 3.4259 420 
 
 3,0703 050 
 
 4.5949 730 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 2.1133 :osi 
 
 2.2020 183 
 
 2.0027 728 
 
 3.1588 1.52 
 
 3, :(((((( 181 
 
 4.3270 334 
 
 5,0.544 7((3 
 
 17 
 
 IK 
 
 2.21 IS4 7.s:7 
 
 2.4000 11(2 
 
 2.8.543 302 
 
 3.3:00 323 
 
 ;i.i(00o 105 
 
 4.7171 204 
 
 5.,551(1( 173 
 
 18 
 
 ]!» 
 
 2.3U7S 0U31 
 
 2.,5201t .5((2 
 
 .,.((255 l(li5 
 
 3. 01 (-,5 2 75 
 
 4.3157 011 
 
 5.1410 013 
 
 6.1 150 300 
 
 19 
 
 •-.'u 
 
 2.4117 14112 
 
 2,0532 1»77 
 
 3.2071 355 
 
 3.8090 845 
 
 4.0(X'0 571 
 
 5.0044 1((S 
 
 0.7275 ((00 
 
 20 
 
 5>1 
 
 2.5202 4110 
 
 2.7850 020 
 
 3.3005 030 
 
 4.14((5 (i24 
 
 5.0,3.38 337 
 
 6.1((88 077 
 
 7.4002 409 
 
 21 
 
 ^2 
 
 2.0330 ,5201 
 
 2.0252 0((7 
 
 3.0035 374 
 
 4.43((4 017 
 
 5.43(;5 4(.(4 
 
 0.05S0 004 
 
 8.14((2 749 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 2. 7.521 •;t;3.5 
 
 3.0715 238 
 
 3.8107 407 
 
 4,:4((5 21(0 
 
 5.8714 037 
 
 7 2578 745 
 
 8.9543 024 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 2.870O 1383 
 
 3.2250 000 
 
 4.04SO 340 
 
 5.0723 070 
 
 0.34 1 1 807 
 
 7.9110 8.32 
 
 0.8407 327 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 3.0054 3440 
 
 3.3803 540 
 
 4,2918 707 
 
 5.4274 320 
 
 0.8484 752 
 
 8.6230 807 
 
 10.8347 059 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 3.1400 7001 
 
 3.55,50 727 
 
 4,5493 830 
 
 5.8073 520 
 
 7.3903 532 
 
 0.3901 579 
 
 11.9181 705 
 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 3.2820 oo:)0 
 
 3.7,334 503 
 
 4,8223 450 
 
 0.2138 070 
 
 7.9880 015 
 
 10.24.M) 821 
 
 13.1 ((00 042 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 3.42'.I0 ',•'.•;•'.• 
 
 3.0201 21(1 
 
 5.1110 807 
 
 0.04S8 3S4 
 
 8.0271 004 
 
 11,1071 31(5 
 
 14.42((1( 03(; 
 
 28 
 
 2!) 
 
 3,5S4(» 31MH 
 
 4.1101 350 
 
 5.4 183 S79 
 
 7.1142 571 
 
 0.3172 749 
 
 12,1721 821 
 
 15.8(;30 03(( 
 
 29 
 
 ;)u 
 
 3.7453 1813 
 
 4.3210 424 
 
 5.7434 912 
 
 7.6122 550 
 
 10.0020 509 
 
 13.2676 :85 
 
 17.4404 02J 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 3.;"138 5745 
 
 4. ,5380 305 
 
 0,0881 000 
 
 8.1451 120 
 
 1((,8070 004 
 
 14.4017 (;i(5 
 
 10.1043 425 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 4.0SHH Hlo-l 
 
 4,7040 415 
 
 0.4533 807 
 
 8.7152 70S 
 
 11.7370 8,30 
 
 1.5.70,3,3 2S8 
 
 21.1137 708 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 4.2710 .3(1 IS 
 
 5.0((31 SS5 
 
 0.8405 81(0 
 
 0.3253 31(8 
 
 12.0700 4i((; 
 
 17,lS20 284 
 
 2.3.2251 ,544 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 4.4i:(;:> 0154 
 
 5.2533 4S0 
 
 7.2510 253 
 
 K 0781 135 
 
 13.01(f)l 330 
 
 18.7284 1((0 
 
 25,5470 000 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 4.0073 4781 
 
 5.5100 154 
 
 7.0800 808 
 
 10.0705 815 
 
 14.7853 443 
 
 20.4139 679 
 
 28.1024 309 
 
 35 
 
 30 
 
 4.8773 7840 
 
 5.7018 101 
 
 8.1472 520 
 
 1 1.4239 422 
 
 1.5.9081 718 
 
 22.2512 2.50 
 
 80.9130 8((5 
 
 30 
 
 37 
 
 5.O'.i02 0o4',l 
 
 0.OS14 ocu 
 
 8.t;300 871 
 
 12,22.(0 ISl 
 
 17.2450 2.50 
 
 24.2538 353 
 
 34.0039 4S(; 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 5.320',t 11(21 
 
 0.:t854 773 
 
 0.1542 524 
 
 13.0702 714 
 
 18.0252 7.50 
 
 20.4300 S((5 
 
 37.4((43 434 
 
 38 
 
 3!) 
 
 5.5058 '.t',(((8 
 
 0.7047 512 
 
 0.7035 075 
 
 13.9048 204 
 
 20.1152 1(77 
 
 28.8150 SI 7 
 
 41.1447 778 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 5.8103 0454 
 
 7.0309 SS7 
 
 10,2857 170 
 
 14.9744 578 
 
 21.7245 215 
 
 31.4004 2((0 
 
 45.2502 5,50 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 0.0781 0004 
 
 7.3019 883 
 
 10.9028 010 
 
 10.0220 000 
 
 23.4024 832 
 
 34.2302 679 
 
 40,7851 811 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 0.3510 1.548 
 
 7.7015 870 
 
 11,5570 327 
 
 17.1442 .508 
 
 25.3304 819 
 
 37.3175 320 
 
 54,70^0 002 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 0.03 VI 3M8 
 
 8.1400 001) 
 
 12.2.5<(4 540 
 
 ls.3443 548 
 
 27.:ioi;o 404 
 
 40.0701 ((OS 
 
 (;((.24(H( 002 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 (;.!(301 221(0 
 
 8.557! 503 
 
 12.0854 819 
 
 10 0284 500 
 
 20,5559 717 
 
 44,;t:i(;9 597 
 
 ()0.2(;4O 701 
 
 44 
 
 4.') 
 
 7.2482 4S43 
 
 8.1(850 ((78 
 
 13.7040 108 
 
 21.0024 518 
 
 3l.92((4 404 
 
 48.3272 S(;i 
 
 72.8004 837 
 
 45 
 
 4r, 
 
 7.5744 lie; I 
 
 0.4342 682 
 
 14..5r04 875 
 
 22.4720 234 
 
 3l.l7l(( H.53 
 
 52.0707 419 
 
 80.1795 321 
 
 40 
 
 47 
 
 7.0152 08411 
 
 0.0059 711 
 
 15.4059 107 
 
 •,'4.(J457 070 
 
 37.2320 122 
 
 57.4170 480 
 
 88.10:4 853 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 8.2:14 555? 
 
 1((.I012 007 
 
 10.3038 717 
 
 25.7289 ((05 
 
 40.2105 731 
 
 (;2.58.52 370 
 
 07.((172 3.38 
 
 48 
 
 4I» 
 
 8.0130 710". 
 
 10.0213 331 
 
 17.3775 ((40 
 
 27.5209 3((0 
 
 43.4274 100 
 
 08.2170 ((83 
 
 1((0.7I80 572 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 0.0320 3027 
 
 11.4073 008 
 
 18.42((1 .543 
 
 29.4570 251 
 
 40.9010 125 
 
 74.3575 201 
 
 117.3908 520 
 
 50 
 
 w 
 
fMBER 
 
 NT. YkABS. 
 
 o-.'t 
 
 XM 
 
 r''t 
 
 48 
 41) 
 50 
 
 SI 
 
 now TO CALCliLATK. 
 
 ••X-^' 
 
 •<ii^S 
 
 ^•^m STOCKS, BONDS i INVESTMENTS. <f:*^ -f- 
 
 a^ 
 
 -i-Tf)*- 
 
 mi: ciipitiil stoi'k of 
 Itiiilwiiy, ToU'f;nii)li, 
 InsiiniiK'c, Bimkiiip, 
 ami otluT <()ri)(iiuti()iiH 
 is (lividotl into c(|Uiil 
 purls fiiU('(l nlmros, 
 r.iii^'iiifr tVom ^10 to 
 $l(KM)('iicli, hut iisuiilly 
 $l(M),aii(l tocach stock- 
 holdt'i" is issiu'il a rcr- 
 titicati^ »)1" slock duly 
 fiif^ucd by tho propor 
 officers, specifying tlu! 
 iiiunlM'r (if shares hy 
 hiui owned and their 
 par valu(\ 
 
 This stock cortificatj in transfenihlo and :nay l)o 
 l>ouirht and sold tho same as other species of property. 
 If solil aliovc par it is said to Ih' at .a preiuiuni, or it 
 lielow par, at a discount. I'ersoiis wiio make a iiusi- 
 iiess of hnyin^ and sidling' stocks an; called stock 
 hrokeiN, and their occupation is deiiomiualed Stock 
 .lohhiiii,'. Tiie cause of the rise and fall of the market 
 value of stocks is due, tii*st, to the londitioii or success 
 of tiie corponition in which tiie sto( k is owiu'd, the 
 dividend paid and its prospects for tiie future, an<l 
 se<'ond, to the conihinations and niani|iulatioiif of stock 
 lirokers, us will l)« explained in another part of this 
 work. 
 
 IiLstoad o4' dividiiifi the profits, as is done hy a tirin 
 or partnership, the corponition " dei lan's a dividend," 
 either annually, senii-annnally or tpiarterly, and pays 
 to each stockliolder the profits on his stock, reckoucd 
 at a certain percent upon its p;ir\aluc. 'I'liis dividi d 
 is frenerally jiaid in cash, hut w hen it is the wisii of tlic 
 (lire<toi's to nurease the eflicieiuy id" the coinpany h^' 
 retaining' the profits .•mil usiiiL' tlieiii for its henetit, a 
 ccrtiticate is issued to the stockholder, eiititliujr him to 
 the sum Hpceiticd therein with interest, and this i.s 
 called a scrip di'Mend. 
 
 f^ --— - -— -. 
 
 Out of tho not paniinpH is first sot aside what Is 
 called a " Reserve lAinil," or " Sinkiiiff Fund,' and 
 the remainder de< hired a.s a dividend. This fund thus 
 accniniilates and furnisius the means for any euierf"«ncy 
 without taxing the stiM'kholders, and if in any c»we tho 
 profits were ii<d siiflicieiit to justify the usual divideiitl, 
 this fund is drawn on to make up the deficiency, thus 
 keepiii<r the divi '( -^J 'V->m yenr to year certain — retain- 
 ing faith and cn.'i' ' ii -.o company and in the value of 
 its stock. 
 
 Wluui th-- ii.i, ter of a corporation forbids the 
 declaring ot .. d "i.K ,id which will exceed a certain per 
 cent of tho iiar \ . lue of its stock, then, new stock is 
 sometimes ■ "od, thus securing the stockholders tho 
 same profit ^ •e.rii at a smaller rate per cent of divi- 
 dend in consequcneo of the iiicrcjise of the capital btwk. 
 This process is called "watering" stcnk. Common 
 and preferred stock are so called liei'ause the latter ha-s 
 the preference ill the matter of dividends. 
 
 To timl tho dividend on stocks, multiply tho par 
 value hy tho rato per cent of dividend wliieh the stock 
 pays. 
 
 ErnmpJc. A owned !?.")( M) of Northwestern Rjiilroad 
 stoik on which a dividend is declared of 8 per cent. 
 What is his dividend? 
 
 Par value, fifM) 
 
 lilte jier cent, .OS 
 Dividend, fld.OO 
 When stock is hoiight or .sold above or lielow par, to 
 tiiid the c(»t. niiiltiply the par \aliie of the stock by 
 loo |)er cent plus the advance, if at a iireniiuin, or lOO 
 per cent less the discount, if at a discount. 
 
 Ev(niii>/r. What will 12 shares (fH(X) each) of Erie 
 lock cost ;il 43 p<'r cent premium? 
 
 Par value, $1200 
 
 Value of $ I won h of stock, 1 .04§ 
 
 Cost of tho .stock, 
 
 S^ 
 
; ) 
 
 i . i 
 
 I ^' 
 
 ■t^ 
 
 now TO CVLrCLATE. 
 
 BONDS. 
 
 A Itoiid if* ill till' luitiin* iit'a inomissorv iinfc. rroni 
 tile <l:iy lalioriT wlm |iavs as lie ^.'oom, am! Ilic ('(intcntcil 
 mail (.f liiiinlilo walk who never owes a dciit, ii|i to tlic 
 ntrporatidii with it-* wealth and power, we find indebt- 
 ed nes-* arid (Inaneial emliarrassmeiit iiien«i>iii;,', so tliat 
 the iiir reufnf/f of those under peeiiniarv dillieuitit's 
 njiintanthj auijmofit.i as wo jfo upwards, until we eonio 
 to inunicipulitieeii slut<w and irovoriuuen ti* whoso revo- 
 
 niie is counted hy millions, and wc hardly fin<l ono that 
 fs not deeply involved in delit. 
 
 Ill prosccutiii;,' Ihi' war ot" liio robcUion our ^'ovcrn- 
 lUPiit Ibund it nercsHiirj' to borrow Iiir^n sums of incmoy 
 to meet the enormous expenditure, and in return issue<l 
 
 Intel ' ' onriii!; bonds. States, counties and cities, 
 
 eu^riiK*'*' i" publi>' improvomenta nilHO money in tliia 
 way. A coupon bond is one with interest-bearin/; eer- 
 tlficutod, or coupotu attucbod, uud uti tluMu full duo they 
 
 FORM OF A SHARE OF BANK STOCK. 
 
 ^ 
 
 t-lrrrTrV^' ■ 
 
 -;«tfUl. 
 
 k^t 
 
 VJ 
 
 
 ■■^^ 
 
 f APIIAIMOCK FlFfY IHOIJSAISll 1)01 1 \KS 
 
 Xo /zyt^^--'^^^^ • c0^ri'j^!/^^^^(^/'a^^^^'^ First l^ATioNAZ Bank 
 
 M^4^»r »r»-^ •-■TV V / m —-—«-.»- ■^,^,Miw. » M»- - /^ # "Ml /---- -j^ / ' '^ 
 
 
 ^fr^f^/m-X^M 
 
 "•a^t 
 
 arcclip|)edofrandea.vhcd, as in the exso of United States 
 IhjihLs, at any national iKUik, or may pass u.s money. 
 Coupon bonds arc jiayable to liearor, and if lost or 
 stolen the amount cannot Ik) rwovered from the f^ovoru- 
 ment or corponitioii i>suin^' them. lU'iristered bonds 
 are those payable to the order of the holder or owner, 
 and rejristered on the books of tlic United Stutcs 
 Treasury, fir eorjiorsition. 
 
 When lK)nds are is.suod by tho governuKMit and are 
 
 ^3^-V ___ 
 
 payable at a specified time, tho rate of interest with 
 the date, constitutes the name by which they are gen- 
 erally known, lus " .Vs of '81," or "4'« of '91, etc. 
 Those payable at the option of tho government within 
 a certiiin lumiber of yeaix liefore the date of maturity, 
 ius iM'tween ."i and 20 years, are generally designated by 
 combining the nnmlier of yours for which they wore 
 issued by the time within which thoy may lie called in, 
 its '• r>-20s," or '> 10-40S." 
 
orost with 
 
 oy me fTon- 
 
 'Dl, etc. 
 
 lont within 
 
 iiiaturity, 
 
 ijijimted by 
 
 tiicy wore 
 
 (< ciilU'tl in, 
 
 llonds i.xsnod by stutos, count iw, or corpdriition^', 
 nsnally ilcrivc their name from the >onrto that \hmu'i* 
 Ihoni, t(»^'ethor wilii thf rate i>t' inton-xt tlioy iMMir. 
 'IIhh, " V. S. I'acitir rnin-nry HV " win- i-<siic<i by tht- 
 f.n>v(>i-nin<'nt to aid in tlio ('onstruction ut' i-aili'(iaiL< to 
 Ihi' ''•K'ilic coast, and on the completion ot'cacli twenty 
 niih's of tnick, to receive at the rate of tHl,(MK», 
 I-'L'.IKN) or )>M,(MH) |ier mile, arconlih;: to tlie dillicnl- 
 tics of construct in;: the sune. They are payable thirty 
 years from date of insup and nvo rpjirixtered in iMind.x of 
 ijijINN). $:)tKN)ail(| $1<)()(M). 
 
 Money is sometimes borrowed by corponitions on 
 their property iLss<'<'urity. For loans tinis receixcd they 
 issue mort^rii^rc Iionds payable at a specified time with 
 interest. Thes(< bonds are secured by a mort^rage on 
 the pr<)|K'rty of the company. 
 
 INVESTMENTS. 
 
 The statement is perhaps true, that it is more difTi- 
 I'ldt to keep money than to make it. By injudicious 
 investment.s oftentimes the iiceunuihitions of years are 
 swept away; but hapjn- is that rich man who so wisely 
 employs and invests his wealth as to e.scupe thenn.xie- 
 tiesand cares which hani.ss and tonuent, in the evening 
 of life, when the ims.session of woulth should bring 
 enjoyment instend of misery. 
 
 Widows and youthful heirs, who have little or no 
 knowledge of business, are liable to have their fortimes 
 swept away by trusting their investments entirely to 
 otlieiN, or else through l)eiiig seduced by tein|)ting 
 advertisements of brokers and their re|)resentatives to 
 place their funds in worthles.s stocks or inadecpiate 
 securities. 
 
 The tii-st element of a good investment is that the 
 prhin'fKtl should l)e secure, that it shall not be dimin- 
 ished through depreciation of values, nor lost through 
 wiint of sound security. The second element is, that 
 the principal can be readily obtair.cd if it is wanted; 
 security must be convertilile, that is, easily realized. 
 \u investment, however secure, which ties up money 
 irrevocibly for years, is not a tii*st-class one. The 
 other and secondary elements of a gooil investment 
 are, that the interest or retin'u should be promptly 
 paid, and that it should bo as large as possible. 
 
 The legal nite of interest in most of the states of 
 the American L'nioii, is six (ler cent, anil this is con- 
 ceded by luisincss men to bi' a fair jiricc for the tiso of 
 money or capital. When this interest is collected 
 l)roiuptly and leinvested the inconu> will be cipiivalent 
 to the compound interest on the capital, and licifc a 
 net income of six per cent compound interest may he 
 
 regiirded as a standanl in measuring the value of ;nve!«t- 
 nieiits. It may Im' laid down as a rule, lliat where \'t 
 or I'D iMTcetit is promised from the lo;in or investment, 
 a |K)rtion of this is in consideration of the iii-ecurity 
 of the principal, and this is a fre<|nciit source of lo-*. 
 Through miscalculation and the temptation of a large 
 aimual |icr cciitagc, regarding )> per cent compound 
 interest as too .-mall, persons often make the mi-take 
 of not reci-Iving so much, Ihdncting cdmini-sions on 
 the |>nrchase or sub*, taxes, insiuiiuce, assessments, 
 buying ab(»vo par and risk of the principal, and an 
 ini'ome of \T^ \wr cent will often be reduced to less 
 than ti per cent, as the following calculation will -how: 
 .Suppose A buys unimiu'oved land to the extend of 
 *1:.'(M»<), and after holding it eight yeaiN, sells it at 
 $i'i(HK). Inasmuch as (120(10 at componml interest for 
 eight yeai"s would amount to only $l!tl2ti.lM, it woidd 
 appear that he had made a fine investment. Ihit mean- 
 while he had iiKinrcd unavoidable expenses for fencing, 
 taxes, surveying tlu- property, t'onnuissions on sale, 
 etc., which averaged 2 per cent u your, or |2K). Ho 
 must therefore deduct from the gros.s proceeds, 
 
 $240 at compound interest for 7 years, |3t)0.86 
 
 G " \\w:.\-i 
 
 5 " .•H21.17 
 
 4 " 3()2.98 
 
 3 " 2»h.VA 
 
 2 " 2tKt.(i6 
 
 1 " 2.54.40 
 
 - 240.00 
 
 $2375.23 
 
 $210(W 
 237.').23 
 
 $1«G24.77 
 
 $HU2r).18 
 lHt;24.77 
 
 Loss over t! per cent inve.<«tment, $ .')01.41 
 
 The most common investments are made in Real 
 I'lstate, (roveriunent Bondji, Corponition Bonds, Ruik 
 Stock, Manufacturing Stock, etc., the income l)eing 
 derived from interests, dividends and rents. 
 
 HKAI. K8TATE INVE.STMENTS. 
 
 In buying real estate the first point to l)e considered 
 is the title. A eomi)Otont person shouhl be employed 
 to examine the records. The purchaser shoidd also 
 a.-certain if there exists any incumbrance l)y gnuit, 
 pi-escription or necessity (not on record), such us u 
 right of way, drain, fence, privy, overhanging eaves, 
 treo>, water-course, nuisance, etc., and if all taxes and 
 assessmi-nts have iiccn paid. Mortgages an liens 
 should l)c closely scrutinized, and all rcccii)ts for taxes 
 
 ^^ 
 
 240 " 
 
 
 
 240 '• 
 
 
 
 240 •« 
 
 
 
 240 " 
 
 
 
 240 " 
 
 
 
 240 " simple 
 
 
 240 «wh 
 
 - 
 
 " 
 
 Liuul sold for 
 
 
 Deduct, 
 
 
 
 Net sale. 
 
 
 
 Amount 
 
 at (5 per 
 
 cent, 
 
 Deduct 
 
 
 
«l 
 
 rS^M 
 
 now TO CALCULATR. 
 
 timl iiiniiniiiK* iHilirics kIkhiM In- iinxliKiHl aiiil ilclivrri-il 
 ii|i til till- iiiii'i'lia'Hcr. Finally, tin' i|ri>il Hhttiild Im' 
 ilntwil tiliil i-xi'i'iltcil with tli«< lltllliHt iirriilikry. (S4'i< 
 
 Li'fT'l r<>rm.'.. I 
 
 Iii'<ti':ii| lit* invi'stiiiu iiuun'v in n-al I'slati- many jmt- 
 w)iir< pri't'i r t:. Muiko luans on real r.-lalf Honirily, tliii-* 
 aviiiilin;: tin- ini'otivcnii'iK'o ot' <'iill«Ttin^ mits ami tlu' 
 vnriiuis iiiitlnys tor n'imirs, iiuidiMit tn the ituni'i"Mlii|i 
 «if proiHTty. Smli loans an^ iisiiiilly MH'unil liy mort- 
 pij^f* or il I-* of tni.Ht. 
 
 A iMorttii^'P i'* iin inHtniint>nt by which, if tin' ililit 
 WHun-il liy it in not paiil at tin* tinii- a;,'rrnl ii|miii, (In- 
 ••rt'tlitor may tnki- iiossi'-viioii of tin* pro|M'rty, liy what 
 is trrniiil a fornlosuri', snhji'it, liowcvi-r, to the 
 (l(>litor'rt riv'ht of riMli-mption within a H|H>i'ilii<)l timt>. 
 (Si'i' Li'i.'til Forms.) Mortj;ai.'i>s an- tii-st, sci oiul, 
 third, etc., in tlii-ir order of n-iord. A tirsl mort<,'a;,'o 
 irt sn|H'rior to all others, and careful invoHtors refusi" to 
 loan inont'V oxropt on tii"st lieu. The reasons are, that 
 if the |)ropert\ is sold to |)ay the debts, the liiNt ir irt- 
 ;rii.'<' mu>l In- paid in full U't'ore aiiytiiini,' is paid on 
 the seroud, and if tho property depreciates throu^'h 
 tire or flood the tir^t inorti.'sii.'e has still sntlicient 
 security, but subscipicut mortira;.'es may have all tiieir 
 security swcjit away. A safe rule is not to loan on 
 mortL'ai:e for niore than oiio-half of the value of the 
 real estate. 
 
 From re>|Hitivo eoasidcrations, it is doubtful that 
 the annual net ineomo from rcul estate in the «'(iuntry 
 at larjje, exi eeds four per cent. In .some business cen- 
 ters or certain localities, tho increa.se in value alone 
 ^'ivcs hu'.'cr averaj.'!' yearly iucrea.se than the nite 
 named; but the fact that such increase is fii-st obtained 
 liy ver}' liln'ral expenditure for street imiirovcments, 
 M'wers, etc.. should not Im- lo>t sijrht of. This increase 
 in one liK-ality is sometimes made at the expense of 
 some other locality, who-e projiorty values are there- 
 fore reduced in i.'reater or less nitio. The <j-rowth 
 of certain l<Ma!itie> in some parts of the country is 
 promoted thus by the transfer of capital and po|iu- 
 lation. From this tnmsfer of capital and piipuiii- 
 tion. or other chanires aU'eetin;,' tiie irrowtli and 
 ijicline of town- and cities, there arises a disposi- 
 tion to discriminate in favor of other elas.ses of invest- 
 nieuts. But tliore arc many instances whijre money 
 ran be well invested in re.il ost.ate. by |»iirties who 
 use cMiition ill makiuL' selections iind then takin;r 
 pains to make Judiiious outlnys for tho ijnprovetnent 
 of tho property. It is In'st to bo well posted on 
 all the points relatiu}.' to real entato before invcst- 
 iii<,' in it. 
 
 INITKIi MTATKS IMlMlW. 
 
 United Stiites Itonds are re^pirded iu< exceptionally 
 ^'ihhI investments, \mnri\ as they an> on the faith and 
 credit of the government. The nite of interest is not 
 liir;:e, lint owiii;; to the certainty of payment of inter- 
 est and principal they are miH h sou^'ht after by per- 
 sons who di'sire safe invent iiu'iits rathiM" than a larj^y 
 profit to^'ether with risk and incouvenioneu. 
 
 SMAI.I. SAVIMIH. 
 
 Kxperienco and oliservalion show that no mom cer- 
 tain plan of inciilcatin:; pruih-nt and teniiiorate Imliitit, 
 modest livin^r, and !.'eneral well-lK'iuL' in a community 
 can be devised than to atford the poorer clasM's facili- 
 ties for wiving their small indns, and increasing' them 
 with interest. The animosity lntween enpital and 
 lalnir, moiK'y and work, is diminished, for even the 
 poorest is thus ciialiied to t;tste the pleatiurt.>s of wit- 
 nessing his capital incrciwe without toil. 
 
 Fvcry man who is nblii^'cd to «'(irk for his livinir 
 should lay a.side a little money for the •' niiiiv day," 
 which fill are liable to encounter, and the best way to 
 do tluH is to open an account with Home 8avin^>s Kank. 
 Accumulated money is always ready to use when 
 needed. Scrape toirether tive ilollai>, make your 
 deposit, pot your iKUik Iniok, and then resolve to 
 deposit a piven sum, small thou;;h it Ik-, once a month 
 or once a week, accordiu;; to circumstances. Nolnidy 
 knows without tryiu^r it, hojv easy a thinj.' if is to save 
 money when an aecoimt with a liiink has lieeu oiioned. 
 AVith such an account a man feels a d(>sire to eiilarfro 
 his deposit. It ^'ives him lessons in fni;.':ilify and 
 economy, weans him from habits of extnivaL'am e, and 
 is the very In'st ^'uard a^.'tiinst intemp(>rauce and dissi- 
 |iation. The laborinir man who >aves one Imndred dol- 
 lars a year, or alniut a (juarter of a dollar a day, and 
 deposits it in a savinp< bank which pays 7 per cent 
 Interest eomi)ouniled quarcrly, will find himself, in a 
 score of years, worth nearly //V lliou.vnul ihillnr.i, from 
 this source alone, without any troulile and very lift U? 
 self-denial. He shoidd aim to do this for every child 
 that is bom to him. 
 
 TMll.H >llnWIMi TIIK liFSII. r uK s WINOS. 
 
 BAVISd. 
 
 IIMWOKTKN 
 liKI-llklTKIl. 
 
 MonllUy. 
 
 ISTl.UKST. 
 
 now nrT»\ 
 
 itlMlm N'll. 
 
 TI.MK 
 
 .\MI11 NT 
 TO 
 
 oil I.N 
 
 .\MOtNT 
 
 TO 
 
 tl 
 
 lilHTCC'Ilt. 
 
 .Suinl.iiii'ly. 
 
 liiyr 
 
 « Ml tl 
 
 •Jityr. 
 
 « t.VJ.4l 
 
 t 
 
 " 
 
 li ptTCnil. 
 
 ,1 
 
 lit yr. 
 
 :i.>-j.li 
 
 Jiiyr. 
 
 imi SI 
 
 1 
 
 Weekly. 
 
 (Ijll 1 . ' Ml. 
 
 " 
 
 U> yr. 
 
 WW.lii 
 
 ■Jii yr. 
 
 l:iiiO i;i 
 
 8 
 
 " 
 
 tlixrciiit. 
 
 (« 
 
 m yr. 
 
 IW.i* 
 
 •ill yr 
 
 .t.m\ •»! 
 
 8 
 
 M 
 
 rt|iii( int. 
 
 " 
 
 Ill yr. 
 
 2U0.SI'. 
 
 Jnyr. 
 
 .'l-Wl.iP 
 
 S 
 
 • • 
 
 IIIM !•( Illl. 
 
 " 
 
 Ill yr. 
 
 :ilH:i III 
 
 ■Jiyr. 
 
 IWfJ.W 
 
 b 
 
 W 
 
 11 percent. 
 
 " 
 
 !uyr. 
 
 77lil.>i 
 
 .11 yr. 
 
 IJIlKI.U 
 
 ( 
 
•ptioiially 
 I'iiitli luit) 
 ri'ht is nut 
 t of ind'i"- 
 iT by l>«'r- 
 iiiit n liir^o 
 
 iiM)ni cci- 
 iito ImhiU, 
 (ininuinity 
 !?..■<(•(* tiK'ili- 
 i»iii^' tlwiii 
 npitnl mill 
 r cvorj the 
 iret* of wit- 
 
 liiM liviiiL' 
 rainy day," 
 iH'jit wiiy to 
 kiiips hank, 
 use when 
 niaki- your 
 iH'solvo to 
 100 a month 
 NolMwIy 
 it is to srtvo 
 en oihmkmI. 
 to cular^c' 
 i;rility and 
 ;itr!>M<<', and 
 1(> and iHssi- 
 iindrctl dol- 
 M (l;iy, and 
 7 pel- ('(Mit 
 linisi 
 
 11', in 
 
 lUnt-K, from 
 
 livery littlo 
 
 overv child 
 
 « t.VMl 
 
 '.mi Ki 
 
 .'11 yr. 
 
 5ssi.'a> 
 
 jip yr. 
 
 (Wttt.lS 
 
 ;'t yr. 
 
 l.KiNl.U 
 
 IIUW TO (^ALCULATK. 
 
 1711 
 
 1^» 
 
 ^% 
 
 ■^»- 
 
 '^^iPRACTICAL MEASUREMENTS. V 
 
 •;. 
 
 -••- 
 
 
 TO MEASURE COKN ON THE COB IN CRIBS. 
 
 C 
 
 i»i!N is extensively 
 put up in orilis 
 made of rails, Imt 
 the rule will apply to 
 any kind of a crili. 
 Level the corn, then 
 measure the hi;.'hl 
 of the torn in the 
 eriii, llu' leuj^'th, and 
 also tile widlli, allow- 
 in;: for the thiiknes.s 
 of the eril) in oiitxido 
 me:i>ure, then multi- 
 ply the leilM'th in feet 
 hy the hreailth in feet 
 and this a;.'ain hy tlut 
 llitrllt in feet, wllieil 
 last produit multiply 1>y Handout oil" one tiirure from 
 the result. Thi.-' will givo bo many husliols and deoi- 
 
 nials of u liushel. .Vftor Itoinjr hholled there will, on 
 an averap , l>e uiK^lialf n.- many liu-heU of shollod 
 eorn. 
 
 h'jil)iijili\ \ erih of corn Ih !• feet hiL'h. 211 leel lunir 
 and I-' feet wide. How many hushels of eorn does it 
 eontain? 
 
 2(1 X It = 1^0 X 12 « 2Ui() X « " 172H.ti 1.11. 
 
 When a orih is tlared ut tho side.^, as ropre.-.enled hy 
 the illustnitioii, 11 riiU» in Ut inidtiply half the sinn of 
 the hollom lireadths in feet hy the perpendieuhir hi^rht 
 in feel, and the .sime apiin hy the len^rth in feet, mul- 
 tiply the last prodnet hy .(i.'l for ho:ipod hnshols of ours, 
 and hy ,\'2 for the ninidH'r of l>u>hels in shelled eorn. 
 This ride is ha.-ed on the pnendly aeeejited estimate 
 that three heaped half hu-hel^ of ears, or four evon 
 lull, I'orm one of shellod eorn. 
 
 A iMirrel (d" corn is live hushels shelled. Hy this 
 latt«'r measure erops are ostimatetl, and eorn bought 
 ami .sold in must t»uuthoni uml \viMtoru ututiu. 
 
 MEASURING HAY. 
 
 0' 
 
 K r<)t'KsK the only 
 aeeurate method of 
 lindin;r the amount 
 of hay in a given Imlk 
 is to weigh it. This, 
 ill in.iny ea.sos, is iin- 
 po>>il)le, owing to its 
 bulk ami <'haraeter, 
 inid il then In'oumos 
 nooossarv to havo Honio 
 '* If other met hod of arriv- 
 ing at the i|UMntity. 
 whieh oiiu only be done 
 appro.ximately. Some 
 kinils of hay are liirht 
 while others are heavy, 
 but for all ordinary 
 purposes of estimating,' the amount of hay in mows 
 and .-.tacks the following rules will be found sullieient : 
 When loiided on wag'ons or storcil in Ikihw, 20 cubie 
 yanls of hay make a ton. 
 
 When well settled in mows or staoks, l.'ioubie ynnls 
 make ii ton. Thi.s is for medium sized mows orstaeks ; 
 if the hay is piled to a great hight, it will be mm h 
 more comiiaet and near the lx)ttoiu will Ito mneii 
 heavier per «ubio yard. 
 
 TO 1IM> TIIK M .MIIKU OK TONS IX I.ONO M^I Al!i: ST.VrKS. 
 
 Multiply the length in yards by the width in yanls 
 and thai liy /((///' I lie hight in yanls, a'd divide by l.'>. 
 
 Extiiiiph\ How many tons in i rick of hay I'l) yarda 
 long, .'i yards wide anil M yanls hi^rh? 
 20 X -i = It'O X 111(1 -.= 4(Wi ■+■ \'> -= L'da tons. .\.ns. 
 
 TO KIND TIIK MMIIKK OK TOSS I.N t'lUC TL.VU .sT.VCKS. 
 
 Multiply the sipian- of the distance numd the stack 
 in yanls in the hii^hl in yards !ind <livide by 2."i. 
 This will o-ive the iiuinl>er > i' i i.bic yanls in the stack; 
 then ili\ide by 1.') fur tiiu n' ui'h'I of tons. 
 
 ExMiiii>li\ How ,ii;ii.y Ions of hay in . •in'ular stack, 
 
 wlnwo measureuient iiu'ind the ba-c itt yanls am 
 
 hight Si yards? 
 
 20 X -'0 = 4(M) X >< = •■5-!'»<' -: -^'» "- • ^'^^ + !•'' = 
 i^^f tons. .Vn.s. 
 
i .i 
 I A' 
 
 III ; i 
 
 I 
 
 now TO r.\I.iI!„\TF.. 
 
 Common ilovcr and timothy liay |K:<k<'(l niiilcr onli- 
 
 i:irv I'in-um-'taiii-os, will nK-a>iii'i< .'pihi inMr Irci In !'»• 
 
 ton. In i-iliiilatinv' the wciijlit of jiay in li;illx, \<iy 
 
 ot'tt'n many tliinL'-^ hu\o to Ih> taU'Mi inl i tonsiiiciation. 
 
 i and lieixc it i^ ditfii iilt to ii.-<-<'i-tain it pi'ci'ivcly. 
 
 TO KIM) THi; VAI.l K OK IIAV Oli Ollli;i! AlfTU I.KS Ml.,l> 
 IIY TIIK TON. 
 
 .Mnl!i|ily tli)> nnmlMi »t' |>onnd- ol' hay (< oal or anv- 
 thinir fl-f uhirh i» lMin;:ht or .«iohl hy ihi- Ion) hy one- 
 halt" the }»rii f |H^r ton. and point ( 11' three li<.'iiivs from 
 the result : till' remainin;r ti^nre.s will Im- the prire of 
 tho hay. 
 
 Kmiiipf' . What <«»>t 14t'>0 Us. of hay when hay is 
 sollimr at %\1 \nT ton? 
 
 $12 -r :.' = %\\ and \\i\0 x •« -= $M.7(i(t. .Vns. 
 Dividing l>y 2 jrivcs ii.-; the jmcc of a half tun or 
 1000 ft)n. in.l iM»intin»r off threo ti<rnres to the ri;rht I.m 
 (J Hiding by liXNi. 
 
 A ton of hay \s 2(K)0 ft«. 
 
 A Ijtdo •• '• " 300 " 
 
 A tra-vi *• " now is 60 " 
 
 A .Id " .^(> " 
 
 A •• •' straw " 40 " 
 
 A hxid •' hay " 'M *ru.s«o.s. 
 
 \Vhen hay solU at $16. (m a ton tha bali! i.s vrorth $2.40 
 
 *• '• •• l.'j.OO " " •• 2.2/) 
 
 When hay sells at 14.C0 a t :i the bale Is worth 2.10 
 
 Wh.n hjiy m'11.« ;»k |i.'».»»« a t<»n tije Isile i.n worth $l.!l') 
 
 Ii.W» " " l.M) 
 
 "• Il<iri •• *♦ '• l.rs 
 
 " 1».(WI •• " " 1..50 
 
 To y.s'.t riir. wrji.in *t f trn.K »tv MKAMifK.MK.NT. 
 
 .M.ilti|>l_\ flu- tsitxh \k iiw Im'^ \*\ the di>tan('e alonjr tho 
 iKirk from tl>«> tail to tlf fore |uit of the shonlder 
 Iilade. and divi'b'^ \ry IM 6* ll)«' fUjMrlii ial feet. Then 
 multiply lh>- -^iif-v^rftrjal Utri liy th<' nnmlK-r of |>(innds 
 allowed |,,r cittlf^ of tliirn-nl ;rirth» and tho |iiddn(t 
 will l»- the Mm\\wt f4 |«an<b> <>f Imh-I'. \eal or pork in 
 the a.'iiina' 
 
 tattle iuivin:r * jrilllii <»f frortj .'> to 7 fe«'t. allow 23 
 llr<. to the ."wrtii iai f.«j>l. 
 
 Cattle iiaviiiL' » ?irih '•( frwHi 7 to !« feet, allow 31 
 It»'. to the -n[i*Tlii ial fii>i4. 
 
 Small raftio :»ni»l ••aJ»<f* bavins' a pirth of from 3 to 5 
 foot, allow !i> ff>». to ibf )t«|ierfi< iai f<M*t. 
 
 \*'\<:* and ^•h**|» kavinf a jnrth of lo88 than 3 foot, 
 allow 1 1 ffis. to \l» •apr-r&uil foot. 
 
 Kj-amplf. What U the wf j<.4it of In-of in a steer, 
 whoso ^irth i.-* '••> larYttm ao^ \fm0h is G« inohes? 
 
 W) inehos in eirth x *>■ iwbt* in lonpth = 5440 -t- by 
 144 = 37 1 -fiuar^ Ccci x 23 = hcw^ ftw. 
 
 When tho animaJ k bat half {attono<l a doduetion of 
 1 fti. in everj- 20 ir» OMde, and if xery iat 1 tt». for every 
 2v.' nia-4t be added. 
 
 MEASURING GRAIN. 
 
 TO rivi» xnr. contt?.'^ or a bin in nimiKLs. 
 
 *^^\ Tin Inited .-^tate^ >tandard 21.>».I2 c;.l)ie 
 
 \^\^ inehi^ make a liu>hel. A> a ini)ie foot cnn- 
 
 JL J t:iin- 1 72'' « nbie inches, a lMi>hel is to a 
 
 .iibi. toot nearly as 2I.">0 to {',->>*■•, wr for all 
 
 praetieal pur|K>-.-s .t« ."> to 4. 'I !ierefor<'. to (f»ii\irt 
 
 outtir feet into biubeU, it i^ ouly noicssury to inulti- 
 
 , ply by |. 
 
 Example, linn nutoj hw^U of wheat in a bin 12 
 foot lonjr. f^ feet wuU- 4»! 4 f«*< dtM-pr 
 
 12 X > = 1^ X 4 = 3M <Tibic fwt: .3M4 X f = 
 3(t7^ bnshoN. 
 
 In order to tin«i tlx^ nmnbcT of bushels which a bin 
 of a ;rivon -ize will hobl. find tbc ooiivonts of th(< bin 
 in ( iibir feet, then •limu:t*li the «»iit< nts Ity ono-tifth. 
 ami the re:9ult will he tbenootente in ba-hebi. 
 
 rAtJUXTT or eoxsji. 
 
 The followintr tabi*' will ^fteo be found convenient, 
 takinir iVi.««VA' ditwnfww* ■ 
 
 tfirli»'4il«-p irtll .Minta 
 A IHH JH In. h»« f-y L'.T i>. :,.•• 
 lIu•^l»••• ilci'p will I'l.nra:!! t ' 
 \ \i tx US in. hr^ iti'iiir*' •r 
 Isi.h.'ft .l.-,»p, will .-onf-iia k ttu*!'-' 
 
 A l«n i; m. h<» l.y II' I! •■i\o%. Mut V _ 
 
 Iriilit'** <lrf(i wnl ^unru :t b liu* AU'X;.lfi<lH-p(«)Uiin i.i.*! I l—MnrlicH 
 
 •"» ► l-JilDclH'i' by "Inrhiiiwiuan', 
 ' 1 ^ iticb*^ <l*^'p. *'!" i-otitalii n 
 
 • I *> Itif bon ir^iiarc and «>, liulu-x 
 -'••^ji. will <HJiiliilii H ifiUNin. 
 L '«•» T 111! tw» M|<u>n'anil<S iiiohpn 
 <»'»•}•. "ill •Hiiiliiti; II linif Kiillilii. 
 
 iMI^Il.'l 
 
 A 1 » > X II) I ni'h^!< i«i.stt»<" J-ii 
 ((■■«> 1 1, win mnLun a hit.^ 
 
 4m^>. wul i^mlulii .. iMit. 
 
 .\ wa>.'on-fiox ©r Im^ lit (r*t Ion?. 4 fwt wi>lo, and 
 l.'i 'n> hos deep, htu a oparity of 40 buiibels. 
 
n a steer, 
 .')440 -i- by 
 
 <luctioii of 
 for every 
 
 a bin 12 
 
 [ith ii bill 
 
 If tho bin 
 
 (iiu'-tifth. 
 
 Invcnient, 
 
 lill ciintuhi n 
 
 ln<1 4', iiuluii 
 
 liil'i'i). 
 
 Iixt IS itichr-* 
 
 I 1 1 l.TillH'l"'" 
 
 ,1. 
 
 1 1', imlio?) 
 
 ,1. 
 
 / 
 
 I 
 
 HOW TO CALCULATE. 
 
 TO FIND THE CAPACITY OF A CISTERN OR WELL. 
 
 T' 
 
 CTLIXPRir.lL VESSELS OF UMKOIJM WU/TH. 
 
 'UK ^'•alloii is, arronl- 
 iii<^ to the United 
 States stamlanl, 'S.M 
 cnbif iiK-hos, and in 
 order to fwid tht nnni- 
 Iht of cubic iiiclics in 
 a cask, we s(|imre the 
 dJanieter in incltc:<, and mult i ply by the decimal .7H5i 
 to find the bUrCicu of the Iki.m-, then midtiply this by 
 the depth in inch(v*. Now since multiplyini.' by .7'<.'>4 
 and afterwanl* dividing.' by 2.'{I is eipiivalcnt to ninlti- 
 plyinir only l»y 34, it will Im? swn that we have the 
 following rule; 
 
 MultipiV the s<jnare of the diameter in inehcs, by 
 the depth in inchi*s, ami this hy ;J4, an<l poin'; off four 
 fi^irtw; the result will Ijc the caiwcity in gulloiu and 
 decimals of ft gallon. 
 
 Example, A can nieijaiires 15 inches in diameter, 
 and is 2 feet 2 inched deep. How many gallons of oil 
 w'U it contain? 
 
 15 X 15 = 22-^ X 34 = 7U50 X 26 = lU.eyo(». 
 .\J1S. l<.t,Vo. 
 
 If the can is not full, sUind it on the end, and multi- 
 ply by the height of the liquid instead of the length 
 of the can, for the actual contents. 
 
 CISTKUNS WIUEK AT ONK EM> TH.V-N" TIIE OTHER. 
 
 Ad<l the width at the top ami the width at the ha^KJ 
 together and take half, to iind the average diameter, 
 then scpiare this diameter, multiply by 34, and thi:* 
 n-.t;lt again by the de])th, and the result will l>e m 
 gallons and t'ecimals of gallons tis in the previous 
 rule. 
 
 In calculatine the capacity <'f cisterns, etc., 31 J 
 gidlons are estimated to one barrel, and 63 gallons to 
 1 hog.shead. 
 
 <F" 
 
 ^^g:-:: 
 
 -X^MEASURING LAND.!:- 
 
 r:(ruvEYiNO seems to 
 ^ have arisen from the 
 \ pnutice of regulat- 
 
 ing tilt! limits of lands 
 which were from time 
 to time impaired from 
 the overtliiw of the 
 *f»> • ^^ H •*''''^" t'fo'" suney- 
 W^y9^ ilj 1 ^jfi '"-» *'"' ancient sci- 
 
 '■iic(M)f geometry t<Mik 
 it> rise, ami the Kgyi>- 
 tians iK'stowed atten- 
 tion to it at a vory 
 early period. '1 he 
 niatliematieal prih'i- 
 ples of geometry are 
 riou ns«'d in.-urveyin;.'- 
 Every • iii/< ii oi the nation has umic or Icvs relative 
 
 inff iT.-t in the art of detenuining the iMiiuidaries and 
 
 su|ierti<ial i-xtcnt of tniets of grounti, the plans of 
 
 fowiL*, tb«' «-oHixi» of rojids, rivers, etc. 
 
 In suncying, a n-presc-utation of all the alK)v»>- 
 
 !iame«l objects is made, and frwjucutly the -Ioih-s of the 
 
 hills are delineated as the whole would appear if pro- 
 jtHtcd on a horizontal plane. When railways or <-anals 
 are t<j Ik- <oustructed, a smvey of the ground is com- 
 bined with the operations of leveling, iii order to 
 obtain, Injsides a horizontal plan, the forms of verti<-al 
 se<-tiniis of the ground along the proposed cotiric of 
 th<" r.iilway or canal, ami thus to ascertain the quanti- 
 ties of earth to be removed. 
 
 There are many kinds of surveying in u^v, each «Us- 
 tinct from the other; thus we have marine .-uneying, 
 lau'l suneyuig, hou>e surveying, military ^urvt-ying, 
 etc. In the more limited acceptation of the word, 
 however, land snneying only is intended. This is 
 coudueled in .sevend maimers, aecordii'g to the nature 
 of the ground; for example, .-uppo-ing it should 
 In- an iiregular lield, it wouhl be measure<l by tak- 
 ing the Imuso line along the lield, and by nK>iins of 
 th< thiodolite, the cross, or some other instrument, 
 faking lines perpenilicular to this, reinliing to the 
 various angles. If the length of these lines l)o 
 taken, and also the various distances along the l>a-e 
 line where they .>tart from, it will diviile the field into 
 a number of right-angled pai-allelogi-ams or right- 
 
 dl 
 
 I ? 
 
 /><b . 
 
' iiM»BIUUUK j!lt 
 
 HOW TO CVLCULATK. 
 
 aii^'lcd tri:in;rl('s. The conl«'iits ot i-iich is ciilculatftl, 
 ;m(l llicii till' sum of all of (li('i;i is the coiitonts of tlii> 
 ticlil. Or tin- licld may he (livi(li'<l intt) trian^h-s, IIk' 
 c'diitciits of each IS ascoi'taiiiiHl, and tlic aivn iuuiid as 
 iM'turc, liy addiiifj their areas togeth)'!'. 
 
 Ot'tciilimc^ 1iu> iiitcrveiitioii of wi'er, wood, corii- 
 li.'id-, ett'., prevents the actual piussa/io of iiie .-urve^or 
 over the <j:ronnd; in tliat case he nuist contrive to take 
 some one ha.-e line a<ross a tield or alon^ a hedge, and 
 from the eud> ot thai line take the aui,'ular position of 
 di.-tant point-^, calculating; afterward tlit! remaining 
 sides of the t rianirles thus jjot out by trigonometry. 
 Marine surveying, such as that of harbors, I)a3s, etc,, 
 i.-> performed hy this method. The implemcits tised in 
 surveying are (jimter's Chain, the Cros.-. and the 
 I'heodolite. 
 
 Congress, in May, 17!M!, made provision for a uni- 
 form .system of surveys of public lands. 'J'homiLs Jcf- 
 feiNon is named as the author of it. A lot (No. Iti) in 
 eai li to\vn>hip \vius set iiptirt for the l)enetit of i)nblic 
 s<'hools. After 1K.")2, two sections in each township 
 were set :.part as the (pia:itity to be used for this pur- 
 l)o:.e. Survey.-* are not e.vtended acros.s Indian re.sen-a- 
 tions. nor over any lamb not property of the United 
 States. Much laud in the ten'itorics still remains 
 un urveyed. 
 
 Ill the United States the public lauds are divided 
 Into township-, and these urc divided into sections. 
 These towii-hip.- ami sections are denoniinat(>d by a 
 simple >ystciii of numbering, of which all the Western 
 and soui' of the .Southern states make constant use. 
 Through so:;'e convenient point in a territory to be 
 surveyed, generally some natural landmark, a meridian 
 or true iiortli ,iiid >oiith line, for instance, siu'h as those 
 running i- -pi > lively iVuni the mouths of Littli' lilne 
 creek ( Imliaiia), Ohio river, Illinois river (Illinois), 
 Arkaii.-as nsi-r, etc., is carel'iilly run to the limits of 
 the tract, or through sev«m states, lus the case nmy be. 
 This i> call 1 till' I'liiicipal Meridian. Throngli a con- 
 viiiieiit jj-iiiit iijion the priiiiip:il meridian, a Inic par- 
 allel of hititudc is run and mca.surt'd in liolh directions 
 from the nieriilian. This cross line is ealleil the IJase 
 Ijiie. At the (<in! of every mile and half mile, and 
 at the eml of every si.\ niilc.s, stakes, monuments, or 
 other iiiar!^-- are >i', , b^- which boiimlaries are m:iikcd 
 Additional parallel lines, according to later surveys, 
 .are callecl (orieitioii Lines, and are twenty-four or 
 thirty mile- apart; also, tru(> meridian lines tifly-fonr 
 miles 'lait, are known as guide meridians. 'I'hi'se 
 lines, liom prim ipal meridian iiiclu-ive, are astronomi- 
 cal lines. All iitliir lines are run with chain and com- 
 
 ^1 
 
 piws. Tlu-se latter aro subject to mistuke.s which ari.so 
 from variation of the needle, and from the fa<t that a 
 p<Mtectly accnnite nie;»surement cannot be made with 
 the chain. 
 
 \ principal meridian line, a base line, corre<'tion 
 lines, township Iioundary or meridian liiu-s on the e;wt 
 and west, and pandlels of latitude on the north uud 
 south, are shown in the diagram. 
 
 rKINCir.VL OK AhTUONOUICAL LINES. 
 
 
 
 tion 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 ft 
 
 I.lne. 
 
 T.SN. 
 11. .1 K. 
 
 
 
 T.4N. 
 U. SW. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 T.SN. 
 11.4E. 
 
 
 T.iN. 
 USW. 
 
 
 ■c 
 
 9. 
 
 * 
 
 T.aN. 
 K. 3K. 
 
 
 
 
 
 naM> 
 
 
 1 
 
 T.lni>. 
 
 
 
 W "TT.' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T.3S. 
 U. S W. 
 
 "a 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 3 
 
 
 T.SS. 
 K. i K. 
 
 
 
 T.4S. 
 K. 3 W. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 (•■irrro 
 
 Item 
 
 
 S 
 
 Mn.>. 
 
 
 T.dS. 
 R.4B. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Townships arc represented by the squares. Figures 
 on the principal meridian .show Townships North and 
 .South of the liase line. Nnmenils on the base line 
 show Hanges Iliist and West of the Trincipal Meridian. 
 
 k.iiiiniih'. Township 2 North. Itinge H West, is the 
 second square alM>ve the Icise liue. in the row of squares 
 whose nuige is west either north or south of the base 
 line. 
 
 As distinguished from tUe above example, a square 
 on the other side of the priiuijKil meridian is cast, 
 whether it In- north or south of the ba-e line. 
 
 hxdiiiiili. Township ,j .South, IJange t I'jist. Kx- 
 aniiiie tlu! diagnim. 
 
 Correction lines on the north of the base line are 
 twenty-four miles, or equal to four townships apart - 
 south of the Km • ' .,e they are live townshi|)s, or thirty / 
 miles apart, iu <on.se«pH'nee of the greater convergPiico ^\ j^ 
 of th<! meridians in the higher latitudes. 
 

 cotion 
 10 oatit 
 h aud 
 
 'E 
 
 11 s(|iiur(i 
 is cast, 
 
 ,t. Kx- 
 
 liiit' aro 
 
 a I 111 it — 
 
 or tliiiiy 
 
 HOW TO CALCU1.ATK. 
 
 A true meridian mast Ixj ratahliahwl, and thij serves 
 as a basis for all suneys. A 8ur>'cyor Iwgin/i a survey 
 from some partinilar jwint, setting a stake called a 
 "quarter stake" at each half-milt' i>uint, and a mark 
 called a "so<"tion comer" at earh mile ix)int. A town- 
 ship comer is marke<l at ea<"h six-mile jx)int, and is 
 called "township comer." Township lM)nnflaries aro 
 the linos six miles ajwrt — meridians on the caist and 
 west, and parallels of latitude on the north and south. 
 
 A Township, l>ein<j six miles scpiare, it therefore con- 
 tains 36 square miles, or 2.J,040 ".res. It is sulKlividcd 
 into Sections, ea<h a wpiare mile, containing (540 acres. 
 
 A Quarter So<'tion, a nalf-milo square, contains 160 
 acres, and is divide<l into lots of 40 acres each. 
 
 An Kighth of a .Section is one-half mile long and 80 
 rods wide, and contains SO acres. 
 
 M wrtlona. 
 
 TOWN8UIP. 
 
 N 
 
 »J,(MO«rrM. 
 
 w 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 1 tutlc 
 
 4 
 fquam. 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 1< 
 
 H 
 
 i; 
 
 16 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 \i 
 
 U 
 
 » 
 
 tl 
 
 n 
 
 » 
 
 u 
 
 m 
 
 » 
 
 » 
 
 S7 
 
 an 
 
 ■a 
 
 It 
 
 u 
 
 n 
 
 M 
 
 nori'n. 
 
 ■X 
 
 £ 
 
 Sections of a townsliip are, strictly, each one mile 
 square "as nearly as may U-." The sections are num- 
 
 1 mile «q«UT ■ 
 
 SECTION. 
 
 N 
 
 (iiiinrr 
 
 A\' 
 
 I 
 
 .<I.MS«ellon,X»acraa. 
 
 N. W. << of 
 
 
 s.E. V.lmMmi. 
 
 S. W. H of 
 S. W. H. 
 
 E 
 
 hcred, Itepinniii'r at the northejist comer, as shown in 
 ilie illiistnition of the township, and thpse nnmlieru run 
 
 in unbroken order, so that scotioas always join each 
 other in tht order of their numliers. 
 
 Ijjinds of the United Stato arc Riir\cyed into the 
 parcels callcil sections, and arc sulKlividcd into quarters, 
 and somctimejj mto eighths and sixteenths. The dia- 
 gnim shows the divisions and sulxlivisions of a section, 
 ami the mctliod of des< ribiiig them. 
 
 When the niinilM-r and range of a township are 
 given, it is re<piire«l to know from what meridian it is 
 reckoned, and wlicn- its Iisise line crosses that meridian, 
 in order to IcMate the town>hip. 
 
 There are as many lus twenty-three prim-ipal mcri<l- 
 ians in the United States, the first one In-iiig same as 
 west ]K)undary of Ohio, with base lino same its south 
 boundary of Western Reserve. .Se<oii(l jirincipal merid- 
 ian runs due north from the mouth of Little lilue 
 ircek, in Indiana, the l»ase line crossing it ncjir New 
 Alluiny. Other princijKil meridian lines are located 
 still further west and in other parts of the country. 
 
 CONVEROINO LINES. 
 
 Township comers on a Kise lino or on a correction 
 line, are carefully marked at distances of six miles 
 aiuirt. Owing to the ronvergeiiic of meridians, how- 
 ever, the townships armratoly surveyed aro not i>erfoct 
 stpiares, l»eing longer on the southern than on the 
 northern iMMindiirv. In conscfpience of the rotundity 
 of the earth, as well a< on account of our position on 
 its surface north of the equator or widest part, all 
 measurements of lh(> lainl iun>t bo accominodilted to 
 linos which inclino and approacji nearer logellier ii ' 
 tlicyare extendcil in tin direttioii >f the pole. Till ■ 
 coiivcrgeiiee of lines is ilbi-traled by a simple cut. 
 
 CONVKKUKNCK OF AsTIHlNUMU .U. LINKS. 
 
 / 
 
 All sections ai-e sun eyed from north tosnntii. With 
 regard to deticieiicics and ex( esses, the law reipiircs that 
 "In all cases where the exterior lines of townshiix*. 
 
 i| 
 
 11 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
'.■ 
 
 ,i 'I 
 
 now TO CUMULATE. 
 
 thus to Im' divided into soctioiiH or Imll-sortioiis, sliall 
 cxcoed or sIimII not cxtond six miles, the excess or 
 deliiiency sli;Ml l>e specially noted, and added to or 
 deducted iVoMi the western or northern ninges of suc- 
 tions in ^nl■ll township." 
 
 TAiiij:. 
 
 i; I'.i. X '1 mi. =" ;i'i HI. nii. =■ '..^JOlO iicres — I Township. 
 
 1 •■ Xl •• = 1 " = lUO " —1 Station. 
 
 1 •• vj .. = V •' =. D'H) " =. J Seel ion. 
 
 t • X i •• = i " = KlU " = 1 (iuarler-Scctinn. 
 
 .1 •• xi " '= i " == «0 " =AtJiiartor-Scution. 
 
 i" X 1 '• "= ,V " =- •*" " == iQi'iTtiT-Section. 
 
 'i'lioiitdi no snrvcy <"in Itc alisolntidy i'('rre(t, tiie 
 jrovcnnnent pres\nn"s that each township or reiridar 
 parcel or part of the same contains th<' nnndwr of 
 acres indicated hy the tahle, " he the same more or 
 less." Exceptions are only in cases of irre<rnlar lots 
 adjoininir lakes, ri\<M's, private claims, etc., and on tlio 
 north ant! west sides of a township. 
 
 In layini,' f)tr small lots the toilowin'.r admeasnreniotita 
 will he fonml to he hoth accurate and useful : 
 
 t)'i\ f(H't, .sipiaro, or '.i.^vJ'-.'.} siniarc fcet,=-,'j of un iictc. 
 ;:tj " " S.-M.') " " =-■- I " " 
 
 UUI, " " lO.SitO " " — i " " 
 
 ViO\ " " 14,5i>0 " " —■ j| " " 
 
 i(r,V " " 2i,Tso " " - k " " 
 
 •v'(isi| " " ■t.'^.'iOO •' " - I acre. 
 
 To find the nunduM" of acres in a hody of land, mul- 
 tiply the len^'th hy the "iilth (in rods), and divide the 
 product hy KID; the rcsi.lt will he the answer in acres 
 and hnndreilths. 
 
 To ohtain th<' result re(piiretl, when the opposit(< 
 sides of a ])iece of land arc of micipial len^'th ad«i 
 them toirclher antl take one-li.df for the mean length 
 or width Multiply this hy the depth, niul divide 
 
 hy -m. 
 
 The numher of acres of puiilic lands siu'veyed in the 
 United .States and territorio, up to Juno ill), 1882, is 
 «3l,725,8()3. 
 
 n^^'^'^^r. 
 
 (T f ■♦ 
 
 -'^§2^' 
 
 J 
 
 rMK c()nstrn< tiou or repairing of huildings, 
 it licfomcs n<'<c>sary to lorm otimatcs of 
 the «-xpensc, and Ihiicc all pcrsoii< >lii>nld 
 lia\c Minic knowledge of the rules hy which 
 nwcjivnii's make their ( alculatioh-^. 
 
 When the hoard is wi<ler at one end than the other, 
 take the average width, whii'h is fonml hy adi ling the 
 width of hoth ends together ;ui<l taking half tlic sum. 
 
 E.annjifr. How many .s<piare feet in a hoard 10 foet 
 long and II inches wide at one ciicl and ID inches wide 
 at the other? 
 
 14 4- 10-- 21 -7-2-= 12, average width. 12 X Ul = 
 120 ~ 12 = 10 feet. Ans. 
 
 TO ITM) TIIK Nf.MUiJt OI" KKKT IN .SCANTJ.INO. 
 
 Multiply the width in inches hy the thickness in 
 inches, :ind that hy the length in feet ;.nil divide hy 12. 
 
 Kniiiijili'. I low many ted of liimher in I.") joist 1-1 
 feet long, S im lies wide ami 2 inches thick? 
 M X 2 -= It) X I 1 ffct = 224 -t- 12 = 1«S feet in oiin 
 joist, l^ii X IT) = 2«0 fi'ot. 
 
 After h;i\iny ascertained the numher of feet in a 
 
lul, min- 
 ivi(l(* the 
 
 • ill iUTOd 
 
 (ipixtsito 
 irlli :i<l»i 
 11) Iciifrtli 
 1(1 divide 
 
 cd ill tlio 
 
 I, 1««2, 18 
 
 [ ■♦■ *^ 
 
 u< f)thor, 
 liiiir tlio 
 ill- sum. 
 
 Ill t'.M't 
 
 ics wide 
 
 .IN(!. 
 
 kiii'ss ill 
 
 d.' I>y 12. 
 
 Joist N 
 
 (•( ill ono 
 
 tVct ill 11 
 t , iniilti- 
 dtV Ihroo 
 will ivp- 
 
 i»» "Ti thrt 
 :>l't per 
 
 '-Ci 
 
 HOW TO CALCULATE. 
 
 TO FIND Tlin gUAMTmr of LUUBER in a LO(i. 
 
 Multiply the diamet»;r in in<Lp.-i ;it tlio >iiiall end hy 
 one- hill f the mimlHT of iiichos, mid tiiifi pnidiid l>y ih(> 
 leii^'ti; of tho log in feet, which liu<t jnodiKt ilivido 
 by 12. 
 
 A'.caiiiplr. IIoM- iiiaiiy t'eot of liinilxM' ran 1m' made 
 from a log ;^0 inrhos iii diainotor and 14 fort long? 
 
 aO X l/i = 4:)(7 X 14 = (!:W0 + 12 = .W.') feet. Ans. 
 
 TO TEXJ, Tin; SOINDNKSS OK TIMIIF.II. 
 
 Apply tlio car to tho niiddloc^f onoof tho oiids, while 
 another party strikos tho other end. Tho hlow will Ir' 
 clearly and distinctly heard, Ijowovcr long the l)eani 
 in.'v l>c, if the woocl is soiiiiil and of good ijii;ility, hut 
 if dei.iy lias .set in, the sound will 1m> iniilllcd ,iiid iiulis- 
 tiiict. The toughest part of a tree will always \m found 
 on the side next the north. 
 
 .SC.VSTLIXO AND TIMRKU MF.ASrRF. UF.DUCE0 TO OKE 
 INCH IlOAl:l> .MKAsrUK. 
 
 FxpfaiKi/inii. To a.s<crtain J he numlier of feet of 
 scantling or tiiiil)er, say l.s feet long and 2 liy .'5 
 inches. Find -2 hy .{ in the top columns, and 18 in 
 tho left hand column, and under 2 liy '^ and against IH 
 U 11 foot. 
 
 If tho .senntliiig is longer than contained in the table. 
 
 add two lengths togothi-r. If shortor, take jiart off 
 same leui'th. 
 
 J 
 u. 
 
 TIIICKNFUH ASH »It>TII I»l I^fTKEl. 
 
 4 
 
 K7 
 
 lis 
 
 ii4 
 
 Tx.< 
 
 ixii 
 
 ■1x1 
 
 ixH 
 
 i>li 
 
 Ji:l|.l'.i|Ss.1| 
 
 ii.^di7 ]x« »»si;4x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
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 8 
 
 4 
 
 ft 
 
 li 
 
 7 
 
 H 
 
 V 
 
 4 1 
 
 •1 \T<i 
 
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 H 
 
 f 
 
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 4.H 
 
 ft 10 
 
 7 
 
 H •i 
 
 !l 4 
 
 III 11 
 
 ftUT l-m 
 
 l')».IJ»)l« Uil 
 
 • 4 
 
 H 
 
 •i.» 4 
 
 ft 4 
 
 « H 
 
 H 
 
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 HIS 
 
 li. 
 
 li 
 
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 '-' 
 
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 W. 
 
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 7 li 
 
 11 
 
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 111 .% 
 
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 7 li Hi ;li « 
 
 1.1 
 
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 174 
 
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 77. n 
 
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 ai i :n 4,:t7 fl 
 
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 sj««n 1. 
 
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 11.4 17. 
 
 ■i-i.Hin 4 
 
 34. 
 
 ai .1 tr> l.-.l 
 
 J6<l'34 
 
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 411 
 
 at-M. 
 
 •m.n :u 4 
 
 40 
 
 IM H .'>:) 4.('.ll 
 
 llllU|4tt. 
 
 .'.A i'O Tu »i •Hu IV 
 
 r 
 
 TlllCHNKSS AMI MlliTIi l» !!«• HI*. 
 
 IM. 
 
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 •Mi 
 li 
 
 It 
 
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 Hi 
 
 4 Ml 
 
 IS 
 
 Sift 
 
 ft.Mi 
 
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 4l9 ,«xi» 
 
 CtT 
 
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 17 
 
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 17 11 
 
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 K 
 
 7 
 
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 111. 4 
 
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 lt-7 
 
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 ill ft 
 
 41 4 
 
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 I.I 4 
 
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 1.1 H 
 
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 li 
 
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 7>i ft 
 
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 41 
 
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 77 
 
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 <7 « 
 
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 IKI 
 
 711. 
 
 Nil 
 
 INI .li'i.li 
 
 T.'i 
 
 >•' li H»i 
 
 Hi I 
 
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 l<« 
 
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 le 
 
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 ■M 
 
 .'ili.H 
 
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 ^■i 
 
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 Ii7 1. 
 
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 UI 
 
 IIB 
 
 4<l 
 
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 II.I.4 
 
 KKi.!' 
 
 l;iu. 
 
 <i:i.4 
 
 Ho. 
 
 111 
 
 3 , 
 
 Iti 4 
 
 lAU. 
 
 tat. 
 
 140. 
 
 y» 
 
 Idu 
 
 Ml. 
 
 WOOD MEASURE. 
 
 '^W 
 
 % 
 
 <K)i> is iiM-a^ured, and bonglit and sold 
 l»y the cfird, :ind fraction.s ot" a cord. 
 .\ cord of wdnd i> a pile .s feci long, 4 
 feet wide and 4 feet high, and tlicre- 
 fore contains 128 euhic feet. When the wood is cut 1 
 feet long and corded in a )iil< 4 feet high and H feet 
 long, this will 1m' a cord. Hence, divide l»y 12« to lieu 
 the iiumher of cords. 
 
 /■'.raiiijifr. How niaiiv corils of woo<I in a pile 4 feet 
 wide, .") feet high and i.** feet t! inches long? 
 1 X .") = 2(t X 2.S feet li inches or ixh feet = .'iTO cubic 
 feel -T- \2X -^-- cords marl v. Ans. 
 
 UKOWTII, (.il.M.ITV, \^ 
 
 liiiilier griiwii ill i!i 
 hardy and niore iiieri 1 
 is inimical ti> nialinL';ii 
 
 \\TIKN TO sr.fTRE TIMBER. 
 
 lit hern «tates and Canada is 
 able, but a northern cHnuite 
 . box, liimum^ itic. and other 
 
 dense tropical wood- hich require a warm climate. 
 Trees grown in wet valities, with tl'C exeeption of 
 cedar, willow, po| ' ir. ■tc.,aie not so 'inn and dunible 
 as those grown oi. lirv and elevated iK>sition,'», where 
 the soil is largely coni|K).sed of loam, iiiteniperst^^J with 
 sand, gnivt'l and ntoin->. 
 
 TI10.S0 found in the • Cpths of the for '^t are a-ually 
 stniighter, U-ss kn"lt\. and more men^luiix.atjlc tlian 
 trees exposed to the ravages of stonns, etc., Iionlering 
 111 clearings, jir on hill -ides and exposed places. While / 
 sheltered positions ai .• ii.osi t'a\ orable for the growth of yi^ 
 liniii( 1, liic i|iialily of hardness is 'iniparte<i l>yexpo-.nre. 
 
 m^ 
 
 I 
 
•""^^ToNK wmIIs arc iiicasiirtMl ninl ostiiiiatod I)y 
 ^|L llic luTili, « liicli is ciinal to 2\i ••ul)ii' feet. 
 
 i«3^ Cut >t<iiic, urdi'icd to ('crtaiii h'v/a'h, for 
 f^^""^ anlio i>r iVmils to liiiilirni<,'>, is sold by 
 the culjic foot In ostiiuatinv' tlic ftoiic in a wall, no 
 deductions are madi' for tlic (ipcnini;s, nucIi as doors 
 and windows, less tiian one iumtIi, and llic pcrcli is 
 t lion usually rcfkoui'd at 2.'» culiii- feci. 'I'lic lalior of 
 plinnir. ' and si|uariuir opt'uin^'s for doors and windows 
 is o(|ni\ aii'ut to iayini;' tin' xdid uall, iirncc no deduc- 
 tions arc made tor tlie lalior on account of openin/.'s, 
 and, in fact, where tlioro are niany windows, soniethin;: 
 is added. 
 
 Hricklayer.s" work iscsiiniateil I>y the thousand hnck 
 laid ill the wall. A certain nnndier of liricks are 
 allowed to th(^ su])ertieial foot. The u-ual size of a 
 brick is S indies loiiir. I.| inclies wide, and 2^ inches 
 thick, liuf in dill'erent localities and !>y ditrerent manu- 
 facturers till' >i/.e varies a little. The mortar used in 
 the wall is alxnit ono-i'lirhth additional to the bricks. 
 
 SC'.VLK. 
 
 4J inch wall ( \ brick) per suporlicial foot, 7 liricks. 
 
 !) " " (I brick) " " " \l 
 
 la " " (U bricks) " " " 21 " 
 
 18 ' " (2 bricks) " « '« 2H " 
 
 •22 " " (2 J bricks) " « " ',]') " 
 
 and sovon l)ricks additional for each half brick added to 
 the thickness of the wall. 
 
 To llnd the number ol bricks in a wall, multiply the 
 len^'tii in feel by the hi;.''lit in feet, deduct for the 
 openings, and multiply by the unmlier of bri<'ks in the 
 alM)\o scalp, coi respond! n;r to the thickness of the wall. 
 A load of mortar measures 1 cubic yard, or 27 cubic 
 foot, and reipiin-s one cubic yard of sand, and !• bushel ; 
 of linio, and will till .'JO hods. .\ bricklayer's hoil is 1 
 foot 4 inches x 9 iiubos x \) inches, and will carry 20 
 
 bricks, or § cubic foot ot mortar, or nearly J bushel, 
 liricks absorb ,'5 of their weiirht 111 water. 
 
 Cla.sses of work in masonry are three, which coii.-ist 
 of rubble work, wherein the stones are not si|uare<l; 
 coursed work, in which the stones are set in courses; 
 and ashliir, in which each stone is s(|uared and dr(>ssed. 
 
 i'i,.\sTKi;r.i(s' wdiiK. 
 The s(|ua!c yard is the unit of measurement for plas- 
 tering' plain work, such as walls and ceiliii<.r>. Moiild- 
 m^'s, cornices, center pieces and panels are char^red for 
 by the s(|uai'e foot or by the linear toot. No deduc- 
 tions are iiiadi' for openiiiiis le-s than about ."> scpiari^ 
 yards, and sides of chimneys and strips of plastering' 
 less than 12 inches are mea-iired a- 12 inclies wide. 
 ANTiere the plasterini.'' is liiii>licd down upon the w.aiii- 
 scot in;.' or ba>e boards, aild .six iii<lics to the hi:.'hl of 
 the wall. In clovei-, add oiie-lialf to the niea>uremenl . 
 Circular woik, moiildiiii.'s, etc., are usually chai'L'ed 
 for accordiiiir to the time and skill rerpiired, and really 
 bear no proportion to the cost of ordinarv plasteriiii,'. 
 
 TO IIM) illK NTMIIKK oT VAKDS OK I'l.VsTl.lilM; IN A 
 
 liOO.M. 
 
 I'ind the surface of each w.all separately l)y multi- 
 ply 1 111,' its leiiirtli by its breadth in t'eet , add loiretlier 
 these various surfaces, and di\ii|eby '.1 to lind the num- 
 ber of yanls of pla^teriii!_', and this mnltiiilied by tlio 
 cost per yard ol" plasterin;.' will .'ive the cost of plaster- 
 iiii.' the room. 
 
 One thousand lath will co--er 7n y!ird> of surface, 
 and 11 Itis. of lath nads will nail them on. S bushels 
 of LTood lime. 111 bushels ol' saiid. and one bushel of 
 hair will make eiioiiirh ^'ood mortar to plaster 100 
 s(|uare yards of wall two coats. loO lath mak«' a bun- 
 dle, and on the wall they shoiihl be set } inch apart. 
 
 I'.viNTKHs AM) ( Ai.( i.mim;i;.s' WoIIK. 
 
 Painters' work is estimated by the sipiare, which is 
 100 scpiare feet, (m- a surface infect loiiir and Infect 
 wide. Is'o deductions are made for window.-, and soiuo- 
 thinfr is added for ditliciilt I'oniici's, balusters, etc. 
 
 Multiply the lcn<rth of each surface painted i»y its 
 width and point oil' two place- I'ldiii the riirht, this 
 will ^..'ivc Ilic numher of sipiares, which miilliplied by 
 the price will /.'ive the cost of paiiitinir for one, two, 
 or three coats, iis tlie case may be. 
 
 \ 
 
 a 
 
HOW Ti> C.VLm_%T«. 
 
 AILS. 
 
 ♦*- 
 
 
 [.■^ ^ tavll^iJii^■^ 
 
 '•' liiOXZK nails \vi>io used in ancif^it K^ypt. 
 
 Tlif Tnhitiuns, wlio had no iili-a ofnu'tal, 
 
 at tii-st plantod nails in tho ;u;n)iin<l, and 
 
 w;fit('d lor tiiciii to ;.'i()\v. 'I'licy mistook 
 
 tlu-ni lor sliools of some liard wood. 
 
 'I'licir tool> were niadf of stoiii*, shrll. 
 
 Word, or lionc. 
 
 Nails wore t'orincriy lorircd I'roni I in' loir l>y hand. 
 
 As«-arlyas Itinti.in Kni.dand, Sir l)a\ iiv Uulnai- ohiaiiwd 
 
 li'ttors patent tor a nwmhino lor mltiii^ nail-rods )»y 
 
 \vat<'r powi'r. \n ini- 
 
 provoincnl on his ma- 
 chine was niadc in iill^S 
 
 by ("iemont Diiwln-ny. 
 
 'I'hcsc niacliini-s wore 
 
 ))rol»:ihly oriittlcor no 
 
 linii'ticalu.se. Ma«hin- 
 
 ciry for splittini.' rods 
 
 for nail-mannfartnrc 
 
 wa.s lirs! inlrodnit'd in 
 
 Swollen. .Mr. Foley, 
 
 of Stonrhridire. Kiii:- 
 
 land.duriiiira jo^n-ni'v. 
 
 phiyt'illns tiddle iii'l'm . 
 
 the workmen at the 
 
 mills in .•^weden. and 
 
 thus, hy makinir inm- 
 
 s(df ai-coptahl*'. was 
 
 allowed to ottsene 
 
 cliinery. A liwtory 
 
 Kn^dand a> a result of 
 The tirst nuu-hine I'or 
 
 (•ontrived l»y Mv. 
 
 bonie,Statrordshire, in 
 
 Baved hy working' the 
 
 In IMIO a mix-hiiie was 
 
 Stutes h)- which nails 
 
 tlioir ma- 
 was estalilishf^l in 
 his ohservat ion- 
 nail -maki ML' waf 
 French, of Wim- 
 I171MI. In it, lal)or was 
 hammers by water jiower. 
 invented in the Unitwl 
 I were cnl and headed at one 
 of more tlian UK) a minute, 
 patents were jrr.inled for 
 of lurit 
 
 oponition, at the nilc 
 
 As many as twonty-thret 
 
 improvuinento in luui-niaehines at the close 
 
 century. 
 
 Nails are wrouirlit, cut, or ca.st. Until a com|)jiri- 
 tivf ly recent lUite, nails were miulo onlj- by hand, but 
 are now, of course, extensively made by machinery. 
 The making of hund-made or wroiif^fht nails, usually | Common. 
 
 n^taiii<t lb"? «-iMir*it<T of a domestic mannfact\n'e, an«l 
 fomw* Ihe employment of a ( liuss of bl.icksmiths. who 
 for2r»' Ihrm <«ii a M^-l anvil. Sonw blacksmiths ac(|uire 
 •ZTCAt Jpxtf^rity in their work as nail-miikers. One 
 tium hsk.-* Nhtii known to maki ;il,iiiHi lloorintr naiK in a 
 fortniphl. vhk-b would reipiirc on an avci'airi' ) .<i:)ii,ti.'i() 
 'tmkes of ll»f haniiiM-T. 
 
 Caist iKiil!> bMM' lon«r Ixn-n nst-il for the >amf purjKi-es 
 ik» wnm^l fijiii-. < "nt naiU w«'re lirsl made in liiis 
 ronntry; a tnanrbino for makin;.' them was invented by 
 
 Mr. Odin, (.f MasNa- 
 chn^etts,ii\ l.slil. 'ihe 
 machines of Heed, and 
 Hunt, t'oliowcd the 
 g la.st-namcd in 1^41 . 
 "° Hirminirhain is the 
 
 CI 
 
 i^-rca I sea t of nail 
 
 mannfaeture. .*^omiM(f 
 
 the establi-hiuent* proihli e 
 
 upwanl of iD.i 1(1(1,000 cut 
 
 nails i: week. Sixty thoM- 
 
 .smd persons wi'ie employed 
 
 H tiiere in forjring nails i)efore tht; 
 
 iiitrtMlnction of machine-made 
 
 ncuU. There are sjiid to lie three hundred 
 
 rurietieEoCiiaiU made in Kn<.dand.ea('h variety 
 
 nrladinff tea «ia». 
 
 Naik are of various >ort> and named from the u.-es 
 to whirh tbp%- are put. awclasjMiail, do(U--nail, t'eneing- 
 nuil. hono4io(<-oiil. .s<rew-nail, trmdv-nail, <'te. 
 
 SoDW rariptM* of naiU ninuber so many to the 
 pound. .V* l#rtw««i oun« and the Eujirlish mode of 
 nnmhtriitir lh«Te is much variation. Accordin<r to the 
 latter, seven ptmmls. eiifht poumls, e!'., denotes that 
 li**> of «arfa of those varieties would liavo those 
 weights. Several kinds and sizo of nail" in common 
 uae are «bo«ni in the illustr.ition. Lengths and num- 
 ber of naiW to the pound in sevc nd varieties are {,'iven 
 
 as neariy as^ may be iu the following table ; 
 
 Commoo. 
 
 i-penny. 
 
 1 inch long. 
 
 ^oo 
 
 .. 
 
 3 " 
 
 14 inches " 
 
 4f)4 
 
 M 
 
 4 " 
 
 n •• - 
 
 2% 
 
 • c 
 
 5 " 
 
 ii " " 
 
 224 
 
 ii 
 
 6 " 
 
 a «t i< 
 
 108 
 
 Common. 
 
 T-pmny, 
 
 24 mchea long, 
 
 120 
 
 )0und 
 
 i^ 
 
now TO C-AI,ri'l,ATB. 
 
 (Jasing 
 
 OIUIIIOII, H-|ii'IHiy, 
 
 <t '• 
 
 111 " 
 
 IJ " 
 
 2U " 
 
 ;iii " 
 
 Jo " 
 
 iln •• 
 
 fl " 
 
 K " 
 
 Ul " 
 
 12 " 
 
 •20 '« 
 
 L'liiK'li, 
 
 Im'IUC, 
 
 l'iiiis|iii)< 
 
 Fine, 
 
 IJiirrcl, 
 
 Shingle, 
 
 30 
 
 C 
 
 « 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 •J 
 
 .! 
 4 
 ,') 
 G 
 « 
 10 
 2o 
 2 
 
 ;} 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 i; 
 
 8 
 
 y 
 
 10 
 12 
 20 
 4(t 
 
 10 
 
 i> 
 
 
 
 21 nxi-hoa long, 
 
 2f " 
 
 1) " " 
 
 :U 
 
 4 
 
 4J 
 f) 
 
 i; 
 
 2 
 
 Si 
 
 4 
 
 4 J 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3i 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 li 
 u 
 
 2 
 
 :ii 
 •{ 
 4 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 u 
 
 2 
 
 2i 
 
 2i 
 
 3 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 It 
 ti 
 
 t< 
 <• 
 
 <t 
 
 
 
 ii 
 << 
 
 
 8H t<» iH)»m(l. 
 70 *• 
 (!(• •• 
 4h 
 24 
 17 
 13 
 » 
 
 (;2 
 
 4ii 
 
 42 
 
 33 
 
 20 
 
 ^4 
 
 4« 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 Hi 
 1100 
 72U 
 .123 
 410 
 •2i')fi 
 ill) 
 1U2 
 
 .'■)4 
 
 lUOO 
 
 »CK) 
 
 3i;h 
 »uo 
 
 37f> 
 
 l.HO 
 
 3;»M 
 
 128 '« 
 110 " 
 
 yi " 
 
 71 " 
 40 '« 
 
 17« " 
 
 74 ♦' 
 
 tlO " 
 
 m " 
 12t; 
 
 ♦M " 
 
 •).') " 
 
 55 " 
 
 40 
 
 27 to pouuil 
 
 Cut Spikes 10-peiiny, 3 iiidu's loiij^ 
 
 20 
 30 
 40 
 
 ()0 
 
 5J 
 
 ('lit Bout Spikes are of various sizes uiwl iiiiinhor all 
 the viiy Iroiii cighteeii to three to the poiiiul. 
 
 CoiiiiiKMi nails are used for coiiiniou purposes — any 
 purpos(i they may he made to scrv* . 
 
 Cliiieli nails are a variety that are eapaiile of being 
 made fast hy heudiug over the point. 
 
 I- 
 
 eneintr 
 
 nail 
 
 s are lieavy, heing near 
 
 rlv t 
 
 Wlec 
 
 tl 
 
 »e 
 
 vt'igiit of eoinmon nails ol' similar iiuinlH,'rH. This 
 variety of nail is adapted for fastening on feiieing- 
 hoards. A specinuMi of the t\;><lng nail is shown in 
 the illustration. 
 
 rinishing iiuila aro Bpceiivlly adapted for tho interior 
 littings of a house, such iw the stairs, skirtinir-hoar^ls, 
 llooring, doors, windows, et.., and are used hy the 
 joiner, as distinguisheil from the carpenter, wh<»s<> 
 uiciipation ivqiiires that rough work of g^rcat stieiiglh 
 and diiniliility shall he put together. 
 
 Casing nails are smooth, slender, flat and wedge- 
 shaped; are suited to that kind of work next to linisli- 
 ing, as casing or framing in carpentry. Casing and 
 tiiiishing nails are similar in shape. .Vii cightTjienny 
 easing nail is represciitc(l in the illii-t ration. 
 
 A 8i.\-peiiny .shingle nail is a cut nail for fastening 
 shingles on n roof. 
 
 I-nds are a kind of nail used in hciildioir. tinvinif no 
 heads like other n.iils, as joiners' l)i:ids, llnoring hiads, 
 iKitten hrads. ,'^pikes are large and long (six inches, 
 more or less) having great lietnls. The.se are used in 
 fastening down jdanks of a Hoor or hridgc*. 
 
 Nails aro made hy machinery which cut sheets of 
 iron into .strips, each strip as wide as the length of the 
 nail to he m;i<le; this cutting is eirecled hy a kind of 
 enormous shears, worked hy sti'am powi-r. The .strips 
 are then cut up into nails. In one fonii of machine, 
 the ])UH'e of iron, after hcing cut fconi the strip, is 
 caught hy a kind of <dasp, and exposeil to a pressure 
 which gives it a head. Spiki- nails are made hy ma- 
 chinery in a did'eront way. A square rod of iron, of 
 the proper thickness, is cut into lengths; and e.ich 
 length (u- pit^ee is exposed to such powerful pressure 
 lus to squeeze it into the- form of a nail; this more 
 resemhlos a wrought than a cut nail. All cut nails are 
 annealed or rendered tougli hy keeping thein lor a 
 length of time at a very low heat, and afterward cool- 
 them very slowly. 
 
 f 
 
X 
 
 
 HOW TO C'AI.CULATB. 
 
 TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 
 
 i,nN<i, on Lr.KAK mkami'rk. 
 
 Used to compiito ilisUiiue-* in iitiy ilinjotioo. 
 12 iiK'lios (in.) nmko 1 fdol ft. 
 
 a .1. 
 fij yd. 
 
 40 nl. 
 « fur. 
 
 I y.iid -yd. 
 1 hm] — rd. 
 1 fiirlonir— fur. 
 1 niilf — Mji, 
 
 AIho, 
 ;} Imrloy roms nmivo 1 incli, iwod l>y rtliociimlxiTrt. 
 4 incIiPH " I hiinil, " to nicasnn' lioixos. 
 
 6 feet. " I fatlioni, ' iliptlis at sea. 
 
 1.15 Htatutf^ inilcH nmki' 1 ^'0();i.'rai)lnf mili', used tci 
 
 ini'aMtirc depths ut hcu. 
 .'{ pooprapliic mil(«r< " 1 li'Ji^'iu;. 
 (JO <'<Mii'iii|)liic miles ( , , 
 
 f)it* HtMtlltf' " ( '^ 
 
 360 dojijroos, tiio (•ircuiii(i'n'n<<- of ilic earth. 
 
 MARINKIIN' MK.\Mt'ni':. 
 
 'Phr dislnnro or speed \vhi<'li a siiip tiiivols is nieas- 
 ureil ]iy llie niniiher of ivnuts of tlie lo;,' line run oil' in 
 a lialf minute. 
 
 t) foot make 1 fathom. 
 
 120 fallioms " 1 caMe liriirth. 
 
 .M feel (ut'arly) •' 1 knot of lo;,' line. 
 
 1 ^feograi»Iiie mile " 1 knot of distaiicoutsea. 
 
 HrnvFvoKs' .^iK.xsrui:. 
 7.92 inclio.s make 1 link — 1. 
 
 cuvrn iiiKAM?nK. 
 
 2\ inehcH iiinke I nail -no. 
 
 4 na. *• 1 (piarler — rjr. 
 
 •1 <|r. " I yanl yd. 
 
 r, UT. '• I KM I'.nfrlish— E.E. 
 
 HyilAAK MKA-srili:. 
 
 Uaod in measurinj; surfaces. 
 
 .1 M(pmre inehej* muko i wpmre foot — «q. ft, 
 1 Htpiaro yard — tn{. yd. 
 1 stpiare rod — sq. rd. 
 1 rood— W. 
 1 aeic a. 
 1 sipiare mile — sq. mi. 
 
 CTBIO MKAsriti-:. 
 
 IJHed in measnriuir .-solids <>f all kinds. 
 
 172fi euliie inejies luuke 1 eu'iie foot — en. ft. 
 
 27 lultie feet '* 1 mliie yard — lu. yd. 
 
 l(j (Ulliic feet 
 
 M itird f(!et, or 
 12« eu. ft. 
 
 2l;')0.'t eu. in. 
 
 2C8.8 cu. in. 
 
 y s(i. ft. 
 
 
 m sq. yd. 
 
 
 •lu w|. rd. 
 
 
 4 s(i. R. 
 
 
 040 Hii. u. 
 
 
 I" 
 
 1 eord foot — erd. ft. 
 
 1 eord of Mdod — C. 
 
 I linsliel- Itu. 
 1 ;rallon — fpiX, 
 
 25 1. 
 
 4 rd. or (i(i fl. 
 10 s<|. eliains 
 640 a. 
 36 sq. mi. 
 
 1 rod— rd. 
 
 I eliiiin— <"h. 
 
 1 aere — a. 
 
 1 sq. mile — s(j. nu. 
 
 1 townsliip. 
 
 CIRCt'LAIl ItrEAsritK. 
 
 Used to determine localities hy estinmtin<T latitu<1e 
 and lon<ritU(le, and measure ditlen-nee of time. All 
 eindes, of whatever size, are supposed to he divided 
 into the same numlxM" of parts — as (piadnmts, de- 
 grees, etc. 
 
 00 seconds (") make 1 minute — ' 
 
 24 hr. 
 
 
 
 7 da. 
 
 
 
 305} da. 
 
 
 
 10 yr. 
 
 
 
 10 dec 
 
 or 100 yr. 
 
 
 00' 
 
 30° 
 
 12 S. or 300° 
 
 " 1 de^rree— o 
 " 1 si!'n~S. 
 " 1 ciirle— C. 
 
 TI.MK Ml'.ASl 1(1'.. 
 
 60 seconds (aco) make 1 minute — miu. 
 60 min. •' 1 hour hr. 
 
 1 day - .la. 
 
 1 week — wk. 
 
 1 year -yT. 
 
 1 deea().>. 
 
 1 century. 
 
 l.IUntl OK WINE MKASI'IIK. 
 
 Used in nneasurin}.' liipiids, such u.s niulu^iiied, milk, 
 p.nd various licpiids. 
 
 1 gills make 1 pint — pt. 
 
 2 pt. " 1 quart qv. 
 
 4 ([t. " 1 pallo.-. Lid. 
 3U<ral. " Ibarrcl— hid 
 2 hhl. " 1 hoirshoad— hh<l. 
 Also. 3(5 gitllons mak 1 liarrel of ale or beer. 
 54 " "1 lion:slicad " " 
 
 42 *' " 1 tierec. 
 
 2 hopshwids '• 1 pipe or hut. 
 2 pipes *' 1 tun. 
 
 231 cubic inches == 1 irallon. 
 
 ^ 
 
M 
 
 i? 
 
 I W' 
 
 HOW TO CALCl LATB. 
 
 mil MK.lMVKK. 
 
 Uhc(1 111 incustiriii;; Ki^iin, iViiil iinii'vc;.'i<tal)led. 
 i piiiU (|>t.; iiiiiki- I <|u:ii'l i|t. 
 8 qt. *• I perk |ik. 
 
 4 jik. " I Ini-lu'l- Im. 
 
 Avniiii>ri*ni<t wf.khit. 
 I'soil ill wfi^rliiii;; liay, ifi'uiii, f,'nMcrio», mid all 
 (•oai*80 artiili's. 
 
 4;{7i ^'niiiw iiiaki' I (Hiiicc — ojs. 
 It! <i/. ** 1 poiiiitl — Bi. 
 
 25 Il>. " 1 i|unrlt'r- <|r. 
 
 4 qr. " 1 liiimlri'il wti^jlit — cwt. 
 
 20 cwt. " 1 i^.! (slioil). 
 2240 n«. " 1 Ion;.' ton. 
 
 The Ion;,' ton it ii'cd in the rnitcil Statos ciiMtoin 
 Iiuiisf-. ami ill Kii;.'iaiiil. 
 
 TIIOV WKKillT. 
 
 For wci^rliinir ;.'t>iil, .-"ilvci- and ji-wclt. 
 
 21 irrains if;v.) make 1 |)iiiny\v»'i;.'lit — pwt. 
 
 20 put. '• 1 OlllUt' - (»7. 
 
 12 *)/.. " 1 pound— 11). 
 
 AIM»TIIKI' \HIK!*' WKKIIIT. 
 
 r.-cd Ity drii;.'i:i>l- in i mnpoinidin;; nu'dicinos, al- 
 tli(>ii;.'li dni;,'» aiv Ituit^'lit lit whuli'.silt' liy avoirdiipuis 
 \vci;,'lit. 
 
 20 praiiis (<rr. xx) miilic 1 sii'iiplo — 3 
 3 HTiiplcs ( S) uj) " I dniin — 3 
 « drams (3 viij) " 1 oiiiico — J 
 
 12 ouiui-s (j xij) " 1 pound — fti. 
 
 rATKII AXD ItOOXS. 
 
 Flat liq) 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 11x17 
 
 inchoa. 
 
 Cnnvii, 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 ir)xl!» 
 
 11 
 
 Folio, - 
 
 . 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 17x22 
 
 It 
 
 IVpiy, 
 
 - 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 - 
 
 lt;x21 
 
 II 
 
 Mrdiiini, 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 lMx2:} 
 
 II 
 
 Uovai. 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 l!tx2t 
 
 II 
 
 Siiprr Huyal, 
 
 - 
 
 « 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 20x28 
 
 II 
 
 Impciial 
 
 , - 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 2;}x,n 
 
 K 
 
 Ki.'phanl 
 
 » 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 2;{x28 
 
 li 
 
 Kook jia 
 
 lors 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 28x12 
 
 II 
 
 sht'ct i'o 
 
 dcd 
 
 ill 
 
 2 1 
 
 oavos 
 
 is called a 
 
 folio. 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 
 II 
 
 u ipiarto. 
 
 (I 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 II 
 
 
 " 
 
 an octavo. 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 II 
 
 
 41 
 
 11 
 
 12 mo. 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 II 
 
 
 II 
 
 an 18 mo. 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 II 
 
 
 II 
 
 a 
 
 21 mo. 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 :}2 
 
 II 
 
 
 II 
 
 a 
 
 r52 mo. 
 
 24 sheets of j)apor make 1 quire. 
 
 20 quires " 1 renin. 
 
 2 rciim.s " 1 laindle 
 
 6 buiidlca " 1 hale. 
 
 IINITKU RTATKH \SU CANAItA MONKT. 
 
 The money uf C'uiiadu >vns ori/;iiially tlio ramo m 
 that of (ireal Hiitaiin, hiit was forcoii\eiiieiiee, chuiij^ed 
 to saiiH' denoiiiiiialioiis as the I'liiled StatCH. 
 to mills make I rent -<'t. ur y'. 
 10 Ct. " 1 iliine. 
 
 10 dimes '• 1 duliar— I 
 10 didlars " 1 ea^fle. 
 The mill is not coined but is used only in computa- 
 tioim. 
 
 MiHcri.i.Avr.ors T\iiLr. 
 
 12 units make I do/.in. 
 
 12 dozen " I u'ross. 
 
 12 ^Toss •• 1 ^rreat ;,'r<)«s. 
 
 20 tliin;.'s " I score. 
 
 loo puiiiuLs " 1 quilltMl of lish. 
 
 ll»() '• " 1 iurrel of Hour. 
 
 2lKi '• •' 1 '• polk <ir beef. 
 
 .')(! '* " 1 lirkin of butter. 
 
 It *' " 1 stone of iron or loud. 
 
 21 i " " 1 piir. 
 
 8 pi;rs " 1 Inli'T. 
 
 :i inched " 1 palm. 
 
 4 " "1 hand. 
 
 y '• " 1 span. 
 
 18 •' •' 1 ciiliit. 
 •22 "(nearly) " 1 sai reel cubit. 
 
 2i feet " 1 military pace. 
 
 3 " "1 coimiioii pueo. 
 
 F.STIMATKD WKKIIIT OP LITMIIKIt ANI> OTIIKK .IIITICLKN. 
 
 jVoA'.--From INMH) to 2oo(m» lbs. is considered a car 
 load in most places, each car it.-clf also wei;.'hin;r about 
 21MMK) lbs. 
 
 Urn. Kif(. 
 
 l.ltflit Lumber— Pln<>,ni>inlnrlt«nil Poplnr, tlmmiiRlily 
 
 HiMUiiMii'il, |ii'r IIiixixuikI li'i't .'l,(J(jn o..'MO 
 
 " " lUiii'k Wnlniil. Anii, Miiplii hihI (livrry 
 
 iM-i tliiiiisiiiiil li'i't 4,(Kia 5,000 
 
 Mtillum Lumlicr— einr, lli'iiiliK'k uikI l'i>|ilnr,Krccn,p<ir 
 
 thiiniiiKt liM'l 4,(ino 0,000 
 
 " " Illiii'k \V:>liiiil. .Mii|ili', AhIihiiiI Clii'r- 
 
 rv, itn'i'ii, |H'r IIkiii.hiimiI Iri't .. 4,Min 4,000 
 " " Oaii, llirkiiryHiKlKliii.iln.lX'i' lliiiii. 
 
 sjUKlli'iM 4,(J0O 5,000 
 
 Iluavy LumlKsr— Oak.llUkiirritiiil Klin, ur<!<m,|ll>^tl>ull■ 
 |lall'l l^ci .. s,(ino 4,000 
 
 " " OMk, llli'kim- ■ml Kim, (xirt tmuMiniMl, 
 
 |H>r tlioiimtnil li^t 4,.VW 4..'KI0 
 
 IlfKip Poled, n^ftnoiinl, i> fi'ft rut) 4 fi. lilRh. 
 
 " iirr^ii " •• :i '" 
 
 Stiivea iind llni(liiiK, nmwinffil, (IM fact cur) 4 " 
 
 " " irifvii, " '• ;( " 
 
 ink lliirk. (jrcm, pt-r roiil ,v.«) .1 ronlii. 
 
 " <lty " ;£,fiiii 7 " 
 
 ililiiKli-n, (trri'ii, jxT tlimiMund .17.1 MM. 
 
 iliv •• i!7.1 70 .M 
 
 I.Hlli, |>rr Oioiiniinil ,',|<I ill U. 
 
 Itrii-k, rumiiiun, |ht cut liwil 4lbMi>«cli,. 1,(1(10 
 
 Klro rirlik, " o " li.niio 
 
 l.liit^ utiil CdiiI, " 'iV' 1)11. 
 
 (Nikl-, " ,1011 " 
 
 Sand, per riililc yiird .1,0(10 OH cii.ytl. 
 
 (inivcl, " . . 3,'MI H 
 
 StKiii', iiiiilii"«ai*(l, iicr cubic yard 4,uua 5 " 
 
 IMTiur liiail I0,0(yjlb. 
 
 8ti»({«"('oiiclirM 4,000 
 
 Two lioPMM^nriljiKM :i,floo 
 
 One home WintoiiB 1,500 
 
 siiikI" si»I|{U« i,o«n 
 
 C'RtllO. »,• 
 
[10 an 
 
 luU- 
 
 lj<h. 
 
 now TO cALciXiVn:. 
 
 KOIir.IMN AND I'NITKII HTATKH CMII.I> ('(IINM. 
 
 ihcir Wfi^'lit, liiuiH'HS itiid vuliio iw ii>«iiy<'<l i»l IIh- 
 IJiiitiil States mint. 'I'lio woi^'lil in fiiww in Trdy 
 ouii<'(>H and (IcciinulH «)f tho huiiu<: the tinonocrt hUowh 
 lidw many \MviH in 1(KK) iiro tine ^'uld; tlio value is tin' 
 intrinsic rclativo vainc, an ('()ni|)ar(Hl with the ainoinil 
 of lint' HToliI ill I'liitccl Stall's coin. 
 
 ('•ilNTHIItll. 
 
 DKMiMIMATIonit. 
 
 WdIkIiI. 
 
 1 
 Klllrlliiw*. 
 
 V'tilmi. 
 
 
 I'oiinil i>f lAVi 
 
 (fJHI 
 
 inlft 
 
 UIH S 
 II in 
 
 •ft m 
 
 
 Hiivrri'ltfll, l.lM mill IHHU 
 
 4 Hi? 
 
 AunlrU 
 
 Illll'llt 
 
 m 
 
 tINI 
 
 ■I .'-a 
 
 •• 
 
 Siithi'i'Ikii . . 
 
 11 O :l 
 
 mill 
 
 II 7.1 
 
 
 Ni»w (' iiliiii i'uin 
 
 11 ,V.7 
 AM 
 
 •«;7 
 
 mill 
 
 rem 
 
 H7II 
 
 It lili 
 
 Mfltfttiiii 
 
 iAKruiii'H 
 
 niMildiMiii 
 
 4 TJ 
 
 iimiTviu 
 
 ll •,■ ;i 
 
 UmiW 
 
 '1' » dill y tl Ui'i'l» 
 
 I'wii I'.Ki mliM 
 
 .'i;.i 
 
 VI7 A 
 
 111 llirii 
 
 t'l'iilnil AlliiTlcu 
 
 H -UlU 
 
 KVi .^ 
 
 J li^ 1 
 
 M II 
 
 K'liir Hi'iiN 
 
 (r.'7 
 
 »•,:> 
 
 II 1 ul 
 
 ciiiu 
 
 Illil lllllllillHIII 
 
 II M,7 
 
 ^;ll 
 
 1.1 .'. ;t 
 
 
 Trll I'riiiH 
 
 ivt 
 II 4i7 
 
 MO 
 
 It 1 .1 
 
 Iii'iiinnrk 
 
 T>'ii Thilii-H 
 
 7 IMI 
 
 iM-iiiitlur 
 
 1* ui" K»»*ii'l»ii* 
 
 11 fM 
 
 Kl« 
 
 7. v..-. 
 
 i:nt'l»ml 
 
 I'niiiiil iirsitvoM'l^n, tii'w . . 
 
 II . Ki7 
 
 OHl.S 
 
 4 w.a 
 
 
 uvi-niKu 
 
 II 'J.i4.i 
 
 lljii 
 
 4 Ml 
 
 rriiifi' 
 
 Twi'iily KmiH's, nnw 
 
 OiU7» 
 
 wni 
 
 11 *-.^ 
 
 " 
 
 uvi'nign , .. 
 
 nai7 
 
 KH 
 
 .1 1117 
 
 (■rnimiiy, Noilli. 
 
 Ti'MTImliTu 
 
 fiJ 
 
 WCi 
 
 7,'.iii 
 
 " '• 
 
 " •■ l'niM»lt4n 
 
 II 4 .•; 
 
 WIS 
 
 7 1171 
 
 M M 
 
 Knino (crown) 
 
 n :i,'.7 
 
 INMI 
 
 II ill'J 
 
 " Soiltll 
 
 Inii'iii. 
 
 1) llj 
 
 •wii 
 
 ■I 'l-i 
 
 (Jrri'CP 
 
 Twmily III ii'lmui 
 
 II IKV 
 
 MHI 
 
 :i 4ii 
 
 Iiimliiitun 
 
 Miiliiir 
 
 II -ill 
 
 nil. 
 
 7 •►■'J 
 
 V«'y 
 
 Juimii 
 
 
 II J.? 
 
 lUfl 
 
 
 3 sia 
 
 Illll I'llllHIlK 
 
 4 44 
 
 '• 
 
 '* " 
 
 U i-tl 
 
 'i7-' 
 
 3 .'.T'l 
 
 ti 
 
 Yril (lll'W, HHinilllHl) 
 
 Uiiitl'liMiii. livriUKU 
 
 ,'iVi 
 
 u H.7;i 
 
 
 11 |i.'iil 
 
 Mi'xtcu . 
 
 1.^ r>:l 
 
 •1 
 
 Ni'w 
 
 11 «i7J 
 
 orii s 
 
 I.I i.il 
 
 • 
 
 Twciily |V«i)s(Ml«« ) 
 
 " (Ui'iiub.) 
 
 1 IMl 
 
 l<7.N 
 
 l!i iii:i 
 
 •• 
 
 1 ll!«l 
 
 h;."i 
 
 111 It 
 
 Ni.nli'S 
 
 six IMICIII-II 
 
 1 ^1.1 
 
 iim: 
 
 Ml44 
 
 NriliciliiniU 
 
 Tl'II (illllfll'l-H 
 
 II ■.'i.'i 
 
 •^-i 
 
 ;i •i'i7 
 
 Ni'w (irrniitlu. . ■ 
 
 Illll IhiilliliHitl (lliiKiillO .. 
 (I'iil«iyiiii) 
 
 !• mM 
 
 «;ii 
 
 I-. i.ll 
 
 " " 
 
 II .1.7 
 
 K.-|1 
 
 I-. a;-! 
 
 M II 
 
 Tni rciHiiii 
 
 u&a 
 
 mi.o 
 
 II ii7.'i 
 
 run 
 
 Illll lloillltOllll 
 
 oml 
 
 Nil 
 
 l.> .V,7 
 
 
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 Corporation 
 
 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 873-4503 
 
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BRIDGES. 
 
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 Its Extent as Compared With the Other Great Bridges Throughout the World. 
 
 URiNQ the present century the science of 
 engineering has developed in a remarkable 
 degree, and its accomplishments are 
 of a more utilitarian sort. 
 
 In tho region of civil engineering that 
 includes the planning and construction of public works 
 of a special kind, as that relating to bridges, the results 
 of combined aud well-directed action are particularly 
 valuable. 
 
 The extreme supports of a bridge, whether consist- 
 ing of one or of many arches, are called abutments or 
 butmonts. The parts upright between these, if any 
 arc called piei"s or pillars. Thti foundations upon 
 which these rest, if widened out so as to throw off the 
 force of tlie stream, are called cutwaters, and the 
 fences on the sitles of the roadway are called parapets. 
 
 A greater extent of span can be obtained in suspen- 
 sion and tubular bridges, and those constructed with 
 cast-iron ginlcrs, tlian mi ])ridges of masonry or brick. 
 
 Long span liridgcs are trussed, arched, tubular, 
 and .suspension. The celebrated new London bridge 
 that crosses the Tlianies is aroliod, while the East 
 river span, by means of which tlie iniiabitants of 
 Brooklyn and New York are nioro closely connected, 
 is a suspension bridge of unc(pialcd length and pro- 
 portions. 
 
 The extent of tho New York and Brooklyn bridge 
 exceeds tlio London bridge in that its iongt li of river span 
 is 1,.59.H feet, while the total length is .■),y,s!) feet. To 
 those who have never seen it, the following data will 
 convey something of an idea of the magnitude of the 
 work : 
 
 CoHStriictlon comincneeil January 2, :870; cost al)0\it 11.1,000,000. 
 Thrown optii to tlie piiljlic, '2ltli Miiy, Iti*). Sizii ot New York c'tils.-<on, 
 rrSxlWfi'nt; si7,M of Itrooldyn caisson, KWxIW feet; timber niid Iron in 
 cittssons, 5,25J iul)ie yards; concrete In well holes, chumbcrs, etc., 2,609 
 cubic feet. Weight ol New York caisson, aboHt 7,000 ton; weight of con- 
 
 crete filling, 8,000 tons. Now York tower oontalns itfitS cable yards of 
 masonry. Brooklyn tower contains S8,2U cubic yards masonry. Length 
 of each river span, 1,595 feet six Inches ; length of each land span, 930 feet, 
 1,960 feet; length of Brooklyn approach, 971 feet; length of New York 
 approach, l,562;i feet. Total length of termini, 5,989 feet; width of bridge, 
 85 feet. Numbcrof cables, 4; diameter of each cable, 15.V Inches. First 
 wire was run out May 29, 1871. Cable making really commenced .luiip M, 
 1S77. Length ofcach single wi.o In cables, 3,578 feet 6 inches. Ultluiatp 
 strength of each cable, 12,200 tons. Weight of wire, 12 feet per pound. 
 Each cable contains 5,296 parallel (not twisted) galranized steel, oil-coated 
 wires, closely wrapped, to a solid cylinder 15>i inches ir diameter. Depth 
 of tower foundation below high wa*"r, Brooklyn, 45 feet. Depth of tower 
 foundation below high water. New i ork, 78 feet. Size of towers at high 
 water line, 140X.W feet; size of towers at roof course, 135x33 feet. Total 
 higlit of towers above high water, 278 fett. Clear hight of bridge In 
 center ofrivcr span above high water at »0» F., 135 feet. Hight of floors 
 at towerabo.e high water, 119 feet 3 inches. Grade of roadway, 3J< ft. In 
 100 feet, night of towers above roadway, 1S9 feet. Size of anchorages at 
 base, 129xn9 feet; size of anchorages at top, 117x104 feet. Hight of anchor, 
 ages, 8D feet from, 85 feet rear. Weight of each anchor plate, 23 tons. Ten 
 streets In New York and six In Brooklyn will be crossed with Iron girders 
 at high elevations, to clear obstructions. Englnaer: W. A. Roebllng. 
 
 LONDON BRIDGE. 
 
 The new ijundon bridge is set down in British prints 
 as by far the most superb work of its class in the 
 world, yet it is eclipsed in extent by such American 
 works as those at Niagara Falls, at St. Louis, and par- 
 ticularly the span across East river. 
 
 Briefly, the new London bridge, a work of granite, 
 is 928 feet long between the abutments, and consists 
 of five semi-elliptical arches, the center 152 feet, while 
 the next pair and the abutment arches are 140 and 130 [ 
 feet respectively. The passage is fifty-three feet, or 
 footways nine each, and thirty-five for carriages. It 
 was commenced in 1824 and completed in seven years. 
 
 FORM OF BRIDGES. 
 
 "With regard to the form of the arch to be employed 
 in bridges, an elliptical or segmental arch is most ele- 
 gant in appearance, particularly the latter. In seg- 
 mental arches the lateral thrust on the abutments is 
 greater than in any other form; but as the voussoirs 
 or wedge-like sti>.ies forming an arch on this conBtnic- 
 
/ 
 
 BBIDOES. 
 
 tioii can all be cut from the same mold, as well as those 
 of the semicircular arch, they can be erected at less 
 expense than an elliptical arch. 
 
 The following bridges in various parts of Great 
 Britiiin and Ireland afford good examples of such con- 
 structions, with elliptical, semicircular, and segmental 
 arches. Elliptical: London bridge, Blackfrair's bridge, 
 "Waterloo bridge, and Limerick bridge. Semicircular: 
 Stockport bridge, the Royal Border bridge, Berwick, 
 and the Dec, Loekwood and Tyno viaducts. Seg- 
 mental : Chester, Coldstream, Ghisgow, Tcwksburj', and 
 Vanxhall bridges, with old Rochester bridge, and the 
 Vale Royal viaduct. 
 
 ARCHED. 
 
 Of arched bridges, Neuilly (over Seine) is more than 
 640 feet long, five spans, the longest of which is 128 
 feet; St. Louis, 1,509 feet long, three spans, the centre 
 one being 51.5 feet, and the other two each 502 feet in 
 length; its cost being $9,000,000. Southwark bridge, 
 London, next to new London, in size, is 718 feet 
 Ixitween the abutments, and consists of three cast- 
 iron arches, each forming a segment of a very large 
 circle; the span of the center one being 250 feet, and 
 the others 210 feet each; they are supported by granite 
 l)iers. 
 
 TUBULAR. 
 
 Victoria railway bridge over the St. Lawrence at 
 Montreal, is constructed after the plan of the Britannia 
 tubular bridge across the Menai straits. The former is 
 10,284 feet in length, having twenty-five spans, the 
 longest one 330 feet; it contains 10,500 tons of iron, 
 and 3,000,000 cubic feet of masonry. The spans arc 
 great tubes of wrought iron. It was built at a cost of 
 85,000,000. The Menai bridge is 1,600 feet long, 
 thirty feet wide, and 100 feet above the water. The 
 Mcight suspended Is 343 tons, and the power 2,016 
 tons. 
 
 SUSPENSION. 
 
 ThenewXiagani Suspension bridge, forcarria£res,one- 
 ciglith of a mile below the Ameri.an cataract, was 
 opened to the public 4Lli January, 1869, and was, 
 until the construction of the East river bridge, the 
 longest susi>cnsion bridge in the world, its roadway 
 being 1,300 feet in length. Its cables are 1,800 feet in 
 length. It is 1,190 feet from diirto cliff, 1,26s from tower 
 to tower, which latter are 100 feet high, and it spans 
 the mighty chasm fhrousrh which rolls its floods 
 toward Lake Ontario. 19(> feet above the water. Cost 
 of the structure, $175,000. 
 
 The railway suspension bridge, over Niagara river, 
 is two miles below the falls. It fonns a single span 
 of 821 feet in length between the towers, and consists 
 of two floors; the upper or railway floor, being 
 eighteen feet above the lower or carriage way. These 
 floors are connected at fSie sides by open truss work, so 
 as to form, as it were, an immense car, 800 feet long, 24 
 feet wide, and eighteen feet high — all suspended by wire 
 ropes from four cables of about ten inches in diameter 
 each. The elevation of the railroad track above the 
 water is 245 feet; there are 14,500 wires employed in 
 the cables, and their idtimate strength is i2,000 tons. 
 The total weight of the suspension bridge is 800 tons. 
 
 There are two suspension bridges in Friberg, 
 Switzerland, one remarkable for its great length, the 
 other for its extreme beauty. The latter connects the 
 tops of two mountains, swinging over a frightful 
 gulf that makes one dizzy to look down into. It 
 stretches across nearly 300 feet in the heavens, from 
 summit to summit. It looks like a spider's web flung 
 across a chasm ; its delicat>3 tracer}' showing clear 
 against the sky. The foniier is 905 feet long, 174 
 high. 
 
 OTHER BRIDGES. 
 
 A wonderful bridge, that of Lagang, over an arm 
 of the sea in China, is built in a similar way as the 
 bridges of Babylon, but entirely of stone. Its length 
 is said to lie 26,000 Paris feet, and comprises 3,000 
 arches, or rather openings of pillars. These are not 
 overspread with arches, but there are placed above 
 them large slabs of stone, which form the roadway, 70 
 feet broad. The distance of the pillars is nearly 74J 
 feet, the latter being 70 feet high, and 5 feet broad, 
 and strengthened with stone facings of the onn of 
 triangular prisms, which extend over the whc . j hight 
 of the pillars up to the transversed slabs. The latter 
 (of course more than 70 feet long"), extend in breadth 
 to 15 feet, and have nine feet in thickness. The para- 
 pet is a balustrade and everj' pillar supports a pedes- 
 tal on which is jjlaced a lion 21 feet long, and made of 
 one block of marble. 
 
 The Verrugas viaduct on the Lima and Oroya rail- 
 road, in the Andes of Peni, is the highest bridge in 
 the world, being 12,000 feet above the level of the 
 sea. It consists of four deck-spans, or trusses, resting 
 on three piei-s built of wrought-iron columns. Total 
 length 575 feet. 
 
 At Kieft', in Russia, is y beautiful chain bridge over 
 the river Dn«iper. It has seven spans, and a total 
 length of 2,562 feet. 
 
 ', I 
 
 m 
 
 -■Tb-n-f:ii;.ii>iig^ 
 
' 
 
 VOCABULAItY OF MECILiNiaVL AND SCIENTIFIC TERMS. 
 
 % ^>r*v^ r 
 
 Mechanical and Scientific Terms. 
 
 -9- ^ZEA W 
 
 NAMES AND DEFINITIONS IN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING, CARPENTRY AND JOINERY, 
 METALLURGY. NAUTICAL AFFAIRS, AND PROCESSES OF ART AND INDUSTRY. 
 
 * BOinP-SI.EIX5E. A hammer of the 
 
 4 largest size used by smiths 
 
 /\ Accelerate. To qulclien. Acccler- 
 
 ^f\jL atcd motion Is that which cc'iui- 
 
 Aj^k ally incrcftses In velocity, and 
 
 f^ accelcnitmg force Is that wlilch 
 
 4/ produces accelerated motion. 
 
 Adilenilum Circle. The space between tlio pitch 
 lino of 11 gear and the circle touclilng the ends 
 of th'i teeth. 
 
 Adz. A cariientcr's tool for chipping. 
 
 Aerostat. A machine or balloon holding weights 
 in the air. 
 
 Alr-lirakc. An appliance forstopping the motion 
 of a car wheel by the use of compressed air. 
 
 Alr-ehamber. A hollow space containingalrto 
 8cr\-e as a spring for equalizing the flow of 
 liquid in hydraulic machines. 
 
 Alr-draln. An ojiening between the outward 
 walls of a building as a guard against damp- 
 ness. 
 
 Air-engine. .See KngiBC. 
 
 Air-escape. A device for letting out air from 
 water ])ii)es. 
 
 Air-fountain. A device for producing a Jet of 
 water liv compressed air. 
 
 Air-gun. A contrivance like a musket, where- 
 with to discharge bullets by means of com- 
 pressed air. 
 
 Air-jacket. A Jacket with air-tight cells, used to 
 keep the body of a jierson from sinking. 
 
 Air-maehlne. .\. device for ventilating mines. 
 
 Air-pipe. A pliie to draw foul air from close 
 places. 
 
 Air-pump. A jnimp for extracting the air from 
 a closed vessel. 
 
 Air-sliaft. Holes niaile from the surface to the 
 adits or horizontal jmssagcs, to famish fresh air 
 to mines. 
 
 Air-trap. A device for the escapeof loul air from 
 sewers, etc. 
 
 Aiarni-gau|fe. A partof a steam. enginefor indi- 
 cating when the jn'cssure of steam istoj high, or 
 tlie water in the boiler too low. 
 
 Alloy. A natural or artificial mixture of two or 
 more metals. Tlio alloy-** of copper and tin are 
 of extreme iin]>ortiincc m the arts on account of 
 Ibeir great toii;j:hness, their Iiai'dnes5, and their 
 fiHlblllty. The alloys of sllvcrand tin arc vcrj- 
 hard.adu small (luantilyof tni overcomes tlie 
 duclility of the silver- When mercury Is one 
 
 of the metals, the compound Is known as 
 amalgam. 
 
 Amalgam. See Alloy. 
 
 Anchor. An iron weight for holding a vessel at 
 rest In water. 
 
 Andiron. A support for wood in ft flreiilace. 
 
 Android. A mechanical contrivance in the form 
 of a man ; an automaton. 
 
 Anemometer. A machine for measuring the 
 wind. " Anemoscope," ft wind-vane or weather, 
 cock. 
 
 Angle-iron. An iron bar made into the form of 
 an angle for strengthening the comers of safes, 
 boilers, etc. Called, also, angle-bar. 
 
 Anvil. .V thick iron block, frequently with ft 
 steel face, upon which metalsare hammered and 
 sliapcd. 
 
 .\qiiariuni. A vessel containing water, cither 
 salt or fresh. In which living specimens of 
 aquatic animals and plants are maintained in a 
 healthy state. 
 
 Aqueduct. A channel with a gentle Inclination, 
 for the transmission of water from one place to 
 another. 
 
 Archlmetleaii Screw, orSplral Pump, So-called 
 for Archimedes, Its inventor. It consists of a 
 pipe twisted spirally ixmnd a cylinder, which, 
 when at work, is 8up]xirted in an inclined posi- 
 tion. The lower end of the pipi^ is iminei-scd in 
 water, and when the cylinder is made to revolve 
 on itsown axis, the water is mised from b<'n<l 
 to bend In the spiral pipe until It flows out at 
 the top. 
 
 Archltecturo. The science of building oi- eon. 
 struction, and is of various kinds; as, civil, 
 miiitar>-, naval, and ecclesiastical. The walls of 
 antiquity nn; Cidlid ('yclo)ieaii, and dati? back 
 about 1,(100 yeai-s b.-fore riuisl. The (iieiks 
 Improved uixm the arcb if ectnri'id' the .\ssyriaiis 
 and Egyptians. Crci-U arcbitectun' is divldid 
 into the Doric, Ionic, and Corintliian. Itonian 
 architecture was borioweil IVoni tin- (IrecU. 
 The liyzantine, Suiaceiiic, (iotliic, and lienais. 
 sance architecture foilnwcil. (if tlie Ilist-naMicd 
 is the cluirili of M. Sophia ut Conslantinnple; 
 the second or Saracenic stj'le is used in MoIkii..- 
 niedau mosfiues; (iolhic was eliaracteristic of 
 wcsleni Knrope during the mitldle aj^es, and 
 ga\'e A-ay to a nii.xed style called Elizabethan; 
 UenaissaiK-e denotes a revival ol of I he classical 
 stylo of architecture, which had its origin in 
 
 Italy, where th« Gothic stylo never had n strong 
 footing. Every oountrj- had Its jiceuliar lienais- 
 sance, although each was derived from that of 
 Italy. The Renaissance in general was founded 
 upon the lioman antique; not ujion the style of 
 the temples, but ujion that of their triuntiilial 
 arches, baths, and other e<lillci's. The lienais- 
 sanco Is considered by French writers to liavo 
 rLsen to its highest imlnt of excellence uniler 
 Phillbert Delomie, In thcsl.xteentli (reiilury. In 
 the present century there h:us b.-en a reatllon 
 in favor of the Gothic style of arcbitcctui'e, 
 which, althcnigh admirably suited for ecclcsla-H. 
 ticiU purixiscs, is not well adapted for the con- 
 struction of iiiiblic otiices or private dwelling, 
 houses, as the comfort of the interior is too often 
 disregarded for the sake nf tlie symmetry of the 
 exterior. The architecture of this day, how- 
 ever. Is finite varieil and pictiires(iue, and par- 
 takes oi a soi't of new onler, i-hai-.icteristie of 
 the age of railways, and other important Im. 
 pi-ovenieuts of these times. See Composite, aiul 
 Etruscan Architecture; also, lonle order, and 
 Keystone. 
 
 Arcograph. .\ device for drawing a circular 
 arc <ir circle wilbniit a central i»pint, as in 
 the case of an iiistrnnit.-iit with a iioint ami 
 pencil. 
 
 .Vnnatiire. .V piece of sott inin alll.xed to the 
 extremities or imlesof a magnet, in tirtler that 
 its mafnietic \ iwerinay be preserved. In archi- 
 tecture, iron liiii-s or framing for consolidatioii 
 and supjiort of structures. 
 
 Annstrtin-r fliiii. .\ Ibriit weajxm of great jniwer 
 end precision, made of iiieces of the vovy best 
 wrought iron. Thisrideil i^un was constructed 
 by Sir William (JeoriiO .Vrmstrong, and was 
 adojitcd by Uw English government and llrst 
 nseil in the war with China, in ISIiO. 
 
 .Arquehiise. An old ppecirs of lire-arni. 
 
 Arlllieer 'or .\rtisan). (ine who makes accord. 
 in4 to ai't ; a skilful worker and contriver; one 
 traineil in the u^. oftools in some iiiecliunic art 
 or trade. " .\rtist,"an artisan. 
 
 Asli-furimce (or Oven). Used In making glass. 
 
 Ashlar (or .\shlcr). .\ term ajipUed to sttines, 
 whether rough or dressed. 
 
 .Vspliult (or .\sphaltniii). A bituminous sub. 
 Hlance, found in the tertiary strata in difft-rent 
 parts of the earth, evidently pro*luced from . oid 
 by the action of heat. It is much used as a 
 
VOCABUL.VRY OF MECILVXICAL AND SCIENTIFIC TERMS. 
 
 pavnment wbon inlxml with cortain proportions 
 of lime, «"ivpl, or 'Hjiindcd stone. Coiil.tar Is 
 artlflcial asphalt. 
 
 AsMiylns. A term eonorally applied to the deter, 
 mlnutlon of gold or silver in alloya of these 
 metals. " Uutton," a round iiia.ss of metal 
 remaining In the crucible after melting. 
 
 AatragBl. See ISase. 
 
 Atlantes. See Caryatides. 
 
 Auger. An Instrument for boring holes by C4ir. 
 penters, wheelwrights, shipwrights, and others, 
 " Augcr-l)lt," a bit with a cutting edgo like that 
 of an auger. 
 
 Automaton. A nuuihlno 80 constructed as to 
 move in imitation of the actions of living 
 animals. 
 
 Awl. A pointed instrumontusert by slioemakers, 
 saddicre, and cabinet-makers-called, also, brad- 
 awl, saddler's awl, shoemaker's awl. 
 
 Ax (or Axe). An iron instrument, generally used 
 with both hands in liewingtiuilii ranil chopping 
 wood. Tlio liatchet Is a smii, . . irm of the ax, 
 and is used with one hand. The broad-a.x is a 
 carpenter's tool made heavier than tiie chop- 
 plng-ax, with l)roadcr and thinner blade and 
 shorter handle. The niiitluik is a kind of 
 pick-ux. Sec Pick, and I'ole-ax, under the liead 
 of Pole. 
 
 Axis. A term common to all tlio sciences. In 
 physics, the word it; used in many dlBerent 
 senses. The axis of rotation is the line around 
 which a body turns when revolving. The term 
 la applied to any line abo it which objects are 
 •yramotrical, around whiili tliey tuni, or to 
 whlcli Uiey have some common relation. 
 
 AxI«-box. A box In which the short, cyiiiKlrlcal 
 portion of a sliaft beara and moves, particu- 
 larly a rnilway axle; a Journa! box. "Axle, 
 e^uard," the part of a railway truck which rests 
 on the top of tlio Journal.bos, and holds it in 
 place. 
 
 Axle-tree. A piece of timber, or bar of iron, 
 nttod for insertion in the hubs or naves of 
 wiieels, on whicli the wheels turn. 
 
 Babbitt-metal. A soft alloy of copper, zinc and 
 tin, used for bearings or Journals, to lessen 
 friction, so-called after its inventor. 
 
 Bagrpipe. A wind instrument of liigh antiquity, 
 in use with the Hebrew s and Greeks. Generally 
 used in Scotland. 
 
 Balance. An instrument for detonriining the 
 relative weights of bodies. There are sevei-al 
 \arieties. In horology-, a small whtel in a watch 
 or time- piece which governs the movement. 
 
 Balance-knife. A table-knife wliicli rests on the 
 handle, leaving the blade free ami not touching 
 the cloth. 
 
 Balcony. A projection in front of the windows 
 of a house, supported on brackets of wood or 
 atone; the box of a tlieater. "Baldachin," a 
 tent-like covering or canopy, of wood, stone, or 
 metal, either supported on columns or suspended 
 from above, ond placed over doorways, statues, 
 altars, thrones, etc. " Balustrade," a row of 
 balusters sunuounted by a conilce or handrail, 
 used to give a finished appearance to the tops of 
 bnildlngs, or for the Inclosuro of staii-s, balco- 
 nies, etc. " Colonnade," a range of pillara ex- 
 tending round a building. 
 
 Ball-cock. An appliance wliich admits of water 
 running into a cistern, but shuts it off by means 
 of a fioating bail, wlien the cistern is full. 
 
 Balloan. A large globe or pear-shaped bag, made 
 of paper or vainlshed silk, and filled with rare- 
 fied air or liydrogen gas, so as to rise and float in 
 the atmosphere. 
 
 Ball-Talve. A ball, fitted into n circular cup 
 whic'.i has a hole at the liottoin. 
 
 Balustrade. Sec Balcony. 
 
 Band. A broad flat molding projecting n little 
 beyond the surface of the building or coUinm to 
 which it is applied. Tho band of a column 
 U sometimes molded in various forms, and is 
 then called 1/ skaft ring. In raechanloa, a belt 
 inseiBC ever '.wo ptiUejri, and oomBrKlcAting 
 motisn. 
 
 Handing-plane. An Instnunent or tool used for 
 
 cutting out grooves and inlaying string9 and 
 Uin'Is in straight and circular work. 
 
 Randore. .V musical instrument of threestrings, 
 similar to a guitar. "Banjo,'* an instrument of 
 five strings, li;iving a head B:id neck like the 
 guitar, and it.s body like a tamborine. "Tauilio- 
 rine," a small, shallowdrum, with only one skin, 
 playcfl on witii the liands, and having Ix'lls at 
 the aides. 
 
 Barbacan. A watchtower placed before or over 
 the outer gate of a castle yard, forming an 
 advanced work to protect the castle, etc. 
 
 Bargo. Sec VesseL 
 
 Rar-iron. Iron in long pieces- 
 Barium. A wliite, siiiTbtiy malleable mct-il, the 
 metallic base of the alkaline earth baryta. 
 
 Bark. See Vessel. 
 
 Barker's Mill. SeeTr.. inc. 
 
 Barometer. An instrument for measuring the 
 weight or pressure of the atmosphere. 
 
 Barrow. See Carriage- 
 
 Bar-shoe. A horse-slioe having a bar across the 
 usu.'U oiieningat the heel, for the protection of 
 a tender frog. 
 
 Bar-shot. A dcuble-hcaded shot consisting of a 
 bar witli a 1«11 at each end. 
 
 Bartizan. A small ronnd turret, with an arrow. 
 silt or very narrow window, generally project- 
 ing from the angle of a square tower, on the 
 comer of a gable of a building, and supported 
 on a corbel or bracket- 
 Base. That part of a column on which the sliaft 
 Is placed, consisting generally, in tlie flve or<iers 
 of architecture, of a square plinth and mold- 
 ings, formed of tori, fillets, cavettos, and astra- 
 gals, in various combinations, between the 
 plinth and the bottom of the shaft. "Astra- 
 gal," a molding in the capital of the Ionic col- 
 umn. " Cavetto," a hollowed molding. " Fil- 
 let," a little square piece or ornament, used 
 generally over a greater molding. " Baston," a 
 round molding used in the tase of a column, 
 called also a tore or torus. " Entablature," tUat 
 part of a column which Is over the capital, com. 
 prehending the arcliltrave, frieze, and cornice. 
 
 Base-line. A line taken as a base of oiierations, 
 as in surveying, in milltarv operations, etc. 
 " Base-plate," the lied-plate of heavy machinerj-. 
 " Base-ring," a projecting ring or band around 
 the base of anything; as, the base-ring of a 
 great gun. 
 
 Bass Tiol. A large Instmment, vioUn-like in 
 form, used for playing the bass or gravest part. 
 It lias four strings. 
 
 Battery. A tenn usually applied to a combina- 
 tion of several electrical jars, which may be 
 charged and discharged as one great Jar. " Re- 
 lay," a macnct that receives the circuit current, 
 and develops theixiwcrof a local batter}-, called 
 also relay lattery. 
 
 Bay-window. A window forming a bay or recess 
 in a room. It may project outward from the 
 wall either in a rectangular, jmlygonal, or senii- 
 circular form. 
 
 Beam. Either a larec piece of timl>er or metal, 
 used for sustaining heavy weight In buildings. 
 " Beam-engine," a steam-engine which com- 
 municates motion by the top of the' piston-rod, 
 being connected with a beam or lever moving 
 on n central pivot, the other end of the beam 
 being in similar connection with the cranio of 
 the driving-wheel. In the direct-action engine 
 no beam is used, the piston working the crank. 
 
 Bed-piece. Tlie main piece or framing of a bed. 
 " nod-plate," the foundation plate of an engine 
 or other machinery. 
 
 Beetle. A heavy mallet or hammer, made of 
 woo<l, used in driving wedges, l>eating pave, 
 ments, etc. 
 
 Beetling Machine. A machine or improvement 
 for giving to woven fabrics a glossy finish simi- 
 lar to that which is now produced by the ordi- 
 nary stamps in the machines called beetles. 
 
 B«ll. A matalllc instmment which gives out a 
 musical sound caused directir bv its- own vilira- 
 
 tlons. " Bell-crank," a triangular crank used to 
 ring a l)ell. " Bell-nictal," an alloy of eighty 
 parts (jf copper and twenty parts of tin. 
 
 Bellows. A inacliine lor pro|>ctl*ng air forcibly 
 through a tube. 
 
 Belly-brnee. A cross brace, Hxixi to the iKjller, 
 bet wt'i'u the fmiiii',s of a lncum4>tive engine. 
 
 Belt. A band f Ifiither, prepared India nibljer, 
 or other Ib-xiblo substance, i>assing around two 
 wheels, for the purpose of communicating 
 motion to iniielilnery. 
 
 BcHsi'iTrter's l'ri»ceH«, (For reflninjr iron.) A pro- 
 cess ft»r conviTting pi;^-iron (iriin in the rough, 
 as it comes frtnn the Inrnace) more rapidly Into 
 malleable ii'on and steel. 
 
 Bevel. A term used by builiiers to express a sur- 
 face sloiting from another, at an angle greater or 
 less than a right angle. In machinery, cog- 
 wheels, with beveled edges, or tjevetfd gear, as 
 they are tenned, are uscKi to triinsfer tlie motive 
 power fi'oni on*! direction to another. 
 
 Bevel-gear. Cog-wheels whose teeth are bev- 
 elled, so that two wheels work together at right 
 angles. 
 
 Bleyrle. Sec Carriage. 
 
 Bilge. Tho l)Ottom floor of a ship, or the breadth 
 of the part slie rests on when aground. AWi, 
 tlnr protui)erant part of a cask. 
 
 Bill-boards. Pieces of thick plank, plated with 
 iron, and attached t« tlie fore jmi-ts of a ship, 
 for tlie bill of the anchor to pass over. 
 
 Bismuth. A metal of a greyish-white color, with 
 a strong cliuractcristic tinge of red. It is hard, 
 brittle, and but slightly malleable. The peculiar 
 property it possesses of expanding aa it cools, 
 renders its alloys of great use to the typefounder 
 and die-sinker. 
 
 Bit. A small tool, of various sizes, for boring, 
 and turned by means of a brace. 
 
 Bitumen. Mineral pitch, closely allie<l in its 
 projiertles to coal-tar, whicli is produced l>y the 
 destmctive distillation of coal. See Asphalt. 
 
 Black L,ead. The common commercial name 
 for graphite, or plumbago, given to tluit sub. 
 stance from its metallic leaden-gray luster. It 
 is, however, nearly pure carbon, and contains 
 no lead. 
 
 Blacksmith. A smith who works in Iron, and 
 makes and reijaira Iron utensils. 
 
 Blanchard I.athe. A lathe for turning forms, 
 such as shoc-lasts or gun-stocks. So named 
 after tho inventor. 
 
 Blast-furnace. A furnace used in metallurgical 
 operations, in whicli the combustion of the fuel 
 is increased to an enormous extent by a blast 
 blown from a bellows, or by means of fans. .\ 
 smith's forge is a blast-fumnce on a small scale. 
 
 Blast-hole. A hole in tlio Ixittom of a pump, 
 througli which water enters. " Blast-pipe," the 
 exhaust pipe of a steara-englnc, or any pipe so 
 constructed as to cause a quick discharge of 
 steam or nir into the outer atmosphere. 
 
 Block. An adaptation of the principle of the 
 pulley, by means of blocks, used in the rigging 
 of ships. 
 
 Block-Un. Tin, as It comes from the foundry. 
 See Tin. 
 
 Bloom. A mass of Iron that has undergone the 
 first hammering, called the blomary. After this 
 process it requires many more hammerings or 
 rollings to make it suitable for the use of the 
 smith. 
 
 Blower. A contrivance, of which there are vari- 
 ous kinds, for producing and maintaining a 
 strong current of nir for increasing combustion 
 in metallui'gical and other processes, requiring 
 inteiis*! heat. " Blowpipe," an instrument us€<l 
 by workers in metal for soldering on a small 
 scale. It is called a mouth blow.pii>e when used 
 Willi the mouth. 
 
 Board. Pasteboard, or paper nnifle thick and 
 stitr like a board for book-covers. I'.ooks are 
 suid to be boarded when bound in cloth, half- 
 bound when the back andcuriicrsare in leather, 
 and whole -Iionnd when notliini^ but leather is 
 u>ed. See Jlook.binding. 
 
 1 : 
 
^ c 
 
 VOCABULAUY OK MECII-VNICVL AND SCIENTIFIC TEUBIS. 
 
 r ^ 
 
 ti 
 
 B*bblH. A Bmall womli'ii |<ln, Willi u hoii<l, U> 
 
 wind thread on, iihinI in nirikinff \acv, etc. 
 Itodkin. A smnll jtointed t(io1, lined by ])rlnten) 
 and other artists ("f»r viirionH iMir|xwt'?<. Also, a 
 laryt' ki?id of ncedic, used iiy tlm women of 
 Hntitpiity for tlie H:»mr inir]K)wcs 'is they now 
 lire, :\nd iilso In fuslonlny tlio hair. 
 Bollrr. A stronjj vpsscl, usually inado<if wrouKht 
 Iron jilatPK, riveted tosjrthei, in which Btoain Is 
 generated lor drlvin;^ enj^lura, ete. 
 Holt. A stronj; i]ln,of Iron or ot her material, for 
 holding r"''" together. A liolt with an eye at 
 Its head Hnd rliiK alliielied Is called a ring-bolt. 
 Bond. A term anplied to a certain methoil of 
 laying briclis, and to ti.nbers l)uilt Into or 
 atuiched to the walls of a house i'or various pur. 
 poses. In brieklaying, eare must be taken that 
 the bricks are well bonded, that is, that the sue. 
 cesslve layers of bricks may be so placed that 
 no Joint in any layer shall come inimediatcly 
 over another Joint in the layer below it. " Hond- 
 stone*.'* so-called when tla-y are introdiiced 
 longitudinally Into a wall l)ullt of small rough 
 stones or rubble-work. " Hond-heart," a tcnn 
 applied when one stone is placed in the center 
 of a thick wall, over tho Joint fonucd bj' two 
 others, the outer faces of which appear opposite 
 to each otht^ron cither side of the wall. 
 Bookbinfllng. The number of opei*atlonB is 
 three: Preparing;, binding, and llnishing. The 
 sheets as printed are Ilrst gatli<'re<l — placed in 
 their order of pagination— fitldcd into four, 
 eight, or twelve leaves, as the case maj' be; 
 they are then stitched and s(nvn to stiings or 
 bands placed at the back of the volume. -\ saw. 
 cutis. In some inst.ances, made to receive the 
 string, otherwise tiie string is left to form a rib, 
 which is used as an element of ornament In fin- 
 ishing the book. The sheets being all sewn 
 together, the back edges are irhu'il Ifigether by 
 brushing them lightly with thin glue. Tlie 
 strings are cut oil withii half an inch of the 
 volume, an<l the back is roundiMl, either by 
 hand or by mciins of machinery. .\ groove is 
 formed by pressure against the back edge to 
 receive the boaril of the cover. The top, bot- 
 torn, and front edges are then cut level, and the 
 boards are fixed to the volume by the ends of 
 the strings being passed tiirough small boles 
 and glued finnly to the inside. Tbobook is then 
 ornamented witli gilding, inlaying of dilTerent- 
 colored leather, or blind tooling, i. c, plain 
 stamping by hcntcd stamps or dies, and the 
 edges are left plain, or gilt, or sprinkled, ."^ee 
 Board. 
 Boots, shoes, and other coverings for the feet, 
 have been marie of (liiferent substances, and in 
 dilTercnt forms, from very remote times. .V 
 boot is ustia'Iy made of leather, and the top 
 extends nearly to the knee, whilst a shoe 
 extends only above the ankle. .\ sandal con- 
 sista of a sole strapped to the foot, with an 
 enclosure at the heel and sometimes at the toe. 
 "Boot-crimp," a frame or last, used Ijy Iwot- 
 makers Ilt outlining and shajiing the Inwly of a 
 boot. " r.oot-l.x*t," an instrument to stretch 
 cntl widen the leg of a Ijoof. *' Last," a mold or 
 piece of wood resembling in fonu llio human 
 fc»ot. on whicli shoes are formed. 
 Bore. The cylindiical cavity of any weapon 
 used for projecting shot, shells, bullets, or any 
 missiles of a similar nalnre. Tho operation ot 
 boring cannon and gun-barreis is one retiuiring 
 great care and nicety, and is ctTected by the 
 rapid revolution of a steel tool called a cutter, 
 attached to a bhalt whicli is t\irne<l by machin- 
 ery. ** Boring- nualiiue," a machine with a vci-y 
 hard and sharp steel tool, which works at the 
 eni of !i long bar, somewhat after the manner of 
 a centf-rljit. 
 Bow. Onooftheoldest "I weapons. Inmarltimc 
 affairs, that portion of a siiip's side which forms 
 an arch toward tlio .=-lem. In nrchitecturc, any 
 portion of a building that projects from a 
 straight wall. •■Bo^.(,onjpiisscs,"a»mallpairof 
 compasses made with a bow.]>eii for describing 
 
 circles with Ink. " Bow. pen," a metallic ruling, 
 pen. " Ilow.saw," a saw with a narrow blade, 
 used for cutting cur^'cd forms from W(mm1. 
 limeket. A tenn applied toany projection, plain 
 or <iniamental, susiiended against, or fastened 
 to a wall, for the snpixirt of a c'ock, statue, or 
 other things. 
 Bruil. A kind of nail, with a .slight projection at 
 
 tile »opon one hlfie, in lieu of a bead. 
 Brake. A block of wihxI applied by li'ver or 
 screw prcBsure to the circuinlcrence of a w heil, 
 to slacken or arrest the moving )H)wer of tlu^ 
 machine, by the production of a iaiRe amount 
 of friction. 
 
 Brai-.nli I-ock. .\ l<xk named after its inventor, 
 and for a long time wiw considered incaimble of 
 being picked. " Bramali press," a hydro.statlc 
 macliine of great ix>wer, invented by the Jiessi-s. 
 Hi-aniah. 
 
 Brass. .\ compound metal or alloy containing 
 zinc an<l copper in varying proiwrtions, accord, 
 ingtothe purposes for which it istobiMiscd; 
 the general composition is, however, two.tlilrds 
 copiier rnd one.thlnl zinc. " liross. foil," brass 
 made into thin sheets by ixiunding. 
 
 Braze. To solder or Join two pieces of iron 
 together by means of thin plates of brass melte<l 
 between the pieces that are to bo united. 
 
 Breakwater. A barrier or artificial bank of 
 stone, so placed as to break tho force of the 
 sea, before the entrance Into a roadstead or 
 harlxjr. 
 
 Breast. A bush connected with a small sliaft, 
 sm-all axle or axi.s. "Breast-beam," tlie front 
 cross-beam of a locomotive li-ame. "Itrexst- 
 ing," the curved space in wliicli a brejist-wlieei 
 turns. It forms a quarter of a circle, and 
 adapted to prevent the waste of wale" "IJrcast- 
 r.iil," the upper rail of a baieoin', etc. " Breadt- 
 wlieel,"a variety of water-wheel, \\ Iiieli may be 
 dividtxl into two classes, termt d high and low. 
 In the fonner c;i.se, the wheel is moved by the 
 weight of the water, which it receives a little 
 above the heiglit of its a.\i.s. In the latter case, 
 the wheel is moveti by the impulse of the water, 
 which It receives a little below the level of its 
 a.\is. 
 
 Breech. In naval architecture, the outer angle 
 of knee-timlwr. " Breech loading," a tenn aii. 
 plied to the metlicsl of making lieavy jiieccs 
 of ordnance and field-pieces, as well as rifles 
 and fowling-iiicces, with a movable breech, to 
 admit of the cluirge being inserted at the breech 
 end of the gun instead of the muzzle. "Breech- 
 pin " or screw, a strong plug screweil in at tlie 
 breech of afire-arm. "Breech-sight, "an instni- 
 ment used for jiointing a cannon or other fire* 
 arm. 
 
 Bressaminer. Any large beam used to support 
 u superincumljent nia.ss of masonry, sueli ils the 
 lieam placed over a shop-window to receive ■.he 
 weight of the front of the building that rises 
 over it. Cal'ed, also, brest -summer. 
 
 Brett. -V long four-wheeled ple.isure vehicle. 
 
 Brevier. A small body or reading type, in size 
 between lx>urgeoi9 and minion, the last being 
 the smallest rt tho three kinds here men- 
 tioned. 
 
 Brewing. Tlie art of extracting a Raceh-irine 
 si.'lution from grain, and afterward jiatiaUy 
 converting the sugar formed into alcolujl. Air.- 
 ot the cereals, wheat, beans, peas, etc., in;;; be 
 used in brewing, but liarley is tho best for 'lie 
 manufacture of beer. JIalt signities any grain 
 w hich has become sweet to tho t.iste on account 
 of the comuii'ncement ot pemiinatlon; as, bur 
 ley, from which ale, beer, aim ]X>rterare brewed, 
 all of wliicn arc called malt liquor-. Barley 
 steeped i n water for three or four (^a^ s become.; 
 malt, when it is taken out and allowed to s})rout 
 or germinate. It is then drieil in a kiln and 
 treated with Ixiiling A\:iter, in order to form 
 wort. Kearly all seeds contain a large <iuantity 
 of starch, and when they Ijcgin to germinate, a 
 lieculiar nitrogenous sulKtance called diiwtase 
 !• tormed. This product, acting as a ferment, 
 
 converts ttio starch Into su^r. This process is 
 callcil mailing, and the subae<)uent |nrtlal con. 
 version of tlie sugar into alcohol is called brew. 
 ing. The two pn>ce»si-s are Inllmalely con. 
 nected. In brewing, tho iiutlt undergoes six 
 processes: The grinding; the mashing, or iiifus* 
 ing witli liot water; the liolling of the worts 
 witli b<>|>s: IlieeiMjling; the fermenting, and the 
 elearing, storing, etc. 
 
 Hr!<>kM. The iiLiterial use<l in making bricks is 
 clay, wlileli is worked Into a i-kwlic state by 
 kneading, anci then ii.olded Into a rect;uigular 
 form, nine Inches long, fouran'l one-lutlf iiicbea 
 wide, and very ne-ar!y three inches thick. These 
 pieces are afterward ilrieii, and then lianlened 
 by li;iking In a kiln or In stacks. "Brick- 
 trowel," a mason's tool f*tr spreading mortar. 
 " Brickwork," the thicknes.s<>f walls of houses 
 built of brick is regiil.iled by the length of tho 
 brick, which Is nine inches. Walls are made 
 half a brick, a brick, a brick and a half, etc., in 
 thickness. In houses esually the outer walls 
 are from oni.' brick to two in thlckn(';s9, and the 
 partition walls only .' half a brick thick. In 
 puliiie linilrlings, Hnd walls in which great 
 strength is required, they are s<imetimes more 
 tlian fcnir briek tliick; but it Is c<.nsiderc-d good 
 substantial work w ben they nr- made of the 
 thickness of three bricks well bonded together. 
 (See Bond.) .V layer of bricks is called a course; 
 when laid side facing outward, and lengthwise 
 in the course, they are terme^I stretchers; an J 
 hence, stretching-course, endwise, they are 
 headers, or hcading.c(»nrse. See Plinth. 
 
 Bridge. ,V structure of woo<l, stone, or Iron, 
 tlirown across a river, or any water-cliannel. 
 ISridges may be clxssed as fixed or movable; 
 among the former are the ordinary bridge, the 
 suspension bridge, the tubular bridge, 1 .^ frame 
 bridge, the lattice bridge, and the .skew bridge; 
 among tlie latter, are the floating bridge, fly- 
 ing bridge, draw- bridge, and swing-bridge. 
 " Bridge-head," a fortification intended for the 
 defense of a bridge. Military bridges include 
 the pontoon bridge, a bridge of boats, rope- 
 bridge, boat-and-rope bridge, trestle bridge, 
 rift bridge, and pile-and-spar bridge. 
 
 Brig. See Vessel. 
 
 Brilliant. A diamond of the fint^t cut : also, the 
 llnest bo.ly type, used In the art of printing. 
 
 Broad-ax. See .Vx. 
 
 Bronze. .\ n alloy of copper and t in, to which are 
 siimetimes added small iXirtions of zinc and 
 lead. 
 
 Brusli-nlieel. One of the wheels which In light 
 machinery turn each other without teeth, but 
 with or without bristles or bmsbea fixed t« 
 their eireuml'erence. 
 
 nueklinard. Sec Carriage. 
 
 Bucking. Tile processor soaking cloth In lye for 
 l;leacldng. In mining, a term applied to crush, 
 ing ore by hand on a plate called a bucking- 
 plate, liy means of a tlat - headed hammer. 
 "Bnckiiig-klcr," a large round boiler, or kier, 
 used in lileacbing. A washing-block is called a 
 biicklng-stool. 
 
 Bufl'er. A rod witiian enlargcl end attached to 
 a spiral sjirlng of great strength, fi\e<l to the 
 striking parts of locomotives and railway car- 
 riages, in onb-r to diminish or prevent siioclis 
 arising from any suiMen movemeni or sto^'page. 
 
 Burin. An engraver's tool for cutting lini-s on 
 steel, copper, or zinc plate in making an en- 
 graving. 
 
 Burnisher. A tool made of agate, steel, or some 
 veiy bard highly-polished m.'»terial,and used by 
 silversmitlis, bookbinders, and otlwrs, to give 
 smoothness and luster to rough surfaces. 
 
 Slush. .\ perforated piece of metal lixed in cer. 
 tain parts ot machinery, to n.-ceive the wear of 
 lilvots, bearings, and the like, as in Ihv l.ub of a 
 wheel, etc. In larger machines, a similar piece 
 is called a box. " Bu"h.Iiarrow," an instrument 
 of Inishnndry for liarrowin^ graes lands, OBd 
 envering pmss or <il«reT seeds ; hushes are Inwe- 
 ven in it, hence the name. 
 
 I 
 
VOCABULAIIV or JIKCHANIC.VL AN© SCIENTmC TZHitS. 
 
 Ratrhrr. A '\xnj:>:-j-t»r '.-f ritlJi- fcr llic tnlilc; 
 also a vou'li.r ■ r r-^juJ^T uf Ihe huiiu-. Tlio 
 lUPthfxU •>< k:.; -4 f.kXlU! rary In Ulffficnt 
 conntriMi, :i.i i1.> tt.^ ;i.»«iiii» by wUlcb the meat Is 
 UlsiMjmMl of t.n th»^ *"Oioi»'ttIiiW. 
 
 Butt. The wiau* cad of ■ c^onnectlng-nKl, to 
 which the |M»I>-I)«*ftair >• ilx'«l <>>' u nit'tiU ihuiji 
 or strap faaten' : ■ " ' ■\i\\ I i.v uitains of ii cot- 
 ter and^^ib. A" ' 'f » c(fiinc**tinjf-ro<I, 11 
 stmiuhtail l-«:i i .. -1- ' I- <"-<jlt<r iHii wcclBi'd- 
 shn|ic«t plpre of Wi^;'!, artii, c»r otli^r iimti-Tlul, 
 UMdl for securtndf {difiu o] i£iji('liiiipr>'. (iib la a 
 piece, notctMd or boI, u< bold otliiT i«i1rt 
 to^nther. 
 
 Iliittnn. S«« J>liWf linn 
 
 UuttrrM. A ktadotf tmiliiKut, CcmMructcd arch- 
 wisp, xt'nrincr to toppun a building or wall 
 
 Cabinet-maker. S*c Itupnitr;' 
 
 Cable. A AKt tena tor a Mrung roiio, or chain, 
 wliirU aprvei* to tLitfrp a ►hip at auclior. The 
 AtLvntic teleig^pfe cHAv «aut'i»'t»< of wire that in 
 enfolilcd by 'tnn't* ottwialed wire, luyer^ of 
 gutta-iierchit, b«np aad pUcti, etc. "Cable's 
 lenijth," the m*-i.- ..-■ ' 530 lathoms, or 7iO feot. 
 "L'alile.moldii..-' laoldjug, cut no as to 
 
 resemliNiii ropi . 
 
 Cable Street Car*. A tratk, wilh enUlesn ciible 
 undernrath ^nttte* <A li<e gi'ound, the latter 
 being propcUeil Iit*«««o«l MJdwaj- between the 
 rails componiOiS caeb tnM\k lae two strips of 
 Iron whicii rtin panUd wiUa tlje rails. A driver 
 on a car tliat cantos tim gti}', ' <y nieiins of a 
 lever throw ■* onnr^1?R?'j*'CT5l^'«bichruiiH down 
 
 -j( t.-.r: 
 
 : liu-yuj-'li between the 
 *.-J, where the eable 1h 
 ' ~.x <-'i eight uiiles an 
 
 •■ii.l>)<-lii,'htly or other- 
 - : J" iabt or slow. 
 ■Milt, eAtensively 
 
 i nuut. It forms an 
 
 from the floor 
 strips of iron To t':\.~ 
 in motion at t..- :■:.■. 
 hour; the j?rip i ..,.- -• 
 wUe, lus the dri^-r v 
 
 Caen Stone, Aa >j'..r 
 quan'ird nt-ap Caer^, 
 adininbl'! iMuL'iin:^ *c*jCj*- 
 
 Calculatins-maeUa**. Ajre tliuse by which all 
 the common ariUancUcalajMiutions and others 
 of a more complex BatBi« may W readily 
 ctTected, tlierebraariaKa eciguideralik' amount 
 nf time to thoKe wbo tamemfte^'i in calculating 
 long series of agun»,mwA iawring results whicli 
 cannot fail to be cancel. 
 
 Calibe- ComtiiiMCi. AafaaMrmueut, with curved 
 Ivii^, iiseil for mOMu iag tit diamet'er of shot 
 and shell.-* anil cjUmStieti HuditiK. 
 
 Calklne-iron. AdOiel, atMnJ in driving oakum 
 into tlie Si anu tetvcra t3be iilanksof a ship's 
 decks or sides. .1. r»!«iiaitioe-iK*n or chisel is used 
 for openini; the seornts >rA jJliuikt. 
 
 Cant. \ plate with ^imrrtuS t-ides, fixed on a 
 revolvin;^ jahaft fr.»r eiooiTieraiiig a rolarj" motion 
 into a riM-tUinear. 
 
 Camera Laekta. ,vn *>5jT.udtl 2n^j-uiuei;t intended 
 to facilitate tlie per-^fi^i^^vf di-Jine.iition of ob- 
 jects. It iia.4 been awist vucKieM^-luUv enijiloyed 
 in delini'atin^ tbe fcc¥BW<tflf »'i.»nderand iK-auty 
 revealed liy the mierrj(*<ci'^ie- "< ame:"a Obscurn," 
 an optical appvratua, rwrTTceti^'tJting an artificial 
 
 eye, by whirls the trr::_-- 
 receiv.^il thron;^h a 
 shown distinctlv. :i.~ 
 
 Cam-wheel. .\ ,\ . . ■ ' . 
 to iiroiluri. a va:-..i i 
 machinery; a cam. \ 
 
 Cannon. .V holl. )W 
 revolving shaft pa.- ■ •. 
 great ;^un. •' Cam r.. 
 non, Ilrst maib: iii -> 
 heavy piei-ft of orlr..: 
 tain qualities of till . 
 " Dahl^ren ^n.i." a _ . 
 what .similar to tlie -'. .- 
 and nai .ed after ir- . 
 Unltei. states nav; - 
 strong, and it tins - 
 *' Field-gun." a .-iiii:-... 
 piece. *' tiaflinar-QTi;; 
 8i.^ barrels, ant c.i u >> 
 shot.^ a minute, . .*—•■; 
 inventor, R. J. GatUaj^. 
 
 l.-l 
 
 ■ * ''xUTiml cilijfcls, 
 
 u\ex ^lusH, are 
 ■ -lalivc colors, 
 ■.■ . ..Lir outline, used 
 * ■■.atinir motion in 
 
 ■ ' ir'tu^li which a 
 
 liliay alTairs u 
 
 iid of short can. 
 
 •'(■oluuiltiad," ji 
 
 _' cunil lined ccr- 
 
 "I'.cr, ami niuitar. 
 
 ■■ y calilKT, some. 
 
 ■ ■ _' pnn, whicli see, 
 
 ' ' ;iu oflk'f-rof the 
 
 ■ ■ -r h ip extremrly 
 
 ■ . 11 UB bolid .^hot. 
 
 •uTnion; a lieM- 
 
 ■ nv ^un, bavin*? 
 
 " ■ --^iz two huntlred 
 
 . '.'T 1-be American 
 
 ' Iknrilxer," a short 
 
 cannon for thrt>wlnff lartfe projectllfta, " Kropp r 
 Ktiii," a ^nii iiuutc at KnippS w(irks,at EiMec, In I 
 I*ruH-*iu; tlie l:iri;i'sl, an eiionnoMH plrte, wm« , 
 oxhtliitcd at the Taris Kxhlhltion, madeof «r/lid 
 Htcel, and c(»nMtrncte<l to lire a shot weighing 
 l.'Jl'J jtoiuids; llH ealihcr Ih fourteen inch(»»UhJ 
 ItH lenKth weventeen feit. " Murtar,'* a variety 
 of nhnrt cannon of a 'iiryo lK)re, with chambers^ 
 oniiiloyefl to throw MheIUf)rrarciut.'**->* at consSd- 
 embli^ dlHtaiu-wt*. " Swivi-l.yun," a jjun wttleh 
 may ho turned on a phot In any dlrfctiim. 
 
 runlllev<>r. A projecting pli'ce or bracket tor 
 sujiporlintf 11 cornice, haltMiny, etc. 
 
 Caimtcliouc (c»r Gtnn-uluHtic). See Indtonibber. 
 
 Capital. The uppermost inirt of acolntnn, snr* 
 In;; as the head. 
 
 Capstan. A lur^e piece of timber re^^^'mMii^ » 
 winding's, placed behind VkUf niainma.'«t. It te A 
 cylinder w'th levers, used to wcigli anchors^ to 
 hoist up nr strike down topmast?*, etc. 
 
 Canltac AVlieel. A wheel nnide In theshapeof a 
 heart ; a cam. 
 
 Canlinfc-niaddnn. A machine In which th* 
 Ilbrcs of cotton, uv wool, are ccimlrf^l urcardefl, [ 
 to disentangle them from each other, and brinflp 
 them into a pn)i)er condition lor spinning into 
 yaniH and thread. The machine consists of 
 wo(Hien eylindein or drums to whicli -strapH of 
 leather are fastened, which are perfonUed with 
 numerous wireu■e^;ula^!y arranged. The exte- 
 rior of a cylinder retiemhlcH a circular bruah. 
 TIm! cotton or otlier material is ptit into the 
 machine at one end, and is rapiilly whirle»i 
 round Ironi cylinder to cylinder until it come;* 
 out at tluiothcreadinthcfonnof atUmy fleece; 
 this is received on another cylinder called the 
 doH'or, from wlUcli it is removed by the doflteg- 
 knife, and gathered into a narrow lajxna by paw- 
 int; through a I'nnncl-shaped aperture, when U Ia 
 ready to be spun Into yarns and tliread. 
 
 Carpentry. The exiiressinn is nic-e particularly 
 iipi)licable to the system of fnun. -r pifces of 
 timber together to form partitions, ro<*f;t, ami 
 tloora of buildings, tlie trusses and frames of 
 wooden bridges, and tlie centring or supports 
 on whicli largo arches and the arches of bridge?* 
 are built, as well as tin; keel, ribs, tindwr^, and 
 planksfonniiig tile hull of a vessel. The interior 
 ilttings of a lums.', such aa tlit^ stairs, -rkirtini?- 
 boards, flooring, dooi-s, windows, etc., are the 
 work of the joiner; and pieces of hoiweUoM 
 furniture, piuticuhirly those viadtiof the more 
 valuable kinds of wood, come from the liands of 
 the cabinet-maker. 
 
 CarriaKe. In geneml, a vehicle for carryiik* 
 goods and persons; in gunnerj-, the raachine 
 upon which thegui\ is mounted; in carpentry, 
 the trame ol timlierwork vhich support.s the 
 stejis of wooden stairs. •' Uarrc»w,"aliyht,smu.U 
 carriage, moved by Iiand. " Iluck-hoanI," a nide 
 vehicle of four wheels, wiiiiaseat for two per- 
 sons, the board. part springing with Its own 
 elasticity when the wheels come in contaLt 
 with an obstacle. " liicyele," a carriage for on*-, 
 having one very large wheel and one very small, 
 disix)sed one behind theotlier, witlxaseat aUjv** 
 the large w heel for Ihe rider. It is propelled by 
 movement of the feet u]X)n cranks tlxed to the 
 axle of the hirge wheel. "Cab," a small light 
 carriage forone hoi*se. *' Cabriolet," a cne-hor*e 
 pleasure-carriage. "Calasl'." a light, covered 
 carriage, with seats for four inside, andasef*. 
 aiiite seat for Ih'' driver; in Canatla, a two- 
 wheeled vehicle, having one seat, with a place 
 in front for the driver. " Carr^'-ail," a light, 
 one-hoi-se vehicle for carrying a number of per- 
 poris. **Cftrt," a carriage with two wheels. 
 "Chaise," a two-wheclcd vehicle for two per. 
 sons. " Chariot," a war vehicle; a four-wheeled 
 pleasure-carriage. "Clarence," a close four- 
 wheeled vehicle, with onescat inside, and a scat 
 for the driver. "Coach," a large, close, fonr- 
 wheeled vehicle. " Coupe," a four-wheeled, 
 close carriage for two i>crsons, and a sopamte 
 seat for the driver. " Dog-cart," a one-hor^e 
 cart, with two wheels or four wheels, used by 
 
 fpon.#TDen to carry dflfW for htintlTlSf. " Gig,'* a 
 very light kind ol two.whf>elrd chiur.e, "i.hul- 
 »loi»e,''a rcfomy four-wlietled pleasure vehiile, 
 Willi MAts for «<ix, including driver and foot nam. 
 " Jiini(>-itaat/* a carriage with a movable seat. 
 "KiljitkiL,** a wagon without springs, used by 
 Tutam as a kind of movable habitat i<Mi. " I.an. 
 dUL" a ^mreuient carriage, nuide at I.andau, la 
 GfTOiauy , it Is hung and fitted like a coach, but 
 coiutrTXr1<Hi mi tliat theupjHT jiartcan be I brown 
 open orc^i^K'nally In line weather. " Kocka- 
 •*y.** ■ jleatiure-iarriage, with tlxetl top. 
 "^tanhof*',' a light two-wln-eled carrUige, mo. 
 v^tatd after Lonl Stiudiope, fur whom It was 
 ms^. •* Sulky," a two-wheeled V4'hicle, for one 
 j<*-fw#n- "Tartan," a hmp, covered carriage. 
 "V*i<j«-ipw5e," a carriage fnrone, with wheels (pf 
 BDcqoal dl-tineter, sintilar in form to the lii( y- 
 elcv which iBcaiiable of heingdriven withgreat 
 «p««(L ** Wagon,** a four-wheeled vehicle for 
 earrytny freight, 
 CmrrUtr* A piece fastened to a faceplate in t\ 
 
 Carrta^ A term applied more i>artlcularly to 
 lb* fTcrfu»tion of ligures, fruit, flowers, find 
 ixvaLMoentLl work, fror-. pieces td' wood or ivor.', 
 tqrcattlxtg the aame into the denired KlmtX' by 
 nMUuof cliiseU, gnuges, saws, and tliosofile 
 nccesiiiiry forms. The ait of carving is called 
 «ciiJ|Mture vben slrme is the material used, and 
 chaftin^ ■»"ben the work is executed in metal 
 
 CmrymtkA^** The term given to female figures 
 Ibblaie U¥»t«3 instoad of columns, toHup|)ort an 
 «lltaLAatl2r(>, Allantes is the name given by the 
 Greeks losuHli; ligures used insteail of columns 
 OTfiiMsteT^ for a similar i)uri)ose, 
 
 Ca«e. Ar«'e]'tacle dividcl into numerous coin- 
 |AniDimt£, lor holding types. The lower-ca.-^e 
 CKJOlaitt* fifty -fuur l>oxes, for each snail I lettei of 
 tfc« alphabet, each llgure (from 1 toO), punctua- 
 ttoa pirfntfi« (ijraces for placing between Ihe 
 wonts quadrates of four sizes for justifying 
 llnctf jumI landing jtamgraiihs. The upjx'rcase is 
 diTKled into ninety-eight boxes, and cuutalns 
 lli« cupiUJ letters, snaUl • caps, sign nairks, 
 tla^tit*. liTU-es, bi-acket, jiarenthois, etc. The 
 compoait'or (*els the ty]K.-s, according to the copy, 
 Tbith be has jiUieed conveniently before him, 
 OiliiS an ijvn instrument calh-d a coniiHising- 
 stiek. In wluchhe arranges each tyi)e— one alter 
 anottaer— in the jtrocess of forming words and 
 lioca. Wbeai the stick has received all the lines 
 it willhcild, tbe coiuiKisitor, by a i>eculiar grip 
 ©"Otlietype uith histwo han<ls,lift.s it out and 
 deports it on a frame or galley. The gtUley, on 
 beinsCUed with matter (as tyi>e iJ called after 
 its tviDOv:i] from the stick;, is secured and an 
 impniBEkin of its contents is taken on a slip of 
 pMp*^» wrhieh i-s called a proof-slij) or sheet. 
 Tbeptoof-felip, together with the original copy 
 of tbe naat^er, i^then sent to the i>roof-rouder, 
 wbo,»iIb*na'^^isUiiit,rcadsand verities it with 
 the Off^^nal cxijiy, marking ndstakes, as they 
 are ftMiBd* on the margin oi tlie slip; tlie assist- 
 ant is call«<dl the cojiy -holder, and reads alo\id 
 fr'vni li«r tsjpy or manuscript to the proof. 
 reafler, wbo traces tlie jirinted lini's on the 
 pcooCsdip, ]*encil in hand. After being cor. 
 Ecctcfl by the ctjmixjsitor who set tiie type, it is 
 Goade op into jages or colnmns as required, and 
 sent frMntl3ecoUiiiot>ing-rooni tolheiircss-room 
 a4 a fiorm. The form i* tlicn jdaced upon the 
 smooth bed of a machine or i>ress and any 
 re«|aired nojubcrol imi)re-->iniis are made on a 
 5piMr:f£tid or uniform size of paper. From the 
 piriets^rcMJwa tiie printed slteets of the form go to 
 Ihe book-binder, if itrinte*! in book-form; if in 
 the totmof anews]ia]H'r, the sheets are folded 
 >n the spot, and delivered direct to the pub. 
 lidaeroraatborof the mattiT. (See Ilookhind- 
 Ing-i ''Casie-r»ck,"R wcKxlenlrainelorreceiving 
 prfntcta' cases when not in use. See Quad. 
 rat, em, 
 
 Ca^tia^ A Ifeiinapj^lied tothe proccsfiof pouring 
 a meiaJ or some other tiubstance, in a fluid or 
 setEsi-flraid elate, into a mold. The i)rocess i 
 
 i. 
 
VOC.yULAUY OF MKCIIANICAI. AND SCIKNTIKIC TEh3lS. 
 
 ftti]>li'otl to till' iiiiiiiutiiriiin* of iirttcloM tn tnni, 
 l>n»nzt', lM-ll.|i)i'tnl, Iriul, Htcrl, t'opiHT, ponu'* 
 l.tiTi. )>];t-t)-i-, iiiKl rcMK'iit of variuiis UliuU, 
 
 Calluirlnp-whiM-l. A olri'iilar window, lii'^iunlly 
 r>tiinl iit riillit'tlniN iiinl churt'lirM Ixiill tn tlic 
 Uothic -.lylf. 
 C«*llul4ii(l. A ^ptM-lfsof MnlWdllnl nillodidn prn. 
 <lnitv! lA- <lN-Mtlvin;;guM*r()tton In ranipliorwtth 
 tli«* »Mo( lir:it ami prcrtrmri'; nsc t\H ]isiil»>ll. 
 lulf lor ivnr>', ami may Ix* inoldtMl mo that the 
 UK>*t 'li'llwilt* jind I'laVioniti-uiticU'dian be niml'' 
 with 11. 
 Carrlto. '.cr Hasp. 
 
 Cfm**nt. A i-oniiMiund of pltrli, hrtckdiist, pla>*. 
 l*t -»( !*;iri.-.('tr.,ii-'r(! I)y fliaMTf^amt otliur ui! If. 
 it i-r- for niakim; tlu-ir work llini. 
 C^nt4T-htl. s.r I!lt 
 
 Crntfr nf (iruvlty. That ]»4>int almnt which all 
 lh<' pan* ot a U.dy in any ^»ituation hahmcc 
 «-.irli othtT. 
 CentfT or (iyralion. That jwlnt In a r*Uatin^' 
 !*<»'ly, or ?.y-ttin of l«Mllcs,al whioh, If tlic whoh* 
 u%'.tsi* wtMVcoIh'ct'vt.a (jivcii Inn-fappUiMl would 
 pnxluoi' thr !<\uiv a!i;;nlar vi'lotity thai It would 
 luvf cointnnnii'ali'd to tin- systt'n\ In its Ilrst 
 t-ondilion. 
 Onlrirucal. KiTciM'Xortt'd from tie renter out 
 ward. 'Centnivetal," tending' toward the center. 
 Chain* A nie:i-nre iif len><th, made ot a eertain 
 nuniN'r of li:ik"*ot iron wire.servin^; to measure 
 a certain quantity ot ^roun<\. (iuntur's chain 
 coni^istsof r. hnndrcil sueli link^, each measur- 
 Ing7/*'i inclH's.and therelon' ('{pial to sixty. hIx 
 fet't or four i*i>lerf. 1 KMpKire c' in = 10,(>no links 
 =s )•; jujIcj-. Ill ^Mpmro chains — 1(»,(HH) links = icd 
 poles =- 1 acre. 
 Cluiln-puinp. A device in thofonn of an tMidless 
 i.iuiin. ♦••piii'iHHl with jilates or huckotsnt re^ru- 
 lar interval-, jiassin;; ujuvard thronnh a wooden 
 tube:uid moving on two wlieels, lam above and 
 one l»elow. *' (^"hnin-wlioel," an inversion of the 
 chain-piimj>, whereliy it becomes a recipient of 
 j.uwer. 
 Cliair. >ee under the head of Hail. 
 Chaise, .^ee Carriage. 
 Chaldron. A dry measure, consisting of thirty- 
 
 >i X '-u^hels. 
 Champ. A small sloping surface in architecture. 
 <itanif*T. To cut a groove In ; to llute. 
 Change-wheel, (me of a ^et of wheels of ditl'er- 
 i-nt ^izes and number of teeth, which may be 
 e!ui7i;,'ed for other wheels in machinery. 
 Chapiter. See Ionic firder. 
 Cliariot. *(.-e Carriage. 
 
 Chai^. A s<iuare iron fmme, used by printers to 
 I'X-k up forms of type, when made up in col- 
 u:nns or ]iages. 
 Chasing. See < ari'ing. 
 
 Cheeks. A general name among mechanics for 
 pieci-i of timber in any machine, which are two 
 K'i u kind. 
 Cliee^e-pres*. A press in which lln' curds are 
 
 "■resri-e'l f» >r making cheese. 
 Chevron. A zigzag archilectuifil ornament. 
 Chill. To haixleii liy sudden cooling; as, a chilled 
 
 w hix-l. made of cast iron, au'l so hardened. 
 ChokeHlamp. A name given by minors to car. 
 lx>:.;o acid, as distinguished from lire-tlami), 
 ■ahjcJi ].. carburet ted liydrogen. 
 Chorography. Art of dmwing maiis of parlieu- 
 lar iiroviuccs ur districts. It is, thcretore, Ic: s 
 extensive than geography, wliich includes a 
 description of the whole earth, and more exten- 
 sive Hum toix>graphy, which contines itself t()a 
 singk" phiceor luwn. 
 Chrome-yellow. A valuable pigment, made by 
 prt-ciiiiialinga salt of lead with bichromate of 
 potash. Much used by painters un account of 
 it- brilliant yellow color. 
 Chark. An appliance fixed to the shank of a 
 turner's l.ithe for hultUng the material to be 
 ■w-jrked on. 
 Cinqaefoil. An ornament of live leaves united; 
 common in the tnicery of winilows, in i)apapeta, 
 etc., of Gothic buildings. 
 
 (;lre|p, .\ plain llgme IxMinded by one line only, ' 
 eulle*l the ciretimfereiu'e, lo which all the Ihr I 
 (linwntolt from a jHtint In the middle, e:> 
 tho center, are eiiual to each other. The 
 which ilivides II into two i<|i>al i>artsi"*c. . 
 the dliuneter. Kvi-ry cirvle [■< sup)Hiscd to be 
 divided into .BUt inuts or degreo, wlUTcfore 
 angles are measured by the are of u circle. See 
 (jua<lnint, 
 
 Clreunit'erentor. .\ii Instrument u^efl by f*ur- 
 veyor-i for taliing angh's. 
 
 <'l(ieK-valve. .V .-Imple valve with a Map, which, 
 v\ \hu lilted, falls witli a clacking sound. 
 
 <'l(iinp. An instrument with a scr*'W by which 
 the w(trk iif a Julner Is lield together. 
 
 Ciurj'nee. Set" Carriage. 
 
 Clarion. .V ktn<l of trumiwt whose tube is nar- 
 rower, and lone more acut«<, than theconunoit 
 Irumpe* " Clarionet," an agreeable and sweet- 
 tmu'd y. ind Instrument of the reed kind. 
 
 Cleat. A small .strip of wood nailed to some 
 w()rk in thu hands (if the carpenter to hold it 
 together; a pico? of wood, having various forms 
 according to il« use, employed in vi's>4'ls to 
 iiusten rop<'s to; a piece of iron fastened tn a 
 shoe. 
 
 Clevis. A l)iece of iron bent to the fhajM' of an 
 ()\-biiw, w itli the two en<ls jiierced to receive a 
 liin, used on the end of the tongue of a wagon, 
 or plow, to draw it l)y. 
 
 i'llpper. See Vessel. 
 
 Clod-crusher. An agricultimd instrument for 
 crushing and pressing the soil. It consists of a 
 cylindrical roller diviiled into many pieces or 
 wheel-, all strung ujion one axle. 
 
 Clout-nail. A nail used for fastening jiatcliesof 
 iron. 
 
 Clutch. A i>rojecting tooth or other form of 
 machinery, for connecting shat'ts, etc. 
 
 Cock. The wronght-piece that covers the bal- 
 ance in achick or watch; thesix)nt which is i)ut 
 into beer or wati'r barrels, etc, Seo Water-gage, 
 Cocks, etc. 
 
 Con'er-dam. A ca-'C uf piling tl.^ed in the bed of 
 a rivir. for the puriwiseof building a pier dry. 
 
 Cog. Tin,' tooth of a wheel. *' Cog-wheel," a 
 wheel with cogs or teeth. 
 
 Collar. A circular or ring-like jmrtof a machine, 
 nst'd to jirevenl irregularity of motion. 
 
 Colonnade. See Ilalcony. 
 
 Column. A i>iUar, used to supixirt a superin- 
 cumbent weight in various ways, — it consists of 
 three parts, namely, base, shaft, and capital. 
 (See r.ase, an<l CapiUd.) A c()himn that ajipcars 
 to bcciunposed of a cluster of columns, is called 
 a cbisTcrid column. 
 
 Compass-plane. A jtlane convex on tho under 
 side for smoothing curved timber. 
 
 Composite. Onetd'the five orders of architect- 
 ure, so-called because it is eoi iposetl of the Ionic 
 and Corinthian orders. 
 
 Condenser. A term used to denote any apjiara. 
 tus u.-ed for cooling lieatt'd vajxu-s and reducing 
 them toa Ihiuid form. The pneumatic conden- 
 ser is a syringe workeil on thesanic ]irinciiile as 
 the force- pumji, by which a large (luantity of air 
 can be foz'ced into a given space. See Kxhaust. 
 
 Conduit. A jiipe for the conveyance of water to 
 any particular jiart. 
 
 C4»nsole. Same as I'litickot. 
 
 Cotder. A ve>sel used by brewers, tor cooling the 
 beer after it is dniwn olf. 
 
 Coping. The stone coveriim on the tojxif a wall. 
 
 Copper. A Irani, sonorous, ductile, and malleable 
 metal, of a characteristic reddish-brown color. 
 It is next to iron in specific gravity, but lighter 
 than gold, silver, or lead. 
 
 Corbel. The name given to blocks of stone pro- 
 jecting from the surface of a wall to su]ii)ort the 
 openings (»f towers, or the ends of the beams of 
 the floors in old castles. 
 
 Corinthian Or.Ier. The most profuse and orna- 
 mental of the live onlers of architecture, the 
 third in order, and so-called becai'se columns 
 were lii-st made of tnat character ' > Corinth. 
 See Architecture. 
 
 Cor*lt<«-englnr. .\n engine liavinga variable and 
 
 ^-elfiu' ting cut -oil'. (SeeCnt-oir.) \\ has t«o hilet 
 and two exliau>t viilve«, each of which vllmde 
 on its own rod or spindle, within a bored S|tace. 
 The valvesMci independently by na'ansof rods 
 iiinn a viljnttlng disk and an eccentric and rod. 
 At each stroke ot the engine, the valve. opening 
 mechanism Is thrown out of gear, when the 
 valve \H irwtanlly closed by a spring. Tho 
 instant at which the cut-oil takes place Is 
 itependent upon the poHitlon of the balls of the 
 governor' at the miunenl. 
 
 Cornel-a-IMHton. A new kind . wind Instru- 
 na'ut, \'cr>' popnlur anamg modern composers. 
 It is virtually n post-lau-u with the addition of 
 three pistons. 
 
 Cornice. Any molded projection I hat crownsor 
 hidshes the part to which it is atllxed, as tho 
 corn'c of a room, a door, etc. 
 
 CiJtter. See Itutt. 
 
 Coulter. The ton' part of a plow, with a sharp 
 edge tocut th(i earth. 
 
 Coiinter-lialanee. Adrlltlon of weight to the 
 side of a wheel (»pi)oslte to th-,it whereon a 
 <-nink.pin is attached ; as, tin? niass of iron cast 
 in the locomotive engine whetd opposite to tho 
 cnnk-idn, to counterbalance tl;4Mveight of tho 
 latter, 
 
 Coiipllnj;. T!io name given to various armngo. 
 ments liy which the parts of a machine may bo 
 connected or disconnectecl at iileasnre, or by 
 which a machine may \n' disengaged from, or 
 i*e-engage<t with, a revolving wheel or shaft, 
 through which it receives motiim from a steam- 
 engine, water-wheel or other iirime- mover. 
 (See Clutch, tilainl, Kngaged, and Friction 
 clutch, etc., under Friction,) •'Coupling-box," 
 the box into which tlie ends of two shaft3 are 
 fastened and eonnecteil. 
 
 Crut». A kind of crane for moving heavy weights. 
 
 Cradle. A frame of timlicr raised on eat'h side of 
 a ship, for the more convenient launching of lier. 
 
 Cruinp-ifon-^. Irons which are used to fasten 
 st<mes in buihlings. 
 
 Crane, A nau'liine, with ropes, pulleys, and 
 hoo])s, for drawing up heavy weights. 
 
 Crank. A shaft or axis bent like an elbow, and 
 used for converting re<'tilineal into circidar 
 motion, or vice versa. '' Crank-pin," a pin join- 
 ing the ends of the cnmk-arms. 
 
 Crocket. An <miamental projection on tlie edges 
 of the sides of pinnacles, canopies, spires, vie, 
 consist ing ehielly of leaves and knots of foliage. 
 
 Cross-head. In a steam-engine, that part which 
 forms a cross-bar at the end of a i)iston-rod 
 where the latter isjoined to theconnecting-rod, 
 "Guide-bars," tlie bars in wliich tht! cross-heatl 
 slides, called also guide. blocks, .slide-rods, and 
 slides. 
 
 CrosH-tall. A!i in»n bar connect ing the side. lever 
 of a marine engine with tlie piston-rod. 
 
 Crown. The ut)pi'rmo-:t member <>i' a cornice. 
 *' 4'rown-post ," the jiost which sustains the tie- 
 b 'am and rafters of a roof, called also king-i>ost. 
 "Crown-saw," ni circular naw made by cutting 
 the teeth on the edge of a hollow cylinder. 
 "Crown-wheel," a cog-wheel witli teeth at right 
 angles to lts]ilane. 
 
 Cupola. A term ai>plicd to any covering placed 
 over a building and taking the ft)rm of a hemi- 
 sphere or spherical vault, whether round or 
 polygonal, at the base. The term dome, to 1)0 
 strict, is apjilied to the exterior, or ciuivexity of 
 the covering, and the woid cupola is applied to 
 its interior surface, or concavity. 
 
 Cup-valve. A \alvo made in tho form of a cup, 
 or a hemisphere. 
 
 Cutter, See \'cssel. 
 
 <'utting-engine. See Kngine. 
 
 Cut-oil*. An ai>plianci' of tin* steam-engine for 
 cutting otfthe passage of steam l'ro!n the steam- 
 chest or ^nl)ltly to th.> cylinder, at the time tho 
 piston has nuide \v.\vt of a stroke, in order to 
 allow the remainder of the stroke to be made 
 by the expansive forc<' of the steam already in 
 the cylinder. See Expansion, 
 
slmrp 
 
 cornu'C. 
 i tlio tic. 
 
 iillL'llOSl. 
 
 iv (Mittinj^ 
 i'\ liiulcr. 
 h at i-ijiht 
 
 placed 
 >I ;i litMui- 
 DUinl or 
 line, to be 
 i\'t'.\ity of 
 iippliwl to 
 
 of u cup, 
 
 Hf^lno for 
 
 liostetim- 
 
 DB(ni**rrnotyiin Pruoeiifi. Iixlltlo of hIIvit 1h ii 
 coiniMtiiiul vi-ry Hi^nsttivr to tin- tnllnrurr of 
 IljfhI. Iinlii|;»i(M'nH>lyiMM'.x|M'rlim-'ntf* ii jvollslii'M 
 lUutti of Hllvt-r Is liXiMiHcil 1o tlir viiiMir toiUni', or 
 Iimniifln vn|K>r, until It lMT<in»'s covrri'tl witliu 
 |Nil(t yellow lUiii of iiMlidc (.f Hilvt-r. It tin- 
 iodlztMl plnte 1m' put Into ii fiuiHim ol»^rum, uml 
 Hii object \»\ iillow4>4t Ut fiiU iiivin tt tltn>ut,'h a 
 voiii|x>uiul leiirt, till) lodliu! will \n) Heimnited 
 from tb»< HllViToii tlioso iMiit?*of the plate ni>on 
 which theliyht-my!-, from t3io object full. The 
 plate ir* alli-nvard cxiM>.-tt'il to the vapoi-s of incr- 
 cury -a certiiiii whito metal, like Milver— which 
 amtUK<Lii>i^tti with tlioHu partn of the hiii face that 
 lire frec'lfrom iodino by the interposition of tln^ 
 ]Hirticular oltjcct, whoHtj ontlinu and features 
 havo been rdlccli'dor cast uik)m It, ami tluis tlie 
 picture Is (h'vclopcil. Tlu-n the plate is iui- 
 HkerHcil in a saline snlution, wliicli removes the 
 excess of iodifln i^f silver, and thus prevents 
 tiny further action of the liirht upon the plate. 
 
 Dfinip. See ('huke-daiui>. 
 
 D inalile. A kind of horizontal wheel, moved by 
 a fall of water. 
 
 I>aHli-|mt. A cylinder containing fluid, and hav- 
 ing a liMtscly-litting i)islon, to oitso tlie blow of 
 any desccndinii weight. 
 
 DuvtI. .\ piece of timber projecting over a sliip's 
 bow, UfiiHl a.s a crane t(^> huint the anchor out of 
 tlie water in such u manner as to prevent lis rub. 
 bingaio^inst hor side; pieces of iron placed in 
 pali-s in certain jmrts of a vessi'l's sides ancl 
 stern, employed for hoJstingand lowering boats. 
 
 Derrick. A lcm|M>mry cnmo consistinj^ of a spar 
 supported by stays and guy.s, carrying a par- 
 ch a >4e for loiiding or unloading goods on ship- 
 boiucl, invented liy Sir. llir«hop, an American. 
 PeiTicks ure usetl in this country ju* lifting 
 p^jwerj*, and are veiy ustifid ami economical. 
 
 Dibblr, A i>oiutud garden. to(^>l for nmking holes 
 t.» plant in. 
 
 DifTerenthil (icur. A eouibinatiou of wheel- 
 mo veim.'nt by \\ hii'h a motion Is produced eipial 
 to th(^ dltferenci! between t wo t»I her movements. 
 
 DlscliarKcr. An in^tlrument made of ghu;.s or 
 baketl wool, by the help of which an electric jar 
 is di.scliai*ged; a di>.e barging rod. 
 
 IHstribiition. The throwing of tyix; into cases 
 by a comiM)sitor. 
 
 Ulvlng-lHdl. A hollow Vessel, by winch pei-sons 
 may descend lulow the water, and remain for 
 •*ome time witlioul inconvenience. It is nscil 
 for tlu' ri-eovr'ry ol'lo>t property, etc. 
 
 Doller. See CanlinLT-machine. 
 
 I>t>g> A grap|)ling iron tor tastt'ninLX into wood or 
 other heavy articles for tlie puriMJso of moving 
 tlM'm. 
 
 Dome. See Cuix>la. 
 
 ]H>ric. The most ancient of the Grecian or^Urs 
 of architecture, made, as is said, in imitation of 
 tlie liovels creeled by tlu* original inhabitants 
 of (IreiH-e. See Arc'dlecture. 
 
 l>«»riner-\vindo\v. A window made in tin; roof 
 of a building. 
 
 Dtivc-tailing. A method ol* joining one board 
 inti) another, by pins in the one Iitt:?d to holes 
 in anotlu'r. 
 
 I>o\v«d. A piece of wootl fastened to a wall, so 
 1 hat other pieces may be naiUil to It. 
 
 Drag. A meclianical arrangement, by which the 
 speed cf a vehicle can be decreased by stopping 
 or blackening the rotation of one or more of the 
 wheels. In railway atfairs, it is called a brake. 
 
 Drain (or I-aud l»raining). Thejirocess of caiTy- 
 ing waterolT from the land.sonu'times by means 
 of open drains, but more commonly by drains 
 made to a certain depth under tho ground, 
 which are flUetl with bushes so na to admit tho 
 wat er. 
 
 Draught (or Draft). The llgure of an intended 
 building, described on paper; the ijuantity of 
 water which a ship dmws when she is atUmt ; 
 also, that which pertains to drawing, as draught 
 horses. '* I)raughl-eompa.ss(.'s," an instruuuMit 
 famished with sovei-al movable iK)ints for mak- 
 ng line lines in luchitectural dniwings. 
 
 I>mw-lieii(l. !!i railway iiiachtner>', a cuHhlon or 
 butTer to which a coupUutf li« uttachc<l. See 
 Itutrer. 
 
 DruwlnK-knlfi*. A long blade with a handle at 
 each end, used by hand to («hav« ofT wimkI. 
 surfaces. 
 
 Draw-Hprlng. The spring to which a dniw-liead 
 is fastened. 
 
 UreilKliig-tnurhliie. A machine empUiyed for 
 the )iurposH of elearing out or deeiH*ning the 
 clianncls of riv»'rs, harUirs, etc. 
 
 DrcNN. To cut to proper dimensions, fimtKtth or 
 finish, etc. In htisbandry any HtutT, Huch nn 
 loam, sand, etc., which is put on land to Improve 
 the soil. 
 
 Drift. A etmieal tool of Hteel for <>nUirglng holen 
 in metal, by oeing driven into it. 
 
 Drill. A tool used for boring holes in wtNid, 
 metal, Htone, bone, etc. I'rilts for boring iron 
 have ptjinted bends, witli sharju-dges projecting 
 from tln'm, that cut in (l.tferent directions. 
 Tho.-^e for boring wtMxl are like an auger or large 
 gimlet, orthey are broad and flat, with a pro. 
 jecting spiko In the center and cutting «'dges on 
 eitherHlde.—ilrllUof this form are called center. 
 Idts. 
 
 l>river. Any i>art which connnunicates motitm 
 to another iMirt ; iw the driving-wheel of a loco- 
 motive. 
 
 Drum. A short revolvinr eyiinder oi barrel, 
 furnished with means to communicate motion 
 to other machinery. When very short in the 
 direction of tho axis, It Is called jjulley, and 
 riggf'r. 
 
 nry-|Miint. A sharp, tlnc.jiotnted etching needle, 
 used to cut fine lines in a cojiin-r or steel plate 
 witliout biting them in with acid. 
 
 Ductility. See Gold, and Malleiibllity. 
 
 Dyke. An enibanknuMit of earth, sometimes 
 revetted w itii ma.sonry, *m* secured with a slop- 
 ing front of stonework to i)revent the water of 
 the ocean or any river from overfU>wing the low- 
 lands that have been druineil and brought into 
 cultivation. 
 
 Dynamics. See Statics. 
 
 l>)'naminnetrr. The nanu^ given to all Instru. 
 meats tlt;it are constructed for the iuirp.iseof 
 measiu'ing the power I hat can be everted l»y tin- 
 human frame, animals, or muchineiy, whether 
 by a single effort ttf strength or by a continuous 
 series of efforts e.vercisid during any given 
 time. A dynamometer »isually consists of a 
 spring, to be acted uiM>n by the applied force, 
 and an index an'' scale. 
 
 I-:asel. A frameon whicha paintersetslheeloth, 
 etc., to be painted. 
 
 Fhiuiite. India rubber maile hard by vidcanlza- 
 tion. 
 
 Kecentric. v\ sort of w heel or revolving disk, in 
 which the axis, or center of naition, does ntd 
 coineidt! with the geometiieal center. There 
 area great variety <d' eccentrics, and they are 
 very useful in converting one kind of motion 
 into another. 
 
 Kiasticity. See Stress. 
 
 Electric Liglit. A brilliant light that is pro. 
 duced by an electric current generated with the 
 aid of appropriate machinery. Kilison's ebx.'trie 
 lamp consists of a pair-shapeil glass globe about 
 4.'i inches in height, exbausti-d of air, into wine! i 
 is scaleil a tilanient of carltonizcd bambtK). 
 slightly thicker than a horsehair, which is 
 niisi'd to Incandescence by a current of elt'c 
 tricity. Kleetric lights are also produced by 
 means of the current and contiguous carbon 
 l«;ints, tlu* latter being shaded with globes open 
 atthetotL 
 
 Klectro Calleo-prlnting. Tlie art of producing 
 l)atterns on cloth by the chemical action of the 
 voltaic current. 
 
 Kleetro-niugiiet. See Moving jKiwers. 
 
 Klectrometer. .\n iuBtniinent for measuring 
 the (luantity or intensity of 4'leetricity, or 
 for Indicating the presenc,- of electricity; an 
 instrument f'^** dischargUig electricity from 
 a jar. 
 
 Kleetro-plHte. A precipitation of iillver orgold 
 on a surface »)f ci>pper, or ijerman silver 
 metal. 
 
 Kl«*rtro-tlnt. The art or pitHH'j»s by whh h an 
 et<-hing is jircHluced tbronudt the means of f^. 
 vani'*in, 
 
 Klerlrotyiie. The term <'onnnonly applied to the 
 art of depositing <-opper and other metals In or 
 njH)!! suitable nuiMs, through the ageiicy of vol. 
 talc electricity, so as to i»nM|ucc faithful cople« 
 of ctdns, medaW. statues, engraved bU>ck», 
 W(MHl.<-uts, tonus of metal tyi^*, and other 
 workx. 
 
 Kllzahetlmn <»rtler. See .Vrchiteclure. 
 
 F.ntlHMH. T(» carve aflg. ire, so that It wtll|r)ject 
 from the plane in which It Is eat ; to ornament 
 in relief. 
 
 Kngitged ColumnH. A term applit-d to cohunns 
 sunk par'ly into the wall to which they are 
 attached. " Kngaged wherN" ,re those wheeU 
 in gear with each other, the driver In-ing the 
 engaging wheel, and the follow'-r is the wheel 
 .•ngaged. 
 
 Kngine, \ term applied to iin> comjKiund ma. 
 chint (■. Instniment comiK>sed of variou'i parts, 
 and Intendeil to prmtuce some eifecl by mechan- 
 iciil f»uce;such as a pump, a \s indhis**, i-tc. A 
 Iir*'-engine con-^i-its of two forcing pninjis so 
 combined tliat their joint action pro«lucesu con- 
 stant and powerfid stream of water, which, by 
 meansof a flexible pipe, or hose, may be directed 
 at pleasure t<i any imiut. ihe Bteain-engine, 
 first constructed by James Watt, a native iif 
 tirecnock, was forniising water by meansof the 
 exiuinsive force of steam; It ha-- •^ince nnder- 
 gom* many impmvements, and made applicable 
 toeverys4)rt of work which n'«iuire-«an e\tra- 
 onlfna-.y moviuLr imwer. Tin* sle-.ini-engine 
 was lii"St successfully adapted to navig:ition by 
 Kobert Kulton, <»f ihi- tniti d ^tatt s. A <ut ting- 
 engine, or machine for dividing an<l cut tint: tho 
 teeth of cog-wheels, is the Invention of an 
 Auieriean me<'hanist. An air-entriM- i-* an 
 engine put in motion by hot air. For llt>tar>* 
 Kiigtiif, liotary Pump, eti*., >ce Ilolary. 
 
 Englisli. Tln' name of a variety of printing type, 
 huirer tbjin plea. 
 
 Kngravln'-. The art of representliii: tluures in 
 metid, ^vi>od, or stone, by means *>f lines eut 
 th.-reon. 
 
 Fntahlature. See Ilase. 
 
 Kplcyelohlul Wheel. A stationary wheel or ring 
 tootht'd or. the inside, and geared with another 
 toothed whetl of half the diameterof the first. 
 The inner wheel revtdves alM)ut the center of 
 the outer wheel, the whole being a contrivance 
 for securing paniUel naition. 
 
 Eseappinent. In lioiiJh>gy. escapements are of 
 various kinds, as the crown escaiH'ment of an 
 ordinary watch, aia bin- eseapement of a com- 
 mon cloek, horizontal escapement <d' a watch, 
 duplex escapement, detached eseajtement. etc. 
 In clock- wt)rk the coinnum e-capements consist 
 of the swing wheel ar.d pallets only. P.y m(-.u\s 
 of the escajH'nu'nt, the impulse of the wheels is 
 communicated to the i>endulnm. 
 
 Escutcheon, A thin tnetal plate, place<l at the 
 key. hole of a cU)or i^s a guaiil or ornament. 
 
 Etching. .\ mi'tli'xl of engi-.iving<in nu-tal, ghtss, 
 or the like, in which the lines and strokes are 
 eaten in with aiiualortis. 
 
 Etruscan Arehltrcture. Tlieie s-.re but fewexi--t- 
 ing remains t»f the constructive works of the 
 ancient Ktruseans. It is certain that all works 
 of a public nature were eminently character- 
 ized by solidity of construction, and were prob. 
 nl»ly plain and devoid of elaUmite sculptured 
 decorations. The Tuscan tuderof ai-chitecture, 
 tho plaiiu'st and most ina->ive in style of the 
 five classic ortlcrs, is name<l after this jn'ople. 
 
 Eudiometer. An instrument for:Lscertaining the 
 purity of the air, or tlie (piantity of oxygen and 
 nitrogen in atmosplierical air. 
 
 Exhaust. The steam let tuit of acylintlerafter it 
 
 has been used. " Exhaust-pipe," the pipe that 
 
 I conveys steam to the outer air or to the con- 
 
 ^ 
 
VOCAIUTLAUY OF MECIIANICAI- AND S(^IKNTIFIO TKItMH. 
 
 tlrnsrr. "(VnilrnHrr," tlint imrt nttiiohtMl ti> tlio 
 cylinder whcro tlni Ht.^nui In londrnHiMl. 
 
 KxprinNlnti, Th(> |ir<>H4iiro itixl oiHTitlnn of strain 
 111 II *-.TUintrruftiT It. 4 roininuninilloii wllh I In* 
 biilltr hiiH IxTM cut titr. •' KxiKUinloii-i^car," u 
 j;oiir orfut-(»n', vixiiiibln or U'lJiistatiU', Hint may 
 Im) in;ul(i to oprnitn nl ilnrrnMil jHiliit.-* i»f tlic 
 BtnikAdt tlHMiiston fur cultlnnolT Htram whili' 
 llHTiik'tno l-» In iMMilnii. (S<-r r»it-oir) " Kxpun- 
 hlon jiilnl,"* II jo. Ill l"!' ('(imu'i'llnf; t'l emu -itlpoH, 
 HM iM t > ii'Iitiil nl'onn ptpo Hllrtin^ within tli< 
 i-nlitrt^O'l rinl t>l' tlin iitluT wlu-ii tlin li'ii^tli 
 inrri'iisos tiy oxpniiMlon. " Kx|nu»si(ni.valvr," u 
 pnrt i.f i^ cut-otV, wlilrh kit. 
 
 Fin-i*. Tlio pi'iiH'li'nl Hilt Hurtiicp of ii part. 
 " KwT-i l;iir," tlic (U?*k liisli'mMl to tln' rnvolving 
 
 SlillnUi'..f 11 l;itl;c. 
 
 Fun. Any Iral'-llkr contrtvanco iisid fnr imMtur 
 In:^ current.-* t>\ air, In wliinowin^r npni, otl-cr 
 kin«l^ ( f gniin. bltnvhit^ a tlr»% vnitilation, tli . 
 " rim-wIuM'l," 11 fan. blower. 
 rant. Appli<''t to pnllr-ys, called fa^t nn<!1<Mw... 
 (leiKtti'M two ]>nUeyM i^ltuato Klde liy t-lito r-i a 
 .Nhalt tliat i-t 'Iriveii fp'nianothersliaft l>y r'enn>j 
 of a l'an<). In sloi^piiifj tlio nliiift, tin- l-i- 't t- 
 bliiftr-l fium tlio lixt'd pnllo>' to tlm ItMtMcotie, 
 aii'l vlc(» versa. 
 Feuthor. An elevation on an ftxls or rvthi'*"*' 
 ■whic'li cnineiiles with a jiroovc In therycot ti 
 wheel, to e:insr' both to turn sit tli-^ h;iimc t:;!ie. 
 " Featherint? w heel," a jiaddle-whec I of wl»n!i 
 the floats, aeted upon by tho water, turn bo an 
 to dip nearly penHMidlenlurly to the surface, 
 instead of standing erect. 
 Fen*1. Those juirtH of niat'hlnrry that move the 
 work to tlie cnttinjx tool, or vice versa, in dross- 
 In^ wood (»r metal. " Frod-iicnd," n cisteni ho 
 nmdeusto supply water hy its own wciplitto 
 the l)oiier of an enf^lne. " Feed-heater," a vc-j. 
 sel In which feci water !•< lieated hy waste steam 
 before it in forced Into the iKillcr. " Feed-pipe," 
 a pipe wliich HuppHes the hoiler of n steam- 
 engine with water. *' Foed-pnmp," a force- 
 pump which supplies the boiler with warmed 
 water thrfmi^h u feed-pipe. 
 Felloen. The ]iieces<»f wood which fonn thee4r. 
 
 cnmference or circular i>iut of tin.' wheel. 
 Fernilp. V rin^ of irmi or other metal jint 
 around anything' to hold ii Ilnn(fr prevent it 
 from Hplittinj?. In steain-lioilers, a bnshin;^ for 
 widening^ tlio end of a flue. 
 Festoon. An ornament of car\'ed work In the 
 
 form of flowers, otc, depeiidinj^ in an arch. 
 Flgiire-head. An ornamental fljriiro or bust, 
 emblematical of war, navi^'ation, or commerce, 
 etc., flxedon the topof tho pi-ojectiny ]X)rtion 
 of a sliip'.s stem or cutwater. 
 File. An implement used in many trndon to pro- 
 duce a smooth surface on hard Hv.bstances, as 
 metals, ivory, wood, etc. 
 Fillet. See Ha-se. 
 
 Finiai. Tlie upper extremities of pinnacles In 
 Gothic architecture, in the forms of knois or 
 bnncbe^ttif foli:i<^e. 
 Flrc-onslno. See Kncflne. 
 FlAli-hrum. A beam, ono of whose side;* swelld 
 
 out like afi:«li. 
 Flwh-jolnt. A splice l>olted on railway Iron tit 
 
 hol'l ends of r.x\\< I<»gether. 
 Flange, The metal rim bent over in gas-pipes, 
 water-pipes, etc., in order to join on other 
 lengths of the Kime. Tlie term is also applied to 
 the projecting outside circumference of a rail, 
 way-carriage wheel, by which tho wheel is lu-e- 
 vcnto<l from rnnnint?o.T tlie rails. 
 Flat. A car without a roof. 
 
 Float-lmard. A board flxed o tlie circumfer- 
 cncncif a wlieel, upon which the water acts to 
 set the wheel in motion. 
 Flue. A naiTOw passage in the wall of a house, 
 made of lire-proof material, for can-j-inj; otT 
 smoke. When a rumberof flues arc built close 
 together in a party-wwll between two houses, or i 
 in the gable-cnds of a 8in;;le house, tho wall j 
 it«elf is culled a stack, or cliimney-stack; mid j 
 that part of tt which rises above the roof is | 
 
 called tliechlmney-shaft. The wallH whl<di n«p- 
 urate flues Imllt Hide by nlde in a ntueU, iiro 
 called witlis, the walls which ritriri tlieir front 
 and hack behig named the breast and back 
 respectively. .See rarty-wiilt. 
 
 Fly. That part of a Jack which puts the rest of 
 the inarhliie lii motion. " I* lyu heel," awheel 
 Willi a heavy rhii, jilaced on the Nltaft of any 
 miirhlnery put In motion by any ii iej,'iiliir (M' 
 Intermitting force, lor the purpose of rendering' 
 the motion equal atut U'^ular by ineiiiis id' Its 
 niometilinu. 
 
 Flyliif^-inaclilne. A niiiehliie invented by I'rof. 
 Uitchri;, consl-'tiii}< ot a black silk cylinder 
 Home twelve feel In diameter and twenty. four" 
 in I ic' , with a capacity for nearly :;,(K'0 feettd' 
 (-'IS, tnin which cyllndir issuspeiiiled by nn*ans 
 if lords uiid rods a car coiniiosed of Hteiuh-r 
 br\-rt reds, wliUh extend the whole le;ij;tli of 
 th'MVllnder, taiM'rln;<to a point iit either end. 
 Thi' I I.itform ui>on which the oi>enitor sits Is 
 idtacln d 1o the center id' the car. Two cniiiks 
 Mltai-l.etl to a w heel, front the seat. The wheel 
 cnt:;ie('ts w 1th an upi'i^'ht >-hatt, and t<>ihlsnt 
 theh'wer end Is atladiedii tan <'Iosely resein- 
 liUnrtlie Hi'rewof a piDpeller. The hin, wlil( li 
 Is eonstnicted id" thin bniss plates. Is level with 
 I'l^ liottomof the platform. Another brass fan 
 Isnfli.veil tothe front end of tlu' car, and tliis is so 
 constructed that It can be turne<l iu any <llrtH'. 
 lion by the occuiiant simply natvinj; his feet, 
 while at the same time he can com fori ably WiU'k 
 the center fan with his ham Is. Tlie machine has 
 been patented. A tlyin;< machine, designed by 
 Frof. Uanmow 'i small model of which has 
 been repeated ,, laied with much success in St, 
 I'etersbnr^, Kussla. It consists of a ^jreat eylln- 
 der intended to have the form 4if a bird; the 
 interior is provided with steam machinery, 
 haviuf^ l>ower pntportioniMl to tlie size of the 
 appunitus; it has two lateral ]U"opellers, and one 
 rear jiropeller; the smoke, f;;a>;os, and steam 
 issue from tho end, which, when tlu* ntructure 
 jiasscs throu;;h space, will fjlvethe ap]ieanuiee 
 at' tlie tail of a lirilliant count. 
 
 Foil. A rouniled, leafdike ornament In windows, 
 etc. "Foliation," tlie act of cirnamentiiiK with 
 foils, or the oinaments themselves; feathering. 
 
 Follower. Tlie part c)f a machine that receives 
 impulse from another part. 
 
 Foot-valve. The valve that opens between the 
 comlenscr and alr-ianni) of a steam-engine. 
 
 Force, In mecluuiics, an action between a 
 l«iir of bodies, which chan;,'es, or tends to 
 chantfc, their relative condition as to rest or 
 motion. 
 
 FordnK-puinp, .\ ]iumi), with solid pisttm, used 
 for forcing water by iV-\,.i .^v inn\ of the piston. 
 It has also a side tube through which tlie water 
 is forced. 
 
 Forpp. A furnace, in which smiths heat their 
 metals re<i-hot, or in which the ore taken out <d' 
 the mine is metted down. 
 
 Form. See Cjise. 
 
 Foundry. The art of castint? metals In various 
 tonus; also the jilace where tliis business is 
 done. Small works are cast In hand, which, 
 bein;^ duly prejiared. Is put Into a wooden 
 fmme; then woodtui or metal modelsof what Is 
 Intended to be cast are put into the sand so as 
 to leave their impression. "When tlie molds are 
 fully prepared, this fused metal is jioured out of 
 the crucible into an opcnln}.'" whicli leads to the 
 sevenil jjatterns. After thj whole has been set 
 to ctiol, the cast work Is taV:en out of tlie sand. 
 The molil for very large articles is made of wet 
 temjiered loam, built up bydei;rees in a ])it. Into 
 which tlio melted metnl is made to run alonf^ a 
 channel on the t^^roimd W ^he mold. 
 
 Four-way. Allowing jiassngo in four diirerent 
 wa>":^, as a four- way cock. 
 
 Frame. A stand to support printers* cases. See 
 Case. 
 
 Fret. Small flUets intersecting each other at 
 right anfflcs, and used by the ancients on flat 
 members. See JRase. 
 
 Frlrllnn. The ri-nlstanco which a tnovliiK b<Mly 
 meets with from tint Hiirtaci) of the body on 
 which it tiioves. " I rict liui-clutcli," a kind iif 
 couplln;;hy which machinery Is put iiiiiialont 
 of gear. Frletlonluills or frlctUm-rnilers urn 
 used to I'ellevt* friction In revolving and mov- 
 ing bodies. " Frict liMi-concH," a klml of ^llp 
 <-oupllng by which motion is c<mimimicated by 
 means id' the 1 rict Ion of two cones. "Friction- 
 wheels," two wheels overlapping each idlnT 
 and Hiistalnln;,' at the point wliere tlieir cln-um. 
 h'nuices meet thti bearing of a revolving shaft, 
 for the pur|H)se of relhnlng It of friction. 
 
 I'Vieze. That |Kirt io*i of the entablature « hlch Is 
 betueeii the archltmve ntid the co-nice. (<eo 
 F.ntublatiiie, under base.) It was genenilly 
 adorned with tru-dyphs In the iHirin order, thn 
 Intervi'iiing spaces, calle<I metopes, Iwiug (llled 
 witlimutlptiiied llgures In alto relievo, fu* with 
 the skulls of (txen and wreaths nlternately; 
 while In I he Corint hianiind Com poMile orders !t 
 wasornanientei] with tiguies or scnill-work in 
 low relief. In uKMlern donu-stle un-hlteetme a 
 frie/4' is frectueiitly introduced imnied lately 
 below the cornice of an apartment. *• Trl- 
 glyi>h,"auieml)e;(tf llie Doric frieze, aslighlly 
 projecting tablet channeled with IwogrcMives or 
 glyphs. 
 
 Frog. A triangular crossing plate, at the t)oint 
 where one track bninches from another on a 
 nillway line. Cross-frogs are the pie<'es(d inui 
 at those points where one tnuk crosdes another 
 at right angles. 
 
 Fulcrum. Tlie prop or snpiiort by w hich a lever 
 is sustained, or tho flxed point alxmt whh h a 
 lever moves. 
 
 Furnace. A (Ire-iilaee for melting, distilling, and 
 other chemical processes, ho built as loeause tho 
 Are to Inirii vehe-mmtly. 
 
 Fiittock. See IJil>. 
 
 (talde. Tludriangular end of a house, from the 
 cornice oreavi -« to the top. '* tJablet," a small 
 ornamental galile, or canopy. A gable roof is a 
 sloping roof which forms a gable. 
 
 Gad. In mining, a small instrument of Iron with 
 a long wooden liandle, useil to break up the ore. 
 
 nailery. Aunuig miners, a long narrow passage 
 under ground; a passage leading to seveml 
 apartments. 
 
 fialley. See Case, and Vessels. 
 
 (tallows-frame. That part which supports tho 
 beam of a beam engine. 
 
 fialvanlc Hattery. An apparatus which is em- 
 ployed iu geneniting galvanism. " (.hilvaiUe 
 pile," the apparatus flrst made ity Volta, which 
 consisted of a certain number of pairs of zinc 
 and silver ]ilates, separated from each other by 
 pieces of w<'t cloth, in the order of zinc, silver, 
 and wet cloth In regular succession. The mate. 
 rials usually employed now are copper and zinc 
 in alternate disks. "Galvanism," a bninch of 
 the science of elei'trieity, flrst discovered accl. 
 dentally by (hilvani, a professor, of Itologna, 
 from whom it derives its name, lly experi- 
 ments on frogs, he discovered that all animals 
 are endued with a peculiar kind of electricity. 
 Volta followed (Jalvanl in his researches, and 
 discoverctl further wonders in this bmnch of 
 science. Galvanized iron Is iron coated with 
 zinc by a peculiar process to preserve it from 
 tlie action of nudsture. 
 
 Gas. The term is popularly atiplied to the impor- 
 tant mati'rial which is produced by tiie destruc 
 tivo distillation of coal, those species being 
 chosen which contain the largest auHmnt of 
 hydrogen, tiasollne Is a volatile fluid distilled 
 from petroleum. " \Vator-gas," a gas formed by 
 l«issing superheatcil steam over a bed of incan- 
 descent eual. 
 
 Gasket. Platted nemp. used for packing the pis- 
 ton and pumi)s of a steam-engine. 
 
 Gauge. Any Instrument or uiipanitus used for 
 measuring tlie state of a i)henomenon. Thus 
 the gtiugo of an air-pump is a barometer, con- 
 nected with the interior of tlio receiver, wdiich 
 shows the degree to which tho air is rarefied. 
 
 i 
 
VOCMBIJL.UIY OK MKCllAMCM. AND HCIKNTIFIC TKllMH. 
 
 Mnny Kiiii^c'^i^rtnmixl In piirtliMilitr trndrri; mich 
 iirtthii ro'llroii Kiin^r, ttio niiil-MHl Hitii^r, tin* 
 )>tilt()n.iiiuk(>rM Kiio^r. rtr.; nthcrn mo ihoiI fu 
 wtitcli-wnrk; ffuiMiuikfirt ulHi> uho u Ki^iiK" 1"^ 
 
 tlU' bOHH of KUIH llixl rttlcM. 'MilUmP.CIM'U," II 
 
 U\w\ fif wiitiM ■^fiiiit^r; li Htop.ciH'U to hIiiiw ilir 
 liiiiKJit of wiiU-r In H HtfumliDtU'r. " siphon. 
 f{iuiKO,"u yliiHf* Instniiiirtit i'linliilMln^ iin'icniy, 
 
 iiHi'il to ini'iiHiirn t) \trt)t of niriMiuiion pro- 
 
 tluiM'd hi tilt' ri'iHMvrrof an iilr-ixtinp. 
 
 Oour. A wlicrl wltli Irrth or rogH, or ti ntitnlHM- 
 of tootht'd wIu'i'U. WIh'oU iim in k*"'"' wlirn 
 ronnocti'd, out of RtMir wIumi (Itm-'iHincctciI. 
 " GcarliiK," tliii piirts l>i'twi>i<ii which ini)tluii 1:* 
 (•oininnnlciitctl to inuclilnrry ; nn, hf-ltKciirlii^, 
 frlrtlomil t;i'iirhi^^('*ro Kiictlnip, rti*. "(iciirtnK- 
 elmiii,'*im omUrsM dmln piwHlnj^ nnnnul toothtd! 
 wIh'oIj*, and coiiiiiiiiiilcatii)^; luotUin hi'twmi 
 thi'Mi. 
 
 Oenorator. An uptvimtni* foi* ticntin^ wairr 
 and fonnlnj^ Ntiiani for a Mtcinii-tMijxIiH'. Thn 
 Iciin \a uppllud to a pIiimm of ItiHtiintniiiMJU): Kon. 
 
 Cjn». Sro Ilntt. 
 
 OlflUrd Injortor. An inHtninu>nt lor Mupplyin;? 
 
 stcain.hollorH with watrr, ho ntnnoil from tho 
 
 inventor. 
 Cllmhal. A dovlco lor Mroniini< free motion in 
 
 snspi'nslon; iw, a Hhip'n conipftHH, inarlno buroni. 
 
 C't(!l-, VU\ 
 
 Clin. A niarhinu for driving plluM. 
 
 Cilrtlftr. Tho principal \i\ovo. of ttnibur in a llnor. 
 
 Olnnd. A plcco for *'nj,'a^''.ntf and dIseiijfaKinK 
 tniu'hlncry movi'd liy lirllfi. 
 
 01u'/4>. To crust over carl lien warr; aH, In ^;liiz- 
 inf^, with a vitreous HnUstuncc; to put j;Ia.tH into 
 wiiiili>w-', nr iiiMkc t-'him ll^lils fur windows. 
 
 Gold. Tim rieliest and Iicavlcst metal except 
 platina, lielnir the iiKwt solid and least porous, 
 iiold is found pure, and not as tlic olhcr metals, 
 prodneed I'V smelt iii^'. The ductility and nial. 
 Ieal)ility oft,'..ld is such, tliat one^M-aln (tf It will 
 cover upward of llt'ty sipiaro inelics, and an 
 ounce Is cai>ahlc of licjni^ extended In the form 
 of wire or thread many liundrccl miles. 
 
 <i<>n(;. A stationary lidl w liosehauuner is moved 
 by a cord, or other means, as In tiieen'-iinc-room 
 ii( a steamboat. 
 
 Ootisf-neeU, A iiipn In form like tlie letter S. 
 
 Oollile Order. A style ot architect ure In whieti 
 pointed arches of greater heij^ht than breadth, 
 and a profusion (d" oniauuMiIs, in imitation of 
 loaves and llowcrs, are the ]>rinci)Mil character. 
 lstlc.->, !^ce Arrhit.'cture. 
 
 Governor. An in^'enjous mechanical arnuiye- 
 incut liy wlitch rc^^ularlty in the 'notion of a 
 steam. enftlne Is secured. Wlien new lii'e lias 
 .just been put on, more steam is likely to he^en- 
 crated than theen;,dnc, in its ordinary state, can 
 uae; and if free eommunicalion between the 
 iKitlcrand cylinder be permitted, more will he 
 genonitcd. To prevent this, two halls are set 
 upon a ey Under whicli revolves with tliecn;jiac, 
 nnd tlicHC tend to re^'olve faster, tin* faster the 
 cnj^ino^oes. U'hen it is;j;oin^ very slowly, they 
 exert accrtaiu action on a movable part to wliii'i 
 they arc attached, so u.s ti> keep open u valvi- 
 between tlie bolh-r and cylinder; when it is 
 goinf? very (piiek, the balls tly fast, and, bcin^' 
 connected w itli the valve, teml to close it, jiro- 
 portionally as they have diver^^iMl from the 
 spindle. The steam has thus less outlet from 
 tiie boiler, an<l is liclil in. until the euj^ineVs 
 reiiniremcnts and the supply become ecpial- 
 ized. 
 
 Oruftinfi'. In horticulture, the process of Insert. 
 U\i^ the branch of one tree into the stock of 
 another, so tliat it may receive nourishment 
 from it, wliile at the same time it produces a 
 new tree, like the old one whence the gmft was 
 taken. 
 
 Grunulutfoii. A process resorted to to obtain 
 metals in a coarse state of division. The metal 
 w melted in a cntcihle, and jioured into water 
 from the height of three or four feet. 
 
 Graphite. Seo Illack-leaU. 
 
 Gmpnf*l. A sort of miuiiII inelior with four t 
 live llukeH, orarnm, uHcd in boutHund muuiU vcit* 
 fii-ls and In ballooiiM. 
 
 Gruvnr. See ItiU'ln. 
 
 (lri'««k ArrhltiTtiiro. Thn curly nrchttfcturn of 
 (ircecc Is exeniplillcd In the iniisslve reinulnH <if 
 walls III Myccme, Ai^^os, und other* of the old 
 tjreclun cities, whlcli are com|MM4>d of lui^i>, 
 lingular, undreNscd blocks of Mtone roughly 
 piled to|{idher. It 1m devoid of ornutnent, MiiV(* 
 In a fi'w InHtanccM. see Arehile«'lure. 
 
 Clrnlned. The curve or line made by the Inter* 
 MtM'ttnn of two arches which cnms «iich olh**r at 
 any iniKlc; as, a u'rolned ardi, etc. 
 
 GrniMid. In i>alntlin;, Ihe tlrst sproful of color 
 which is put u|M>n tin* canvan. In Jolnor>'» 
 pleccH of wood even with the pliiMterlnKi to 
 which lltilshln;{s are attached. 
 
 Grniind-Jidnt. A Joint made t>y nihtiliitf totfother 
 two Hurfaccs with «incry and oil. 
 
 Gtuino. TUii excrement of seiwlowls, funiul prln- 
 dpiiUy In lar^e tinantltU's niM)n some parts of 
 the coasts (»f I'eru, Itollvia, and Africa. (iuain> 
 has been employed as manure by the inhabitants 
 of I'eru Iroin the niiwt remote periods, }\y Its 
 means sandy soils are rendered fertile. 
 
 <itidKeoii. In machinery, that pleco of Iron In 
 Ihe end i>f a horizontal shaft which turns in the 
 collar. 
 
 Giitde-lMirs. See ( 'n>ssdiead. 
 
 Gullloche. An architectural ornament formed 
 by Intertwiiilnt; bunds. 
 
 Guitar. A musical Instrument of a somewhat 
 ovat form, having a neck similar Loa violin, and 
 prt>vided with six ftriuKS. It is jilaycd ni>on 
 with the lln^'crs, and nio-^t commonly employed 
 in Spidu where it issui)i>osed tti have originated. 
 
 Gun. In military allalrs, a j^eneml term applied 
 to all species of llrc#arins. " (iun-mclal," an 
 alloy eoiitaliiin^;iO..'i per cent of cupper and I'... 
 of tin, used for cast in;^or« I nance and those parts 
 of luaelihiery whiidi are subjected to coiiddeni. 
 ble friction. *' (iuu.powder," a mixture of nitre, 
 charcoal, and suliduir, in i'ro]t.)rt Ions which vary 
 sliixhtly 111 dilVerent c<iuntiies, and aci'ordinj; tit 
 the uses to \\ liieh it isappUed. 
 
 <iuiiter's i'buiii. See ( haiu. 
 
 Giitta. An ornament ciuu-'istinK of ft row of 
 inv«'rlcd cones, attached to the loweri>art of the 
 irikdyphs in t ln»-itorh' urder. 
 
 <*iittu-perehu. The concrete Juice of the Isonatu 
 dra (iulta, a tree bclnn^'iuf; lo the fimily of the 
 Sapt>taceje. Its plastic i>roi.erlics render it ex.. 
 tremely useful in the arts. It is a iHiwt^ful 
 insulator, and is consequently mucli used fur 
 coalin;^ the w ires lor tcle^rai)hie ]uuiH)>*es; it is 
 also (d' much use to tlm chemist, as a material 
 for luaKiiii; bidtlcs, carboys, baths, etc, 
 
 Gyrosc(»pi», A rotal liii^ w lieel mounted in a rln^^ 
 or rinj^s in divers ways for .showing the dyram- 
 ics of rotatintf bodies, the comi>osition of rota. 
 tions, etc. 
 
 Ilalr-sprlnp:. A delicate ctmtrivance in the lock 
 of a lire. arm, which, heinj; unlocked! by a slight 
 pressure on the trij^'^er, strikes the tumlder, and 
 so discharging the piece. ** Tumbler," that ixut 
 of a lock which keeps theloail or shot. bolt in Its 
 place until made fvee la the act of shootlnj;. 
 
 Halyards. In naulica! lan^'na^e, tht^ smaUer 
 roi'cs or tackle b>' means of which yards, sails, 
 and signals arc hoisti'd and lowered. 
 
 llainiuer. A well-known t(H>l used by mechan- 
 ics, which consists of an iron heail fixed ci-oss- 
 wise uiton a h: ndle. The hammers used by 
 carpcntei"s, smiths, en;;im'ci"s, and umnerous 
 artisans, vary in si^^e ami form. The largest are 
 tln)seused in the manufacture of iron. 
 
 lIan»iTior-> ''im. A horizontal hrtim which 
 serves as a lie immediately above the IVntt of a 
 nifter, gcnemlly supported by a rib si>rlngin^ 
 from a corbel, which sec. 
 
 Hanco (or llanch). In architeeture, the end of an 
 elliptical arch, a four-ccntored arch. 
 
 Iland'hole. An aperture in a steam-boiler, for 
 inserting the hand, cleaning, etc. 
 
 Hand-wheel. Any wlicol worked by hand. 
 
 HanfflnK'hiitlrriiii. A butlrcHH inpportrd uiion a 
 cull 14 1 al>ore the fun tidal Ion. 
 
 Ilarrttw. A dmir with Iron tooth, to bre&k the 
 cltHls after plowing. 
 
 llMlrhi*!. See .\\. 
 
 Ilawner. A Hiiiatl CAhlo. 
 
 llrad-tlKht. A WuUt with A lioworful roflootor, 
 ll\ed lit till' head of a locomotive. In .hrow ll^ht 
 on tlie m.iduay at nluld. 
 
 llf*art-wh<<«>l. .\ wheel Hlmiwd UkA a heart; a 
 cum, .*4ei) Cam. w heel. 
 
 llKlin-wheel. See Wheel and Axlr. 
 
 Ili'lli. In architecture, the NnuUl voUitPs Intro, 
 dnced under the tloworh Mt If - Corlnthlnn 
 capital. 
 
 Ulp-knoh. An f)mainent, iw n pinnnelo, place*! 
 upon a pKif, "Mlp-roof," a i«>f11riilar kind of 
 roof, which has neither ruble heads, stir<d Iiead-i, 
 nor JcrkIn heads. " Jerkln-head," the end wall 
 of a building which Is built up higher than thu 
 side walls. 
 
 Ilohnall. Si-e Nail. 
 
 IIno<l-miildlnK. .\ projecting molding, u« over 
 an arch. 
 
 Ilornf*. A frame or tresth' on which iHUirds or 
 planks IIP' laicl t<i hecnt ami utherwtso worked; 
 a stage on which pressmen set lliidr heaps of 
 jMiper for printing; a circular piece of iron fitted 
 to the foot of a horse, 
 
 Ilorse-p(>w(>r. A power cnimblo of mlslns 11,000 
 lb', through *ine loot a minute. Whenanengln« 
 Is said to beof so niany horse. jKiwer, it Is meant 
 that it could lift so many t lines .^1,000 lbs, through 
 a foot In a minute. 
 
 Ilotblust. A current of heated ftlr sent Into n 
 fnniace by means (»f a blowing machine. The 
 ma's ol air passing through a bla-t-furnace Is 
 alKMit six tons an hour. <d' hde years, nnich 
 time anil exiiense have been saved by using air 
 already Iicatcd by !i sepanite furnai-e. 
 
 Ilot-well. In low-pressure or cundeiislng steam- 
 engines— a well fur the hot water dniwn fi*om 
 thir cinidenscr by the iilr-iaimp. 
 
 Housing. The fnuning of a Jnnrnal-box, or that 
 w liii b keeps the lulter in jilaee; also, the pieces 
 sMppn.-ting thecr<>ss.slple of a planer. In aroir 
 tt «turc, a niche fur ii statue. 
 
 Hull. The frame la* budy nf a ship, <!xcluslve of 
 the masts, yards, i-ails, ur rigging. 
 
 Ilydruulic (or Ilydmulical>. Pertaining to hy. 
 dniulics. •* Hydraulic crane," a cnine t pernted 
 by the pressuni of water. 'Mlydmnlie lime," 
 lime which contains a small amount of silica 
 and alumina, fonuin,; a nau'tar that hardens 
 nndir water. *' llydniulic press," a machine hy 
 means of which an Intense pressure can bo 
 niiplied bytlu' agency of water,— the prlncliUo 
 on which It acts is founded on t>ne of the funda. 
 mental laws of hydrostatics, that any non- 
 ehutie tluid, such as water, iM>ssesseH the prop, 
 erty uf tninsmitting pressure exerted against 
 it at any point Cipially in every direction; 
 hydp.mlie i>resses are used fur reducing such 
 substances as hay, wu(d, and cotton, and all 
 goods that will bear comju-ession without injuiy, 
 into bails and jiackages id" convenient size for 
 conveyance by mil or vessel. " IlyflrauUc ram," 
 IV hydro-dynamic machine for mi'^ing water 
 without the aid of any ()ther force than that 
 pn)duce(l by the momentum or moving force of 
 a part of the water that is to be i-niscd. 
 
 Uy<lraulic Kiiglnrering. That branch of engi- 
 neering which tnnitsof theapi»lianeeof wateras 
 a motive i)ower for mechanical i)nrposes, and 
 the nu'lhods that must be adopted to offer an 
 effective resistance to the pressure which i» 
 exercised by any great volume of that fluid, 
 whether it be in a state of rest or in motion. 
 
 Hydraulics. That br:\nch of science which trcftts 
 of Iluidsiii motion and the methods by which 
 useful results are obtained from them. Among 
 the machines which serve for the display of the 
 phenomena of hydraulics, are the syphon, the 
 pump, and the lire-engine. 
 
 Hydrcxlynamlos. That branch of science, or of 
 engineering, which treats of the motion of 
 
=e 
 
 ^^; 
 
 VtK!.VHrL.\KV or MKCilANIC.VI. .VM> ItCIENTiriC TKKMH. 
 
 fliilil«, itiiil iUm) i>f lliu iimvlillica t>)r whifli wiili r 
 
 In rnl»<'<l,i<r In nliU'li niiiir I" iiki'iI im IIio llrat 
 luuvir. Till' aiiKji'i'l Ih ill\ Mill liilii t»M imrU, 
 liyilriMil.itli « Mill liyiliiiiilli K. Tlii> rnniiir \n- 
 cltKlfn till' |>i'i'i»iii'i', t'lilimloti, mill i'i|iillliirliiiii 
 of fliililii, Hlilli- till' liiltir i'iiiii|ii'rlii'iiiU tlii'lr 
 intitlon. IOn'('tlit*r ^\ tttt flir iitiu'liliiri \t ttli whii'h 
 Ihry nritniniii rtril. 
 llyilrorli*rlrl<- ^liirhltic. An ii|>|iiuiuiiii, In* 
 vci. It'll I'V sir Wlllliiiii AiniMti'Mii),', « In rrliy 
 il^ctrlilly iHiMilviil liy iiii'iUM iif llii' lili'tliin 
 
 lif >.tl':lln. 
 
 llyilruini'Irr. An lii'ilrnnii'iil fur iliti'iiiiliiliiu 
 llie rcltilht' ili'iixltliH, III' "pii'illr cnivltli", nf 
 fliinl*; nml tlniiri' tin' xlri'nKlln) of aiili'lliiiiint 
 lliliiiifK, wliW'li niK InvciiM'ly ita (lii'lr ii|mvIIIc 
 ([rivllle.. 
 Hyilraxtulli' ..r Ilyilni«liillc'iil\ I'liliilnhiK In 
 lln> r<|nllllii'liini i>r llniili. " ll\ 'liii>lnlli' l>nl. 
 ninr," n klinl nl linlninn t iinlilvi il lui' tlir llnil' 
 liiK 111'" "pi'i'lllo K"''''l'li"«i't liiilli'i, xiiilil in will 
 iwdni'l. '■ Ilyilnwlnlli' lit'llii«»,"ii niatlilnivlui' 
 ihiiw hiM III!' npuiinl piiKinir nf IIiiIiIk, nn<l llir 
 hyilriwlink' iKinnliix. " llyiliii'«l,itii' inirmlix," 
 A ITinrlpli' In li\ ilriHtiitlrH, ku rnlli I licraiiM' II 
 hiu4 II p:tni'l(i\lriil iip]ii-:iranc-ii lit tli->it \ii'\v, it )■' 
 till", tliat liny i|iinntlt\- nf wiilir in- ullni- <!aM. 
 hiiwrviT pttniill, may In' ina<li' In lialanc'i' nn<l 
 nupiHirt liny qnnnttty or any wrtnlil, Imwi'Ver 
 Ifrt'al. " IlydruDliitlo prt'iia," hit nnili'r tliv lii'inl 
 lly.lrnilli-. 111'. 
 Ilyilro'ilalli'*. Sci' IIyilriHlynainl>"<. 
 Iil1t'<ulii'f'l. A \\ In rl pl.u I'tl In'Iwi'i'n two otlii'iii, 
 for till' pnriDiMMit tnin:irt'rrinKiiiutl(in froiiioni' 
 to tin'othi'r witlioiit eliuiiKlnK tlx! (lircetliui of 
 rfvolution. 
 Imparl. In nn'i-hanli'al m'li'ncr, tlieai-tioiioroni' 
 l>.i'ly upon nnollirr, to imt tlii- laltir, If nt ri'-it, 
 la motion, to Incri'aii', ri'taril, or nlli-r lis iltrrf. 
 lion. Tlio iHiInt ii;,'ain-l h liUli llio ImiH'llIm; 
 lioily aot^ U rallnl tlio iKiinl of Impact. 
 IinpoMl. In an-liiti'(-ttii'i>. Iliat pLi\-t of u pillar on 
 wha-li till' wii^'lit I'l" a linllil.n.; ri'»'tr.; or tin- 
 l>;iit \\ hii-h ri'ti.'lvt''* an ari'h. 
 Inrllnt'il riiinp. A plain' iMrlinril lo tin' liorUon. 
 or maklnt; an »ni,'li' with It, w lilili i.i oni' oT tin' 
 nnt'lianU-al i>ii\vi'r**. 
 Inilla Ruhlii-p. Tin' >oll'lllli"l milUy .Inki' olriT. 
 tiia tro;iii'al plant'', tlio lar^'r-t supply lii'lnvr 
 ulitaiiu-'l liom till' Kion-i claslifa, a trri' lirlon;,'- 
 ing to till' onlor of Moi-.n I'.i'. fonml In A-<anr. 
 fnmiotlii-r?.pctii'.'*;,'i'owiM;; in Java ami Ami'rifii; 
 from till' siplioni.i da-'tii'a.a natlvi' of (inlana 
 unil Ilnusil; nnil liinn tlio rruiolii rlx'^tiia, a 
 rlimliiti^' ]<limt fomnl in tlietalunilouftln' Indiiin 
 uriuiixlano. 
 Inillrator. A ilyimmoinctrr applifil to llnMli'trr- 
 mination of tliu work nctimlly (lono by stwiin. 
 fHjrini-*. 
 Inent, .\ w('<l);i' or liiirof ifolil; a niiiM In which 
 
 metal Is c.i>t. 
 InjprtloR WaliT. In liiml ptcam-cnjilnrH, the 
 water which i-iani'S fnim a tank callcii tliccoM 
 well, snmnintlint^ the con.len'»er, ami Mipiilirl 
 I'V the colli. water pnnip. In marine engines, II 
 Conic* iliroctly fnmi the aea. " InjecIion-ciK-k." 
 see nniler .^team.enj^ino. 
 lonlr OriU'r. So-called fifim Ionia, in Lesser 
 Asia. The Injily of the pillar Is nsiially clian. 
 neleil or furroweil with twenty-lour },'nttei>. 
 and its length, with the capital ami liase, is 
 twenty-nine modules, thechapiter hein^ chielh- 
 comix>s*'d of volutes or si'rolis. ".Moiiule," a 
 cenr a measure by which the proportions of 
 coluuins are re^^nlatcd. ' Chapiti r," the nppei- 
 Iiart or caiutal of a plllnr. "Volute," a Hplral 
 scroll in the Ionic and ComiKj.site i-apitais. 
 Iron. Tlii.s imiMiiiant metal is most extensively 
 dilTusi-il over iiaturi', occurring not only in the 
 intinraiiic kinpdom, l»ut entering into the com. ! 
 position of vcfe'etahle ami animal structures. It 
 occurs in nearly evi-ry part of the earth, in the 
 form of ores, in the metallic state with nickel, 
 coliult, and other metals, in meteo: ic -stones, 
 some of which weiyh as much as fourteen or 
 fifteen tons. Iron Is the only metal that Is sus. 
 
 rvpllhlff iif niiitfnellf nllnu'tltiii. Piim Initi Ik 
 very niii'ly lo |.e fonml , the piinclpal varlitli s 
 of Iron an- the < ift or pm Imn. or I lial « hli h t> 
 Iniiiiiillali lye \l null d I mm theoie. " WmuKht 
 Iron," thai which haw itoni' IhroiiMh thepriH'cs^ 
 of nielllnu In a fnimu'e. "Meil." that which 
 lia« iK'a'n hialed Inchnrcoul.and haidemd liy lU 
 ciintlilnallon v, Ith enrlMin. 
 
 llMlkiii .\ri'lill<'rluri>. .\ ntyle of arclilteclnri' 
 I. .milled oil the i.ld Uoiniin orileiit. See ,\ichl. 
 til liiii'. 
 
 JHi'k. An Inolrnnii'iil liicomm.in use for riiinlii^ 
 very xrial uiixlilxof any kind. "Jack. lever," 
 a Korl of cnine, coii"t-«liii^ oi nniiill pinions 
 worked with 11 cotiinion winch; the pinion 
 work* In lli« lei'lli of a lar;ie wheel, on h ho'-c 
 iixU Iheru Is lUed ii nmall pinion ultli teeth 
 wiirkln;( In a rack, ly Inriilnu the pinion, the 
 nil k is r.ilsiil, and witli II any wiiulil allai lied. 
 " Jack-xcrew." a |K'ile>tal or '•npport, In which 
 worksa ccn'iv, lever, nick and pinion, etc. 
 
 JupiiiiiilnK. The inelhoil ol tilvim^ a hard and 
 highly -I'l ■llnhi'dsurfai-e to art Ideii made of wood, 
 metal, ittiK'r, or Icsitlier. 
 
 ■lur. .'•ee I-eydcn Jar. 
 
 •lun. A notch or o|<cntm( In wlilcli somethlntt Is 
 l.i-ieni'd. 
 
 .lerklii-hend. See under head Illp-knoli. 
 
 ■let. .\ ili'i'p lilack hurt of lilliimeii, snsceplilile 
 of a Kood isilUli, and oltcii wrought Into toys, 
 moiirnlntt JcwcIb, etc. 
 
 tlllii The iK'amof a cmiic. from which the pulleys 
 and wi-l;;lit aie stis|M'iiiIed; also, the foremost 
 s-ill of a ship. 
 
 tfolncr. Hee tariH'niry. 
 
 •Iiilnlcr. f' masonry, a pici f iron used to 
 
 secure the Joints of a wall. 
 
 •Iidsl. A pleceof tlm'ier franiisl Into a u'li'der of 
 a liuil.llmx Sceliinler. 
 
 ilimrnul. The part of ii nlmft that hears and 
 nioN-rs in a J'luniai.lsix; II hearing. "Joni'iial. 
 
 l"i\," .-.line as .V\le-lKi\, w lllc.l see. 
 
 liiilflilosciipc, .\n optical instrument Invented 
 and iM'rfectcd hy -'•Ir David llrewster. Ily a 
 Is'cnllar arr.mjjeinent of mirrors, or ri'tleclin^ 
 
 surfaces. It produces the appearain f ii per. 
 
 fectly symmetrical pattern, w hich nndernoes an 
 endless v.iricty of clian^'es, hy tnrnlni^ the tube 
 in which the mirrors are llxed, ll is cliicjiy 
 Used by calico-printers, ] 'ters, and carpet, 
 mannf.icturers, who are thus itnppliisl witli an 
 immense variety of patterns. 
 
 Keel. The hiwcst and princl|>al piece of timlier 
 Ilia ship. The entire fabric of a vessel is sup- 
 Isirtcd by the keel, as the stem and stern posts. 
 which all' elevated on its ends, are nierel\- con- 
 tinuations of it, and serve to connect and iaclo-e 
 the extremitiis nf llie sides by tc.uiMims, as the 
 keel forms and unites llie hotttim by timbers. 
 Some vessels are provided with what is termed 
 a false keel, consfstini; of astnmi? thick piece 
 nf timlH'r Isiltcd to tiie bnttnni of the keel. 
 
 Keelson. One of the principal limbers ofa ship, 
 1.1 i'l over tile kci'l.of w hich it forms the interioi- 
 oi conn ter|iarl, and across ail the timbers insiile 
 the vessel. 
 
 Ki-y. Till- last iKiard that is laid in a floor. In 
 mechanics, acotter, whidi see under the head of 
 I'.iitl. 
 
 Key-stone. The stone placedat thetopor vertex 
 of an arch to bind the l«o sweeps tot^ether. In 
 the Tuscan and lioric onlei^ it is merely a plain 
 stone projectiiiii a little; in the Ionic it is cut 
 and waved somewhat like consoles . and in the 
 Corinthian and (otiiisisileoidciN, it is a console 
 ornamentisl with sculpture. 
 
 Key-Heut (or Key. way). The (jrisive or morlise 
 hi receive a key. 
 
 Kiln. -V stnictun* or machine for drying sub. 
 stances by the apiilication of heat. 
 
 Kini;-|H>st. A beam risimi from the tie-he«ni to 
 the rid;;e of tho roof. " Kinu-trnss," 11 truss for 
 a roof with kinj^-jnisl attached. 
 
 Knee. A crooked piece of tinilxjr havlnfj; two 
 hnuiclies or anu.s, genendlv used to connect the 
 beams of a vessel with her sides or timbers. 
 
 Kiiiickli'-Julnti Till! iiiintmi of coiiiiiH'lhm In 
 
 Ilia. Iiliieiy, coiisl-tlm.' ofaplnlhrusl Into |li<> 
 li'i Ueil ends o I a ciinnei'lllu-iod. 
 
 laicniiiir* .\ii oi'iianii'iitai celhmi conslsllini of 
 del ri «-lotis or hollow comiHiilmchli*. 
 
 l4tiilcrn> In niecl.anlcs, a kind ol pinion; a lan- 
 tern' w heel. Ill archill ct lire, a Miiiall I Ionic iiiIsihI 
 over Hill roof III 11 blllldlntl In ulve llilllt liml 
 serve IIH a snrl of crow nilli{ In the edillce, 
 
 l4t|i. In niechiihl' s. llie anioiinl of lap over a 
 sicain-poil made ai ii half. stroke ol a aUdii- 
 \ alie. 
 
 I.1ISI, See Pools, elc. 
 
 I.iillii*. .\ iiiachliie iisi'd in turning uinhI, etc, tu* 
 llie Itlani'liaid machine, which i an turn out a 
 da plicate or lac-slmile of any laltein wluitever. 
 
 I.euil. line of the iiio"! liii|Hirlaiil nici.ils, Isdli 
 
 I I self and llsciim|sinnds bem;: .ipplii d to many 
 iiselal puiposes. It oi ell's In nature .1 lombi. 
 nation Willi a laixe niimbi r of snbdances, but 
 Its most valuable iire Is u,.leiia, or huI; hide of 
 lead, lonnd III laiue i|uantit.cs In various |iiirt« 
 of lliii HOI Id. Tile carl onitte of lead, uliicli Is 11 
 powder, is kiiou n iisuhite had; llie led oxido 
 of lead Is othi ru Im' called lol lead. 
 
 Lender. The prim 1) ai w heel la macliinery. In 
 
 Illinium, a Miiali \ elii Icadliii; to a jireuti r one. 
 I.f'Vid, -\n Inslrnmeiit n«ed to miike a line |ianil. 
 
 III lo Ihe hoi'Izon. The plunii'level Is th.it 
 which shows the hoi l/.ontal line by means of 
 another lim- pcrpendlciilar to that desirlbed by 
 a plummet or iieiidiiliim. The splrll. level con. 
 sists ofa ;{la'' tube, which issli^iitly ciiived, 
 atid nearly liUcil with ali-oliol or etii r. adjust. 
 
 I I lent to 1 he liorl/.on depends n;sin the position 
 of a biilible, w hicli is >i'i n in the tiiU' « hen the 
 liistrnmenl is In id hori/.ontiilly. 
 
 I.evep. .V solid liar nl each end of which a cer- 
 t.iin amount of bine Is applied In simil.ir dine, 
 thins, and wlilch issupiKirled on a pivot, or by 
 some fasleiilm; between the piiinls of applica- 
 tion, see I'lilctum. 
 
 Lewis. .Vu iu;;i'nlous conlrivaiici' lor si-cnrin;; 
 iieavy blocks of stone to the tackle Ii.r holstlni;. 
 
 Leydeii -tar. .\ Jar or phial used In eliftrical 
 exiierlmeiits. It 1-san cMimpleol a snlid illalee. 
 trie between two conductim; snb»taiices. I!y 
 
 means of t'lis iti'-li-miient ti hs-trlc lluld can 
 
 beaccumiilaled and piiservid in lar.rc liuanli- 
 1 Ics, Sii named Iroin rrolcssor .MusclienhriK'k, 
 
 III I.eyilen. 
 I.lfi'-linat. --ce Vessel, 
 
 Lifter. The pail of a slcam-ciiuine w hich mises 
 tile 1 nppet-valve. " I,ilIini.'-iiKi." a ro'l receiv- 
 ing motion Irom a vibratiiu; shaft called the 
 rock-shart. ami Impartin'.' motion totheliiier. 
 
 Link. .\iiy iiileniiedlate pi'n' tiansmltlint; 
 piiw a' In a machine, " l-iuk niiiIion."ei'centiic. 
 whirls and tlieir rods, coimecled by a i ii co 
 called tlii'liiik,a part of valve-yeai iiii ri vi rsinj; 
 the steam when the eiiftine is in o|K'nitlon. 
 
 Lolt'lstoiie. See Ma^'Ilet. 
 
 Lock. In sniith-woik, a Iiiiid of fasteniiii;. and n 
 masteiplece of that cl.iss, iwa i;ri ::I deal of art 
 liiid delicacy isiciinilc'l inc.iMri' in.ruici vary- 
 iiii,' the w arils, spring's, bolls, etc. Th" principle 
 of all modeiii locks Is tlie np| lication of a lever 
 loan interiiir bolt, by ineansof a comimmica- 
 tioii from without; so tlial, hy means of the 
 latter, a door or lid may be made secure fnim 
 any push or pall from wUlioiit. 
 
 Loconiiilive-emiiiie. The V i llknow n wheel. car. 
 ria<,'e opera led b.\' steam, and em ploy eil to dniw 
 loads In tnuisiMirt overland, e^iM-cially on mil- 
 ways. 
 
 Loom. A machine or fnime-wor:; of wnod or 
 melal, bir maiMihicturin!,'eloih by Interweaving 
 ii.serios of pai-.illel threads, which run h n^'lh- 
 wlso, called the wa.'p, with anotlicr series of 
 threads w iiieli run Iransvei^ely, called the v.oof 
 or welt, by ineansof the shnllle, 
 
 I..«w-|iressiire. -V term applied to a stelim- 
 emrinc, tiu motive fmve of which is produced 
 by Ibrmin^ ii vacuum within tlie cylinder by 
 draw injioir the steam into another vc-s-sel culled 
 the condenser and there condensing IL 
 
 el 
 
VtM-.vm I.\l:V i>V MKCHVSH'AI. \M> WIKJ TIKIC TKItMN. 
 
 el called ilj 
 
 $ 
 
 Miirhliif*. All riiiihii' >'iiiii|i<i«'r| i,( m-s i<riil |i>rt', 
 put tiiKi'llici'liy iiii'i'liiii.U'iil mi mill toiiliivmui', 
 
 I'nl' lliif )ilir|HI»lt llf mlnllllj Ini*IU*«, IIM*l«tllltf, 
 
 r< .nihil liiu, i>t' ■•ttippiuif tilt ti- mill Imii, t Ic. 
 Miii'liliil'<:, Mil niMirr till' luwl Mii'liuiiU'. 
 
 .IlllUlr l.llllll-ril. Aalii rlrKlirii|illiul Itl'linillivnt, 
 
 !>>' IlirullM lit u llli'll mil |-t'|ir ^ Itlt-il nil III! ti|i|Hi. 
 hllii uulMii 11 iliii'k liHiiHt ll^iiri"*, iiiat^iilllil tn 
 aiiynl/.i<ul pliiiiimri'. Tin' i milrlvmiri- intislulo 
 III It riiiiiiiiiiii Imili'i'ii nilli :| r:iiii|ii' In II, In 
 u lili'ti U uilili-il 11 Itilii*, anil II It'll* tluil IIihiuh 
 Ihi'lmhl nil llii<nliji>i't, iiinl minllii'r li'iit nliU'li 
 lllil;(lllllt"i I III' illi:iui'nli till- Willi. Tllt-ll liy i.-oll- 
 
 I I art! mi; Hi - lulu', ami lirinulii'^ llii'itl'i^*-'' iii^iiiT 
 ■ 111' iiliji'ii, till! Iiiittt(i' will Ih' i'iiIiivmI. SVi- 
 ^iili't\'-liiiiip, 
 
 .MilUlirt < Niltlllllll. A rtpi't'li'M iif lltiii nrt*, lalliil 
 l<iiiit:-tiiiii-, anil Initnil In Niii'lniit )4iit'« nf llic 
 (imtli 111 li'M'^tnlmiir •'ryttallliii' rniitiin'nii', ai|i| 
 tM'nii^liii)iill> in Iii'iIm nt' i'liiiMlili'mlili' tlii('knr««. 
 lit pnipt'i-t>' III' iitti-iu-ttin< Hinall plii-t-f nf li-nii 
 win ii'i'ii:;iiui'il '11 It viiy iMily il.iii' liy tlic 
 liri'ikH, iiiiil tlii wnntliniit illri'i-tlvi' iKiwt-i lia;i 
 liiin kiiiiun til tliii liiliitliUaiil>uf t liiiiu iiiiiii 
 tiiiH' liiinii-iiiinlal. 
 
 ^laKiii'lliiiii. The iittnit'tlvi'iinil n'piil>lvi' jiiwiT 
 
 III till' Inai.ritiini', ui'iii'r.illy, tlial )K't-iillitr pii p- 
 frl>' pn^st,'H«ril by inaiit iiitninil ljt>:tii-ii, aril liy 
 till' \>l>ii|i' iiiiiKi III till' t.irtli, tliiiiiuli whlt'li, 
 iiiiiliT ciTtain i'in'iiiii-*taiu-t'>4, tlifv iti'itu.ilh- 
 iillriirt ttml riipi'l tint' unndii-r, itfcenllng tn 
 (li trnillllllti' lil\t!4. 
 
 MuliKiirinK nf a Waltli . A lliln Hi'xl'i'i- iIIiIhiii 
 nl Mti'i'l, iiHualty i'IhiuI HiAt('«'iiiiri'i^liU*t'ii iiH'lii*« 
 ill lin^'tli, wlilcli, wlii'ii t'lilliil Iniii 111!' Iiarri'l 
 iTiiiIt' t.i III' plai'i'il 111 I la' watiil,iK'C"iplC'«lt l*)<\ct■ 
 Hllnll'tlllll<{ li'Hil Hum Iliii'i'-tiiuiilHiil tin llli'll In 
 iliaiiii'ti'i'. 
 
 Hullialilllly. That pmpcity nf n'Otalt whU-li 
 pri'iiiitt Itii'in to III' liiali'it nut itnlt-r tin* ham* 
 nirrni- I'xtfnili'il ill any way ln'iiealli pri-t'tiiri'. 
 Unlil (wlili'li sec) In I'MriiiK'ly iiutllralili'; It I'liii 
 111' liraliii l.jni Uiiu'h tlilnni-r lli.in nnlhmry 
 W'rititii,'p!ipi'r. Irnn liiis ln'i'ii vnllt^l intn sln-ct-* 
 ttii; 'J,.'iiKitli nt an i ii-li in tliti'kri'>s, niiil amtiiaie 
 imlKif till) li'af iiniy wiijjlii'il tiiiH'f.iiimrti'iMnf 
 a Knilii. Till' jii-oiH'ity of inallfaliility apixiti-a 
 to lii'ar sniiii' M'latloii, tlioii^h not that nf ikt- 
 fi'i't prnpoiilniiiUty, tolhuiliiitillly. Thus, the 
 fiillinviiit: I" IliiniiiUi- nf s.'Viral initals at unll- 
 miry ti'iiiprntlurvH/oi: Vhii**' tttni|uaUtled: 
 DuHUily. MiillfibilUu. 
 
 Golil. Golil. 
 
 SUvi'i-. Silver, 
 
 rialiiiuin. Copiier. 
 
 Iinn. Tin. 
 
 Nii'kPl. rkitinum. 
 
 Cnpiier. Lead. 
 
 7.1110. Zinc. 
 
 Tin. Iron. 
 
 I.iail. Nickel. 
 
 Mall. Sic UrowliiK. 
 
 Muiiilrcl. .\ wiMMlon jmllcy anil contlgiions parts 
 in lattic inaehiiiery. 
 
 Man-hoU>. An opening throu|,'h which a nian 
 may creep Into a »teuui.lH>ilvr, etc., to clean or 
 repair. 
 
 Marble. A term applied by lulnemlogista to 
 limestone, wlutoorcoloretl.caiMibleof rfcclvlng 
 a iKilisli. 
 
 MttHonry. The art of hewing, catting, or 8<iiuir- 
 IngstDiii's, ami iltting them for the luteof t'liilil. 
 liitT'. ; aliio ol Joining them together with mortar. 
 A wall built of unhi'wu stone, whether It Ih: 
 built with or witlioiit mortar, is calletl nibble 
 wall. For Brick. work, see luitlt-r the head of 
 liiicks. 
 
 Matrix. Theca\ ity in wliiclumythingU formed, 
 and wliicli gives it shape; the mold or form In 
 which printers' tyiws are cast,— called also, 
 mat lice. 
 
 Matter. Sec Case. 
 
 Mattock. See Ax. 
 
 Mechanic, One who works with machines Of the 
 imilnimcnts of a mcclunic. \n artitlcer (which 
 see) U a superior mechanic. A skilled mechanic 
 
 l"»niirtilli'i r. " Machliii»t,"oni'«liii inakcKnia. 
 liilni K, nr tt III! It Mkillril in llii'lr riiii..tnit'ttoii, 
 
 Mrrtiiiiili'iil lilVi't't, A ti'nii giti'ii IntliiMni'iMin-c 
 nf illiiilvf piiwei'. It Ih till' imwiM' tn ral"i' a 
 I'tTiiiin Hi'l||lil lliiniigha fnot HI at'i' In a delinlti' 
 tliiit'. 
 
 Mi'i'IiuiiIihI riillniMipliy. Tne mi. nf me. 
 
 elimili « iippili i| III pli.\ ^li'iil lni|iiirli' , nr, nil tlie 
 nllivi liaiiil, llii' appliratlnn of llii> liiWHofKcn 
 t'liil ttiii'iic" tn Hill inipi'oveiiH'iit and ciniHliiie. 
 linn III niiii'lilni'i-y. 
 
 Mteliuiili'ul I'liwprit. Hln Klandaid machliiit 
 w liirli ail' i-'ipMlile nf applying large Ini'i'i'i b* 
 pi-itiliit-t' Kinall I'Ib'i'tf* Willi I'i'iinniiiy, iiml "iiiiitl 
 Inlif. In plnilme gnat elbels III tlllir, lind 
 w llli'll are liirtliiT capaiile nf tnin.ttri'rlng InirfH 
 fi'-iii tlii'ir natiiial iHiInt of lu'tinn, tn miiitlier 
 Imlnl III iipplUlllliill. They air llie Irvil. tlie 
 w he) 1 aii'l ii\li', till' pnili'V. the inrlini"! ptiiiii'. 
 till' well)'!', iliiil tile fCletv, III lellllly, lliere me 
 only t wi. inei'liaiilriil powerH, tiir tile pulley anil 
 wheel are only iisMenililii^ieH id level s, and tile 
 
 Wfilgeail'l *eli'W lire Ineliliell pliines, 
 
 MoiiMnratbiii* The art nf ineaMiirlng liiieH, suimt- 
 lleies, anil sniiiit, whtell, 111 ciinHei|uenee nf lit 
 extensive itpptieiitinn to llie purposes nf lite, in 
 enntl'tereil a.t 111' tile i.l'eate-1 inipnl lance. 
 
 .Menliunl. In l-n^daml, niie that e< ports and 
 i I II I M iris 1 1 le re i III Ml I lie. In the I'm itei I Mates, the 
 term |i applied In large lUaleis giiiemily. 
 " Meri'liant -bar," certain comninn sizes nf 
 wrniiglit irnn and steel biiiH. 
 
 Melul. .\ ilinple bndy of peenllar luster, Insniii. 
 bit' in water, fusible by In at, ami eiipable, in tlie 
 St. Ill' lit an nxide, of Miiitiiig ivilli aeids, and 
 fnrniing with tlieni inetaltle Mills. Metals are 
 ili-.tliigui-lieil, in ililb lent degrees, by niiilieii. 
 bility,ilnetllity Insihinty, leiiinlty, t'lastUity, 
 anderyslallinile.\tiiii'. The prlmipiil nietalsan' 
 gold, silver, irnn, lead, zinc, copper, tin, nickel, 
 and iiMtininiiv ; but tlieieaii' iiiiiny nthei'S. 
 
 M<'lallnrH;y. Tlie ait of working luetaU, partlcn. 
 Imly Hie all nf extiiicting them lioin tb"irnres 
 and adapting tlium to viirlons processes ol man. 
 ulactiue. 
 
 Mrzxotmlo. A particular kind of engraving, sn- 
 cailed from Us resenibliiiu'eiodniwinj^s in India 
 ink. The work is purforined liy pniieliing a 
 copiier siirl'aee with agioumling UhiI, scraping 
 with a semper, and tiien burnishing, to prisliice 
 llieelbet desired. 
 
 311eropli(iiie. A vei'y sensitive Instrument of the 
 teleplioiii' speolofi, for making audible the most 
 feeble sniinds. 
 
 Mlcriisciipi', .\ii optical iustnimcnt which mag. 
 iiilie-i objects, sn tliat the sniallest may be ills, 
 lincliy seen and ileserilied. 
 
 Mill. Urigin.iliy a luaeliine used for dividing, 
 crnshlng, nr pulverizing any substance; but 
 iiinre exteii-ively applied in iiio'lern times tn 
 alninst all inachincry consist in;; i.i wlieel-v.irk, 
 whether Intended to change tlie fiiriii nr tlie 
 
 IMislttnii nf the olijcct to 1 penited iiixni. 
 
 Machines of tills kind, tl.erefoic, take their 
 name from tlie processes for wlilcli tli"y are 
 used, as saw-mills, stamidng. mills, fiilling-mills, 
 griiuling-miUs, etc. , frniu the mntive iinwer, as 
 wind-mills, water-mills, steani-mills,liaii'l-niills, 
 etc-; ortrom tlie :naterialopeiiited on, as cotton- 
 mills, iKipcr-milts, siigar-mllls, tlour-mills, oil- 
 mills, ct '. 
 
 3Ilne. .\n opening in the ground from which 
 anything Is dug. The undergnuind works con. 
 stitute the iiiine, but til',- term usually compre- 
 hends all the ground on the siirfaee, together 
 with tliesleani-englnes, water-wiieels, and other 
 machinery and iipiiendages fur ilnilnage, the 
 extnictinn of orcsand llieirmet'lianieal i're|iani- 
 tioii, with various buildings and erections. 
 
 Mineral. \ iKXly or substance found in the crust 
 of till' earth. M.nei-.ils i re tliose bodies wliieli 
 are destitute of orgaiii'zatiou, and wliieli iiatii- 
 ndly exist within tlio earth or at its siirfaee- 
 Minerai waters arc springs impregnated with 
 mineml substuncee. 
 
 Minion. See Brevier. 
 
 Mllrr. The Joint f.irnied by Ihe emit m' twn 
 pli^e«iir rule, at In piinting, nr nf molding, an 
 Inarehltectnre. an angle Just fiMiy-llvedegier*, 
 or liiiir a riKbi itngle. 
 
 .Mmlrl, \n nrlgliiiil |iilleri% or the •hape oi tie. 
 ■ign of anylliing In inlnliitnn', pailleiiliirly iis 
 applleil 111 un artlllel.il piltein made in liaid 
 triKid or inelal iint iiinri' lliiiii ttvelve inehiH in 
 any i|imen<i|iin,ai nsinln^l by law in Hie rmti'd 
 staliii andwlHiall iln imrN and pnipurtinns, 
 in tinier In give a full Idea of Ihe work thai Is In 
 Im- exeeiitisl. 
 
 MiMllllhin. The bntckt'l like ornanient iiiiderlhii 
 I III nil I Ihe I orliiHilaii entablatnii', 
 
 MiMliilr. <ve Innle order. 
 
 -Molar. In inerhanlcs. a iiiasii of mailer, us eon. 
 tr.idlsiingul-ht tt fnun niolcenles, 
 
 Miilil. tie ('asllng.and Matrix. 
 
 >loldlnir>. I'rnjectnri » Uyond the naked wall, 
 siieli iiH cnrnlees, ilnni.eaM'S, etc., which are ent 
 -11 11^ In Im- orna iiental. 
 
 Monienliiin. ihe iiiiantlty of million in a iiiov. 
 imrU-lv. 
 
 Moiikey-wrrnrh. An article having a movabli 
 Jaw, and whiehmnv 1m' set by means of a screw 
 to Kimn anyllilng which II Is ib-slred to move 
 from |"i»llion liy liirning nr wrem hliig. 
 
 Mnrtar. I.iine, sand, and hair nii\eil togethei', so 
 as to make a cement. See I 'aniinn. 
 
 -Miirtlu-. A kin 1 nf Jnlnt eoiislsting of a hnie 
 nf a eiTlhin depth cut In a piece nf llinlur 
 stias to ncelve another pieee called Hie tenon, 
 which ntv. 
 
 Muiialr. .\ kind of nrnamenlid vnrk In wliieli 
 small pielun sanrepn-seiited by bits nf cnlnn d 
 marble, |>ebl>les, glass, etc., cemented nn a 
 gnntnil nf »tneco, and then polished. 
 
 Mnll»n. Thelan»of inidinii.as delivered by Sir 
 Isaac Newton, are: I. Kvery bndy perseveres 
 In lis slate nf rest, or imirnrm mntion in a right 
 line, until a change la etfeeled by Ihe agency nf 
 tMiiiie I'Mernal toree. -i, .\ny ciiange elTected in 
 the iinii'Hi'eiicy nr motion nf a body Is In tlie 
 illreclton nf the iniee tnipre-.sid, and is la'opni - 
 llonal In It in i|uantity. :1. -\elinn aid reaeili n 
 areeiiual and in coiilnir}' dliectlnns. see Par- 
 allel Mti'lon. 
 
 Mould, and MonlillnK. see Mold, etc. 
 
 Moving ruwers. Tlie prlneiinil ninving powers 
 are Hie strength of man and animals, wii'l, 
 water, steam, weights, springs, and magnet i-iu, 
 The ordinary strengtii of a muu is estimated it 
 the one. tilth of that of a linisc. .\ hmse ■ mi 
 draw 'JiiO i«iunds nver a pulley eight liniii s a day, 
 twn mid a half miles an hour; if Hie weight be 
 ■.'Inllis. he ctin only work six lionrs a day, and 
 slower. Wind moving at .ilsint V2}i feel a sec. 
 
 ond, will stiike asnrfai fasiiuaie with a 
 
 force isiual to two ounces. Water fan. ng two 
 feet, with a velocity of elevi-n feet a leeonit, 
 will turn a wheel sons to give mot inn to a fniir- 
 fiMd slxindi iliameter millstone at a rate of ijn 
 revolnllons in a minute, the wheel nio\-ing with 
 a thinl part of the velocity of the water. A 
 cubic inch of water, fonning into a cubic foot, 
 or l,7.N inches c* steam, jmsscsses nn elastic 
 force of flfteen lbs. on Hie siiuare ineli, at a 
 teniiHraturi'of 'Jl-Jdeg. ; at 'i'lli cleg., thirty lbs.; 
 at '2711 deg., fnrty.nve llis. ; and at 'JiKi deg., siMy. 
 slv Itis. Weiglits are applied as the inotivo 
 IMiwerof clocks and ntlier mailiines, as also are 
 spriii'J*. which, like weights, liave to b^ wound 
 lip after lH»lng exiH'ndeil. If a bar of soft iron, 
 in tlie form n' '' horse. slioe, or nitlier that of a 
 eommne. d ■ 'V- tai'le. In* wrapped round wi.,i 
 coiUH^r win . 'er'. ."M'urrent of electricity passed 
 thnnigli the ■•, re, the iron bii-omes a most 
 IHiwertnl inagnet, cvlbsl an electro-magi. t, and 
 may Is'constnicteil so as to bear the weight of 
 many tons- 
 Miilr. .\ iii.li iiineuseil in cotton. spinning, called 
 also mule.Jenny. 
 
 Mullion. The pieces or strips that form Hio 
 divisions lietwecn the lights of windows. 
 
 Nail. Spikes of iron and br.iss, having heads, 
 and fitted for binding several pieces of wood 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 

 VOC.VBULAUV OF MKCIIAMC.U. AND SCIENTIFIC TEUMS. 
 
 ■iimll with a thick, 8tron^ 
 Hof horses, utc. 
 L for whiit belongs to Ihu 
 
 1 i 
 utiral. An rpm. 
 II ivy tiv i\n\ iiiUlUtn. 
 Nhvp. Tint iKHiy »ir iiiiM<IU> i>ait<»f ii chiii-oh, or 
 othrr liir^n huilMtiij.', hctwrcti th»' aisles, ami 
 roachiii^ funn the i-ail or ImlusttTof tho clioir to 
 
 tlKM-llicr (hlOf. 
 
 Nuviuratloii. As a nuvhanical art. oon.sists of an 
 UOfuunl i>t tlir HK'thtxIs of hinulUn^ a ship hy 
 iiK ;nis ol it,s sails, ftc., ho tliat she i>ass tliroui^li 
 the wators alon^ a rorlaln tU'IlailL' course. 
 Nejrativo Kli-rlriclty. Tlial stato of IxxUos, in 
 wliicli tliry an- (Icpi ivcil of soim; ixji'llon of the 
 clcctiicity which tliey natui-ally contain. 
 Newr!. Tlic i>ost or sliniduifl around whicli a 
 
 cii*cnlar staiivase is built. 
 Nickel. A metallic substance, mostly found in a 
 met all io slate, but sometimes in that of an oxide. 
 It-i ores have a copiu-ry red color. 
 NfMhile. A rouudeil re^tilar lump or mass. 
 Nonpareil. The riinall»!St size of body tyj e ex- 
 cept thire, namely, agate, jiearl, and diamond. 
 No7.7.1e. See I'ort. 
 
 Nut. A i»iece of iron, or other material, square 
 or hexagonal, having; a concavoor fcmalescrew, 
 nsc'I foi Iij;hteniut; a bolt. 
 Object-ffluss. la the telescope or microscope, 
 ibeleusor system of lenses nearest tlie object 
 (_ iteuiiilaled. 
 Oils. A u;i:!!" fjireu to three ditferent classes of 
 biMiies; 1. 'J'iif lixed oils, such as linseed, si)erm, 
 and castor oil; -J. the essential oils, as oil of lav- 
 eu'ler, ot rue, of nutiue/^, etc.; ,J. the mineral 
 oiN. which uvv hydrocarbons, more or less im- 
 pure. ^e^ I'etroleum. 
 Oil-box, etc. A box orcuj) at the top of an oil- 
 hole, fur oiliu}^ the machinery, "uil-cellar," a 
 re.-ervoir for a lubricator in a journal-box, 
 OriU-r. 'J'Ih' rub* of pro])orliou to bt; observed in 
 the eonstruction of any bnildiiiij:, wldcli is ai>- 
 plied mostly to the eolnnin and the eutablatun.-, 
 from the di\crsity in which have sprung the 
 tive^eviM'iil orders— the l>oric, Ionic, Corinthian, 
 Tuscan, and romi>osite. See Architecture. 
 Ordnance. A jrenenil name for heavy weapons 
 
 ol warfare. Sec fannon. 
 Or(;an. A wind instnnncnt blown by bellows, 
 ami containing numerous jiipes of various kinds 
 and dimension-, wiiicli, r)r Itssoienmity, j^rand- 
 cur, and rich volume of tone, is peeidiarly tilted 
 for t he purp))->e for which it is cnnnonly useil. 
 The oigi;n In tlie eathedml eliuri h at I'lm, in 
 Germa .y, is said to be ninoty-tlnee feet high 
 and twenty. eight bix)ad, its largen i)ii>e being 
 thirteen inches in diameter, and it havinj;r six- 
 teen pail" of bellows. This organ is exceeded in 
 size by thiM)ne e()n.-«tructed to: Ibelloyal Albert 
 h ill. in l.ou'ion. which lias incomplete registers 
 .'1 1 w dni\\ -siojis. 
 Os-niati(tn. In mechanics, the vibnition, or re- 
 ciprocal ascent and descent of a iH-ndulous body, 
 OvorslKil Wheel. A wheel. tluM-ircumference of 
 whii'li is covered with cavities, and which is 
 turncfl by water flowing on tlie top of it. 
 " Cndershot wheel,'* a water-wheel, moved hy 
 the water passing beneath it. 
 rack. To 1)11 in and ai-ound with some material, 
 so as to make certain cavities in machinery air- 
 tight or v.ater-tight ; as, to ])ack the jiiston of a 
 steam-cnglni', water-faucet, and the like. 
 PaekfonjjT, An alliy of nickel, zinc, and eopixjl*, 
 much used by the Chinese f<)r ornamental pur- 
 ixjses. It is similar to German silver in comix)- 
 sition and appearance. 
 Padlock. A kind of lock to haui^on the outside 
 
 of a door. 
 Painter. An artist who represents objects by 
 coloi-s.asa portrait-iKtliiler; also an artist who 
 lays colors on wi>od or stone, etc., as a house- 
 painter. 
 Panel. Kaised margins, in apartments, ils in ceil 
 Ings, waiii--coting8, etc. In joinery, a board 
 i user led in the Ir.une of a door. In in:us<»nry, a 
 face of a liewn stone; and in minint^, a heapof 
 ore ready for iuarket. 
 
 I'arallol Motion. A contrivance of Watt's for 
 converting rectilinear into circular motion. 
 The piston. rod, whose motion was the source of 
 moving power, went straight up and down, and 
 it was attached to the beam, which, being lixe<l 
 at Its center, described a circular arc. It was 
 impossible, thendore, that this circuhtr are 
 should b(> accumtely described if the beam and 
 jiiston-rod liad been directly conm^cted. The 
 contrivance through which they are connected 
 indirectly, so as to convert tlie rectilinear into 
 the circular movement, is called the parallel 
 motion. See Motion. 
 Parqu.'try, Inlaid flooring. 
 l^irty-wall. A wall that sejHirates two houses, or 
 
 teneu^entfi; as In a block. 
 Patera. A nmnd ornament frequently worked 
 
 in relief on friezes, etc. See Frieze. 
 Pattern. The model of full size ar^cund which a 
 mold of simd is made, to receive the fused 
 metal. 
 Pawl. A catch, or ratcliet. 
 Pearl. Printing type, in size smaller than agate, 
 
 and larger than diamcmd. 
 Pedestal. The Ictwest part of a coUunn. In me- 
 chanics, same as axle-guard, which see, under 
 the head of Axlc-oox. 
 Pediment. A low i)innacle, serving to crown a 
 
 fn)ntispiece, etc. 
 Pemluium. One of the principal moving iMwers, 
 consisting of a heavy Ixxly so suspended that it 
 uii\y vibnile or swing backward and forward. 
 Perainlnilator. An instnnnent for measuring 
 distances, otheri\is(!calh*d a pedometer, or sur- 
 veying wheel. 
 Perpetual Motion, In mechanics, tleclared to lie 
 
 iiniM)ssiblc on account of friction. 
 Petroleinn. Kock oil, a liquid, bituminous sub. 
 
 .-lance, which distils from rocks. 
 Pewter. A comiiound medal, or an alloy of tin 
 uith co]iper, lead, zinc, bismuth, and antimony. 
 Phonograph. A machine lor registering sounds. 
 A sheet ot tin-foil is >itretclicd around a cylin- 
 der, whicli is indented by a marker that vi-a-ates 
 in corresixjudenco with the sounds made before 
 aspe^rking-tnbe. Thecylinder is turned steadily 
 wh.ie .he sounds are being recorded on the thin 
 metallic sheet. Ky this means any song, speech, 
 or other characteristic of sound, may bo re- 
 corded and the record iu*eserved to be repro- 
 duced through the phonograph at any time 
 atterwanl. 
 Phatocrapliy. See Daguerreotype Process. 
 Pica. A variety of typo of two sizes— pica and 
 
 small-i)ica- larger than long primer. 
 Pick. A well-known iron tool tapering to a point 
 fnnn ahead, in which is flxed a wooden handle. 
 It is used for looseningground, in digging, mln- 
 ing, etc. *' Pick-ax," a pick with a jioint on one 
 end, and a blade at the other, with a wooden 
 handle inserted between. See Ax. 
 Pig-iron. See nessenier's process, etc. 
 Pilaster. A square pillar. 
 
 Pile. A large jdece of tlmlx-r, hewn off at one 
 
 end and driven into the earth, as in a river or 
 
 soft ground, for the suppiu-t of a bridge or otlier 
 
 superstructure. " Pile-driver," a machine for 
 
 driving piles or stakes in the beds of rivers, etc. 
 
 '* Screw-pile," see under the head of Screw. 
 
 Pillow-block. Same as Journal-box, which see. 
 
 Pin. Anything In t!ie shape of a pin, short shaft, 
 
 or l>olt, which serves to fasten. " Pin-drill," a 
 
 dril'. with a contml i>oint or i)roJection, to drill 
 
 in a small hole ami make it larger. 
 
 Pincli. A lever, nither foot-shaped at one end, 
 
 the heel of which acts as a fulcnim.and serves 
 
 to move heavy wheels, etc. " Pinchers," a soil 
 
 of tool us'jd by artiticers in drawing nails. 
 
 Pinion. An arbor, or s^indh-, in the body of 
 
 which anisevcral notclies to catch the teeth of 
 
 a wheel that serves to turn It round; or a pinion 
 
 in a small wheel which i)lays in the teeth of !i 
 
 larger 
 
 Pipe. A tube used ua a conductor of water, gas, 
 
 steam, smoke, etc., made of lead, iron, stone, 
 
 pottery, wood, India rubber, gutta-i>orcha, etc. 
 
 The large water and gas pipes are made princi- 
 pally of cast Iron, and are called mains; the 
 smaller ones (>f some alloy, of which lead is the 
 biLse, are called services. 
 IMston. A si>lid beam whose lower jtart jxirfonna 
 the oillciMif a cork closing the body of a cylin- 
 drical vessel in which it moves, wherever It is 
 api)lied along thelength. To tlils.ln theeentor, 
 a itxl is fasteni'd, which rises or falls with It; 
 and Willi this rising (tr tailing, the motion <d"tho 
 machines which use the pi?,ton. Is connected 
 directly. 
 Pitch. In wheel W(trk, tlie si«icebetwe(;n the ecu. 
 ters of two adjacent wheels. '* Pitchdine," a 
 line wliicli jKLSses thiougb the centers of all the 
 teeth of a wheel. " Pitch. wheels," wheels that 
 work together. 
 Pivot. The extremity of the axle round which a 
 
 iMidy revolves. 
 PlanA. An edged tool for paring and shaving 
 wood smooth. "Planer," a wooden block used 
 by printei-s for forcing down type fu a form. 
 For Inclined Plane, see under that head. 
 Plaster. See Mortar. 
 
 Plaster of Paris. A iKiste made of gypsum. In 
 London the tenn is also applied to gyiwuin 
 itself. 
 Plate. A copper-plate for printing on; any flat 
 piece of metal In the same form or shape. 
 *' Plating," see Electro.plate. '* Platen," thi' flat 
 upper ]«irt of a ju'lnting i)rcss which gives the 
 impression. 
 Platinum. A metal so-called on account of its 
 silvery ap;itnnince or from the river Plata, ii*. 
 South America, near which it was flisl found. 
 It is the heaviest substance in naturi!; will not 
 fuse with the strongest heat of the furnace; and 
 from its capacity of resisting oxidation in air 
 or water, itconstitutesoneof the perfect metals. 
 It is harder than iron, and malleaVile and ductile 
 like gold. 
 Pllevs. vn instrument by which anything is 
 
 laid hoi' of, so as to bend it. 
 Plinth. A large square member, in the form of a 
 brick, and sometimes called the slipper. It is 
 employed as the foot or foundation of columns, 
 being that tlat square table under llie moldings 
 of the base and pedestal, at the bottmnof the 
 wliole order. The plinth of a wall is a tenn 
 applied lotwoor three rows of bricks advanc 
 ing out fixim the walls; or, in genend, fi-om any 
 llat high moulding, serving in a front w.'ill to 
 mark tla- floors, or to sustain the eaves of a wall 
 and the larmier of a chimney. See Ilricks. 
 Plow. A well. known agricultund implement for 
 turning up the soil in prei>aration for reci'iving 
 the seed. It consists of a wooden Inime, witli a 
 handle; a share, or sharpened jjiit').' of iron, 
 flxcd t)n the I)ottom of tlie plow, and a coulter, 
 another cutting iron, that stands upright in the 
 l>low. " Wheel-plow," a plow with one or more 
 wheels, to render it steady, and also to regulate 
 thodepthof the cut. " Plow-share," thecutting 
 iron flxed iit the Inittom of the wood-work of 
 the phnigh, vidch forms the furrows. Annmg 
 bookbinders, a plough Is a machine f<tr cutting 
 the edges of Iwoks. 
 Plug. A piece of wcod or other sulwtance used 
 to stop a hole. *' Plug-rod," in a steam-engine a 
 rod for working the valves, as in the Cornish 
 engine. 
 Plumbago. See lUack-lead. 
 Plumber-block. A supimrt for the end of a 
 
 shaft. 
 
 Plumb-line. A i)erpendicular to the horizon, 
 
 formed by meansof the plummet. " Plummet," 
 
 a leaden weight att:iched to a string, by which 
 
 depths are .soundtHl perpendicularly, and |>er]ien- 
 
 diculars are taken by cat j>enters, masons, etc. 
 
 Pneumatics. That brancli of physical .science 
 
 which treats of the mechanical proiMM'ties of 
 
 elastic fl lids, and jtrmcliMilly of atmospheric air. 
 
 Point. Among artists, an iron or steel insirn- 
 
 ment used fortnicing designs on cojiper, wood, 
 
 stone, etc. In niasonn.', to till the joints with 
 
 mortar, and smooth them with a trowel . 
 
 I 
 
 .7 
 
VOCAIllLAUY or JIKCIIAMC.VL AM» SClEXTiriC TEIiMS. 
 
 .1 
 
 ti 
 
 1 
 
 Pol*. A I'ingljoroJ wckkI, cut iinil flttcil for viiil- 
 oiw \fi\T\^yi«^, an the jxjlo of ji ciirrhijje. *' role- 
 ax," an ax fixfl tia ]«lc or huiidlc, rnvnicntlj- 
 witliacLiir or iHMJk pnjjoftin^ frdin the hack 
 port, **orn'*lim'-» use<l in vtwiMiUoI wiirfor l)6iinl- 
 
 Polyehrom«? frintins. The name sonK'tlmos 
 appU-"'J to the r«'i)P(»<Iiictioii ol painlinjjs aii'i 
 coIorr<l drawiii^^ hy inechanit-al ninjins. Thi' 
 etTecti 'flaunt I'V pulyihr<Ji:ii; printint; may be 
 ohtainol Ijoth liy lithography and woodciit 
 printih:;, altltou^li liie former process is, ii]) to 
 tlie prf-iW-nt time, tlie one mint gencnilly 
 atlopt'-*!. Tile iaiitation of drawings and jialnt- 
 Ini;^ l>y tneansof lithojjraphy l9 usually termed 
 cI»n>ni*>-IItho^nipiiy. 
 
 Polychromy. A term apj)lie<l to tlie art of i)aint. 
 in^ wt>rk.-t of wrulpture and arehitecturo with 
 different colors, an ait well known to tlio 
 ancienH undiT a diflerent name. 
 
 Polyicon. In mechanics, when a series of moro 
 tiian three forces act in e<iuiliWr.um in one 
 point, they may he represented in direction and 
 intensity \iy a polygonal figure (a jilano llgure of 
 many angle* ; thialijfure is teniied tliciiolygon 
 of thr**e forceA. 
 
 Poljcraph. An inrention for making a number 
 ot writings or drawings simultaneously,— made 
 on the principle of the Pantagraph, an inatm- 
 ment for copying drawings. 
 
 PoIxtechnlM. The .science of all the mechanical 
 arts, aide*! or unaided hy niacliinerj'. 
 
 Fontoon* Se* Bridge, 
 
 Port. In mechanics, an opening tlirongh which 
 steam, air, etc., may pass to the valves of the 
 engine to which it imi>arta motion. Tlie udmis. 
 sionand discharge of eteam in a steam-engine 
 take place throngti jwrts near the ends ot the 
 cylinder, connected with jia^sages called noz. 
 zles, which are opene*! and clo&ed hy induction 
 and ednction valves. Sometimes tiie inductltm 
 and e»laction valves are combined in one valve, 
 c^Ili**! a niide- valve. 
 
 PoAt-mlll. .\ kind of wind.mill constructed on a 
 v.rtieal axis (a.stene'l to the gnjuiid. 
 
 Power. .V term equivalent to force, or mt her to 
 the origin of force; a mechanical agent, as 
 horse-p«*wer, wat':r<'rst€am-i*)wer, etc. 
 
 Pre«*. A machine hy which things are com- 
 I>rcscie'L It acts by means ot the screw, and 
 serves forrtiflercnt purposes, as for iire-ising tlin 
 Juice cat of grapes and other fruits for making 
 wine, the presising <.f the curd in iiiakin; 
 cheeses, etc.;arso. a machine used by printeis 
 and ptiMishers for taking impressions of foruis 
 of typ*:. 
 
 Primer. \ kind of type, of which there arj two 
 sj-ecifri — long-primer and great-primer. 
 
 Priming. The act of carr>'ing o\ er water from 
 tlie lr>IIer into the cylinder of a steam. engine. 
 
 Printer. One who ijosscsses the skill to set up 
 jijijs, make up forms, etc. . in addition to serving 
 as cornprjisilor. or type-scl .^Ton stmiglit or plain 
 reading matter. See Case. 
 
 Pndiiling. \ process for the conversion of cast 
 Iron into vrongbt iron. 
 
 Poe-mill. .Vmill forgrinding and mixing clay, 
 u.«e<l in brick-making and for other purjKiscs. 
 
 Pulley. One ol the simplest of the mcelmnlcal 
 p»>wers. In its plainest form, it consists of a 
 small wheel toming on a pin in a block, with a 
 furrow or gr^xive cut in its circumference, over 
 which passes the rope that turns 1' .See Me- 
 ciianical Towers. 
 
 Pump. .V machine cither for raising water or for 
 forcing it thioogh pipes. Its jxiwer is drawn 
 from the pressure or weight of the atmospheie 
 -omnK>n vasen, and from the olastiiity of 
 compress**! air in those forms of it that are 
 termerl forcinsf pumix Tl.:' lifting. pump and 
 the suction or Iwuseliold puniii have each a iiis 
 ton and two valves, which lattei- ojm'u upward. 
 The forcing-pump Is unlike the two pumps 
 above-named. The piston has no valve, but 
 there i4 a valre opening upward at the bottom 
 of its cylinder. 
 
 'k 
 
 Piinch. A tool, usually of steel, forstriklng holes 
 in any llun inate-rtal, as lealh* r, iron, etc. 
 
 Pupiiet-valve. \ disk, used in -team-engines to 
 
 cn\'erund uncover an ojienlng. 
 I>iitlog. A cross piece of tiinl>cr forming a sup- 
 
 IMn-t to the lloorot ascutfold. 
 Quadrant. Tlie fourth part of a circle. A qna<J. 
 nint i.s diviiled Into ninety ofiual iwrts, c:iikx] 
 degrees; each ilegrcc Is divide*! mto sixty wjujil 
 parts, cttlltMl minutes; each minute into sixty 
 parts, called seconds. The ancient form of 
 astronomical instruments for the detemiiiia. 
 ti.jn of altitudes was the quadrant; but that lias 
 now been wholly su|XTCedcd by the Circle, 
 which see. 
 
 Quadrat, ICm. In type. setting, a square piece of 
 metal, shorter than a letter, which is inserted 
 by the comi'Misitor, in the liody of reading m:it- 
 ter. Just alter a jieriod or end of a sentence. It 
 is, in composition, the standard of measure, 
 ment, and when the compositor luis filled a 
 space e<iiial to 1,000 cms In juxtapoiition, he is 
 jvaid accordingly. 
 
 Queen-post. One of two posts extending from 
 the ti6-beam to a rafter, used in a tmsseiJ 
 root^ 
 
 Rablict. A cut made in a board to form a Joint 
 with another l)oard. A nibbet-plane is ase<l by 
 a Joiner in cutting a rabt>et on the edge ot a 
 board. 
 
 Rack. A toothed bar to work with a small cog- 
 wheel or iiinion. 
 
 Rag-bolt. \\\ iron. pin, loathed, so that it m?.y be» 
 retained in position. "Rag-wheel," a wheel 
 with i)rojeetionson tlie circiimb-rence to receive 
 tlu^ links of a chain which works with it. 
 
 Rail. -V long l>arot iron i-olle<l in a certain shape, 
 lor use in railway constniction. ■ Chair," a 
 liiece ot iniu made to receive and support a rail. 
 and which rests on the tie or sleeper of wood to 
 wliicli it is lixed. 
 
 Ratchet. A wheel liavi.ig angular teeth, by 
 which it may be turned forwaplas Ijy a catch or 
 i-.itehet. 
 
 Rnaction. .Vction and reaction are equal and 
 opjiosite. In mechanics, the force as illustrated 
 by the firing ■•! a pistol, there is a tack effect 
 uixm the pistol identically e*iual to that upon 
 the bullet. "' Ueeet ion-wheel," a wnter-wnecl 
 having curved spacer or buckets on which the 
 water ri-'acts, and thus causing motion. 
 
 Receiver, The vessel from which the air Is 
 exhausted in an air-pump. 
 
 Reelprocatlng >Iotion. .\n epithet for what acts 
 by alternati*>n, backward and forward, or rp 
 and down, as some parts of machinery. 
 
 Reduction. In inetallurg>', the operation of sep. 
 aniting a metal from otliersul»stance*. •' Rodnc- 
 tion ot a design or draught, etc.," the making a 
 eojiy thereof either larger or smaller tlian the 
 original. 
 
 Reel, A m.achlne turning round on an axis, on 
 wliicli lines ot ditferent kind are wotind. 
 
 Reoiiilng-iron, ."see Calking.iron. 
 
 Rrflne. To purify anything, but particulariy to 
 assay or rcline gold and silver, by separating all 
 other bodies from them. 
 
 Register. In type.tounding, one of the Inner 
 parts of the mold in which the printing types 
 are cast. Its use is to direct the Joining tlie 
 mold Justly toLtether again, after opening it to 
 tak(* out the new cast letter. 
 
 Regie!. .V little flat, narrow molding in iianels, 
 etc. In Job.pnnting, small strijw of wood for 
 use in si^acing between lines of type. 
 
 Regulator, In a watch, a small spring Ijelonging 
 to llie balance. In a steam-engine, the throttle. 
 valve. 
 
 Relay. See Ilattery. 
 
 Release, The opening of the exhaust. |irirt l»e- 
 twc^en strokes. In a stc.ira.cngine, in order to 
 diminish the back-pressure. 
 
 Rellof. The iirojectionorstandingont of a figure 
 above the ground or plane whereon it is formol. 
 There arc three kinds of relief, namely, the 
 bass-relief, in w Mcb the work is raised but little : 
 
 the demi. relief, in which one.half of the llguie 
 rises, and the alt^i-relief, in which the Ilgure pro. 
 jects as large as life. 
 Renaissance .Archllecture, A term applied to 
 that p<'ri'>d ol the Kevival when the classical 
 l*egan to be again iiitroducd after the media), 
 val styles. See .\rcluteclur(.\ 
 Kesln. .V solid Inllaiuinable su'istance exuding 
 from trees, us the common resin, tn* turpentine, 
 from the i»ine. '* Itiv-ins," an Imiiortant class of 
 vegetable sul>stiin'.-es, c^xtensively used In man. 
 ulactures, obtained from various trees. They 
 are mostly insoluble in water, but dissolve 
 readily in alcohol, rormlng varnislies. They are, 
 :is solids, transparent, and brittle. Tliey are 
 insulators of electricity, and beeonie electrical 
 by friction. 
 
 Resistance. The energy with wlileli materials 
 resist the action of external weights or forces 
 tending to bend or break tlicin. 
 
 ReMilutlnn. In mecdianics, the tllvldlng of anj' 
 force or motion into several others ir otlier 
 directions, but whii-ii, taken toge-tlier, shall 
 luive the same effect as the single one. 
 
 Retoii. .\ chemical vessel in whicli distillation 
 is efTected by means of heat. Ketorts are inado 
 of glass, earthenware, or metal, according to the 
 purposes for which they aic intended. S'ery 
 large earthenware retorts are used in the maim, 
 fiictui-e of coal gas. 
 
 Reverse, in engineering, to cause to revolve in 
 the opixjsile direction, as the cnmk of a steam. 
 engine. 
 
 Rib, III carjientry, any piece of timber that 
 strengliiens the side. In shipbuildin:-', the tim. 
 1-ier of the futtocks, when the iilanks are oir, 
 which resembles the rilis ot tlio body. The 
 frame or rilisuta shiji Is composed of a great 
 amount of tiniiier, teclinically catalogued as 
 floors, cross-lines, lialt.floors, floors short an<l 
 buig-arme'l.lii'st-l'uttocks, second, third, fourth 
 and fifth futtocks, ami toptimbei-s. The miilctlo 
 timlKTS lixed between the floorand upper tim. 
 hers, are called futtocks. 
 
 Relievo. Pee I'LCllet. 
 
 Rlglot. «ce Iteglet. 
 
 Ring-lK>lt. ;"^ee niiig.) " Uiug.iicad," a contriv- 
 ance used lor stretching woolen cloth. 
 
 Rivet. .V metid jiiece clinched at both emls. 
 
 Rock-shaft. .V shaft for varying motion in the 
 valve. gear of a steam. engine, called also rocker 
 and rocking.shaft, from its rocking or vlbi-.Ulng 
 instead of revolving. 
 
 Rolllng-mlll. .\ machine for working metals 
 into plates or Uirs. This sort of mill Is chiefly 
 use<l for drawing out tho iron oars, alter they 
 have been manufactured into bar iron by the 
 forge and hammer. 
 
 Rotary. .V term aj^plicd to turning, as a body on 
 its axis. Hero, of -Vlexandria, jirobaljly first 
 wrote of mechanism, in which heat is made to 
 perform work by means of steam. That author 
 describes a rotary engine, driven by the reaction 
 of Jets of steam issuing from oriliees in revolv. 
 ing arms. Hotarj' <n' centrifu;-'ai pumps are 
 those in which a rectilineal vertical motion is 
 given to the water to be raised, liy means of 
 a wheel rotating with great velocity in a 
 close drum, iiu<l receiving its supply tlirough 
 aixTtures in the side of tlie drum close to tlio 
 axis. 
 
 Rough-casting. \ kind of mortar used as a cov- 
 ering lor external walN. wliicli is llirown on 
 ninglily, instead of being plastered on. 
 
 Rough-strings. In carix-ntry, pieces of timber 
 fixed under a wooden stairway for its siip|K)rt. 
 
 Ruhinkor(l"s-coll. .V machine lor inducing eluc. 
 trieal currentsof great intensity, so.named fmm 
 the inventor. 
 
 ftefety-Iamp. A lamp I nvented by Sir Humphrey 
 IVavy, with the object of lessening danger of 
 explosion in mines. It rests on tlie principle 
 tliat ftauie, to i.;nito adecjunte combustible 
 g.ises, will not pass through fine wire gauze; 
 althougll the HyW of the flame easily 1«SSCS 
 tlirough it. 
 
VOCiUUrLAKY OK MIXUANKAK AM) XIKNTIFIC T?:UWS. 
 
 All jtppoiidiirtt' nf tln' lh)iUT of a 
 , r.ir iHTinill in;; Ilii' i-srap*? of 
 \\w piTMHuro ln'conu's liauj^rroiiti. 
 
 Sufoty-ralvo, 
 
 HtCUIl-i'll^illi 
 
 steam hoforc 
 St'i' Valvt'. 
 SuikUI. St'M Itoots, LlO. 
 
 Saw, \ futtin^i instniniuMt. fonnct'. fi-om a plate 
 of sln-et sluil, ami toollH'd by means of a prt'.ss 
 ami tools. 
 S<*aii'. An iiu'iustat ioTi In a vessel in which water 
 i- liiMtr.l, JUS ill 11 >team-boiler, cle. Also, a niowl 
 Useful instrument hi aeeurate (liawinj^, made of 
 any hard material. The principal divisions are 
 halt an inch, and the hori/oulal lines divide it 
 into ton jiart., or the twentieth <)f an inch; 
 whiU; by slopi'i;^ the lines in the leftdiaial 
 division, the tenths ivo divided intu tenths (d" 
 tenths, nr liMUhs of the half-inch, by i)ro'^res- 
 sively ;ficendin^ »)r descend inj^. '* SctiUng-huin- 
 mer," u lianuner for reniovin^f scaled. 
 Scantling. A term used to express tin- tninsversc 
 dimensions of a piece c»f timber; ami also, in 
 some c:t-;es, us a pMierd name for small timbeis. 
 such us the (luarterin^ fora partition, rafters, 
 purlins, or pole-ph\tes in a roof, i-te. All quar- 
 tcrint? or stpiartMl timber under live inches 
 sfjnare is (U'si^nated scantlinjjr. 
 Scarf. The cut endt* of each of two timbers to be 
 Joined lenjfthwiso. A .scarf.joint is tho point 
 where the eudn of scarfed timbers are joined 
 and sfcure<l. 
 Schooner. Sec vessel. 
 
 Scioptie, A sphere or globo of wood with a 
 hole, in which is placed a lens, so constructed 
 that it may be tnrne<l round every way, and 
 used in making; experiments in a diukcned 
 ix>Mn. 
 Scour, To rub and clean by friction. A scourinj;- 
 barrel is a machine for cleaning senip.iron, etc., 
 by means *>f friction. 
 Screen. In husbandry, an implement which con- 
 sists (d' a fnime and wire work, with wliicli 
 wheal is cleared of the dust and the ('.ross ^raln. 
 In architecture, a inirtition risinj;, a certain 
 heicrht,asin tii' Gothic or pointecl style, form- 
 ing beautiful iniernal features of churches, 
 halls, etc. 
 Screw, oneof tho six niechanieal i^owei-s, con- 
 sisting of a siur.il thread or ^^roove cut round a 
 cylin'ler; when the thread is on the outside, it is 
 a male or convex screwy but when .t Is cut 
 alon^ the inner surface of the cylinder, \t Is a 
 female screw, otherwise called a nut, w hlch see. 
 As a ne-clianical power, the screw possesses the 
 property of an inclined i)lane, which see. "Knd- 
 Icss screw," a screw consi>tinM of two or morff- 
 spiral fillets on a r()d capable nf nilation round 
 its axis; these threads work in teeth on the cir- 
 cumference of a wheel, so that while the revo- 
 lution of the rod continues the screw keeps 
 movinj^ on itsown ax is— called also worm-screw. 
 "Ilindley's screw," so-named aftei- the persim 
 who llr^t used it, is cut on a solid and works on 
 a toothetl wheel. "Micrometer screw," a screw 
 for measurin;^ small spaces or ani;les with threat 
 nccur.icy and conv(!nit;nce. "OitTerenlialsi-rew,'* 
 one convex screw which works in the interi.."r 
 of another convex screw; the latter works in a 
 concave screw, which is tlxe<l, and the for;ner is 
 cajwible of movinty in a rei^tillnear direction 
 only, l>eing prcventetl fi-om turninjy on its axis 
 with therotalionof the exterior screw. "Uight- 
 and-left-?crew," a screw, the threads of which 
 on the opi>oftite ends run in dilferent directions. 
 *' Screw. Ijoll," a. screw with a head on one end, 
 for use in some tixed i)art. "Screw-jack," see 
 Jack-s<'rew, under the head of .lack. "Screw- 
 pile," a lon»; and iHiwerfnl pile, presumably tif 
 w<K»d,and madt^so that It may bescrewed down 
 flrndy tn the san<l, to serve as a Mni)iM>rt of a 
 liiiht I iniber i^litice itr Iij.'htdionse. 
 Screw-press. A strong; trame having a horizon- 
 tal bed, and a tollowerattaehed to a screw. The 
 screw works up an<l down in the concavity of 
 the frame, which, when screwi'd clown, pn'sses 
 on the upper surface of tlieaubstiUice oi>erate<l 
 upon. 
 
 Screw-propeller. A steam-ves-icl pi>)iH'lli'd by 
 
 a revolvin>; screw; also thewheel bearing tlonts, 
 
 used in the propulsion of stwim-vessels. 
 
 8cr.'w-*u|>, In screw-manutacture, an external 
 
 strew orcuttcr, uscil in tVirmin^ internal screws. 
 
 Si-rlbins:. In carjientry, llitinj^ the wige of a 
 
 bo:iid to the side t»f another. 
 Sculpture. An art which comprehends ntit only 
 carving; in w(mmI, >tone, or maiMe, but also 
 enchasing;, enyr.ivin;^ Iti all its kind;, and cast- 
 \u;X in bronze, lead, wax, etc. See (.'arvinj;. 
 Sector. A drawing instrument, having the ap- 
 pearance t)f a small carin'nlcr's rule markcnl 
 with scales on every iK»rt. The sector is, in 
 l)rinciple, an ag^n^ate of a largt; number uf 
 pairs of compa>scs iiackeii up iir.o one, each 
 jiieceof the ruler being marked with tlie s:ime 
 scales. 
 Separation. In steam-lioilers, the act of displac. 
 
 inj; water fiom steam. 
 Service-pipe. A pipe leading from mains to a 
 
 dwelling, as in wate".'-pii»es and the like. 
 Sower. A |>;iss:ige to convey waternnd tilth away 
 
 into the sea. 
 Sextant. An instrument fur mi-.isnring angles 
 between objects, the-;»ngle by rillection bein 
 doubled, so that a sextant meiLsures the thinl of 
 a circle, or I'JO degrees. 
 s'uift. The bar that carries wheels or revolving 
 parts, as the shaft of a steam-engine. In ndn- 
 iag, a hole like a well, which miners make to 
 free the works from the springs that are in them. 
 Also, the bod}' of a column. 
 Shank. The long and cylindrical iwirt of differ- 
 ent things. In founding, a large ladle. 
 .Share. See under IMow. 
 
 Shear. A to(d made In the fonn of scissors, for 
 
 clipping hedges, etc.; also, the bed-iiiece of a 
 
 madiine-tool, on which a slide-rest is fastened; 
 
 as, the shears of a lathe, etc. 
 
 Sheep's- foot. In printing, an iron naminer with 
 
 a chiw-end. 
 Sheet-anchor. The largest anchor of a vessel. 
 Shell. In boiler-work, the barrel and plating. 
 Shim. A thin piece of metal used in fitting i)arts. 
 Shoe. In machinery, a Ijottom piece usetl to sup- 
 port a body; a piece on which an object is placetl 
 while moving to prevent wear. 
 Shroml. One of the two round plates at the rim 
 
 of a water wheel. 
 Side-lever. In a marine steam-engine, a lever at 
 the side fur moving tlie crank. *'Side-pil>e," an 
 exhaust extending between the steam-chests of 
 a cylinder. 
 Silver. A well-known precious metal, 10}4 limes 
 heavier than water, so ductile that wires have 
 been made of it but the T.Vith jKirt of an inch in 
 diameter, and so malleable that a grain may be 
 beat out into fifty square inches. It is soluble in 
 nitric acid, or aquafortis. See Malleability. 
 Siphon. Avery simple instrument of great use 
 in the arts. In its simplest form, it consists <tf 
 a bent tube with untMiual arms. The short arm 
 is dipped in a vessel of water until the top or 
 curve becomeslevel with the water, which then 
 flows over down tin? long arm. The tube can 
 then be niiied until the short arm is just Ixdow 
 the water, all the rest of the tulMJljeingout of it. 
 The flow will still continue. 
 Sleeve. In machinery, a tubular jurt in which 
 
 another jmrt works, to steady a machine. 
 Slide-rest. A to(»l-supiH)rl, in lathe-turning, made 
 
 to slide on fixed liearjngs. 
 SUde-vftlve. A kind of cup-shaiHvl pieceof metal, 
 situati'<l in the steam-che^t, and made to slide 
 over openings thi"ough which steam iwisscs to 
 the cylinder. 
 .Slidini;-ru1e. A mathematical instrnment, to 1h> 
 
 •icd without eoniirissis in gaMiring. 
 Slip-link. A connection in which some play of 
 
 the |«irts is allowed to pn-vent s.nH'k. 
 Slot. A slit or mortise in a nuchine to lulinit 
 
 another jiart. 
 Sluice. Any kind of a fi)K)d-giite<)r trap to retaiii 
 water for a L'iveu time, or in a given direction. 
 SmlthH* Furge* Seu Ilhist-furnaec. 
 
 .Sinoke-*luck. An engine placed in chimneys and 
 turned by means ol the ascending smoke, wliich 
 answers tlie puriKi-^e »»f the kitchen-jack. 
 
 Snifting-valve. A valve 4>pening outward to tho 
 atnutr.pherf. Tlu' condenser of a steam-engine 
 isprovidt-^l with blow. through valves, commu' 
 nicating with tin; cylinder, usually shut, but 
 capable of beim; occasionally oiM'ueil. and with 
 a sni f ting- valve opening on twanl, the steam <'an 
 be blown olf to ex|>el iiir from the cylinder and 
 condenser before the engine is set to work. 
 
 Socket-bolt. A Iwdt whicli jmsses through a 
 thimble-shatied ap]>endage in c<mnecting i^jirts. 
 
 Sole-plate. T'le main cu'lied-plate of a machine; 
 a-- the sole-] . ite of an engine. 
 
 Spectroscope. An instrument for fonning and 
 exan\ining tlie imaire tspectnun; of the sun or 
 any other luminous iKidy. It consists of two 
 telescoiM'S arninged on a stand, with the two 
 glasses facing each other. The eye piece t)f one 
 is removed, and in its place is a narrow >lii 
 fonned by two strips of nu-tal, whicli can be so 
 adjustet! as to admit a line of light of any 
 dt^ired wiilth. The slit being illuminatiHl, the 
 observerat the other telescope will see a mag- 
 nllieent imnue of the slit in the form of a bril- 
 liant lini- itf light. If a prisni Im- placed between 
 the two te!es<*opes the observer will still .-'e*^ the 
 line of light, if the illumination Ite Iiy what is 
 called homogeneous light, like that from a 
 sodium fiame. for instance. lint, if the flame be 
 colored with some other substance, like lithi-.nn, 
 for examph', the observer will see two bright 
 lines side by side. o!\»' yellow from the sodium, 
 and ouf' green fi-om the lithium. The number 
 of snbstanci's, and the conse^iuent nmnber of 
 lines, can be increiused almost indefinitely. 
 "SjKH't rum analysis, "used to determine the con. 
 stitution of heavenly bodies, and is iKised u|>on 
 the a>certaiuetl fact that the healed vaj>ors of 
 certain sultstances, like inin, manganese, nitro- 
 gen, calcium, etc., exhibit ceitain definite and 
 easily-recognizable lim s and colors in the solar 
 sjK'Ctrum. Ttiese having been determined, it is 
 not dillicult to determine that when one of the 
 planetary bodies gives similar results in the 
 S])ectriun it is because of its bi'ing conqxtsed of 
 similar substances. If Mars, for instance, gives 
 the s:ime lines in the si>cctnim that iron and 
 nitrogen do when ignited in theelectric arc, the 
 inference is that Mars contains iron and nitro- 
 gen. A full explanation of spectrem :..>alysis, 
 and the results attained by it, fill the siKice of 
 several volumes. 
 
 Spike, A very lai"ge and long nail. 
 
 Spindle. A jiin or rod, ma<le to r.i]>idly revolve 
 by means of a wheel, on which locksof previ- 
 ously canlcd cotton or wool are drawn out into 
 tlireads. 
 
 Splice. Se*» Scarf. 
 
 Spline. A piece fitting the koy.seat of a hub and 
 a shaft, in onler to make them revolve tOL'cther. 
 
 Sprini;. In mechanics, an elastic plate or rod, 
 which is employed as a moving ixiwer, or a 
 regulator of the motions <»f wheel-work; also to 
 ascertain the w eights of bodies, or to diminish 
 the elTects of concussion. 
 
 Spur-wheel. A cog-wheel where teeth i)i*oject 
 ndially fnmi the center. 
 
 Square. An instrument used by canx^rters and 
 joinei-s for stpiaring their work or reducing it 
 to a S4piare. 
 
 Stamp. A kind of hammer, rais<'d by water or 
 steam jvower, for iMiunding ofe*i, <'tc. 
 
 Stand-pipe. A pl|>e between a hydrant and a 
 tank, tor eqiializing the flow of water. 
 
 Stutif*!». That sulxlivision of ni(rhanics which 
 tnats of l>odie^ at rest. In op]>osition to dynam- 
 ics, which tre:its of ijodies in inf)tion. 
 
 Stay-tmlt. A eou'ieeting Udi, used to ini'vent 
 opiMisite parts from bulging out. 
 
 .Steam. Water in the ^ajMuiais or griseous condi- 
 tion. Wider converted into steam occupies 
 more than 1.7<«» times its fi!rmer spiice. I'ndcr 
 tin- pressure of thirty -live pounds on thewiuare 
 inch and at the temiH-rature of Jtil deg., steam 
 
 I % 
 
 h 
 
3« 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 it. 
 
 fe- 
 
 VOCABULARY OF MKCU.VNICAL .VND SCIENTIFIC TERSia 
 
 exert** a force equal to a ton weight mised 
 one Unit. Sui>erhcute(t Hteaiu i^ cuUeU iitcam- 
 
 stoum-rn{£lnp. Tlio first steam-engine which 
 fonncd the connectintf link Ijctwceii thestcam- 
 pmnps and the modern Hteam. engines, was 
 invented by Newcomen in 1700. The principal 
 parts of a wteani- engine, with their appendages, 
 are: 1. The furnace an<Mx)ilcr. 2. The cylinder 
 with its piston. 3. The condenser with its air- 
 pump (thc^o are wantin;^ in non-condensing 
 engines). In the mecliuni.smof these principal 
 jKirt-* may be mentioned (1) the furnace, with its 
 api>cndages; llie boiler, made of iron or copper, 
 and often contains intt-rnal flues and tulws, 
 among whoso appendages are, the fee*l-pump; 
 Hafely-valve; vacuum-valve; water-gauge cocks 
 and watur-gaugo tube (see Cock, etc.); pressure- 
 gauge; man-hole; blow.<»ir eock, etc.; (-) the 
 boiler and cylinder are connected by means of 
 the f team-pipe, in which is the throttle-valve 
 (SCO Throttle-valve), etc.; in non-condensing 
 engines, called high-pressure engines, the waste 
 steam dtscliarged fron) the cylinder escaiws into 
 the atmosphere thnmgh the blast-pipe, (which 
 see, under the head ipf niost-liole); the cyl- 
 inder cover has in It a stufflnp-lxix for the 
 passage of the piston-ro<l; the cylinder cover 
 also has a grease cock, to sujiply tlie piston 
 with unguent; in some large engines, a spring 
 safety-valve or escape-valve, at each end of the 
 cylinder; to prevent loss of heat, the cylinder 
 is sometimes inclosed liui easing, call(,'<l a jacket, 
 outside of wliich is a clothing of felt and w^mkI; 
 double-cylinder entriues have two cylinders, the 
 ste:xm being admitted from the l>oilrr into the 
 flrst cylinder, and then filling the second by 
 exTmnsion from the first; (:i) the ordincn.' con. 
 denser is a steam and air-tight vessel of any 
 convenient shape, wljose eaiiacity is from one* 
 fourt'i to one-lialf of tluit of the cylinder, and 
 the steam dischapfXed from the cylinder Is lique- 
 fied in it by a constant shmver ol eoiil water 
 from the injection eock (sre Cnndenser, and 
 Inj'jction- water;; in tin- surface condenser the 
 steam is liquefied by biin^iKL-scd thr*jugh tubes 
 or other narrow piissages surronndeil by cur- 
 rents of cold water (see Snifting-valve); tlie 
 condenser has also a vacuum ;;aut.'e, to show how 
 much the pressure In it falls below that of the 
 atmosphere; the water, the >m:iU jtortion of 
 steam which remains uncondensi-d, and tlie air 
 which may lie mixed with it, are suck*"*! from 
 the condenser by the air-pump (which secy, 
 whose capacity is from one sixth to one-eighth 
 of that of the cylinder, and dischar^e<l into the 
 hot-well (which see}, a tank from which the 
 fee<l-punip, formerly mentioned, dniws the 
 sujiply of water for the Injiler; the >nri>lus 
 water of the hot-well in land engines is dis- 
 chargcl Into a jwnd, tlierc to cool un<l forma 
 store <tf wiiter for the cold-well; la marine 
 engines, it is ejected into the sea; (4) the prin- 
 cipal parts <jf t!.o mechanism are noticed under 
 the headings, Parallel .Motion, Shaft, Crank, 
 Connecting-rod (imder PisKm), Fly-wheel 
 (under Fly), Valve-gear, and tiovernor. See also 
 Engine. 
 
 Steam-gauge. A i)re33ure.gauge, for indicating 
 the pressure of the steam in a iKiiler. " "^team- 
 pi l»e,"se(» Steam-engine. **Steam-tnip,"a vess* 1 
 so made as to |K'nnit the jxissatre of water but 
 nftalns the steam. "Steam-way," a channel 
 connecting a i>ort with a cylinder. "Steam- 
 winch," a combination for ralsiui; weight-**. 
 
 Steam-hammer. A name given to various 
 powerful machines worked tiy stt^ni. The 
 steam-hammer, iuvente<l by James Na.-myth, 
 has a flxe<l cylinder, and the hammer is attached 
 to the piston-rod by means of bars and a 
 eross-key. 
 
 Steel. SiKj under the heiul of Iron. 
 
 Stereotype. One entire solid piece of ty|>c east 
 from an impression In g>i>3ura, of a page coui- 
 IH>sed with movable tyi»c3. 
 
 Stick. See Cube. 
 
 Still. A largo vessel em)iloyetl i.i the process of 
 distillation. The common still consists of a 
 Utrge copiHT Uiiler, set in masonry, ove'r a 
 funiace, having a head or capital of a globular 
 form which connects It with the condenser or 
 worm-pi |>c. 
 .Stop-coek. A short tuljc of brass, intersected by 
 a nearly cylindrlcjil i>lug so perfomted or cut 
 tliat while in one position It completely pre- 
 vents the passage of fluid ihrouyh the jjiik;, it 
 may be turned so as to p(,'rmit the fluid to ftass 
 through it. 
 Strap, and S* .Tip-head. See IJutt. 
 Strpss. Applied force or pressure in any direc- 
 tion or in any manner. A stress may be applied 
 to a solid Ixxly In order to detcnninc its ulti. 
 mate strength, which latter deiwnds ui>on the 
 stress required to produce fmcturc in .some 
 si>eclUed way. The eliLStlc strength is the stress 
 required to jiroduco the greatest strain of a 
 sjieciflc kind, consistent with i)erfect elasticity. 
 .\ lx>dy is said to be perfectly elastic which, if 
 .■^trained at a constant tcmi>ei-ature Ity the appll- 
 cation of a stress, recovers its original volume, 
 or volume and figure, wlien such stress is with- 
 drawn, and gives i>ut, during such rccover>', 
 a qtiantlty of mechanical work exactly equal 
 to tliat originally exerted In producing the 
 St mill. 
 .Strok<?. The movement of the piston of a steam- 
 engine from end to end of the cylinder. 
 Stuero. A comiX)sitlon of white marble pulver- 
 ized and mix^rd with iilaster of lime. It is used 
 on walls, or in making ornamental figures. 
 Stud-bolt. A * olt with threads on each end, to 
 
 be screwed into a i)art and cajtpcd with a nut. 
 Stufilng-box. See Steam-engine. 
 Sucker. The piston of a pump. 
 Suet ion -pump. See Pump. 
 
 Suf,ar>mill. A machine for pressing out thejuice 
 of the sugar-cane. It ct'usistsof sevenil rollers, 
 l»etween w hich the cane is passed. 
 .Sump. In metallurgy, the pit for receiving the 
 
 metal on its fli-st fusion. 
 Swivel. A link that turns round on a pin or neek 
 
 in any direction. 
 Table. In machinery, that part on which work 
 
 is jjlaccd to Ikj openited uiK)n. 
 Tachometer. An instrument for measuring the 
 
 siK-ed with whi'jh vessels pass tlirougb water. 
 TunilxHirine. >ee under liandore. 
 Tangent. A line touching a circle or other ourve 
 
 w itliout cutting it. 
 Tap-lMilt X e Screw-lx)lt, under head of Screw. 
 Telectroscope. .\n apparatus iutcndeil to repro- 
 duee tel("_'r.qihically at a distanee the images 
 obtained In thecamur.iobscuni. This appai-atus 
 will be base<l (.»n the property iMissessed by 
 selenium of offering a variable and vei-j* sensi- 
 tive elcctrital resistance, aeeonling tothedif. 
 fercnt gr.ulations of light. Plan submitted by 
 M. Scnlecq, of Andres. 
 Telegraph. A woni signifying writing to4)r for 
 a distant iM)int, and applied to the various 
 inventions for conununicatiug news between 
 jxiints by fia^s or other means. "Electro-mag- 
 netic telegraph," an instrument or aiquinitus 
 for eomnnmicati'ig words or language to a dis- 
 tance by means of electricity. 
 Telephone. An iustrmnent for conveying infor- 
 m:itio:i by >ound,now extensively useil in cities 
 and towns. " Musical telejihone,*' a machine for 
 r*'pro<lucing nmsical sounds. The nuisie of the 
 Edi.snn machine is brought <Mit Iiy the action of 
 a cunent of eh'ctrieity upon a si;lution of sul- 
 phule (if MKliuin in w Inch strips of white i>a|H't 
 are Miaki'fl. 
 , TeleAr(»pe. An optical instrument, consisting of 
 a tuW' whieb eoTitains -i system of lenses, de- 
 signe*! toaid theexcin view imnlistant objects. 
 " Monocular telescoiH\"one having a single eye- 
 piece, and .so serving only for one eye at once. 
 Temper. ProiK-r mixture of ingredients. Tern- 
 !►• ring, in iron works, is making iron and 
 >t( el of a .suitable degree of haitlnois or »oft- 
 
 Tenacity. A property of material Ixxlies by 
 which their jiarts resist efforts to tear them 
 asunder. The tenacity t>f wood is umch greater 
 (apparently alwut ten times) along the grain 
 than transversely. Mixe«l metals liave, in gen- 
 er.il, gresiter tenaeitj* than simple metals. 
 Tenon. A i>rujecting end of a piece of timber, 
 fonnetl by cutting away a i)ortion on one or 
 more sides, for insertion into a mortise. The 
 tenon is of varioua forms, as s(iuare, dove- 
 tailed, etc. 
 Tension. The name given to tlie force by 
 whieh a bar or string is imlled when lurniing 
 jiart of any system. In equilibrium or in 
 motion. 
 Thermometer. An instrument for measuring 
 heat, founded on the principle that solid, liquid, 
 and giiseous bodies always exjiand In exact pro. 
 IKjrtiou to the temperature to which they are 
 suljjected. 
 Thimble. Any short tubular piece, through 
 which some other jxirt of Hiachinery jiasscs. 
 Iron rings used in the rigging of shi]>s are in 
 some instances called thimbles. 
 TlireHliing-machine. A machine for thresldng 
 wheat, instead of the old practice of threshing 
 with a flail. 
 Throttle-valve (or Kegulatorj. A valve in the 
 steam-pipe which connects the IkjIUt and cylin- 
 der of a steam-engine, for adjusting tlie opening 
 for the admission of ste;im to the cylinder, and 
 s*jmetimes also V-ie cut -off valve or exixinsion 
 valve, for cutting ofT the admisriion of the steam 
 to the cylinder at any requirctl jicriod of each 
 stroke of the piston, leuving the reuuiinder of 
 tlie stroke to l>e iK'rfoi-med by the eximnsion of 
 the steam already admitted. 
 Tie. See under the head of Kail. 
 Tile, A thin piece of clay in flat form, dried and 
 baked so as to fit it for covering tlie roofs of 
 li< (Uses. 
 Tiller. A piece of wood f;istencd in the head of 
 the rudder, by which it is moved. In suiuil 
 ships and Ixxits it is called the helm. 
 Tilt-hammer. A lanje hammer worked by ma- 
 cliinen,'. It is tilted by projections <in theaxis 
 of a wheel. 
 Tin. A metal of a silver-white color, very soft, 
 and so nudleable that it may be reduced into 
 le-aves l-lVOth of an inch thick, calbKl tin-foil. 
 Tin is inehustic, but ven.- lle.\.ible, when lieated 
 to wliitencss it takes fire, and burns with a 
 white Ilame, and is converted into pei-oxideof 
 tin. The jieroxide is found in comirnation with 
 other metals, in tinstone, and in loose rounded 
 masses called stream-tin. The former, when 
 rctlucetl to the metallic state, yields block-tin 
 (whieh see , while the latter yields grain-tin, 
 which is the purer of the two. 
 Torsion. The force with w hich a string or thread 
 returns or tends to return l«> a state of rest, after 
 it luLs been twisted. 
 Traction. In mechanics, the act of drawing a 
 lx>dy aU)ng a plane, usually by the ix>wer of 
 men, animals, or steam; as when u vehicle is 
 drawn on a roadway by means of a traction 
 engine. The i>ower exerted in ortler to produce 
 the effect is called the force of traction. 
 Trammel. An instrument used b\ cari)cnter3 
 
 ftir dr.iw iug ovals on a boiird. 
 Tran*ilatiun. As distinguished from n>tation, 
 consists in the movement of a i>oint from one 
 |M><ilion to another. 
 Triglyph. See under Frieze. 
 Trowel. See under the head of Bricks. 
 I Truck. The frame and w heels, etc., of one end of 
 a i-iilway lt)eoniotive or car; also, a freight-car. 
 : Trundle. A kindof whe<*l whose teeth are formed 
 I of sjiindles. 
 
 ! Trunk. A tubular pist^m.rtKl. 
 Trusji. A frame of timbers so disiK»se<l that if 
 susi»endetl at two given iKiiuts, and charged 
 with one or more weights in certain others, no 
 timber would pre^s transversely \\\\o\\ another 
 except by tiinWr exerting etiual and opi>osite 
 forces. 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
VOCABrL^Un' of MECIUNiaSX AND SCIENTIFIC TKRM8. 
 
 Tiibo, In 8tcani-lH)ilpr«,ft pipe contniiiln;? wntrr 
 
 ami rxpuscd to the lipiit of tlic tiinmce. 
 Tiiinlilor. Soo Iliiir-ypiini;. 
 Tarblno. A water. uiu't'l uttiichcd to ii vortical 
 rovc'lving uxi?*. It consists of a dnini, \\\x)n 
 wliich lire a. mimlu-rof vanes curvrd in stich a 
 way iw to ail"w tin- water Icavin;; tlieni to ijo oW 
 with 111*' niiiiiiiinin of vrlfieily or jiower. 
 
 TiiNcaii Onlrr. See Klriisi-au Areliiti-eture. 
 
 T^'inpunutn. A drunusluiped wlh-el, used for 
 niisiiijj water. 
 
 T}'!***- writer. An iipiMUiitus about tlio size of a 
 Hewiu>;.umcliiiie for writiiiLf by uioans of type, 
 theojiemtor woikitu; krys wliii-h eon'esiM>nd to 
 tlic dilffp-nt letters of tlic alphabet, etc., in 
 order to niak<> impressions of tlie type on jviper. 
 
 Cnflershot-wlipol. See Ovei-shot-whcel. 
 
 I'nlvprsal Joint, A contrivance forjoininjj two 
 sliafts endwise. 
 
 Valve. An arningeniont by which air or anj* 
 fluid may I)0 alternately adinittcil into and 
 ('ilH'lled from a vessrl. "Serew-valve," nstop- 
 coek luovideil witlja puppet. valve moved by a 
 pen-w. " Vacuum-valvi.'," a valve ojMuiinj; in- 
 ward, to ndrnit air and prevent tlio Iwiler of a 
 fiteani-on^ine Inun ec.llaivsint,' if the steam in it 
 shoulil be condensed. Sec Safety-valve, Slide- 
 vfllv*', ete. 
 
 Valve-trear. The series of parts by wliich a 
 valvf is worked " Valvelet," a small valve. 
 *' Valve--ic'al,'* the part on which a valve moves. 
 " Valve-stem," a rod by which a valve is moved, 
 '* Valve-yolve,'* an appenda^^e of a v:Uve-steni, 
 eonsistin^r of a simp, with sliile to move It. 
 
 Velority. That alTection of motion whereby a 
 movable body is dis|>o-^cd to run over a certain 
 space in a <*ertain timr. 
 
 Veneer. A thin. loii^', narrow i>ieoe of wood or 
 ivoiy atl:iclu'd toa jtiecc of other material, for 
 orn:iTnental purjioses 
 
 Ventilator. A eoutrivanee for supiilyin^; fresh 
 and reiuovini; vitiali'd air fn>m Inmsc-, mines, 
 and I'lhcr plaec-*. 
 
 Vessel, In maritime allaiiN. every kind of ship, 
 larjje or small, thai serves to carry men or ;:o<Kis 
 on water. *' P-aii.'*'.'* a bitat of state or pleasure, 
 with elcu'aiil apartment-^; also, tin- name of a 
 tlatdjotlonicfl vr?— cl of burden, nsed on rivei-s. 
 *' Hark," a three. masted vessel; any small vessel. 
 " Itri;;," a square-ri^riJ^ed mercliantman with two 
 ma.-ts. 'M'j'.taniaran," u rait made of three 
 ]uece-i of wood lathed to-;ether, a tlat iKitlomed 
 l)oal constructed by I'.onaparte, ancl used in war. 
 "Clippei-," a >aiUn_r vessel built expri'ssly for! 
 speed, lonirei' and narrower Ihau other vrs-els. 
 "Cock-boat," a small Itoat used on rivers or near 
 the shore, "fuller," a small boat attadied to 
 ships of war; ri-^'-'cd nearly like a sloop, witli 
 one mast. *' Fly-lioat," aionj::, narrow boat, used 
 on canals. " Frifj:at<',"a lludit built ship of war, 
 from twenty. eij^Iit t(» forty-four guns, iitted tor 
 fa>it sailing, "(ialby," a low, llat-built vessel, 
 much used in the Meditemmean sea before the 
 
 Introduction of 8teftmi>oats. " Gondola," a sort 
 of Venetian pleasure barge?. *Htunl)oat,"a boat 
 Iitted to carry one or moreguna. " Jolly-boat," 
 a ya\vl.lM)at. " Junk,"u tlat bottomed vessel, of 
 about WK) or VA) tons burden, employed by the 
 Chinese. " Keebboat," a large, covered boat, 
 with a keel, used on rivers for tr:msportati(m of 
 freight. •• Ivetcli,*' a strongly. built shipwitli a 
 main and ndz/cn mast. *' Idfe-boat," a small 
 boat eonstrucled with great strength to resist 
 shocks, for preserving lives in cases of ship- 
 wreck or other destruction of a ship tn* steamer. 
 *' I-ong.lwjat," the longe-^t and strongest l>oat 
 lielongiui; to a vessel of war. " I.uggcr," a small 
 vessel carr>'ing two or three mast sand a running 
 bowsprit, upon wlduh lug sails, and two or three 
 Jibs, are set. " Mercliantman," a trading vessel, 
 enijiloyed In the transi>ort of goods; so. called 
 to distingui.-h it from a man-of-war, or vessel 
 used for warlike puri>oses. " Pinnace," a small 
 vessel having sails and oai's, and carrying three 
 masts; also one i>f the 1 oats lieUmging to a man. 
 of-war. " rnnt," a small tlat-bottomed boat, 
 used in repairing slops, etc, "Schooner," a 
 small, fast-sailing vessel with two masts, whose 
 main and fore-tails are suspended by galTs, 
 reacliing from tlie miust to the stem. "Skilf," 
 and "Skippet," small, light boats. "Skow," a 
 large flat boat. "Sloop," a small vessel witli one 
 mast; in the navy, sloojis are teiulers carrying 
 ton or twelve gnus and about thirty men. 
 "steam. ship," a largo vessel, with paddle- 
 wheels and sails. A vessel with a screw is called 
 a screw-iiropelier. "Tartan," a small coaster, 
 having one mast and a liowsprit. *' Xebec," a 
 small three. ma-^ted vessel navigated in tlie Med- 
 iterranean. "Yacht," a small ideaiiure.boat, 
 with saiN. " Yawl," a small row.lM>at. 
 
 Viaduct. A ridge, or series of arches, erected 
 for the purp<'>e of conducting a n)ad or i-ailway 
 over a valley or a thickly-inhabited district. 
 
 Violoncello. See IJassViol. 
 
 Vise, In smilheiy, an instrument used for hold- 
 ing fr-st any luece of iron whicli the artiilcer is 
 working upon. 
 
 Vis Inertia. The ]>ower in bodies that are in a 
 stale of rest, to resist any change that Isendcav- 
 oretl to be made uiM>n them to change their 
 state. This, according to N'ewton, is implanted 
 in all matter. 
 
 Voltaic IMlo, See under the liead of (ialvanie 
 battery. 
 
 Vulcanite. A black, liard, elastic substance, re. 
 senibling liorn in its texture and appeaiiince, 
 and capable of taking a very liigh juilish; is of 
 great use in the arts, for makingcombs, dental- 
 jilates, and hundretls of articles hitherto made 
 in ivory or Ixnie. 
 
 Vulcanized India Kubber. A moditication of 
 India rnliber, discov<'red by Mr. Char^.cs Good- 
 year, in this country, l)y which sulphur Is so 
 combineii with the rubluM- as to render it insen- 
 sible to atmo'^pheric changes. See Vulcanite, 
 
 Volute. See under tlio head lonlo OrUer. 
 AVarp, and Wcrof, See Loom. 
 Warping mill, A machine for laying out the 
 threads of a warp and sepamting tlicra Into 
 two acts. 
 Wasliers. Small pieces of meUil, ploccd under a 
 
 nut to reduce friction. 
 Waste-pipe, A pipe for tlio dlscluirgo of super. 
 tliions water, or water that has acrvocl its pur- 
 pose. 
 Water-closot, An nccommodatton witli ■water 
 supply for emptying the iMisir and diseliarging 
 the contents. 
 W^uter-pkuge Cocks and Wat^r-gnugo Tub«. 
 In a steam-engine, appliances showing the level 
 of tlie water, so that the enginemau may ascer- 
 tain whether it stands sufllcienlly liigh to cover 
 all parts of the boiler exiK>sed to the lire. 
 " i*ressu re-gauge," an appliance for indicating 
 the pressure of the steam. " Blow-oiT cock," an 
 instrument for emptying the boiler of water 
 when it is to be cleansed. *' Injoction-oock," see 
 under Steam-engine. 
 Water-mill. See Wheel and Axle. 
 Water-wheel. See Ovei-shot- wheel. "Breast 
 
 wheel " (under head of Breast), and Turbine. 
 W'eave. See Loom. 
 AVedgo. See Mechanical Powers, 
 Weight. Anything that is to be sustained, raised, 
 
 or moved by a machine. 
 Wheel. See Fly-wheel (under the Iio;id of Fly), 
 Jleclianical Towers, Moving Powers, and Water, 
 wheel. 
 Wheel and Axle. A machine consisting iisually 
 of a cylinder to which a wheel is ilrmly united, 
 so that the axes of both are coincident. The 
 capstan, the windlass, and the helm-wheel of a 
 ship are only so many ditVerent forms of tlie 
 same class of machines. Frequently also the 
 axle is made to carry a wheel with teeth on its 
 circumference, in order tliat, by revolving, 
 motion may be communicated to machinery: 
 sucli are tlie wind-mills and water-mills which 
 are employed for grinding corn. 
 WliltG Lead. Sec Lead. 
 
 Wineh. A small windlass, havhig a cylinder of 
 wood cajtable of turning on its axis between 
 two upright posts of the same material. A lever 
 at one or at each extn-mity ()f the cylinder is 
 attached to an iiT>u axle which passes tlirough 
 the cylinder by whicli it is turned. It is used 
 fiu" raising water from a well, earth from the 
 shaft of a mine, ete. 
 Windlass, and Wind-mill, See Wheel and Axle. 
 Work, As measured by horse-power. See Ilor^e- 
 
 jiower. 
 Wrought Iron. See Ii-on. 
 
 ZInr. A metal of a bluish-white color, Inittie 
 when cold, but malleable when lieatcfl; mucli 
 used in the manufacture of brass and <itlier 
 alloys. It is found in solid masses, sometimes 
 in six-sided prisms, having the ends terminated 
 in i>cntntfons. 
 
 
if^ 
 
 1 
 
 r^ 
 
 v 
 
 foLiJiEs niifrht 1)0 writ- 
 toil oil tliu iieccs-sityof, 
 an<l tho viirioas meth- 
 [. ods t'liiploycd for, ail- 
 vertisinir. Manypros- 
 I; perous men owe their 
 success in life to juili- 
 ciousaiul lihenil adver- 
 tising. In this age of 
 strong competitiou in 
 the various avenues of 
 trade, ho who does not advertise his Avarcs Avill prolKibly 
 be outdone by a more ambitious dealer, with jierhajisa 
 poorer article, who advertises liberally. People go 
 where they arc invited, and the merchant who advertises 
 freely, places his store and windows in attractive order, 
 and leaves the door open, will do far more business than 
 he who does not cater to the public, is indifferent alxjut 
 appearances, grull", and comidaining of iiard times. 
 
 Horace Greeley laid it down as a rule that a merchant 
 should advertise equal to his rent. This, like all good 
 rules, ought to have exceptions. An old and well 
 established business would not require so mu<^h, while 
 a new enterprise would reciuire more than this amount 
 expended judiciously in advertising. The merchant 
 should decide at the beginning of tlio year almiit what 
 amount he may expend in advertising during the year, 
 and then endeavor to place that amount in the Ijest jws- 
 sible manner befcue the pulilic. 
 
 An advertiser siiould not be discouraged too soon. 
 Returns are often slow and inadequate. Time is re- 
 quired to familiarize the public with a new article or 
 new name. Some men liavo given up in despair, when 
 
 just on the eve of reaping a lianest of success by this 
 mojins. ilany of tiie most jirosperous and wealthy bus- 
 iness men in this country liave at times been driven 
 hard to meet their advertising bills, but they knew that 
 this was their most productive fuitlay, and by persist- 
 ently coutinuing it they weathered the stonu. 
 
 NEWSPAPER ADVERTISING. 
 
 .Select the ncwspajicr which circulates among tho class 
 of |)ersons desired to reach. Do not advertise a special 
 article or business designed for a limited class of cus- 
 tomer-, in a general newspaper. Almost all trades and 
 occupations in these latter days have their special 
 journals, and these afford the best means of reaching 
 that class of persons. Tho purpose of the advertiser 
 then should be to discover, first, the character of a 
 jwper's circulation, and second, tho extent of its circu- 
 lation. On these two essentials may then lx> based an 
 estimate of its value as an advertising medium. The 
 chanu-ter of a pajier's circulation is easily determined 
 by the quality of the reading matter whicii tho paper 
 contains, and the genenil tone imparted to it by its con- 
 ductors. The extent of a paper's circulation bear- 
 chiefly on the rates of advertising, which, other things 
 Wing equal, should have a direct ratio to it. The 
 extent of circulation is a matter of almost constant mis- 
 representation on the part of publishei-s or their .agents. 
 
 As a rule, the most prominent and costly pjart of the 
 liajjer is the best. In country weeklies the "local 
 items," or next to them, is preferable. In. 'ity journals 
 containing a large amount of reading matter, a well 
 displayetl advertisement on the outsid(! pages is perhaps 
 the Ijest for most classes of business. 
 
 i 
 
I ' 
 
 1 
 
 now TO ,U)VF.UT18E. 
 
 Pliico the iiilvcrtisoiiicnt hofon! tho pnldic at tlio 
 projM'r time, Just wlu'ii iioopk' ure lioiriiiiiiii^ tn loci tlu^ 
 1100(1 (if such ii.» the iirticlc advertised, as f'uis, when 
 winter sets in. An advertisement may. however, prot- 
 itahly Ite k(>pt hcl'orc the pnl)lic coustantly, and in- 
 ero!ise(l or (hminisiied as occasion rc([uires. 
 
 CIRCULARS. 
 
 There aic many mcI! cslaliiisiicd linns who will not 
 advcrtUc in tiic newspapers at all. They ticiieve that 
 tho >amc amount of money spent in circulars, cataioirncs, 
 etc., sent direct to the persons whom they d(>sire to 
 roach, jtays hotter than newspajjor advert isiuir. This 
 is more (hrect, and atl'ords the adM-rtisor tho opportun- 
 ity of settinij forth his claims more fully. C'ircidars. 
 cards, (ataloirucs. etc., also atlord a means for the di— 
 play of taste in tlieii- typo<rraphical arranijrcmcnt ami 
 appearance, and often times this ha.s as much to do in 
 makim,' an imjiression on the person who recciv(\s it. as 
 the reading' matter containe(l therein. The [irinted cir- 
 cular goes out to the pnl)lic as the representative of the 
 house; it should, therefore, in order to command atton- 
 tiou and respect, have about it an air of appropriateness 
 and attniction. Such a circular will perhaps ho care- 
 fully jjroserved for years, wliiU' another which was of 
 not enouirh impoi'tance. ai>pareiit]y. to the pi'oprietor 
 or timi i>suinii- it, to command tlieir taste and skill, will 
 soon he thrown aside as of no imi)ortanec to the person 
 roceivin"' it. 
 
 ."^evend circulars must often he sent in order to com- 
 mand the attention and secure the ( intoin of a jierson. 
 "Where circidars referring to the same ail icle are repeat- 
 edly sent out, the attention of the person who receives 
 them is like'v to he arrested at last, and his response 
 m;.y he maoe in the form of an order. 
 
 Perhaps thereaftei' he hecome;. a constant customer, 
 huyinir himself, and iccommendinir his friends to do 
 likewi-e. 
 
 CHARTS, CALENDARS, ETC. 
 
 An important idea in advert isinir is to enlist the ser- 
 vices of others, hy making' it to their interest to adver- 
 tise your business. This is often done by sendin-r out 
 charts, calendars, etc., containinir useful int'ormation, 
 toirether viith ihe advertisement. These, when prop- 
 erly an-anired and prepared in an attractive manner, will 
 be placed in a consjjicuons place in the store, (jffice, or 
 home of the pei"son receiving them, liail way, insurance, 
 and other corporations have vied with each other in the 
 ' T) elegance and attnictivcnoss of tlieir charts, etc., until 
 they have gone into tho fine arts, and spared no expen.sc 
 Ji to captivate the j)ublic. 
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 Mori^ cd'octual than circulars, and nojirest a |x>rsonal 
 inteniew, is a personal letter. A-. an advert iseiiKnt 
 tho letter impresses itself upon the mind of the iktsou 
 receiving it, in an unusual way. A prominent firm 
 cmiiloyed ( lerks, and had written sevenil thousjiud let- 
 ters, at many times tho cost of printed <irculars, whidi 
 they maile(l throughout the country, calling os|K'cial 
 alleulion to their \l\n' of goods. Even thi- two cent 
 postage stamp, and thecnxclope being ^-ealod. impresses 
 the person receiving it with the thought that it is of 
 importance, and one of the largest dry goods houses in 
 Chicago, when issuing any circular which they regsird 
 as special, seal the envelope and jilace a two cent stamj) 
 thereon. They consider that this gives their circulars 
 a jirefereiuH! over ordinary printed matter. Certain it 
 is, that the public accept advertisements largely at the 
 value and importance attached to thoni by their owners. 
 
 DRUMMERS AND AGENTS. 
 Personal etlbrt exceeds all other means of advertising, 
 and competition in many branches of Imsiness Ikls Im-- 
 come so strong in those times, and the tiiciiitios for 
 travel so excellent, that large numl)ers of solicitors and 
 agents tnivei-so the country. Good personal address, a 
 thorough understanding of the bu-iness. ,i knowlcd<re 
 of human nature, together with social (qualities, consti- 
 tute a good drununer. 
 
 HOW TO WRITE AN ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 Befoie writing an adveiliscnient, one >houid always 
 place before his mind what is tlie most important thing 
 to impress upon the public. If he is advertising an 
 article of established trade, it is the name and loi-ation 
 of the honx' s(>Hing it wliicl. must !>(• the more promi- 
 nent, or at least cipialiy so w ith any other p.irt ; but if 
 he be introducing some nc^v article, or seeking tocxtend 
 the sal(> of something little known or lare. these items 
 are of far less importance, and the name of the article 
 itself shfiuld be more prominent. The advertir-enient 
 should be so constructed as to claim the attention of 
 the reader, and retain that attention mitil he !i:is read 
 it through. " Excite but never sati>fy." is the pi-inci- 
 l)le pursued by many successful advertis(MN. 
 
 The advertisement slundd nev(>r contain anything 
 repugnant to reSned taste, and nothiuL' irrotosfpie or 
 ridiculous. The most meaning shoidd be condensed 
 into the fewest 2)ossil)le words. The wording sliouhl 
 often be changed, and an attractive typogniphy :-hould 
 he used. It is well to choose an attra.-tive heading, / 
 followed by fairly spaced painigraphs, with appropriate u* 
 sub-hoiuLs. 
 
A 
 
 jf OEDin: to =u<x-^'<l in Imsinoss lifp, it is noros- 
 ■wirj' to f-ultival*' MiKi (Icvcloi) cortiiin (|iiiiIitios 
 iinfl trisit- 'if <]i;iract<^'r. 'i'licsoaro ii [)oi'ti(in of 
 
 tho rapitiil of th* smipefiisfiil iiiiin, mid n more osscntiiil 
 
 j)ortion than moaex or jroods. 
 
 HONESTY. 
 
 '•Sharp prac- 
 tice" may hrin^ 
 a temponirj-gaiin 
 but in the lonff 
 run of life that 
 man will itty fur 
 uhoad who tfeaJsi 
 squarol yanfl EioD- 
 c.stlyat ali tinaea. 
 A thorouifhlr 
 honest clerk will 
 eonmianfl a hiirb- 
 cr salary- than one 
 of equivooat li^iib- 
 its, while the 
 merchant who 
 has a repntation 
 for honesty and 
 truthfulnesri in 
 reirard to tr ■' 
 qiialityand valii'- 
 of Ins irooifc. will 
 on this ac^-ormt 
 1)C favored with 
 a considerable 
 custom. Th«? 
 business man 
 whose '• wor»I i.- 
 
 COUNSEL AND ADVICE. 
 
 has discountcfl Lis fiit<ire "ut-cess. by taking an advnn- 
 tairo at the cowt of Xtn time* its value. 
 INDUSTRY. 
 Xo other qtuility can tiike the place of this, and no tal- 
 ents of m ind, however cxot'llont, will bringsuccess with- 
 out labor; persis- 
 tent, sj-steniatic 
 labor. Theyoung 
 man who expects 
 to find soDKM'oyal 
 road to success 
 with little or no 
 ctfort , or who 
 imairiucs that his 
 mental abilities 
 will compensate 
 for a lack of ap- 
 plication, cheats 
 and ruins liim- 
 Belf. Horace 
 Greeley prol)a- 
 bly never said a 
 grander thing 
 than tliis: 
 
 "The sa<ldest 
 hour ill any mail's 
 career is that 
 wlierein he, for 
 tin first time, fan- 
 cies there is an 
 easier way of 
 gaining a dollar 
 than by s(|uarciy 
 earning il ."" and 
 Horace (ireelev 
 
 as goofl as Lis hemd" can. in any emergency, control 
 large amonnt* of capital, the use of which brings him 
 a rich return, while the rn;in who sells his iieighl)or's 
 good opinion for a temjKiran- gain, will find that lie 
 
 -^ 
 
 was himself an example of >uccess througii iniliistry. 
 
 It is not genius, bat the great mass of average peo- 
 ple. Avho iporl: that make the successes in life. Some 
 toil with the brain, an«l others toil with the hand, but 
 
 (11'. 
 
 ■CEZtavrKfltm 
 
I ! I 
 I t 
 
 ELKMKNT8 OK SUCCK^'S IN OUBINESS. 
 
 all nuu*t toil. Industry applies to hours in business 
 and out ot' )iusinos.->. It means not only to |)<>rt'onu all 
 re<jiiirfd work promptly, hut to oc^cupy spare moments 
 Tbx'fidly. not to idle evenings, and to rise early in the 
 moniinL'. 
 
 An employe shoidl not eontiue himself to iiis mere 
 oMiL'ittory duties. He should \k rwidy to work some- 
 time« over Imtu's or in other departments if it is desired 
 of him. Wiliinirness to vor/,- is one of tiie •inol 
 qnalitii*> in a character, and will compensate for many 
 other detieiencio. 
 
 MEMORY. 
 This faculty, aiw.iy^ >o useful, is |)re-eminently so t( 
 the liusiness man. It must l)c l)oth retentive and i|iiiik. 
 By pro|K'r tr.unin;r this fa<'ulty may be .so cultivated 
 that names, diites and events to a .surprising niunl)er 
 nuiy l>e re;idily recalled. The ability to greet a eus- 
 tonier by c-:»lling him by name is considered very valua- 
 lile in any chiss of business. It makes a very agreeable 
 impre>:«ior. when a man who has not s(!en us l)ut once 
 or twice, and who is not expecting us, meets us 
 promptly as we enter his store, with, " Why, Mr. 
 
 . how do you do? Glad to see you. "When did 
 
 you leave Newark?" We feel as 'f we had occupied 
 that man's thoughts since we sa% him l)cfore. He 
 appre<-iates us, and we feel like patronizing him. 
 Wherea-s, on the otlier hand to meet a customer Avith a 
 blank, inquiring expres^iion, and greet him with, "Your 
 face iii femiliar, but I can't recall your name," is im- 
 plea^ant and tends to drive away custom. Every hotel 
 keejjer knows the value of this greeting of customers. 
 Facts, tigures and dates are very necessary to remem- 
 ber in business, and these often form the basis of a 
 busines- transaction or venture by which large profits 
 are made. Superior ability in remembering prices and 
 their fluctuations has been the secret of more than one 
 brilliant success. 
 A TJC Desultory reading injures the memory, 
 
 Il/V I while close application to a subject, recull- 
 ing the various points therein, tends greatly 
 to improve this faculty. The clerk or em- 
 j)loye in receiving instructions from 
 his i)rincipal should endeavor to im- 
 press every point clearly on his mind, 
 and retain them there until 
 they are carried out in ac- 
 tion . Carele.ssness and for- 
 getfulness of- 
 ten causes the 
 discharge of 
 otherwise 
 
 S* 
 
 worthy and comiietent yotmg i)ersons, as employers do 
 not like to repeat their orders. 
 
 PROMPTNESS. 
 
 A vof)' essential clcmcnl in tiic character of the 
 business man is prom])lncss. Filling all engagements 
 at exactly the appointed time, answering letters oc 
 forwarding goods with |ii'iiniptness, the man of busi- 
 ncs-i tind> tiiat luurli more imu lie aecomplish(>d and 
 with far grcatei' -iiccnniey, than l>y a Iooho system of 
 putting oil' till tomorrow, or acconlmg to convenience. 
 Mot only so, but compctiticii iu business is such that 
 the merchant or tradoman wiio does not tleal with 
 promptness can hardly expect to liold his custom. 
 Young men starting out in tl:e world should form the 
 resolution of doing everything on time. Better to be 
 ahead in the performance of <'uties than behind. This 
 jiromptness then acts as a stimulant in itself, and is 
 oftentimes the means of winning success in an enter- 
 prise. 
 
 A thing that is worth the doing, ought to be done 
 quickly when the time is ripe for it. A prompt man 
 or woman is valued, as he respects his word and haa 
 due regtird for the convenience of others. 
 
 EXECUTIVE ABILITY. 
 
 Wavermg, timid and uncertain, the man with'^vt 
 executive ability never achieves distinction in acti\ 3 
 life. Intelligence to decide on any measure, firmness 
 in adhering to the decision, and force of will in carry- 
 ing it out, constitute exectitive ability, and are aa essen- 
 tial to the business man as his stock in trade. 
 
 The timid man never makes up his mind until after 
 the opportunity is past, or decides, then recalls his de- 
 cision, and feels incapable of promptly estimating all 
 the tacts in the case. This weakness is oftentimes nat- 
 ural, but more frequently it is a bad habit which should 
 be broken up. 
 
 Riishness is to decide and act without taking the 
 trouble to weigh intelligently the facts in the case. 
 This is inexcusdile folly, and always brings serious 
 trouble sooner or later. 
 
 Through executive ability the labor or services of one 
 man may Ik? made to produce largely, or without 
 proper direction such services may be almost worthless ; 
 a,i<l in the case of many employes imder one executive 
 head, the residts of this combined labor may be great 
 success, or where executive ability is wanting, a great 
 failure. 
 
 The successful farmer, merchant, manufacturer, 
 banker, and professional man must have this combina- 
 tion of ability, finuness, and A\all power. 
 
 i 
 

 ELEMKNT8 OF 8U0CK8S IN BCBINEflS. 
 
 ERSEVERANCE. 
 
 Those who put their minds on thoir work, whatever 
 kind that may be, and persist in its thorough execution ; 
 who get interested in something for their own ad- 
 vancement, that they may become more capable as 
 men and women of sense and tact; such persons have 
 a lively appreciation of the fact that success is never 
 more certain to be gained by any other course. 
 
 These people have a just pride in 
 learning the best methods of giving 
 expression to the faculties and powers 
 they possess, and which they desire to 
 make the most of. It is incumbent 
 that they do all in their power for their 
 own and other people's good. Feeling 
 this, an ever present incentive keeps 
 t. 1.1 employed, ami they are never 
 idle. 
 
 If one does not succeed from {xjrsi.sting in doing the 
 best he knows how, he may conclude that the ministry 
 of failure is better for him than any worldly success 
 would bo. 
 
 CIVILITY. 
 
 Good behavior is an essential element of our civili- 
 zation. It siiould be disi)layed every day through 
 courteous acts and becoming manners. 
 
 Politeness is said to be the poetry of conduct ; and 
 like poetry, it has many qualities. Let not your 
 politeness be too florid, but of that gentle kind which 
 indicates a refined nature. 
 
 In his relations with othere, one should never forget 
 liis good breeding. It is a general regard for the feel- 
 ings of others that sj)rings from the absence of all 
 selfishness. No one should behave in the presence of 
 others as though liis own wishes were bound to be 
 -T'-atified or his will to control. 
 
 In the more active sphere of business, as in the 
 larger localities where there is close competition, the 
 small iiiercha-* f!'e(iuently outstrips his 
 more powerful rival by one element of 
 success, which may be added to a uy stock 
 without cost, but cannot be withheld 
 Avithout loss. That element .s civility. 
 A kind and obliging manner carries with 
 it an indescribable charm. It must not 
 be a nuinner that indicates a mean, gi-ovcling, time- 
 serving spirit, but a plain, open, and agreeable de- 
 meanor that seems to desire to oblige for the pleasure 
 of doing so, and not for the sake of squeezing an extra 
 penny out of a customer's pui-se. 
 
 INTEGRITY. 
 
 The sole reliance of a business man should be in the 
 
 14. 
 
 integrity of his transactions, and in the civility of his 
 demeanor. He should make it the interest and th« 
 pleasure of a customer to come to his office or store. 
 If he does this, ho will form the very best "connec- 
 tions," and so long as he continues this system of 
 business, they will never desert him. 
 
 No real business man will take advantage of a 
 customer's ignorance, nor equivocate nor misrepresent. 
 If he sells gootls, ho will have but one 
 price and a small profit. lie will ere 
 long find all the most profitable cu.s- 
 tomei-s — the cash ones — or they will 
 find him. 
 
 If such a man is ever deceived in 
 business transactions, ho will never 
 attempt to save himself by putting 
 the deception upon f)thei"s ; but sub- 
 mit to the loss, and be more cautious 
 in future. In his business relations, he will stick 
 to those whom he finds strictly just in their trans- 
 actions, and shun all others even at a temporary 
 disjidvantage. 
 
 The word of a business man should be worth all 
 that it expresses and promises, and all engagements 
 should be met with punctilious concern. An indiffer- 
 ent or false policy in business is a serious mistake. It 
 is fatal to gi-asp an advantage at ten times its cost ; 
 and there is nothing to compensate for the loss of a 
 neighbor's confidence or good will. 
 
 The long-established customs and forms of business, 
 wnich in these times are assumed to be legitimate, 
 already have within them enough f)f the elements 
 of peculiarity, commonly termed "tricks of trade,'* 
 or, in the sense of any particular business, "tricka 
 of the trade.'' Therefore it does not l)choove any 
 active man to make g 'atuitous additions of a peculiar 
 nature to the law of business. On the contrary, all 
 should strive to render business transactions less 
 peculiar than they are. 
 
 ECONOMY. 
 
 One may rest in the as.surance that 
 industry and economy will be sure to tell 
 in the end. If in early life these habits 
 become confirmed, no doubt can exist .as 
 to the ultimate triumph of the merchant in attaining 
 a competency. 
 
 There should be no antagonism between economv 
 and a generous business policy. Xarrow sellisliness is 
 to be avoided in the use of money or means. In buv- 
 ing goods, one should not take advantage of another's /\V 
 necessities to beat him down to a figure \^ hich leaves \\. 
 him little or no profit, perhaps a loss, because he must 
 
IWiiii 
 
 RL,EMK^a'8 or success in business. 
 
 Imvo inoMoy. Tliii 
 
 in ai.'iiinst niiiii- 
 
 hdoiliiml ir< II niiii 
 
 , <)iis|i(ilii'y,l)('ciiiis(> 
 
 it tends to picii- 
 
 jniiiishii('s>, and cliicaiicry. A 
 
 sii.Tcd ri'iriud for the l)l•in(•i^)l«^s of 
 
 justice forms the Imsin of ovory 
 
 (mnsartion, and roijulntort the con- 
 
 ■ diu't of tlie nprifrht man of hnsiness. 
 
 If ecoiioiny is weaitii, il is not so l)e- 
 cniise (-f a ni<r<rardiy and j)arsiinoiilou8 
 jxtlicy. IViiiajis tile simplest, fewt'st and 
 iK'st rules foi'eccuiomieal hnsiness arc these, 
 hy oiiservanie of which a noted merchant 
 amassed a larije fortune: 1. Obtain the 
 earliest and fullest iuforniatiou j)ossibIc in repurd to 
 tliP matter in hand. '2. .\ct rapidly and promptly 
 upon it. 3. Keep your intentions and means secret. 
 4. Soouro the best emplojos you can obtain, and r«'- 
 ward them liberally. 
 
 Proprietors of institutions will oaily discover that 
 order, and neatness, are nceossarj' as economical apciit.s 
 in prose<'uliiiir a successful business. And the youth 
 who would irrow up to become well-to-do, to pain coin- 
 jilete success, to 1h> a valuable meml>cr and assume a 
 position in society, should take pains to acquire habits 
 of cl:>anliness, of order, and of business. 
 
 To this ell'ect each one may early learn the simple 
 rules of health and good order by paying rea.sonablc 
 attention to those so-called minor details, which per- 
 tain to the well-boinir of the person, and which must 
 be faithfully observed in order to avoid failure and win 
 8"cees.s. 
 
 A rerson, young or old, in or out of business, may 
 keep a memorandum-book in his pocket, in which he 
 notfs every particular relative to appointments, ad- 
 dresses, and petty eash mattei-s. An accurate account 
 of personal expenses shoidd be kept, which should be 
 balanced each week. liy this means each individual 
 will be more carof\d and economical in his expendi- 
 tures, and generally live within his income. He must 
 bo reasonable in spending, or his memomndum or 
 record-book, if it be honestly kept, will stand to his 
 discredit. 
 
 A well-kept memorandum-book is often verj' useful, 
 as it is very convenient, and sometimes serves to settle 
 a troublesome query, arising in other minds, by which 
 the possessor is absolved from the prejudice of doubt. 
 Youug people who expect to labor with their hands 
 for what they have of this world's goods, or rise by 
 
 thoir own efforts, Hhoidd l)y all means acquire habits of 
 economy, learn to save, form ccTreet habits, and no 
 lime will bo required overcoming these. So surely as 
 they do this, so surely will tlmy be in a situation to ask 
 no special favoi-s. Kvery man wants to lejim to look 
 (Hit for himself and rely upon himself. Every man 
 needs to feel that ho is the peer of every other man, 
 and he cannot do it if ho is penniless. Money is 
 power, and those who have it exert a wider mtlneuco 
 than the destitute. Ilenco it should be the ambition 
 of all young men to accpiiri! it, as well as to store thoir 
 minds with useful knowledge. 
 
 GETTING A SITUATION. 
 
 In seeking a situatton, it is always best to appear in 
 person if priutical)lc. A business man who requires 
 tho services of a salesman or clerk, a bookkeeper, 
 stenographer, or some one to remain in his employ u 
 considerable time, usually prefers to soo an applicant 
 and have a few words with him about tho work that is 
 to be done. 
 
 If an ajjplication has to ha made by letter, it should 
 be done in the handwriting of tho applimnt. It may 
 1)0 brief, and should include references. 
 
 it is iMJst for a young man to learn a trade. In this 
 country tho trades offer more stable means of subsis- 
 tence than do other departments of active life. His 
 knowledge of a trade will form no bar to any effort he 
 may afterward make to rise to a higher or more con- 
 genial calling. 
 
 When a position has been obtained by an applicant, 
 he shoidd at once proceed to render himself indispen- 
 sable to his employer by following up the details of his 
 work in a conscientious and agreeable manner. Thus 
 he will gain confidence and grow in favor with men 
 who arc quick to recognize merit, and who respond to 
 that which contributes to the success 
 of a meritorious man. 
 
 There is always room in every bus- 
 iness ibr an honest, hard-worker. It 
 will not do to presume otherwise; 
 nor shoidd one sit down to grumble 
 or concoct mischief. The most per- 
 ilous hour of one's life is when he 
 is tempted to despond. lie who loses , 
 his courage loses all. There are men 
 in the world who would rather work 
 than be idle at the same price. 
 Imitate them. Snccess is not fixr 
 off. An honorabl and happy life 
 is before you. Lay hold of it. 
 
 f'O 
 
ro luiltitM of 
 its, and no 
 5o suroly lus 
 itioii to ask 
 iini to look 
 ICvory man 
 otluT man, 
 Money is 
 sr mlluonco 
 e uniliition 
 store their 
 
 o np])par m 
 lio roquircs 
 lookkeeper, 
 s employ u 
 II applicant 
 ^ork that ia 
 
 r, it shonUl 
 t. It may 
 
 c. In this 
 ) of suhsis- 
 life. His 
 ly effort ho 
 more con- 
 applicant, 
 i" indi.spen- 
 tnils of his 
 ler. Thus 
 with men 
 respond to 
 
 S1I0WIN(J TlIK TIMK IN VAKKUS I'AIITS OF TIIK W(IHLI» WHKN IT IS NOON AT 
 
 -•^-WASHINGTON, D. C.-^s^ 
 
 Alnskn T.-JH A.M. 
 
 Albany IJi:! I'-M. 
 
 Atiistcril:mi,Hi)Iliiiiil. 2.r>{^ 
 
 Aii^'ni. Inillii :t.Ut " 
 
 Atchlsiiii. Kiis lit.-l" A.M. 
 
 Atlicim, (iroiH'c (i.i;) I'.M. 
 
 Atlanta, (ill 11.111 AM. 
 
 Auf,'nstii, Mf l:.2!' I'.M. 
 
 Haltlnioie 12.(12 •• 
 
 Hatli, Mf 11-2!) •• 
 
 Berlin, <ionnany ('i.<l'2 " 
 
 Bombay, India UMili " 
 
 Boston 12.-21 " 
 
 Brus.''pl.s, liclginni.. . . r).'2."i " 
 
 BiilTalo, X. V 11 .ri2 a.m. 
 
 ('apoTown, Afriou.. 0,-22 i-.M. 
 
 Cairo, Ej;yi)t 7.13 " 
 
 (.'ali'iitla. India II.IH " 
 
 Canton, Cliina 12.11 a.m. 
 
 Canilnidj,'!', Mass 12.2:i f.M. 
 
 Charleston, S.C ll.i:t A.M. 
 
 CliU'aj,'o II.IV " 
 
 Cincinnati ll.WI " 
 
 Ck'vrlainl. 11.41 " 
 
 Colnnil)ia. S.C 11.44 " 
 
 Constantinople 7.(M i-.M. 
 
 Danville, Va 11.."'0 A.M. 
 
 Denver. Colo 10.(18 • 
 
 Des Moines, lowii lOJ),! '• 
 
 Detioil, Jlicli ll.:!<! " 
 
 Diil)n(ine, Iowa 11.0.") " 
 
 Diibliii. Ireland 4.13 P.M. 
 
 Kdinbur;;)!, Seotland. 4.."."i " 
 
 Galveston, Texius 10.40 A.M. 
 
 Ilalilax. X. S 12..>l I'.M. 
 
 Ilaniilton. Ont 11.49 A.M. 
 
 Hannibal, Mo 11.07 " 
 
 Hartford, ( ;ona 12.17 r.M. 
 
 Havana, < Miba 11 .38 A.M. 
 
 Houston, Tex 10.44 " 
 
 Indianapolis 11.24 " 
 
 .TaeU.sonville,lll 11.07 - 
 
 .Tetlerson City, Mo. . .ICIO " 
 Kalaina,'\Va.sii. Ter... 8.08 " 
 
 Kansas City, Mo 10.40 * 
 
 Key AVe<t, Fla 11.41 " 
 
 KnoxviUe, Teiin 11.32 " 
 
 Lai-ainle, AVy. Tr ....10.12 " 
 Leavonwortli, Kae.. . .10.49 " 
 
 LUbon, Portugal 4.31 p.m. 
 
 Lincoln, Neb 10.41 A.M. 
 
 Little Rock, Ark lOJiO " 
 
 London, Eng 6.08 p.H. 
 
 I.onlsvlIIe 11.20 A.M. 
 
 Mae..n.<;a 11.37 " 
 
 .Mellionrne. Aus 2.48 " 
 
 Meniplii'. Tenn 11.08 '• 
 
 M.Tidlan. Miss 11.14 " 
 
 Mexl.o' 10.32 " 
 
 Milxvankee 11. HI " 
 
 .Minneapolis, Minn.... lO.fi.'S " 
 
 Mobile, Ala 11.10 " 
 
 Monnton. X. H 12.18 p.m. 
 
 Moiilreal, ('an 12.14 " 
 
 Mo-cow. |{nv<ia 7.3H " 
 
 Xa-bville, ■I'eiin 11.21 a.m. 
 
 New Oilc^ans II.CH •• 
 
 Xcw Yolk 12.12 p.m. 
 
 Oinaba. Xeb 10.44 A.M. 
 
 Ottawa, Can 12.05 p.ji. 
 
 Panama. S.A '. .\\;-/(S AM. 
 
 Paris, Krani'e .").17 P.M. 
 
 Pen-aeola, Kla 11.10 a.m. 
 
 Philadelphia 12.07 p.m. 
 
 Pitt-lmrj,'h.Pa 11.4.S a.,m. 
 
 Port llnron.Mleh 11.34 " 
 
 Poitlaiid,Me 12.27 p.m. 
 
 Portland. ()n';;on ^..'ifi a.m. 
 
 Port-month, Va 12.n3 p.m. 
 
 Providence. K.I 12.22 - 
 
 guebec.ian 12.2:< " 
 
 Qnincy, 111 Il.vi7 a.m. 
 
 ]!alei-h. X.C 11.50 •• 
 
 Ridnnond, Va 11.5.'^ "• 
 
 IJio .lanerio. Bra/.il.... 2.15 p.m. 
 
 Konic. Italy ."i.oS •• 
 
 Home. Ca 11.32 A.M. 
 
 San Trancisco ^.'& " 
 
 Salt I.akeCity 0.40 " 
 
 Savannah, Oa 11.44 " 
 
 Selma, Ala 11.20 ' 
 
 Sionx City. Iowa 10.42 " 
 
 St. .John. X. li 12.44 P.M. 
 
 St..TobusX.r 1.37 " 
 
 St. .Io.-cpb.Mi> 10..-.0 A.M. 
 
 St. T.onis 11.07 •' 
 
 St.Panl.Minn 10..")6 •' 
 
 Terro Haute, Iml 11.18 •* 
 
 Toronto, Can 11.51 " 
 
 Veracruz 10.43 " 
 
 Vieksbiirg, Miss ll.OD " 
 
 Virginia City,M.T... 9.40 - 
 
 Wheoling, W. Va 11.45 " 
 
 Wilmington, X. C 11.58 " 
 
 Yankton, Duk. Ter. . . .10.38 A.M. 
 
LAW Axn i.ro.vi, ronMH. 
 
 (l-G^ 
 
 4 « ^ » ..ir>«- 
 
 -»— ,.i^=^S2^^^^ 
 
 ,» t ^S ^ ,»i 
 
 -'■3-«JW- 
 
 aw^Loo:al Form 
 
 -i.3--a*— >•— 
 
 r^ii 
 
 t-^c^Vii^-> 
 
 --^^For the Business IVIan.>^^- 
 
 .— .><>.-^— 
 
 vF.iiXMF.XT, n siihjprt ilooply intorwovcii with i <tiuHo of half tho misor'u'M of hmiuin lifo, owing to tbo 
 
 tiu> liappint\s.H and cointorts of tin- liiiiiiaii 
 raco, has Itoeii lliat arnin^riiu'iit over wliiih 
 irindom htw nlwaj'H hud tho least control. 
 Most povemiiK'nt.H arc loniidod on usurpoil power, and 
 arc rosnlts of jirido and spIf-inttTcst. For llio most 
 part, thi'y have arisen from military ioixpH-st, or some 
 accidental asicndency, duriniraii insurrectionary move- 
 ment ; and tho rule 
 of frovenunont hiw, 
 inconsequence, Iwen 
 tho will of n leader 
 on one side, and ab- 
 ject suhmissiou of 
 tho rest of the com- 
 munity on theother. 
 No check on power 
 huA existed hut in 
 the forlK-aranco or 
 idleness of the ruler, 
 or in the scruples of 
 his a;nrents; and, if 
 checks have been in- 
 troduced, they have J 
 l)een either mere 
 concessions of jiol- 
 icy, or have been 
 rendered inetfieient 
 by coloral)le forms, 
 or by various sinis- 
 ter and counteract- 
 ing influences. 
 
 Law, in its froncral sense, signities a rule of social 
 conduct, which superior authority has ilictated, and 
 which the sei^arate members of the community arc 
 1x)und to obey. The law of nature is a principle of 
 self-love, or tho individual pursuit of happiness. The 
 law, in practice, however, is the primary and chief 
 
 UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT IN i'^SSlON. 
 
 chicanery of it profeHHom. 
 
 STATUTE AND COMMON LAW. 
 
 Business is ngulated by fonus of law, whether stat- 
 ute <ir connnon. 
 
 Statute! is an act of tho legislature, whether state or 
 national. It is tho written law of tho land. Statutes 
 
 are either public or 
 
 X''N?^*^ ''^=^-'7^ private — t lie former 
 
 \\j> a universal rule that 
 
 regards tho whole 
 
 community, the lat- 
 ter only allecting 
 "^ i^ particular persons or 
 private concerns. 
 
 Statutes are also 
 sometimes descril)ed 
 na declanitory, or 
 penal, or remedial, 
 according to the dif- 
 _ fcrent natureof their 
 ., C rr object or provisions. 
 ' • Statutes are to bo 
 constnicd, not ac- 
 cording to their 
 mere letter, but tho 
 intent and object 
 with which they 
 were made. It is 
 also an established 
 rule that remedial 
 statutes are to be more liberally, and penal more 
 strictly construed. 
 
 The common hnv is grounded on tho general customs 
 of Enghmd, and includes in it tho law of nature, the 
 law of God, tiie principles and maxims of tho law, and 
 the decisions of tho superior courts, which are founded 
 
 & 
 
II .^-^ 
 
 nring to the 
 
 ,W. 
 
 [lothcr stut- 
 
 ler stuto or 
 
 . StJitutc's 
 
 r ijuhlic or 
 
 -tho I'onncr 
 
 111 rtilu that 
 
 tho whole 
 
 ty, tho hit- 
 
 uffccting 
 
 l)i'i*soiis or 
 
 irorns. 
 
 arc also 
 
 (losrrilMiil 
 
 iitorv, or 
 
 roiiiodial, 
 
 tothodif- 
 
 inoot'thoir 
 
 )r()visioiis. 
 
 no to Ihj 
 
 not ac- 
 
 to their 
 
 r, hut tho 
 
 1(1 ohjoet 
 
 ich tlioy 
 
 It is 
 
 stubli-shcd 
 
 remedial 
 
 nal more 
 
 1 customg 
 itiire, tho 
 law, and 
 3 founded 
 
 H 
 
 LAW AND LMaL rORM& 
 
 tliorcon; uiul in laid to Ih« tho porfertJDn of rowioii, 
 iii'(|niro(l hy lonj^ titatly, ol>8crviitiiin, nml oxpfriciicj', 
 iiiid rolltit'! liy li'ariicil mt'ti in all n^'i'i«. It ovcrriilcM 
 tlin camion and civil luw, wlicro they g» b«>yoii(|, or an- 
 liiconHlritont with it. 
 
 In till' illiisiratinn on tho prcocdin); Jutgc, it will l)i> 
 Huou thill tliuru uru uiuu jiuticu*, or onu chief juntico 
 
 and eight nM«neiute Juiticos. At it« tlnit scssicn iu 
 I71H), tho Hnpremo Court of tho Unitid StutiK eon- 
 HiMlnl of a I'hii'f JiMtii'o and flvo OMociiitoii. In 18(i7 
 IliM niinilKT of iu«.'40('iat«< JiHtii-i-H waM ineri'iised to Hix; 
 in Ik:)7 it wiih inereiMcd to right; and in 1^03, to nine; 
 in IHi;,'i wHri dciriMiHt'd to eight, then to levuu iu 1807, 
 and again incruiuud to uight iu itt7u. 
 
 ■§«*- 
 
 If , X IKilN'N'IXO with infancy or yonth, all jwrgons 
 ^1 ' <C III'' iiifiiiitJ ill law until they an- of h'pil ii^k 
 
 \l*s>3 — twcnity-ono yeari"; or oi;{hteen years, as 
 
 re;,'ar.Iti wonion in soriie States. 
 
 I'eoplo generally may hind thcnisolvea '-y contracts, 
 
 but 8omo aro i'lfapacitated from lieing innler giiardiaii- 
 
 ahip, or from other caufos, such m insanity, alienage in 
 
 timo of war, infancy and marriage. 
 
 A person under age — an infant— can neither sell his 
 lands, nor do any legal act, nor make a deed, nor, 
 indeed, any manner of contra-.* that will bind him; 
 but to these rules there aro some exceptions. Infants 
 have thus various privileges and various diribilities; 
 hut their very disabilities aro privileges, in order to 
 securo them from hurtiug themaelvea by their own 
 improvident acts. 
 
 Tho learned Judge Story has said that the " Iluman 
 life is divided into four periods, each of which is a mul- 
 tiple of seven." "Natural infancy ends at seven years; 
 puberty begins at fourteen; legal infancy ends at 
 twenty-one years; and tho natural life of a man is three 
 score years and ten." The law does not take any cogni- 
 zance of tho acts of natural infants, either criminal or 
 civil. An infant may be punished for crime after its 
 seventh year. Tho contracts made after that age aro 
 said to be voidable until the end of legal infancy. Tho 
 contracts of infants are said to be di tided into three 
 classes, those that are void, those that are voidable, and 
 those that are binding. It is clear and well settled in 
 law that all contracts made by an infant which would 
 be prejudicial to his interests would be absolutely void; 
 it is also clear that such contracts as might be to his 
 benefit would bo voidable on ids part. But as to tho 
 contracts made by infants, which are for necessitieb, 
 and are called binding contracts, it is so clearly defined. 
 The principle on which the law seeks to throw the 
 strong ai ^ of protection around the infant is, that from 
 his tender years and inexperience he is incapable of 
 
 giiardini? against the subtlety and artifice of those who 
 liu\e liml iiioro exporienco in businei-s, and whose minds 
 aro matured. It U truu that an infant has as niiieh 
 ri;;lit to live as an adult. It is also true, that if the 
 infant is not providcil with a protector through whom 
 lu) may ho fiirni.shcd with tho ntcossities of life and is 
 not alliiwcd to procure th»m. it would le iniposriiblo 
 for him to live, and as hiisines-s men would not long 
 continue to furnish these things without some legal 
 means of getting a compensation, the law would 
 ju;itly conipul tho iiifiint, after ho had arrived at tho 
 ago of niatiiiity, to give an equlvalont for tho iieceH- 
 sarics fnrni.-iiu'd him during infancy. Hut tho law 
 would not in any way recognize tho contract made by 
 tho infant, hut would carefully investigate all of tho 
 cirenmstances, nud would then make a contract for the 
 infant, or imply that tho estate of tho infant should lie 
 held for such price as the necessarips were absolutely 
 worth at the time they were furnished to him, and not 
 necessarily at tho price charged. If an in.unt should 
 purchase clothing, at u price fixed, or should contract 
 to pay a certain price per week or month for board, 
 though tho agreement be reduced to writing, aa a 
 proniis.sory note, tlio law would not enforce the con- 
 tract, hut uuiild allow the person who had f'lrnished 
 tho clothing, or who had boarded the infant, a reason- 
 able price, not on account of an existing contract, but 
 because the infant must live. An adult would be 
 hound hy a contract made with an infant a^s though he 
 had made it with a p?rson competent to make binding 
 contracts. When we say that a contract with an infant 
 is absolutely void, we have reference to the infant, and 
 not to tho party who was competent. The law relat- 
 ing to infants, is wholly for their benefit and protec- 
 tion, If A, an adult, should sell to i<, an infant, a 
 a horse, which was to bo paid for at a ilay in tho future, 
 and B, the infant, should use the horse in such a way 
 as to injure him and render him valueless, A could not 
 
i 
 
 ■i 
 
 I 
 
 LAW s\H\> LEGAL F011M8. 
 
 recover from V> aiiytliiiifr lor the hoi-se. But if A, the 
 luhill, slionhl sell to B, tlie infant, a horse for cash, ami 
 B .should afterward wish to return the horse, ho would 
 have 11 right to do so, and A would bo compelled to 
 return the purehase price to B, notwithstanding the 
 horse was useless. 
 
 An infant is responsible for frauds or misreprcscntii- 
 tions. If he should induce othei"s to let him have 
 goods through false statements he would l)e held 
 respousiblo the same as an adult under like circum- 
 stances. The protection of the infant is the object 
 sought by the law, aud not to shield him against his 
 wrong doiugs. 
 
 "-•# -^TRUSTS. 
 
 _r 
 
 THE CAPITOL, 
 
 RUSTS are gencr.dly cither to protect the interests 
 
 of married women and children, by placing in 
 
 the hands of trustees 
 
 for them the legal ^p^ _ *^^; , 
 
 rights which they would 
 l)e incapable of exercis- 
 ing, or to secure the rights 
 of those in remainder, by 
 severing from the use of 
 property for a life the 
 power of disposing of the 
 whole. Tiic estate of tiio 
 trustee is at law subject 
 to all the incidents which 
 attend the ownership of 
 land, and is usually 
 called the trust estate, in 
 contradistinction to the legal estate. 
 
 Freipiently trusts involve the sale or purchase of 
 lands or other jiroperty, the investment of funds, etc., 
 in which cases the trustee has to exerci.^e due caution, 
 or he may Uo rendered liable for any loss that may 
 arise. 
 
 DEED OF TRUST FOK THE BENEFIT OF A MARRrED '.VOSIAX. 
 
 Thin Indenture, maiit' tliis socoiid day of Dcccinljt'r, in tlu^ year 
 of our T.onl oik; tliousaiid oiglit hundred and oig'.ty-four, Ijotwcen 
 ■William Tliorniloy, of Marietta, <?ounty of \Va.>-!iingtoii. and State 
 of Ohio, oi the one part : and Janie-; <',. West, of said Marietta, of 
 the other part : Witnesscth, that the .said William Thoniiley, fr)r 
 and in consnleralion of tlie .~nm of one hundred d. pilars, to him in 
 hand paid by the said .lanK s < ', West, for the uses and ii|ioii llie 
 trusts hereuiafter nit'iitione(l. iit anil tx'foro the ensealing and deliv- 
 er.v hereof, the rooeipt viiercof he does he -eliy aekuow li'(lge, has 
 granted, bargained, sold, aliened. enfi'iifTed, niea-sed and eounrmed, 
 .ind by these presents doth grant, bargain, sell, alien, enfeofl', release 
 and conllrm unto the said James C. West, his heirs and assigns 
 
 forever.all that eertair pieoeor parcel of land, sittinte, etc. {ileneriha 
 premises), together with all and singular the huildings and linjirovp- 
 nienfs to the same belonging, or In anywise appertaining, and the 
 revisions and reniainilers, rents, is.sues, and profits thereof. To 
 have and to hold the suiil piece or parcel of laiul, with appurto- 
 naiiees, hereby granted or intended so to be. unto the said .Tame."! 
 C. AV est, his heirs and assigns forever: In trunt neverthelexn, 
 and forthe uses following, and none other.that is to gay, for the .sole 
 and seiKUate use of Adeline AVest. the wife of .lames C. AVest, of 
 Mariettit, (.^ounty and State aforesaid, for ami during her natural 
 life, and so a.s she alone, or such iktsoii as she shall uppoint, shall 
 take and receive the rents, issues iuul profits thereof, and so as her 
 said husband shall not in anywise intermeddle therewith; and, from 
 and after the deccji-se of the sab] Adeline AA'est, in trust for the use 
 of the heirs of the Itody of the said Adeline AVest, by the said 
 .Tames C. AVe.st begotten, or to be begotten, forever, with jxjwer to 
 the said Jaine.s C. AA'est, to sell and convey, in fee simple, the whole 
 or any part, of the aforesaid premises and appurtenances to any 
 jx^rson or iwrsons, and for such sum or sums of money, as the said 
 Adeline AVest, by writing under her hand and seal, and duly 
 acknowle<lged at any time during her natural life, may apix>int 
 and direct; and the said AVilliam Thoniiley, for himself, his heirs, 
 executors, and administrators, doth covenant and agree, to and 
 with, the said .lames C. AVest, his heirs and iissigns, by these pres- 
 ents, that he. the said AVilliam Thorniley. and his lieirs, the said 
 above-mentioned and described piece or i)arcol of land, with the 
 
 appurtenances, unto the said 
 
 James C. AVe.st, his heirs and 
 
 ■.■i. ;"",-... assigns, against him, the said 
 
 ,■',,; ■-;;■-;■.• ,:. , ^„a»,, AVilliam Thorniley, and his 
 
 heirs, and against all and every 
 other person and ix;rsons whom- 
 soever, lawfully claiming or to 
 claim the same, or any part 
 thereof, shall and will warrant 
 and forever defend by these 
 presents. 
 
 Signed and sealed this second 
 day of Decemlx-r. A. D. 1884. 
 
 WILLIAM THORNILEY. [Seal.] 
 
 Witness: 
 
 JOHX DoF,. 
 (lUAS. lloK. 
 
 AT WASHINGTON. 
 
 '^^•C Agreement and Assent. 2>; 
 
 lIi)Ki;r.^ri;Nr is where a pi()inis<' is made on one side, 
 M and assented to on the other; or where two or more 
 persons enter into engagement Avith ench other, by 
 a promise oii litiier side. If such contnict is by deed, 
 it IS called eillicr ti contnict bj- deed or a contriict by 
 specialty; if not by deed, ii parol or simple contract. 
 The latter may be either written or verhil. An iigree- 
 ment is void if tlu're be no consideration for it, or it l)e 
 Moatiist piililf jiolicy or morality, and is voidnljie if 
 obtiiincd by fraud, force, or misrepresentation. 
 
 Every contract or igreement should be writU-n, a;id 
 signed by the parties concerned. It is best to have 
 su. h papers witnessed, and everything tigreed upon 
 
 ! 
 
 ! 
 
 I 
 
 c 
 
 9 
 
te, etc. (^(lescrlht 
 gs ami Imjirovp- 
 •taiiilng, 1111(1 thfi 
 it« tlicroof. To 
 1. with appurtiv 
 
 tlio salil .lamps 
 
 nevertlielesH, 
 
 say, fertile sole 
 ines C. West, of 
 
 iiij? lier natural 
 ill apiHjiiit, shall 
 :)f. and so as hor 
 ivith; and, from 
 trust for tho use 
 •St, hy the said 
 , with ix)wcr to 
 mi)lp, the whole 
 :enances to any 
 iney, lus tho said 
 
 seal, and duly 
 >, may npiraint 
 nsplf, his heirs, 
 I agree, to and 
 •, by these pres- 
 •• lK>irs, the said 
 r land, with the 
 unto the said 
 . his heirs and 
 
 him, the said 
 iley, and his 
 t all and every 
 
 persons whoni- 
 claiming or to 
 , or any part 
 d will warrant 
 fend by these 
 
 led this second 
 r, A. D. 1884. 
 
 tNILEY. [Seal.] 
 
 it. 
 
 
 oil one side, 
 two or more 
 •li other, hy 
 : is by deed, 
 (•ontract l)y 
 le eontract. 
 An ji^free- 
 r it, or it he 
 void.'ihle if 
 on. 
 
 vritivii, and 
 est to have 
 ^rocd upon 
 
 LAW AND LEGAL FORMS. 
 
 should be written out plainly. It is important 
 to say just what Ls meant and all that is meant, 
 and no more, since no oral testimony has 
 weight in connection with a written agree- 
 ment, unless fraud can be proved. 
 
 
 ->> CONSIDERATION. -^ 
 
 ^■^oxsiDEBATiox is the material cause of a contract, 
 I without which it cannot bind the part}-. Tlie 
 > consideration is either expressed or imjilied. The 
 latter is when the law itself enforces a consideration ; 
 as, if a man goes into a hotel or inn, and staying there 
 some time, takes meat or lodging either for him- 
 self or his horse, the law presi'Viies he intends to pay 
 for both, notwithstanding there is no actual bargain or 
 contract between him and his host. Also, there is a 
 consideration of nature and blood, and a valuable con- 
 sideration ; and hence, if a man be indebted to divei-s 
 others, and, in consideration of natural affection, gives 
 his gootls or estate to his son, this is a fraudu- 
 lent gift as against the creditors (unless it bo 
 upon, or in consideration of, his marriage), be- 'J 
 cause this act intends a valuable consideration. 
 
 full sum of one thousand dollars, on the first day of Janu- 
 arj-, which will he in the year one thousand eight hundred 
 and ninety-two, and interest thereon at the rate of six per 
 cpnt per annum, payable semi annually on the first days 
 of January and July in each year; /(nrf it is hereby expressly 
 agreed, that should any default be made in the payment of 
 the said interest or any part thereof, on any day whereon 
 the same is made payable as ab;)vc expressed, and should 
 the same remain unpaid and in arrear fur the space of thirty days, 
 then and from thenceforth, that is to s;iy, after the lapse of the said 
 thirty d.iys, the aforesaid principal sum of one thousand dollars, 
 with all arrearage of interest thcre<>n, shall, at tlie option of the said 
 Allx;rt Koc, Ijecome and be due and payable immediately there- 
 after, although th- pcrioil above limileil for the payment thereof 
 may not then have t-xpin-d, anj'thing herein before contsiiuMl to the 
 contrary thereof in anywise notwithstanding, tlun this obligation to 
 be void; olherwije to remain in full force and virtue. 
 
 Sealed and dflirereri in the prt»enee of 
 
 JOHX CrXMSGUAM, ) 
 
 Ja>ies Da>'ikl. \ 
 
 JOHN DOE. [seal.] 
 
 _«t't'-:»_ 
 
 ^ 
 % 
 
 ASSIGNMENT. 
 
 f 
 
 ~^r- 
 
 f Y^ '^ 
 
 BONDS 
 
 -^■r f»-— ;-^— 
 
 h- 
 
 r\ wRiiTES promise that is made, with a seal, 
 M by one person in favor of another — a kind 
 / of contract — is in verycxtensive use, being 
 adopted in a great variety of cases, where the object is 
 to obtain security for the payment of money, or the 
 ))erformance of any other act. There is generally a 
 condition added to a bond, that if the obligor does 
 some particular act, the obligation shall be void, or else 
 shall remain in full force. 
 
 FOKM OF BOND. 
 
 Know all Ken by these Presents, That I, John Doe, of the Comity 
 of ('(Mtk, ami State of Illinois, am held and (irmly iKiund \mto Albert 
 Rm', of Philadelphia, Penn., in the sum of one thousand dollars, goiid 
 aiid lawful money of the United States of America, to be paid to the 
 said .\ll)ert IJoe. or to his certain attorney, executors, administrators, 
 or assigns; for which payment, well and truly to be made, I do bind 
 myself, and my heirs, executors, and administrators, jointly and 
 severally. Iim>ly by these presents. 
 
 Sealed with my seal, and datwl this first day of January, in the; 
 year of mir Lf>rrl one Ihoasjiud eight hundred and eighty-eight. 
 
 The Condition of this Obligation is such, that if the above boimden 
 John Dc*, his heirs, executors, and administrators, or any of them, 
 shall well and truly pay, or cause to be paid, tmto the above named 
 Altjert Roe, hw cst-cutors, a('."?mstralors. or usigns, the just and 
 
 /\ ssiGXMEXT is the transferring in writing and setting 
 M over to another of some right, title, or interest. 
 / The one making the assignment is called the 
 assignor, and tho one to whom the assignment 
 Ls made is calli . the assignee. Every species 
 of property, real or personal, is assignable. 
 An assignee is not required to show that ho 
 gave any valualjle consideration for the assign- 
 nient. 
 
 An assignment by a debtor for the benefit 
 of his cretlitors must be an unconditional sur- 
 render of all his effects. If he should hold 
 back any property, such withholding would be 
 fraudulent. An insolvent debtor lias the right 
 to prefer one creditor to the exclusion of all 
 others, if such preference be in good faith. AVhen- 
 ever an assignment is matle for the benefit of creditors, 
 it must be accompauieu by immediate possession of 
 the property a.ssigned. 
 
 ASSIOHKENT OF DEMAND FOR WAQES OR DEBT. 
 
 In Consideration of fift\ dollars to me in hand paid by AUicrt 
 Roc, of the city of Cleveland, the receipt whereof is hereby 
 acknowledgwl, I, John Doe. of the siiine jilace, have sold, and 
 by the.w presents do .sell, aRsign, transfer and set over, unto the 
 said Albert Roe. a certain debt due from James Kline, amounting 
 to the sum of seventy-five dollars, for work, lal>or and services 
 l)y me perfcrmed for the said James Kline (</r f»r goodn .sold and 
 delivcn-d to the said James KUnc), with full power to sue for, collect, 
 and discharge, or sell and a.s.-iign the same in my name or otherwise, 
 but at his own ttist and charges; and I do liereliy covenant that tho 
 sail! sum of stventy-five dollars is justly due as aforesaid, and that I 
 have not done, and will not do, any act to hinder or prevent tho 
 collection of the same by the said Albert Koc. 
 
 Witness my band, this Jan. 10, 1884. 
 
 .TOIIN DOE. 
 
LAW AND LEGAL FORMS. 
 
 ASSIGNMENT IIOND. 
 
 For value received, I liorcby sussign, transfer, and sot over to 
 Tolii) Due, tUo witUiu ubligatiou, hereby guarantying payment 
 Uiorcof. 
 
 AVitness: CILVS. KOE. 
 
 John Brown. 
 
 :;;i=x> 
 
 '^BILLOF SALE."^. 
 
 «-1s" 
 
 w BILL of sale is an iustninicnt under seal, which iiasses 
 U the riglit and property in chattels from one to 
 I another; and, being under seal, and therefore a 
 solenni contract, the seller cannot, as he might m 
 the case of a mere verbal contract, show that it was 
 made without good or valuable consideration, and 
 that, therefore, in law, the property did not pass, and 
 no action can bo maint^iined to recover it. If the 
 original oMuer retains possession of the property con- 
 trary to the purport of his assignment, such act enti- 
 tles tlie creditors of the original owner to impeach the 
 transpction. The sale is made when the agreement is 
 made. 
 
 FOB.M OF BILL OF S<VI,E. 
 
 Know all Men by these Presents, Tliat we, John Doe and 
 Cliark'.s Roe, of tlio city of Chicago, in the County of Cook and 
 State of Illinoi;?, parties of tlio first part, for and in consideration 
 of the sum of two tliousand dollars, lawftd money of the United 
 States of America, to us in liand paid, at or before the ensealing 
 and delivery of these })resents, l)y John W. Brown, of the same 
 place, of the second i)art, the receipt \\heroof is hereby aciinowl- 
 edged, have granted, bargained, sold, and delivered, and. by tliese 
 presents, do grant, bargain, sell, and deliver, unto the said parties 
 of the second part, all the following goods, chattels, and projwrty, 
 to tvit: {Here /•numerate all the gno'ls to lie trans/erred.) 
 
 To Have and to Hold the said goods, chattels, and property 
 unto the said party of the second part, his heirs, exei'utors. admin- 
 istrators, and assigns, to and I'jr his own proper use and behoof, 
 forever. 
 
 And the s. id parties of the first part do vouch for ourselves to 
 he true and lawful owners of the saidgoods, chattels, and property, 
 and h.ive in our full power, good right, luid lawful authority, to 
 dispose of the said goods, chattels, and property, In manner iis 
 aforesaid: And wo do, for ourselves, heirs, executors, and admin- 
 istrators, covenant and agree to and with the s-iid party of the 
 second part, to warrant and defend the said goods, chattels, 
 .and [iroperty to thesaiil party of the second part, his exeeutors, 
 administrators, and Msigns, against the lawful claims and demands 
 of all and every person and jiersons whomsoever. 
 
 In witnesa whereof, wo have hereunto set our hands and 
 seals, the first day (jf uunuary. In the year one thousand eight hun- 
 dred and eighty-four. 
 
 Sealed and deliveredin presence of JOHX DOE, [5tfaZ.] 
 
 John Russell. CHARLES ROE, [Seal] 
 
 Stoppage in Transitu 
 
 s A RIGHT which a vendor has of resuming pos- 
 session of goods sold on credit to another, 
 while the goods are in the hands of a middle- 
 man or carrier. 
 
 This right may be exercised where the vendee or 
 consignee has become insolvent after the goods have 
 liecn forwarded, and before they have reached the ven- 
 dee or consignee. 
 
 The vendor would also have the right, if he should 
 learn of the financial embiirrassment of the vendee, or 
 that he has in a material manner misrepresented his 
 circumstances or his ability to pay. There must, in 
 order to give the right, be an indebtedness on the 
 identical goods about to be stopped; other indebtedness 
 will not give the right. 
 
 The right may be exei'cised at any time after the 
 goods have left the hands of the vendor, and before they 
 come into the possession of the vendee. 
 
 If a vendee should transfer the goods to another 
 pereon by mdorsing the bill of lading, while the goods 
 are yet in transit, the vendor's right would be gone. 
 
 The ven t's right of stoppage is paramount to the 
 middle-man's right of lien, for such charges as he may 
 have on the goods. When exercised in time the ven- 
 dor's right has a precedence over all other claims. 
 
 The right may be exercised by merely giving notice 
 to the immecHate middle-man or carrier, after which 
 notice, the vendor's claim is fully e.-itablished, notwith- 
 standing the fiict that the goods are afterwards deliv- 
 ered to the consignee or vendee. 
 
 After the gootls have been stopped by the vendor, 
 the vendee would have the right to tender to the ven- 
 dor the amount remaining unpaid on the goods and 
 demand them, as the ownership still resides in the 
 vendee; but if the vendee should not avail himself of 
 the right to pay for aiuLtake the good-*, the vendor 
 may then sell the goods to satisfy his claim, and if they 
 should not sell for enough to pay his claim, he would 
 still have recourse to the vendee for the balance; but, 
 if on the contrary, the goods should bring more than 
 his claim, such overplus must be paid to the vendee. 
 
 The right of stoppage does not in any way annid the 
 contract, and therefore the vendee or his assigns may 
 recover the goods on the T^nyment of the amount due 
 the vendor on the goods. When the goods have 
 reached the possession of the vendee, the right of sto})- 
 page by the vendor has ceased. 
 
 
■O J 
 
 ;s 
 
 l\ 
 
 LAW AND LEOAL FORMSt 
 
 c<^ GUARANTY, f 
 
 '5>u 
 
 ou^vRANTV 18 defined to Ihj an \in- 
 dcrtaking to answer for the pajuicnt 
 of some debt, or the performance of 
 some duty in case of default of another per- 
 son. From this definition it wll Imj seen that there are 
 three parties to the contract, Principal Debtor, Cred- 
 itor, and Guarantor. 
 
 The principal debtor is the party for M'hom the guar- 
 anty is made, the creditor is the one to whom the 
 guaranty is made, the guarantor the one who makes 
 the conditional obligation to become responsible in case 
 of the failure of the principal debtor. 
 
 The guarantor is only lx)und by his contract after an 
 "cceptance and a notice of such acceptance by the 
 creditor. The contract of guaranty, like other con- 
 tracts, must be supported by a proper consideration, 
 but it is not necessary that the consideration should 
 move directly to the guarantor. It would be held suf- 
 ficient if the one for whom the guaranty is made 
 receives a benefit, or, the one to whom the guaranty is 
 given sufl'ers an injury or inconvenience. 
 
 A contract of guaranty must be in writing, and 
 signed by the guarantor. If one person should say to 
 another, " If you v. ill lat this person have goods to 
 the amount of twenty dollars, I will see that he pays 
 for them," tl.e contract would be one of guarauty, and 
 would not bo binding unless reduced to writing. 
 
 "Whore a guarantor pays the debt of his principal, he 
 has the right to demand from the creditor such securi- 
 ties as he may have in his possession Ijelonglng to the 
 debtor, and frequently the creditor cannot compel the 
 guarantor to pay the debt which he has guarantied 
 until after recourse has been had to such property as 
 the creditor may have had in his possession as security, 
 belonging to the debtor. - 
 
 FORMS OF GUARANTY. 
 
 QCARANTT TO BE WRITTEN OX A NOTE. 
 
 For value received, I guaranty payment on the within note. 
 
 January 8, 1884. 
 
 JOHN DOE. 
 
 LETTER OF OCARANTY. 
 
 Xkw Orleans, La., Jan. 4, 1884. 
 John Doe, Esq., Slemphit', Tenn. : 
 
 5ir.— If you will sell to Mr. D.M. Ray, of this 
 city, the articles he may wish to purchase, to the amount of one 
 thousand dollar?, I, for value received, hereby promise and guar- 
 anty that the price thereof shall be duly paid. 
 Rcgpectfully, 
 
 RICILVRD ROE. 
 
 -}. 
 
 FRAUD 
 
 NCLLUES all deceitful practices in defraud- 
 ing, or endeavoring to defraud, another 
 of his known right, by means of some 
 artful device, contrary to the plain rule of 
 common honesty. It is condemned by the 
 common law, and punishable according to 
 the heinousness of the oflense. All frauds 
 and deceits for which there is no rem- 
 edy by the ordinary course of law are 
 properly cognizable in equity, and, indeed, 
 constituted one of the chief branches of cases to which 
 the jurisdiction of chancery was originally confined. 
 Whenever fraud or surprise can be imputed to or col- 
 lected from the circumstances, equity will interpose 
 and grant relief against it. It would be impossible to 
 lay down any general rules that would be applicable to 
 all kinds of fraud, as they are innumerable and ever 
 varj'ing, the ingenuity of man ever finding out new 
 modes of deceit and new means of av jiding detection. 
 A fraudulent conveyance of lands or goods to deceive 
 creditors, is, as to creditors, void in law, and a fraudulent 
 contract to deceive purchasers is also to such purchs'-ers 
 void. "Where a person is party to a fraud, all that follows 
 by reason of that fnnxl shall be said to be done by him. 
 If a person be fraudulently prevented from doing an act, 
 equity will consider the act as done. In treaties, con- 
 cealment of a material fact by one of the jjarties, in 
 order to keep the other in ignorance, whereby to profit, 
 is a gross fraud, and the contract will be set aside in 
 equity. There can be no fraud concerning things 
 either within one's own knowledge, or to which one 
 has adequate means of knowledge. 
 
 S' 
 
 % 
 
 ^Payme nt and Tender.p 
 
 P 
 
 the discharge of a 
 
 debt 
 due; 
 
 AVMENT is 
 
 by a deliverj' of the amount 
 and this is, of c rse, the most 
 direct and proper discharge of it, 
 and the most complete defense against 
 any claim founded upon it. The party 
 entitled to receive the money maj* give 
 notice that the pajTnent must 1^ made 
 directly to himself, and then no other 
 pajTiient discharges the debt ; but with- 
 out such notice the paj-ment may be 
 made in the ordinary course of business 
 to his general agent or attorney. 
 
LAW AND LEGAL FORMS. 
 
 Tender, in a gencnil sense, is an offer to perform 
 some act. In law, it is an offer to pay a debt, or to 
 malie pecuniary compensation to a l)arty injvu'ed. A 
 tender, in order to be vaHd, must be made in money, 
 whifii must bo sliown to tlie eye. The otler nuist be 
 absolute, without any conditions; for oven tlie offer 
 witli the request of a receipt, or of a larger amount 
 with the request of change, ;s not legal ; but the offer 
 of a larger sum absolutely, without a request of change, 
 
 is good. 
 
 -g--cr\ ^ 
 
 RELEASE. 
 
 ^ 
 
 jr UELEASE is a discharge of a right, which may be either 
 M in lands or tenements, or of actions, or things per- 
 I sonal. The former is a conveyance of a man's right 
 in lands or tenements to another that has some vested 
 estate in the lands. The person who quits or renounces 
 ihe right is the releasor; he in whose favor the right is 
 renounced is the releasee ; while the operative 
 words of the deed are "remit, release, re- 
 nounce, and forever quit claim." A release 
 always gives up some right, claim or interest 
 which the releasor had against the relesisec. It 
 partakes of the nature of a contract, which 
 cannot lie governed or changed by evidence 
 excepting in case of fraud. 
 
 It being in the nature of a contract, must 
 necessarily be supported by»a valid consid- 
 eration and Avould be ino))crative without it. 
 A release must be in writing and inidcr seal, 
 which implies a consideration, but it is 
 always well to mention the consideration, 
 as evidence might be admitted to slio\\' that 
 the release had been ol)tained without con- 
 sideration. AVhen a release has 1)eon proi> 
 erly drawn, signed, and delivered it will 
 operate as a ronijiiete dot'ense to an action 
 irrounded on anv of the claims or debts 
 released. 
 
 tiiem, of and from nil and nil manner of action and notion!), suits, cause 
 and taiiPcs (if action and actions, suits, drbts, dups, dntlps,sum and 
 sums of money, ncounts, reckonings, bonds, bill ,spocialtleg, coye- 
 enants, contracts, argtmients, i)remiscs, variances, damages, judg- 
 ments, extents,executions, claims, and demands whatsoever. In law, 
 cijuit y, or otherwise whatsoever wldch against the said T. A. Led- 
 din I ever had, now have, or which I, my heirs, executors, and ad- 
 ministrators liereafter, can, shall, or may have, for, upfin, or by 
 reason of any matter, cause or thing, whatsoever, from the bogln- 
 idng of the world to the day of flie date of these jjresents. 
 
 In Witness Whereof, 1 liave hereunto set my hand and seal, 
 this second day of DeceniLK.'r, in the year one thousand eight hun- 
 dred and eiglity-four. 
 
 Si(jne<i,seateii,(niil<Mivered^ QEOBOE SOULE. [5eo?.] 
 
 inpiPHonce of I 
 
 J 
 
 Wm. HlX)CK, 
 
 Amos Giiekk. 
 
 SnORT FORM OF ORNFR,\I. RELEASE. 
 
 Know all Men by these Presenta, That I, John D«e, of 
 Chicago, County of (Jook, and State of Illinois, for and in consid- 
 eration of the sum of two huiulred dollars, to me in hand paid, by 
 Ch;us. Roe, of tlie same jilaee, have remised, released, and forever 
 discharged the said Chas. Itoo from all claima of whatsoever kind, 
 nature, or character, against him, from the beginning of the world 
 to this day. As Witness my liand and seal this second tKy of 
 December, in the year one thousand eight hundred 
 ; and eighty-four. 
 
 It 
 
 Siyncd, scaled, ajid delivered 
 in pifsence of 
 VI M. Bt.ock, 
 Amos Gkekn. 
 
 JOHN DOE. ISeal.} 
 
 r-rVlsj^Mfi^Xs^o 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 -V 
 
 b«^ 
 
 CiENERAl, RELK.VSE OF ALL DKALVNTW. 
 
 Know all Men by these I't'esents, Tha,. 1, 
 Geor;;(' Scule, of tiie (,'ity of New Orleans, State of 
 Louisiana, as well for and in consideration of the sum 
 of one lnHidred dollars to me in hand j)aiil. by T. A. 
 I.eddin, of tlie same ])lace, at and before the ensealing 
 and ilelivery hereof, the receipt whereof I do hereby 
 acknowledge, as for (livers other good caii-es and val- 
 uable cnnsiilerations to me tlii'reto specially moving, 
 have remised, rele:i-ed, (jiiit claimed, and forevi'r dis- 
 charged, and by these jjresents, lorme, my hi'irs, exec- 
 utors, administrators, do remise, rcleiu^e, ([iiit cl.iini, 
 and forever discharge, the said T. A, Leddiii. liis heirs, 
 executors, and administrators, and each and every of 
 
 ns 
 
 •:(: ■ 
 
 :.v-W-r 
 
 
 
 ^4 AGENCY, h-^ 
 
 OENCY is the relation existing between 
 two or more persons, l)y which one 
 jiarty known as the principal em- 
 ploys another jiarty known as tin iigent to do 
 certain acts in relation to the principal's 
 property. The authority exercised by tho 
 agent is usually in the name and for the ben- 
 elit of the principtil. The tigont's jiower may 
 be constitiitcil cither by exjiress ajjpoint- 
 nient, vorlial or in writing, or by implication 
 of law, arising from the circumstances in 
 which the piirties are placed. "When tho 
 authority is given by a written instrtnncnt, 
 this instrument is callcda Tower of Attorney. 
 An agent is not recpiired to be a person 
 alile to make a contract on his own account. 
 Minors, married women and aliens are com- 
 petent to act as agents, as they are not called 
 upon to act upon their own responsibility, 
 but where an infant acts as agent, he woidd 
 culy be personally liable for torts ct 
 by him, Init the principal would be 
 his acts as thou<rh he were tin adult. 
 
 i 
 

 o 
 
 .o 
 
 :^ 
 
 LAW AND LECtAL FOUMS. 
 
 The roliitiou of agoncy supposes tlmt tlu-reare 
 three parties, who may bo dircrtly or iiuliroctly 
 intcrosted in btisinosB relations that flow 
 tliroiigh the agency; the first of these par- 
 ies wouhl 1)0 the principal, or the one authorizing 
 acts to be done; the second would lie the une 
 aiitliorized to do the acts, or the agent, anil the 
 third party is the one who through tiie acts of the 
 agent is brougiit into relation ^^ith the prineijwl. 
 
 From the above it woidd necessarily follow that the 
 relation of principal and agent, as l)ctween themselves, 
 can only be brought about througli the princip;d's dele- 
 giiting authority to the agent, which is asscntctl to by 
 the agent; this authority from the princi{jal to the 
 agent may bo expressed cither in words spoken or by 
 written instructions from the principal and assented to 
 by the agent, or tho agent's authority may Ihj implied 
 through tho contract of tho principal and the agent. 
 If an agent is authorized to make contracts for his 
 principal, which tho law requires to be in writing and 
 imdcr seal, tho agent's authority must also be given 
 under a sealed instrument. 
 
 An agency is termed to be either general or sjiecial. 
 A general agency is defined to be a power exercisetl by 
 a general agent, and a general agent is one who is 
 clotiicd with disci'ctionary authority in relation to the 
 principal's business about which the agent is apjioint*:^!. 
 A general agent may bind his pnncipai so lon<j as he 
 keeps within the general scope of the bitsiness he wjus 
 authorized to transact, notwithstanding tliat he may 
 have grossly disobeyed instructions given by his prin- 
 cipal, jjroviding the party with whom he was desiliui: 
 did not know that the agent was exceedinir or violatinsr 
 his authority. A special agency is defined to l>e a 
 power exercised l)y a special agent, and a si)eciai acrent 
 is one M-ho is not pennitted to exercise discreti«!nary 
 authority, but must follow the specific instructions 
 given by tho principal. A principal would Ik- bound, 
 only so long as the special agent keeps 
 within the special limits of his authority. 
 Persons having dealings with a sjiooial 
 agent are required, at their cwn iioril, to 
 know the extent of such agent's aiitiuiritv. 
 All agents are re(piire(l to obey instnic- 
 tions as long as the iiistnictions are loir.tl. 
 but if illegal, they may be disol)eyod with 
 imininity. Instructions may also Ik? disre- 
 garded in case of extreme ncccss'ty or 
 uiil'oresecn emergencies. In the alis4Mice 
 \o{ instructions the agent would l)e re- 
 quired to follow the customary coui-so of 
 
 business. He Is to exercise such skill as persons of 
 common capacity would when similarly enqiloyed, and 
 the same degree of diligence that persons of ordinary 
 prudence are accustomed to use about their own alfairs. 
 The agent ls required to keep his principal fully in- 
 foniied in relation to all the important atTairs connected 
 with the agency, and is also required to keep correct 
 accounts and be able at all times to render just and 
 true statements without concealment or overcharse. 
 It is his duty, if removed from the principal, to deposit 
 Sn a bank, in the principal's name, any money Ixdorg- 
 ing to the principal. 
 
 If an agent should exceed his authority, the party 
 with whom he was dejiling conhl make tho agent 
 resiK)nsible on tho entire contract, notwithstamling 
 that a jjortion of it was within the limits cf his 
 authority. Where one without authority acts as agent , 
 he would l>e personally responsible. If a principal has 
 intrusted goods to a' agent who should sell them with- 
 out authority, tho principal would have the right to 
 either . lify the sale and si.e the purchaser for the 
 price, or disaffirm tho contnu't and repossess the goods 
 from * buyer. 
 
 P .• .lent made to an agent of money due to the 
 principal would bind the principal, if made in the 
 regular course of business, but whore pajTiient is ma<lc 
 to a sulvagent who received his appointment from the 
 agent, and unauthorized by the principal, it would 
 bind the agent and make him responsible to the prin- 
 <ipal. 
 
 Vt'herc a principal receives the benefit of an act done 
 by his agent, which act was out of the scope of the 
 agent's instructions or authority, the agent would })€ 
 rolloved from any rcsponsibilit}-, or an unnecessary delay 
 on the part of tlii^ priiK'qjal ii; renouncing the act as 
 his would r':'lievo the agent and make the principal 
 responsible. 
 
 If an agent is employed to sell goods, he cannot 
 l»ocome the purchaser of such goods, nor couM he, if 
 employed to imrchiusc goods, become the seller. 
 
 When an agent's authority has been revoked, the 
 revocation takes eU'ect (as far as the agent is con- 
 cerned) from tho time it is made known to him, and 
 as to third jiersons, from tho tinu> they have receiveil 
 notice. 
 
 In order to avoid having to paj for contracts made 
 by an agent, in tho name of the principal, after 
 the agent's authority has been revoked, it become^ 
 tlie duty of the principal to cause notices to- 
 Ik? sent to all who have luu' ,^5*^^ vi/^ 
 
 desilings with the ncent. 
 
 ^^^i^^^iU^ 
 
1 
 
 LAW AND LEGAL F0BM8. 
 
 cSrl 
 
 PARTNERSHIP. 
 
 lTS) 
 
 ^5( 2r^r-jy « 
 
 HEN two or moro persons a/p-co to unite their 
 capital, labor, and skill, all or any of them, 
 for oarr^nng on some business, it is called a 
 Partnership. As commonly used, partner- 
 ship IS only ajjp'.ied to the smaller associa- 
 tions of individuals, comprising usually a 
 few members; whore an association, having gam for 
 its object, consists of more than twenty members, it 
 generally takes the shape of a cl;.trtered or joint-stock 
 company; otherwise, in general, each partner would 
 be lialile, singly, for the debts of the whole partner- 
 ship. 
 
 A jiartnership is commonly constituted by a written 
 instrument, usually by deed, the provisions of which 
 are denominated Articles of Partnership. It may be 
 for a certjiin fixed time, or foe an indefinite period, and 
 may be dissolved either by the natural expiration of 
 that jwriod or the mutual agreement of the jiarties, or, 
 in the event of disagreement, by decree of a court of 
 etjuity. The riere consent of the parties is sufiScient 
 to constitute a partnership, and they may distribute 
 their profits and regulate their affairs in any way they 
 please among themselves; but they cannot, by so 
 doing, limit, defeat, or elude, their responsibility to 
 others. 
 
 In ordinary partnership, each member, however 
 small his share, is liable for all the debts ox' the com- 
 pany. To constitute a person a partner, he must be a 
 participator in uncertain or casual profits depending 
 upon the accidents of trade. "Where the premium or 
 profit he is to receive is certain and defined, he is not a 
 partner; and if he is only to receive a 
 portion of the profits as payment for 
 his labor as a servant or agent of the 
 company, he is not a partner. A par- 
 ticipation in the profits without a 
 participation in the losses, constitutes 
 a partnership as regards third jKir- 
 ties. 
 
 Partners are ordinarily divided 
 ^ into three classes, i. e., ostensible, 
 nominal, and dormant. Those 
 whose names ap- 
 pear before the 
 world as part- 
 ners, are known 
 
 
 as ostensible partners. If they have no actual inter- 
 est in the concern, but allow their names to be used, 
 then they are known as nominal partners. Those whose 
 names and connection with a firm are jiuqwaely con- 
 cealed from the world, arc known as dormunt or silent 
 jiartnera. A dormant partner is, in all rases, liable for 
 the contracts of the firm when it becomes known that 
 he is a partner, so long as ho remains a jxirtner ; and a 
 nominal partner is, in the same manner, liable duriag 
 the time ho holds him^f ont to the world as a i^irtneT. 
 The rights, duties, and obligations of the partners, are 
 usually laid down in articles of partnership, and each 
 partner has a right to hold his copartners to the speci- 
 fied purjjoses of their union while the partnersliip con- 
 tinues. The powers of partners are verj* extensive, 
 and the contract or other act of any member or mem- 
 bers of the associated body in matters relating to the 
 joint concern, is, in point o? law, the contract or act of 
 the whole, and consequently binding upon the whole, 
 to the extent of rendering each liable for it individu- 
 ally as well as in respect of the partnership property. 
 This power or authority does not extend to matters 
 extraneous to the joint concern, nor even to matters 
 which, though connected with it, are, by the ordinary 
 usage of business, transacted with the express and 
 formal intervention of each partner. Partners, though 
 they should act in a fraudulent maniter as respects their 
 copartners, bind the firm in all matters connected with 
 its peculiar dealings. Should wie of the partners enter 
 into a smuggling or other illegal transaction on the 
 partnership account, the other partners are liable for 
 the duties and penalties. When one of the partners 
 has been made liable for the debts of the firm, he has 
 his relief against the others for a portion of it. 
 
 Partners cannot be relieved froB frture liabiMties to 
 third parties without notice to them, and the world in 
 general, that the partnership has ceased. 
 
 A partnei-ship may, in the al)sciice of an agL«ement 
 to the contrary, be dissolved at any time either of the 
 partners may so decide, but should this power be wan- 
 tonly exorcised to the injury of the other member or 
 members of the firm, the party so exercising the power 
 would bo held for the damages he has caused. "Where 
 there is an agreement between the partners that the 
 partnership shall continue for a specified time, it will 
 be binding. An assignment of a partner's interest 
 would work as a dissolution, and while such assign- 
 ment would transfer to the assignee the entire interest 
 of the partner, or assignor, it would not in any way 
 give to the assignee the right of becoming; a member of 
 the firm. The death of one of the paztneiB would 
 
 < 
 
 
LAW AND LEOAl, FOBMS. 
 
 work »s a diKsoltitioii of tlio imitiici'ship, hut 
 the heirs of tht' decpjised piirtiuT would not 
 hefxmtc' meml»prs of tlio fimi. If one of tlio 
 partiKr^ fhouM, from nny ciiusc, Ik-coiiio iu- 
 ronii««^t.'nt or uii;ililo to [)orfnrm hi.s duties, 
 the jtartnci-'hii) would Ik'couk' dissolved. A 
 dLti«olution inay take effect from the implied 
 limiutioij of tlic jiai-tncrsliip, ns if the event 
 haul ir»rieuiTO<l for whieii the partners formed 
 tb«» parlof'rship, or by th': destiuctiou of the 
 »ahjff*'t laaJt^T of the partnoi-ship. Courts 
 of c<(|uity Juive tlie j>ower of dissolvinir a 
 |nrt»c>t>'hip, ami will exercise this power 
 whcnc-Ter it can he uiado to appear that the 
 objeer. for wbioh the jiartiiersiiip was formed have be- 
 come impra(f-tKtiib!e or merely visionary, or, where it 
 can he showrn iJiat one of tin? partners has be<'ome 
 grossly immorsiS. or has wantonly abused his authoritj', 
 or where be habitually absents himself from the part- 
 nership. 
 
 The iliAsolation of a jwrtnership does not exonerate 
 the partners from the liabilities created while the part- 
 nership vrx-i in cristienoe, but in order to avoid future 
 liabilities thore must l>e notice given to all who have 
 had (lealins^* with the partnershiji. Such notice m.iy 
 be given by cither circulars, written letters sent by 
 mail, or by verha! notices given to the j)artios person- 
 ally. Let the- fiuna be what it may, they are entitled 
 to actual notke- 
 
 AKTICIJ* OF COPAKTXERSHTP. 
 
 ArtUrlei of Agrttvwnt, made :iiidcoiii'iuil('(I this socornl day 
 of J;iiiii;iry. i.. the- J"*atr <>1 nur Lord ono thousiiiid ciglit hiiiidrod 
 and ei^hty-i'/iir, lta(t»-'««i John iJuc, of Chicago, County of Cook 
 and State of Illiaivi*. «f Jiie oue pan. and A)'.jert Roe. of tlie .-ianie 
 plai'<\ iif thf> f'thiT littirL 
 
 The .-ail I pajtM* IkuiVie jig^'ped, and by tliosc iir('.<0!Us do agi'PO. to 
 assotiatp thrtit^Jrus a* tHijiarrners in tlic art and trade of Imyiiig 
 and ^pllir.^x all ^tnf 'i>f v^f.*. goods and coninioditics bclonginjr to 
 
 the trade n? i,.., :; 
 shall I'onti;.'; ■ r- 
 to the fiilW:!!'! , 
 style, and tide :' 
 
 For the piirp< - 
 flay of the i!:i.r ■ r. 
 the sum of r . 
 invested the li* - 
 sums are to hi: . 
 the partii-s her'-f 
 mutual ailvanr...- 
 
 And in is her 
 gclf respei^tiv' ; 
 manner and t- "v 
 
 That they 4ha_ 
 
 '-- i ijierebaiidisiug: whii'li said i-o partnership 
 
 "'• \d\i; of iIk'K' presents, for, and during, anil 
 
 •' ) lA four years next en.-tiing. The name. 
 
 ;i;.rt:)ership shall be Doe and IJoe. 
 
 .: -•• -ajd. be. the said Jolni Doe hath, upon the 
 
 ■ :;. jrat into said partnership, as eapital stoek, 
 
 u-l:ji] dollars; an<l the said Alb<!rt ]{oe has also 
 
 ' -wotbousiuid dollars: both of wliieh said 
 
 . • out and employed in eoninion between 
 
 • .'le luajiairement of said business to their 
 
 ! Tienveen the said iiarties, eaeh for him- 
 • his own si)ecia] and partieular part, in 
 
 ^„ i V. iU not at any time hereafter, during the 
 period above Tamaf^i. ♦■xercise or follow the said trade, or any 
 other, to their priT4S<? letuolument or advantage; but sliall and will, 
 from time to Ximtt, itzid hH ah times diuing said period (if they 
 
 *-*v?tai 
 
 3*&; 
 
 shall so I.jntr lire), u** ihrir otiDORt endeavors, to the best of their 
 skill and abiUiT. '<>r ibrir mutual advantage, \ritb the stoek aa 
 aforesaid and it» ii»-m*<p. 
 
 And al-io, th;-.i lhi»^y *l>a]l and will, during the period aforesaid, 
 diseliarge efiuaiiv \0VKtxn Ibetn the rent <if sueh premises as they 
 may rr rit >>r Ur^. for Ibe (iuuujC«inent and conduet of the trade or 
 liusini'.-i af r>'!<aSi'L 
 
 .Vii.l that al! pmfit.j^nor IiKTease. that sliall or may arise from, 
 or by rea-f>n of tbn *ai-l yma bu-iness. sliall Ik- (f|ually anil proiK)!'- 
 tionately divide*! bMvcmi tbein. share luid share alike; and also all 
 josse: ffmt ^halllnppttiinllje Kiiil business, by bad debts, bad I'oui- 
 moditl<>»i. or how.-OMrfr o^lJ<-^"i^e, shall be jiaid by, and borne 
 e<in;dly Ijetween lfa«n. 
 
 Anil it :.i f'li-thfr t-jftrit that there shall 1h' kept, dn.-iiig the sai.l 
 perioil and jouu Ufioes*. f«erl<x't. just, and correct book accounts, 
 wherein eaih of tlu^ »au<I iiopartners sh.dl enter and :t't down, as 
 well all the morjsr hy him received and ex]K'ntled in and about the 
 business afi>rt^;uil. ac also jJ3«.iominodities and merchandise by him 
 bought ami -old. br r*oiK>a aud on acc^iunt of the said copartner- 
 ship, ami all oth*T manier* ajid things in anywise belonging or 
 ai>pert;iining thftr»t>>. «» ihut eitlier of them may at any time have 
 fre«.' access thereto'. 
 
 And al-o th:it :':■'■ ■ -' ' •••partners, once in twelve months, or 
 
 oftener. if neeil -r •'-. ujhui the requi-st of either of tliem, 
 
 siiall make arl r^ : . t<» llie other, or to the executors mid 
 
 administrators ot - j- r. a true and full account of all iirotits 
 
 and inerea.-e by tiKia ami «*ih of them made, and of all losses by 
 
 them, or eoeli of ItMnt. sustained; and. also of ail payments, 
 
 receipts and disbor ^wu i euU i. amd all other 
 
 things whatsoever Iry ibnn. or oi'her of 
 
 tliem. made, reeetve»l and disi<urs«'i acted, 
 
 done anil :-uB«re«] in tbesxid t^ijiurtner- 
 
 ship; and the aceoons to made, sliall :uid 
 
 will clear, adjiM, pay and deliver, each 
 
 unto the other, at il!»e tin«f of making 
 
 such aeeount, tht^ir «v|atal i^bare of the 
 
 [irotit so maiU? a.* .tJf'>ti«ftii<L 
 
 .\nd that, at ibf *<««l of tJ»e aforesaid 
 I>eriod of four yeaLT*. or •Ah^T sooner de- 
 termination of the:^ j»ipe~«it« ^whether 
 by the death of otvrf the jiajlies hereto, 
 nr othervvise}. i;h«y. il»i? f,aid <xi]i;irtiiers, 
 each to the oth»»r. or. in c:tse ot the death 
 of either, thesur^ivinsr putty t" tlie exec- 
 utors or adminr-T " '- of th..' pait}" 
 deceiised, shall ai. ' i.e a true, full, 
 
 and liiial aceo Ui" . - :i- afore- 
 
 said, and in ail . .■ ..;:d triJy 
 
 adjii-t the sa,:!.-: ,iit.i ii-.>. lliat. ufion 
 making sueh ai'e»>unis-. a]!i arid every the 
 stock. :!.'> well a« tfae gain and iiiereasc 
 thereof, whiih sbiall ^ifyfMiar. or is f.umd, 
 to !«? remaining. sha:II lj<e ♦^'jUaUy apiwr- 
 tioned and dividfitE rvetTsiwatiiem. thesiud 
 copartners, their eiKaaot% or adminis- 
 trator-, share a;.. '. ^_r» aliiiie. 
 
 In H'itne:*.-* ffJtervof ibe said par- 
 ties to thi.se present* hare hereunto set 
 their hands ^uid s«ak. tiip dity and year 
 fli.;t above writrert 
 
 .JOUS DOE. 
 .:VLBERT KOE. 
 
 Signed, sealed and deli'reroi 
 fyi pi-^^enceo/ 
 John Witrrx. 
 Amos Grees. 
 
 iSeaL'i 
 [Seat] 
 
LAW AND LKQAL FORMS. 
 
 -^ix/rfi?*-^*- 
 
 -H)?^-+ 
 
 ARBITRATION 
 
 k^^^ 
 
 
 ■^5^ 
 
 x:^>^- 
 
 "U^ 
 
 I; 
 
 HE law favors arbitration as ii mpiins of sottlinj; 
 
 litfictiltics. Arl)itnitioii is wiicro coiiti'stinn; 
 f7>^ jiarties sulmiit the action, suit, or any or all 
 tti>' mattci-s in dispnti-, to the judirnicnt of an indif- 
 ferent person or jiersons, called an arbitrator or 
 arbitnitors, to decide t lie controversy; and where more 
 than one is appointed, it is iisuid to apjionit, or leave 
 the arbitrators to appoint, an umpire, to wiiose sole 
 jmlirnient it is then referred. Tiie decision, in any of 
 these cases, is called an award, which is final if not set 
 a?ide by a court for informality. 
 
 Any matter which may Ijc a subject of n suit at law, 
 mav usually be determined by arbitration. Crimes 
 ■would Ix; an exception to this rule, as also might 
 btiuiidan- lines of real esfaite. 
 
 The arbitrators jiroceed on the difference as judges, 
 ar 1 not as agents of the parties Avho appointed them. 
 It is the duty of the arbitrators to ti.v the time ami 
 name the place where the evidence relating to the mat- 
 ters in controversy are to bo heard, and to notify the 
 paities of these facts. 
 
 FORM OF GENT.RAI. SUBMISSION TO ARBITRATION. 
 
 Whereas, (liflcrpinTshave for a long time existed, aiul are now 
 esUtiiig and pending, between .Tohn Doe, of LouUlnnn, County of 
 Pike and State of Missouri. and Samuel Roe, of the.annicplaee. In rela- 
 tion to divers and sundry matters of controversy arid dispute ; Sow, 
 Therefore, we. tlie undersigned, John Doe and Samuel Roe 
 afo»T~aid. do hereby mutually covenant, and to and with each 
 other, that Joseph Brown. John 'White, and Wm. Black of said 
 Loui-iana, or any two of them, shall arbitrate, award, and deter- 
 mine of and concerning a'l and all manner of action and actions, 
 cause and causes of action.-, suits, controversies, claims, and de- 
 mands whatsoever, now pending, existing.or held, by and between 
 tis, the parties aforesaid; and we do further mutually covenant and 
 agree, to .and with each other, that the award to be made by the 
 said arbitrators, or any two of them, shall in all things by us and 
 each of us. Jje well and faithfully kept and observed; Provided, 
 however, that the award aforesaid be made in writing, under the 
 hands of the said Joseph Brown, John AVhite, and Wm. Black, or 
 any two of them, and ready to be delivered to the said parties in 
 difference, or to smli of them as shall desire the same, on the 
 stcond day of December, A. D. 1884. 
 
 Witness our hands and seals, this seventh day c fovember, 
 A. D. lt*4. 
 
 .TOIIX DOK. {Seal.'] 
 SAMUEL ROE. [5eat] 
 
 or others, an Arbitration Bond, of which the follow- 
 ing is the common form ; 
 
 AliniTIlATION nOND. 
 
 Know all Men by these Presents, That I, John Doe, of 
 Louisiana, ("ouiity of IMko and State of Missouri, am held and 
 llrmly bounil to Sanuiel Roe, of the same place, in the sum of one 
 thousand dollars, good and lawftd money of the I'nifed States, to 
 bo paid to the said Sauniel l{oe, his executors, administrators, or 
 assigns, for which iiayment well and truly to be made, 1 bin<l my- 
 self, my heirs, executors, and administrators, llrmly by these 
 presents. 
 
 Sr«/f»fl with my seal .and dated the seventh day of Xovember, 
 A. D. 1884. 
 
 The Condition of this obligation is such, that if the above 
 boiuiden John Doe, his heirs, executors, and administrators, shall 
 and do, in all things, well and tridy abide by, perform and fidtUl in 
 all things the award, decision, and linal determination of Joseph 
 Brown, .lohn AVhite, and Wni. Black, appointed and named on the 
 part and liehalf of the said John Doe, iis well as the said Samuel 
 Roe, to arbitrate, award, order, and determine of and concerning 
 all, and all manner of action and actions, cause and causes of 
 actions, suits, controversies, claims and demaiuls wliatsoever, now 
 pending, existing, or held now and between said parties; so that 
 the jaid award be made in writing under the hands of the said 
 Joseph Brown, .Tohn White, and AVin. Black, or any two of them, 
 and ready to he delivered to the parties in difference, or to such of 
 thenj .13 shall desire the same, on or before the second day ot 
 December. A. D. 1884; then this obligation to bo void, otherwise 
 to remain in fUll forc„ and \. -.ue. 
 
 Sijned, -ealed.aii'l delivered^ JOHX DOE. [Seal.'] 
 
 in presence of 
 John Wells. 
 Richard Jones. 
 
 1 
 
 Si^'d, fffil^d, and deliv- 
 ered in presfm e of 
 Amos Gkken. 
 JoHX Smith. 
 
 At the time of submission of causes to 
 arbitration, each of the parties in eontro- 
 versv should sign and deliver to the other 
 
 Signed, scaled and delic-^ JOSEPH BROWN. 
 ered in presence of I JOHN WHITE. 
 J.uiN (JAIN. ( WM. BLACK. 
 
 Benj. Racer. J 
 
 S$»l.] 
 ffeal.] 
 'Seal.] 
 
 
 FORM OF AWARD BT ARBITRATORS. 
 
 To all to whom tliese Presents shall Come or may Con- 
 cern, Send Greetings Joseph Brown, .Tohn White, and Wm. 
 Black, to whom were submitted .as arbitrators, the matters in con- 
 troversy existing between John Doe, of Louisiana, County of Pike 
 and State of Missouri, and Samuel Roe, of the same place, a-s by 
 their submission in writing, dated the seventh day of November, 
 A. D. 1884, more fully appears ; Now Therefore, Know ye, 
 that we, the arbitrators mentioned in said submission, have first 
 been duly sworn, according to law, and having lieard tlie proofs 
 and alleg.ations of the parties, and examined the matters in contro- 
 versy by them submitted, do nniketliis award in writing, that is to 
 say: (//"re include the conclusions of the arbitrators as to all mat- 
 ters submitted for their decis ion.) And we do further award, adjudge 
 and decree, that the said John Doc and Samuel Roe shall, and do, 
 within ten days ni'Xt ensuing tlie date hereof, seal and execute unto 
 each other, mutual and general releases of all the actions, cause and 
 causes of .actions, suits, controversies, and demands whatsoever, 
 for, or by reason of, any matter, cause or thing, from 
 the beginning of the world down to the date of the 
 said submission. 
 In Witness JFhereof we have hereto subscribed 
 ^ these i)resenls, this first day of December, A.D. 1884. 
 
LAW AND LEOAL FORMS. 
 
 Following tho receipt of the alwve form of awartl 
 from the arhitrators, the i)artie8 in controversy should 
 execute and give to each otiier a mutual release, tlie 
 
 I'ldlosviiig ut' which is the ;rt nci'al form : 
 
 MUTUAL RELEASE ON AN AWARD. 
 
 /■ IV all Men by thrse Presents, ilnil I, .luliii Dcir. vf I.ouisliina, 
 ('oiiiilv iif I'ikr 11(1 Si.ilf of .Mis.<ii\iri, f(.r and in (•(insiilcnilinn of the 
 sum of (ine dollar lo me in liiind jmid liy Siimiul line, of the wimi' 
 place, and in inirsiiance of an award made by .loseph Hrown, John 
 White and Wni. Hlack. artiitratoiM between um, the said .lohn Doe and 
 Sanuul 1!(H', and lieariiif; date the sK-venth day of NovendMT, .V. I). 
 IHS4, do hereby release and forever diMliarf;e the siiid .Simnel Hoe, 
 his heirs, executors and administrators, of and from idl actiiins, caiisu 
 and causes of actions, suits, controversies, claims and demands what- 
 .soever, for, or by rciuson of any matter, cause or thin;;, from the 
 iM'irinnins of tho world down lo the seveutU day of Novemlier, A. D. 
 iss-l. 
 
 tn Witness Whtreof, I have liercimto set my hand and seal, thi» 
 tenth day of December, A. D. 1SS4, 
 
 Kxci-Htiil in thf pnntnee of i JOilN DOE. [Seal.] 
 
 .M.vitviN Gates, > 
 
 Ai.kki;d D.\y. ) 
 
 If, after the parties in controversy have 8ubmitte<l 
 the niiitters in dispute to arbitrators, they, or either of 
 tiiem should, thiotioh any cause, decide to revoke the 
 iiuthority given to the arliiti-ators, it may l)e done by 
 executing and handing to the arbitrators an instrument 
 tinder seal, tiic following of which would be a projKjr 
 antl legal form: 
 
 FORM OF REVOCATION. 
 To Jimijih limit It. ,hihn W'/iilf iiiiil Win. Jllifk : 
 
 Take Notice, that 1 do hereby revoke your powers as arbitrators 
 under the submission made to you made by John Df>e and myself, in 
 wrilinjr, on the seventh day of XovemUT, A. I). 1HS4. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal this twentieth day of November, A. D. 
 1884. 
 
 WilneuM: 1 8AMUEL ROE. [Seai.] 
 
 Joll.N DxNIKL. [■ 
 
 Jamki4 Tit.i,i:v. ) 
 
 An award is to be sealed, addressed to all the parties, 
 and opened in presence of all, or their attorneys, or with 
 the consent of those absent indoi-seil on the award. 
 
 ?3f>;^ 
 
 -.♦» 
 
 CARRIERS. 
 
 SRSONS carrying goods for hire, as 
 mastei"s and owners of ships, hoy- 
 men, lightermen, carmen, coachmen, 
 railway companies and the like, come 
 under the denomination of common car- 
 'riers. 
 
 A common carrier for hire by land or 
 water is answerable for every loss or 
 injury to the goods conveyed, unless oc- 
 casioned by the act of God or the public 
 enemy ; and, on tho other hand, is 
 bound to receive and convey the 
 goods of every applicant who 
 is ready to pay the price of 
 carriage, provided he has 
 room for them, and his 
 liability is capable of be- 
 ing varied by a si^cial 
 contract (if any 
 should happen to 
 ;be made) relative 
 to the 
 tenns 
 
 ; <5«5S 
 
 on which goods are to be carried on any particular 
 occasion. 
 
 The common carrier has the right of holding or de- 
 taining property which he carries until the charge 
 against it is paid. If there be occasion, he may recover 
 his compensation from the goods in any way in which 
 a lien ujwn personal chattels is made productive. 
 
 A carrier may be excused for injury done to passen- 
 gei-s upon proof that he took all possible care of 
 them. 
 
 "When an entire ship, or any principal portion of it 
 has been hired to a j>erson in consideration of the 
 freight he is to pay, for the conveyance of goods, on a 
 certain trip or voyage, it is known as a contract by 
 "Charter Party." This kind of contract relates to the 
 ship, alone. The charter party should contain a full 
 description of the ship, the voyage, as well as all 
 the conditions entered into by and between the par- 
 ties. 
 
 When a master or owner of a ship contracts with 
 separate persons to convey their goods to the place of 
 destination, then the contract is said to be for convey- 
 ance in general ship. Where goods are shippeil by 
 general ship the master or owner of the ship causes to 
 made, signs and delivers to the owner or 
 owner's agent of the goods shipped, an instru- 
 ment known as a Bill of Lading, which is an 
 acknowledgment on the part of the masier 
 

 LAW AMU LEOAL FOUMB, 
 
 tlmt tlio goods Imvo bcoii Hhippctl on Inmrd hirt vi-hspI, 
 and tliiit ho will deliver at tlio port of d«*rttination to 
 tlio pciNon iiuinod in the hill, as < tinsicrnco, or to his 
 assigns, on tho |)ayni('nt oftho pro|)or charges, inovita- 
 hlo aci'idcnt, public enemies, fire and all other dangers 
 and accidents of the seas, rivers, and navigation of what- 
 soever nature and kind excepteil. 
 
 Thus tile master hecomcs p(>i"sonally responsililo lor 
 tho tnllillment of his engagement, an, also, tho owner 
 of tiie vesM'l becomes responsible notwitlistaiiding hi' 
 is not named in tlie bill of lading. The 1)111 of lading 
 tn^eomes a jjroper evidence of the title of goods ship|>ed, 
 and is transferable to such person or persons as the 
 owner of the goods may contract with, nliidi transfer 
 would give to a buna jhlr lioldcr a property in the goods 
 represented in tho bill of lading. The bill of lading 
 implies that the goods arc to be stowed in a siife place 
 under deck; and if they should be stowed on deck 
 witliout the shipper's consent, or in the absence of cus- 
 tom, they are tlicn at t lie risk of the ship-owner and 
 master, and if tlie gootls should Ijc improperly stowed. 
 
 through tho negligence or want of Hkill of tho miwtor, 
 and in eonse(pieneo tho seaworthinesH of tho vossol 
 should be all'ected, and there should be a loss by an act 
 of God, or a jjcril »)f the sea, the master and owner 
 would bo held responsible for tho loss. Currici"H aro 
 held responsible for any and all losses which might 
 have been avoided by a ililigent exercise of prudence 
 and skill. They are always insurers against their 
 own nogligoneo or want of skill, or, in other words, 
 they are held for any loss that might lia\(> been avoided 
 by an honest exercise of such prudence and skill as 
 would, under ordinary circumstances, be ade<juato to 
 tho c.xeention of their trust and undertaking. 
 
 The common carrier has a right t:) refuse to reee'ivo 
 goods, for carriage, unless he is paid for carrying them 
 at the time they arc oflercd; and if ho should roeeivo 
 the goods without demanding pay ii\ advance, ho would 
 have the right to retain the goods for his charges, or 
 ip other words, the law gives him the right of li(>n of 
 them. This right of lien would also extend to tho 
 baggage of passengci-s until their fare is paid. 
 
 FORM OF A BILL OF LADING. 
 
 CIIICHGO, JULY2, 1884. 
 
 '^*^-*,,^^iJ"l^iprp'Cti^ in good order and condilion, by John Doe, as Agenl 
 and Forwarder for account and at risk of whom it may concern, on board 
 the .]fo>7iin(/ Star, wJiercof John Roc is Master, now in the port of 
 Chicago, and bound for Ogdcnsbur>j, ,V. Y., Die following articles, 
 as here marked and described, to be delivered in like good order and 
 condition, as addressed on the margin, or to his or their assigns or 
 consignees, upon paying the freight and charges, as noted below. ."Ill 
 the deficiency in cargo to be paid for by the carrier, and deducted 
 ^ from the freight, and any excess in the carqo to lie paid for to the 
 carrier by the consignee. In case grain becomes heated while in 
 transit, the carrier shall deliver his enlire cargo and pay only for any deficiency caused by healing, exceed- 
 ing five bushels for each iOOO bushels. ( The dangers of navigation, fire and collision excepted). 
 
 In Witness Whereof, 77/.? said Master of said vessel hath affirmed to two 'Bills of Lading, of this 
 tenor and date, one of which being accomplished, the other to stand void. 
 
LAW AM) I.KUAI. KOItMH. 
 
 KOIIM Ol- ('II Aid Kit r\l(TV. 
 
 Thin Chitrtrr I'artff, Mjiilr, ciiiii'liiilcil, iiml iinrfcil u|Hin 
 thiH ti'ritli <lay <•!' >liiiii', In tlio ypiir ht niir l.nril utii- tlioiii-niid 
 rlj{lil Immlrcil iiiiil i'l>;lily-l'i>nr, bctwi'cn .loliii Pur, ninxtci' iiiiil 
 owner (if tlic vis^i'l kiinwii iis tlii' " Ooldi'ii l'..i){li'," ul' llic liiirtlirii 
 (if niic llioiiDiUiil tiiM", III' the (ilic iHirt.iiml Suinacl lici', cil' tin- ''lly 
 ol' <'|il('a);ii, Ciiinity of ( 'oiik, lur.l State i>t' lllllini", nt' the iilhei- 
 part, U'llneHHrth; 'I'liat the naiil .lohii l<i>ii, Im' the nim^liieiatiiiii 
 hereliialler iiieiillnned, halhf;raiitetl amllo ti'r'i;;lil Icl.aiiil liy the-i; 
 prejteiitM ilnlh jfiaiit anil to iVclnht let.nntci the >aiil Samuel Hoe, 
 hJH I'xei'iitorH, ailnilnl^traloi'!', anil a^HJ^ns, (lie whole tonnage of 
 the hold, Ktern, xheet-', and half (leek ol the said vi»el, from the 
 |)ort of Clileajro, to the port ol Milwaukee, In Wl-con^ln, In a voy- 
 n^e tn Im> made In the Naid nlilp, In the manlier follow lii^, that U to 
 say: tint said ■lohn l>oi> Is to sail with the tlrsl fair »inil imd 
 weather that shall hapiH'ii next after the seeond day of li.ly noxt. 
 or liefore the tlrst day of Aiit;n<t ni"xt, from the said port ofChl- 
 ni^o, with floods and merehandise of the said Siunuel line, his 
 factors and as>l;{ns on hoard, to Mllwa.ikie, aloresaid, there to he 
 delivered and disrharjied of her saiil oaiffo within ten days next 
 ulier her arrival at the end of the said voyajfe; In (■onslderatloii 
 whereof the said Sailinel Hoe, for himself, Ids heirs, exei iitois and 
 administrators, and eaeli anil every of them, doth lo vena ill. prom l>e 
 and agree to and with the said dohn Doe, his cxi'inloi''. adminis- 
 trutoi-M and nvery of them, hy these presents, tliat the sidd Samuel 
 Roe, his exwutors, administrators, faitois or assljj;ns, shall and will 
 well and truly pay, or eans,> to he paid tmto (he said .lohn Doe, hU 
 executors, adiidnlstrators, and assijjns, for the lrelf,'ht of the same 
 ship on goods, the sum of two thoii>and dollars, within ten days 
 after the dischargL- of the said goods at Milwaukee aforesaid, for 
 
 ® 
 
 thiMMid of tho vnynup; mid nli«o slinll and will pay for deniiirraf(«', 
 if anv Khali Im' hy dnraillt of him. the <'iild Samuel Koe, his faetors 
 or assign., the snm of twnnty-flve dollar^ a day, daily and every 
 day, as the same shall grow dne. And thosald John Doe, lor him- 
 self, his heirs, exeeitlors, and aihiiiiiistriitiirw, doth rovenanl, 
 promise, grant and agree, to and with ttio nafd Sainiiel Hoe, his 
 exei;itoi>, admini'-tralors, and assigns, and rvory of them, hy Ihese 
 pre-ienl". lliat the said vi-ssel shall lie ready at the said |iorl ol < 'lil- 
 rago. ;it wharf, to take in goods hy the lllteeiitli day of .time; 
 
 and within ten days after the said ves«il shall Im- ready at 
 
 wharf as aforesaid, the said Sani'.ii'l Hoe doth grant, promise, and 
 agree, to have liN goods ready and put on Isiard of said vessel, in 
 order that she may proieed on hersaid voyage, .md the said .lohn 
 Doe doth also eovenaiit, promise, grant, and agree, to and witli the 
 saldSamnel Hoe, his exerntors, administrators and assigns, that the 
 said vessel now Is, and at all times dnrlng the said voyage shall \h; 
 at the hest endeavor of the said .lohn Doe, his exorntors and ad- 
 ministrators, at his and their own projM'r eo-ts and charges, in all 
 things made and kept stitV. stanch, and strong, and well furnished 
 and provided as well w Itli nun and mariners siillli lent and ahli' to 
 sail, guide, and govern the said ship, as w 1th all mama'i of rigging. 
 Isiats. tackle, ap|iarel. f'irniture. provisions, and appurtenances, 
 titling and necess.iry for the said men and mariners, and for the 
 said ship during the voyage iiforesald. 
 
 In Wituena Whereof, we have hereunto set our hands arvl 
 seals, this touth day of Juim*, one thousand eight hundred and 
 eighty-four. 
 
 Si{ined, Healed, and delivered' 
 in jif fence of 
 r,v|,K.ll S. TlfiiltNIl.EY. 
 .IAME8 U. IIUVEY. 
 
 JH 
 
 JOHN DOK. 
 BAU1IKL KOK. 
 
 [StalA 
 [StaU] 
 
 LIMITATIONS 
 
 ^.dy^^f^-- 
 
 ^v. 
 
 which 
 action 
 There 
 
 HK viiiioiis states liavcwhat arc termed Stat- 
 utes of Limitation.^. Limitation is a cerlaiu 
 time a.ssigned by sti)tute within whidi an 
 action must be bronpht, or other legal aet 
 done. Tho use of these statutes of limita- 
 tion is to preserve tho peace of the country, 
 and to prevent those innumerable perjuries 
 might ensue if a man were allowed to l>ring an 
 for an injury committed at tmy distance of,time. 
 is also the danger to the defendant that, if an 
 
 iiction he long delayed, the dociinKMitarv or other evi- 
 dence of his riglits niiiy litive been lost or destroyed; 
 and also the hardsiiip of rinding liiniself unexpectedly 
 deprived of wlml In- had long had in possession. 
 
 In tiie ditrereiit stiites, the periods of time within 
 wiiich the actions designated in the statutes must Ik* 
 l)rought, are: For recovery of real property, from 
 rive to twenty-one ycais — in most states, twenty yetirs ; 
 for actions on judgnientj* or on roiitrjicts under >t al, ten 
 to twenty years ; for other contnicts, six years or less. 
 
 •>>x^c«»;» 
 
 ^. 
 
 ^INTEREST AND USURY. 
 
 ^ 
 
 NTERE&T is the annual sum or rate agreed to be 
 paid by the borrower of a simi of money to the 
 lender for its u.sc. The sinn so lent is called 
 the principal; the sum per cent agreed on as interest, 
 the rate. 
 
 Generally, the nito of interest depends on the profit 
 that may be yielded by its employment in industrious 
 undertiikings. "The rate of interest," says an au- 
 thority, " is the measure of the net profit on capital. 
 All returns beyond this on the employment of capital 
 are resolvable into compensations under distinct heads. 
 
 for risk, trouble, or skill, or for advantages of situa- 
 tion or eonnection." The rate of iiitevcst also varies 
 according to the security for the repayment of the 
 principal and the diu"ation of the lotm. If there is any 
 degree of risk :: - to the repiiyment of the lotm, the 
 rate of interest must neces.-iarily be higher to compen- 
 sate tor that risk. 
 
 Usury is a term u.sed to denote excessive or exorbi- 
 tant interest, or the taking of a higher rate of interest 
 than that established by law. In most of the states*, 
 usurious contracts are void. 
 
 :^^ 
 
 1.^ 
 
51 
 
 'r 
 
 ii: 
 
 : 
 
 s 
 
 LAW AND LKO.U. (CIKMN. 
 
 ^•i»: 
 
 -:••:?•:♦- Inn, Hotel, and Boarding House Keepers. 
 
 H(8 
 
 /*%// NN, or liotol, IS 11 pliH'o (if ciitcrtiiliiiiii'iit I'lir ; jtikmIm urc los) t!inMi;rl> iniv in'irli;L'<'n"'«' <'!' ''•'' ••wikt 
 
 ^B tnivclcrs. It'im iiik<'t«iK'ri>|>«iis |ii> Iuhim- tor i liiiiisclf. iIh'Ii i1i<> n's|ioiisiliility of tho iiiiiUii'|MT tcuws. 
 
 ^BB tiuM-li'i-s, it is ill) iinplii'.l i'inrii;r<'iii<'iit to 1 An iiinl\ii'|iri' iim\ rif.iin tin* ;r<""l^ of liis •rw-'i imlil 
 
 r\^^ tiitci'taiii !ill |i('r.-oiis wiio tniM'l llinl wav, i tlic aiiioiiiit of |ii> liiij is |i!iii|. 
 
 aii<l iipoii this iiiiivorsiil uw<iiiii|itioii an action 
 will ii<< ajrainsl him tor ilainai.'fs, if lie, witlioni ;.'ooil 
 mason. rcfusi'> to admit a tiiivclor. Innliin-poi-s arc 
 also r«'s|>onsilili' lor llic xat'o ciistoily of tin* ;roo<l!< (»f 
 thoir quests wliilo tlicy arc untliT their roof; Imt if tiio 
 
 A Itoardin^r-liousc i- not an iini, ii'T is a rollV«'-hoiiKO 
 or i'atin;.'-room. A lioartliMi.'-lious(' jxcriicr has no lien 
 on till' jroods of a lioanlt-r. nrilhcr is he rcsponsiliK- for 
 their safe custody as is the imikcc|icr. 
 
 W'c have anlliority. lio«c\cr, lor saying' that a lioard- 
 
 C^^<^ 
 
 inir-liun^i- kcciM 1- j linlilc fur lo-s c;!i:>cd \>\ tii.' n.-;rii- i ni h hini \ i. IumI^ or lodirintr, upon his tomlcriiig him a 
 p-nccofhis or licr M'rsaiits. ,Vn iniikicpci i- liaiilc ! rcasoiiaMc conipcu.'-at ion fort lie .same, ho wouM not only 
 l(;r a loss witliont m irliirence. i l>e held for d:i!!ia;re.s to the iujiircd jmrty. hut may also 
 
 Tlie ninlertakinjr <it' an innkcoper i- .i ir<'nei-ul one. to he pnliliely prosecuted, indicted and lined. All pcrson.s 
 ul>l"h liii," pu')li!- is a parly, am! imp(!~e> upon hisu a j cntovtaiii'd at a conuni.M liotel aic dcenu-d to In- <ruo.sts. 
 ,'.•11 nil or puhlie olili;;alIon to receive as irnests, and '• An iiinkeepiT, like a common carrier, li^-comcs an 
 Uj-'i: tji'- same terms. all prop<'r jiersons \vli(> t:':ivel that insurer of the ^oods intrusted to him hy his ^'uests,!uid /T 
 'vav. II an innkeeper refuse, witliout prop( r rea.sons, j can limit his liahilily only hy an cxpro.s.s agreement, or ^^ - 
 to receive a traveler as a ^nit-st in hi- hotel, or to fur- j hy a spooial contract with the gur.st. 
 
till* iiwiur 
 fl\w*i until 
 
 'OlIVl'-llOlIM' 
 
 luiN no lii-ii 
 MHisiltlc t'nr 
 
 lat M Ixiiiril- 
 
 ifi-Ji 
 
 ill!,'- Initi :i 
 <1 not only 
 t inuy :iIso 
 11 iicrsons 
 l)i'_irn<'sts. 
 'conu's an 
 
 iifs(-i,anil / 
 '•'incnf . or \v 
 
 LAW AND LKOAI. Htltl 
 
 
 I^j f Rights and Duties of Farmers. 4^ ^ 
 
 ■ .r^^amBWrn^.:-* 
 
 >^^^iii: ftirmor't title let \\\* farm iniiy iiriM> t'roni 
 
 ^'M |uis.s(><4.-ii(>n, inlii'ritiincc, pnrciia.si', or liirini;. 
 
 ill IIi> may hitvi> ami hold it liy |iri'.'*rri|iliv(> 
 
 ^^J/ rij^ht. If III' hit* lu'hl nnintt'rmptcil poxMCH- 
 
 nion for twenty ywir», niori' or h'.-.-* (tlit> 
 
 poriod in longer or shorter in tbo ditrcrcnt HtiitoH), tli*< 
 
 land is Win, iiiiIpms u claim is made liy a purty having' 
 
 tlio rijirlit, but 'vho, from disability, wu^ uniiblc to 
 
 attHort it. 
 
 In the United States tbero id no right of prinio^oni 
 
 tnre. Ik(>ai property may lome by inhcritAnrc, m com- 
 monly nuderHtoixl, i'. «'., by will of the decMBcd, <ir 
 under thi' law as heir of tlio dtMooMMl, 
 
 Hy punhase. the farmer ;/ets hi,* title in the deed, 
 tiie only mode of tran-fer of land in this eonntrv, us 
 indicated in thi' matter under llie |iea<l of Deeiln, whieh 
 see. l-'anns niay Iw Utii^'ht at auction. If no, the 
 plan or di'>cription of the pro|M'rty, in any eiwc, must 
 f.nve true intonu"tiua, ur tht< purihutter nuuU not 
 take it. 
 
 ">% » 
 
 AN AMERICAN FARM SCENE. 
 
 FIXTURES. 
 
 Much imjiortarico i- iittached to the boundaries. 
 These .shoidd be clearly determined, in order to avoid 
 trouble ari.siuir tVoni their inaecunicy. Tii<' (|uo.stion, 
 what docs the tanner <rot. is answered by the bounda- 
 ries. Within them, he set. s w'latevor then' may Im' of 
 jrround or earth ; as meadows, )ji.sturr.s, woods, watei-s; 
 also, dwellin.<?-hourio^ and otlier improvements; for, 
 with the eonvejiiiue oi land, the sKruotures upon it 
 
 pa.s>. Land i^ <'onshlered to e.xtend indelinitoly iii>- 
 wanl, .lud downward to the center of ;!ic irlobe. 
 
 Tile (|Ucstion a.^ to what arc, or aie not fixtures, is 
 of some imiiort.'incc. as determininir the riirhts of land- 
 lord anil tenant, heir and e.xoi'utor. et<-. I'ixtures in 
 yeneral are personal chattels let into the earth, oi' ce- 
 mented or otherwise ti.\o<l to some erection )ire\iously /; ; 
 uttaehod to the fffound, and are thus leoridJy innuova- 
 ble. If they lie entirely clear of the sol!, thoy arc not 
 
 rfi: 
 
« '.i 
 
 LAW AND LKOAL FORMS. 
 
 fixtures, and may be caiTiod off at pleasure. Hence a 
 tenant may eunstruct erections — even barns, sheds and 
 tlio like — upon bhx-ks, rollers, pillai*s or plates, so that 
 they shall not be deemed ILxtures but remain movable 
 ciiattels. The general rule is, that whenevei" a tennnt 
 has affixed anything to the ])remises during his term, 
 he cannot again sever it without the landlord's consent. 
 To this rule, however, various exceptions have been 
 made in t'-ivor of what are termed trade lixtures. A 
 tenant nuiy safely remove such things as he has (Ixed 
 to the land for purposes of trade or manufacture, pro- 
 vided the remo\al cause no material injui'v to tlie 
 estate. 
 
 As regards agricultural fixtures, a tenant of a farm 
 or lands sliall, with the consent in writing of the land- 
 lord tV)i' the time being, at his own cost erect any farm- 
 buildings, either detached or otherwise, or i)ut up any 
 other building, engine or machinery, either for agricul- 
 tural ])urposes or for the purposes of trade iind agiicul- 
 ture (which shall not have been jjut up in pui'suance of 
 
 some obligation in t'.iat behalf), then all such buildings, 
 engines and machinfv shall be the property of the 
 tenant and siiail be removable by him, notwithstanding 
 that the same, or any part thereof, may be built in or 
 permaiHMitly fixed to the soil ; so as the tenant, in mak- 
 ing sucii removal, do not in anywise injure the land or 
 bull. lings l)eloMging to the landlord, or otherwise to 
 put the same in like condition as they were in befoie 
 tlie ei'ection of anything so removed. But the tenant, 
 befoi'c making any such removal, should give the land- 
 lord or his a-^ent due notice of his intention to do so, 
 and tii(> huuUord or agent may purchase the things pro- 
 posed to be removed. Another e.\cej)tion to the gen- 
 eral rule is in favor of such fixtures as are put up for 
 ornament or domestic use, as hangings, ornamental 
 chimney-pieces, stoves, fire-frames, furnaces, gates, 
 l()ol<ing-gl asses, etc. 
 
 "When an owner sells his fai-m, such things as men- 
 tioned above go with it, unless he expressly reserves a 
 right to retain them. 
 
 ,_^sjs^ 
 
 -^^-^sfr'^-t" 
 
 «♦>. 
 
 -.!b_* 
 
 ^^ ROADS, TREES, ETC. ^tV 
 
 -^ 
 
 f\ N ADjoiNixcr road is, to its 
 
 M nuddle, owned b\' the 
 f fai-mer, whose land it 
 bounds, unless there are res- 
 ervations to the contrary in 
 the deeds through which he 
 derives title. But this own- 
 rM'ship is subject to the right 
 of the public to use it as a 
 road. If tlie farmer wishes 
 to do so, he may ])lant trees 
 next to the road, and these 
 must 1)0 respected as his 
 property. They may be re- 
 moved i)y ofJicei-s in charge 
 of roads, but private parties 
 are liable for their wanton 
 injury. A farmer who places 
 anytliiiig in the road, as 
 w(jod, sled or cart, or any 
 I)eriuaneni structure, is lia- 
 ble to any party who suffers 
 harm fi'oin running against 
 them. 
 
 At the time of the purchase of u farm, the purchaser 
 is, of course, entitled to all the trees upon it> but not 
 those cut for sale or fueL 
 
 -5!r- 
 
 If a tree grows so as to 
 come over the land of a 
 neighbor, the latter may cut 
 awr.y the parts which so come 
 over, for he owns his land 
 and all that is above or below 
 it. If it be a fruit tree, he 
 may cut every branch or twig 
 which comes over his land, 
 but he cannot touch the fruit 
 which falls to the ground. 
 The original owner of the 
 tree may enter peaceably 
 upon the land of tiie neigh- 
 bor and take up ihe branches 
 and fruit and take them 
 away. 
 
 Ail the manure, whether 
 spi-ead on the fields or is cor. 
 tained in th<; barn-yard or 
 other place, will go with the 
 farm when the farmer sells 
 the land. If the farm be let 
 to another, the manure goes to the les-see, unless the 
 lessor reserves the righ', to take it away. Manure 
 may be removed before selling the farm, ii it is not 
 done secretly or in a way prejwdicial to the purchaser 
 
 ^. 
 
uch buildings, 
 operty of the 
 twithstanding 
 be built in or 
 !nant, in mak- 
 re the land or 
 otherwise to 
 t'ere in befoie 
 ut tho tenant, 
 ^ivfc the land- 
 tion to do so, 
 16 things pro- 
 i to the gen- 
 I'e put UJ1 for 
 , ornamental 
 laces, gates, 
 
 lings as men- 
 ily reserves a 
 
 ns 
 
 iV 
 
 vs so as to 
 land of a 
 ter may cut 
 lich so come 
 his land 
 e or below 
 •uit tree, he 
 nch or twig 
 his land, 
 ch the fruit 
 le ground, 
 ner of the 
 peaceably 
 the neigh- 
 10 branches 
 ake them 
 
 whether 
 s or is cor. 
 'uyard or 
 
 with the 
 n.ier sells 
 arm be let 
 unless tho 
 
 Manure 
 
 it is not 
 purchaser 
 
 LAW AND LEOAL FORMS. 
 
 of the property. Or, the manure may be sold sep- 
 arately. 
 
 The rocka and stones on the land belong to the owner 
 of the farm. It is unlawful for any one to take away 
 even a jjebble. 
 
 RIGHT OF WAY. 
 
 A private right of way n.uy be g rounded on a special 
 permission, as where the o.mer of the land grants to 
 another the liberty of passing over his land; in which 
 case it iii confined to the grantee alone, and ■ xnnot Ije 
 assigned or <onveyed to another. It may also be to 
 the grantee, his heirs and assigns. Inking ownci-s of such 
 a house or close; in which vaao the right passes with 
 the ownership of such property. The gnintor may 
 aW> imjio^e .«uch restrictions upon his grant as he 
 think.s proi»er. X private right of way may be al«o 
 constitute^! by prescription, as where all the owners 
 and occupiers of such a farm, or all the inhabitants of 
 such a hamlet, have for a loiig time used such ground, 
 such u.-?age supposing an original gniut. 
 
 To gain a private right of waj' over a farm by pur- 
 chase or grant, it must be by deed, full and rei'ular, 
 and executed in the sjvme way as a deed of the land 
 itself. If an arrangement l)e mad'" in an oral nuunior 
 or in a simple form in writing, but not in a fonnal 
 manner by dce<l under seal, notwithstanding the grant- 
 or receive full payment from the grantee, it would be 
 in law revf>cable. This right of way lieing in the 
 nature of an interest in land, it is by strict law to be 
 conveye<l by a deed. 
 
 A right of way ac(juirc(l by prescription, as indi- 
 c-ate<l, deiKMuU on a longer or shorter pniod, varying 
 acconling to usage «»f diU'erent states or coinitrios. In 
 ma t state>» of the Uninii the jjcriod is tw<Mity years, 
 but in some -tJites «»nly fifteen ; and the way must have 
 been used without opi)osition or peaceably, and while 
 a fiaim wa.» made to do s(>, not by permission or con- 
 sent of the Gimier. A way only very rarely used, or 
 used :igain^t the protest of tiie farmer — or even with 
 his tacit coasent — would not be legally used, no matter 
 how long such a<e had ••ontinned. A way nni>t 1k' in 
 a regular and uniform place, since no man can acquire 
 the right by pn^scription 'o wander over the land of 
 the filmier where he pleases, or where he finds it suits 
 his coiivenieiH-e. 
 
 This right of way is obtiiined. not necessarily by a 
 single owner who hius used it for tn'enty yeai"s, b\it it 
 is huffi'-ient if swcessive owneix have used it wunm 
 that length ;»f time. If gained only by using it for a 
 particular purpose, a.-; for gelling out wood from a 
 
 wood lot, that would not give the right to use it for 
 all purix>!>es, after the wood had been cut oil' and the 
 lot was covered over with improvements. 
 
 If a back lot l)e sold, it is necessary to grant a right 
 of way over your remaining land in order to enable 
 the buyer to jjass to and fro in getting to any high- 
 way; otherwise his lot would bo useless. This right, 
 by necessity, is given by law. Should you sell to 
 another one-h:ilf, or all that portion of your land lying 
 ne.xt a big' •vay, and liave no way out other than over 
 the jiart ? r»ld. the law woid 1 give you the right to 
 cross the land of the buyer, whether the deed says 
 anything about ii or not. Though by your deed there 
 lie :i warrant to the effect that the land is to be free 
 and not in any way incumijered, the right of way will 
 be given. " Ne<essity kni ws no law." This right of 
 necessity last* as long as tlie necessity continues, and 
 then it ceases. When the land in the rear is, from the 
 laying out of a new highway, made accessible from the 
 other side, the owner of the rear land can no longer 
 (•ros.s over the front portion that he sold and over which 
 necessity conii>elled him to pass. So long as it is neces- 
 s;irj- to crf>5» over another man's land, you must go as 
 you are dire<'ted if the way be reasonable. If the way 
 should liecome suddenly obstructed by natmal cnnses, 
 as a washout, something falling in the road, or deb.i- 
 pilfd .-o as to trench on the way, you would be allowed 
 by law to deviate from the track and pass around the 
 obstnjction until you had opportunity to make rci)airs 
 or remove obstructions. You nnisl koip tlie track 
 clear yourself. If there Jk' no stipulalious to tlie cdn- 
 trary, you have the right to make suitahh; gates or 
 hiirs at the entrances from the highwaj", and these must 
 \te respecte<l by the other party, who will not Ik* 
 allowed to lesive them open so that his cattle may enter 
 upon your land or your cattle iret out. 
 
 Right.s of way as al>ove descrii.o 1 are likely to be- 
 come nuisjinces to the fanner, and sometimes lead to 
 judici.-'l contests. 
 
 RAILROAD LINES THROUGH FARMS. 
 
 I{;iilro:id line> are extended over the land of the 
 farmer, a< a rule, by virtue of an easement, and not by 
 fee in any land that a company takes bjlaw for a road- 
 lied. If a ntilroad comjiiiny buys the land of a farmer, 
 of course the company's right to it is absolute, and in 
 some s'..tef a railnuitl company may have this absolute 
 ownership when the land is seized and coudemiied for 
 railroiid iL-^es contniry to the will of the owner. If the 
 company ha.« only an easement or right of way, then 
 tln> exclusivp rights of property in the land and the 
 
 ^^0 
 
U ' 
 
 I 
 
 trees and herbage upon it belong to the fanner. But 
 tlie company would have the right to remove an}' trees, 
 buildings or other objects which may be within the 
 strip of land over which the line is constructed, and 
 which interfere with the opei-ation of the line. It 
 may he taken as understootl that the farmer would not 
 be allowed, if ho were so disjwsed, to go u{X)n the strip 
 that the railroad company was authoiizod to use, and 
 cut and carry away what was gro\,-ing thereon, or 
 remove turf or soil just as he pleased ; and if a stranger 
 should do so, he would be liable to the farmer for so 
 doing. 
 
 If a railroad line be changed and the road-bed in the 
 fanner s land is abandoned by the company, the land, 
 having been taken for railroatl purposes by law, reverts 
 to the farmer, wiio nuiy I'eoccupy it. 
 
 As regards the fencing on 
 both sides of the road-bed, 
 it is generally })rovidcd by 
 statute that the railroad com- 
 panies shall build and main- 
 tain it. A railroad com- 
 pany is liable for any injury 
 to the domestic animals which 
 stray on the road and which 
 l)el()ng to the farmer whose 
 land joins the railroad line. 
 If there be no law requiring* 
 a railroad company to fence, 
 then it is the duty of the 
 farmer to keep liis animals 
 off the road ; for the com- 
 pany, unless from negligence 
 in running the train, is not 
 
 liable for injury done to the animals. Railroad com 
 l^anies are not liable for injuries to animals of fanners 
 whoso lands do not join their lines, unless thi'ough neg- 
 ligence in running the animals dowTi. 
 
 WATER RIGHTS. 
 
 As regards water rights, the farmer may make rca- 
 sonal)le use of streams on his o\vn land. He mav dig 
 or cut the channel of a stream i/ii nis o^\ti land so as to 
 alter its coui-se, but he cannot divert it from the land 
 of his neighbor, nor cause it to enter his neighbor's 
 land by other than its natural channel. He may dam 
 the stream in (jrder to form ponds on his own land, but 
 not subject the adjoining land to the damage of over- 
 flow. If the stream be small, so as to affortl no more 
 water than he requires for reasonable uses, then, per- 
 hajis. he would have a right to use the whole of it. 
 
 Otherwise, the farmer would not have the right to use 
 all, or monopolize tiie stream to the disadvantage of 
 his neighbor. 
 
 Where an adjoining owner dams a stream so as to 
 flow on another's land, the owner of such land may 
 enter on the land of the one who has so dammed the 
 water, and remove the portion of the dam which caused 
 the overflow. Or where a natural stream becomes 
 obstructed through any cause, one would have the 
 right to enter on another's ground and remove the 
 obstruction, so the water may flow freely and relieve 
 his land from the overflow ; nor would tlie owner of the 
 land, in such case, have any just cause of complaint if 
 the rubbish from such stream was deiMssited on its banks. 
 A farmer owns to the middle of the main current of 
 an adjoming stream, if it be not navigable. 
 
 A farmer has a right to all 
 the surface water on his land 
 — that which does not flow, 
 but results from fallinf rains 
 and melting snows, or ofizes 
 out of the gri)Ui:d from 
 springs or marshy places, 
 lie can use it <'»11 on his own 
 land, and neefl not let any of 
 it flow on to a neighlwr's land 
 unless he chooses. And if 
 he chooses to do so. he can 
 turn it all off onto his neigh- 
 bor's land, even to the injury 
 of the latter. Wlien surface 
 water is gathered into a 
 stream, with be*l and banks, 
 it is flowing water and is 
 tiien subject to different rules. A farmer can protect 
 himself from surface water by building an .nibank- 
 ment at the edge of his own land, although by so doing 
 he may make quite a jwnd to the injury of his neigh- 
 bor's crop near the embankment. While a farmer 
 may turn his surface water onto your land witliout 
 being liable, the surveyor of a highway may similarly 
 turn the road-wash on you. even to sweep sand and 
 gravel into your best mowing grounds. 
 
 Should your neighbor, in digging u< . n on his own 
 land, even near the line, by chance cut rjff the under- 
 •'TOund water-course that feeds vour well, so as to 
 cause your well to run dry. you would have no right 
 in law to proceed against liim But he must Iw cai"e- 
 ful not to dig so near as to cause a caving in of your 
 land into the .'.\cavation. 
 
 As '('gjirds water rights and drainage, the law varies 
 in different states. 
 
 U" 
 
the right to use 
 lisad vantage of 
 
 tream so as to 
 such land may 
 io dammed the 
 II which caused 
 ream becomes 
 )uld have the 
 d remove the 
 h and reheve 
 e owner of the 
 f complaint if 
 d on its banks, 
 ain current of 
 e. 
 
 i a right to all 
 er on his land 
 oes not flow. 
 1 faliinr- rains 
 ows, or oozes 
 Tcmv.il from 
 ■■shy places. 
 1 on his own 
 lot let any of 
 iglilx)r'sland 
 es. And if 
 so. he can 
 to his neigh- 
 o the injury 
 'hen surface 
 "etl into a 
 
 and banks, 
 iter and is 
 can protect 
 m _-mbank- 
 bv so doinor 
 
 iiis ntigh- 
 - a farmer 
 id without 
 y similarly 
 
 sand and 
 
 n his ov\n 
 tlie under- 
 so as to 
 c no right 
 't b« cai-e- 
 n of your 
 
 aw varies 
 
 
 a 
 
 t5 
 
 LAW ,VND LEOAI. FORMS. 
 
 -i^^TRESPASS 
 
 N THE limited sense in which it is here used, the 
 word trespass signifies no more than an entry on 
 iinothcr man's groimd without lawful authority, 
 and doing some damage, however inconsidonible, to his 
 real proi^erty. The common law regsirds ovcry entry 
 upon another's land, (unless by the owner's leave, or in 
 some very particular cases), as an injury or wrong, for 
 satisfaction of which an action of trespass will lie; but 
 dctorniines the quantity of that satisfaction by consi<ler- 
 jng how far tli ■ .■ffonsc was wilful or inadvertent, and by 
 estimating 
 the value of 
 the actual 
 damage sus- 
 tained. 
 
 A m a 11 is 
 not only an- 
 swerable for 
 his own tres- tm^ 
 pass. l)Ut that 
 of his ciittle 
 also, and l>e- 
 sides his com- ^ 
 mon remedy 
 l>yaction.the d^^ 
 law gives the I 
 injured party ft^^^ 
 the power to 
 distrain the 
 
 cattle thus doing damage, till the owner sliall make 
 h'ni satisfaction. 
 
 A farmer may order ;i trespa.v!er olf from his land. 
 a.\d if the trespasser refuses to go, then the fanner 
 maj use such force a.s is neces.si»rj- to effect the object. 
 But he must do the trespiL>iser no grievous bodily 
 injury, nor use any more t'on^e than is recpiired in sueli 
 a case. The fanner may call for help, 'nd if iieces- 
 sjiry, seize, bind and carrj' off the trespiLs> r. and then 
 relea-'ic h'ni. 
 
 Crossi'ig another's land, with tin- ownier's pennission 
 (without regjird to the numlK-r nf ^ears). woidtl not 
 give an accpiired right to st. continue. To gjiin t!ie 
 right to cross another'* premi-ses, "t must appear that 
 such crossing must havn l)een without the ownerV jx-r- 
 inission, and through a legal claim to do so. Where 
 
 
 
 otiiers have been in the habit of p;issing to an<l fro 
 on an owner's premises, an<l the owner desires such 
 crossing to cease, it is advl.able for him to cause 
 notices to be put up ordering all parties to cease cross- 
 ing his premises under penalty of >)eing considered 
 trespassei-s. 
 
 The statutes of some states nwkos wilful trej<pass a 
 ci'iminal offense, but usually tresjiass is considered a 
 civil offense, and the owner's remedy would be through 
 an action at law for dauiage^i. which, at best, is a ted'.- 
 
 ous process, 
 I'ud does not 
 always insure 
 satisfactory 
 results. 
 
 But , where 
 ;i pei-son en- 
 tersanother's 
 premiso for 
 
 the osteiisi- 
 >>le pr.rpo.se of 
 )u rl 1 i n i ng 
 fruit or other 
 ~jr'. l'»f> pc r t y , 
 such e n 1 r y 
 would l)econ- 
 -I side re <1 a 
 S crime, and the 
 person st) en- 
 teriuir could be irimii.ially [tunished, whether the per- 
 son has accomi)lished hi> object or not. and the law 
 gives to tiu! ownei- the right to forcilily ])ut sucli persons 
 otV his premises. i)ut would not be allowed to iis«' undue 
 \ioleuce. ( )wnei-- of lainl are not jK-rmitted Ity law 
 without duly postinv notii-es to that effect, to place ;wiy 
 instruments on theii- premise- which are eidculated to 
 kill or maim tiiose who might enter on the premises. 
 If another's fowls shouhl come on an owner's laud and 
 injiu'e his arrowing crops he would have the ritrht of 
 action airainst the own.M' for the ilamafev they had caus(>d 
 him, but slioidd h.' destroy them, he could hi' licid lor 
 their full \alue, notwithstanding he ma_\ have r< p<^al- 
 edl\- ordered the owner of the fowls to keei> them oil' 
 his premises, and warned him that if he did not do so 
 he would kill them. 
 
I 
 
 It'''' 
 
 
 1 
 
 LAW AND LEOAIi FOKM8. 
 
 «--^, 
 
 ;*^fel 
 
 DAMAGE BY FIRE. 
 
 :-°'%<%|f^ V>~> 
 
 w KARMEK may kindlo u fire on his own land, lnil in 
 
 U tloin^f so lie must oxeivi.sc due cautiou, in order 
 
 I to prevent it from spreudiuf^ to the premises or 
 
 iionse of his neiirlil)or. If the latter suffers dam- 
 
 tiiife or loss throui^h the neirligence of the former, an 
 
 aetioii for <lamai:es will lie asrainst the farmer. 
 
 If the owner of a farm has materials, as brush, dry 
 j^rass, etc., which he would burn up or dispose of in 
 some way, he should carefully note whether it would 
 not l>e l)est to rid himself of sueh materials in some 
 way other than by tire. This 
 is s|)('cially incumbent upon 
 him it' his neighbor's fences, 
 woods, sheds, etc., arecpiite 
 near, and still more so if the 
 season be dry and all eom- 
 l>nstii)ii' ihiufisaretiierefore 
 extremely susceptil>le to the 
 daniicr of bnrniuir. 
 
 But one's own neirliirence 
 docs not, it seems, at all 
 times render them responsi- 
 ble foi- the residts of a fire 
 caused by tiicir carelessness; 
 unless it can be made to ap- 
 pear tiiat tlicfire was caused 
 intentionally on the part of 
 tlie one who set it in opera- 
 tion, he would not be helil 
 t'lir damag'es. 
 
 If a i)erso:i sliould care- 
 lessly drop fire from a i)ipe, 
 or in any other careless manner, on hi.s own premises, 
 from wiiich tlie flames should extend to, and «'onsinne 
 an adjoining owner's property, tiie one .so causing tlie 
 fire to spread would not be responsible in law for such 
 damage, as it wouhl be considered punishment enough 
 that the careless party sufier the loss of his own 
 property. 
 
 Nor would one be held for damages l>y a fire which 
 originated through causes l)eyond his control, even 
 though he w.'is careless after the fire ignited and per- 
 mitted it to go out of his control. 
 
 Should a sportsman while out hunting carelessly sot 
 fire to your woods, and if the fire should spread in siieh 
 a manner as to destro}- your fences, crops, out-build- 
 
 mgs, and hou.se, or any of them, ho woulu be respon- 
 sible to you for the loss so occasioned, notwithstanding 
 that he may have put forth extraordinary effort to 
 ijuell the fire ; he would also be responsible for all inei- 
 dental damages arising from the fire, as, if the sparks 
 from the fire should be blown by wind from one farm 
 to another, the entire loss would be attributable to the 
 first cause, and the one who wrongfully set the fire in 
 operation woulil be held for the remote, as well as the 
 inmiediate loss by the fire. 
 
 If a farmer loses his house, 
 or other bni'ding, by fire 
 thrown from the locomotive 
 or cars, the railroad com- 
 pany is liable for the loss if it 
 be occasioned by negligence 
 on the part of the company 
 or their employes. 
 
 As a geiu'ral rule, the 
 railroad comiKUiy, or com- 
 jianies, wouM likely be an- 
 swerable in such cases, with 
 or witiiont negligence. 
 
 As the liability from fire 
 communicatid fiom locomo- 
 ti\(' engines has become so 
 great there has been statute 
 laws passed in many of the 
 fifatesby which the railroml 
 companies, or the lessee.'; of 
 the road, are held resi)onsi- 
 ble for all damages arising 
 from fire from this cause, and this, irrespective of any 
 carelessness on the part of the company or its em- 
 ployes. 
 
 HIRING A FARM BY LEASE. 
 A written bargain of this kind Avill suffice if the 
 description o' the land be fairly definite. The law will 
 seek to car , "uto eflect the meaning of the parties to 
 a lease. 
 
 As to the renewal of a lease, the 'essor is not bound, 
 except in case of an express covenant to do so. This 
 expre-ss covenant may be in the lease or in a separate 
 j>aper. 
 
 Leasos are made to contain provisions to the effect 
 that the lessor may enter and expel the tenawt 
 
 'Tvi/fti^ 
 
^ 
 
 ulu be respon- 
 Jtwithstundiiig 
 iiiiiy effort to 
 l)le for all inci- 
 , if the sparks 
 from one faiin 
 luitable to the 
 sot the fire iii 
 as well as the 
 
 •SOS his house, 
 ling, by fire 
 10 locomotive 
 iiilroiid com- 
 rtho loss if it 
 >y negligence 
 the company 
 
 'OS. 
 
 il rule, the 
 iiy, or com- 
 I<oly bo an- 
 I cases, with 
 gcnco. 
 y from fire 
 om locomo- 
 
 )ccomo so 
 
 )pcn .•statute 
 
 itiiy of the 
 
 ho niilroml 
 
 lessees of 
 
 resj)ons1- 
 ros arisino- 
 ive of any 
 31' its em- 
 
 Soc if the 
 G law will 
 parties to 
 
 ot bound, 
 
 so. This 
 
 separate 
 
 the effect 
 Jnaiit on 
 
 f 
 
 ULW AKD LEGAL FORMS. 
 
 account of non-payment of the rent, or that the ten- 
 ant forfeits the lease and all rights on aocoont of non- 
 payment of the rent. The lessor must first make a 
 demand for the rent due and for the exact amount, and 
 on the day it becomes duo and payable; he must make 
 this demand of the tenant himself, and at a certain 
 place, if so mentioned in the lease. Otherwise, his 
 re-entry will not lie justified. 
 
 When a landlord makes a bargain with one who 
 Ijecomes his tenant, he should give iwsunmces that his 
 farm will answer the purpose it is proposed to put it 
 to. Ho should know the defects or ill condition of his 
 land, and let these be nnder.stood by the inteniling 
 lessee. If the latter finds he hius lieen deceivetl; that 
 the premises will not suit his purpose, and he cannot 
 use it as ho intended, then the lessee may reject the 
 lease, and the lessor may not be able to onforce his 
 :;laim against him. 
 
 A farm that is leased to a tenant may be sold subjett 
 to the lease, and t'.ie buyer becomes the lessor. Or, the ' 
 owner of the farm may sell a part of it, or may sell the i 
 whole in parts to differ- 
 ent parties, and the rela- 
 tions of the hirer and 
 lessee would Ik? the same. 
 But now there must be 
 an apportionment of rent. 
 The tenant will pay the 
 same rent, but will pay 
 it to the diflerent parties 
 entitled to it, etich his .share. In case of the des»th of 
 a lessor, before the oxpinition of the term for whi^l 
 the farm is leased, the lessee is liable to the executors 
 or administr.itors of the deceiised for the rent which 
 accrued before his death, and to the heir or heirs after- 
 ward. 
 
 There should be an understanding l)etwcen the les^sor 
 and the lessee of a farm to the effect that it shoulil he 
 properly cultivated and kept up in accordance with the 
 requirements of good husbandry. This should be set 
 down in the lease. Various things relating to how the 
 farm shall be used, such as gi'owth or rotation of 
 certain crops, cutting wood, what portions of lantl 
 should be broken up and sown, distribution of ma- 
 nure, etc., all may be set down and agreetl ujx)n in the 
 lease. 
 
 The owner of a farm may hire it out on shares, 
 the owner furnishing to the occupier such tools a* 
 may be agreed upon, and the latter paying to the 
 former a certain proportion of the p/oduce as agree<l 
 
 HIRING OF HELP. 
 
 In this countrj' the relation of the hired and the hirer 
 is in the nature of a contract. A farmer may make 
 such a Ixirgain as he wishes to with the man he hires, 
 or the latter maj' go to work without any words or 
 arrangement with regard to just what he shall do and 
 what he shall get for his services. He commences to 
 work with the knowledge and consent of the hirer. 
 Where a particular l)argain is made, to pay .so much for 
 a particular kind of work, etc., the parties will be held 
 to their contract. If no partioidar bargiin, or no bar- 
 gain is made, the law will .settle the matter for the 
 jKirties by presuming that the hired man has done hi.s 
 work rea.sonably well, or us well as usual in such cases, 
 and the farmer is bound to pay him a fair price, accorrl- 
 ing to custom, or as determined by the jury which 
 jMsses on the case. 
 
 If a man hires out to work for certain wages, for a 
 certain time, but leaves his work Ijefore the time con- 
 tr.ute<l for has expired — if ho leaves without sufliiient 
 caiw — he forfeits all his wages, and is not entitled to 
 
 any part of them, and 
 would also \)e held re- 
 sponsible to his employer 
 for any damages that 
 might arise through ha%-- 
 ing left at a time when 
 his senices were much 
 needed. If a man Iia.s 
 agreed to work for an- 
 other for one year at a stipulated price per month, and 
 >hould leave the farmer, v.itiiout just cau.se, just at or 
 iK-fore harvest time, and the farmer should be compelled 
 to pay twenty dollars extra per month for another per- 
 son to supply his plnce, ho would have a right of action, 
 and cf)uld rcn-over the overplus of twenty dollars for 
 each month up to the expiration of the contract ; in 
 .<uch csi.se the workman could not claim ani/ comijen-sa- 
 tioa for the work ho had previously done and for which 
 he had not rooeivod jiay ; this will also lie applicable in 
 the hiri-.g of help whether by the day, month or year, 
 or by the contract to complete a certain amount of 
 work: sis if one is employed to erect and complete a 
 i-ertain building for a price mentioned, and without 
 just cjjuse should akmdon the work before it is com- 
 plete<l. he would not be entitled to pay for what he 
 had done. 
 
 If a form laborer should be guilty of any misconduct 
 so as to justify the former in discharging him before 
 the expiration of the contract, he might collect from 
 the farmer the amount the services were actually worth. 
 
I4AW AND LSOAL FORMS. 
 
 If the iuhuror hIiouIiI have jiint luuse for quitting 
 work bpfoio liis tinio has expired, he would bo allowed 
 to do »o, and could compel hiw employer to pay him for 
 what he hud already done. If the laborer should l)e- 
 come i)hy8icully incapacitatod, through any cause, from 
 performing that for which Ik; was employed, he would 
 bo excusable for (piittin<r, or, if any contagious disease 
 should become prevalent in the neighborhood, or in the 
 family of the employer, would be a proper excuse for 
 leaving tiic employer. 
 
 Should th(> farmer ill-treat his help, as by not fur- 
 nishing them Avith sufficient or proper food, they would 
 be excusable for leaving his service. 
 
 If the employer should re(pure his help to |)erform 
 unnecessary or unlawful work on Smiday, it would give 
 them good cause for leaving before the ex))iration of 
 their time, liut not so, where the work required on 
 Sunday is necessary farm work, such as the c.ire of 
 stock, and what is ordinarily knor n iw 
 
 ^ 4 
 
 
 ? ♦ >^>^^^^j^« — ^ 
 
 LEASES 
 
 '•farm ehoros," etc.) for all such work the hands are 
 not entitled to extra comiKinsation. 
 
 A farmer is roeponsible for the culpability of his 
 hired help in so far as this: If he ordere<l his hired 
 man to steal from his neighlwr, he would, together 
 with the thief, Ihj i-08j)onsible. Without his order or 
 iussent, the farmer would not be resj)onsible for the 
 wrong-doing of his hired man. But a farmer is respon- 
 sible on account of the extension of the rule pertaining 
 to negligence to his hired help, six, through the care- 
 lessness or mistake of his hired man, the property of 
 his neighbor might Ik? diimaged. Thu-s, if the farmer 
 or.iered his hired man to bum a pile of brush in a safe 
 phue, and through the carelessness of the man the 
 neighboring jjrcmises caught fire and was damaged, the 
 farmer wotdd Iw liable for the dire*"t effwts and conse- 
 quences of the fire. 
 
 The attention of farmers is directed to the matter 
 given under the head of Leases. 
 
 -»^ 
 
 LKAsi; is defined to tw " properly a con- 
 
 \ cyance of any lands or tenements 
 
 (usually in consideration of rent or 
 
 other annual recompense ) madt; for life, 
 
 for years, or at will, but always for a loss 
 
 time than the lessor has of the premises : 
 
 for if it be for the whole interest, it is 
 
 more |)roperly an assignment than a 
 
 lea.se." 
 
 The usual words employed 
 to constitute a lease are, "de- 
 mise, grant, and t<> farm let." 
 Hy this conveyance, an 
 estate for life, foryeai-s. 
 or at will, may l)e 
 created, either in 
 corporeal or 
 incorporeal 
 hero<lita- 
 ment,s. 
 
 Being an instrument of much imix»rtance, a lease 
 shoidd always be drawn by a res|)c<-table attorney, who 
 will see that all the condition-, in the interest of the 
 les.sec, are fultilled. 
 
 In taking a lease, liie tenant's .solicitor should care- 
 fully examine the covenants, or if he take an under- 
 lease, he should ascertain the i-ovenants c>f the original 
 lease; otherwise, when too late, he may fiinl himself so 
 restricted in his occupation that the premi.-es may Ite 
 wholly useless for his purpose, or he may Ix- involved 
 in perpetual difficulties and annoyances; for instance, 
 he may lind himself restricted from making alterations 
 convenient or necessary for his trade; ho may find him- 
 self compelled to rebuild or pay rent in c.q.so of fire; 
 he may find himself subject to forfeiture of his lejtse, 
 or otli<-r penaltv. if he should imderlet tir a>si<rn his 
 interest, carry on some particular tnide. etc. 
 
 The <()venants on the landlord's part are usually the 
 granting of legal enjoyment of the premises to the 
 lessee: the saving him harmless from all other claim- 
 ants to title ; and also for future :i.>.sunuice. C)n tlie 
 tenant's i)art. they are usually to pjjy the rent 
 and taxes; to keep the premi-scs in suitable 
 repair; and todeliver up iKiis.>ession, when the 
 ^e^^ term has expired. 
 
 i 
 
the hands are 
 
 Mibility of his 
 lerc<] his hired 
 iild, together 
 t his order or 
 risible for the 
 nier is raspon- 
 jle pertaining 
 ugh the rare- 
 e pro])erty of 
 if the fanner 
 rush in a safe 
 the man tiie 
 damaged, the 
 t» and f'fjnse- 
 
 ) the matter 
 
 £/^^ 
 
 nee, a lease 
 toriK V, who 
 crest of the 
 
 hould f uro- 
 aii undcr- 
 tlie original 
 liiinseif .so 
 ises may l)e 
 X- involved 
 •r instance, 
 alterations 
 y rind hini- 
 !■<' of fire; 
 ' his lejtsc, 
 JLssign his 
 
 Miaiiy the 
 'OS to the 
 her claim- 
 On the 
 y lli«' rent 
 II suitable 
 "hen tlie 
 
 I 
 
 LAW AND LEGAL FORMS. 
 
 If the Undlorvj agree U> pay all the rates and taxes, 
 it ehoiiid hf- *<» «<et down in the lease. If the tenant is 
 to he reajma^iMe for taxo8, it must be expressly agreed 
 in the leajs* tint b* nhall Vk'. 
 
 l'nle«» tbCT*- he a covenant against assignment, a 
 lea.se mar htr a.-»igned. that is, the wiiole interest of the 
 lessee may be conrt-yed to another, or it may bo imdorlet ; 
 if, therefore', it ii« intended that it should not, it is 
 pro{)er to ii»*«ert a <x/\'euant to restrain the lessee from 
 a.ssigTiing or niBKlerileltiug. Tenants for terms of yeara 
 may :i.s.sigTi or Miwlf-rlet, but tenants at will cannot. 
 
 A tenant "^r. -^'X .■u;iiit> to k<'ep a lunisi; in rejjair is 
 
 not answenbU- S": n- natural decay, I)ut is l)onnd to 
 keep it wiiwl ami wattr tight, so that it does not decay 
 for w.iiif; of t-orer. A lessee who covenants to pay rent 
 anil keep th*^ prr^THises in repair, is lial)le to pay the 
 rent althou;.'ii« tS*e |.«remi><^ may 1h> burned down. 
 
 If a lamllor"! if<«'«iant to repair, and neglect to do so, 
 the tenant mcajrulo it. ami witliliold so much of th(^ rent. 
 But it i* aflTMahk' that notice thereof should be given 
 by the tenant to the landlord, in the presence of a wit- 
 ness, prior to conimeDciDg the repairs. 
 
 A tenant muA (leliver up possessiim at the exjiiration 
 of the term itbe 3*iase being sufficient notice), or he 
 will continne liaMe to the rent as tenant by sufferance 
 without any wxew tiontract ; but if the landlord recog- 
 nizes su<-h tfttiir^y by uice]itinga payment of rent after 
 the lea.--e bi.-* .-.\a»Jr<'iL such acceptance will constitute a 
 tenancy; hert fiTW ious to accepting rent, tlie landlord 
 ma v brins' hr- >>''injcnt without notice; for tlie lease 
 having expire;*!, th*.- U'nauX is a trespas.ser. 
 
 All noti<», of whatsoever description, relating to 
 tenancies, ^boald l«e in writing, and the persons serving 
 the said nor.i«v- -tmuld write on the back thereof a mem- 
 orandum of tL«i^ -iaU' un which it was served, and should 
 keep a ropy of ibe said notice, with a similar memoran- 
 dum atta<^h*^L 
 
 Houses ATff KMtmsi-Jered as let for the year, and the 
 tenants arc- 3iTabj>e»ct to the laws atl'ectiug annual ten- 
 ancies, nnl<>*» ibene l»e an agreement in writing to the 
 rontnirj'. 
 
 No con-i'!'T-;--- ■ will waive the paynuMit of the rent, 
 should the ,1 insist on demanding it. Even 
 
 should the bouHe l»e burned, blown or fall down, the 
 tenant i' -tilt Sb^e for rent ; and the tenancy can only 
 he voidable hy ttlji-' jiroper notice to ipiit, the same as if 
 the house rt'KiaiiiK;"! in the most perfect condition. 
 
 The lindlopil bimself is the perscm most proper to 
 demam! rent. U- may cinidoy another person, but if 
 he does, be miKrt - .ihorize iiim by letter, or by power 
 of attorney; or the demauJ may be objected to. 
 
 When an agent h&s l*en duly authorized, a receipt 
 from him for any *ub!««|uent rent is a legal a( quittance 
 to the tenant, notwithi^tanding the landlord may have 
 revoked the autbority under which the agent acted, 
 unless the landlord sbould Lave given the tenant notice 
 thereof. 
 
 A tenant sbouKI he <:areful of his la.st qtiarter's receipt 
 for rent, tor the production of that document bars all 
 prior clainj. E*'en wljeii arrears have Iieen due on 
 forner tpiarters, tbe rw^ipt, if given for the last (piar- 
 ter, preilu»Ies> tbe landlord from recovery thereof. 
 
 When either tbe landlord or tenant intends to termi- 
 nate a tenancy, tbe way to proceed is by a notice to 
 (piit, which is drawn up in the two following ways: 
 
 LA.Nl>LORlr» TUmCK. TO LEAD'S AT END OF TER.>I. 
 
 (A'n/ie iiii'l addfi.** >>/ J*%aii.'-: 
 
 Sir: B»-«n» iu tbe poPBeRsion of a certain nipssimge 
 or t>'tiPmf>iit. with a[«{irjrs*-iuijjix'!-. .-iluate {describe the jiveiiii,ii-a 
 hri'-jtijj, whiih :»aifl fttvati-^r -Bere Oeiuised to you by me for u I'or- 
 
 tain term, to wit: frvm Jbe (Jay of A.D. 188. ., 
 
 until thf likj <rt. A. T). 188... luid whidi said term 
 
 will ti-rminate and tufim on tbe day ami year la>t aforesaid, I 
 hereby giv yoa DMk« Ihnit it is my de>ire to have again, and 
 rp()Os?<»>s the ~,ii'l mreswasi^ or leiii-nn'nl. with the apimrlenanecs, 
 and I therefore do boebjr jequirc you to leave the same upon the 
 expiration of the sa&l li*ieiiit>efore mentioned term. 
 WitneHM my ha&d this. . .d»j of . . . A. D. 188. . 
 
 (WUnesa.) (SlQNATUUE.. 
 
 LAKDLORiyS XOTICE TO yriT FOR NON.PAY.^IENT OF KKXT. 
 «iIOKT I'OUM. 
 
 State '>f 188.. 
 
 Ti> ( .V.TOI* 'i-f j.e».a»f ;. You Ijeing in possession of the 
 following dew.-ri!')'*'! fi«*iiois». « hieb you oeeupy m my tenant, 
 {hfi-'' 'Jeii^riKt rt^ ,r,"«7!iri;e»:» fvfUci^H'ly to i'lenti/ij them), iu {ci'tij, 
 toirn. or ronntij. -n r.h.^ ii* u.ri/ h' \ uforesai<l, are herel)y notitted to 
 fliiit anil deliver nf^ irr ts^ ibe ]iremlr.e> aforesaid, in loiirte<'ii days 
 from this d.ite. a< if-cEiitx i" iaM- your rent being due and unpaid. 
 Hereof fail not. or I ritkU Uit ^ due course of law to ejei i you 
 from the same. (Signatukk 
 
 ( Witm-ai.) 
 
 A notice to quit on aineount of non-payment of rent, 
 may be given at any time, and will be effective at the 
 end of the period, which is determined by law. The 
 day on which the tenant must quit should be .specified. 
 
 SHORT rOfUf OF LEA.%E. WITHOIT CONDITIONS. 
 
 Thltt iHftenture, iiijuie tiiis day of A. D. 18. . , 
 
 between ot in the Comity of and State of 
 
 >f the one piut. and . ol the of tlie other 
 
 ])art : 
 
 fFitnesteth. Thai «be ijJd for the consideration lierein- 
 
 after expri— eti. h-icb ■ieitui'^ed. granted and leased, and by these 
 
 presents doth he^l^^J i'iciaiit<e, grant and lease \mlo the said 
 
 and :Ls-i^n!s •- -..At.*geih(^T witli all the privileges and 
 
 appiirtenaniK-s th<»n«iii«o brtong^g. TO HA VK AST) TO HOLD 
 
 tlie above deserih«d |■Rl■li{«^ for and during the term of 
 
 years from tbe iluebermC 
 
 And the s;iid "lolh covenant and agree to pay the said 
 
 .... or hi.* a.**igj»». tSw «iin of dollars, as yearly rent for 
 
 said premises, in enfusl payments of dollars each, at 
 
 the expiration 'T eacli and •every months from d.ite. durin" 
 
 the continuance of this Le.aw, 
 
LAW AND LEOAI. FOllMS. 
 
 In n'itnrn/i ffTirrrof, tlio said pnrtlos hnvp to this anil out' 
 other liuitrumiMit of thn Hainn tPiior and date liiterrhniippnlily 'I'l 
 their haiidn HiidrieuJ8 tlio day and year Ilrst uIk>vp urlttoiu 
 SigneO, sfaleil, unil Jclireietl, nil 
 
 the presencf of \. 
 
 J 
 
 f^Vn/.l 
 
 [.S'w/.1 
 
 FORM OF I.RAHK HY GRANT, IN U8F IN THK WKSTK.HX 
 STATKS. 
 
 Thitt Indenture, inadi> and oiitored Into on tlii" sccoikI day nl' 
 .laiiiiary one thousand ulght. hundred and elfjlity-lour. I)y and 
 between .lolin I>oc, of Mcnipliis. Tcimu'-xm', party of thr lir-l part. 
 and Samuel Hoe. of tin- same place, of the second part : 
 
 WUnesBeth, That the saiil party of tlie tlrst pan. in eonsidrra- 
 tlon of the rents rmerved, and the covenants hereinafter con.ained, 
 dfM*. hereby grant, (iendse. anil to farm let, unto the said party of 
 the second i)art, the j^round tloor. cellar, .-econil and third -loriesnt 
 the premises known :i.s Ls" DeKoveii street, in tlieCity of .Mi'mjihis. 
 
 To Have and to Hold the Same, With ail the ri;rlits, 
 ininiuiiitie>, privile<;es and appurlcnaiices tliercto Ih'Iom;;!!!;;, unto 
 the .said party of the second p.irl. and his executors, admini-trators 
 and ii.ssijrns. for and clurin;; llic full end ::ud term id three years, 
 comuieneing on the Ilrst day of Mariti. IS.SI. inider and .-uhject to 
 the stipulations hereniaflcr I'ontaiie'd. I hi" s^riil party of the .second 
 pan yielding and payin-; to tin' ~aid party of the tlrst part, for the 
 paid prendse.s, the animal rent (d si.v thousand didlars. payable in 
 monthly payments; that is to .-ay. live hundred dollars in hand at 
 the eiisealin;; and delivery of this in-^trument, live lmiidn'<l dollars 
 on March lir-r tii'Xt, iind live Imndred dollars on the lir^t i if each 
 wisiiiiijr ludiitli thereafter, until the above-named sum of six thou- 
 sand dollars shall have well and duly Im'cu paid; which rent the said 
 party oft he seiond part, for himself and his cxeciilors.adm ini-t rat ors 
 and ;i--iiriis. covenants well and truly to pay. at the times aforesaid. 
 And the said party of the second part covenants and a<;rees 
 that if the rent aforesaidshnnld al any timeremaiii due and unpaiil, 
 the same-hall iK'ar interest al the rate of eifjlit per cent i)er annum, 
 from the time it so beci>mes due. until jiaid. .Viid the -aid ]iarty ot 
 the i-ecoml ivirt further covenants and agrees that it shall Ih' lawful 
 for the -;dd jiarty td'tln lir-l part, and Iho-e having Ireehold estate 
 in tlie ]ireini-es, at rea-onable limes, to enter into and uixui the 
 same, toexaininethe condition thereof: aij<l al-o that the said jiarty 
 of the sfM-fjiid jiart and his legal rei)resentatives shall and will, , at 
 the expiration of this leii<e, whether by limitation or forfeiture, 
 peawably yield up to the saiil party of the first part, or his legal 
 representatives, the said premises, in the condition received, only 
 
 excepting nutiirid wear and decay, and the efl'ects of Are; and that 
 the said party of the second part, for and during all the time that 
 he or any one else In Ida niune, hIuiII liold over the premises after 
 the I'XpIratlon of this lease, in either of said ways, shall and will 
 pay to said party of the Ilrst piirl double the rent hereinlM'fore 
 reserved. ,Mso the said party of the second i>art further covenants 
 and agrees thai any failure to pay Ihe rent hereinlM'fore reserved, 
 when due and within ten days aflci' a demaiiil of the sami<, shall 
 procluie an ab-oliitc forfeiture of Ibis lipase, if so determined by 
 said party of the first pari, or his legal representatives. Also that 
 (hi- lease shall not be assigned, nor the saiil premises, or any p.irt 
 lliereof, underlet, without Ihe « ritlen consi'iit of Ihe said party of 
 the Ilrst part, or his legal representatives, under penalty ot for- 
 feiture. And that all repairs id' a temporary character, deemed 
 nivessary by said party of the second part, shall be made al his 
 own ex|M'nse, with the consent of the said party of the first part, 
 or his legal representatives, and not otherwise. 
 
 I'rorldeil Alwayi*, And these presents are on this express 
 condiljoii. that if the said party of the second part, or his legal 
 rejirc-entalivi-. sliall fail to pay the rent hereinlK'fore reserved, 
 for the space of ten days after the s.iine shall have become due. or 
 >hall fail to |M-rf'orin any of Ihe covenanls hereinlM'lore entered into 
 on his andlheir part, then the said parly of tlie Ilrst part shall be 
 ;it liU'rty to declare this lease forleiled. by serving a written notice 
 to that eflect on the said party of the second part, or his legal 
 representatives, and to re-enter upon and take possession of the 
 demised premi.-es. free from any claim of the lessee or any one 
 claiming under him. And all estate herein granted -hall, upon 
 service of such notice, forthwith cease, and said lessor, his heirs, 
 legal representatives or assigns, shall be forthwitli entitled to the 
 lios.-es-iou of the deinl.-ed premises williout ^ny furthei' juoceed- 
 ing at law or otherwise, to rei'over possession llicrenf. And the 
 said party of the Ilrst part covenants and agree- with the said 
 parly of tlic second jiart. and his li'ii;,.|l repre.-eiitalives. that the 
 covenants herein coiUaiiicd being Cailhl'iilly performed by the said 
 party of the second part. In- shall pea^ cably hold and enjoy the 
 said demised picmises. during the term aforesaid without hiniler- 
 anee or intirruption by tlie said lessor or any other person. 
 
 In WituesH ffliereof, the said parlies liave executed this 
 indenture in dnidicate. signing their names and allixing their 
 seals to both parts thereof the day and year in this behalf atnive 
 written- 
 
 In presence of t .TOIIN DOE. [.SV.;/.] 
 \ HAMIKI. HOE. [Seal.] 
 
 -* % -' ' 
 
 ;• ~-^>r- 
 
 ^ 
 
 GAM E . .^ 
 
 --*— 
 
 -*— r»- 
 
 THEKE is 110 right of property in 
 wild animals. Any per.soii nitiy 
 kill or catch game, whether l)ea.st, 
 liinl or fish. But no man has any 
 right under the law to go on the land 
 of another to .shoot, or for ati}' other 
 purpo>e, unless by jiermission of the 
 owner of the hmd. In .'some locali- 
 ties it is usual to put up signs on the 
 roarl^ide, with the words " No shoot- 
 ing allowed on those premises." 
 From this one receives the assurance 
 that he will l)e pro.secuted if he shoots 
 on the land, but may infer that he 
 will be allowed to walk peacefully 
 over the land. If he has leave to go 
 
 on tiie land, tiien he may shoot anil 
 catch wild iuiimals and fish, and what 
 he gets is his. So he can l)e i)rose- 
 ctited for l)eing upon the land witiioiit 
 leave, not for shooting or catching 
 or taking game there. 
 
 A man may staml in a road adjoin- 
 ing a farm and shoot ti liird, but 
 should it fall within the boundaries 
 of the farm, ho cannot stop over the 
 line to get the l)ird without being a 
 trosp!i.s.ser. 
 
 A hunter does not acquire legal 
 ownership in wild animals until they / 
 are in his possession. A wounded ^ 
 animal belongs to its captor. 
 
fsof (Ire; iind that 
 igall tlietlrn.. llmt 
 tlio iin-niiscs after 
 iiys, sliall anil will 
 
 rtiiit licrclnU'lorc 
 
 (iiilliirrovcfiaiits 
 iiilN'ton' icscrvt'il, 
 I'l' rlic same, shall 
 ■" (Iclcnniiicil hy 
 'illvcH. Also (Ii:i"t 
 iilscs, or aii.v part 
 
 I 111' said imty <,( 
 '• licnally dl f,,|-. 
 liaractcr, ilcriicd 
 ill III- iiiado at ills 
 
 of the llrst part, 
 
 •111 this oxprpsK 
 'iiil, or his Ii'^'al 
 iH'fdic reserved. 
 ' liecdiiie due, nr 
 lore entered into 
 rst |)art sliall l)e 
 ii "ritten notice 
 lilt, or his lej;al 
 "sscssioii lit the 
 see or any one 
 ilf'l shall, upon 
 I'ssuy, his heirs, 
 •■ntitled to the 
 iither proeeed- 
 'ii'or. And I he 
 with the said 
 dives, that ihi' 
 'I'll li.v Ihe said 
 iiiid enjoy the 
 ilhoiii hinder- 
 I'eison. 
 I'Xeiuted this 
 ■I'lixiii^ their 
 ' liehalf above 
 
 {OK. 
 
 [•Seal.] 
 
 *iioot and 
 , and whiit 
 
 '>e prose- 
 kI witliotif 
 1" catcliiiio' 
 
 '<1 adjoin- 
 '»ird, hilt 
 iiiindMrifs 
 ovor tlio 
 t beiiio- a 
 
 II 
 
 local 
 til tlmy 
 ounded 
 
 LAW AND LEOAL I'X>RM8. 
 
 -t^<^5^ 
 
 -.^-DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 I^>^» 
 
 HE law distinpru'whos animals into such h.h arc 
 tanic and .such its are wild. Tho foniior arc sel- 
 dom or never found wandoriii^ at laifro. while 
 I? the latter are usually t'ound at lilwrty. Tame or 
 lionu'stic animals are property. .V tanner has 
 certain rights and litibilities on account of them. 
 Those who kill or injure them are liable. If his 
 neiirhbor"s ctittle, or other four footed animals, 
 come upon his land, he may contim- them in a 
 pen, or turn them into the rotid. In the former 
 la.sc lie must give ii,)tice to the owner of such 
 animals; in tho hitter case, ho is not re()iiircdt<i 
 give notice. 
 
 The owner of domestic animals is Imund to keep them 
 at home; otherwise, he may lose them or be <il)liged 
 to answer for any injury or diiniage they do to the per- 
 son or property of his neiffiibor. 
 Dogs are naturally mischiev- 
 ous, and tho farmer is answera- 
 ble for «ny injury tiiey do to 
 others. If ii dog runs at any- 
 one in the public road in a 
 threatening manner, or runs at 
 anyone on his own land, tho 
 animal may be killed on the 
 spot. In some states tiic dogs 
 are required to be liceiis(>(l; if 
 the law is not observed, they 
 are outlawed, and may be killed 
 b}' anybody who is upon his 
 own or common grounds. 
 
 Hens cannot be penned up or impounded. They 
 may be driven away, but must not be killed. .V 
 neighbor might shoot a hen for habitutilly getting her 
 food from his garden instead of the grounds of her 
 owner, whore she ought to I)e; he might throw the 
 carcase ovor the fence and into tho lot of its owner. 
 For this, it seems, he would lie liable. Tmt a jury. 
 who fix the damages in ca.ses of trospa.ss. would |noba- 
 bly not give much more than a cent's worth of damage 
 to the owner, whose property had been actually koj)! 
 at his neighbor's expense. 
 
 Whore a farmer turns his animals loose in the public 
 highway, and they should injure another in either per- 
 son or property, who was lawfully using the high" 'ly, 
 tho owner wculd bo held for the damages. 
 
 " .\ farmer's old lilack sow was wollowing in a gut- 
 ter by the road side, and frightened a horse :ind throw 
 a young lady <nit of the carriage : the farmer was held 
 for (lamairos." " .\ man permitted his horse to feed in 
 tho highway, .'^omc children were there playing, and 
 .some of them iK'gan to switch him, whereupon he 
 kicked one of them, fiom the injury of which the child 
 dieil. The t'armer was held for inanslaiightei'." Severe 
 as this law may seem, it mii:lit l>e more haivh if the 
 owner was ctjgniziint of tlir t'a"t that hi- animal was 
 \icious, iis l»y reference to the old .Mtisaii- laws. t!iat, 
 •• If the ox were wont to push with his horn in time 
 pa.st, and it litith Im'oii tostitied to his owner, and he 
 hath not kept him in, but that he hath killed a man or 
 a woman; thi> ox shall l)e stoned, and his owner shall 
 also be put to ilcath " ( Kxodus 21-2",' ). 
 
 A jwrson who owns or keeps vicious animals on his 
 own premises would Ik? held for 
 any damages caused to persons 
 crossing, or going on his premi- 
 ses, notwithstanding that the 
 lx?rson so injured was a tres- 
 pissor on tho farmer's land, un- 
 less tho farmer has taken the 
 precaution to post up notices 
 warning pa.ssoi-s by of the dan- 
 ger. A man wa? tinod tivc hun- 
 dred dollars for injury done a 
 man from a vicious bull which 
 ho kept on his premises for the 
 purpose of ridding himself of the annoyance of i>oople 
 coming on his premises to catch fish from a pond 
 thereon. The owner's liability is even greater when 
 people are lawfully entitled to iross or go on to his 
 premises. Where an owner is aware that any brute oi* 
 brutes that he may have are vicious, and he does not 
 confine them, he is. in law. guilty of gross negligence. 
 IV,. t it would lie difi'erent if he was not aware of their 
 vicious proijcnsities. Without some carelessness can 
 be proven on the part of an owner of a horse which 
 ran away and injured some person, he would not be 
 responsible for damage. But where a thrmer leaves his 
 team unhitched and it runs awr;y and injures others or 
 their property it might be otherwise. 
 
 The farmer has tho right of ownership in animals 
 the same as in any other species of i^ersonal property, 
 
 ^^ 
 
LAW AND LKOAL ruKUS. 
 
 and can only be deprived of such ovrnerehip by and with 
 his own consent. Wliere aniiniils liavo strayed away, 
 or hc(>n stolon for such a pori(Ml of time as to give tli'> 
 faniicr just cause to give tlioui up as lost forever, and 
 liiey should r.fterwards bo discovered, the ownersliip 
 would still reside in him. This would include such 
 animals as were ouic pul)iic property, hut which have 
 been reclaimed by num, as where a Hock of wild g(>eso 
 had l)een tamed, aiul afterwards strayed from their 
 owner and were shot by a siM)rtsnian, who sup|K).sed 
 that they were still the property of the public. Ilo 
 was held for the value of the geese. 
 
 Bees are held to he private pro|K'rty while in one's 
 own hive, and often when on one's own premi.ses; but 
 where they tak'c to the woods and hnlge in a tree 
 belonging to another man, a c|uestion might arise as to 
 the right of ownei'ship. 
 
 If ;i miin owns a dog. and allows him to I'un at large, 
 he will be held rcs|H)nsii)le for any damage tiie dog may 
 do. This will be the case notwithstanding that tlietlojr 
 was never known to be otherwise than gentle and good 
 
 natured. If, while the dog is at large, a ciiilil or chil- 
 dren should tease him until he became irritated to such 
 an extent as to bite one of ihein, the owner would have 
 to pay the damages, which might be <pii(e extensive, 
 iiut it woultl be ditfert^nt if a man should molest a dog 
 and get bitten, as the dog would then b», the victor. 
 .\ nuin must pay all danuiges his dog luvi caused, even 
 though the dog bo licen.sed, as the license is not 
 intetuled to protect the owner from tho dopreihitions 
 (ff his dog. 
 
 "When a person is assaulted by a vicious dog, ho nuiy 
 take tho law in his own hamls by sh(X)ting the dog to 
 death ; but ho would not be permitted to j)lac<( pois(m 
 where the dog might get it; or where a dog is chasing 
 any aniuuds belonging to other than the owner of the 
 tlog, th<! dog may be shot without rendering thc! jx rson 
 so killing liable for damages; and so, if a dog should 
 continually come upon your iircmiscs. and disturb your 
 pcii.ce by howling or barking, you may shoot him with- 
 out being liable for danuiges. Not so, if the dog was 
 merely crossing your premises. 
 
 ^y.^^^ ^!*'- 
 
 .JiL. 
 
 ^^ FRUIT, WHO OWNS IT? ^ 
 
 -irr- 
 
 «>^-^-«,— I— ■ 
 
 'i^ 
 
 ■ — 1- I>=^m(. 
 
 "tr- 
 
 (\^/ T oFTKx becomes a question involving some 
 /A nice points, and friMpiently troubicsonu* and 
 ^B expensive litmation. between pei-sons whose 
 ,'\_F^. liouinliiiy lines are joined, and where either 
 ^>»— ^ or liotli of the ]iarties have fruit trees iieiir 
 sucii line, to know at all tinu's which party is entitled 
 to the fruit from such trees. 
 
 It is giiierally supposeil tliat a person who owns 
 land owns not only the surface, but also everything be- 
 low and above it. and that his propei'ty 
 extemls downward to the center of the 
 earth, and upward indefinitely, includ- 
 ing all that is above as well as all that 
 which is underneath the surface. I'ut 
 it seems that there is a limit to thi> 
 general rule. An owner surely owns 
 everything above his land which is 
 alli.xed to it, but it would be different where trees .stood 
 on the land owned by another, notwithstanding that 
 some of the roots fvom which the trees drew their sus- 
 tenance extended to and even imbeded in the soil of 
 an adjoining owner, as tiiis woidd not give him any legal 
 right to the fruit from such trees, though the branches 
 on which the fruit grew should overhang his line. The 
 owner of the land on which the tree stands would have 
 lie right to ])ick the fruit from the entire tree, and 
 
 ! all 
 
 .should t'lie owner of the land over which the brnnchos 
 extended attempt by force to [)rovent the owner from 
 gathering his fruit, he might be liable for an assault and 
 battery If tiie fruit should fall intoan adjoining ovrn- 
 er's Held, the owner of the tree might have the right to 
 cross over and ])ick it up without being a trespasser. 
 
 An owner of land would be resjionsible for any and 
 111 damages arising from having j)oisonous trees, the 
 branches of which should overhang the land of another, 
 so that his cattle feeds from tiiem and 
 are thereby killed. 
 
 "Where a tree stands on a dividing 
 line. th(> tree as well as the fruit would 
 be owned in common between the par- 
 ties owning tho land, and neithw of 
 them would be allowed, without per- 
 mission, to cut the tree dt)WU. 
 Every one owning land has a jjcrfect right to plant 
 fruit or shade trees to any number, and at any ])lace on 
 such grounils, as nuiy suit his own convenience or taste; 
 and if the trees should shade a neighbor's ground in 
 such a way as to render it u.seless, or if thej should 
 cause his house to become damp and unhealthy, he 
 would not be excusable for injuring the trees in any 
 way. Any resort tending to the destruction of trees 
 on another's premises would be a daagarous business. 
 
 ■*B««a 
 
 •MNMOT 
 
LAW AND LF.OAL KOKMH. 
 
 - -•<i >^*»W(*ws •- 
 
 ji^t 
 
 ..MORTGAGE. 
 
 ; • • >^ 
 
 
 B' 
 
 \\ >rMit'iiiA<ti;. tin- loiivcyiiii'T 
 (if an cstali'. real or |xt- 
 Hoiml, i« cinMtfil liya dolitor 
 in liiNoi" of lil> ircditnr, as a 
 plcdfii' or .H(?('uiily l<"" " <li'lit. 
 Till' ilclttor, oi iH'i-soii will) ron- 
 vcys imnHTly as sciurity tor 
 (1(1)1, i (hIKmI tho Moiliraircf. 
 Tlic crcililor, or jxTsoii to wlunii 
 projuTty is niorlpa^^'t'd, iscallctl 
 tho Mort^'a^i'c. Tln' coiivcy- 
 aiicc is absolute ill lorm, lv;.t siil>. 
 Jcct to a proviso l>y wliidi it is 
 to hfcoiiK^ void, oi' liy whicli tlic plcd^jc is to lie ri'ioii- 
 vcyiMJ upon I'cpayiiiciit to the irrantcc ot' tlic primipal 
 sum sccurcil, witii interest, on a certain tixeil day. 
 Upon tiie uon-pert'orinanco of tliisciuidition. tin' nmrt- 
 jjajfce's estate heroines alixilute at law, liiit remains 
 ledeemahle in e(|iiity dui'inir a limited peiiod. 
 
 Ill ^''eneral, every description ot' pi'operty. and every 
 kiml <>!' interest in i( which is capal)lc of aii-oiiite sale, 
 may lie the subject ot' a leirnl mort^'a^c, uv it^ ei|iiiva- 
 leiit ill e<|uity. 
 
 A deed, if really intended only as a s.'curity for 
 money, will be treatecl as a mortiru^re, altliomrli, in 
 t'orm, it pnrpoi'ts to be an absolute conveyance or 
 assiLrnment. 
 
 So Ion <f as the mortpiiror remains in poss.'ssion. the 
 mortiTiiyee"-* estate is not absolute. As to the riy-lits of 
 the mortiia^'ee, he is entitled to enter into posstv-sion 
 of the lands, ami alter notice to the tenants, to recover 
 the rents and jirotits, miles.-, there is some iijrroenient to 
 the contrary. He may irraiit leases, subject to the 
 eipiity of redemjition, and avoid by ojectment. without i 
 notice, any lea-ses iliat may have been made bv tho 
 mortu j»or without his coiieurrcnco sulxsequently to lii.s 
 mortiratro. Ho must, however, .aeeoimt t'or the rents 
 which ho receiver, and pay an oceupatioii rout for such 
 parts a.s ho may keep in his own po.sso.ssiou . 
 
 A mortirairce is not allowed to obt^iin any advantage 
 out of the security beyond his principal and interest. 
 Though th(! ni()rtgage(>, after thp mortgagor's default 
 ill payment of the prineipul sum and interest, has tho 
 absolute legal estate, ho is still considered in equity to 
 kold only as u .security for hisi debt. In order to obta'n 
 absolute pessession of the estate, the mortgagee has to 
 
 tile a bill of foreclosure against the mortgagor < ailing 
 upon the liittJT to redeem his oKtiite forthwith, by pay- 
 ment of the |)riii<'ipal money, interest, and costs, and 
 if ho tail to do so within the time speeitie(l by th" 
 court — usually three yeai-s — he is torevor barred and 
 fonu'losed of l>is e(piity of redemption, and the mort- 
 gagoo lu'comes owner in e(|nity as he iM-foro was in law. 
 In the "vont of a sale, the surjilus, after deduction of 
 tho principal sum, interest, and expenses, must lie 
 tUTonntod for and paid to the mortgagor, his heirs, 
 oxj'cutors, administrators, or assigns. 
 
 The above genenil remarks apply principally to 
 mortgages of land. 
 
 FORM OF .\ MOUTOAOG. 
 Thin TtHhutiirr, Mnili- llii il;iy iif . . In tlio voar 
 
 I'f uin I. "Ill mil' lliim-ainl ci^lit liiiii<lr<'(l ami iM^twcfn 
 
 I I 111' ill tlic ('niiiity III' iiiiil St lite of 
 
 party i>r ih" lli>l jiart, ami >!' tlr- in tin- ('(.iiniy of 
 
 mil St;r;<' (if parly 'if I In- sere mil part. 
 
 n hrmrn, TIk' >aiil party nf IIh' llr-t part i- jii-'lly iiiilclit(>il 
 
 111 llii' -aiii parly (if till' siM'niiil part in llie sum nf iluliar- 
 
 -ccnii'ii I" 111' pail I liy ci'itaiii. 
 
 Xoir, Thvri-f'orr, fhin Iiiilriiture h'llm'unrth. i li;ii llu- 
 -ail party cf 111'' lir>l pari, fm- Un' licttrr -I'lininj; ilir pa\ iiiriil (■! 
 till' inoiicy afiii'psai'l. witli Interest IlicrfMni lU'ciinliii^ to llie ti'iinr 
 anil I'tl'i-ii .if till' riiiil . . . .alMivc tiii'iilioiii'il. aiwl also in roiispl- 
 
 eratloii nf ilu- I'linhi r -iini I'f < Mii' llollar In in liami piiil liy 
 
 llii- <aiil parly nf the sconul iiart. at llii'ili'livcry nf tin' rri'-i'iit-.llii' 
 ri'iiipt \\ liiri'iif is liiTi'liy ackimu ii'il^ji'il. Iia. . ;riaiili'il, liari;aiiii^. 
 -(i|i|, reniisi'il. rcli'iusi'il. cunvcyi'il, alii'iicil anil roiiliinii'ii, aii'l liy 
 Itii'-c I*ii-i'iit- iln •;rant, liargain. srl'i, ii'iiii-c. iclra.-i'. rniiM-y. alien 
 
 ami I'oiillriii. iiiitn tin' -aiil party nf llir vimihhI pari ami tn 
 
 Iii'irs ami as-i;;iis fnrcvcr, all tlic fnllinviiiLi; ilcscribi il Int. ., piire. .. 
 
 nr parei'l. ., nf laml. -Itiiatc in the Cniiiity nl ami State of 
 
 ami known ami i|i'-i riliiil as I'nllnus, to wit: {Ilete ii.sirt 
 
 ih'Srrip'*0 ' ■'/ pi'nprrt ',) 
 
 To Have ami to HoUl tin- Same, 'rojrotlior witli all ami 
 
 siin.'nlar tho ti'iiciiii'iils, iH'ri'iIitaiiu'iii-, privili'itcs, ami itppiiiti'- 
 iiaiu'o. tli'ii'iinln iH'inngin^, or in any wise apiH'iiaiiiin;^: ami also, 
 ail the I'-tate, iiueri'st ami I'laiin wiiatsnever, in law as well as in 
 ei|iiiiy. whiili the saiil party nf the lirst pan ha., in ami tn the 
 premises hereliy lOiiveyeil. iilltn the saiil pally of the r-eeomi pari, 
 
 heirs ami assigns, ami tn their nnly proper um'. heiielit. ami 
 
 tiehnof fn rover; 
 
 I'rovi<leil ultra If. ^, ami these I'resents are iipnn this kxi'I{K,-s 
 ciiMililiiN, thai if the saiil party nf the lirst part. .. ....heirs. 
 
 cxei'iilnrs. nr ailininistratnrs. shall well ami truly pay, or cause tn 
 
 Ix' paiil. to the saiil party ot the scconil part heirs, oxeeii- 
 
 tors. aihninistrators, or assigns, the iiforesaMl sum of iiioney, with 
 intere.-t therpoii, at the tiiiio anil in the mam "i- siM^iitieil in the 
 
 above mentioned aeeonling to the true intent ami nnaniiig 
 
 tliereof, then ami in that ease these I'reseiils. ami everything hiieiii 
 expres,~eil. shall lie alisoliilely iiiill ami voiil. 
 
 Illlt it is further Provided and Agreed, That if default 
 
 he inaili* in the |iayment nf the said nr nf any part therenf, 
 
 nr the intrr(«st tlierfnii, or any part thereof at the time and in tiie 
 mauner uud at tlin pluce above limited and spocilied for the pay- 
 
 I 
 
) i : 
 
 nioTit ilicrMif. "I- ill I'lino 111 wii»i»> iir non-pnympiit «\ t;ixi'« nr 
 ii..i'.«iMi<i.ii>, or iii'KliH't 1<> pniriiri- or n'lw'w lii'iiriincp. lu li<-n'li>- 
 uft'T iniivlilcil, nr III «':u«t' of tilt- lirraili of iiiiy i<( (In- ("ovi'iiuiilt or 
 u^ri'i'iiii'iiti licri'ill coiilallii'il, thru iilut In niirh >;!.-<■, tlio wliolo of 
 
 mill prliii'lii:il iiiiil liil('r("<t. -iiiiri'il liy ihi' "nlil ..In tlil« 
 
 Morl^iip- iiii'iiltoiK'il, kIiuII llii>ri'ii|Miii. at tli)' uptloii of tlif Kiiil 
 
 |i:irty of till- Kifoiid |Mrt In'lf<, i>xiH<iitor», llclllllnl^t^Ht•■^■. 
 
 ultofiii')^, or a>4lKii^i Im'^'oiiio liiiiiitdlati'ly duo Hiid payablr; iiiiy- 
 
 lliliit; liiTflii or III nald rontaliicd t» the I'oulrary iiotwllh- 
 
 i.laudliii:. .\nd till- Mortpagi' may In- lmiiii>dliitoly forwl I (o 
 
 |Miy llif •ami' liy ".aid pirty of tlii- ki-coihI Jiart Iiiir«. <x<'i- 
 
 utiT-. a'linliii-trator-. or it-iljiii*; or tin- >ald [iiirty of ilic -rrond 
 
 part Iii'lr-. rxiTiitdri-, udiiiiiil-lrator>', atloriicy-, or iv-ljiii". 
 
 afirr piililUlilii;; a iiotlic 111 any ni-wspajM-r at tli.it llnio pulill-hod 
 III til.' Ill till- .'italH of for wcfki Ixf.iro tin- 
 day ol Mii-li fall', may foil tli« nald prciiil-i"-, and all right and 
 
 iijuily of ii'ilcinptloii of thi' naiil party of the llr"! part 
 
 lifir-.i'Xfi'iitor!«.ndinliiUtrator''.or!i>"»lf;ii'<tlifr<'iii.at p.ililicauitloii, 
 
 Ht tin- Ill llio ■ ill lIu'HtatiMif or on f.iidpn'iii- 
 
 l-c!'.or any part tlirrmf, a..* may Ix' j'lM'rltlrd In the iiothc of such 
 !ial". to the hlirhi'-l hiddiT for ra«h, at thi' tiiiu* iin-ntloni'il In tiiii'h 
 iiotU'f. or may po>t|Hitii' or adjoiirii "aid falc front timi' to tiini* at 
 dl>i'ri'lioii, \\ itii or ^^ illiout ro-ailvt'rti.'.llig.aiid iniiy sell "aid pri'iii- 
 iT-i diina^-i'. or In "I'paralo pari'i-N. 
 
 .iMfl till' >aiil party ol tin' llr^t part iH'rchy •["•olally lovoiianl 
 and aj,'ri-'. to and with Iht'i-aid parly of tin' mn'oiid part to walvi'. 
 and hcri'hy « aivi'.* r'fjht "f e<liilty of riHloinptloii, and fur- 
 ther acne that will iirithcr a-^^ort or claim any muli right 
 
 on a i^alt'of tlio uIhivc di'srrilM'd pri'nil*e'» by vlrtiic of iiii'' Mmt- 
 i;:i;;i'. .\nd u|Hiii the making; of ^ui'li sain or sali»<. tlii' >.ild parly 
 of Ihi'tlr-t part do. hnilpy aiitlioriz<>. niiiiowcr am! diri'it tin- 
 >ald jiarty of tlii' sivoiid parr, hi- •■xt'cutors. adiiiinl-trati i>, attor- 
 iii'V^' or a.-^i^.'!!-. Ill hi- or Ihrlr own iiaint'. to inaki', <'XP<'utt* and 
 ililivi r to the inirrha-i'r or piinha-rr" tlitrpof, a difd or ilo'd* for 
 till- pn-miscs so sold, aiidcovi'iiant and agri't- that .ill the nvitiUs of 
 siieli dei'd or deeds setting forth the fact of due notice, advertise- 
 ment, and sale and any and .ill siiiti other f.n.'tsaiid statements a- 
 iiiay lie projM'r to evidonee the legality of such sale or sales orcon- 
 veyance or eoiiveyances. and that the same have lio^ii duly made in 
 all resjK'cts so as to meet the r<H|uiremen|s herein contained, or 
 ari-ing in law. and iiece.isary to convey a good title, shall Im- taken 
 and cnii-idered as prima facie evidence of all such (act.s and mat- 
 ters set forth in -iicli ncilals; and out of the proce<'ds of such (sale, 
 or money arl-iiig tlierefroin. the -aid party of the stvond part • • 
 
 . . executor-, ailmiiii-tralor-. attorney-, or assigns tlr-t to pay all 
 costs and exjien-es incurred in advertising, selling and oonveyiiig 
 -aid in-emi-e-. including the reasonable fees and commi-sions of 
 -aid iiaity of the -econd part, and all other exi»'iise-. including all 
 moneys advanced for taxes, and other liens or .tsspssnients with 
 
 interest thereon at [kt cent iM'r aiimiin. together with the 
 
 sum of . dollars for attorney's fees, then to pay the jirincipal 
 
 (if said whether due and payable by the terms thereof or 
 
 not. and iiitorpst fhereou up to the lime of such sale and to render 
 
 the overiilus. if any, to said party of the lir-t part legal 
 
 rejireseiitatives or .xssign-, on reasonable rei|ue-t, and in ciLse of the 
 f'ireclosiire of this Mortgage liy proceeding- in court, or in case of 
 any suit or proceedings at law or in ei|uity. wherein said party of 
 
 the second part executors, adniiiiistrators or .issigns shall 
 
 Ix-a party. plaintiff <ir defendant by rea-on of beluga party 
 
 to this Mortgage, lie or they sh.ill Im- allowed and paid their reason- 
 able costs, charges, attorney's and solicitor's t'ei-s. in such suit or 
 proceeding by said party of the llrst part, and the same shall be a 
 further charge and lien upon said |ireini-e< under this Mortgage to 
 Iw paid out of the prmeeds of sale therinif. if not olhemise paid 
 by said parly of the lir-f part. 
 
 And in CoHfiulcrafion of the money jiaid as aforesaid to 
 the .said party of the first part, and in order to create a first Hen 
 
 and iniiinibranco on .lald preiiil«es under tbi- MortgiiKC for the 
 plir|M)ses aforesaid, and to carry out the foregoing i-liifltlc applii ii- 
 I loll of the proceeds of any sale that may Im> made liy virtue ben'of, 
 the said party of the tlr't part do. hereby release niiiI naivi'idl i igbt 
 under, iiiid lM>nelll of, the exemption and liomixfead hv.* of the 
 
 fltate of Ill and to the lands and premises aforesaid, and the 
 
 proceeds of mile tlieieot', and iigret" to niirreiiiler up |)<i«ses«loii 
 thereof to the piipcliaser or piiriiha»cr« at such -ale. |ieaceably on 
 demand. 
 
 .ttnl the «ald for and heiri. executor-, and 
 
 ailminl-tralors, covenant and agree to and »itli the "aid parl> of 
 
 the second piirl -xi'ditor-. administrator'' and assigns, that 
 
 at the time of the onsealliig and delivery of tlie-e present* .... 
 well sel/ed of i-aid premi-e-. in fet> simple, and ha- good right, full 
 power and law till authority to grant, bargain and sell thi>saiii<' In 
 maimer and form as aforesaid; that the same are fri-e and clear of 
 all li'ins and incumbrances, whatsoever; and that • "illfor- 
 
 eviT warrant ami defend the same against all law(\il claims; that 
 the said party of the llr-l part w 111 in due seuj<oii pay all taxe* iiiid 
 a--e.— menls on saiil premises, and exhibit once n year, on deniand. 
 rei-eipts of the proper persons, to said party of the second part, or 
 
 a-.-igiis. showing payment thereof, until the iiideli|<.diie-s 
 
 aforesaid shall be fully paid; and will keep all biiildiiigs that may 
 at any time lie on said premises, ilnring the continuance of said 
 Indebtednc-s. insured in such conipany or coin|ianies as the said 
 
 party of the second pari or assigns may from time lo time 
 
 direct, for such sum or sums as such company or companies will 
 insure for, not to exceed the aiiioiinf of said Indebtedness, except 
 at the option of said party of the llrst part, and will assign, with 
 pro]H>r consent of the Insurers, the jxilicy or jmllcles of In-iinince 
 
 to -aid parly of the second part or assigns, as further 
 
 -ecuiity for the indeliteilni-- afore-ald. 
 
 .Villi 111 case of the refu-al or neglect of -aid party of the first 
 part, or either ot them, thus to Insiiri'. or assign the indicies of 
 insurance, or to pay taxes, .-aid party of the second part, or his 
 executors, adiuiiilstrators or assigns, or cither of them, may pro- 
 cure such insurance, or jiay such taxes, ami all moneys thus paid, 
 
 with Interest thereon at |)er cent |i<'r aniiuni, shall become 
 
 so much additional indebtedne--. secured by this Mortgage, and to 
 Ih' paid out *if the proceeds of sale of the lands and liremi-es afori-- 
 said. If not oiheiw ise paiil by -aid party of llie tlr-t part. 
 
 Ami if in Stipulntvil mid .lyfcrd, 'I'h.it in case of default 
 in aii.v if -aid payments of principal or interest, accordliig to the 
 
 tenor and elVeil of said atore-aid, or either of them, or any 
 
 part thereof, or of a breach of any of the covenants or agreements 
 herein tiy the jiarty of the flr-t part executors, administra- 
 tors or assigns, then, and in that case, the whole of said pr'ncipal 
 sum hereby secured, and the intere-t thereon to the time of sale, 
 
 may at once, at t lie option of said party of the second jiart 
 
 executor-, administrators, attorneys, or assigns. iKM'ome due and 
 payable, and the said premises be sold in the manner and with the 
 same ellect as if the said Indebtedne.ss had iuature<l. 
 
 In Witness Whereof, the said jwirty i .f I he first part 
 
 hereunto set hand, -and .seal. . the 'day and year first abow 
 
 written. 
 
 iSeal] 
 
 ISeal.-] 
 
 •t. ISeaU] 
 
 Siijned, sealed, and deUvtni 
 in presence of 
 
|ai'ill>' il|i|>li< II- 
 Y virliii- hrri-of, 
 I wiilvi'iill liKht 
 ml \;\\\* of tlin 
 irf«ulil, mill llio 
 
 ll|l |M>"!'f'««|llll 
 
 I*, iicao'iilily «m 
 
 i'XP«'ulor>. iiiiil 
 n> iialil |iaity I if 
 ml ui<»lKiiy, lliat 
 riiii'iit* • • • ■ 
 I(<)imI ri^lit, lull 
 !>i'll llir HaiiK- ill 
 Vfi- iiinl 4 |i';ir of 
 . » ill I'lir- 
 Ail I'liiiinc ; that 
 ly all laxcii miil 
 i-ar, KM iloiiiaiiil, 
 
 »'«^'<iiiil part, <ir 
 lie liiili'l)|<'<lin'>!' 
 liJiiiK-' tliat may 
 liiiiiatiDMil' calil 
 lilt'?! H* till' caiil 
 nil time to tiin<> 
 
 n>niiianli'!< nvIII 
 itriliir--'. cxii'lit 
 illl a'^-l):ii. witli 
 Ifs of iii«urain«' 
 Igiis, ail I'lirtlicr 
 
 arty of ttio first 
 
 I till" lKillllo< of 
 
 ml jiart, or lii^ 
 ilii'iii. may pro- 
 iticy'i tliii-' jiaid. 
 m, shall iK-i-Kiuc 
 Iiirtjjajji'. ami to 
 pr^•lIll^p» aforo- 
 t part. 
 
 caso of ili'faiilt 
 I'ltnllii}; to the 
 of thiiii. or any 
 s or agrociiiciits 
 rs. adiniiii^tra- 
 f call] pruiiiiial 
 10 tiim* of CiUo, 
 
 onil part 
 
 irtoiiif* iliii' ami 
 ii'r ami with the 
 
 lir>t part 
 
 vear first above 
 
 L4W AMI) I.KUAI. roKMI 
 
 i! 
 
 ^fjKA.--«.- .- r- .V r. .->r^ 
 
 I 
 
 
 ■^?^— DEEDS, 
 
 I 
 
 
 II iiKKn is a fonnal iliwument, oii |)ii|HT or pjm'liincnt, 
 W (Inly sij;tiiil. swilwl ami ilfliv.-i-*-*!. In tliin conn- 
 
 \ tiy. pnor.illy. lan<U an* tnin>.ftTi'iMl only liy a 
 (ItTtl. wlrili is siyniMl, walf«l, aikiiowlrdgi'd, 
 (Iclivt'i'iMl ami rpconlwl. W'lwn iiuulo by one party 
 only, a tlffd is cullfil a tloo<l |><>ll; wlion Sfvcnil |iaitii'S 
 aro concrrncil. iin iniliMitun-. A ilf^il jiolliscut rvcn. 
 or polled at tilt' t'dj.'is. Tin* form conimciicfs in the 
 inodt; of a dfclaralion, "Know ail men by tlicMJ prt's- 
 t'lits, that," I'tf. Tlif fonii appnipriati'*! to an indon- 
 turc, or a dofd among s«>veral |)iirtu's. is: "This inden- 
 turi', niado, etc., between, etc., Witnossetli," etc. 
 
 A proporlyarrangiHl di'o*! of conveyance usually con- 
 sists of the followini.' piirts: First, tlit' date and names 
 of tht> parties; secondly, the recitals in which the 
 intentions of the partis and former transjictions with 
 reo-ard to the same are recount- 
 ed as far as necessary. Then the 
 o|)enitive jiart. consisting of the 
 habendutn, which «lefines the 
 estate or interest to be grante*! ; 
 the tenendum, usually joint>d 
 with the habendum, but it i> 
 unnecessary, since the tenure i> 
 never expressed, e.vcept u|K)n a 
 suli-grant or lease reserving 
 rent; the reddendum, or the 
 reservation of some new thing, 
 such as rent to the grantor. Next come the enii 
 ditions, if any. annexed to the grant, the cove- 
 nants, and the conclusion, which mentions the execu- 
 tion, etc. 
 
 A deed must l)e signed and sealed by the grantor, 
 and by the griintee also, if any agreement or covenant 
 is entered into by him. The delivery and recording 
 of a decHl completes its efficacy, and thence it takes 
 effect. 
 
 A deed is gcnid although it mentions no date, or has 
 a false or impossible date, prcjvided the real date of 
 its delivery can l>e proved. After execution, a deed 
 may become void by er.isure. interlineation or other 
 alteration in any material part; but, generally, such 
 alterations are presumed to have been made before 
 execution. 
 
 I6 
 
 FORM or A WARRANTY DEED 
 
 Thii Indenture, Maili' lliii day of In tlic ypur 
 
 of our Uml our tliiiUNind ilkchl humlrvd Mid clKhly- bttwuin 
 
 of till- Ill llie C'lHinty of nnd Sliilf of 
 
 imrty of the tint (virt, uud of llu' In the County of 
 
 and Siaic of pnfty of tlit- Mtond part. 
 
 Witnecaeth, That tlir Mild parly of ibi' Ilr«t part, for mal In 
 
 ('oiiviilcralioli of llii' Miiiii of do|lar> in hand |>ald l>y tin' "aiil 
 
 parly of tlir mi olid |Kirt, tlii' nirlpl wlnri-of i« In-n liy in Unowl- 
 cdt'i'd and 111!' '•aid party of llifMiond i«nrl fonviT n li iiwd and dis- 
 cliarKni llicri'froin, lia. . . .irranlitl. Iinrcaiind. <.o|il, ri inixd, ri'lriisiil, 
 coiivfvid, alinird and i'onllniii'<l. and hy lln-«c priM'iilH do. . . .(;riim, 
 liarKain, sill, n iniHi'. nltiiM'. lonvey, itllt-n and (onlirin iiiilo llin suld 
 
 party of llif sfconil part, and to hiir< ami iiH-^icnt koiikvkh, 
 
 all till' following di'M'rili<.-<t lot. ., piece. .. oriwrcid. . . of land Hiluatiil 
 
 III the County of and State of uud iimiwii and 
 
 dcwrihcd a.i follow «. to-wit: 
 
 Toffetber with all and siapUar, The htnilltmnintH and 
 appiiilcnani 1 H Ihirinnto Ih loiigiiij; ir in ainwisc apiHTtainiiifr, and 
 Ihi' rtvcision and r(Vcr»ion!<. rt'iiiaiodt-r and riinaindir>, rents, Issues 
 and prollt.s thereof; and all the olalc. riiihl, title, interest, i laim or 
 deiinuid what.-oever. of tlie faid parly of 
 the first part, either in law or eiiuily, 
 of, in and to the alM>ve harpiined prein- 
 t*;*. with the In n-diiainenls and appur- 
 teimntf*: To Have and to Hold the 
 said pnuiises aN'Ve 1'ari.Mined and de- 
 scrihnl, with the appurtenances, unto 
 
 the s,'iid I«rty of the Mtomi part 
 
 heirs and a.v«ii:n<, kokkvkh. 
 
 Acd the said party of the 
 
 tir>t p:u1. for heirs, exeeiitors 
 
 and udniinislnitors, do. . . , civenant, 
 prant. harcain and airree. to and with 
 
 the Hiid l>arty of the weoiid part 
 
 heir* and aissiiins, that at the time of 
 the ensealins: and delivery of these pre.s. 
 
 nils well sei/id of the pr<nilse« aUive conveyed, as of a pmd, 
 
 sure, perfect, ahsiilute and indefeasible e>tate of inherilance in law, in 
 feu simple, and ha. . jrood right, full |>ower and law I'nl authority to 
 grant, harirain, sell and convey the .same in manner and form afore- 
 .said, and that the same are fn-c nnd elear from all former and other 
 granl.s, liaruaiiis, sjiles. lien*, ta.ies. ass«->.smenls and incumhrances, of 
 what kind or nature sinver: and the hlmve |iargaine<l premisis, in the 
 (juiet and piaceaMe |)os.sessinn of the s;iid party of the , second part, 
 
 heirs anil a^siims. against all and every o;her ixrson or in rsons 
 
 lawfully claiming or to claim the whole or any part thereof, the said 
 
 |)arly of llu- first part shall ami will Warrant and Forever Defend. 
 
 And the .said party of the tir-t i>art herehy e\Mri— ly waive. . . and 
 
 rciea.se.. any and all right. Unetil. priviU-ire. a : outage and e.vemp. 
 
 tion, under or liy virtue of any and all ."statutes ol ijie Slate of 
 
 proviiling for tlie exemption of homesteads from sale on execution 
 o' otherwise. 
 
 In Witness Whereof, the stiid parly of the first part Iutc- 
 
 tinto set. . . .hand, .and seal, .the dav and vear flrsl above written. 
 
 aij/md, nidUd, and ildivtnd iit pnt- < [■'^"'■] 
 
 em-e of. S [Sial 
 
LAW AND LEGAL FOKMS. 
 
 FOKM OK TIlt'STKE'S r.:ED. 
 
 Thia Indenture, Maile tliis diiy of In tlie year 
 
 of our l.onl one thousand eight hunilred anil tighty between 
 
 of the In theCiiunly of and State of 
 
 party of tlie (Irst part, and of the In the County of 
 
 and State ol psirty of the second part. 
 
 W UnenHeth , l liat, wherexs of the In the Cojnty 
 
 of and State of l)y a eertahi Trust Deed dated the 
 
 day of V. D. 18. • • .did bargain, sell, and eonvey 
 
 unto as Trustee, liis heirs and assigns, all the prem- 
 ises hereinafter deseribed, to seeure the payment of certain 
 
 promissory note , in said Trust Deed particularly mentioned: 
 
 And, irhercas, it was expressly provided in said Trust Deed, 
 that, in case dctniilt should be tniiilc in the payment of tlie >?dd. . . . 
 promissory note . or any part thereof, either of principal or Inter- 
 est, according to the ten'ir and ctVect therof. or in case of the 
 breacli of any of the covenants or agri>ements in said Trust Deed 
 mentioned, then, on the application of the legal bidder of the said 
 
 promissory note , the said after publishing a notice 
 
 in any newspaper iirinteil in the l«'fore the day of 
 
 such sale, might sell and di-pose of the said premises, and all the 
 
 right, title, bcnetit, atid ecpiity of rcdemiition of the said 
 
 heirs and assigns therein, at public auction, at the in said 
 
 Comity of and State < if. to the highest bidder 
 
 for cash, at the time mentioned insuili notice; anil al~o make, exe- 
 cute, and deliver totli ■ purchaser or jpurcliiLsiTs thereof, a good and 
 sulUciiiit deed or deeds for 111"' iiremises so snld; whkli said Trust 
 
 Dcccl is ri'corded in llic I{ecordei"s Otlice of the Coinity of 
 
 and Stale of in book of page 
 
 And, ifhrrens, titso, ilefaiilt having l)een made in the pay- 
 ment ot said pro:iii-sory note , due, 1L< aforesaid 
 
 and the legal bolder then of having apiilied to ■ 'c, as socli 
 
 Trustee, to caii-e saiil prcnii-cs luTcin di-rribed to be soK' for iiie 
 ])urposes nn'Mtioncfl in. and in accordance with the previsions of 
 said 'J'ru't Deed, 1, the iindi reigned jiarty of the tlr^l part, on the 
 
 day ot V.I>.lN>< ,cMit'd a notice lobe pebli.-hed 
 
 in the a newspaper printed in the County of 
 
 an<l State of tliatsaid premi-e-i hereinafter desp'ibed would. 
 
 ontlie day of \. D. 1"<^ .at o'clock in th(\ 
 
 noon of said ilay. be ^old at jmblic auction, at tlie in 
 
 said County of to the highe-I bid lei- for Ciish. by virtue of 
 
 the power an'' authority in me vested l)y .■•aid Trust Deed- ><hh'h 
 
 said Moti J was printed for eonseoiitiv iy o! said 
 
 piper, commencing on the day of A. D. iss ^ and 
 
 ending on ilie day of A. l>. 1.S8 . 
 
 And, n-fierean, also, tlie said premises having been, by the 
 
 said jiaiiy of the lir-l parl.onthe lay of ., .. . ..\. D. ISS , 
 
 at o'clock ill the noon of said day, in the manner 
 
 prescribed in and by -.aid Trii-t Deed, and at the i)Iace ' .st afore- 
 said. In pursuance of said notice, ofl'ered for sale at public auction, 
 to the highest l)iilder, for casli, and the said party of the second 
 part having been the highest bidder therefor, and havin^r bid for tlie 
 
 tract hereinaft' r named, the sum of Dollars 
 
 duly declared the |)urchaser thereof. 
 
 Kow, therefore, thin Indmture Witnenseth, that tlie 
 said party of the tirst part, as 'I'lu-tec. a~ aloiijsaid, for and in con- 
 sideration of the sum -i< bid as aforesaid, to in band paid by 
 
 the said party of the second pan. the receipt whereof is hereby 
 ncknouledged, has granted, bargained, sidd. aliened, reiiilsed, 
 released, and confirined. and by these I'resents does grant, bargain 
 sell, alien, remise, release, and confirm, unto the said party of the 
 second part, .'ind to lieirs and a-sign» K<)KEVi;ii. all the fol- 
 lowing de-cribed lot , piece , or parcel of land, situate in the 
 
 < oiinty ol aiid State of knowui and described as 
 
 follows, to tvit: 
 
 Together with All and Singular the tenements, heredl- 
 laments, and appurtenances thereunto belonging, n.s the f<aine are 
 descjihed and conveyed in and by llie said Trust Deed; and also, 
 all tlie estate, right, title, interest, pro|M'rty, claim, and demand 
 
 whatsoever, lM)tli In law and equity, of the said as .veil as 
 
 of the said party of the tirst part, of, in. and to the alKivo descrilied 
 premises with the appintenances. as fully, to all inieiits an, pur- 
 poses, as the said |>arty of tiie tirst part hath power and aiitliority 
 to grant, sell, and convey flie same by virtue of the said Trust 
 Deed, TO II-VVIC A.ND To IKtl.D tlie said alMive granted premi- 
 ses, with their appurtenances, and every part thereof, unto the said 
 party of the sei'ond part heirs and assigns, fokevek. 
 
 In Witiiena Whereof, the said party of the tirst part 
 
 liereunto .set hand and seal the day and year 9rst above 
 
 written. 
 
 Siijneil, unaled, and delirere<h 'a] 
 
 the preaenc" <ij' I [Seal.l 
 
 ',"".'.'.'. .'.'.'.'.'...'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..] [Seal.'] 
 
 DEEI) OK CilFT.nv IXDENTrRE WITIIOtTT ANY ""ARn.VNTY 
 WHATEVER. 
 
 Thin Indenture, made the day of in the year 
 
 one tlioii>aiid eight hundred and Ijetween (niwie, resiilKme 
 
 and occupatiun of the ijranlor) of the tirst part, and (name, resi- 
 dence and occvpatio:'. of grantee) of the second part : 
 
 IFitnesseth, that the said (;;n(Hfor) as well for and in considera- 
 tion of the love and alVection which he has and Iwars towards the 
 f:>U\ (fjrarUei) as for the sum of one dollar, lawful mritiey of the 
 v'nifed .States, to him in hand \r.i\i\ by the said party of the second 
 part, at or before the ensealing and delivery of tlie>e presents, t!ie 
 receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, has j;iven. granted, 
 aliened, eiifeoll'ed, released, conveyed and contirmed, and by these 
 )H'esents does give, grant, alien. eiifeofT. release, convey and conlirm. 
 111. Ill the said party of the second part and his heirs and as.-igns 
 lorever, all (Kere descriln: carefnlhj Die itnd vr prewinpn yrunlrd, h>i 
 meii s mill hiiunilut anil dinieiinions, eimlents nr ijiiantiln, or huundnry 
 innrku nr montoiieiUti, and nfer lij eoluiue and ptuje to the ''eed of the 
 I'lHil Id the grantor, unilf-r n-hirh li-' holds it). 
 
 Together with All and Singular the tenenu ..ts. heredita- 
 nieiils and appurtenances then lo belonging or in anywise apper- 
 taining, and the reversion and reversions, remainder and remain- 
 ders, rents. issue> and jirotits thereof. And. also, „ll the estate, 
 right, title, interest, pro|)erty. iKi-session. .laini and deniand 
 whatsoever, of the said ptirty of the lir>t pail. In and to the same, 
 and every part and parcel tliereof. witli their anil every of (hi ir 
 appurtenances. TD IIAVK AN'I> TO HOLD the said henliy 
 granted and described premises and e^ .'ry part and parcel thereof, 
 villi the appurten.iiicps. unto tho said party of the second jiart.and 
 his heirs and assigns, to his and their only pro])er use. Ix'iiclit am' 
 behoof ciiiii-.VKU. 
 
 In U'itneaa Whereof, the said party o,' me ib-t part ha.s 
 heieunio ^ ■! his hand and seal the dav aiulycur first at ove written. 
 
 (SlGNATUKE.; [Seal.] 
 Sealea and delivered in presence of: 
 
 yllTCLAIM DEED WlTHOtT ANY WARK.iNTT. 
 
 This Indenture, made the day of in tlie year 
 
 one thou and eight hundred and l)etw 'en (lianx; resiilenif 
 
 and occupation -if grantor) of the tlr-^t part, .md {na.i e, resulenci 
 and iicriipatinn of the grantre) party of the jjecond pr.rt: 
 
 Witnesseth. That the said party of tlie first part, for and In 
 
 consideration of the sum of lawful money of the I'liited 
 
 States of .\mirica. to him in liaiid paid, by the sai.l party of the 
 second part, at or before the ensealing and delivery of tliese tires- 
 eiifs, the receij't whereof is hereby acknowledged, lias remised, 
 reIeH.sed and (|uitelaiined.and by these presents does remise, reloase 
 and i|uitclaiin, unto tlie said jiarty of tlic second |)art, and to lilit 
 
 ^ 
 
V.-l< 
 
 lents, heredl- 
 tlie same are 
 h1; mill also, 
 iind demand 
 ... as .veil aa 
 )ve described 
 cuts lui. pur- 
 iiid uiitliority 
 ir ^aid Trust 
 •aiiU'd preini- 
 uiito the said 
 
 •KEVEU. 
 
 ■t part 
 
 ar 'irst above 
 
 [Seal.] 
 \Seal-] 
 
 "ARRANTY 
 
 . . in tlie year 
 line, resi'leni'' 
 I (^name, resi- 
 
 il in oon?idera- 
 rs towards- the 
 lUDney of tlie 
 v cfthe second 
 e presents, tlie 
 iven, grant e<1, 
 (1. ami by lliese 
 ■y and vonlirni. 
 |rs and assigns 
 'upa yfanff'K 1*11 
 or h'lU-ivJnry 
 the '^eed of the 
 
 ,ts. lieredita- 
 y\vi<(' aplicr- 
 aiid rcniain- 
 1 Hie estate, 
 ind demand 
 
 In till' same, 
 very <'l' tin ir 
 id licirby 
 aiicl thereof, 
 
 lid iiart.and 
 e, txMiclit am". 
 
 iM-i [lart lias | 
 il ')ve written. 
 :a¥..) iSeal.^ 
 
 NTY. 
 
 hi the year 
 ihx; rt.tiilouf 
 ' »>, resulfici 
 .It: 
 
 irt. for and In 
 if Hie I'liilfd 
 i parly of the 
 of these pres- 
 llias remised. 
 |cmlse, releiise 
 t, and to his 
 
 f 
 
 =^^ 
 
 LAW A>'D UCAL rOEM.S. 
 
 beln: and aMlgnf: forev>''r {here carefully describe premise* 
 yrinted). 
 
 Together with all titiil Hlngnlar, The leneinents, lieredi- 
 tani<-iits and appiirli'iiaMces llieiiMinto lu'lonfing. or in anywise 
 apjiertaining. an<l the reveivioii and rovrsion-, remaindi-r and 
 remainders, rents, is^iiies and pmllls thereof. And aNo all the 
 estate, ri^lit, title interest. pioiM>rly, iMissession, claim and ilemund 
 what.«>ever. a- wi-ll in law a- In i(|iiity.of tlie said jiarty of the 
 firit fort, of, in. or to tin' alioM- de.-crihed preini-e-. and every 
 jiart and fiamd lln';cr,f, wiili the .";i|'intenanci'< : To Hare and 
 to UoM all ain! >iii^ular tl'.c almve nicntioiiid and ili^criU-d 
 f>r»?iuis*s to^'tlier w ilh the ao'iiiilcnaiices. unto the >aid |iarty <if 
 the 'i«'<'<ind pirl. .-ind hi- lii'lr^ and assii;ns iokkykII 
 
 In WitneuM irAr/ro/, ilio .-aid parly of the tirst part ha- Iiit<- 
 unt" si-t his Iiand an.. >eal Ilic day and year tir-<t atxive written. 
 
 Sfil^l 'iif' •Irlirerrii in presence of: (SkinaTI'HE.) {Seal.l 
 
 State <»k (^^ 
 
 C'lttt^ 'f 
 
 On Thi» d.iy nf in the year one thousand eiiriit 
 
 huiidrwl and U fure nie persmially c ainc (ii'/i/i'" "/' yr'/<.t...- 1 
 
 whf» i* ktH-w n by inc \» ie Hie indiviilnal di-crilxMl. and wlu. i-n<- 
 cxile'1 tJi»* forejfoinjf insirunient ami acl^nowledged that In- e.M- iit<-d 
 the «anie. (.Sigxatike.'' 
 
 'T^Q ^ 
 
 nVfSTt FOR A IlKICn. 
 
 Knotc All Men by fhenr frrHriitH, Thai 1 {nampofohUijnr) 
 
 of tlie '-onnty of ... and Slate of am held and lirinly 
 
 bound to (nimr of ohliijee') of the (.'ounl.v of and State of 
 
 intliesuin of didlars. to he paid lo (n'oii/" o'</i>/^e) 
 
 or hi- executors, administrators, or iis-iirns, to the ;iaynieiit 
 
 wlien-of I hind niy.-elf, my heirs, executors and adniu.-trators, 
 
 liniily iiy tliese presents, sealed with my seal and dated the day of 
 
 -. .'..-A. I). l.S... 
 
 The condition of tliis obligation i> that if I, the said {name of 
 
 oii/ywr). ujion payment of dollars and interest thereon, as 
 
 a;rree<I and pnimised by said {name of olili(jee) agreeably to his 
 
 pi<iiiii--ory note, dated 18. ., and nnide jiayable as foUow.s, 
 
 to v'U: {'I't'tUte n'ltp), .Shall convey to said {name ohliijee) or 
 hi- Ik irs. exei-utor-. or a^^signs forever, the following dcscriljcd 
 
 rp;il <-tate. situate, lying and being in the county of and 
 
 Man- of. to wit: {hire ijive careful ilesrription of land) 
 
 ilf*-.I or (U-eds in common furni ('nly executed am] acknowlodjred, 
 ami in tin? mean time sliall permit said {name of ohligee) to oci i\>y 
 and improve said pn-niisc- for his own nsi', then tliis obligatiou 
 ^■ll:ld \f voiiL otlierwise it shall remain in full f^iw. 
 
 (SitiNATLUE.) [Heal-l 
 .Si'jm^l, »»ile>iatvl delivered in presence of: 
 
 f 
 
 '■5^^^ II.).. or tcstti- 
 
 ^i 1^,--^"^ tM.«'ii (Ictiiicd 
 
 t<i lie ill!' ilo- 
 
 (■lai^it ion. in 
 
 ;ivo|H'r ''Mill. 
 of ivimt a iiiuii wills to 
 In- j^-rfoniH'il ril'tor his 
 .!.-:it!i. 
 
 .\li wil|>. v.Iiitliir 
 
 of n"!ll (If |K'fsoll;l 
 
 ftstatp. nja»t In- in writ- 
 
 iii;r. ami >i^iii*«l at the 
 
 fiMit Mr «*iiil tlnMNMil* liy 
 
 thft<">tator.or liy-nim' 
 
 Heis<>ii III !«i* |»;-o>ciic. . 
 
 and hy lii< ilirci-tion, 
 
 ill tlif prc-'fiiic of two witiicsso .u loast, |)tosoiit at 
 
 tin- liiiM'. ulio iinist siiliscrilM' siiul tiUcst tin- will in liis 
 
 prfs<-iK-c'. '•7;ipsi<rnaturi' iniisl lie so |il.i':.| ,il, aftor, 
 
 followiiijr. iiiidor. or liesidf, or opposiii' tlio oiid of tii<' 
 
 will, tluit it sliall ho appaiviit on llii' fare of tin- will 
 
 tlial tin- t«-statnr iiiteinlcd to give cirt'ct h\ such his 
 
 niiniaturf to the writimr siirnod ii.m his will." 
 
 In ;.'<-i,;Tal, all [xt-oiis who have -titliiient iindor- 
 staiidini.' aic <a|>al>Ic of disposin;: liy will of lioth tea' 
 
 4Z.A and pcivon;!! estate. 
 
 '^ j^-^-'-ll^, , -^ iiianii'il wointm can 
 '' f.J?^'^^ lutikc ;i will of l!io 
 A. proiicrtN- scitlcd to her 
 '^yi\ scpMiali' ii-c. Ill iiuist 
 of the slates ininofs 
 nitiy hcijiieatli )M'rsoii:il 
 properly ; in most itises 
 tlie ai^c for this piu- 
 lo-c i- riij-litcen foi- 
 ni:il>'s and -i.vlccii for 
 fcnmlfs. ()tlicrwiso, 
 no will niadr liy any 
 person under the tiiro 
 of twenty-one is valid. 
 A will is il revocahlo 
 in.sti'inncnt , and is re- 
 voked liy iiiarriaffp either in the ease of a man or 
 woman, Iml it is not revoked hy any i>ther ihanLre of 
 i-in'iini.staiMc. It may, however, he re\oked l,\ an- 
 other will siiliseipiently exeentecl. \ will mioht he 
 revoke*', hy twiriiifr otV the name, hnt the ipifstion, 
 ••wild tni^' it otT," wiuild I'oiue up. If !i tfstator 
 wi.-ihes to revoke an existiii"' will, it is hettrr to 
 tle>tmy it; or, if the old our eaimot he uot at hy the 
 testator, bo should ni«ke a new one. In the liejinninir 
 
(I 
 
 I I 
 
 ^ 
 
 LAW AND I.KGAL FOKJIS. 
 
 of this latti'iiii- 
 .-t niiiifiit. lit" 
 .-lionld .-:iy tliat 
 it i>lii>l:i.-t will. 
 )litt'r:itioii, inter- 
 or olluT altcni- 
 valid, i'xcopt so 
 clli'ti (if tli«- will 
 lion sjiaii 1k' ap- 
 altcnitioi!. But 
 testator and siil»- 
 de in till' niar<riii 
 ■nit ion, or at the 
 the altenitioii, it 
 will he valid. j 
 
 A will taki - elleit as it" exeented immediately iK'tbre , 
 the te.-tator"> deatii. nnless a contrarv intention 1k' 
 shown l>y '' will: and lapsed and void devises tall i 
 into the I- ..aie unless ti'e will shows a oontniry j 
 intention. j 
 
 W'lien a jieisoii has roohed lipon makinjr a will, he | 
 should select tVoin amonir his friends, persons ot" trust j 
 to liecome his e.xeeutors. and shoidd ol>tain their eon- 
 sent toaet. Anil it i> advisable that a duplicate copy 
 ot" the will should lie entrusted to the exe<iit<)r or 
 exeeiitors. Or he should otherwise deposit a copy of 
 his will, or the ori^'-inal \\ill. in the office provided l<y 
 the proltiit<' court for the safe custody of will.-. 
 
 Codicil is a sii|»plemeiit to a will, where anythiiiir is 
 omitted wiiich the testator would add, or which he 
 would explain, alter, or retract; and it i> the .same 
 with a testament, and taken .as part thereof; and 
 it must he executed in the >;iiiie manner a.- a wdl. 
 and he attested liy two witnesses at least, who must 
 Ije present when the testator sij^iis or aeknowledires 
 it; and iiey must sign their names, as witnes.-es 
 thereto, in his presence and in the prc-emc of each 
 other. 
 
 .Vny mimlM'r (»f co(' d> may i>e made to a will. A 
 will i> chan^red .somewhat l»ya codicil, l)ut not revt)ked 
 by one. .Vltenitions in wills or codi<'ils should Ik? very 
 clearly statetl, and it would l>c wtdl to use the follow- 
 injr words: " I herehv exitresslv contirm mv former 
 
 r* tit . 
 
 will, dated , exieptiuir ^o tar as the disjHjsition of 
 
 my property i> chan^red by this codicil." 
 
 .\ will made by word of mouth i> i;illcd nnncu|>a- 
 tive; that written entirely i>y the hand of the testator 
 is olojrniphii'. .\uother kind of will is the mystic, or 
 ii!»aled testament.-". 
 
 The personal property of any person deceased. I(>ft 
 undisiMscd of by deed or will, is divisible ainonir his 
 
 ;l 
 
 widow— shonlil he leave one — aud his next of kin, in 
 tin' followinir order: 
 ( 1 ) Chililren. 
 
 (rnindchildren, 
 
 (ireat-L'nindchildreu. 
 The next inheritor-, in the ab>ence oi these, are 
 
 (2) Father: if none. 
 Mother, and 
 
 Hidthers ;ind >i>ters. and their children, but not 
 their irnuidchildri'i). 
 
 (3) linmdfathers ;i;id irr.iudmothei-s; if none, 
 
 (4) Uncles and aunts; if none, 
 
 (.")) Cousins, and irreat-uephews and nieces. 
 
 If the ileieased leave :t widow, but no child or chil- 
 dren, one-half of liis jjersonal estate will fall to his 
 widow, and the other half will be divisible amonc th? 
 next of kin. The father of an intestate without chil- 
 dren is entitled to oiie-half of his estate, if he leave a 
 widow, and to the whole if he leave no widow. When 
 tile nearest of kin are thi' mother and the brothen- and 
 sisters, the peixuial estate is divisible in ecpLil j)oF- 
 tions, one of which will iK'lonjr to the mother, ami one 
 t(» each of the brothel's :ind sisteis; and if there Ix; 
 children of a deceased brother or sister, iMi eqiiid por- 
 tion is divisible amomr each family of children. 
 
 The more complicated forms of wills require the 
 sn|H;!ntendence of a professionsd advi.ser. 
 
 Ii the provinces of the Dominion of Canaib, the 
 laws in relation to wills are suljstantially the .sime as 
 those of the L'uited States. 
 
 GENEIt.\L FORM OF A WILL IHSPOSINC: OF ItOTH KEAt. AXD 
 l'EIl.S4)N.*I, KST.\TK. 
 
 Know (ill Mfn by thvue Prenenta, That 1 {name of tfnta- 
 
 tur) (it inhere name toirn vr city, Cuiinl;/ uml SlalP.littsiness calling 
 or profession), bfiii^ (in g<io-l or ill he^llth, us the cise mail he) and 
 iif .'oiinil aiiil <li>|i<>sliij; iniiiil :in<l iiipmory. tin iiiakt anil publish 
 tlii.-. my la.-t will ami ti-sianii-nt. hvrehy revokiiijr all iVirmer will? 
 l>y WW at luiy time JiorftoMrt iiiailf. 
 
 And as to my wurMly cstale. anil all tin" proixTty. 
 real. |X'r>oiial. i>r mixt-il. i>l which I shall dii' <t'izoil 
 anil |Mis«c<spil. or to « lihh I shall In- eiititli'il at the 
 tiini'of my ili'iv:i.-i-. I (IcvIm-. Iie<iin'ath. ami ilis|H)se 
 thiToit" in ihr niaimi'i- following, to ivit: 
 
 First, My will i-. that all my Jii-t drtds anil timeral 
 ox|><'n-i'< shall. Iiy my i-xirutor- hi'ri'ii:::!V'r namcil. 
 lio |iaid out ot my rstat"'. .i^- sixin alliT my drc<M>i' iL« 
 sliall hy Ilii-m In- lonnd i-onvi-nii'iil. 
 
 //'111. I givr. di'vi.-i" ami InniniMth to my iM'liivtd 
 wife (Name) all my hoiischolil tiirnitnre. my 
 lior>i-i. carriai;!". ■•mil ciiiiagi- liaini'.«s: ami 
 also ti'n Ihiinsand ilollar- in moni'V, to l)e 
 paidtoln'r liy my exi'ciiior>. In'ii'iii- 
 aftiT nami'd, within «ix month- alliT 
 my dru-asf: to have and 
 to hold the sami' to hiT 
 :uid to her <'XPCUIors. ad- 
 ministrali r>^. and assigii.< 
 
I.W,- AND LKO.VL FOUMS. 
 
 forcvpr. I jiiao give to her the n<e. iinnrovoinPiit ami iiioonip of 
 my (lwelling-hoiL«e. land aiiil its apiiiirti'iiaiircs, ^i|llat('<l (Aere 
 describe property ) and my luml situalfd in (df scribe I'lml) tii have 
 and to hold the s^aine to her for and <liirinj; her natnral lifo. 
 
 I givp and ">o<iMPatli to my honored moilicr (ii'iw i dollars. 
 
 In money, to Ix- ]>aid to hiT t«y my exi-riitors lii'ielnaftiT a|)- 
 I'lointed, within six months al^er my dei'ease; to he lor the solf 
 use of hersell", her executors, administrators and assi<;ns. 
 
 I give and 'K-ijueath to my daughter («'»//!<>; (here ilescrihn anl 
 ttemize Ih^; prop'ity nnd Hfms to '.<• 'jiren,; to have and to liolil the 
 same together with all the ]irotIts and iniome thereof, to Iht. the 
 said (niiiK-). her heirs, exeeutor-. a<lininistrutors. ami a.-sigtis, to 
 her and their use and benetit forever. 
 
 I give, devise, and lM'<nieath to my son {ntime) the reversion or 
 remainder of my dwelling or mansion honsi-, and its appiirte- 
 nanees, situate in (dfs.'ribe property) and all protits. income, aiol 
 a(h antage that may result therefrom, fron) and after the decease 
 of ni.v beloved wife, (nanir : to have and to lndd the same to him, 
 the said (nnmp). his heirs and assigns, from and after the decease 
 of m.v said wife, to his aiid their iise and Ix-hoof forever. 
 
 1 give and iH-fjiieath to my second son (wihiej, the reversion or 
 remainder of my land situated in (describe iVj anil its appurte- 
 nances, and a'! the i)rotits. income and advantage that may result 
 tUerefroin, from ami after the decease of my Ijeloved wife (name). 
 
 to have and to hold the same to the said (ion's nam'')hls heirs and 
 assigna from ami after the decease of my saitl wife, to hU and 
 their use and Indioof forever. 
 
 All the re>t auil residue of my estate, real, personal, and mixed, 
 of which I shall die seized and jiosiessed, or to which I shall bo 
 eniitlcd at ni.v decease, I give, di'vi>i>, and lie<|ueatli to be eipially 
 clividi'd iM'tween and among m.v said sons (names), 
 
 .\tid, lastly, I do nominate and appoint my said sons (nam««), 
 to Im' the executors of this my last will and testament. 
 
 Ill Trutimotty Whereof, I, the >^:i\i] (navie of testator), have 
 to Ihi-, Miy la.-t w ill and t<->iament, contained (nuniber of sheets of 
 paper), and to ever.v sheet thereof, subscribed my name, and to 
 this, the last sheet tln-n-of, I have subscrilK'd my name and allixed 
 
 my seal this day of..._. . . .in vear of our Lord one thoil- 
 
 .sand eight hundred and 
 
 (SiGNATUUK.) [Seal-^ 
 
 Signed, .sealed, puhli.shed. and deidared by the said (name testa- 
 tor), as and for his la-t will and testament, in the presence of U8i 
 who, at his request ami in hi- presence, and in the prcseiiccof 
 each other, have subscribed our names as witnesses thereto. 
 
 (SlliX.VTlKE.J 
 
 (Si(;NATrui;.) 
 (8IGXATLKE.) 
 
 ^^ EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS. | 
 
 THE WASHINGTON HOMESTEAD. MOUNT VERNON. 
 
 N KXErvToit i-; .1 person intni ' -l liy .1 t<slator to 
 oanyoiit tho (lirootinii^ ami n |;'csts in his will, 
 ami to (li.spo-ip of his proiiorlyas diroctod thoroin, 
 after his (iotasc. When no extH-ntor is namod 
 
 will, or when those named refuse to a<t. then the 
 
 :^ 
 
 IdolKite court iioniinat<'s certain ])er-.Mis to art as 
 ail!iiinistr;itori to the ile<'eastMl. 
 
 Bef.-.-e prolmte of the will, an execiildv may eil'ectu- 
 ally do most of the arts tliat he could en ton after- 
 ward; hut an expected administnitor ean proi)erly do 
 
 -tr 
 
ike tlio /' 
 ) cxcr- H 
 
 LAW \M> LKliAL KOUMS. 
 
 l)iiiiir liis wuril uiiilcr pioiKT (lisciplino. A irnanlinii 
 would hv. oxiM'ctod to I'liniisli liis ward with the nwes- 
 sai'(<s of lite, wliicli would include all of tlntM' thinir> 
 ordiuaiilv used liy those similarly situated in life, Imt 
 would not he lial)le if others siiould furnish like thiii'r> 
 whicli he had jiroxided. Mut a <ruiirdian nui.-t not fur- 
 nish his ward with things which would not lie coiujicl- 
 erecl necessaries, jest tiii; court iniirlit decide that he 
 could have the privilege of paying the bill ironi his 
 own exche(iuer. 
 
 l-KTITION FUK Ar lINT.^IKNT OF A OCAROIAX BT A XEtOB 
 OVEK FUUKTELX YEARS. 
 
 To III" Honorable, the Jwhje of the Probatt Court for the County 
 
 i,f, ; 
 
 The I'etition of {name of minor making application) r«*ijei-t- 
 fully ii'priv-c'iitsi Tliut tlio iwtitioiier i^ ii minor child alx>ve the 
 ago of fimrtorn years, of (name of father), I;ite of tlie County of 
 
 , tliat 111! has no iM>rsoii legally authorized to take care of 
 
 his iicrsoii and estate, and i)rays the court that he may U- permit- 
 ted to make choice of a suitublo jxirson for that purpose. 
 
 (SiGSATUEE.) 
 
 IIOND ItV <il'ARI>IAN. 
 
 Know all Men by Iheae PfmentH, That we. (nnM<f» of 
 
 'K/n«/«hte/i), iKjlhoi {toirn or city). County of uid State of 
 
 , are held and thinly Ixinnd unto the Commonwealth of 
 
 (Slat'') (^or the pifipi'r iihliijpi' nrcnnUniJ to statutp ). iti lll«» sum of 
 six thou-and dollars, lawful nioiiey, to lie paid to ilie •iiiil < '">n»- 
 monwealtli. her certain altoiiiey or a-signs; to whiili jKiympiit, 
 well and truly to tie made, we do Iiind oni-sclves. imr lirir-. ••xp»ii- 
 tors and adniinislralors, jointly and >everally. linuly t>y ttiese 
 pres*-nts: sealed with our seals, aM<l dated this I... A. I>. 1-.. 
 
 The con lition of this obligation is ~urli. that if the alxivt- Iouih 
 den (naute of ijnartliitn), guardian <d' {mimi'nf n-ar-lj, a niiiHjr i-hild 
 ol (here yive name of the father of the irartl), late of saiil I'lwr.i/? of 
 /otm), dec-ejiscd, shall at lotust once in every three (or. as ttf rffvire- 
 tntnt if) years and at any otliprtimo when reijnired by the I'roMte 
 
 Court ("r the other proper ronrt). of the ( 'minty of render 
 
 a just and true account of the management of the proj>erty and 
 estate of the said minor under his care, and shall a!-o deliver np 
 tlie said property agreeable to the order and decree of the ?aitl 
 court, or the direction of law, and shall in all respects faltljfully 
 perform the duties of guardian of the said (name of xcar-l). then 
 the at)ove obligation shall be void; otherwise iti-ball remain in full 
 force and virtue. 
 Si-me^r sealetl and delivered^ 
 
 in preaence of I (SigxaTUKE.; [.S«i/.] 
 
 (Si .;«-ATl RE.) I 
 
 (SlG>-AIUBE.) J (SlGXATUBE.) 
 
 [5«t] 
 
 '-^/cr 
 
 -^fe* LIENS. -^ 
 
 <-^s~ 
 
 HE right of a creditor to retain the proix?rty 
 of his debtor until his debt has ijeen {wid, 
 is ciillcd a lien. 
 
 Liens arc either geneitil or siiecitic. A 
 general lien is a right to retain certain 
 iroods initil all the claims of the holder 
 ajniliist the debtor are satisfied. This .sort 
 of lien is not ftivorcd by the law. 
 
 A specific lien is the right to rctiiin certain goods for 
 claims arising from these goods. Thus, in the sale of 
 any tirticlo, the vendor has a right to retain it until 
 the price agreed be paid. As a general rule, a work- 
 niiin nuiy retain any article which he has improveil or 
 repaired for the price of his Itibor ; as a tailor who h:V5 
 received cloth to make into :i coat may retain the coat 
 until he is paid for the labor of making it. 
 
 Liens are implied by law, or authorized by custom; 
 or they mtiy be created by express contract. The cu.s- 
 tom, however, to be legti!, must be reasonable; but 
 this does not apply to special contract, which is good, 
 though it uiav also l>e foolish or hard. 
 
 Tr 
 
 "eN^ 
 
 Lien can exist only where the possession of tlie 
 goo<ls has l)een legally obtained, and cesises to exist the 
 moment they are parted with. 
 
 In some states a mechanic employed upon a hou.-e. 
 and. in some upon any property or work, has a lien 
 uijon the same for a certtun time, and he msiy recover 
 the amount of his wages, and the j)rice of materials 
 which he lias supplied, lie may sue for his wage^, 
 and lay an emiiargo upon the property; or, acconling 
 to the laws of certain other states, he may file a jieti- 
 tion in the clerk's office or proper court: and. in any 
 t-ase may Iwve the [uoperty sold to .satisfy his claim, if 
 the owner fails to meet it. 
 
 Maritime lien !ipi)lies to ships, freight, or cariro, 
 and diflers from the other in not tlopendiiig tipon jk>s- 
 session. and recpiiring ;i legal jiroiess for its enforce- 
 ment. It may arise liy law or by special contract. 
 .Seamen have st lien on the vessel for their wages. 
 Bottomry is also a lien established by special contract, 
 on a vessel lor repairs or necessary supplies to her to 
 enable her to complete her voyage. 
 
Nt 
 
 ! I 
 
 LAW ANU LKOAL FOI!M8. 
 
 -.ir=f!:^Sz^E^^?±=:.. 
 
 LAW OF SHIPPING. 
 
 © 
 
 NK ol' tlio piiiifipiil .-iiihjpfts cnilinKi'il in the j iipoii. Iiowcvcr it may oxc.mI tho legal r.ito ot 
 system ot con. morn- is tluit of tlio law of intcrcsl, it hciii;.' coiisiderc*! in tli" iiatiiri' 
 sliii)j)in<r. The evidoiKO of the Amcrifuii 
 
 c-liaiMctcr of a vps.sol is M'<urccl liv rcirisfnition 
 
 of an iiismanco, anil not usiirA-. . <1 this is allowed 
 to ))(' a valiil contnict in all tnulin, nations. In this 
 ill 1 lie iiistoiii-iioiisc. \'f>-<'is may or may not i casi', the sliip anil tackle, if liroii'.'iit lioini-, are answcr- 
 lic rcirisiMcd. It is important that they should I altleO'swell as the j)€rs<>ii of the iMirrower) for the 
 
 l)e recisteri'd, in order to have certain pri\ i- 
 ' lesres and protection under tiie <rovernment. 
 
 A ve,ss<'l of twenty tons iMirden, if t'or senii'e in the 
 coasting trade or fisheries, mn^t lM-enr<dled and lieeused 
 acc()rdin<rl>'. If less tiiaii twenty ton> l)nrdeii, she need 
 only lie lirensed, and if iii-enscd lor tiie ti^iieries, she 
 riay lie permit ted liy tiie collector to visit and return 
 trom t'creiirii port~. Sir* mn-t aNo Im» reiristered ifsiie 
 is to enira'j'<' in liie >ii:i~tm'_' trade or tishery, and if 
 licensed and eiirnlic;!, >hc 
 m:!y liecciiu' a ri-Lrisieli'd 
 shi]). and iiave liii' pi-ivi- 
 lei.fi's (it such \es»ci-. 
 
 A -iiip i- [■■ rsonal pro])- 
 ertv. l)i!i lis <i\vnersliip aucl 
 tran-ferare r<'Lrii]ated some- 
 ivhal as real jiropei-iy. It 
 may lie transt'crred or soi'l 
 liy ^iinie iiw! riimeiit in wril- 
 iiitr. It may li- owned )»y 
 tM(i or m(ir(> persons, who 
 mav liiiil 1 it lnL'^etlier. or 
 
 money lent. IJiit if the hciii i» not upon the ve.ssel, 
 Itiit upon the/joods and men-humliso, wiiicli must neces- 
 sarily hesohl or exchaiiireil in the •■oiirse of the vovjiire, 
 then only liie horrower. i>ers<»nally. is ImiuikI to answer 
 the contract, who, therefore, in this cjise, is .'^aid to 
 take n[i money at respondentia ( i. f^..u l(i:in npon jroods 
 laden on lioard a ship; res]Mini1eiitia difFering from 
 holtomry, which is a loan on the ship itstdf). 
 
 These terms are also appliei] tfi (ontnicts for the 
 
 rejKiynieiit <if nifiney lior- 
 ro\ve«l. n«»t on the ship and 
 irocxls finly. Iiiit on the mere 
 haz:inl of thevoyajre itself; 
 when a man lends a mer- 
 chant J.'i.fKKi. to )m. oni- 
 plovfd in a lieiieficial trade, 
 with condition to he repaid 
 7~~' 1 with ••xtnionlinarv interest, 
 ■*^1 if. •ii.s^- -iich a \oyafre lie 
 •2^'^^ sjifi-ly i»erfoniied; whicii 
 kind of ;i;rre<'ii)ent is some- 
 tiin<-» <-:ille<l foemis naiiti- 
 
 joiii in pnrchasiniif it ; or ea<'h may pnrcha-i' Ids -hare, | cnm. and sometimes nsnni niaritima. I'lit as tliis o-a\c 
 an<l liMxe (Mjiial owner-hiii. A part-owner may sell his j an openmir f'H' usurious am] •.'^iiniiiL' contricts. cspe- 
 sliari'. In <ase if death, his share iroos to his repre- cialiy npon lonir voyae'^. it w.l< enacte<l liy the statute 
 seiit.iti\cs. I I'.t (leor'/e II. ('. 'M . that all inoiipys lent on tinttomry 
 
 r>nt1oiiiry is in tiie natnre of .-i mortirsiire of a ship, or respondentia, on vessels iMiiind to or from I lie East 
 
 ami is >aid liy I'laik-lone to have ori 'finally arisen tVom 
 permittimr the master of a ship, in a toreii>-ii country. 
 to liypoiliec ate the ship in (.rder to rai-c tlic iiioii'y to 
 retil. It .-.rises wiien the owner t:ikes np money to 
 en.-dile iiim to carry on his voyaLfe. and plcfl;.>-e-. tiie 
 keel or hottom <if the >liip as a sei-i:rity tor the repay- 
 ment; in wiiich case it is niulerstood th.at if the ship 
 le lost, till' lender loses tiie whole of his money; Imt 
 if it returns in safety, tlien he shall r<'<-eive liack his 
 principal, and also the premi;:;i! or inten-sl .airrei'd 
 
 3r 
 
 Indies, shall lie expri'ssly lent only n|ion the ship, or 
 ii|ion (lie merihandise: that tin' lender shall have the 
 lienclll of salvaLTc : and that if tlte Inirrower lia\(' not 
 an iiilerc>t in tlie<hip.or in the ellV-*-!* on Ixi.-ird, eipial 
 to (hi' Milne of the .-.inn li<(rr<>we«l. lie shall lie responsi- 
 1 lie to tile leiiiler tor .~o Hiiieh of the prin<-i|Kil ;is hath not 
 licen laid out, with leir.il interr-st and all other cliarfres, 
 (lioiiLdi the sliip and merchamlisi' l>e tot.allv lost. 
 
 ( 'li.'irter-jiarty. is a men-iiitiit' iiistruinent in writ- 
 imr, witli or without .sesil, hy whieh a party ilesirin<r to 
 
 I 
 
I 
 
 
 ■>4 
 
 LAW AND LEOAL I'OKN.H. 
 
 export £»rj<[i*Jff &x«n this country, or to import tlieiii 
 from abrodwd. tmgjitreri with sonu" yhipowiu'r to taiic an 
 entire reiJttHel for the purpose, al a freiijiit or reward 
 thereby a^rwiJ for. UiK)n the execution of such an 
 in.itntmenit itJx- ^hipi- naidtolu' ciiartered oi- freifjlited, 
 and the party hv whom >lic is en;Lrairt'd is caUcd the 
 charterer or fmjfhter. But, where, instead of taking' 
 the entin? v«!i*Hel. the t)wner of jroods merely l)arirains 
 tor their f^yavtTi^juKe on lK)ard of her for frei^'iit (otlier 
 goodn hein^al tlte same time conveyed foi' other pro- 
 prietors,, *|jf i* deM-rilK'd, not as ii ciiartered, lait a 
 jreneral ^hip: and in this c;ise no ciiarter-party is usu- 
 ally exet al<e»l. iwX a 1»ill of ladinjr only. It may In- 
 here statie«l libuit tLe word frei<rht is sometimes synony- 
 mously Hh«*l witL that of cargo. 
 
 Manifest, i- ai ]«]<er i-ontaininir the jjarticulars of a 
 shi[) an«I "i-arsfic. in<]'i<lin<r the name and tonnage of the 
 vessel, the womm' of the place to which it ])elongs ami 
 name of mai-tier: the names of the places where the 
 goods on hfxitri have Ikx'u laden and for which they arc 
 destineti; .si jwinicular a<'count of the packages on 
 hoar 1. w-itL ihair marks, contents. shipi)eis, cou- 
 si.i'net'>. t-U .. ji- far a> may be known to the master. 
 The nuiailfiesil nju-t l»e made out, dated, and sigueil 
 by the zaatiftffr of the vessel al the i)lace or places 
 where ti»y j»>o«c*'l^. <»r any part of them, are taken on 
 boani. 
 
 >alTaEte if an allowance made to persons otlic^r tliaji 
 the crew, by vrbcMU ^hips or goods have i)een sa\ed 
 from the :*«ai. fii*-. pirates, or enemies. The olliccr- 
 and i-rew of a i4iij* <'suniot claim salvagi^ in respect of 
 -ervice!» ii«i*le'rc'«I i*< it. unless, indeed, their duty to its 
 (iwucTH hivl «;i«ji-<eKl ]i\ tile master'- bona tide abandou- 
 ment of it at ^*»i. wjiLout iiope ot 'rc((>verv. No lixed 
 po.-itive rail*? or rail*' ir- laid down fixing the amount of 
 -alvage, bcis the ^'ueral principle is, that a reasonable 
 rom()ea-<atMoa he made. 
 
 The iiij- l" *- that are to Ik? taken into accotmt in 
 deteniiirii _• " aujouut of salvage are (1) enterprise 
 in the -alvivri^ in goini'- out in tempestuous weather to 
 a.ssi.st ai ve*««1 iu <Jistres>. risking their owii lives to 
 save tbetr fe-tlow-^Teatun^s, and to rescue the jiroperty 
 of their 6^11Iow--^uliVicls ; (2) tin- <legree of danger and 
 di.strest* frtomn whi^-h the jiroperty is rescued, and 
 whether it wai- ju imminent peril and almost certainly 
 lost, if not at ibe time res<'ued and presi^rveil; i'A) the 
 degree of talxiv- ."imI ^kill which the salvors incur and 
 di.-play. an*I tbclii.ie <M-<'upied: (4) the \aluc. AVhere 
 all tbesc eiRuntitauivs concur, a large and libcr;d 
 rewanl oujebt to W given ; but where none, or scarcely 
 any, take fAae*. the eomi)ensation can hardly be Je- 
 
 nominat»?tl a .■salvage <-«mpensation ; it is little more 
 than a reoiunefation for )at>or. 
 
 The (lenton intruKte*] with the care luid navigation of 
 a ship is i-allc*] the master. He is the eontidential ser- 
 vant of the ttwnen. who are botmd to the porformance 
 of every lawful nHilnut entered into by him relative 
 to the u<«ual eir julojinent of the vessel. The master 
 has power to pledge ^toth ship and cargo for repairs 
 e;;ecute«l in <»»reiffn i«arts. Tint not for repairs executed 
 at home. 
 
 With rertpwt tw collit.iou, the rule is, that the party 
 in fault ^uffert his own lo»s and compensates the other 
 party who »n»taiii» loss through him. In case neither 
 party is in fault, the loss rests where it falls, and like- 
 wise if lioth pnrti**. are in fault, though it is e(pially 
 divid<><l in uihniralty. 
 
 Everj- s«>amau oii licwnl a vessel bound from a port 
 in thi.s euuntry' to any other port, must sign the ship- 
 ping articles whi*-h t'^erk' master of a vessel is required 
 to havt. Thers*" arti<-les must set forth the voyage, 
 and the temt* mi which «ich seaman goes on the ves- 
 sel. The 'ijurt- will prot<><t seamen from oppressive 
 articles. 
 
 The pilot i- the sti-crsman or |>erson on board a ship 
 who has cfuurg*' of the helm and the ship's course. 
 Pilots re»piint" to be found properly ipialitied ami ap- 
 pointed. .VlfttT a pilot is taken on board, if the master 
 is I»y law oblige«l to do so, the master has no lonirer 
 any comman.<t of the %'ei!ii!el till she is safe in harbor, 
 and the owners are not n'sjMjnsible for any loss or 
 damage that may arise in;!!! her mismanagement, 
 unit's.- it appear to liave arisen from the neglect or 
 mi.sccmdiKt of themai'ter or crew in obeying the order- 
 of the pilot. There are. however, eases in which it i> 
 lawful, ami e^en iK-*x^w<irv. for the master to interfere 
 with or sH|»ent;>le a pilot : in which case, of cotuse. 
 the res|»oaMbility of the pilot ceases. \iui if it be 
 optional tor the master to take on l)oanl a jiilot and he 
 do -o. the pilot i* reganle-l as the servant of the own- 
 ers, who are respoHsilile for his comluct. Pilots are 
 theiiwlves un*rferaib|e for any <lamage resulting from 
 their own u^^lisvifx- or inc'.miietencv. 
 
 .Vvcnige inq>li<-s wh.'itever loss or damage is incurred 
 by any portiiMi of a »hlp or cargo for the preservation 
 of the r»^!. AVIk-u swh damage occurs, the several 
 persons uiterested in the vessel, freight . and largo, each 
 contribute their proportion to indemnifv the owner of 
 the i«rt ill •{uolion. against the damages or expense 
 whicli ha- Ix-vM iiM'um^l for the genenil beiietit. This 
 allowance i- f»»r h**- or <lamage that hapnrus accident- 
 ally. fi»>nen»l areragie also implies jeopardy of all. 
 
^- 
 
 n 
 
 M 
 
 * f^ 
 
s*- 
 
 LAW \M> I.K.d.VI, HJIt.tlS. 
 
 < mil lire ii.isi<rnal)lo, 
 
 ri'il ilml is (Ifsiiriicd 
 
 III it l)t' trimstorriMl 
 
 otiicc. 
 
 ' I'Dimiiniil y ili\ idi'd 
 
 iii'iioiis. mill s|)('i'i!il. 
 
 I'lnittcil, IxTiMiM' it 
 
 (if ])(ilicy. wliidi it 
 
 iili iiiMV 1)1- iiijiircil 
 
 oi't' lliaii OIK' iirr.-dii 
 
 prdlicrty. ciit!' |M'r- 
 
 iiitcn-st to its full 
 
 ViiliU': lis a 
 
 iiiorl iiairor 
 
 iiiid a iiiort- 
 
 ojlnc' Iia\t' 
 
 (liircrciit in- 
 to ros Is in 
 till" sanit' 
 projH'r t y, 
 <.'a(li may in- 
 jure: t li i- 
 iiiorIi.''a:r»'>' 
 iiisiiri's ills 
 (li'Itt, ami 
 w lie n t Ills 
 tic lit has 
 luM'ii |iai(l 
 tlic policy 
 ceases to l.c 
 in force, Imt 
 sliouldtlicrc 
 liable, and l>ef'or'.' 
 insurers would be 
 iioltiimr tlic iiiort- 
 I the Sinn ill>III'ed. 
 titled to an assiirn- 
 ce, and could, hy a 
 he insurance from 
 ely as a tiaiist'er of 
 •e to t he insurance 
 1 have his intcfcst \J.f:) 
 he entitled to tlic 
 
 anioniit of the insunin<e, and the inortirairro would Ik' 
 <-()in;K>lled to look to him for a li(piidation of tlie mort- 
 jra<.'e. An aireiit •who may havi the custody of a prin- 
 cipal's <rof'ds, may have them insured. Imi ;is the 
 principal, a I -o, has the ri^'ht to |ia\etlie «.inie irooilx 
 insured, tliere nin^i he care taken to avoid i-onfoimdiiiir 
 these several Intercuts, that all of the >i'Veral >mn.- of 
 the insurance added lo^rethei' shall nut more than e(pi:il 
 tlie vali.e of the property iii>nred, 
 
 A\'here the iiisure(| (ie-^ire^ to make any re))air.s or 
 chaiiires in the premises iii.-urcd, lie slioniil mi iiit'orm 
 the insurer-', and when [iraci ii alile procure their writ- 
 ten assent thereto. The alterations. <ir repairs wonhl 
 not. in lheiiiselve>. render a policy voiil, unless siicii 
 altenitii.ii- have >iil)stantially enhanced the risk, lait, 
 it >eeni> that the iii-nier would not lie jicld, in the 
 absence of their assent, to a new risk arisinir tVoni 
 alterations or repairs, but shoidd a loss oi'cnr, while 
 the premise^ were underiroiiiir repairs or alterations, 
 from causes independepl of ,-iich ihanircs, the insurers 
 would be held. It i.- well to liave a clause inserted in 
 the policy providing.' for ne-es>ary and ordinary repair>. 
 
 FOKSI OK IMMI'JtIATK NOTK'K OK LOSS. 
 
 Tfikr Soticf, '\'\\m mi ilii- screiiil ilay nf .lamiiiry iiist., :i tin- 
 tdipkc mil in I'liiMiiii; Nn. VJii on Walnut street, in tlie < 'ily iit'< in- 
 liniiati. Stale t.|' (lliio. wIiitikiii I aie iii-iiiiMl \>y you. li\ yeiii' jkiI- 
 icy. N'li. i><.tH!l, I'l'i- the .-11111 lit ci^clit tlieii-ainMiillai-. 
 
 rill' lire was I'aii-cil ami taiifilit tViPiii tLi' liiiriiin^iil''l)Uilililig \o. 
 12''i. wliii'li joiiicil <iii to mini'. 
 
 Tlic Imiise was wliully ilcstroveil liv tlri', ami I >liall riaim a \k\\- 
 nient (loiii yell iimliT yinir iMiliiy. 
 
 AVfitton ami M'lit tlii^ tliinl ilay nf .liiiuiary in tlin year lt<84. 
 
 .lUllN DUK. [.NV.(/.j 
 I i"i7 »''.■<.■< /" tlip siijunt'ir'' mill nPii'linij: 
 Samiki. Kok. 
 
 Some insurance compani<'s insert a clause in their 
 policies re<piiriii<r tlie insiu'ed to make a sworn state- 
 ment, to be accompanied by a certificate from a notary 
 1)11 )lic or a mairistrate. >ettiiiL'" I'orth all the tacts and 
 ciiTiimstances known by the insured in relation to the 
 causes of the lire as well as the lo>s. 
 
 KOIi.M l)K .NOTK'K WITH CKISTIFU^VTK. 
 
 To till-.... Insiii-ini'i I'lniiji'iini: 
 If'lirn-fis, 'I'lii'saiil Iii>iifaiir<' (,'i>in|>iiiiy. liy their jMiliey. 
 
 nunilH'i'i'il ami ilatril oil the ilay ol iiillieyear 
 
 Itisi'il nil' to ]»• iii-iiri'il ill the sum nl' ilnllnr- aj^ain-t lo.ss or 
 
 kina>;i' hy lire to the I'oliow iiii: ilv.-erilH'il liiiililiiij;; that is to say 
 rye ili'srrilif* tiwl ilpsiijuatf tin' Imililinij siitltrf* itil't In .si, of vlfiirhj 
 ft^i-r nwl irlt'it it iC'tSf t'l'tiuij tlir ilt^si'i'ljitiiiH of ti,<' pnlini. hut not 
 fi'lhui it 'it I'-mjIli.^ 
 
 LV««', I till ■^aiil ( XiDiii ii/thi'iisiivrriJ) haviiif: I'liii -oliniiily 
 foni. ill) ile|Hi-r ami say: 
 
 I. That on the day of now la^t iia>t, iM'lwoeii the 
 
 jli:-:iif ...ami... a live lnokc out in saiil Imililliii;, wheicliy tlii 
 pie was ;;really ilaiiia;;eil ("i' ilrn'roiicil). atiil the saiil l\re was, 
 boi.ling to my iH'st knowledge and iH'iief, caused liy ( //pre »W 
 will (lie CIIU.1IS nsj'ir an thi'ij ore kiioint, or suppox'il on ronsonnhlf 
 ixinth) and 1 aver that the said lire wius not caused hy me. or l>y 
 
 iny donifrii and eoiii'iirreme. or witli any previous knnwlod^e on 
 my part, or In :aiy manner atlrilait:ilile to me or to my atfeiioy, 
 iliierl or imiiri'i't. 
 
 2- 'I'lial I «a- liitere-ted in the -aid iirojierty in tlio following 
 manlier, that i- to -a> (Jiff' «•';/ •rU^thiT Ihi- tn^itn-l ii'rn,-lihp 
 i'rojiiiitii liiiiiiif'f, or irii* II IfiiuHl ii/ it, or n iinill'>ril,or iiiortjiiijor 
 iir i/i"/'/;/"i '^9 ttr trun'/'i', or A""" nthrririAf If irnf int^ffst'^'l.^ 
 
 ;t. That lliile was no other iii-urame a.jain-t lire of the -lid 
 pro|ierty (or. if there was any other, -tale what it «,i-i. 
 
 4. That the oeeiipaiils of the liiiildin^r at tlie time of the llm 
 were, so f.ir lis 1- known to me. the fidlowing |iersoii-: {Sftfuilh 
 ti.e Ml ii'-t ii/tUf> (>iTM/"'ii/.«, th- piirtg ofllif h ililinij orcupifl hij ni>k 
 oitf, mill tli/^ linrpii.ii' for n'lilih it i"/.« wrupifl), 
 
 5. That the aetiial value of the huilding in dollars at the tinu> ol 
 till' ill!'. wa«. iuiordin^ to my lie-t Ix'liif ami judjtaient 
 iloll.ir-. (Ifthn ii-o/ii rtij ir«.< /lo/'.son'.'/, d ijii'iili', firniliir- , ir th^ 
 llki% ,«"•(, UK •Dill 'i;>yi. 'ir '"/ tho grlit^lul- nnnernl). 
 
 <i. That the wlmle of said value « as lo-t liylliPtlre; ami U'ing 
 more tliaii the -lilii iii-iired llnieiiii. I now elailll of -:iid ili-liraiice 
 
 eom|iany -aid .-iim of dollar^ (■ r if tin- liu'l m./ irm iitjnr"! 
 
 iinil ni-t ilftttroii*'!^^ thin imt/ thi't ko viuih of tUf t't'in — atiitiifj tht: 
 iimiiiiii'—'if »iiiil liiiililiiiy irim lost hyjir', iuasmwh nn the /fiililiiiy, 
 if rejuiiriKl, cnnniit lie ri-iitored to an good a eoniUtton tt* htforttfur a 
 lesK ifiioiiH' thiin tliiit »<liii'). 
 
 }yitiienii my hand at this day of in tlif 
 
 year Sn.SATt l!K.) 
 
 CKIITIKIL-.^TK TO UK .VI'i'KNDEU TO TIIK FUUKUOINO. 
 
 MA.' OK I ^^ 
 
 L'uiiittj/ of r ^' 
 
 I , a jilstiie of the i>eaie ill and for saideoimty (or wlwt 
 
 el-e may Ik' hi- ollii i-j ilwellins^ near to the jiroixTty atnive nieii- 
 
 tioiiivl. in the town (or city) of have iiive-tii;ated tlie eir- 
 
 iiiiii-taiires atti-mling tlie said lire, and am iM'r-oually ae<|iiaiiited 
 
 wit 111 he .-aid wlm-e character is jjood; and I U-lieve 
 
 that ihealMive stateiiieiit to « hieh the said. •• ha- iiiaile 
 
 oath in my pre-eiiee is true; that the los- cannot 1m> impiiii'd to 
 fraud or miseonduet on his part: and that he has -ulVeri'd hy the 
 
 tire a loss of dollars. I am not in any w ay iiiterestetl in tlie 
 
 .-aid pro|Hr!y. or In the said iKiliey. or any elaini under the -ame. 
 
 Jn Wilncin of all wliieli I have lu'ieimtu set inv hand ami mv 
 
 >eal (ofiijjice, if he hua «« ojjiciiil neal) at. • . .thi- 
 
 (1,1V of. 
 
 the vear- 
 
 (SlliNATfltl. i>r MAlilSTK.VTK. [Sfll.] 
 
 A.S-SICJNMENT OF .\ I-OI.UY lO UK INnOR-^Kn TIIKKKOX. 
 
 I iii-urc(| l.y thr ui liin )Kilicy. in ,.i::-iileratioii of a 
 
 dollar p.ild to nil' hy ali»l tor other good eoii-iili ration-, do 
 
 hereliy a--ii:ii. and traii>fer to the said tlii- poliiy. tojxether 
 
 with all the right, title. illtere^I. ami claim wliicii I imw have or 
 lieri uliir may li;ive. in. to. or inider the same. 
 
 ff'itiies.i my hand this day of in the year 
 
 Wit nig!:: (^*l<^^.\Tl■KK.) 
 
 Where it is not pract'icalile to indorse tlie tninsfer 
 
 on the policy a separate term may be used. The fol- 
 
 lowinir fnnii will answer: 
 
 Wlivrea.i. the Iii-uraiiei> «':>nipany. by their i>olicy. 
 
 iiiimlK'i'eU anil dated on day of in the year 
 
 oail.-'ed me to 1m' iii-iireil against l(»s or damage hy lire on 
 
 a certain huilding. Iwiiig (^•/<.<ii;ii"<e tite Iniil'lin'i) in the -iiiii of 
 
 dollar-: lio« l.the -aid in consideration of one 
 
 dollar paid to me hy and for other good eon-ideration-. 
 
 have tran-ferred and it— igiied. and do liy the-e pre-eiit- traii-fer 
 
 ami a-si:rn unto the said the said iniliey of iiw^rame. and 
 
 all the light, title, intere-t or claim, which I now have or evir may 
 have. in. to, or under the same, and in and to any -um of money 
 w hieh now is or shall ever Ik' payalile therii>n. 
 
 tyitneas my hand this day of in the year 
 
 Witiiisn: (.SmsATlKE.) 
 

 II 
 I. 
 
 h 
 
 i'^V^*^'" ''"*■'' "'■'■"* divisions of iiisurainc nrc 
 .^iJilKW niiiiiiif, lire, and iit'i' Insiiniiui'. Tlio last 
 two iiic of iniK'li Inter ori<;iii tliiiii tlw tii>it. 
 A niiiriiu' in^iiiaiHc is a tout met i-iitt-ri'd 
 iiil(» l«'l\\ct'n pci'M'Ms liiivinir Miini' interest 
 in vessels, llieir ■.•■M-;^i>, or tiieir earninirs, on 
 tlie one >ide, ami liii' Insurers, or [m'I'soms 
 who, on the payment of a eertani preminni, nnderlake 
 to indenniilV the t'onner airainsl speeiticd josses din'inif 
 II partieidar voyage, or foi' the time sjieeilied in llie 
 policy. 
 
 The insnrei's are usually ealliMJ miderwnteis, l)eeanse 
 they \vril<' their names at the tool of the [loliey. 
 
 Theioiilraet of insiir- 
 anee IS one pre-eminent- 
 ly lia^eil on the a-smnp- 
 
 tlonof perteel irood faith 
 l(el Wren ',iie parlies. ailil 
 
 lieiiee any concealment, 
 i.f liil:-repre>elltatlon of 
 material fact>, likely lo 
 all'ect the iiiiclerwriter's W'^'"*/- 
 e>tmiateof the risk, will 
 render the policy void, 
 
 i"\cii whcji'tl oiiceal- ,,^ 
 
 iiHiit oi misrepresenta- \'jr-% 
 t loll niav have resiilteil 
 Iroin a mistake, withoet 
 
 the intent ion to <lecei\e. '"' ' '~*—' ^ 
 
 The policy of insurance |s jinnted with lilank spacc>, 
 to lie filled up with the particulars of each (a^e. 
 
 In all \oyajrP polii-ios, it is implied in the contiaci, 
 that the ship shall lie seaworthy at the comi.K'iiceiueiit 
 of the risk; and in luiy ease, a ship must lie tit for il> 
 ])urpose. whether a freie'htiiiir ship to Kiirope, a <'oasf- 
 iiiLT schooner, or a \('~-(d in port. 
 
 In ease of any loss or misfortune, the insurecl and 
 their servants are expected to lalior lor the recovery of 
 the i^oods, inereliaudise, or >hip, or any part thereof, 
 for the insurers, who will hear the expenses thereof. 
 
 \\'heii an ah>olule total loss occurs, the assured are 
 entitled to recover the amount oi' the policy, without 
 •riv inir any notice of aliaiidonmenl . In this coiinoc- 
 tion. the term. ali:indoiiinent , is used to denote that. 
 In compciisalion lieinir "lemanded for the loss of 
 
 a ship or troods, the owner must ahandon or •linker over 
 to the insurer his entire iiiterestt in any portion of the 
 re.seiied |)roperty. 
 
 \\'hen the siilijeet insured is so seriously <1a!na<r(>d 
 that its recoM'i'v miirlit cost more than its eventual 
 value, it forms a '* constructive total loss," and notice 
 of ahandonnienl reipiires to he ^'i\cn hy liio irisured, 
 when the iiiider\\ rilei's hecoine owners of the vessel, 
 and lioiuid lor the aiaount of the iiisiiranee. 
 
 When there is a partial loss, lU' diinia<re, arising' from 
 any of the caiiso iii>uieil a^L'amst. it is detemiiiiod hy 
 what is known as particular averaire. In everv <'ase 
 of partial loss, the nnderwriler is jiahle to pay such 
 
 proportion of the sum 
 he has siihseriheil as the 
 damaire sustained hy 
 1^ the siihject of insurance 
 hears to its ivliolc value 
 at the time of iii.sur- 
 
 ce. 
 
 It is ii()t necessarv to 
 name the.-'hip in a policy 
 on iioods, as the insni- 
 iice would he valnl il it 
 - iiientioned tha! the 
 y-oods are ahoard any 
 ship, nor is it necessjiry 
 to mention in the policy 
 -•-'-- — -' ' the name of the party 
 
 III whose favor the contract i.s made. ]f made to A or 
 •• whoniMM'v er it may concern," in such ease an act m 
 could 111' niaintaiiieil hy anyone interested and intended 
 111 lie iii>iir<'d 
 
 No \alid iii--iiraiice can lieeilectcd on a \'oyair<> mider- 
 takcn 111 \ lolalion of law, as in \ lohition ot an einhari:'o, 
 or l.'hickade, or fur the purpose of tradinjr with an 
 ciieiny; and any illcirality when the \(iya<re commences 
 woiihl render the entire loiitraci illeira!, and would 
 release the insurance coin[ my lioiii any liahility. But 
 if at the time of insuraii'(^ he Miyaire was lawlul. then 
 the insiiriMs would only he i 'leased Iron: liahility for a 
 loss from causes which the ill 'irality was the ininiediato 
 cause. It is a well settled princiiilo, that insuranco on 
 property for export or import, contrarv to the l.iu vvJ..>i-ti 
 the policy is made or soiclit to bo enforced, is void. 
 
LAW \M> I KdAI. ntllSIH. 
 
 .tfes^-y 
 
 .3 A 
 
 
 'Ion or yiiako ovor 
 "y liorfion of \\w 
 
 ■ri«iisl3' (liiiiia^'cl 
 Imn itH ovcntiml 
 loss," am] notice 
 
 I l)y llio iiisiircd, 
 -rs of the vcHscI, 
 ranc(>. 
 
 .•i;:*', iirisin/L' from 
 "^ "Ictcriniiu'il l)v 
 III (•\('ry caso 
 '••!<' to \y.\y siidi 
 fioii of till' sum 
 siihscrilu'd lis the 
 :? Hiistaiiicil by 
 •joct of iiisiirancc 
 i> its tvholo value 
 time of iiisur- 
 
 iiot neccssai'v to 
 lOishipina [loiicy 
 ilf<, lis the insiir- 
 •iil'l li" valid il It 
 tioiicd tha; the 
 ii<' ahoanl any 
 •r is it iieccssarv 
 loii ill the policy 
 le of (lie |)arty 
 If iiiade to A or 
 
 I ease an act m 
 edaiidiiiteiKled 
 
 II voyage iiiider- 
 ot an enihariro, 
 •adiiii: with an 
 ;i,ir<' eoinnienees 
 111, and would 
 liability. But 
 
 !"*liiwlul. then 
 1 liability for a 
 i the iiiMiicdiato 
 •t insurance on 
 
 I till' jiiw vvJ 
 
 -!>--:• LIFE INSURANC E .Xh 
 
 ■>• ^ 
 
 ■.i> 
 
 Bd, is void. 
 
 —'•—♦- 
 
 ill: insunmee, orassiiiiiiii'e, is a eoniract lor 
 
 payment of a certain Slim in the e^('lll of 
 
 the drath ot a paitieiilar person, in eoii- 
 
 sideralion ot' a pn'iiiiiim paid at oiire or 
 
 >5^?^:|^ peiio.liraliy. 
 
 i''rtTf Assiinmees are said to in' nlistiln/r whi'ii 
 
 the ainoimt of the assiiriiiK'e is payable on 
 the death of tho party assured ; rniifini/iiif, 
 when the |iaynient deju'iids al^o upon >onii' 
 other event, as Iheexistenreof some other 
 person or persons at liio time id' the death. 
 They arc also /I'liiporuri/ when the sum is 
 payable only on the expiry of the life 
 M'ithin a certain time; (/ff'irnJ, when pny- 
 able only in the event of the expiry of the 
 life after a certain time; and for tli<'wh<de 
 life, payable at the death of the indi\'idiial, 
 wdienever that may happen. Assurances 
 are also elfeeted on joint lives under various 
 eoutin/jencies. 
 
 The system of life-assurance seems to 
 have iK'en borrowed from the marine, and 
 the jjraetiee at tir.st was for indiviiluals to 
 underwrite life risks in the same way as 
 marine. But lite-assurance is now etl'ected 
 in this country in a manner ipiite similar 
 to that of (irc-insunince by the mutual 
 companies. 
 
 The proprietary, or joiiit-stcck eoni panics, are torined 
 of jiersons who have siibseribed a capital, on the assur- 
 ance of which the business of the company is carried on, 
 and who divide the profits entirely among themseh cs. 
 In tho mutual-assuraneo soeiotles, on tho other hami, 
 there is no proprietary, the assunul heiiifr likewise the 
 assnrers, and dividing the jjrotits among themselves, 
 after deducting the expenses of management, and ri'- 
 seiTing a guaranty fuiiil. 
 
 The i)reniiimis to 1)0 paid arc adjusted aceordinir to 
 
 ihc ago of the party on whoso life the assurance is 
 
 fliiade; being lowest on young lives, and increasing from 
 
 year to jrar as tho oxpoctaixy of life 'limiuishos. 
 
 B? Before ell'eeting an assnrance, there are certain forms 
 
 to be tilled up, and certain regulations to be complied 
 
 :j-ga- 
 
 -♦ » w 
 
 «ith, so as to ascertain the state of health of the pro- 
 
 p(i>.er; fur inite'-s lit' be in good health, the otiice will 
 
 not undertake the risk it the ordinary rate. 
 
 It' the proposer misstates or enueeals anytliing that 
 may alfect the rate of premium, it vitiates the policy, 
 though some otiices now iledare their ptdieies (o lie in- 
 di-piitable after a certain time. 
 
 It'ail assurance i* eli'ei'tecl iiy oni' person on the life 
 of another, the a~^urer is iri'iierally reipiired to pro\e 
 that he \iu> a sullicieni interest in the life to warrant 
 him in takinu: out a poli<'y to the extent pro|ios«ii. 
 
 Most otKce,« will generally Ien<l the value vd" a (loliiy 
 at a moderate rate of interest on its security. It is also 
 the praclicc among otiices to allow a policy-holder to 
 n-sign his assimince, :ind to return him a certain \»n- 
 tion ot the i.-^miui'is paid. The simi so returned is 
 genei-ally :ilH>iit >.iie-ihird of tlu' jiremiums paid and 
 the bonuses declared on the p«)licy. 
 
 The ]M'emium to cover the risk upon life-assurance is 
 usually paid in money, or l»y .a note at once, if the 
 period be tor one year only, or less. For mor(! than a 
 year, it is usually payable !mnually. By agreement, it 
 may Ik' paitl (piarterly, with interest from tho day when 
 the whole is due. If notes ;ire not given, tho entire 
 anioiint of the premium is presumed to be due. 
 
 A life-policy may be assigned, and the assignee of a 
 p(dicy is entitled, on the death id' the party in.-ured, to 
 receive fhe full amount assured. \u a.-signment may 
 l>e by a seiianitc deed, which should be properly e.xe- 
 cnted and delivered. In this way a j)olicy may be 
 assigned, without dtdivery. Otherwise, a (hdivery and 
 deposit of the ptdicy would be taken as an assignment, 
 without a written paper to that ellVn't. 
 
 \ en'ditor may insure the lite {>( his debtor to the 
 amount of all and any legal d(d)ts that may be owing 
 or due to liim; andsoa trn>tee would have an insnral)le 
 interest to the value in which he is trustee. 
 
 'I'lie insurance in the abovecases is mainly a <'ontniet 
 on the part of the insurers to indemnify the insured 
 against loss, theretore if the idaim on which the 
 insurance is based has been sjitisfied, the insured would 
 iiave no claim. Otherwise it would be a wager policy, 
 Hs the .assured would have no interest in the life insured. 
 
i! 
 
 !>■■', 
 
 
 m 
 
 ^jt^^- 
 
 I 
 
 I. AW AM) I.Kd \l. KOIIMm. 
 
 H«-^: 
 
 -jj^t(^)lS: — 
 
 HS 
 
 Mortgages of Chattels, or Personal Property. 
 
 ' raL4\ II viin. MouTiiAoo iin- uIIomi-.I in inn't nf ilic 
 (I'iSir -i-iii-- <il" llic I'liioii. A'i\- loriM wliirli wonltl 
 p'tw* ^iitliir :i' !i l>ill <>r >:ili' of till- niiiiMTlN , ami 
 
 CT.J/* " ^iitl'nT :i' !i l>ill <>r .iili' of llif |ii'ii|M>i't y, mill 
 Vif li'i^iiii.' ill ixl'litioii to till' wtinN ot'Nilt' timl lr.iii>- 
 '^ I'lT, M |iriivi«i<iii lor llic avoiilami' ot" il when tii<' 
 ilclil i> |iaiil, uiiiilil Ih' ^ntiii'ii-iil. 
 
 ( irlirl:lll> , till' ll|iirliril!.''"r retain- |iiw.i'»«i(ili il' llic 
 
 nii>fli.'a;,'i' )><• iiTdi'ili'd. I'iuTi' i^ |ii'ii\ isioii lor i'i|uity 
 oT ri'i|riii|it ion. ami a« ri'irai'ii> a nioi-ti'a;.'!- ot' pi-iNonal 
 jn((|» rl\. till' pi'i'ioii i> \<'iy ininli .ojiorter tli:iii thai in 
 
 *.y 
 
 I he (Use of laiiil. Ill the t'oiincr eaw, the peiicMl is, 
 nsimlly, sixty days. 
 
 A i>leil>.'e of iieisonal property is tlilli-rent t'roin u 
 morttriiv'''- riiin;r» siilijeet to p|e<|;.'e aro (inlinarily 
 ;rooi|s anil eliattti-: Imt inoni'V, tielits, in'Cotialilt' 
 iiislrninents, ami. iiiileeil. any oilier \aliiaMe tiling ot' 
 a pelsonai nMlnre, may lie ileli\ ei-eii in pleilire. It is ol" 
 till" esseiiie ot' tin' eontraet, that there Ih' an lutiial 
 delivery of the Ihiinr to the iiledfoe. for liis risjlit is 
 mil I'onstnnniated exeopt liy posses.sion. In virtue of 
 
 the iiJedL^e. he aeipiiro^ a s]>o<"iMl property in the 
 thillir. -'ind is entitled to the exeliisive |Htss('>sioll of 
 it dnriiii: the time ami for the olijeets for which it i^ 
 plodL'i'd. 
 
 The pli'dirfc has a riirhl toscjl the pledire wlien there 
 lias iM'cn a det'anlt in the pledirer in •oinplyin^' with 
 llie onir!ll.''('ini'nt : but the possession ol the pledL'i' does 
 not suspend the riirht to sue for the wlnde dolit or 
 other enirii,!.'"«'nient without sellinir the ]>ledirf. for it is 
 only .1 collateral security. A pleilgrc cannot heconiu 
 the purchaser at a sal(\ 
 
 A liiini of stock admits of the priviloiro of sale or 
 pledu-e. The liorrower c;in n^e it as he chuiises in any 
 way as he may ha\c occasion : Init he mii^t n>turn the 
 same ainoimt of the same stock, when it i~ reipiiri'd. 
 If the stock lie piri/i/ii/ In him, it cannot Im- so used 
 unless hy special a<rreenu'nt. 
 
 FOKM OF CnATTKL MOUTO.IOE. 
 
 TIiIh ImU'tttnrv, ^liuio this socoiicl day of .Tau.iaiy. in llie 
 yc.ir of iiiir l.unl, oni! thousiiiiil riglit Imiulreil anil eijility-fiuir, 
 t)otwf<'ii .IdliM Doe. of the City of Qi'iiu'y. in the ' 'lunity of Ailatns 
 ami Slate of Illinois, party of tlir lirst part, ami Saiiiiirf Roo. of 
 
 rf."^ 
 
 «?-— f. 
 
 ..t 
 
 '*, I 
 
>^m 
 
 I III- |ifri(Ml JH, 
 
 "I'li'ii) fioni II 
 re (inliiiiirily 
 *. iifpotial)l(< 
 !iM<> tiling of 
 • Ilto. It is of 
 Im> an ui (iml 
 I- liin ri^'lit is 
 III virfuc of 
 
 >f sail- or 
 |»«'s ill aiiv 
 rot urn tlu' 
 
 r('<|iiirt'(l. 
 
 laiy. ill the 
 
 I'ifrlity-foiir, 
 
 of Ailain< 
 
 lipr Hop. of 
 
 I.AW A.NU LKU.VL lllK-M.x. 
 
 tho niy nrQiilnry, In ihr f'mmty of A'lam* unit Htnt^ nf llllniilii, 
 
 |i;irf V i>r till- •cninil piirl : 
 
 WHttrnHftlt, Tli.il Ihf *a\>\ pnrlv <>f the flr-t |i.iri. Icir ami In 
 cMii-lilirailiiti of till' •Mill of oiw ilolliir. In ti.i.«l {kilil. llii' i'i'ri'l|il 
 
 " llrrrol I' iHTl'tiV lukliow lrll;{<ll, il«ii'« lliT«'li> irrillll.TJI. I'ulivi') 
 
 iiimI ronllrni unto ilio -alil party of iIm- ••■. i.n | pari. Iil- Ih'Ik jiimI 
 ii»-lKii«. all mill "liiitiilar tin- follouliii; ■l<->.rllN'i| j-oocU unit t'lml- 
 
 trl-. to IVitt )LI'I nwl $rhr<lHU </ llir ■•rlieUl. '/"itfilinjf Ihtm 
 irllh H'tfliitnl ititlinrlnf-a !•• i.i.il.- .' ^i"W>iin >'hnt thi-fi <if .) 
 
 Ti>i/ffhrr irUh all atui i»(Hgiihir, '\'\w appiirli-ii iiuf« iIhti'- 
 iiiiio lH'|on;;liiK. "r i'> aii>»l-i' ap|>Ttaliiliik'. To Iture find to 
 lloltl tli<- '•anil' iiiiio tiM- -alil '•utinM'l \i>»-. Iil« 1» lr». ixfciilor-, 
 ailiiiliil>trali>r> aihl a>-ih'ii~. to liU ami tln-lr -o|i' ii>i' loiiKVtii, 
 Ami lli<> "alil •loliii liiH. for iiiy«f|f anal my lii'ir*. ■•xitiiIoI'-, nml 
 ailniliiUlrator-. ilo. .iiiv.'iiaiil aiol a^n'"- w lili tin- •■;i|,l v.iinii 1 Koc. 
 unci » lili III* lii'lr*. i-Nii'iitMr'-.ailinlni-tralor') ami a»l);if. llial I am 
 lawl'njlv po>»'»i>i| o| till' -alil ;;ooiU ainl rli.itii'l«, a- of niv own 
 proix'ily : lliai llii> >.imi- ari-lr<'«> froinall Iih iinilirami-. that I will, 
 ami iii>' lii'li-, I'Mi'iitor* ami ailinliil*! rator>, >liail warrant ainl <li'- 
 Ii'IhI till' •ami' iiiiio till- •al'l |Kirty of tiK- xi-oml part. Ii'« lii'l>>, 
 I'Xcriitor", ailmlnl-lralor' aii'l a<>l;;n-. a^aiifl tlir lawful rlaliii> 
 ami ili'iiiamU of all |H'r'-on'>. ami tlial I will lti-<'p llii' <alil pimN 
 and rlialli'N ln'<iiri-il a;;ain'>t lo.< \>\ flr>' lor tin- full iii-iiralili> valni- 
 tlii'ri'of. In «in'li roinpaiiji'^ a- tin- IniMiTof tin- iioit.. . In'ri'lnaflrr 
 iMi'iitioiii'il may illri'i'i, ami make iIm- Ii"--. if aii\. payalili- to, ami 
 ili'|io-ll till' iMilJi'li- witli. till- IioIiUt of -a'll nolo... ,i- fiirllii-r 
 M riirily for llio lncl>'liii'ilin-< iK'n-iiiaftiT iiii'IitIoih-iI. 
 
 I'rorhlril, Svvvrlln'li'iut, That if tin- -ahl .lolm |>oi', hU 
 I'M'i iilor-. ailmiiii-ii iioi- or a—iirii-. -luill will and irnl,\ pay. or 
 caii-i' lo !«• palil. unto tlii' -aiil S imnd l{o<'. hi- lii-lr-. I'Xii'ittor-.. 
 ailmiiil>lralors or a>«iirii-. tin- •iim of oim- tlioii>aml ilollai-. in -"Ix 
 liioiilh-' IVolii till' ilati'tlr-t al»>vi'wrllt<-n. with I'l^iht |i<r <ci t Inti-r- 
 I'M, a" also a rcrtalii promissory noli-. U-arin;; .'vi'ii ilnta- In n'wllli, 
 fil^iii'il hy till- sail! iiiort:;agi*r. ulnTrliy In- promises ti pav tli<- 
 calil -iiiii ami IntiTr-t at tin* tiim' afori-al'l. tiicii ami fron tliriu'i-- 
 forlli llii«i' pri'M'iits. ami miTythiii;; tlicrciii lontaim-il. -hail «i'a«i', 
 
 anil III- mill ami voiil. oihi-rni-t- -hall n-nialii in full t ainl 
 
 virtni'. 
 
 Ami I'rovhlnl. Aluo, That it -hall !«• lawful fi i im- sjilil 
 parly ol iln'lii-i put. hi- t'Mfiitor-. ailmiiii-trator- aiiil i.-.s|j;ns, 
 to ri'talii pos-i'»-ion of tin- -aid ;;oinl. .-mil i-hallfl-. ami at lis own 
 i'X|n'ii-r 111 kri'p aiiil ii-i' tlio -inii' until li<- or lil- i-xii'iiti r- ailniln- 
 l-lralors or a-sijrn-, -lull iiiaki- ili'faiill In ihi- payiin'iit i t - ilil -iini 
 of imiiii'y ahovf s|H'riiIi'.|, i-ithiT in prim-ipal or Intin-t. a( tlir 
 tiiiii" or tlnips, ami in tho nianm-r hi-n-lnU-forc statcil. 
 
 Ami the miitl Pui'ly of the First I'ltrt, lit- . , iom'- 
 iianl< ami ai;ii'i'-. ili.ii In la-f ilifaiilt -hall Im- inaili- r ho pay- 
 imnl of till' noti- alon-aiil, or of any |iart llHT<'<if. or rln inti'ii'-l 
 thciroM, or any part tln-riHif. on llw ilav or days i<-i«iinflv on 
 whiili thr sainr. or any part I hiTi-of. shall |it>«'oim- dm- ai o .'ayahli'; 
 or If I 111' party of llio sn-onil |uirt. his oxwntnrs. adniinisir ilorM or 
 assl^rn-, shall fi'i'l- .... .in-t-tiin- or nitsufc. or shall fi-ar llmiiiiitioii. 
 ri'imival or waste for want of prii|i«'r i-are of said iiropcrtv: or if 
 tho jiarty of the tlr-t p.irt shall soil or a!i.s|gii. or utK-mpt -o sell or 
 assign, till' said j^oods uiid chatti-ls. or any part thercoi. or any 
 inton-st then-ill ; or if any writ Is-ne from any iimrt. oi by any 
 justice of the peace, or any distress warrant shall iM-levic mi said 
 goods and rhattel.s, or any (Kirt lh«Ti'<i(; or if the party o. :lie lirs- 
 pint shall fail or negle»'t to ke<-p tin- pro|i.-ny in-iired im the fur- 
 ther .sei'iirity of the party of tlie sottind \an. and to dein.-it the 
 pnliiii's. as aforesaid: then, and in any or eiilier of the aforesaid 
 ca.sos, all of said note., .iml sum., of money. Ixuli prim-ipal ami 
 iiitorpst. shall, at the option of the pan y of the seiond part, his 
 exeeiitors. administrators or assign*. -.vithout notice of said option 
 to any one. heeoine at once due and pay.-ihle. anything in said 
 note. . or In this mortgage to the i-ontrary notwithstanding; and 
 the party of the second part, hi.* exet-iitors. ailniini-trators or 
 assigns, or any of them, shall thereu|K>n have tlie right to take 
 
 Immnillale mill exr|ii>|vi> |MiMM-u|nn of mIiI pro|irny. and every 
 part lliereoi'. mid for that piir|ii»<' mat piir>iie ihi'>aine or any part 
 thereof, whi'i'i'Ver It nia,\ In' fmiml. .ind ,il-i> may enter an} of the 
 
 pr l-i's I'f Ihii «:ild part) of the llr-l |Kirt, with or wlthoiil I'orre 
 
 or pioi'i'-s of law . wherever iIh- ••ild cooiN and ehallels niay Im'. 
 or III' siippo-ed to )»'. andseari'li for tlH- '•.iiiie, ami If loiind, to lake 
 |Hi><i'ss|on lit. and ri'iiiove ami •ell. and i||s|Hi<e of. >ald pro|ii'rl.\ . 
 or any part thentil, at piildle .iih-tlon. to the hlghe>l hldder. ufliT 
 giving ten da.N'- liotlre of iIh' time, plaie, and terni« of -ale. 
 
 togellier w lih ad riptlon of iIh- pri>|K'rty to Ih> void, either hy 
 
 piihllealloii in •onie new-|Ki|M'r In iIh- <'hy of (jiilnry.or hy simi- 
 lar iiollces po'iteil lip In three |Milillc-pl.ii'i- In the virliilty of -mil 
 ■all', or at privale sale, with i>t without notiii'. for ra-li, or oii 
 credit, as the said Saiiiiiil IIim-. hi- hilr-. ixii'iitor.. administrators 
 or assign-, agents or altoriiej-. or any of them, may elect, at aii.\ 
 ^nIiIcIi -ale ;it aiicllon the -aid niortgaj^ei.. hi- hi ir-. execiiloi's. 
 adinliil-irators or assign*, agent or atlorm-y>. or either of them. 
 liia,\ hecoine the pun Iniser*. and oiil of the money ari-Ing fiolii 
 -iicli sale, to reliilii all lo-t- and i harge- for pnr-iilng. -earcliing 
 for. taklie.'. renrovlng, ki'«'pliig. -toriiig. aihertl-ing and -ellliig 
 siicli pro|H'rty, goods, challel-. and etfei-t-. .iiid all prior liens 
 thereon, together .. the anioimt due and unpaid upon said nole 
 or any part of it either In principal or Infere-t. rendering the 
 over-plus of money arising from -mil «a|e i I any there shall he) 
 lllilo 1101111 I >oe or Ills legal repre-i'iitative-. which sale or sales so 
 imide shall Im- a |M'r|M'|ual har. iMitli In law and ispilty. agalli-t the 
 party "f the llr-t part, \*-i.\\ repn-eiitatlve and 
 
 fyUuenn 'I'he hand and -eal of tin- |iimy of' the llr-l part, the 
 
 day and jearllrst almve w ritteii 
 
 Siiiw'l. sf'iled,iiii'' ili'lii-^rfl. in) .IMIIN |i(»K. [Sfiil.] 
 
 //,.- pi'/'.^n.M .,/ I >AMl'KI. H<»K. [.Vd/.J 
 
 JiillN Kamii.. f 
 
 .MaII-II.VI.I. liltKI-.N. J 
 
 HiioitT rouM «>F rn.\TT»:i. Mni(T(i.\«ii':. 
 
 Know All Miu hij thriu- I'rrm-iiln, That of the 
 
 Town I't in the i I'liniy ot and State of In 
 
 ciinslder.ilionol the.-iiin of dollar", to .. ..paid liy 
 
 of the ' ounly of and Slate of the rin-eipt whereof 
 
 is lierehy ackiiow leilged. do. . . Iiereliv grant, sell, convey, ami coii- 
 
 llrni.imlo the said ami to ...heir- and assigns, the follow- 
 
 liig goods and chattel-. f« irit: 
 
 To Jtilt'f ami to Itohl .Ml and -ingnlar the said goods and 
 challel-. unto the said iiii'itgagis-. . herein, and . .heirs, execu- 
 tors, adinliiistrators and a-sign-. to and their sole use. forever. 
 
 .Vml llie iiiorlgagor. .herein, for and for heirs, executors 
 
 and administrators, do. .. .herehy ii»venaiit to and with the said 
 
 imutgagci' heirs, exi'<iitors, adininistralors and assigns. 
 
 that said mortgagor lawfully iMis»e.-.^d of the -aid goods 
 
 and chatli'ls, as of own pro|ieny : that the same are free liom 
 
 all encuiiihrances, and that. . . .will, and. ■ ■ exo<"Utors and admiiiis- 
 
 irators shall, warrant and defend the -ame to the said 
 
 mortgagee.., ,..,liis heirs, executors, administrators and asiigns, 
 agaliis| tliei.'iwfiil ci.'iinis and demands of all [lersons. 
 
 Proriilfil, Xi'ffrthclenit, That if the said mortgagor 
 
 execiilors or adiiiinistrators. shall well ;uid tnily pay unto the 8aid 
 
 niortgagee executors, administrators or assigns 
 
 I lien this mortgage is to tie void, otherwise to remain in full force 
 and elVi'ct. 
 
 Ami, Provhieil, iiIho, Tlut it sliall Ix- lawful for the said 
 
 mortgagor executors, adiiiinistrators .and assigiis. to retain 
 
 possession of the said goods and chattels, .iml at own cxji^nse, 
 
 to keep and use the same, until or . . eseciitors, administrators 
 
 or assigns, sliall make default in the p.(ymenl of the said sum of 
 money al)ove s|)ecilipii, either in princiiwl or interest, at the time 
 or times, and in the manner heri-inliefore stated. And the said 
 mortgagor. ., herehy covenant., and agree., that in case default 
 sha'" lie made in the payment of the note., aforesaid, or of any 
 pai thereof, or the Interest thereon, on the day <ir days respi'c- 
 
f '. 
 
 It' 
 
 I 
 
 ht 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
 D 
 
 ij ! 
 
 I.AW AND LKU.VL KOKM8. 
 
 tlVPly Oil wlili'li tlip >«iii«» 8lmll Imvoiiic (Uio anil iiaviiblc; or H ilu' 
 inort^iijfi'o .. .. i'\('riiIors, iuliiiiiiistnitors or ii-«i;,'ii*. slialMVi'l 
 . .. .lli^cfliro or iilisuri-. or sliiill fear cliiniiiiilioii. ri'iiioval, or \\ a«li' 
 of .-aid iircijiiTlj ; or if tlic iiinrl<;a';oi-. i-liall >c'll or a>si^-ii. or 
 at trill] It to M'll ora-si;;ii. tlii' said goods andilialti'ls. or any iiitrt- 
 pj"* llicri'iiu or it' any \\ rit. or any di-trcss w arrant, sliall \<f IcviiMl 
 <; 1 •:!id floods and (liatti'l-. or any part llicri'ol'. tlicn, and In any 
 or ril'ii 'r of tin- aforesaid casrs, all of said iiotr . and sniii of 
 liioiicy, 1 oih printipal and Inlcri'st. shall, at Hit- iplion of saiil 
 
 nior' ;agi'<' xt'riiloi>. adiiiiiii>trators or a<sii;n>, without 
 
 iio.'i'i' of sail! option to any ono. Iwroiiii' at oni'c dno and payahli', 
 
 and the Haiil inort;;a';('o ■xt'ciitors. adiniiii-trators or 
 
 iu signs, or any of tlicin, shall tliiTi iiimiii havo tin- ''igiit to take 
 ;■: Miriliati- iHissossion of said propri i> . and for that pnrpos,.. nmy 
 )nrsni' tiir same wlirrrM'r it may lie futnid, and may entei my .t 
 the proml-e> of the mortgagor . « itii or w illiont force or proees- 
 of law. vvherex r the said goods and ehaltels may he, or he siip 
 posed to he. and > -areli for the same, and if foinid, to take posses- 
 sion of. and rei.iove. md sidl. and ilispo-e of the said property, or 
 liny ;>''i' then of at ;iooiii auction, to the highest hidder. after 
 
 giving days" notice of the lime, place mid tprms of sale, 
 
 •ogeilier with a de«crlption of the property to he -old hy notices 
 posted up III three public places in the vicinity of siich sale, or at 
 private s.ile. with or « ilhoiii notice, for cash or on credit, as the 
 said mortgagi'e. , ... heirs, executors, adiiiin stratms or assigns, 
 ayents or altorneys, or any of them, may elect: ami. out of the 
 money arising from siich sale, to retain all costs a:id charges for 
 pnr-iiing. searcliimr for, taking, renioving,keepiiig, storing, adver- 
 llsing, and selling such gooils and chattels, and all prior lions 
 thereon, together with the amount due and unpaid upon siiid 
 note. . reutleriiig the surplus, if any remains, unto said mort- 
 gagor. ., or. . . .legal repr f tatives. 
 
 Ifitin'HX The hand., ami seal-, of the said Mortgagor... this 
 
 day of ill the year of our Lord one thousand eight 
 
 himdreil and 
 
 '"il (inil itelirereil in lhe^ 
 presence of I 
 
 [Senl-I 
 [.yea/.] 
 
 -•♦- 
 
 ..>fr(4'>v.»— 
 
 OFP^ 
 
 j:-3%' 
 
 <i° <-<zSi 
 
 C0pYl(I(5pT. 
 
 I'HK oopyrinrlit law.^ of tlic ''iiitod St.itcs. in force 
 I)ff(>',iilH'r 1. 1S7."$, iis !iiiicii(lt'il 1)V .Vet (if (.'on- 
 'Tfoss, approvcil .Tunc !.s. 1S74, is c(iii(lciis(>il sn ii.s 
 lud In ()c<Mipy iiiiich space, iiiid \ve;£rl\(' tlie j)r<ivi.>ii()Ms 
 .'IS follows ; 
 
 .•^Kc . AUA^i. .\11 rei'ords and other things relating to copyrights 
 and recpii ed liy l.iw to lie pre .i rved, shall he under the control of 
 the I.ilirarian of i ongress. and kept and "ireservcd i.i the '.ilirai> 
 of I'ongress; and the I.ilirarian of ( 'on^rrcss shall Innc tiie imme- 
 diate care ami siipervi-ion thereof, and. under the ■ iipervisimi of 
 till' Joint <ommittee of Congress on the l,ihrai\. shall piil'iirm 
 all acts and duties ly^iiiM-eil hy law tnnchlng copyrights. 
 
 Ski. A'M'.K The seal provided fir the olUce of the I.ilirarian of 
 f'ongress. shall he theseal thereo,. and hy it all records and i>a|K'rs 
 issueil fro'n the olllce. and !■> ho used iti i'videiice, shall he autlien- 
 licaied. 
 
 Ski-. liTili. The Idlirarl.iii < f < 'oiigross shall give a lioiid, w itli 
 sun lies. |i, th" Treasurer of the riiiled States, In the sum of the 
 ttion-and dolhir-. with the condition that he will render to the 
 ]ii.'lHr otlicer- of the Trejisury a true account of all moneys 
 receiv'd hy viiu ■ ot hi- oftlce. 
 
 Sk( . I!i.'il. The Mhrarian of Congress shall make an annual 
 ••Pliorl lo Coiigre— of the nuiiilM'r and descrlptloii of copyright 
 pnlilicatious for w hicli entries have Ih'pii made during the year. 
 
 Ski . '{Kti. Any citlzoii of the riiilod States, or rosldent 
 floroin, who shall ho the author, invenlor, iles|gii< or proprietor 
 of any iMiok, map, chart, liramatic or musical coiii|His|tion, en- 
 graving, 'ui, pr'nt, photograph or negali\e tliereol'. or of a paint- 
 ing, draw iiig. . ti.onio. -tatnle. statuary, and id' models or designs 
 intendiil to he perfected .as work- of the line arts, and the execu- 
 tors, admini-lrators, or ,'i»signs of any such person, shall, iipi n 
 loiiiplyilig with the provisions ol Ini- chapter, have the sole 
 
 lilMTly of printing, rpprlntlng. imhllshliig, ciimplotlng, copying, 
 ex.'i'uting. tlnishing, and vending the same; a :il, in the ciLsp of a 
 dramatic comiMisiiion. of |iulil!cly |>prforiuing or rpprofptitlng it, 
 or causing it to he jierformed or represented hy olliprs. And 
 authors may reserve the right to dramatize or translate Iheir own 
 works. 
 
 Ski'. I'JXt. i 'ojiyrights shall lio granted for tlip term of twpiity- 
 
 elglit ye.irs fr the time of recording the title Ihereof, in the 
 
 manner hereinatter directed. 
 
 Sic 4!i.VI. The author, iiivpntor, or designer. If he be still liv- 
 ing and a citl/eii of the I'nltpd States or resident tlieroln, or Ills 
 widow or children if he lie dead ^hall have the same exclusive 
 right continued lor the (urtlipr teiiii of fourtwii years, u|)<iii 
 leiording the title of the work or descriptloi. of the article so 
 secured a second time, ,'ind complying w III. all other regulations In 
 regard !o original copyrigiits, \\ iihiii six montlis liefore the expl- 
 lation ot the first term. .\ ml such person shall, w ilhiiitwo inonllis 
 fro;;; the date of -aid renewal, cause a copy of the reiord thereof 
 to Ik' piililished ill one or more newspaiKTs. printed in the riiited 
 Slates, for the space of fc-ir wtjoks. 
 
 Skc. 4'X>')- ' opy rights shall bo a.sslgnahli' In law hy any liistru- 
 ineiit of writing, and such assigniiiPiil shall 1h' recorded in the ojllco 
 of nil' l.ihrarian 'f <'ongress wiililu sixty days after If exeiu- 
 lloii: in default oi which it shall he void as against any snlise- 
 i|uent pnrcli:tspr or mortgagee for a valiiahlecoii-ideiiillon. without 
 notice. 
 
 Skc. I!t."i<i. \o person shiill Im' entitled lo a copyright uiile-s be 
 shall. Iipfore piililication, dellvpr at the olllce of lh,> I.ilirarian of 
 Congri-s, or di'|Hisif in the mail addressed to the I.ilirarian 
 '>\ < 'ongress, at Washington, nislrlct of Colmnbia, u printed copy 
 of the li:le of the hook or other article, or a description of the 
 p.'iinllng, draw ing. cliromo, statue, statuary, or model or design 
 for a work of the tine arts, for w hich he Heslres a copyriglit ; nor 
 
 (H. 
 
anil trriMs of siilo, 
 lj(! ^(|l•l l)y notii'cs 
 of siioli sale, or nt 
 r on ncdlt, as the 
 tratiiis or a.'^sifjiis, 
 t : ami. oct of tlip 
 Is a:Ml rhiir<;ci for 
 njf, sloriii;;. advcr- 
 Mil all prior lions 
 inipaici upon said 
 , iinio said niort- 
 
 Mortgajjor. ., this 
 >nL> thousand eight 
 
 . . . [Son I.] 
 ... [.yen/.] 
 
 -«♦- 
 
 
 iplotlng. ropj'lng, 
 I, in the citso of a 
 r rrprespnting it, 
 )y othrrs. And 
 anslafo tholr own 
 
 iMin of twonty- 
 lliprc'of, in tlip 
 
 r he bp still llv- 
 iIhtcIm, or Ills 
 same cxclnsivc 
 II years, nixm 
 f the arllcie sti 
 r rejrnlalions in 
 lefore llie expi- 
 liin two nmnlhs 
 iiMoril llicreof 
 I ill llie I'liiled 
 
 liy any iiistrn- 
 di'd in Iheolllee 
 after lti< execii- 
 iii-l any siilise- 
 I'lalion, wiihout 
 
 lisjlit unlpw lio 
 l.ilirarian of 
 llie I.ihr.-iriaii 
 a prilileil ((ipy 
 iriptioii of (he 
 loHel or desij;ii 
 iopyri;;lil : nor 
 
 LAW A^X• LEGAL FOKM.S. 
 
 • . ~- !.- -'.all al-o. within ten dayn from the pnhliration thereof, 
 d. liv r Jt the ofliie of the I. ihrarl.Mi of (Congress, or dc|H)-it in 
 tiK? mail aJdr --fd to the Llhrari; 'i of ('on;;ress at Washin;;ton, 
 I>i-trii1 of Columbia, two copies f sueh ropyrii;lit iHiok or other 
 arti.-l*". or. la lasc' of a ].aintliij;, li.iiwiiii,', slaliie. slalnary, model 
 orit--ign for a work of the line arts, a pholo;;raph of the same. 
 
 Si;r. 4'.Ci7. TIm- Librarian of Con^'ress shall record the nameof 
 sucln-opyright lxK)li. or oiIht arlii'le, forthwilh In a liook to tx? 
 ke|>t for tli.it i>iiri«>M', in the words follDwin;;: " Library of Con- 
 
 gTRs*. to wit: Ue It n-iiicinlHied that (iii the lay of 
 
 V. B_"f. balli !cp<i>ilcii in I Ills olUce the title of ii 
 
 hook '•»»/», rhart, or othfrn-isp, as III- cusp iiihij ho, or i/mrriplion of 
 llx 'irlieU). Of t'n\p or de-criplion of which is in tlie follow in;^ 
 word-, to wit: ('«•/•<■ ins'Tl (Im till" or (lincriiitiDn), the rijjht 
 whereof In» cl«im- a« author (('ri;/i'n<jM)', ny ;;ro;)ri>/'ir, (i.« Chf cise 
 fn//y *<•;. in t-onfonnily w ilh the laws of Ihe liiifed States resiM-ct- 
 in^ i-opyrights. ('. I).. Libr.iiian of ( 'oiij ress." And he shall 
 give a ropy of ilK- title or description, lindei the seal of the Libra- 
 rian of « Vinffre--. to the pi.'iprieli>r whenevi r he sh.ill re(|nire It. 
 
 Ski;. V-Ci^. The Librarian of ('on;;n'>s shall receive from the 
 "wr-on to wliom IIh* S4'rvice- desi^naled aie rendered, the lollow- 
 in^fw-*: L For rvcordin;; ihe tilleor .!;scriplioii of any coi>y- 
 ri;:ht txiok or other arlii'e, llOy cents. •_'. Kur eviry copy nnder 
 se:il of -iM-h re«iord actually ^iveii lo the person i'laiiniii;; the copy- 
 right, or hi* a— i^ni". li'ty cents. ;(. Vi>" rccoidiiij; and cTrtiCyiiii; 
 any irtstnimeiil of writiii;; fm- llie a-sij;iiiienl of a copyri;;ht, one 
 dollar. 4. For every copy of an assi;;ni iciit, one dollar. All fe«'S 
 go retreivwl i-liall Ix- [wid into tlie Treasury of the I'nited States. 
 
 !*r-<". i'Xit. Tlie jiroprietor of every copyrijjht hook or other 
 articlr- sfiall "Hiver at Ihe oIlUi! of he I.lbiai ian of I 'oii;^ress. or 
 defirr-it in the mail addressed to ,,..■ Librarian of < 'oii^res>. at 
 Wa-hin;floii. Pi-trict of « ■iduinbia. within !• i. 'ays after its pii.)ll- 
 ration. two •■'■nipleie primed topics lb ■reof, of Ihe !„ -t edition 
 i-^iHtl.or <k-4T'pfion or i>holo;;raph of siicli article a-^ liereiidM'- 
 f..re rnjiiirtxt. .-uid a c<ipy of every subse<;uent e<lition wherein any 
 -lib-tamial ehaiij:<*s shall tx- madi>. 
 
 Si;«-. 4,'.t»\ For every failure on the p'rt of Ihe proprietor of 
 any copyright to deliver, or de|Mi<ii in llie in: il, either ol ibi' |.ii»>- 
 li-h«l i-opi'r». or <)e-<rip'.ion. or plioto^rraph, r Miuiri'd by Sii't ii.ns 
 -l!if>K ami 4f«r4i. tlH- proprietor of the copyri^jhl «hall Ik- lialileto a 
 p<-iialfy of tw«-iity-flve didlars. to be reci.vcrei' .>y Ihe l.ibrariaiiof 
 t'origre-*. in the name of the rniteil Stales, n an action in Ihe 
 nntiirp of an aiiion of debt, in any di^lricl court of the Inited 
 Sta'e^< within tlH* jurisdiction of whicli Ihe ilelini|uent may rc:-ide 
 or \tp found. 
 
 S»;r. VMM Th<> postmaste - to whom such copyrl;|ht Ixiok, tltlp, 
 or otfii-r ■rtiik-. is delivereci, shall, if n'c|iie-ied, fjive a receipt 
 then-for; ami wltcn so delivered In- shall mail it to ils destina- 
 tion. 
 
 Si:r. Vtii, Xo fx-rson shall maintain an action for the lnfrin;;(v 
 men! of hi-* •■'•pyritjht unless he shall fiivejiolid- lliereof by iiisert- 
 iii:; i't th«> wveral copies of <'very edition published, on Ihe title- 
 p.i.,'1- <.t tlK> iiajre Immediately following;, if it be a book; or if u 
 map, ih-iTt, niii'^^ coni|H>-itioii, ; il.:t, cut, eii^jraviiif;. photo- 
 jjni|>fi. [aii.'llnjr. drawin;;, < hroino, >lalue, slaliiary, or model or 
 de»i;fn ifitfO'V-tl to U- |»'rfec|ed and ■ omplclcd as a work of the 
 line ar1«. by lu-t-ribinj; ii[xin some vi>ilde port ion llicreof, or of the 
 siil>>tan>'<> on which tlx- same sliall 1h' monnied, Ihe following 
 wonl'. viz.: " Kiiten-d ai'cordiii^ to act of ( 'on;;ress, in the year 
 
 by .\. n_ in tlx- olllcp of Ihe Librarian cd' »'onf;re<s at \V;i.-h- 
 
 In^^ton:" or. at his option, tin- word "Copyright," tojjeiher with 
 the year tin* ••opyrl;;ht was entered, and the name of the |>arty by 
 whom I: «a» takm out, thus: "Copyrl^'hl, IS. ., by .\. U." 
 
 Si( . A'*^l. K\ery |icr-on who<hall in-erl or impress sueh notice, 
 or »ord» of ili^kanip purport. In or upon any book, map, chart, 
 niiG>lt-al i-«imiK»'ition, print, cut, engravinj, •r pholojjraph, or 
 other article, for whii h h^ hus not eblai:ied a copyri^jlil, shall lie 
 liubir lo a [x>iuilly of one hundred dollars, recuvrrableone-liulf fur 
 
 the pprson who shall sup for such penalty, and one-half to the use 
 of the I'nited States. 
 
 .S|;«\ V^A. Every person who. after the recordiiif; of Ihetltlo 
 of any ixxik as provided by this chapter, shidl, within Ihe term 
 llmitetK and without the consent of Iho proprietor of the eopy- 
 rljjnt lir-t <ib«aiiied in wrilin;r. si-ineil in presence of two or more 
 witiie -»•«. print, publi-h, or iiniHirl. or. kllo^vill;; Ihe same to be so 
 prime I. |xibli-lied. or im|wprted, .-hall .-ill or ex|K(se to sale any 
 i-opy «.f MK-li txM»k, shall forfi'it every copy thereof lo mhIi pro- 
 prieti'.-. ajid sh:ill al-o iMrbit an<l p.iy such d.inia;;es a- may be 
 revovere«l in a civil action by such [nopriclor in any coiut <d"coni- 
 ix-tent juri-di(.tion. 
 
 Sfif. 4'»V>. If any ixT'on, after the recording: of llie title of any 
 >;iap. chart, iiiu-ical coin|Mi-itii>n, piiiit, cm, eii;;iaviMi;. plioto- 
 gr.iph. or chnimo. or of the de-cription of any paiiiliii;;. draw in;;, 
 statue, .-tatiiary. or model or cle..i;;n intendi'd lo be perfected and 
 ex'tuted as a work of the line arts, as pr vided by this chapter, 
 •lull, within the time liinitei!, and without Ihe consent of the pro- 
 prietor of the copyright tlr-t <d)ta!ned in w rilin;;, si;;iied in pres- 
 ence of two or more w itne-ses, en;;rave, elcli, work, copy, prim, 
 publi-h. <ir iiii|>orl. either in whole or in part, or by varyiiii; llie 
 main drsijrn with inti-nt lo evade llie law , or, know in;; the same to 
 !*• -SO print»*<L ixibli-h<-d. or importe.l. shall sell or exiio-e to -ale 
 any copy of -iich map or other .irli.le. as alon-aid, he shall I'orl'eit 
 to the pHiprietor all tin- plates on which llii' >aiiie >liall be copii'd, 
 and every fl><-<-t then-of, either copied or ipriiilcd, and -hall further 
 forfeit one dollar for every sheet of the same found in his posses- 
 sion, either printin;;. printed, copied, publi.-hed, imported, or 
 ex|X)*«-<l for safc-; and in ca-e of a paintin;;, statue, or statuary. In- 
 shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of Ihe same in his posses- 
 si<m. or by him -<dd or ex[H(-ed for sale; one-half tlieieof to the 
 proprietor, and the other half to the u-e of the rnitcd Slate-. 
 
 .'•Kf. 4t»>i. .\ny jier-on publirly perl'oniiin;; <ir ii'pre-ciitin;; any 
 dramatic com|x»il ion for wliiiha copyii;rlit has been obtained, 
 without llie con-ent of the proprietor Ibcn'ol. or his heirs or 
 a.-si;;ns. shall Ix" liable for the daiiiaije- tliereror: such damage- in 
 all ca-o* to lM-a.--4— ei| at Mich sum. not le<s than oiii' liiiiidied dol- 
 lar*fi'rtb<' tir-t. an<l fifty ilollar- lor every 8ubj>e<iiient jxTforin- 
 aiicp. as to tlie i-ourt -hall ap|>e.ir to be just. 
 
 Sf.r. i'.»;~. Every ix-rson who -hall print or imblish any manu- 
 scrijit wfialever. wiihout the con-eiit of llii' author or proprietor 
 lir-t obtaiwd (if such author or proprietor is a ciii/en of the 
 rniteil States, or ri-i<leiit therein), .-hall be liable to the author or 
 pniprietor for all dain.i;;es m-ca-ioned by r-uch injury. 
 
 Ski-. 4;*;!*. \o ailion sh.ill be iii:iiiitaiiied in ,iny case of forfrit- 
 lirp or p«-nalty under Ihe copyri;:hl laws, unless the same Is coin- 
 meU'-Pil within two years allt r tlie caii-e of action has arisen. 
 
 Ski . 4'»Kt. In alIaciion<ari-iiigundcrtliilaws res|M'ctiTi;; copy- 
 right- tlie ilefemlant may plead Ihe general issui'. and give the 
 c[iecial matter in evidence. 
 
 Sec. 4&T0. The cin-uit i-ourts, and tlistrict i-ourls having tne 
 juriMliction of cin-uit courls.shali have power, upon Mil in ci|uity, 
 tlleil by any larty aggrieved, to grant injiiiutioii- I* prevent Ihe 
 violation of any right MHiireil by tin" laws rc.-pectiiig copyiij;lii<. 
 acconiing lo tin- t-.ur-i- and principle- of courts of niuily. on stab 
 tPnii-s as tin- oiurt may cl<i-m rea-ionable. 
 
 Sr.i-. 4;i7l. Nothing in llii< chapter -hall be construed to pro- 
 hibit the printint;, piibli-hiin:, impoi'ialion or sale of any hook, 
 map, chart, dnimatic or .na-ical com|>o-ilion, print, cut. engrav- 
 ing, or |>holo:;r.i|>h. written. com|x>sed, or made by any [lerson not 
 a citizen of the I'ulted States nor resident therein. 
 
 (XII'^lllCIIT.H tun LAIIKI.S. 
 
 Srr. 3. That lntliecon«tniciion of this act, the worrti« "pngrav- 
 Ing," "»iit," and -print" shall 1m- applied only lo piciorial 
 ilhi-<tration> or works comieiird withllir lino ails, amino priiit- 
 or VXitfU ilesigiied lo tx- u-ed lor any other articles uf nianiil'acluip 
 sliall be entereii un<lpr the copyright law. but may be regi-lered in 
 
 17 
 
 "XT 
 
% 
 
 
 
 LAW AM> LKUAI, FOKMS. 
 
 tin- I'atoiil ()tl\i'('. Ami tlii- ('uminis-loiHT i«f I'litents is licri-liy 
 (•liar;;cil with ilii" sii|H'rvIsion ami I'luiirnI of ilii' fiitry or icjjistry 
 of .■.mil priiils or lalx'l.s, in I'uiifoniiity willi tlio n'pilalioiis l)r<>- 
 vlilril liy l:iu as l<> iip|iyii;;lit of |iriiils. I'xo'pt lliat tlicri' sliall Im> 
 paiil tor ici'iinliiii; llii' titli' nf any ]iiint nr laUO nut a Iraclf'-niaik. 
 sl\ (liillais, wl'lili shall idvit tlii> i'xi«'n»<' ff rurnisliiu); a copy of 
 llu' r.',-onl nndiT llii> scai of llic (Uniniis.sioni'r of ratenls. to tlic 
 party cntcrini; the saim-. 
 
 <iKM:UAI. FdltM OF ASSICiNMKNT. 
 
 For II Cinislilcriltion >>( ilollars, lln- ni-rlpt of 
 
 \\ lilrli is liiirliy ai!\no\\ hmIjijimI, (iitlicrwisc for valni- nfcivcii). 1 
 lirrcliy assij;ii. traiislcr anil set over I" Saninrl Kim-, ail my title 
 ami Iriicrrst in am! lights nmirr aciTtain t-opyriglit.aml tlii^ciTtif- 
 
 iiali- llnTriif. brarin:; dali" llii- ilay ol , tlio title (or 
 
 ilcsfriplicm) of wliiili is in lln' foliowinjj worils. to wit: (copy 
 from till" ii'rtilli'ari"; the ri-flit wlieroif I i-iaint as author (or 
 propri. lor.. 
 
 To Hiil'e iiiiil to Hold Iliesaiiie unto tlie saiil Samuel Koe. 
 and 111' li i^al H'pn'-cnlalives f.irever. 
 
 In Witnenn Whrreof, I have herennio s,.| niy hanil. this 
 
 (lay of .loiiX UoK. 
 
 A iciiimiiiiiii-iiioM finlosino- Mil :is.-ii^iinn'iit to tlic 
 Lilirai-ian ol' ( 'oiiirrt-ss rori'i'ioi-iliiior, >lioiiM Ix- pfojMTly 
 (Intcd al \\w lio.iil, as ill tlic <:isi- of a Ictti-r. with 
 atltifos lino lo 111!" left. iiiiiicriK'ath, • Lihntriaii of 
 
 Coiiirress, WiL-*lii[iirtoii, D. C," ami then procecil its 
 foni>ws: 
 
 Kneloseil please tin ' an iiistrnmeni of writing for tin* aAsijfumtiit 
 
 of copyright No from J'eter I'oole v"lher« !-<•, author 
 
 or proprietor) to Samuel Koe (or |NiblUhei ), to be rt- 
 
 eerileil in your otliee in conformity with the laws of the I'nitod 
 Slates resiM><tinj; copyrij^hts. 
 
 Kinil also (|>ost otUce order, or draft, Xo , for) 
 
 dollars, fi-e for rwordiiig ami ciTtifyin;; said iiL^tniment. 
 Yours re-ix'ctlully. 
 
 Samiki. Rok. 
 
 Ill answer to the alM)Vo.a (•crtiticatc of ri'<'oriliii<r will 
 1k' retiiriictl Wy the Liltniriaii of Ctnigres.s, ami may road 
 ti.i foll(<ws: 
 
 I.IBRAIIV OF CoXGKESS. 
 [Sfttl.'\ WASIIIXIiToX IttS. 
 
 The within !ussl);nmcnt of eoi)yrij;ht is this day ri-corded in ihe 
 ollice of the Librarian of < 'oiigress. in confonuity with the laws of 
 the I'nited St.iti's resiH'cting eol)yrights. 
 
 Witness my hand, and the seal of said otHw. this. . . . d.iy of 
 
 V. 1>. ISS.. 
 
 I.lbrariaiF of Coiigres* 
 
 A .-ihort fonn of ajvsijrnniout niav road: 
 
 I hereby assign i-oi)yright No. 
 Dated 
 
 to Samuel Kof. of 
 
 Juux Doe. 
 
 ^/^^'W^^^'^--^ S—*^ 
 
 y:- 
 
 
 ^^m LAW OF TRADE-MARK. WM^ 
 
 --^h 
 
 ^a 
 
 "f^hiv. oriiriiial trjiil(>-iiiark laws of tho I'liitod Statos 
 -rif? Won- (Ifclarcil iini'oMstitiitioiial ami \ oiil by tho j 
 •'"■. Sii|ir('ii.o ( 'niirl, and nil (lie third of ,NIar<-li. IsNl, | 
 Coiiirross passed a new tnidoMiiurk law. tho text of ( 
 whicli is ;is follows; 
 
 .\N Act to Ai Tiiiiiazi: tiii; KKiiisTit.vrio.v or 'ritAOi.-MAitKs 
 
 AMI I"l!OTK« T TIIK SAMtU 
 
 //■' i'( rii'tcU'l l"J Ihf >>«((/<' nii'l llDii.if iif lii-prraenUitirta <•/ tU' 
 I'nitr'l si'ili-M. lit Ciiu'jri.is (m.i.-hi'./c'. That owners of trade-marks 
 u-eil in comniene wlih foiiiir" nations, or «itli the Indian triU-s, 
 indvlded suih owners shall !»■ domi'iled in the Iniled States or 
 located In any fore!;;ii country or trilKs. which, liy tre.ity, (•oitveii- 
 li"n. or law. an'ords .-Imilar privileges to citi/ell^< of the I'lilled 
 Stales, may id)lalii re;,'islr.illoii of such tnule-niarks by cimiplyiiig 
 w llh till' following re(|nirements: 
 
 rir-l. By causing lo Im' rccordeo in the Talent Olllee a state- 
 meiil specil'yiiig name, domicile. locali>>n. and cill/ei|ship of the 
 |Kiny applying; ; llie class of mcrchaniiis<> and I In- particular di'- 
 scription of goods comprised in >uch cla>s to which llie |iarlicular 
 trad<--maik lia~ Imiij .(ppro,iriated: a ile.<crlptioii of ilieiradc-mark 
 Itself, with facsimile- Ibercid'. and a siatement ^f the mode In 
 which llie same is applied and alllxeil lo goods, and the length of 
 time during which the trade-mark has Imwmi iis4>d. 
 
 Second, liy paying Into the Treasury of tho I'lilted MUlcx the 
 
 Sinn of iwenty-Iive ilollars. and complying with such regulations 
 as may Ik> prescribed by the ( 'oniini--loncr of Patents. 
 
 Sr.r. :;. That the application pre«critxMl in the foregoing siv- 
 lioii mii-t. in order to create any right whatever In favor of tb" 
 party tiling it, lje ace<u!i|i:uiieil by a written declaration verllled 
 by the iwrson. or by a memU'r of a llrm. or by an otliii-r of a eor- 
 |Miral ion applying, to the elfect Ihal such parly has at thetiniea 
 1 iglil lo the u«e of the lraili--mark sought to lie registen-d. ami that 
 no oilier |H'r-oii, linn, or corporation has the right to such Use. 
 illler in Ihe iilenlical form or in any such near resemblance tlM-n-t" 
 a- might In- calculated lo dii'i'ive: that such trade-mark Is used in 
 coimnerce « lib foreign nalioiis or ''idiaii lril)es. as alxive Imli- 
 eated; aii<l that the descriplion and ficsliniles presented for reg- 
 istry truly rep^-sont the iraile-mark sought to Ix- n-gistereiL 
 
 Si:« . ;t. Ti .he thne of the r^^•eil< of any such applieallou 
 shall Ik- noted and rit'orded. Iliit no alleged tra<l<'-mark shall Ix- 
 ri'gl-tered unless the same ap|M'ar to In- lawfully iwd as such by 
 the applicant in fonigii commerce, or commerce with Indian 
 trilx's, as alxive mentioned, or is wiihiii the provision of a tre.ily. 
 convention, or deilaration wllli a foreign |xiwer; nor which |s 
 merely the name of the applicant; nor whicli Is idetilical with a 
 reglsi.reil or known Irade-inark ow ih-iI by another and ii|>proprl- 
 ale III I 111' same class of merchandise, or which co nearly nx'iuble. 
 some oiiiir |X'n»on"s law tul Iradi-mark as to Ix- likely to eausecoii- 
 fil-lon or nil-take In the mind of Ihe public, or to di-.'eive imrehas- 
 ers. In an application for regi-lratioii the (.'oiniiiissloner iS 
 Patents shall li cide the presumptive lawflUlieiM of claim to th* 
 allegi-d trudc-mark: and In aiiv disiiute Ix-twccn uii applicant and 
 
 'K; 
 
 c^va - 
 
 2i^-^ 
 
--o^tm 
 
 l>rococ»l as 
 
 lie iu.s!KiiiiK'iit 
 author 
 
 ihur), to be ro- 
 of the rnitctl 
 
 ^r) 
 
 neiit. 
 
 \mi:kl Ruk. 
 ion ling will 
 ml niay road 
 
 IXdKESS, 
 
 , 188. 
 
 •(•cortlod ill [!io 
 •ith tlH5 law* i(f 
 
 I..... . . .day of 
 
 of Coiijjrcs.« 
 
 1 Ko€. ol 
 
 Jijiix Doe. 
 
 tfj4 
 
 ■t 
 
 nil ivgulalioii« 
 
 It*. 
 
 forrj^iliij; mv- 
 II fivnr of tl'" 
 at ion vcrillcil 
 niivr of a I'or- 
 at tlH> thill- a 
 I'n'il. anil tliat 
 
 111 «lich IIM'. 
 
 M.iiifiMlii-n't" 
 Ilk i< ii-fil ill 
 - al">vi' IiuU- 
 M-iiti'il for n-g- 
 ;i-t<'r«'iL 
 li a|i|ilii'alioM 
 nark rhall l«' 
 •il a* imch liv 
 Willi Iniliaii 
 11 of a trraly. 
 nor wliiili i- 
 iilii-al witli a 
 ami ai>i>roiirl- 
 arly n'^'iiilili'" 
 y t" raiisi'ioii- 
 ".■oivf |«in'lia— 
 iiniis>ion»'r tU" 
 f claim t» th» 
 a|i|>lii-aiit uiiJ 
 
 LAW AND LEU.VL FOKM8. 
 
 a previous rejfistrant, or between applioants.he Hhall follow,so far 
 as the same may 1» applicable, tlie practice of courts of e(|uity of 
 the I'nileii Slated in aiialogoiw cases. 
 
 Skc. 1. Tliat certilh'ates of registry of trade-mark.o chilli be 
 Issued ill t le name of the I'liited States of America, under the seal 
 of the Oepaitrnent of the Interior, and shall Ix; signed by tlie 
 Coiiimissioner of Patents, and a record thereof, together with 
 jirintecl copies of the s|>eciflcations, shall l»e kept in l«K)ks for that 
 jinrpose. Copies of trade-marks anil of statements and declara- 
 tions lilcd therewith and certillcates of registry so signed and 
 sealeil, -hall lie evidence in any i-uit in which siiiii Irade-inarks 
 shall 1m' biTtight in controversy. 
 
 Skc. ». That a certificate of registry »hall remain In force for 
 thirty years IVoin its date, except in casJ-s win re the trade-mark is 
 claiineil for anil applied to articles not inanufactiired in 'his conn- 
 try:and in which it receives protection under the lawsofa foreign 
 country lor a shorter |>eriod, in which case it shall cease to have 
 any force in this country by virtue of this ail at the timelhat sihli 
 tradi'-mark ceitses to lie exclusive pniiierty cls<'where. ,\t any 
 time during the six months prior to tlie expiration of the term of 
 fliii-ty years such registration may lie renewed on the same terms 
 and for a like |>eriiiil. 
 
 .Sk<". <>. That applicants for re^ri -tr.it ion under this act shall lie 
 credited for any fee or part of a fii' lierelofon- paid intothi- Treas- 
 ury of the I'liited States \. ith inteut to procure protei-tion for the 
 same trade-mark. 
 
 Skc. 7. That registration of a trade-mark shall }>n jiri,na /•leii' 
 evidence of ownership. .Any |>erson who shall reproduce, coun- 
 terfeit, copy, or colorably imitate any traiU'-mark regi-tereil under 
 this act and alllx the same lo merchandise of siiltstantially the 
 same clcscriptive proin-rties a." those dcsi-riU'd in the reirisi ration, 
 shall be liable to an action on the c.i-e for damages for the wrong- 
 ful use of said tradiMiiaik at the suit of the owner thereof; and 
 Ilie party aggrleveil sliall also have hi* remedy an-ordiiig to the 
 coui-e of ei|iiily lo enjoin the wrongful use of such tni'lc-niark 
 ii-ed in roicigii ;'oniinerceor commen-e with Indian trilies .-.s afore- 
 siiil. and to ivfoviT ioin|M'ii-aliiiii tluTefor in any coii,t hating 
 JurisdictioD over ttio pcnoa guilty of sudi wruiiglul act: uiiU 
 
 courts of the I'nited States sliiil! have original :uk1 ap])ellate 
 jurisdiction in such ca- ^ without regard to the amount in con- 
 troversy. 
 
 Skc. tS. That no action or suit Mull be maliitniiied iincler the 
 provisions of tiii-. act in any case when the trade-ma'k is used in 
 any uiilawt'nl liusine.-s or u|Mm any articli- injurious in itself, or 
 wiiich mark has lieeii used with the design of ihi-eiving the public 
 in the pniilia-e of iiii'ivhandise, or luider any certificate of regis- 
 try fraudulently obtailieiL 
 
 Skc. !•■ That any ikmsoii who sitill prfn-ure the registry of a 
 trade-mark, orof biinself .is the owner of a trade-maik. or an entry 
 respecting a tradi'-iiiar!;. in the ofllce of the <,'oiuniissioiier of I'at- 
 eiils, by a false or fraudnleiit repn-sentatioii or d(?claralioii, orally 
 or in writing, or by any fraudulent ineaiis. shall Im- liabli' to pay 
 any damages .-nstaiiieil incon-e<|ui-iicetlH-reof to the injured party, 
 lo lie recoveri'd in an action on the ciuse. 
 
 Si:c. 10. That nothing in this ai-t shall prevent, lessen, ini|>each, 
 or avoid any remedy at law or in (-(luity w hicli any party aggrieved 
 by any wrongful iisi- of any tnide-inark iiiight have had if the pro- 
 visions of this act had not Im-cu pa-sed. 
 
 Skc. 11. That nothing in this act shall Ix- ••onstmed as niil'avor- 
 ahly allecting a claim to a trad<«-inark alter the term of regi-iia- 
 tion shall have expired; nor to give vognizance to any eoint of 
 the I'liited States in an action or suit Ijetween clli/.ens of the same 
 ."state, unless the trail<>-niark ill n>iitn>veivy is n-ed on goods 
 inleniled to lie tran:-|Mirted lo a foreign i-ounty, or in lawful com- 
 mercial intercourse with an Indian trilK'. 
 
 ."SKC. 12. That the t'oinmi'sioiier of I'at( nts Is authorized to 
 make rules and regulations and pn-^TiU- forms for ll;e iransler of 
 Ihe right to use trad(>-marks and for recording such transfers in his 
 oflU-c. 
 
 Sec. 13. That citizens and residents of this country wishing 
 the pr^;ection of tradiMiiarks in any fon'ign country Iln' laws of 
 which riiinlri' registration here as aconditioii precedent to getting 
 such protection there, may regi-ter their tradi'-niarks for that pur- 
 pose as is above alloweil to foreigt>er», and have certiticute thereof 
 from the Tatent Ollice. 
 
 Ap[)rove() March 3, 1881. 
 
Fi 
 
 < |i 
 
 I' 
 
 OKKION AM) tMTi:i) STATI'.S I'ATKNTS. 
 
 k 
 
 ^XJ 
 
 -^f-'TEa-* 
 
 '^^^5^ 
 
 tates Patents. 
 
 I'l 
 
 
 ^-iiJ^i^;^^^-^ 
 
 ^JP 
 
 GENERAL FEATURES OF PATENT-RIGHTS -HOW TO GET A PATENT-COST OF PATENTS IN AMERICA 
 
 AND EUROPE, 
 
 ©■ 
 
 ^ipa- 
 
 > 
 
 ''ill. patciit-riirlit is :i ]»riviIci.'o irranttMl hy ^ov- 
 crmiK'nt to sin iiivciittir on account of a new 
 contrivance or iiniiroxcni'Mit In the maniitac- 
 tnrcs, ^'rantinir iiiin a nionoply in liis inven- 
 tion for a n'nnlter of years. The principal 
 classes (if patents enihraeo (1) now contrivances applied 
 to new ends : ( i' ) n"\v contrivances ai)[)lied to old I'lids ; 
 (A) now condiinations of old parts, whether rclatinir 
 to inatori':'.. ot)jects, or processes; (4) new niethotls 
 of ap])lyinir a wei!-known ohject. 
 
 Novelty and utility are the two "rroat features of an 
 invent) m, without which a patent would he invalid. 
 Tho d.'irrce of utility need ixot oe irreat, lint it must he 
 sonu'thiuf^ iil»plical>le to the production of a inarket- 
 aldc art'cle. It must also ho a manufacture. 
 
 W'hrn an invention has Ix'eii made for which it is 
 desired to procure a jiati'iit, tiie inventor should not, 
 on account of inii)Pcuuiosity or other iiinderinir causes, 
 proini>«" or harloraway a half or nn'.'vided p(Mlion of 
 th<^ device. It ;> too often the case that iincntors of 
 this class, for want of luonoy, and ;;ressuro of circnin- 
 stanc^s, ahandon or throw away tiie results of their 
 thought ami in<;onuily. M\ery inventor should hold 
 on to what h(» has couceiveil until he h,is iii1eHii.''ently 
 oxplaiiipd its merits to some one of means, who will 
 advance tke small sum r<*(piired to secure ii |)at«'nt. In 
 order to •»-.n the desired assistance, the inventor may 
 •rraiit a privdesre lor a town onouiity to tlio party who 
 Vwiks lip Ins appreciation of tiie improveinont hy a 
 loMii. For tlii> purpose tne toilowirig eonvoyaiico will. 
 i« g-enend, bo amp.e: 
 
 niterens, I, Rloli.ird Roo, of County of State 
 
 of liavo iiivcntcil u new and usot'nl iiniirovomont in Inll^^il■a : 
 
 instrunictits. for whicli 1 am abniit ti> apply I'lir Ictti'is-patont; uiiil 
 
 whereas, .lolin Dcic, (il liatli advanced to ine tlio i^uni of one 
 
 liiiiidred doIlai< loward tlio expenses of si'id patent: 
 
 Xow this Inilfuture Wltiiess.'th, That for and in ronsld- 
 eratioii of said jiaynient to nie ina<le. 1 do hereby f;rant and convey 
 to the said .lohn Doe, his heirs or assigns, a lieensc to make, use, 
 
 and sell the invention, within the limits of the eonnty of 
 
 State of for and dnriiif; the fidl end of the term for wliieh 
 
 said letters-patent are or may 1m> ^jranted.* 
 
 Ifitnrxn my hand and s<'al. this tirst day of .Tamiary, A. D.lSS.. 
 
 'riie filinnf of a caveat alfords iinmediate protection 
 against the is.siic of u patent to any other person for 
 tlie .same invention. A cav(\itor is officially notitied 
 when another party has ap|)lied on account of tlu; same 
 d(vice, and called upon to tilr his application for a 
 patent. A caveat runs for a year and ean ho extended 
 from year to year. Caveats can only J)o filed hy eiti- 
 zeiis of th<> United States, or aliens who have resided 
 here one year and luivo declared tlieir intention to 
 hecoine citizens. 
 
 All caveats are seeref, niul no ono ran see or ohtaiii a 
 copy of a cuvetit without the order of the caveator. 
 The liliiiir of a caveat does not secure any exclusive 
 rifjrht of sale, and li;is nolhinof to do with the crrtint of 
 a patent, 'i'he ohject of ii caveat is to give time for 
 th(! accommodation and eonvenien<>o of the inventor, 
 who desires to lc,-»t or perfect his device. A caveat 
 
 •If fiirtlicrlniliiocniPnl ImleslnililP, tlio followlii;; nuiy 1m< liisi-rfcd: 
 
 " An«l I do hfreliy linthcr airnio, timt all of ttip net praHlH by nic; In luiy 
 
 umniier titittlo ttr rt-ecivf-fl ritiiii llie suM Invent inn luni puleiit sliiill belnnt; 
 
 to ami shall Ipe (l(!H\ci\'*l nnto the sahl .luhii l>or, until hi^ sliall hiive 
 
 roeclvi^d Unit th<^Mtild miiu ot one Immli'ou duUui'S, Wivu mwlni lntrir»t 
 
 thtTDO" '■ 
 
 i 
 
FOUKItiN AND UMTEU MATL.s rATENT.s. 
 
 IN AMERICA 
 
 y of State 
 
 omciit in luiisiiii' 
 
 "ttcis-imlcMit; ami 
 
 no the i-inn of oiio 
 
 [•nt: 
 
 for and in oonsid- 
 trraiit and lonvcy 
 
 •iis(> to niaiio, nsc, 
 
 nnty of 
 
 term for wiiicli 
 
 iiaiy. A. D.1S8.. 
 
 ito, protection 
 UT person for 
 •ially iiotitiod | 
 lit of the- Miuue 
 ication for a 
 n 1)0 cxtondod 
 )(> filed l)y «'iti- 
 lia\ o resided 
 iiitoiition to 
 
 SCO or obtain a 
 I lie caveator, 
 any exelnsivo 
 1 tiie irriint <if 
 jrive tiiiu! for 
 '.ho inventor, 
 
 leo. A <'av«*!«t 
 
 my lH» in^t'i'tofl: 
 ii-«mH by iiio In any 
 1 )ial''lil hIiuII Uelniif 
 iiiiiil ii« sliall huvd 
 • ml mwliii intrir«t 
 
 
 ft 
 
 :■■$.• 
 
 eoiisisls of a petition, speeitieation, diawinir, and atli- 
 davil (if invention. '!"lie>c papers should Ih- ctirt^fuliy 
 drawn n[i ami (lie iincntion e.\|ilaiiied as t'liliy a> |M>s.-i- 
 hie. No model is re(piired, and liie ir<'\ eininent iiiiski-s 
 no examination as to new fealnres when a <-.iv(>:it i.- 
 lileil. ( »n tiliiiir tli<' eaveat in Washinirton the I'atenl 
 Ollii (■ i-sues an otlicial certificate. 
 
 'I'lie olli>iai rosi for applyinir for a >implo {Kttent is 
 $1."). and when allowed, $i'(i more are payahio, niakiiiir 
 in all ?!.{."). It' a patent is not i;niiited the upplictiiit 
 loses the »o.st of making:: the application. 
 
 Patents arc ''ranted to iiorsons of anv nationality on 
 payment of the same ollicial lee. and are al.^o <rnuite<l 
 to women, minors ami executors or adniini.strators cf 
 deceased inventors. 
 
 Onration of ])ateiit is seventeen yojirs. Extcn.siims 
 are prohiliited on all patents irnintod sini-o Istil. 
 Kxtensions can only lie f.'rantetl hy act of coiii.»ross. 
 Application *''ir extension must lie tiled and reipiisite 
 fee paid, ninety days l)ef<iro expinition of the intent. 
 
 The average tinu' recpiired to procure a patent Ls si.\ 
 weeks. 
 
 In the event of a refusal to allow a psitent by the 
 exandner of patents, an inventor ha.s tlie privilt-jre of 
 appeal. Governinenl fee payable l>y tin- applicant, on 
 makiiiir an appeal to the I'^xaminer-in-Chief, is $10. 
 An appeal may Iw taken fr<iin vhe deeisiun of the 
 Kxaminer-in-('hiet to the (.'ommissioner of Pateiit.s; 
 ofovernmcnt te(>, $i(». From the decision of the CViin- 
 niissi<iner of I'atonts an appeal may lie taken to the 
 Supreme Conrl of the District of Colninbia. 
 
 "W'heri' there is any donbt about the patentability of 
 an invention, the applicant, thidUL'h a reliable agent, 
 may order a preliminary examination at a cost of ti%c 
 dollai*s. 
 
 Applicant.s for patents are not reipiired to fnmish 
 modeLs unless otKcially reipiireil to do so. Wlieri' a 
 model is called for, it should be neatly made, and 
 it is recpiisite that it.s bulk do not i-xceed twelve 
 inches. In makiiifr n model of an improvement on 
 some existinir machine, it is unneeessjiry to einbnn-e 
 the whole machine, as, for inst.nice. the nunlel of 
 a car-coupler need not include a eomplete ear. \vhe«d-< 
 and all. 
 
 Models may bo made in any kind o<' rnaterial, as. tor 
 instance, an applicant may make a mod<d in wooil of 
 Home article that is intended to be manufactimil in 
 glass; or motU'ls may be part wood, part metal. .V 
 model should lie made under close siipen'ision of the 
 inventor interested in its construction, if not made 
 with his own hands. 
 
 Inventors ean >ave time an>l money liy having their 
 l»u>ine-s at Washington attended to by a go«Hl agent, 
 wlio i~ (-imiliar with the details of proeuring patents. 
 
 The I'ateiil-Ollice does not prepare puteiit pajwr-. or 
 make nKHlels. These mn>t be provided by the appli- 
 cant or his attorney, according to law, othcrwi.-e hi.s 
 «-laini will not be considered. It is reipii>ite th:it all 
 dtxnments depositetl in the I'atcnt-Otlice shall Ik^> eor- 
 reetly and loo'ilily written, ami that the dnnvings 
 .shall lie of a specilied size, and fmi.-^hcd in un urti.stic 
 nianner. 
 
 The jHTsonal attendance of applicants at the Patent- 
 OlHce is unnei-essjiry. Their business can be tran.-aeted 
 by eorre-iuindenci-. .Ml business with t he oilier •.hould 
 Im' tnnisacted in writing. .Ml ollice letters inii.-'t !« 
 sent in the name of the " Connni-ssioncr of Patents." 
 
 Freight, postage, express charges, ami all other 
 charges on matter sent to the Patent-OlUee inu>t Ijc 
 prepaid. 
 
 Any person of intelligence and good moral character 
 may appear as th<' agent or the attorney in fact of an 
 applicant, upon tiling a proper power of attorney. 
 
 Applications for letters-patent of the United ."States 
 must l»e made to the Commissioner of Patent.-. A 
 cjiniplete application comprises the petition, siH^ifica- 
 tion, oath, and drawings, and the model or sp<-einien 
 when refpiired. The petition, speeitieation, and 0:1th 
 must l»e written in ihe English language. 
 
 " The applicant for a jiatent is rc(iuire<| by law to 
 furnish a dniwing of his invention where the nature of 
 the i-a.se admits of it. The drawing must lie signetl by 
 the inventor or by his attorney in fact, and attested by 
 two witnesses, and must show every filature «( the 
 invention covered by the claims, and when the inven- 
 tion eoasists of an improvement 011 an old machine, it 
 must exhibit, in one or more views, the invei.tlon 
 it.-elf. disconnected from Ihe old structure, and also, in 
 another view, so much only of the old structure as will 
 suffice t<i show the cotineflion of Ihe invention there- 
 with." 
 
 '•Dr.iwings must lie made upon pure white pjijier o*" 
 a thickness convsponding to three-sheet bristol luKird. 
 The surface of the paper nuist be calendered and 
 .-niooth. India ink alom; must Ik> u.sed, to .secure |iei- 
 feelly black and solid lines. The size of a sheet on 
 which a dniw ing is made must 1)C exactly ten by tifti-en 
 iinhes." All dr.iwings must b<> inaile with the \>en 
 only. 
 
 Drawings should 1h' made with the fewest /ines pos- 
 sible consistent with clearness. Letters and tigures 
 .should Ik" nin-fullv fonneil. 
 
 i 
 
f 
 
 i 
 
 KOUKION AND I'MTKU STATKN l-ATENTU. 
 
 It' any iiiif applies for a |Kitc>iit. and i( ap|)oai's a 
 IMilont for the saiuf thin;.' has Imt'. /.'nintcil to aiiotlii r 
 pcixon. tilt' applicant may a.-k t'oi- a fh-clanition of 
 intri rcrcntc, when an iMV(>^4ti•nltion will Ih- niailf to 
 (li'i'iilc priority ot" claim. 
 
 Assignment of an invoiitioii may Ik> made hy the 
 inventor or author, either In-forc or after tho {tatont 
 has iM'cn applied for, or after the patent has heen 
 issiieil. The deed ot assiirnment of a patent, or any 
 portion o(" a patent, nm-t Im" vttorded at the I'ateal 
 Otiice. 
 
 Application papers must Im> made in the name of the 
 real inventor oidy, who ean siirn an assi/irnment in 
 favor of a partnci', when tlie Commissioner of Patents 
 will allow the patent to Ik- issn«'<l to them jointly. 
 Till' cost (it'tliis a>>ii.'iunent is $."». Joint inventors are 
 cut it led to a Joint patent: neither ean claim one .scj)- 
 aralely. 
 
 A inw patent will U' i.--ned ami an old one canceled 
 >vlierc inislakes ortlefects render it necessjiry. Heissnes 
 of patents may 1m> petitioned for as ot'ten as desired. 
 New iniprovements must U- se|>;irately applied tor ami 
 cannot i.'c included in a reissue. 
 
 .V |iatent fill' ornamental desiirn, as. .-tatiic. I>a>- 
 reliel". printin:,'' of falirii-s. |>attern, or any new. nsel'ul 
 and oriirinal article of manufacture may he i:nint<'d to 
 any one. whether citizen or alien. I'atents I'or dcsi^.^ns 
 are irranttMl lor a term of three :nid one-half yeai-s, 
 seven years, or fourteen years, a.s desiretl. A desiirn 
 patent expires at the end of the ti-nn for which it is 
 lirst irranted — no extension. No nxHlels are re<piired 
 of de-i;rns. 
 
 IV'^iiTii pitents an- o?ily i.'i'nited for ornamental pro- 
 duction-, III t t'or mechanical or other ii'ventions. 'I'he 
 hiisine— relating' to di'si^'n patents can Ih- done liy cor- 
 respondence wiih reliulde ]>at(>ut ;i>ront>. I'hotoLrniplis 
 of (lcsi;j-iis only iieccl to he lar<;e enonirli to represent 
 clearly all the features in any t-juse, and shmild not Im' 
 mounted. 
 
 Trade-mark- are rei.'ist«'reil at the Patent OlKce I'oi' 
 tho>e w ||o di'-ire their tl-e. 
 
 Altera |ialent is i— tied it is under the control of it- 
 owner, and not -iilijeci to additional piiymeiits or taxes 
 of any kind. 
 
 PATENTS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 
 
 An inventor ma\. at'ter a patent has Iteen allowed in 
 this country, arrana:e tor |)ateuts in. forei^rn countries. 
 
 while his liome patent r. mains in the secret archives 
 of the Patent ( )t!ice for u |KTio<l not execcdiiif; h\x 
 months. If the inventor |ii>nnilt> his homo patent to 
 issue liefore lie ha-» applieil for fon-iirn patents, he is 
 liable to sutler los.s in KuroiM-sui countries throuirli 
 others who niav appropriate the inuiii features of his 
 invent ion. 
 
 Till' followini.' s<he<liile shows the Ix'st countries in 
 which to take iKitent.s: 
 
 PAXrVT APPUCA- 
 
 rios 10.TS. rorri.ATioN. 
 (•aiiiiila 9 M .^iKKi.iMiu 
 
 I :il:;lilllil 7."i .|(l.(l(K),(MIO 
 
 (MTiiiany HIO ^.-..IHHMHH) 
 
 I "r: ino 4.-i,(K)0,l)(H) 
 
 l{il;,'iiliil tori (I.IHKMMIO 
 
 S|iiiiii 100 1.siKMMMK) 
 
 The Spanish ]Kitent inelmlos CnUi, Porto Kiio, Phil- 
 lipines, and all tlie .S|Kuii-h colonies. 
 
 In the lollowinir eountri*':' the eosts to api)ly for 
 patents are: .Vustria. ^liKi; Italy, $1."><I; Knssia, if.dH); 
 Sweden, $l(Mi; Norway. $ItN»: Portu^id. $4(MI; Hritish 
 India, $4()t>; Aastr.ilia ami other liritiijh eulunies, eaeh 
 aliniit $:UH). 
 
 UNITED STATES PATENT FEES. 
 
 On tiliiii,' ea.heave-at tlO.OO 
 
 ( )n tiling.' e:ich oriirinal applieutiun for a ])ateiit, 
 
 except tor a de-iiru ----- l.").(M) 
 
 On issuing' each oriirinal jutent - - . 20. (M) 
 
 On every .apiM'al tVoni Kxaniinen*-in-Chief - 2().(i() 
 
 On application for a n-i.-sue - - - - ;j().(l() 
 
 ( )ii a|iplication tor extension - - - ,')(). (10 
 
 (iranliiiL' :in e.\tensi<»n . - - - . .''lO.OO 
 
 PiliiiLT each dis< lainur . . - . 10.00 
 Certilied copies of |Kit» Mis and other papers, 
 
 per loo words .10 
 
 l{eeordin;re\ cry assi<fnment, a;.»Teenu'nt . power 
 
 ol" attorney. :iiid otlier |Ki|>er>>, of .'MKI wonls 
 
 or under .._... i.oo 
 
 If over ;iiH» and under l.<i"N> .... 2.00 
 
 If over l.(MK» wonfci ;}.00 
 
 Diawinv^-. co-f of m:ikin<r scinie. 
 
 Patents lor desiirn^, for tlin-<' anl a half years Id. 00 
 
 tor seven y ;ir> - - l.'i.oo 
 
 " •• for fonrtit-n years - ,'i(i.ou 
 
 Duration of p:itiiit in (in':it I»rit:iin, fourteen y<ars; 
 in Frame, tifteeii years; ii: Ikdgimu, twenty yiars. 
 
»o<rrt iinliivcs 
 cxicctlin;,' hIx 
 
 Kline piiloiit to 
 ])ut(>ntx, lio in 
 
 iilrii'H tliroiiirl 
 li-atuifri oi his 
 
 st countries ii 
 
 POrri.ATinN. 
 
 rp.(KMi.()(«i 
 
 4(l.n(K).<MlO 
 
 4,-..(H10.(HM) 
 
 4:).(K)0.(IIH» 
 
 (•..(HHI.IHK) 
 
 IS'HKMKK) 
 
 orto Hk»), riiil- 
 
 s to apply lor 
 ); HllsMa,$;UK); 
 il. fl(M); Ulitisli 
 h loloiiit'ti, eacli 
 
 ' FEES. 
 
 jiatfut, 
 
 lift" - 
 
 - tio.oo 
 
 1").0(» 
 
 20.(K) 
 ;«).(!() 
 
 :)( 1.(10 
 
 10.00 
 
 papors, 
 
 powor 
 
 
 words 
 
 
 - 
 
 l.on 
 
 . 
 
 2.00 
 
 - 
 
 a.oo 
 
 r vcais 
 
 10.00 
 
 - 
 
 l.'i.OO 
 
 - 
 
 ;?o.oo 
 
 t'oiirtccii 
 
 years ; 
 
 wciitv V( 
 
 ars. 
 
m=^^^ 
 
 n 
 
 '\ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 "^^^ 
 
 .'72 
 
 KKCOVKIiV AND U'l.I.ECnoX OK 1)K .IS. 
 
 Ill inn t 111" till' s< lit r-1 tliiTf iili- pri . l>iiili^ lor tlic prct- 
 ti'-iiiii nt';i liiiinrsli'iiil iViiin i-ri'ilitnr-. 'riu-rc iirc iilsn 
 rM'ni|il inn l;iw>, wiiii'li iirnxiili' tli;il lliru. ir iK'cf»arv 
 
 arlii I I' riiniiliiri', I'ikkI aiil I'lii'l, -IimII nut Ih' ^iiliirrt 
 
 til iittarliini'iit III' (>\ri'iiti(iii. 
 
 ^\'lll'll iin'iliiMi iiiir ;• I'l'inuviil I'nnii uiu' siatt' t<i 
 .iiiuilirr. il i^ iiii|iuitMiil III iiMTrlaiii what tin- |>r(ivis- 
 ioiis ot' t 111' r\('iii]it inn liiw 111' till' stiitr ari'. I.iki-wi.sc, 
 tliov xvliii liavi' ilraliiiir^ witli ur x'lnl nr trii>l nut 
 iTuiiil- In |ii'r>nii> n-iiiliiii;- in nthi r >tali'>. -Iimilil liavoa 
 clear iiiiiK'islamliiiir n*' tli>' cxi'iiiiitinii laws nl" tin" >lal<'s. 
 Tlii^ i^ till' iiinri' iiii|)i'raliM' a-< it m-i-ius in .-.niiu' .•>tat«'s 
 ait .11 ir nr liall'aiTi' nl' iri'miml. witlioi't rt'iraril t«> ItHji- 
 tinll nr \'llllr, i~ i'?i lll| ' t'rnin I'lirrril >air. >n iniuli 
 
 LM- I'lini. t'l iiiii '•••III Ills, it' li •ati'il in'ijr a liiv i 
 .1.1 |inr..i I' . <!:■■ ill VI' . V lllH' nt' a lillll>ll'rii I linlisiiul 
 ilnilar- ir i.m.i.-, *'.,! •. ; <• (i\vin>r nl'it. uinlrr tlm cxoinit- 
 tinii lav., iiiii. : iji V I'l i^iri'a t'nrtmu' witlmiit iK-iiij.' 
 {■<.::;jii'ili'i| tn pay Iii> iIi's'. . 
 
 ABSTRACT OF HOMESTEAD AND EXEMPTION LAWS. 
 
 t: 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 IK )M'rson.il |iriiinTly 
 
 f fViTj ri'«lili'iit ol 
 
 llii' >l;ili'. Ill III)' value 
 
 of diif lliiiii»aiiil iliil- 
 
 lai>,lii Im- ^I'jiTlcil liy siirli 
 
 n'<lilrlit.>liall Ih' i'\ciii|>t. 
 
 A liii|iir*ti'ail.not cxrri'il- 
 
 iii^iiiii-liiiiiilrciliiiiil.'^ixty 
 
 lUTi's iif laiiil. ami tli«' 
 
 ihM'lllii<r limi-^i' anil a|»- 
 
 )iiiili'iiaii<i- llirriim.iiriii 
 
 lli'ii ihiTiiil. al II jilimi 
 
 iirilii'iiwiici-.w hill « litilii 
 till' liiilils iif any rlly. 
 touii, ur \ illajTi', a l<il. ii>- 
 jiliiiif anil a|i|iiirli'naiiii> 
 tliiToiii. nut III rxci'i'i] III \aliK' I«ii Ih'iii-ainl ili"llar>; liicillicroa-r 
 tl«> lio'iii'sK'ail «i> rxi'iiipli'il iiniJit lir nwiinl ami i>iTU|il<' I lis a rf>- 
 idi'iiri' liy till- ili-liiiir. 'I'lii' almvi- p\i'iii|iliiin i- nut ii|i«Taiivr 
 a^a!ii>t a lalxin-r's lien for work in'rloriiiril fur I In' ilnblor, nor 
 :i^lill^I a iiii'i'liaiiii''s lli>ti lor lalior ri'nili'ri'il on tin- |iii-iiil<rs. All 
 f'inployi- or lalMiri'rs liavr i'xi'iii|il Iwrnly-lhi' ilollai-i of ihi-ir f^al- 
 arii- |iir inonlli. 'I'lw liiiiiii'>li'ail ami |ii'r-iiiial |iro|irrl> alMivi- 
 iiicnlionril, ri'vrrl lo lln' wiilow :iml iiilnor I'liilil or rliililriiiofllii' 
 (Wilor al 111- -li-alli. 
 
 Ami in aiMiiion |o tlii' l'nri>;;oiiii; r\i'iii|i||oii., ilii-n- N al>o 
 <'xi'm|it llii' wiMiiiifj a|i|iai'il of tlii' iIitim-i'iI, ami llir wrariii); 
 n|)|iari'l of iln' widow ami rliihlii'ii. all yarn ami rlolli on liaiiil 
 iiitonili'il for llii'lr ii'i' anil i'i)iisinn|illoii, llii- rainlly liihli's anil 
 ImhiIvs. all family |iirlnri's. ami siirh ;;raiii, -lon'-i anil jjron'rii's on 
 haml a- may In- nrri'ssary to kii'p Iln' family for oni' year. All of 
 llip alwiVf nionlioiii'd proiicrty Is ri'i|iiiri'il to Im- scI apart liy tlir<'«> 
 »li-iii|i'ii-lri| jH'r-on-, will) all' to In* siIimIimI, two uf iIhmii liy llir 
 willow, if iliiTi' >liiiiiii| 1m' our, ami till' oiliiT liy ilir jml^r of jmi- 
 Ikttf loiirl Stidi property shall forever 1m' exeinpl frmn Ihe ilelits 
 of Ihe iliiea.-eil. 
 
 I. Ill- n-i'd fur liiniil phue-, pew< in ihnrehe-.all neeo-iary wear- 
 'njj appaiel for earli iiieinliei ofa family ale al>o exempt. 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 |/-"^ Ml e\iiiplii.ii- may U- 
 
 '' V lllll.ll 'll lIllMllll.lillllJoll. 
 
 l-).y wliiih pio\iile< ili.ii im- 
 mariliii re>iileiii> m.iy 
 \ M'leil I oiii iliilr peiMinal 
 \ properly, iml lo exereil In 
 ^1 value l\Mi himdred dollars, 
 ' i] w llii 1.. iiiilmlin;; IiLh wear- 
 / In;; apparel. -hill In I xrmpl 
 from any el.\im« ol ered- 
 ili ri, except for ilelil- ion- 
 trailed for I lie pnnha.-e 
 money therefor while in the 
 Ikiml if the vi'iiilee, .Mar- 
 rleil re-idenl.-. who ale at 
 the head of f..,iil|i.-i, may seleel l.om their personal properly mh'Ii 
 irilile> i:s t|i,-, ma i lloose, lliil to exi'i't'il III Value the ■|lll ■ livil 
 hmnlreil dollars, whleli. In aildlllon In tin' We.irlnj; apparel of tlii- 
 faniil>. shall In- eAi'inpt. Tli" hoiiieslead of heads of families is 
 al-o eNeinpt, exeeptliij; where Ihe deht Is for one of tl., follow in;; 
 llenis: •• I'nri'hase money, or speeillr lirns, lulMirer's or niechanii'-, 
 lleiis tor Improving same, '.ir taxes, or a>;alns| exe»-uli>rs,ailmlni-- 
 Iraloi-, ^'iiaiilians, reielver-. .illoriieys, for moneys eolleileil liy 
 lliem. and other Irn-tees uf an express (rust, for moneys due from 
 lliein ill their lidueiary eapaiily." 
 
 Where Ihe hume-lead is Imaleil outside uf a city. town, ur vi!- 
 i.i;,'e, and urcnpied a- a re-ideiue. il shall I'unsi-t of not exiii'iliiij; 
 one hiuidred and -ixly airesuf land, and the Impruveimiil- lliereun, 
 liru\idei| the same shall nut exi.id In value iwenty-tive hnndreil 
 ilullars, 1)111 the homestead eamiot lie reduced to less than eighty 
 acres, re;;arilless uf value. Where the lionii'stead is liia city. tow n 
 or village, anil Is owiiimI am,' ucciiplcil as a ri'siileiicc. It .shall lun- 
 si-l uf nut exi'i'i'illnjj one acre ut land, w lih impruvemeiils ilieieun, 
 siieli as the uwner may selecl, oNJiliiig Ihe land ami impiove- 
 menls do not exceed two Ihoii-and live hmidred iloilais in value, 
 and cannot 1h' reduced to le-s than oiii>-fuui'lh uf an acre, w ilhuiit 
 regard tu value. 
 
 II the uwner uf a hiiim-lear die. leaving a w idow . Inn wiilioiit 
 childieii. w here tlie -aid w idov lias no separale homi'-lead In her 
 o" n ri^'lil, Ihe same shall lie ixei.ipt,anl all rent- and piolils -hall 
 go to her dni'ing her life: if the ow ner has left child or children, 
 they or It shall share Willi the » idow, and III' i-ntilied lo half the 
 rents and prollls until their twenty-llrsi lilrlli-d.iy. alter which It 
 -hall go to the minor chililren, llicn lo the widow. .\t the death 
 of the willow , Ihe homesteail goes to the minor children of Ihe 
 leslate or Inle-lale. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 K. 
 
 niiMi.sTi u>, eonsisting 
 
 'I the dwelling hoii-e 
 
 u w liicli the claimant 
 
 ii-iiles ami Ihe land 
 
 on which ti.e -ami' Is slt- 
 
 nateil. may In- selected hi 
 
 [inaiiiiei piovidei' tiy law, ami 
 
 ■laiimil as exempt from 
 
 llmced sale, uf live thousand 
 
 ilollaisln value hy any "head 
 
 111 a family,'' ami of one 
 
 thous.nid dollars in value liy 
 
 any other person. 
 
 ^Vithln this limit as to 
 value. Ilii'ie is no limit as to 
 extent. The hoinesleail inilsl he actually ii-ed as a lioinc-ti ad liy 
 the jHTsoii setting it apart, and may include the dwelling liuiise, 
 all u.sual, ncocHstiry, or cunvcnicnt uppurtciiaiiccs, ami the himl 
 
 — ^ 
 
 (t1 
 
 

 '(iiii>litiilii>ii. 
 h\r* th.il iiii- 
 >iilt'iil.4 may 
 
 lli'ir |iiT»iill;ll 
 (11 I'Xiri'il III 
 kIii'iI (1ii1I:i1>, 
 iii; Ills wcar- 
 I iIIIh ' M'liijit 
 iiii« III' I'li'il- 
 iir ili'lil- iiiii- 
 llif |iiirtliaM' 
 I » hill' ill tiK' 
 iciicliT. Mar- 
 . w h<> :iir lit 
 iri'pciiy Mii'li 
 II' 1111 ., livu 
 |i|>alrl i>f llll' 
 if t'aiiiHii'^ i< 
 tl.. riillii« ill); 
 ir mi'i'liaiiii'-, 
 li)is,ailiiiiiii»- 
 cdIIi'iIi'iI liy 
 ioy» ilup IVoiii 
 
 . liixMi. iir vi!- 
 iioi I'S'iTiling 
 
 lll'lll< lIll'I'CIIII, 
 
 -t'lvr litiiiiliril 
 s tliaii ri){li>y 
 ilia rjly.louii 
 , il .-hall 1 .111- 
 iii'lil~ llii'iriiii, 
 mil iiii|iii>M'- 
 llai'-' ill valllr, 
 aril', w illiollt 
 
 , llllt Wltllllllt 
 
 I'.-trail ill litT 
 <l|>iMlil> >liall 
 I' rlliilllrll, 
 I !•• h.lir llll' 
 
 li'i' » liirli il 
 A I till' ili'atli 
 lililii'ii III' llll* 
 
 r.idsistiiig 
 iM'lliiii; li'iii^i' 
 
 llll' rllilliallt 
 ml llic laiiil 
 
 ■aiiii' Is »lt- 
 
 M'll'l'tl'll ill 
 
 ' liy law, hikI 
 xi'iiipt from 
 ll\i' lliiiii-iaiiil 
 liy any " lii'ail 
 
 and <if line 
 
 ;< ill valm- by 
 
 II. 
 
 limit «■> to 
 no liiiiil a* til / ' " 
 li'imc-ti ail liy ^ 
 liiij; liMii-i', ( 
 il till- lanil 
 
 ^<^ 
 
 KK(l>VKK\ \Mi ( ti|.l.i;( HON (Il DKIITS. 
 
 ?:••« 
 
 % 
 
 -hi 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 ortiiiilly u-i'il fiir tin" piiriio-i'i oT a liiimi'ntcail. ff In lln' rimntry. 
 It may ini'liiili' a >;.irilrii i<r I'lnii. H' In a rity. or li>\\ ii, ii may in- 
 c'iiiili' Mill' iir iiiiiri' liil-i, iir lilm k<. 
 
 If till' M'li'ctinn i« iiiailf liy a inarrii il |M'i-.in iii'iii lln' "rnni- 
 Uli.nily |irii|H'i'ly." Ilic lainl, iilmii llii> ili'illi of eillirr >i|i<ii|.<i', 
 b<H'iinirs llll' I'liiinTly of llll' Mirvlvur. rriainin^ llio ('\i'ni|iti<>tis 
 uii'l pi'ivili-^1'4 a* a liiinif.>lrail. If m'Iim'Ii'iI ii'oiii tlii* M-paralc 
 prii|H'rly iif lillirr c|>iiiist'. or liy oni- mil liiarrli>il. tlic lanil. ii|h>ii 
 till' ili'alli iif till' |H'r«oii from \\liii'<i' |iro|ii'iiy II wan si'liTiril, ^toc* 
 to Ills ln'ii-M iir i!i'vi-i'i"<, snliji'i-t In llii- imucr of lln- rmirl fo 
 a-'^iiKii it for a limili'il pi'rioil to tin- ii-i- of iIh- family of tin- 
 ilcri'asiil. 
 
 /« yKTjtiijn/;)^/)*-^;/ »pt<i'illi' arlirli's an- I'M'iiipl from rxi'ciilion; 
 iiulinlin;,' iliairs, l^ilili-i, ilr-U-. ami Imok-i, |o llii- value ..| Ci"l': 
 iir»'r."ary lioii-i'lioM. hihlc :iiiil l^iiijicn liiniiinri'. Hi-arinj; appari'l, 
 utrii-iU. ami ;iiipii'miiil-< of Iraili', n.ii'il liy ilii- ilililor in i'arr\ In;: 
 on his liii-iiii->: poiiltiy iml I'Xici'iliii;; fJ.'i.iK) in valiii'. ami rarii- 
 iiiK-i for pi'i-sonal si'rvirrs of ili'hior ii'iiili'ml wiiliin iliiriy tlayji. 
 %vlicii Mi.h I'aniinjr^ ari« m-rcssary fur the iim- of lii.-i family. 
 
 Ilnl In no p.-fo U an sirlh-li' rxniipt from I'xcriition i-^ I upon 
 
 II .iiiil;,'mi'iil for II- pnnlia-i' priri'. or uikhi a Jml^-mrnl of I". ,•!'- 
 closure of a luurt^'ugi.' tUuruuii. 
 
 COLORA' ">. 
 
 1 ■ '' •KIKII.Ii ji I- II.. t 
 
 L ' i"X I in xaliii' 
 
 I j{ I '■ ohmiiiii'il ilii|lar»: 
 ^ lool-. Moik In Iraili' 
 or inipli'ini'iiH iio| 
 tl cM'i'cil in value two 
 ' hmiilri'il iliillar-; jirovi— 
 Ions for till' lii'liior"'^ laiii- 
 ilj for six monlli-: il a 
 prol'i'ssional iiian. hi' may 
 I'l'laln a lihrary anil ini- 
 pli'iiii'iils to till' vaiiii- of 
 tlirri' hniiilii'il ilollars. 
 Working aiiiiiials to tin' 
 valiii' of two himilri'il ilollars, mii' row ami rall.li-n shi-rp. an.l foml 
 
 forlhi'iii for six monllis. I'arminjc iiiipir n|s not to ixrii-.I in 
 
 valni' iKiy ilollar*, ami a liomi'stcad |o the valiii' of two thonsaiiil 
 
 lioiiai-s^, «hiili, in ' nlrr to ho cxriiipMimst liavr llii' vvoril"liiii 
 
 sii'ail" cntiTi'il ill till' rri" "Iril tilli' of ihi- saiin-, wliii'li m!i«i hi' 
 -i;rnril li\ llll' ov HIT, ami allc-li'il hy tlir rrronlrr of llii' I'.nmly 
 wlii'ii' till' pi'i'mi-rs ari' lot'ali'il, iiirlinlin;; llii> ilatc anil linic llir 
 I'tilrv \\ a- iiiaili'. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 ^ 
 
 111: property px- 
 
 I'ltiplril anil not 
 
 liahli' to Ih' l.iki'ii 
 
 hy \\ arrant or cx- 
 
 tH'niionfioiii any oiu'Ikt- 
 
 fioii i> -I'hi'ilnlril ami ron- 
 
 ^i-|s of till' follow in;; 
 
 arliiii's : Nivi'««ary wear- 
 In^ appalrl. hi'ihliii;; ami 
 Iioii-i'liolil I'liriiilnri'. siilli- 
 cii'iil 111 support lilV': any 
 mrinhi-r of lhi. militia Is 
 all.iwcil. lor iiiililary piir- 
 po-i's, :iriiis, i>i|iilpim'iits, 
 miiforms or imisiial lii- 
 A iX'iisioni'rwiHilil In' allowi il. whiii' in liis haml-. any 
 I'iN.'il a~ a lull-ion troni llio I nilril Stati-s. .\ ilrhtor is 
 
 allowi'il Iii4 lihrary In Ihc \aliii' of ll\i> liimilnil i|oll.ir<: om- i-ow, 
 not |.i I'Xiiiil III x.ilni. oiif hmiilri'il ami ll'ty iloll.ir>: any imiiilnT 
 
 of slurp iioi III I'xri'i'il till, iior In rxi il ill valiH' oiji' hmiilri'il ami 
 
 llll> ilollars, poiiliry not |o rxriTil llir xalni' of iwinn -ll\i' ilo|. 
 lar-:tMii swini' ami lhi> |>ork from luo sw liif, or Mm> humln-il 
 
 , oiiml- of iiork aii.l two »« ini'. Wlici-.' tin- p.'r Is ai tin- ln'uil 
 
 of a lamil\ , III' NMiiilil hi- allowi'il iwi'iiix-iiM. hn-ln-N of rli-i.-coal 
 ami two lolls of oihi'r ro il. I wo him'lri'.l poiiinN « hi'al llmir. Iwi< 
 lolls hay. Iv. • liiiii'lri'il |i<iimil-of iH-i-faii'l ll-li, iwn conl' ol uoml. 
 Ilvi 'ln'l> I'M il of tnriii|f ami |HitaliH'., im Ihi-Ih I« i-aili of rvi* 
 ami Han i'o;ii, ami llii' im-al or lloiir iiumiifarliiri'il llirn from, 
 f "iii . poiimls I'arli of Max ami wool, or ihi- yarn or rli.ili niaili' 
 
 tl.' -fl oni: till' linr f any prarlhim; pli,\-ii'iaii or Miri:i'<>n, not 
 
 I'X. 'in;: till' vaiiii' o| two liimilri'il ilollar-. ami lii« saiMli'. hrlilh-, 
 hariu-s aii'l hii;;;;y ; oni' iKial, owm-il ami iisril hy oni' lu-r-on, who 
 |s ill ihi- hii-iiii'-s of tal.in;; or planliiiir i.ystrr« or ilam-. or takiii;; 
 -liail. inrliiiliiii; iIm' larkli', ri^x^xin:;. -ail-, ami tin' impli'ininls n-i-il 
 ill -mil hii-iiii'--. not |o I'M'i'i'il in valni' two Inmilri'il ilollar>: oiit> 
 
 |H'w w liii'li i- till' |iro|H'rly o| a in'r-mi liaviii;;a family w I riiipy 
 
 il ; oni' si'w iiiir iiiarlnni- w liirli is tlio prii|H'ily of ilii> (icr-iin n-ing 
 il, or of oiH- who has a family; lin- lots in ri'im-liTV or hiiryin:;- 
 ;;romiil, •ipro]iriati'il hy it- pioprirtors as a plaii' to hiirv any one 
 pi-r-oii or a family: any iiinm'y ilm* tlif ilchlor tor his |M'r>oiial 
 si'r\ liTs. not ill i'xri's4 of ten ilo|lar'<; or If tin- ili'htor ha* u » ifc 
 or family, twi'nly-tlvi> ilollars; any Ih'iii-iIis allow I'llhv a—i.ii.iiions 
 fur till' >iip|Kirt of sii'k or liilirm mi'iiiU-rs is I'Xi'mpti'tl from for- 
 t'ljxii allarhim-nls, 
 
 Kxrrplili;; wIliTc siiils ;iri. hriiii;;lit • i ii'roViT IllotK-y iltH' on 
 Uon-i-ri'iit. prnvi-ion-. I'lolhini; or fml, fnriii-licil to iIk' ili'htor for 
 family n-i'. tin ilollar- onlv -hail Ih- oxi'inptiii. ami only llim' dol- 
 lars siiall 1h' I'xcnipti'il for di'hts aiiTiiliig for hoard fiiriiiz-lH-tl the 
 ili'hlor or hi- family. 
 
 Wap's of a minor to tln' amniml ol l.ii dollars an' I'Xrmpt 
 whi'ii llll' ailion is hroii^hi for other dehli' t ban tiiu.so urUiiig from 
 nive-ssarii-s liiriiished the minor. 
 
 r 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 ^ 
 
 III Mil, luMiKs. family 
 
 lihriiry, family pie- 
 
 liiri's, seat of |nw in 
 
 I'hiiri'li. f iiiiily hihli- 
 
 lot in hiiryin;.'- jrronml, 
 
 the di'lilor's an. I his fatii- 
 
 Iy"s weariii); appanl. an.! 
 
 siii'li tools and impii-- 
 
 ini'iil- as an- iii'ie— ary in 
 
 inndni'liii^ a Imsiiii-.s or 
 
 Irade. not In exeess of 
 
 .seveiity-llvp dollars, in 
 
 Xew fastli' and Sns.s<.s 
 
 eoiinties, and tiPy dollars 
 
 in Kent loimty. 
 
 Iloii-i'liohi t;oods, to the head of a family, not to exi'<'«'il two 
 
 liumlred ilollai- in New Ca-lle eoiinty, and in Kent loimty not to 
 
 exi'i'i'd one liimdriil and lilly dollar-. 
 
 Sew in:; iiiai'liine- owm-d hy -eani-lre-ses or private familie-' an> 
 exempt. 
 
 In New la-ile loiiniy. all wa;;i'» are evempt. 
 
 Widows, in all e.i-e-. shall have the iK'iielit of the s:inii' )'xem|>- 
 llon oni of the hu-han.r- pro|H'rty that he would have had if 
 livlnj;. 
 
 liefore any applleal loll to Ihe exeeiilioii. the fniiiTal ex|M'iis<>.s, 
 all reasoiiahle hills for niedieal altendaiiee and medieine. and all 
 necessary ex|M'nse- for la-l siikiiess mu-i N' paid. 
 
 Unl if at the time of the exeenlion of tile proii'>-. the delHor is 
 not in |Hi-st'ssioii of all or any of the s|Mt.'iiii-il arlieles. otlii-r pn.jK 
 erly 1.1 thai value shall In- exempt. 
 
! lli 
 
 lli:<OVKltV AM) COLI.KCTION (IK KKIITS 
 
 T 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 ^I> K,.\< II iDMlllllf ufaiii- 
 
 llv.iini' (h<iu<:iiiil clcil- 
 l;iiV Willi li <i| |i<'r- 
 ••oiKil |ii'ii|ii'i'l y, Kiicli 
 ii» In' <ii>lii' iiiiiN ••I'lcil ; II 
 lintiii'Mi-iiil III' line linn- 
 (licil mill -Ixlv iuir<. Iii- 
 rliiillii^ llic liii|'iiivi'- 
 liiriil> tlirrrini, Si'Vi nil 
 triu'ti iii;i\ Im'm'I iipMii III 
 iiiakf ii|i till' mil' liiiMili'i'il 
 iiiiil i-JMy iicfi'H, |it'iivlil- 
 luji tliMt it U lint all III mil' 
 IkiiIv, or III llrii of tlii>, 
 till' ncail lit" till" (aiiilly. «lii'ro nwiicil liy liliii nr lirr, ran lia\r niii'- 
 hiill' III' iiiii> aril' witlilii llii' lliiill'' III' any liii-iii'|Mirati'i| illy ur 
 town, Inrliiillii;.' Ha' iiii|iiiivi'nii'iit- tlini'mi. |i|-iivliliii^ tlial tliry 
 shall mil I'Mi'iiil III niiii'i' ini|>riivi'iiii'iii< than tlir ri'-lilniri' ami 
 liii«iiii'>i liiiii-i'or till' ii« HIT. 
 
 Xii rxi'iii|il lmi< alliiwi'il t'riiiii -ali' I'nr iaxr<,iir I'nr iilil|i;alliiii« 
 coiitnirlril till' till' imrrlia-i' iif |iri'iiiiM"i. or liii|iriivi'iiii'iii- mi 
 pniiii'. i>r I'm' any 1 ilior in'rl'mnn'il mi tin- pri'iiil-i's 
 
 Miini'y iliii' I'm' llii' |iii«mial l.ilmr nr m'i\ Iri'-i nf tin- mir wlm Is 
 at till' liwiil I'l a family !•< I'Xi'iinit Irmii iittiU'liiiR'tit or gariiii<li- 
 niviit. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Til i:vi:uv iicail »( a 
 family, m- ;;iiariliaii, 
 nr irii-^lri'nf a family 
 nf iiiinm'iliiiilnii.'iir 
 I'ViTy afiril nr Inllnii [wr- 
 sini, nr a |irr»nii liaviii;; 
 till' rail' 111 a ili'lii'inli'lil 
 fniiair nf any aj;r. wlm i< 
 mil the lirail nf a family, 
 realty nr |ii'r*nnally, nr 
 Ixuli. nut to cxixM-il ill 
 vaiiii". In tlir a;;;;rri;ati'. 
 the simi nf sixteen liiiii- 
 (Iri'il iliillars, cxci'iitin;; 
 wlii'ii' ilif lii'lit •iiiiiL'lit til Im" rri'iivi'rril U fur taxes iiskcssi'iI ainl 
 line mi llie i'Xi'iii|itiil |iii|iirly. nr im- tlie piiri'lia-e nimiey nf the 
 ]irii|iiily. m- I'nr lalmr |iert'nriiiei| tlierenii. nr I'nr any nialerial 
 fiiriiMiiil wliieli leiiiaiii- mi tlie iTniierly. nr fnr Ilie eamelinj; nf 
 anv iiiiiiiL;a;;e nr ntlier iiiriiniliranee mi the -anie. The ilelitnr 
 eannnt waive, even tlinii;;li it he in m ritiiifr. hi- helielit nl exenip- 
 timi as tn weariiii: a|.|iari'l. ami tliree liniiclriil ilillaiv" \Mirlli nf 
 JioilselHilil ami kiteiieii fiiriiitnre ami innvi^inii^. mh-Ii a- lie may 
 selii-t. 
 
 Where a ilel'lnr. iM'ini; the lieail nf a family, ilne.; iml .l.iiiii the 
 alinve exelll|i!iiili.. lie lii.iy ilinn-e llln-e aiinWeil li> |ilii.i' la»-. 
 wliiili are as Inlinws ; 
 
 I'irty arii's nf laml. ami live aililitiniial aires Inreai'll eiiilil iiniler 
 sixtiH'ii years nf a;xe. iiiilnilin;; the ilweilin;; linii>e. if iini wmtli 
 over twn limiilreil ilnllar-. The laml iiiii-t I"' Imaleil in the iniin- 
 try, lint In a eity, tn« n nr viliaire, imr lini-t it have mi it any fai- 
 tnrv. mill nr ntlier miihineiy |iin|MileiI !iy w.iter nrsteani. llie 
 value nf wliieh e,Mei'il> two hliniiieii ilnllar-. When the ilclilnl's 
 |irn|ierly is wiihin a lity, tnwn nr vilia^'e.the hmin-teail must imt 
 exeeeii in value live hiinilreil ilnllar-. One hm -e nr mie niiile fur 
 farm ii>e; inie enw ami calf; ten Iieail nf liners, anil lll^y ilnllar.-' 
 worth of iirovi-imis, ami live (Inliar.-' worth aililillmiai I'nr eaeh 
 chilli; Im'iIs, lM>i|iliii^, ami eoininon iH'dstoails .-iiHieiem fnr the 
 
 family 1 one Inoin, mie ><|i|iiiilii^ wheel, two pair nf eanl'. anil onn 
 hiinilreil pniiinls nf lint entloii, riiimnmi tniii^ nf traileof himself 
 ami « lie; milinary innkiii^,' nteii"ils iiinl talile crneUery; weariii); 
 apparel nf iiliii>elf ami family; the illiraiy nf a pinfi'sslmml miiii 
 In ai'tiial praetiie, nr liliii ness, in it tn exi'eeil three hnmheil ilnliarK 
 ill \aliii'; lllly hi|s|ii'ls eorii. oiii' tliiinsaml pmiinls Imlilei. a mie- 
 liiir-i> wa^oii, one ret of eliiilrs, niie talile, ami linii'^ehnhl ami 
 kiti'lii'ii furniture, all lint tn exccciI one hiinilreil ami lifly ilnllarx 
 III value. 
 
 KItlier I'liiss nf the aliiiM' exemplhiUH may he aliownl, lint not 
 holh. 
 
 T' 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 nil', necessary wciirilifj 
 apparel, -ilionl hunks, 
 lilhii's.iiml family pic- 
 lilies nf every persnii, 
 anil mie hmiilreii linilars' 
 « illh nf niher plii|H'lly, 
 Hiirh as till' liehtnr may 
 selerl ; ami in ailiiltimi, 
 where tile ileliSnr isiil llie 
 heail nf a finiily, re-iilini; 
 w ith Iheiii. Iliree himiireil 
 ilnllai's' wnrtli of prii|»- 
 erly, such as he may mo- 
 lect, proviiliiiK tliat It U 
 tint (Voni salary, mmiey, or wnjfpd due him. Kxc iptlons ari' not 
 allnweii wllen the lielit elaillieil |s for the Wlljfes nf a lahnler or 
 servant. 
 
 .\ limiwi'hnliier liaviiiij a family Is alioweil his resilience, liiclml- 
 lli^ a farm, or lot nf land ami hiiiiiliii);s Iherenn, and occupied as ii 
 resilience, tn the value of mii' thoiisainl ilnliars. 
 
 The hiinie-lead Is imt exempt fioiii liahllities inciirreii fm- the 
 purchase or impruM'ments. If the head nf llie finilly dies, 
 desert-, nr ilne< lint reside Willi the family, it would lie entitled 
 to the exempllmis. 
 
 P 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 'IMIInlin n- are al- 
 
 l.iwed ii'il m- per- 
 
 nlial prnpeily Inlhe 
 
 iiiimiiit I'f -In Iiiiii- 
 
 Ireii dnil.'ii's. mi nny 
 
 cnnliacl made •luce .May 
 
 :il. H7!i. and may he 
 
 clainied liy thew ife if the 
 
 ini-liand -hmiid he ali- 
 
 scnl. if the ilelit was 
 
 created pri'vimis tn May 
 
 :ii. l"^"!!, the eMinplimi 
 
 would tlicn he three iiini- 
 
 dred dollars, 
 
 .Vii exenipiinii- allnwid fnr pun lia-e mmie.v, taxes, nr Hens fnr 
 lalinr. 
 
 ^V'here .1 ijehlnr inaKe- a vi'hintaiy a-slu'iniient. he or -he wniild 
 he alliiweil six hnndnil d"llai- uillinni ii':;ard In the Ihiie dehls 
 were emilr.nled, 
 Xii hnnie-lead excniplimis. 
 
 It is prnvided fiirtiiir liy law that mi prnperly shall lie >nld mi 
 aicoiint of an execiiilon for less than two-lliirds of its uppralsed 
 cash value. The prnvi-imis nf this law can he waived in con- 
 tracts, and In iln this the iinie or cmitrait should hi' in the fol- 
 lowing terms; •• I'ayahle u hhmil relief rroni valnalimi nrappraise- 
 iiieiit lavs," 
 
 II 
 
riiriN, mill oiin 
 iulf of hliii'i'll' 
 
 ki'iy. \M'llllll){ 
 iifrs-'ldliul iililll 
 iiiiili'i'd (liilliii'H 
 
 IimIiIiI, II (Hlf- 
 
 iiiiitIiiiIcI iiihI 
 i\ iH'ly iImIIiiih 
 
 lowi'il, liiit mil 
 
 '•'siiry «('iiiiiij{ 
 l.>rliiiii| liiiiik'', 
 mil i'aiiiily pic- 
 'rvcry prisiili, 
 iiilri'il (|i>llai')i' 
 licr pi(i|M'rly, 
 I' ilclitnr may 
 I III mlililioii, 
 li'liliii' Nut IIh> 
 iiiily, ii'-idiii^ 
 
 tlllrc llllliill'I'll 
 
 ii'lli lit' prii|>- 
 ii» 111' limy Hi"- 
 llii;; lliiit it U 
 plimiM iiri« not 
 if a labori'i' or 
 
 lili'iH r, iiii'liiil- 
 orcupiril iii~ II 
 
 •iirrcil fur tlio 
 
 faiiiily ilic", 
 
 <l III' I'litltli'il 
 
 HI II- all' al- 
 li'll nr piT- 
 pi'ily lollic 
 ■f -IN tlllll- 
 llai-. III! any 
 li' •liiri' May 
 inl iii.iy III' 
 hi'W ill' If till' 
 
 iiM III' ali- 
 11' ilrlil was 
 liiiw to .May 
 
 ' iNilnplinll 
 
 II' iliii'i' linti- 
 ■• 111- liiiH f'lr 
 iir -111' uuiilil 
 
 II' li ll'lltS 
 
 II III' -iijil on 
 it- appial-i'il 
 ivril 111 run- 
 in till' f'll- 
 1 mappnilsi'- 
 
 IlKeoVKIlV AM) COM-KfTION OK KKIITH. 
 
 ^< 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 ^o IioiikcIioIiIi'In uIio 
 111!' n -jili'iii-i iif till' 
 >lati',lili o\\ It iiinl III 
 faniily'H w raring a|>- 
 piiri'l, Mirli ai l-i Ki'pl anil 
 ii-i'il tiy IlK'in.ainl I- fiill- 
 iilili' til (III li' I'liiiillll.in, 
 liii liiilii.;; lli'lr tniiik> In 
 wlilrli III kri'p till' saiiir; 
 one nlli', up inii-ki'l. iiiiil 
 sliiit-);iiii, family lilirary, 
 lilrtiii'i"'. family liililr.pnr- 
 tnilli'.|iiiliillii);4aitilmn-l- 
 I'lll liii| I'liiiiriit'', u lilrh ail' 
 Mill kept fill' >ali'; II prw 
 III cliiiirli; a )iil ill liiii'\ iii^ ^roimil, not innii' than mii' aiii'; two 
 ciiw - ami I nil' rail': one Ihu'm' , -In >l a in I uf liir-; tiM' Imi;-, ami all 
 pl;;s iiiii|i'i'-l\ iiiKiilli-: tifly slurp, Inrlmliii;; tlio wuulfi'iiiii tlu'in 
 ami tlii'iiiati'iial- iiiannfarliiri'il fiinn -mli \mio| ; ilii' m ri'.>ai'y fimil 
 fiii'all aiiimaN fur -is miiiilli-; llii' Max ral-cil mi im! rxri'i"Iiii;; oiii' 
 ai'i'i' uf ;;riiiini1 iiirli|illii<; llii' maiinfarliiri'il ;.;iioiN tlu'i'i't'ium ; uni' 
 lii'il-li'ail anil lln' iii'ii'.'oai y Ik'(IiIIii); fur rvrry two iiii'IiiIhti* ul ||ii> 
 family; oni' liiiiiiln-il yiiniK of rlutli iiiamifailiii'i'il hy tlir ilclitor; 
 nil liiiiiM'liolil ami kllrlii'ii fiiniltiiri- not i'MtciIIii^ two liiimlri'ij 
 ilollar-; splnnlii;; wlii'i'N ami luuiii- krpt fur iii'liial ii-i'; cnr m'w- 
 lii^ iiiarliini'ki'pt fur ii-i': provisiun-^ fur family ii>i>, liii'Imlln}; fml. 
 fur hi\ muntlis. All piupri tuuN, liuuki ami in-lrmni'nl'i uf tin' 
 ili'litur. If till' ilrlitur shall tw a nni'lmnli', lawyrr, farnii'r. ('li'i;ry- 
 liian, siii'^fiiin, phy-lriaii. tearhcr ora proti'ssur; tin' hui.c or tt'am. 
 If nut iniiri' than twu hiirscs orinnlr-; or t«o yuki' of oxni anil 
 ono \va;;iin ami llii' piuprr lianii's.i, liy tin- n-i' of «liirli tin' ilrlitur 
 lialiltiially caiii-* ii livini;. Wlnri' tin' ilrlitur is a prinlrr. hi' Is 
 iilluwi'il iiiK' pi'inlin^ pi'i-s ami tin' typi's. malirlal ami fiirnilnri' 
 ni'i'i'-sary fur sin'h pi inl in;; pri'-s ami a iii'W-pa|i<'r olUi'i' lonni'riiil. 
 nut to I'xri'i'il thi' valni' uf twi'hi' liiimlri'il ilullars. If tin- ilrlilur 
 at I ho lii'ail uf a family has starli'il tolravo thr sta o. In- wuiilil only 
 he allowi'il to liavi' oxi'inpt tho orilinary woarlii^ apparri iiml 
 si'Vi'iity-lUo ilullars' worth of siirli pru|H'rty as In- inl;;lit si'lrct. 
 Xu rxi'inplions ajjaliist piirrhasi- iiiuni'y, A Inuiirsti'ail In a rily 
 iir town iiiil in oxross of imo-half airi', or imt muii' than turly 
 ai'ii's ut laml uiil uf a town or rily, iiirlmlin;;, in Imth i a-i-. all Ihi- 
 liiiililiiius ami impruvi'ini'iits thi'ii'mi ri';;aiilli-s !•( valiii'. rmiiar- 
 rii'il pi'i-sons, iir iion-ri'siili'nls, thrir own wrariiij; appari'l ami 
 Iriiiik ill whit'li to ki'i'p tlir -ami'. 
 
 \ 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 lli'Mr.sTIAH 1. 1 < 11' 
 hninlii'il ami -..sly 
 ai'ii'- uf tarinitij; 
 laml, ur iiiii' m-ro 
 w llliiii till' limits of 
 an iiiiiirpuiati'il rity ur 
 tuwii, with all Ihr Ini- 
 priivt'inriits un tin' •aim', 
 whi-ri' uiiiipii'il liy ilii' 
 ou III r a- a ir-iili'iii'i> fur 
 iii- I'ainily; Imt nut cx- 
 I'liipt till' pnii'liaso miiiii'y 
 ur fur any iinpruvi'iiii'nl» 
 ttii'iiuii. ur lur tixi'!*, 
 iiiiii-i'liulili'i's ari'i'iitillril 
 to liavi' I'Xi'inpt Ihi' foUuwiii;: artirlcs: family lilnary, imi-ii'al in- 
 slrmnria-, a Mat or a prw in iliiiiih,um' lui in a liiiiial-;j:riiimil. Iiiit- 
 stoails, liiililiii^r. wi'Miiii^r appairl, stuvi's ami roukinj: nti'ii-il- ii-i'il 
 liy till' fimily.all impli'im 111- uf iinlii-liy. umi' -I'wiii:; matliliii'. livi- 
 iHimlri'ililollars* wiirlli uilirr huii-i'liulil fnniiliiri', uni- vuki'uf us-m. 
 
 ont- lior>r or iiiiili'. or In lii'ii ii -pan ol hursi's or innli's; ti>ii lio^^it 
 
 iiml (\M »>; tui'iity slni'p anil tin' wuul fium tin' s aim'; iirri'>- 
 
 »ary I I fur tin- "trnk for onr year, I'ltin r prm iiliil or (;iu\\ liij{; 
 
 farm in;; nli'ii-ll-, liariir—,!'!!'., imt to I'Ncri'il in valiic thiri' hnmhi'il 
 ilullar-; pro\i-iun« ami liirl fur family for uno yrar; all luoN ami 
 inipli'ini'iit^ of a mi'rlianli', niiinrur othrr pir-uii n>i'il for tin- pur- 
 posi- of rarryiiif; un hi- lui-ini'ss, ami in aililiiiun, a stork In Irailp 
 init to )'xrrril till' valiii' uf fiiiir hiimlri'il ilullar-; Ihi' Impli'iiii'iiln, 
 lilirary ami iilllrn I'liriiitiin- uf a profi'— iunal man. Wln-ro llii< 
 ri'slili'iil I- not at Ihi' liraii u| a fainily, ln> has cxrmpl his wi-arln); 
 iippari'i, rhiirrli seal, hiirial lot ; if a prufi's.lunai man, hi- olllri> 
 fiirnitiiri', lilirary ami Implrmrnt-; lu uni' rarr,\ Ini; on liii-ini'--, ii 
 sturk III Irailc not to i>xri-i'il In valiif tin' sum of funr Ininilri'il 
 iliilliiri'. 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 T' 
 
 iiiK itsiiat iiuiisi'holij 
 ami kllrhi'li till iiiliii'i' 
 to till' valiii' of oiin 
 hninhrii ilullar-; uni' 
 yoki'of uxi'ii or two work 
 I'la-ls, two I'lius ami 
 ralM-. Ilvi' shrip, «i'ar- 
 iii;; apparri of tlii' family. 
 On all ili'hts cri'iiti'il afli-r 
 ■Innr 1, iMHi. so luin li 
 laml, ini'lmliii;; tin' ilwi-ll- 
 lii;; Iniii-i' ami appiirti'- 
 iiami's owni'il hy Iho 
 ilrhtur. not lo cxii'cil Iho 
 Valili' of one tliuii-aml 
 ilollars; oin- sow in;; marhlin', oiii" iwo-liorsi' \\a;;un ur ox lart. ono 
 si'l of ;;i'ar, I'arpitin;; fur uin' luuni. all sihuol Imuk-, uin' prayer 
 aii'l one hymn IniuU, wa-hin;; apparatn- imt tu exieeil the value of 
 titly ilullar-, one wa-h -laml, mie wanholM', six I'lips ami -amers, 
 six plate-, one elink, -ix knives ami fuiks, ami un all ileht- enateil 
 alter Max 1, l><7", the lilirarli-s of preaiher-. the prufe— imi il lilna- 
 riesiif pliy-it'ian- ami siir;;cuiis ami their in-trnments lu the valiio 
 of live himilri'il ilullars. ami llie profes-lunal liliiarles of all law- 
 yers; one horse or eiirt for a lalHirin;; man. tools of a nieolianle, 
 nut to exeet'il the v.iliie of one hnmlreil ilullars, where the iiie- 
 elianie i- a housekeeper ami with hi- family; the \va;;i'- of all per- 
 -iiiis whu Will k fur wa;res, np lu llfty ilullars. Not appliialile to 
 ilehts eontraeleii fi il'uoil, iluthiii;;. ur liuii-e rent. 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 
 H 
 
 II -l,llii|.iii;itsaie en- 
 tit leil to an exeiii|i- 
 t lull of property iMitli 
 real ami persunal nut 
 
 to exi- liii vahiethe -inn 
 
 of two lliuii-aml ilullars, 
 eiin-i-tiiiL; of the liumi>- 
 .-teail.i'ilheiul'l'arm lamls, 
 ur lily or tow n impiuviil 
 piiipiiiy, ami the fiilluw- 
 In;; |H'rsoiial pn iH'ity: 
 one yike of oxen, two 
 I'liw s anil ealxi's, one wurk 
 lior-e. one eart or wapin, 
 twenty-live ho;;s. or in 
 lien one iliun-.iml puiimls of liaeun or its ei|iiivalent in purk; !l Is 
 nut neie^-aiy that the-e -huiilil Ik' atlaiheil lu the lamie-leail, lint 
 if un a t'aiin the ilelitur wmilil lie alluweil euni ami fuihler -iitll- 
 eieiit f.ir one year, al-o all t'annin;; implements imt to exeeeil In 
 vr.ln- tin- -iim uf two ilnn-ainl ilullars, .\ Ini-liaml wunlilnut W 
 eiiiilliil III any 1 xempliiiii, whu-e wife owns In her own ri;;lit any 
 
 "" ' '"'»"'!^f®Br 
 
 ■■^^Si 
 
ff 
 
 UIHuVCia \Mi I UI.I.KCIIUN (t| DKItlK. 
 
 |irii|M'ri V iir any iiii'iin* ii> tin- Viiliw iil iwci iliiiii>aiii| il<i||iir«. Tho 
 aUivi' i'M'iii|>tii)ii>ari> jirnvlili'illor liy llifi-<iii>tltiit|i>iii>l IN'II, lly 
 aii III IsTil. I III' lii'iloi i'IiiiIk-iiI IIh- ili'litor <>r lil> u H'l'iH' laiiill> ,lil« 
 anil'- .iiiilai'i'iiiitri'iili'lil', liiiiU.x'U liii; lii.irlili''-", Imok-. I'lr., ini'ili'il 
 |ni III' •<■' iior imIIIiii; or IIvi'IIIiimhI, rannol Ih- ••■l/i-.l; imi liiai-i'lmM 
 liiniltiii'i' ai'il riMikliii; iiti'ii>ll>, tin- tiiii>ir:il iii>lriiiiiiMii> u><"l liy any 
 niriiilxT III . Ill' l.iiiiliv , anil II' any |ifr<iiii •li<>iili| liiilii< ■> uiihiIht in 
 ► ll"!! away III- rl;!lil» 111 lllf alMivi' I'liiiiiiiTali'il |iri>|MTty, In' umijil 
 la- >i|li|i-i'l III a llni- lip I'l two IiiiihIk'iI ilaillao. anil may Im' Iiii- 
 |>rl»oiiLM| nut III t-Xi'ii'il •Ix nionili- 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 KT hiiUM-lliiMi I ■>! tll>' 
 li .i>|i>t'araiiill\ may 
 li iM' fNi'inpt frmii 
 lialilliiy loi'irfl ili-liiK 
 
 rX' i'|ll liir lli'll« III' 
 
 ■(•■•'lianli'* anil nialiTJal 
 liii'ii. a lilt III' laiiil anil 
 lMii|ilin^> I'lir II liiitiii'- 
 hIi'.hI. Ill tin* valiK' 111" llvi- 
 hiiiiilri'il iliillar'i. |iriiviil- 
 
 lll;; I 111- iiWIllT ll|i"< II IIT 
 
 tillralf <l;;iH'il liy IiIiiim'!!', 
 ikt'larliij; III- wl-lii'« anil 
 (((■•rrililii); III' liiitnr'lrail, 
 with iIm' ii'u'i-lrr III' ili'i'iU 
 111 tin- coiiiity whi'iv till' pi^>|>«Tfy I'l lnoatril. anil al-o mir Inl in a 
 tiiirylnit-;;riiMiii|, Mini llii- rollinvin;; ihtmhi il prii|M'riy: mii' Ih-iI- 
 fli-ail ami lln' ni't'i'!>'ary iH'.ldinjf fur I'vi-ry tw" ini'iiilMr'- (il'I'amtly. 
 Ilii- 111 ri">.«arv Wearing appap I. family |Nirlrall-'. mIhmiI iMinks ami 
 liilili'- III ii-r; tlltx i|iillar> VMirtli nl lioii-cliujil liii'iiinni': mii' 
 ■'•Miking, ami all irnii hoatili;; <liivi'ii; |h>\v in 'liiirrli, mii' liiimlrril 
 ami llliy iliillarM\\'iii'tli<>riiiHik'iii><-ilii- family litirary. ihi'Im" innl. 
 iif wiiuilat liiinir fiir ii-i', llvi- tuii^of :inllira>'iti- ami llrty lui-lii'l- of 
 
 lilt inn Mil III" riial.li'ii ilnllar'-' wnrtli of liiinlMr. \« I nr liark. thirty 
 
 liii-lii'N iif rurii. jrraiii ami iniImIiii-s, nni' liarn'l>>l lli>iir. all pnnlmi'. 
 half aiTi' llax anil niamilariiir>-' Ihirifrnin ti.r ii-f. «i'w inir marliiiii' 
 
 nl mil' liiimlri'il <liillar<' \aliii'. >paiii>r miili- ■■rli<>r<f> iii<l !<• rxr I 
 
 ill valm' III! IiiiihIi'i'iI ilullar-. ami hay In kii-p thi'in omt ninti-r. 
 
 Iiiol- III' traili'. ■•Ill' -I't iif liarni'" t" tin- xaliii- "t t«i'iil,\' ilnllari* 
 fnri'arh miili'iir linr-o, a Imr'i' m ox >li'il; mif mw ami a Ih'iI'it 
 iimlrr lliri'i' vrai-'' txvu 'Wliic: iwn i-nw*. if no oxi-n. Iim-i' or 
 liiiili*; ti'M >liri I » nil llii'ir wool ami laiiilK iiiilil oiit- yi-ar olil, liay 
 •■nniifjh 'D kiH'p ilii'iii tlitoii^li winti-i : on<' plow , one i-art or trink 
 wajjim.i'iii' yiiki'aiiilap|ii'iiil i:;i'^, a h irrow.lwoiliaiii'', i>ii«' <ix »|ril. 
 aiiiiiw in);niarliliii'. lii«iiram'i- |ii>llrii", iii:li><- annual f:i.''h p:iyim'iit« 
 nn- in i'Xri'>s ol oin' lininlriMl ami lil'iy ilollar-, a lioal of two tons 
 (.•apji.'iiv. If owiu'il I'Xi'lii-ivi'ly liy .m Inlialiitant "f Itii' '■tali' 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 C 
 
 5111. iii'K'." iij wi'ar- 
 lii;;appai'i'l for till' 
 fiinilv . faiiillv li- 
 
 
 
 paiil to him. K: 
 
 lirary in n-f. ini'- 
 cliaiilr '' tools whin ki'pt 
 lor ii-i' In I'arnin;; a liv- 
 ing, uNo uni' hiimlrril 
 tl«>Ilar^ Worth of iilhi'r 
 pro|M'rty mcli as tin- 
 ili'litor limy sclii't. If 
 IIm' .ih' linmlii'il iliillars 
 worth of pro|H'rty can- 
 not Ik- -i-lfrHMl thou a 
 sail- may In- onlon'il. ami 
 om- hnnilriHl iloiiurs in 
 ■■mplion-i not allowi'il wlirii jiiil);iiii>iits 
 
 ail' lor M-ilmlioii or liri'arh of pvoiiiisi- of niarria;:i'. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Hill ■•».ll<i|.l>».Hit iiiiiy 
 lia\i' I'M'iiipl rrinii 
 I'XiH'iitloii ,1 hoini>- 
 
 "trail not to i'M'ii'iI 
 III viiliK' I'i^lil himilri'il 
 llnllar-. « lii-rr it I- il«- 
 Hi^iii'il to holil ihf lionii-- 
 ulrail frii' lioin rxriiiliiiii 
 it iiiiint \h' 'o n-t'orilfil. 
 TIm- wi-ariiiK np|iari'l ol 
 cvt-ry lioii-i'liolilcr iiinl 
 Ihal of 111- laniily ; om- 
 In'iI, IhmIi!Iii); anil In'iI- 
 fti'ail for I'Xi'i) two mi-in- 
 Imt" of till- laniii,\ ; iim- 
 lii-aliii;; --love III IIM'. anil I'ni'l piinhawil tor ii-i-. not to i-xri'i'il 
 twi'iiiy ilollai', ami oiIiit hoii-iliolil liiriiiinn- to ih<' xahu-ol ihrri' 
 hiimlri'il ilollai'': laiiiil.\ lilirarv to thi' viilni- of lin> iloll.irs: liililrs 
 
 ami TJiooj I k- In ii>i': our hiimlri'il ilollar'' worth of iinplo- 
 
 mi'iil-, tlxliiri's ami |oo|>, nrri'ssary to rarry on hi* liii-iiii'»»; ma- 
 trrliils ami stork in tiaili- w liii'h wi'ri- piirclia'-iMl li\ liiinwith thi> 
 Inti'iitlon of roniliit'lin); li|s liii'.ini'ss. ami which ar<' tH'ci-ssary to 
 that liiisini'ss, mil cxci'i-illn;; tlic valm- of one liiinilri'il ilollars; 
 provisions prociiri'il liy hiiii for tlic nso of his family to the valm- 
 of lllty ilollars; om- |n-\v in tliiirrh, I'Xi'i-plin^ for pay of sunn-, or 
 any lax as^i-M-il on it . rl|{lits oftoinlKaml lunial uiiicli arc in ii-c 
 for till- iliail: one sew In;; niachiiie, in fainiiy ii'e, not to exceeil ihe 
 Miiiie of oiii' liiimlreil ilollar-: 'hares In a i'o-4>|H-rallv<- a— ocialii-n 
 lip to the value of twenty ilollars, ilie iiniforni, arm- ami acronlre- 
 liients of an olllier or soldier in tin- militia, w hirli I he law ris|iiire- 
 liiiii to keep, the ImmI ami tUliiii); tackle of a tl-hermaii not to 
 excel * ill value one liiiii<lr<'<l dollar-, whicli must Im- in use by him 
 or with vvliich lie i- prociinn^ a living 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 TTii.MK-TKAKtothelieail 
 U of a faiiiilv, II in ii 
 ri villa;;e. to the value 
 
 ^ I of ilfiii'ii linnilrcil 
 
 • lollar- if In iIm 
 iiiiintry. niii-t not exceed 
 forl> acre- of ground an-l 
 
 the l|on-e Iheri-on. 
 
 Wlieii tile propi'ri V <■• \ 
 ceeil- tillii'ii iiimihi'd -l-'l- 
 lars in valm- it may lie 
 sold, amlafler pav in;; the 
 ili'litor that anioimt ilie 
 n-siiliie may Ik- laki-n liy 
 the creditor 
 
 Unii-eliolder- cannot -ell or iiiciiinlier their honn-iead- w ithoiit 
 the flee coii-enl of their w ivc-. 
 
 Iloil-elioldcl's al-o haveexenipt the follow iiiu' I "'''-""al IT' ' rty: 
 lioii-eliold ;;ooi|s and fiirnilinc. iml .xcii'diii^ I \o litimlr. mil 
 lll>y dollars in value, the wearin;; apparel of i-acii n emiH'r i.i tie 
 f.iiiiily. pew in cliurcli. lo|s in cenn'lerv , a-id riirlil- of Imrial . ariii- 
 aiiil acciiilieinent-. the sclimd iKiok- of eadi meml-cr of ihe Ian. 
 ily family iil-rary. imi excecdiii;; in valm- one hnmlied and llfl\ 
 ilollars; all family pictures, two cowjS.ten -hcep and their lliiie-. 
 live swine, and provi-ions and fuel iniflicient to kei-p the liimse- 
 holiler ami his family six iiionths; ono yoke ofoxeii. or in lien, one 
 hona- or one span of horses, vehicie. Iiarni>ss, or otlM-r thiti;;s nec- 
 cssar.v for the pei-son in i';irryiii;; on the trade, hiisini-s or profes- 
 simi in which he is principilly i'ii;;a;;ed. not to excf-eil in value Ihe 
 -Mill of two hundred and lil'iy dollars; a i|uantity of grain, hay. 
 
IIM'OVKKV AM* (Ot.l.»:(TI<>N )>»' IH'.imi. 
 
 fpf'it, •'li'., t<< kr*>|i IIm* iiliii%t< ciiiiiiK-nilril jiiiIiiimI< fur -K imiiiiIIi-; 
 
 oil wliiK iiiiirhliM' III ii-oliy fiiiilly. 
 
 Tlir iiii't'liiiiili-;il l>Mi|a iiimI Iiii|iI>'Iiii'IiI* ><( liii>li:iiiili'\' 'in' rMMii|>l 
 rniiii all <M'«<Hl"ii«. NooIIkt intmiii.iI |in'|»Ml> I- i'M'|ii|i| licmi 
 nil I'M'tiillKii f"i' |Min-liiiM' moii.-y. 
 
 WlllTf II iHillM-lf'I'fc'r wllo ll:l« lli« llnlllftl'llll l'\i'lll|il (III'-', III. 
 
 wlfoor iiiliKir ihlMnii •li.ill l>-<'iiiitli-<| in iIm' o.unr Itfiii'tll .n |iiii|( 
 iiK >li)> or llicy ntiilliMH' ••> •Hi-ii|>y || n> n liiiiiM>'*li'ii)|, 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 T 
 
 i> I VI liV l|ill|>l'l|i>|>liT 
 
 :i lli>llli>lr,|i| iiill'-l>l- 
 
 lli;; III' iml I'Xrii'cllnj; 
 
 ••L'lily iHTi"* tif laiiil 
 
 iiikI It ilurlllliK lli>ii>i' 
 
 llirriHiii, III III- i-t'li'i'li'il liy 
 
 till- il'liloi', l>iil iiiu>( imt 
 
 III- hirlinli'il III any Ii>\mi, 
 
 I ily nrx ill.ii;r.ip|' lM-ti';iil, 
 
 ir iIm- ili'liidi' >li<>iili| M> 
 
 Kflf<t. IKitCXfl'IMlIll;; (im- 
 
 h:iir mri' III liny tnwn, 
 illy "r X Ul;if;<' « liiTi' tlic 
 liilialiiliiiil. liiiliilH'r li"-" 
 llian ll\<'lli<iii-anil:iri>vi'r 
 llvo iIioiiiihidI iiili.iliit.iiii.'* then- ma-t imi In- lo ixi'itiI nm' Ini, imil 
 llii- ilwi'lliiij; liniifllM-n-oii :iii<l it* aiiiMiniMiniH'i'* <>\vin'cl ami imtii- 
 pli'il liy llic ili'liior :i«a n-'likm-p. 
 
 If a |H'r«iii i-iilitlr<l to 4 Ihmiii iit<-u<l rimll illr, liN widow or 
 minor chlMnii uluill huvt- lh<> faiiii' Ix-ihIIi clurinjc Hn' tlim- llii-y 
 ocrii|iy lilt' •aiiK-. 
 
 Uni- .-•■at or |>-w in |ila(-e of imlillt' wor>lii|>: out- lot in ccnii'lrry ; 
 faiiijly lilMi', family |>i< tiini'. wliool liooU'' or lilirary. aiicl nm-lial 
 In-lriiiiH'iil'i ill ux- liy family; all UMl-.lM'iMlii;;aii'l IhmUicmiN Kipi 
 mill In n-c liy thfili'lilor ami lii« family. amlllii' wrarin;,' aiipairlof 
 the family; all .«i<iv«-> inu«-liy tin- ili'liloraml hi.' family; all cook- 
 inj; iiti'ii.-ii-, ami uIIht Iioilx-IkiIiI fiiriiiniro iioi aliovc rimmiTatril, 
 not lorxiifil ill valiH- Hvi- liiiiiiln-il i|iillar>; li'ii ^winr. Iliri-f coW'', 
 oiii- yokf of iixfii. oni- lMir*<'. or in lieu tlii-n'of om- lipaii of lioi-sr* 
 or miili'^; twt'iity !-\ff\> au<i tlcir il<.f«'<'.i; liii- nifi-ssary fooil for 
 llic alMiM- >ti«'k fortlH-lerm of one yoar.i'illifr jirowin;; or aircaily 
 |iroviil<'il. orlmlh: on.' ilniy. <-art or wa-jon. om- ilraj;, Iwti plow^, 
 oni- ►li'i^ii. ami oiImt faniiiii;; iili'ii«il< inclmliii;; nccrssary liarni'^s 
 for li'ain. not tn i-xt'i-il in valm- llirK- liiiii<lrr<l ilollar<; niaiii iht- 
 r-.*ary for out- yi-.ir'« «.»hI. not cxriw-dinj; ruimi Im-lirN iiotalois. 
 Ilfly liii-lifl!< oat-, lliri-o Ihi.-Im-N rorii. Iliirly Imslii'ls liaili'y ; one 
 M'winj; iiiaihiiM': om. yi-arr* |irovi-ioii for drlilor and Iii» family, 
 and fuel siilllrit'iit fnr one yc-.ir: tlw wap'* of any lalxirinjf man or 
 woiniui. or of any of thrir minor rliililrcii. not cxrcrdinf,' Iwciily 
 dollar!<. lor any -••r>l«'»>s that may have Imvii ri'iidrird nliirty day> 
 pri'vion-' to jiiil;;mriit: all in*iniiiu'iil« ami looN of any ruH'liaiiic, 
 minor or oilwr |>i-r>oii. ii-e»I and kopi for tlio purpo-f of carryin;; 
 on Ills iradr. not to pxiih- 1 tiK' value of four liiimln-d dollars. 
 
 Also, alMivo and in addition to iht- artirli's already rnnmcralcd, 
 where tile debtor is an tHiitor. piililii-lier or prinler, lie Is.illowid 
 llie n-iial printin;; oiutlt, whUli may i'onsl«t of presses, lype, stones 
 and I'.'ises. not to exi'e<>d In value two tlioii-aiid didlars, and not 
 exeerdiiij; four limidn-d ilollars of stmk in trade. 
 
 Any nion;:a;:e that Is law tiilly iditHlnrd on the property i- not 
 ineliided in this exrin|Mioii. Iniwever, Imi' H.-h Hinrl;;ai;e or oilier 
 alienation of sneli land l>y tlio owih'',' 111' enf. it' he ho a married 
 raaii, shall iKit hr valid wittKHit the -ifrnaliilT m" hi« vile to the 
 same, inilesjt siii-h iiiortjf«}ie shall ''■'■ givi-ii to seeure the |...ynieiil 
 of the piirih-«.se money, nr a jiorti- n of '.he same. 
 
 'I'liis exemptiim I:i« is init te '■•• so ionslnied as to >■. i i pt iiriy 
 piopertT within tlw »tat^ froni '-xt utl.n or att.tf!:n«siit. iiy 'he 
 wuf^s of ( ier*«, laborJTs, or in«vluiiici<. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 pw^i 
 
 I VKUV person, 
 whether III llie head 
 if a i'inill> or imi, 
 the lojluwln^ per- 
 noiiid prii|Mil\ ; .Ml iifrl- 
 • illllinil llnplelllelils nee> 
 es-ary lor ii fiirnni, llir 
 two l.ilMirei'.'. llie lii.iiks 
 of a •tndeiii with whii'li 
 111 loiiiplele Ills ediH'ii- 
 tloii; Ihe |oii|s of ii liii*- 
 elianle nere.sary to earry 
 on li|i trade; lil> weariliu; 
 ■tppalel; the lihrailes nf 
 thefidl'iw lii;;profi olonal 
 men. |ireaeh<-r<,llit>iiMilutinrtMys and pliy>hiaii>; al-o the in.irii- 
 llienl. of ili'nli>t> aiel >iir;;<-<iii>, iml |i> exii-ed In value two hninlred 
 ami lllly dollar*. Te.n Iwrs of |.tilli.^f.s, srlhmls and aiailemle^ 
 have exi nipt all j(ioli«.s, m.ips .md l«Mik" Used liy lliem; lil'e In-iir- 
 aiiie polli-y, llie amoiint nf wlili h i< not In ex<'e>- uf ten llioii.aiid 
 do|lar>, from di'Ms of d<i-e;tsed. To eM-ry l|ol|.eho|der Iniiit; a 
 re-ideiii nf ihe stall-, and li-ivint; a f.imily, male or female, a hoiin-- 
 sleail ll'i'd a- a re<id<'liii-, not to exreed ill value two llioii<atid ilol- 
 lars. imr more than one hundred and -ixly aeles. Where the 
 |ii'o|>erty Is Worth iiiori* than two iliou>and dollars, it may ho 
 ilh Ided, If prii'tii-alile; if nut, it may Ik* snld, and .ilter |i!>.vlri); the 
 ilelilor llie rem.iiiiiliT I- to lie paid to the eredilor. To il lloii-i.- 
 Iiolder the fiiliow ill;; |M>rsoiial |iro!M'rty : one yoke o| oxen or one 
 span of lior-is or iiiiilf*. two eows and lalve., ilvi' -liee|i, live 
 head of lioj;.. livi- -w Iih-. on.- hundred ami lllty liii-liels inm, ten 
 liii-liel- wheat or rill', thp'.> himdri'd liiiiidle- fodder, two hundred 
 poiiinls ol meat, one wa^on nr lart imt in exceed in value two 
 hundred diill.irs, one ...win;; inai'hiiie, lioii-eliold :iiid kilrlii'ii liir- 
 nllure not to exre«d one hundred dollar- In value. (;r>-.\\ii.; \ (^>|is. 
 Where a hoii-elii.lder i- a re-ldent of a eily, lov\ n ,,. » ,,, .4;,._ ||„.y 
 are allowed In Ii.ive |ier-oii.il projierly exeiiipl |i> t»ie valiH- of two 
 liimilri'd and lllly dollar-, -ii.h as they may selisl. wlilrli I- in lieu 
 of the l'ore;;oinjr. Xo exemlitioiis ailoned when the debt elalmed 
 |s fnr inireliase money, nr fnr nni|.|Kiyinriit of taxes or assessmi.ni,, 
 or for any inaleri iN furnislied ; r the prn|H'rty. nor for any debt 
 for lalmr on the pro|ierty. 
 
 P 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 t ■ s K K r K r i; n .s or 
 beail- of I'anillies are 
 allowed to hold ex- 
 em|)t Irom exeeiiliuil 
 or iitfinlimeiit, a 
 honipstoa!. If oirU|iied as 
 a re-idenee, not to exeeed 
 In value three lliousaiid 
 dollars, when in cities nf 
 over fnrly llmusand in- 
 liabltant-. and not exi'eed- 
 In;; in i|uanlity eii;bteeii 
 wjuaie rods of k'ouimI. in 
 I'ilies of leii ihousiind and 
 over, bill le-s ihaii I'nrty 
 thousand Inhabitants, a lioinPstoad not tn exeeed llie value of llf- 
 hi'ii hundred dollars, imr more than lliiny sipiare rods of ground; 
 In eiiies of le-s than :eii ihou-aiid iiihabilanls, live acres, uni |o 
 excc-ed In value tilti><'ii hundred dollars; in Ihe counliy, not lo 
 exiTedoni- biindreil and sixty acn-s. ii<it to exceed iliieen liundicd 
 dollar- in value. Where a hii-baiul abandons his w il'c, slie mny 
 till- a claim to the hoiiiestfad, describing the property, and state 
 that she js the w ift> of tlir owner of the laud, and in w iiose n.inn- it 
 
 i^^!^^: 
 
'I 
 
 UKCOVKUV ANW COLLKCTION Of KKIITS. 
 
 I, wlili'l) oliiim must bo piitcrcil on record and nnist Ix' 
 lu'kimw lc(lf.'i il n-i clissli* nri\ after wliicli no Inrunibruni'c on or con- 
 ^i'y;ini<Mii i-.it) 1)1' rnailo without lirr consent. 
 
 j'lt till' (leiili ol' :i liou«eli> ^ler who was owning n homostoad, 
 lejix''!:; a wiilnw or minor ■■liililren siirvlvlnj^ liln;. Ilie jiiuuesieacj 
 j,'oes •<> ilieni ilui in;; the .i idowS lil'eiiiiie. until tlie vouuijot rhihl 
 ^llall have arrived a! :! ;e, alter w liii h the lee simple ol llie |mo|i- 
 ertv, Milij"et to the Imme-lead lln'rein will pas- \>y descent or 
 ilevi>e. and can In- sold lor thi' de-cenilaMt's dehiH a.s III other 
 ases. Ulii'ie tin' descendant, during: Ids lUetime, lias plai'cd 
 ail iiii'iinibraiice on Ins lioiiieKteuil, It may he enl'ori'ed alter Ills 
 diini-e. 
 
 The follow ill,' pi i-oiial ■operly is exempt when owned hv a 
 person not at the hi-ad c.f a lamily ; Wearing ap,iaiel the iieic-- 
 saiy implements :md tends of any niei'haiiic w Idle I'arryinif on Ids 
 
 tIMde. 
 
 The follow in:; p.i-onal piopirty l» exempt tn tho-e w ho mav Ix' 
 at the he icl of a faiiuly. Ten head of choice sheep, and llie jiro- 
 dilct thereof in uool. cloth, or yarn, ten In'ad o| choice swine, 
 Iwd cows ami <alve« . two plows, one hoe, one axe, and luio set of 
 plow fji'ai's, and all necessary Ian ■ iinpleiiieiits lor the use of one 
 man. working aninciN to the value o| one hiuelied and lifl.v <lol- 
 lai's, iini> loom and appar.itns n-ed in mannfacluiiii^ t'lotli In a 
 privati- family, spinning whirls and cards, all the spun yarn, 
 thii'adand cloths mamifactnred tor family use', any ipiantlty of 
 hemp, tlax and we,d, not exii-edin;; twi'iity-llve pounds each; all 
 wiMrini; apparel of debtor ami family; four beds with necessary 
 beililinir. and such other hou-elndd and kitchen fuinitiire, not 
 exceedlm; the value of one hundfed dollars, as may be necess.iry 
 for the f imily. a;:reeabl.v loan inventory thereof. to Ik- ictiirned on 
 oiih with the I'xecniion by the olliier in.ikintr the levy ; all such 
 pi<'\ i>inns a- may Ih' on hand not aUive the v.aliie of on<' hnndii'd 
 dollars; iMioks .and bibles belon-iing to the family; all lettered 
 ^.'lavi- stones and one [m-w in church; the necessary itnplenients 
 and li"il> i,f any mech.inie while carryiii;; on Ids trade. Ministers 
 of the f;o>|iel. lawyera and physicians can seleei siudi hooks as may 
 hr iiei'e>»aiy to their profe— ions in lien of other property above 
 inentioiii'il. ami doci. r~ <if medic inc. in Hcmi of above properly, 
 can select their medieine-. 
 
 The pfopi'rty of a non-rc-ident is not exempt, nor that of any 
 person whoi^ abimt toab-ccmd I'roni thestat'': noris an.\ propertv 
 e\cinpt Iroiii sei/ure and sale lor taxes. |f a maniecl man should 
 leave' the state, hi- wife may cdaim the pxemptb'ii; nor would per- 
 sonal pro|ierty Ih> exempt as ajraiiist the pMrch,ise money; there is 
 no exemption a;;.iiii»t a claim for wa^es of {i coniinoii laborer or a 
 hoiisi- servant to the siitn of ninety duUurv, if suit should he ccuii- 
 inciicecl u itliin six inonllis. 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 1" 
 
 lliiMK,sTK.\I> to every 
 family, whether the 
 title resides in the 
 hn-hand or wife, 
 con-i«tini; of dwell- 
 ing lioii>e n.-ed as a re-l- 
 deuce by the clallii.int. 
 and the land.'iiiilappiirte- 
 nanee-, not to exceed one 
 bundle cl and sixl.\ aiies, 
 or if w iihin an inc nrpo- 
 raied city or vllla;;o n 
 i|uanlity ofad.ioiidn;;I.ind 
 not exceediii;; two lcit!»; 
 ill eillier cast! the value 
 thoii-and ilollars. 
 
 t h 1- 111' land-, ilic re I- then exempt personal 
 ' of live hundred dollar-. The clothinjr of the 
 
 family, supplies siinicient to ke<'p the family for six monllis. and 
 enough to keep the doimvllc animals for tlnee imniths, civokln^ 
 utensils, hou-ehold furniture, family bible, family pictures, certain 
 dome-tic animal-, tool-, implements of trade, etc., and sixty days' 
 'vai;es to any lalKuin;; man. clerk, etc.; provided tliat there shall 
 Im' no exempt ion for wa;;es due to any i lerk, mechanic or lalmrer, 
 or for inmiey due and ow iiif; by aii.v attoi iiey at law for imuiey or 
 oilier v lliiable ccmsicleration received by siicli .iltoriiey ;'or any 
 person or persons. There is no exeniption when the execnlion is 
 lor debts seciireil by a mech.iidcs', lalMuers' or vendors' liens upon 
 the pri'inlse-, or <ui debts secured by inort;;a^e upon the picnil-es 
 executed and ackniiw ledged by both husband aii.l wife, or by an 
 iiimiarried debtor 
 
 NEVADA. 
 
 T itoMf.sTFAli, to Ik' seliH'ted hy the husband or wife, or 
 ■•^^l other head of family, not exceediiiff in v.due live thoii- 
 '■y V -and dollars, and the lollowin^ |M'rsonal properly, except 
 lor Incninbrance Iheroin for debts created fortlie pur- 
 chase of I lie -,'iiiie one horse, harness and vehicle of a physi- 
 cian, sur;;ecin <u- minister of the ^os|h'I, and food necessary to 
 keep the ,'iniinals cuie iiicmth: one sew in;; niachine in ii-e In 
 debtor's fiuiil\ imiI exeeecjin;; In value one himdreil and lilty dol- 
 lars, chairs, table-, desks and books worth imic himdred didlar-; 
 hoiiselicdcl t'lM'niliire, etc.. ,'ind provisions and tirewciod lor one 
 month, the f iiii^iii;; utensils of a farmer, and seed provided for 
 planlln;; w ithiii the eiisnin;; si.x months, not to exci^'d in value two 
 hundred dollar-, one span of nudes, or luie yoke of oxen, two 
 cows, and food tor such animals for one inuiith; one wapni or one 
 cart; the iniplcments and tools of a mechanle necessary to carry 
 cm his tracle; the libraries and insirmnents necessary to a sur- 
 veyor, physician, denti-t or surj;eoii;tlie profes-ional lllnarv of 
 an attorney andcoun-elor, or iniiii.-t"r of the gospel , the dwelling 
 id' a tniner not exceeding; in value live hundred dollars, and his 
 appllaiiie- and tools necessary to carry on his minjui; operations, 
 not exceeding in valiii> live hundred doll.irs; ami one span ol 
 horse- . in yoke of oxen, or one span of mule-, their liarne-s and 
 tlie necessary 1 cod for the animals for one nionlli, when they are 
 ncccissary In his mininj; o|M<ralioiis. 
 
 .\ teamster or other laborer whohahitiially oanis his liviii;,' with 
 a team has exi'inpt. one span of horses or mules, one yoke ot oxen, 
 and their h.irne.-s. a.id one wa;;on or cart 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 m: lot in a burying 
 .irioimd, the debt- 
 or'- intere-i inline 
 l"'w in a place of 
 wor-hip, one yoke of 
 fixeii, or in liiMi thereof, 
 one horse; the necessary 
 Ud- and lu'ddin;; for the 
 debtor and I'amilv : we.ir- 
 In;; .'ipp.irel of tlie debtor 
 and his family one cook- 
 In^ -tove and Its Inrid- 
 Inre houseliolil Inrniinre 
 to t be value ot one hun- 
 dred dcdiars bibles anil 
 and school book- in actual iiso, one h-w in;; machine' library to 
 the value ol (wo hundreil dcdhirs, one hog. one pi^. and the |Nirk 
 of 'he same when slani;lilered , ono cow . four Ions of hay. -ix 
 . I. cp ami their lleeces provisioiK and fuel to the value ot ItHy 
 liollat's, tool- ol the debtors ociiipallon to the value ol one him- 
 dred clcdlars. 
 
 An Mnmirrled iier-on may li.i\e exempt. If an owner, a home- 
 stead not to exceed in value ll\e hundred didlars; the wib' and 
 
^ 
 
 iiioiilh.'', and 
 mils, rooHiijj 
 tiltrs, )'i-rtaili 
 il hlxly (lays' 
 It llxn' hIiiiII 
 Ic or laUin-r, 
 I'lir iinirifv or 
 riiry J'or iiiiy 
 ' fXiH-iitliiii Ik 
 s' liens niion 
 llii' |iri nii-cs 
 I ill', <ir l)v an 
 
 I or wife, or 
 II' llvi' tlion- 
 
 prllV, I'Xl'cpt 
 
 fur till- piir- 
 
 ot' a pliysi- 
 ni'ct'ssiiry In 
 IC in iiM- ill 
 anil lil'ly ilnl- 
 Iri'il ilollars; 
 Odd lor one 
 prnviilcil for 
 
 in value two 
 >r oxen, two 
 \ a^dii or oni> 
 ■ary to carry 
 ry 111 II siir- 
 i:il Hillary ot' 
 till' (Iwrllin;; 
 lars, anil his 
 ; o|H'rations. 
 OIK' s|iaii ol 
 
 liarncss ami 
 Inn llii'y arc 
 
 ■ li\ In:: Willi 
 okc ol oxi'ii. 
 
 Ilia liiiryin;; 
 
 III, till' ilclit- 
 
 |cic-i inonc 
 I a |iiai'c ol' 
 • yoke 111 
 lii'll lllclcol'. 
 IC in'ccs».iry 
 liii^' lor llic 
 ii|i|y ; Hcar- 
 i I lie ilchlor 
 
 ■ r.lIC iriiik- 
 
 I II- Inriii- 
 
 M liiriiiiiiri' 
 
 ol one linii- 
 
 MMes ami 
 
 lilir:iry l" 
 
 nil! Ille I'lirk 
 >r hay. kIx 
 
 aliie ol' llfty 
 ol oiii' hnii- 
 
 UF.COVKKV AMJ COLLECTIOX or KKUTS. 
 
 .•hiHrni "f <'V«>ry <nic who owns a hoinesieail, or any liilon-st In 
 tlM* 'ainf. arc ciilitleil to an c\ein|ilion In tlll■^anlc not to cxifftl 
 ill valiM- fivcliiin<lreil ilollars.as a;;aln>t ^ranlccs, eri'ilitors or h<-ini 
 ttf *tn-ii |«-r«4>iis. ilnriii^ Ilic lilcol'thc wiilow ami inilil the chililrcii 
 arTi%«- at iiiatnrliy. 
 
 ■•■•ten- a «|)'c uwii», in her own ii};lil. a lioini-tca'l at luT ilcalh. 
 I,. .M-^^ile of the -iirvivin;; liiisliaml. not to cxi'cfil in value iIh; 
 tiu-. ''i :>«■' I'lnKln-il ilollars, I- excinpl to hini. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 ii^^'K IVI.ItV hol|<4>lK>l- 
 
 V iler li.iv in;; a f.iin- 
 
 )./ ily theri' shall U- 
 
 excinpl from s:il>> 
 
 on cxei'iition for ili'lit, a 
 
 lioincsieail, where ounol 
 
 ami oci'iipieil iu< a n^i- 
 
 'liine li\ 111!' ilehtor. to 
 
 III!' value of one llHlll>atl<l 
 
 l|o||;||'.. 
 
 A nicies iliat an' ex- 
 cinpl are: one U'l uiiil 
 lieililin;;, one craille, on<» 
 ~lo\e, one-half cord •<( 
 llrcwood. oni-half Ion of 
 r»3L one taUe, <in<' fpliinllifc-whi'cl. six chairs, one cow, one \ffc. 
 ■ >iw liuiidri'd |iontii|s of llonr, one cookiii;;-pol ; kiiivi-. forks. 
 r\tn»t: l-laU-', one do/cii each; six Ikiw Is. one Utrrcl, two |KiiU. 
 niie liih. niN' cofl'^'-iHil, one fryliij; pan, nccesiiary tools of a 
 Iraile-inaii to the value of ten dollar-, and all niscssary wcariii:; 
 a|>|ciri-l. 
 
 .\iT<>rdiiijt to Mippleincnlary act of Is."i.s, in all ca>e- of iL»i:ni- 
 iiM^it- of di-l<or- I'o liie iH'iielli of ircdilors, guilds and cliulte|. to 
 th<? valiM- of two hnnih'cd dollar-, and wcarln;; apparel for the 
 •krUor dJi'l hi" family, are excnipl from forced sale. 
 
 ^ 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 ,^Nr 1 1 A lioiiiieholiler 
 
 \ liaxliif; .1 family 
 
 l.J I here Is cxem|>t tin- 
 
 lot and hiiildin^" 
 occupied. ow.'H'd and Ux'd 
 as a resident'' hy the 
 dchlor, not |o exceed in 
 \aliie one tlKMisaiid dol- 
 lar-, lull lun-l In' recordi-d 
 In Ihe ollio' of the chrk 
 of the coiiniy In » hicli 
 siicli property 1- silualeil. 
 as lioine-ti'ad pro|M'rty. 
 
 I'll.' pro|M'rt\ 1- not r\- 
 eiiipi I'l'oni noii-iKiyiiiitit 
 nf taxn or a«-<---'iieiit-, nor froin a delil coniracted for the pnr- 
 elux- m>»o<-y. itor fT any dclii contrailcd pri'vlons to the recorilinc 
 llw -aine !• home-tead pro|>erty. l'io|M'rly -o ri'iorded n ill con- 
 itntK- !<• !«.•« venipt after llie deinl-e of llic delitor, for Ihe U-netlt 
 
 of iIh' «iil»M and family, as Ioiil; a- any of them coniii |.. 
 
 <i.iii|>y U »• » lioineslcad. nnlil Ihe death of the w idow. or niilil 
 Ihe \i-u:ist>-'\ child reaches niatiirlly. 
 
 M^rri*") women are allowed Ihe -aim' exeniptlon a- lioiis,». 
 hid'krs. 
 
 IVrwiii.'.l pro|M>rty. working looN and le.iiii. professional lii'tni- 
 meitt-. If ii-<-ho|d fiirniliire. and lihri'ry not to exct't'd in value tuo 
 liun<ln-l .iml fifty dollars, and food -iillli'leiil lo keep Ihe team for 
 ninety djy. WIm'ii the dchlor -iipiHirls his family wholly or in 
 |ntl liv III- lalxir. hi- ■•arniliL;- lor Ills per-olial scrvh'e- for »i\ly 
 • by« fiT«^-diii{j.are al-o e.xeliipl. 
 
 l\|. liinidrcd tlol- 
 
 ^k l.ir-' Wot III of |H'r- 
 
 sonal properly, 
 
 such a- Ihe dclilor 
 
 may selecl, « ho nill-l he 
 
 n re-illeni of ihe slate, 
 
 and a home-lead incliid- 
 
 In;; llie dwelling and 
 
 hllilllillL;-, ll'il III excecil 
 
 in val me llinii-aiid 
 
 dollar-, to lie -elected liy 
 Ihe llehlor. 'riiere 1- no 
 exeniptlon from deliis 
 created lor I hi* purchase 
 of the home-icad, or 
 taxn-. Uljorer-* ami imilianic-' liens. .Vmony; certain art icics to 
 lix' laliH' <•! live Imndii'd dnllar- that are al-o exeinpl may he nicn- 
 tioiieil iiiti. (iiw .iiiil calf, one |. mm. one hed-lead and lieddin^ for 
 ever* two |i<T-<iii- of a family, neces-ary tool- for one lahurcr. etc. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 ■S) iik.uk the hns- 
 
 li.'iiid and wife 
 .lie living; to- 
 ^' a tiler, or 
 where a widow or wld- 
 oucr i- living with im 
 iinniarrled d.iii;;hler. or 
 ininiarricil niliinr -on, 
 liave I'xcmpl a home-lead 
 not exceeding in \alin' 
 one ihon-aml dollars. If 
 
 Ihe llome-lead i- of II 
 
 jjrcaler \ aliie, .and cannot, 
 III Ihe opinion of ihc a|>- 
 prai-crs Ik' di\ idcd wiih- 
 
 oui hijiiry, tlir-n tlH- plainlilV in execiilioii Hoiild I niilled io a 
 
 y<irU ntital v.nliie of over one hundred dollars, nnlil -m h lliiie as 
 !lf <H4. «<H.t« and Intere-t -hall have Imh'h paid. 
 
 .Vny n->iik'nt of ih<' -tale, hcin^r .i hoiiseholdcr. and iml the 
 owner of a lnMiie-ieail. may hold exenijil oilier challeN .i, hi- 
 may <-!•}>■• t to the value of live himdred dollar-, wliicli -hall U' in 
 aiklili'.n lo iIh' utnoiml of other pei-i.n.il piii[»ii\ oilier«i-e 
 
 eX«1nli««-"l. 
 
 Vi> e\eiti|iiion> allowed oil a jml^meiil lendi'ied mi an) iiicmii- 
 braiiai- on the pro|>erty which had hceii inatle and -iiiin'd hy the 
 ■k'lHor aixl hi* wife, ni'i' for any cl.iiin for laUn- of |e.- ih.in one 
 hiiiHln-sl ilollar-. or for a dehl cri'aled on acmiml ol purchase 
 iiioiH-y. iior fur a iiiislianlc's lien, nor lor material fiiriii-hcd, or 
 laUtr |M'rfoniie<l in erectin;: .my Imildiii;,'- on llie prcmi-i -. nor 
 for 1 1\<-. 
 
 Tlti- folliiu ill;; iH-rsoiial |>roiM'rl.\ i- also cvcnipi : 'Ihc wearing; 
 a|>|>an-lor>ii< hlamilx .U'ds. Iied-icad-. U'ddini; iiece--ary fortlicii-e 
 of tin- family : two-io\esaiid Iheneccs-ary pi|ie-.aiii| fuel for -ixlv 
 
 d.iy«: iiii|>l<-menis and lool- i es-aiy for carrv ini; i.ii hi- or her 
 
 iraik- or iMi-im— : ceii.dn ikiim-tic animal-, ami the nece— .iry food 
 lo U»l l>»iin -ixty diy-: or. If llie dehior has not ihe-e articles, he 
 may •sd'-.l -ixiy-tivi' ilollar-' worth of fnrnil inc. .\l| f.imily piciiires 
 anil ••N.k-: provi-ion- for family ii-e, to Ihe value of llfiy dollars; 
 oiip M-wiiu; ni.-icliiiH' ami one kiilllln;; machine; and in addition to 
 lin- al»i>»e. when' Ihe dchlor i- an expre—maii or a dravman, he 
 ran iKd'l ••xiinpt one wapui or dray, one set of harness and one 
 horse; if a fanner, one hor-e or one yoke of oxen, one waKoii, and 
 IIh' tiw«-s»4r\ cearlni; for III- team ; If a phy-ician.his professional 
 IxMtk*. medical In-triinieiit-. one hor-e. one saddle aiel oiiehiidle, 
 n»t !•• ex.-eiil In value one liiindrcd dollars. 
 
 (I 
 
 lit- 
 
I ' 
 
 ilM 
 ilM 
 
 
 ill 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 KECOVEUV .VM> COLLECTIoy OK I'V.HTS. 
 
 ^ -^ liy Hjiy ixi-iiii. 
 
 vi_J 1 -iriiiiii'iil<i>» ii<'(i 
 
 >y HJiy I 
 ti> ilm valm- of crvi-uly- 
 •!••# Jtill;ii'<; ii<'«i'";iry 
 wearing :i|ii>iir<'l iavmiiI 
 l)y any jx-rson, to Uir 
 valiif ol'i'iii' liuiiilrfl ili>l- 
 lar- : aixl if mii li |»T-iiii 
 Im' a Iitiii-clinl'lfr, riirtaili 
 iiiriiil«r <'i' liU lamilj lc> 
 llii- \aliii'"!' lill\ cl.illar-; 
 IIk- I<»>I«. iiii|i|i'iiii'iil<,a|>- 
 (•aratiit, l<-aiii, v<'!iirlc, 
 liariii's!-, or lilirarv iuM'i'-sary to cimlili" any |htm>m t<> farry mi llic 
 traili', i>('ni|> itiiiii, or |iriit'<'-<ii>ii liy \« liirli ^iii'h |ifr-<>n liaditnally 
 i-arri' lil> li\ in:;, to lli<> valm- i>r four )iniiiln-<l ilullar-; al-n a onni- 
 rlriil i|iiaiilily 111' I'lirl lo Mi|i|Mirt >w\\ li'aiii, iranv. fur >-ixly ilay*. 
 'I'lii- w Kill " li'aui." in llii-i >Mliili\ i'ion, >liall nnl In- rnn-tnu'il to 
 IlM Incli- nniff tlian nni' ynVii- •>( oxi'n. <ir a «|ian of Imr*!--; or iMnl)-", 
 »■• till' ia«r max ii<\ 
 
 II' a 111 Iicililrr "iwn* anil K('<>|» in arliiai, nr kM-lK fur ii«<-, liy 
 
 anil fur hi* I iinily, lln- full"" In;; |iri«|M'rty l« al-o lAciiipl : Ten 
 slnr|i, villi mil- yi'ar"- Mimit. nr tin- yarn or rlnlli nianiifiiliirril 
 llirrffrniii, iwi) ni« <. ami llvi> svnjih'; IninM-linlil pmiN, fiirniliiri-. 
 uml iiti'ii»iU. li> till- valiir of lliri'c liiinilri'il ilullai'^; al-o fuml 
 I'linii^h 111 iiii|i|Hirt -iirli aiiiniaNi If any, fur llir<'<' nii>iilli>, ami |iri>- 
 vl>i<iiii arliially |iri>vlili'il fur fiinily ii-<', ami iH'(i-»ary fur (In* mi|>- 
 piirt of jimli lioii-clioliliT anil family fur -ix nioiitli*; luif M'at or 
 |ii'\v ilia liiiii-i' of »oi <lii|i, anil oivii|ili'il liy |lii> Iiuiix-IkiIiIit or lil< 
 fiaiilv. No isiiiiiiilon « lien llii- ilrlit Miii^ht to bo ret'overi'il 1- 
 for the imriha.-i' |irli r or any [lari ilim-of. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 ^' 
 
 HF.KK \* oxpinpf 
 
 from cxii'iilion, 
 |iro|M-rly, I'illiiT 
 rial or |«'r»oiial. 
 not to cxniil in valiii- 
 llirii' liiimlrril ilollars. in 
 aiMitlon to liilili-'i. M'hoiil 
 l»Mik- ami wi-arin;; a|>- 
 Iiaril, wlii'ii claiintMl as 
 ixriii|it |iro|i<'rty liy tin' 
 ilili|..r: till' |iri\il«(;ii Ix^ 
 ill); a |H'r-oiial oni'. may 
 Im- waiviil at any liiiii'. 
 'I'll!' ili'lilor'n willow or 
 minor rlilMiiii art' iiiti- 
 
 tiiMJ to till' >iaiiii' Sinn fmni 111- r«tali'. for Iwr or tluir 
 
 A -iMiii«lrr" may lioM rM'in|il fnim -akMir fXiimiinti, all m-w- 
 lii;; marliliii'4 iix'il In rarnin;; n »ii|i|i<irt. 
 No lioini-slcail i'\i'iii|illoM In llili* riati'. 
 
 A ili'liiiir N imt I'liillli'il to tliriT hnmlrpd clollni^ ft^iiii tho pro- 
 I'l'i'ili iif It -all' folliiwiii^ till* M'l/iir«> of real «-t.ili'. If Iw fall- to 
 liiaKr lilf rliolip In nlalii It. A rialni to (Mr-onnl i-lalp, to li)> 
 I'lVii livi', nin-l III' mailo ln-fori- Ihr-ali": iimlwliiro tli<' ilffinilaiit 
 iii';;lri'|< to riilrr 111* i liiiii, In- tlii-ri-liv ri'liiM|ii|-lic- all Iirm- 
 llt- 111 Ih' liail on 111 loiiiil of tin- -tatuli'. WIhti- a tlclitor (;iv<- 
 ii|i lii- ri;;lit to iliii I'Xrinjilii'ii liy an iimlrr-lamliii;; to lli.il ■■Itii't 
 Willi oiii- ritviilion ilililur. It I- a waivrr «•» to ail the otlwr 
 rii'illliili». 
 
 I^Mi-ptril from llu' o|u'ration i,( tlio •taliit<> arc inort);agal or 
 ullirr rontrat'H loi tin' piirrlia-<> money tif rral tttnliv 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 r 
 
 lio^ ami olio pi;; 
 on<> |H-\v in a lion 
 alli-r till' ti-riiili 
 
 illK Dot-w^ary woariii^ 
 
 apparrl of a ili-Uor 
 
 ami lii« family: lii'i 
 
 iH'»-«'>-ary workiin; 
 
 IiMil- not exii-eilliij^ two 
 
 hiimlrril ilollar') In valiii'; 
 
 hou-i-liolil furniture ami 
 
 fuiiiily >-lon-. if a lii>ii>4>- 
 
 ke«'|i^r li«t exiTeilin^j 
 
 Ihri'*' hiueliril iloltar-i in 
 
 valm-: the l«itil<-.i. -fliool, 
 
 anil oiliir hook- in i|.»> in 
 
 lii» fimily: one row, ami 
 
 ■HIP am I a Iri'f ton. of lny, 
 
 of a l|uii-eke<-|MT: om 
 
 ami the Jxirk from the -ame, of a lioii>. ki-elM-r; 
 
 e of w or-lilp: a liiirial lot : niariiH-r-' wa:;i-' until 
 
 alloii of the voya;;e in w hiili -line have lieen 
 
 ireil liy liill- of e\>'lian;;r on iH-;;oliali|e proiiii-- 
 
 eariieil; ilehl- mm 
 
 iMiry iiuteji. ami ten ilullars iliie an the waue* of a lalMirer. 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 T 
 
 > TtiK lirtnl of every 
 fiinlly a hoiiioteail 
 lo the value of one 
 thoii-ainl iliillar<.anil 
 the amiiial proilii.-t there- 
 of, ami |nT-oiial pro|M'rty 
 not to exi—eil in valiletlie 
 Kiiin of fl\e liiiniln-il ilol- 
 lar-. Where. I Woman lia" 
 t«-parate pro]>ert.» . ami i< 
 niarrieil to the heail of a 
 family, who ha- not a 
 lioim..teai| or tlie where- 
 with to priMiire one. >.lie 
 may then Ih> enliile<l to 
 the iiame exeiii|itiiiii as the heail of ii faniiiy. hut the joint of liif^ 
 ham) anil wife in real i-t lie ami |ii-r-oiial pri>|M'rty iiiii-t not l»' in 
 I'Xn-'' of one thoil-anil ilollar" In a hiiiiii->leail ami live humlreil 
 ilii|l.ir< in |«T-onal pro|H'rt> ; no property I- exempt from a h-vy or 
 sale for taxe-. "T for olili:;aliii|i'< iiiiurriil for the pnn li;i.-e o>" ||le 
 pro^M•rl v or any iiiipro\eiiienl« oiithe.-ame. l|oim~ieai| ri;;lit not 
 Ih-Iii;; a iM'riiolial one, raiinot l>e waiveil, imr ran it he miIi! evi ept 
 for the purjiose of piinlia-int; another one. The proiliiifi from 
 the honii-teail an' not exempt from a ileht whieh ha* hwii en>atei| 
 In tlH'lr proiliK-llon. 
 
 \\ 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 ^yillLP. in the 
 hami* of Itji- 
 lM'a'i>i of fiiiii- 
 
 lie* tllefollow- 
 
 tii;; pro|i«Ttv it exi-ni|il 
 from -ale or exii-iitlon: 
 iHo t(»'il«, Ited-teait-. ami 
 neet^s.Try elothiii); for 
 •Meh, anil fir e:irh tlin-e 
 ehililreii an aililitioiial 
 Im>iI, Id itteail. ami ilotli- 
 U\)!. the iH'il-te.iil not to 
 PXiiiil In value twenly- 
 Ih e ■lollar' ; I « o eow -ami 
 ciilvi". ami if tiM' faiiiily 
 eon»i»t« of -Ix per-oii< or more, three i own aiel lalvf"!: fliie ilo/i-n 
 kiiive« uml fork*, one do/en plate", half ilw/en ili-lM~i, one .u»t t iMe 
 
^:^<:^^ 
 
 rtl of :l ilfhlnr 
 
 liU ruiiily: liU 
 -ary wurUiii:^ 
 
 l'XlT<>«llllJ{ tuo 
 
 liill;ir> 111 valiH-; 
 I liiniitiirf iiihI 
 iin*". if a li<>iM>- 
 IHil rxri-rflili;; 
 i<lli'il i|ii||ar< ill 
 I- iillil)-'. -•'Ii<..,|. 
 ImiiV.'- ill llx' ill 
 , : ■nil- (-■>», anil 
 lll'f |i«l:-«'f liiy. 
 ii-rl«f<-|<<'r: III- 
 f a li'Hix W'-cIxt; 
 HT-' wa;»i"< until 
 aim- li.ivi' iH-i-n 
 ;otial)l)> pniMii!- 
 
 K lioail of every 
 
 ly .1 hniiiiMeail 
 
 lie value of one 
 
 >aii<l ilollar*. mill 
 
 il |iriiilu<'t IliiTi'- 
 
 iT^iiiial |iri>|MTly 
 
 iv<mI ill valiifllie 
 
 ve liuiiiln-il iliil- 
 
 HTi-aUiiliiali liai 
 
 proiK-rty. and i" 
 
 llie liea'l "( a 
 
 till lia" IK'I a 
 
 or tin- wlwre- 
 
 iriK lire one, >lie 
 
 Ih- enlllleil (i> 
 
 le jiiint of liii'^ 
 
 liiii-t not in' ill 
 
 ml live liiimlreil 
 
 I from a |i-vy or 
 
 |piiri li;i.-e of Die 
 
 •-li-ail rifjlil 11"! 
 
 lie •ioli! exiept 
 
 |iroiliirt' from 
 
 !a* li«*ii er«ile<l 
 
 iiii.K ill tlm 
 
 II iiiiN if Itw 
 
 III .iii« of fainl- 
 ii' -i till' folio w- 
 
 V i« eM-lii|i( 
 
 rxetiilloii: 
 
 T..il~leail-, anil 
 
 rlolllllijr for 
 
 fir eaih tlin-e 
 
 ail ailililional 
 
 • all. iiinl I'lolll- 
 
 tt'iUtiMil not to 
 
 value t«eiily- 
 
 ; |Ho ('0»>UII<1 
 
 it if lln' laiiiily 
 l\e<* ; one ilo/**li 
 <-^, OIH" 1*1 lalile 
 
 RECOVEKY AND COI.l.KniON OK I>E«TS. 
 
 (iIiooiii.oiieM't tea«lwv)ii». oiielireail tray, two iiitclier-, one waiter, I 
 one eo(1i-i'-|Mit, one tea|i«it. oie l■alli^ter, om- ereaiii Jiij;. one ilo/cii 
 eiip" anil Haiieer", one lilnin;; '.ilile uml two taliie elotliK, one iloziii 
 eliairs, one bureau not to exceed forty ilollar!i in value, one sufenr 
 |ire>^, one wa-li Iki^iii. one Ixiwl unil pitrlier, one w.iyliin^ kettle, 
 two u:i>liiii;r tiilr', one rliiirn. oim- l"OKiii;;-f;la-*. one ('liii|i|ijn);-axe. 
 one !'|iiiiiiin};-wlii el. one loom and gear, one pair eotloii i'aril>, one 
 jiair wool caril", one i-ooliin^ j-toM- and iiteii-ll-. or one w: of onli- 
 iiarv i'ool»inj{ iiIen>ii*.oiii- meal ?ii'Ve. and one w heat hieve.otie i ra- 
 ille. iiiieliilileiiniliiyiiiiil>ook.aiidallliook<iiM-diiiM'liool.tw<ilior~i'8 
 or t«omuli>,"roiielior*eaiidoiieiiiuleiiroiielior«eoriniile and one 
 yokeiifoxen,oiieoxeart,yoke.rinj;.'ta|ileaiid log^hain.onetwo nr 
 oni'-lior«i' \\a);on not ti>eXeeeilM-veiil)-live dollar> in value, and liar- 
 lie>>. one m.in'H ^alldll', one \\omairi> ri.uldle, two ridinji-liridli-*, 
 twiiity-live iKirrel- of <orn, twenty iHi-liel- of wlieal, live liiimln d 
 Imndlesof oati-, live hundred In indle-ol foilder,iine.'-tark of hay not 
 loexrii'd iwi-lity dollars in value, and u Iwre tliefaiiiily eon>i.>ts of 
 |)--i tiiaii nix iM'rxiiL-, oiH- thousand iMiiinds of |Mirk, ^lau^lltel'ed or 
 on fool, or fis liiindriil iniiind" of laeoii. or wtiere tlie family coii- 
 >i.<t- of iiioie than .-ix |MTMin<-, then twelve liiindred |ioiinds of 
 pork or nine liiindred imuiid- of baeon, and all the poultry on 
 hand, and fowN jo the value of tweiity-li\e dollar>; .-ix iord> of 
 wood, or oni' hiinilri'd Ihl-IiiIi of eoil. lifly head of ^lll'ep, and the 
 llee<e> that may \f ■•iiorii from tlM- ^allll•, and t«eiily-li\e ••t.iiiils 
 of iM'es and the prodiut of the ^aiiie; and to the liead.s of laniilles, 
 or lo a fiii){le female » iio ki-ep- in ii-etroiu »iii>'h to earn a li\ iiit;, 
 mil' ^e\\ inj; maiiiiiH': one liiindred gallon^ of >orf.'liiini niola.—e-i, 
 one liimdi'ed poiiniU of >i>ap. lilty |ioiiiiiU of l.inl, one hiindred 
 IHiiinil" of Hour, lil'ty |>ouiiiLi of .-alt. oik- liuiidred poiinil> of Lieef 
 or nmttoii, one ihhiiiiI of lilmk |><-p|<<'r, one |*oiinil of spice, one 
 pound of >;lii^er. twenty |Miuiiiki of cofiiv, lirty |iouniN of Kiiifnr. 
 three liii-lieN of iiieal. one |H|-Iie| of dried iM-an^, one liii-liil of 
 diiii! 1HM-, lllly liii-liel- of Iri-h |i<>t.itiM>. lilty bushel- of i-wiii 
 poialoe* (.»'"■•' kept for family u«e. and not for r.ile or inerchan- 
 di^ej. leu bu.«liel- of liiriii|>-, oim- pair of andiron-, one clock, all 
 the caimiMl fniit put up for I'amily ux' not to i->.re«i| i ucnty dol- 
 lar- ill value, t lehty l.u.-liil- of iN-aiiiit*. three -iriii.;- of nil |h|>- 
 ixr-. two j;ourd», two punier j;ouril-, a car|><-t in u-e by the 
 finiily not exceeding; ill value t weniy-tlve ilii|lar». and twolmii- 
 
 dred liu.-liels of cotton I: and wlicie the head of the family i- 
 
 a farmer, f*»Te it in addition, exempt uliile in ill'' |)o»e--|iin. t»o 
 |ilii»>. l,vo hiM->. one ^riibbin^ Ikm-, oih- ciilliiit; knife, one liarvi-r 
 craiile, one H>t of plo-v (»ear». one pitclifork. one rake, tlirec Iron 
 weil^e-, live head of -beep, and t'-n luad of -lock hugs. In the 
 liaiid- of each iiiiclnmii' »lio i* folloHinjj hi- trade, lie lix- exempl 
 one M't of iiHiliaiiii'- IihiI*. -iich a» would lie iiece--ary lo lii- 
 trade. and u iiere -lull itie<'li.ii.li i' at llie lii.id of i> f iniil> . f'^o 
 Imndred dollar^ -.^ortli of liiinlx'r or iiiatii ill. orproduil- of lii- 
 lal«ir! al'o one ;;uii in tlie |Mi--<r"ioi of every iiiali- citl/in to llie 
 a;;e of eighteen year- and upward, anil lury fiiiiale who 1- at llii- 
 he.id of u family ; to the hi .iil< of f iiiiilic-, lift) |>ound-> of picked 
 cotton, and lueiity-tive |iouii(U of uimiI. and -iilllcieht iiuantity of 
 ii|i|HT and >olc leather to pnivlde winter *lK«•^ for IIh- faiiiliy. 
 
 Where llie liou-i'lioliler di*-*. aliM-<iiii|-i or iltwrli' lii* family, ilie 
 pro|iertv '■hall Ik- ^et a|>iirt for the u-e of the u ifc and fiiiiily. 
 
 No pro|ii'rty -hail Im' exempt for ili-lti •:■ or ^ale for taxes, or on 
 a failure or refii-al to work oii |Im- |Hililic roail'. or for llne!< or 
 I'ovtii for ille)(al voliiig. or for ^ivIiiK away or M-llinf; inloxIcalliiK 
 lii|iiorii oil eliviloii <luy, or for earryltig coiKeuliil or deadly »'ea|v 
 on- contrary to law. 
 
 Ai-o, there 1- exempt to liolM-lioMer-. Ill* or her lioiuesteitd to 
 the value of one tli'iiisaiid dollar-, and nin-istinj; of tlio ilnellih); 
 liou-e and oni Imildiii;;- and 'lie land apimrti nant tin rilo. I'lie 
 dame Kimll Inure to the l»iient of u i|eiie:i.»ii| lioii-eholdrrK' willow 
 iuid till' minor clilldieii. but siiall not lie <>xeinpt from -air mi exi>- 
 cillion lor taxis levied on the preiniiM-*, or for any linprovemenln 
 made llieri'oii. Tlie hoii-eliililer may <Ii-<t wlier^ |Ih> lioiiiei^teuil 
 »hikll In' set upurt. » licllKr ri-iJiti{{ on tho miiip or not. 
 
 ^ 
 
 T 
 
 i« 
 
 TEXAS. 
 
 IIIK iioinesiead of the 
 
 faiMily. when in the 
 
 I'oiintry, not to con- 
 
 -i-t ofmoreilian two 
 
 hundred acres of land. 
 
 wliirh may or may not be 
 
 colltifruolis. or ill lieu 
 
 thiriiif. any lot or lot- in 
 
 a city, town or villaf;e. 
 
 ii-ed a- a lioiiH-ti ad. and 
 
 not to ixceedin value live 
 
 tboii-and dollar- at the 
 
 tin f ill -ij^nation.w iili- 
 
 oiit reference to the value 
 of the improveinents 
 thcn'on. No exinipiioiion homeiitead from purdia-e money, laxi - 
 due on Hume, or for work ami material UM-d in i oii-lructiiijr any 
 improvement » tlien-oii. 
 
 There is also exempt to every family, .all hoii-' bold and kllclim 
 furniture, any lots In a iiiiieii-ry. .ill iiupienient- of Im-bandry. 
 all tool- and app.iratii- iN-loii^iii;; to any trade oi- priire--ioii. and 
 all book- iHlonginjj to private or public librarie-, fmiily poruail- 
 anil pirliires; live milch cows and calves, two yoke of woik oxen, 
 two lior-i-- and one w a;;on.oiic carri.i;;ior bu^;^y. iiie ;;un. tweniy 
 
 sheep, twciiiy lioi;-. all provi-ionand foraire onlmnil lor boin ii- 
 
 .-iiMi|itioii, all liridle-. -addb- and harne— ni-t-i—ary for the ii f 
 
 the family. And to every citi/i-n not at tlii- head of a f.imily, one 
 horse, bridle and -addle, ad wearing; apparel, lot or lots In a ceii;i'- 
 lery. all tools, apparatus, and Ijouki Ixdon^iii}!: to hi- trade, pro- 
 fession, or private library. 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 miMF.STEAIi to 
 llie \aliii"jf live 
 hundred dol- 
 lars, -iiiiable 
 iippari I. IhiIiIIii^, IooN. 
 anil-, and arliclcs of 
 lioii-ehold fiirnilnie. as 
 may In- necessary for up- 
 holding life, one sewinj{ 
 nil chine kept for use. ono 
 • ow. the be-i sw inc. or the 
 meat of one swine, leu 
 sliei'p and one year'- pio- 
 dilit of haid-lieepiii Wool, 
 yarn, orclolli: forajje ful- 
 lU'lent for keepliijf not exceeding ten slK-ep and oi,e cnw thniu^li 
 tiie winter, ten cords of tire w<M>d or five tons of coal, twenty 
 liii-liels of pol.iiiN-; !.uch nnlitar.v anus and aiiouirenients as the 
 debtor is reipiired by law tofurni-h. ,ii! jrrowiii); crops, ten bushels 
 of grain, one barrel of iloiir. thri-<> swarms of Ui's and hives 
 tojjilhir with their produce la honey, two liimdred poutids of 
 sugar, and all lettereil grave stones, the bible and other Imoks n-i d 
 In a family, one [m'W or slipliia niii-tingliou-eorpl.ice of religious 
 worship. Um' iMiiiltry iio| esofiling In v.iln.' ten dollars, the pro- 
 fersion.d books and iii-tniinents of pliy-lciails, and the piofi—ionai 
 Ixioks of clercyiueii and i:;. mevs at law. to the value of two Inni- 
 ilred dollars, anil al-o one yoke of oxen or stin-r-. as the debtor 
 may sileit: two hor-e* ke|«t uiiii u*eil for team work, and such as 
 llie debliir may srlei l ill Mill of oxen or -leei-s. but not exieedlng 
 In value the -iim of two liuiidrefl ibdlat-s, w iih snllii tent forage for 
 keeping the same tliroU;!h Ibe winter: al-o the pi-io|-, -ui li arms 
 and eniiipMieni- |>ersona.!y ased by any -oldler In the service -.f 
 tliprniteil Stall's, and kepi I y him or liN Iw-ir- as menientoc- of his 
 (H.'rvlc!»; ulsooiie twt>-liorfc wap^n wlthwUilllctrees and iicck-yoko. 
 
 'C 
 
 # 
 
 fll 
 
I i 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 =r:?. 
 
 KF.COVKin AND <<>I.I,i:(TION OF DKKTH. 
 
 or line <ix-"!irt, as tin- ili'litor may rlinosi'; nm- <lcil (ir mm nl" tni- 
 vi'iM' .«l('cl.«. i-iilitT fur JiiUM'* III- iixrii. ll!- llif ili'liliir may .-cliTt ; 
 t\M> liai iii-M>>, l\Mi liallci'<, iwii rliaiii«. oni- plow, ami iiiii'nx-yiiki', 
 w liiili. Willi llir iixi'ii Ml sli'i'i* or Iiiii-m'> wliiili iln> ililiiui' may 
 hi'li'il lor liMiii >Mirk -liall nut cmi'i'iI In value vwu Imiiilri'il anil 
 tifly ilollarx. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 '/•"\VKUY lloll-l'tliililiT 
 
 or lirail of a (ani- 
 lly iiri\ liavi- I'X- 
 I'liipi I'liim li'vy iir 
 (INlrr>«. ill aihliliiinti'tlii' 
 ailiili- liiifalli-r nicii- 
 ll<in''i|. ri'al or pi'i-onal 
 p'lipcriy iiiil I'xn Tiliii:; in 
 valiii' IvMi ltiiiii~aiMl ilol- 
 lai>, >iirli a* In- may «!■- 
 liMi : 111.' lamily liilijr. 
 lalnilN pirlliri'^. mIiimiI 
 lioiik-. anil lilirary for ilii- 
 iisi' 111' 111!' liimlly. not i-n- 
 ci't'illnf; <>ni> lumilri'd ilol- 
 
 " ' f< ' 
 
 ....'> ill valiii-; a 'I'M or p>'» in a plarr of piililir worship, a lol In a 
 ri'iiiflfry. wi'irliii; app ml. Ik'iI-. luililin;;. >Iiim*. I'li'.. six rliair», 
 ami other luiii-i-hnlil {'iirniluro ami iilensils, one lior»e, one eow, 
 fue IvarrcN nl' ,• .m. Ilv l'n«licl- >•( \\ heal. l«<> Immliiil poiiml'^ of 
 
 I/aioii, Ihiee liai;«.teii ilii|lai>' wi'Vlli nf forajfe Mr hay. one i kin;; 
 
 slose, one -ew In^ mailiine. a mechanii's |mmI>. not exeeeiliii;; in 
 value one Immlied i|oll.ir«. Where the ileliior i- aiiiiaily en^ianed 
 in cairjin;; mii a;;rieiiiiural pur-'uil*. he wonM liaveexempl one 
 
 lie ia»» "I o«^*« III, ii> 1111^1 »'iin I 1 1 .11 » .-i.in . 
 
 There U no exempt ion on a honiesleiiil for iiny pail of the pur- 
 cha-e priee of the .-anie. or forMTvlees remlereil hy iinj laborer or 
 iniihiuili', fMi l.iul'iil elaim fur any laxe>. levies or asscsibmuuf * for 
 rent aecruing. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 >' 
 
 IUiMK8TK.VI> not 
 to exeeeil in 
 v.'ilne one llmu- 
 saml iIollai>. |o 
 a liii»lianil or paniil. or 
 tile minor ihildreii ol ili^- 
 eeiMil parent^; (lie liome- 
 ste.'ul t-n -iet apart inii--t Iw 
 i-eeorileil iik exempt prop- 
 erly prevli'U» to the dale 
 of eontraetin;; the delit 
 from wliiili the delitor 
 M'ek" lo have hi- hoine- 
 s'ead exeinpleil; the 
 hoine'lead it not exriilpt 
 ■ ! ii he exiinpl I'r. iiii any 
 
 riued lor iiiiproveliimit* therion; and lliere i-' al.-o, to ji 
 
 hi^hand or pareiiti or minor rliililien of ileee:!!!!'!] pureni!', tvvo 
 liinidred dollar-' worlh ol' pei>oiial piopeiix : anil : lany n.ei lianic, 
 iini-an, or lalHiier. w ho Is a ie<lilenl ol the stale, \\ hillier a hiis- 
 h.inil or parent or not. he has exeinpl -iieli lools as are necessary 
 lo eai ry on his Imsliie^" lo the value of illiy dollar", lint this iloex 
 not seem lo le in addition lo other pl'o|i<'ny exempted, as no one 
 |i<M>oii Is allowed, in all. to exeeeil two hiimlred dollaiit In |M.'l'Huiial 
 property. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 <5»Y AMit.Y Mhle. fimlly 
 Ik lihraiy and pief- 
 O.y ines, all ImmIs, hed- 
 sieail-aliil liedilili;; 
 ill use hy ihe ilehlor Jind 
 lii-^ family, all wearliijjaji- 
 parel ol' llie dehlor and 
 hi- famil\ . all -totes in 
 n-e. and oilier hon-eholil 
 lurnilnre, not ennmerat- 
 eil. not exeeeilin;; two 
 Inindreil dollars in Milne; 
 one ;;iin. rille. or oilier 
 lln-arm not exeeedin;; 
 lift) dollars in valiii'; Iwo 
 cows, tPii swiiip. niio yoke of oxen and one hor^e or mule, or in 
 lieu thereof, two horses or two nniles: ten »hee|>. ami the wool 
 fi'ini the same, either In the lleeet- or maniifaeliireil Into eloth or 
 yarn: the neeessary fnoil for all the ahovi'-named >lMik for one 
 year's snpiHirt. either oil hainl or ;;roH in;^, or ImiIIi. as iliedehtor 
 may ihoose; also one wa^on, earl or dray, one slei;;li. one plow, 
 one ilrau:. •inil other faiinin;; utensil-, ineliidinir taekle for team*, 
 not exeeedirn; Illly dollars in value; prii\ i-ioii- lor il, liior and his 
 family ^nlUeienl lor one year's siippioi, either on hand or ;;row- 
 in;;, Mr hoih. and neie-sary fuel for one jear. 
 
 The looN and imiilemeiils, or stoek in Iraile. of any liioehalile. 
 miner, or other ]M'rson, used and kept for the purpose of earryliifj 
 on his trade or hii-liiess, not exeeeiliiij; two hnndred dollars In 
 value; the library and implenieiits of any profe-sional iiiaii, iimI 
 eMeedln^ In \alue !wo hundred dollar*; one sew in;; inaehlne lor 
 family: all linenlions I'lMin debts a;;aiii-t the Invenlor; theeain- 
 in;;- of all persons for lliree monllis neM preeedin;; llie is-iie of 
 exi'iilion, allai'hnienls, etc., ami live liundied dollars in iiiMiiev or 
 oihei property, in ease debtor has no llMme^tead; all niMne\ aris- 
 ing; from iiisiiranee on an> exempt properly, wliieli has Ihtu 
 ilesii'MV I'd by tire, inelniiiii;; p(dieies on I lie bome-iead ; all monev.s 
 eoiiiin;; I'roiii a life iii-nraiiee |K)lie}'on tiie life of any per-on, made 
 for the benelil of a married woman, are exeinpl fiMin the debts of 
 Ihe insiir'd, and shall Ih' paid lo ciieh married woniaii or her heirs; 
 lIDeen linndred dnllai- worth of prinlil';; maleriai, pte-ses, ete. ; 
 p:ipers, pl.it e-, maps, ami hooks kepi ImI' niakin;; :ili-l r.iels ni' title, 
 when the annual leeeipls do not exeeed one ihoii-aiid dollars: 
 exiess over -neli ainoiml is not exempl. 
 
 The delitor ha- the ri;;hl to make all seli'iijoii- nniler exemit- 
 lloii i.iws. .\ homi'siead iMii-i-liii;; mI nut MMr lull) aeres nf 
 l.'ind, ii-eii fur :i4;rieiiilural purpo-es, inelnditi;; dwi llin;;-liMuse 
 Ihereon, ami all appurtenanees, to Ih" seleeled by the owner, or 
 Insleail, not exeeedlii;; one-foiirlh of an aere within any town plot, 
 ■ily, or villa;;e, ineludin;; a ihvellin;;-liouse Iherefii, 
 Tills I'xemplloii doec not etleet laborers' or meehanh's' lien-, or 
 ■ tend to any iiieunibranees wliiih have been |iriiperly and legally 
 entered into, 
 
 I'rivale properly is exempt I'lom -ei/ure lo pay niimiiipal 
 Indehtedness, « illi the exeepliMii ol' ililits eonlraeled belore a pro- 
 vision made in |.S72. rersonal properly is not exempt where 
 llieie is indi liiedncss on ;ieeoniit of its piirehilse prh e. 
 
DICniONABY or MrRCVNTILE AND LEOAI. TKltMS 
 
 1 imii'iil!', t>v<) 
 I any iiicrliaiiii', 
 \\ liillirr II Ims- 
 .n tir.' iii'icssHiy 
 
 ■i, lint llliH tlix'H 
 
 ptc'il, as no i>!io 
 lui'ii III |x>i-Huiml 
 
 i.Ybilili'. liinily 
 rary ami pii't- 
 •s. all ImiIs, IxmI- 
 Mcl-aiiil iH'ildlii;; 
 ;|,i' ili'lilMi' and 
 .allwcaliii); a|>- 
 llii> ili'lilor ami 
 y. all >lin('-i ill 
 
 >llll'l' linll-i'lllllll 
 
 not mnniiMiit- 
 cxi-i'i'ilin;; two 
 ilollar-i In v»liii>; 
 
 rlllf, or oilirr 
 not cxri'dlln;; 
 irslii valiio; two 
 I' or niiili'. or in 
 p. and till' wool 
 I'd into rlotli or 
 il >i<Mk lor oni- 
 til. a- till' ilc'litor 
 
 |lci;,fll. ONI' |lln\V, 
 
 kU- for train-. 
 I. Iiinr and liU 
 land or k''"^^- 
 
 iiiiy nioiliaiiic. 
 of can .\ iiij^ 
 died dollar^ in 
 iial man. not 
 ; inarliinr lor 
 nliil : the lani- 
 in;; llif is-iir of 
 in iiioiH'V or 
 all IIIOIH'V aris- 
 ilii.'li lias Ih'imi 
 ■ad; all inoni'vs 
 (ii'i'soii, made 
 I'm till' drill" of 
 laii oi licr lii'iis; 
 li, |ni-si"^. I'll'.; 
 iMrait^ of litli'. 
 ii-ainl dollaiv; 
 
 i> iiiiili'r ("\riiili- 
 
 foily aiirs of 
 
 d«i llinf^-lioii-o 
 
 the owner, or 
 
 any town plot. 
 
 I, 
 
 lianic'-' llrn-. or 
 rily and li';;ally 
 
 pay niiinii ipal 
 I'll lii'lori' II pro- 
 'xcmpl wlii'ic 
 ■I.e. 
 
 ^1 DICTIONARY g|»*- 
 
 ■^.^^0 
 
 ERGANTILE 
 
 
 -i- 
 
 
 
 AN«iiilonm«>nt. Surrender of B 
 sliiD or iiiLirclmii(ll»u Insured, to 
 tlie liism-er. 
 Alwtement. A r<\Jectlon of a suit 
 on luiiiiint of wimo liiull cltluT 
 ill llie matter or i)n)"ei'(llnt{; di-'- 
 eouiit iillowoil f'T ituiiiiiKO donu 
 tii iiiireliaiiillsi!, or for other 
 rausrs. 
 AhHtno'l. A rtunuiuirj' of a deed 
 
 iir itiuaiini'iit. 
 Aeef|>li»nei>. All iiKrecmuiit to poy 
 
 tlie<-..atiiit<iir a liUl. 
 Aeeommmlutlnn. A l)tU of ex. 
 tiiaii};e lucei.lid liy iiu Individual 
 
 fill til'' iim\eiilin >f tliii limwe-, witli whom 
 
 II i-.'^isi,! liiki! II iipiit maturity. 
 Ari'imnt. A eonei.'<i> nconl of tlie l)ualnii>i tr.ins. 
 uilioin of merilianH or others. •' Klotltloiui 
 miDiintK," In hook kecpliit?, siieli iLi are iiuiiie 
 out to show I " iiii'fTliant'K Katun and losses, 
 under tlin Inals ehaiw ■•, Iii-otlt mid loss, lud. 
 anec, ele. " lli'al a'lounts," Htiitinients made 
 lint to show Ihii mi'rehant where, how, and In 
 what iiio|Mirtloiis his property Is Invi'sted, under 
 HUih liii'ls IIS issh, luindiaudlse, hllU recelvii- 
 lilr.un.l III.' like. 
 Aei'iiiinl Current. <lii<' that Is riinulnK, or 
 
 nnsiltli'.l. 
 Aeroitnlunl. A person sklllinl In mercantile HC- 
 
 i-iMint-*. 
 Arkiiii'.vleilifmenl. An avow nl of one's own not, 
 
 to K'ive I! \allility. 
 Aei|iiiltu,.<'e, A written dlseluirnr" for B sum of 
 
 iiiuMiv that hiLs Ih'i'ii puld. 
 Ai'tiKii ut luw, A rl).dit of prosecuting to Judi.' 
 iiiriit, Inii eourt of law, ii elalni for inleht, I" 
 ilamau'es, fur an injury siistuliied, or ft wn>ii- 
 diinc, or to olitaiu iMissussiim of wluit tlio rth-lit 
 owner is deprived of. 
 Aeliiury. 'the manager ofiijolntstoek eomp 
 iiii'ti-r a hoard of ilii-ei'tor^. )Mirtieiihirly in 
 InMiiaiui'ioiniviny; »l-oa pii^on sl<llliil In the 
 ilii.'trlMi' of lite luiiiiiitirs and Iniiiniiuus. 
 AiUustiiieiit. Ill marine insuninie, theaseertaln 
 I III 'lit of liu'eiiiet amount of indemnity to whir ii 
 tlie Insured is enlillcNl under tlie iHilley, whin 
 all deductions and pru|K>r ulluwuiicus liuvo been 
 made. 
 Ailnieumimiient. A writ iwiinst those who 
 ii^uri) more than f'.eir own sliari', ns tlio i.d» 
 iiieiwiir^i. cut of inij^lure, or of dower, 
 Ailinlnlstriitln.,, Thn laammeiueut of tlio ainilni 
 of inlnurs, lunatics, etc 
 
 Jl^JIUi 
 
 AilmlnMralor. .V penon to vbotn the estate 
 an 1 .tfects of an Inlntatc are committed, for 
 « tiich he {4 to he accountable vtien requinsL 
 AilulterBtlon. The tnttodoction of clicip mid 
 oftrn InJ'irloos materials Into nalnnU and uuin> 
 nfartur»s| prrvlTK'ta. 
 All Valorrm. A>«uiTlinK to tlie \-alae; u term 
 usisi f>r ttiosoduttesor customs ahlehure piild 
 aeeordin;; to the raloeof lbc|foo<l«. 
 Advance. In commerce, muner paid tM^fo^o 
 ^(Mxts are ili'll7trre«l, vurk done, or any consld* 
 emlion Kivi-n. 
 AdTenture, IHII of. A vrlling RlKne<l by one 
 who nvi'ivi-^mcrclKUidl^.' on tnanlof hlsshlp 
 » IwiUy at the r*»k of the owner. 
 AdTl'.e. Incoiimerre, U Informatton respectlnt; 
 
 Iraile eomnmntcated by letlc-r. 
 
 AHIiUtvit. .V statement. In vrlUnx, of &ct« for 
 
 the Information ufaconrt tn a cau<Hi or matter 
 
 iindint;, or about to b« comrecnccal therein. .V 
 
 'Unter iitfldarlt U one made In opposition to 
 
 ..1 nrtt'lavlt. 
 
 Aiflniuiltun. si^i^iijca tt^ nlif]rtn« or conflnn- 
 
 I 1 ;ii f nii'-r L»« orJiHl^menl. 
 Am-clKhtinent. Anartoracteement by vlUchii 
 
 - pit liiiTd forth"' lianjportatlon of poods 
 Ai:' lit. One who cuntDCU llw a(rair«. or is 
 
 rusted v'.tti the commiaton of anotln-r. 
 Av . A term <»e . to espreaa the dllfen>nce 
 vecn tlie value of inelalllc and in|vr money 
 . count r>*, or betveen the nn-tMllic moneys 
 lllTerenl count rle*. 
 
 •-emt'nt. Is wlicpe a promise is niaile lui one 
 
 :'>. and assented to on the utiicr. 
 
 \lttin|^e. .V luiier annexed to a bill of exchange 
 
 r pnimissor}- note, on which to write Indorse. 
 
 K-nts fur which llieTe is no room un the bill 
 
 t'llf 
 
 Ulowanee. .v deft-jrt >>n from the groM velisht 
 
 of t!oo<U. Si e Tarv. 
 Answer. In Liv, is a pieadinft or reply. wlieroliT 
 nil alU'ir^tion In a bill of r-* uplalnt In rhanei'ry, 
 or lni|uirhs arising iher»onl. nr In a libei or 
 iirtii-li-!* tn the ecc niiai>tica) and other civil 
 couits, is or are repi I'd to or rel<utt<sl. 
 \ppral. Is tlie rvmcral of a cimplaint of an 
 inferior to •» saiierlor '>«rt. Iictu; In the imtun' 
 of a writ of error. " .lij<.«l»nt." or "appcUor," 
 one uh'> makes or brio^ an appeal. 
 Appraising. I* the TalalnK or x-ttinc a price 
 on K'loiis, An appraiser Is one sworn to ' luu 
 «i»vls fairly. 
 \, prentice. .V roimir peronn t«nrd by Inder.t- 
 t.i'-i«»r :irllclt-4i'f a^rpfmcnt ttia tm'iesman.or 
 iirtltlcer, t j b.'arn hu trole or mystcrj'. 
 
 LEGAL TERMS, b 
 
 y^' 
 
 ^^^F 
 
 Arhllralinn, .V mo<Io of deciding controreralem 
 
 \'y iiu'iins of ai biters or iirliitnitors. 
 .\niele. In law, tlii' ciausi.' or condition In a cot. 
 
 eiiant. 
 Arrest. Tlie apprehending; uiel restraining a 
 
 man's person In oixler to coiii|i4'l him to be 
 
 olicdieiil to tiiu Kill. This, in uil cu."*^ except 
 
 treason, filoin-, or tireach of iln- |>c3ii;i-, iiiiisi in. 
 
 duno by tlie lawful warnint of soiiit; c«Mirt of 
 
 I'liurd orolllcerof Jii-'tice. .Vin'st of Jad^Tiient 
 
 iitliu staying of Jiid^fiiu'iit, or not pnM*f***tin:f 
 
 to Jiidi^iiu'iit. 
 AssesMir. line who assesses public taj' ■ 
 
 raliivKeviry jicrson iierjnllnuto lilsmtai'. 
 .\*.sets. T!n''.torl< In truie aii'l er.f.rf profierty 
 
 of It iiierchant or u tmdtni{ iLssiK'iution ; KO<id» 
 
 ur estate ot a di'ceaieil iK'rson, s'lliji-tl t'j th« 
 
 imymi'iil of his debts, tliu pro|>erty of an Insut. 
 
 vent dt'htor. 
 .%sftiKiii'e. one wlui is avsii;ned or appointisl by 
 
 liiioila'r to '.lo any act tir iierfurm any l«islnesrt, 
 
 iiUo, oiii' wlio takes any riijlit, tltli, or I .terc-!t 
 
 ill pnipi-rty, l>y an iissigiiiiKiit trxtiu an aasi^nur, 
 
 or by lilt 111 lliehtw. 
 AsiiKnor. duu who makes an assignment. 
 Asal|[nnienl, A transler or inakini; oTer to 
 
 aniil liir llie ri|{hl one has In iitiy cslule. 
 ,\»MM'lull»n. .V union of persons or u society 
 
 forioe'l lor inutiial asslitame, or for the J.inl 
 
 carryiii;; out of soii.i: iliUiiite object. 
 .IssumpKlt. .\ voliiiilarv promi.-o by which a 
 
 man lilii'ls himsi'ir to ;'ay anythtuK to another, 
 
 or tiiiloaiiy wri*. 
 Allttehinent. .V process lU-it issncsat tlicdl.<icre- 
 
 tliin ol the Juil^es of a eourt of rivortt a^citn'.l 
 
 II iM-rson, fur some i-ontenij.t, I'ilhcriu tu;tl or Iiy 
 I dlMiluyltiK ilsonler, for wliivlihi' iscommittisi. 
 I .Miuliider, Tlio IniMiiillate c. tu-iipicnco when 
 I senlenieof dialli Is I'lonouii isl. Tin' criminal 
 I 1 tlieii e.illed attaint, altiiR'tiLs, alAiml, or 
 
 liliU'kened, liaviUj; no loii;;t'r liny i ri'dll or repn- 
 1 lali.'ii. 
 Atloiutlon. of a deiil, will, .r other instm- 
 
 iuent,lstlin exeeutionot' It in the pn^ienceuf 
 
 witiii'sses. 
 Attorney, onu who Is lrifall\ apjioinlfsl to act 
 
 1 '1- another. 
 Auellnn. A pilliliesaleof kooiIs by iicrxinscalied 
 
 aiiel ioiiei'i's, who are I iconsixi todlsisise of ipM^i 
 
 to the hiKliest lildUer. 
 AuiKC. Toe.^amine, vourii, and certify the 
 
 rivliiesi of the aeeuiints of a publie, coiapumy m 
 
 Iwdy, 
 Aulhenlieatlon. Tlie firing of authority bj 
 
 pruiier or legal liNniialitle*. 
 
 I 
 
 I ! 
 
 H: 
 
 f 
 
) £3^!j^ 
 
 t: ■ 
 
 li 
 
 .!»! 
 
 I 
 
 DirTIONAllV OK MKKCA.NTII.I': AM) I.RO.VL TKRlli>. 
 
 It) "hliiiilnK, n conlrlliiillon to n lo-* 
 ii> mil' of It iiuinbrr for llif koktmI 
 
 Avf*rHfff*, 
 
 ■.uir.'n.l 
 
 U'lii'lll 
 Ibiliini'i'. Ill Iniokki-oplnK. lo ailjiwl ■ml wlllr, 
 
 ii» lilt iii-i-oinif. •• liiUuiii-«* ^liiN't," II i-«iiitli>iiiM>4| 
 
 >• IriiKiil III II llli'rr(l:itll''iH'>M-l«Mli'l lialillllliii, 
 
 llcinil. All olillK^tloii or i-nvfiitiiil In wrillnff l» 
 IMiy liny niitii, or |N>rfiirtii iiiiy i-oiilnu-l. 
 
 lliiniiN. All cxirii iNtyiiiiMil ftirii -itvUt rrnil**n*<t 
 or II tlllliji riM-rlvril. 
 
 lliHik-lo't'iHT. Mlif uIhi Iuw rlulrui'of Ihr laif>k« 
 lili'l ki-i-liH till* ru-4 OIIIIN III lltll iittlri*. 
 
 Mr i» II ii|i III iinlir Illation lli<'-iiilcof lii»iiiralm. ! Ikitlnmry. A lontnut l>y » lilrh tln' iiwnrrofa 
 
 Ikiil. ^luMiillf. thi-.lcln.ry of :i iiu il of ciiii. 
 
 loilv, iiiiiii II:. liinliTliiltlMK of imi- or liiorv 
 |M'i->oii. I. I liliii I'uii hr ,!i:(H iipiD'ar III 11 i^iy 
 lliiiilf.1, toiiiKui'i mill U-Jii.fitl<'<l III iIh' lim. 
 
 ILilllll. \ -iilHinlttiitt*' itii^wir.ilf cr oflU-i-r up- 
 |H.iiiir I M ii'iii II |>iilii'iiliu'|ir<ivlnrf<>r<li'<lrii't. 
 -III. Ill-' ;>iiliiN iiiv oilk-i'rK i>|i|iuinU«l liy tin- 
 -ii.ilil 1..X..-.II,. «rli«. 
 
 "•'" "•• I'll.' ■! Il> rry of wmlt In «ni»t ii|hiii 
 
 ' ■ ii-.i. I, . \|i..-.il .ir iiii|i||(.<|. 
 Ikiluiii'f ol Triiili-, 111 I inirni-. tlir ajorrrfiitf 
 
 iiiiioiiiil oi :i iiiiii.iii'a ■■xiiiiru iin.l iiii|>>it-, ..r 
 
 II. • I'.Iiuih' "il llif Ini.li- ..i oni' umion witli 
 
 iiii..ilii>i. 
 Iliilt-, \.|iiaiitll> oi iiH'n-h.tti.||><- lurki'.l up In 
 
 :i . lolli 
 lliillital. In iMiiililiiii'iiiti>lr<,arrr1alii|wirtl<infir 
 
 Iron. :.i..iii , m-.iv.l, OI 4iifli wriKliii iiiiiii-rliil, 
 
 |ilM..-.l III III.' U.iioiii ,,f 11 uliip mlH'ii 1.I1C lull. 
 
 lilli.r ii.>.iiii;o, ..r l.~>llllli' lo l.riiii; Imt »iini 
 
 l-ll'lllll Ion III III.. UI.I.T 
 
 ilank. All ■".iiil.lwhiiiint for flic r>.«-lvlnK of 
 iiioiii'V* mill l.'itiiiit ihi'iii out on Inlin-xl. 
 ItiuikK iiri- K''i>'nilly ioriiii-<l liy « niinilitT of 
 111..111 yi'.l iH'i-soiii, »ii... for i-ttrrylnir on tlir 
 
 I'll" " of loifolliilliii; I.IIU of rii-liantr'', ttii.l ■ 
 
 .l.alliiK In l.iillioii, lie, uilviin.'i*itc<>iuititi'iiililc 
 
 "llllt 111 ;i iollit IVIplIlll. 
 
 Ilunkriipl. A Im.li'r wlio fiiiUor l.ntkks, miiut.i 
 U' iiniililf 1. 1 1'lirry on hU lnulniiw or pay lilii 
 
 .l.l.ls. 
 
 Ilarsaln ami Mnlr. An inntriimi-nt ohcn-l.r llii- 
 
 poM" ii> ol l.iinUiiii.l I iiiinln In, f.ir valiiiil.li. 
 
 .'..ii-l.linill.iii, Ir.iiKlriri'.t ln>in one |N'rMm to 
 
 llll.itll.T. 
 
 Ihilllwirk. Til., co.inly ..r .|i.trl<t In wliKli 11 
 ki lilt ..r.l.'pniy "111 itir lia« jnimliitlon. 
 
 Ilurtir. I., ilii- cxrltim-iii;; of one ronini.iillly | 
 .III. Illy l..r imolliii, willioiii ihi- i'iiipi..>ini'nl | 
 ..r iiioiM'T .ir liny oihi'r iiii-<lliiin of •xi'luitiKc. A 
 -y-tiiii.il iKirirr win ..nly vitxi in llioivrlliMit ; 
 
 xhlp lili'.llCl" III.' k.'i'l .ir U.M. Ill ol III.' >lill> 
 
 x.-.'iirili' for ir|Hiyiii.'iil ..1 iiioin'y ii.|%'iinri-«l. 
 
 Ilrtiki'r. ()iii. uliii ronrlii.l.'. Uir;;:iiii4 or nm- | 
 Irai-I'. I"i- iin'rilianl-*, a.« fx.'liani:.' I.ii.kir*, «liip 
 liroki'i-s, iiiliiliiK lirok.'i>. I"'. " llnikfrau.'." t« 
 tlial w lilrli |4 pti.l lo 11 Iti-okcr for liU iroiil.t**. 
 
 Ilullliin. PmiMTly i4li;nllli'>. iinioiniil koIiI und i <'. 
 
 wlliri, or, niori' wlrtrtl 
 In liar^or ..lliri iimi-h. 
 oiiiy till' I. rill I" 111-. (I 
 |.ri'itoii.< ini'iaU ImiIIi <• 
 
 ■. rrlliM-fl ;.'.i|i| ami •IItpt 
 -<. Iillt III l^.tlMi-at t-«-on 
 I'lilly II-.-.I to.l(Miot« lli^ 
 .Ini-tl aii.l iitiroliii.il. 
 
 Klllilii »iii.e jmt- 
 
 army. In r<»iniii<'nM«. IIh* onlrr liy wlilrli any 
 «»nr 1rtfn<*k« or ni'tfolluti-" for itii'.tlmi-. iiNo llin 
 prr c^nl»ice iclvi*ii to farlor*. iiiiil hki-iiIs for 
 InpMM-iinic tl.f l»n«lni*iw of ollii'i-.. 
 
 fmtmwMU-r. Ai'-nalii iiiinilH'r of prixoiis rliTtoil 
 <*r )i|.fN>]iitMl fnnii a iii.in- ntinirronn iNHly to |H>r- 
 fifTTfi -••<ii«- •i«n;jal ai't or iiivi'.*lltfiinoii. 
 
 Cmntwam. In lam, a rl_'lil or priv ilri;. rlaliniid 
 I.T *ntr ..r luon* iM-rMiiiH in iinotlin- iiiim V laiiilN, 
 «at«T^, miMHl*. (Mr, "roiiiiiion liiu ," I In* law of 
 tli«* rv'alni jfriHiii.liHt on ^.•nrral rii.*l..iii<4 or tin. 
 rivTfM»f-tal UMniff. Ill iri'iirnil tlio coinnion law of 
 t^n^lan** U c^.iiiiiion In tlil<* roiintry. 
 
 maliillaB. Tlio ■iilmlltiillon ol one |iiinl4li. 
 
 m«-nl for «ii.i(lM*r, 
 Cmtnpmmf. \nH*««M*lHtlo:iot iii«<n>liai.l<..tni'rhnn> 
 ».-., ..r .iilH-r Ira.li'n", J.ilniil toKitli.r for ons 
 r«f!nni»wi lnl«Ti*«.l. 
 Ijiu'. a prlvali' lau iiia.l.' kIIIiIii »iii.e par- ' C'vmpaWttan. In i-oiniiK'rrlal atlairx, an iiKifi'. 
 ti. iiliir plarc 01 JiirlH.lK-tioti. ; irH'T.i (Titi-rcl Into In'Iu ii-ii tin lii-..>lvfi.l ili'litor 
 
 (ahlf. A Mil li'i'iii loi a ■.|iiMiKni|»', wliirliwYTr* aivl hi. rn^lilor, by uliirli 11..' lali.r ari'i'p|.<u 
 
 roinnirn iai "talc of a (miiiiIp, 
 lluzur. In i-a^ti'rn i-oiiiitrii'<, a niarki'|.|4u<'i', 
 
 iilli.i o|>'ii or i.iv.ri.l, wliiri' koo*'" «ro «•« 
 po- .1 f.ir -all", aiiil wlirti- niirclianlii in<*t for 
 111.- Ii-iiii!«a.'tioii .it liuMinivui. ) 
 
 llf.ipifnl. >.•«■ Ilrvl-*-. 
 Hill. Ill lau. ailiK'lanillon In wrltlni; ixpn-Mlnir 
 
 aii\ urli'vani'i- 01 wronu mliicli om- |aTMJti liax 
 
 >iiir. r..| fniiii aii.illi.'r. 
 mil IhMik. In Uiok kwplMK, rontain* in oiip 
 
 Hill an a.roiliil .•! all llic •• hllU r«ifn al.lc,"- 
 
 1, ... Iillln of uhii h lif 14 t.i rit-a-lrc |Mynioiit; 
 
 ami In aiiotli.i an arroiinl ot nil ■■ lillln luyu. 
 
 I.ti',"— I. .-., tlioMr that li.iv*' to Ik* fuM. Il i-.ni. 
 
 laliiH a i.tati-iiiiMil ot tlit; .lati-H, Hinoui.ti*. vilK.n 
 
 iliir. anil otIiiT |«irtli'i;!iir.of tbi' avrcnU blllii. 
 
 Ml' l.i'ilfir. 
 Iltll of Kniry. \ written ittaK-mrnt ..I ipmkI* 
 
 .'III. 1. •! it till' I iittiiiii Imi1|'*«*, 
 Hill of l-:«rlianR<>. \ not.' lontiiininK « 1 oiler 
 
 lor III.' p^iriiii 111 ■■! .1 .11111 ol inoiifv, IoiijuT'iii 
 
 ralli'.l Ihi'ilniwer, »ln>, when lie Iuw ntKniil It 
 
 Willi lilH naiiie.aml Mrltlrn llie wiinlat-cepled. 
 
 Ill' l-.'alllMl tlip iirreptor. 
 mil nfljiilInK, lir Involrr. A ilreil .ltme<l t.y the 
 
 III I'll 1 111 ;. hip. I y Willi h tw nrknowh'.lKi'H the 
 
 riM'ilpt of ilie iiii'ii'Iuint'^ trmiiU. himI oli||f(Hi. 
 
 hiiii-i'lf lo .li'lpi r Ilieiii at III., plaw to whieli 
 
 tlii'\' Mil- r.iM •liflied, 
 mil of I'nrrel*. A Invteailian'. ai-colllll uf kcmhIh 
 
 •.'■I.I .111.1 . 1. 'liven-. I. 
 mil ot Knli>. ,\n inntninirnt for the ron»«'j'(itire 
 
 ..' tl'.ii-l.'l "if )(o<KlKaiii| cluiuan. 
 litiuril'if Truilr. \ l«i'ly of liiiii|ii.«ii men topro- 
 iiiotf . .111111. Trial liiti.'rent'. 
 Iloiiu I'l.le. With Koud (allh. wllboiit fraiitl or 
 
 "ilhlrrfime. 
 
 I., keep a "hip at am-lior. 
 
 C'm|>Im.* Mil l(i..poiiilriiiliiiii. \ writ lt> arrewt a 
 .t.-l.-li<lillil who Ih aiN.iit I., alr.i-oli'1, ami kefp 
 hliii I.iaii^w. r III.- plaliilill III art loll. "I'liplcu 
 lel Hatl-iarlriiiliini," I. |..iii'i| on a jii'l.xiiienl 
 ohtiiliii'il In an iii'llon aK'iln>l the ili-femliuii. to 
 Mitl.fy the Jniluineiil. 
 
 4'apllitl. Ill i-oiiinieri'e, llieiii'.'iiiiiiilatetl ulurkof 
 ev.'iy .l.'-H'ripllon or Innil with wlii-.li i> mrr- 
 ehanl or laaniilartiin r rarri.'. .111 In* liiuinna. 
 
 rami, or KHrul. si.-mih'. the Iwi-nty l..iirth 
 IKirt of till- wi 'twill 111 mil pt.'. e .il irol.t or all.iy 
 ol t!.iM. TliMK, II the piece wi'IkIhiI I« all ifolil. 
 itNwI.I to he tweiily four eai'Ut uol.l . If only 
 half III It In i;olil, it |4 -al.l to he Iwilve iimt 
 ^'olil, aiiil -40 oil. 
 
 Canpi. A K till name for all the kimmU and 
 
 nii'nhaiiill'.i' iiirrle.1 on iKianl .1 tRiilintt rnmrl. 
 
 Carrier*. Ml pei-Hon.'* carr) in;; (ii«i«N lor hire. 
 
 «a«h. Iliaily iiiiiiiey,ill»llin{iil.he.l imiii l.ilK 
 
 ('a»li llook. \ hook In w lileli In kepi an nef mint 
 of all tli.'ra.ill rerelve.l anil |miil. an.l of tlie .II.. 
 eoiiiil iceelviHi ami allowe.l. "itt.lmT." fin<: 
 who ha. eliaPife ol easli. 
 
 Churter I'Hrty. .\ eonir.tet Ih-i wi.<.nii.lii|>.oirnrr 
 
 anil a Ii. miller, liy wlilrli the entire ve*.rl l« 
 
 ii.i"l loi .arryliiK pkhIn at a Ireixlit or mtanl 
 
 lU^ri'iNl ii)Hiii, 
 
 ! Clreullii. In Kiik'laml, rertaln .llvKlon. of thr 
 
 klnK.loni. lliioii|,'li uhU'li llie |ii>l«p4 fwum In 
 liohl i-oiu't. anil iiiliiiliiiHter JiiMiire, .V nlnttlar 
 
 lllvl.lon .'\i.t. Ill the I'llltCtt -tttlen In rei»|*^t 
 
 to the national eiiiirt. 
 
 {'llUell, line wlai parttel|iale. in the jiulirul 
 aiiil li'ift.latlve (kiwit In a ".tiite, rornnionl\ 
 the li'Tiii elli/.eli t.. i-inpUiyiil to .leimie the 
 llllliiliitaiil ol a town, 
 
 Civil. Tlwt ulili-li ielat>~< to iheronimunltjr.nr 
 to 111.' [NiUi-y ami uovernnieiii ol the eiturt» 
 ami milileet. of a Htate. "rivll law." otIwrwiM- 
 I alli.l liii|i"rlal law ,- tlie law of the Konuin em. 
 J. If.', .|lt.'.'-l.'.| fi-oin the law.i.t tin- repuMie nn.| 
 tliii.e lit llii'eiii|M-roi^, ami niliipti'i! hy mant of 
 the nut Ion. . It Kiiropc. "Ciiil .u-rvi, • ," 1. jp 
 piled lo Hint ileparliiieiil ol tile i.'o%'emineni 
 .«-r\ li'i' lltat 1. iieltlier iiaiul nor nillitiiry. 
 
 I'wlr, In JiirNpriiileme, l.upplii.l ton ruapUa. 
 lion ol law. tiia.le hy piihlh- aiilliorlty. 
 
 Cmllell. .V .iippleim-nl toa will. 
 
 CncnlMinee. The liiiirliiir ol a thinir JwilFlally . 
 :ii-<. I ill' at' know le.lt{iii.-iit of a tine. 
 
 Cullalernl. In law, a li-riii tor » lull 1. -|.!e way», 
 ornot ilinvt, as i-olhitenil klnnnien. iIi.im' arl«> 
 are not ileseetiileil fniiii one ennu.ion .tiH-k, lu 
 the l..iie of ti^o hiiiii, who are collulervl kln*- 
 uieii to eai'li other. 
 
 Cfillaterul H4*eiirlty. I. w hen* a .1 1 t^ tiuule of 
 
 otii.r ianilHor inoperli iH^siile tlio!*eirmnt«.<J t.y 
 III.' prlm.-l|ial ii.ortiotfft tli^riwi'iirity. 
 
 Cnllator. Oiif. who eiiiii|MireM eopiP-4 or mann- 
 i.erlpt-'*. 
 
 CnniinUalnn. In law. the wnrrnnl, or letter. 
 Iiilent hy wlileh one la aiithorKetl to exrrrtar 
 Jiii'i'..tl.'tlii,i ; III inllllary iifrulr>, the warrant oft 
 ■ utliQrtt:r hy which one IiuIiIk any |nM la tbc 
 
 |Nrt of lli^ ileM. liieoniiM'iimiilon im- the w hole. 
 
 C »i p — ■!■ WlM-rr the ilehlor, iiol l.i'liiu iilile to 
 l«*i all hi* il<*lit.. a^ree. with lilM eri'illlorH to 
 |av M Intl. 
 
 Cowtpromlae. \ wttlenienl of illlterem-e. la^. 
 iw*-*-!! |urtle« l.y a iiiiitiial proiniHi- m- willlii);- 
 nraalotelrr the matter 111 illNpiili- lot iii-.leilHloii 
 of rtrlHIratorK. 
 
 f Mni| « ai». Oii.-I.. wh.iiii K00.I" lire ileliven'il In 
 trii-i- "*'4m.ii;iiiiient," III.' .eniliiiu or ileilvnr* 
 ln;r '-* er of if.MMlf. t.i anotlier imi'moh. 
 
 Vmm ■ lanur. iine who Heinl. or ilelivei'?! ffooila. 
 
 Coa*«^«. Irt- KiiKllah .to. k. known a. roiiHoll- 
 «fate<l annnlllea. w hli'li |ri\' three per eeiit |H.r 
 annum. (.V(<r. — The Itrit l-li i;oM'| iiinenl, iliir. 
 instil.- lif^a**-.. of l.oriiiw hli/ I lie liinliry W'llU'h 
 Uirm foTuia IIh- national ilelit , liiiil il.elf iimlKr 
 certain alai-l-jl con'llltoll'*, It..'..' riillllltlollH 
 
 p»-r.er»lly e.»n^i.tl.l in an iiii.li-i-tiikiii|r lo jmy an 
 annuity of m* innell ja-r r.-lil , on ai-eoiint of 
 ri.fnp4i''allon nii'l e.iiifii.loii fi-niii the niiniher ol 
 ii1«jrk» thua lotiiM.I, the romM'liilaleil iiiiniiitlen 
 art wa» |» j ..e<l. ami an ilveniKe ol the valiie ol 
 ItkeilifSrrenl .t.M'k. wa..*riii'k, iiiitl the wliolo 
 r*>fBai4i'lat4.1 Into. .Ill- fiinil, kept In utii'iici'iiiint 
 at llir lUnk of KniElaii'l. > 
 
 CmmlMhlr. An tiilenor ollleer ol Jii.dire, lown 
 <ic<if> .»ITlfer..f tlie|a-iu-e. 
 
 CaMrahsBii. toaxl. pnihllilli-il hy law lo lie 
 rxfajrl*.! .if linjM*rt4.it. 
 
 C*fit»»rt, A ixiii'iuin' or iiHreenienl l..-tu-peD 
 txiorinorr laTwina, with n lawful i-oii.iilem 
 l»on orraiue. 
 
 Vam^rimttrr. \ wrttlnir ^iiileil iinii lellvereil, 
 wlK-ri l.> the piT>|a'rly liilainl.un'l l.'iieinent. la 
 *-<j«in-> ei| tntfli one |a'r>4iii III another. 
 
 C«>»— r. An ollteer whoae iiariiciilnr iliily it 1. 
 to amkf Inqnlaltloii Into tlx- iinliinely ilriith of 
 any fa-rwrn . thl.- iililat U'llone hy Jiir^. iiHimlly 
 
 • hi-re llw lawl> i". 
 
 Coat*. TIm- e]i|)ena4'. attemlliiK a law- aiiit, whieli 
 
 ar»- in iiarl l*.-overuliie lliilii the |iart >- \i lio liaM>4 
 
 the eauM' 
 C«aps«. Any elMi-k or other pleee ..i jaiper eiit 
 
 off from lt.e<Minler]urt . iieertitleiiteof Interent. 
 Cnmn Martial. ~.' Military Law. 
 CmUl. Tlw leiKliiii; of wealth oreiiplttil hy one 
 
 ii>'li«l<tinl to another, the teniler heiiiif nalil to 
 
 ifive, *j»ft tlw U#rr.»wi'r toifet or ri'i'i'lve ereilll, 
 C MF t> » « > . Tlieeir. iilKllni; iiieilliimi.rueoiiiitry. 
 
 Hail I'V wtah'li Mtle. iiiil piiii-hiine. are I'lli'i tell 
 
 witbi'iit liai liifx ri-^'oiir.*- to liarti-r. 
 C«u<«n»a lAattra. AH' i|llll|.a i-liari;eil i1|miii roni- 
 
 nx'lilm '11 tiieir la-Inu iiniairliil int.'. or 
 
 eTjajft^al fiv.iii a eoiinlry. 
 lOaaavF. In Uw, olj^nltlea, gemnilly, iiii> iiiirt 
 
 • •r liib-Inuu-^' «. h'l'li a man reeelve-i lit hi. eHtiite, 
 Iter W aall. fwiloelinieaealleil ilivolie liiaik out- 
 
 warl.iaa .iilmeliar^' laaik In iNiok-keeplni;, In 
 irhtrh la ent^ri I 11 ilnlly arioiint ot nil the 
 ii.art. w.l'l on er».|ll, with till' prices iinM Iho 
 na-s,'-. ..f til.' ).iireli'jiM*ra. see l,ri||fer. 
 tmr* "f titmr^. Ill ({••iienil, llin-e daya uUowrd 
 lor ti»» laymrnl of u hill beyond ilia tiiiip 
 tauiwi un Ute tm-v of It. 
 
 -r^:^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 -XJ 
 
nimoNAUV OK MKItC.VSTII.K ,i.XD LKO.U. TEB)1«. 
 
 .rilpr liy wlili-h any 
 
 ;,,riiii"illini . iiWi> •I"" 
 
 urn mill iiu<iilH fur 
 
 111 hern. 
 
 Hiiif |ii'rw>ii»<^l"'""'' 
 
 iiim'i-i.ni.lHHlyl<)l><'r- 
 
 vi-'llK»llii»' 
 
 ,r |iil\ iliui- < liiliiH'M 
 
 miiilliri iiiiinV liiml"i 
 
 null lii»." ""■ I"* "' 
 
 iiiTiil iiiKtuiMH iir till- 
 
 ,1 ihi' ciMiiiniiii liiw <•' 
 
 , iiiiinlry. 
 
 ntlMii "I ..IK- 1'""'"''- 
 
 IniiMTlmi'l"."""'''""- 
 K'll tuuilli' r fur "lie 
 
 In) «ITiilr«, iiii i>H'<'''- 
 ■1 III! lii«i>lviiit ili'WIur 
 I till' liilirr miTiilHii 
 iHjiiiun l"i iIh- w hutr. 
 .li.r. ii'il I'l'lMK iilil'' I" 
 Willi liln .ridllui-!* til 
 
 1,1 Ml illtliri'mr" I*. 
 il inuniiHr cir w illliiK- 
 IU|»iIi'l< 
 
 itlit'iU'rixloii 
 
 j(i.xli4iiriM\i'llvi'n'<l In 
 1.' KoiiilliiK iir ilrllvur- 
 
 iiT i»« i^m. 
 
 . 1,1 iIi'IIvii-mkimkIh. 
 
 |4" kiiumi II" iiiiiwill- 
 iiy tliri'.' I'lT cTiit iwr 
 ll»li «u\ ri nmt'lil, »liir- 
 
 hi|/ III'' in"iH y " liHli 
 i|rl,l, luiil ll-ill iiniler 
 ,„,, u..-,.. ,.,nillliuim 
 imiUiliikiiiKl.i |«iy nil 
 
 ■ Cl'tll , <M1 lUTUIIIlt Uf 
 
 HI fn'iii tlir iiiiiiilur ul 
 ,iiiw>Milaliil uiiiiiilll"-t 
 iinnji- ul I 111' viilin' "I 
 .'rii> k, mill 111"' whulo 
 
 il.kt-l'l lllOIUMll-l'DllIlt 
 
 m.-.r ul Jii.ll>r. luwii 
 
 |ll.lt«>l I'y l"« lu !>'■ 
 
 imriM'inrnl l„l»i'fii 
 
 III u IllWlllI 4ull-li|«Tll 
 
 |m:i1.i| iiiih .li'llviriMl, 
 I- iiwl t<'m'iiiciiH In 
 II i<< iiiitithi'i-. 
 |,irli<iilnr iliiiy II It 
 :..■ iiiilliiK-iy il^iilliuf 
 l..i,.i liy Jiirv, u-iiiilly 
 
 |.l,i,,;ll liiw "lilt, wlilcli 
 I , tli.'iuiffy «liuli>«>* 
 
 I I'leiT III iMju'r I'lit 
 i(irtllW'iil''uniit''n'Hl. 
 
 Law. 
 
 J;lllll iiiiltllllal liy <>i>'' 
 |-l.-ii.lfrl»-liiK Mil'l lu 
 
 ^ t;.l III- l-.-i i-ivr ni'illl. 
 
 :im-liiiiiii'ftti'uiiiilry, 
 I iiiinliiiw" uri' I'lroctoil 
 ,1 ii:iitii. 
 
 . . , limuiil ii|">n cuiii. 
 ^niKirliil iiil«'- ur 
 
 -, ticiunilly, llll^ liiirt 
 
 I II •liVI"' III lii><i>«liil''. 
 ll.-.l illVllIll- liiHik uiit- 
 
 Ik In Uiuk ki'iiiiiiKi li> 
 ly iiiM-miiit lit 111! Il'" 
 llli lln' prU'i"* mill tlio 
 
 ••■ l.nlBir. 
 Ill, ihir.' ilayx ulliiwwl 
 r.n iH-yollil lll« liliie 
 
 h 
 
 oml!lc»l^, ■nthnr. 
 
 II t-llUIMIM of giNHN til 
 
 «-lau'k to irlilrh In- U 
 
 V 
 Ulnfflte 
 rnreW* 
 
 ••ntil 
 
 DvMt. JfanHT *»*»•"••"**»""**'* ♦"■''"■ 
 „r^\rr»twmbnr<i, Out wmt4UwBatlma J ententl 
 
 ,„i tlmUiA.Ba«rf|aw*«f ttwk^cnr. 
 n»hutr. r>iu>«lb>««w»ii*<-Ul tuanutb<>r. "('n-<l' 
 
 It.ir " fhi* pt*r«'>t,5.« »'li'"u u 'iM ludur. 
 Pp^iI, \ «tfvStaai OMUUiui. *-iiriHid, iiniln<1, iinil 
 
 iMi«»r«<t. fartkattBly aifdiiKl tu laitruinontii 
 
 ttm aMtoi. b aMttn* 1« wiliaid p t—p ilon, ami 
 
 i/^ uirf e*> r^glUL 
 nrfcatt"* Omt ok* fcJta to Anllrpr rundit ur 
 
 v.tloa W— — I* h» *»< r^a-rr "t- 
 l«vll*<>ry. 'Vu>mmwtm4tirvi trnv^o ur Kumlia fnini 
 
 nnf f" urtufhi'i? 
 ItemlMi. A b-riuavvtttnltatAirauiivcyitiii'cul nil 
 
 rttttf, 'irlMr tu •nr.«rfi«'lilt', ur ynan. 
 ivmnrra^. H f W Hn Mhr d«i<-iil Ion uf h ulilp l>y 
 
 ■ mi^rrlvuM.lBlMiMav*' vukiixlMiK, liryonil tlii' 
 
 tinw n Mhil !!■ Vto (tervr jau-ly, ur otlii-r 
 
 ibrrtMinaat vtUk tfe* *immv%. 
 
 Vmenawtwr^ A pMMM'^r Mtuf* lii u muII u|i«iii M>nin 
 
 DvptMH. *iMaiflriBMD«7 «1tk'li imi' pnta III till' 
 
 hiin'ti* »f ■Mttaraa «w«r>lT '"r tin- fuiniiiifnt 
 
 uf itn AipwOMMi. 4** IM M )iun puynirnt tii 
 
 A<lTiuu:>-. akoMMMyMkM a Imnk. 
 fivpnnviM. oiut wlu* ghnm iaitimuitiuti <m uiiili 
 
 hfforH * llMUhlf »llii» 
 l»pn»llf ■ Tte IMlMMaBir «' • vltitni« uikm 
 
 >i|i,n nolli. 
 Iterclkt. X Unm aMMti* Ut atu-li inxMln tu nii' 
 
 tlunwn •wayamMMiVMMbttd In- Mar uwni>r, w ii 
 
 .M{, v.iinnitartET'9Aiau<l<a«<4 nl w<it. 
 Itornivr. I.i«m<i. *» » Srt^mtmJ uf rt«mliT r««</rl. 
 
 Ill*- l^iftor IUtfAi*«t<1 MMuri \-4 ti.)i;it>ui. 
 Vrvhm, TTl« iMH w ii*s»<i" L 1«*-rluUir •■utivry^ liU 
 
 l,in*l-4 hy wvU, BHi*- ■' n-T^M*im»i^ iif iwraumil prrip. 
 
 iTtv Iwinif ••iwutm-nily lU-r-.i'-J u lM'i;'ici«t. 
 H»»l M«lw . .t,|kt9«iiiiuiir«<«nMiiHl inniiltii ri-mi. 
 
 l;ir i'ullT«w. 
 
 tM|>loma«*y. Til** ti-fl ■**! 'wmfluH .»:: r oflliiiil 
 i„r.»riM,nr'wi i»^ *»*«ii«m:i.* »tui«**-, .■. jiwr': 'lUtiily 
 .-f n«'tf»iriarinir iiffi»r»4i>i'*i. 
 
 m,i II—. tit tJIiyr vofw nutOi' rat «i liilI. ur any 
 iiiher .Vi-f tioff 71*11 ,i*i',-.>ni«- dti", i 'I c.>ti«Mfni11iiii 
 
 ■ ,r i,n»«^nt nrti^mnv ■■., 
 
 iMvtif«wi. Tim 4^11. '1*^ 'V^ v"'''fl1 Itin joint i^t'M-k. 
 
 f>>riim^ii*' .M»T tv'^«II<*i' nititrmnntt ppKlnriMl 
 in if'uf ttf tnv dinl (wwt*'^ 
 
 BnmlrUv. y 9tiM<i- r r'^iaiiii" n pl:i ■ •• « liore 
 ..n-- liii.'* pliw***! ill* !iHni«fl.l^ utrJ • .•n1.*'n«I IiIh lur- 
 I III'-*. ' 
 
 IlnaMi* Kairr- t*M«4li^it<(ii>.£:, l>'W>'-Hlli-<l(n>iii 
 i-.uli iti*™ ■■"'imt '■uiwwM'! i-»-i'»- >ti III*- li>iijr<-r. 
 In inif ■I**t^tr»'*t '->«*«■•• ♦••fl ♦■t u<-i-'iiiii1ff mi'l rn-l 
 lli-il r<> ilituCtU*r " -• "i'-*-rllir *-arli ti-Knivirlluli 
 
 ■ III Nith ■•111**-* '■ 
 
 I* i-nMllltolU**! 
 
 rnilit 4l*l** miurt: -<■ 
 i|*-hit ilil.*, uCKmtw 
 -iff r »Hl'f»'i* 
 Draft. \ lilll ..<- 
 tini*clt»*r f*>r :v <ii... 
 
 . b iiTiit»-tn uf rh«*<-k<i 
 
 - Ill** *iitri'-' uii ilip 
 
 ■ 'I*- *-iitn*-'i un thi* 
 
 urUl nut liUuni'i'. 
 
 I- TJ i*T t»*i»- iierwin ti|M»ii 
 
 11(7 » lilU of fxchanix**. 
 
 nnnmr. \ pmetnn owftMUim tm i>r<t<>r ur IMII !■< 
 
 It TAW n 
 
 v'\w-&-ntw¥ tt».ui-<l<-r .*r bill lur 
 
 !i*»r- 
 
 I»n»i»»r. 
 
 piVTn*»n* 
 I>r»«lM<-U 
 
 II,.- .■■<;* ■ 
 niwiir-l, 
 iHipllritt*-. V 
 
 iiii-iir ii\ my vp.."* 
 Imty. T!«it wlui'li 
 
 '' uunf sttrnd** tu UM-n-lmittji un 
 tiu»A» wliirli iwld liity 
 
 •• itjfiit ur cunlliii'- 
 
 ^lifci" t«T &QP, iry ir«y *if cm*. 
 liln<1 a 
 
 turn on ni**i*rltttntt]H«*- liiti ^nitvid. 
 
 Fjin»*«t. ^i^ntitllitinir Fr*"-*-!! In <«-*llT t 
 liun^iln, 
 
 Eawmrnt. v pe»iii«9i ur »<!>'iuiti>i;r, wltbciiit 
 mail-rial ipiln, wtU^lt tnn- "Vin*'! ha«" In tin- 
 iaiiil ur mtiUit tt mafMMV w»u*t dlKtiiiil Inini 
 till- nwni*nlkl|^ At DtH- AmbO . lu, « vmy, WMvr. 
 roiim*, #t*!. 
 
 Kin-rtn. Tlii> inoTnlil»"<urifrin<Ii of «nT manrhnnl. 
 
 Ii.i'li -man, ilr. 
 Knil>itrit<>. .\ iirohl'iltlun IwiiihI t,v •\nthaiUj am 
 
 all itliippliiK nut tu li-uvf* itny (Mirt. 
 Knih<*»lrinf-nl. Tint fmiiitiil>-nc itpftrnyMMMi* 
 
 by cli'ikH, Krrvanti.uruthi'ra.uf m<>B«y<)rc«o>t» 
 
 InlniHli'*! lu llii'lr lun-, ur ri-ri-iTcd by Uaai •« 
 
 linuiitit uf ttii'ir i'iiip'toy«ri. 
 K.niporliiMi. A I'oniiiiun niwrt of ib«T<lM(0» Iv 
 
 I null'. 
 Kni-roiirlimonl. .\n iinlu»riil irtlnlfii{ ttfno, Itw 
 
 itylit'* ami jMihsi-H.'iun-i of anoth*'r 
 Kiifritiii'iiUiinirnl. Tlw imtklnir it pnwnn » l n al 
 
 /.I'll, up fr#-f i-ltl/.i-n. 
 K.ntry. Tin- tnklni; puiKiMilon uf titmU siirt t*m» 
 
 mcntrt by uiiii wliu Iuih till*- uf **itr7, in^rmt' 
 
 ini-rcf, 111"' act uf sittlni; iluwn In numbam-Uf^ 
 
 i.ri- iiillt IhiuU-* tin* ili-tnih uf tmib-. 
 l-^iilty. A I'lirri-vliun uf tli« lumuion btw wlM*»ti> 
 
 It ImlrlU'li'iil. 
 Katatr. Tin- titin or IntrrMt whirh nnr. Vat> t» 
 
 liiiiilH, tfnt*iiii-nt.i, ur lit>rfilltuiii*-ntji. 
 FrMnnn-. Tlmt wliirh tt-niU to pn>T^ 'vr 'lii*. 
 
 pruvt- any tnatliT uf drt. tilt- tniin of V 
 
 Hii1,nilll*-il lo Jmlli-lal invr-tfi;itl' 'n. 
 l-:«ri4** iliitlrn. Inlali'l tJV.xi"* mi r,,nir, ■ ■ 
 
 l,'i'ili>nil iiilHiiiii|,t|iili. 
 Kipriiilon. A Jiiilliliil writ ifTunr-l ■)•• 
 
 inrnt uf ilii-cunrt wlii-nc*- It l-*»!i< ■ 
 KYrrtiiiir. lllii- ii]<iMiinttil by ii ' *••«* 
 
 Unit liln will \^ r.twiiti-il. ■' mit-ntr.t," h 
 
 w-iiiiian i-xiTiilur. 
 V.x otni'In. .V tiTin Hp|)ll«-i1 tu iin art rtuiw by k 
 
 |H-rMun by r«-u.'*'in uf liNuflli**-. 
 i',\ piirli-. I 111 iiiii- il-li-; :m pt iiart*^ 4fat*»mi«M*, 
 
 n imrtlul f>lati>in<-nt, ur tliat whu-h Ik mnibraaj 
 
 mil- siili' unly. 
 Kx|HiHit. IiimmU r-x|iurt'il ur «i*nt oat f>f omit** 
 
 i,w n 1 nil 111 rv lu a fun-lirn laiat. 
 Kx piiHt tiif-tu. l.llrnilly, fri.in M>mrthtnif 'Ik-ia** 
 
 ariiTwari', as an rx i,u-*t Tarto law, a luw wha'tv 
 
 uni'iiili-* ii|iiiii a -iilili'il ni.t li.iMi- '•. it at Ik« 
 
 tlllK- till- law wits iiiuilr. I 
 
 Kxlpnuluii. \o iilluwanri' uf fiirtiirr llnut ta ' 
 
 Ullll'll III )HI> II lll'i'l, '' 
 
 Falirli-. Tim Haiim 11.-4 iraimfiu tun-; Lar* r>f tkrt- 
 
 'llirii- I'l Illil-*-! 1-1. 111-. 
 Fu<- nimlli-. An i-Yiict linitatiun n< ■:kn orttftflol 
 
 In 'ill its ti-iillM mill iM-t-iiliarltl*--*. a ropy aitjrtitw- 
 
 mil' IL- i*us-ibli'. 
 r«rt»r. Baltic li-i ,\',xi>nlt « liU-h iM-r. [^ 
 
 ru<-iilt>. 111 liw. inlHiM-:i-ii:1,i;i ur i-rlrtli--,;i*. [' 
 l-'iirlottini. oiii- who run turn hU hitn-t t'» a«f - 
 
 lliiii:;, n iTiaii uf till wiirk. 
 Fallifer*-. y lark ul ini-niii*. in.-***tr^n**y . mlattav- 1. 
 
 111!,,' Ill biL-ilm'-i-i. 
 
 Kiih. y ib'i'llii(-ur ili'prtH-tnll«»n In priri* or waiiii*. 
 
 I'iiIhp pri-t«-iiri-H. .\ny -inlni*- -ttnlrtivrn^* mmi^ . 
 Willi tii<» Inli-iit III tibial 1 lnf>n**v, r:»ttrti», ,'**(' 
 vali.abliHi'i'iirlly. j, 
 
 Krf>. .\n i-Klali- uf Inhpritnnrf, or rh» '.it-n««» 
 wliit-h uiir liii..iln liinilur«im*»urh«'r immrivrj^Uf 
 thInffM calliil a fri- i*liiiplt' wht-n it w ani-umti, 
 tiunal. mill a f*-*- tail, whi-u limiti-il to i-i-r^Aia 
 hi'lr- a.ciinllni.' to Ilm will uf I' •■ fln" .lumw 
 
 Friuny. In ruiiiniun law.aiiv i-r -;,.■ \* hii'Uin*'ia-» , 
 till- furft-lliiri'uf laii'lK ur iri«il- ami to wtti*^ 
 i-nntl'il ur utlirr I'linlihmriit » *i i;. «* i '! a M>*t. 
 lU-ninlInK to tlii* >lfixn-i- ul umlu 
 
 F«*mi* i-ovoi-t«-. .V nittiTii'il w***iHan* - Fi-m*- 
 1 HoU-.** tiHtn',:lf* woinnn. 
 
 i Fm« luitiirti*. .V ti-nii .ippUiil - ' , ' : 
 
 iinimal 1. 
 
 Flat. \ lU-i'i ; an i'iri-*-llv<- n. 11.. ...... l 
 
 rii-tlnn of I.11W. Is a wntipiwitiun uf fciw tiait -t 
 tlilnir Is trill', wit hunt lni|nlrtiu wlwtlw-r ft h*» 
 Mior iiul, tlial It may luiv<- tin- »-iIr«t •■f t,Titfl.«» 
 ' fiirnnlm-onslsli'iil vrltlii'ipilly •- Th*w^ rt«*tlii"t* 
 of law." nays lllackstuni-, "ttwawli at Brut IB.--" 
 limy siiirlli- lliii Hliiilrnt, hi- wi;; ilnrt. n-w>n ^ir 
 tlirr I'linslili'i-allun. lu !«• hljtlilr t>«-rw*i- l^ *nit 
 iwl'lll . tsiw'i-.alh a-* llli-* 111 iTim m , v> : .:kirur'.iv 
 lily iihxi-rvi'il. 111. It no rtrllon slulll • «r,-nil r 
 work ail liijmy; its pni|»*-r u|»-nitiun .-i;*..; ' 
 jin-vi-lit a misi'liU'f.ur n-nM-<ty an ii\i--imv i-ni. m-i- 
 tluil iiilKht ii-sult from tin- um.>nU rrUi»vlt law." , 
 
 Tr»»uinrt- or r»-Ti-niie of tli« country. 
 TttameU'T," un'tini:fr wliiiniauu|{<-Htliennani:'v« 
 f tbr«Hmntn-. 
 
 » j"-nally or innc-nds iniula In inoni-y fur 
 ajn ifCrsHf.. 
 Wtnm. Tb« iii-n».n« who compow) a company for 
 
 f^ Is&tmiM-ti'in of buKlti'-rts. 
 Wtr^tMm. A iiii>-«iiurt Knintr<l In Tiirkryanil Inillu 
 
 I'lrlbfli'jiny uf trailc. 
 n—mt. PrrlaiQiuK to tin- piililli! trraiiiiry ur 
 
 p*-i.*ii\*r'_ 
 ft^m'tmm. I. lb-' prticrss "ly whli'li n inurtipitrr 
 l*4r(al*«d.ur fi,rt-rUmr<l, ul Ills rlRlit of ntdaet i. 
 
 Wmilipt Al«s<-hnirnl. .\ii attuclinirnt of for. 
 
 tnftxen' fu-ids 
 ruftllMi I . TliF luM of nooilii, laii'lii, or rinploy. 
 
 ttxailii, <-U' , l"r ii>?cli-ctln|{ to ilu oiie'ii duty, or 
 
 i'V mjott cniu« c umuiltteil. 
 faUa. \ nliM-t fuldtid otiri-, or two |i<iki-s to a 
 
 5".*r**. 
 
 WmTiffMy. Tb^ fruudiilcnt makliHTor iiltrrintf any 
 
 jiMJv ir<I /liwid.or wrltiiitf, rU'., lu tin' proJiitlU-n of 
 
 • .■ rwii.'«rlirlit>.|i!irtlriilarly thcriiiiiitrr- 
 
 .. *,ii*uutiir<- uf aiiullM'r with liitont to 
 
 Tlwt luii'l ur u-ni-mrnl w bub a nam 
 
 > ]B 1««- •nmpli', f<-<' tall, or fur tci 111 of llfr. 
 
 Wf*^ Ti'aiii . Fn-<-and iiun-i-trlrtrdtnnti-tii*! wiien 
 
 s.'.i* ji«iwjiU- f,f diffon-nl foutilrieii, w'ttliuiil gov. 
 
 «ir- nj*-iji 4u\i*ftk. 
 
 rv-HlvM- TlM Kitiu a^r*-r(l to l>o iKild for tin- bur. 
 
 4*ai -.I L uiiili or )i«d of a cur; alao the curco 
 
 i5»*'-4l. 
 
 Tmm*. Iltr capital or utiK-k of n piibllr company. 
 "tviAiC " FuWic Fnndu," or " ^1 •i'>«». »re tlir 
 .»lft.T.-^i1 cujiltals Intowlilrli t',; i ,1 i • •;. dobt 
 J* ii^nb*-!, aiid ujion wba-b liil**if-.si , . i,(iyabl«, 
 
 fiiatl^t Tbr iii*-1budut nii-asiirin;; tb^ niiinli^r 
 .1 iTiLiunt r'*ntj4.n*»*l in vphs<'1h Inli'ii'lisl lo hoM 
 ^j'.il* . rbi-'fl;" ca«k«, Imrri'ls, \atrt, I'tf. 
 
 timrmntttmrm. A aamiii); ur in-lli'i- ^Iviii lo a 
 png^-y utJHVi]my nioui-y.rtc.tuii di-fi'iiilant, but 
 14* st:qjtmr atid an^wi-r tu 11 jil.itiitltl'-crcilitor's 
 
 AM. \ nmrt-ymxirr wlitcli luswtb rllliir lands 
 -1- ir*>*l». a 1r.mi*:i'r of aiiylhint< williuiil n val- 
 iiMfA' <»• iti*ldfn*l I in. 
 
 CaaMK riir rultuliliit of whlcli onn In |io<ui<--»i-,t , 
 
 il,*,.- '|]L*ii^|**4*. 
 
 li»i»«r'iiiMH»l- The imwrrlnuiitnli' by wliU'li tho 
 mteuk W|;<>v<-nuxU II tliU|iu«<-Ms' in Ila- liandn 
 <i4 sin**- 11 i*! a iuu*iar(-ti>' ; If in tin- hiiiiiUof tln- 
 ni«^«i.-ty.,a." ari-l'-rni«-y ; and if In llii' bainlsuf 
 ttie t^nvfAi , ur thuM- rli<i-«<-ii by liiriii, n doiiiia-. 
 rwT Tl*»'<'^*irutlv*- -.rMvr'rnnn'nl Is tin- (luwi-r 
 ^^ u'^*.EUiii*'1*'r;ai! pul lie atTiiirs. 
 
 Ora^i tmrf. Tw.tury whli b tlnds blltsuf Indlit- 
 ' 4i*-ai «4PLln((t offi-ndi-n*. whunri- ufli-rwair*! trU-d 
 litctfa*-* 11 ]**ntt .1ui-> , in (-as*- llii- lunni-r Mid a IrtK- 
 flrta" ii--ia:i»it Ibc jiarty acciisisl. Tin- ;:r.iii I Jury 
 6*41. r-t.}**-****! (»f twfnty.foiir p(-rsuiis. 
 mmm^. \e^n in «nIIii;;i'rMi(-li tliliiusancaiinut 
 >«.n!i*-!i>Mi1lT l«' t>iuaHsl. iiri'onvi-yi'il ly wonl uf 
 
 mrtigLit. Till- w.-ltjlil of u-o-hIs loifi'lmr 
 
 <» ,«. 1 iH- f-a«k '»r v(iMM-l. 
 
 €jmMr%9^. \ iironuiM- or iindiirtHklni; lo Im- 
 
 n>H9«-nwdldr tur tbe di-bu or dntii-x ot a Ihlrl 
 
 man;.. 3!i lb«- t-vmt of hU falling; !o liillll lius 
 
 Oii*-abti luoii'hanri- uf a jM-rsuii cuin- 
 ■n --i"^ to l.iTn; as il'i' puaril.an uf an l-ifant. 
 w:)iv I****-* lo fal« (-lucutiiin anil maliai^cs 11 19 
 u-Sii.li> 
 
 fiTfu. A writ for ib-llvi-riiitf a iicroin 
 :i^;i>-uiiaiui-u1,undliy whU'h, in Ihi-rniti-U 
 u loiin In prlaoTi may i-Iaim an Imniisliat*- 
 iFiuv, 'ir I'Sanuoat 1011. 
 •aaCoTfaliW. It, ma . 1>, In Ri-nrral. provod by a 
 ina.-uai* aliu ba» w<"n th<> ix-r*m writ*-; tho ^^ 
 ■ .- '>.■ - -< 11 jK-rwHi wbocaniiu*. wrili' I- pnivi-d by /T 
 J. -i*rr*-.ti w li» lia- K-fn blni miiki- bis mark and Ii II 
 it-tua;U-«<a will) it. '^ 
 
 ■■■Iiii a {tnr«on puing; from ]ila('(< to placn 
 mtLiHit puudii aXMJ merciuindlM3. 
 
 II ill 
 
 Ii 
 
 i 
 
M 
 
 Hi 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 DICTIONAIIV OK MKl»ANTir.K ANH I.KU.U. IKU^IH. 
 
 '^ 
 
 llelr. Ono who hiutimmU by <li>H4-(<iit to UniU iiiul 
 
 tl>IU'IIM-nli4. 
 
 Ili*r^illtuini*nl«. An* iminovtilili^M, wtik'li tiii*' 
 
 iimv Ikiv< tit hltii unit hi'* lirli>*. 
 
 llt||liWM,v. A I'M hi II' or tire lui'tNit]^!' ftir thi> i^foiilt-. 
 
 ll«Miili-ltli<. riit> klllliiij 1)1 liny htiiiiiiri Im'Iiik; 
 hoiuii'Hli' 1)« ol tlUTM klii'l-*, JtiNtlrititih*, rxruMi 
 blc, uml |i>|i>iiiiMt.<«. till' tli>t htii« no stitln tif 
 MUlll. (lie Nt't'Minl viM-y little, lint tlH* tlitnl U llii' 
 lil^lie^l ntiiM'tlial onu !•« 4-ii|Mitilr of i-ointiittllntr 
 ii:f:ituMt II fi'lliitt irriituti'. 
 
 llot«*l. A liirui' inn (oi t hont-rpt iiMiof Hlnuk|{t'r>*. 
 
 IIOUKI*. A I'llnjliiSM twt.lI'll^htlH'llt. 
 
 llyiHiiluTiiif. To )il<M|^'t> |iro|H>rty in* -MU'iirtiy 
 Ih|<l4*iii. In lht< mtiih' pliirr , i-oiitnii'tf<l llilil. 
 ImltulliHi. Ti» iiiitki* i\ ('0|iy or coiiiitc«rfi*il of 
 
 Kuiiii'iiilnK' 
 liniMiii'l. roinakfii lint of naiii)*-* of Jun>r<t. 
 
 llil|i<-itrhiiH<llt. A t-lllllll;; t«i lU-CMint i»f » pllliUr 
 
 otlli t'l )>ir ii)i>*tli-iiifaiioi' or tnahi'liithii'tnit lull. 
 lin|tlciiH>til«. liiMti iiini-iitH, tiMi|'>, \ fH^i'lH, I'ti'. 
 liii|»lli-Htlon. MiiiM-llilii^ Inlrrrril, witltotii bcliiK 
 
 I'ljui-H^c*! »lli<-«-tly 111 wonU. 
 lin|iorl. '!'(» lirltif( ^ooflM troiii u (ori'ixii ntatf ^*^ 
 
 r.iuntry. 
 ItniMMl. A tux or iliily 1iii|>'>h«h1 uii ^ikmN Itu. 
 
 |Mii'iii| Intiit ultnunl. 
 Iiiruiiic. Till' uniiii'« III lilMir or liiv«-?ttHif*Ti|!4. 
 Iinlrinnlly. Tlir iiiiikliiK KimmI, or <'oiit|M'ti!!iitttii»< 
 
 toi ;iiiy jn-H. 
 Iitilfiiliir**. A writ III;; roi)tMinln»r ii rontnu't, 
 
 i>rl^iiiall> -Hii i'alli'il litnii IIm' Imi ctiiiit! Im-Hi); 
 
 lndfi)l<'<l tonhou tlii'ir <-oniii'i-tliiK corir ^inhkI. 
 
 I III 1- « 1th nu'ii ittlirr. 
 Iiitlh liitfiil. A \i rlllciuu-c'iMUdtiiiiit otM' Ml niurr 
 
 t>«'i'»>ri>*, i>i II trill)' <)i iiii'^iliMiit'iiihir. pri'ft rittl 
 
 to, ;il|t| pri'M-tltcil U|M>ll Ollttt liy, II K>^ii>*U'i''.'- 
 
 liHl«irM**. To urltt' on tli«! Uu'k of ti Mil i>r 
 i\i liiuiM4> i)r clH'rk. 
 
 Infuiit. A )M'r»oii uimIim' lu'i'nty-uiic yciini of iij{)*. 
 
 Iiif)>rinulkiii. All iii-(-u>at Inn, ur i-oiiii'latnt. 
 ii„'ani-t II •l>-li-iitliinl lor m>iiii* crltnln.il otT* n-^c 
 " ItilotiiD'i," i>nt' wtiti ^Ivi-H hiloriiDt Ion, imr- 
 t Uiiliuly priv:ilr Inttiriniitltin, l<i u luiu't-tniti'. 
 
 Inlicrltiinri*. A |MM|H-tiiiit or rontlnnliic rl^lil t)i 
 an <'>»iittt- Invi'-Mtcil in ii jHTHon an*! hit Iu'Ifh. 
 
 IiiJiMM-tliiii. A writ wlilrh I^hik''* tiilib-r tlu' Mill 
 of u iMinrt of )'i|iilly, in nnlfr to rf^tniln pni. 
 ('4M-<tinK4 In otlii-r roni ts, elf. 
 
 Injury. I>riioti-4>«<tnirtliiiiu<loitt'«'oiitniry to law 
 to the Inn t o.* anotUi-r ]>4'i>itn or IiIm |>rii|M-i ty. 
 
 IniiiifHt. An iniiniry Into any (.aii.-x-, tlvll itr 
 triininal, I»y Juror-* inipani'liil fortluit piiiiKi-*)'. 
 
 Ini|iilry, Writ of. I^a Jinllriul ptiHTHHUiliIri"****'*! 
 to thi'Mlit'rltf of iJKMoiinly in whiili i1ii>vimmu' 
 Ulultl.to p<uininon ii Jury. In nnlfr to tnipiin' 
 what (latnai^)"* a plaliitur ha.H Hu.sialni'il in an 
 lU'tion n|Hin tim cum* wIdtii Juil^nifiil ;^off hy 
 delaiiU. 
 
 IntM>lvt*ni'y. Tht^ "(tal)' of a |M'i-H4ni who Im^ not 
 HiitlU'li'iil pro|N'rty for tht; full iMiyiiitnt of hin 
 debt.-.. 
 
 Irmtruiiirnt* A (h-rtl or wrilliiK •Irawn up 
 l>etw<>t'ii two |Nirtl)"4, antl I'ontuinini; nt^vcrul 
 oovonant-* ii:;r)*('*l U-tW)-)'!! th)'in. 
 
 Innurttiiri'. or AHniiruiii'**. Nacinitnu't iH'lwt-in 
 two imrtii'x, 111 MJiithont'of tla>ni, lhi> liiNiin-r, 
 unile>rtukr<t. In roiiMidrnitlon of ii i-rrtutn sum 
 rccPivod or pr )ii)1m'<I, niUi-d tin? pn'nitiiin, to 
 indeninily, or iWHiin-, tlicotlKTiifjiiluitt a crrtahi 
 amount of loss troni thr (U'CurriMico of a.N|M'rl. 
 lied foidinKi'my. u-+ Ihi* bunihix of (rrtaiu 
 priMiiisf!*, till- losH of a c-iTtalii hliip, or thu tltiith 
 of a ci'rtain im-ixou. 
 
 InlrrpHt. Mom-y |uild for the uhv or hmn of 
 nion<.-y , t Iti- nunt huit is ralh'd tln' prlnt'i|iiU, the 
 Kuin ]ulil by llirUtiTowrr tlw Interest, tin- Inti-r. 
 cr,t (Niid u|H>>, that )h railed rom|iouiiU Inti^nrnt, 
 or intcrt'.-it u|k)|i iiiti!r<'st. 
 
 lnt«Tplf>«d<*r. A priK-ccMUut; In a Huil where u 
 [MTstHi owiv* a ilebt or rent lo oiiu of the purtien, 
 but, nil Ihr deteriuliiution of It, hu du<.>H not 
 kni>w to whiL'h. 
 
 IntprrogHlurlAH. gueslionti In writing dPiimndml 
 <.f witueij*es In a cuiwc, jittiticuliirly la thccouil 
 of vlmnoory. 
 
 Inl«*«t«r)r. DeiiotiM thu dylurf without havUm 
 
 made a wtU. 
 liitriMlnn. A vh»lenl or untiiwful Mculitu U|k>ii 
 
 I.U.d-* .«! !)'ll)MU)'lltK. 
 
 I*«il)*. rhUdi'i'il be^ot leu bet woui a man iiiel blr« 
 wile , pni(li<* ari^'huc rn>ni liiiuU, leneinenl'*, 
 lllD'o, ete. . (he (Mdiit ol niat1)'r at tiMU)* U't ween 
 rottleii lln>( |«ti tien |n ii nuII. 
 
 Invfwf ni««nt* Tlie iI'M' of tnoiie> In the punhiimi 
 oi i>nt|'«-rty, fieneniMy of ii dniiibU' kind. 
 
 Itirolrf. \ lUt or a) roiuil of w«hhU or im-rehan- 
 d I'M' Hell t by men ha n 1 4 lo llu-ir i*orre«|>ondi'iit>«, 
 KivtTiif the tjuMUllly, value, ete., oi lla* xevenil 
 arluhf* 
 
 Invdlrr IIim>|i. (n bo(ikki*4'pl'^V< *'>illed. xotiie. 
 Iliaeo, the rn-dit day l.<0(>k. ronialuM an lUM-ount 
 4d nil ^ihmU Niu^ht on t ii*dlt, u llh the name of 
 the •elb t and the uiiiount. See Led;!)'!'. 
 
 *lr|)Miai. \ny tiling tl)ro%« n oiil ol a Mhip belni; In 
 d.ini,'< r I't 11 \i f 11 k ithd rant on Nhor)*. 
 
 .lolnt Ktnrl.. A Hintk or 'uiid. forniid by tht* 
 unltin of ••(-vend ••han - from ditt)'ii*iil |«'rH)iii**. 
 "Joint Moi'k t'))n)|viiiieM " an ti kind of |Mirtner- 
 ithtp eiit)re«l Into by ;i number ol Indlvtd'iiiN 
 hir Ibi' 1 ur|N»«e of earryln^ *>n "'Him' tnul(< or 
 lai-iu)it^ with a view lo Individual pioitt. 
 
 Jdint Teiiunry. <4ii;uill)'-4 the Jottit ou ii'-i-ditp of 
 
 two . .iior<' iMTMoiM in land or other proiNi ly. 
 •vt*liMiir«*. A ni-itleiiwnt ol landi and t)'iienienlH 
 nitnle i*\)T by the linHlHiiid t«i llu' vi ih-, to be 
 en('«\ *i\ afl»T hW dei'eaHf. 
 Jmiriml. In UHik. keeping;, i ■\ luti'niiedl'ttirlHiok 
 to l.lt illlale the iMiHltii^uf I he IihIjut. 
 
 •fudRr. None lnv)-*>l)Hl u It Inmlbm ily to try any 
 4-au-e nr ■pie'vttou III a < oil It ol Jndieal ore, and 
 t > pronouiK-e .H4*nti-iii-i- or Jiid)Xiiu'nl itu'imtn. 
 
 JuillCiiient. N th)* <«ei(lenee p|-oiioiini-<'d by rl 
 eonrt of law ii)Mtn tlu! matter roiitalued lii Ihi* 
 n-onl. 
 "ii4||4-1mI. An 4'pith4 1 tor w hat )H'rta|nnto a loiirt, 
 :!•« judit'itil drrLHlon-), 4'te, 
 
 liirl««ll4ilon. ro\t 4TorauIhorlly lnv4'Hl)*4l Inany 
 lndivkdnuloreourt,oidoln^ JUHiU'vln lhe<iiu>44*!4 
 bPMuht <'eb>r4- llu'iii. 
 lurU|iru4leiiris Mii'in-)' 4if rl^ht.tir of tN>MUive 
 law , ^eiH-nil Jiirir<;irudene4* U lht*Hrieiit'i) or phi- 
 lo-Mtphy of iHollive law, and InviM l^iiti-s the 
 prlut-lpleit uhUdi are e4)Uiin4iM lo all pntitlve 
 •) «tem<>. a|Mii fMHii the hn-al, imrtlal, andaeel- 
 d4-nlal< tit uniHtaut-eti and |H>eiiltarit le^tb) u lib h 
 till-)- r<\ -leiim ri "l»*4tlvely Hr4> dl-^I in«ni.>hrd 
 fnuu one amdhei. rartieulav Jui i-prudem c 
 tittit)* 4tf the hiMH d iKirtleiilar Mtat4'7t; whh-li 
 la\i * an*, or at U-.i-^t prtiie-'S lo be, Hie rules and 
 principles of unlV4-n«;il Jiirisprudenee itself spe- 
 4'itleally tleveloiH-d and applied. 
 
 Jury. A numt>«-r ot nun duty authorl/.etl to 
 IntlUlrt; Into or diM4'nulue eertain laet--, and 
 boiiiMl by t)uia to :t Milblul diMhaiKi o| theh 
 d<it\. .luri)-^ aie ol ililb n nt kiinl-. n^ lln* 
 f;rand Jury ^whX'h se4-,, |K'lit Juiy, ctttitistiit^ 
 oi twcdve men, choweu to try all causes, 4'ivil 
 and crimiiiiil— in the latter mi)s)>H they give u 
 V4*nlhl ofrfiuliy, or not guilty. In eivil eau".*"* 
 they hriittf in a V4'rdiet either b>r tla^ plalnllll 
 or tie* tb-leudaut , and in n-iil uelloiis, ellla'r for 
 the d'tnuudant or leiiaiit. A jmy U talleil 
 ••Iteci.il, wh)-ii It Is retiirmtl for a imrth ular 
 eause, and i-oiniuon w hen it Is relurmil by tin- 
 r^lDTIIf In the HaiiD- iKinel, loiry uvery eutise at 
 the s;imi- loui t. S4v t'tuoner. 
 
 ■IumIIc** *tf tli#» I'eurf*. An tdlleer eh"4'lts| to keep 
 till- ) 4 %)«'•• within a 4-<Tlalii di^trlet. 
 
 ifiiftlill«-ulh>n. henot)'4 a Jiidlidal a4-t, lluf lU'Chir- 
 iu.i or 1 i-onouneiuK u jn'rv n Just or rlghletms 
 aeo>pliii^' to law, It U uiu^d either in a legal 4fr 
 1he<4o^ie.-\l Mil-***. 
 
 Kl4liiai|i|ilns. The fon-ibte taking <iway a man, 
 woman, or ehild. In onler to <-arry thi-iu abnNul, 
 — 4in oifenm* at eomnioii law , and punishable by 
 lln4>, imprlsmiment. iti . 
 
 Kln4lr4M|. Pei-Minsof the Hiiine blood or dt'se4-nt. 
 
 IaIm* I. A print isl slip tor indb aliiiK lhe(-4)ntcnts 
 of anytt-ing to whieh It i^ aill\id. aNn, a slip 
 i.iHi4*n)'d to deeds or writing-*, or any iMijM'r 
 j4dneU by wuy of luldltUui to a will. 
 
 Ijniilliml and TrnHiit* tlno of thf* roiMtn«in 
 relatlou-hlpi of wmIuI Itle, 4iut 4if « hli h ari»v 
 many i uht-«, diilh-s, liabdltii <■, iibd n nu-db-**. 
 
 laiiitltiiark. An 4ilije4 1 lo asfertiiln the I *Miiiit. 
 arlts til iin e^i tie or property, 
 
 l4i|iNi*. \ ''Up or oml-nlon «d* il iniiIiui to prt'nc'lil 
 a4-h'rgynian to ii lN>nellei< in his kIH within nU 
 liumlhs afh'r Its vinaney. In v hh h i-uMt Iho 
 iH'uellef) lapM's lo the bishop* A ti|M4*l leguey, 
 is H hen- the Iegale4> ill)>4 U'ltUe the t4<«lator, ))r 
 ulD'iea b'gaiy Is given iijniii a lulun* riiiiP !• 
 gi-ney, and Ilie b-uatei; d|4!:i Udtiiv the C4tnllll* 
 gene) happ4>iis. 
 
 tMrrvny* Aiudher tiTin for lludt, whleh U 
 dlvlil4d Into luo kiittls- Mtmple Iait4-ny, )»r 
 plain thelt nheii It Is uiuu omiHinie 1 h ith *iny 
 agt^ravatlng elrenmsiano ?< , and mUiil, or dmm. 
 (••aintl hill en> , u luui itt'4-om{<aiiied by i-lnutn- 
 >-lane)'s vihb h are e4inRhl4>ri-d il-« aggravating the 
 olleuse 
 
 l4«w. In ii-t bi'iiad MlgnllliMlion. deiiotei a rub' of 
 ai'lloit, and Is applle 1 In llm rimiUiitely |o all 
 kindri ol aeiion, n lu'lher iiniuiale 4>r inaniiu.ile, 
 rational or liiallonal. Thus U4i M|Ht(k 4>| thu 
 laus id luolhni oi- ti| gnivUalhtn. as n4-lt as tliat 
 <d nalureandof nalitniN In a tnoie i)MrU't4-4l 
 Ken-*)-, il is applied, iiid l«> lubs td'M4 lio,t in gen. 
 erat, but ol human lu-tlou or eoudiu I. 1 aw»uro 
 4d vuiious kinds, as tlu' law id iu«iio:ix, i tvil 
 law, innnlt'i|Hil law, ete. *<4'4' 1 U'tuui o| Law, 
 and .Mniilelpal Law. 
 
 l^iw of llnglainl. Is divldetl Into urllteii ot 
 rdnlul4' law, and iinu rillen lu- 4-omni))ii lau, 
 
 l4iw or l':\4eptl4iM. In )Miltlb-al alfatn*. I* applletl 
 to I bieo' e\liaoi d IIMIA im .i^umm t hat aie MOine. 
 Illiieo lit ci's<<j4t > to beadopletluhen llHsiluatttui 
 ol a stale N mi 4-ritii al I hat the4>rttniar> |NiW)-r)i 
 and lausiiieno |oii'.!<*r 4-on-idi-r)-d oiilhea-id. 
 
 I.aw 4i( Nallono, nr Inl4'riutlhtnal tM%v, Is 
 di'llui d "as (oii'.i-iing ol tl.o-<e i uh-?* 4if eon. 
 duet w b.eh rea-oii dedi.i , s as 4 on-*toiant to 
 Ju><l{e)' lioiii tia- nalureof •.<H-irl> e\l>*t ingaintuig 
 Indi {Kudt-ul nalliMis, with Ht:i h miHlillealhms 
 and deviations an may la* iiitu tllshed by giMi. 
 (•ral eoiisenl." 
 
 L4'us«>. A i'4inv4'yani-4' of land*, generally In eon. 
 HidenUioUfd lenl or othei annual r4s-om|M-n->e, 
 lor t4>rm of yiMis, lor lite, oral will, provnbsl It 
 be for a ^htu'ter term than the le^-Mir ha<4 in tho 
 preinls4'<<. 
 
 IaMlg4*r. Tlu' primdiml IsHik of ai-i-oiuit<t In ii 
 business. It eoutainsaii al>Ntnu I i»i Ihe 4*ntru'« 
 >««'altuii'd Ihniu^h the various ^ub-« id lai y UNiks, 
 all arranged nielliiHlbally nieb-r (he namt-s of 
 Ibi'dilten lit pel -Otis ^.taitdlng In tla- r) talUtn of 
 ib'btors or i-nsllioi'. to Ihe nieri haul. Tuom-Ii* 
 ol L'4duiuiis toe as-i;:niil to ea4 h urconni, ono 
 for In., the oilier for I r. >«'e Aeetuinl-*, |»<iu l« 
 Knlr>, Hay Ihiok, lnMii4'e IbMik. lilil IhHik, lub 
 ance and Ualam-)' Sla-i-l. 
 
 I^egury. A beipient or gilt b}- t4*s|flm* nl of nny 
 pei>onal eth't-l^. tin* piTMin I < iiui-uthing Is 
 eiilh'd the t4"itator, and la- to u luun It U 
 be<|U4 at bed the legate4'. 
 
 Lfglshilhtii. Is the making td law. 
 
 I.i'gltiinuey. A ehiUI Imuu in law tut W4'dh eh. 
 
 Letter. Any \\rlllng sent Iroin om- ismhwh I)> 
 aitolhi-r. "Letter of iitlv|e4-," a writing by n 
 mere hunt to Ids rorri s|suul4 ul, adviHln;: it ^iv. 
 ing hliii mdli )- ot w hat bilN iie has drawn n|Mm 
 htm. '* Letter ol an«>ruey," a iiriting wla-reby 
 a pi-rrtoii eonstitut4-s another ludoa lawlul tu-t 
 111 hi- »t4'ad,as to n-eelvt- debts, et4. ' Letter of 
 ensllt," a writing by tuu* merchant l<t aiudluT. 
 desiring hiin to credit lla- lK-ar4-i mlh a « * rlnin 
 muui of money. 
 
 Idubllllti's. Th)' debts uhu'li a |H-rM>n or 4Mmi. 
 paiiy ow4's, as distinguished lrt)m r4'»«oun'iM. 
 
 MbeL IsumaliciouH d4'fainatit>u ot any iieiiton, 
 iimde public hy>itli4-r printing, m litiii;;. nigns, 
 m- plct un-s, la tuiler t4) provok<- him to u nth i>r 
 t-\)sm4* him to public luitrt'd, conleiiipt, and 
 ridh-ub-. Svv Slantlcr. 
 
 Llr4'iise, A (Hiwer or authority fTlven t4M>n<'to 
 do a law fill act, us to eain* uii certain tnideii or 
 ItrofeHMluiui, tt) iiwrry, etc. 
 
 ^ 
 
OiH* of lilt' rummnn f i 
 (i>, tdit (if Mlinh iiri^ "I 
 
 lltti-. 1II><1 t< IIM'tll*'^. 
 t UM-i>rllilll llir I niill't- 
 
 irrly. 
 
 . tt( a imtnui hi |*i«>m*ii1 
 ! In WW Milt uilldii '*!« 
 '>', ill M hit h iiiM* lilt) 
 tliop. \ 1 i|»t'l lt)|ary, 
 l.ilnlr Hit- ti-«l.il'>r. i»r 
 U|Miii :i liiltiii' t tin; • \. 
 Ili'r^ U'ltili- tilt i'ulltKl* 
 
 fur llu'lt. \tl>Uli It 
 H— h|iii|'1)' l<ut fti> , t*r 
 }(t •■iiiii|iitii)i' I H Ml) 'tny 
 vn . .iiiit iiilx**<l, '»r » titn. 
 I ttiii^tiiiiu*! ■>> (tiviiiii- 
 
 iilititi, (ltiinlr«ii ritif i>t 
 lU'llm rliiiiii.ttfty lo :i!l 
 Hiiluiutc or niaiiliii.Ut', 
 
 rilll** Ut' !ktM-Iik !•! llll) 
 
 k klalion. at »*>ll an (Ital 
 
 111 a iHMif It Ml Ulfl 
 
 I nih'Hot'm tioii III K<*i>- 
 
 I tir t'liiiiliKl. lu^t-tiirif 
 t law I'l imt io:i**, i-ivll 
 . S4M1 riclutit of l.au, 
 
 vitliMl litlit urlttfii (It 
 I'll or ctHMiiKiii tan. 
 lUital;iiratl>. tx ii|i|>llit| 
 
 II a-iiit-ft that aic mmim-. 
 |i(ftluhi'n Iht-ntluatlttii 
 at Hit' onlittiii'\ (Ntut In 
 ■ iti^iihif-l -lillitifiit. 
 ti*rtiutloiial lji%«. In 
 i| Ihtof I iih'^ t>( CMii. 
 III. H iiH (tiii-iMiaiil It* 
 
 -HIN-Hij ('\l-*l liaf .tHIIMI}{ 
 
 th MttW iuiHliMralioii-4 
 w ii«la >lUhr<l by k'»'"- 
 
 antU, KOi^'i'i^'ly '" <*'>li- 
 
 I annual n-«'oin|M-ii'<f, 
 
 rat \\\\\, |>n*vithtl it 
 
 I till- lt>»^ir liao ill the 
 
 Hik of luniuiit^i In a 
 
 aitxtnu t ill 111*- I'litrii'N 
 iirt ftihti'liuiy iMMik-*. 
 
 y tiiHlt'r ihf naiii("t of 
 lln^ In thi- r« laiion "t 
 nrnhiinl. T« »> hiIm 
 t t-arh tici'oniii, tdif 
 
 >t*t* Atrtxint.'*, |>(iti If 
 
 lhK>k. Itlll ll<x<k. It.il. 
 
 hy It-tntii- ut of any 
 
 r-oii 1 1 iiiu-uthiitt; tn 
 
 hi- to u hi>iii 11 W 
 
 r law. 
 a \n\\ tul wcilU.ck. 
 
 U-tlia I'llf {HTHSII to 
 
 U-i'," a writliirf l»y a 
 (lriit,atlvi>lii;j i.rK***' 
 IIh 1i«- lurt ilntwn ii|>oii 
 a uriliiiK whiTi'liy 
 ht V til 'hi a LiM lul art 
 Iri.t-.t-ti. ■' I.t-llirt'l 
 iincliaiit to aiiollitr, 
 iH-uit-i V ilh a 1 11 talii 
 
 lU'h a |rtr-M.ii or (nin. 
 
 i| Irota rt^ourtM"*. 
 lualii'ii o( any iM-rsun, 
 
 itlltU. Ul ttth;.', r<i;{n>t. 
 
 \i>kt' hiiii Im uriiht'r 
 iiri-<l, (-onlriii|it, and 
 
 I r ity (fiv»-ii to oiH' to 
 t>n fi-rlnln tnulrs or 
 
 k 
 
 uiirTKiNAiiY ity Mi:ur\xTii.K wd um vi. tkh.m*'. 
 
 IJon. A li-Kitl I'liiliii : tlm rlidil liy « hirli llii> |Mia- 
 
 ■■•lUHirnr |in>|>i'rly li>i|<U ItiiKulnit tlioownvr In 
 
 Nituniftiiiii uf M 'Iniianil. 
 t.lf*^ l-Nlulo. All «-4tali' Ittiit II {■**''**'N«ir ItiilN 
 
 il'irlti;; llfi'. 
 IJff U«*iil. V mil Dial II iiiiiii ris'i'tviM fiir II Irriii 
 
 iif llii', III liii till' iii^li'iil illiiii III U. 
 I.lltitn. A tvi'i'ok riiiinlnlliiK iif KiMKUnuiik In tlh' 
 
 >■ a, lint lli'il III II I'urk or liuoy In unli'r In In' 
 
 liiilii'l irrilli. 
 l.lttiiialliiii. A i'itIiiIii tliiii' |it-t"M-rllHMl liy i«tat. 
 
 llt>\ M lllllll H hli-ll till IK-ltlltl tllllMl Ini lllllUKht- 
 
 l.li|ii>ilMll»n. I'ayltiif up ilrlilx. 
 I,4uiii. \ri'iilriri liy mIiU'Ii till' iiMMir nnytlilnu 
 I- .11 V III uiiitiM* fiiiiiliUiiii III' lilt IhiUik r('liiriii*<l 
 
 III llli iiMIII'l. 
 
 .MMKl-lralr. A iiillilliTivlliiMU'iT vi-slii! wllh llir 
 inn iillvi- K"«'''>''><i>i'<ili "I" viiiii' liniiich 111 II. 
 ,siilHmlliiiifi'iita;^i^tiiili'4iin* iirnn'liiilly NlirrllTi*, 
 iMiniili'I-^, J'i'.llri*^ -il llli' |H'at*i', I'lillfllllilrrt, mil-. 
 vi*>iin iii lilijhwuyN, mill uuiinlliuii ami nvrr 
 Hi'iTi III' Urn iHHir. 
 
 MMlii|>rl»>. Till' tiikhiK . i'IvImk nT ii |M'rMiii 
 
 liitii llii'inlly rll'tiiilv, will. iiiIkIiI olIliTWUc Ih< 
 ciiliiiiillli il 111 |ii l^nii, iijioli .ii-iMirlly kI^i'Ii tllat 
 llr i-liall Ihi rul'tllColiiillM at ll Minn lliul |illl>r 
 U^-I;:I|||||. 
 
 .Malalriutiii-i'. Till' uKiimlnl ii|illiililliig uiiiitlirr 
 lii a I .111'*!'. 
 
 •Malli'i'i A rniiiii'il ili'sl);!! iif iliiInK niiii'liU'f In 
 aiiiilliiT. Ill iiiiinli'r, It It iiuillci' iiuiki'a llii' 
 filiiii'. Maliri* |in'iM'ii.*ii U I'ltliiT 4>i|in*!4<4 or 
 liii|ilU'il; I'liiri"-", wlnii till "IrtlKii U ••vlilriiii-it 
 liy rxlcriial I'livii'.'^laiii'ri*, nr t'vcii ir. iiihmi ii 
 hii'lilni jin>viH'iiti*>i.iiiio linitnaiiiilhi-i' liiacnirt 
 uii't iiiiii-'.ial iiiaiiiii'ri rtii that In- illrn, i-vcii 
 lliiiiii;li III' ill'l iiiil liili'ii'l liN ili'iilli; liii|iliMl, nil 
 M lii'ir II man wlltiilly )hiIii>ii'I ainitlivr, or a imin 
 kilNiiniilliiTHiiiMi'iily wllliiiiil any, nr Kllliiiiit 
 a i-iMi:^i(|i'nilili' iiniviH-atloii. In ;{iMirral, till 
 tuiinli-jiln It iiiiillt'luii'i, mill tliii.i iiiiinlri-i iiiili>?«i« 
 J1U.I11I11I liy rotiitiiiiiiil III- )M'riiiiNSitiii iif llli- l.iw, 
 iixi'ii'**''! nil iw'i-iiuiil iif 111 ritli-nt nr nrlf. |ii-i'.'*i'r\ a 
 linn, or iilli'vlali'it Inl'i niaii'ilaiiulilcr liy I'ttrn 
 iiiitinu I'lti'iiiiiiliuii-r-., till' liiirili-n of pnivliiif 
 uny 111 tlii'M' 111 till' Hat li^iart lull iif tlit> i-oiirt iiml 
 jury iM^liitf Ini-iiiiitii'iit uihiii tin' pi i.'UitiiT. 
 
 ManiluiiiiiK. A writ orlitliially liriiitiil liy tin' 
 kliiKi '^•i-i-iilli'il from lliii llril wnnl, nianiliiinni, 
 Ml' I'liiiiiiiainl, coininaii'lliii^ i-nriHinilliiiiH uiul 
 InfiTliir coiirtJi. or iilln-i- iH-rmuit, lo ilo Honir 
 iwrt tcular tlilnR, as tuuiliiill any uno tu uii ulUvt , 
 Hiiil till' llki'. 
 
 >Ii«nir«»l. Tliu ilmuiflil or till' rart{o Iif a slilp. 
 
 MBn«lni>|{htrr. The killln.t u nmii liy iiilwiilvrii. 
 turi' Willi'. til iiKilici' prriH'ii-ii'. :Wn MulU'i*. 
 
 Manual, NlKn. Tli« "iKnlntc orn doni or writlnid 
 illliti-i' luiinl Uiul M'lll. 
 
 iManufa«turi*> Any roiiiiiio'lity iiuiili' ?iy tlu' 
 liaii'l, IT tinytlilni; liinni'<l fnnn llin mw iiiali' 
 rIalH nr iiiitunil pniiliii-lloiit nf 11 I'niintry, ai 
 t-ti.llii frmii wnnl, unit I'nttnn nr Hllk f^umU rmiii 
 Iln-i-ntlnn iiii'l illk, rti'. 
 
 ManiiiiilMloii. TliKUi-t nl riirraiichUIng, ur net. 
 I tnj/ a -l.i\ I- III- iHiniliilaii frfi'. 
 
 Marlnr Ijiw. .\t a l>m u-li nf Inli-rnaKniial Itiw, 
 l-i that i-iilli-i-llnii of p'iiit-lpli'H Hiiil ii.niiKrH that 
 IM'ilaliiK In till' rliilitii, ilutiiii, unil nbll^^ntiunK nr 
 nations willi i-rK|i«-t In tlii'siii. 
 
 Mamliul. A |K'n»iii wlin n-t(iilateii tlivci'ri'iiiunlcii 
 nil i-iltari iK-L-a/iiniiH. 
 
 Martial I.,ii» . ,>liiiiirUMiiM i-alli il ilniinliiinl law , 
 Is iifti'ii i-niifoiiiul«i(l Willi tiilUtary law, litit tlii> 
 Irriiis urn I y no n.UMii.-* nyronymouH. Martial 
 law- I1 tliii Just liiitiirliltrary [Mjwi'r anil pIruKun' 
 u! till- kliiK, nr tliiKi' ill aiiilinrity, ami wlioani 
 tmuii'l tn tjiianl 1 gainst (tatixcrd In tiiini of 
 C'.xln-ini' |M'ril I'l 11. o stall'; tin* luloptlnM niiil 
 o.xi'riitlnii nf i-\ti-.ii.nlliiiiry iiiiiiniin's wlii'n ihp 
 Kt'iicral sali'ty t-anni.t Uilriislisl tn tliiiunliniu-)' 
 ailiiilnihlmtlnii. 
 
 MastiT. Olio wlioirt liiliu.iti'il w-itli till' ran' ami 
 iiavlgntlon of a shin. " Mato" Is an ivs-iistjint 
 ntnrrroii iMNinI 11 viiim-l. 
 
 Malrnn. .\ ninrriril wniiiau nf . xperliMU-o, who 
 Is In • rnaln casoa eiuiuueleU ujion Juriea. 
 
 Hailinn iinti Minima. TcniM I'lnployrtl nnl In 
 Kitiniry tin' ab«iliiii' xn-uli'st ainl Im.-t ,;>-• lli<< 
 aniils Imply ■ \aliii's nf a vuriaiili' i|iuiiillly, hut 
 till' t alms II has nil ihi> Inslniit wlirn II (■•iumsi 
 In ItiiTixisi' anil Is'^flfi* |iiilii-ii-.i..i , .-r viti' vi-rsiL 
 
 A varlahli' i|iuinllty may, tlH-rt'(nii', Imut in-v 
 i-nil iiui«lniiiaiiil nilnlnm. 
 
 May»r. I'ln' 1 lih f iiiIIcit In llii' Kiivr'nni<'iil of u 
 tow n i-nr)Ma-iiTlnn nr i-lly. In tMitnt* i- tin's In tlii' ' 
 rnili'il Slali-s whi'ri' llnrtr Is a illy i-nurl, tin' 
 inaynr pn -Mi'" a-. 1 lili f JihIkr. | 
 
 Mrillral .liirliipnHlrnrr. Tluit i|i'|>irtinriit nf 
 mli-liri' III wliU-ll niistlt'iil kllnwU'«lt(i' Is c*ulU-il 111 
 In IliK ulil nf U-Klslalinn, ami rnnslsli) in tlii' 
 appllcalUin of llm priinlpli's nf niisllral m-Ii'Ih-h 
 In till' ailiiiliilsinitlnn if Jiullt't' uinl the prfM'r. 
 
 vallnll nf III!' pllhlll' lll-.Ulll. 
 
 .Mrrrantlli' Ijtir, nr Ijiw .MrrilmnI, A sys'i-ni 
 nf laws wliii-h applli-s In mi'ri-antilc i-niitntcts, 
 ami Is UuHsl u|>in thn lustnin nf iiii'rrliantik. 
 Thi' prliirl|iul hiiIiJii-Ih i-nilinaisl wlihiti It arc 
 tin- l.in nf nhipinnK, liitliitllnx lluil nf niaritir 
 lii^iir.iiiri-, tlii'L.iw nf n<-i{ntial>li! hillsnfi'M-haiiKi' 
 ami p|-nnils.snr>' iiiiti'M, anil tin* law nf su1l*«. 
 
 McrrluititUiM'. UwmIi* ami wans nf euiiiiiiuii 
 tr.llllr. 
 
 .Mi'fi'liutil. In KiiKlailil, niio tluit i'\|M>r1s unit 
 itii|sirls nirrvlmmllM' In lhi> I'lillisl stall's, llm 
 ti-i til Is applltil In lai^r ilcali'is t{i-iii'nUl> . 
 
 MiTi-lianlnian. Avi-s.s.-l i-iiipluyisl In the Inns. 
 |sirl nf iirlli-li's nf t'nmtii' n'l'. 
 
 .Mllllar)- Law. Is thi' i- sh nf 1 . (.'iilaliniis, rnii 
 sIstliiK 1 hli-lly nf llli! arllt'h'X of war, which an- 
 iisisl Inr till' Knvi'nuiii'tit nf till' -iniiy ami luivy. 
 It iliM-M nnl niipi'iTisli' till' i^i'in-ral iiiiiiii(-i|ul 
 law, hut is rttlhi'r a limin U nl it. Tin' ."isi-iul 
 Iribiiit.ils I'liinliiyisl fur tin' a<ltiiliii>iratlnn nl 
 till- law art' l^riiti-'l rnurl.s martial. 
 
 .MInliiiiiiii. l.i-iist ituanttty — iipiNtoH'iI to iiuiti- 
 mum. S|.|< Maiinmuml Minima, 
 
 .Minor, .Vii lii'lr, luiili' ui li'iuuli', uudir tliv agv uf 
 Iwi lily .11111'. 
 
 Mint. Till' plan' wln-ri' i-nlll is niaili-. 
 
 MU'iilipnlurp. Ilomirlili' hy mlKKlvi-nturi' Is 
 wln-is' a tiiaii. ilnlim a lawful art, wllhnut any 
 iiitrntlnn nt liiul, iiiilnrluiiatily k.hs aimtlirr. 
 Its wht'i-i'ii mull Is at wnrU with a luiti-lu-t, ami 
 tlii'hiiiil tin ri'nf tiles ntr ami kills a hystumliT, 
 nr whi'ri' II iM-rsnii Is shiMitln^ at a murk ami 
 nmlrsi^iii'illy kills a num. Tho hmiilclili'. In 
 
 HIK'll l-iL'«4'S, U I'XI'UMlhlF. 
 
 .Miiiiry. Till* c-niiiinnii misUiim nf uxcliangi* hy 
 i\ tin-li tlin value nf i-nminiMlltlrs Is i-siitiial«sl. 
 ■* .^Il■ .-tar) ,*' n-latiti(< tn mnm-y. 
 
 Miiiio|Mily, .Ml I'xi-liisli-i' rl^ht to rarry on sninr 
 tir.im-li nf tniilo nr iiuinuliutiin'. In roiitniilis. 
 
 tilll'tlnll tnil fn*isliitll nf tnilti' nr liuillllfact llH' 
 
 I'llJoyisl hy all till' w-orhl, ur hy itil thv siiiijirl.* 
 
 nt a |iartii-ii!ari'nuntry 
 Mi>fiiniff<*. .V iieiwn or -oiiveyiinco of prnin'tty. 
 
 nil rniiilltlnii, assi'ciirlty fur a ilfht. 
 Municipal, or INisUiTK Imv. Is the ruli< hy 
 
 whii'Ii iKirtii-iilar illstrii-ts, cniiimnnltlcs, or 
 
 nations, arc Ki'virneil illttlnK'ilslnslfniui i tiler. 
 
 natiniiHl law, i'niiiiiu'n;lal law-, etc. 
 Miinlcr. Si'c Malice. | 
 
 Mate. Due wlin staiiilD ilniuli or dpccchlcsM when , 
 
 he iiii>;lit tn aiisweror plnul. 
 Mutiny. Ues-.slam-e lO .miwrlnrs in tin; inilllary 
 
 nr iiai al srrvlct', 
 Natiiralliallon. !• i;a act ui iiivcstint; iin alien 
 
 with till' ri;;litsanil privllctfps nf a niitlvehom ' 
 
 dtl/en or sulijei't. 
 Navtipiti.ii. The art Oi .-oniiucllng a nlilp from 
 
 I'rniii niii' imrt Inanotlicrnn the so 1. 
 Ni> rsrat let him not ilopun\ A writ isauisl 
 
 a>;iiliist a iicrson whn nwi?« an actuallv <lue 
 
 eipiltablo ilelit ami Is iiieititatiii): a ilcpBrliire 
 
 from the stitenrcnuntry, tn prevent Ills tllshi 
 
 wlthmll lilive. 
 >i'«*KOtlalile i'apvr. .Viiy iluciiiniail that ht fn-cly 
 
 ii*sl>;naMc finmo'ie tn lIllOttliT* 
 Net. Cletirnf all cluirBi'g. 
 Neulrallty. In ititcmatlniial hiw, is the iiu|<ir. 
 
 lii\l iMisltJnn iiuiinlainpil hy 0110 nation willi 
 
 nipuxl to ulhem which are at » or. 
 
 Mnllr pr«>«*i|ul. I* 1 pnici's'iltntr hy whirh a 
 pl.itiilDI witliilniw* ifiii the lnrtla*r priM«-<t|. 
 tinn nf Ills siMt, 'I. I'll III* IkiH i-illuT tnbciju- 
 ceivisl tin- lutiun- iif Uie action nr iiiUtakvii Iba 
 pni)N-r |sirli- tn is- suu.l. 
 
 NoniiKsuiiipsll. \ pica liy »*y of Iriri-r^r In 
 III "aiilnn nf 4i>»nin|..ll nr pnnnlsiH. «lirn-l>y ■ 
 nuin iti'iiti's iIn* I'tlsti'iici^nf any pr^iniU.^ tn thu 
 I ITicI aile.;' till! .. hvl.initlnii. I t> 
 
 Noll rotnpn« inrntls, *44lilulsiul nin'of llii-'itinil 
 liilml. 
 
 Non fsl Invrnius. TlH*li>nna|iplli>l toastu-fiir* 
 nliiiii Ina writ it c iplits, iilu-n liw lU-fenitanl 
 Is nnl In Is'nmml In hlslnlllw Ick. nr »lt)ilii tho 
 limits nf his niithnrtty. •<. •• (apl.is. etc. 
 
 Nonsuit. The nriiuiicialinn nf n >'iit hy IIh- pliiin. 
 llir nr i|i-'ti'iiiil:i'il, most i-oiiiiuniily iiis<ti |h« 
 iUsi'iiver>- of "wiine i-rrtir .ir ilefist, wlwa lli«* 
 in.iltir Isso tir !iniii'i"lisl In as tl1.1l llic Jnr>' l< 
 risiily at the l«ir In ili llcrrtlM ir vi rlict. 
 
 Notary. A puhlh ..mier « Im ^lli-sts ilriils nu<l 
 wiltin^snf a iiier am lie kin-t. Inr iiukin,: thciii 
 aiitheiitli' In otlicr cnuntrtes. aiiil i^ntr-stin^ 
 
 hills nf e\eliuim*-, etc. 
 
 Niilr. Any siHirt V ritiii;(nriii<-nHinnilum. "Jlole 
 nf liaml," a writ I lu ' > whtrli i-re js'rssin ptiim 
 isi-s III |Niy another ■% siiiii nf nmiii-i ttn a i*f-rt iin 
 'lay, or on iIimiliii I this may 1 IIIm-i Im* Iu IImp 
 fnrill nf II hill nr nf a pnillll«iMit> iHitr. 
 
 Nollrc. The iikiklin; Miini-tliiiiK known ttiat a 
 iiian was nr inl((ltt la* l,.;iior.i:it '-r, met « hirh It 
 
 Ma. prnjMT he flilnlllil U- liiaili- .a-*pullntist with. 
 
 Not liullty. .\ plea hy way of Inivi-r^.. ntcurrlnif 
 in actlnns vx ih-Uctn fnitn llie crtiiM ! in<! 
 ainntints tnailenial nt.ly nf tin- i-ri*ui-linf iliity. 
 nr wrnnijlul ,ict,ullcgislto liuvi- 'si it cimiiuitl.sl 
 
 h\ theilefell'lant. 
 
 NuilP Contract. A liarc, nakcil ■ nntract, vlttmut 
 
 a- nii-Wh-nitinii, wUli-h Is vuiil in law. 
 Nulsanri*. .Vny aiiniiyunce which tenita to Ihc 
 
 liurl nr tnconveiilence of anotln-r- 
 fSutti. V s-ili-mii afflriiLitlnn nr 'leiiial of a thlnir. 
 
 ai-i-n'tiimriieil with an tipis*fll tn lii»l. 
 Uhllipiihin. .\ lomlinntaltilnica ivnalty Willi a 
 
 cnmlitinii aiiiicxeil fnr iKiynn-iil nf moiivy. Ih. 
 
 I*-rInriiiuiicu of a cnvenant,.-i tin like, iliitct. 
 
 fruiii a hill, Willi lilsKcncrally withn'.it a |M-iialt:. 
 
 nrcnmlltlun, tlioiiith a hi'.i iiuiy li.* iiiailAoUli:- 
 
 atnry. 
 Oceupuncy. rhe lakln',* pi>.*«-«in . nl Ihini;- 
 
 w Inch Is-hin- ill'l tml U-lniij; tn anytsMly. 
 Ilirrnsr. The vinlattmi Iif any law this is i-api. 
 
 lal, if punishisl u Itli Icatli. 
 Onicpr. (MIC whn mis an ultlci- it |ii«l umlrr 
 
 j;n\ cniim'Ul. 
 Unirlul. \ lU'piity ai'piiiiti'l hy till .inlHlracoii 
 
 Inr Mil- i-.\cctitlun nf hi'* nt^-e. 
 tinlliiancc. .V law, rule, nr prci.i|>t. a couiitianil 
 
 nf a •M)verci(cn iT su|-<'rlor. 
 {>nllnary. In Knuli-h law. oiif* who lias onltnary 
 
 or ituimsliate Jiiri-'Iictinn, in nailers cvck-~ia»- 
 
 ticiil, ill ULV plai-e. 
 OriKlnal, or Orlsinal n'rtl. Is I he iK-ginniiigor 
 
 fiitinihitlnii nf a ri-sil .ictinii at I nmiiHin law-. 
 Uutlanrry, Is In'liii; i-xcliulcil f mm tin' ts-ncBls 
 
 ami |ir»iti'Ctiiin nf the law. 
 Uvrrt Art. .V piilii ami open iiiatter ul (act, 
 
 M'r\ iii>r t-i pr.iN i- .1 ih-slj^. 
 Oyrr ami Trriiilnrr. ts a roinuilsalon illreeuJ 
 
 tn thejiiil|{i saii'l nthcriceiithincnnf thec.junty 
 
 10 which U l- i-.-iicil, hy virtue wU-rcif tbey 
 
 luive |siw-cr tn In-ar ami dclcnniiip tr«uoiu 
 
 anil all iiuintiemf tehmlenonil Iies|«»»«»». 
 I*»nrl. .V IK lu'iliilc nr mil nf (larcUiucnt nii aluch 
 
 an' written the !uimi>!iof tljrjunir* rrtiimcil by 
 
 the sherilT. the Jury. 
 I<Bprr. .\ 11. inn- t;ivi-n to mom y nf crvOit l-y 
 
 lucuiisn fatty writt.-ii isiiK-r, as liills nf cxcliaiiflrr. 
 
 promi.ssnry notes, etc. 
 I'ar. .Vn isiiiility U-twi-s-n the r.\i han^i-t nl ilif. 
 
 fi-rint cniintric-. e-iualnr noniiiuil value. 
 INtnlon. The i. -iiinia.' the punl-'hiurat for any 
 
 fehiny coiiiinittisl at,-ainst the law. 
 I'aml. I'.y wont nf mouth, as iiatnl cviilcnc*-. 
 I'artitlon. l>lvi>Iin»: laiiiH or tcnptucuts amoo^ 
 
 coheirs or iiurtncrs. 
 

 1! 
 
 ( : 
 
 ■i 
 
 I 
 
 I T 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 * 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 UchI l*r«'|'i'rljr. |tpni}»««rlv In tiiiHlM, ti'iiniuuifH, 
 
 nr tii-rMlifainriitH. 
 Iti'twit*. Dlrftiuiint nil iwi'ouiit tif pniiiipt |aiy< 
 
 llirilt. 
 
 U«M'fl|it. \t) ui'kiHiwlnl^iiH'ht III wrlllii»( of 
 
 niiiriiy iffcU i"*!. 
 
 HiM'flvrr. TIh' iiiiiiii' nf iiri ofllocr ii|i|M>lnlii*l to 
 n'oi'lvc Minii^v, iiK lilt' n'iM'lvfr of n-iilit, or 
 riTi'lvi-r of fliii'»«; to riM't'lvi* itii'l hoM InmN hi 
 !rii'*t t'-r ot hcix. 
 
 lti*«'n|ritUiiiii'c. \i) oltltuullnii of r^'onl, ^llli 
 roiiilKtori til <to HoiMH iHrtli'iiliir urt, iiit to 
 ki*4-|i tliH |)nu-i', tn |4iy ii <li(t>t, or tli«< Uki>, 
 II I H)!! t )m< |><m int'tiiiiiit'(t of hIiIi-Ii tlli« oli)|]fII< 
 (toll lH-<<otiii>4 tiiill iiinl voM; Ipiit niMii) fiilhirr, 
 tlii> riinount t*X t Im* riTo^iiUiiiirr U fnrfi*llf<l. It 
 tlli'ix frtMii li Uiii«l, hi that thn Itittrr ti tlit* 
 i-niitlon of 11 iit'W il«-Ii(, wIiIIk a rvcownUuiicn 
 In uii iM'kiiowhKUtiicnt ii|Hih n^'ont nf u forinf*r 
 
 Ki^fMirtlit'r. An oftlriT iiitiMH'liit(«l wUlitlm mayor 
 of It (own for IIm> iiiliiiltilM(mtton of JiHllrn 
 
 IMMMinlhl^' .O lllO to III It o( lilW. 
 
 UiToviT)-. Ttif olitiiliih)^ of uiiylhliiK tiy JikIk- 
 
 Pirllt Ml- 1 rllll lit Uu. 
 Hi'yUttT. A iHiok "I |itil>)lr riM-onlH. 
 Urjiihiilcr. Tlir <li-(i'ii<liilit'i« imimwit |o llio )>luhi- 
 
 tlir-t Ifply. 
 KflrHsr. All litNtniiiunt In wiltltt^ liy whit It 
 
 i-<1iit<««, I Ijrlit", fir., iirt' rttlnKnlr«lMH|. 
 llcniHlntlrr. An ("-ttiti' In luniN, li'nrinrntM, • Ic. 
 
 Ihiilti il to tM< nijoyiMl iifii-r tin* riplrHlloa of 
 
 riimtliir «-itrt(r. 
 
 llriiiltlMiMT. A '«UMi of nioni'y m>iit from u<ll<>. 
 
 lunff. 
 Ilriit. A imiftt NHiiln>r piritHllciiUy out of 1iiih1*i 
 
 or lriu'int*nt!*, «'lf, 
 Ki'p1*'Vlii. V rcli'tiHt' of ciittlr or ^ihnIh Oiiit iiri< 
 
 ill^(niliM-<( 
 U**l>ll<'"( <(**•• I >"' j'iiihititt''* itply lo tii4><hriii<l. 
 
 iiiif'* iin-'wii. 
 Iti'lMirl. A I'l-ltitlon of (iim'H JiKllclaUy ilrhatnl 
 
 iind >l<-<-t<li'<l n|Min. 
 Kcpri'Hi'ntulhin. Thr prixoiiiittitK unntltrr, ii^ hi 
 
 (ti.- rii-r.'l an iH'lr I'V l'i'|il'("<i'iil:ittoii. 
 
 Ui*|iri"ii>nlMllv4'. mil' who )-i-|iri>>4rntH iiilUtrhl 
 ur coiiionitlon. if u iiu'inln'r of |tnrlluiiu>nt, u 
 iiH'iiilirr of ronifn •-'. 
 
 K«*|>rl«*vi*. A wurniiit lor -uxiH-mltriK thu r\<-( u- 
 tinn of u ninlcfactoi'. 
 
 K<'|irliui1<i. Tin' Hfl/inn H'*' vr-n-i-l or ^imhN of 
 iMfn-lumt htninK*"!". "■* "ii i-tinlviitt'iit .i-r rtoinr 
 111--* ><ii'*tiih)iHl troMi tlir iiiitioiio( wlilt'li tliry lu*' 
 
 rtilh.lr.-ts. 
 Iti*|Mi|{nunri*. \ roiilniilU'tloii of wimt liim bnn 
 
 i^iiltl hi'I'orf, iw (n ilt-nN. ^fniii'-*, « 'r., wlinli 
 
 niMlit N tluni vojil. 
 Ui'tliint. Om* it"4|illn^ hi ii (MThiln pliu'i*. 
 IEi'Minn'«'H. Money, |<io|M-r1y, or HtippMi'M. 
 |(<>thliir. N wliiil rfiii;t|iis of a IfHtut ir'n i ntn 
 
 iiltiT paytiMiit of till' <l u iiii'l h'/ui'tf-*. .ml 
 
 till- piT'^un (•• whom llil^ \^ l-«'iiiH'alhr<) l>4<-:ili4' 
 
 t lif rt-'I'hiary h-«ati'r. 
 lliMtllittliin. Th«' rcHtorhiK to him himl-i : ditr. 
 
 mciMs, who hail liriM) tiiilawfiiUy iltHHcir.rd of 
 
 (htin. 
 Ui'tnrn. A rrrlltlcatr imm sIhtIM's kihI Inilhllri 
 
 ot what Ih tlonr in thi' i-xmiljon o| a writ. 
 U«'tiirn IhiyM. (Nrtuhi (luyt* in hrin thm* for Ih*' 
 
 rt'Iuni of w rItH. 
 U(*lurn«. That which l-n I'ftiirncil, wlirtlnT in 
 
 ^'ooit^ or Hptrif, lor mi'ivhan<llMr Nnil uI'mnmI; 
 
 uNd tin* ri'tiirn of uionry hiitl oiil In Itir way of 
 
 I mill'. 
 ICcvi'iiu*-. Till' Inronif or aniiinil prolll ii'4-civi-<l 
 
 from laiKl or oth»r liiini-^, tint H inort' pur- 
 
 lltiilarly iippll<.l lo tlii' Inromn of a fXwXv 
 
 Mciivnt Iroin tin* I'n-iloius, rxcl.si! la\> , iti-,, 
 
 ami ili-votnl to iho puyini-nt of tim . ithnml 
 
 »'\prnT>*. 
 
 ItcvrrNion. A rlKl't of projM'rty, the rnloynn'nt 
 of w liirli i-* to rommcni-r tit Nonm (nlurc tinif, 
 (•ithiT llxcd or (IrpcndhiK n|Hin -' nm I'oniln- 
 Kt-nry. 
 
 Ulijlil. Any tllUMir i lulrn by virtucofu mmlt. 
 ion, mort^u^i', 4-tc. 
 
 '3H^(55|j!^!=-:-r.^ ..-»,{. 
 
Ililf), ti'lD'HKMllK, 
 
 lit iiniiniit |«y- 
 
 III wrIlliiK »l 
 
 )»r ii|i|Kiliitii<l to 
 rr III ii'iilM, i>r 
 
 'I licilil tllllllH III 
 
 itf r^'onl, wltli 
 nliir urt, i\A t<i 
 lit. III' llii- llki', 
 li'li tliK oliUtrii. 
 lit iiimii riilliirr, 
 ' Ul.irr«lli'<l. It 
 
 till IlltllT Ih IIki 
 
 It rvciiKiilitHiK'n 
 I'linl iir II fiiriiii-r 
 
 witli Ihii iiutyiir 
 utinii of JimlU-n 
 
 lytliliMt liy JuiIk- 
 
 milt. 
 
 IWIT III lllll iilulii. 
 I'tllii^ tiy which 
 
 llKhlMl. 
 
 , tl'ltl'IIU'lltl), «'ll'., 
 
 hii i-iiilnitli'ii iif 
 Hciit fnnti It ilN> 
 iiUy out of liiiiiU 
 ir ^ihhI^ Unit iti'i< 
 ily l.itlirilrl.inl. 
 Hill htlly ili'lHtli'il 
 
 iiKiiootliiir, itH III 
 i.illun. 
 •fHouti* fi ilUtrlrl 
 
 of inrlluiiK'iit, It 
 
 iiUliiK tlio c^ix'u- 
 
 HHi'l or ^^(mmN of 
 
 it\nh-til .»>r .-null' 
 
 I wlili'li llicy lllll 
 
 fit vrliiit liiiH Ix'i'M 
 lit"*, I 'f., whli li 
 
 DirridNAiir ok mkikvntii.k ami m:«iai. tkioin. 
 
 lllll llUlilioi tllir. 
 rillly <lllUM>IZl'<l of 
 
 iTlll't iiikI IntUIII'H 
 II of II writ. 
 Ii'iiii lliiif for III' 
 
 iii'il, wliiMliiT In 
 IImi' Kfiit iihioitil; 
 oiil ill lilt' \»ity of j 
 
 III pnillt ncclviil 
 lit Is moll' piir- 
 
 OHIO of It ntltlc 
 Xllsi' lux. , 111 ■, 
 
 <)( lliu . itloiutl 
 
 ,-, till' iiijoyinint 
 nil' Iiitiiri' tiiiH', 
 
 lirtlUMlf It I'Dlllll- 
 
 ItM. Till' rinlliti' iliiliiK nil iiiiliiwriil IhliiK liy 
 Itiii'i- or iiioii' |it't<«oim a-Ni'tiilili'il lii^i'thrr for 
 Hull |iiir|ai'<i'. " lllot HI I," It li'4ix|iitl\i' III I, |iio. 
 
 hll'ltlllK tlolollH or llllllllllllOIIO IIXX llllllll'K, 
 
 ttlilch, U'lhix iwiiil liy It iiiitt^lMtnilc or |M«ti-i' 
 iinii'iT to III'- liioh. ohllui*'* all lM'r«MMl'« to illt. 
 |M'i-Ht' t»lthln ii'i lioiir, on imiiii oI U'Ium ii|i|tn'. 
 
 Ili'tl'li'il 111 I I'llrm. 
 
 llolilM-ry. I'tiliKi till titklim iiKiiy o( iiioiipy or 
 ^•HMUofiiiiy \ .lllll' iroiii lilt* iH'riMiii of iiiiotlii'r, 
 or III lili i'ri"«i'iir<', i'llln>r liy vlolriii'i' or liy piit- 
 llntf liliii III li-iir. 
 
 HMl%'HKfl** A ri'l OIIIIH'tl'**' IllloWcd to *>l|l'h IMT'WIIM 
 
 lit littti* lUwlNtiil III niivliii^ iiirrrliiiiiillM', Nht|iM, 
 
 I'll- , iroiii w n-rk. 
 Hmiii|iIi'< V iiti'i'i'iir lairtloiioi .'•iiii'i'iiiiiiiiixllty, 
 
 or MiHi'tiiM'iior iiit'ri'liiitiiUiM'tio -.hoH ilii'i|iiHllly 
 
 I" till' wImI. . 
 Nt'imilitl* N ili'lliii'il to lit* "It illMttilvitiiiaui^'iii* 
 
 iiiiiior or ii'iMirt, or An itrtlon h hi'ri'hy oni' Im 
 
 iiffroiiliil In I'litilli'." 
 Hrlrn fui'lait. A Jiiillilitl Mrrlt.illii'rllnu tlii'ahi'riir 
 
 to^lvi' iiotii'i' to It imrtv to Hhott riiii<i' to thr 
 
 roiiti vt lii'iii'i' It liiiii"*, tvli> I'xi'i utlon of It Jiiilif. 
 
 llM'lil )«tn.-.i-il i*li"Ul<l not I'l' itiaih "(It. 
 Hrrlp. Thai imrt of miy loitn wliltli iiiiiitliM 
 
 iiiitMti'l for li>' till' ioiliNi*iilii-ri. 
 M«*mI< \ii lnipri"*r«lon niitilii on imiM'r, rlny, wim, 
 
 orolliirHiilintiini'i', liy iiii'ttii'* of ii tlir of nnial 
 
 or' ■ irr iniilirhtl . to I'oiillrin or ■'■•tiihll>h, iii to 
 
 HTII, I ill'I'll. 
 
 Hrarrli, ItlHlit of. In liiw of iiiitlonii, In Ihi' rIKliI 
 III lii'lliti H'lil'i, iliirlnu will, to vl«lt mill ai'nri'li 
 Ilia M'si Not In iiir.N lorrontnii .el of war. 
 
 Ncari'li Murnint. A iloinnii'nl, It u' illy olititlni'il, 
 to sniri'li for mIoIi'Ii tfoiHU. 
 
 Hntirltlt'rt. ItoiiilH or (itlirr iliH'iiiiii'ntit iiit rt . 
 ilnir. "if ili'lt. 
 
 |t<*llO. To tltUl' ll<>Hi«<IU«llM|of n tllllll,'. 
 
 H4'Uiirp. An iii-rt"<t of iiii'rrhiiii'llM-, tliiit Ih pro. 
 
 hiliili'l Ihirulr.!' lorti'lti'il. 
 
 Hi'i|iit*'*lrutloii. TIm' ..I'ttliiM ii-^i'lo of It IhliiK III 
 
 roiitrovir->y Irom Ixitli p:ti'lli<i Hint rontiinl |oi 
 
 II, to I" ''IIVITI'll to III w ho till' lllW ll.'rlill"> 
 
 isi'lili I III It. 
 
 Nt-t-oflr. Tlii'iiinoiiiil ol iKli'liI lllll' liy llii' |iliiliitiir 
 
 to I hi' ill' It'll' 111 III In It I'll It'll' whirh till' ili'li-ii'liiiit 
 
 It I'litill"! to 'I't oil. Ill anx» I I'liliir to tlif 
 
 wIimIi' or j'.irt, iiM lllll i <« .. iniiy oi'. of tlif pliilii' 
 
 tilT'N t-Utiii 
 Hliari*. A (Ktrt of miiiii'tlitiiK lieliiimliiK to iini'. 
 Shi'rin*. Alt olUi'cr who iittriiiU ii|ioii I'onrt, hiii ' 
 
 .I'll !' "I Ihf priHoniT'*, ■•«■'■!* to till' I'M'i'iitloti ol 
 
 « ■ '...'I.-. 
 Niglil Oruri. A iliiilt ilntwn payitlili' iit nixht, 
 
 1. r., 11)4 wioii ii.» It i.. xi'fii liv till' ilntwi'i'. 
 HlKnuttirf. Till' ni.^iiliii,' itiiy intpci, or piittlii),' 
 
 :in\ iiiaik iimli'i a \i rttltiL;. 
 HIiiklitK l''tiiiil. Till* liitul t-ri'itli'il for Hliikln^ 
 
 or |.ii>'lt.4 11. 1' piilitlt' ili'lit, or piiri'hitiliiK till' 
 
 fitoi'k for till' i^'ivrnini'iit. It U niailo tip 
 
 pniM'Ipittly fioin olili};alloii!4 witlrli liitM* Ihi'ii 
 
 "■■li'i'ini'il Ity till' uo\ I'liini'Mt, tin' liiti'ii'st on 
 I it'll Ih colli tniiitt iinil tiiriit'il Into t lie niiik lug 
 
 t I 
 81m It. I IT. It the niiilii'loiit 'li'fitniiilton of a niiin''4 
 
 I'hitritclcr hy rt|Kiki'ii woiiU.a.t liU'l Nhy MiUti'ii 
 
 W'.pI- 
 Holli'ltitr. Till' ilciil ttttin of pcr'^ont ailinitli'tl 
 
 to I .iii'tiut HiiltM, In tlio I'onrt of ihanccry. 
 
 iiii itlti'iui'Vi* In tin* roiirtt of roninioii liitt-. 
 Holvt'itl. .\iili' to pay or meet nil ilehlt. 
 Hniinillitt;. I'rylni; the itepth of the tv.tter, itii<l 
 
 the i|ii'tllly of the liottoin, by it line with a 
 
 ptiiiiiniel at the eiiil. 
 Hlirelal .Itiry. A Jury of « lilxher onler of per. 
 
 n'lie*, HWoin to try it iMtrticiilitr eiiHe, 
 Hiipelally. A iMiiiil, hill, .ir simlhir Inttriim.nt. 
 M|MM'li-. Any kliiil of uiiiney ciiliteil lioiii the 
 
 prei i. .iiH niL'tula. 
 
 Nprrineiilltin. \ wrilli'ii ilix'iiinent nlnlnlnu 
 
 • lei. till, lit iHtrlleiil.il • hiiruet itnil tint-liltitliont 
 
 IIMllllliit II pntilli oltlrer, I ti 
 
 Monilaril, That tt liiili iti<«i4liUaliiHl liyuiilliorlly 
 
 or l'\ i^eiienil e.iittent. 
 M«|ile. I'he prlni'l|>il |i|tHllll'l*iir t«ailllflU'llin<« 
 
 of a eoiinliv or l.iwii. 
 NtPalliitf. The iniii'liileiillaklnirnwMx ofnnotlier 
 
 ltlltir*l^iMMlt w Ith Hit I 111 en I lo aleill t hi 'III. 
 
 NtrHTunl. Iiii'i who ntitiiikueii the alltlit oi 
 
 iinolhei', iHirtleiilurly In the iiiiihiiiieineiil of 
 
 eMtiitei*. 
 Moi-k, \nv fiiii'1 c'lteilitt lllll of iii'iiiev or irooitt 
 
 eniployeal hy a iM-rwin In Inule, |urlleiilitrl> lite 
 
 Hiiin of miine>' lal^il hy i4i'iiiii|aiit) (or eitrr) Iiik 
 
 on itiiy tniilliitf coneerii. 
 IMii|i|W|x III Tranallii. Tin' rialil of u aeller to 
 
 xt.ip ,;.K«U .III Hie loiiiH If he liitrnt lh.it the 
 
 liny r It lifMilveiit. 
 NmIiihi'Iim. ,\ writ for •iimtiionliiK wltnettia, 
 Htineriiiii'f*. line who eontliiiiet at tenitiit ufle*- 
 
 hit fthtie It enilitl, itii'l wront(liilly liolilt ut 
 
 iii;:iiiitt itnothi r. 
 Hull. Aniietlon :it law. 
 Ntiiiiiiiitna, A eii.iiion liy virtue of wlilpli niiy 
 
 mitn Iteiilleil to upiHtir la-furti n iitntflatnilii or 
 
 Jnilue. 
 Hiint|iliiitry Ijtwa. .Xteliiwt reKiilntliitf iln'>t :iii,| 
 
 i|iMIII''<ll.' Mil I. 
 
 Htit|ipnal<in <■( rnyiiienl. The iti know leilirinent 
 hy a iiiercuiitlle ilnii that It luiiiiut t»iy lit 
 
 llelitt, 
 Murrly. One who limlertaket to la- Klltwenihle 
 
 for tt.e net a or lion .net.* of another, wlin I* ettlliMl 
 
 the piiiie||nil. 
 Turt-. Aiiiilatteini lit orilitliietloii iiinilefrnin the 
 
 Hiltihtofa tmreet of ixoihI... on iii'eoiiiit ot IIh- 
 
 I'liett, rtt'.U, Imu, ell.. In which lliey are con. 
 
 t.tllie.l. 
 
 Turltr. Nit titlili'itiv lni{ the vttl'toiit.liitles, .linu ■ 
 Ui' Ut, lioiiiitleM, etc., cllitlixefl onillottitl on the 
 
 iii>|iorliilloii or ex|Hirlallon of »-.irloiit iirtlcli< 
 
 Ta«itlli*ii. TIm' tukliiK It latrtioii, or the vithieof j 
 
 n poll ion 1. 1 Hie pi-oiu riy or liU'rof Iniliviliial.. 
 
 lllll il|t|a>t|ii)( of II hy Ko^illilnenl. "lllliit 
 
 I i\, ' la one wliieli I* ileniiinileil from Hie very 
 ,,t'rtoiit wli«> 11 la iiiteiiileil or iletlnti ahonlil 
 laty It. " Iinllrecl Ia\,"one ithleli it .lem in.le.l 
 from one |H'r-><'ii In Hie exp* et.itlon iiml itei. 
 tl'ii that he tliitll lii'leiiitilfy hliiitelf ni the 
 . *'iiti' of niitilher, lit In the e\c|..e or eii^tom... 
 
 'I I ii.ttil. IMie who liohta liiii'lt or teiienienta of 
 tiioHier. Teiiaiitanreof vnriont klielt, iii'eor>l. 
 lllll 1" 111** liittiire of tlli'lr ettal.'t; it« lit tee 
 alinple. III tee tail, (or life, I r > eai't, ut will.unil 
 III tiilli nince. 
 
 Tpnilrr. .\n uirer In |iny a ileht, or In iiwki' 
 pi-riiniitr' '•oiiijH'ntitton ton imrtv Injiin-'l. 
 
 Telle me III. .Viiytliinu that may Ih' iKilleii In the 
 le^;iil teiite. if., nil i iTitireal hereilitamentt, anil 
 lni'or|Bireal lien'itltameiita of n iM'rinnnent 
 
 lint me, lttli|li|{ollt of Hie Hilllie, at plll'l*, ll'ei-ev. 
 riiiht ol eonitnon. fr.tliehltet, onicet, etc. In Ha 
 III. lie narrow aie* |i«ipii,nr Ki^iilllcMtloii, It It 
 iippliitl .,iiiy to lioii^i-t anil otiier linUillii((«. 
 Teiiiirr. The eoinlitlona uii hIiIcIi lainla iiinl 
 
 l.-iiemeiitaale llelll. 
 
 Term. \ tlxitl IIII'I llmiteil time within w l.irli 
 
 riiiirtt of Jnilicitiiire nre oia'it. 
 TealMiiiriit. Tiie Milenin net when-hy a niitn 
 
 «lit-litvea hit i.i..l will lit to till' ill-.)M>tal ol hit 
 
 e-iitteatler hitileniii. " Ttttitlor," ii man w ho 
 
 iiiaket hit will. " Teattttrli," a woiiuin who 
 
 iiiitket her will. 
 Toiiiiuue. A iliity piil'l atitoertuiii rate for cTerx 
 
 ton III ^iMalt exjairtitltir tmiMirtitl , the eaimcily 
 
 I'l liiiiilen lai'.ae-tM'il hy a vet-ti-l. 
 Tontine. .\ Mirt of lie n'aatiiii iiniinlty, or a loan 
 
 Klveiil.ya niiiiilK'r of |«'raont with th'! hcnt'Ilt 
 
 of «urvlvuiiibl|i. 
 
 Tranafrr. The mnklnii over ■liM'k, Hr., rruiit ll»«« 
 
 ■elh r I" Hie l.il)er. 
 TraHa|MirlMll»ii. Tli. earrylnu of imala hy Uml 
 
 or tell I'l .1 .littance. 
 Travrrae, Ih" n tine ulveii to a |>liik lonlntillel* 
 
 IliU ttiiiie mitltir ol litet hIIi<i(i«I hy Iho iipiMMlIn 
 
 |«irly. 
 Trramn, iiveilaeta, inaiiirealliinnilealKMnirtliial 
 
 Hie Koverniiienl. 
 Trvaaiirrr. \ii oflUerto whote . tre the irent irx' 
 
 111 Hie loiiiitix- orofitnyeoiiiiatny It eoniinltiitl 
 
 "Treiwiiiy," Hie place wiieie the pillillc liiolie\ 
 
 Ui|e|Mailtit|. 
 Trvapaaa. Any wnuitfiliiiie liy one prlvnie nun 
 
 to itnoHier, either to hit pevton oi hit pro|a-r1\ . 
 Trust. A elutnie or ettale liel'l for the iiti- ■■( 
 
 itiiollier. *• Triiatit'," Hill |Hiratin In wlioiii ii 
 
 tril-t I- ve..teil. 
 
 t'Mini*f>. The Hine, n. conllnn l.i Hie iitiiKe or 
 
 rilallllll of illttfreiit eolllllrlet, w liirll It iilloweil 
 
 loi liipt- I.elw It'll thi'iliteol a hill ami the tllllll 
 
 of Ita \MM nii'llt. 
 I'aiifnirl. The rlulit of ntiiiir niel r npl'iu the 
 
 fnillaof thiimt Ih'Ioiikihk |o oiheaa, wlHiont 
 
 ile-ttlo) Itijj i.r vt.i.tiiiii the tiihjet-t iivel w hit h 
 
 aiiiii rlirht e^teielt, 
 t'tury. Till' takliiK more Inteiett lor the loan of 
 
 money tlutn Itnllotieil l.\ Inw. 
 Varanry. A laialtlon without nn lnoiiiitlit>nt ; 
 
 iitai.eloiie.l, at a viicant ttiiie 
 Varranl. A heKuar.a tiroiiliiK iiihI lille la-rtnti, 
 
 wl..i ttdn.lert Ironi plate to pliice. 
 Vi>nil. Toilla|aaM'or or tell, at ainnll nitliiet (or 
 
 iiiiiiiey. " Veiiilor," Hill aeller. " Ve,iilee," Hie 
 
 h'U.f. 
 
 Vrnlri* (Welita, \ writ lulilretteil totlie therltfor 
 
 • •Ihi'l olllrel, III cnntethe ivtith ttel lorth III the 
 tt I It toe. •lllll to the pl.U'e linnie*!. 
 
 %'i'iini>. The county In which an aclnni It to he 
 
 li.. I. 
 \i'nllrl. The anawerof Bjiiry kIx'pu to tliecoiirt 
 
 c.iiui rtiliiK the matter of tiu'l hiutiy cituae coin. 
 
 milt. 'I 1. 1 their trial. 
 ViHir)i<>r. \ V rit inn, iha'niiient, or lavik which 
 
 teii.lt to etiuhlith the IriiHi il itcc iiiiitt, elv. 
 Wanfa. The rewiiril or t'om|K'ittatloii |niIiI to 
 
 l.ilaiieit, I.) Hiote who nil ploy Ihent, In return 
 
 f..r their tervlcen. 
 Wuril. lllll w liii It nii'ler the care of a ^'narillati. 
 Warrant. .\ writ coiiim.tiiilliiK an iiflUer ol Jiit. 
 
 lice to arrett iin\ oll^'tiiler. 
 Warrant nf .\ltiirney. An niithorlly kImh t^inii 
 
 itttoriiev 1>> lilt I'lieht i.i iip|a'itr nit't phinl (or 
 
 him 
 Warranty. .\ promlte ,,r cox'onnnt hy ileeil. 
 
 Ilia.'" '.V Hie lairkiil iier for liinitelf iiii.l hit heirt, 
 
 to tinrntiil itiiil teenre the iiurtntlnit- ami hlii 
 
 lii'Irt :i'in.i,ti nil n.eii l..r iii|..\tii,' Ue' tlilnif 
 
 iiMni 'I oil ol ({laiileil iHtween them. 
 WarvlitHiap. A place » here mcn'liunillH'a art) 
 
 kept. 
 WattP. It \f hntever teii'lt to the ilealrilctlon or 
 ileprecinlinn th^ vnliie of an iiihertlanee. 
 
 Way, lleli.^tea ellliel Hie ri„'llt wlllth one or 
 
 iie^re |t-itont have of |ia.ttiiiii over the Innil of 
 
 aiK'ther. or Hie •.imte o\ .-r uhiihtiicli rlitlit It 
 
 exeriital.le, u i tail, at the liinliwiiy. 
 Wharbtii*. The money or \ iliinMe ei|ul\'Ulvnt 
 
 latel I'll hire or ute of a what I oripiuy. 
 Will. Tl it I'V whliii a ii.nn ileehtriti hia will 
 
 at 1.1 Hie i|it|HiHnl ol hit e..titte nil* r hit iloutli. 
 
 .\ liiliiciipatlve t 111 |t ..lie iiiiiile l.y wonl of 
 
 month, '•••e Tettami'iit 
 Wllneat. .\ fHTtoii w 111! vea evlilence In Jtlill. 
 
 cinl pliH-eitlliijia. 
 Wrpck. The rninaof It thip tit ten tliitt liit.t lioeii 
 
 il.tthcl to pieeet. 
 Writ. .\ writlnulttiihi^toiit of aonie eonrt of law, 
 
 conleirlnh' -oiiie ri;.-lit or privilcgt:, urcuiniuuiid. 
 
 liitf Huinulhlnu to buUone. 
 
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 I '^ 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ^^^?<^^^- 
 
 '^-^'^^^ 
 
 ^ ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ^it5^i%^^ 
 
 '^'^>^:>^ 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 Europe is a peninsula, projecting from Asia. It is sit- 
 uated in the same latitude as the United States and the 
 Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Tlie extreme length of Europe from northeast to south- 
 west is about 3,500 miles. The population is about five 
 times that of the United States. 
 
 Its water boundary, if a continuous line, would reach 
 four-fifths of the way around the world. 
 
 The British Isles are separated from the continent by 
 the North Sea, which has an average depth of about 600 
 feet. There is much evidence to show that they were for- 
 merly a part of the main land. 
 
 In relative extent of coasc, Europe surpasses all other 
 countries. It is partly to the great number of indeucft- 
 tions of the coast that Europe owes its commercial 
 supremacy. 
 
 The islands of Europe constitute about one-twentieth 
 of its area. 
 
 The greater part of the continent is low and level. 
 Russia and all the territory bordering on the North and 
 and Baltic Seas constitute a vast plain, called Low Europe. 
 
 The basin of the Caspian Sea and much of the Nether- 
 lands are below the sea level. 
 
 A high plateau, extending alone the southern part of 
 the continent, is known as Higli Pairope. This plateau is 
 surrounded by the irregular and broken mounta'.n ranges 
 which constitute the Alpine System, the mu.n axis of the 
 continent. 
 
 The Alps are the highest range. The other principal 
 ranges are the Pyrenees, Apennines, Balkan, Carpathian 
 and Caucasus mountains. 
 
 The Alps have long been celebrated for the number and 
 extent of their glaciers, among which are the sources of 
 the Rhine, Rhone, Po and several tributaries of the 
 Danube. 
 
 The chief lake region of Europe is i". Northwestern 
 Russia. Lake Ladoga is the largest lake. 
 
 The lakes in Switzerland, especially Geneva and Con- 
 stance, are celebrated for their beautiful scenery There 
 are many salt lakes in Russia, most of which are situated 
 in the basin of the Caspian Sea. 
 
 Most of the rivers of Western Europe are connected 
 with one another by canals, and are navigable. 
 
 Climate. — Europe enjoys a more equable climate than 
 any other country situated in corresponding latitudes. Its 
 mildness is due chiefly to the southwesterly winds, which 
 are warmed by the waters of the Gulf Stream. 
 
 Rain is most abundant on the western coasts. 
 
 The tundras, or frozen marshes of the Arctic slope, are 
 covered with mosses and willows. South of this region is 
 a belt of dense forest, chiefly of pine, oak, elm and ash. 
 
 Grains, hemp, flax and tobacco are cultivated in the cen- 
 tral regions. The cultivation of the grape, olive, orange, 
 lemon, fig, mulberry and cotton is confined chie flyto the 
 Mediterranean Coast. 
 
 Most of the wild animals have disappeared. The rein- 
 deer, white bear and other animals valuable for their furs 
 
 are, however, found in the more thinly settled regions; 
 the wolf and wild boar are common in the forests, and the 
 chamois and ibex inhabit the Alpine heights. 
 
 Water-fowl are numerous. The sardine, herring, pil- 
 chard, anchovy and other fish suitable for food, abound in 
 the surrounding waters. 
 
 Minerals. — Coal, iron and copper are very widely dis- 
 tributed. Silver, zinc and lead are plentiful in the central 
 highlands. Quicksilver, niter, sulphur and salt in volcanic 
 regions. Coral of great beauty and value is obtained in 
 the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 People. — The inhabitants of Europe, numbering about 
 330,000,000, belong to the Caucasian and Mongolian races. 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 Asia, the largest country in the world, occupies the 
 eastern part of the Eastern Continent. 
 
 It contains about one-third of the land surface of the 
 earth; is twice as large as North America, and nearly five 
 times the size of the United States. Its greatest length is 
 7,500 miles, nearly one-third the circumference of the 
 earth. 
 
 The islands of Asia are a partly submerged monntain 
 chain. All of them volcanic. 
 
 The northwestern Asia is a continuous plain; the south- 
 eastern, an elevated plateau traversed by nigh mountains. 
 The line of greatest length is also the line which separates 
 the highlands from the lowlands. From the Hindoo 
 Koosh, the mountain ranges of Asia radiate toward the 
 east. 
 
 The Himalaya mountains are the highest in the world. 
 The summit of Mt. Everest is over 29,000 feet above the 
 sea level, being more than 6,000 feet higher than the high- 
 est peak of the American continent. 
 
 The Caspian Sea and the Sea of Aral are thougb I to 
 have been formerly arms of the ocean. Both are salt 
 lakes. The former is below the sea level. 
 
 Lake Baikal is the largest body of fresh water in Asia, 
 and is about as large as Lake Erie. 
 
 The rivers of Asia, though of great length, are distin- 
 guished by narrow valleys, rather than large basins. Most 
 of them rise in the central highlands, from which they 
 radiate in three directions — north, east and south, and 
 mingle their waters with those of three oceans. 
 
 The Yang-tse and Hoang rivers are subject to great 
 changes, brought about by the shifting of their channels. 
 In 1851 the Hoang Ho burst through its banks and poured 
 its waters into the Gulf of Pecheelee, and withm two 
 years its lower course had so changed that the mouth of the 
 river had shifted 250 miles from its former position. 
 
 Central Hindoostan is often called the plateau of the 
 Deccan. 
 
 The Obi is the only river navigable to any considerable 
 distance. 
 
 The river valleys and the plains which are we'l watered 
 are extremely fertile. The nigh, central regie, and the 
 western plateaus are dry, sandy and barren. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOBLD. 
 
 Every de^ee of temperature and moisture may be 
 found in Asia, from that of the frozen tundras of Siberia, 
 to that of the hot, pestilential jungles of India, The 
 deserts of Arabia, Persia, Turkestan and Gobi receive 
 little or no rain, while the southern slope of the Himalaya 
 is annually inundated. 
 
 Siberia is swept by icy winds from the Arctic Ocean ; 
 Arabia, by the hot and fatal simoon. India is traversed 
 by winds which scorch the entire surface for half the 
 year, and flood it withrain the remaining part. 
 
 Destructive cyclones often visit the coast, frequently 
 piling up the waters of the Bay of Bengal until the low- 
 lands of the Ganges are submerged. 
 ^ Southern Asia is covered with a dense tropical vegeta- 
 tion. The palm, bamboo, and banyan tree are abundant. 
 Bice, cotton, sugar-cane, flax, jute, hemp, poppy, and the 
 spices, are the principal plants cultivated m the plains 
 and valleys of Southern Alsia. 
 
 Central Asia produces the plants which thrive best in 
 the temperate zones. Vast forests of pine, larch, teak, 
 maple and birch are on the upland terraces of Siberia. 
 The chief cultivated plants of Central, Eastern and South- 
 eastern Asia are wheat, tea and rice. 
 
 Western Asia produces the famous Mocha coffee, to- 
 bacco, the fig, date and olive. 
 
 Nearly all the domestic animals of the earth are found 
 in Asia, and most of them are native to it. The camel 
 and elephant are used as beasts of burden. 
 
 Southern Asia abounds in fierce animals and dangerous 
 reptiles. The largest animals are the elephant, rhinoc- 
 erous, tapir, lion, tiger, hyena, and jackal. The reptile s 
 include the crocodile, python and cobra de capello. Mon- 
 keys and beautiful birds are numerous. 
 
 In the colder regions the bear, wolf,fox, buffalo and several 
 species of wild cattle are common. Also many kinds of 
 deer. 
 
 Gold and platinum are widely diffused throughout the 
 IJral Mountains and the central plateaus. 
 
 Silver is mined in Siberia. Copper and iron are abund- 
 ant and widely distributed. 
 
 Tin is abundant in the Malay Peninsula and the island 
 of Banca, near Sumatra. 
 
 Petroleum is found in the basin of the Caspian Sea. 
 
 Asia has always been famous for precious stones. Most 
 of the large and valuable diamonds, sapphires, rubies and 
 emeralds are from the mines of India. 
 
 The finest pearls are obtained in the Persian Gulf and 
 in the water along the coasts of Ceylon. 
 
 Asia is probably the birthplace of the human race. The 
 strongest evidences of history and science point to the 
 highlands of Asia as the birthplace of man Somewhere 
 in the valleys of Persia, the old name of which was Ayra, 
 there lived a people who built houses, cultivated the soil and 
 had forms of government. They believed in an Omnipo- 
 tent Being and also a spirit of evil. Fully one-half the 
 inhabitants of the earth live in China and India. 
 
 Siberia, Russian, Turkestan and Trancaucasia are sub- 
 ject to Russian whose capital is St. Petersburgh. 
 
 Siberia may be divided into three belts ; agricultural and 
 grazing land in the South ; forests in the middle, and 
 frozen marshes in the North. 
 
 Gold, silver, copper and other metals are mined in the 
 mountains; and numerous wild animalsare hunted for 
 their furs. 
 
 Trade is carried on by means of caravans and camel 
 trains. In summer boats navigate the rivers, and in the 
 winter sledges are drawn on the ice and snow by dogSj 
 horses and reindeer. 
 
 The chief cities are Tiflis in Transcaucasia, west of the 
 Sea ; Tashkend, in Russian Turkestan ; Omsk, 
 
 in Western Siberia ; and Irkootsk, in Eastern Siberia. 
 Yakootsk, on the Lena River is supposed to be the cold- 
 est city in the world. 
 
 The Chinese Empire is larger by one-half than the 
 United States and contains about six times as many in- 
 habitants. 
 
 China contains the greater part of the population The 
 land is fertile and well cultivated, agriculture being the 
 chief occupation of the people. Rivers and canals are 
 numerous ; much traveling is done in boats. Thousands 
 of the inhabitants of China have their houses and gar- 
 dens on rafts and boats which float on the rivers. These 
 people live by gardening and fishing. In their floating 
 houses their children are born, are married and die. A 
 young child falling overboard there is kept from drown- 
 ing by means of an empty gourd which its mother had 
 tied between its shoulders. 
 
 The food of the Chinese consists, principally, of rice 
 and fish. 
 
 The leading exports from China are tea, silk, porcelain 
 and pottery. 
 
 Its trade is carried on, mainly, with Great Britain, 
 Australia and the United States, by meane of ships, and 
 with Russia by means of caravans. 
 
 Many of the inhabitants of the other divisions of tho 
 empire are wandering tribes, whose occupation is the 
 raising of horses, sheep and goats. 
 
 Pekiu, the capital of the Chinese Empire, is noted for 
 its surrounding walls, magnificent gates and heathen 
 temples. Its houses are only one or two stories high. Its 
 population is greater than that of New York City. 
 
 Thibet is situated on a high plateau, surrounded by the 
 highest mountains in the world. 
 
 Corea is a kingdom. It was, until recently, under the 
 control of the Chinese government. 
 
 The Empire of Japan consists of islands, which contain 
 mountains, streams, forests, and a well cultivated soil. 
 Japan contains beautiful lakes, rivers, waterfalls, trees, 
 and flowers of great variety ; bear8,deer, wolves and foxes ; 
 pheasants and other birds. The celebrated mountain in 
 Japan is Fujiyama, whose summit is covered with snow 
 nearly all the year. In summer, bands of pilgrims, dressed 
 in white, travel to its summit to worship idol sthere. 
 
 The principal occupation of the Japanese are agriculture, 
 manufacturing and mining. 
 
 It exports comprise tea, rice, silks, porcelain, fans and 
 lacquered ware. 
 
 Tokio, the capital, is the residence of the emperor, called 
 the mikado. Its chief port is Yokahama. 
 
 India is larger than all the Pacific States and Territories, 
 and contains about four times as many inhabitants as the 
 United States. 
 
 The Empire of India is ruled by the Governor-General, 
 who is aj)pointed by Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and 
 Ireland and Empress of India. Next to the Chinese Empire 
 it is the most populous in the world. India was settled by 
 the Aryans, about 1400 B. 0. They were Brahmins, but 
 unlike the Brahmins of the present time in their religious 
 teaching and practices. Their language was the Sanskrit, 
 The people are divided into castes. They believe in the 
 transmigration of souls. Gautama or Buddha, about 500 
 B. C, introduced a form of religion which, after along 
 struggle with Brahmanism,was overcome in India and trans- 
 planted in China, where it has degenerated into a debasing 
 form of idolatry. Queen Elizabeth chartered the East 
 India Company m 1600 A. D. The vast empire, which 
 had grown by its conquests, was transferred to the British 
 Crown in 1858. 
 
 Nearly the whole of India is subject to Greet Britain, 
 either absolutely or as tributary States. 
 
 ■ ft ^^ L .1 
 
~f?*««*-« 
 
 i^^..t m t i « ig mnt Mtmt. 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 
 India is remarkable for its high, snow-covered peaks, hot 
 climate and largo population. 
 
 Its low plains in the north are the most fertile in the 
 world. The west and soutli contain desert tracts. 
 
 Agriculture and stock raising are tjio princiiial indus- 
 tries. 
 
 The exports are cotton, opium, rice, wheat and jute. 
 Cattle, camels, bulTiiloes, sheep and goats are numerous. 
 The inhabitants subsist, principally, upon rice, iish and 
 tea. 
 
 Calcutta is the capital and tiie largest city in India, and 
 the most important city in Asia. Honibay, on the western 
 coast, and Madras:, on the eastern, are important cities. 
 
 Ceylon is a mountainous island, belonging to Great 
 Britain. It is famous for uoffee and spices. I'earl oysters 
 abound on the southern coast, and the fishery is ofiju very 
 profitable. 
 
 Farther Iiulia or Indo-China, forming the southeastern 
 
 Eeninsulaof Asia, comprises tlie kingdoms of Burmah, 
 iam and Anam, Lower Cochin China, Cambodia and the 
 Malay I'eninsula. 
 
 This division of Asia is remarkable for its long mountain 
 ranges ami fertile valleys, its hot, moist climate, and its 
 dense forests and jungles. 
 
 It contains large, savage animals, and many tribes of 
 people scarcely removed from barbarism. 
 
 The chief occupation of the inhabitants is the cultiva- 
 tion of rice, winch is tlieir principal article of food. 
 
 Bangkok, the capital of .Siam, is the largest city in 
 Farther India. It contains royal palaces and many pa- 
 godas. These are surrounded by bamboo houses built on 
 piles. 
 
 Mandalay is the capital of Burmah. 
 
 Saigon is a seaport of French Cochin China. 
 
 Singapore, on the Island of Singapore, is a seaport be- 
 longing to Great Britain. 
 
 Persia, Afghanistan, Beloochistan and Bokhara are re- 
 markable for tlieir desert tracts, forest-covered mountains 
 and fertile river valleys. 
 
 The principal products are grain, fruits, sugar indigo 
 and dates. 
 
 l\Iany of the inhabitants own large flocks of goats and 
 sheep, wliile others are engaged in the manufacture of 
 silk goods, shawls, rugs and perfumery, or in the caravan 
 trade. There are, also, many roving, warlike tribes. 
 Nearly all are Jlohammedans. 
 
 Persia is remarkable for extensive salt deserts. Near 
 the Caspian Sua, however, vegetation is luxuriant. Here, 
 as in otiier Moiiammedan countries, education is confined 
 to learning portions of the Koran and scraps of poetry. 
 The Persians are a slow, easy-going people, hospitable, 
 generous, but procrastinating 
 
 These countries ar: important because of their situation 
 between Russia and the Indian Ocean. Afghanistan has 
 been called tiie "gateway to India." 
 
 Teheran, the capital of Persia, and Tabriz, are the chief 
 cities. 
 
 Cabul, Herat and Candahar are the principal cities in 
 Afghanistan. 
 
 Arabia is chiefly a hot, desert plateau, with oases of 
 different sizes, in which dates, grapes, tamarinds and 
 other fruits grow. 
 
 It lias no general government, the inhabitants being 
 niled by sheiks or chiefs. The rulers are called Sul- 
 tans. 
 
 Arabia is celebrated for fine dromedaries and horses, 
 and excellent cotlee. 
 
 Muscat, tlie capital of Oman, is the largest city in 
 Arabia, and the chief seaport. 
 
 Aden is a fortified seaport belonging to Great Britain. 
 
 Mecca, the birthplace of ilohammed, is visited by manj 
 Mohammedan pilgrims every year. It is said to be the 
 hottest city in the world. 
 
 Turkey in Asia is a part of the Ottoman, or Turkish 
 Empire, whose capital is Constantinople. 
 
 Its northern part is remarkable for forests, moantains 
 and fertile valleys. Its eastern part for the fertile plains 
 of the Tigris and Euphrates, and its southern for a desert 
 region. 
 
 Tropical fruits, cotton, grain and tobacco grow abun- 
 dantly. 
 
 The people are chiefly Turks and Arabs, professing the 
 Mohammedan religion. 
 
 Smyrna, an important commercial port and steamer 
 station, is the largest city* 
 
 Damascus is the oldest city in the world. It contains 
 grand old mosques, and is the center of the caravan trade. 
 Its manufactures comprise saddles and silk goods. 
 
 Palestine, or the Holy Land, is mentioned in Scripture 
 as the Promised Land of the Ancient Hebrews, and the 
 birthplace of Christianity. It contains the cities of Jeru- 
 salem and Bethlehem, the Valley of the Jordan, the Dead 
 Sea and the Sea of Galilee. 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 Africa, the southwestern continent of the Old World, is 
 the only country stretching entirely across the Torrid 
 Zone. 
 
 It is a peni ula, joined to Asia by the Isthmus of Suez. 
 The ship-canal, constructed across the isthmus, makes it, 
 artificially, an island. The shortest distance across the 
 Isthmus of Suez is aboutseventy-two miles; the line of the 
 canal is one hundred miles. The average height of the 
 isthmus above sea level is scarcely ten feet. 
 
 The Suez Canal was completed in 1869. It has a depth 
 of twenty-four feet, and a clear channel seventy-two feet 
 in width. By connecting the Red sea with the Mediter- 
 ranean, this canal furnishes a shorter route between Eu- 
 ropean ports and India, than that around the Cape of Good 
 Hope. It extends from Port Said, on the Mediterranean, 
 to Suez, a sea-port town near the head of the Gulf of 
 Suez. 
 
 Africa is the second country in size. Its length and 
 breadth are each about 5,000 miles. 
 
 The coast is unbroken by bays and inlets such as make 
 secure harbors for vessels. In proportion to its size, it has 
 the shortest coast line. 
 
 There are many continental islands lying along the coast 
 of Africa. Madagascar, the largest, is separated from the 
 continent; by a very shallow channel. 
 
 The interior of Africa is a plateau, which is highest in 
 the south and southeast. This, in most parts, is bordered 
 by mountains, between which and the sea is a low and 
 narrow strip of coast. 
 
 The avei.."o elevation of the high plateau is about 5,000 
 feet, and of the northern region, about 1,-500 feet. 
 
 The principal mountain system extends along the eastern 
 side of the continent. Mount Kenia, the highest peak, is 
 about 20,000 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 The great Sahara Desert has an undulating surface, and 
 is covered mostly with shifting sand and gravel. A small 
 portion, south of Barca, is below the sea level. 
 
 Oases, watered by springs and covered with groven of 
 date-palm trees, are met with in different parts ot the 
 desert. 
 
 Soudan, situated south of the Great Desert, is a region 
 remarkable for its extreme heat and excessive rains and 
 droughts. 
 
.) 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD 
 
 Central Africa, or the region crossed by tlie Equator, is 
 remarifnble for its fertility; nnd, owing to its great height 
 above the sea- level, its clinmit is mild and healthful. This 
 region is drained by many largo rivers. 
 
 Southern Africa is inountiiiiioiis, but it contains many 
 fertile valleys and plains well adapted to agriculture ai;d 
 stock-rai-ing. The Kalahari Desert, though destitute ot 
 streams, is covered during a great part of tlio year with 
 grass. The lakes of Africa are confined chiefly to the 
 liigh, equatorial region, and are renuirkable fur tlicir num- 
 ber ami size. Lake Victoria is tlie largest Jake in the world. 
 Its outlet is tlie Nile river. 
 
 The Kiver Nile flows through the most important part 
 of Africa. It« lower course is in a region -ilinost rainless, 
 and for more than 1,500 miles it does not receive a single 
 tributary. It is fed by the annual rains and the melting 
 snows of the high mountains. 
 
 The water of the Nile is highest from May till Septem- 
 ber, when the lower valley is covered with a fine, rich soil, 
 brought down by the flood; and the seeds w hich are scat- 
 tered over the water, as it sudsides, bring forth abundant 
 crops of grain. Cotton, also, is an important product of 
 the Nile valley. 
 
 The Congo, first explored by Livingston, and afterward 
 by Stanley, drains the most fertile part of the continent. 
 Its source is in the region of heavy rains. 
 
 The region of the greatest heat is in the Egyptian Sou- 
 dan. There the midway temperature during the summer 
 months is often 140 deg. Fahr., while the nights are some- 
 times so cold that ice forms. In the desert, hot winds, 
 known as simoons, are prevalent, and sand storms are often 
 destructive. The coast, generally, is very unhealthy. 
 
 Southern Africa possesses a mild and genial climate. 
 Here are the principal settlements formed by Europeans in 
 Africa. This is the home of the Caffre. 
 
 Northern ^Virica yields grain, cotton, dates, almonds 
 and olive oil. Rice is a leading product of the Guinea 
 coast. The date-palm flourishes along the shores of the 
 Mediterranean and in the oases of the desert. The famous 
 boabab tree is found in Central Africa. It is famous for 
 its great size and age. Groves of teak, mangrove, ebony, 
 and India rubber abound on the western coast. Guin 
 arable, myrrh, cotton, coffee, suger-cane, and spices are 
 products of Eastern Africa. The islands produce tropical 
 fruits, wine and amber. 
 
 Africa is noted for largo and ferocious animals, and 
 venomous serjients. The lion is found in all jiarts of the 
 continent. The hippopotamus inhabits the upper Nile, 
 while the marshes and streams of the low coaat contain 
 many crocodiles, lizards, and other reptiles. 
 
 The gorilla, the largest and fiercest of apes, and the 
 chimpanzee, arc met in the west. The elephant, giraffe, 
 and the two-horned rhinoceros, belong in Central and 
 Southern Africa. There are rmny species of deer and an- 
 telope. The zebra and the gnn or horned horse, are 
 numerous in the grassy plains of Southern Africa. The 
 ostrich is hunted in various parts of the continent; but in 
 Southern Africa, the rearing of those birds for their 
 plumes is an important occupation. 
 
 The most u.seful animal in crossing desert regions is the 
 camel. Travelers and merchants, with their camels car- 
 rying merchandise, cross the desert in companies, clled 
 o.iravans. For more than four thousand years camels have 
 \eea almost the solo means employed to carry merchandise 
 acro.ss the deserts. The camel will carry a load of four or 
 five hundred pounds weight flfty miles a day for five or 
 six days, although ho may not be supplied with food or 
 water during that time. 
 
 The coiists of Guinea and Senegambia have long been 
 celebrated for gold. Copper, lead, salt and saltpeter are 
 otttained in tome places. 
 
 Imjxirtant diamond fields are in South Africa. 
 
 Africans comprise three races — the Caucasian, Negro 
 and Malay. 
 
 The Muors, Arabs, Berbers, Egyptians, and varicms 
 tribes of the north are Caucasians; tlie tribes of Central 
 and Southern Africa, and the east and west coasts, Ne- 
 groes; and those of .Madagascar, .Malays. 
 
 Excepting the European colonists who have settled 
 along the coast, nearly all the Caucasian inhabitants are 
 Mohamniedaiis, and are in a low state of civilization. 
 
 Mo.<t of the Negro tribes of Africa are savages, in a 
 degraded condition. There are, however, several tribes 
 wiiich cultivate the soil, rai.sc cattle 'id observe laws. 
 
 The Barbary States, situated on the .Mediterranean 
 coiist, extend from the Atlantic Ocean to Egyi)t. 
 
 The climate is mild and liealthfiil. South of the Atlas 
 Moutitaiiis it is extremely hot and arid. There are two 
 seasons, a rainy and a dry. 
 
 Tlie higlilauds are covered with forests of cedar, pine, 
 cork trees ajid other valuable timber. The lowlands are 
 finely a<iapted to agriculture. 
 
 The most important productions are dates, oranges, 
 banan.as, pomegranates and figs. 
 
 The natives coiii-ist of JMoorn, Arabs and Berbers. Al- 
 though descended from a very enlightened people, they 
 are extremely ignorant, degraded and treacherous. The 
 foreigners are mainly French and Jewish colonists. Wher- 
 ever they settled, agriculture, manufactures and com- 
 merce quickly followed. 
 
 Morocco is under the absolute government of a sultan, 
 who is subject to Turkey. The country is sparsely set- 
 tled. Cattle, sheep and goats are reared extensively. 
 
 In tanning and dyeing leather the people exhibit great 
 skill, and the leather manufactured there is exported to 
 ail I'arts of the world. 
 
 Morocco and Fez are the most important cities. The 
 sultan holds court at one and the other, alternately. 
 
 Algeria is a French possession, and contains a large 
 Eurof>ean population. It is one of the most prosperous 
 of the Barbary States. 
 
 Several lines of railway are in operation, and caravans, 
 trading in ivory, gums and ostrich feathers, penetrate the 
 interior of Soudan. 
 
 Algiers is the capital and commercial center. It is 
 connected with JIarseilles by a submarine telegraph cable. 
 
 Tunis, also, h a French possession It was formerly 
 snbject to Turkey. It is noted for its olive groves, date 
 plantations, coral fisheries, and the manufacture of red 
 caps, soap and leather. 
 
 Tunis, near the site of ancient Carthage, is the capital 
 and seaport. It is a very old city. 
 
 Trijxili, though nominally a Turkish province, is a 
 despotic monarchy, governed by a bey. 
 
 It contains no" rivers, and rain seldom falls; yet, on 
 account of heavy dews, the soil is productive. 
 
 The leading exports are wool, hides and ivory. 
 
 Tripoli is the capital and seaport. Mourzouk, the cap- 
 ital of Fezzan, is the center of a large caravan trade. 
 
 The Nile countries comprise Egypt proper, Nubia and 
 the Egyptian Soudan, or Kingdom" of the Mahdi. They 
 are govenied by a hereditary monarch called the khedive; 
 and are subject to Turkey. 
 
 The greater part of Egypt is a desert. Along the lower 
 course of the Nile, only the narrow valley, which is an- 
 nually inundated, is capable of producing crops. 
 
 Since the completion of the Suez canal, rapid progress 
 has been made in developing the agricultural and commer- 
 cial interests of Efrpt. 
 
 Railways have been built, and by means of irrigating 
 canals extensive '' acts of desert land have been made pro- 
 ductive. 
 
 
 If 
 
'■li' l' 
 
 'I ': 
 
 •U; 
 
 ATLAS OP THE WOULD. 
 
 M.).it of the wciiltliior clnssos Imvo boon pduciitcd in 
 Europe, ;inil forei<,'iiriistonisiir(!bein{(intro(liu'i'(l through- 
 out the country. The hiboring clasBea arc greatly op- 
 pre?s('i|, 1111(1 lire priietically in a state of slavery. 
 
 "^I'he principal proiliicta of Egypt urn cottiiii, griiin, 
 suuar aufl rice. (Juin arii,i)ie, ivory, indigo and ostrich 
 feathora are ol)tiiiiied in the Soudan. MiiiuifiictorieH lie.vo 
 beene:Jtalilisheii in the larger cities and tmvns. 
 
 CJairo, tiie ciipii;il of Egyjit, i.s the laigest ciiy in Africa. 
 Alexandiia is the princijial seaport. IJailwayn connect 
 both eiti'-i with Suez, the southern seiiportof the Suez 
 canal. T\\i\ ncrtherii, or Mcditorraneaii, seaj)ort of the 
 canal is I'o! t Said. 
 
 The otlier seaports of Egypt iiro Kosntta and Dainietta. 
 
 Nuliia and the I'lgvptian Soiidan are iidiabited by wur- 
 iike tribes of Ar.'iinniil Negro descent. 
 
 K'lrirtoum, at the junction of the l?hio and the White 
 Xiie, is the center of a largo caravan trade. 
 
 Ahyssinia is the high and rugged vbiteaii, containing a 
 number of fertiliMiillcys. The cliinale, owing to the iiigh 
 altitude of the surface, is mild and lieidthful. The jieo- 
 ple, though of a (hirk, or swarthy conijilexirii, belong to 
 tlio Caucasian nice, and consist, chiclly, of Coi)t3 and 
 Berbers, who arc ignorant and degraded. 
 
 Abyssinia consists of several independeut states, having 
 no general govern nient. 
 
 Gondar is the caiiitai. Massowah, an Egyjitian posses- 
 sion, is the only t-eiijiort. 
 
 South Africa comprises several prosperous colonies. 
 Some of tlicso belong to Greiit Britain, others arc inde- 
 pendent states founded by Dutch settlers, while otliers still 
 are the homes of niitivo tribes. 
 
 C';i])0 Colony and Xatal are British colonies. Tlie surface 
 of the liind is high, undulating and well adajjted to graz- 
 ing. 
 
 The leading oceiqiations arc the raising of cattle and 
 sheep and tlir rearing of ostriches. Wool and ostrich feath- 
 ers arc among the most valup.])lo exports. 
 
 Cajie 'I'dwn. the ciijutal of Cape Colony, is the chief 
 sea])ort of South Africa. 
 
 Piotermaritzburg is the capital of Natal. 
 
 West Grifjiialand. ;dso a jiosscssion of Great Britniti, 
 contains the most p;oductivo diamond mines in the 
 world. 
 
 Kiinberly, its capital, is situated in the diamond fields, 
 and is the chief market for rough diamonds. 
 
 CafFrisria and Ztiluland are inliabited by nati' os ■wiioare 
 noted for their intelligence, line jjhysical ajipc arance arid 
 great bravery. Both countries arc goveriie , by native 
 chiefs, altliough subject to (treat Britain. 
 
 Tlio Oran-ri; I'reo State and the South Afr'.^an Bepublic 
 (formerly 'rraiisvaal) arc inhabited by liuteh farmers, 
 called Boers. 'Flic Boers arc noted for their bravery ami 
 love of indi'jiendence. 
 
 Blocmfontoin is thocajiital of the Orinige Free State, 
 and I'retoria of tin; South African Bepublie. Wool, 
 cattla and grain are the ex])o.-ts. 
 
 Cei 1 Africa include.^ ti regions comprised in Saiiara 
 or tin ,eat Desert, Soudan, the Congo Free State and the 
 territoi'y soutliward to the Boer repul)lics. 
 
 Sahara emitains about twenty oases, inhabited by wan- 
 dering tribes, who live chielly bv jilimdering tiie caravans. 
 
 Soudan is inliabiled by senii-burbarous tribes, each of 
 whicli is governed by a chief, whoso will is law. 
 
 Thcdr oceu)iation is lierding cattle, but they are con- 
 staTitly at war ivith on ■ another. 
 
 TiuibiK^too, Siickiitoo and Koukaare centers of a large 
 caravan trade. 
 
 Tlio Coiiffo Free State ombrpoes tlie b vsin of the Congo 
 river. It is subject to the King of Belgium. 
 
 Zanzibar is .1 strip of coast nearly 1,000 miles long, in- 
 cluding tt number of small islands. It is an absolute mon- 
 archy, governed by a sultan. 
 
 Zanzibar, on an island of tiio same name, is the capital. 
 It is the center of a large trade in ivory, gum cojial and 
 spices. Trade is almost exclusively in the hands of Hindoo 
 and Arab merchants. 
 
 Mozanibiipie includes a number of Portuguese colonies, 
 extending from Ziiluland to Zanzibar. The city of Mozam- 
 bique, the chief center o^ trade, is the residence of the 
 tlovernor-deneral. 
 
 Tho West coast is covered with forests of valuable tim- 
 ber. The Highlands contain gold anil silver. 
 
 Seiiegainbiii includes most of the basins of tlie Senegal 
 and Gambia rivers. English and Freiudi traders have 
 settled along tho coast. 
 
 Sierra Leone isaprosj)er(Mis Englisli colony. It is inhab- 
 ited by Negroes, many of whom were ri'scued from slave 
 ships. Freetown is liie capital. 
 
 liiberia is a small republic. (Migiimlly established as a 
 colony for freed slaves from tho United States. Monrovia 
 is the cajiital. 
 
 Dahomey and Ashantee are absolute despotisms. 
 
 The natives are superstitious, warlike and ferocious. In 
 Dahomey wholesale mui-ders; or human sacrifices, form 
 jiart of certain cehbraiions. Hero the king has lui army of 
 women, whose weapons are mii.skets, swords and clubs. 
 Ashantee, also, is ruled by a nai i ve king, who is indejiendent. 
 
 Madagascar, a kingdom, contains a civilized population, 
 whose principal industries are agriculture atid lierd-ng. 
 
 St. Helena belongs to Great Britain; the Canary Islands 
 to Spain; tho Madeira, the Azores and the Cape Verd 
 Isl mds to Portugal. 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 I 2 3 „*_.__ L 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 MAP OF 
 
 Nourii .vsin^TH 
 AMIiltlCA 
 
 ..^'^ i(,'.iri"u",r 
 
ATLA8 OP THE WOltl.l). 
 
 North Amoricii is the iiortherii division of tlio wostorn 
 coiitiiiunt. It extends ulmoat from the North Polo to the 
 E(|Uur.or. 
 
 riio shape of North Americu is nearly thiit of a triangle, 
 broad itfc i,!io north and t.-poring nlriiD.it t;i a point at tlio 
 south. Its loiiLjth is nearly 6,(»00 miles. Its area ia equal 
 to one-half lluitof Asia, or two and a half tinica that nf 
 Europe. Its northern and eastern coasts are reniaikable 
 for nutnorous indentations and good liarbors, while the west- 
 ern coast has hut few. 
 
 The western part of tlie continent ia a high plateau, on 
 which are ni:iiiy nearly parallel ranges of mountains. The 
 direction of these ranges is from northwest to southeast. 
 They constitute the Itoeky Mountain system, mid form the 
 main axis of the continent. Theeulminatingrangesof this 
 system in-'loso a large, oval-shaped jilateau, called the 
 Great Ba.iin. 
 
 The .'\ppalacliian system, in the eastern part, is com- 
 posed of several parallel ranges, extending from northeast 
 to south .-est. Their average height i-< about 3,00(1 feel- or 
 about onc-i'i;ird tint of the Western Highlands. 
 
 Volcanoes a.o numerous in the Western Jiighlands, and 
 some of tlum aro constantly aeiivc. 
 
 The highest )i"iik of the liocky ^^ountain system is Mt. 
 St. Elias, l!),r)0!) feet; iind of the Appalachian system, Mt. 
 Mitchell, O.ru? feet. 
 
 The great central plain, extending from Hudson Bay to 
 the Gu'f of i\K'xico, lies between the two mountain systems. 
 The ll.'ight of La:id, aa almost iniperccptiblo divide, 
 crosses (he plf.in, separating the Arctic Slope from the 
 Gulf Xlope. 
 
 The lakes of North America are remarkable for their 
 number and size. If a straight line were drawn from 
 Ohesapeiiko Bay to the month of the ^lackcnzio river, it 
 would jiass through nearly every large lake in North 
 America. 
 
 The great lakes contain about one-half the fresh water 
 on the globe. I.ake Superior, the largest, however, ia ex- 
 ceeded in size by Lake Victoria in Africa. 
 
 Salt and aikalinc lakes are numerous in the Pacific high- 
 lands. Great Salt Lake, in Utah, has an area twice that 
 of Rhode Island. With the exception of the Caspian sea, 
 it is the largest salt lake on the globe. 
 
 The Mississippi basin is the largest basin in the world, 
 excepting that of the Amazon river. Its chief stream, the 
 Mississippi and Missouri, exceeds every other river in 
 length. 
 
 The ^'iikon river, second in size, is, in many respects, 
 unlike any other river on the continent. Its upper course 
 is remarkable for falls and rapids. Its lower part contains 
 many islands, and is often five and six miles wide. 
 
 The Columbia, Colorado, and many of their tributaries 
 which rise in the interior of the continent, flow, in some 
 places, through deep canons. 
 
 Tho soil is very productive. The Mississipjji basin and 
 the slopes of the Atlantic ocean and the Gulf of Mexico 
 contain soil of great fertility. On the Pacific coast tho 
 climate ia much milder than in corresponding latitudes on 
 the Atlantic coast. The northern part of the continent 
 is extremely cold ; tho central jjortion is characterized by 
 hot suirmers and cold winters ; the southern part has a 
 tropical climate. The rainfall is greatest in the north- 
 west and southeast. The rains of the Pacific coast fall 
 mostly in winter. In nortliern regions vegetation is lim- 
 ited to mosses, lichens and a few shrubs. A belt of cone- 
 bearing and deciduous trees extends through the middle 
 of tho Temperate zone. In the south, these are re])!acod 
 by pdms, tree-ferns, bananas, and agaves. Grasses are 
 
 abundatit throughout tho Tompcrato ^onc. Indian corn 
 ami tol)a(;co are iMitiv to North Ameriea. 
 
 Tho fur tical, whale, walrus, polar bear and musk-ox 
 are the most ini|povtant animals of the northern regions. 
 The bi.Mjii. (leir, hi'ai, v/oif ami |':iii'her, are I'om.non in 
 tho north central part. The giiz/.ly beiir is found in 
 Nortli AM;eri(!a only. Tho monkey in the tropical regions. 
 
 Iteptilesare numerous in the south. Jsenrly 500 species 
 of birds aro known. Fish aris abuiulaiit; the cod, salmon, 
 herring and niaelcerel are valuable as food. 
 
 T);e mineral resources of North America surjiass those 
 of any other ( ".linont. Iron and coal, niines'ids on which 
 civilization aiul oinmerce so great'y depend, are abundant 
 and widely distrilaited. Petroleum and TUiiural illuniiiuit- 
 ing gas are rouml in tho Alleghany mountains and the 
 Cou.it range. Gold, silver and rpiicksilver aro found 
 chielly in tije Western higlilunds ; copijcr and lead, in 
 tho vicinity of the great lakes; aiid zinc, in the Easterii 
 highlands, 
 
 American Indians inhabited North America at the time 
 of the ex[)lorations in the loth r.nd Kith ci^nturies. A 
 civilized people preceding the.sc had disajipcared from the 
 region whicli now constitutes the L^niled States, as the 
 ruins of their I'.abitation bear witness. 
 
 Civilized people were found by the Spanish (explorers of 
 Mexico. They were conquered by the Spaniards, and 
 gradually disappeared. 
 
 Tho Esquimaux, who are found in the Arctic regions 
 only, are thought by many to be of Mongolian origin. 
 The Iiulians, tilso, are said to be of Mongolian descent, 
 and to have come, originally, from Asia. 
 
 The white race, the ruling element of the population, 
 !ire the descendants of Europeans. The inhabitants of 
 Mexico and (!entral America are tho descendants, in part, 
 of Spaniards and native Iiulians. 
 
 The Negroes, originally brought to America as slaves, 
 aro fast becoming educated. 
 
 Industries — Tho geographical distribution of the various 
 industies is more noticeable in Kortli America than in 
 the other continents. Foreign commerce, manufactures 
 and fisheries aro confined chieily to the coasts and luivigablo 
 streams. 
 
 Agriculture is carried on, jirineipally, throughout the 
 fertile prairies and river valleys of tlio interior. Stock- 
 raising is most profitable where there are mild winters and 
 an abundance of grass. 
 
 Mining is a leading industry in the hicrhlands. 
 
 North America includes Danish America, British Ameri- 
 ca, the United States of America, Mex'co, Central 
 America and tho West Indies. 
 
 Danish America belongs to tho Kingdom of Denmark. 
 
 Greeidand, Icelan. 
 
 aiu 
 
 1 a few smaller 
 
 It comprises 
 islands. 
 
 Greenland extends farther north than any other country, 
 or to within about 400 miles .if the iNorth'Polc. Its area 
 is nearly ono-tliird that of the United States. 
 
 Tho surface of Greenland is covered with ice and snow. 
 Tho coasts are scored by nnmerousglaciers. The products 
 aro fish, oil and reindeer skins. 
 
 The jieople comprise a few Danes and a number of 
 Esquinuiux tribes. 
 
 Icelaiul, which is about half the size of Kansas, is noted 
 for volcanoes, geysers, glaciers riiul lava fields. Its south- 
 ern part has p, milder climate than its northern, and con- 
 tains all tho settlements. 
 
 Tho Icelanders aro generally educated. Their trade is 
 carried on with Copenhagen, the capital of Deinnark. 
 Their capital, Ecikiavik, contains a college. 
 
 > 
 
ATLAS OP TnE WOIIM). 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A Iiopuhlio, iti.itliu iiiiilillo division of North Aiuorieii. 
 Alaska, ii territory ocHMiping tlio iiortliwi'st |)urt of North 
 Aiiu'ric^ii, is partly iiitlio North 'ruiiiponito Zoiioiind partly 
 it! tlio North I'Viijid Zotio. It was iMirdiaacd from IJii.s- 
 fiia by tlio United Stntcs. Kxtend.H from tlio Atlantic 
 Ocean on the cast to liio I'acilio OiH'Mn on tin) west, from 
 the Dominion of Canada on the north to tho rcpiihlii; of 
 Jluxieoand the (iiilf of Mexico on tho sonth. 'I'lio dis- 
 tanocacro.ss tho United .States from east lowest through 
 tho center, is ahoiit X'.fioo miles, and from north to south 
 about J.doO miles. 'I'ho shortest distance! between the 
 Dominion of Canada and tho Gulf of Mexico is about 800 
 miles. 
 
 'I'hc high mount, lins and plateaus of the United States 
 are in the wesiern part. Tliero tho mining of gold and 
 silver, and tho raising of cattle and sheep eonstitiito tiio 
 leading <iccupatioiis of tho jieople. 
 
 'riio jihiins, niairies, .slopt s and lowlands extending from 
 tho great highland region eastward to tho Atlantic Oilcan, 
 aro remarkablo for their fertile soil, which ])r()duce8 
 immcnso crops of grain, cotton, frnit and vegetables. 
 
 The valleys of tho Pacific Slope aro noted for their mild, 
 genial climato and their great yield of wheat, fruits and 
 vegetables. 
 
 Coal andiron are mined extensively in various parts of 
 the United States. 
 
 Tho variety and imjiortance of the products and indus- 
 tries of this country aro due principally to its vast extent 
 of territory and its great diversity of soil, elevation and 
 climate. 
 
 Its increase in population, wealth and jiower is unsur- 
 passed. A century ago there were but thiiiecn States, con- 
 taining less than 4,000,000 iidiahitants. Now there are 
 forty-two States, seven territories and tho District of 
 Columbia, with a total population of more than 00,000,000. 
 A territory is under the control of the General Govern- 
 ment of tho United States, until it is admitted into tho 
 Union as a State by Congress, Tho orignal thirteen States 
 were New Hampshire, Massachusette, Khode Island, Con- 
 necticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, 
 Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and 
 Georgia. The first States admitted after them were Ken- 
 tucky, Vermont, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana, 
 and Mississii^pi. 
 
 The first colonies in tho region now called tho United 
 States were established by the English, in Virginiain, 1607; 
 by the Dutch, in New York, in 1613; and by the Pilgrims, 
 in Massachusetts, in 1620. 
 
 All were subject to (ireat Britain from IGG-i to 1776, 
 when the thirteen colonies declared themselves free and 
 independent States. 
 
 Each State has its own constitution, laws, legislature, 
 and governor, while all tho States aro united under the 
 constitution and laws of the United States. A State is 
 entitled to be represented in the United States Senate by 
 two senators, and in the House of Representatives by one 
 member for every 154,325 inhabitants. 
 
 Every state is entitled to, at least, one member. A terri- 
 tory may send a delegate to the House but he has no vote. 
 There are at present 84 senators and 325 members of the 
 House of Representatives. The states which have the 
 largest representation in the House are New York 34 
 members, Pennsylvania 28, Ohio 21, and Illinois 20. The 
 states and territories of the United States have legislatures 
 consisting of two houses similar to those of Congress, 
 elected by the people. They arc divided into counties, 
 which are, in some cases, subdivided into townships. The 
 divisions of Ijouisiana corresponding to counties are called 
 slies. The highest oflicials in a state are the Governor, 
 
 Lieutonant-novernor, Secretary of State, Attorney Gen- 
 eral, and Siii)erintenilent of Schools. Towns ai|d villages 
 aro coll<'cil'>ns of houses and inhabitants. Cities liavo 
 certain rigliisiind pri\ ilcges not possessed by t-wiis af 
 villages. Tlio atl'aiis of u city are UHiially controlled by 
 mayor and alileinieii. A roiiiily teat is tho chief town in 
 whicli tho ollirial business of the county is conducted. 
 
 Th.) general governineiit conipri>es tiiree departments, 
 tho legis'ative, the judicial and the executive. Jt has 
 control of all matters pertaining tocomtnerco and treaties 
 with foreiL,'!! coiiniiies. ibeiniiiy and iiavv, tho decliiration 
 of war, I he |M)stolhces and t bo coining of money. 
 
 Tho h'gisliitive power is vested in CongrcHs, which con- 
 sists of the Senate, (coinjiosed of two senators from each 
 State, chosen by the state legislature, for six years. Tho 
 X'ice-president of the riiiled States isthojiresident of tho 
 Senate) and House of Re]) esentatives. C'oiigress hoMf 
 its sessions in Washington. Tho (lession of Congress 
 begins on the first Monday in December of each yeai'. A 
 law cannot take elTect unless j)assed by both tho Senate 
 and the llonso of Kepresentaiives, ana ai)proved by tho 
 Pn^sident. If, however, he disapprove a measure which 
 has been passed by both houses of Congress, it may become 
 a law on being lepassed by two-thirds of each house. 
 
 The judicial power is vested in tho Su))romo Court, 
 which interprets the laws, 'i'he Supreme Court consists 
 of a chief justice and eight associate justices, all apj)ointcd 
 for life by the president with tho consent of the Senate. 
 
 The executive power is vested in tiio President, whose 
 duty -'s to execute or enforce the laws. He is elected for 
 four years. Tho President and Vice-President are elected 
 by a number of electors, called tho electoral college, 
 chosen by the people of tho States, or their legislatures. 
 Each State is entitled to a number of electors, equal to 
 tho whole number of senators and representatives to which 
 it is entitled in Congress. In case of a vacancy in the 
 office of President, it shall be filled by the Vice-president. 
 If there be no Vice-President, tho law of 1886 vests the 
 succession in those members of tho cabinet who are 
 constitutionally eligible, in the following order: Secretary 
 of State, Secretary of tho Treasury, Secretary of War, 
 Attorney-General, Postnuister-General, Secretary of the 
 Navy, and Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 MEXICO. 
 
 Mexico is a republic, composed of twenty-seven Stat es, 
 a federal district and tho Territory of Lower California. 
 It is situated in the North Temperate and tho Torrid 
 Zones, and is about one- fourth the size oC the United 
 States. 
 
 The surface is a high plateau, fringed by a belt of low, 
 narrow coast. Several ranges of tho Rocky Mountain 
 System, of which the Sierra Madrc is tho highest, extend 
 through the country from northwest to southeast. 
 
 A chain of volcanoes crosses the highest part of the 
 l)lateau. The summits of several of these are above tho 
 limit of perpetual snow. Vol. Popocatepetl is tho highest 
 mountain in Mexico, and, next to Mt. St. Elias, the high- 
 est in North America. 
 
 The lakes are small and unimportant. Most of them 
 are situated in tho Valley of Mexico. 
 
 Tho rivers are short, and, excepting tho Rio Colorado 
 and Rio Grande, not navigable above tide- water. 
 
 The climate is hot and pestilential along tho narrow 
 coast, but mild and healthful in tho high interior. In 
 going from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico, one may, 
 within a few hours, experience nearly every gradation of 
 climate, and find the productions peculiar to each zone. 
 There are hut two seasons; the rainy, and the dry- 
 
of them 
 
 Colorado 
 
 narrow 
 jrior. In 
 one may 
 
 ATLAS OP THK WOULIJ. 
 
 Tho vogetablo productions compriso miihngnny, rose- 
 wood, mesquitc, viirious dyo-woods, tlioiigavu, and cactus. 
 Oraiigos, lonions, pineanplea, olives and biiniiniis aro 
 oxtensivoly cultiviiti'd. 'lohacco, corn, sugar-cane, cocoa, 
 boans, cotieo, vanilla and tho indigo-plant are also grown. 
 
 Tlie wild animals of Mexico comprise tho grizzly bear, 
 puma or Mexican lion, and coyote. Venomous reptiles 
 and insects are numerous. Cattle, horses and donkeys, in 
 vast numbers, aro tlio principal domestic animals. 
 
 The minerals include gold, silver, tin, quicksilver and 
 marble. 
 
 Tho leading iiidiistiies aro agriculture, stock-raising, 
 and mining. ColT-'C, sugar, cotton, cochineal, vanilla, 
 metals, hides, and ornamental woods are exported. Great 
 progress has been recejitly made in the building of rail- 
 roads; but the -jnsettled condition of the government 
 depresses every kind of industry. 
 
 Tho people consist cliiefly of mi.xed races. About one- 
 tenth are Creoles, or descendants of Spanish colonists. 
 Spanish is tho language of the country. 
 
 Mexico, tho federal capital, is the metropolis. It is in 
 the Valley of Mexico, elevation about 7,400 feet above 
 sea level. ■ 
 
 Guadalaxara and Puebla are i.ianufajturing centers. 
 
 Vera Cruz is tho chief Atlantic seaport. 
 
 Acapulco and Gnaymas aro the principal ports on the 
 Pacific Coast of Mexico. 
 
 CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 
 Central America forms tho most southern part of North 
 America. It comprises five republics, and tho British 
 colony of Balize. 
 
 The surface resembles that of Mexico, being a high 
 plateau situated between low coasts. The climate, how- 
 
 ^9 
 
 over, is hotter and more moist, and its vegetation moro 
 luxuriant. 
 
 It contains several volcanoes. Destructive earthquakes 
 aro of fre(pient occurrence. 
 
 Tho principle products aro coffee, dye-woods and sugar. 
 Gold, silver and coal aro found in tho "highlands. 
 
 Tho inhabitants aro chielly meztizos and Indians. Tho 
 white people are mainly of Spanish descent. There aro 
 many European merchants and planters in Balizt and 
 Costa Kica. The language of tho country is Spanish. 
 
 Guatemala, the largest city of Central America, is tho 
 chief commercial port. 
 
 Tiio West Iiulies compriso two chains of islands, extend- 
 ing southeast from the coast of North America. 
 
 Tho Bahanni Island.*, about COO in number, aro low, 
 coral formations. Their clinuito is warm and healthful. 
 
 The sjioiigo lisheries constitute the chief industry. 
 
 Oranges, lomonsand i)ine-api)les aro the principal fruits. 
 Salt is obtained from tho lagoons of Turk's Island, by 
 evaporation. 
 
 Nassau, tlie capital and commercial jiort, is situated on 
 Providence Island. 
 
 Tho Greater Antilles compriso the islands of Cuba, 
 Ilayti, Jamaica and I'orto Uico. Their surface is mount- 
 ainous; their climate and jiroductions are those of tropical 
 regions. Tho population is made up of Spaniards, Creoles 
 and Negroes. 
 
 Cuba exports sugar, molasses, coffee, fruits, tobacco 
 and cigars. Its forests contain ebony, mahogany and 
 rosewood. 
 
 Havana, the capital, is tho center of a vast commerce. 
 It is an important sugar market. 
 
 Matanzas also is an important city in Cuba. 
 
«1 
 
 ATLAS OK Tin; WOIU.I). 
 
 Tlio Isliiml of Iliiyti compriHoa two indopondont rcipitli- 
 lic8, llayti iiiul 8unto Doniiiigo. Tho pe()i)lu n\ 1 tlicir 
 riilora mo Ne^jrocs. 
 
 Port (III I'rincn is tho oapitiil of lliiyti; iind Stinto Do- 
 tiiiii^jo of Siuiio l)(imiiij;o. 
 
 iiiM.iinv yicM.s nllspico, in iidditioji to tho products 
 wliii-'li iiro wiiiiiiiir to tlioso of tlio other inliuida. Kimi id 
 tlio priiK'ipiil exiiort. 'riirtlo-lishing in important. 
 
 Km^'tttoii is tlio Ciii)ital. 
 
 I'orto iiico rontiiin^ nmny hirgo and fortiio phiins. 
 
 Tho Losscr Aiitillisoxtond from I'orto Uicotothomoutii 
 of tlio Orinoco Itivor. 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 South Amorioa was discovered by Coluniluis in 1498, 
 near tiio nioutli of tlio Orinoco. Tlio curly Sj)anish dis- 
 coverers found an Imlian vilhigo near Imko Maracaybo, 
 built over tlio Water on piles. As it remiinled them of 
 Venice, they called it Venezuela, which niouua Little 
 Venice. 
 
 Halboa, in 1513, rrostJcd tho Isthinns, and was the first 
 man wiio saw tlio I'acillo Ocean from tho coast of the 
 Western C.'ontinciit ; but long vear.s b 'fore tills, tho ancient 
 Peruvians bad lived liicre. 'J'licy bad built strong cities, 
 flno leinples, great ai|Ueducts, and splendid roads and 
 bridges, ruins of wliii;ii .still remain. Peru was invaded 
 by the Spaniard-^, tinder Pi/arro, whocruelly tretited the na- 
 tives, destroying their eitiesainl j)lunderiiig their temples. 
 iSouth America was thus coiiqtu'red and settled by Span- 
 inrils, except Brazil, which was settled by IV.rtugncso, and 
 Guiana, which was settled by Pritish, Dutch and French. 
 Aiiout oOO years afterward tho i)eoplo of the countries of 
 South Anuriea (except (luiaiia) deehired themselves inde- 
 pendent of Spain and Pui'iiigaj. 
 
 Simon Bolivar was ll.e most distinguished general and 
 patriot of South America. JIo was called tho "Libera- 
 tor,'' also the " Washington of South America." 
 
 South America is the Southern part of tho AVestcrn 
 Continent. 
 
 Its area is nearly twice that of the United States. In 
 shape it is a triangle, which ta])ers to a jioint toward tho 
 south. Tiio coast lino has but few indetilatious. 
 
 Like North America it has mountain ranges in the west 
 and east ami avast plain in tho center. 
 
 Tho Andean Plateau, tho main axis of tho continent, 
 extends along the entire western coast. It giipj)orts jiar- 
 allel ranges, which constitute tho Andean System. Its 
 liigh peaks arc always covered with snow. The highest 
 measured jicak is Mount Aconcagua, which is about }J4,- 
 000 feet in height. The most celebrated volcano is 
 Cotapaxi. 
 
 Tlio plains of South America cover about half its area. 
 Tho llanos of the Orinoco are treeless plains. During tho 
 rainy season they become a vast inland sea. With the dis- 
 appearance of the water comes a profusion of tropical veg- 
 etation, which quickly withers under the intens.'i heat of 
 tho sun. 
 
 Tho largest lakes in South America tiro Jlaracaybo and 
 Titicaca. The latter is Pv'.OOO feet above the sea L>vel. 
 
 The Amazon is tho largest and one of the longest rivers 
 in the world. Its course is tiearly along tho Equator. Its 
 liighest source is within 70 miles of the Pacific Ocean. 
 At its month tho river is nearly J^OO miles wide. Its cur- 
 rent and the freshness of its water aro perceptible 200 
 miles out at sea. 
 
 Tho soi' is fertile in nearli^ all parts of the continent. 
 The southern part, however, is barren, rocky and desolate. 
 Tho climate along tho seacoaat is generally warm, ex- 
 cept in the south. In tho interior of the lowland plains, 
 the heat is almost intolerable. 
 
 Tho banks of the Amazon proilmu' a wonderful variety 
 of ornamental woods, siich as mahogany, rosewood, vege- 
 table-ivory and tortoise-shell wood, '('ho India rubber, 
 cai'ao, and cot^oa-palm tr(U'S are aliiindaiit. 
 
 Tho lowlands abound in wild grasses, and on tho mount- 
 ain slopes aro found tlio cinchona tree and many kinds of 
 niediciiiid plants. 
 
 Tho chief cultivated jilanta are coffee, sugar-cane, cot- 
 ton, tobacco, indigo, manioc and spices. 
 
 Minerals. — South Ameri(Ni is rich in minerals. A large 
 part of the silver now in nsoin tho world was obtained from 
 tho Andes Mountains. Oold is mined in Columbia and 
 Brazil. 
 
 Industries. — The chief industries of tho inhabitants of 
 South America are herding, agriculture und mining. 
 
 BRAZIL. 
 
 Tho Emiiire of Brazil, the largest country of South 
 .\meriea, is the only monarchy in tho New W<nld. 
 
 it coininises tho eastern plateau and the basins of tho 
 Amazon and tho La Plata. Tho northern and western 
 jiarts aro low, swampy, and, during tho rainy souson, com- 
 jiletely inundated. 
 
 Near tho coast, the valleys are rich and well cultivated. 
 
 The greater part of the country has a tropical climate. 
 
 Coffee, cotton, sugar, tobacco, rice, grain, tropical fruits, 
 nuts and sjiices aro raised in abundance. 
 
 Tho lea<liiig industries arecattle-raisingand agriculture. 
 
 The natives live in the interior. Tho ruling people are 
 tho Portuguese, or their descendants. 
 
 Bio Janeiro, tho capital, is the largest city in South 
 America. Its chief exports are coilee and India rubber. 
 
 Baliia is tho center of tho diamond trade. 
 
 Tho Amies Uepublics comprise the United States of Co- 
 lumbia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, ami Chili, occupying the 
 mountainous region along tho coast of the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 The coast is very steep, atfording few harbors. 
 
 Tho surfaco is rnggocl. Tl;o high jilateaus aro barren, 
 but tho mountain sides and tho valleys afford pasturage, 
 and yie) | crain and other products. 
 
 Thistie.gion is subject to earthquakes, and it contains 
 some of tho mostcolobrated volcanoes in tho world. 
 
 The governments aro reiniblican in form, modeled after 
 onr own, but they are subject to frequent revolutions. 
 
 Bogota, although within four and a half degrees of the 
 Equator, has a climate of perpetual spring, duo to its alti- 
 tude of nearly 9,000 feet. Its wet seasons are our spring 
 and autumn; its dry seasons, our summer and winter. It 
 is warmest in February, and coldest '"'^ December. Grain 
 is sown twice a year. Most of the houses are built but one 
 story high, owing to the frequency of earthquakes. There 
 iire, however, many largo, splendid buildings. 
 
 Panama, on tho isthmus, is tho largest and most import- 
 ant city. It is connected by railroad with Colon, or As- 
 plnw.iU. Its climate is tropical and unhealthy. 
 
 Quito, the ca|)ital of Ecuador, is situated on a very high 
 plateau, surrounded by volcanoes. 
 
 Guayaquil is the chief commercial city. 
 
 Lima, a few miles from the coast, is the capital of Pern. 
 Its port is Callao. 
 
 Arequipa was several times destroyed by earthquakes. 
 
 La Paz is the capital and largest city of Bolivia. 
 
 CHILI. 
 
 Chili is the most powerful and enterprising of the Span- 
 ish-American republics. 
 
 It is the same in extent from north to south as the 
 United States from east to west — about 2,600 miles. 
 
 It is situated on the western slope of the Andes and ex- 
 tends from tiie Bay of Africa to Cape Horn. 
 
ATLA8 OP THE WORLD. 
 
 AloiiR tho coast nr<» nnmprnns IslnndH, wliioh are rich in 
 pimii'i iind niter. 
 
 Its cliiniito id toinponito aiul moist. 
 
 'i'lio |(0()|)lu iiro (iluudy of S|iiinifili orij^iii. Tiioy nreiict- 
 iv( , iiuliKslrioiiH (itid intolligctit. 
 
 .Siiiiti,'ii;o in the ciipital. Viilpnniiso is tlio iiirgost cotn- 
 inorciiil city on tho west const of Soiitli .\in(^ricii. 
 
 'I'Ik. Ai'iriMitint' {{cpulilic is a l)roiul iiinl level country, 
 (•oiiinri-iiiijj inoMt of tlio |)iiin|ni.s, 
 
 'I'lii! pciiiilc arc ('iitj:ip'(| in hcriliiit; luiil in pnipiiring 
 (Ivicii l)('cf, liidcH, tiiliow luid lioriic, for export. 
 
 Buonos Ayrcs, tlio ciipitiil and liirgest city, has iiii exten- 
 sivo coninierco. 
 
 I'lintf^miy and Uriij^uay rcsemtilo tlio Argontiiio iJepiiblio 
 in surface, prcducts and tlia ocoupalioii.i of tint people. 
 
 Montevideo, tlio capital of Urufjuay, is an important 
 COTuincrciiil city. 
 
 Asuncion is the capital of I'araguay. 
 
 Vuuczui.'la lies almost entirely within tlio haain of the 
 C "inooo. Its cliniato is tropical. 
 
 Tim poo]ik) are engiifred in cattlo-rai8in'j[and aiiriculture. 
 Hides, meat, tallow, colle?, cocoa, cotton, sugar and dyo- 
 woiiils are exported. 
 
 (I.iracas is tiio capital. It has frequently siiflered from 
 cnrtiupiakes. 
 
 Guiana embraces three colonies — British, French and 
 Dutch. Its )irodiictaaro likt thosn of Venezuela. 
 
 CayeTino is tho capital of i''rench (iuiiinn, (ieorf];etown of 
 British Ouiauii, and Paramaribo of Dutch Guiana. 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 The Dominion of Canada embraces tho provices of Brit- 
 I ish Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Bruns- 
 wiclc, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, besides sev- 
 
 eral territories and districts. Its area about equal to 
 that of liie United Stiite.i. 
 
 The surface is niostiy a vast plain, bordered by n high 
 plateiin in the west, on which siand the Uocky mountuius 
 and the Cascade ra i''e. 
 
 
 A chain of lakes extends from tho moutli of the Macken- 
 zie river to tho Great liake.s. Tho St. Lawrence, Nelson 
 and Mackenzie rivers drnin the priticipa! basins. 
 
 Tlioclimato of tho Paciiic Shipo is mild, hut clscwhcro 
 tho winters are of great severity. The sunuuers are sliort 
 and in tho southern jjroviiices hot. 
 
 A belt of timber, mostly i>iiie. extends from tho Rocky 
 mountains to tho Atlantic ocean. The Pacific Slope is 
 covered with forests of tir, the valley of the St. Lawrence 
 contains growths of niajjle, oak aiuleliu. 
 
 The central jirairio regions are covered with luxuriant 
 crops of wild grasses, and, where cultivated, yield large 
 crops of grain. 
 
 The wild animals comprise the bison, bear, moose, wolf, 
 beaver, otter, ermine, mink and marten, most of which aro 
 hunted for their skins. The coast waters abound in seal, 
 cod and salmon. 
 
 'i'lio minerals comprise gold, silver and coal, which aro 
 mined in the west. Ccppor and iron are found near Lake 
 Superior. Coal is mined in Nova Scotia also. 
 
 The chief industries in the eastern provinces are lum- 
 bering and fishing. Tho central regions are agricultural. 
 Tho uninhabited rcgionsof tho northy' 'd valuable furs in 
 great quantities. 
 
 Most of the inliiibitants a:r of English descent. In the 
 eastern provinces, however, their are many descendants of 
 tho early Eronch settlers. 
 
 The government of the dominion is vested in the Gov- 
 ernor-General and Parliament. The GoTernor-Oeueral is 
 
,.mM 
 
 r^-^ 
 
 ATlKi OP TIIM WOHLU. 
 
 nppwnted hy llio gf»voroign o( Grout nrltiiin. Parlinniont 
 consiafH of a Somite nlid ii IIoiiho of ('oriiiiuMiH. 'I'lio iiu'iii- 
 bcis 1)1' llio Soimtoiiro ii|i|i()iiitiMl by tlio (iovornor (JciuTnl. 
 Tlio iiii'tiilii'i'M (iftlu) lIoiiHi'iiro flfi'tcil liy tl.o |u'c(|ilt'. Kiich 
 proviiicn li:n II liii'iiti'iiiiiit-(iipvcrii(ir iiiiil ii IcjfiMliitiiro. 
 
 Oliiiwii is tlui ciiiiiiiil of ilid Dmnitiion of Ciimulii. It 
 cuiititiiis iiiM^^'iiillci'iit [uililii'. liiiilcliii^M, 
 
 Iti'itMli ('(iliiMil)iii, itii'liidiiij,' \'iin(!oiiV(>r iiiul othor 
 isliimlH, is tlui liiiKi'it Mini imisf, inoimtuiiious |irnviiu'o of 
 tiio iloiiiiui'iii, llsiniiK'Hof j^'cilil iitul colli tin' valiiiibli'. 
 liiiiiibiT, lisli uiiii uiiiij iu'i* cxportcil, 
 
 \'i(tiiiiii, on N'liiiooiivor IhIuiuI, itj tlio ciipitiil iiml inu- 
 tropolin. 
 
 Miiiiititbn is noted for wlinit niul furs. Stonmors ply on 
 tho Iti'il Ikivoi'of tlio Nortli, iiikI on Miinitoljii iind Winni- 
 put? bikoM. 
 
 Wiiiiiipc;;, thociipitiil, in tlio iigricultiiriil iind cominor- 
 ciiil ccntfr. 
 
 Oiiliirio, (ho lUd-it, importiint provinoo, 'contains nearly 
 onu-tiiinl tiiii population ol' thoiioniinion. (irain, frnit and 
 lumber are tiic lU'Uii'ipal nroducls. IVtroJeum, copiaT 
 anil iron aroobtaiiKMl near Jjuko Superior. 
 
 Toronto, tlio capital of llm province, is noted for its 
 nianiiractiires and e(lucational iuMtittitions, It is nu im- 
 portant railway center and Ial<o port. 
 
 ilainiltoii, situated near tiie western extremity of Lake 
 Ontario, is uii important lake port anil niannl'aeturini; 
 uuntor. 
 
 Quebec is billy. Its winters are extremely cold; its 
 sumnsers warm, short and fof.'i^y. 
 
 Iti aui'ieultural region i.ssoiitli of the St. Lawrence, ami 
 produces good crops of oats, potates and hay. The most 
 vahiaiile export is lumber. 
 
 Tiie jieople of this province, are, chiefly, descendants of 
 early French .settlers. 
 
 Med. j\crieiiltiiro and lishin>{ arc tho 
 l''ish and eggs Ibo principal t'.xportD. 
 
 Qiiehoe, tho capital, i» tho oldoot olty in tho dominion. 
 The heigblM, on which the upper portion of tho city in 
 built, are Mtrongly fortilled. '1 he fortreos of Qiiebfc. next 
 to that of 'iibraltar, is coiiHidereil tlio sirnn^'ert in tho 
 world. 1 1 was, however, captured Ity (ioiioral Wolfe iliir- 
 imr the l''reiieh and Indian war. The i)riiicipiil biiMiiioHa 
 part of tho eily occupies the low jrroiinil. 
 
 .Mnninal, tho nidropnlis, is iioumI for its ma);nilleent 
 (<atlie(lralr<, ami the tubular bridge across tho St. Lawronco 
 river. 
 
 New Itrunawick inioled for lumber and sliip-buihling. 
 
 Kreilericion is the <'apitiil of New liriiiiHwick. 
 
 St •lolin is the nutropolis and largest port. 
 
 NovaSi'otia has iiuu'e rieaiioast than any other jirovince. 
 Ship-building and the lislieries C'onstil iite the chief indiH- 
 tries. Its eoal-lields aro oxtonsivo. (fold and gyjisumare 
 also iniiK'd. 
 
 Halifax, llio capital, has an excidlent liarhor, and is tho 
 chief Hi'iti^'li naval station in Morlli America. 
 
 Trineo Kilwaid Island, tho smallest piovimu', is tho 
 most deiisidy jiopulaled 
 chief ocinipations. 
 
 Cliarlolletown is tho capital. 
 
 Newfoundland is noted for its barren soil, cold climate 
 ami delist^ logs. 
 
 Tho deiejo fogs which prevail in this latitude I'.ro duo to 
 tho meeting <if tho cold Arctic Current with the warm 
 waters of tlio <i'ulf Stream. I )uring tlio spring and sum- 
 mer, icebergs and paid\-ico are brought down by the Arctic 
 Current, and diiit about iinlil melted. It is for this 
 reason that tho steamship I'oiite between America uinl 
 (ireat Hriiain is oiu! of tliu mostdaiigercais in the world. 
 
 Its cod, salmon ami seal lisheries give employment to 
 ahoiit nine-tenths of the inhabitants, 
 
 St. .lolin's, tho ca|iiial, is tho most easterly city in North 
 America, south of (Ireenland. 
 
 The Territories were formerly owned by tho Hudson 
 Bay Company. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Ono of the lliirleen original Slates. Named for Ilamp- 
 siiire county, ICngland, called the " (Iranitc State. "' h'aii- 
 lied Unite<l Slates Con,-litution J'iiie '^l, ITiSS. Union 
 soldiers 'S-i/X'T. Number counties 10. All eld-tions 
 Tuesday after first .Monday in November; number sen- 
 tors '■Jl; representatives, IVll; sessions of legislature bien- 
 nial; in odil-iuinibeied years, meeling first Wednesday in 
 June. Terms of senators and representatives 2 years 
 each. Nuinbor electm-al votes 4, congressmen 2; number 
 voters Id.'i.llJS. I'atipers excluded from voting. Dart- 
 month ( 'olli'ge, at, Hanover, founded ITGO. Compulsory 
 ediieaiion law, common schools I'Xcellent, school age 5-1.5. 
 Legal interest.'") jier cent., usury I'oifeils 'A timesthc excess. 
 Extreme length N. and S., LSI miles, extreme width 92 
 miles, area ".»,()().") scp miles — ,").7<ili,2(t() acres. Coast line 
 IS miles. Highest peak .Mt. Washington. Lar.Tcst lake, 
 Winiiipiseogee. T-t sq. miles, (leneral elevation 1 "JOo fuet. 
 Isles ot Shoals form part of State. The White Mountains 
 occupy the northern portion of the State with unsur- 
 passed s(;enery. Soil rocky, with small fertile districts. 
 Hay best crop; corn, wheat, oats and ordinary vegetables 
 do fairly with close cultivation. Forests largely ex!iau>ted, 
 except at the north. CU^ared lands average ^I'lJ and 
 woodland «"^.5 per acre. Mica quarried at (frafton, soap- 
 stone at Haverhill. Keeiie and Francestown, granite at i 
 Plymouth, Troy, Uoxbury, Concord. Stati ranks high in I 
 cotton maniifactiiriiig. (climate. - -Winter average *24. 
 summer ti!) deg. Extremes great in White Mountains. 
 Summer short and hot, with violent storms. Ilainfall 41 
 inches. Frost late in spring and early in fall. Winter 
 
 ^m 
 
 \, 
 
>0 .- 
 
 - V ^ . 
 
 } 
 
 tho dominion. 
 t» of tli<! city in 
 of Qui'Ihi". next 
 tmii>:«.-t in tho 
 i!iul Wiilff <lur- 
 r.uipul l)ii*iiieM 
 
 itH innK'»'''''«""' 
 ho St. Lawrence 
 
 I ship-buililing. 
 
 wick. 
 
 Kill. 
 
 M'tlior province. 
 the cliH'f indii''- 
 l imil gjl>«um iir.-- 
 
 iiil)or, iiml ii tlie 
 ricii. 
 
 |)ioviiici', is tho 
 (I li.-liinK arc tl»o 
 iiiciiiul fxporta. 
 
 joil, colli climate 
 
 titiulo I'.ro duo to 
 ; witli tiio warm 
 spring and siini- 
 iwn l)y the Arctic 
 , It is for this 
 on America and 
 Id in tlio world, 
 ro employment to 
 
 tcrlycity in North 
 
 1 by tho Hudson 
 
 S'amod for ITamp- 
 iiitr State." l{:iti- 
 nt<8. Union 
 0. All elettiona 
 iir: nmnher sen- 
 f Icgi.slature b'en- 
 r.st Weihu'sduy in 
 cMitativcs 2 year* 
 L'ssnieii 2; number 
 n votiii}.'. I»art- 
 TG9. Compul.sory 
 t, school age o-l-i. 
 ;i times the excess, 
 xtrcme width Qi 
 iicrc.-f. Coast line 
 n. Lar:;cst lake, 
 fvution 1 -.ilHj feet. 
 White .Miuntains 
 >iate with iinsnr- 
 II fertile districts. 
 nliniiry vegetables 
 r<;clvexl!:iu.-ted, 
 [ivciaire *l'''j and 
 at (iiaftou. soap- 
 stnwn, {rranito at 
 tatL ruiks liigh in 
 inter avcratre -4. 
 White Mountains. 
 nrms. Kainfall 41 
 V in fall. Winter 
 
 ATLAH OP YIIK WOUM). 
 
 begins in November, cold till .^fay. Snow lien two-thirds 
 of year in laomitains, rliiewln'ie to to \W days. Iluatth 
 goo<l. I'cineipil IiiilMHirir:'. — AirricMltnn', inaiHifuetnni 
 of eottoii, wooli'MH, ininlici', li-alhcr, boots iitnl MJiors, ele. 
 (iiiarryitiij mica, uratiiie and Hi^ao-itone. Principal Cities. 
 — .Nluiii'licster, Nitshliii, Concnrd (the eiipital), Dover, 
 rorisnioiith (ehu'f hurlior). 'riie iiarbor of tho latter 
 j)l:ici>, Great Uiy, novor freezes ovwr. 
 
 HUW IIA.1II>NllinK 
 mill ^ 
 
 VICIt.MOiXT />7 
 
 K 
 
 ^J\..,„ Xl*!'' ■ "^ ^^ MxK ", ) ' M" ""' 
 
 )i|jmc,„,i„,7,x''iii'i'ii'-".' ! /H-cfr..ii,i,0^_J''Sir»n, I ^-— 
 
 B \ l-VJ A II. •.^"•\ ll/lll vA, /11 .rM"i 'l^ft* \ 
 
 ff V"""^W/ ".""iii'^l-ft^'''; i„.it\\' \- "; I ^ 
 I \ '*'iir''"''''''N..i.«r,//f "feS;^v\^^^^ 
 
 I ^.-■T^^'-fcA ..■ •..^..< ■— '^rr ~~^ n-i..i..i \ .• .fl^-.'* ■' 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 First Stato to join original \'A. Culled tiio " Green 
 Mountain State." Active in war of 181"-.'. Union soldiers 
 furiii.shed, y:j,5.'88. Number counties 14. First railroud 
 built froi.i Hollow.s Falls to Burlington ISIO. Stato elec- 
 tions biennial, (irst Tuesday in Sei)t. ; numl)or senators 30, 
 representative » ^40. Sessions of legislaturo biennial, in 
 even-numbered years, meeting lirst Wednesday in Oct. 
 Terms of senators and ruprosontatives, 3 years e.ach. 
 Number electoral votes 4, congressmen 2. Number vot- 
 ers 0.5. 0.51. Bribers excludnd from voting. Colleges 2. 
 School ago 5-20. Legal interest rate (Jfo, usury forfeits 
 excessive interest. N. and S. 149 mile.s, width";J4 to 52 
 miles, area 9,1.')G sq. miles, 5,847,040 acres. Highest 
 Point (Green Mountains) al)ont 4,000 ft. Green Mount- 
 ains run N. and S. through tho Stato and aro .'5,000 to 
 4,fi00 feet higli. TIio surfaoo i.t generally hilly. All east 
 of mountains drained by tho Connecticut, tho only navi- 
 gable river. Small stream.! abundant. Soil rooky but 
 good in narrow stripj on streams. Potatoes best crop. 
 Corn, wheat, oats, hay, hop.) and buckwheat yield moder- 
 ately if well attended. Forests remain to considerable 
 extent, but aro cut over or celled. Cleared land averages 
 ^I 7.0O, and forest land ^18 per aero. Dairying profitable. 
 ]^Ianganeso, copper, iron, gold, black, wiiite, red and 
 variegated marble and slate aro found, tho marbles in 
 
 gnwt abuiidanco. Stato rank . int in rpiiirrir<, 4tli in cop- 
 per. 'I'cni[uiiiit!ir(t rangcfi froi;i l.''! dc;,. below to !i,'> deg. 
 above, iiiit cJiangrvH not' .iiidden; winter iiv( ni-jcs 18 deg. 
 to ;tll dcu'. Slimmer uveiiigi's <1() detr. to T.'"* ilcg. Siininior 
 short. Uainfull ^reutcst at hoiitli and ea»l, \ilicni it a\er- 
 iigeH 1;) incheH; in otln-r sei^iions the avciiM;o i.-i ;t.5 iiiclu's, 
 HiiowH hc'ivy. I''i'(Hin early in fall iiiiil "late in spring, 
 Snow Ijis H) to MO duy.-i. llealth excellent. Dculli rate 
 very low, less then 1!^ in the 100. Indn.Htries very varied, 
 nnmlicring 2,1Mhi. iViiicipal ones, iigi icultiire, (laiiyiiig, 
 miinnfaeliire of tlour, fiiriiiliire, leatlicr, tin, iron' and 
 copper 'viire ; mid liiinlier, mining, iiiiariying and lliiish- 
 in^' inai ble.s iind stoiie.i, iind niaplo HU'.;ar making. 
 
 Principal CilicH. — Burlington, Mnuipelier '(ca|)itiil); 
 ItiiiliiMil, Itratilcboro Iind Bellow.s l''albt iiro important and 
 thriving towns and seats of large iiiilii.striea. 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 Nanio Indian. Signifies dark and bloody ground, bo- 
 causu the Ktato was tlio hiinling mid bulllo {rroiind of the 
 Lribe.s. Called " Corn (-'nicker Slate." Lcuii.sville founded 
 I7.S0. Admifled 11.1 11 State Jiiiio I, lift'.'. Stale furnished 
 7,01") tro()p.s in war of 1812, and i;t,7oo in .Mexi.'an war. 
 Won great credit in liiller. Neutral at begii ning of civil 
 war. State tho scene of continuous cavalry raids during 
 tho war, and some .sliarp battles at Pevryville, Uiehmoii'i, 
 etc. Put under martial law 181)4. C'ivil government 
 restored ISO,"). Union soldiers furnished, ■■,.■). 700. Nuin- 
 bercoiinties 118. State elections biennial, lir.-t Monday 
 in August, ill odd-numbered years. Nuniiier .neuators U8, 
 representatives lOO.sessioiMof legisliituro bieiiii'al ineven- 
 nundii'red year.-<, meeting last day of December, holds (10 
 days. Term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years. 
 Number elcid.u'al votes 13, number congressmen 11. num- 
 ber voters ;!70,2'^1. Bribers, robbers and forjjers excluded 
 from v.iting. Number colleges 15, puldio school system 
 framed ]8;J8, good schools, school ago (i-2<> years, fjcgal 
 interest per cent, by contract 10 iier ci'iit, 'usury forfeits 
 excess over 10 per cent. Kxtreiiio length 1*]. and W. 1)50, 
 width 179 miles, area 40,(100 sq. miles, 25,000,(100 acres. 
 Hiver frontage 8^52 miles, navigable water ways -1,120 
 miles. Soil fair, except in tlie famous " lUuegras.sicgion," 
 extending for 40 or 50 miles around liexington, and ono 
 of tho most beautiful seeliona on the globe. Natural won- 
 der, Mammoth Cave, greatest in tho world. Kentucky 
 ranks high as an agricultural and stock state. Staple 
 crops, corn, wheat, tobacco, oats, barley, hemp, rye and 
 vegetables, fruits do fairly. Famous for tlioroiiglibreil 
 horses ami cattle. Jliiles and hogs largely raised. At the 
 east in the mountains aro imtnenso forests of virgin oak, 
 poplar, ash, chestnut, elm, walnut, cueiimber and other 
 valuable timber trees. Coal, marbles, minerals, oil, stone, 
 etc., also abound. Iroii de|)osits of immenso magnitudo 
 are known to exist. Cleared land averages ^20 and wood- 
 land i7i |)er acre. Tiio averugo of the former is raised 
 materially by tlio high prices, often $100 or more jier aero 
 in the bluegrass section. Mountain lands rich in timber 
 and minerals and not without agricultural value rate *2 
 to 85 peracre. Tliostate ranks first in tobacco, and fourth 
 in malt ami distilled liquors. Climate variable, favoraljle 
 to health and agriculture, healthfulness not surpassed. 
 Thermometer ranges from 5 deg. below zero to 08 aliovo, 
 rarely greater extremes aro known. Temperature averages, 
 summer 75 deg., winter 38 deg., rainfall 50 inches. 
 Snows fall, but disappear in a few days. Sleighing only 
 for a day or so. Winters moderately long. Malaria very 
 rare, except on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Chief 
 Cities — Louisville, Frankfort (cajiital), (Jovington. Lex- 
 inv'toii, former capital, founded 1770. Newport connected 
 with Covington by bridge. 
 
 ^Sf^ 
 
 ' 
 
"T*s*»ie;VT3» ■ 
 
 i 
 
 \l 
 
 ATLAS OP THE WORLD. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 *'Big Bond State." First settled 1754. Became a part 
 of North C;iroliii!il77T. Organized astlie State of Frank- 
 lin 1785, but a<,':iin became jiart of North Carolina 178S. 
 Ceded to Unitud States bv North Carolina 17^9. Admit- 
 ted as State June 1, 170G. Capital, Nashville. First 
 railroad, |)art of N. & C, ISoo. Nashville to Bridgeport. 
 Seceded June 8, 1S(!1. Ko-entered Union 18ti(j. Number 
 counties 90. State, conirressioiial and presidential elec- 
 tions, Tuesday after first Mond..y iu November, number 
 senators oo, representatives 99, sessions biennial, in odd- 
 numbered years, meeting iirst Monday in January; holds 
 75 days. Terms of senators and re|iresentatives 2 years 
 each. Number electoral vi)f'\sl;2, numbercongressmcn 10, 
 number voters 571, "•-'■l-l, itive ivhite 240,939, foreign 
 wliito 250,055, colored 80,250, non-payers of poll-tax 
 excluded from voting. Legal interest d per cent., by con- 
 ti'if !v rate, usury forfeits excess of interest and *100 
 fine S('i;oo!s fair. Miles railroad 2,100. Slaves 1800, 
 275.51:/ i.xireme length E. and AV. 4o0 miles, width 110 
 ir.'ii Mw il, 750 sq. miles, 20,720,000 acres. Mount- 
 
 titioi s at £. where Apalachiaiis separate State from North 
 C';!".;'iU' Soil iiiir, except in central basin, where it is 
 very v • nu . ^ ive. State abounds in coal, iron, fine marbles 
 i <)'] building stones, coi)i)triiii<l otiu-rniiiierals. Possesses 
 one of tl>e L'lest areas of forest in the Union. Principal 
 timbers, walnut, oak, poplar, ash, hickory, etc. Staple 
 products, mules, hogs, peanuts, com, wheat, cotton, vege- 
 tables of all kinds, potatoes, tobacco, hemp, llax, broom- 
 corn, iron, co])ner, coal, marbles, etc. liaiiks second in 
 peanuts and third in mules. Resources but little devel- 
 oped, 5,000 s(|. miles of coal Held, with 3 to 7 workable 
 veins. Cleared land averages ¥l 2.. 50, forest ^5 per acre, 
 (irapo growing pays. Climate one of healthiest in world. 
 "ild iuul pleasant, and owing to varying elevation very 
 
 diverse. Snow light and lays briefly. Ice rarely more 
 than a mere film in thickness. Average temperature win- 
 ter 38 deg., summer 75 deg. Exuemes sehiom occur. 
 Kainfail 45 to 47 inches. Air liracing. Chief Cities — 
 Niiahville (capital.) ilemphis, Chattanooga, Jackson, 
 Knoxville. Industries chiefly agricultural, mining, lum- 
 bering and iron making. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 One of the thirteen original Slates. Called "Old North 
 State." '-Fur State." and "Slate of Turpentine." Dis- 
 covered by Lord IJaleigh. 1584. Settled by Englif-h, 1050. 
 State 6eced«.-d May 21, 1801. Forts, etc., seized liy state 
 troops. Coast section scene of sharp fighting during 
 civil war. State re-entered Union June, 1808. Number 
 of counties, 90. All electio:is Tuesday after first Monday 
 iu November. Number of senators 50, rej)resentative8 
 120, sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 
 Wednesday after first Monday in January, hold CO days. 
 Terms of senators and representatives 2 years each. 
 Number electoral votes 11, number congressmen 9. Con- 
 victs are excluded from voting. Public school system 
 adopted, 1S40, at present over 2,000 public schools in 
 operation; school age C-21; separate schools for whites 
 and blacks. Legal interest rate G per cent., by contract 
 8, usury forfeits interest. Kate of tax less than 50c. on 
 tilOO. "Greatest length E. and W. 453 miles; greatest 
 width, 185 miles, area, 52.240 square miles, or 33,433,030 
 acres, '?S3 area water surface. Coast line 423 miles with 
 many harbors. Much forest yet remains. Swamps exten- 
 sive, most noted of them, the Great Dismal, north of 
 Albemarle sound, contains 148,000 acres. Small streams 
 abundant, water jrowers numerous; corn best crop, tobacco 
 largest, product, other staples are orchard products, sweet 
 
[c(> rarely more 
 einpcralure wiii- 
 i Bi'liloin occur. 
 Chief Cities — 
 loga, Jackson, 
 al, miuiug, lum- 
 
 rtlled "01(1 North 
 riii'ntiiio." Dis- 
 ly Englii-li. KioO. 
 \, seized h\ state 
 fiphtiiig (luring 
 , IStiS. Number 
 fter tir.<t Monday 
 , representatives 
 I years, meeting 
 iry, hold 00 days. 
 ? 2 years each, 
 ressnien 9. Con- 
 ic school system 
 )ublie schools in 
 hools for whites 
 ?ent., by contract 
 less than 50c. on 
 3 miles; greatest 
 les, or 3:5,433,030 
 lie 423 miles with 
 , Swamps exten- 
 Dismal, north of 
 s. Small streams 
 best crop, tobacco 
 d products, sweet 
 
 1 
 
 S'<< 
 
 
 a?;4 
 
 S<J 
 
 ATLA8 OF TIIK WOULD. 
 
 potatoes, rice, wheat, oats, peanuts, cotton, hay and vege- 
 tables in the order named. North Carolina ranks first in 
 tar and turpentine, second in copi)er, third in peanuts and 
 tobacco, and fourth in rice, lias lieh deposits of gold and 
 the baser minerals, stone, slate, coal, marble, mica. Ex- 
 cellent fisheries. Natural resources but slightly developed. 
 Ample opportunities for homes, enterprise aud capital. 
 Cleared land averages !?10 and woodland $5 ])er acre, and 
 much of excellent quality in the nnirkct below this aver- 
 age. Stock thrives. Scenery varied, ordiiuiry, picturesque 
 and grand. Wln-at harvested June. Corn ripe in Sep- 
 tember. Climi' ' is varitd, warm and iioist in low sec- 
 tions; cool aud dry in iKountaius, witli all ii'termediate 
 conditions. Avera^re winter temperature, 41) deg., sum- 
 mer TS deg. to 79 d''g. Frosts light a'ul seldom come till 
 the end of fall. i{ainfali, includiugsonio snow in mount- 
 ains, 4.5 deg. Il.'alth good. Cliief tMties. — Wilming- 
 ton, lialeigh (i-apital), Charlotte contains ass:iy oihce. 
 New Berne. Industries. — .Vgrioulture j)rincipal occupa- 
 tion. Fishing, Hiiuinfacture of turpentine aud lumber, 
 mining, etc. Number of dilTercn' industries, l!,Svn''. 
 Number boats engaged in fisheries, about 3,0u0. Copper 
 mined, 1,040,000 lbs. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 One of the thirteen original States, " Palmetto State." 
 Revolutionary record, biilliant. English seized the terri- 
 torv, but were thrashed at Cow pens and Uiah Springs and 
 pcnneil up in Charleston. First railroad in United States 
 usiug American locomotive, 1830. First Slate to secede, 
 November, 1800. Sumter bombarded April 12-13, l&Cl. 
 Ordinance of secession repealed September, 1805, and 
 slaverv alwlished. Re-entered the Union June, 1808. 
 Number counties, 34. State, congressional ;ind presiden- 
 tial elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November. 
 State senators 3."), representatNes 124, sessions annual, 
 meeting fourth Tuesday in November. Term of senators 
 4 years, of representatives 2 years. Number electoral 
 votes 0, number congressmen 7. Insane, inmates of asy- 
 lums, alms-houses and prisons. United States army and 
 dueli.-!t3 excluded from voting. Number colleges 9, school 
 age 6-10, school system fair. Legal interest 7 iier cent., by 
 contract, anv rate. Slaves. 1800, 4ii2,4(i0. Greatest 
 length 280 ni'iles, trreatest width 210 miles. Area 30,170 
 square miles, or 10.308.8(10 acres. Coast line 212 miles. 
 Principal river Savannah, navigable 130 miles. Magnifi- 
 cent water power, undevelopeii. Soil from medium to 
 very rich. Forests extensiveaiul valuable. Laiul, cleared 
 or uncleared, averages ^7 per acre. Rico and cotton best 
 crops. All other cereals, as well us vegetables, fruits, 
 gnisses and fiber crops grow well. Phosj)liatc beds enor- 
 mous. Gold, mica, marbles of all colors, building Ftones 
 found in large quantities. Turpentine, tar, lumber and 
 oysters largely produced. Stock thrives. Gold mines in 
 Abbeville, Edgefield and Union counties. First mint 
 deposits, ^S.-iOO, in 1827. While and variegated marbles 
 found in Sparteiiburgh and Laurens counties. Climate: 
 Tcmi>erature ranges io to 90 degrees F. Averages, sum- 
 mer 82 degrees, winter 51 degrees. .Vvorage rainfall 48 
 inches, decreasing to the sou'li. Health good. Epi- 
 demics rare and confined toseaports. Resort for consump- 
 tives. Changes slight and infrequent, frosts rare. Cliicf 
 cities: Charleston, port of entry, seat of a Catholic 
 bishop. United States customs districts at Beaufort, 
 Charleston and Georgetown. Capital Columbia. Princi- 
 pal industries: Agriculture, mining, fishing, quarrying, 
 lumlwrins, turpentine and tar making, and phosphate 
 digging. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 One of the thirteen original states. Called the "Old 
 Dominion,"' and "The Mother of Presidents." First 
 English settlement in America, 1007. Active in Revolu- 
 tion and subsequent steps toward founiliiig the Union, 
 Virginia won the title of "First of the States." British 
 burnt Norfolk 1T7'.', and Riehinond 1781. Yorktowii siir- 
 rendere(l October, 1781, practically vanquishing I'lngland. 
 State seceded May 7, 1801, and capital of Confederacy 
 moved to Richmond, Si'eiie of gigantic energies of the 
 war. Bull Wun. the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Fiederieks- 
 biirg. Port Republic and many other famous battles were 
 fought oil Virginia soil. I,ee surrendered at Appomattox 
 April 9, 180.->, cndingthe war. State returned to tlie U^nioii 
 Jan. 20, ]87'>. Number of counties. 10l>. Sessions of leg- 
 islature biennial, in odd-numbered years, nieoiing first 
 Wednesday in December; holds 90 days. Term of sena- 
 tors 90 days, representatives 2 years. Number electoral 
 votes 12, Congressmer. 10. Luiiatiis, idiots, convicts, 
 duelists. United States army and non-taxpayers of capita- 
 
 tion tax excluded from voting. Number colleges 7, schools 
 4,502, school ago 5-21. school system fair. Legal interest 
 per cent, 'y contract 3 i>er cent, usury forfeits all over 
 per cent. Slaves, 180i», 490.8(;5. Greatest length cast 
 and west, 445 miles, great(>st width, r.MMniles, area 40,125 
 siptaro miles. 25.080,000 acres, i'oa.st line. 130 miles, tidal 
 frontage. 1.55i; miles. The state is rich in iron, gold, salt, 
 (Hial, liiarble, slate, zinc. lead, stone, tiniber and other nat- 
 ural resources as yet little developed. .Mueli g.iod fanning 
 land is untilled. "Cleared laml avt ;ml'< s *ll» and woodland 
 $0 to !p7 per ticre. The opjiortunii ies for liou'; sand enter- 
 prise are inviting. All cereals, tobacco, peanuts (state 
 ranks first in this crop and second in tobacco), fruits, 
 
 I 
 
-'I 
 
 IW\ 
 
 ;l 
 
 r i! 
 
 ATLAS OF TIIK WOULD. 
 
 grapes nnd vogetablos aro extensively raised. Stock 
 tlirivcs. C'liiiiatu varies, is geuial ami lioalthfiil, cool iu 
 niouiitaiiis and warm in lowlands in snn :ner. Winters ara 
 loni severe. Winter averages 44, summer 78 degrees. 
 Eainfall, including snow, averages 44: indies, being hea'. i- 
 est on tlio coast. Chief Cities. — l{ichniond(cMjiital). Nor- 
 folk, I'eterslmrg. lIanij)ton IJoads one of l>e>r harbors on 
 coast. Seven ports of entry. Indnstries. — Half popula- 
 tion engaged in agriculture, balance in quarrying, ship- 
 building, lumbering, the trades, iron working, meat ]iack- 
 ing, tanning. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 Originally part of Virgiiua. Called."Pan Handle State." 
 History up to IMII same as that of Virginia. I'efused to 
 secede A])ril 2'-', liSfil. F. H. I'ierrcpont elected governor 
 Juno ^0, l.SOl. Adiiiiited as state June 2^), IS'iu, and 
 Wheeling luado the cai)ital. Capital changed to Charles- 
 ton, KsTO. Moved again to Wheeling, 18T"). and to 
 Cliarl(!ston again in 1884. Union soldiers furnished 32,- 
 0(!S. State ailvanced rapidly in wealth. Xiini!)er coun- 
 ties 54. Governor and state officerseleclcd quadrieiniially, 
 and legislature every two year.s, on secoiul Tuesday ii. Octo- 
 ber, number .sen.itors "•-'G, representatives (55. Sessions bien- 
 nial, in odd-numbered years, holding 45 days. Terms of 
 seiuitois 4 years, of rej)rese!itatives 2 years. Xnniberelec- 
 toral votes (j, congressmen 4, number voters, 109,101. na- 
 tive white 1;'.'3,50'.>, colored G,;)84. Insane, paupers, and 
 convicts not voting. Flourishing free school system, 
 school ago 0-21. I^egal interest G per cent, by contract 6, 
 usury forfeits excess of interest. Slaves, ISM. 18.371. 
 TopoKrajdiv. Area, Soil, Products, Etc. — length N. 
 and S., 241 miles, greatest width 158 miles, area 24,045 
 sq. miles, 15,772,800 acres. Surface mountainous with fer- 
 tile valleys, the Alleghaines principal range. Some high 
 peaks. Scenery fine aiul much visited by tourists. Western 
 part hilly, but gradmdiy descends from 2,500 feet above 
 the sea toward the Ohio river, where the is elevation 800 to 
 900 feet. Much of the state is virgin forest densely 
 clothed with oak, walnut, poplar, ash. and other timber 
 trees. Mineral sjirings al)ound. The soil, where not 
 mountainous, is excellent. Jlineral wealth, including 
 coal, oil, iron, salt, is prodigal. Staple products include 
 the minerals named, sheep, hogs, tobacco, wheat, corn, 
 dairy products, fruit, wine, lumber. Petroleum exten- 
 sively produced. The state ranks fifth in salt and coal, 
 seventh in buckwheat, iron and steel. Cleared land aver- 
 ages $22.50. Clinuite — Moderate, average temperature, 
 winter 30 dig., summer, 70 deg. Elevation reduces heat, 
 which in the valleys averages 70 to 7 8 deg. Average rainfall 
 42 to 45 inches. Health is excellent. Chief Cities. — Charles- 
 ton (capital). Whi'eling. Parkersburg.jrartinsburg. Chief 
 Industrii'S — Sixty per cent, of laborers engaged in agricul- 
 ture, balance in mining, iron making, lumbering, manu- 
 facturing, etc. 
 
 ALASKA. 
 
 Discovered by Vitus Rehring, 1741. aiul l)ecame Russian 
 territory by right of discovery. Parchased by United 
 States for *?, 000,000, 1807, as a" deed of gratitude to Rus- 
 sia for her course in civil war. Has paid live per cent on 
 investment; ever since, and promises to become the source 
 of enormous mineral, fur, agricultural and timber wealth. 
 Governor a])pointed by the j)resident of the United States. 
 
 Extreme length north and south 1,200 miles, width 800 
 miles, area (estimated) 531,409 sq. miles. Yukon, chief 
 river, 80 miles wide at mouth, ' ivigablo 840 miles, length 
 about 1,300 miles ; coast lino .i.ddO miles. Fertile land. 
 Good oats, barley and root crops are raised without dif- 
 
 ficulty. Rich grass land in the valley of the Yukon. 
 Timber abundant. Yellow cedar best, being of great value 
 for boat-building, iierries plentiful. Fine quality of 
 white marble i.s on Lynn ch.innel. Coal, anwr and ]i» 
 nito on Aleutian Islands, the best coal being on Cook\ 
 inlet. (!old, silver, coj)|ier, cinnabar and iron .-ire found ; 
 sulj)liur abundant. Xuted for fur-bearing animals, the 
 
 
 / 
 
 chief of which are beaver, ermine, fox, marten, otter, 
 scjuirrel an<l wolf, 'i'lio nuiin revenue is the fur seal, tak- 
 ing of which is regulated by law. The walrus is of value 
 in furnishing ivory and oil. Whales, cod, herring and 
 halibut and salmon arc aburidant. 
 
 Clinuite. — Pacific coast Tuodifi'-d by Pucitlc Gulf Stream 
 and long sunnier da\s. Temperacure at Sitka averages 
 winter about that of Washington, 1>. C. Rainfall copious 
 and foggy weatlujr common on coasts atid i.-lands .'^ilka, 
 one of the rainiest ))laces iu the world outside the tropics : 
 annual precipitation 05 to 90 inclies ; rainy days 200 to 285 
 in year. 
 
 Chief Cities. — Sitka, seat of Bishop of Greek church, 
 and headquarters ^•l governor. Fort St. Nicholas, Cook's 
 inlet. Fort St. ilieliael and Norton's sound are other nuiin 
 setilemonts. Hai-bors at Port Clarence, Michaelootiki and 
 Captain's harbor. 
 
 Indnstries. — Fishing, canning, trapping and mining. 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 Name Indian, means ''We rest here." Mobile foundeti 
 by French 17o2. Admitted to Union Dec. 14, 1819. 
 Seceded Jan. 11, 1801. Montgomery niiule capital of 
 confederacy Feb. 4, 1801. Sul)se(|uently removed to Rich- 
 mond, V^a. State re-entered Union July 14. Number 
 counties 06. State elections bicuuiul first Monday iu 
 
 t 
 
ATLAS OP THE WOULD. 
 
 g., number senators 33, representatives 100, sessions of 
 legislature biennial in evL-ii-nuiuliort'd years, iiifetiiig 
 Tuesilay after stoonil Momlay in is'ov. ami liokiinar 60 
 days, term of senators 4 years, of representatives ;i years. 
 
 / ^»-A V ^i 1....'!"'' -^ f . . 
 
 i5 ; '-•^■':;.T, 
 
 , : p«au „ 
 
 IS 
 
 
 M'-i. '>ff^=j-"'i>' "i"'\\^"'"' TN;j..i.„v'.vi'"". 
 
 U_y^' •> fti- ««^i!?r: r~- t"l\ ii.ui:iuX;--^' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 yMj^ ALABA 
 
 OF 
 31 A 
 
 i 
 
 Number of clectora. rotes 10, eongres.smen S. Indians, 
 idiots, convicts if crime exchulcil fr<'ni voting. Number 
 colleges 4, school age 7-vl, sehoois good. Legal interest 
 8 per cent, usury fuifeiis entire interest. Slaves, ISGO, 
 43ci.0S(». Length X. and S. 33".i miles, width average 155 
 miles, are;i6L540 sq. miles, 3"J.9Sa.0OO acres. Serfaco at 
 X. E. ruggeil, extending into Alleghany mountains, 
 gradually descends, foriuing rulliiig prairies at center of 
 state and flat low stretches at the south. Sea coast 08 
 miles. Jlobile bay best harbor on the gulf, l.GOO miles 
 of navigable v.aterways. Has fair soil and is enormously 
 rich ill coal, iron, lime and sand.-^tont-, timber and various 
 minerals. Middle section soil fertile and varied. Coast 
 region sandy, but by proj)er cultivation prolilic. Vegeta- 
 ble farming near ilobile very successful. Cotton, nniles, 
 iron, coal, suiiar, rice, tobacco, hay, • irn, oat.«, staple 
 products. Fruits are a good crop. Mi:' i forest remains. 
 Cleared land averages ^7, and woodland i-i per acre. 
 State ra-iks fourth in cotton, fifth in mules and tirilas.?cs, 
 sixth in iron ore and sugar, seventh in rice. Climate. — 
 TemiK'raturc mild, cold at north, v.ann at sontii, average 
 winter 47 deg., summer 81 deg., July liottest month, 
 range of thermometer '^0 to 05 dos., sometimes for a day 
 reaching lO-J deg. Kainfall 50 in. 'lies. Snow or '(>e very 
 rare. Tree.-* bloom in Feit. Cliief Cities. — Jfontgoni- 
 ery (capital), Hnntsville, Sclma. Mobile. Leading In- 
 dustries. — Agricnlt'iral and kindred jnirsnits, mining, 
 iron making, lumbering, etc. Number of industries 
 2,070. 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 "no:i>' State." Settled lOi^S.j. Arkansas Territory or- 
 ganized, 1810. Admiiled iis a stai(!.huie 15. ]no(1. Slavery 
 acknowledged. Seceded May C, IS'i;i. Coiifideiabl(> light- 
 ing during war, but no great, battles. IJeeiilered Union 
 1868. Xumber counties, 75. Mib-.s milruud, l,7tll. State 
 elections bieunial, in cvun-numbered vear-. iiict Monday in 
 Sejit.; number .seiiator.s 31, represeniativis HI, se.-.sions of 
 legislatiiro liii-iiiiial, in Oild-niiiubei'ed years, meeting sec- 
 ond .Monday in Jan., lioldi.ig GU day.s;"tcriii of senators 4 
 years, of roprcsontativt-s Z year.s. Xnnilicr of electoral 
 votes 7, congre.-snu n 5, voters 18"2.0;7. native white, 129,- 
 675, foreign white G.lTo.cobireil -1G.S'J7. Idiots, Indians, 
 convicts not voting. Xiiinber C'liliges 5, s(diool system 
 progres.-^ive; schoi.l uge C-:J1. Lfg:il intere-^l rate 6 per 
 cent, by contract 10 per cent, usury forfeits principal and 
 interest. 
 
 Lenglh X. and S. -..'lO miles, average breadth 213 miles, 
 area, 53,8 15 sq. inile-. 4 l.lC.n.fc'OO j'.eres. The scenery varied 
 and cliai'miiig. Hot Springs (teui])eratuie 140 deg.) great 
 natural wonder and fanions formedicinal inopfrties. Soil 
 varie.s, but greater ]iiition exceptionally Virli and suited 
 to all crops, p>peeially fruits, bcrrie.? and garileniiig. State 
 especially favorable to agriculture. Maguiliceiitly tim- 
 bered. I'ine, oak, cypress, cedar, hickory, walinit, linn, 
 locust chief growths. Clean d land averages -^10 aiul 
 woodbind, ^'-l ]ier acre. Coal exists ■an tlie Aslie river, iron 
 in the Ozarks, salt near Ouachita. Oilstone near Hot 
 
 
 1 J 
 
 
 Springs, kaolin in Pulaski county. Stajile products, corn, 
 wheat, cotton, tobacco, oats, sweet potatoes, mules, tar, 
 turpentine, lumber, etc. 
 
 Climate. — Genial. Temperature ranges 15 deg. to 95 
 deg., on rare occasions going to .TOO deg. Averages win- 
 
r.mum!^iin.ii: B;;«.;ta.-Ai,> 
 
 ATLAS OF TUE WOULD. 
 
 ter, 45 dcp. ; summor 80 ileg. Riiinfall 44 inches, heaviest 
 in S. E. ; lightest in N. W. Health unsurpassed, especially 
 in N. W. 
 
 Chief Cities. — Little Rock (capital). Hot Springs. 
 
 Industries. — 2,100 in number. Cliielly agricultural. 
 
 ARIZONA. 
 
 • Explored 15'-2G. Mineral wealth found; no important 
 settlements olTocted because of liostilo mitives. Oriranized 
 as territory, Feb. 24, 1SG3. Number counties, 11. All 
 
 elections Tuesday after first Monday in November; num- 
 ber senators, 12; representatives, 2i; ses.-ions of legislature 
 biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first Jlondayin 
 January, holds CO days; terms of senators and representa- 
 tives, 2 years each; "voters, 20,398; native white, 9,790; 
 foreign white, 8,250; colored, 2,352. School age, G-21. 
 Legal interest rate, 10 percent.; by contract, any rate; no 
 penalty for usury. School endowment in lands reserved 
 very large. 
 
 Extreme length, nortii and south, 378 miles; width, 339 
 miles; area, 113,929 square miles; 72,914.5*10 acres. Vol- 
 canic peaks rearh an altitude of 10.500 feet. Southern 
 portion a plain, dipping occasionally below sea level, and 
 rising only to a very moderate elevation (200 to COO feet 
 usually), mountains numerous, highest point San Fran- 
 cisco, 11,050 feet. Colorado river mivigable 020 miles. 
 Flows between jierpendicular walls cut in solid rock, in 
 places 7,000 feet high. Agriculture ])ossiblo only in the 
 valleys or where irrigation is praci;icablc. Soil in valleys 
 and bottoms very rii'h and prolific. Wheat, barley, pota- 
 toes, hay, corn, onions are staple field croj)s; corn follows 
 wheat or barley, giving two crops yearly. Oranges and all 
 semi-tropical fruits do well where water is obtainable. 
 Cattlo-raising extremely profitable. Desert tracts of con- 
 
 siderable area are found. Timber grows on the mountains, 
 foot-hills and along the streams. The varieties include 
 pine and cedar on mountains, cottonwood, walnut and 
 cherrv on streams. Size of trees fair, and quantity large. 
 Abundant mineral wealth exists, which can be developed 
 with profit, owing to completion of railways. Nearly all 
 mountain ranges contain gold, silver, copj)er and lead. 
 Superior quality of lime found near I'rescott and Tnscon, 
 beds of gypsum in San Pedro valley, remarkable deposits 
 of pure, transparent salt near Callville. Territory ranks 
 second in production of silver. 
 
 Climate exceptionally healthful, and generally mild, ex- 
 cept in mountains; temperature averages 38 deg. winter, 
 73 deg. summer; much warmer at south, the thermometer 
 reaciiing occasionally 115, and rarely falling below 35 deg. 
 in winter. In central portion heat seldom exceeds 88 deg. 
 to 90 dog.; snow in mountains, but melts soon. Rainfall 
 on Gila 6 inches, in foothills 28 inches. Heaviest in July 
 and August. 
 
 Chief Cities. — Tucson; Preseott, the capital. 
 
 Leading Industries. — Mining, grazing, agriculture, lum- 
 bering, smelting, etc. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 "Golden State." First settled at San Diego, 1768. 
 Gold discovered 1848. Rush of immigration set in 1849. 
 State constitution, without the preliminary of a territorial 
 organization, framed Sept. 1&49. Admitted as a state 
 
 ill 
 
 c- Murjjhy Liiik'illt 
 
 -O" R E«G O X 
 
 iuTWw'll",»lCr. ,.4sA /" W"^~ 
 
 [W 
 
 
 if « 
 
 i,Sl'(*l.-r_v,'n»»-'lViy,,l,, -^s;-.}> • T-'.!,^. W.:.^,^ I ^ 
 
 !:s"v> 
 
 'v -i,y,f.\*,i.,\ W-V^T 
 ft ^ jVi."-'^* 
 
 
 
 
 
 MAP OF f. 
 CALIt'ORMA 
 
 Dtomgrtn Itmt., Pyr't, C\i.u,f. 
 
 Supt. 9, 1850. Number counties, 52. Miles railroad, 
 2,911. Governor and state officers elected quadrennially, 
 and legislature every two years. numbersenators40, repre- 
 sentatives 80, sessions of legislature biennial, in odd- 
 numbered years, meeting first ^londay after Jan. 1, holds 
 60 days, term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 
 
railroad, 
 ninially, 
 1, reprc- 
 in oUl- 
 1, holds 
 atives 2 
 
 ATLA? OF THE WOULD. 
 
 years. Number electoral votes 8. congressmen C, white 
 voters 20'^, 583. Idiots, Indians, convicts und Chinese ex- 
 cluded from voting. School system very fair, tjchool age 
 5-17. Legal interest 7 per cent., by contract any late. 
 
 Extreme lengtli N. and iS., 725 miles, width 'SoO miles, 
 area 155. 9S0 sq. miles, 9!',827,200 acres. Coa^t line ov.r 
 800 miles. San Francisco Hay '40 miles long, 9 wide), 
 magnificent liarbor. Yoacmite in the Sierras, one of the 
 greatest natural wonders of the world and the greatest 
 marvel of the state, where scenery is always grand. Mt. 
 Wliitney 15,000, highest peak. Very ricli agiicuUuruIly 
 and in minerals. Soil warm, genial aiii^ rich. 1' wo crops 
 may be raised in season. Irrigation neccessury in parts 
 and almost alwa3s desirable. Wheat most vahutble crop, 
 all cereals, root crops and grasseo do well, corn, harlty, 
 grapes, fruit, nuts, silk, iiops and oats staples. Mineral 
 deposits inchulo ^old, silver, iron, cojipt-r, mercury, coal, 
 stones, salt, soda, etc. Kanks higli as a fiMit-j;TOwing 
 state, fruits of temperate climates, stib-tropical fruits and 
 nuts, grapes, north to -11 deg.. olives, etc., grow to great 
 perfection. Fine sheep-raising country. Eanks first in 
 barley, grape culture, sheep, gold and quicksilver, third 
 in hops, fifth in wheat and salt. Noble forests of red- 
 wood and other valuable growths. Land runs from $L25 
 to several hundred dol.ars per acre. Improved land aver- 
 ages §30, unimproved 07.50 per acre. It is the paradise 
 of tiie small farmer. Plenty of room for men with a little 
 something to begin on. 
 
 Climate varies with elevation and latitude, Mild and 
 pleasant on (ioast. Average temperature at San Francisco 
 in summer G2 deg., winter 50 deg. Warmer in interior, 
 reachiug at times 100 deg. Rainfall variable, from 7 to 
 50 inches at San Francisco. Average at S. 10 inches. 
 Melting snow from mountains replaces rainfall. Frosts 
 rare. 
 
 Chief Cities. — San Francisco port of entry, regular 
 line of steamers to Australia, Panama, Mexico, China and 
 Japan, Sacramento (capital), Oakland, San Jose, Stock- 
 ton, Los Angeles, U.S. navy yard at San Pablo Bay. 
 
 Leading Industries. — Agriculture, stock-raising, fruit 
 culture, mining, lumbering, etc. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 *' Wooden Xntmeg State." One of the original 13 
 States explored by the ])utch settlers of Manhattan Island, 
 1615, by whom settlement was made, 10133, at Ilaitford. 
 The State furnished a very large quota of men to the IJev- 
 olutionary armies. Yale college founded 1701. Union 
 soldiers furnished, 55,80-1. Number counties. 8. State 
 elections yearly on same date as presidential election. 
 Elects 2-1 senators, 249 representatives, 4 congressmen and 
 6 presidential electors. State senators hold 2 and repre- 
 sentatives 1 year. Legislature meets yearly on 
 Wednesday after first Monday in January. Convicts and 
 persons unable to read not permitted to vote. School 
 svstem superior, includes 3 colleges with 100,000 books in 
 libraries. School age 4 to 10 years. Legal interest per 
 cent. No penalty for usury. Area, 4,845 sq. miUs, aver- 
 age length 80 miles, average bre.idth 65 miles; seacoast 
 110 miles. Surface less rugged than the otlier New Eng- 
 land States. Jlonntain range terminates in tliis State in 
 a series of hills. Tlio coast is indented by numerous bays 
 and harbors. Soil, except in valley, light a'ul stony. 
 Corn, oats, hay, wheat, tobacco and vegetables ere tha 
 staple crops. Cleared laud averages *40 and woodland 
 $30 per acre. No valuable timber remains. Stone ex- 
 tensively quarried. Valuable iron mines exist. Climate 
 moderate and healthy, average temjierature. summer 72 
 deg. and winter 28 deg. Ocoasioiudly the thermometer 
 
 sinks below zero, considerable snow falls, summers warm. 
 lLiinfiill,includingsnow,about 47 inches. Chief Industries. 
 — Manulacture of hardware, clocks,silk.s, cotton, rubber, 
 carpcii, woolens, arms, se>viug machines and attachments. 
 
 
 llO.j 
 
 
 
 
 
 dairying, quarrying, agriculture, etc. Total number of 
 ditTerent industries, 4,488. Principal cities. — Hartford, 
 capital and noted for banking and insurance bu.sinesa. 
 New Haven, "City of Elms," seat of Yale College. 
 Bridgei>ort, noted for nuinufacture of fire-arms and sew- 
 ing machines. Waterbury. important manufacturing city. 
 Fairfield, Middleton, New Haven. New London and Ston- 
 ingtoa are ports of entry. 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 "Centennial State." .lolin C. Fremont, "The Path- 
 finder," cr'.ssed Ivockies 1842-44. First American settle- 
 ment near Denver, 1859. Mining begun. Organized aa 
 territory Feb. 1801. Indian troubiefl 1803-4. L^niou 
 soldiers furnished 4,903. Admitted as a State Aug. 1, 
 IST'J. Number counties ?9. All elections Tuesday after 
 first Monday in Nov.. number senators 20, representatives 
 49. .sessions liiennial in odil-iiunibored years, meeting first 
 Monday in Jan., limit of session 40 days, term of senators 
 4 years, of representatives 2 years. Number electoral 
 votes 3, coiiirre.=smeu 1, voters 93.008, native white 05,215, 
 foreign white 20.873, colored 1,520. Convicts excluded 
 from voting. Number colleges 3, sehool system fair en- 
 dowment, Ecliool age 0-21 years. Legal interest 10 per 
 cent., by contract any rate. 
 
 Length E. and AV. 3^0 miles, width 280 miles, area 103,- 
 84-5 sq. mile?, 00,400,800 acres, three-fifths nnsurveyed. 
 R:.cky mountains traverse state N. and S. with 3 ranges 
 having many peaks more than 13,000 feet high. Fine 
 
 i 
 
 J 
 
Ik 
 
 ''!•< 
 
 ATLAS OV TllK WOULD. 
 
 grazing grounds. Sconory grand boj-ond wovds. Much 
 rich soil iiloug streams and wherever irrigation is po«sihle. 
 Cereals do very well. Corn, wheat, oats, hay, stapi's crops. 
 Cattle, sheep and hog raising safo ii.ad vrolitalile. Dniry- 
 ing pays, as does gardening. Tiaibor lesources niCK'prato. 
 
 Mountains fairly clolhed with ]iiiie iiud other trees. Min- 
 eral wealth iiiexlianstibk". Slate I'anks (irst in silver, 
 fourth ingold. Imn, soda, coal, cojiper, lead, stone. :r.ica, 
 etc., exist in laigo dejiosits. 
 
 Climate. — Dry and range of temperature comparatively 
 small. Winters mild, summers cool. Average tempera- 
 ture winter 31 dog., summer Todeg. Kainfall, mainly in 
 May, Juno and July, averages 18 inches. On mountains 
 winters severe, accompanied by lioiivy snowfall; violent 
 winds common; fogs unknown, llea'th unsurpassed. 
 
 Chief Cities. — J)tMiver, ca]iital ami metropolis, and 
 contains assay olllce; Leadville, Silver Cliffs, C'olorado 
 Springs, State ITniversity at ]?oulder; Agricultural Col- 
 lege at Fort Collins; School of mines at Golden City. 
 
 Loading Industries. — ilining, smelting ores, agricult- 
 I ure, grazing, etc. 
 
 DAKOTA. 
 
 Named for Dakota ludiuns. First settled at Pembina 
 ISr^. Orianizcd as teri'itory :Maich, 1801. First legis- 
 lature met, ISO-i, at Yankton. Immigration bccameactivo 
 18()0. Kuilioad building active and systems mammoth 
 in their scale. All eli'clioiis Tuesday after lirst 31onday 
 'n Nov. Number senators I'i, rcpresei-tatives !.'4, sessions 
 jionnial, in odd-iiumbered years, meeting secoiul Tuesday 
 n Jan. and lioMing CO days. Terms of senators and 
 represeut.it ivcs 2 years each. Legal initrest rale I'J, by 
 contract 12',',, usury forfeits excess. School endowments, 
 idien the territory shall become a State, magnificent. 
 
 Average length N. and S. 451 nulcs, width 348 miles, 
 area 149,1153 sm. miles, 95,431,080 acres. Indian reserva- 
 tions principally west of Jlissouri river, 42,000,000 acres, 
 one-seventh good farming land. Surface high, level i)lain, 
 950 to 2,000 feet above the sea, traversed by ranges of 
 lofty hills, which at the S. W. reach an elevation of 7,000 
 feet in the Black Jlills. The Missouri river traverses the 
 territory diagonally from N. W. to S. E., and is navigable. 
 Lakes are numerous, especially in the north and east. 
 Devil's Lake is semi-salt. Other large lakes. Soil is very 
 rich and peculiarly suited to wdieat, which is the staple 
 crop. Corn, oats, grasses and potatoes do well. Fruits 
 not a good crop. Cattle, anil especially sheep-raising, 
 favored and growing industries. Tindier scarce, except 
 along the streams and in some of the lulls. Gold and sil- 
 ver extensively mined. Black Hills very rich in precious 
 minerals. Ranks fourth in gold output. Good coal west of 
 the Missouri. Not much develojied as yet. Deposits of 
 tin of enormous value exist in Black Hills. Trice of laud 
 $1.25 to ^20 ])er acre (latter improved). 
 
 Climate. — Temperature ranges from 32 deg. below zero 
 to 100 deg. above. Averages, winter 4 to 20 deg., summer 
 65 to 75 deg. Winters at north severe, with heavy snow. 
 Moderate at the south. Air clear, dry and free from 
 malaria. Cold not so penetrating as in moister climates. 
 Springs late and summers of medium length. Kainfall 
 19 in., chiefly in spring and summer. 
 
 Chief Cities — Fargo, northern metropolis; Pierre, Bis- 
 marck, Yankton and Sioux Falls iui])ortant centers. 
 
 Industries — Almost entire laboring population engaged 
 in .agriculture and mining. 
 
 The Territory of Dakota has been (1880) admitted as 
 two States — North ami South Dakota. A line drawn east 
 and west, about half way between the north and south 
 lines, is the dividing line. 
 
 MAP OF "s. i KurtKHi,.! 
 
 DAKOTA y< ' ""■' _ 
 
 MM, C'.ly o J^ 
 
nrvm^-- 
 
 rE 
 
 ATLAS OP TIIR WOULD. 
 
 DEUWARE. 
 
 One of the thirteen original states. "Tlio Diamonil 
 State." Settled by Swedes ir..")8, who 1ioui,'lit from the 
 Indians. Took "igorous part in tin- Revolution. Was a 
 slave state. Slaves ISdii, :i,(iO(i. Union soldiers furnished 
 12,'^8-1, the biggest pi-rcentage of any state. Contains 
 three counties. All elections Tuesday after first Monday 
 
 MAP OF 
 
 ?DELA\VAKE 
 
 'll.'KTTc.ilk 
 
 A-j T l,„,» !rl r^i. .\--^'^' irei sw. \f ii, i«* 1 
 
 
 ,l_._i'.-i-;i'._i_ 
 
 _/_^._i.'.-..-i'._:_{iL».;':iJ.\- i.,: 
 
 limn rr. (r^iwhiWllM ^~A-~A,^,^^/' 
 
 in November; number senators 9, representatives HI, leg- 
 islature meets in odd-numbered years first Tues<lay in 
 January, iiolds ^1 days; term of senators 4 years, of rep- 
 resentatives SJ years; number of eleetoral votes 3, number 
 congressmen i. Idiots, insane, paupers ami criminals 
 excluded from voting. Colleges at Kewark and Wilming- 
 ton; school age (3-21, schools fair; legal interest rate 6, 
 usury forfeits the principal. Length north and south 
 nearly 100 miles, width 10 miles at north, 3G at south. 
 Area 1,950 square miles, or 1,'^'48,000 acres. Available 
 area large. Xorthern portion rolling, but free from largo 
 hills. Scenery beautiful. Southern portion level and 
 sandy, with frequent cypress marshes. Coast low and 
 swampv with lagoons separated from sea by sand -beaches. 
 Streams ilow into Chesapeake and Delaware bays and are 
 small. Tide reaches to Wilmington. The soil is good and 
 the state of cultivation superior. Cleared land averages 
 $45 per acre, and wood-land §40. Staple crops, corn, 
 wheat, peaches, berries, garden vegetables, sweet potatoes. 
 Iron is found, but is no longer worked. Climate mild. 
 Tempered by sea breezes. Average temperature, winter, 
 32 deg. to 38 deg.; summer, 72 deg, to 78 deg. Rainfall 
 48 to 60 inches. At north health excellent. Some mala- 
 ria on the low lands bo.-dering the swamps at the south. 
 Chief Cities. — Wilmington, Dover (capital). Newcastle. 
 Bi akwater protecting Delaware Bay at Cape Henlopen, 
 greatest worK of its kind in America, cost the United 
 
 States ^••2,127,400, and was over 40 years in course of con- 
 struction. Inilustries. — Agriculture and kindreil pur- 
 suits, tiiiuiufactiiro <if fiour, lumber, cotton, iron, steel, 
 leatiicr, et<^, sliiplniilding, fishing, canning and preserv- 
 ing. Total number <lilTerent industries, 750. 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 Named for its ilovvers, " Peninsula State.'' Pensacola 
 taken from Kiiglaiid by (Icn. .Tackson during war of 1812. 
 Entire i)rovince ceded to United States J819. Organized 
 as a Territory 1822. Admitted as a Static March 3, 1845. 
 State seceded .Ian. 10, Isfi], re-entered Union July 4, 
 l.'>()8. Number eounlies 3',t, miles of railroad 1,324. All 
 elections Tuesdayafter first .Monday in November. Num- 
 ber seniitors 32, representatives 'id. Sessions of legislature 
 bienni:d, in odd-inimbered Vfars, meeting TiU'sday after 
 first .Monday in Jainiary, holds 00 days. Term of senators 
 
 4, of representatives 2 years. Number eleetoral voles 4, 
 congressmen 2. Idiots, insane, criminals, betters on elec- 
 tions and duelists excluded from voting. Schools fail-, 
 school age 4-21. Legal interest 8;r, by contract any rate. 
 Slaves, 1800, 01,745. Four-fifths of Florida is in the 
 peninsula, which is about 350 miles N. and S.,and 105 
 miles E. and W. Ileniainder is the narrow strip along 
 the Gidf, 342 miles E. and W., and 10 to oO miles N. and 
 
 5. Area 09,208 sq. miles, 37,931 ,520 acres. 21st State in 
 size. State surrounded by sea except on north. Coast 
 line over 1,200 miles. Good harbors rare, mostly on 
 
 
 
 
 MAP OP 
 
 FLOKID 
 
 w* cWfC«H 7 1/ \ ML V-u ■^••' :■ 
 
 North-wcslern "■^p„i.;.^c„i:iV' 
 
 I'urOon iif " 
 
 FUOniDA 
 
 jr 
 
 
 Gulf. The northern section is a limestone formation, 
 allording a fair soil. In the middle section are found 
 tracts of great richness. At the south the soil, when dry 
 or reclaimed, is inexhaustible. Shores very low, fre- 
 quently not two feet above tide water. Coral growth at 
 south continues, '^••-'""" -i.,**^.! mun 
 
 Surface dotted with lakes. The staple 
 
91 
 
 life^ 
 
 ■%! 
 
 ATLAS OP TIIK WOULD. 
 
 proilucts aro corn ^moat viUuablo crops), sugar, Tiioliissea, 
 rico, cotton, oats, tol)acco, vegetables of nil kinds, puaclios, 
 oranges and all tropical and somi-tropical fruits, cocoa- 
 nuts, lunibor, ii.sii.o.v'.sters, etc. Poultry and stock raising 
 aro successful. Cleared land averages ijia, woodlaiul W, 
 swamp yl, and t^i'liool land )!<1.!.'5 per acre. .Much forest 
 ronuiins. 'i'iiuber cliielly pine, of moderate size, free from 
 undergrowth, (iame abounds. Cliuiato superb. No 
 snow. Frosts rare at nortii, unknown at south. Temper- 
 ature ranges 30 dcg. to JOO deg., rarely ahovo 00. Winter 
 averages 59 deg., summer SI deg. Hieezes blow across 
 from »!ulf to Atliiutic, ami vice versa, temper the iieat and 
 keep air dry and clear. Average rainfall .''•o ineiies, cliielly 
 in summer", (.'hief Cities. — Key West, good harbor and 
 mival station; Jacksonville, St. Augustine (oldest town 
 in United States), Tallahassee (capital), Pensacola. 
 Principal Industries. — Almost the entire laboring ])op- 
 nlatiou is engaged in agriiailture ami fruit growing. 
 Fishing for lish aud oysters and lumbering largely fol- 
 lowed. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Ono of the thirteen original states, named for King 
 George II. of England, called the " Emi)iro State of the 
 South." Originally apart of South Carolina and claimed 
 by Spain. Active lu the Ilevolution, sulTeriiig badly from 
 devastation by ICriglish. Sevt ro wars with Creeks and 
 Cherokeos settled by treaties IT'JO aud 1791. State seceded 
 
 84 
 
 January 19, 1861. Many hard fought battles during civil 
 war, including Atlanta, etc. Re-entered Union 1870. 
 Number counties 137, state elections first Wednesday in 
 October; numbersenators 44, represent.'itives 17.5; sessions 
 biennial in even-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday 
 in November, hold forty days. Terms of senators and 
 
 representatives two years each. Number electoral votes 
 12, number congressmen 10, Idiots, insane, crimimds, 
 and non-ta.xpayers excluded from voting. Number col- 
 leges 7; State University at Athens organized 1801; public 
 schools excellent, school ago C-18. Legal interest 7 per 
 cent, by contract 8 per cent, usury forfeits ex(!ess of inter- 
 est. Popuhition, ISKO, 1,542,180, male 702,981, female 
 779,1'j9, native 1,531,010, white 810,900, Indians 124. 
 Greatest length N. and S. 321 miles, greatest width 255 
 miles, area 58,980 square miles or 37,747,200 acres, exclu- 
 sive of water area. Surface diversified. At the north aro 
 the Hluo Kidge, Etowah ami other mountains. In tho 
 southeast is tho Okelinokeo swamp, 150 miles in circum- 
 ference. Coast irregular and iiulcnted, shore lino about 
 500 miles, three seaports. Mountain streams aro rapid, 
 with |)icturesquo cataracts and immense basins. The 
 chief fallsarc the Tallulah, in llaber,>iliam county; Toccoa, 
 in tho Tugahi, 180 feet high; Towaliga, in Jlonroo county, 
 aud the Amicolah, which descend 400 feet in a quarter 
 mile. Corn, wheat, oats, cotton, rice, sweet potatoes, 
 tobacco, sugar and melons, chief agricultural 8tai)le8. 
 Fruit, both temperate and semi-tropical thrives. Stock 
 flourishes. Wool-growing important. Gold is extensively 
 mined. Coal, iron, marble exist. Cleared land averages 
 «8 and woodland >i5.50 per acre. One-fourth area heavily 
 timl;ered with yellow jiine of great value for lumber tur- 
 pentine, etc. Climate. — At the north mild and extremely 
 healthy, hot in tho lowhiiuls. Kango of temperature 30 
 deg. to 105 deg. Average, winter 49 deg., summer 82 
 deg. Uainfall averages 55 inches. Chief Cities. — Savan- 
 nah, Brunswick, and St. Mary's ports of entry, and Colum- 
 bus. Atlanta, capital. Principal Industries. — Three- 
 fourths jiopu'iition engaged in agriculture. Remainder in 
 various pursi 'ts. Manufacturing importaut. Haw ma- 
 terials becoming more abundant and cheap. 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 Gold discovered in 1880 in Oro Fine creek. Organized 
 as Territory March, 1803. Number counties, 14. All 
 elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November. Num- 
 bersenators, 12, representatives, 24. Sessions of legislature, 
 biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Monday 
 in December, holds 00 days. Terms of senators and rep- 
 resentatives, 2 years each. Voters, 14,795, native white, 
 7,332, foreign white, 4,338, colored, 3,120. School age, 
 5-'il years. Legal interest rate 10 per cent., by contract, 
 18 per cent. ; usury forfeits three times excess of interest. 
 Miles railroad, 811. 
 
 Topography, Area. Soil Products, Etc. — Length, 
 140 to 490 miles, width 45 to 286 miles. Area, 84,290 
 square miles, 53,944,000 acres. Surface table land and 
 mountains. About one-twelfth is arable and one-tenth 
 more grazing land. One-third barren, but may be re- 
 claimed by irrigation. Many lakes are found, as well as 
 numerous water powers. Forests estimated at 9,000,000 
 acres. The soil, where water can be had, is fertile. 
 AV'lioat, oats, rye, barley, potatoes and hay ore good crops, 
 and dairying and stock-raising profitable. Gold is found 
 in qiuirtz veins in Idaho, Boise and Alturas counties, silver 
 in Owyhee county. Some of the mines very rich. Wood 
 rivcv district on southern slope of Salmon River mount- 
 ains, at head waters of Wood or JIalad river, gives prom- 
 ise of valuable mining operations, chiefly placers. Coal in 
 vicinity of Boise City. Territory ranks sixth in gold and 
 silver. 
 
 Climate severe, with heavy snows in monntains, on 
 plans less severe, but cold and bracing. In tho valleys it 
 is milder, with moderate snowfall. Summers cool and 
 pleasant. Temperature averages 20 deg. in winter, 70 
 
ATLAS OF TIIK \VOUI,I). 
 
 ^]^'^. in siimiiKir. Uiiiiifull siiiull in tlie Ifocky and Uiltcr 
 Root inoiiiitiiins, ami vury ligiit lit, llio N. and \V. 
 
 Cliiof Oitiu3. — Boiso City (cupitul), Florouco, Silver 
 City. 
 
 r.oarlinf? Inilnati-ios. — Mining, grazing, agriculture, 
 ! ■ inltiiiy anil luniburing. 
 
 
 MAVOF 
 
 IDAHO 
 
 
 yM.,«„ut» . »K*kCtr.k' ' . ,.M.V,h \i/,, yVi ' \V''"f" 
 
 . _Ll <^_ ll_ei[_ R.'nju",'^!,-.-'! O / VlJKlpiifel'. 
 
 N E V A D Ia J'^Vr''- ''^'' ^^^ 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 Name dorivod from Illini tribo of Indians, meaning 
 Superior Men. Called " I'rairio State'' and " Suuker 
 State." Fort Dearborn (Cliioago) massacre, 1815J, by 
 Pottawatomies. Admitted us State, 1818. Capital moved 
 to Springfield, 183(5. Soldiers in Mexican war, 5,000; 
 Union soldiers, 259,09^. Number counties, 103. All 
 elections, Tuesday after first Jlonday in Nov.; number 
 senators, 51; representatives, 153; sessions biennial, in 
 odd-numbered years, meeting first JEonday in Jan., term of 
 senators, 4 years, representatives, 2 years. Number 
 electoral votes, 2'i; congressmen, 20; number voters 790,- 
 847; convicts excluded from voting. Scliool system excel- 
 lent; number colleges, 28; scliool age, (i-21. Legal intei'- 
 est, 6 per cent. ; by contract, 8 per cent.; usury forfeits 
 entire interest. Extreme length N. and S., 380 miles; 
 extreme width, 218 miles. Average elevation, 483 feet; 
 elevation at Cairo, 340 feet; highest point, l,14(i feet in 
 northwest portion. Area, 50,000 sq. miles, 35,840,000 
 acres; miles of navigable water-ways, 4,100. Frontage on 
 Lake Michigan 110 miles. Among first agricultural 
 States of Union. Staple crops, corn, wheat, oats, rye, 
 barley, broomcorn, vegetables, bay, potatoes, etc. Fruits 
 and grapes do well at south. Yield of all crops cultivated, 
 largo. Coiil area, two-thirds State. First coal mined in 
 America at Ottawa; quality moderately fair. Considerable 
 forest of hardwoods at south on liilla and in bottoms. 
 Superior quality limestone ou Fox and Desplaines rivera; 
 
 lead, most iuipiirtaiit mineral; (lulena incenter of richest 
 diggings in J\. \V. Kii^hi^alt wells in Saline nml (lallatin 
 counties, 15 gallons brine making 5() lbs. i-alt. State 
 ranks llrsc in corn, wheat, oats, meat packing, lumlicr 
 trafiie, malt and disiilled liquors and miles railway ; second 
 in rye, coal, agricultural itiiplernents, soap and hogs; 
 fi;iirth in bay, potatoes, irctii and steel, nitilrs, miUdi cows 
 and other cattle. Cleared hind averages *'.'S, aT.d wood- 
 land or raw (irairie, i:'lS per acre. Climate healthful as a 
 rule; subject to sudden and violent changes at north. 
 Temperatiuo riinges from 30 deg. below zero to 101 deg. 
 above. Avt'rage teiri|iei'ature at Springfield, 3(1 deg. win- 
 ter; 78 deg. siininier. At Cbiciigo, 25 deg. winter; 
 72 deg. siiniiner. At Cairo, 38 deg. winter; 80 deg. 
 
 MAP OP 
 
 ILLINOIS ^ 
 
 i BJiinr^m Bros. Enijnt.^rhtr'^ri, 
 
 summer. Frost comes last of September. Vegetation 
 begins in April. I?ainfall 37 inches. Chief Cities. — Chi- 
 cago (pop. 1889, 1,200,000), Peoria, Quincy, Springfield 
 (capital). Industries. — Agriculture, mining, stock-rais- 
 ing and manufacturing of all kinds. 
 
 INDIANA. 
 "Iloosier State." Settled at Fort St. Vincents, now 
 Vincennes, in 1703, by French-Canadian voyagers. Ad- 
 mitted as a state Dec. 11, ISIC. Sixth state admitted. 
 Soldiers furnished in Mexican war 5.000. Union soldiers 
 190,303. Number counties 92. All elections Tuesday 
 after first Monday in November; number senators, 50; 
 representatives, 100; sessions of legislature biennial, in 
 odd-inimbcred years, meet Thursday after first Monday, 
 holds GO days; term of senators 4 years, of representatives 
 2 years; number electoral votes, 15; number congressmen, 
 13; number voters, 498,437. Fraudulent voters and brib- 
 ers excluded from voting. Number of colleges 15, State 
 University at Bloomington; medical school at Indianapo- 
 lis, university at Notre Dame, flonrishing common-school 
 
;^y?--;:k^ai' 
 
 ■^ SSSPHiWKi « 
 
 
 ATf,A8 OF TirB WOULD, 
 
 system; school iigo, 0-31. Lopal interest rato, per cent, 
 bv coiiti'uct 8 per ciiiit; iiHury forfoits excoas of iiitorost. 
 Lxtremu ii'iijjlli N. iiiul H. 'Z'u> iiiiles, widtli iiveraj;('« 150 
 miles, (U-i'ii .'!."> ItlO S((. iiiilea, !itJ,9H'.J,4()0 iiereH. Siii'fiice 
 soinetiiiH'S Iiiily. No inoiititains. llillrf ^dO to 4(M) feet 
 above tiio Hiirroimdinf^ country, l-'rontajjeoii Lal^e Miolii- 
 gan l;! niiioH. Kiver Ijottoins wiijo ami uiisiir[)as.scil in 
 fertility; liipliliiiidH, wlicii level, rieli, black or saiiily soil. 
 All erops and fruits of the temperate zone do well both in 
 yield and (piality. State highly favored for agrieulture 
 and nianufaeturing. Hanks second in wheat, fourth in 
 corn, hogs and agricultural inij)leinents, lifth in coal. 
 Cattle, iiogs, sheep, horses, etc., are most successfnllv 
 raised. Oorn, wheat, oats, staple crops. Timber still 
 abundant at south, but in scattered tracts. Coal (ields in 
 soutliwestern portion of state over T.OOO sq. miles, on 
 much of wliich aro 15 workable veins. Kinds o.' coal, 
 black, cannel and ordiiniry bituminous, cokes well, su- 
 perior for giis. iJuilding stones varied and of unsurpassed 
 quality, including the famous IkMlford stone. Sui)ply 
 unlimited. Laml is cheap, cleared averaging ^IS, and 
 woodland ^\\: per acre. In rich section to southwest 
 cleared land 61.->, woodland f^\0 to >H2. Chances fornnik- 
 ing homes, comfort and advantages considered, notcxcellcd 
 elsewhere. Iron ore is found. 
 
 Climate. — Changeabloin winter, but seldom severe; winds 
 from north and west; summers moderately long, and 
 sometimes hot; temperature averages, winter 34 deg., 
 summer 78 deg. Trees blossom in March. Rainfall, 40 
 inches. Health excellent. Malaria rapidly disai)pcaring 
 from bottoms before proper drainage. Chief Cities. — 
 Indianapolis (capital), contains deaf and dumb, blind and 
 insane asylums; Terro Haute, Evansville, Fort AVnyne. 
 Michiiran" City (lake port). Industries. — Agriculture, 
 mining and nnmufacturing. 
 
 
 ■hi 
 
 INDIAN TERRITORY. 
 
 Set apart for peaceful tribes. Organized 1834, no terri- 
 torial government. Government in hands of tribes. Also 
 coTitains Oklahonui and pul)lic land strip. Each tribe 
 elects ollicers, legislatures and courts, and criminals aro 
 punished as in the states. No laws for collectionsof debt. 
 All land held in common, and any Indian nuiy cultivate as 
 much as he wants, but one-qnarler milo must intervene 
 between farms. Whites can hold land only by marrying 
 an Indian. School system excellent, pupils educated and 
 supported by the tribes, half entire revenue being set aside 
 for the purpose. Three colleges, 200 schools. 
 
 Two-fifths of entire population can read. Extreme length 
 east and west, 4T0 miles, average length, 320 miles, width, 
 210 miles, area, G0,091 miles, 44,154,240 acres. Surface 
 vast rolling plain sloping eastward. Valleys timbered 
 heavily with hard woods. South of Canadian river prairies 
 very fertile, valleys rich and productive throughout terri- 
 tory, grass rich aiid heavy almost everywhere. Corn, cot- 
 ton, rice, wheat, rye, potatoes are staples. Grazing inter- 
 ests large. Coal is found, but extent uukuown. Fur- 
 bearing animals numerous. 
 
 Climate. — Mild in winter, warm in summer. Temper- 
 ature averages 41 deg. winter, 80 deg. summer. Riiinrall, 
 at east, 50 inches, center, 36, far west, 22. Health asgood 
 as anywhere in Union. 
 
 Chief Cities. —Tahlequah, capital Cherokees; Tisho- 
 mingo, capital of Chickasaws; Tushkahoma, of Choctaws; 
 Muscogee, of Creeks; Pawhuska, of Osages; Seminole 
 Agency, of Seminoles; Pawnee Agency, of Pawnees; Kiowa 
 and Comanche Agency, of Kiowas and Comanches, 
 
 Leading Industries.— Agriculture and grazing. 
 
4, no torri- 
 
 )cs. Also 
 
 iicii tribe 
 
 niiii.ils are 
 
 iHof debt. 
 
 iiltivatoas 
 
 iutorveno 
 
 iiiarrying 
 
 ;itc(l aud 
 
 set aside 
 
 •erne length 
 ilea, width, 
 Surface 
 timbered 
 ver prairies 
 rliout terri- 
 Corn, cot- 
 azing inter- 
 )wn. Fur- 
 Tom per- 
 lliiinrall, 
 alth as good 
 
 ees; Tisho- 
 Choctaws; 
 Seminole 
 iees; Kiowa 
 ches. 
 
 ATLA8 OF THB WOKLD. 
 
 Indian Aoencibs. 
 
 ARAPA1I0R, 
 
 Agent « UOU 
 
 OHErENNK. 
 
 Agent 2,200 
 
 Fhyaician 1,200 
 
 KAW. 
 
 Superintendent 1,000 
 
 Physician 1,200 
 
 KIOWA AND COMANCHE. 
 
 Agent 1,000 
 
 Physician 1,000 
 
 OAKLAND. QUAl'A V. 
 
 Sunt II ,000 Agent »1 ,500 
 
 3 Teacliurs. tJOO Piiysician.. 1,200 
 
 IOWA, 
 "llawifeye State." Settled first by Dubuque, 178S, a 
 Frencii Canadian, for wlioni tiiat city i.s named. First 
 settlers miners of lead. Active immigration began IH'.i'.i. 
 Iowa territory organized July 4, 18HS. Admitted asKtato 
 1840. Union soldiers furnisiied TO, 242. Numtjcr coun- 
 ties !iO. State cleclioii.s annual, Tuesday after second 
 Monday in October, excepting years of jiresidential elec- 
 tions, wlien all elections oecur together. Numbersenators 
 50, representatives 100, sesaionsof legislature biennial, in 
 even numbered years, meeting second Monday in January. 
 
 OSAOR. 
 
 Agent $1,000 
 
 Physician 1,200 
 
 OTOE. 
 
 Agent 1,000 
 
 IMiysician 1,000 
 
 I'AWNEK. 
 
 Clerk 1,200 
 
 Physician 1,000 
 
 PONOA. 
 
 Superintendent 1,200 
 
 Clerk 720 
 
 •SAC AND VOX. 
 
 Agent *1,200 
 
 2Pliysicians 1,000 
 
 Term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years. N im- 
 ber of electoral votes 13, congressmen 11, number voters 
 410,058. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from vot- 
 ing. Number colleges 11). school ago 5-21. School sys- 
 tem admirable, endowment liberal. Legal interest rate per 
 cent., by contract 10 per cent., usury forfeits 10 per cent, 
 per year on amount. State has adopted prohibition. 
 
 Extreme length E. and W. 208 miles, width 208 milpg, 
 area. 55,470 so. miloH, ;15,500,8(IO acres. Surface al- 
 most an unbroKen prairie, without mountains and with 
 very few low hills. Natural meadows everywhere an<l 
 water abundant. Many small lakes at north, llighest 
 point. Spirit Lake, l,0(i(tf(^et above the sea. Soil superior. 
 Corn, wheat, oats, potatois, hay, barley, suvj^himi, rye, 
 staples. Apples unsurpassed in United States; jjears, 
 plums, cliorrios, granes and berries are excellent crops. 
 Cattle and other stock interests large and thrifty. Dairy- 
 ing attractive. Forest area snuill — scarcely e(|ual to liorno 
 requirements. Coal area fair. Other minerals uninii)or- 
 tant. Manufacturing active. Improved land averages ir20; 
 unimproved, iiu'hnling railroad and govertiment doinains, 
 112.50. Still u ranks first in hogs, second in milch cows, 
 oxen and other cattle, corn, liay and oats; third in lu)r8cs: 
 flftli in liarley and miles of railway. 
 
 Climate siibjoet toextremes. Wintersovere, withsluirp 
 luirth and west winds; summers plea.'-ant. 'i'emperature 
 averages, suninu'r 72 deg., winter 2.'1 deg.; ranges from 10 
 (leg. below to !i'.l deg. above zero. iJainfall 42 inches. 
 Wlieat harvest in August. 
 
 Chief Cities. — Des.Moines (metropolis and capital). 
 Did)U(|ne. Davenport, nurlington. Council HlulTs. Keo- 
 kuk, ihirlington and Dubuque are United States \)OTta of 
 delivery. 
 
 fjcading Industries, — Agriculture, stock-raising and 
 munufucturiug. 
 
 KANSAS, 
 
 Name, Indian, moans, "Smoky water." Called the 
 " (hirden State." Kansas Territory, organized May. 1854. 
 Law known as " Missouri Compromise." t'ori)l(l(lin;;slavory 
 in states formed out of Louisiaiui pureluiso north of lati- 
 tude 30 deg. 30 miu. repealed, and (juestion of slavery 
 
I I 
 
 ATLAB cr THR WOKLI). 
 
 Iiift to tlio turriiorv. At flritt it wiis dccitltil for uluvfry, 
 Ooii'l iLiiiinii }it'iiliiliiliii^ Hluvcry iiili)|it(iil JiilVi lH.M>. Ail- 
 inith.l u«iiM'ii(i', 1801. Uiiiiiii yolilii'is fiiniiKli.-d yit,14l», 
 iiUinl)t'i' cDiiiuii^i 0."), iiiiloH riiilfcml -l/jor), Urst railioml 
 Ixiili, iMi, 40 iiiili'H loii^. All L'loclK.-iiH 'riii'.4'lay aficr 
 llist Mipiiilay ill Jjov. ; Bumvtors 4i', rijirusi'iitutiv'iM Vi'), 
 M'WMi iiiit hju'iiiiiiil, iMi'Cllng siicoiiil 'I'licsday in Jan. in chIiI- 
 nmuiiiiiiil uvird, limit, r.f gcMiioii 00 duy.i ; tci-in of xriuiiois 
 f')iii- vi;,!.s, of ri'|)r(;si'Ml;itivo8 two yium. NiirrilMT olecto- 
 lal votuii 0, conjjrL'H.-iiicii 7. voters '4\>!i,71i. MiotH. in- 
 HKiio, ciiivicls 1111(1 rolii'In t'xcliuloil fiDin voting, Niiinbor 
 CI lli'j;i-i 8, number wjlioollioiisivs ovit 8,000, schoil n^:o 
 ti-'il viMis ; Hohool Hysteni nuigiiilu;ont. Kiidownu'iit ini- 
 nun-'o. Ia';:ii1 iiiti'ru.si 7 \k'V cent., bycoutniet I'J jier cent, 
 usury loi foils exeosn of interest. 
 
 E.xlroine length K. iind \V. 410 niilo.M, brcudlh 210 
 iiiile.M, iireiiSl,';uO sfi. niile.i, fi'^i.v'SS.oOduerosi. Noinoiint. 
 iiins. Tiiere i.s littfii navigaiile water. Water iiowers of 
 I.iii' proji iriioii, irrigation iiiMiifiHiiry in largo «e"lion8, 
 (/'oiil ni'enol' i!;oileral'j extent; veins uatially tiiin ; <|iiality 
 fair Soil lino. Corn, wheat, oaln, hemp, llax and rye, 
 flai.;e.=. Ci.4or beans and cotton grown Kiu'eur(*fullv. 
 Soil of prairiea docji loam of dark colcr; bottoms saiuiy 
 loam. IVetiliai'ly lavorabie to stock raining. Prairio rii.'h 
 ill grasses. l)iiiryiiig favored. Fruits .sllcees^^fnl. Kor- 
 c.^'ts .-iniill. Lime, ti.no and colored clialit furnish building 
 iniiferiiili!. Valno itnproved land averages fil8 Jier lu-'ie, 
 woodhind *16. Mannfactiiring growing. State ranks 
 fifth in cuttle, corn and rye. Climate. — Salubrious; win- 
 ters mild, fiummcjs warm, air jniro and clear. Tempera- 
 ture averages winter .'11 deg., summer 78 deg., ranges 8 
 deg. bi'low to 101 deg. abovo zero; such extremes pxeep- 
 tional. I?;iinfall averages 45 inclioa ot cast, 13 inches at 
 wc-t. 
 
 Chief (Utie.s. — lA'aveuworth, Topeka (^aiiital). State 
 Uiiiver.-^ity at Liiwreiire, state asylums for insa'ie and 
 feoble-minded at Topeka and Ossawattomio ; institution 
 for educatiou of the blind at Wvandotto ; for deaf mutes, 
 Olathe. 
 
 Industries. — Agriculture, stock raising, manufactur- 
 ing, etc. 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 Named for Louis XIY. of Franco. Called the "Pelican 
 State "niid the "Creole State." First sugar cane culti- 
 vated in United States near Now Orleans 1751 First 
 sugar mill 1758. First shipment ofcottim abroad 1784. 
 Purchased by the United States, 1803, for ^15,000,000, 
 Louisiana admitted as a state under present name, April 
 8, 1812, In the war with England immediately following, 
 the state made a glorious record, and at the battio of Now 
 Orleans Jan, 8, 1815. humiliated the I^riti.sh and ended 
 the wr Secoiled .Ian, 20, 18G1, Some fighting on the 
 river between boats and forts. Now Orleans caj)tured 
 May 1, 18*^2. 18'i8, in Juno, stato re-entered Union. 
 C'lpital, Haton Ilougo. Number of parishes or counties 
 58. Legi^!laturo and stato officers elected ouadrennially. 
 members congi-css biennially, stato elections Tuesday after 
 third Mond;iy in April, number senators 3G, representa- 
 tives 98;sc.-:sinns biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting 
 second Monday in May, holds 00 days; terms of senators 
 and roprcsentatives 4 yearseaoli. Number electoral votes 
 8, congressmen 6, voters 210,787, colored 107,977, native 
 white 81,777, foreign Avhite 27,033, Idiot, insane and 
 criminals excluded from voting. Legal interest 5 per 
 cent,, by contract 8 per cent., usury forfeits entire in- 
 terest. Educational facilities average, slaves 18G0, 331,- 
 720. Extreme length E, and W, 294 miles, breadth, 248 
 mile';, area 45,420 eq, miles, 29,008,800 acres. Coast line 
 1,270 miles, very irregular navigable ."ivers 2,700 miles. 
 
 Mi4sii<.-ippi flows in or on thn borders of tho state, Bay« 
 numerous on coast but harbors indillerent. Many amull 
 i.-landd in (liilf. Staple procliicts, sweet potatoe*. migur, 
 molns>-is, rice, corn, cotton, grasHes, oats, etc. All fruitii 
 uf tho tiuiiiitro]i<caI climate thrive. Hlutu ranks flrat in 
 
 >l»l,.niJi.-''^^l'l». Ill,,|t. 
 
 V)'iw,t./- — /v;v 
 
 r -'-"^^.i^/^V ^>. '-* 
 
 y\\ i.nV»i/„.,u.„ 1 \T\ \A r. vi„'.';;,7' , 
 
 sugar and molasses and third in rice. Forests almost in- 
 exhaustible. 'J'imber superior in kind and quality, lum- 
 bering important industry. Salt produced on a large 
 scale. Iron discovered. Cleared land averages $12.50, 
 woodland ^'3 to ^4 [)er acre. Reclamation of marshes very 
 profitable and beginning tobo dono on a largo scale. Moss- 
 gathering proCiable and invites nioro attention. Climate, 
 — Tem|ieratu re ranges from 40 to 100 deg., averagosum- 
 mer81 dog., winter 65 deg. Jiainfall67 inches, chieflv in 
 spring and summer. Summers long and occasionally hot. 
 Health average. Actual death rate lower than in many 
 northern sections. Occasional yellow fever in the citic.=. 
 Chief Cities, — New Orleans (port of entry and largest, 
 cotton marketin tliow rid). Baton Rouge (capital), Shreve- 
 port, Morgan City (port of entry). State institution for 
 insane at iJackson; for deaf mutes and blind, Haton Ro-ige. 
 Industries, — Throe-fifths of laboring ])oiiuliition engaged 
 in agriculture. Average income of rural iiopulation among 
 highest in Union. Number industries 1,000. 
 
 MAINE, 
 
 Called the "Pino Tree State," or "Lumber State;" orig- 
 inally included New Hampshire; settled by English KjO?, 
 by French in 1013. Number couiities, 10; Union soldiers, 
 70,107; miles of railroad, 1,14:2; State elections second 
 Monday in Sept. ; number senators, 81; representatives, 151; 
 sessions biennial inodd-numberedyears, meeting first Wed 
 nesday in Jan. ; terms of senators and representatives, " 
 
 V 
 
 ar 
 
 
 
ATI.AM 01' TIIK WOltl.ll. 
 
 ypttrH oiK^h. Nuinlicr t'lcptonil voton, 0; congroMmcn, 4; 
 uiniilM«r votofH, |S7,,'iy;i; ihiuimtm iiihI Iiiiliuiu not tuxcd, 
 oxctiiilcil from voliiij;, Niiinl)iT colloncn, 3; HyHtom of 
 coiiiMioii, lii^li timl iiDriiml HcliDiilx cxii'llciil; hcIiikiI ii^'c, 
 4-ai yt'iiirt. I,('(;iil iiihi iiitcri'Mt, »j; tiy conlriK^t, any ruto. 
 
 
 MAI- OF 
 
 VINE 
 
 
 Extremo length nortli and south 208 miles, width 21(» 
 miles, Hlioro lino iil)()nt 2,480 miles, ir-pft 33,0.">0 sq. miles, 
 liind 2!t,8H.j Ki|. miles, 21,1.')5,840 nc'ies. uith of stiitea and 
 torritoiicH in size. Siirfiu-o hilly, moiuituinous toward cen- 
 ter. lli;;iiest point, Kiititlidin, "r>. 400 feet; lurpcst islnnd. 
 Mount Desert, ',13 srjuarc miles. Area of lakes and 
 streams, one-thirteenth entire state. Tlie soil in medium 
 only, except on Komo of tlio streams, where it is rich. Ilay 
 the hest cro)). Wheat, oats, corn, hops, potatoes, buck- 
 wheat and tlie ordinary vegetahles grow. Cattle do fairly, 
 dairying pays. Half tiio .state is forest of excellent timber. 
 Cleiired land averages ?<1.") and forest hind >il4 per acre. 
 Slate, copper, granite are foujid in large quantities. Win- 
 ter iiveraLTe 20 deg., sunimer 07 deg., rainfall 45 inches; 
 snow lies 81) to 130 days. Clinnvto excellent, except for 
 l)ulmi)n:iry troiibh>s. Death rate low. Chief Industries. — 
 Agricultiiro and kindred pursuits, lumbering, fi8herie,s, 
 !?3,G20,00O yearly, (puirrying, aliip building (380 establish- 
 ments). Princii)ul cities. — Portland (seaport), LewistcTi, 
 Bangor, (port of entry), Biddeford, and Augusta (the 
 capital). 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 One of tho thirteen original states, Baltirnore laid 
 1730. Federal congress met at Annnpoi." • 1783, when 
 Washington resigned command of tho army. Federal 
 constitution ratified April 28, 1778. Frederick town and 
 other places burned in war of 1812, and Fort MoHerry 
 
 bonibanlod. Firxt binml of civil war mjmcI at Ibiltinioro 
 April 111, IH11. !<egiHlaliuit iipjioHid war .\pril 2t;. |8'!1, 
 but paHSfd ri'Holulioii.s h\\ iring tiio Hoiiih, Hallle of 
 Antietam Sept. !*; and 11, jKC'j. Slavery abolished ihil4. 
 Iinion soldiir.s furiuHlied, I)l.<t:i8. Numler lonnticN, 
 23. All elect inn< 'ru('<day after lh>t Monduy in Xo\.; 
 nundirr Hciiator.s, 2'!, reprt'smtalive.-i, JM ; Hessions iiirnniai 
 inev(>n-iiiiinliefed yivnv, meet llr.'-t Wcdnisduv in •Ian. 
 and liolcl 1111 (liiys; li'rni of si luitors, 4 years; of r^iucsenta- 
 lativcs, 2 ve.iiH. Number (jf eiecioral votes, 8, eoiigrens- 
 men, (J. Iiisiiiie, rnnviets and brijiers exclmleil from vot- 
 ing. Number collegeH II, sehool a;.'e r>-20, school system 
 fair. liCgal inlerc.-t (1 per rent., usury forfeits I'Xcess of 
 interest. 'PopogrMiihy, .Vrea, Soil, Products, Kic. — lienglh 
 east and west IIiO miles, width 8 to |\'2 ndles. Area, 
 O.sCO H(|. milis. Acreage of state (!,3|o, KiO, water Hur- 
 I'lice largi'. Western and northern cections iiiountaiiU)UH 
 and broken, (/'liesapeake bay almost divides tlie state. 
 Tide-water coast nc-arly .luo miles. Cliicf navigable rivers, 
 Potomac, Siisir channa, Patu.venI, Paiapsco, t'mpty into 
 the bay. Attbewest is tlie Yoiigbiogbctiy. Soil ^arIeo 
 from very poor to very good. Cleared laiiil averages ir'yv'.riO, 
 and wooillainl It'll jier acre. Tho average value of hitter 
 lowered by moinitiiin «cclions. Consideralilc good timber 
 remains. I';iiormoii.scnal Ileitis west. ('oii|Fei' is found in 
 Frederick and Carroll counties; iron ore in Alleganv, 
 Anno Arundel, ('arroll, jialtimorc, Frederick and Prince 
 (ieorge'a counlii s. (treat oyster, lisb, fruit and vc;;elable 
 producing statt. Oyeter beds most valuable in I'nion. 
 
 Wlicat, corn, oats, buckwheat and tobacco staple crops. 
 Opportunities for capital are yet excellent. Climate. — 
 Mild agreeable aiul liealthf-il, some little malaria in Low- 
 lands. Temperature sof ti mA by ocean. Winter avcrajjCB 
 37 deg., summer 78 deg. Rainfall, 43 inches. Chief 
 
 SWpp 
 
^ 
 
 ALTAS OP THE WORLD. 
 
 Cities — Biiltimore, port of entry; Annapolis, capital, con- 
 tains United States Naval Academy; Cumberland. Chief 
 Industries. — Agriculture and fruit grcwing, oyster and 
 other lishiiifr, canning, coal, iron and copper mining, mau- 
 ufiictui'ers of cotton goods, etc. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 OK 
 
 Hay State." One of the 13 original States. First 
 settleini'iit iSOO, abandoned thesamo year. Explored 1614 
 by Captain Jolin Smith. First permanent settlement 1620. 
 rilirriiii^ l.uuk'd on Plymouth RoukDec. 22. Bostonsettled 
 1830. First American newsjiaper Boston, 1690. Massa- 
 chusetts was active in bringing on Revolution. Boston 
 
 ni, ^s.-.^re ka-eh 5, 1770. Destruction of tea Dec. 16,1773. 
 Boston port bill passed Marcli, 1T74. Battle cf Lex 'iirton 
 first blood of Revolution. Ratified U. S. constitution Feb. 
 6, 178S. Union soldiers, 146.730, besides sailors. Num- 
 ber counties 14. All elections Tuesday after first Monday 
 in November. Number senators, 40; representatives, 240; 
 meeting first Wednesday in January; yearly terms of sena- 
 tors and rejiresentatives'. 1 year. Number" electoral votes, 
 14; congressmen, 12. Paupers, persons under guardians, 
 non-ta\payers, and men unable to read and write, excluded 
 from voting. School system excellent: attendance com- 
 pulsorv, ago 5-15 years.' Seven colleges, including Har- 
 vard. Legal interest, 6 per cent.; bycontract, any rate. 
 Population.— 1880, 1,783,085. Females outnumber males. 
 Ind^p.ns. 369. Lengtn. N. E. to S. W., 162 miles; breadth, 
 47 miles in western and 100 in eastern part: area of 8,040 
 sqcare niiljs, 6,145,600 acres. Coast extensive and irreg- 
 ular, .ith numerous good harbors. Tlie Merrimac only 
 large stream entering sea within the Stat :. The Taconic 
 and lloosac ridges traverse the State at ♦he west. Saddle 
 mountain, 3,600 feet, the highest peak. The east and 
 
 northeast divisions are hilly and broken, and the southeast 
 low and siindy. Scenery very beautiful, especially in Berk- 
 shire hills; S'jil genen.lly light; hay best crop; wheat, oats, 
 corn and vegetables grown. Forests practically exhausted. 
 Cleared land averages ^SO, and woodland $45 per acre. 
 Stone is found. No minerals mined. Elizabeth islands, 
 Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket and smaller islands to the 
 south belong to the State. Winters severe and protracted; 
 summers short and warm; the thermometer ranges from 10 
 deg. beluw to 100 deg. ; averages summer. 73 deg. ; winter, 
 24 deg. Snow falls October to April. Rainfall, including 
 snow, 44 inches. Chief Industries. — Agricultinal and 
 kindred callings. Fishing for cod and mackerel (half the 
 tishing vessels of the Union owned here). Manufacture of 
 cotton, wo<jlen, worsted, silk, iron and steel goods, soap 
 and implements, quarrying. Principal Cities. — Boston, 
 Lowell, Lawrence and Fall River, famous for cotton man- 
 ufactures; Worcester, railroad and manufacturing center; 
 Cambridge, seat of Ilarva-d College; Lvnn, famous for 
 manufacture of boots anii -hoes; New liedford, greatest 
 whaling jwrt in the world; Springfield contains greatest 
 arsenal in the United States. 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 Called " Wolverine State." First settlement by Father 
 ifarquette, 1668, at .Sault Ste. Marie. Admitted as State 
 January 26, 1837. Thirteenth State to enter Union. 
 Rjceived upper peninsula as compens;'.tion for disputed 
 territory same year. Union soldiers furnished, 87,364. 
 
 (>« 
 
 T ^ "" ".jllV / \ E,^.? 
 
 jC ^~' V"""^ TTiTlIiB RirtrK / C^ 
 
 aRirtr/l [ 
 
 Nnmbcr connties, 79. Miles railroad, 5,233. All elec- 
 tions Tue-day after first Monday in Nover.bcr. Number 
 senators. 32; representatives, 100; sessions of legislature 
 biennial, in o<ld-nnmbered years, meeting first Wednesday 
 in .Tanuary; terms of senators and representatives, two 
 
■^-^0 
 
 I'SLii 
 
 ^<- 
 
 All dec. 
 Number 
 legislature 
 V'ednesday 
 tttives, two 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 years eacb; number electoral votes, 13; immbor congress- 
 men, 11. Number voters, 4fi7,G87. Duelists excluded 
 from voting. Number colleges, D; efficient public schools, 
 school age, 5-20 years. Legal interest, 7 jier cent.; by 
 contract, 10 per cent; usury forfeits excess of interest. 
 Extreme length lower peninsula north and soutli, ;iT8 
 miles; breadth, 260 miles. Extreme length upper penin- 
 sula east and west, 320 miles; width, 2'4 to ] 05 miles; area, 
 5r,430 square miles, or 36,755,200 acres. Length shore 
 line, 2,O0iO miles. Lower peninsula consists of plains ami 
 table lands, heavily timbered with pine and hardwoods and 
 small prairies. Soil generally good, but patches of sane* 
 occur. Fruit raising, especially apples, peaches and 
 grapes, very succeosful. All cereals make good crops, 
 except corn at north. Staples, wheat, corn, oats, buck- 
 wheat, potiUoes, barley, etc. Upper peninsula broken, 
 rocky and almost mountainous, rising at west to 2,000 feet 
 above the sea. Western portion mining region, eastern 
 portion favorable to agriculture. Rivers, inlets and small 
 lakes numerous. Water good and well distributed. Cop- 
 per, valuable iron, coal and salt abundant. Timber yet in 
 immense tracts of virgin pine and hardwoods. Statersinks 
 first in copper, lumber and salt, secor)d in iron ore, third 
 in buckwheat, fifth in sheep, hops and potatoes. Cleared 
 land averages 820 per acre, forest $10. Climate. — Tem- 
 perature averages at Detroit, winter 30 degrees; summer, 
 70 degrees; at Sauk Ste. Marie, winter, 23 degrees; sum- 
 mer, 65 degrees. Rainfall at Detroit, 30 inches; at Sault 
 Ste. Marie, 2-t inches. Ilealtli excellent. 
 
 Chief Cities. — Detroit, Grand Rapids, Lansing (capital). 
 Bay City. East Saginaw, Jacksou, iluskegon, Sagiraw. 
 Detroit, Marquette, Port Huron, Grand Ilavtn ports of 
 entry. 
 
 Chief Industries. — Lumliering, mining, farming, fruit 
 raising, manufacturing, fishing, etc, 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 "Gopher State." Explored by Fathers Hennepin and 
 La Salle, 1680, via Mississippi riyer to Falls St. Anthony. 
 Admitted as State 1858. Foreign immigration immense. 
 Numlier Union soldiers furnished, 25,052. Number coun- 
 ties, 80. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in 
 November; number senators, 47; representatives, 103 ; 
 sessions of legislature, biennial, in odd-numbered years, 
 meeting Tuesday after first Monday in January ; holding 
 60 days; term of senators, 4 years; representatives, 2 
 years. Number electoral votes, 7 ; congressmen, 5; vot- 
 ers, 213,485; idiots, insane and convicts not voting. 
 Number colleges, 5 ; school age, 5-21 ; school system, first- 
 class. Legal interest rate, 7j^ ; by contract, 10^ ; usury 
 forfeits excess over 10;^. 
 
 liCngth N. and S., 378 miles; average width, 261 miles; 
 area, 79.Cf>5 sq. miles, 50,091,200 acres. Surface, rolling 
 plain, 1,000 feet above sea level, except at N, E., where 
 are a series of sand hills called " Heights of Land," 1,000 
 feet high. It is the State of small lakes, including over 
 7.000, varying from a few rods to 32 miles across. In one 
 of these, Itasca, the Mississippi rises and flows 800 miles 
 through the State, The other principal rivers are the 
 Minnesota, Red River of the North, and the St, Louis. 
 Small streams and lakes make water plentiful. The 
 scenery is picturesque and beautiful. The soil is splendid, 
 as a rule, and the accessibility to market and general 
 attractions render the State especially favored by agricult- 
 urists. The forests of the State are small ^^2,000,000 
 acres), but in parts are rich in fine timbers. Two-thirds 
 of the State are unoccupied. Cleared land averages 
 ♦12.50 per acre, and woodland $8. Wheat is the great 
 crop. Corn, oats, barley, liav s-.iid dairy products are also 
 staples. State ranks fourth in wheat. 
 
 ,ii 
 
 Climate. — Healthful. Air, pure and dry, summers 
 warm, averaging G8-70 deg. ; winters cold, averaging 9- 
 24 deg. Rainfall 30 inches, chielly in summer. Snowfall 
 medium. The dryness mitigates the cold in winter. 
 
 Chief Cities. — Pembina, port of entry on Red river; 
 St. Paul, capital ; Minneapoli.s. 
 
 Chief Industries. — Agriculture, dairying, milling, etc. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 Indian name meaning Father of W.aters. " Bayou 
 State." Viiited by De Soto 1542, by La Salle 1682. Set- 
 tled Biloxi, 1099, by M. de Iberville. Formed a part of 
 the territory of Louisiana, and belonged to France. Ad- 
 mitted as a ptate Dec. 10, 1817. Seventh state admitted. 
 State active in war of 1814 and with Mexico. Seceded 
 1861. Sliiloh the most notable battle of the Rebellion in 
 the state. State re-entered Union 1870. Number coun- 
 ties 74. Stare officers elected quadrennially, and legisla- 
 ture every two years; all elections Tuesday after first Jlon- 
 day in Nov.; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-num- 
 bered years, meeting Tuesday after first Monday in Jan.; 
 number senators 37, representatives 120; term of senators 
 4 years, of representatives 2 years; number electoral votes 
 9,'congressmon 7, voters 238,532, colored 130,278, foreign 
 white 5,674. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from 
 voting. Number colleges 3, school age 5-21, schoolsystem 
 fair. Legal interest G ler cent., by contract 10 per cent.; 
 usury forfeits excess of interest. SLiveslSGO, 436,631. Great- 
 est length N, and S.3i;4 miles, average width 143 miles, area 
 46,340, sq. miles, 29,057.600 acres. Coast line, including 
 islands, 512 niile.s. Harbors, Biloxi, Mississippi City, Pasca- 
 goula aiui Shieldsburg. Snrface undulating with a gradual 
 slope from elevation of 700 feet at N. E., W. and S. to the 
 Mississippi and Gulf. Some hills reach 200 feet above 
 
riraiiiiriaif' 
 
 ATLAS OP TUE WOULD. 
 
 surrouiidiug country. From Tcnn, line S. to Vicksburg, 
 Mississippi bottoms wiile, Hut, with nioro or lesa swamp, 
 and covered with cypress iinil oak. Soil an ini'sliaustiblo 
 alluvium. Soil liglit but productive, at south sandy with 
 pino growth. Cotton i)rolitlc. Staple crops, cotton, rice, 
 sugar, molassoa, tobacco, corn, sweet potatoes, grapes for 
 wine. Fruits and vegetables are splend id crops, but are 
 
 negloetod. Forest area large, ])ine, oak, chestnut, walnut 
 and magnolia grow on uplands and bluffs, long-leafed 
 pino on islands and in san(i.- Lumbering importr.nt indus- 
 try, mules raised with groat success. State ranks second 
 in cotton, fifth in rice. Oyster and other fisiicries val- 
 uable. Cleared land averages $7.50 per acre, woodland 
 83. Climate mild, snow and ice unkno^vn. Summers 
 long and warm, July and August hottest months. Tem- 
 peraturo averages sunimor 80 dcg., winter 50 dcg. Rain- 
 fall 4 in. at north, 58 in. at south. Highlands very 
 healthy. Malaria in bottoms. Chief Cities. — Jackson 
 (capital), Natchez, Vicksburg. Leading Industries. — 
 Agriculture, lumbering, fishing and canning. 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 Name Indian, means "Muddy River." Settled first at' 
 St. Genevieve. Organized as territory under present name 
 1812, included Arkansas, Indian Territory, etc. Admitted 
 March, 1821. Eleventh State admitted. Admission 
 aroused much discussion. "Missouri Compronii.se'' effected 
 and State permitted to retain slavery. State divided on 
 secession and was sceneof perpetual internal warfare. Jlar- 
 tial law declared Aug., 18G;;i. Union soldiers furnished, 
 109,111. Number connfies, 115. State oflicers elected 
 q^uadrenniiiUy, ami legislature every two years. All elec- 
 tions Tiiesday after first ^londay in Xovemher; number 
 , senatorsGi.represeutativesHl; sessionsof legislature bien- 
 
 nial, in odd-numbered years, meeting "Wednesday after 
 January 1, holds 70 days; term of senators 4 yearsj repre- 
 sentatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 16, congress- 
 men 11, number voters 511,:i07. United States arniv and 
 inmates of asylums, poorhouses and prisons excluded 
 from voting. Number colleges 17, school age 6-20, school 
 system good, endowments large. Legal interest rate 6 
 percent., by contract 10 per cent., usury forfeits entire 
 interest. 
 
 Length N. and S. 575 miles. Average width 246 rules. 
 Area 08,735 sq. miles, 4;?,09ti,4(i0 acres. Soil generally 
 good. South the surface is broken with hills, Eometimts 
 1,000 feet high. The most noted. Iron Mountain and tlie 
 Ozarks. West of Ozarks is a jtrairie region, with wii'e, 
 deep, fertile valleys. Entire area well watered by small 
 streams, springs, etc. Chief crops, co.-n, wheat, oats, 
 potatoes, tobacco. Fruits do splendidly. Peaches espe- 
 cially fine. Vegetable gardening successful. Improved 
 land averages $12, unimproved, $7 per acre. Coal, iron, 
 marble, granite, limestone, lead and copper found in enor- 
 mous deposits. Lead area 5,000 eq. miles. Forests niHg- 
 nificent. Growth walnut, jioplar, oak and the hardwoods, 
 grazing a leading business, both in extent and profit. 
 Stock of .all kinds raised with success. State ranks first in 
 mules, third in oxen, hogs, corn and copper, fifth in iron 
 ore. 
 
 Climate variable, with sudden changes, but generally 
 pleasant and healthy. Summers arc lon^ !"'d warm, but 
 notenei'vatintj. Winters moderate, witli occasional severe 
 
 
 days. Average temperature, summer 76 deg., winter 39 
 deg. Rainfall greate.-l in May, averages 34 inches. 
 
 Chief Cities. — St. Louis, l.'irgest city west of the Mis- 
 sissippi, ))ort of entry and gnat commercial and manufact- 
 uring point; capital, Jefferson City; St. Joseph, Kan- 
 sas City. 
 
 (j 
 
 W' 
 
 Sf.%3 
 

 H 
 
 f 
 
 i***ciAfc,J^--rv^J| J'* 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 319 
 
 Lcadiiij,' Iiidiistrit'.s. — Atriicuhuiu, iniiiiu^, iiuiiiufiict- 
 uriiij;, qiuirrying, grazing, fruit uud vugeiuble growiug, 
 Inmbermg, etc. 
 
 MONTANA. 
 
 G")1<1 diTOovert'il ISCO. Forii:<'il jiartof Idiilio, orgunized 
 18<j;-!. Or^u'.iizf I as U'rritorv iln, 18i;-4. AdiuitU'd as a 
 stiiti! 1«S 1. C'l'Jior nuw--.*ai'rc' Jinif 'v'."i, l.Si"(i. iJoO iiiou of 
 tlic Tf'i Uiiiced S:atfS Ciivalry an.iihiLited by fiioiix under 
 Silting ])iill, t>:i the Little P.ig Horn river. Muniber 
 counties 1-i. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in 
 Nov. XiiiiihcT senators ]•?, re])resentatives 34. Ses>'iona 
 of legi-liitr.re l.iu;ii"ii:i!. in odd-iminiic-itd years, meeting 
 second Moii'!:>y in Jan., lioM-i <iO da\s; terni^ of t,onutora 
 and r.'|irL'»en!atiViv; i! vo-irs eaeii. V.ters ^'!.5J4, native 
 white l-MC-,>, foi-'i^rn white 7,474, colored 1.9o8. Scliool 
 ago4-"Jl ye;r.<, gr.; I'll ooliooi.-? in Deor Lod;;e City, Vir- 
 ginia City and lleiena. iScIioul linds re.-iervfl for sale 
 valuable and extensive. Legal inturest 10 per cent, by 
 contract p.tiy r^ue. 
 
 Extromoleiitrth E. fu'id W. 540 mile?., nvcrago width 
 274 miles, aro.il-i5..31'"> so. miles, n3,0;!8.400 i'.fres, two- 
 fifths gold farm laud, of whiciiabout 4,(i00 acres aroculti- 
 vated. Three-fiftlis of territory rolling p'-iins, rcstmount- 
 ainoiis. Sirfiice fiirly .«uppli";i with gniall strciim.s. 
 Timber supply ;;iiiple. Soil good. Imniense area of 
 
 
 
 ■^-MM^Llli 
 
 i- 
 
 arable land. Wheat best crop, oats, potatoes, hiy, also 
 staples. Too cold for corn. Area grazing land, o\ or two- 
 thirds territory. Grazing interests great. Splendid graz- 
 ing grounds yet untaken. Mineral wealth great. Ranks 
 fifth in silver and in gold. Climate dry. liainfall about 
 Vi inches. Warmer than same latitude farther east. 
 Snows heavy in mountains, light in valleys and on plains. 
 
 3- 
 
 'remoeraliiro averages summer f!:.' (leg., winter 18 ileg. 
 C(jl(br in mountain.-. Health e.xeelleiit. 
 
 Cliiei! Citie.-*. — lleletia, Virgil. ia Ciiy, Di er Lodge; 
 Helena capital and most iiiiiiorrani town. 
 
 Leading Iudu.-!trie.<. — iliuing, lumbering, grazing, 
 agriculture, smelting, ete. 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 Name Indian, means '•' Shallow Water." Xcbra«l<fv 
 Territory ort;ani;-.ed May, ]8."i4. Fe'.v f.-ttliMen's till l.'-Cl. 
 Llaho cut olT March, 1803. and present boundaries llxed. 
 Bill to a Imit .Inly. ISnO, unsigned ly Prciidciit Jnlms-nn, 
 and another Jan. lt!07, vetoed. Bill parsed over i,eto Jj'eb. 
 
 ink P'^;vr^#-^!\t^ 
 
 it iiS i\ 
 
 )m 
 
 i/i 
 
 
 .2 Is a - 
 
 I i 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ ■: i 1 1 -'1 g 
 
 1867. Admitted that year. Lincoln capital. Union sol- 
 diers furnished, 3,1.')7". Number counties 74. All elec- 
 tions Tuesday after first Monday in Kov.;number senators 
 33, representatives H'M, sessioTis biennial, in odd-numbered 
 years, meeting first Tuesday in .Ian., holding 40 days, 
 terms of senators and representatives 2 years each, num- 
 ber electoral votes 5, number congressnien 3, number 
 voters 129,042. XJ. S. army, idiots and convicts excluded 
 from voting. Number colleges 9, school age 5-21, .school 
 system superior, school endowments liberal. Legal inter- 
 est 7 per cent , by contract 10 jier cent., usury forfeits 
 interest and cost. 
 
 Topiiirraphv, Area, Soil, Products, Etc. — Extreme 
 length E. and Y/. 425 miles, width 210 miles, area 7*!, 185 
 sq. "miles, 48,755.000 acres. Surface a vast pln.in, undu- 
 lating gently, and jvrincipally prairie with a few low hills. 
 At extreme iiorthwest arc .■■ptirs of the Kocky ^fountains, 
 and Black Hill country begins, general slope from W. to 
 E., Missouri, Platte, Niobrara, Republican and Bine, 
 principal rivers, and are fed by numerous smaller streams. 
 Southern jiortion of State pectiliarly favorable to all kinds 
 
mmmtm^im 
 
 ATLA8 OP THE WORLD. 
 
 of crops, western li;i!f iiiufifnificcnt series of pastures and 
 host siiitC'l lo grar.ir'.'j. Whole eastern two-fiftlm a jjroo^ 
 natural gill lion, diru llio great crop; wheat, oats, listy, 
 .ye, buckwl !,it, l):u-lfy, llax, hemp, apples, pluiriH, graiica, 
 berries, sta .les ami tlourisli. Catilo raising of va^it im- 
 portance an I inagnitn.le. Good herd laws. No important 
 minerals. Maniifaituring growing wonderfully. Im- 
 proved land averages JJO, nuimproved 85, and woodland 
 §18 per acri'. 
 
 Climate dry, salubrious anil free from nuil'iria. Tem- 
 perature aver tge-', sur.mior 73deg., winter 'iO deg. Rain- 
 fall oast of 100th nuM-idiaii, including snow, 25 inches, 
 heaviest in May. At wost, precipitation falls to 17 inches. 
 Rainfall g-adnally ir.creasing. 
 
 Chief (lilies. — O.r.alia, U. S. port of delivery, commer- 
 cial center; Lincoln, tiiocapital, contains State tJnivorsity; 
 Plattsmouih, NebrnjkiV City. 
 
 Ijcudiiig I'idn-itric-. — Agriculture, cattle-raising, dairy- 
 ing, m:inufacturiiig, iic. 
 
 "Sage lien State." First setttemetits in Washoe and 
 Carson valleys Is IS. (ioM discovered in 1849, silver 1850. 
 'LVrriii/rv ornani/ied March, ISOl. Admitted to state Oct., 
 18'!4. Xiun')er comities 15. Governor and state officials 
 olecttsd q lailreiiiiiallv, and '^gislature every 'Z years, on 
 Tuesdiiy iifter first 3[onday in Xov.; number senators 20, 
 rcproseutaiive^ -lO; .so^srons of leirislaturc biennial, in odd- 
 niunbereil years, meeting first Monday in Jan., liolding GO 
 days. Term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 
 
 years. Voting population 31.255. native white 11.442, 
 foreign v.hiie 14.191, colored 5,t;22. Idiots, insane and 
 convicts exi li-.ded from voting. School age 6-18 years. 
 Legal interest rate lu per cent.", by contract any rate. 
 
 Extreme length N. and S. 485 miles, width 320 miles, 
 area 109,740 sq. miles, 70.223,i(iiO acres. Lake Tahoe, 
 1,500 feet deej), 10x22 miles in area and 9,000 feet above 
 sea, temperature year round 57 deg. Many mineral 
 springs, warm and cold. Great ))art of snrfaceunavaihible 
 for cultivation. Consiileruble arejis of grazing land; 
 many valleys, rich, easily worked and proliiic soil. Corn, 
 wheat, potatoes, oats and barley, staple crops; horses, 
 mules, cattle, hogs and sheep do well. Forests valuable. 
 Mineri.l re-xources enormous. Conistock lode supposed to 
 be ri(^hest silver mine in the world; Eureka one of the 
 most productive. Rich in lead and copper; zinc, plati- 
 num, tin and nickel, j)lumbago, nningauese, cobalt, cinne- 
 bar, etc. , found. Extens' ^ deposits of borax. Coal and 
 iron. Ranks second in gidd, fourth in silver. Kaolin, 
 building stones, slate, soda and salt are obtained. Little 
 land improved. 
 
 Climate mild in valleys; little snow except on mount- 
 ains. At north mercury sometimes falls to 15 deg. below 
 zero; air bracing, health good. Extremes of cold un- 
 known. Summer heat occasionally reaches above 100 deg. 
 Temperature averages, summer 71 deg., winter 36 deg. 
 Rainfall slight, chiefly in spring. 
 
 Chief Cities. — Virginia City, chief commercial center; 
 Carson City, capit.il, and contains a branch mint. 
 
 Leading Industries. — Mining, reducing ores, lumbering, 
 agriculture, etc. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 One of the thirleen original states. Battles of Trenton, 
 Princeton, Monmouth and others fought within its borders 
 during the Revolution. State Constitution adopted 1776, 
 revised 1814, and amended in the pr?sent deeaile. L'nited 
 States Constitution unanimously adojited Pec. 1787. A 
 slave state till 1800, when but eighteen slaves remained. 
 
 .C MAP OF 
 
 V NEWJEUSEY 
 
 3— 
 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 aud it was counted a free state. Union sold iersfiirnislied, 
 75,814. St;Ue contains '^1 counties. State eleetioii-i an- 
 nual, same dale as congressional and presidential. Num- 
 ber of senators 21, r('[)resentativ(!s 00, meeting of le:;i!<ii'- 
 ture 2J Tuesd.iy in .laniiary. Terin of senators 3 Nears. 
 representaiives 1 year. Numlier of electoral votes 9. con- 
 gressmen 7. I'aiipers, idiots, insane and convicts exihided 
 f'om voting. Number colleges 4, schools good, scIkhjI 
 age 5-18. Legil interest per cent, usury forfeits entire 
 interest. Length north and south 158 miles, widili 38 to 
 70 miles, area 7.455 square miles; or 4.771,200 acns. 
 Forty-third state in size. Atlantic coast T^iS niili-s, Dela- 
 ware Bay coast 1 18 miles. The famous Palisades of the 
 Utidson at the northeast arc COO feet high. Toward cen- 
 ter state slopes to a rolling plain, ami at south becomes 
 flat and low. Hudson river forms the eastern border 
 Delaware Water Gap and Falls of Prssaic are the natural 
 wonders of the state. Cleared land averages 180 and wood- 
 land $00 per acre, ilay the best crop. Other staple crops 
 are potatoes, wheat, corn, rye, buckwheat, cranberries, 
 frnit and garden produce. Little woodland valuable for 
 timber remains. Iron and fertilizing marls are abundant. 
 Climate variable ; temperature averages, summer 08 deg. 
 to 75 deg., winter 31 deg. to 38 deg. Range of tempera- 
 ture from about zero to 100 deg. IJainfall, including 
 enow, 46 inches, reaching 50 inches in the highlands, and 
 falling to 40 inches at the .«outh. Highlands and seashore 
 healthy. Aguean'l malarial fevers in the lowlands. Prin- 
 cipal Cities — Newark, P'?rtli Amboy, Great Egg Ilarhor, 
 TuckcTtou. Bridgeton and Lumberton are ])orts of entry; 
 Jersey City, Trenton (c.-ipital), Paterson, Elizabeth, IIo- 
 boken, Camden. Chief Industries — Manufacture of fab- 
 rics, jewelry, clay wares and brick, flour, crystals, fishing, 
 oyster fishing, gardening, agriculture, marl and iron ore 
 digging, etc. 
 
 NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Name suppo.sed to bi^ of Aztec god. Settled earlier 
 than anv oilier part IJ. S. Permanent settlement, 1596. 
 Santa Fe, then an Indian town, chosen as a seat of .Spanish 
 government. The natives were enslaved and forced to 
 work in the fields and mines. Organized as Territory, 
 1850. SiUta Fe captured by Confederates, 1802, but soon 
 abandoned. Number counties, 13. All elections, Tues- 
 day after first Monday in November Number senators 
 12, represeniatives 24, sessions of legislature biennial, in 
 even-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January, 
 hold 60 days. Terms of senators and representatives,'2 
 years. Voters 34,076, native white 20,423, foreign white 
 4,558, colored 3,095. School age, 7-18 years. Legal 
 interest rate, 6 per cent., by contract 12 per cent. 
 
 Average length N. and S., 308 miles, width 335 miles. 
 Area, 122,000 sq. miles, 78 400,200 acres. Elevation, 
 3,000 to 4,000 feet. Mountain peaks, 12,000 feet. The 
 Staked Plain, an elevated region, unwatered and without 
 wood, extends into the southeastern part of the Territory. 
 No streams are navigable in tlie Territory. Timber scarce, 
 except in few sections. The mountains are clothed with 
 pine, spruce and fir. Cedar grows in foothills, and Cot- 
 tonwood and sycamore in valleys. Soil rich whe^^ wjt'"" 
 can be had for irrigation or on streams. Co.-n, wheat, 
 oats, alfalfa, grapes, vegetables, especially otiions and root 
 crops and semi-tropical fruits are prolific. Sheep raisin? 
 very profitable. Grazing interests extensive. Gold found 
 in Grant, Lincoln, Colfa.v and Bernalillo counties, rich 
 copper mines in Bernalillo county and in the Finos Altos 
 region. Zinc, qnickwilver, lead, manganese and large 
 deposits of coal have been found. Irrigable surface, 7,000 
 sq. miles. 
 
 Climate varies withdifTorcnt elevations. Temperature 
 avcrage.s. summer, 70 <leg., winter, 33 deg. Uange of 
 tenijK-rature, 4 deg. below zero to ',)() deg. above. It is 
 mncti w.'irme' tban the average in the lower altitudes, and 
 colder ill the liiglicr. Air dry, rare lied and jjure. Kain- 
 fall, 9 to 11 inches. 
 
 * C Ot 
 
 I*-; ' 
 
 WH«n«r.MlCap 
 
 /. 
 
 _1 O ADD *T'"'y/ t -^.Ci'iVfen""^ I 
 
 I :>ns A^v M I (5. u E lF 
 
 ->^ s C>B s 
 
 ?.<'rju, IA«J 
 
 
 S . O C O RJjR O .-iri.K.o.k 
 
 
 ' VJ1..r. ' it Tiwi 
 
 Elu^tfr'. lUiicb 
 
 . SnM.. Rtfr^t nteoffV, 
 
 MAP OP 
 
 NEW MEXICO 
 
 Chief Cities. — Santa Fe (capital), Las Vegas, Silver 
 City aud Albuquerqe. 
 
 Leading Indu.stries, — Mining, stock-raising and agri- 
 culture. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 One of the thirteen original Slates, "Empire State." 
 Explored by Henry Hudson, Sept. 1009. The Dutch 
 settled on Manhattan Island, 1614. Country called " New 
 NetherJand." Manliattan Island purchased from Indians 
 for #24, 162C England claimed the country as part of 
 Virginia, captured Manhattan (New Amsterdam) Aug. 
 1064, and named it New York. New York the battle-field 
 of the Frencii-English war 1754, was prominent in the 
 Revolution. New York City capital 1784 to 1797. Slavery 
 abolished 1S17. Union soldiers furiii.-lnd, 448,850; num- 
 ber counties 60, custom districts 10, first railroad Albany 
 to Schenectady 1831. State ofllcers elected every 4 and 
 senators (32 in number) every 2 years, representatives (125 
 in numl>er) yearly, on the same day as presidential elec- 
 tion. Legislature meets first Tuesday in February yearly; 
 congressmen 34, presidential electors 30. Election betters 
 and bribers and convicts excluded from voting. School 
 system superior, includes 28 colleges. School age 5 to 21 
 vears. Legal interest ]ier cent, usury forfeits j)rincipal 
 and interest. Extreme length E. iind" W. 410 miles, ex- 
 treme width 311 miles, area 47,C20sf|. miles, 30,476,800 
 acres, water frontage 900 miles, surface varied. The 
 Hudson, rising in the Adirondacks, and flowing south over 
 
 i 
 
,i.».f*»f,'U.., 
 
 ATI,A8 OF TIIK WOULD. 
 
 300 miles to New York bay, ia tlio chief streatii. Tlu' 
 Allegheny and its tributuiii'.'S iliain the S. \V., juid tiio 
 SiiaqnelianTni tlio finiithcfn etuiti'iil division. Ti'C Siiito is 
 noted fur l!io hiMiiiy of ii^ lakoH. Ijoii;^, .Miinhiilian ;uid 
 Stateu leij.nidd form imiiartiMit divisions of dio Sriite. 
 
 
 3> \ -'^7v^,>>;m:=-??l 
 
 j5 IX /y-v-rVx/i^ 
 
 Agrionltnraliy tlui Sf ill is very rich. Cleared land aver- 
 iiges i'lJO itMil wooded -^10 |H'r acre. Considorablo forests 
 yet remain. The i)rodnoti(>n of corn, wheat and dairy 
 products is very large. 'J'he State ranks fir^^t in value of 
 nianufactiircs, soap, printing and jiublisliing, hops, hay, 
 potatoes, l)uclv\vlieat and milch cows. Cliniate diverse, 
 mean annu:d tcinperaUirc fur the Slate 47 deg. In the 
 Adironiarkr the anniud mean is 39 deg., in the extreme 
 south it is .~)U (leg., average rainfall 43 in. including snow, 
 the fail liciiig greatest in the lower Hudson valley, and 
 smallest (3;; in.) in tlio St. Lawrence valley. Kango of 
 temperature 10 dog. helow to 100 above zero, rrinclpal 
 Cities. — New York, Ijrooklyn, BuH'alo, lioehester, Syra- 
 cuse, Albany (i^apital). Leading Industries. — ilanu- 
 facturing of iiil kinds, agriculture, dairying, tho trades, 
 etc. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 "Buckeye State." E.xplored by La Salle 1079. Ohio 
 Territory organi-^ed May 7, 1800. Admitted as a State 
 April 3o, ISOv'. Xiimljcr Union soldiers furnished 313,180, 
 Numh'er counties 88. Stiile and congressional elections 
 second Tuesday in October. Numtxjr senators 33, repre- 
 sentatives 105; sessions biennial, but "adjourned session."" 
 practi'Mily amount to annual miu;tings; assembles fir.-t 
 Monday in January. Terms of semitors and representa- 
 tives 2 years each. Number electoral votes, 23. Number 
 congressmen, '21. Numljer voters 8"2G,5?7. Insane and 
 idiots e.Kcluded from voting. Number eolle<res 33, school 
 age C-'21, school system first-class. Legal interest rate C 
 
 jier cent., by contracts per (rent., usury forfeits excess. 
 Ivvtieme length 1^. and \V. 2'1') miles, brcadtii X'OO iiiiler,, 
 urea lO,;*)!) Hi|. miles, ;2"',(i8(), 400 acres. Iiududes Keiley's 
 and Hass isl.uuls in fiake Erie. Lake frontage JiJO miles, 
 Oliio Kiver frontage 43".' miles. Entire state well watered. 
 X'alleys exlrt'iiu'ly productive. Uplands fertile .'is i rnlc, 
 Ohio ranks first in agricidtural implements iuid wool, 
 secoiul ill dairy jirodiK^.;, pelroh'um. iron and Eteel, third 
 in wheat, sheeji, coal, malt and distilled liquors, fourth hi 
 printing and [lublishing, salt, miles railway and sou)), fiftti 
 111 'iiilcii cows, hogs, horses, hay, tobacco and iron ore. 
 Coal, building stones, iron ore and salt arc found in vast 
 finantities. Staple crops, wheat, corn, oits, poiatof*, 
 tobacco, buckwheat, etc., vegetables, jipplts, and tho 
 harilier fruits. Cleared land averages *4,'i, woodland, ^40 
 per a''re. I^ittle forest valuable fur Itiniiierremains, except 
 in small reserves. Cliniate as healthful as iiiiy in the 
 United States. Warmest; on Ohio River. Temjierature 
 forStat(! averages, winter 35 deg., suinmer 77 deg., range 
 of tempi raiure 10 deg. below i'ero to 101 deg. above. 
 Snos\ full cuiisideiable. Average lainfall. ine)'!'''iug snow. 
 
 /.(„,wy.\ll IIHI.IiorKiiiib \ I. .l^-t TEl«n..^;.. J-.. V 
 
 A\''''" 
 
 F'Uichie k 
 
 VU ""l/^f^^^^-^t^ ^ Map of 
 
 .^kj:^i^j(Ikj%A ^\\*^ OHIO 
 
 on Surling 
 
 . — ^i.. c — i : 1 ' • " — 
 
 I 2 3 4 S 
 
 K 
 
 42 inches; decreases to 37 inches at north and increases to 
 47 indies at south, ('hief Cities. — C'iiiciiiiiali, Cleve- 
 land, Columbus (<'apital); Chillicothe, Zanesville, Toledo, 
 Sandusky, Cleveland and Cincinnati, ports of entry. 
 Leading Industries. — Agriculture, dairying, mining, 
 quarrying, iron making, pork packing, manufacturing. 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 Name means " Wild Thyme." Oregon leriitory organ- 
 ized August, 18-18. Indian troubles, In-14, '-IT and '£4. 
 Oregon admilted as a State 1859. Number counties 25, 
 miles railroad 1,105. State odicer.^ elected quadrennially, 
 and legislature every two years; number of senators 30, 
 
ATLAS OK Till' \VOI(I,I> 
 
 reprosentutives GO, sessions of Iffiisliituro liii'imial in oild- 
 munberiMl years, mectinj; lirst Monday in 'Inn., liolds 40 
 (lays; term of senators 4 years, rc|)r(>spntii lives 'i years. 
 Numljur electoral votes 3, congrcssni;iii 1, voters 4'.),(J'J9, 
 
 inclu "iiig women. United Sfates iiriny, idiots, liusaiie, 
 convicts and Cliineso not voting. Number of colleges 7, 
 school age 4-"^U, school sv.steni good. Legal interest rate 
 8 per cent, by contract 10 jierrent, usury forfeits principal 
 and interest. 
 
 Average lenjrtii E. and W. Si'j'i miles, average width 2(30 
 miles, area 04,5<'U si[. nii'es, Cn..") 18,400 acres. Two- 
 thirds entire State mountainous, with wide ricli valleys. 
 Oolnnibia river ),o"() mdos long, na\ itrablc 1 To miles, fnil 
 of cascades and ri'.ns throuirli entrancing scenery. Soil 
 generally superior. Vi'heat the best crop, superior in yield 
 and quality; other crops do well, as Cio also fruits and 
 vegetables, etc. Extremely favorable to cattle and sheep. 
 Rich iii minerals, gold in Ja(!kson, Joseidiine, Haktr and 
 Grant counties, copper in Josephine, Douglas and Jack- 
 son, iron ore throughout the State; coal along ro;ist range. 
 Timber resources enornions, and but little touched. Sal- 
 mon fisheries among best in world. Iinjjrovei! land aver- 
 ages$17.50, unimproved $4. Areaiir.-.ble two-fifths State, 
 forest one-sixth State. 
 
 Climate. — In western Oregon moist, equable, rainfall 
 50 inches. In eastern Oregon dry. Hoth pleasant and 
 healthful, thoiiglisubject to occasional extremes at east 
 Crops in east do now siilfer, however, from drouth. At 
 west snow and ice unknown, except on peaks, where it is 
 perpetual. Frosts on high lands. Average tt'inperature 
 summer 05 (leg., winter 4"' deg. 
 
 Chief (Mties. — Porthii.d, Astoria and Coos ISav. ports 
 of entry, Kosenbnrjrh, Poitlandand Salem (eaiiital.) 
 
 Leaditig Industries. — Agriculture, grazing, mining, 
 fishing, lumbering, fruit growing, canning, etc. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 One of tli(( thirteen (U'iginal states, named for Win. 
 I'enn, the" Keystone State.'' State invailed three times 
 by conre<leiafe8, iSti".', ]8'Ii), wlieii battle of Ciettysburg 
 was fought, and ]S(14, when Chaiubersburg was destroyed. 
 Union soldiers furnished, IJiSi.lliiO. Nundier counties, 07. 
 State elec'tions annual, sanuMlate as j>resi(lential. Nunjber 
 seiuitors.')ti, lepresentatives ^01, sessions bienniul, meeting 
 first 'i'uesday in dan., hold 150 days, term of senntors 4 
 years, representatives !i years, number electoral votes HO, 
 (Congressmen 28. Non-taxpayers and bribirs excluded 
 from voting. Number colleges 20, school agi^ 0-21, scliool 
 system good. Legal interest jier cent. Usury forfeits 
 excess of interest. Length eastaiul westiiOO miles, width 
 170 miles, area 44,985 sq. miles, 28,790,4(i(t acres. Sur- 
 face very (li verse. Level at the southeast, hilly and mount- 
 ainous toward the center, and rolling and br(d<en at the 
 west and southwest. Soil varies from barren hills to sec- 
 tions of great fertility. Many superb farms. Cleared 
 land averages 145, woodland ^130 per acre. Much good 
 timber remains. Eiirms average 100 acres. Oil, coal 
 (antliracite at cast, bituminous at west), iron, cojiper, 
 kaolin, building stones, salt abound. Kye, corn, wheat, 
 buckwheat, potatoes, vegetables, Iiav, oats, tobacco are 
 staple crops. Dairying and stock ftourish. Climate in 
 mountains severe in winter, with much snow, summers 
 pleasant. Summers hot on the Delaware, reaching 100 
 deg. Summers long in Susquehanna valley. West of 
 mountains sun.mers hot and of moderate length, winters 
 cold. Average winter temperature 34 deg., summer 74 
 
 ^%iM nmMmM 
 
 
 
 '■:\ 
 
 
 
 deg., nnnfall, including snow, averMfje 42 indies. Climate 
 healtliv. Chief Cities.'— riiihidelplii.i, third eity in the 
 United Slates, contains mint ,iiid navy yard; Pittsburgh, 
 extensive manufm'turing city; llarrisburg, capital. Phila- 
 
 ^. 
 
ATLAS OP THE WORLD. 
 
 (Iflplii:!, I'itisburph niul Erio nro porta of entry, 
 tries. — IViuiwylviiiiiii is tlio greivt iron, oil iiiid ci 
 
 Indus- 
 
 .._ p.. _.., „ colli gttito. 
 
 The other iiidiiHtries iriclndo ujjricuiture i.nd kindred pur- 
 BuitH, lunilieriiiLS niMiuirncturu of paper, woolons, ilquors, 
 impicnieiits, iniichiiii'ry, etc. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Ono of tho 13 original stfttes. Culled "Littlo Rhody." 
 First eettleil at Providence, 1G36, l)y linger Williams. 
 I.sliWid of A'riidnock (Uliodo Island) bought from Indians, 
 1C38, hikI Kowport ami Portsmouth founded. Lands of 
 Narraganaett Indians aeqiiired by purchase, 1709, K. I. 
 
 1 !■».«■.«( —^ I'nifiruM O 
 
 P B O V I D E /iyC E 
 
 IV 
 
 } 
 
 
 
 h^}:'-±^i^M^:H 
 
 W/^v^^V-W^T KAP OF 
 
 Aleti^TrM ffma.,A.^'i, f^Hrcv*- 
 
 seamen (list itignislied themselves in the Anglo- Frcncli wars, 
 1750 to ISi; !. and in the IJ 'vohuion. Union soldiers fur- 
 nished, 'i?t;i'M'i. Nnniber counties, 5. State elections first 
 Wednesday in April. Elects 7^ representativi'S, 3-i s-ena- 
 tors, 3 congres-inen and 4: ])residential electors. Legisla- 
 ture nie 'ts annuidly on hist Tuesday in May, at Newport, 
 and holds adj(niiiie(i session iinnnally at Providence. 
 Terms of s-n.i'o-s anil represeniaives one year. Persons 
 without j)rope:ty to the value of §134: cxcln led from vot- 
 ing, lirown's University at Providence foinded 1764. 
 Common seliool system excellent. School ngo 5-15. Le- 
 gal interest rate C p.T cent., by contract, any rate. Area 
 1,088 sq. miles or 090,3-20 acres. Length \. and S. 46 
 miles, width 40 miles. Narragatisett bay divides the state 
 unequally, tlie w ••itern and larger part extending N. fnnn 
 the ocean p.ime 27 miles. The bay is 3 to \'l miles wide, 
 and contain.4 several islands, of which Acqnidneck, Canoni- 
 cut and Prudence are largest. Hlook Island, at the west- 
 ern entrance of the bay, also belongs to tliio state. Sur- 
 face of state broken and liilly. StniiU rivers unfit for nav- 
 igation are numerous, and afTod valnalil'! water powers. 
 Chief rivers: Pawtucket and Pawtuxet, entering Narragan- 
 
 settbayand Prtwoatnnk,fHllingintoTjongl8land Sound. The 
 state coiitaiiiB numerous snndl lakes, womo of great beauty. 
 Scenery varied and prstty. Soil middling quality. Hay 
 best crop. Potatoes, corn and oats are the next most im- 
 portant products. No forests. Dairying profitable. Land 
 tiigh-prieed. No minerals mined. Climate, owing to 
 Jioarness to sea, moderate. Average temperature — winter 
 24 to 4'.J (leg., summer 44 to 74 deg. Rainfall 43 inches. 
 Snow lies 00 to 100 days. Health good. Chief Indus- 
 tries. — Manufacture of fabrics of cotton, llax, linen, wool, 
 boots and shoes, rubber goods, metals, jewelry, etc., agri- 
 culture, dairying. Rhode Island, in ])roportion to size, is 
 the largest manufacturing state in the Union. Principal 
 Cities. — Providence, capital and seaport; Newport, capi- 
 tal, seaport finest in the world, and great pleasure resort; 
 Hristol, seaport; Warreu, seaport; Lincoln, Pawtucket, 
 Woonsockot. 
 
 TEXAS. 
 
 "Lone Star State." Settled first by French under La 
 Salle 1085; was a part of Old Mexico. Independence de- 
 clared Dec. 20, 1835. Houston inauguratedas president 
 Oct., 1830. Independence of the republic recognized by 
 United States March, 1837; by European powers 1839 and 
 *40. Continued wars with Mexico embarrassed finances. 
 Proposition for union with United States 1845, and ad- 
 mitted aa a state Dec. 29. State paid $10,000,000 by 
 United States for all lands outside present limits 1850. 
 
 Seceded Feb., 1801. Houston, who refused to secede, 
 deposed. Military operations small. Last battle of the 
 war near Kio (iratido May 13, 1805. Re-entered Union 
 1870. Niunber counties, 228. All elections Tuesday after 
 first Monday in Nov. ; number senators 31, representatives 
 106; sessions of legislature biennial, in o(]d-numbered 
 
 \ 
 
 9 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 years, meeting second Tuesday in Jan., holds CO days; 
 term of sonatora 4 years, of ropresuntutives 2 years. 
 Number electoral votes 13, congressnu^n 11, voters 
 380,376. United States army, lunatics, idiots, paup- 
 ers and convicts excluded from voting. Number col- 
 leges 10, school age 8-14. School endowment enormous; 
 includes millions of acres yet unsold. Legal interest 
 8 per cent, by contract Vi per cent, usury fonoits 
 entire interest. Extreme length E. and W. 830 miles, 
 extreme width 760 miles, area l(;7,8()5,fi00 acres, largest 
 of the states and territories. Coiust lino 413 miles. fJal- 
 veston bay largest, has 13 feet of water, 35 miles inhmd. 
 llio Grande navigable 440 miles. Lands extremely fer- 
 tile, except in the N. W., where water is scarce. Lunda 
 on llio Orando and at south require irrigation for good re- 
 sults, although crops will grow to some extent without. 
 Entire state covered with rich grasses, ulTording pasture 
 tho year round. All cereals, root crops, vegetables, fruit 
 and stocks flourish. Cotton best crop. Other staples, 
 sugar, molasses, sweet potatoes, corn, wheat, grapes and 
 fniits. Dairying extensive. Cattle, sheep, goat and hog 
 raising on mammoth scale. Cotton picking July to Dec, 
 corn planting middle of Feb., grain harvest May, corn 
 harvest July. Kanks tirst in cattle and cotton, secDud in 
 sugar, sheep, mules and horses. Coal area 0,000 sq. miles, 
 quality good. Iron oro and salt deposits extensive. Other 
 minerals found, but extent unknown. Lnproved land 
 averages iJS, and unimproved 83 to 84 per acre. Unculti- 
 vated and timber land seven-eighths of area, timber area 
 one-fourth. Climate varies, temperate at north, scmi- 
 ?Topical at south. Health everywhere most excellent. 
 Thermometer ranges from 35 to 98 deg., but seldom rises 
 to tho latter temperature; at Austin averages winter f)0 
 deg., Buminer 80 deg. Kainfall averages at Austin 35 
 inches, increases on coast and to tho south, decreases to 
 13 inches in N. W. 
 
 UTAH. 
 
 Settled 184S at Salt Lake by Mormons from Illinois. 
 March, 1849, state of "Deseret" organized. Congress 
 refused to receive constitution adopted. Utah territory 
 organized September, 1850. Troubles with government 
 till 1858. Federal officers driven from territory 1850. 
 Number counties, 24. Territorial elections annual, first 
 Monday in August. Number senators 12, representatives 
 24, sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, 
 meeting second Alonday in January, holds CO days. Terms 
 of senators and representatives 8 years each. Voting 
 population 32,773, native white 15,7it5, foreign white 18,- 
 283, colored 695. School system fair, school age 6-18 
 years, number colleges 1. Legal interest 10 per cent., by 
 contract any rate. 
 
 Average length 350 miles, width 260 miles, area 82,190 
 miles, 52,601,600 acres. Surface rugged and broken, 
 with somo rich valleys. Traversed by AViihsatch, Uintnh, 
 Roan, Little, Sierra Lasal, Sierra Ab.ijo, San Juan, Sierra 
 Panoches and Tushar mountains. Southeast portion 
 elevated plateaus, western portion disconnected ridges. 
 Great Salt Lake is 130 sq. miles in area. In N. W. a 
 largo area of desert land. Soil in valleys very productive. 
 Yield fine crops of cereals and vegetables. Wheat best 
 crop. Fruits successful. Grazing important interest. 
 Dairying profitable and interest is growing rapidly. 
 Forests sufficient for homo purposes. Gold, copper and 
 silver in Wahsatch mountains. Silver predominates. Coal 
 in valley of Weber river. Salt found in large deposits and 
 
 the lake supply inexhaustible. Territory ranks third in 
 silver. 
 
 Climate mild and healthy. Warnu-r W. of Wahsatch 
 mountains. Hummers dry and hot in S. W. It:iinfall aver- 
 ages 16 inches at S. and 17 at N., chietly in October 
 and April. Spring opens in April. Cold weather begins 
 
 late in November. In mountains winters severe and snows 
 heavy. Temperature at Salt Lake averages, winter 35 deg., 
 summer 75 deg. 
 
 Chief Cities.— Salt Lake City (capital) and Ogdcn. 
 
 Leading Industries. — Mining, stock-raising and agricult- 
 ure. 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 Named for George Washington. First settlement 1845, 
 preceded, however, by Hudson Bay Co.'s trading posts. 
 Organized as territory 1853, admitted aa state 1889. 
 First legislature assembled at Olympia February, 1854. 
 Iiuli&n wars 1855 and 1858. Gold discovered 1855. 
 Island San Juan in dispute between United States and 
 England 1859. Rights of the Hudson Bay and Puget 
 Sound Co. purchased. Number counties 33. All elec- 
 tions Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number sena- 
 tors 12, representatives 24, sessions of legislature biennial 
 in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in October. 
 Terms of senators and representatives 2 years each. Num- 
 ber colleges 2, school age, 4-21 years, school endowment 
 reserved large. Legal interest 10 per cent, by contract 
 any rate. 
 
"_'''^7?fcliniimiii 
 
 ATLAH OP THB WOHLI). 
 
 :A 
 
 Topograpliy, Area, Soil, Products, Etc. — Kxtromo 
 luuK'l' •■'• i""l \^'- •'■*' inilf8, width yi'iinilfH. nrcii (!il,880 
 Hqiiiini niili'.j. -Pi, H();i. (111(1 ivurcs. CouHt line ^'(mi niilori. 
 C'i)lmiilii:i livi'i' rjikvitiiililo 1 ;."> iriilcs, Kxccllciit linrboi'H in 
 I'ugul Sound Adniinilty liik't uiid Ilood'ii ciuuil. .Scen- 
 
 ery, csppcially ou Colnnibia, grand. Columbia river 
 current overcoini'3 tide at tlio uioiith, and water iti tlio bar 
 drinkable. Cereals flourish but corn not suecessful. 
 Wheat, oats, hops, fruit of toniiierato climates, except 
 peaches, are staple. Graziuff region entire section east of 
 Cascades, covered with inexhaustible supply of bunch 
 grass. Stock raising and dairying growing industries. 
 Linnbor resources unsurpassed. Coid on JJelliiiglunn bay 
 and at Seattle, area of eoal-I<eaii;;f; strata 5J0.(KJ0gq. miles. 
 Gold-bearing rjuaitz and silver lodes in Cascade liud Coast 
 ranges. Copper, cinnabar, lead an<l other minerals aro 
 found. 
 
 Climate. — On coast '^ry season from April to Xovember, 
 rest of year rainy. Hainfall averages at north 90 inches, 
 for entire section ot inches. Winters mild, little snow or 
 ice. Summers cool with sea breezes. Temperature aver- 
 ages winter 39 deg., summer 61 deg., ranges 30 deg. to 90 
 dcg. Eastern section dry, rainfall 10 inches. 
 
 Chief Cities, — Olympia (capital,) Walla Walla. Seattle, 
 Tacoma. 
 
 Leading Industries. — Agriculture, lumbering, grazing, 
 mining etc. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 " Badger State." Settled first by French at Green Bay, 
 10'!0. Formed ]>art of the Northwest territory. Included 
 in Indiana Territory, 1800. Became part of Michigan 
 territory, 1805. VVisconsin territory organized ]8;36. 
 Present bouiularics fixed 1838. Admitted as state, May, 
 1848. Seventeenth Btate to join Union. Number Union 
 
 Boldierrt furnished, 01,.'>'-J7. Nuinlior counties, 0(1. All 
 elections 'i'uesduy after lirst Monday in Nov.; number 
 Kemitors 33, representativeH 100; sessioiirf biennial, in odd- 
 numbered years, muctiin,' second Weclnesdiiy in Jan.; term 
 of senators 1 years, of representative:! " year.-i. Nundier 
 electoral votes 11, number e()ngre^'Hnu^n 9, number voters 
 34(),l8'i; insane, idiots, convicts, iiriliera, betters uud duel- 
 ists excliiiled from voting. Niimlier eolletjes 7, number 
 jiublic H(diool8 0,,")8S, Hchool ago4-'J() years. Legal interest 
 7 per cent., by contract 10 per cent, uaiiry forioits ontiro 
 interest. 
 
 Topography, Area, Soil, Products, Etc. — Kxtrenio 
 leugtli .N. ami S. X'iW miles, width, 'Mi) miles, area r)4,4r)0 
 sij. miles, 34,848,0(10 acres. Besides the j/reat lakes Mich- 
 igan and Siiperioi', thestato contains Criiii Buy. Winiu!- 
 hago, (ieneva, Devil's lako and innumeralile other lakes in 
 the central and northern sections of the state, of nnsur- 
 jiassed beauty, making tiie state afuvorite placeof siimnu'r 
 resort. Mucli of state ])rairie, luit enormous stretches of 
 magnilieent j)ino and hardwood timbers icnudn nnlouehed. 
 Soil excellent and adapted to farming, dairying and 
 stock raising. Fruit atid berries fine crop. Cranberries 
 largely raised. Wheat best crop, flax, buckwheat, hay, 
 corn, oats sta[)le8. Lead miru's (Jrant Li'favette and Iowa 
 countie--; luitivo copi)er in Crawford and Iowa I'oinitios; 
 iron ores in Dodge, Sauk, Jaeksoi; ami A<hland counties. 
 Banks second in hops, third in barley and potatoes, fourth 
 
 in rye and buckwheat, fifth in oats and agricultural imple- 
 ments. Improved land averages 4^18 aiid unimproved *10 
 per acre. 
 
 Climate. — Temperature averages winter 20 deg., sum- 
 mer 71 deg., ranges from 3'Z (Ivg. below zero to 95 deg. 
 Kainfull 31 inciies, including enow. Snows heavy, 
 especially at north; spring late, summer short, fallpleasant. 
 
ATLAS OF THR WOULD. 
 
 (;hit'f CitioR. — Milwiiiikoo, port of ontry, grout beor- 
 lin-wini; cuiilcr; Miiilinoii (ciipitiil), Kiui C'lniro, Fond ilu 
 
 Luc, O.-lllkoMll, l,Jl ClIIMKU, 
 
 Li'iidin;; ImliiHtricK. — Luiiilicriiij,', farming, mining, 
 maniifiu!turiii;<, hrnwint,', iiork-imcking, diiirying, olc. 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 Nitniud for ColiiinhuH, Kirst as scat of U. S. govorn- 
 niont lifM' liy a(!l. of (JongrcsH. iMirnicd out of Wanliing- 
 ton Co., .Md. (t)l.s(i. mill's), (iovoriimfiit removed to 
 DJHtrict 1800. (!ai)liirrd l)y IJritisli 1814, and capitol, 
 oxcciitivo mansion untl congii'SHional lilirary liiirntMl. (Jov- 
 criii'd by CiingrcrtM till is; I, wiicn a Icf^dslalivo body of Xi 
 
 111 appointcil liy tlio iiiesidiiit and 'J'-i I'ii'ulcd) was (ireatcd. 
 'IxiHMitivo ollii'cr.i atdl appointed liy president. Oflleurs 
 unpointed are paid liy tlio Tnited .States, those elected, liy 
 the Diatriet. t'itizenaof Di.itriet havono votnfor nutiomd 
 oflluers. SehnoN .'jiiperior. Le^al iiiten^st (! j)er cent., hy 
 contriKit 10, more foil'eits entire interest. I'opulation, 
 1881), 1T7.<1.')8. Miles iMilroad, 18. Siirfueo made nj) of 
 llat^i and hills. Siiiiihir in all fmitures iii'.d prodiiefs to 
 Soutiiern Maryl:uid, Cities — AVasiiingtoii (capital U. .S.), 
 pop. ilT.'io^, (ieorgeton, pop. l'..',.'t';'8. 
 
 Till-; AVIIITi: IlOl'SKAT UASIlIN(iTON, ]). 0. 
 
 'J'im White lluiiso, at. Wiishiiiglon, 1). C., ia HO fpet 
 long hy 80 feet wide. Tiie largest apartment, known as 
 tlio east room, is 80 by 10 feet in dimensions and 'iZ 
 feet hi;;h. Tlie ailjoining hhie room, linishedin bhio and 
 gold, is devoted to receptions, diplomatic and social. The 
 green and red rooms, so called from their tinishings, uro 
 each :!0 hy 20. The rooms on tho second !loor are occu- 
 pied hy tho executivo oftieo and tho apartments of tho Pres- 
 ident's family. 
 
 THE WASIIINOrON MONtJMKNT. 
 
 Tho corner-stone was laid hy President Polk, July 4th, 
 1848, and December 0. 1884, tho caj'-stono was set in 
 position. Tho foundations aro \2C)k feet square and 3G 
 foot 8 Indies deep. Tho base of the monument is 55 foot 
 1^ inches s(pniro,"and tho walls 15 fi^ot:}^ inch thick. At Iho 
 500-foot mark, where tho pyramidal top begins, the shaft 
 is 34 feet 5.^ incites srpniro and tho wnllsaro 18 inches thick. 
 Tiio monument is made of blocks of marble 2 feet thick, 
 and it is said there are over 18,000 of thorn. Tho height 
 above tho ground is 555 feet. Tho pyramidal toj) termin- 
 ates in an aluminum tip, which is 9 inches high, and 
 weighs 100 ounces. Tho mean pressure of tho monument 
 is 5 tons jier srpiuro foot, and tho total weight, foundation 
 ami all, is nearly 81,000 tons. The door at tho base, 
 facing tho capitol, is 8 feet wide and 10 feet high, 
 and enters a room 25 feet sriuare. An immenso iron 
 f raiiiowork supports tho machinery of the elevator, which 
 is hoisted with steel wire rojies two inches thick. At one 
 side begin tho stairs, of which thoro arc fifty flights, ccn- 
 taining eighteen steps each. Five hundred iind twenty 
 feet from tlio base there are eight windows, 18x24 inches, 
 two on each face. The area at tho base of tho pyramidal 
 top is l,18~i foot, space enough for a six-room house, 
 each room to be 12x10 foot. Tho Cologne Cathe.lral is 
 525 feet high ; the pyramid of Cheops, 480 ; Stra.sburg 
 Cathedral 474; St. Pe'tcr's at Rome 448; tho capitol at 
 AVashington, 300, and Bunker hill monument, 221 feet. 
 Tho Washington monument cost 81,500,000 and was tho 
 highest structure in the world prior to tho completion of 
 tho Eifel Tower in Paris, which is 984 feet in height. 
 
 WYOMING. 
 
 First settlement Ft. Laremie, 1807. Organized as a 
 Territory from 1808, Number counties 9; all elections 
 Tuesday after first Monday in November; number senators 
 12, representatives 24; sessions biennial, in even-numbered 
 
 ypur«, nippling sooond Tuesday in .lannary, liold (SO dnyf ; 
 terms of seiiaiors and repre-JcntiitiveM 'i years each; volerii 
 10,180, native whit(! 0,0!2, loreign white 3. 109, colored 
 949. flood school system started, h<'hoi>lngc 7-21. Legal 
 inti'fest rate 12 per celil., by eonlrnet any I'iite, 
 
 Length 3J0 miles, widtii 215 miles, area 97,575 pq. 
 miles, 02. Ills, (MM) .icres. Snifuce traversed by llocky 
 .Mountains, forming tluM'ontitienlal diviile, and i,H hi^'li 
 and mount id nous, varv ing in elevation from .|.iSOO to 12,000 
 feet. At the N. W. i's the Yell(>wsl(ne ■Jiiil Iciml P.irk. 
 
 feet. At the N. W. is tl 
 3,0UO K(. mill's in aria, iiin 
 
 Yellowsii ni' iiiilicmd I'liik, 
 one of the gieiilest nuturul 
 
 wonders of tho continent. Tt varies from 0.000 to over 
 12,000 feet in elevation, and its scenery is one vast pan- 
 orama. Along tho streams and in the valleys are trticts of 
 iu'ablo lands which may beinailetojirdduceprolilically with 
 irrigation, ^fountains, covered ,vil h forests of consideiablo 
 extent, contain precious and base minerals in great depos- 
 its. Soil, where water can be had, is good, soil cluelly 
 suited to grazing. Half tho Territory grazing land. 
 W"hoat, rye, oats and barley flourish, frost twofre(|iientfor 
 corn. Water picntifid. game ami fur-bearintr animals 
 numerous, iron ore abundant, niaiidy red hemantite. Cop- 
 per, load, plumbago and petiolcnm focnd, gold in tho 
 Sweetwater country and near Laramie City, valuable do- 
 jiosits of soda in valhy of the Sweetwater, (.'oal abundant 
 andof good qualityat Evanston, Carbon, Koek Sjiringsand 
 other points. Climate cohl, severe in mountains, milder in 
 valleys. Healthful, air pure, dry and bracing. Kainfall, 
 15 inches. Temiii'riiture averages, summer CO dog., winter 
 18 deg., ranges from 31 deg. below to 80 deg. above. July 
 warmest month, January coldest, latter averages 10 deg. 
 Chief Cities. — Cheyenne (capital), Laramie 
 Chief Industries.— Criizing, mining and agriculture, 
 but little is done in manufacturing. Immenso oil wells 
 have been recently discovered. 
 
-«n^*«?^'V 
 
 r-fjjj.yi'"- 
 
 low Poor Bovs Become 
 SMCcessrul Men. 
 
 /on wnnt sorno good ndvioK. Itiso early. B<i abstemious. Ro fruj^nl. 
 Atli'iiil t(! your own liusiin'ss nnil never trust it to aiiotlior. 
 f^ Ho not afraid to W(irl<, and dilifri-nfly, too, with your own liiinds. 
 Troftt ovory oiio willi civility iitul respect. Good manners Misurn mic<'o»s. 
 AocDmpIish what you uiidortako. Decide, then prrscvere. I )ilif^(Mic(* and 
 industry overcotne ail dilVn'idtics. Xover be mean — rather give than take 
 till) odd shilling. Never postpone till to-morrow what can bo done to-duy. 
 Never anticipate wealth from any source but labor. Honesty is not oidy 
 the best policy, but the only policy. C^>mmonco at tlie first round mid 
 ko<'p climbing. Make your word as good as your bond. Seek knowloilgo 
 to plan, ontur[)rise to execute, honesty to govern all. Never overtrade. 
 Never give too large credit. Time is money. Reckon the hours of the 
 day as ao many dollars, the minutes as so many cents. Make few promises. 
 Kei'j) your secrets. Live within your income. Sobriety above all things. 
 Luck is a word that does not apply to a successful man. Not too much 
 caution — slow but sure is the thing. The highest monuments are built jiieco 
 by piece. Step by step wo mount the pyramids. Be bold — bo resolute 
 wliiMi the clouds ;rather, difficulties are surmounted by opposition. Self- 
 confidence, self-reliance is your capital. Your conscience the best monitor. 
 Never be over-sanguine, but do not underrate your own aliilitics. Don't 
 bo discouraged. Nirity-nine may say no, the hundreth, yes : take oflF 
 your (^oat : roll up your sleeves, don't be afraid of manual labor ! America 
 is large enough for all — strike out for the west. The best letter of 
 introduction is your own energy. Lean on yourself when you walk. 
 Kec]) good company. Keep out of politics unless you are sure to win— 
 you are never sure to win, so look out. 
 
 mmim^m^ 
 
 
 -9<ii:fMi''^s 
 
 't* 
 
 
 m-. 
 
WJiujaiis'U!*, 
 
 
 UK ciirlicst luoiitioii of iinythin'r liko iii>*tir- 
 iiiici' 118 I'oiiiliK'tcil ;it in'csoiil was iiiuiiiiif 
 llm Aiiirlti Siixoii ifiiilds en- iiiiidiis, who, 
 ill ri'tiini tor siMH'i fir colli ril)iit ions, Mrnnr- 
 iiiitcod ciicli other ■• :i<.niiiisl hi>s fVoiii 
 tire, \\;it«'i', roldicrv or otiuT i-iliiinity.'' 
 'i'h«' next iilliision is in n spoodi of 
 Lord Kcfpcr Hacou, at tlif opcniM;.' of 
 the Hist pailiiiiiiciit of Qnooii Kli/alK-th, 
 ill th»' foiiowiiiiT wiirds: •• Doth not tlio 
 wise merchant in e\ory advcntun' of 
 ilangcr liivo part to have tlie rest a>smed?" 
 
 But it wiu) !!<••* '.intil after the jrreat tire of London, 
 in lfi(5t), that we find insurance as.sinning a definite 
 sliape. Ill 1681, the fiixt regular office for iiisunmoe 
 was opeiHHJ in London. The Hand in Hand ("ontrihii- 
 tionship Society was started in liiiH) and still sunives. 
 Insurance conijumies were estahlishcd in .Sotlund in 
 1720, in fTernianyin ITnO. In Piiiladelphia, Benjiiinin 
 Fniiiklin was one of the oririinizi'is and first dire<'tors 
 of a fire insurance coiui)aiiy in 1752. Knince followed 
 ill 181t), and Russia in l.Si'T. 
 
 Eiu'ly insurance' was nu-n^ gaiiibUug, in t!ie 17th and 
 early part of the l.stli <enturies. In l()il4, u umrriage 
 portion of $1,(K»0 was offered to single men and women 
 upi the payment of 50 cents a qimrter until married. 
 
 
 A shai)) coiipre nniiiediutely subscribed, were married 
 at once, ilaimed their $2, (MM), and wrecked the coiu- 
 |mny. Couipairn's were or^L'iiuized for all imaginable 
 iuMnancc, >U(li as insuiaiicc airainst housebreaking, 
 in-ur.incc a^ain-t hiiihwaymen. assiiiaiice from lying, 
 a>siirance of horses airainst .-.ickncss, death or accident. 
 Thi-- la-'l conipauy had a noniiiial capital of ten million 
 dollars. 
 
 The insurance of that day was simple gaming, for 
 the reason tiiat the parties insuring had no insurable 
 interest iu the (iroperty or persons insured. 
 
 .\s an instance, iu 17i!.') some s|)eculator iniporteil 
 8(X) men, women and children from Franconia and 
 Suabia and left them in (Joodniau's Fields, witliout 
 money, shelter, food or friends. Nime of them died 
 on the third itay, and iiuiue<r >!ely numercuis wagers 
 were laid as to the mimber who woultl die per day ami 
 week. 
 
 This was gambling in human life without a single 
 feature of life insurance, except a «um of money paya- 
 ble at the death of a certain party. 
 
 Iiisuranee is a couti'.Kt by one party to indemnify 
 anotiiir j ai-ty for loss or damage to his property dur- 
 ing a certain specified period. 
 
 The contract itself is called n policy and the consid- 
 eration jmid is termed tho, pirnwan. 
 
 m-- 
 
 
 2f 
 
.,— e 
 
 nBE I>'SUBA>'CE. 
 
 Thi> party issuing the contract or policy is calleil 
 inmrvr or tiitdenmter, and the other the injured or 
 
 Tiu> latter is the more coiTect term, as tlie indemnity 
 is Jbr loss or (lania<ro ami not af/ainut them. It i:« not 
 a ^uanl airaiiist calaniily. lint aids in sot'tenin^' or alle- 
 viaUr.i>- the rt'snlts arisin'.'- from it. 
 
 InsiinuKH' i)romotes coinmorci', manntmtures and 
 business enterprises _<renendly, hy sharing the results 
 of calamitie--. the very prospect of whieh would deter 
 many I'l-oin ni:)king the ventm'e. 
 
 It di\ ides losses that would complotoly wi-eck indi- 
 vidii.J fortunes, aiuong a large nnml)i>r of persons and 
 oorponitions. so thai the loss is slightly felt liy any. 
 
 In t;i('t insurers are nearly ahvays incorporated com- 
 jMnies. 
 
 These companies are of two kinds, mutiuil and joint 
 stock companies. 
 
 In a Join! stock eoinpauy the capital is limited to the 
 amount named in tin irt Its of incorporation or char- 
 ter, and is divi.ied inio !.arL\s o\^nied by st(x-kholdcrs. 
 and intn«-A':;:'ole. 'i;.' llairs of the comixmy an- 
 administered 'y a presi>Li:i, secretary, and other olE- 
 cors, aid ; ooard of directoi s selected by the stock- 
 holders. 
 
 In a mutual insumnce ■ impany iht? capital consists 
 of ilio dejiosit notes of i— inemb rs. by the part of 
 prendunis paid in lash a .d the /rotits u|)on invest- 
 me!it-. 
 
 Tlii' ia>uriM] in w mutual compan. becomes a memlxn- 
 of the lompany by tlie mere act of insiinuice. 
 
 In a joint stock company tlie pn niiums are collecteil 
 at the time of ellceting the insiifiuico. In a mutual 
 company they are for the most jk rt collecteil aft-r the 
 loss l)y as.sessment upon all the mcmlx^rs of the com- 
 pany. 
 
 Insurance tonipanies are generally known by the 
 names of ciLsualties for which tley indemnify the loser. 
 Heneo wo have tire insiinmcc, life insmimee, accident 
 insurance, healt!i insurance, plate-irla-s insurance, 
 marine insurance, and inland, marine insurance com- 
 lianics. 
 
 In fact, as we Iil^v: seen in the commencement of 
 <Jii.s chai)te; , that companies and organizations have 
 ix-vn mad. to indemnify for loss or damage from almost 
 any and every conctivable cause, such as hail, tonia- 
 dois, 'iceideiit or ilisease of li\e stock, honesty of 
 ,'n\pii)ye^, and public ofHtors. 
 
 Fire insurance i.^, as its name ilenotes. a contrai-t to 
 indenmily for loss by tire uj) to a certi in amount 
 named in tlk^ j)olicy. in return for a sj)etilie(l coii.sideni- 
 
 tion. The contract or policy provides " that the com- 
 pany will not l)e liable for loss or damage by fires 
 cau;ie«l by an invasion, insurreenon. Hot, civil commo- 
 tion, militiirj- or usurpcNl j^wer."' 
 
 The effect of this clause is that .is the rate of premium 
 is calculatetl for a jK-aceable, law-abiding comnumity, 
 the policy Ijei'omes null and void when civil authoritj' 
 is dethronctl and anarchy or militarj^ power takes its 
 place. 
 
 The |Kilicy further pro\'ides that the insured must 
 bive a clear title to or at least an equitable or insm-able 
 interest in the proixTty iusuretl, another provision in 
 the interest of public ix>licy, as temptation consequent 
 upon insuring another's proi)erty woidd 1h' to see that 
 it wxs destroye<l. 
 
 .Vnother provision in tliei>ontract is. that "no prem- 
 ises thiLS insunnl nor any iKirt thereof shall Ix^ used for 
 or to carr}' on any unlawful traffic, trade or business." 
 
 This pro\'ision is needful to protect the company 
 from the moral haz;inl of the insured destroying his 
 o'lm premi--es when tnu-ked too close by the law and 
 then getting nidemuity for the self-caused loss or 
 Amiage. 
 
 Aiiother provision nullifies the policy when certain 
 articK^ are kept ujxju the premises, articles which 
 ignite .■•ix)ntaneonsly. or at a low temi)eratiiro or are 
 explosive, or the keeping of which is forbidden by 
 ninniciiKil reirulations, such as naptha, gisoline, var- 
 nish, cauiphene. gunjx>wder, etc., imless specially pro- 
 vided for in the contract by written indorsement. 
 
 \11 thcso clauses and conditions are demanded by the 
 public -iifety and in the interest of good morals and 
 govenmitnt. 
 
 Another oonditit>n imjX)ses \i\>o\\ the insm'ed the duty 
 of using his Ix^t emleavors to save aiul })rotect the 
 profx^rty when ex|x>sotl to. at and after the fire, and 
 al.-o. that there t-an be no abamlonment of the property 
 to the < om|wny. 
 
 This i- in consonam-e with the principle, the sound- 
 ness of whi<h ttinnot Ik* disputed, that the insured 
 mast not under an\- circumstances make a profit by 
 loss or tlaiu:ige l>y tire. 
 
 The other provision- of the contract refer to notice 
 to the «om|iany in cjuso of loss, and Uie manner of prov- 
 ing amount of the loss or damage and settlement of 
 the claim. 
 
 Notice of loss must Ik- given forthwith to the com- 
 iwny or one of its agents, and within thirty days the 
 insured mast render a jwrticnlar account of his loss, 
 duly signe«l and swoni to, stating the Mme, origin and 
 circumstances of the fire, the title, cash value, all other 
 
 «? 
 
Il other 
 
 iii^umiui- iipDij the property, and amount of loss or 
 damage and a eertiticate from tho nearest magistrate, 
 notary public, or the chief of the fire department (if 
 there bo one) stating that he knows tho circinnstances 
 attending the fire and believes tho iii«urod has honestly 
 lost the amount statetl by assured. 
 
 In ease property is daniiigcd by tln' tire or water 
 thrown wynm the proi)erty, or by ronu)\al, t ho jjroperty 
 so damage<l is to 1r' separated from that not damaged 
 and a list thereof made stating amount, cost, etish value 
 and damage thereto. 
 
 All these provisions are to aid tho adjusting agent 
 of the < oniiwny iu arriving at an aeemiito and speedy 
 settlement of the elaim. 
 
 Adjusting claims is a peeuliar business, and the 
 adjuster is too freciuently <'onsidered as a kind of siiark 
 whose business is solely to cheat and defnuid the in- 
 sixrer who has lieen unfortumite enough to have ii loss. 
 
 The adjuster needs to know human nature " like a 
 book."' have an extended knowlalge of values of many 
 kinds of projx?rty, a temiier that cannot Ikj rutHed by 
 insult, and an iibm-diuue of common sense and tact. 
 
 His iustniitions from the company are very rarely 
 
 «|)ecifir. but general and verj' brief. 
 
 l?t. Ascertain as nearly as possible the etact atnount of the loss. 
 jiL Investigate origin ami allthecireurastanees sttenilingtlieflre. 
 
 3i\. Finii tnit whether (-laimant Is honest or a rasotl. ami liis loss 
 an honest claim or not. 
 
 4th. If honest pay it. If lUsho'iest fight !t, unlesss it can 
 t)0 lonipromiwd for a less sum th,.;; It will cost to whip It 
 at law. 
 
 It is to tho advaut;'go of tho company to settle all 
 claii.'tt sp< odily and in a manner (o make friends. 
 
 Sen interest is opposed to dihitory settlements and 
 liiii;ation, and no coninaiiy allows a claim to drift into 
 the courts, except win . j it feels oliliged to right fron. 
 motives based in reg:ird tc)good morals and soimd pid*- 
 lic policy. 
 
 This applies to marine, life, fire and accident com- 
 panies alike. 
 
 I')irfMi.\-ferl j'raifil /.■< confa(/iou.s, and endangers pub/ I'c 
 vivroh'ly and safely. 
 
 Tills siilyiH't of insui-anee frauds will be treated of 
 fiirther on. 
 
 As soon as the agent has agreetl with the lusure<l as 
 to amoimt to l)iMnsured and r.ite of premium, he makes 
 out the written part of the policy, with date of com- 
 mencement and expiration of the risk, and connter- 
 signs it as agent. 
 
 He then enteiv the written jjart of the policy, and 
 the other information in his policy register (furnished 
 by the comixmy^ about an tbllows: 
 
 
 
 
 NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY. 
 
 
 
 
 So. Policv 
 
 and 
 KencwaL 
 
 N.^PoUcy 
 Kenewed. 
 
 Name and Uesl- 
 dence of .Vasured. 
 
 Terra. 
 
 Oommcnccm't 
 of Ulsk. 
 
 ExplTfttlon 
 ofKlsk. 
 
 Oopy of Written iiortlon of Policv. 
 (Let tliecopy Ik? folluitU csitL-t.) 
 
 Amount 
 InenreO. 
 
 liato. 
 
 Amount 
 i'reiu. 
 
 7*5;.- 
 
 8466 
 
 Henry 11. Urut^n. 
 
 1 Year 
 
 Manh li, 'da. 
 
 Marzlt li, •»*. 
 
 On Ait >tnrk ofmerchaniiise, consiMmg chieflfi of 
 dry i/o-.ua, ii'jjioi.-i. i/etU'i 'urnuhiuyt, clothing, 
 haU, cuj-Ht b<MAx u 'I ifif/* J, conJatited in t'l'o.story 
 Ifr'.iel riitjfeil t/rU.-. building, tiniuuu 41 Main {It., 
 titi/ nelil. Jotiv, 
 
 jf.I'x/rt other iimritnc^ concurrent hereuith per. 
 
 Vllll-I. 
 
 feooti 
 
 /« 
 
 fSO.dO 
 
 This done he proceeds to fill out his Daily Report to 
 the Comi^my, as follows; 
 
 NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY. 
 
 No 7Co<'. 
 
 Last ir.3urc<l try 
 
 this Co. under 
 
 No. 34CS. ^ 
 
 (If Co Uii^ever 
 had tills ri.s<r \x- 
 fvtr^ give ? of 
 lA»t policy.. 
 
 Fonni.) f Sum Insured, itma 
 
 Ageacf at l-\HrfleUt, ioru. 
 
 GRANTS INSURANCE 
 
 Old rate IX> New IK. 
 
 Premium, taOOO 
 
 To Henry Ii. Brmcn, of Ihirfield, Jowa. 
 
 As follows: Ofi hit tlock of viercnamUte, eoiuUHng chit/ly cif (try goMt, 
 notions, grnf* funuthing good; elothing, hata, oapt, boon and sUoes, am- 
 taiitfd in tuoMory grwxl-roofed bnck tnllding, litu alttl il Main Wioii^, 
 i^irjifi<t, /tMTo. 
 
 fSiui'- 'Jher ituurancteonmrtent heretrUhpermUleA 
 
 Tt-mi of OIK year, from March 12, 18S3, to Manh 13, 1884. 
 Angwor ili<-«»-qu<~tlon9 fully, and always riva piTOieo wonUnj? of written 
 
 ■portloi of i»>l>ey,even In caee oJ icnewal. Know who, what, and where 
 
 you insure. 
 Has thH risk been dwUned by any other Company or Agency? A'o. 
 Is thrreotlurinsnnm-f? )>». Olvt- Companies, anionut ami nitc. 
 
 Citiaiit. y. y , fsotxi, IS- iionu, .v. i'., f-ifion, ;i<. -f.V/i.i, Ci.,fi(ion, ix. 
 
 An- all the ''ollclcs wonle<t preoisrty ii.lki ? }>j. IliisthiaCu.ollnTlnsur. 
 ranee wi'.iiln 100 fwt ? 1V«. (C.ivo No. of i I'do*". .VinoMnfnuil Distance.) 
 Policy No.Sd9r,#/0(/((, distant <50 ft. Polic: .>'.i.95i'i,<ll>()()0, distant ao ft. 
 
 If on bnildiu);, liaaassnn^l title by deed? i'e». 
 
 Isproiwrty imuiubercd.' i'et. &ivnuxstit I/I130U. 
 
 Uov nuicli i< tho iucuml>oro'l pn'ivrty worth? fSOOO. 
 
 Hf.rc y III iKTstinaliy InsiHxtitl tills risk? I'e*. 
 
 Ho V far Is the ri-k from your ortioe? Tuo block*. 
 
 la risk within rtach of Hrc department and water supply? l'e». 
 
 /-. B. SHAUP, .\«<Mit. 
 
 ANSWER ALL THESE QltSTIOKS FULLI. 
 
 How long has the li.sanHl rtsldod at your place- l.i years. If on build. 
 Ings, howold' Al-ovt 7 years. Po you know and iwUy recommend tho 
 tnsurc<Ia.sHiiqnfStl(Miablyrel!ableandtru»twortliy;- JV.». Ishe frocli-om 
 litigation and il.umclal embarrassment ?1V». Is he duiii^ a profitable bus- 
 Iness? "-». What Is tlie present cash valueol the property Insured? f^ooo. 
 Has assii.ed ever suffered by iin>? I'ff. Is building otcuiiied by Itsoivner 
 or tenant? Tenant. What Is tisi'd for lights? Kcmsciie. .\r<' the stove 
 plixjs, fl.ies, and chimneys s<-cnre? 1>». .\ro the walN bi-twecn each teue. 
 meat without oiK-iiings? i'cs. Do the division walls lise above the roof? 
 i'es. How far? 13 iiicfict. What kind ot roof Ims building ' ^sured or con- 
 taining insur*'d proiH-i-.y- (.'ifiivf. 
 
 .Si tfrng^. 
 Iht-vlUng. 
 
 First story? Ritk. 
 Tlili-d story? 
 
 j^ I f Ua.soment? 
 — - 'Z J Second story? 
 j-.£ i I Fourth s(or\-? 
 
 1 _ _j 1 Sonh iitf'i. fwt to 1' .^ r>., u-Hxl for siore. 
 = ^ r I South alien 30 f,-ot ti •i.K A, used lorburtwt 
 
 2 - Z , Kast streft. 
 x»5 I West mo feet Xit tmall I' bam. 
 
^^^ 
 
 ^"^^^'^m^ 
 
 rmr. issirance. 
 
 Hie (>iid of the month the agent makes np his 
 ••Monthly Account Current," in the following, or a 
 similar form. 
 
 NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY. 
 
 RETURN FOR MONTH OF March, 1SS3. 
 Af;('in-.v ;it Fiiirjicli', State of loiru. A'. /}. Shnrp, Agent. 
 
 y ^ ■ 
 
 ~*S T 
 
 .i " S 
 
 Z.'s 
 
 ->.e 
 
 i-r is 
 
 "■" z 
 
 5^7- i 
 
 
 5^i 
 
 
 
 
 
 7ti><; 
 
 
 TOiw 
 
 Ml■:.^ 
 
 TfiS' 
 
 I imtfof 
 ! I'dlii-v. 
 
 NAMB * RKSIIIENCE 
 
 OF ISKIJKF.D J I 
 
 ; ! Mmitli 
 
 Jo 'til JifOU'll 
 
 Jit.'tu ,Sinil/i. 
 Ilirirj/ II. Jiriiirii, 
 
 March 
 
 TIllK' 
 
 iyri. 
 I " 
 I " 
 
 Kspiration.C . 
 
 M<>. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 IS!« .voi' I •.'id (m 
 
 l*l« :««>: 2 I BO (HI 
 l*Mi(IOO; IM :)00ci 
 
 ACCOUNT CURRENT for Month of March. 1883. 
 
 By r.ahii!ct> <lui> Coiiiii^itiy lit last reiiort.. 
 " Pi'PmluniM for currrnt month 
 
 nKrUT ITKMii 
 
 To nulnnce dm' ii;iciu'y iit liLst report. 
 
 " Ooiiisnlsalon on $14<i preiniiim, 15 per cent. 
 
 " K.xprcssiim', ♦ Postage,* 
 
 " Return I'ri'in. Policy No , less ootnmis'n #. 
 
 Inclosed Draft on First Nutional Bank. 
 
 '.'lUO 
 
 118 87 
 
 140 UO 
 
 llaluncj (Inc ('oni)iuny I'orwiiitl to next r«'j»>rt. f 
 
 ('/) I'r.t loot i]ij?s of credit. ((<) Pnt t(H)tlnss of debit, (c) llalance, ifauj. 
 
 M".Miike checks or drafts iiayahle to the oixlev of the National Insurance 
 (dni|ttiny. Send yonr persona) <hccl{ and s;ive us exeliange. Send no cur. 
 reniA' at our i-isk. For small amounts use )H>stal money orders. Name the 
 bank on which draft or check is made. Vouchers must accompany ever>' 
 I'liarsjc. 
 
 The second column of within report rbould contain eveiT number con. 
 -;icullvcl\-, from tlienumherliust rejjorted to tltela«t numberof thlsreiwrt. 
 If a ]H)licy or i-cncwal is '*not taken'* or "canceled," or for other rea-sons 
 not to bo included in i cport, enter tlie numlier and put explanation opiw- 
 ■^itc. Kvcry nuuibcrniust he acomnted forin itso.-.,r. 
 
 Send tliisrcturn promptly with close of niotitli. and entera copy of this 
 account enrrcnt on your l{oi(l.ster, with date of mailing. 
 
 Ill case ot' iiisiii-aiicc upon inamifactnrinir risks, where 
 pniiliar iiazar.ls ciihaiicc the rate of premium, the 
 assured is required to till out t hlittik of fi*oin 20 to 50 
 i|iiestif)ns whicli i.s calleil a sur; y. 
 
 These fjiiestions are pertiuer.T to the risk in tiuestion 
 .•iikI clesigiied to give the coinpuny as good an idea as 
 ]iossil>ie of the risk as.sumed, such a.s kind of power 
 eiM|iii>yc(l, security of steam lioiler house, velocity of 
 iiiai liiiiery, csiiecially of any runs in wooden boxes, 
 kind of lubricant, eiposition of dirt, waste and oily 
 rags, ;?tc., etc. 
 
 ."-'.)mc companies lefuse to be bound upon such tacbo- 
 lies until after sui-Vfjy has been received, insj)ecte<3 and 
 risk accepted. 
 
 Every comimny has its own lit of prohibited risks, 
 ( opie.s of which arc sent to the agent for his guidance. 
 These \avy. One company makes money on a class of 
 risks where another meets only los-ses. 
 
 Every company aims (o make iimiiov oh each class of 
 risks, when taken in periods ot .say ten years. 
 
 Many companies keep their experience tables of 
 
 losses and premiums upon separate classes of risks 
 sacredly guarded even from their own employes. 
 Hence no such averai/e tables of the results of tire 
 iusui-ance are obtiiiiiible as we have of life insui-.mce 
 expeiiciicc. 
 
 Fire insuniiice, coiise(,uently, has not Ijecome in any 
 sense an "exact science" ami cannot Ix" until personal 
 je.ilonsy has iteeii laid asiile and coniiMinies combine, 
 inort' than in the past, for mutual e<lucatioii and aid. 
 
 At present an element of chance or luck seems not 
 wholly eliminated from the juoblei'i of nitio of pre- 
 mium 1o hazard. 
 
 One (piantity is now and a'ways may Im> indetei^mi- 
 nat(!, and that is the moral hazard, although it has its 
 value in the problem, and that value should be deter- 
 minetl. 
 
 At present companies can only avoid it as far a-s i>oo- 
 sible by contini'eil repetitions to local agents of the 
 precept, " Do not insure anything for more than three- 
 fourths its ciish value." " Let the insureil Ix' a sharer 
 to at letist that exteu. ." 
 
 But greeil and ignorance too frecjuently combine in 
 the local agent to heed the rule. 
 
 \u instance known to the writer is in point. A 
 merchant built himself a home, and insured it, of 
 coui-se. The supervising agent saw a linely-painted 
 haiulsome dwelling. 
 
 Fire came mysteriously. Extinguishe<l once, it 
 started again, and the third time only did it succeed. 
 
 The adjuster, who had also been the supenising 
 agent , fouiul only a pile of ashes. The owner Ixnvailed 
 his homeless situation, and extolled the beauty and 
 comfort and value of the home built to shelter his 
 fiimily, as he jiad hoped, for long years. 
 
 Investigation proved that paint had, like charity, 
 ••covered a multitude of sins."' Accidentally the 
 adjuster learned that the sills and all the timber had 
 lieen bought after yeare of use at the bottom of limil>er 
 piles. The lumber was the debris of another lumber 
 yard. Shingies had cost only 50 cents a thousand and 
 everything except })aint and nails in proportion, while 
 the furniture had co«e from a second-hand store. The 
 builder and all but one man who worked on the house 
 had left the state, and the agent, who had insuretl only 
 the modest sum of $.3, .500 on a house that really «ost 
 about $1,.')00, found that he had Iteeu fooled and his 
 c«!upaiiies engaged in a long and ex|)ensive strife. 
 
 The note books of every adjuetcr are full of jast 
 such instances of pro{)crty built and fiiraklMd to sell 
 to insuniiic(> companies. 
 
 Tn another case known to the writer the adjuster 
 
f^ 
 
 Fllii: IXSUKANCK. 
 
 went til [uiy li"r;i t";iniicr"s iKirn, jrniiii, liorscs, airricul- 
 tiinil iiiijili'iiK'nt-. otr., I'tf. People in town iiikI 
 coiinti V s|K»k<' hiirlily (if the jkk)!- fellow. The adjii^<- 
 tor fiiiiiiil hi- mail -ulfcriiijir from ii burned face and 
 haiiil-. imiiiTcd whib- tiyin^' to sive his horses, and 
 witli fh«>~<' evidences did not dream of anything save 
 hone-ly: however, for fonn's stike, he had the insured 
 sv.-orn a- to tile facts in the cjLse, otiier insurance, etc., 
 drew ids < ht^k ii|>oii the ompany and departed for the 
 next io«-. 
 
 lie was recalled bj- a dispatch from his local agent, 
 and found another adjuster for another company, who 
 had come t(. i>ay the s;ime claimant upon a policy taken 
 l>y allot lier agent. 
 
 liy cl tuice the s;»me notary was employed and .saici, 
 " Why. Mr. C jwid for this loss, and he (the claimant) 
 .swore then that he had no other insui~ance." Mr. C. 
 was ^^leiiT.ijjhed for. 
 
 To adjuster y». 2 cli<imant swore he had no insur- 
 ance except that in his co..ij):iny. and in answer to the 
 question whether he hail not Iwen insured in company 
 \o. 1. lie iledared on oath, that !ie had never heard of 
 siii-li a company. Tiic ii|i-liot in this t-ase -was that lie 
 '^A\c adjuster No. 1 the check he had received and paid 
 both adjusters for their time and ex])en.ses, .so that his 
 triple crime availed him iu>lhing, but cost him the loss 
 of hi< proi>erty and three hundred ilollars liesides. 
 
 A~ previously shown, the tirst duty of the assured in 
 «u>e of loss is to notify the comiKiny tlirnugh its lo<'al 
 agent. His second, to prepare .i statement of tlu' 
 amount of his loss or damage. The company, in any 
 consiilenible los.s. sends its adjuster to look into the 
 loss and all attending circiunstances. Appended here- 
 with is a •• Proof of Loss," to which .-hould be attached 
 a full list of projierty destroyed and also ail damaged 
 articles with l«»ss <>n each. 
 
 The damage or loss is tisiiiilly settled by mutiuil 
 agreement of as-sured and the adjuster. 
 
 If they cannot agree, arbitrators may l)c selected, 
 one by each \M»rty, and these chosi'.g a third. 
 
 FSRM OF .% PROOF OF L088. 
 
 TO TUK 
 
 GLENS FALLS INSURANCE COMPANY, 
 
 OF ULENS F.VLLS, NEW YOKK. 
 
 VnltatI Staten nf America. 
 
 State of Indiana, t 
 
 HI, County i»r M'irton. S 
 . Be ii Known, TIkiI on tlii-* «^'^'i/'^H/A«luy of.rHHc, A D. lHh.>, ih..,»re me, 
 Jifhit J'*-f^,:\ tttjlartt )tubiic^ «luly commi^sumrtl and sworn, iinil ipsidlnj^ 
 In llj«- * ■.'■' *»i /fittiff*iip"Uat in thu rounty a:ul ■•tatc iifon'sald, ami anthor- 
 IztilWy liiw l<i:um!nist»Ti«tl»» ttieivin, i^er-mnally jii»iK.'uu<l AnUreiv V, 
 
 iirren, wlio, iMsiny -Inly sw ..i n, IfjMf*;- :iii'l v.iy, ;iii'l i-ai-li for liiniseU atiys, 
 that tilt' follow in;r stalt'nn'?ii iin'l tlif iiai^or-il'ifn'iun'fciTtMl t«», arc signotl 
 with /i«o\VM Iiiiml, contain a iKirtfcular, Junt, uml Iruu account of Ai» loss, 
 in the wortl.Hand tignn»s followhi^, to wit: 
 
 I. Tluit on lluj 7.;//* <Iay «•( (a.v>6» *'. A. I». lv<J, the Cili'iis I'liMs Inmir- 
 ance Company, (»f th<' Vinu;;(Mif «;ii'n'i KalN, hy thiir IVdii y o! In.-m-anco, 
 nunilHTtMl 11,3(11, i?*sur<l I>y Prrmium A- ( u., sai'l coniijany'sat.'cnts at, IiuU. 
 anapolis, in theStatuof Imiifinti, tMil in-iiuL'the jairty hfn'iiiRM'l Ihort'in 
 nanioti nj^innt lossor daniairo liy tin*, tin* writi.-n pirt of .'*aid iM)liry, and 
 of all chnnKrH tlwreof slnoc issued. l><'in;< iiri't-iscly m follows, viz.: 
 
 [(iivo the writtf'n jwrtion of tin- I'olicy in full, and alno copy in lull of 
 all IndorHontcntd, assltjnmcnts, alt<>nitions. 4tn.. which may havn Im'cmi 
 inado .since |K>Hcy was isstied. ] 
 
 $4,'»00, on hii stock o/ dry f/owt/.'r, *'i/.f, ''/yt, "tul f/r^/'-r fttrn-xhin;/ f/oinlx. 
 
 |;j,00 im his office furniturft and 
 
 f'jnn itn his HI fff, all contained in Ihp thr*'f-tt'n\t/ hrirk; mtial-i'nnf huHdii,/, 
 situate Xo. 10 Xorth Jones Street, in the f'ittf uf Indianajtolis, lud. 
 For the tf'nn of one year from the l.VA day of 'v/'*/*<r, A. I», l^^s-i, to tho Vtth 
 day of Oc/rVi^r, A. l>. Iv*;!, at niKtn, which .«aid Policy wa-* sul)so<iuontly 
 
 continued in force, l»y renewal, until the day ot \. h. IS.., 
 
 at noon. 
 
 II. That in addition to the anuanit coven d iiy.-siid Tnlicy ol' sjijd Cnni. 
 pany, then; was no other In.snnmce made or exi^tiu^ oi, >aid properly or 
 any imrt thereof whatevtr, .■.\cf'pi .'l- particularly s|»<-ciiteil in the anticNcd 
 ".■^cheduh- A,'*.showin); the name of each ( ■ompany, and tlif written por- 
 lions of '.ach Policy, and all clianjjes therein ^-incc thf rolicii^ were is-ned. 
 
 LSee Note No. 1.] 
 
 III. That at thetiniyjiajd Polfey wit< Nsn<d the title tosnid iu.-iMcd pi-op- 
 erty, and tlie incnitdmine<'san<l liens ihert'^ni, stiKxI us iollows, vi/: 'Piilf 
 tri s<iid Andi'fH- V, O't'cen, without an<j inrumhrance of iienn tfifftun^ and no 
 utlier pei-oii or perM>n-J had any riifht, title, i>r hitere-t of, to, or in sai'l 
 proiM'ily, or any part ther*"**!", whatever. 
 
 [Sei'Sote No. -J.l 
 
 IV. That at the time of the tire hendnafter mentionrMl ih.- title to said 
 In.^urcd proiH'rty, .md th<' incumUrmce-i and lien- Ihereoi'. ^.tood ,is lol- 
 h»ws, to wit: III said Andrew V. Wretn, and atj-tot utt I if Uiit'o umtjei'rd, and 
 no other jwrson or iM-r^ons hail any riirht, title, or inti're>t of, to, or in said 
 property, or any iiart tliercof, whatever; norha^ there heen any cln".ii^c in 
 said title or interest.s; nor Ilcs the!*C' Iiei-n any hens of a»'y Uind. on any of 
 said property, since said I'oUcy wit-* issued, exi-ept a- I'ove spei-ltirally 
 stated. 
 
 V. Thu sairl holdei-s of said Incumbrances au'l Hen.-; nt the time -aid 
 rolicy was issued, and at the time of .-^lid tin-. icsiMtdividy, lia 1 no in>iu- 
 anec on said projM'rty, or any ii;irt thereol, e\eept us iKuticulaily staled 
 in annexed "'•i-Iicdulo A." 
 
 [<vv Note No. 1. 1 
 
 VI. That the l.niklin:,' in-nred or oontainintr tlie proiMity de.-troyed or 
 damaged wils occupied in Its several jwrts, at the tinie of the hie l.eiem- 
 after mentioned, hy iho i>artics hereinafter named, and lot the lollowint^ 
 pnriM)sc> only, t' wit : 
 
 nanenwnt-Stor'njf, Country i^odttce, O, IT. /brmer. 
 
 Ifit St'jry—A. r. Orecn. .S't'tre. 
 
 L'nd—iSeverul parties. Law offices. 
 
 5(/— (». T. Brown. OweUintj. 
 And doix>nent says further, tlmt there Ims been no change in theoccu. 
 jxincy or use of thr' buildings, nor has tliere been any other laiildii:g 
 erected within one Imud red feet t'lertnif, nor has theoccniiilii.n ijr ustjof 
 any building witliin one hundred feet l)ecome more h izardn-is. nor hfs the 
 hazanlor riskof ins.i'i?<l buildtngs been otlierwls*' iu< rc:i'^od m any man. 
 ner since the issniiifrof said Policy, 
 
 VII. That the a"»ual vxAx value of the jiixJiK-'rly named in lho>e items 
 of said Polii'y iii>on whi»li lus^or damage i»cLdmed in tlic next .-ection, 
 estimated under all the circuuLstances of age, condition, and ciitMim- 
 stances of location and nuirket, at the time imme<Uate!y preceding .-aid 
 lire, was as follows, viz. : 
 
 Value of yftrc)uimiisc ?7, .■!<»(».,. 
 
 yaXxxeaX (ifflce f\n^iitHre # i'm... 
 
 Value of iSfi/t' if -Hto.., 
 
 As will more fully ami imrticulnrly .ipiMirln the unni'xed "Schedule U,'* 
 which gives a full and accurate descriidlon. and a true ilenn^ed valuation 
 of each linildingand article for which claim is made, with Ihe uuMMint r>f 
 loss and damage on iwcn, stat<M seji:imtcly. 
 [See Note No. .i.] 
 
 VIII. That on the IWAday oX Jutuf, A. I». N".!, at abiuit .* oVlock A. ^l. ti 
 fire occinred by which tho proi)crty liL-^ur 1 was injured or Mestroyd to 
 the extent of the f<tllowing amounts on the foUowing named itom>; of said 
 Policy, for wf .eh the following named sum.- areelaime'l. vi/. 
 
 ''n"I,Inn'''l'i;';!y'' nK-is,.,- „.,.,.-v. .\,.:...,„t,:ri,:„,. 
 
 ti.T.Vi on ;>•■>/ (,v>irf.t ♦J,7."Kl.,. 
 
 $ 7H.I Mt »Hl //»«.* f(/K| <'(/yW $ 7si,(i« 
 
 # :I7'» 10 (in O'U'^t Ftn'iii^h-t"j iwfrod» f ;17<i.40 
 
 * -lil ."lO ini ilJU'e f'llntiliirt i ill'iO 
 
 ^ 'X'ttt "t) itn Srtfr ^ 'JtHiiK) 
 
 ♦ l.l'.il .Vi Tolul l.i)s< « ith Tiitiil rluiui on fomiKiiiy for t(,.'ll V) 
 
■■{!J<!e5'K1 
 
 ^^P^ 
 
 FIRE INSURANCE. 
 
 US iRM'cin jui'l in tlio stiittMiH'nt8Binl tlio si'Vt'nil srlifMliilt'suml juipers here- 
 lU'tK lUincMMl pintUiiliiily set loitli, all of whitli arc iiiiiOu a part of tliia 
 l>nM)f, and wliicli tin- ili'|K)Ui'iit (UtUuch ti> lie a JumI, tnu", and faithful 
 account nf fii-H loss, as far a-* h*: has l)oo!f ablo to asci'rt;iin tho same. 
 
 [(Jive l'>-suniUr each itcmiif llic I'olicy, as "Dwelling'," " llouseliold 
 l"Mniil\irc,"otc,, ainl ainoinit of claii i on cadi Item of iinllcy.] 
 
 IN. 'I'lat tl»' Ih.^ oris,'inal<Kl in ilunccuml alory n/llic buihliny,frum utime 
 vdH^tc ifiikii't'i n t'i suid dt'iHinriity hut .tttpjwsed to ht' ttn orrt'hi'itlctt Mlovc. 
 
 Tile saiil (Icponciit further declares that tile saiM tire did not originatcj by 
 any net, dcsi;;ii, or pi"ocnrenK'iit on .i.t jHirt, nor on tlic part of any one 
 having an interest in said properly, or in any insiimnee thereon, nor in 
 consequence of any fmud orevil practice done or .snIferHl liy Ai»i and that 
 nothing lias been done by or with /ii,« privily or consent to \ iolate the con- 
 ditions of Insui-ance, or render void the Policy afon'.said, and tliat /i^ will 
 furnish, whenevc" required by said Uli'iis Falls Insnninci' Loinpany, full 
 particulars, cxhibitlni; the construction of the building containing the 
 proiierty insured, its dimensions and condition at t lie time oftla^ sai^l tiro, 
 and sncli additional information coneerning said insuri-d propert>', the 
 damnge thereto, and the insui-.iiice thereon, as well by means of books of 
 accounts and other vonchei-s liirui-iied, as by replies to InteriMgatorles 
 made, as shall be ii'qnireil by said Conipaiiy. 
 
 (.«fateall you know about the origin of the tire, fully, and. if origin or 
 cause t)f flre is not know ii, gi\'e the gener.d .siipiwsitioii.] 
 
 Witness la.v hand at Iitdiitniiimtin, \n the County of Marion, and stale of 
 InUi'DUi, this l7//iday of .^loie, A. 1>. Iss3. 
 
 :^ubeeribe<l antl sworn to before me, lliis t 
 nih day of June, A. P. l!»i3. < 
 
 j Seal. I 
 
 JOUX JO.\£N, 
 yolarff Puhfic. 
 
 INSTIUTTIONS. 
 
 XOTi; 1.— In case of other insurance on the lauiierly or any piirt ol it, by 
 owner, inorlgngec, or oilier jicrson having any interest liiorlien upon it, 
 Schetlule A must give the nam" of the Companies, dale and term, r.ile, and 
 amount of premium i>aid, and a full copy of the written iwrtlon of each 
 I'olicy, en(l of all changes by indorsement, assignment, or otherwise, 
 whic'' ;,iay liave been made since Policy was issueil. 
 
 Note -j.— sections III. and IN', must shtiw whether title is in tee simple, 
 or whether held by contract, lease, in- otherw isi', : s fict neiy be; also all 
 incumbrances by morlgage, Judgment, builders' or other lii'ns, amounts 
 thereof, severally, with names of parties holding same. In case of prop- 
 erty held in trust, or on commission, state (using a Selie<lnli' if nwessary) 
 the names of the owners, and the marks and numbers. 
 
 N'OTK ;!.— Schedule r> should give an itemized statcinent of everytliing 
 destroyed or damagetl, with the value in one column, and the lo^sor dam- 
 age in another, Bixjuiied under the several items of the Policy by wlilcli 
 the thing is claimed to lie covered. The totals of the value of each group 
 to be also entered in Section VII., as "value ot ilwelling," "liousehold 
 furniture," "iMrnNo. 1," "farm jirodnce therein," etc., etc. Schedule B 
 slioulrl also give age, size, height of iiosts, materials of, condition of repair, 
 etc., etc., of all buildings, and a descriptive mention of each item of 
 projierly. 
 
 Note 4.— Attach all Schedules and other luiwra iiertaining to tliis proof 
 lirinly and securely to this Wank by mucilage or fastener. 
 
 SIAOISTRATE'S OR NOTARY'S CEBTIFIOATE. 
 
 Officers arc cautione<l t"- carefully road and thorougljly understand the 
 naUire and lesiTOnsibility of thl« official certlflcate. 
 
 Htate of Iiuliana. I 
 County of Marion. \ 
 
 I. John Jones, ri'siding in Indiamipulia, and tlie most contiguous ofllcer 
 to the property within described, liereljy certify that 1 nm not concenicd 
 in the loss or claim alxive .set forth, either as creditor or otherwise, or 
 relatetl to thcinsured orsutTerers; that I hiivcexamincd the circumstances 
 attending the lire, o damage us alleged, and that I am well acquainliHl 
 with Hie character andeircumstancesof the lns>nretl, and do verily believe 
 that /le lifis, by misfortune, and without fraud orevil iiractice. sustained 
 loss and damage on the jiroiH'rty insuie<l to the amount of Four Thouxnud 
 Foxir Hundred Xinetij-one .Vi. 100 dollai-s. 
 
 In Testimony Whereof, I have hereunto set my hanil and 
 
 . citlleial seal, this ,'ierenteenth day of .Tune, \. D. li*<;i. 
 
 1 •^'"''"7"' I .JOUX .TO.\EN. 
 
 y Seal. 
 — , ■ y'olarii I'utitie. 
 
 Ev^'A' carot'iil coinpiiiiy hit-' it.s ri.sks iiispeclotl by ii 
 •' suporvisiiio^ iiofoiit." 
 
 With most compaiiios the same "special agent" 
 unites the diitie.s of supenisor and adjuster. 
 
 The (hitics ct' the supervising agent arc to look 
 
 olosoly into the physical huztirtl, see if anything liable 
 to spontaneous combustion is .stored tu- kept on the 
 premises — in .short, to gain as full knowledge of every- 
 thing afl'ecting the hazard as he can, as well as the 
 business staniling and repute of the assured. The 
 form of report varies with companies. Appended we 
 give a sample: 
 
 SlTKKVISINtJ .\tiKST-> KEI>OKT. 
 
 TiIK XATIOXAI. IXSIRAXI K cOMl'AXY. 
 
 .\geney at .Tainestoun, III. Name of .Vssui-eil, .1. II. Frankliix. 
 
 Location, M\ JCa.it .l/.i n .SI., Policy No. t;:. Amount ♦l,.ViO, liate 1',, He. 
 
 newal No Expires. y<ir. 17, isso, Ik-seription. On An Printimj l^mses. 
 
 Card CuttcrK, Paper Cutters, Tyjte and tuch (4her nitdfrials as are usuallj/ 
 used ill priniinij offl-es. l>n 3tl flwr of i-tt'jry Iriek liuilding. Itlock of 2, 
 Stories, ;t; Fire Walls, Fast; ll:Atf. Comjtontion; Cornice, irotHi; Iron shut- 
 
 tei-s, Xo; T?a.sement, ; 1st floor. Prif rtrmtn; ind fli>or, Offlccs, .Ifillin- 
 
 <rri/,' .3rd floor, llish. .Small porlatle lx>iler,irrll teeuretl,hrirk lirnealh. Kx. 
 IKJSures, .S. St. Ki /I. to l,rick store; s. /totaled; K. Separate fire u^ill, double; 
 W. St. m feet to •i.slonj brick bank. l>.iteof Suirey, .Mareh 13, Kso. IJemarks, 
 Hood, clean. 1 quart Bensiiie only. Kale on Renruvl •!',-. In such risks 
 nothing can be saved in ease of fire. Doing profitable business. 
 
 It will thus be seen that insunuue companies exer- 
 cise all possible care of insiHHtiou and suiiervision. 
 Should the supenisor see anything uiiMife that the 
 assured can remedy, he calls attention to it and asks 
 that the change Ik? made, giving his reasons. Oily 
 waste used to wipe otV machinery and thrown aside in 
 •I corner he looks sharply after, knowing how often it 
 bursts into ti flame. .Siiwdust and oil will ignite in 
 sixteen houi-s in a hot room. Cotton, .siturated with 
 linseed oil, in from six to ten hours. Iron and brass 
 scraps or shavings, when oily, are liable to spontaneous 
 ignition. 
 
 In short, cleanline-vs and tiiliness are essential to 
 safety. No rate can 1(0 .sifely fixed for a dirty risk. 
 
 The Minneapolis tloiir mill explosions only <on firmed 
 the jncviously entertainetl Indiefs of eyperienced under- 
 writers, altiiough even they had failed to aiJiJieciate 
 the terrible power of difl'u.-«ed Hour, flour-mill ilust, 
 dust from shavings, etc. It re«|uired the actual dcmon- 
 sti-.itioii by after exiwrimeut to «>>tablisli the fact that 
 .W lbs of Jitit' wheat /four ifitf'ii.it-'l f/iwiifi/i 4, OCX) cubic 
 feel of air had, on the application of fame, the power 
 to lift 250 ]},H SO feet hiijh. 
 
 At the Washburn Mill, a jwir of mill stones, or 
 burrs, were lifted and tin-own over and outside the 
 (lcl)ris to a distance of forty feet. 
 
 Hence, the rea.son why insiinuu^e conipanit\s and 
 agents so often cry •' C'leap up." and, as it .seems to 
 many, arc omm zcai<ui> in preaching the gospel of 
 cleanliness. Tidiness i> safety in the farm house, city 
 dwelling, shop, store, and fa .ory, and inasmucli as 
 property burnctl i.-? gone — just so mu< h aljstnieted from 
 the fruits of industry — it should not be as hard a lesson 
 to Icani as it is lli.it la<k of chnmliness costs the people 
 of tiiese Unitcii .States millions of dollars everv vear. 
 
 I 
 
 1/ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 9(* 
 
ur-amoe.P' 
 
 3|*t^ 
 
 ^ IFE INSURANCE has various forms 
 
 '^' ofpolioyor c-ontnict,allofthcni. 
 
 hoMcvcr, containing the one idea 
 
 of !i fixed snni paid at deatii of tht- 
 
 party insnred. Tiie several fomi.< 
 
 are as follow.s: 
 
 l.st. A Policy issued to a person on 
 
 fiiK mni life, payable at deatli to his 
 
 executoi-s, administrators or assigns. 
 
 ii\. A Policy issued to a wife (or to 
 a iiushand for a wife) on the life of her 
 husl)antl, payal)le at his deatii to the 
 wife for her own us(\ fire from the 
 ilaims of the hxisband's representatives 
 or creditors. This kind of policy is 
 made jiayahle, should the wife die l)efore the husband, 
 to his or her children. 
 
 3d. Endowment Insumnce Policies are issued, pay- 
 able in a certain number of years to the assured, or 
 should death occur before maturity, to his children or 
 wife. 
 
 LIFE POLICIES ON THE TEN PREMIUM NON- 
 FORFEITING PLAN. 
 
 Ten annual premiums secure a paid-up Life Policy, 
 while the full amoiuit of the jjolicy will l)c jKiid if 
 the i)arty insin'ed dies l)ofore completing the ten : 
 paym<'nt>. 
 
 If. after the receipt by the comi)any of not less than 
 
 fjirec annua] premitnns, the policy siiould cease in con- i 
 
 eipii-iicc (if tiie non-pavTiient of premiums, then u|ion ' 
 
 ^= 
 
 the surrender of the same, witiiin six months, the (om- 
 pany will is.*ue a new jiolicy for th<' full vahic ac(|uirpd 
 under the old one; that is to say, if three annual prem- 
 ium- luive l»eeii paid, the company Avill issue a poiiiy 
 for Otrf^-d-nthx of the sum originally insured, and in thf 
 .•<»me proportion for any luunber of payments, without 
 further charge. 
 
 EX^ViMPLE. 
 
 Ten pavmenu aaeore a paid-up policy of $i,lioo, payable »t death. 
 
 Sine '■ " " " imo " •' 
 
 Eight ■• " " " 8(10 " 
 
 ««Teii •• •' " " 700 " '• 
 
 sii - •' " " ipflo " '• 
 
 Fire " ■' " " :m\ " 
 
 Foot " •• •' " 400 " •• 
 
 Thrw " " •' " :W " '• 
 
 4th. Life Policies paid up liy lifteen or twenty 
 annual premiums, non-forfeitable after tliree years, are 
 i~suwl. Alsii. Endowment Insurance Policies on the 
 >anie non-forfeiting plan. This class of insurance es- 
 jiociaUY cdmmmds itself to debtors, who can thus pro- 
 vide by iiistallincnts for the li(|uidation of their debt^- 
 at a given time, and yet, in the event of death, secure 
 to their <redit<us the full aniouiit of iheir claims. 
 
 .'till. Annuity Policies arc issued, liy whi<'li the f om- 
 ])any giuinuitees, in consideration of a certain |)riiicipal 
 >vm\ paid to the company, to grant a ceiiain .mnual 
 a]lowan<-e or annuity during tlie life of a peison who 
 shall luivc paid siich principal sum. Thisailowau. •> de- 
 |)eu<ls uj>on tli<' age of the [icrson or annuitant at the 
 time the principa' sum Is paid to the company — tlie 
 id<ler the annuitant the greater the yearly allowance 
 that the company stipidates to pay. 
 
lii 
 
 ^^m 
 
 MIT. INMIiA.NCi;. 
 
 DOUBLE ENDOWMENT for TWENTY YEARS. 
 
 A l)oiil)lf l\ii(lo\vni(Mit i-- M twenty yuar (■nilowmcnl 
 i>~iii;m((' iiolicv. wliicli will yield to the holder of it. ;it 
 iiKitiirily, donbh' the iiMiount iiisnirod in the event of 
 ileiilli, iind is the liest tbfin of endowment ever oll'ofed 
 to tiio>e who iii'e niofe desirons of reeeivinir a laf'i'esuni 
 for their own use in advanced yeai'!5. than of leaving- it 
 In tiieir lieiis in the event of their early death. 
 
 SEMI-ENDOWMENT FOR TWENTY YEARS. 
 
 A Senii-Kndownienl i.- a twenty year endowinont 
 as.^uraiiie policy, which will yield to its holder, at ma- 
 inrity. half the amount insured in the event of death. 
 
 The>e policies are desirahle for those who not only 
 \vish to provide for their families, lint also to make 
 pr(>\ ision t'or theinsel\es when tiic family is yrown np, 
 M'cnriny l<i )liem.--el\es at t lie end of t wcnty years a cash 
 \ahn'. \vhicli may ('(jnal tiic total amount paid t(- the 
 company dnrinii' I lie twenty ycar>. 
 
 SINGLE PREMIUM LIFE POLICIES 
 
 Arc jiidicics for the wiioh' lite, the premium on \\hich 
 may lie settled liy a sin^fle payment . Persons liavin<>- 
 funds which they are reasonably confident they shall 
 not re(|niri' in liusiness ojjerations. or to meet current 
 expen>c>. ami who lia\'c an a\crsioii In incui'rini;' future 
 pecuniary lialiilitie>. however small, prefer tliis mod<' 
 I'f dischaririui; their olili^'at ions to the company. 
 
 There arc mimic other plans or kind- of contract . such 
 a- the 'rontiuc. etc.. which ha\t' been adopted in some 
 instance--, lint which ha\c failed to become of i^cneral 
 u>c. or lla^■e been thrown aside as impracticable. 
 
 The most imp(jrtanl case dI' life insurance i> that 
 which <(i\er> for the benefit of' a helpless family the 
 life of the husband and father, its |ir(idni'ti\(' head. 
 
 The doctrine of pi'oliubilit ies wa> first di'vcloped by 
 F.'iscal ii^ Hnyircns in rejrar<l to iiames of chance. 
 
 In IbTl Jan DeWitt. of Holland, applied this table 
 of jirobabilities to life continirencies, so as to determine 
 the \alue of Hie annuities and reversions, in order to 
 aid the wovernniciif to raise loans. 
 
 In lti9^< the London ■• .Mercers \\'i(lows' Fund" wits 
 started. This, a> all earlier companies, was founded 
 "I'iither on nnitual benevoleiu'(> than insuranee." 
 
 If we takt> a thousand persons, starting in life to- 
 gftthei', or ,'ilive at a iriven aire, nothinir is more certain 
 than that their luitural deaths will occur in a series dif- 
 fering not very widely from that of any other thoiisaiul 
 pnrson.s alive at the same age, under same eiivuiu.stanees. 
 
 The truth of this general law is V.own by the tables 
 ol' ?uoitality used in the calculation of life insurance 
 j)remiums, ami in the yaliiation of polieies. 
 
 The.se tables are the Carlisle, the English Life, and 
 
 the .Vettiaries' Rate or Combmed Kxperii-iMo tables. 
 The first of these is so eatfed from the town of > '.irlisle, 
 and was prepared by Mr. Milne, an eminent mathema- 
 tician, from observations of the mortality in that town 
 during the latter part of the last century. These ob- 
 seiTations were applied to a proiniseuotis poinilation of 
 about eight Ihou.sand persons. The KngI ifih Life table, 
 the second above named, was prepared ';y Dr. Fair, 
 from data furnished by th(^ census of England, and the 
 records of deaths in that country, and iniblished in l.s4;i. 
 Mis observations extemled over (piite a nunilier of years, 
 and endiraced the entire male population, taking <ity 
 and country together. The .Vcfuaries", or Condiined 
 Exiierience table, the last above named, v.-as prejiared 
 by a connniltee of actuaries, from the combined expe- 
 rii'uce of sc\euteen of the principal life insm'ance com- 
 panies in Kngland.an.l was deduced from the I'ccord.-- of 
 the deaths of' insureil Tncs. This fable is tliouglil to 
 express more accurately than any other |inblished table 
 the mortality of stdected li\t's thus far experienced by 
 American companies: and that I'xperience indicates a 
 rate of mortality so much lower than that of the actu- 
 aries" i;iie as to make the a>siiuiption of that 'able 
 entirely sale. 
 
 .MUKT.Vl.l I'Y rAniJ; — ASSIRED I.IVES. 
 
 Amcric'Mii Tiilil 
 
 (■lit Mil 
 
 ■liiUU 
 
 iiilupti'd by tlic siuti' uf 
 
 Sew VoiUi 
 
 ^w*- 
 
 
 
 Stllll 
 
 lard lor vdlKiitioiml I'ol 
 
 (•U'>. 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 2 .^ 
 
 t 
 
 
 = ;; 
 
 - 
 
 
 2 C 
 
 
 Niiinljcr 
 
 2 
 
 Suniber 
 
 r 
 
 ^ 
 
 Suiulx^r 
 
 P 
 
 ■^3: 
 
 sur\ivinK 
 iit 
 
 
 "E^c 
 
 >ii:-viviiig 
 i([ 
 
 Sx 
 
 i,a 
 
 Slivvivinir 
 at 
 
 
 I 
 
 • ■Mcliiiy.'. 
 
 
 
 each (if^c. 
 
 -^' - 
 
 
 each age. 
 
 n 
 
 — 
 
 
 — i 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 — - 
 
 - 
 
 
 1(1 
 
 I(KI,(KKI 
 
 7411 
 
 III 
 
 78,lll<i 
 
 
 7(( 
 
 38,,'j(ill 
 
 2,3m: 
 
 II 
 
 I'.l.iM 
 
 741-, 
 
 41 
 
 77,341 
 
 
 :i 
 
 .■1H,178 
 
 2,448 
 
 [•: 
 
 ',W„'l(l.'l 
 
 7:.! 
 
 42 
 
 7(),5ti7 
 
 
 ;-j 
 
 3;<,7;i(i 
 
 2,487 
 
 l:i 
 
 !I7,7,V.' 
 
 71(1 
 
 43 
 
 75,782 
 
 
 73 
 
 31,243 
 
 2,.Wi 
 
 II 
 
 '.iT.d'i'i 
 
 737 
 
 4^1 
 
 74,!l8.-> 
 
 
 71 
 
 28,7:is 
 
 ■2,Mll 
 
 l.-i 
 
 ■.l|i,'iS,^i 
 
 7.i.') 
 
 l.-i 
 
 74,17.1 
 
 
 75 
 
 •26,237 
 
 2,47(1 
 
 ir. 
 
 !l."i,5.')ll 
 
 73-' 
 
 4(i 
 
 73,345 
 
 •.f. 
 
 < 7(i 
 
 23,7(U 
 
 2,431 
 
 U 
 
 lil.SlS 
 
 7--'!i 
 
 47 
 
 72,4117 
 
 >ii' 
 
 77 
 
 21,33(1 
 
 2,:i(;ii 
 
 IK 
 
 I"I,(JSM 
 
 7-7 
 
 W 
 
 71,(127 
 
 sm; 
 
 78 
 
 18,961 
 
 2,'291 
 
 111 
 
 !l3,.-i»H 
 
 li'i 
 
 40 
 
 70,731 
 
 1127 
 
 711 
 
 l(i,i;7(i 
 
 2,1% 
 
 ■M 
 
 .'.i-.',ii:i7 
 
 7-J3 
 
 .W 
 
 ti«,804 
 
 11(12 
 
 80 
 
 14,474 
 
 2,091 
 
 ■n 
 
 111,(114 
 
 7-- 
 
 .■il 
 
 (18,842 
 
 l,noi 
 
 HI 
 
 12,383 
 
 1,1164 
 
 '2'2 
 
 !ll,l!>.' 
 
 721 
 
 .W 
 
 117,841 
 
 l,ai4 
 
 82 
 
 10,4111 
 
 1,816 
 
 •_';! 
 
 IK1,471 
 
 7JU 
 
 53 
 
 («i,7II7 
 
 i,i»l 
 
 8.1 
 
 8,603 
 
 1,648 
 
 •Jt 
 
 S!l,-.'.l 
 
 7 HI ! 
 
 M 
 
 H.5,70(i 
 
 l,l4;i 
 
 84 
 
 eA^"' 
 
 1,470 
 
 .1,-, 
 
 M<I,(KW 
 
 718 
 
 .Vi 
 
 (U,.V):l 
 
 1,199 
 
 85 
 
 5,48.5 
 
 1 ,-2!l2 
 
 ■](i 
 
 8tl,31l 
 
 718 ' 
 
 M 
 
 (j3,3(U 
 
 l.SiO 
 
 8I> 
 
 4,193 
 
 1,114 
 
 ■27 
 
 87,f)!Ki 
 
 718 
 
 57 
 
 (12,104 
 
 1,3-25 
 
 87 
 
 3,079 
 
 93;i 
 
 28 
 
 l«i,S7S 
 
 71S 
 
 58 
 
 'iO,77!l 
 
 1,3114 
 
 88 
 
 2,146 
 
 744 
 
 ■-ll 
 
 H«,100 
 
 71!) 
 
 5» 
 
 5il,3S5 
 
 I,4li8 
 
 811 
 
 1,402 
 
 .ws 
 
 :ui 
 
 H.-),44l 
 
 -■'M 
 
 (Kl 
 
 57,!I17 
 
 1,.>4« 
 
 90 
 
 847 
 
 38.-. 
 
 .11 
 
 .•«,721 
 
 7il 
 
 01 
 
 5»;,371 
 
 1,()'>S 
 
 91 
 
 462 
 
 246 
 
 :w 
 
 84,0(KI 
 
 7i:! ! 
 
 (M 
 
 .14,743 
 
 1,713 
 
 92 
 
 216 
 
 137 
 
 li 
 
 !t!,277 
 
 7-i« : 
 
 (i.) 
 
 5;i,03<i 
 
 1,800 
 
 93 
 
 79 
 
 58 
 
 31 
 
 W,.WI 
 
 7'.1i 
 
 64 
 
 51,i30 
 
 1,8811 
 
 114 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 *•) 
 
 81,8*! 
 
 7;l-J 
 
 IH 
 
 411,341 
 
 1,98(1 
 
 1)5 
 
 ;i 
 
 .! 
 
 M 
 
 HI.OIKl 
 
 737 
 
 IHI 
 
 47,3(11 
 
 2,070 
 
 
 
 
 XI 
 
 8n,3.v; 
 
 74- 
 
 1)7 
 
 45,2<ll 
 
 i.l.M 
 
 
 
 
 ;)8 
 
 7!l,lill 
 
 7411 
 
 ti8 
 
 43, ra 
 
 2,1^4,) 
 
 
 
 
 311 
 
 78,HI)'.' 
 
 7.iii 
 
 lill 
 
 40,8iKI 
 
 2,321 
 
 
 
 
 Lonffniid careful obsorvntloiis have shown tliat llioiitjhtliolil'oofHiiygiven 
 individual Is jiroveibially uncertain, yettlmt, iia large number ofiwi'Mons 
 Inordinary circuinstauees at a given age be taken, there is alaw, ll.xeil 
 ami unifcinn, determining within very narrow limit, 'he average number 
 of years of life remaining to them. Forexamiile, if wvi take 10,(*Ki persons 
 at the aire of 22 years, the sum of their ages at death will amount toalmut 
 629,000 years, showing that on an avenigo each pci-snn now 22 years old will 
 live very nearly 41 years longer. This meanafter lifi't Inn- Is called eriiecUt- 
 lion of life at the assmcd age, that Is, the number of years which one at 
 that age mav probablf/ erpecttii live, though many will die sooner, and 
 oven 72 out of 10,(100 during the llrst year. 
 
 I 
 
LIFE INfil'RANCB. 
 
 KXPECTATIOX OV LIFK. 
 Constmctetl from the Mortality Tablp. 
 
 YeiirH 
 
 Zip«cml:a. 1 
 
 Yuui> 
 oUI. 
 
 IXPMUUOO. 
 
 Y'oura 
 old. 
 
 (ipMUtlOI. 
 
 old. 
 
 Yuui-!,. 
 
 Yuirs. 
 
 Teai-rt. 
 
 Ii' 
 
 4S.T 
 
 40 
 
 28.2 
 
 70 
 
 8., I 
 
 11 
 
 4S.1 
 
 41 
 
 27.5 
 
 71 
 
 8.0 
 
 11 
 
 47.4 
 
 42 
 
 20.7 
 
 72 
 
 7.H 
 
 l;: 
 
 411.8 
 
 43 
 
 211.0 
 
 73 
 
 7.1 
 
 » 
 
 41). -J 
 
 44 
 
 4-.. 3 
 
 71 
 
 6.7 
 
 i:. 
 
 4.>.j 
 
 4J 
 
 24.5 
 
 75 
 
 6.3 
 
 lli 
 
 44 'J 
 
 40 
 
 ■St.!' 
 
 76 
 
 6.9 
 
 17 
 
 44. J 
 
 47 
 
 23.1 
 
 
 5..^ 
 
 IH 
 
 4.1. A 
 
 48 
 
 22.4 
 
 7H 
 
 S 1 
 
 111 
 
 42. B 
 
 49 
 
 2l.li 
 
 79 
 
 4.H 
 
 ■-ll 
 
 42. i 
 
 50 
 
 20 9 
 
 m 
 
 4.1 
 
 .il 
 
 41.A 
 
 il 
 
 20.2 
 
 81 
 
 4.1 
 
 
 40.9 
 
 42 
 
 19. •. 
 
 82 
 
 3 7 
 
 ■ ►;; 
 
 40.2 
 
 ii 
 
 18.8 
 
 83 
 
 3.4 
 
 ■.'4 
 
 at..'-. 
 
 54 
 
 18 1 
 
 M 
 
 3.1 
 
 ■i.') 
 
 38. H 
 
 M 
 
 17 4 
 
 « 
 
 2.8 
 
 ■X 
 
 38.1 
 
 M 
 
 10.7 
 
 86 
 
 2.5 
 
 
 ;i7.4 
 
 57 
 
 16.1 
 
 87 
 
 1.2 
 
 •>l 
 
 .■>i 7 
 
 &.■< 
 
 15.4 
 
 88 
 
 1 9 
 
 '-!' 
 
 3«.l) 
 
 6!) 
 
 14.7 
 
 8!l 
 
 1.7 
 
 3" 
 
 33.3 
 
 00 
 
 14.1 
 
 'Ml 
 
 1 ( 
 
 M 
 
 at.tf 
 
 61 
 
 13.5 
 
 91 
 
 12 
 
 Si 
 
 :i3.'J 
 
 62 
 
 12.9 
 
 '.H 
 
 1.0 
 
 :a 
 
 88.2 
 
 03 
 
 12 3 
 
 93 
 
 .8 
 
 ■M 
 
 32..^ 
 
 01 
 
 11.7 
 
 04 
 
 .It 
 
 8.1 
 
 31. S 
 
 03 
 
 11.1 
 
 a-. 
 
 .5 
 
 8» 
 
 31.1 
 
 Wi 
 
 10. S 
 
 
 
 jn 
 
 30.4 
 
 87 
 
 10.* 
 
 .. 
 
 
 M 
 
 ■»H 
 
 08 
 
 9.5 
 
 
 
 sn 
 
 •a n 
 
 Oil 
 
 9 
 
 " 
 
 
 This rato \n caleiilatcd on the inobahility nf litV, luid 
 tho probiiblc cxpen.ses of tho coinpany- 
 
 This scale or tabic of tho probability or <'Xpectatioii 
 of life has licon fonuod, and is supiiosod to bo best 
 adapted to the iiLsurance of the lives of persons of fjooil 
 conslitntioii. in frood health, residing in healthy local- 
 ities. lI(.'iico companies dill'cr very slightly in their 
 rates of proniiiini. 
 
 The following luc about the usual rates: 
 
 I'REMU-MS l'AYABI.7': IX ADVAX(,"J:, AXNUALLY, 
 
 ox ONK THOCS.VNl) UUI.LAKS. 
 
 .V(,"'. 
 
 
 i.ni; 
 
 r.WAUi.i; 
 
 VT HEATH 
 
 nNLV. 
 
 
 vVnnnal. 
 
 3 I'ay't.s. 
 
 In I'liy't.... 
 
 1-| rnyl.i. 
 
 20 I'liy'ta. 
 
 1 I'ay't. 
 
 41 
 
 .■)2.liO 
 
 94 DO 
 
 60 70 
 
 47.13 
 
 40.10 
 
 409,46 
 
 42 
 
 33 '■»> 
 
 9li !l.-> 
 
 1:2.23 
 
 4-< 73 
 
 41.'i-. 
 
 419,14 
 
 43 
 
 3-.. 20 
 
 99..;.-| 
 
 63.83 
 
 311,19 
 
 42. .'.0 
 
 4-29,13 
 
 44 
 
 M.ji) 
 
 101 SI 
 
 03.69 
 
 31,.'.3 
 
 43.83 
 
 4;l!l,44 
 
 43 
 
 38.00 
 
 1II1.3.-I 
 
 iu.:ir, 
 
 3,J,0.-. 
 
 45.20 
 
 ■(.■iO,!!!) 
 
 46 
 
 :UM> 
 
 107. IHl 
 
 »)!).20 
 
 .34.ia) 
 
 46.63 
 
 460 N) 
 
 47 
 
 41 20 
 
 1119. 7.'i 
 
 71.19 
 
 .'.»). 23 
 
 48, -20 
 
 471 .8-2 
 
 48 
 
 43.10 
 
 lli,.-|0 
 
 73. (V. 
 
 ,37 93 
 
 19,8.3 
 
 483 >2 
 
 49 
 
 43.00 
 
 ll.v:!.-. 
 
 7.-I.I9 
 
 39 73 
 
 3 1 .33 
 
 494,42 
 
 ,W 
 
 47.00 
 
 118, .19 
 
 77.2(1 
 
 61.69 
 
 31 33 
 
 .306,01 
 
 81 
 
 49.29 
 
 121.39 
 
 79.19 
 
 63. .-M 
 
 .3". 23 
 
 517,76 
 
 32 
 
 31..j<l 
 
 l24.;'.-< 
 
 Hl.lh-. 
 
 1)3.60 
 
 37 , 23 
 
 .3-21 1, 6S 
 
 33 
 
 Ki.'M 
 
 127. -Ill 
 
 Hi. 90 
 
 67 73 
 
 .-.9, In 
 
 311,73 
 
 31 
 
 r»iSi> 
 
 1*1.711 
 
 86.40 
 
 79 (X) 
 
 61, U-. 
 
 .3.-^3,93 
 
 ,Vi 
 
 .'i9.40 
 
 131 1)9 
 
 K-1.93 
 
 72 19 
 
 64,0.-| 
 
 ,'«;6,2-< 
 
 .'xl 
 
 i;2.49 
 
 137.".-. 
 
 91.60 
 
 74 .93 
 
 l»,60 
 
 ^t'M '•> 
 
 37 
 
 1)3. i;o 
 
 110.7.-. 
 
 91. 3-. 
 
 77. )0 
 
 69.;i0 
 
 .391 2.) 
 
 58 
 
 69.00 
 
 Ill.:i0 
 
 97,29 
 
 80 10 
 
 72. 'JO 
 
 60,! W 
 
 39 
 
 72 79 
 
 117,90 
 
 KKI.iO 
 
 N;i.40 
 
 73 30 
 
 616 62 
 
 m 
 
 Vil.lll 
 
 131.110 
 
 103. 3-. 
 
 86.33 
 
 78 .63 
 
 6-2!l.41 
 
 The essential .securitie*' for the .stability of a company 
 are honesty and offieicncy of management, and tho 
 average rate qfprei/n'um. 
 
 TABLE OF PEEMIUJ[S PAYAIU.E IX ADVAXCE, AXNUALLY. 
 
 OS ONE THOUS.VNn DOLLARS. 
 
 X. B.— The lower llgtires In tin- Endowiiieiil Tablei are tho Amiuiil I'ieiniuiii.><. Tlio upper ones are the Ten Payment rates for tho Bamc tenns. 
 
 1 
 
 LIFE— PAV.VBLK AT DEATHOXLY. | 
 
 EXDO-ft'MEXT— PAYABLE AT DEATH 
 
 OR AITEB. 1 
 
 EXDOWMKNT— rA3-AnLE AT DEATH, OK AGE. 
 
 ^1 
 
 Annual 
 
 3P't3 
 
 10 l-S 
 
 liP'a 
 
 -MP's 
 
 ipt. 
 
 10 Yre. 
 
 13 Y'ra. 
 
 -20 Yr3. 
 
 25 Yrs. 
 
 .iO Yi-8. 
 
 :« Yrs, 
 
 40 Yrs. 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 53 
 
 60 
 
 63 
 
 70 
 
 20 
 
 17.30 
 17.80 
 18.30 
 18.70 
 lfl.:lO 
 19.90 
 20.. -)0 
 20,90 
 21..-.0 
 22.19 
 2-2.70 
 2.3.40 
 21 10 
 24.80 
 S.-..60 
 26., 30 
 27.40 
 28., -to 
 •29,-10 
 ,30.40 
 31. ,-8) 
 
 (XI 70 
 61.85 
 63.00 
 64.25 
 6S.S0 
 66.80 
 68. IS 
 69. K 
 
 71.00 
 72.45 
 74.00 
 75. 00 
 77.20 
 78.83 
 90.60 
 8-2.40 
 A4.30 
 86.20 
 88.20 
 90.25 
 !r2.40 
 
 38 .\i 
 3:1 -2.) 
 40.00 
 40.80 
 41.(0 
 43.45 
 13.80 
 44.90 
 43.15 
 44.10 
 47.10 
 48.10 
 49.M 
 50.30 
 51.40 
 54.60 
 .Vt.80 
 S5.10 
 56.40 
 .37.73 
 .3:>.-X 
 
 29.73 
 30.30 
 80.90 
 Sl.flO 
 (S.U 
 81. M 
 8t.M 
 84.20 
 34.90 
 35.85 
 3B.45 
 .37.23 
 38.10 
 30.00 
 3».!I0 
 40.85 
 41.80 
 42. « 
 
 4;j.n<' 
 
 43.00 
 46. -iO 
 
 S4 70 
 23.80 
 S5.70 
 96.S0 
 «8.73 
 27.80 
 87.90 
 SS.SO 
 i».I5 
 ■29.80 
 30.45 
 31.10 
 81. S5 
 .32.10 
 *!.40 
 34 25 
 :i.3 10 
 ;t6.00 
 
 ;«.% 
 ;{7.95 
 
 364.50 
 269,30 
 274,45 
 •279.68 
 
 ■»5.oe 
 
 »0,6d 
 296.43 
 802 SB 
 308.55 
 314.91 
 321.48 
 328.-25 
 Si5.-25 
 342.48 
 :>49.fl3 
 »7.63 
 :«5..38 
 .173.79 
 :«2-27 
 .-ill. 03 
 
 104.85 
 
 88.10 
 65. M 
 
 74,93 
 46. -20 
 
 64.70 
 ^.•2.3 
 
 66 70 
 
 28.:rt 
 
 60.05 
 •2;i,83 
 
 40.13 
 '20.80 
 
 74,93 
 •16. '20 
 
 64,79 
 
 ;«,'2,3 
 
 66,70 
 ■28. ;l,3 
 
 50.6.3 
 '23.85 
 
 46,15 
 '20, SO 
 
 42.93 
 18.80 
 
 40.85 
 17. 33 
 
 2fl 
 
 21 
 
 104.90 
 
 88, '20 
 65.40 
 
 73. (« 
 46.30 
 
 64. bU 
 M.a3 
 
 66. m 
 •28.50 
 
 60.90 
 •24.00 
 
 46.. 30 
 21.00 
 
 77.4.3 
 
 40.-2.3 
 
 60.70 
 37.13 
 
 68.30 
 '29,60 
 
 51.93 
 24,75 
 
 47.:iO 
 21 30 
 
 43.90 
 19 S3 
 
 41,70 
 18.05 
 
 21 
 
 .M 
 
 104.0.5 
 
 88. -25 
 66. ,30 
 
 75.13 
 46.40 
 
 64.93 
 
 :«.43 
 
 37.10 
 28.60 
 
 61. -20 
 24.13 
 
 46.83 
 21. -20 
 
 89. IHl 
 62,70 
 
 1)8.75 
 
 ;«),'20 
 
 60.00 
 31.00 
 
 63,. -)5 
 '23.70 
 
 48.40 
 ■22 '25 
 
 44,90 
 19.95 
 
 42 6,) 
 18 33 
 
 •22 
 
 2.1 
 
 103 05 
 
 88,. 13 
 03,60 
 
 73.30 
 46. ,30 
 
 tt3,m 
 
 &3 IK) 
 
 37 ;« 
 
 •28.73 
 
 61., 30 
 
 at.. -1.3 
 
 47. •r. 
 
 21.43 
 
 82.70 
 66,, 30 
 
 70.90 
 41^30 
 
 61.73 
 32., V) 
 
 64.73 
 ■28.73 
 
 49.60 
 'iJ,(l5 
 
 4.3.93 
 '20.60 
 
 43 4o 
 19.05 
 
 23 
 
 ■24 
 
 105.10 
 
 88,43 
 6.3.70 
 
 73.40 
 48.60 
 
 63.:)0 
 38.70 
 
 37.. -.3 
 28.95 
 
 61.80 
 •24.33 
 
 47.6.3 
 21.70 
 
 S5.,3-) 
 60.8) 
 
 73.13 
 43.93 
 
 l)^),.33 
 34,10 
 65.43 
 :i3.8,3 
 
 ,36. '2,3 
 ■27.90 
 67.80 
 ■29.10 
 
 .30,85 
 ■23,8,3 
 
 46.95 
 21. •2.3 
 
 U.4ti 
 
 19 es 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 105.20 
 
 NH .33 
 63.80 
 
 73.65 
 46.75 
 
 66.45 
 85.85 
 
 67.81) 
 '29.10 
 
 62.10 
 24.73 
 
 4-<.03 
 •22.110 
 
 88.55 
 65.80 
 
 73., 33 
 46.75 
 
 52,10 
 '24.75 
 
 48.05 
 22.00 
 
 45.36 
 20» 
 
 •23 
 
 26 
 
 105 30 
 
 88,65 
 65.90 
 
 73.70 
 40.85 
 
 65.65 
 86.00 
 
 68.10 
 29. ») 
 
 32.. 30 
 •2,3, (»l 
 
 48. 33 
 •22,^23 
 
 91,79 
 71.43 
 
 78.05 
 49. SO 
 
 67.50 
 37.73 
 
 ,39.4.) 
 
 :w.40 
 
 63 43 
 2,3.70 
 
 49.20 
 •22.75 
 
 46.35 
 80.85 
 
 •26 
 
 "27 
 
 105.. 3,3 
 
 88,75 
 66 00 
 
 73.85 
 47.00 
 
 65.90 
 36,13 
 
 68.40 
 80.50 
 
 62.90 
 ■2,3 30 
 
 49, (Ij 
 '22.60 
 
 94.90 
 77.93 
 
 80.65 
 63. '20 
 
 69,5.3 
 :)9,83 
 
 61.10 
 31.80 
 
 ,34 83 
 26.75 
 
 60.40 
 
 •2;i.8fl 
 
 47.45 
 91.55 
 
 '27 
 
 28 
 
 103.45 
 
 88 80 
 66.10 
 
 76.00 
 47,15 
 
 66.10 
 ,36. m 
 
 68.70 
 29,73 
 
 ,33.:)0 
 •2,3.55 
 
 49. IW 
 •22.ft3 
 
 98.30 
 8,3.65 
 
 83.. -)3 
 67 10 
 
 71.70 
 42.15 
 
 62.85 
 lii.3,3 
 
 36,30 
 27,85 
 
 61.65 
 •24.33 
 
 48 55 
 99. 2S 
 
 28 
 
 2<t 
 
 105.65 
 
 89.00 
 66 20 
 
 76.15 
 47,30 
 
 66. -i3 
 36, 3i 
 
 30 00 
 
 6.3.73 
 ■25.85 
 
 60. •iO 
 •23.. -10 
 U0'80 
 •2.1 73 
 
 101,90 
 9! 70 
 
 86. '20 
 61.45 
 
 74.00 
 44.6,3 
 
 64.70 
 85.00 
 
 67,80 
 '29,00 
 
 62.90 
 '26, 25 
 
 49.68 
 29.96 
 
 ■29 
 
 ,10 
 
 105.65 
 
 89.13 
 6«.;i3 
 
 76.35 
 47.45 
 
 66.63 
 .30.73 
 
 69.40 
 80. 2.3 
 
 64, 23 
 26.)iO 
 
 103. (« 
 10-., 6.3 
 
 89.15 
 66.35 
 
 76.13 
 47.4,3 
 
 66.63 
 36.73 
 
 69.40 
 ,-iO.'23 
 
 .34.25 
 26. '20 
 
 50.80 
 '2:1. 75 
 52.05 
 '24.. %3 
 
 :» 
 
 31 
 
 106.90 
 
 88.30 
 66.50 
 
 76.65 
 47,60 
 
 66.90 
 87.00 
 
 69.80 
 :10.5,i 
 60 -20 
 
 :«.!ni 
 
 .34.80 
 ■26.60 
 ,V),)i3 
 •27 00 
 
 
 
 9-2.30 
 72.03 
 
 78.85 
 ,30 50 
 
 68,l'K> 
 38,70 
 
 61 03 
 31.60 
 
 6,3,6,3 
 ■27. '20 
 
 31 
 
 :i2 
 
 105.90 
 
 m 43 
 
 66 i).3 
 
 76,75 
 47 80 
 
 67 , -20 
 37 -2,3 
 
 93 ,33 
 
 78, 33 
 
 81.4, 
 .33,!l.> 
 
 70,70 
 40,89 
 
 62 73 
 33 9,-. 
 
 67 W 
 
 'is, 3(1 
 
 33.30 
 ■23 43 
 
 :!2 
 
 x\ 
 
 106. ai 
 
 80.r.ll 
 66 80 
 
 77 00 
 48.00 
 
 67 ,^3 
 
 37.. 30 
 
 60,70 
 31/23 
 
 61 -mV 
 81 60 
 
 ,V. 93 
 27,43 
 ,'.6'l)3 
 •27,!«) 
 
 67.;),3 
 
 •28,43 
 
 
 
 98.93 
 86. -13 
 
 84 13 
 ,37,80 
 
 72.90 
 43 19 
 
 1)4 .-.0 
 34 Ml 
 
 ,^i8,,35 
 ■29,30 
 
 .34.60 
 •26 40 
 
 :tt 
 
 
 106.15 
 
 8H 80 
 66.9,3 
 
 77. '25 
 48. •2.3 
 
 67.90 
 37.80 
 
 lO2.,30 
 93,;l.3 
 
 87,90 
 62, -211 
 
 73 13 
 4.3 70 
 
 1)6 3,-. 
 36 ::0 
 
 60,10 
 
 :ai,7o 
 
 ro , 93 
 ■27 :).3 
 
 
 ■M 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 'O6.;i0 
 
 8B.9J 
 67 1,3 
 
 77.53 
 48,50 
 
 6H.;10 
 :i8. 13 
 
 61.75 
 32.0,3 
 
 106. iO 
 106. :to 
 
 89,93 
 67.15 
 
 77 . .-|.3 
 48.. -)0 
 
 68,30 
 .■18,13 
 
 01 73 
 .■f2 03 
 
 67 :V) 
 •28 43 
 
 
 ;h 
 
 
 
 ;i3 
 
 ;!6 
 
 106.4.3 
 
 90.13 
 67 33 
 
 77,80 
 48.80 
 
 68.75 
 
 :!8.50 
 
 62,33 
 3^2 ,30 
 
 
 
 93,10 
 
 72,8.3 
 
 80 00 
 31.60 
 
 79,:io 
 
 40 13 
 
 63 40 
 
 :■.;),. -.0 
 
 ,38,80 
 ■29,33 
 
 :»; 
 
 ,37 
 
 { 100.60 
 
 90.40 
 67 liO 
 
 78.15 
 49.10 
 78.50 
 49.46 
 
 60.-20 
 ,-18, mi 
 
 63, W) 
 3,3,00 
 1)3,70 
 ! 60 
 1.1,45 
 :!4.'J0 
 
 96,35 
 79.40 
 
 82.60 
 65.10 
 
 72,43 
 42,3,3 
 
 63, •J) 
 3,3,00 
 
 60 33 
 30.73 
 
 ;;; 
 
 
 106.80 
 
 00.65 
 67.85 
 
 69.70 
 
 :i9.40 
 
 
 
 
 
 99,75 
 87.10 
 
 83,35 
 59,00 
 
 74,63 
 44.70 
 
 67,00 
 
 :i0,6". 
 
 61.90 
 
 :«.a3 
 
 
 :» 
 
 
 
 
 
 :w 
 
 
 107 00 
 
 90,90 
 68, 13 
 
 78.90 
 49.85 
 
 70. (0 
 :l!).!M) 
 
 108.40 
 96,25 
 
 («l,'20 
 1)3 13 
 
 1 00, i> 
 
 76.90 
 47.3,3 
 
 in IK) 
 88 .30 
 
 63 5,". 
 
 ;« 40 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 
 
 :!) 
 
 
 ' 107. '20 
 
 91-2-. 
 68 43 
 
 79.:l3 
 .'ifl.-i3 
 
 70.93 
 40.45 
 
 65,;tii 
 
 31,90 
 
 107, JO 
 IQT.'iO 
 
 79,3.3 
 60 '25 
 
 70 93 
 40.45 
 
 I'/i :■» 
 ,34.90 
 
 
 40 
 
 .•19.00 
 
 400 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 Si^p 
 
tnonen 
 
 
 . a 
 
 I. IKK l^•^iUKA^•CK. 
 
 I'KKMUMS PAYABLK IX VDVAXCE, ANNUALLY 
 
 ON ONK TnOCSAND DOLLARS. 
 
 N. I!.— Till" lower llgiircs in tlin Kndowmcnt TabloM nro tlio Anniiul 
 Prcniliiint. Tlii" uiijH'r ones urn tlin Ten I'uyiiicnt rali'^ fur tlio sumu 
 tennx. 
 
 
 ENUOWMKNT. 
 
 A«.". 
 
 I'AYABLB AT I>KATII, on AFTKR. 
 
 PATABLF. AT DEATH, onAUE. 
 
 
 10 Yi-s. 
 
 15 YrH. 
 
 ■-•(1 Vr-<. 
 
 •A". Yni. 
 
 M 
 
 80 
 
 0,1 
 
 70 
 
 41 
 
 1(17. 4:1 
 
 ill m 
 
 7!l iVi 
 .'■i<i.7.> 
 
 71 M 
 41 0,1 
 
 IM.40 
 74. i) 
 
 81.00 
 
 73 l« 
 
 4':-,v. 
 
 67,1.1 
 36,4,1 
 
 43 
 
 107. HI 
 
 IftS.l.-i 
 
 leiMi 
 (tii.i-) 
 
 '.rl.tr, 
 
 M<l.4.'l 
 .■>! 3(> 
 
 7J.4.') 
 41 7,-i 
 7.i .m 
 41, W 
 
 H7.7,-i 
 80. IK) 
 
 Htikl 
 
 7.-..i1 
 44 IHl 
 
 OO.IXP 
 iW.'.ll 
 
 43 
 
 HI. Ill 
 
 rii no 
 
 101, to 
 88.70 
 
 H7 4.-1 
 01.1.') 
 
 77,™ 
 47. 4.1 
 
 71,00 
 411 10 
 
 44 
 
 KW.M 
 
 !i:)(iii 
 
 Hi Ki 
 
 rvi.ttn 
 
 74 i-) 
 43, X. 
 
 lai.no 
 «7.»o 
 
 HO. 4.1 
 
 lift. 711 
 
 80. oa 
 
 (iO..(0 
 
 73 10 
 
 4:. 10 
 
 4,1 
 
 lit). INI 
 
 70.8.'i 
 
 Hi m 
 S3,:« 
 
 7.-i,31l 
 44.. m 
 
 1011.00 
 100. nil 
 
 03 mi 
 70. M 
 
 bjik; 
 
 M 31 
 
 75.30 
 44 .10 
 
 
 inii..vi 
 
 !)4.'iS 
 71.. V) 
 
 H.1..V) 
 54.20 
 
 
 on. HO 
 
 7« HO 
 
 M 31 
 ,16.7,1 
 
 77 Wl 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 46. «5 
 
 
 llll.lL-i 
 
 '.►4.!l.'i 
 7J i'l 
 
 W.4-"i 
 
 .Win 
 
 100.40 
 8,3.011 
 
 8,H 1.1 
 («l..1,i 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 41) 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 4S 
 
 iiii.ii.'i 
 
 !ll-|.7.*i 
 73 ft-i 
 
 S'>.4.i 
 
 104 10 
 HI, 10 
 
 01 1.1 
 
 (11,71 
 
 82, HI 
 
 .12 no 
 
 
 lll..^•> 
 
 !ltl.(i(l 
 73.90 
 
 fi7 M 
 
 KW.IllI 
 100, (10 
 
 H4,*l 
 
 •a.. 10 
 
 86 10 
 
 .15 on 
 
 4!» 
 
 
 
 
 ilj.(i.i 
 
 IIJ.K.-. 
 
 !17 .■)() 
 74, W) 
 
 H7.S0 
 .IS.. 11 
 
 ll'J Ik') 
 
 112. m 
 
 117 ,1tt 
 
 74. HO 
 
 87 80 
 
 *>0 
 
 
 
 .18,31 
 
 
 7.1 i« 
 
 
 
 
 
 1IKI,!I.1 
 HO iHI 
 
 
 ,■ 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 111 0.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11:1.70 
 
 !i!l.l)ll 
 7fi ll.'i 
 
 104. .1,1 
 
 H7,IKI 
 
 il3 IK) 
 IKIOO 
 
 r<2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ll4.i;-i 
 
 Mto.m 
 
 7S.-.'0 
 
 
 
 
 
 IIIH 40 
 0,1,11,1 
 
 ■Mi 70 
 
 :>3 
 
 
 
 
 
 70.45 
 
 
 ll.-i.7ii 
 
 III-2 ftl 
 
 7;i .V, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hi ,10 
 
 105,50 
 
 100 on 
 
 r,i 
 
 
 
 
 
 75 45 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lUi.SIP 
 
 1(1.1 . r*) 
 
 81. (K) 
 
 nil HO 
 110, HO 
 
 
 .h) 
 
 
 
 
 
 81. (Kl 
 
 
 11S.0.-1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 107 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 87 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11:1. H) 
 
 111 00 
 
 r- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1)4 ,M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IJIl.iK) 
 
 115 1.) 
 
 ns 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 102.0(1 
 
 
 Mi.rto 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .S!P 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 112.70 
 
 
 lu.m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 121 :ni 
 
 «0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 124 311 
 
 111 (inlcr t(i make .-uro tluit tlio appliciuit is m porsoii 
 of good ooiLstitution. in good health and without bad 
 hal)its or tendoiicy to inhorited or family discaso, and 
 .so likely to fulfill lii.s tabular life ex'iiec'tatioii, apjiliea- 
 tioii lilaiiks are furnished and the appliemit an.swers 
 cjue.stions a.s to age, profession, general 8tat(> of health, 
 age of brother,s and sisters, and jiarents, if living, if 
 dead, age at death and disease causing death as well as 
 ages attained by grandparents. In addition to these 
 he must set forth for whose benefit the insuniuee is 
 taken ami irJiaf i'k f/ip interest of xuch jjei'wii in the life 
 to be asmrefl. 
 
 The last is an important question, as it underlies the 
 prineiplc that .separates Kfe insuranee from gambling. 
 
 .VI'PLH ATION FOR LIFK INSUKANCE. 
 
 APl'LICATlOy Til 
 
 THE BENEFIT LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY. 
 
 ijl KHTHINS TO UK A^KFl' IIV Till: AUKNr. 
 
 1. .\re you married? 
 
 2. WIkU is yor.r occuiuvtioii? (liivr kliul of biiHine.HH iinil ))09itloii hold.) 
 :i. .Vrn j'ou in goml Iicalth? 
 
 4. For wlio.ijo Ijcnofit is the proiionuU Insumnce? How related to you? 
 
 ."i. Wliftt Is the total insumnce now iiii your life? 
 
 0. Ill what i-i)iii|)anie.iaiid for wliat amountn? 
 
 '^^ 
 
 7, Ilave you any application for Inaiiranco now (lending? In what Cos.? 
 
 8. Have you overappllc<l to any ittfcnt, or nought Inouranco In nny com. 
 |iuny, which either iio»t|»ned 01 refii-wil Id lasue a policy? State com. 
 panicflaiid cause. 
 
 0. Ill) you use spirits, wine or until lliiiiors daily, or i)eea.sioimlly, ami to 
 what extent? 
 
 10. .\ro you entjAKed III or roniierted wltli the manufacturu or sale o[ 
 malt i,r spirituous llipiors? 
 
 gl'KbTII)N8 TO IIK ASKKI) IIT MI^IIIL'AI. K.XAMINF.H. 
 
 NOTE.— As It is 1)1 Vital Imjiortaueo that tlie/icnoiifi/ and family record 
 be elearly Htated, and lew iwrsons not physiclanH leeognlzo tliodiirertinco 
 between rfijc<(«<".» and i.i/)/y)/iim.t, tiie K:»aniiner w ill asl< the followinif (lucs. 
 tlons and seo that liioanswcrsBrefriolrouiuinblgiiity. (1 he tenus ''child, 
 blrlli." "debility," "old a(?e,'' "e.^han.stiun." "oxiKiHure," "result of nccl. 
 dent," "worn oiit," "over work," "ilroiisy," "fever," and cspeeialiy "don't 
 know," will not be accepted by the coiuiwuy wlth.ynt e.^planatlou.) 
 
 11. Have you any disease or disoiiler? If so, what? 
 
 12. For what laive you sought mitlleal advice during the past seven 
 years? Datos? Dunitlon? I'hyslelanw consulted? 
 
 13. Ilave you had any jicrsonal Injuiy or accident? What? When? 
 Result? 
 
 14. Have you had rheumatism? Number of attacks? Hates? Iiurutloii? 
 Severity? 
 
 1.1. Ai'e yon or have you been Rulijcct to dyspepsia? Hates? IHiration? 
 Severity? 
 
 ID. Have you ever had any of the following diseases? Aniwereachques. 
 lion erplicitly, id give iiartieuhtm umler head n/ Jlemarks, [Here follows 
 a list of about forty diseases.] 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 17. 
 
 Familv liSXOUl). 
 
 Father living. . 
 Mother living. 
 
 How imiiiy brotliers living.. 
 
 Number. 
 
 How many sistei-Mlivlng. 
 
 Father's father living.. 
 
 " inotiier " ,. 
 Mother's fat her 1 1 ving , 
 
 " mother " 
 
 Ages. 
 
 Condition oflleiath. 
 
 n? 
 
 ai>. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ages. 
 
 nisease which 
 causetl deal h. 
 
 Hiira. 
 tloii. 
 
 Previous 
 Health. 
 
 Father dead. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mother's father " 
 
 " mother " 
 
 
 
 
 
 18. Have any two members of the family, grandparents Included, had 
 consumption? Cancer? Paralysis or apoplexy? Disease of Heart? Dig. 
 ease of Kidneys? 
 
 Dated this day of V. 1). 188... 
 
 In presence of Kxamlner. 
 
 Party to \tc examined sign here 
 
 'Writing name in full.) 
 
 DECI..VIIATION. 
 
 Being dcslroufl of etTectlng an assuninee oft on the plan, 
 
 premiums payable witli the JiEyEFIT LIFE INSVRAyCE 
 
 COMPAyY, on the life of born at State of 
 
 on the day uf 18., .,at present and for 
 
 years resident of county of State of 
 
 I agree that tlie foregoing answers to the questions of the agent and exam, 
 iner shall be the bxsisof my contract with the company, and warmiit them 
 to be true, and agree that any untrue or fi-audulent answer or the indul- 
 gence by the insured in any haliit wliiih tends to shorten life shall render 
 the policy void. 
 
 Dated at tills day of \. H, 188... 
 
 Witness 'Signature 
 
 •Note— Declaration shouiil be signed by wii'e, if wife's i)olii'y N desired. 
 The husb'nd may sign her name as her attorney. 
 
 As ill fire insiinince so in life, there must be an 
 interest that is iiiMir-able. 
 
 i 
 
 H« 
 
 
 c 
 
 ID 
 
 •^ ^ 
 
 vC 
 
■PW^w. 
 
 ury. iNsruANrE. 
 
 'I'lif medical cxiimiuor noxt liikos I lie iipplii'iuit iiiid 
 •rives liinia porsoiiul oxuiiiiimtioii. particularly diroctcd 
 t()1niciii<r the presoiico of hereditary or or^'anic dis- 
 ease, or any teiidoiiey thereto, and as to 'he a|)plii'aiit's 
 personal habits. 
 
 Till' applicant signs this hiank as his warranty. TIk* 
 l)hysieian then makes ont still another hlaidi to which 
 In- certities, and the a|)plicati( n and papers iro to the 
 company's otHcc, where the medical examiner-in-ehiet" 
 gives them a careful examination to guard against any 
 collusion on tlie pi*rl of agent, local physiciuii and 
 appli<'anl ere the policy is issued. 
 
 FORsi OF roi.irv. 
 
 N"l \S»I(lNAliI.F. 
 
 THK nEN'KKlT I.riK INSt I{A.\<K COMPANY. 
 
 IiirorporHfeiMl liy (he Stuf<» iif 
 
 No VnnuHl Pmiiiimi, ♦. $ 
 
 Tlii<4 INillry WltnoHnotli, Tliat the Hi'tifflt l.lf(« IiiHiiraiiri* Conipuny, 
 li ('(insiiU'iiilioM r)f' till' ^{tiitrmcnlsaiul nt,'ii'ciiiiiil< in Hin iippllcatiiiii for 
 thin I'oliry, and 1u llio (liH'tai-.itlon htilij'>li"'d thrioto, which nro hereby 
 
 made II part of thin contract, and of the sum of doHiir-i and.. . I'onts, 
 
 tothcitt hi liand paid liy tlic AsMiircd, Mrs , Wife of ti>e In.surcd, 
 
 nndofttic \nnual I'l-rniintn ol'. . . .iloit:ir->aiid cont^, to 
 
 lie iiaitl at or licforc twclvo u'ciocl-;. M., on tin- . ...day of In every 
 
 yniirdniing the coutintumce of lulu I'olicy, I><> IiiHtirp I lie Life of 
 
 of in t lie County of state of in ttic amount of 
 
 doUai-H, tor tin* term of Life. 
 
 And the Huhl Cinnpaiiy do hereby lYtiiniMe uiul Affree, to and witii 
 tlie .said .V.-^snred, well nid truly to luiy, or ciiiise to he jtald, the said sum 
 
 Insured, at their otilce, In the City of , to the said .Vssiired, within 
 
 sixty daysafter due uotioe and satisfactory pi*o<if of thedeatliof tliesaid 
 Insured. .And in case the said .\ssnred shall die before the decease of the 
 aalil Insured, then the amount of tills Insiinmce shall be payable to tli*? 
 children Ijorn of their iimrriage, or to their guardian if under a^^e; or If 
 tlieroure no such children or their rteseendants llriii^, then payable to the 
 e.xectitors, adininlstnitors or assigns of the Insunst, within sixty diiy.s 
 after due notice and .s;itistuctory proof of interest and of the deatli of the 
 («iid Insured, deiluct'nn therefrom all Indebtedness of the jjurty to tlie 
 f'oniiMny, together with the balance, if any, of the then current year's 
 premium. 
 
 ThiH Policy is issued anil is accepted by the .Vssnri-d njion Uim following 
 conditions— namely : 
 
 That the Insured will rusidc in tliose imrts of the United :3tates only that 
 lie at least one hundred miles from theGulf of Mt'Xlco.or In tho Dominion 
 of Canada, or 111 Europe or in Japan, and not elsewhere witliout written 
 permission of tho Coinixiny llrst obtained. 
 
 That for tlireo years from the dato hereof the Insurwl sliall be restricted 
 in traveling to iKdnts witliln and to voyiigos between the above limits, 
 aftcrthat period Journeys for business or pleasure may be made without 
 restriction. 
 
 That ho will not at any time within three years fixim the date hereof be 
 liersonally engaged In any blasting, mining or snbmnrlne oiiemtion, or In 
 thoiiroductlon of ony highly infliiinmuble or explosive .substance, or In 
 working or managing Ik steam engine or Imller.o-iio employed in i.ny n.au- 
 ner on a railway train or on a steam or sailing vessel. 
 
 Tnat ho will not engat'O In any military or naval service, iiiUeHs it be in 
 tho militia in time of peace. 
 
 That any violation of either of tho aliove conditions without the written 
 liermisslon of the Oompany iirnviously obtaini J, shall render tJUs Policy 
 void. 
 
 That llie statements uontalned In the said appllcjilion and dedanirlon 
 and every of them are true, and iJ any of thciii shall be found nntnie, 
 then tills Policy shal' be null and void ; but tliat after three years from the 
 date hereof, tills Policy shall not Iio thereby rendered vohl, unless such 
 erroneous statement or statements shall be sliown to be material and to 
 have been made with intent to deceive or defraud the f'ompuny. .\ny 
 error made in understanding the ns'O of the Insured, will be adjusted by 
 paying such amount as the Premiums paid would imrclmse at tho table 
 rate. 
 
 Tliat if the death of the insured sliall result from the iiitem|ierulc useof 
 stimulants or narcotics, or If he shall die by his own hand or in conse. 
 (juence of a violation of any law or by the hands of Justice, this I'olicy 
 sliall be void. If however, it shall be shown that the Insured at tho time 
 
 of taking his life was insane, the I'onipnny will par the mim lusiired.or 
 refiiiiil the I'lemiiiins actually lecelvcMl, with Intere-t thereon, acconlltig 
 to Its judgnient of the ei|ultlcs of the case. This option Is dl-Htiiict'y 
 reserved li\' the roiiipiin>- and is niiide a ]»irl of this contmct. 
 
 That In euso the mild Pri'iiilnnis the party whosellfe Is insured bciiif( 
 living) shall not 1>e jiald on or before the sevenil days hereinbefore men. 
 
 Honed for the payment thereof, at the olll if Ihn f'onipany in the City 
 
 of , or to .Vgents when lliey produce receipts signed by the I'resl- 
 
 dent or Tri'iisiirer, then, iiiiil In every such case, the said Policy hIiiiII case 
 and determine; but when after two full iinir.uil Prrnilunis shall have liorn 
 imidon this Policy it sliall leiiseor become void solely by the non-pav'ment 
 of any Premium » hen due, its cut ire net reserve tpy the .Vnieiican Exjierl. 
 ence Mortality- and inlereHt at four percent yearl\-, less any indebtedness 
 to tlie i'oiii|iiiiiy nil tills policy, shall he ap|plied by tile Comi>any as a 
 single Pri'Miiiim at the i 'i,ni|iiiny's rites piilillshed and in force at this date, 
 eitlier,ylrvr, to the purchase of iion-iiiii-tielpatlngti-rui insumncefor the full 
 amount insured by Hiis Policy, or, Knoiid, iijion the wiilteii application by 
 the owner of this Policy and the surrender thereof to the Company at 
 
 within tliree months from such iion.juiymcnt of Premium, to the 
 
 imrchase of a non-part Iclpating Paid. up Policy payable iit the time this 
 Polic.\ would be |»aynhle if coiit iiiiied in torce. Itotli kinds of Insiii-unce 
 aforesaid will l>e subject to the same conditions, except as to iiaynient of 
 Premiums, as those of this Policy. No part, however, of such term iiisiir. 
 aiice shall be due or payable iiidess satisfactory proofs of death be fur. 
 nishcil to the Coinpaiiy within one year after death; and if death shall 
 occur wrthlii three years after such iion. payment of Preinlnni, and during 
 such term of Insurance, there shall be deducted troni the amount payable 
 the Hum ot' all the Preiiilnms that would have become due on this Policy 
 if It had continued in force. 
 
 THIS POLICY does not take effect until the Proiniuir, shall have ticcii 
 actually paid; nor are .Agents authorized to make, alter, or dlsehi'.rgc this 
 oraiiy other contract in relation to the matter of this insnnince. or to 
 waive any forfeiture heifsif, or to grant iierinlts, oi to receive Cor tlie cash 
 due flir Premlnnis anythin:^' Init ca*h. 
 
 In WitnehH Whereof, the said Ueiiellt Life Insurance Company have 
 by their President and Secretary, signed and delivered this t'ontnicl, at 
 
 the City of In the Stale of , this day of one 
 
 thousand eight hundred and 
 
 fforctii nj. PretiUenL 
 
 t; 
 
 LIFE INSURANCE FRAUDS. 
 
 Yet, despite all this care, frauds upon life iusurancc 
 companies arc not at all uncommon. 
 
 In a case not long since the local examining physi- 
 cian certified thiit the applicant was of a ruddy com- 
 plexion, free from any toiulency to hciirt or lung 
 disease, etx'., when in fact the very same physician 
 expected him to die in a few hours, as he ilid, and the 
 dying man was propped iij) and held up in lied in order 
 to .sign hi.s name. 
 
 In iitnother case known to the writer, the general 
 agent had partly written his check to pay a death loss, 
 
 and was saying to a friend, '• That is the way the 
 
 company i)ays its losses," when his eye caught a simi- 
 larity of writing in the apjilication for insurance and 
 tho proof of death. Tearing mi his half-drtiwn cluick. 
 ho put on overcoat and hat and started for the railroail. 
 
 In less than sixty hours thm-eafter General had 
 
 resurrected his dead man, whom he found at tnhle 
 enjoying a hearty meal and dis|)larying good ajijietite 
 for a man who.s(> body was supposed to he resting on 
 the liot.tom of river. 
 
 The t'oUowiug statistics show somotiiing ot the 
 extent ami magiiit iidc of I lie hiisiness of life insiii-.ince 
 ill tho United .'states on January 1. lSb2. and ichite to 
 
 i 
 
ACUIDKNT INHUIt.VNCK. 
 
 the buflinoM of fifty-three oumpaniei* I'ruin tlioir t>ripiiii- 
 zfttion to January 1, lS8i. 
 
 Amount of preniunu to date - - lUlMjiiii.rill}.-''''* 
 
 Ani't }Hii(l death lo8sos, eniiownient« ^t23,897,311)..'i7 
 
 Assofs of 53 compiinios Hi (bito - - 4«j8,.')-ll,788.!t;5 
 
 raid l»y iH)licy lioldciN in 1881 - tfO,444,i»Str).(M) 
 Piiid to polii y li()ld<M-.>i, deiitli cluinu), 
 
 cndowiiieutsuiid piinLikjed policies 58,388,283.00 
 
 !t,!M."..:tirt 
 
 NiiiiiIkt <)!' fAuilIloH ill I'. S. (rfimiH 
 
 of 1880) 
 
 NuiiiImt of jwllcy holdfis in United 
 
 StJitoH 7.12.701 
 
 Avorago of policiort to faiiiiiii's - - 1 iiv l.'ij 
 
 Amount of insurunco in forco - $l,(»49,4Hl,!l,'>;i.(lt! 
 
 In thcHo tigiiroH prudontiiil and t-o-operativo iiiHtidi- 
 tioiu or tMM'iotioH arc not included. 
 
 e-'S^;.-'®^ 
 
 wcriDKM TxsuR.vNCE PoLiciKS afo contnu'ts insuring 
 lA for •ilciitli only," covering fatal accidoutM; for 
 
 A •• JMilcninity only," hisuriiig against non-fatal 
 attitli'iits wiiich arc t'llaUij disahiiiig; or for 
 •• (Icatli an<l indiMimily." cowring l)oth fatal and non- 
 fatal accidrnls. 
 
 Any .-nin.> paid a.s indeniiiity will, in cane of loss hy 
 doatii liming tlif sainc year, be deducted from the 
 amount insured. Weekly indemnity is paid only for 
 twenty-six weeks from date of accident. 
 
 Aii'iilent companies insure against all bodily injuries 
 causecl liy purely accidental means i)ut not against dis- 
 cat<e in any form, nor from accidents caused by war, 
 riot, tiirhting. wrestling, racing, drunkenness, breach 
 of the law or any nnneccssiiry or unlawful exposure. 
 
 Risks are classified into six divisions, according to 
 occupation of the insured, the premiums for both 
 ••death and indemnity " ranging from $.5 per $1,000 
 per anuuui to $20 per |1,(M»0. 
 
 Passengi'i-s' tickets are also sold at nearly all railroad 
 ticket offices. This ticket is, to all logul intents, a 
 policy of .iccident assurance for indemnity in case of 
 non-fatal aciident during the journey /row the peril x of 
 tniveling. or for the whole amount insured in case of 
 death frotii accidental cause, subject to certain condi- 
 tions i)rinted upon the liack of the ticket. 
 
 A three thousand dollar ticket cost.>* 2.0 cents for a 
 three day's trip 
 
 During the year 1882. the accident premiums received 
 by the ronipaiiics doin<r business in Massachusetts were 
 reported ill aiiont *2,()iHl,(l(»(), 
 
 «-^"\i?i)s 
 
 .VpiKMided hereto wo ^yive the form of a traveler's 
 
 accident ticket : 
 
 rOB.n <»F .VCCIDENT TICKET. 
 
 ;.Vn... . . . . I Mo iilli I J«n. I Fth. I M«rTA p. I M«y I Jun. I Jul, I Aug. | Hfp. • (VT I Nov. I I>it 
 
 Agency. 
 
 0»y of 
 Monlli 
 
 The:-:, 
 
 
 Form A 
 
 
 ^^ OF HARTFORD. CONN. || 
 
 THIS TKKKT INBIRBS 
 
 Of 
 
 hij occupation^ 
 
 in the »nm of fSjMOjOO, for the term fixed by Che 
 Coupon.-! remaining hereto attached, beginning lotth 
 the day and hour as hereon canceled, and is sulffect 
 to all. the provisions of the contract on back hereof. 
 
 """ Ser'u. 
 
 Premimn f, 
 
 ill 
 
 S i P.M I 1 I 2 I a I 4 I S I 6 I 7 I 8 I !l I 10 I 11 I ij I Xiyiij 
 JJA.M. I 1 I -J I :< I 4 I r. I (( I 7 I 8 I !) I 10j_n J_12 | .Voon 
 
 The tnuisfer of such ticket would forfeit all claims 
 arisinjr thereunder. 
 
 ^ 
 
 K 
 
^x 
 
 ,:t|(*. 
 
 
 CO-OI'EUAIIVK INSUhANC'K. <H AliANTY INrtUKANCK. 
 
 ^.<!^lil^?^/rr..--T:?.i.....'.!>....,.;.': 
 
 Beneficiary or Co-Operative Associations. 
 
 ..jj^ 
 
 'tt,y O'j- 
 
 r:riv;j 
 
 ^wAiis cliiMH u( ii8Hociution« hiiv*- iiiiiltipliod until 
 tJ5ll flioy iiio iiuiiihoiod hy the liiindixxls. Thcv 
 rliiiin ((> jfivc inyunincp tit <()Kt, wliilr prot'oss- 
 iiijr not (() Ih- insiinnu'c connMinics, 
 
 Tliis \n (lone to eHcape state sii|)ervision and wtate 
 reports. 
 
 It is difticnlt to treat of tlieni as tliey dosene, 
 lu'cauM- the}' (hsfrv^' sa (fiJf)'iT>il/i/. Some are really 
 deserving and fnrnisli reliable Indemnity. 
 
 Otiiei-s were conceivrd in ini(pii(y, l)orn in IVuMd lind 
 ii\rd tlielr short lives in Imseiiess that no words iiin 
 intiperly descrilie. 'I'jie term •' i.'raveyard insurance," 
 has iM'en tit^ applied to these iVandnlenI seheines, 
 and a tew of tiie xiicniers iia\<' found their proper 
 home, the penilenliary. IJi-tween thesi' last and (he 
 best class area loajj' army ot" sirufj^iin^'' associations 
 destined to an in^florious lite and spt>e«Jy deiith, tVoiu 
 which tiiere will lie no possihh^ resurrection. 
 
 .V lite insurance lonipan^- contracts to jmy cta-taiu 
 sums ot" money in consideration of certain stipulated 
 premimns. A mutual aid or hcueliciary association 
 contracts to pay ct-rtain sums of numey in considera- 
 tion of certain stipidated assessnuMit rates. 
 
 ileni'e the suprtMue courts of at least two states 
 ( Massachusetts and < )hio) hold lh(> latter contract to 
 be '"one of insurance, althouu'li the declariMl object of 
 the insurer is iMMievolent and not speculatixe, or, that 
 the amount to be jjuid is not a <rross sum but one 
 •jraduated ))y the number of mend)ers." 
 
 In fiu-'t nearly all the really deserving of these asso- 
 
 -ev- 
 
 eiulions have demanded state siipenisioii, as the only 
 nietins of self-|)reservation of the d(>He)'vinfr s<»cieties. 
 
 The amount of l»usiness done by thes<' >o<ieties is 
 enormous, but hard lo liriu^ down to exact lifruraH. 
 
 The seventy-tiiree a.ss<M'iuti(Mis. reporting lo the Ma«- 
 sachusetts Insurance Department, January 1, \i^X2, 
 reported income from assessments, $,'),lt!U,;i»8, and 
 losses paid, |,"i.m;}H,21."). 
 
 It would lie >afc to otimate the amount (laid liy 
 iis,-cs>meiit duriuir the Near 1H)S2 into these lussociations 
 as ,it least i(i;((,(i(M>,(KMi, and that swnis to be a very 
 low cstiMnit«>. 
 
 Sonu' of these societies will undoubtedly live, and 
 continue to tloinish, ilespite th(> load of ol)lo((uy they 
 have to carry from tin' nuiniterless tVaudulent concern.^ 
 that strove to i onci'al the wolf beneath the sheep's 
 si\in, beinir. iuslcail of co-operative, only de<'eptive. 
 
 Aroinid many ot' these societi<'s are thrown .social, 
 fniterniil. and moral influences which are worthy of ul' 
 honor au<l conuueudatiou. 
 
 Of (he \ aluc of tln'se iiiflueueex there can W no ques- 
 tion, they art^ beyond even cavil or shadow of reproach. 
 
 If the system on whieii they are iMMed can .stand the 
 lijifiit of state supervision and the t«Ht of adviincinp 
 a<;e, it deserves indorsement and sue(>ess. 
 
 Meanwhile tlie clo.sest smitiny and e.xtreme.st caution 
 is demanded by tho.se who wish to make a sure protct - 
 tiou f(u' their widow and orphans, that tlie rod on 
 which they lean " may not prove a broken reed and 
 pierce the hand." 
 
 L£3-a 
 
 Guaranty or Fidelity Insurance. 
 
 a^ t ■» 
 
 rK Guaranty Insurance Society wa^j e&tal ished in 
 London for the purpose of granting policies 
 against dishonesty of servants or employes in 
 commercial or professional ])ur8uitjj. 
 
 It depended for success upon the api)lication ot the 
 law of average that seems tol>e a fundamental i)riuciple 
 of the law of the universe, that in the occurrence of 
 every claw of events, great or small, a rule of propor- 
 tion is strictly followed. 
 
 In 1850, the great lianks of England and Ireland. 
 
 -^^^ " 
 
 M* 
 
 two of the leading railways of the United Kingdom, 
 and several of the large commercial tiiins of London 
 and Liverpool, had discontinued the use of private 
 bontb and made arrangements for \ising the policies of 
 the Guaranty Society. Since that date this kind of 
 insurance ha.s largely increased in England, and four 
 companies are issuing policies of guaranty in the 
 United States, covering, in 1881. amounts of over two 
 million dollars. 
 The policies of a guaranty company are liased 
 
OlAliASn lN»t HAXK. 
 
 the ^talciiii'iit< III' ri'liiililo citi/.oiiH wlio till out their 
 kiHivv !i'<liri> iil'tlK' ii|i|*li('aiit t'or itiHunuico in the tbliow- 
 iiiV I'lTiii: 
 
 K(>IIM nv .\s INgriRT. 
 
 Tho Guai-anty Company of tho United States. 
 
 Uovoted Mipljr III llin ImuIiik uf llmiitK of Kwurltjr In Paaltkxw of 
 
 'I'llHl, 
 
 Capital HiiliporlliFil, ■1,00A,0<H>. 
 PkM up, •aOO.OOO. Awaia, •BOO.i 
 
 >1K; 
 All itp|illc'4itton font bonrt of tfimmnty fur flilollty liarlnn been mado by 
 
 llio I'urty immi'il IioIi'U.iimiI Im liavlii){ ii>l< rivil llui dlrcctoiK lo juiiioi liU 
 rurmi'i't'iDiiioyiTfoiMc'stliUDiiy ii» In liln clmriu'ter unit iiiitocvilPiitD, I lirg 
 111 liii kI Vdii tlicHiiliJiiliiril llHt iif i|iiPHtloii', to wliU'li I hIiiiII nd ulillt(F<l 
 |i\ .i.'ii /;• nirli/ i-'j,! I, 
 
 A't t H' K"' it ailviiMluxcscijnii^iniilaliMl by iIiIh nyiiteni of rorpurutu riiire. 
 l.\>.lilli I'.ii only Ix; rnillziHl liy jjood fiillli on tlui iiiirt of ii'forem la com- 
 iMiinliMllnn Ircrly with lhi'coni|iiuiy, I lH'|{ciinu'»tIylo»olk'lt yoiiri'uinllil 
 unn«i r-'.anil lo ihiIuI out to you tlii.'iiiUiintiiKVHtoucrnii' toulIrt'iiceni«l, 
 ly y.iiii' ).';vlnt,' tin' oomimny tliu licnclll of your co-o|H'mti<)n In lliln 
 icilin", tlii'oliji'it of theillro'tort In olitalninit tliU Inlonnalloni'oiiceni- 
 iu)( till- 4-onilm't iiii'l iiriiu'lplcH <if tliOMU who npply to Uw coniinny to 
 hcrtniir thi'lr Htiri-'lk'.i, lioln^', at llio 8anir tinn* u.s to jin^tiH:! i niiiloyora 
 intn lii«-< I y tliu' acn of un worthy I'niploycra.tottssUt them (tlic<llriTtor<) 
 in pi'oiii .tliiH Ihi'iii'iiiiintnii'iilof n'llablii olllcers to iHMltlon.tiif trust In 
 tin; roiinliy. Your ri'iil Irs liiTOlo, will lie Inlil Htrk'tly privuto imil conll- 
 dciitnil, :inil will In no wiiy Invulvr yon In any pocunlary roi»pon«lblllty. 
 I am, ^!r, youruUoUlvntacrrunt, 
 
 SAMUEL L. MXSON, 
 
 Qenurul Mauuger. 
 
 To ~ 
 
 l'io|Ki?,il No Amount 
 
 Nainc, a(Klrc^<9un<l occuiMtlon of [larty reqiilrtu|j to lie giiaruiitlvd, nnil 
 thatof hisiMiiployor. Mr of ugod In thealtaatlon 
 
 oi ,. nt to 
 
 1. Is the abovcnauR'd appUeunt for 
 jriiamiity will known to yon, and how 
 long have you known lilin? 
 
 ■J. Aru you connected by relation- 
 ship, or otherwise, w Ith hlin? If »o, in 
 what waN? 
 
 .). All' his lirhlts sober and coiTCCt, 
 and his ;;eneriil conduct 8nch as tocn- 
 litU' hliii to Ilie contldent'c of his em- 
 ployeis:- 
 
 4. lias he, lo your kiiowlwlge, been, 
 or have yiai ever heard of his having 
 beenirre;rnlai ornnsteady in his hai>itn, 
 oraddicti d luaiiy ba'l habits? 
 
 .1. (an you i;lve any inrnrnmtlon as 
 to his laiiiily u lationsor inttniatuaaso. 
 ciati"^!' If so, do an\', lo your knowl. 
 edge, bear aa iitifavoraliie reputation? 
 IIa\ e > "II any knowledm', or lia\o 
 you heaiil an>thln|< ooiicernln^ his 
 habits, as-ocmtniii-, oi actions t'cner- 
 
 t.ength of tlmo 
 
 known? 
 ... Tn. ....Mo. 
 
 ANSWKBS. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 18... 
 
 i;l Kit IONS, 
 nlly, a liieli would lead>ou to miip|mmo 
 lli.it be liior hasi'Ver Ix'en iiKiiijiid hi 
 luiy Kiunldliitf, or a|M'4'iilatiiiK tnintiM'. 
 tloiu, or lliat llin Ityle of living H In 
 any any I'XtnivuKant or ineinniDilllilii 
 with euiolunii'iils arlaluK out ol Ida 
 einploN ineut .' 
 
 7. la the upplieiint enKOtf*"! In i»iy 
 liuaiiiess, einployinent, or uiidertakhiK 
 tM'<«ldi-a that for which ho ptoiiuHe-i to 
 Ih4 iiuur^iiitU'd (aa iiIhivc) and whether 
 In lairlncnbliMir oil Ills own aecoiinii' 
 
 a. fk ill', <ir liii' ill' ever I n, ill em. 
 
 iairris'M'il cin'tiniatiinri's, lauikrnpt or 
 lieMilvenir' 
 
 II. Ilii\«i you any lutaon to aiip|Mise 
 he is lit prcaeiit iinili r aii.\' einltiirniss. 
 nienl'i. llalillitli'H,d('btHor rp»|Hiiiallilll. 
 Ilea a luitever? 
 
 lu. Ilaa he, to your kiiowlisiKe, an,v 
 privati' pni|i«rly or Ineonie, independ. 
 <*nt tif his onioluinents fruiii the olTli'o 
 fur which he is to be Kiianintied iia 
 iiIhivc? If ih), plifise to state the iiatnri) 
 aii'l Kxtciit, aa far as yon know, and 
 a'lii'llii'r encuinls'nsl or not. 
 
 II. In wlial cnpiu'lty wns he lu your 
 Hcr^'iCH, liow loiiK, ami why did he 
 leiiveT .Vnd did iie i<l\ e you entire sat. 
 laflictiou. or did he at any tliiin Kivo 
 yi II can .c for diasutiafuctloii or cum. 
 Iilnint :' 
 
 I J. Have you any ituMiii toconaiilor 
 iiiiii incoin|>«teiit to till thii |iositioii 
 wlildi he pmiWHCs I'l nmlerlake? 
 
 II. INi you know or have you lieuiil 
 of any cin'unistances, iiowevpi' appar. 
 ently Irlttln),', conneoteil with any of 
 his loriner eiuploymeni-, oroilnrw Iso, 
 that >'oii dei-ni it advi'^alile for the cotii< 
 |aiuy to iH-aeipiainlisI with, inortier to 
 guide tile dlreetoi^ In estlniatinx th« 
 risk to Im' Incurred iiy hecondni; liU 
 ai'Ciirily? If so, pleiuv state fully. 
 
 II. Do his ^'eiieiiil iirln"iples and olr. 
 cumstiuice-i, to the bc-t of your kuowi> 
 e<lge, render hlin, In your opinion, u 
 mfcand pro|>ei|'ei'win to lie»(narantic<) 
 by tile coini«iii\ , and oiii' yon would 
 yours4'lf trust, or recommend for tlio 
 IxMltlon alxjve stated? 
 
 siffnatnre of former employer.. 
 
 .V<t<1rr8s and occupation,. 
 . hit.' day of is. . . . 
 
 TIic !ulviiiila<r(' ill Iiiiving the thunicter antl fidelity 
 (if (illictT.-^ iiiid ciiniloyo.s ot' liiinlts, railroaild, and nior- 
 caiitiic <'.stii))lislinu'iit.>( tliii.'^ regularly insured for a 
 .spccilicd aiiioiiiif , iii.stead of requiring 1)ond.s for faith- 
 ful lierfoniiiiiKf, a.s doe.s the govcriinieut of its officers. 
 i.> found iiiaiiily in the fiut that iu ease of a default hy 
 the employe in.><ured, the amount of tho poliey i.s more 
 easily collected than in the (Use of private citizen.-^ its 
 bondsmen. Then, agjiiii, iu (ho (uso of a claim agaiast 
 private citizens a>i iMiiulsmen, there is oftentimes litiga- 
 tion iind wniugling which is more or less mixed with 
 peiNoiialitics iiiul results, in the majority of cases, in 
 enmity In'twcen tiie various parties to the cas.\ This. 
 it is desiniMe to have avoided, by meivantile and tinan- 
 cial concerns, as it must neccs.sarily, to some extent, 
 injiiie their business and jirospcrity. 
 

 vMAi.i. ciipitalist rtlioiilfl onU'V ii 
 liiisiiicss of wliirli lu' has iiiti- 
 llliltf kllii\vl('(l;fc. UnlfSM sucli 
 ii iMTson starts witli piKiM-r 
 |irocMiition ami jiiilirriK'nt, liis 
 rapilal will 111' cxpcmhMl willi- 
 oiit aiir, latt' results; rent ami 
 taxes will a< cmiiiilato, the stink will lie 
 (IcMil IT liecoiiio (lotorioriitiMl, unti ltw.s aiitl 
 ruin must lullow. For the least ahsurp- 
 tioii aitin;,' upon a small capital will :-iM>n 
 dry lip its source; iiiii] wc need not 
 pictiii'e the troiiMe that will soon arise 
 when the inainspiiii;r ot" a trmlesiiian's 
 success aitiiles 1>\- him no more. 
 The lai'M^er capitalist lan .-carcely Ik> considered tin 
 exception to the same rule; for it is proliahle that the 
 larirer capitalist, upon coininencin<r a husiness, wouM 
 sink more of his I'inuls in a larircr stock — would incur 
 liahilily to a heavier rent ; and the attendant taxes, 
 the waii;es of assistants, would Ik' greater, and, tiiero- 
 fore. if the return came not speedily, similar conse- 
 (piences must sooner or later ensue. 
 
 Fiarsre or small capitalists should, therefore, upon 
 enterini.' on a !)Usiness. consider well the nature of thi' 
 locality in wliicji they projtose to carry on trade, the 
 iiumlur of llu' population, the Imhits and wants of the 
 people, and the extent to which they are already sup- 
 plied willi the goods which the new adv<'ntmvr pro- 
 poses to oll'er thcin. H»! should also consider hisahility 
 to (ul(M' to the wants and ta.stesof the jwople in order to 
 attra( t the customers to tnide with him in prefeienee 
 to those already estahlished, and supplying the trade. 
 
 
 BUYING IN, AND GETTING STARTED. 
 
 (ti'iieiidly good connections are t'onneil l»y Itiiyiug 
 out an old dealer of good rejiutatiou, and thus at once 
 coining into t!ie t>nJoymenl of the advantages of au 
 estahlished Itnsiuess. This method of gelling inin 
 husini'ss is ot"ten too dear, especially if the conc<'i'n has 
 ainlhinjr like a monopcdv of the trade. It ma\' 1m' less 
 expense to get the customers out of old ruts, or to 
 secure new customers, hy new advertisements, new 
 goods, new prices, and ni'W rides ot'creilit, than to hiiy 
 out an c>laltlished hnsine— < at an exorliitant ligure. 
 
 The retail merchant should caret'iilly oliserxc the 
 tiwte of the community in whii'h he is located. If (he 
 prevailing style is lor gaudy or flashy colors, he should 
 keep such goods in stock. If yellow or red are 
 prevailing c(dors, he must learn to like these colors 
 himselt", and must he able to >upply the demand for 
 them. If the tastes of tiie community are idain. the 
 style of the goods must correspond. The ipiality of 
 goods nnist also he c(Misi<lered when laying in a sto<k ; 
 thus a wealthy and fashioiialile neighhorhood would 
 not |)a1roni/e a store tilled with cheap and shoddy 
 goods, neither would a community of new settlers, or 
 where the people are mainly poor, hiiy high-priced 
 articles which arc above their means. 
 
 The (piantity of goods should depeml upon tiie 
 amount of capital, the prohahle sal(>s, anil (he ability 
 to readily slock anew during tiie season, He careful 
 not to overstock. The retail dealer should decide 
 before going into the wholesale market. Just w!iat 
 amount of capital he is to place in a stock of goods, and 
 then not be influenced beyond this by (he plausible 
 representations of the wholesale .salesman, llo should 
 
KfrTAii, p.tsi\r.s.«. 
 
 do more than this: ho should niako (Mit :i laivtnlly \no- 
 parcd statement of tlio umount of oapital uliirh hf 
 desires to itlaio in each ibpartmont of his store. Thus 
 in a LTocorv stock it niav Jie somethin? like this: 
 
 ■r<'ji< Hint CotlVr-*, 
 
 Sll(,MI«. 
 
 K1..IM-. 
 
 -yniiis, ViiiitJHisiiiirt oils, 
 
 S|ilc«*s, 
 
 ian.m 
 
 irn.fti 
 m. 
 
 It) 
 
 10000. 
 
 At'icr :i roiiipipic list is made out, he shoulil then 
 take each of the above ileiiartments and itemize them: 
 tlins Teas :in(l ('otVee> may he di>i(led up Into a dozen 
 kinds nud \arietie-, ami a scpar;;lc --hcct of |)jii«'r 
 shoiild he u>cil w hereon ilic iiimilx r of )X)nnds of ouch 
 variety i> placed opposite its name and the prici- ;ind 
 value extended. If il i- found that the value of all 
 thi' varieties of Teas and ( 'otl'ees fool up a larger anu.i'nt 
 than the sum set apart tor tlii> department in the 
 oriii'iiia! slatcmeni, then >oii;e of the items nuist l)e 
 reduced in i|iiantity. and in necidinjif what :»rtieles may 
 he -trickeu out (U diminished, the wants of the eoni- 
 minity, the (lass of custom, must Ih' considen^l. 
 
 After the merchant has thus, with irreat pain>. |)er- 
 haps. made a earet'iil draft of the variou-^ tlepartments 
 of hi- store. a,:l of tlii' i|uautity and quality of tlje gootls 
 foi i-acli. he should then trauscrilx' this to a iK>ck<-t 
 memorandum hook, placinir the names, ipumtities and 
 liri<es of the articles on the left paire, leavinjr the rieht 
 or opposite jiaire hlank. 
 
 When in the whole-ale market, this jKx-ket memo- 
 randuui hook will 1m' of the irri'atc-it advantage to >I.e 
 huyer. as his niin 1 will hi' t'ully (M-cupied in ec:;i{<iring 
 l»rii('s and (|ualities of iroods. makinir term- as to credit. 
 and many other details without also undertakiuir to 
 lememher what arti( les to buy. liuess work in Imyinir 
 ha- been the rock upon wliiili nuiny a retail business 
 has <!i!il mill t'oiimk're!. The alternate or blank jwge 
 olthe memorandum book will be t'ound convenient tor 
 checking olf ttie items as they are iKiufrht. noting any 
 chauire in price, <piality or ipiantity of the <roo<ls 
 actually purchased, or compariiiir the prices of rival 
 hoii-es ill the market. The mark used in checking off 
 the items as they are bought should be the initial letters 
 of the name of the house from whom the good* are 
 Iwught. 
 
 BUYING GOODS ON CREDIT. 
 
 So!ne persons rejrard cretlit as the result of a sort of 
 iiitluence exerted over the miml of the creditor, by 
 s(nne fair scjieme or storv. cither honest or dishonest. 
 
 The fact is. however, th.at credit i- a prodiut of biisi- 
 nt'ss -uii-e^-. It i-accumul::tei] capital. t'roiii:i Im-iness 
 which ha- ln-en well coiuhuted. the -ame a- Heal 
 Estate i> .-iituiiinlated t^pital. The sure-t and ipiick- 
 e-t w:iy a n'taiier c:in dbt.-iiii creiiit is not to a-k il. If 
 he sh<-w- ||i:it he i- :ll»li' to cou'luit hi- Itu-iiic— with- 
 (»ut credit, lie will s<mn ti:i<l that tiic wludcsale iiicr- 
 chaiit i- very anxious to --'Il to him on i t-edit. In 
 fact, he will !(«• offered more ;rooil- oii'-rc lit than lie can 
 IK>>sibly handle or x-ll. Ilut while il i- dc-irable to 
 keepei lin-ly out of debt at th" lM'giiiiiii\<j-. till- may not 
 alw:iys Ih- practii-:d)le: .111 I :l may 1k' necessary to run 
 a snudhredit wit lit he whi decider .tt tirst. lu c-'ablish- 
 in^.i cn'«li». tlien* an- s«'ver:d metho(N. riie retailer 
 ni:iy arm hiiii-^df with one or more K'tters of introduc- 
 tion. lK':irinir |>«>inte<lly on hi- bii-ine-- ai)ilit; . char- 
 acter and tinaiii-ia! status. tVom per-ons in good 
 standing who are wtdl known to the wliilesal<> mer- 
 chiint. A line from the Uuiker in tin town would also 
 have much weight. 
 
 The Style of a Letter. 
 
 Br-hmovp, Pa., Sept. 18, 18—. 
 II. B. Cu»rns A CTK, 
 
 >ew Tork. 
 
 iJ^HtlfHri: Thi* will inlnxliirr i vou t..e Ix^icr, Mr. llciiry Otis 
 uf thi- })la*-t*. «Ihi gui-^ into the wbelesile uiarkt-l f(»r tlie ])i)r|Kj^u of 
 Imyinir :r"od-«. 
 
 Mr. Otis i-« iierferllT reliable young iiiaii; (-«ulii>ii8, pnidpiit, ciiter- 
 l.ri-inffanrt lionesi; and vitbal tie iio sw.^bt ' iiii <.\ci'lloiiI kiiowhMlgc ol' 
 the On-* «.:<^jds i>,i»ijie*«. 
 
 Ill exteiKlini; • credit tu Mr. <>ti» for miT re»"siiiiil>lo auiotint, we are 
 lonfl'lent Iliat he will meet all hi»erira!:<-m'-ii1- (rioinplly 
 Ke»pect f ' 1 M y. 
 
 1 H.\-. rOTTOSADE A CO. 
 
 Or. the retailer uyiy obtain a j-es-sonal introduction by 
 a de:iler with whom he is a-qiiainted, ami who happens 
 to l¥» in the market at th? sjinie time. Care -liould 
 always Iw^ exer^-is«sl. and no introductiMs should Ik* 
 asktnl or aeeepte«l fmiii a merchant who i< not in excel- 
 lent .standing. :ls this would <doudanil impair thecredit 
 of the |>ers^>n who is intro<lnce<l. at once. It i- not well 
 to seek an intro«liietioii through a rival merchart, or 
 one who is to he a e4>iii|)etitor. as by so doing, the per- 
 son iptrodueed places hini<elf under obligation*, and to 
 a ••ertaiii extent uiid«^r the jKiwer of his riv.il. The 
 wholesale irienhant is most likely to (xcasionally con- 
 sult the intrmhie^r coneeming the success and -landing 
 of the person introduceJ. and he may by innuendoes, 
 and the u.*e of "ife" or "huts." easily lead the dif- 
 IMOser of eredit to infer that the immnoii is not safe, 
 while the per»!>n introduced siippo.-es he has lieen 
 greatly obliged by itiii' friend, who so kindly introduced 
 him, wlwn in fact be w being injure*! by him. .\ccepl 
 an intrmliietion from no one in whom voii have iiot 
 
 \ 
 
fjw 
 
 — r -^ 
 
 RKT.UL BUSINESS. 
 
 :l 
 
 implicit ( ontitlciuo. He who is now yoi.r fritnul may 
 IxH^^mc your enemy through rivalry, jealousy or many 
 other* -iusos, and the wholesale dealer, supposinjr always 
 that tne friendly relations whieh existed lietween you 
 at tirst, still exist, naturally iusks your rival and enemy 
 eoneeniinp your finaiuial standiuir. This places you 
 in his jK)wer, and witii your credit rtiined at the whole- 
 .■<ale market you may he eventually ruined at home. 
 
 The retail merehaiit asking credit, should have no 
 ohj«><"tions to giving a full, frank and honest statement 
 to the M-hoiesaler concerning the amount of his capital, 
 his former career, and the circumstances whicli tend 
 to show his industrial hahits, his prudence and economy. 
 To deny the mer- 
 
 1 
 
 'lant this infor- 
 mation to which 
 he is entitled, is to 
 '•n-ate doubts in 
 h's mind, and to 
 iri'c any false or 
 etnuned .-tutcnont 
 '>t' your :iir:iir>. is 
 to eventually ruin 
 your credit, lie- 
 8itle!- laying your- 
 self liahle for a 
 criminal prosecu- 
 tion for "ohtain- 
 
 ig gofnls under 
 fals<> pretensi's." 
 "aving cstahlish- 
 i-fl a credit at ono 
 of the wholesjile 
 houses, it is an 
 ea>y matter to ex- 
 ten<l this to the 
 others, as you can " refer to 
 'lie i.'«M>tls." 
 
 A RETAIL 
 ife Co., wiio have sold 
 
 RECEIVING AND MARKING GOODS. 
 
 .Vs the i.'-oods are received in >ton'. tiie retail mer- 
 chant should tirst insjiect the cases to see if they ha\c' 
 In-en tamjMTed with, or opened during their transit 
 fr >ni the wliolesale house. It occasionally happens 
 iiiat .•irticies are al»:-tracted from a hox or package h\ 
 an employe of the railroai! or transportation I'onijiai-v 
 :ir l>y some irresjKin>ililc pei>on. whc ohtains a( cess to 
 the goo<l> in their iia>s;ige over their route. The dis- 
 orderetl or <'onfu>e.l arningement of the hox upon its 
 l>eing tipened, will n>ually indicate tr tlie merchant 
 whether anythiuir i>f ihis kind has occurred, :i!\d if it 
 
 2? 
 
 has, he --lionM innnediately notify the transportation 
 coiiipanv. 
 
 .Vs the '/otnls are removed fnni tile l)oxes they should 
 \te caret'ully examined. If any of the articles are in 
 pair.« sncii as l>oots and >iioes, it should lie seen that 
 they are properly matid. or fastene<l together. Kai h 
 article is che<ked olf with the invoice and tlie (piality 
 and i)rice compared. If any articles are found to he 
 short in wei'/ht or nundx-r, a menu)randnm of such 
 should h(> nia<le at once, and if any are s1aine<l or dam- 
 aged tlus inust he .-ct asidi'. All notices of >lioi'tage 
 in goods or claims for damage, .-hould he made at once, 
 ami the merchant should not waft until the settlement 
 
 (if Ills l(ill. wiiich 
 
 may Ite three or 
 four niorilii> hen( c 
 At'ter the goods 
 are unpacked. they 
 must he appropri- 
 atidy an<1 tastc- 
 fidly arranged in 
 t hei r v ii ri on s 
 d e pa r t in e ii t s 
 
 t hlOH l|g(, II t tiie 
 
 store. Tiii> i> a 
 niattc r which ran 
 oidy lie treated in 
 general terms, as 
 the peculiar i t ies 
 of the lill s i neSN, 
 the location of the 
 store room, i t > 
 size, its light, etc.. 
 will go\ern til.' 
 arra iiireinent of 
 
 under any circuiii>lances, it may he laid dowti as a rule 
 ihat each ilep.irlmi'ut >iiould Ik' allotted a certain 
 space, iiid all .'rtiiles >honld at all t nies Ik- kept in 
 their proper plae.-. »«i that the proprieto;' or his clerks 
 could gc directly to the article even in the ilurk. 
 (iixiils which are mo^t in demanil, and most tVcfpienlly 
 called tor. .-hould Ih- arninged in the most convenient 
 and lU'ominent part of the sloi'e.and articles which are 
 usually >old in conne<tion with others should he pl.-iced 
 neartlicm. .Smie gotnls i.ni>t he k- pt in the upper 
 part of the store, otlu'rs in the cellar, ."^onie articles 
 are injtireil hy exposure to moist me, while others 
 reipiire .1 damp place; some must 1m' kej)t cool, others 
 warm. Light ami ex|»osurc exhihit defects in certain 
 classc- of giMids, and in other chis.-^es are es.sential t< 
 
 -^itaiii^^tai^. 
 
I 
 
 344 
 
 !5^= 
 
 RET.UL BUSINESS. 
 
 I 
 
 (li(>ir sale. A \ari(ty of dotails, rtiul much oxpcrionco 
 iiiiisl Ciller iiiio tlic prolilciii of arranging the stock of 
 goods (ill the shelves of tlie retail dealer. 
 
 The arraiigenieiil of samiiii-s. use of placanls, ami 
 l>ri(e ticket-, .ilso call for ingenuity, taste and method. 
 Marl;iiig goods, and tlic various devices r»'sortc<l to liv 
 tlie ir.crchaiil to record tlic cost and selling price of 
 his wares lias lieeii fully treated in anotiior jwrt of this 
 liooU, to which the reader is referred; hut it may hei'c 
 lie .>aid that the " key word" and otiier contrivances, 
 form the very least imiiortant part of the marking o\' 
 a stoc!; ol' goods. The cost price of an article is not what 
 il ina\ liavecost in tlie whoh'sale house, hut this amount 
 with freight, drayage, and all the charges added, 
 and in reckoning the profit and selling price, thoso 
 uiiist he (arcfully looked after, and allowed for, or the 
 protils at the end of i!ie year will not Ik' forthcoming, 
 '{'he I'reighl cannot l)e allo.'»d on articles of merchan- 
 dise indiscriminately, (n- at a given rate jx^r cent. For 
 instance, the freight may, on an entire s*')ok of 
 goods, average h>e per cent, hut it would ' 'o to 
 a<ld tive per cent to the tirst cost of all articles, for a 
 small hox of cutlery would then jniy more freight than 
 a harrel of Hour, and the merchant wouM fhul that his 
 Hour was heing soM readily, while no one hought 
 cutlery, and in the end the merchani would Ix' the 
 loser. 
 
 Profits should also depend upon the nature of the 
 articles themselves. Thus perishal>le goods; those which 
 are salahle (Uily <luring a limited season; those which 
 are liahh to go "out of style" and l>e left on the 
 merchan's hands, must all 1*e sold at a liigher profit 
 than stJ.plc articles, in order to compensate the mer- 
 chant fo- his risk and tronhle. 
 
 Voniig merchants upon just commencing are liahle 
 to uiulerlake to attract custom hy selling certain goods, 
 concerning the price of whicli the puhlic is usually 
 pretty well infi)rmed, at a ruinou-iy low figure, trnst- 
 iiig to make up for the loss on this hy a larger jirofit 
 on some other class of goods. IJnt in many »a.-es the 
 cnstomers arc just shrewd enough to l>ny the low 
 jiriced articles of the new comer, .and the other articles 
 ol the old estahlished dealer, thus leavin<r the young 
 merchant a loss without a corresponding profit. 
 
 tMPLOYES. 
 
 An em|)loyer who is a judge of iharaiter. may tell 
 Mil honest employe troin ti rascal I»y his general Im'.ii-- 
 iiig. In each person there is an e.\pres.«ion hi a geiM>- 
 1,1 1 way of what he is. This may Im- seen in every 
 natural posture of the iiody, in evciy gesture, in the 
 
 tone of voice. The iwsturc of an honest man will not 
 usually appear in any degree strained. The h:.l)it of 
 gesture will he in a line with the impulse, if not the 
 the idea, of integrity. An api)licant or employe who 
 makes a gratuitous display of his relig-ious convictions 
 and !iis honor, is a hypocrite, and will st<'al when he 
 gets an opportunity. 
 
 Having secured an intelligent ;ii:d faithful <lerk, it 
 should he the aim of the merchant to retain him in em- 
 ploy tor a long peiiod of service. In this way employer 
 and (derk come to know each other In'tter; the clerk 
 sees his own interi'sts to he identical with those of his 
 (ni|)loyer, while employer finds that he is rweiving 
 good .service, and apjireciates it. The hahit of employ- 
 ing ( lerks and keeping them only " while the new is 
 on," and then discharging tlunn to hire others, in the 
 Ix'lief that new clerks work with more enthusiasm, 
 is very poor policy, and in the end the employer is 
 greatly the loser hy it. The Itest clerks are usually 
 unwilling to engage for a few weeks or months in this 
 way. 
 
 If the proprietor has not a thorough knowle.lge of 
 the husiness in which he has ju.st emlxirked, he should 
 secure a first-class, competent and exix"rie!K"e<l clerk who 
 pos.se.sses the reipiisite husiness experience, whom he 
 mav install as head clerk, and who mav also act as 
 his confidential advi.ser. To such a man the proprietor 
 can atl'ord to pay a good salary, or ix>rhai)s Ix'tter, as 
 an iiidiic(>mcnt to extra exertions in jc usecuting the 
 husiness, lie may pay a fixed sjilary and also a per cent 
 of the profits of the luisine.ss. Thus giving the head 
 clerk a direct, personal intcrcst in the success of the 
 Inisincss. 
 
 The .silary of a good elerk must not lie inadetpiate. 
 A j)ropriet(n' can hetter allbrd to pay a g-ood fair pri«-e 
 for scrvi<'c, than to have a dis.satisfied clerk in the store. 
 Besides wlu're clerks are compelled to accept a comix^n- 
 sation which is not snliicicnt for their support, the 
 temptation to emlK>zzlement and other six-eies of dis- 
 honesty is incnvised. 
 
 On the other hand, the clerk should wcuk faithfully 
 in the interests of his employer, and cndeaviu' to prn- 
 iiiote the success of the hnsine-s in every p(!ssil)le man- 
 ner, lie should 1m' on hand to o|H'n the stmi- in the 
 morning' in good time, sweep the tloor, dust the gooils, 
 arrang^c the wrapping pap<r, twine, nails, etc, in their 
 proper pl;iccs. and see that every ilepartnieiit is kept 
 up in neat and r(>gul.ir order. If any extiii stress of 
 lalior is llirown upon the c Ici-k. such as re<'eivingr new 
 goods, taking an account of stfwk, etc., he bhtuild not 
 manife>t iiiipatience, orgrumhleat liisextnulutirs. Tl 
 
^^ 
 
 Lt 
 
 RFTAIL BUSINESS. 
 
 proprietor will give a clerk an extra compensation 
 where the extra demands arc unusual or unreasonable. 
 
 Employers should govern their clerks with kind 
 words and with tact, avoiding all displays of temi)cr, and 
 any inclination to jfbitrar,,' or tyrannical domination 
 over them. If an employe makes a mistake it may ho 
 calmly ixiintcd out to him, without any bustle or gen- 
 eral fault tinding. The proprietor should also show 
 tliat he appreciates the sers-ices of his clerks, for it he 
 has all censure and no praise for them he is in a fair 
 way to be ixx>rly serAed. 
 
 When an employer tinds that he has a clerk who 
 possesses evil habits, although he may lie efficient, it is 
 better to let him go, iis they are liable to bring dis- 
 credit, rot only on themselves but also on the house. 
 If a clerk has become so conceited and self-important, 
 that he regards him.self as essential to the success of 
 the business, although the proprietor may regard him 
 as indis{)en>able, he should be discharged at once, for 
 to keep him is to compromist- authority and sacrifice 
 solf-reliance. 
 
 ENTERING INTO PARTNERSHIP. 
 
 The partnership relation involves responsibilities 
 and duties, and should not he entered into wHhout 
 due deliberation. The proprietor of a business should 
 examine his own character, and ascertain wherein he 
 is deucient in Ihose qualities which are so essential 
 to success. Perhaps he may l)e inclined to be orer- 
 sanguinc or venturesome; or, he may be rather timid, 
 or too consenT.tive. Possibly, upon examining his 
 • liaracter he may find that he possesses energy and 
 pntevpriso or dash, while details are utterly distasteful 
 to him, and that while ho prosecutes his business vigor- 
 ously, he is constantly a hesivy loser through bad debts, 
 or accounts not looked after and collected. Or, the 
 merchant may find that with an increase of capital his 
 business may l>e greatly extended and made more 
 l"cnitive; new departments may be profitably added, 
 of whi<h the propnetor has no personal cxi)eri".'nce. 
 In thc.-c and in a multitude of other cases there arc 
 somid reasons for entering into the partnership rela- 
 tion. The reason which imi)els the merchant to cuter 
 into co-iiartnershij) will also in many < mm's. dctcrMiinc 
 tho kind of a partner to l)e chosen. Thus, one witli a 
 faculty for detail work should Ix? associated with one 
 having enterprise and energy; the venturesome man 
 with the conserwitive. and so on. in order that the 
 firm may <onil»ine all tlio essential i|iialities to consti- 
 tute a harmonious and successful whole. 
 
 In dividing up the business Ix'tween themBclves, the 
 
 partners must not allow any feeling of cxclusiveness 
 to come in, but must at all times remember that the 
 interest of the whole, is the interest of each, and each 
 should freely consult tlie other concerning his own 
 department of the work. Thus if ono partner attends 
 the selling, and the other the buying of the goo(ls, it 
 is impossible that the buyer should have a (orrect idea 
 of the wants of the customers, and know wh.^t to buy 
 and what not to buy, in the market, ludess lie is in 
 frequent and close communication with tlie seller, and 
 thus any feeling of cxclusiveness would defeat the 
 very object of the co-partnership. 
 
 The credit of a partnership is usually i)etter than 
 that of a single individual with the siime amount of 
 capital, for the reason that in case the sole proprietor 
 of a business dies, the entire atfairs must go into liquida- 
 tion and perhaps a claim may be delayed several months 
 Ixjiore payment, but in the ca»e of a partnership, if one 
 partner dies, the debt thou Injcomes a claim against the 
 surviving partner, who would most likely pay it at 
 once. 
 
 A* a general rule it is best not to enter into partner- 
 ship with relatives, for the reason that such co-part- 
 nership is not apt to l>e conducted strictly on 
 business principles, and hence often lead to personal 
 fooling, which should at all times ]ie avoided. Partners, 
 as a rule, should hold similar views on all social, 
 political aiul moral questions ; — not that these have 
 any connection with the I)usiness, but that such views 
 arc necessary to hannony among associates. ^len of 
 (lifterent religious or political opinions, especially if 
 they are of .strong feelings, should be cautious about 
 entering into the partnership relation. Persons of 
 ditlerent nationalities are not apt to agree well together. 
 
 In forming a partnership the articles ought always 
 to t)c dniwn in writincr Important points to l)o stated 
 clearly arc: Name of the firm; when it l)egins, and 
 how long it is to continue; how much is to 1)0 drawn 
 for individual expenses, and when ; the nature of busi- 
 ness to be done : what personal service and capital 
 each partner is to invest in the l)Ufiiuoss; whether 
 interest is to l)c allowed (Ui capital; what disposition 
 is to be made of the joint property it' tlie partnership 
 is dissolved: no nir-nilnTof the lirni is to Ix'-oiue boinid 
 to answer for drhl. indor-e a note. :ind ilie like, except 
 for the business of the firm, without the written eon- 
 sent of the other mcnilters. One of the objects to be 
 attained in written and 'lal articles of co-jjartner- 
 ship. IS the fiict liiat when the partners sit down to 
 form such a eontr.'ct, th<'y are led to reflect more 
 r eriousiv and niinutelv on the matter. an<l th" assoeia- 
 
"^H^K^H^^^^r 
 
 KET.UL bUSINESS. 
 
 tiou is not so lightly entered into. Tlic Tnutiml tlis- 
 cn.ssion as to what should l)o inrorporatod in tiio articles 
 of agreement, gis-es each a Iwtter understanding of his 
 duties and responsibilities, and enables them to live 
 together in a business way, in greater harmony and 
 eonsequent prosperity thereafter. 
 
 HOW TO SELL GOODS. 
 Im})ortant above all other departments of the bu.si- 
 
 ncss, is that >.f etfeeting the .s:iles. A failure here 
 maiies all a failure, while suece.-is in this department of 
 the .scheme inake.>; !;I1 dejKirtments sueeessful. There 
 are men engaged in the retail tnule, in inconvenient 
 locations and incommodious store rooms, with dis- 
 ordered stotk, weak creilit and limited capital, wiio 
 by native ability do sell gooils, and make from year to 
 year a handsome profit. But how niu<ii more pleasant 
 and profitable, too, would sueh u business be, if in 
 
 INTERIOR VIEW OF A MODEL ur^OCERY STORE. 
 
 connection with the ability in .celling goods was also 
 combined, the other details and accessories so necessary 
 to A sueeessful and prosjierous enterprise. On the 
 other hand, there have been persons witli considerable' 
 capital; with goods carefully selected with regard to 
 the wants of tiie conuniinity, and ])nrchased at favor- 
 able prices; store in good order and ail the details 
 
 well provided for, who, to the surjirise of their friends 
 iiavc made a failure. All from their inability to ejlw't 
 ;«iIos. 
 
 To be successful in selling goods .1 salesman should 
 have a fidl knowledge of them, their origin, and ^.•orth 
 as com|)ared with other gfXKls of similar chanuter, so 
 as to be able to pro|)erly des<Tibe and commend them. 
 
 i 
 
^^ 
 
 A <r<ioil >;iU>siii:in must liavc a ploa^iinf addn'ss, ami 
 never torsret that it is a part of Iiis Imsiiicss in ileal- 
 in<r with eiistoniers to he ijracions and patient at all 
 times. He should l)e al)le to express his thonirht- 
 f dearly, fluently, and in the most civil manner, atid 
 must not misrei)resent the "jfoods. Truthfulness hrce<l> 
 eontidcnee, and eonfidenoe makes sales. 
 
 P<'ople like to he waited upon at the counter hy 
 polite and intelligent salesmen. >Such persons, in 
 sollinjr goods, .always attract eustomers. They do not 
 weary of the display of kindness, and they are l)ound 
 to siitisfy their customers wlu'th(>r the latter hny or 
 not. In their jiresence buyers will havt< little or ni> 
 impuLso to complain of the ^oods or prices. ..nd in the 
 course of time \ cry few persons will <lai'e to he rude in 
 expression or manner. The jjfoods should he .-o arranged 
 upon the counters that the salesman can find file desired 
 article immediately, for customers do not like to lx» 
 kept waitinu'^ while a <derk climbs to the top .-lidf of 
 the store in search of soin(> article, and the ability to 
 .show a customer an article af omc(> without liaviuir to 
 himt for it or <i>nsult other clerks, has of itself, made 
 many a retail sale. 
 
 Politeness is an essential (juaiily in a successful 
 salesman. He ^lioidd a\oid an over ili^play of politc-- 
 ness, as this has tli(> appearance of beinir put on, or 
 forced, anil is distastet'ul to tiie cust(nner. The clerk 
 shouM, niMin seeinjr a customer enter tiie ston', 
 advance to meet the eu-'lonier, and with a slii^lit Im)w, 
 ask "What can I >how you to-day," or !i similar expii — 
 sion. Clerk.- who lean or sit on the counter and "ire 
 at customers as they come in, and who wait in 
 their j)laces until the customer comes directly up to 
 them and a-ks to look at an articde, before makinir a 
 move, or even a recoirnition of the stran<rer, are not 
 apt to sell a larire (piantity of goods, and you may hoar 
 the proprietor complaining of the dullness of business. 
 The store is the home of the clerk, and he should meet 
 his ciistomers and W(dcome them the same as frien<ls 
 arc welcomed in the home. No imeasinessor ill-humor 
 .shouhl ever be manifested by a clerk if he fails in efTeet- 
 inpr a sale. !Ie may have taken down a whole shelf of 
 fromls, re<piiring much lal)or to replace, but althonirh 
 no immediate sale was ofleeted, he has by his obliging 
 disposition laid a basis for a sale to-morrow or next 
 week, and has seeured a custonu'r, which he would 
 have driven away by any display of disobliiring man- 
 ner. A customer calks to match a piece of ril)Uou. 
 The sale in su(di a case can only amount to a few cents 
 and the clerk is very busy. lie iilances at the sample 
 luid sjivs, " 1 <k)n't think we can match it." The eus- 
 
 ULT.UL BLM.NtiS 
 
 ^ *uzi. 
 
 I toiii.-r L'"*-- away, thinkinir that probably he er)uld 
 ni:r.<!: lnit lid nut wi>li to liotliei with it. \ clerk 
 should manifest ju-t as nuK h anxiety to match the 
 ribl»in. a* if he expnted thereby 1o ell'cct a sale of 
 ten iloiiar-;. In fict, ahhouL'h he may be almost cer- 
 tain tluit he cannot mil li the I'ibJMni, he should 
 
 examine t!ie sto-!; a;i 1 •■•e, t'l I'eby eonvinejn:.' the 
 cn-ti>mer of his willinL''n<'ss to please; or he mav place 
 the .•<uu|de-. l>cfor< tiie cnsionier, with ;i riMpiest 
 tliat the <ii>tnni<T compare tiieni, while he f.'oes on 
 witlj Iii> other customer. .Some salesmen talk too 
 much. :i< if reir:irdini: their sne.ess in selling goods, as 
 in |ini|Hirtioa to the vi.luliility of their l.inirnairi'. 
 Sjufh .salesmen are apt to talk too nmeh almnt the 
 giMHl-. in the first place, ani lliey are also .apt to intro- 
 duce into til--:' conver.-ation outside matters or topics of 
 news, which tend to di-aw the eiistomer's mind aw.iy 
 from the arti«le and del'e.ii the sale. .\o oiit>ide 
 matters >lionld Iw allowed to eneinaeii upon the mind 
 until after the sale ha- been consuniinated. Other 
 .salesn'en talk too In lie. am) leave the cnstoiiier to 
 tin 1 iiut j-verything f a- himself, 'rhere is a niean b(>- 
 twe«>ii these two extr<'mes, and the smart sale-man, 
 who h:L< .-I ;ro<>d know led •/(' of inmian nature, will find 
 th?- i«i":in in the caseof e.ieh customer, and will succeed 
 in eiT'-^-tinsr s;iles where others would tail. 
 
 Other things In'ing equal, no clei'k can sell good- as 
 su»-«-e--fully .'IS the jtroprietor himself. The:-' i- a com- 
 mon tendency for the inei'chant. who has a tew clerks 
 employe«l. to put otV the Work of >e!linir goods on tliein, 
 but this i-i a great mistake. Of course, as tiie bn-ine-s 
 im-nsiacs. the proprietor will lind his time larirclv 
 taken up with geniM-al matters about the store, so that 
 it will N» imj>ossil)le for him to sell many goods; l)ut 
 in a small Imsiness where this is not th<' ca-e, the pro- 
 prietor .should mingle freely with his <u>tomeis, >!i(>w 
 Ins appret-iation for their trade, and learn their taster 
 and wants, that he may the more fidly m(>et them. In 
 small stores the mistake is too jirevalenf of seeing th 
 proprietor apo the manner of the larger estiiblishmcnts, 
 by mounting a stool :md enthroning himscdf behind 
 the desk, a.s a sort of driver of the two or three sales- 
 men. 
 
 .Selling grxwls for cjish is the most satisfactory to :dl 
 j>ej>ons. It is more economical to the nier<hant, as it 
 rr«|uin-> fewer clerks and less of his own time. No 
 iMMiks of atvount, no making of bills, no dmming, eol- 
 hitins. suinjT <»r investigating the credit and responsi- 
 bility of cu-fomers, conu's in to demand a huge share 
 of till" proprietors time, attention and labor, but he 
 is left to !«»ok after the wants of his customers, and the 
 
UKTAII, Ill'SlNKISS. 
 
 other details of his husiiio.ss. A casli hiisiiicss has 
 c'oiiiiectfd with it, loss ot" losses. (Jwiiif^ to a failure 
 of some eiistoinor to pay, the merehaiit who sells ou 
 credit neeessarily loses from time to time, the piieeof 
 his <>-oods, and these losses, toijcther with the additional 
 expense of eondiicting a eivdit business, retpiiies that 
 the mcrehant who sells on eredit should sell at a hifrher 
 price than the cash merchant. Customers who pay 
 their hills are charfred enou^di more to compensate for 
 the loss of those who do not pay. Then a^rain, owin<;f 
 to the fact that collections have been slow, and the 
 merchant cannot realize on <:oo(ls sold, he nuisf, in 
 order to meet his obligations with the wholesale mer- 
 chant, resort to the bank for a loan. The interest on 
 the loan, ^'oes in a.s an additional charire against each 
 customer on iroods sold, and thus the ca-h merchant 
 is able to midersell b\" several per cent, the nici'diant 
 who sells on credit. The merchant who sells for cash 
 is also enabled to buy for cash, and therein' ^'<'t a dis- 
 count on his bills at the wholesale house, which ^'ives 
 him .1 decided advantajre in sel1in<j '.oodsat low pi'ices. 
 But it is not always within the ran<^e of jiossibilif ies 
 for the retail merchant to sell exclusi\-ely for cash, and 
 under eircinnstances which call for the credit system 
 there are various details ajid features which call for 
 consideration and pood jud<rment, for it rKpiires far 
 more ability to conduct a credit business than one oi> a 
 cash basis. In the tiiNt place a credit l)usiness should 
 never be embarked in, except in a locality where the char- 
 acter of the population is settled, and the retailer may 
 know soTuetliin^roftlu! honesty ami (inancial standing' of 
 those whom he credits. Ileshould lirst htok well to the 
 cha meter of his customers as regards honesty, for this 
 is a very important factor in a trustworth}- debtor. 
 But all honest persons have not the means of p:iynicnt, 
 and the merchant cannot atlbrd to sell his o-oods on 
 honesty alone, imk-:s there is with it soon to follow, the 
 means of settlin<r the account, .'^onie customers ask 
 for credit l)ecaus(> they are without money at the time, 
 but expec* soon to realize on their income. The car- 
 peuicr will pay when his job is completed; the farmer 
 when he "sells his corn," and the salaried man when 
 " i)ay day " conies. It recpdres tiicn the <()ol considera- 
 tion and investifration of him who <rrants the credit to 
 know that the reliance placed in future income and 
 results, is not overe.stiinated ; and the contract of the 
 c.'irpenler that wsw to yield one thousan<l dollars protlt, 
 and enable him en.sily to i)ay his debt at the store, 
 may not fall short and yield only one hundred 
 dollai-s protit. In other words, the dispenser of credit 
 must look at the ])ros])ects of his customer in their tru) 
 
 li,i,dit, divested of all roseate hues. Credit is also 
 extensively based on the projierty in the possession of 
 the customer, consistiufj of real estate and pi-rsonal 
 property; but this may often prove very delusive, for 
 incund)rances may exist on them to such an extent as 
 to leave nothin<j for the paynu-nt of debts. W the 
 retaihT ijfrants eredit at random he is almost sure to 
 lose and in the end fail; and it is only by fidly investi- 
 gatiufr iiiid carefully wei^rhini,' all the facts in every 
 case which enables him to grant credit with .safety. 
 AsH^encnd rule in <rrantin<:<redit the followinji: classes 
 maygeiK'rally be discrinunated against, and sales to them 
 should not l»e made on credit toanyxcry large amount : 
 Peoi)le of extravagant habits, and little means to sup- 
 port them ; intenii)erate people, or victims of vicious 
 habits; those who have no ])articular regard tor the 
 rides of health and who are diseased; minors and mar- 
 ried women not legally responsible for their debts; 
 those who often change their place of residence; 
 strangers, whose means of u livelihoofl are unknown; 
 s|)ecnlatois, and those who show no disi)osition at 
 middle life to accumulate or save anything toward sus- 
 taining themselves in later years. 
 
 Every retailer slionld have a tixed limit beyond 
 which he should not extend iiis credits. This will 
 dei)end upon ilie amoimt of capital employed in the 
 busni' -- ; the length of the time of credit granted tocus- 
 tt.ners as comi)ared with the term of cri'dit granted him 
 by the wholesale merchant; and also whctjicr he has 
 aiiv means outside of the business which he may fall 
 back upon in ease of emergencies. Thus su|)posing 
 that the amount of the merchant's stock at its lowest 
 l)oint is Just e<jual to his capital, and that the time of 
 his ])ayments is two months later than the average of 
 his outstanding accounts, it will reipiire that he < (illect 
 every dollar of his accoimts, less the amoimt of his net 
 l)rotits on the sam(>, within two months after they are 
 due in order to meet his own payments promptly. On 
 account of the risk attending the credit system, it is 
 not best to have too large amounts outstanding. .Vs 
 a genend rule, twit'e tla; auu)nnt of the retailer's capi- 
 tal should be the limit in i'xtending credits, and many 
 conservative retail dealers limit their outstanding 
 accounts tothcamount of their capital. The men hant 
 should keep an account of the amount charged and paid 
 daily, and when the obliirations ncareil the limit he 
 shoidd begin to deny credit. 
 
 The opening of a rival store tends toreiluce the sales 
 of those ;ilreaily estal)lished. To counterai-t this the 
 merchant is most liable, in his anxiety to clfect sales, 
 to extend credit to thosi; who are unworthv of it, or to 
 
 
^^ / 
 
 him 
 
 
 I; 
 
 HETAIL BUSINESS. 
 
 give crodil more freely to those who only had a limited 
 credit hetbrc. This is a soinre of loss to the dealer, 
 which is not easily seen at first, Imt arises mainly 
 liiroiigh the loss of the cash part of his custom, 
 which is always safe, and an imrca.-e in credits wliich 
 are the occasion of losses. ]W cxti'ndinfj cicdits more 
 lil)erally the merchant is cnahled to make his weekly 
 sales foot up as much as before, and he continues satis- 
 tied. No Iivrease of j.'r<iss pn.lils is thought of to 
 cover the e.xtra loss he will !><■ snhjeit to; 
 all he looks to fo;- t!ie time, is to see that at 
 tile end of the day his sides are !> - much tia 
 heretofore. lie dixs not noti(>< that hia 
 business is gradually changing 'nto a credit 
 one. By and l>y there is not so i.nich cash 
 nn-eivcd, and he Ix-gins to 1k' short of money 
 to pay his hills. He l(M)ks hack to the time 
 when he had plenty of mouc) to meet all rc- 
 (piirements in advance, and even discounted 
 his l)ills, therehy making a profit. Now 
 he 
 
 thoroughly actiuainlcd with theta-u s and desires of his 
 customers, in order that he may hive this indispcnsalile 
 knowledge when he comes to lay in Uv w stoek. In 
 every class of business there is what may he caili'd a 
 staple line of goods. These are articles which are con- 
 stantly in demand throughout the year, and the mer- 
 chant should kee[) a good assortment of them, buying 
 as ho .sees his assortment or stock gi-tting low. This 
 part of the buying need give the merchant very littK' 
 trouble, a> his only concern will be how he 
 may buy the cheapest. Hut there is another 
 class of goods which are in demand ibr a 
 brief season of the year oidy, as scythes in 
 th(! mowing season, or skates in the iee 
 season, and the shrewd merchant nnisl, 
 before the season opens, lay in a stock to 
 meet the demaml and ^ct not so large as to 
 have a (piautity left, wliich will lie unsalable 
 for another year. There are certain articles, 
 espeeiidly of wearing apparel, wliich " iro 
 
 his bills, thereby making a profit. Now ^ '**<V«^/<1«. espeeially of wearing apparel, which "go 
 
 he has to pay interest often, and the interest ^^r'^f^Vi^ ^ out of fashion," and are thus unsalaiile by 
 
 lU'count shows a larger debit than (reclil.-V JX_*-— —^.'-^ J^ 
 
 The times seem "hanl" with him and witli^u--%», /.^j|B|bk<^^ |V' '*"' fi'shionablo goods, and yet not incur the 
 his customers. AVhenever he buys goods^J.^-k dR^jjBb |f_Jj^ upon having the goods left on 
 
 1, „♦•,>.>!.. «!.,. ..,.,.„^.,;i ■-,,»• 1... •;..., 1.. .„,( .. i;»(i..<'lS»' '^^^umBfy' ^^\>i.;.. i,.,.,,i^ ii,,. ,...«., it.,,. „,,,^i ii<.> br.<.i. i.<.,._ 
 
 longer credit on his purduises, that pay day ^L I/'Ij uia 
 may be further otf. He .scarcely thinks it -■^'i^ 
 
 worth while to even look at the great liar- 
 gains otTered in the market for cash, as he 
 has not the money to take advantage of such. 
 lie is (juitc at a loss to account for his want 
 of prosperity. His annual .s;iles foot up as 
 large as ever, and he hopes that soon " times 
 will bo better." .Vnd thus hundreds of mer- 
 chants ffo on in fancied .se<uritv, doiu'' busi- 
 noss as they think, in the same way as when 
 their siiiles were largely cash, while in reality 
 they are losing money from over <redit with 
 its attendant losses. In such ca.ses the oidy 
 recourse of the merchant is to cut otf all questiomihle 
 credits, and then reduce his e.\iienses, if he would save 
 himself from ruin. 
 
 REPLENISHING THE STOCK. 
 
 From time to time the retailer finds it necessai-y to 
 add new goods in order to keep his stock and assort- 
 ment as the sales go on. In doing so there are various 
 things to 1x5 carefully considered. As stated before, 
 the merchant should l)c constantly passing through his 
 stock in order that he may insi)cct his sales, and see 
 what classes of jroods are most in demand, and beeome 
 
 Of 
 
 »^ 
 
 ■C rif-'o"'"' attendant upon having the goods left on 
 • 3i#^>'""^ hands, the retailer must use keen per- 
 fVceiition and precaution in buying. Where 
 the wholesale market is near at hand, it is 
 especially advisable to buy this cla.ss of goods 
 in small (piantitics, and repleni.sh often, 
 rather than undertake to anticipate the 
 entire season's sales. 
 
 It often hai)pens that the retail merdiant 
 finds near the (lose of the sea.son that some 
 of the articles have not met with as ready r 
 sale as he expected, and that his stock of the 
 sea.son's articles is much larger than he 
 anticipated at its elo.se, and consequently 
 that his entire stock is larger than ho wishes, 
 or can well atl'ord to carry over the dull sea- 
 son. As he cannot reduce his stock by selling olT the 
 seiuson's articles he allows his staple articles to ho run 
 down, so tiiat his assortment is broken, and ho loses 
 custom on t'lat account. This must be carefully 
 guarded against, and while the merchant must still 
 continue to buy, he should buy very cautiously, mean- 
 while reducing his stock of the unseasonable articles 
 ;'s best he can, by selling them at cost, or urging their 
 sale more strongly. 
 
 In every well conducted store, there should Ik; kept 
 in a convenient place, a memorandum or slate, upon 
 which the clerks mav each record tlie names of such 
 
 ^'iilJ^Si^^ . 
 
/'KTAIL mrsiNESs. 
 
 iifticlcs ;is !iro sold out or iiciirly out, (lie iiimic-t of 
 iiiticlcs \vlii<'li Iiiivo Iiccii calloil for l)iit Iiiivo not, hccii 
 I-i'pt, iiiul llio iiuiiK's oC siicli articles as aro in \iiiiisiial 
 iUmiiuikI, aiitl arc liable! to raise in prifo or soon he 
 Mnol)tainaI)lc on accoinit of the unusual ilt'niaiul. 'I'lic 
 jiroprictor may then take tliis incnioramluni and (Voin 
 it, toiTctlici' with otiu'r niattcM's of his ohscrvation, 
 judiTO as to what to huy and how much, and with 
 pr(i|)cr sajjacity ho will always havis the articles wanted 
 in season, at a reasonable price, and yet never seem 
 to have an undue (pianli'y wlwu tiic season has passed 
 ))y. 
 
 PAYINCi FOR GOODS, 
 
 As a <reneral ride the merchant should avoid giving' 
 his proniissoi-y notes to the wholesaler, or indeed to 
 any one, miles. U lie for sjK»c''il .aid forcible reasons. 
 Althougli a pronn.-sory note may be promptly met at 
 maturity, the faot of its existence is iin advcrtisoment 
 (if d.'bt, tuid a merchant's credit is injured to ii certain 
 vr.{.^ t by having his notes circulating through the 
 toni' ' v "Whol.salij mer( Iiants are willing croiigli 
 to sc I Miy reasonable quantity of goods on credit, itnd 
 all( • a siiiiablo time for payment, and if the retiiiler 
 meets his bills promptly at maturity he will fare well 
 at the wjiolesaler's hands, and be enabled to liuy all ilie 
 stocK he needs, seldom giving notes in payment. But 
 he should keep his credit good with the wholesale 
 house, and this is done by prompt paying. The whole- 
 sale merchant can scarcely go into tlie methods and 
 deUiils of the retailer's biisine- , to know that be is 
 coiic^ncting his business on correct principles and mak- 
 ing 11 fair profit ; if he !■,'- been well introduced and his 
 payn:euts are pi(>i.i|)t, this is encugh. In this way 
 retail merchants have sometimes held high credit nt 
 the wholesale markef, by prompt paying, while at 
 homii lliey wer> incuml)credand embarrassed with debt. 
 Tien till "e are other retailers who make a good profit, 
 and are successful and well able to jiay all fibligations, 
 b"i wlu, through carelessness, neglect to mecL their 
 payments promptly at the wholesjde market, and hence 
 has e low credit ihere, when Ihcy might as well be 
 enjoying the best. 
 
 A vetailer will always iiud it to his advantage to be 
 prompt, and stand well at the Avholesale house. He 
 should buy with such caution and forethought as will 
 enable him so se(> his way clear to |)ay for the goods 
 jiromptly wi>en due, and shoii'.I avoid buying what he 
 docs not really want, Ixicuiise importuned by the sales- 
 man, and iK'oanse ]\ knows his credit is good. 
 
 Another matter '. hich may seem to b' an exceedingly 
 small one, but .vhich i^' of much iih re conseipience 
 
 than simply its si/c, is the express charges on money 
 sent by expf'^s or the "'xchange on drafts and checks, 
 where money is remitted in that manner. The dilfer- 
 ence in the real valiu' and the face value of a check 
 mav 1m' twentv-five cents, owiii"' to the fact that it is 
 payable at a distance from where the wholesaler rc- 
 .■eivcs it, and if is subject to a " shave" of this iiuuiunt 
 in the wholesaler's hands, which is a direct loss to him, 
 and while the amount may be small, yet the retailer 
 cannot afford to tak<! this petty advantage. The Banie 
 may Ik; .said of express charges. These the retail 
 merchant should alwajs prepa}, so that the full anioimt 
 of money be jilaced ill the wholesaler's hands, subject to 
 no charges or deductions. The retailer might by taking 
 these little advantages of his wholesale merchant, per- 
 haps in a yer.r's time, save fifty or seventy-five dollars, 
 but it would ')0 at tfie expen.se of his reputation for 
 honesty, and he would in the end bt! greatly the loser 
 l)y his petty meanness. 
 
 The retailer, having had a good frado. oft/cn finds 
 himself in pos.session of fninN in ;'dvance f/f the 
 maturity of his obligations. In such case, some mor- 
 chaiits speculate in wheat, or imcst in western land or 
 town lots, possibly buy lottery tickets or take a flyer 
 on 'he grain market. These are 1 ho methods employed 
 b\ weak minds, to whom money is a source of annoy- 
 ance. 
 
 Th • best use the merchant can put his surplus cash 
 to, is in anticipating his own indebtedness, and obtjiin- 
 ing a discount on his bills thereby. In this way mer- 
 chants fvequeiitly make as much as the rent paid for their 
 store-room. When a merchant has moiitjy to anticipate a 
 debt he .should consider how he may best a;)ply it. 
 Thus, su|)iiosiMg there are several obligations at the 
 wholesale house, .some duo soon, others due (jiiifea time 
 hence. Ofcour.se the discotmt on the longer bills will 
 bo greater, and hence this is a temptation to pay them, 
 and get the benefit of the larger reduction. But if the 
 longest bills are paid, perhaps there may b 'a deficiency 
 of cash to meet earl} bills, li is necessary, then, to 
 examine and see hov this cash surp^.is arises. If if 
 .'irises from the nat;ir:il profits of the inisiness, it m.vy 
 be safely used to discotmt whatever bills if would be 
 mosc to the merchant's advanbigc to have di.scotn ted, 
 but if it ar'se.s largely from .sales or collections being 
 made earlier 1 ban usual, i' is an indi(ation that '.I • 
 r-ceipfs of ca.sh will be Ic s during the next few 
 weeks, and the merchant should therefore look well 
 i.fter payments maturi ig during that time. If for 
 instance, a dealer shoni 1 mike his estimate of sales 
 for the month of October to he probably- $'J,(X)0 and 
 
3 
 
 sitoiilil on tliii 
 
 ^^ l);i.sis, ollli^ril ( »• 
 
 iifv Iiiiiiscir t(i iiiakc^ 
 
 :^>j^ payiiiciitrt to tlial 
 
 .'inioiint iiicluilini 
 
 fhc nuinliifr 
 
 ^B^^ tluM'ii(l<)l"S('J)U'iiiliorliolm.s:isiiii)lusol"ta>li 
 
 W^^ oil liaiid of $1,00(», l)nt \w \vo\il(l lie very 
 
 TwF^ iiiipnulciit if lio slioiild apply llic $1,(100 
 
 Wr tluis ri'ci'ivi"(l, in tlu^ sfUlcniciit of Itills due 
 
 |]f\ ill .laniiary, as in all prohaliility lu' would 
 
 liiul thai liis Octolu'f rt'ci'ipts would nol inrct dial 
 
 month's ind(!l)to(lnos.s. 
 
 There is another Ibatnn! wliiih deserves nieiitioii at 
 this point. The dealer may he hnyin,;^ iroods of several 
 wholesale honses, and his credit may ranire hiirher at 
 one lionse than another. In applying a payment to 
 nndiie ohli/rations, he siionld select such honses as will 
 strengthen his credit liy the payment. Thus, if his 
 <'redit stamling is w<'ak in a lioiist^ where he cNpects 
 to hny largely in future, lit; should apply the payment 
 to deiits due at that house. 
 
 LOSSES. 
 
 Th(>re are various losses wliich are incident to the 
 mercantile tni>iness, and which the shrewd merchant 
 mnst calculate upon and meet. In all classes of gooils 
 there is a loss constantly ari>ing from de|ireciation in 
 value caused liy dani;ige in handling; exposure to 
 dust ; the fiding of colors from exposure to light, and. 
 " moth and rnst which doth corrupt," as well as t'rom 
 " thieves which hreak through and steal." This 
 dei)reciation in the value of goods will depend largely 
 upon the articles themselves. Thns, fancy or orna- 
 mental goods are sidiject to greater damage and decrease 
 in value, by being o.xposed or shopworn. Articles 
 go " out of fiushiou" and arc then comparatively value- 
 less. New and improved articles, Ix'tter adapteil to 
 supply the wants of man, are constantly being invented 
 and put upon the market, and the old goods arc 
 reduced in popularity and value. In all these cases 
 the meri'hant may guard himself against loss to a ct'r- 
 tain extent by precaution, observation and foresight, 
 but to avoid loss entirely is impossible. Thus he may 
 anticipate, to a certain extent, the changes of fashion. 
 and dis])ose of most of his stock before the demand 
 
 eases, or at a reduced price after the change, but 
 
 ris 
 
 some lo>s :nay lie inevitable. He may provide against 
 the damage of expoMire and dust, by ciivering his 
 goods ami n>iiig care in their preservation. The 
 expense of a muslin covering to l>e thrown over the 
 goods while sweeping the store, or !i window shade to 
 protect the good> from the <lirect ray> of the sim at 
 certain times of day, will be many times saved in the 
 protect i(ni allbrded the slock. 
 
 Losses by lire, can in most cases lie ifuarded againsv 
 by precautions in tlu; eonstrucliim of the heating 
 apparatus. See that the sto\c or l"nrnac«' is properly 
 provided with sheet zinc to |)rotect the woodwork near 
 it, .•ind that tines are kept in goocl repair. Im dry 
 goods st(H'es it is not nnconunon to .-"ec a great variety 
 of laiicy articles strung upon the chandeliers or gas 
 pendants, or stretched on lines daiigeron>Iy neai- the 
 light. Comliiistililes, such as benzine, gasoline, 
 alcolud, Inrpeiitim* and gunpowder, should be jtlaced 
 in a p.art of the store which is not much freipieuted, 
 and that part -^honld be known as '• the dan.'j'erons cor- 
 ner." .Vt'tcr taking all possible pvccanlion-. against 
 lire, the retail merchant should elides iiccp liis 
 stock Weil insured in responsible coni|ianies. 
 
 From burglars, the best precaiuion is to h;ive a 
 clerk sleep ill the store. If for any reason this clerk 
 should be silk or calleil away, another shoiilil take his 
 plac(>. When it is known that a clerk sleeps in the 
 store, burglars will usually select such e\eniiiirs as 
 they know tjie ileri; to be out Lite and will operate 
 then; hence unseasonable hmirs of such a <'lerk are to 
 be avoided. Bolts, bars and leeks may not bean entire 
 protection airainst bnrirLirs, but they deter the rascals 
 to a ci'i't.iiii extent, and are hence to be commended. 
 Strong sheet iron shutters, securely fastened, are good 
 protection for both docns ami windows, and the 
 appearance of watchfulness and security will often 
 detiM- the burglar from an attempt to steal, where the 
 trouble and risk are so great. Vov this reason a pad- 
 !o( k on the outer door is a bad precaution, as it giv(>s 
 notice that there '.s no one inside. A liirht left burn- 
 ing throughout the iiiirht so that the whoh- interior of 
 the store may be seen by any pas>erby, ami especially 
 when a \:\Y<sy clock is phu ed near the light, so that the 
 belated traveler honunvard looks in to >ee the tim(> of 
 night, will render tl;e place too consi'icuoiis for a 
 buiglnr. 
 
 Losses from jietty stealing by dishonest customers 
 and loafers, otherwis(> called " shoiv-lifting," can only 
 be guarded against by precautions, such as keeping a 
 sharp eye on suspicious characters, who do not .seem 
 ti have any special aim or object in the store. In a 
 
 ^ 
 
KKT.VII. mslNKNS. 
 
 stdii' wliiTf llio .-ItK'k is coiiriix'il ;iiiil (lisarr:iiiir<'il <>i' 
 l\c|)t ill a careless iiiaiuiiT, lU'iiri'tlatioii'^ Iroiii tliiin «'Iiih.h 
 of lu'ivims is ;;n'ati'st. 
 
 I'l riilalioiis (if clerks ami cmpldycs, is a source of 
 frc(|uciil lo.-s to the retail mcnliaiit, ami is very ililli- 
 ciilt \o discover ami piiiiisli. Many employers seldom 
 scrutinize the doings of tlieir clerk>, ami trust with 
 iiujilicit (oiifideneeall who ar(> in their employ. When 
 at last tlieir eyes are opened, and tlu'y .-ee that sonu-- 
 thiiifr iii wronp, without trouhliug themselves to 
 detet'l and punish the criminal, they simply discharjji^ 
 him and turn him loose to pri'V upon some other 
 unsuspeclinj( dealer. .Sonietinies clerks are permitted 
 to punhasc any artielo kept for sale in the store, ami 
 are allowed to kei'p their own account of it or make 
 payment for it without referrinir the matter to the 
 employer. This oft«'U leads to pilfering', as the clerk 
 iieyleets to char^re the item, and (piiet.s his eon.sciem-e 
 liy >ayin^' to himself, " I will chMiirc it in the morn- 
 ing'.'' ami then forj.'ets oi- iie^dei t> it-, and linally ar;Lrues 
 himself into the belief that he was entitled to the 
 article au3'how, as a coinpeusatiou for e.xtni work last 
 rteek in unpackin;.'' ^oods until late at ui^'ht. The 
 next time tiie clerk wants arii article he takes it in the 
 .-ame way, and his conscienci' is nior*- easily silenced 
 liy ar^'unicnt, that his salary is less than it ou^dit to he, 
 ami that he is sort of^'ettinji: even; and so on, from 
 hu\ .(> wor. i', till his stealing's lieeome larfrer and more 
 fretpieni, and amount to hundreds or thousands of 
 dollars. 
 
 The employer may prevent the tii-st step toward 
 crime, liy a wat«hful suiiervisi»m over his clerks, and he 
 should have a strict rule that no elerk is to purchase to 
 take out of the store any .'irticle except directly from 
 himscll". lie should also employ all checks ami safe- 
 /jfuards which he tinds pnictieahle, and if a clerk is 
 t'ound to lit- dissipatiuii; or disposed to spend his vraires 
 in (piestioiial)le society, or has a ilemoralizinfT inlhieiice 
 on othiT clerks, he should I)e discharireil at once. 
 
 Another loss in the retail trade is from omission to 
 char^'c !/ood> sold. When all hands are ijuite liusy 
 a well-known customer entei"s, and after looking about 
 the store, selects a hoc, and walks out with it, saying 
 as he goes, "Charge this to my account." Nobody 
 charges it, the customer forgets it, and the amount is 
 lost. These losses can be all avoided by a little care 
 and dLjcipliuc. 
 
 KEEPING THE BOOKS 
 
 A thorough and systematic .system of accounts is to 
 the merchant, what the mariner's eompasa ia to the 
 
 ship captain, — a guitle through a voyage on the seas 
 of business enterpris(-. (lood l)ook-k<'eping lends to 
 .save and turn to the be>t n>e that which is already 
 made, or by its reciu'ds of the past, thntw some light 
 on the future for the dealer's guidance. The best kept 
 books can never put a dollar in th(« cash drawer, but 
 they can .'lave hundreds from inmece.ssarily going out, 
 if there has been sullicienl talent in conducting the 
 liusiiios, to put them in. 
 
 'ilie two main essentials in the ucconnis of a ston-, 
 are to show !it all times tlu' anumnts which the niii- 
 chanl owes, and the amounts whi( h others owe? him. 
 These results may be acct-mplishcd by "single entry," 
 but it is very desiiiiblc that a set of books shoiihl be 
 so kept that far mm-e than this may be shown concern- 
 ing the condition of the business. The b,>ok-keeping 
 ill a I'elail store of average size need not be -i heavy 
 duly; a half hour m- so at the dose of each tlay will 
 snilice to ])ost u|i the day's business, and allord the 
 proprii'l(U' his customary daily view of the condition of 
 his business. Many mer<'hanis neglect the books of 
 tlieir store and allow them to run behind from week to 
 week and month to month, only getting finally 
 cleared up and a " balance sheet " otf once a year, or 
 once in si.\ months. The management of their busi- 
 ness is something like a prolonged battle, in which they 
 only emerge from the smi»ke and confusion (uice a year 
 or once in six months, to look ov<'r and marshid their 
 t'ori'cs, carry oil" the dead and woumled, inspect their 
 trophies, .'ind note the vantage ground which they may 
 havc> gained in tlu; struggle; whereas, they should bo 
 so situated that they can view the whole ti(dd from day 
 to day, and see how the battle is going, in order to 
 know just when to rei'cde and when to advance. 
 Under such a .system much of the result is luck and 
 cliance, which under wiser and more .systematic man- 
 agement, forethought and calculation, 
 would have turned into assured success. 
 
 One of the losses which the retail mer- 
 chant is subject to, is from uiudiargcd 
 goods, as explained befon^ under the head 
 of losses. The charging of an article or 
 bill of goods, should be considered a part of, 
 the sale, if the goods are sold on credit, and 
 the merchandise should not be passed 
 over to the customer until after the 
 entry is made. In taking money 
 in the .settling of an 
 account, the entry 
 should be made bef'ore 
 the receipt is made out' 
 
 
 11 
 
to 
 
 2 
 
 UKTAIL UUHINKHA. 
 
 or tlolivort'tl to llm piTMOii piiyiii;,'. Tlic retail iin r- 
 I hunt wild iti'lirt (III rrcdit, Hlioiiltl Imvv ii pari ol' llic 
 foiiiitt'r or a .separate platl'oriii near where the hooks 
 urt! kept, M't apart for the purpose of phieiii^^ ^(mmIs 
 HuM oil cri'ilit, wliilo the entry in Iteiii^' inatU-. Then 
 on the oiher niiU' of the hook-kcepiii;; lU'sk, or near liy 
 it, a siiiiihir .H|)acoalh)tte(l tor the ;,'ooiln after they have 
 iM'eii char^'ed aii<l In't'ore ihi-y have heen deliNcretl (»r 
 sent out. This arraii;j:einent neeil not occupy iiiucli 
 hjNicu l)ut will ;jreatl^ facilitate the chaiTring of fjoods 
 Muhl. 
 
 An eipially iiii|iortai>t |)art of the hiisinoM ih tiio 
 entering of ^'oods lioii^dit, ill order that the iiiurchaiit 
 may at all times know who he owes and how much. 
 There shoiihl Ix! in the store a |)aiiioular place for 
 reeeivinp, opening and inspectiiii;,' goods, and they 
 should 1m' kept in this place until after they are entered 
 upon the hooks, when they may (hen go into the stock. 
 With every box, ca.se or jiaicel of goods there shouhl 
 arrive also an invoice, and a careful tomparison should 
 he made licfore the goods are entered. If (he invoice 
 and (he gitod.s are compared and found (o agree, (he 
 invoice is (hen pas(ed in a hirire sdili invoice hook, in 
 (hat pordon .set ajiart Ity the index, to the name of the 
 tirm of whom the goods were punhascd, and in a small 
 l)lank hook is entered sim|ily the date, name, and 
 amount of the hill, for convenience in posting, and 
 adding up purclm.ses. It Koinetinios happens (hat the 
 invoice is lost in the mails, and althoiiirh (he goods may 
 have arrived, the invoice (hies not come to hand. In 
 such case the dealer may let the goods lie unpacked 
 until he gets a duplicate invoice from the wholesale 
 liouse; lint this might he very inconvenient as (he 
 goods might he needeil at onif, and (o le( them lie 
 would he to lose custom. The merchant should then 
 open (he hox, and take especial pains in (heex;imiiiatiiiii 
 (d'die goods, and make out a memorandum 
 invoice .•lecording (o i(s eouteiits, Icavinir 
 (he prices l)l;iid<. It would In; well also 
 to have (ho head clcik of (he store 
 check over this memorandum toax'oid 
 any possihiliiy of error. This niein- 
 oraiiduni ni;iy IIkmi he entered as if it 
 were an invoice, leaving the amoniit 
 Idank to he tilled in. upon 
 I'cccipt of (lie iinoii e from 
 (he wholesale house. The 
 iiK'morandmn 
 iii\(ii(e should 
 
 -he r;i rcf uU y 
 
 ■^ ^ - • preserv.^.i i»i 
 
 ( ompari'on with the gemihie when it is received, ami 
 if t lie good.i iiio |)artly or entirely sold out the iimttur 
 can he adjusted as well, if there should U' found ii 
 disciepancv. 
 
 In retail >tores of any eoiiniderahle wize it is iiowipiito 
 customary to havu some one to take charge of (he cash 
 ri'ceipts, make <hange, etc., .-tnd th(> salesman u^'s 
 a binall cash (ickcl. The ohjoct of (his (icket iit to 
 fiiriiibh (he cashier with the uiiioiiiitot'tliu Miile, by which 
 at the close (d* the day the cash ac((iunl may he vciitied, 
 if there shouhl he an error; hut the ticket is suscep- 
 tible of further uses. Uy having (he initials of the 
 salcHinuii on the ticket which he puts in to the eiuiiiiei*, 
 the amount of his daily .sales may Ih> from this ticket 
 dniwu oil" iiad recorded. 
 
 FORM OF A CASH SALES TICKET. 
 
 ./(T- 
 
 nuii<rht (,f Gindiam, Muslin & Co. 
 
 S paji. ('innhrir, 'JO 
 12 Prints, I't - 
 
 2 jir. I lose, GO 
 
 SnhtDiimi, a. L. M. 
 
 CO 
 
 so 
 
 20 
 
 m 
 
 These (icke(s need not he hirgc. and only on a cheap 
 (piality of paper, hut (hey should he honml or fa.stened 
 toircthcr, so that one at a tim(> may he detached as 
 needed. This ticket may also he used in case goods 
 are not sold for cash, hut are(oI)c charged. It is an ex- 
 cellent stimulus to salesmen (o have (he amount of their 
 dailv sales reconled, asitatVords the proprietor. 'in oppor- 
 tunitvtoste w lui is. and who is not, a prolilaltle man 
 to retain in his employ. The .'ivcragc daily sales of a 
 clerk should form >ome basis for fixing his next yc.ir's 
 salary. The following form will Illustrate how each 
 .•iuleman's sales may be kept, so as (o allord the dcsiied 
 inl'ormatliui at any time. This may be kept by having 
 ruled coliunns in \lie regular cash hook, or by keeping 
 this in the cashier's small or "petty" cash book, 
 which :-, perhaps, preferable: 
 
KKT.VII. lirKINRM. 
 
 FORM FOR PETTY CASH BOOK. 
 
 ll.M.M. V.A. I(.W.M. U. V. 
 
 Sl>|il. III. 
 
 " 17 
 
 " IH 
 
 " M 
 
 U .1) 
 
 Tiitiil fill' Mit' Hitik 
 
 'ill IH 
 
 n 4(1 
 
 III Ml 
 
 ■Ipk 
 
 17 Ml 
 
 I II 'U 
 
 14 4.1 
 
 17 i» 
 l.t t.l 
 It in 
 
 17 Vi 
 
 (in It 
 l:i!iii 
 
 ulmi'ilt 
 1ft lit 
 
 ii.m 
 
 IIINH 
 
 »llft 
 
 HH 
 I HI 
 1I7H 
 
 4 I.I 
 I 4.^ 
 
 AiiotliiT v.iliiiililc iidjimrt.fii tlic rc^'iiliir set of iMiokrt 
 kipt li\ tlir iiiiTcliaiit, mIioiiM Ih>. II Hiiniiiiiiry Ixntk for 
 the ciisli mill rroilit wili's of tlin yi'iir. This will pivo 
 tlio iiiiTrliiiiit Mil o|i])ort unity to coiiiimrc at any tinio 
 till' liioiiii-s III' llii.-< yrar willi tlii' luisims.s of tlif cor- 
 rcxpoiiiliiij.' .ica.-dtn la.st yt'ar. It niattfi-M littlo an to 
 till' fmni iif llii^ ImoU, iiroviilnl it siipplii-' tin- ilcsireil 
 inl'oi'iiiatiiin. 'I'lu' following' form woiilil Ih' as good a.t 
 any for tlii.-< iiiiiposi'; 
 
 ACCOUNT OF DAILY SALES, .8 — 
 
 
 ,1\Sl 
 
 «I1V. 
 
 KKlmlUBI. 
 
 Maiu-m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Miintli 
 
 I'lWll. 
 
 Irt'illt. 
 
 CllHll. 
 
 t^mllt. 
 
 ClMll. 
 
 Cnint. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 til ai 
 
 Ht .'K 
 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 
 
 H7 no 
 
 M III 
 
 
 
 :i 
 
 4.-I .K 
 
 «•.• in 
 
 t'J'^O 
 
 HII Vt 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 :>> '.11 
 
 4^1') 
 
 :« 70 
 
 lit '.11 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 ii'l 
 
 r,ii -.A 
 
 
 
 
 
 li 
 
 •t: M 
 
 h."i III 
 
 Hi'iHO 
 
 III 70 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 H> r.:t 
 
 111 .11 
 
 .'W iVt 
 
 47110 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 ihiha 
 
 I'll ."ill 
 
 
 
 !i 
 
 K'l 111) 
 
 411 ■:■: 
 
 MM 
 
 MA .11 
 
 
 
 1" 
 
 K-i;t 
 
 117 ■*) 
 
 K4 -.11 
 
 liJ W 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 IHl t(» 
 
 HO .'III 
 
 !KI il;l 
 
 Ht Xi 
 
 
 
 IJ 
 
 •ill n 
 
 ,•!.■. Ill 
 
 . . • 
 
 
 
 
 i;i 
 
 Wfl 
 
 III t.l 
 
 4H'.!ft 
 
 411 .1'.* 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 i.'> 
 l<: 
 
 ilHll 
 4Am 
 
 Ks i:-2 
 
 .'u ill 
 
 111 VI 
 
 IH 0.1 
 
 
 , 
 
 i; 
 
 HI III 
 
 47 IH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ti 10 
 
 ti; Ml 
 
 lim <> 
 II.") -.1) 
 
 
 
 
 
 'Jll 
 
 K4 III 
 
 :!•.' 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 •Jl 
 
 Ml 111 
 
 K'l III 
 
 
 
 
 
 •tl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■.':l 
 
 J."i <ll 
 
 III Hi 
 
 
 
 
 
 •-■I 
 
 tliMl 
 
 K'l -JO 
 
 
 
 
 
 -.'» 
 
 411 1.'. 
 
 to I'lO 
 
 
 
 
 
 *i 
 
 |1 JO 
 
 l.'l.ll) 
 
 
 
 
 
 -7 
 
 im -r. 
 
 1 ir, >4ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 I'lO .lu 
 
 •.N 711 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■£> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;ui 
 
 ilO.^ill 
 
 t.-i mi 
 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 •Jl •jn 
 
 l.^i-.'.KIi 
 
 H4 IH 
 1 ,.%4-J..VI 
 
 
 
 
 
 This iKiok sliniild he nilod with colinnns for each 
 inontli of the year, on opposite pa<;cs, so that may Ito 
 Bccnnt 11 '.'lanct' the entire j-ear's Imsiness, without tiirii- 
 \ng leaves. The lalior recpiiied in makiiifr "P these 
 suniniaries may seem too ^^reat to eoinpeiisate the mer- 
 chant ill the lienefits which he receives therefrom, but 
 such IH not the case. A little time at the close of each 
 day will suffice to draw oil' all the items to their proper 
 uccoiiiits in the ledger, and also to post ii|) the lunount.s 
 in the summary book, and the time thus employed, 
 
 would reap the mereliiiiit a miii'li nion> prolltable hitr- 
 \(*Ht than ilisriissiiin.'i on poiilical iiiid other i|iieritioii.-<, 
 "Mpiniiiiig yuriiM," (<tc., with loaferH and loniii^ir)*, who 
 tiiid refn::e in any store that will hiiilMir them. 
 
 At lite end of llie year, or what is iM'der, at the end 
 of every ni.x monllis, (he merchant hIiuiiIiI take an 
 iieeoitnt of MtiN-kiiiiid elone his liookit, In oriler to iW4e(>r- 
 tain exactly what his gains and losses liavti Imm-ii. The 
 inventorying nf a slock of gootis is an iin|Mirttint mut- 
 ter, and should not In' (iirneil over to boys or incx|N>r- 
 ienced clerks, as a duly btMiealh the proprietor's iitten- 
 tion. Tlie proprietor should himself actually pa.Hs <in 
 till- Millies til be set to I he various articles or gotsls as 
 they are handleil, diist«Ml anil replaced on the ohelvtw. 
 .•^iiiiie articles may have greatly decreased in vului', 
 owing to certain caiLses of deterioration or supply, 
 which a clerk knows nothnig alMUit, and if the inven- 
 tory is niuile on an incorrect basis, the protits as shon'n 
 by the books when they are closed, will l»' to a greater 
 or li'ss extent tictitioiis 'J'lie time «f Inking the in- 
 ventory is also tin excellent opportunity for the pro- 
 jtrietor to s(H' what goods have remained on hand too 
 long, and to adopt suitable measures to have them 
 
 .HoM oir. 
 
 After the liooks have been closed and a Italance shoot 
 drawn ofT, showing the condition of the business, this 
 should then lie so arranged that it may be compared 
 with the results of previous years. 
 
 A portion of the same book as is used for the sum- 
 mary of Ddihj S<ilfs may be ruled oil' and set apart for 
 this puriM)s»', and may upon one page set forth the 
 results of .scvenil years' buaiiioss, so that the merchant 
 has a binl's-oye view of his jmst busincBa career. This 
 would apitear something as follows; 
 
 SUMMARY OF THE BUSINESS OF GINGHAM, MUSLIN S. CO. 
 
 
 lUH-J. 
 
 IHV). 
 
 18K4. 
 
 M'l-o. nil lirtinl lit 1st of vi'iir 
 
 7,tHfl 
 
 in 
 
 N,4I(I 
 
 20 
 
 H.7SS 
 
 .V) 
 
 lliiiiiflit iliiriiiK till' yi'iir 
 
 t«l,:l4'2 
 
 HI 
 
 »t,7l(l 
 
 IK) 
 
 t4..118 
 
 in 
 
 SiiWI " " fiirni-li 
 
 IH.'I'il 
 
 :in 
 
 10,.W4 
 
 m 
 
 si,4m 
 
 .v> 
 
 Sttlil " " im iTi'ilit 
 
 11,410 
 
 .10 
 
 l4,.'<flU 
 
 '.» 
 
 r.nt 
 
 N) 
 
 Mi|*t'. nil linnd, rlom' of yi'iir 
 
 H.IIll 
 
 '.D 
 
 ».7ftJ 
 
 All 
 
 9,m 
 
 .m 
 
 (f rii"'* iinitlli nil siiti's, 
 
 4,7-j7 
 'J 111 
 
 Hll 
 .10 
 
 ft,'.S)4 
 4IH 
 
 4JI 
 •20 
 
 0,-271 
 Mi 
 
 .•V) 
 
 lnl«'ri'.'*t nc'i'iiunl. Or 
 
 •n 
 
 (;r 
 
 :iH 
 
 14i 
 
 liO 
 HO 
 
 443 
 
 «1« 
 
 .10 
 
 
 so 
 
 4A 
 
 Pmflt anil logs, Dr 
 
 Cr 
 
 H 
 
 (10 
 
 14 
 
 m 
 
 ■n 
 
 i1 
 
 
 l.ii'jft 
 
 All 
 
 \,1K 
 
 M) 
 
 1.7M 
 
 l.iftn 
 
 
 priviitp 
 
 4i 
 
 w 
 
 u 
 
 OiitstaniliiiK nccoiintA 
 
 tilt 1 unit poflims nil HHine. .. . 
 
 H.iii') 
 
 K4 
 
 3,(W4 
 
 HO 
 
 .•l,7« 
 
 it 
 
 if.li 
 
 0(1 
 
 Mil 
 
 no 
 
 ■iSO 
 
 
 CiL.*!! on Imml ut cml nf yi-iir. 
 
 7111 
 2,7ll!l 
 
 M 
 
 n4 
 
 ■a 
 
 i.m 
 
 HO 
 
 Iniloliloilnt'Mw 
 
 40 
 
 a,4'2a 
 
 HO 
 
 ■SK, 
 
 «0 
 
 Ni-I i.rntitH uiMiil to rapital. 
 Cnpltul at end of yi-nr 
 
 1,:II7 
 
 04 
 
 1,. 1.1.1 
 
 .'U 
 
 i.tt-ii 
 
 Kl 
 
 7,'2HS 
 
 IKI 
 
 H.HIH 
 
 115 
 
 10..14ft 
 
 T» 
 
 In these latter da\;s of commercial activity and com- 
 jtetition, merchants are coming to base their dealings 
 and ventures more nnd more on stutistical informa- 
 
 L 
 
 1^ 
 
IMIll 
 
 HKTMl. lll'MNKHH. 
 
 lion, and tlio nitrnt important of Much, ii* tliut loni-orn- 
 in^' (hi> luci'dmnrM own linsinoitM. llo Hhould niiik<> it 
 Miuily III' lliis, and <'oni|iiiri> frpijuontly th(> present with 
 tii<> piiHt, iknd IIk'ii it'tlnt on the conditionM of tntde in 
 g«^nerui and draw iiix inforcnceH therefrom. A rojfniur 
 and syMteniiilif'ally kept .set of Inxiks will not of it-elf 
 make 11 iMisincNs .snciertMfnl, l>nt it will puint the way 
 to HnrcertH, and will \w ono of thu importunl ai^uncti^ 
 in itny line of retail tnide. 
 
 EXPENSES AND PROFITS 
 
 TheHe two woriln arc fnll of nieaninjr to tho mer- 
 ehaiit. The expenwes of elerk l>ire will nsnally rcirn- 
 1,'ite itself, ii-< when trade is slack the nienhant will lie 
 niiisl apt to lei <ri> those employes whose services are 
 111)1 HMpiired, or as the Inisiness j.'n>WH, lu) will employ 
 more liel|i IIS he needs it. The rent of the store is 
 usually (piite a lar<re item, and one which should lie 
 Weil considered Iwfore (Mitcrin^ into the least-. The 
 price paid for rent willof courModeiHiid upon the nature 
 and extent of the husinoss, and the |iidtit <in iroods 
 sold. As ii jrcneral rnle a rent Avhich do<'s not exceed 
 len per <'ent on tho pros.4 protit«, woidd not Im* con- 
 siderod exorbitant, while ono which excccKled twenty 
 per cent would ho so considered. The merchant's ex- 
 peiiHOrt foi' lioth tho store and his livini.' should not 
 excootl tifty por cent of tho press profits of lild husinoss, 
 as thore will ho other losses which will come in to 
 roduoo tho other fifty por cent, and in tho end he will 
 find that liia net pain for tho year has not hccnudequatc. 
 
 THE MERCHANT SOCIALLY. 
 
 While tho attentive, exemplary, and careful dealer, 
 purHuing tho oven tenor of his way, will succeed and 
 ncoumulato a competence, without the oxorciiM) of tho 
 
 tpialiticH ol Ho<-iiil»ility and popularity in the conuniin- 
 ily, it is true that other men, no more capalile than he, 
 will succeed sooner and far eiwier liy the exercise of 
 these 'pialities. The mercl'.ant should therefore lie a 
 public Hpirited, HOiial and penial nuin, minplinp with 
 the idnimunity freely, and inpratiiitinp himself ipiielly 
 and imperceptibly into the respect, esteem and confi- 
 dence of all. lie should Im- present at meetinjrs 
 intended for tho public pood, and nhindd ai<l in all 
 works tor the improvement of the town and its citi- 
 zens. At the same lime he should tivoiil espousing a 
 partisan cause, for ho thim antapimi/.es ii certain |ior- 
 tion of the conunuiiily. lie should never allow his 
 store room to lie Ihc nicelinp place, either formally or 
 inl'ot'iii.'illy, of any political club, parly or cliipie, even 
 lliouph he may lake noaetise pari in the iiieetinp him- 
 self, for he will be held as sanclioniiiir I lie niovemenl, 
 and will be condeniiicd by the opposiliou party. 
 
 The retail nu'rchant, in enpapinp in various public 
 enterprises of I he town, should avoid carryinp the 
 mailer to such an extciil as will draw his niind away 
 from his biisiiics-i, or consume tinu' which should be 
 devoted to his store. Instances arc not rave, where rc- 
 lailci-s are drawn intovariousorpanizalions. bcinirprc-i- 
 ileiitof this, sccretaryof Ihat.and treasurer of the other, 
 until one-half their time and enciiry is taken up with 
 these mattei"s, to the manifest injury of their business. 
 
 The retail in(>rchantsof Ihiscoimlry forma larpe and 
 inlluenlial class, and their inllueiice for intelligence, 
 npriphi dealing, and lepitimalo trade .should bo hiphly 
 l»eneficial to all couununities. T<i them the preatest 
 reward for such examples will always be, that while 
 they strenpthen and profit their own callinp by proper 
 ways, they also earn the preatcr compensation of the 
 respect and esteem of thoir fellow men. 
 
x^^^-i^, 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 -QjprR 
 
 ^^rKnnnnr^ 
 
 •»{;—♦ 
 
 
 
 UMBER 
 
 _M_ ^ "^ 'r^ '^ ^ ?^ ^ ^ 
 
 NTERESTS. 
 
 LUMBER-MAKING. 
 
 »iiK limilxT intt'ro.st is one liaving an extent and 
 magnitude wliicli it is hart! to comprehend from 
 stiilistics. It employs in these Unittd States 
 a cai)ital of over one hundretl and eighty million 
 dollai-s, and niarslials an army of over 
 one hundred and forty-seven thousand 
 employes, and its annual pay-i-oll foots 
 uj) to the astonishing figures of nearly 
 thirty-five million ilolla'-s. »vs an illus- 
 tration not only of the extent of this but 
 other industries in this countrv, 
 we will only . ijntion that for 
 spools and bobbins employed in 
 silk, cotton and \vot)lcn manafac- 
 ture. tiiii' V -s gotten out, 
 in the year ls8o, over 3-i,- 
 1^ 0(t(\<iUO feet of lumlier. 
 Add to this fact that it took 
 over one and a ipiarter bil- 
 lion staves to fur- 
 nish cooperage for 
 jH^ople. Then 
 think of the 
 other ainiies 
 of ojK'ratives 
 
 shaping those staves into barrels and hogsheads, mak- 
 ing that ;i4,CH '0,1 M N> feel of lumber into spools and bob- 
 b'ns, and the other and still greater annies handling 
 the nearlv fortv-eight billion feet of lumber, not includ- 
 ing shingl' -, lath or staves, made in a single j'ear, pil- 
 ing it. •lading it u|K>n vessels, cars and wagons, c<mvey- 
 ing it by vessfl, train and wagon to the other great iir- 
 mvTif (arpenters and joiners, furniture and agricultural 
 nif ohiiit makers, and all the various uses of hnnber, 
 a. id you will get some idea of the extent and reach of 
 the lumtx^r manufacture and trade of the United States. 
 The single state of Michigan employs diivctly ovir 
 twenty-tive thousand men in this business, pays an 
 annual ixiy-rull of seven million dollars and scatters 
 lumber valuetl at the mill at over |i.J2.<HtO,iMi(). 
 
 The marvel JUS grr>wth of the Saginaw region illus- 
 trates the nqml increase of the lundx-r ii.dustry. 
 
 In lN.i«> f>ne small siiw-mill antl a few shanties occu- 
 picnl the gri>und where now in twenty miles you lind 
 over 6<-MKiO jjeople, and all busy with the hum of 
 active, pushing busines-i life. No manufac turiDtr in- 
 dustry stanils for ami by it.self. They are all dovetailed 
 and interlacul by mutual and dfiK-n.hnt interests. 
 Still more, commerce, trade and agricultuii' aic all anil 
 each stimulate*! and f<»stentl as vtll as de|N'nder.t in a 
 mea.surc u|)on each other ami the niamilai tiiier. T.iit 
 Uj)on none are they mure dejier.ilent than upon the 
 Ixijiril-nuiker. 
 
 In the early days, when the streams were fringed to 
 
 the water's edge or archril with pines that knew no 
 
 master ssive oKl age, tfif tnill trrnt ( I'lir Ioijk It v as 
 
 the primitive mill with Us runibn>ns, slow-n.ovint,' 
 
 water-wheel, and its <ine or two "sasii" 
 
 or franie<l saws of leisurely motion. A 
 
 ^T? daily production of ten thousiind feet of 
 
 ilumlier was a large cut— a something lu bo 
 
 ^•braggeil aUiut. 
 
 J 
 
c )0 
 
 :fj^ 
 
 OLU LUMUEU INTEllESTS. 
 
 C) 
 
 Now. w\\\\ tln' >toaiii mill locntod for convenioiuo of 
 ^hii'i>iiii'. with its '• L'uiiirs " of frciu twenty to forty 
 »an>. jiinl its •• cirfiilars " wliooliu^ tlu'ir '.HK» icvoiii- 
 tio»> I'vcry liO swoiuls, the lof/.^ coiuf to (lie mill, and 
 tlinv linii<lii-<l tlioiisjind ffct per day is not a Ihinir 
 Worth thi' lM>a>lin'r.* 
 
 i hi' liindxitnan of to-day ninst lir.-t " locate liis 
 loir>." lie own-i a tract, >ay. of 1(M»,( '0(1 acres (only a 
 ini-<linni one, liy th«' way) of liiiie land. Yot ii is not 
 all pine forest, hut also of oak and other hard woods, 
 with taniar.K k swamps here and there, and in tla- late 
 summer or early autumn his .spies, or nithor pre,>pect- 
 or^. -ean-h out and locale the scene of the next winter's 
 o|H>niti«»iis. With the hunter's onttit of cotl'eo, liacon, 
 flour, ■•alt and pepper, ^uns and axes, the party of loir 
 hunters take themselves to the woods. Thi'ir (piest is 
 often enilKirr.Lssed hy too many trees. Occasionally 
 .1 po-t of oli><'nation must iK-sou^'ht in a lofty tree top. 
 Should the trunk Ik? stniiirht and luuliless for a lonf^ 
 (T'Htan<-e, the lojr hunt«>r seeks another tree that he can 
 tell :i(^iin>t the one he wants to climh. Ascendmp his 
 lofty i»enh ho .scans the >rrouud in all directions, takes 
 ill the Incitiim of all ehh"ps or tracts of pine, 'lie 
 dire<tion and course of streams. Descendiii":. the jiarty 
 a.scertaiiis the huatiou of trsuls of pine, calculates the 
 distnu<-< to haul, places to Imnk upon river or creeks, 
 t-urface and nature of the «rronnd, and also determines 
 the liM-ation of the winter camp. 
 
 IV't'ore the .-now l)e<^ins to tly the earlier "teams" 
 of hands, horses, oxen and men have l)een rol looted 
 and startetl to the woods to lo(ati> and arraufj[e the 
 camp a-"' winter's .scene of operations. 
 
 The lumU-rmau does not build any part of his biisi- 
 nes.s ius he who " <'onimenee<l to huild an<l lonnted not 
 the cost." He knows how much lunilH>r he wants to 
 cut the next reason. Makinir a wide maririM for acci- 
 dents from too little water to lloat h.is winter's cut of 
 hvrs fnmi the cnt'ks, from lo'jrs that may 1k> '* hunjr 
 up" !>/ the way, and all the other aciidents and inci- 
 dents that •• lo,;;;?infj is heir to," he calculates that ten 
 men will pet him loj^s equivalent to a niiHit'n feet of 
 IxKinls. He knows hy experience alM)ut how much 
 they will eat and provides accordinpfly. With his loir 
 hunters he lists calculated the i)rol>al>le len^rth of haul 
 ami nwcs.sarj- numlxr of teams, and so provides them 
 and for them. 
 
 If any <-on>idei-alile hay-jjroducing; groimd is on his 
 tract he has hail it cut, stacked ami, as t'ar as p().s.->il)le, 
 defended a<r:iinst tire. 
 
 The advame of his small army ha.s reacheil the 
 eround and linated lamp. The "camp," or "camps," 
 
 >c 
 
 and necps.sary sheitere for the hor.s(>s ami o.\en li.ivc 
 lieeu pill up — loir hou»es, of <-ourse, stroiiirly and 
 warml;, limit, for hoth man and i>east. Dnnks for the 
 men, n le l»ut coml'ortahle, with matrosses of odorous 
 pine hoiiirhs an> made ready for the coniiiiir force. Tlie 
 irround has been cleared around the canij , I'or a " hum 
 out" would he an irrenicdiahlc di-a-lci- n inidwintiT. 
 .\lready tin- main road .-ind hr:\riclie> hav,' liceii located 
 and partially cleared of trees and lojrs. ;-kids and levers 
 prepared, and hankinir places seh cted and cleared. In 
 short, iireparations for the winter are far advanced 
 when the main fone arrives, timed as nearly as |)ossiblo 
 with the first ^ood miow fall. 
 
 A DAY AT THE CAMP. 
 
 It is now midwinter. The .snow lies from one and 
 a half to four feet deep through the forest. The vistas 
 amoiip the trees lo(>k like the aisles of some vast cathe- 
 dral, and ♦he irreen boughs far alott are crowned with 
 l)ure, tleecx white. 
 
 At carlitst dawn all is astir inside the lamp — break- 
 fast dispatched, teams are fed and cared for, and with 
 the c(»iiiing light the choppei-s are lillinir the woods 
 with the riuir of the axe. tin' lonir resoundinir ciiish 
 tells of the fall of another monarch of the forest, 
 words of command issue to the outiroiug teams, and 
 soon teams of six to ten oxen or horses are bearing 
 their loads along roads troddsMi hard as ice to tl.'O 
 banking ground. 
 
 Loading is largely done " from the ground " by the 
 strength of the teams, as a chain is fastened around the 
 log ami it is drawn upon the sled. Four, live, and six 
 large logs are thus pileil up in a huge load of from six 
 to ten tons, if the roads arc in prime condition. The 
 hrst lotids are dumped upon tl:e ice and ihe logs piled 
 as high as jios.-ible. The pile grows shoreward ami up 
 the hanks — shored and skidded, so that they will (loat as 
 easily as possible with the spring' ri~e. .McMiitinie the 
 cook is prepariiiL' a huge dinner, not of (lainty. but , 
 better still, of hearty bniwn-produi ing food, for well 
 he knows how men can eat who have breathed deei) 
 breaths of pine land winter air, and swung their axes 
 with stronir anus. 
 
 With the approach of night the woods become silent 
 as woimIs ever are. and the wearied laboreis gather to 
 supper with good appetites. The teanistei-s caru^ 
 fully atteiiil to the lomt'ort of lior.se or oxen, for it is 
 ex|)ected that a team will l>e in as good condition in 
 the spring as in the f'all, if a teamster knows his busi- 
 ness. After sup|>er. each cho|)per in~pec|s his axu, 
 sharpens it if nece— arv. Imio(< are cMrefidly lalloweil 
 
 i 
 
 -^S^^i^ 
 
OIK IX'MliEU INTKKE8T8. 
 
 and all prepare for the morrow, while hearty linifrhtcr, 
 joke, wittieisiii, and .H()ii<rs siiiiir I'.v stnuiir and often 
 melodious oaritones and tenors, while nw.iy :i couple 
 of hours. 
 
 To their credit, be it .idd, liipior >eldoni iiitriideii its 
 presence in the lo<jr<»'ers' camp, and then \ery .--iiiirinjrly. 
 A drunken chopper has no business in the woods. He 
 wiiuMbea perpetual peril, and soon learn that *' hi>i 
 room was In'tter than his comiwny." 
 
 Old l)ooks and 
 nia^'a/ines are read 
 and re-read, stories 
 told and re-t(dd, 
 packs ot" cards shuf- 
 llcd uiit'd the spots 
 disMppeai'aM<l knaves 
 and kir.i.''sl)ear<'loser 
 resend>l:uice than is 
 even their wont. 
 'Ilie daily newspa- 
 p(M' is a thinir ot 
 renuMubrance only, 
 and the ^'reat. world 
 and its events, and 
 happen iuifs reiuein- 
 bereil on(i> ilia wliHo 
 when some one ven- 
 tiu'es to wonder how 
 it i.'ocs on. 
 
 The wiiitrrancl its 
 woik c(ini(' to a 
 close, and the extra 
 outfit stored with 
 tlie sno\v, t^ie teams 
 and teamsters de- 
 jiart, leavintr the 
 men whoare to "rim 
 the drive" awaiting 
 the spring' rise of 
 water. 
 
 Pike poles about eiirht feet louir with :• .>tronj.' spiko 
 
 in the end are prepared or looked after, 'M)ot.> with 
 
 soles l)earinf^ huire shaqt spike- .ire lirousht out and 
 
 'oalerl with tallow, and all made ri'ady lor the spriui.' 
 
 rains and the run. 
 
 Meantime, the skirmish lino of lo<rs has Itoen ilrift- 
 ins leisurely down the creeks with the ice, and so on 
 with the river. 
 
 The spring' mins now eomo and aroanxionsly watched 
 by the lumlierman I't his home and the men in camp. 
 
 Too little water and the loirs "will not come out." 
 
 Kt^i 
 
 CUTTING THE LOGS, 
 
 that is, tiiey will not be lloati'd. T«k> much water, and 
 they will >tray oil' anioujr the trees alon<r the luinks 
 and be lel't " liuiiirup" by the ipiicklv re<-edin'r stream. 
 To obviate (l.iuircr tVoni both iau>es the men at camp 
 are workin;r with lever and pike to pusii, e(ia.\ and 
 roll into till' stream. \ rem- ^"-nard, each attended by- 
 its trsividinj,'- cook, follow the tlrive on each siile of the 
 stream, to coa.x (u* drive st nijjrjrlers into the currt>nt, 
 and so ut iaat tboy reach the great " lMH>m>." 
 
 Thirty million feet 
 of loi.'s iKciipy tVom 
 five to ten miles of a 
 river, and demand 
 th<' w.itchlul c.ire of 
 from til"tv to a hun- 
 dred men. 
 
 The ;.'re:!t dan<jer 
 feareil i- a jim. In 
 some narrow plai-e 
 two huire \o's> may 
 strike tlic Mp|Mi-ite 
 sides «>f the strcanj. 
 The u|»-stre:im ends 
 natiinilly swiii<r to- 
 ward the I enter and 
 they meet liko an 
 inverted V, in this 
 maimer \. In an 
 hour the river i- full 
 of loir> lorahalfmile 
 or more, piled on 
 and over <'ach other 
 l)y the partially dam- 
 med-up current. 
 
 Far liack up the 
 etn'am the loirirers 
 sec the danger sig- 
 nal by tlie slowing 
 current an<l hiistcii 
 to the front. 
 .\ daring, skillful man imdertakes to cut the log's 
 that act as the keystone ami set the imprisoneil liost at 
 liberty. With spiked boots lie stcjis from log to log, 
 and soon the ringing strokes of Ids axe show (hat ho 
 has s( lected his poiii; and lommeiiced wliat may Ih* his 
 last hour's woik. lb' mu-t needs know %vhen to stop 
 and how to retreat. A tpiick jump and ripid tliirht to 
 shore o\er the now tossing logs, and tlie jam i- broken 
 and the logs again surging on their course to the sort- 
 ing boom. 
 
 A sort in;.' boom ccmsists of enormoiw timbers strung 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
•Jtr: 
 
 aOi-088 the cuirenl and leading; tlie lofrs* into a pocket. 
 Ear!i loj has its owner's mark, made l>y the chopiwr, 
 and this murk is repisterc«l au<l known amongst others 
 ot* the cnift. 
 
 These IxMini.- are usually owne<l hy a company , wlio 
 ('har<ro XI linn h jhm- thousjiiid for Ixxuniii;: nmi > utiiij:, 
 and \x plai-e-J at tin- liead of tiie river suital)Ic tor i-al't- 
 iii<r All <>|M':;iii;r iK'ing made, eaiii lojr is made to ;.'() 
 to its owner's plai-o and there fonned into a rail. On 
 soiiii- i«:"iiie wj«>tern rivers niftsarei-oiinected liy ropes 
 attailutl '.«• e:ith log in tiie nit't ; on otlu'r>. poles are 
 iis«d iiL-^tetitl nf :;»iM>s. For rudders, from tour to six 
 twelve-ioot pl.tiik"! .ire inserted in the ends of as many 
 suuill trees and hiiiiir on pivots at either end of the 
 iiift. 1-I;ich rudder or iiniiien>e stt-t'riiiir oar is worked 
 by one oi niop* men, :ls tliu ease retpiires. 
 
 Snuetinies :i small hut is liiiilt upon t!ie raft, and "o 
 eipiipiH'd, it la/ily glides down the <'urrent. We sjiid 
 •• lazily," iiiit that is not alw.iys true. .Swift, tuml)liiig 
 nipids may lnter\ene, as u|miii the ^\"iseonsin river, at 
 Gniiid Ripidsand Mt>sinei'. In that <"ise a sju'cial pilot 
 Is taken alxKird. At Grand llapids, Wisciiisin, the 
 nipids are alM)ut a mile in length. Huge granite boul- 
 ders, :w large :ls a sn.all hou:«c, niise their heads in 
 plai-es ami threaten fortaiii destruction to any rat"t that 
 does not give them room-way. The pilot is taken on 
 biKinl al)ove the nipid^iai*'' th«' rudders double manned. 
 Oirefully guiihtl the nift eonimenees the rii:». At one 
 plaee. sd'cty ro])es an- neeessiiry, as tlu' bow plunges 
 under water, ami then the whole ral't, and tiie men 
 stand kiiee-<leep in the ftKiming current. 
 
 ."Nifely over the rapitls, dangerous short bends 
 threaten, ami so, with just enough danger to give 
 -pirc, the hanly raftsmen fltiat onward, sometmies for 
 .iindrc<l< of miles, to the mill, 
 
 \t Uitli (rniiid it;ipiils and Mosinee, a yearly loss of 
 lit'e is almost certain. Indeed, from the forest to the 
 lumlHT yard, ». •'.h and violent death ever threatens. 
 At le:ist one out of every hundre<l men v.dio gix's to the 
 woods returns not home. No business, unless it l»e 
 niiiiiKidiiig, is as destriK-tivc to life and limb as lum- 
 Itering. 
 
 T!ie long joiiniey is usually over in May or abo?it 
 the 'ir-t of June, and the nifts come gliding into the 
 mill ixioms or are tiLsteiied along the river side. 
 
 If ill the IxMiins, the fastcninirs are unltK)s<'d and the 
 Ufj li<"s idly .iwaitiiig it> next attack. It .soon comes. 
 .\ spiko«I poie guides it to the apron or logway just 
 as the driver's gcKid drives the unwilling steer from 
 Kan.sas prairie into the gangway of the sluughtcr- 
 
 holi^iC. 
 
 33 
 
 Nor does the simile end there. In a few moments 
 lK)th will Ik' thiyed, dismemlK>red and so changed as to 
 be utterly beyond recognition. 
 
 As the one receives a blow in the head from the 
 pointed iiammer of the killer, so the log re<eives a 
 sharp blow tii;it drives a spike into its head, or is |)rod- 
 ded along upon the log c;irriage. The chain attached 
 to that spike tightens ami .-trains, and the log glides up 
 the logway or the apron ami is thrown upon its side. 
 \ couple of sure, swift strokes, and it is .secured to itd 
 IkmI by two clamps. 
 
 The sawyer reverses or throws forward a lever, a 
 sudden jar, and it glides steadily forward to the circular 
 saw, spinning it> iMH) revolutions per minute and seem- 
 ingly waiting for its victim. Thirty .-econds and the 
 cruel saw-teeth, cmved forward like a serpent's fang, 
 \v.i\v eaten their way along its length, and the " edg- 
 ing" or slab has t'allen away from the parent log, to 
 lie borne on a tramway to the lath saw or "thrown 
 over amontr the rubl)isir' a< tood for the devouring 
 furnace or, as in the .Siginaw region, to fill a street 
 Mow below level, or iKiome part of a new wharf lot. 
 
 The log, Iwreft of one side, has another as ([iiickly 
 torn away until it is thrown, now a thing of four 
 sides, to another l)ed, and again secured in gyves of 
 steel. 
 
 .Vnothor lever is movetl, another jar, anu our log 
 moves unresistinirly toward the "gang," with its 
 twenty or more saws securely lastened in their fnuue, 
 and now dancing ui) and down like an uncanny thing 
 of life, waiting for another victim for it< in>atiate 
 jaws. A minute more ainl the gang lia> movcil steadily 
 on throi.j:h the log, which is now no longer a log, but 
 lumber. 
 
 It would not take more than a tondi of the tnm- 
 scenilental pliilosopjiy to .say that " puiitied l>y wounds 
 and (lignitied by siitlering, the reddi~li iirown log lias 
 bnively boriK! itsapothe«»sis and is now ready to take on 
 higher and nobler diitie-." 
 
 .Vnother movement of .another level' and the board 
 pile, which it now i.-. i- thrown, still <piivering iVdiii 
 the stroke- of tlic saw, upon ;i car. and with its ••oni- 
 panions hurried to the \e--cl <lock or railroad platlorm 
 where it is thrown, or iiilher they are tiirown, awaiting 
 sliipment to one of the great lumber '.istribiiiing 
 points, such as Toledo, Cleveland, lliitralo, Milwaukee, 
 and notably beyon<l all, (M'.ic.ai'o. 
 
 We have thus fcllowed the fortunes of our log from 
 the proud pre-<'minenee of the monarch of the forest, 
 standing in m.ijestie pride imong its fellows, nntii we 
 huvo almost felt it were a sentient lieing, until it- 
 
OUK LUJIltKK INIKIiKSTS. 
 
 iipollicosis into ltinilH?r, i-eudy tor soiiio of tho u'iiiiIkt- 
 Icss uses timt liiivop'iven t(»oiir tiiiic tlio iiimif or"Tli(' 
 AVoodoii A>rc.** 
 
 TIit> iciisiiH reports of lSWt> I'nrnisli tlic followiii;; 
 tiiriucs, us re^Tiird-* the mimlH'r of mills, liainls cm- 
 ployed, ( ,. ., ill the United States; 
 X\iml)er of mills ---... 2.'),7(>.s 
 Xiiiiil)er of men employcil - - - - l-II,.")i)l 
 Females and iliiidren ... - - (i,;;',):i 
 Total ninnlKT employes . • - - 147,'.l.")(! 
 No. feet InmlitT <ut - - - l«,01»l,;i'.)ll,()<Mt 
 
 No. M shingles mad •),,"):):),( )K;,(M)(» 
 
 Value of prodnit $L'.!;>,;il!7,7i'il 
 
 The 'k'.-1 >tali>lii • uhtainalile from oiii' t'anadiaii 
 nei5riii)nr.>, [)lai-es their [irodnelion for the year 1 "^.s^ at 
 ."(•J(),ll21,i!()i) t'eet. or aliont twice the amomit prodiieed 
 ill tlie state of Pennsylvania alone. 
 
 \\\- have said that tlii- Im-iness is a hand to hand 
 tiirlit with the eii'incnts t'rom lir~l to la>t. from the 
 forest to the liimher yard. Fin- is liahli' to sweep over 
 and mill the 'vlioh' trait of t'orest. As hut a short 
 timeaL.'o, in the Huron pi-ninsiihi of Mieliiiran, liim- 
 dreds of thousands of acres vvcre raNaired Ity a .-inirie 
 tire. Tlie forest, i-amp>, anil even villajres, with iiouses 
 aiiil other property were all swept away. Not only so, 
 liiit such tires are alw.ivs aceom[)anied hy the loss of 
 many lives. 
 
 No one who has not experienced it , knowsoreim even 
 imai^ine tlie horrors of ;. forest tire. With the iiii .ill 
 llame and smoke, and not a ln'eath that does not carry 
 death info the lungs and air passage.s. flie tire rushes 
 n|)on a hamlet or \illaire, and in a short tiiiie every 
 lious(>, li.irn or tree is a mass of fl Miie. 
 
 And the luml)emian who was y>'sterdiiy u millionaire. 
 is now well-nigh ii paup<'r. .\t tin' mill constant 
 wafciifuiness. and ^he In-st appliances tor extinguishing 
 files are neecs-sjiry, to defend the owner from the attack 
 of the neecs.sary fire to furnish jiower; or the servant 
 Im'coiiics master and sweeps away linnd''edsof fhoiisands 
 of dollars of ])n)i)orty by a .single spark. A lug pass- 
 ing along the river may leave a spark in the dry saw- 
 dust and the wind fan it into a flani<>. 
 
 Till' tire record fur I'^'^l' shows a hiss of over $j..')lHI.- 
 tX)() upon lumlier mills, including shingle and planing 
 mills, or so much capital ahsoliifely destroyed l)eyond 
 recall. Insunince may and does milig;ite the foi-c(> of 
 the lilow to the owner who avails himself of it. 
 
 i'oo little snow in the woods adds to the expense of 
 haulinir loL's to tlie sfn'am, as wagon trucks must he 
 ii-;ed or snow hauled and placed upon the tracks. 
 Too much siiow, and the work of" lo.'idiiii.', heating 
 
 tracks and hauling is largely iiicr«»!>e(l. Too little 
 water ji ml the logs are :<)t floated, or if .so, the liim- 
 herman can only get tlieni «lo\vn to the main river hy 
 damming the current liere ami there. Too much 
 wafer, and many of his I«)gs go ntmhling olF into tlio 
 fo!(>sts, and got hnng up, or may hring sinh a pre.s.<iire 
 as to hreak the Inioms, and then the logs of a score or 
 half a hundred lumlH'mien go down the river in a wild 
 stampede, worse than that of a herd of 'lexas steers 
 upon the prairie. 
 
 file latter may Ik- g:»therctl up anil «lriven hack, hut 
 the loirs cannot. For the men, death or mulilat ion is 
 e\('r close at hand from falling triH-s, Iiroken, flying 
 Inaiiches, on the drive, in the j:im, and .it the mill. 
 
 A hardy, hreezy, hesirty .<et, u> a rule, are onr liiin- 
 lH>rnieii, as itetits men who have iKirne their full share 
 in the tight with nature, and in the wonderful develop- 
 ment of industrial pursuits in the past century. 
 
 The ;.aw-mill is first hesinl of in (Jirmany, in the 
 fourth century, though we liave no means of knowing 
 that the (Jermans tii-st applie<l the iim- of machinery to 
 the s;iw and Used water power. 
 
 We :ils(i find s:iw-mills in the island of Maderia in 
 1 l:.*(i, or seven'v years iM'ton* CVdunilnis made the dis- 
 covery of America. 
 
 From refpiences !>y an old traveler, they weri' used 
 in Norway in l.'>;U). 
 
 The Hist mill in this eomitry si-ems to have heeii 
 erected in It>;'.;'>, in Massai hiisctts, many yeai-s iM-foro 
 their trial in Knghiiid. One was j)nt up alM)ut l(iG3, 
 neir Londoi. hy a Dutchman, hut he was forced to 
 dismantle and i.-inove it, on account of flH> indignation 
 ot the working chLssj-s, who fe:»r«'d it would deprixe the 
 s,',wyei-s of theii lalmr. The F.»iglir.h of that clay seem, 
 even among' the highei clas>e>, to hav«' dung to the 
 clay floor. 
 
 In 170(1 another was triwl, hut the Imilder had to 
 remove it. .\uother. in 17t!7, wasdestroywl by a nioh, 
 and it was not 'infil just one rpntury ago, that they 
 were firmly estallli^hed in iis«-. 
 
 .\t that time every stresmi in the settled |»art tif New 
 ICngland, and in siveral other of the colonies, were 
 turning any ipianlity of w.-iter wh*"-!'. 
 
 Iiidi'cd, in 17.")(», Dr. Douglas s;iys, "New Kngland 
 ahoimds in saw-mills of ih»':ip and slight work; they 
 geiienilly carry only one saw, ami one man and a Iniy 
 may, in fwenty-four hours. >;iw 4.(>0() feet of white 
 pine hoards." 
 
 One mill, at llay City, mhhc yeurs ago, cut 3(Jl,l)()() 
 feet ill twelve hours. .Vnother, last year, cut 18,(HK),- 
 (MV) feet of IiuiiIkt. and from the fxhaust steaiii madi 
 
 I 
 
 ^^^ 
 
en I! lAMIillU IXTI-UKSTS. 
 
 20,(HHi liushols (if sail, iMsidcs sclliiiir li'is slaltn at om- 
 dollar |K T cord. 
 
 Siu'h prcxliict'Hui is possible only wiion' the wliito 
 pino is fouml in )il)iiiulanco, the priiM-ipal supply of 
 whi<'li comes from Miiincsola, AN'isconsln, Mii'lii;.'aii. 
 Pennsylvania ami Maine, 'riic Norliiu-estcrn ilistrict. 
 Its it is called, or tlie slates of Minnesota, Wisconsin 
 ami MicliiL':in, prodne«Ml the lollowinij !'!ni(tiints for the 
 tea years from l«73 to l8hJ, inilusi\c 
 
 I.umlior, Sliliigli's. 
 
 if*n 3.n!a.;s(i.(H)0 2.J77. t4;i.s.'.o 
 
 l>7l ;t.7.M.;l(iii.iKK) a.t7:l.;ili;/.iV) 
 
 • ■•7.1 ;i.i»(!s..-,.-,;t,(ioo •j,:)l."i.s;ts.2io 
 
 1>T»; ;i.N7!t.iiiii.tHM) 2,!HK).r);!ii.7i"> 
 
 I •♦77 ;»..-.!i:.,:i:i:i..iwi :!.7i Hi,7.v;.7.".'» 
 
 I'TS ;i.(;-i(i. t7:!.7r)!) 2.,")ill,4!Ht,7".o 
 
 |s7> 4,s»n;.!i-|:i.(KiO 2,'<.".!t,112,7.".<) 
 
 |!*«W f(.(Ml.2lir..0<Hl 2,!l7-».!ll'J.I80 
 
 l>tol (i.7iis.s:,<i.7ii) :)..-)iii.()t,<;.si7 
 
 ISttS 7,f)li4.7H7.S(i4 4,()IM.-277.tl5.S 
 
 Total 47..M!i;lj;i,s74 2S.(Kr, /)7:..!KiO 
 
 As ."» M shinples are estimated as 1,000 feet of lum- 
 
 ber, the total produetiou of these three 8t4ite» for ten 
 years woidd Im-. lnml)er, •t",.")tit,;i2.'{,S7l ; shinirlcf! as 
 
 InmlHT. :..7h1,.j1.'>.1!I2; total, .•);j,;];?(),.s.1fl,0(H). 
 
 N'ext to the white pine in nsefiduess and in amount 
 is the yellow, or Georjria pine, readily distinp\iished 
 from any other variety l>y llie I-n^'th of its hriirht 
 rreoii leaves, which measure ten to lifteen inches in 
 
 THE MILL 
 
 lenirth. It exten-l- r'^uthward from North Carolina, 
 and i< es|io< ially alxnidant in rieorsria and Fl<)ii<la. 
 
 Alonjrthe se:i-1>oard and for a distance iidand of from 
 tittjfii to thirty miles, the pine is very scattering, and 
 nearly worthless for huildiuir purpose.s. 
 
 The snpiilv is found iK'tween tlie Imse of the nnmn- 
 
 tains and the sea- •Hast. It is much liarder and stroiifre 
 

 OlIK I.l.MIlKR INTEKE8T8. 
 
 tliJiii the white pine, tiikos a fino polisli, iiixl wlicii 
 vurnislicil ami oili'il, inal«'^ a splciidiil wooil for iiitoriorH 
 ami llooi-s. It is especially idapied Tor ship liiiililiii^. 
 It is rapidly ijainiiif;; upon the iiorthoni market, when' 
 diiral)iiity, strength undpr later. I pressure ami flue 
 iiatund tlnisii is desired. 
 
 \\'lienever th(> tree is injured i n(l vcjrftatiou ceases, 
 the wood I)econies sin'charj.'i'<l «illi resin and forms the 
 " fat pim^ " of sonj: and story. 
 
 Aicordiufif to the census reports of 1)SM), tin' six 
 states of North and South Carolina, (i"orj.'ia, Florida, 
 Alabama and Mississippi had ^.tJ.'J") saw-mills, <rivin<r 
 employiiKMil tol2,;<4(i men .and .'{MO women and chil- 
 dren, wiio i)roducetl 1 ,,")47,<>I1,()()0 feet of huul)er, .')7,- 
 JtlN.(M)(l sluuL'los, and !»(),()77,(M10 lath. Tlie.so added 
 over I' !i million dollars to tiie production of the six 
 sia(e>. 
 
 These tiirurcs make hut a small show alonc\sido of 
 the produi'tion of Michi>.'an, Wisconsin and Minnesota, 
 hut they do show the enterprise now iieinjr <U'V('l()pod 
 in tliose states. 
 
 Till" mannfacturo of yellow pino has some advanta- 
 ges, tJK' most prominent of which results tVom the 
 nio<lerate ilimate. .Vnothcr is that the lands art' fair 
 frra/inir lands as well as pine forest. 
 
 Oxen used in haidinjr the loirs may lie unyoked and 
 turnc(l loose to i,'razi', and he kept in <:(i(m1 nrder. In 
 answer to impiirics addressed lo a j/entleinan who had 
 been south on a prospectin;f tour, he said that he 
 intended to miile uraziuy^and luMiberiuir, !is the yellow 
 jiinc t'orests were free from nndcrlii'ush. He had 
 alrc;.<ly liouL'lit, and was harirainin^^' for more land, and 
 should slock it with l)ot h sheep and cattle, wjiile get- 
 ting' i>lV his imnlter. 
 
 CALIFORNIA REDWOOD. 
 
 Another tree iiow iM'inir ipiite extensively used tor 
 lumlwr is tli<' ('a!ilo>'nia redwood. This is almost 
 excjnsively found in Calilornia, as lint a lew clumps of 
 it irrow north of the Ore^'on line. 
 
 Redwood ffrown on marsliy. wri i^round is com|)ara- 
 tivcly \alncle>s. It is apt to lie swelled or hollow- 
 hiitted. and mori' or less rotten. I'tit that ^irrown on 
 rollinir or risinij' land is free tVom liicmisii. Wedwood 
 will not licai-a hea\y lateral strain, and is vain, less lor 
 uses re(|uirin;r li;L'lttness and strenjrtli to support 
 wejcrht. It also has the (pioor poeuliarity of shrinking' 
 ciidwiM'. 
 
 Hedwood £rrows to an iinineiisp size, and !ofr>t lour- 
 Iwn feet in diameter are not uncommon. At the mill 
 such log.s arc! tirst attacked at thoccnt«'rand cut in twi 
 
 liy a inuley saw. Ivich half is then rcadj' for tho 
 " double circulars" and the gang. The avenige diame- 
 ter of redwood logs runs from six to eight feet, and of 
 white pine would be called mammoths. 
 
 OREGON AND WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 
 
 Tile great ^vestern supply of jiine comes from this 
 state and territory, and i- .iirnisiied by the sugar pine, 
 growimL' in groves, of wliich many of tho trees reach 
 the hiirht of two hundred feet with a diameter of ten 
 feet, whih' isolate<l spech'iens increase that hight <iver 
 a himdred feet and doubU- \hc tliametir. The western 
 yellow pine, which is the mi >s«. widely distributed, us 
 well as the nmst abundant (.( 'iny of the piui's of the 
 I'acitic coast, and often reav h«',s the hight of one 
 hundred feet, furnishes a hea\\ resinous wood, less 
 valuabh^ than the sugar pine, and the mountain pine, 
 which closely resembles the white p'ue of the Atlantic 
 antl Mis.sissippi valley states. 
 
 The lundicr industry of the Paci/V coast is only in 
 its infan<y, but the near comi)leti(<n of the Northern 
 l'a<itic railroad, with bnin<'h road.'' of that and tho 
 I'nion Facitic, will open up a large t/^Titory for both 
 manufacture and sale of lumber. We tibjoin tSe sta- 
 tistics of IWO: 
 
 LiinilxT. 
 
 ( 'iilifi.riiiii ;tOI,7a->.(lfK) 
 
 Oicfriiii 177.171,OfiO 
 
 \Viisliiii''toii Torritorv 1fi0.i70.(HiO 
 
 Shinglo*. 
 
 13^.71S.O0O 
 
 5.ntii.(ioo 
 .•i.flia.iHir 
 
 U7.3(18,(XK) 
 
 Lnlli. 
 
 2.420.m)0 
 
 t8.24r).(KX) 
 
 n.'iWMHK) 
 
 Totiil CJ-2.1-I2.(K)0 U7.3(18,(XK) fV.-JlO.lHX) 
 
 Much has been said and written as to the spoody 
 exhaustion and complete cessation of lumlMM* st'l.p'y, 
 especially of the white jiine. 
 
 A Chicago daily now before us, shows by arguinc'if , 
 figures and map, that, "Twenty-five yeai*s ago. tK^ 
 supply of pine tiinlx'r was iKdieved inoxhuu>tiblr. 
 Ten years ago it was thought it would outlast the 
 present century; now ilie most hopeful predict its 
 extinction within a d<izcn years. The white pine har- 
 \cst is nearly oxer, and it will not be long bet'ore tho 
 woodsman stands, a.x in hand, In-side the last tree, his 
 oc<'upalion gone." lb" then dcinoiistnites, to his own 
 satisfaction, that "six years more and tho Chica<>o 
 district will be exhausted." 
 
 We heard just such predictions fifteen years ago. 
 Hut while it is a fact that much, if not a great majority 
 of the best and most accessible jiine, has b !eii mar- 
 keted, yet th(! <'iid is not just yet. The fore:<ts havo 
 I)ocn skinnned over. A lumlKUiuan whoso log luinters 
 declared a (ertain tract exhausted, visited it himself, 
 and last winter established his canij)3 on the deserted 
 
 i 
 
OUR LlJMnEU 1NTKKE8T8. 
 
 ground of aeven years asro, and Mociired ii little larger 
 cut of logs than ho did soven years hi't'oro. 
 
 Two brothers Innight u fann two and oiie-liaif niilcH 
 from Ludington, Michigan, <if what was supposed to 
 bo cleared land. This winter tliey have liauled into 
 th« town and sold 10<»,(HH) feet of <:ood lofru, which 
 brought them $7.'>0. and they say they siiali make a 
 bettor winter's ero)» next year. 
 
 In Miussachnsetts, over a n'lllion feet of second- 
 growth pine IninU'r wjls cut 1 ust year, and a gentle- 
 man tells ns that lie owns (^(H),(X^^,'>'n) feet in that state 
 of pure virgin f<>reijt, not touchei'. by the logger's axe. 
 
 It is true that the " river route," as des<ril)eil in the 
 eonimtucemenl of this article, has ju'rhaps seen its ilusli 
 timed. Yet the raft and b<K>m will do duty for many 
 Ii coming year. 
 
 RAILROAD LOGGING. 
 
 Meanwhile a new way of Buppl^ing the mill with 
 logs has come into 
 extensive use, and 
 that is the logging 
 railroad. The lum- 
 ber country l)oing 
 comi)aratively lev- 
 el (we arc pea king 
 now chiefly for 
 Michigan, Minne- 
 sota and Wittcon- 
 sin) the work of 
 grading the rail- 
 road tr.uk is very 
 slight. 
 
 Ticsare there for 
 the cuttiuir. and it 
 18 estimated that to build a good, fair track, equip with 
 good l<K'onu)tivc, especially adapted for the work, and 
 also the nccessjiry flat cars, only nn.kcs the expense of 
 haidiufr from 2.'» to 40 eent> \yor thousand for a haul of 
 from five to eight miles, aud some lunil)ermen claim 
 that as lompared with the loss of logs by the old 
 methods, the logging nilroad is not only more eco- 
 ■u)mical as to tinil)er, but fully as cheap for tlie nianu- 
 1 icturer, 1)eside« brin<.'ing into market any (piantity of 
 timl>er that could not otherwise have Iteen readied. 
 
 This has certainly put away the "day of evil things" 
 predlotod by correspondents, who geneRiUy get their 
 figures of standing pine from men with large stocks of 
 lumber now on hand Meantime let us try to get a 
 eomprchei\~il)le idea of the census figures. 
 
 If some youngster wants tt' kiiow how tho lumber 
 
 PORTER'S LOGGING LOCOMOTIVE, 
 
 cut in these United Stiites would look in one pile, let 
 him look at some neighbor's farm, contiiining a full 
 section, or (!40 acres of land, and then think, if ho can, 
 of seeing it j)il(!d solidly with luml)er, without a hole 
 anywhere, higher than an ordinary three-story brick 
 l>lock or a very high barn witii a ba.senu'ut, and he will 
 have some idea of the amount of lumber cut in the 25,708 
 saw-mills of this nation, except that ho would have to 
 liorrow H(i acres from a noighlwr to complete piling 
 the wiiole of it. 
 
 If he wanted to dispo.se of the shingles and lath cut 
 in the same jear, he would cover three more 80-acro 
 lots to tho same hight. If in a city or town, ho can 
 imagine oiui hundred mm iwijiity ordinary blocks or 
 scpiares and tho streets iK-twecn all solidly covered a.s 
 high as a large three-story building, with the lumln'r 
 alone, and thou by puttin": the sliinglcs and lath on 
 top of that pile, ho would _4:ct his ji'.lo up to the top of 
 a five-story biulding. Loaded upon cant, it vould 
 
 make a solid train 
 extciuling over a 
 third of the way 
 around the earth. 
 .Such figures arc 
 hard to get an idea 
 of that w(> can 
 grasp, but that is 
 true of nearly all 
 tho great indus- 
 tries of our time. 
 They all reach fig- 
 ures that arc be- 
 yond comprehen- 
 sion, and illnst;a- 
 tioii by r;iiiiiliar 
 objects must be selected bcfcfre we get them cut of the 
 region of the intangible. 
 
 LUMBERMAN'S EXCHANGE. 
 
 At a very early perio.l in tlie history of the western 
 luml)cr trade, ('hii!i;,'o l)ei;imc the center of distribu- 
 tion for ;i wide raiiire nf tcrrit<.ry. The astonishing and 
 far-reat liiii<r development of her railroad system, her 
 coniinandin^'' position tor gniiii bliipment."., soon placed 
 Chicago as the great business mart of the west. 
 
 Hec( ;rnizin;j this fact, believing that the liinilK>r 
 tracie .if the cily were to ho ever increasing, and that 
 clashing interests would tend to demonilize dealers and 
 retard not only their own interests, but also those of 
 the whole lumber business, and also those of the city, 
 a few luml)ermen, in the year IM.')!), organized tho 
 
! 
 
 .1 
 
 if 
 
 Ori< LIMIIKU IMKilKt<T8. 
 
 " ijiiiiilMTiimirH lloiud of Tm«l«' mill Kxclmiifro of I 'In 
 (■ii<.'<)," witli tin- r(>ll<iuiii;r (Iccliiri'd olijccts, as hIiovh hi 
 tlii> incaiiilil"' 111 tlicir rules and liy-liiws • 
 
 " Ilaviiip a (losiro tdUilvaiiro tin' tdinmiTcial diar- 
 uotor, ami iiidiiuitc llic <rtMi( ral liiiiilici intcrost tit the 
 city <if Cirna^'d aii<l the N(llt'\^^•(^■^l, and wisjiin;^ to 
 iiiciilratc Jn-t and ('(juital>l(> princiiilcs in trade, c^ta!)- 
 lish and iiiaintaiii iniil'oniiit y in the < (iinnu'nial iisa^n>s 
 (if tin- city, ac(|iiiiv, |r.osovvi' and diss<'niiiiali' \aliialilc 
 111- iiiif-s iiifoiinatir.n, and. willi a view to avoid and 
 adju.-'t, as far as |icaetHiilile, the rontroversies and inis- 
 uii(lerstandinj.r- wiiirli are apt to ai'i.-e iiet\v«'en nidi- 
 vidiials eiii.a<red in trade w lien tiiey lia\e no aeknowl- 
 otlyod rules to iruide tlicni- we, the inenilM'rs ol' the 
 LiimlHTinan's Kxehaii^" •" Chiea4ro, liy \ irtiie >< tlio 
 pfiwer vested in us liy the i>rcc«'diii_i.'' eliartcr, ' • hereliv 
 a;Lrree t<i lio •roverned liy the foilowini.' rulvs and h - 
 laws." 
 
 Uiiiler tiieir eharti-r, tliey pnKoeded to a|i|i(ii'it 
 iiispe<'tors to e\aiiiih(>, nieasuro and inspect linnlier, 
 tinilM-r, shiiiirles, wood, etc., and to piescrilie rules 
 and tix <rnides liy which such inspoetors should lie 
 •jfoveriied. 
 
 It W!is also <iiie of the articles of their incorjwnition 
 that, as aniouir theni.-olves, the cortiticate of their 
 inspe«'tors should lie ovidonco In'twocn buyer and seller 
 as to <rrnde, (pumtity, (piulity or chanuter ot lumlM-r 
 so iii>p<'<'ted ami irraded. 
 
 A roniniitli'c of Miliitnition consisting.' of live nieni- 
 lieis was ap|Kiinled " to invest urate and dei'iile all 
 disputes and ditlicnities of :i tinaiieial, niercantile 
 or coninieri'ial character which niiiy he siilnuiltcd 
 to it. ' 
 
 .Vii appeal could he taken IVoin the di'^-ision <if 
 the comniitttM' of arliitnition to the coniinillce of 
 ajipeals. 
 
 It was tiie duly of tins loniiuittee to re\ iew sildl 
 wrilleii evidence and decisions of the arliitnil ion coni- 
 initteeashad been <l>'niurre<l to, and the decisions of 
 the coinniitlee on appeals was to lie liiiidiiii.>-. 
 
 After a short life of one year this institution "IuIkm- 
 iialed. " or took to winter (piarters, and laicl clorniaut 
 for .-e\eral year>. (irades and inspections ran wild. 
 Kiich dealer ^'raded as he saw lit. The "(■oiiiinon" 
 (if one 3>ird was "third clear" of another, and the 
 excliani,'e w as reoifraiiizod in l^^titi, under A. Carter as 
 pK-idenl. For s(;vcnil yours ufter that it dni^'gcd out 
 a puny existence. 
 
 I'lieii came the ^roat tiro of 1871, mid tlii> iiiinionHO 
 inp<:iir of IuiiiIk r to reliuild the city and supply tbo 
 '■oinilrv trade as well. 
 
 The annual lunilier cut lu><riin to appal tluiso who 
 look any interest in the iiiatt(M- at all, and a /renei-ul 
 call was made for "liirht." 
 
 The new Luiiiiiei man's Kxchangc of Chicago began 
 to assiiine slrenglh. .Meiiiliorshi|i In-gaii to increase 
 and lis gnules liecanie genenilly recognized. It now 
 nunilH'rs l.'ii! meiiibers, and il.s inlhieiiee is felt ..ot oniy 
 III all Kii^lish-speaking countries, but wherever for- 
 estry IS recognized us a subject of nutionul irnportaiico 
 and legislation. 
 
 Till' CN hah !• holds a monthly meeting •<♦" its luii'r.l 
 I ■ d''<'c* <9v I' fix rale*, hojir i ports of committees, 
 ""WU h' coiiipjjiiits, ete. 
 
 .!l season the exchange holds lunch meet- 
 in;,, .inch '. e grown to \h' of no little importance, 
 a> ciiUiMiling iOt il, friendly miienlti(M. 
 
 A lunch is furnished by soiik! firm, and is succeeded 
 'lyascaxiii of speech-makiiig, in which the menilHn's do 
 not conliiK' themselves to lumber alone, but discuss 
 aii<l criticix' the linanees and government of city and 
 cou'iiy, in their usual free and (>asy manner. 
 
 The liiiiclio ha\(' done iiiiich to bring out the strong 
 social feeliiigii and real regard of the memliers of the 
 exchange for each other, despite the keenness of their 
 competition outside. 
 
 If there IS any call to which the " man of boards" 
 is (pucker to respond than to any other, it is the cry of 
 distress. Instinctively his hand reaches for his pocket- 
 book, as the iiurned-oiil lliiron district of Alichigan, 
 (lie \ellow-levere<l palieiil^ of the South, the loriiado- 
 .-wcpt citizens of Grinnell. Iowa, :ind the victims of 
 water at Hniidwood •■oal iiniies, and along the Ohio 
 iner, can testify. 
 
 I he tota' receipts of forest products at Chicago, 
 durnii.'' the _\eai l><h2, aggregile, as shown by the iiooks 
 of til.' exchaiiL'c. lMIt;..>ll,(M)() feet of lumber and 
 :iti(),iHM;,l!t| shiiiglo, \vhile the sales nin up to aiiout 
 $.'iO,(M)0.(MMi. Ill addition to this there were received 
 .V.t,7:57,rMM) lath, 2,4(iL>,N;(! lar posts, 3,(14 1,71 1 rail- 
 road ties, (i7,(l!l2 cords of wood, 2:i,li!() cords of bark, 
 •Ji.'J'i't cords of slabs, aikd 2.'>0,?<(I7 telegraph poles, 
 making in all about $.")4,(MKl,()(M), These figures throw 
 u stronger light upon the magnitude of the lumber 
 interest.s of Chicivgo than pages of rhetoric could 
 posuibly du. 
 
!♦ 
 
 ; 
 
 COOKERY KECIPEH. 
 
 ^ «-^^^ ^— » ^ 
 
 aijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiE5i5ji=ii^ 
 
 ,^ COOKERY RECIPES^f 
 
 __ -^s^ 
 
 A e to Mull. — Tiikc a pint of f^ori] stronp iiIp, and po; r | 
 it into II .Miiiiccpiiii witiitiin't^ ('l./>'i'.s uml ii littlo iiiitnici;; 
 Hiigar ti> yiiiir tiisti'. Set it, over the (in', luni wlii'ii it ImiiIh 
 tiiki' it oil' t ,'()■!. Itdit up tiio ycilk.s of four «';rj,'s cxccimI- 
 iii^'iv w<>ii ; mix tlniii fii'st with ii jittio niM alt', tiit'ii ailil 
 liu-iii to tin; warm air, and |MiMr it in and out uf tiu; par | 
 Ki'Vcral tinic.^. Sit ii oNcr a «lo\v lire, l)cat it a lililf, take i 
 it olT airain ; do tlii.s tliruc times until it is hot, then serve 
 it witii dr}' toast. 
 
 Ale. Spiced. — is made hot, sweetened willi .snjrar and 
 Hpieed willi ),'ialrcl iiiitnie;j;. and a hot toast i.s nerved in it. 
 'I his is tjje wa-s.sail drink. 
 
 Beef Tea. — <'nt a pound of lleshy lieef in thin Kliees; 
 Rimmer with a f|uait of water twenty minutes, after it lias 
 oneo boiled and heeii ukimmed. Sea.son if approved. 
 
 Beei ^ea. — To one pound of lean heef add one and one- 
 half lumMers of cold water ; cut tli'J lieef in snnill pieces, 
 eovei', and let it hoil slowly for ten minutes, ami i.dd a little 
 Halt iifier it is l)oiled. Kxci-llent. 
 
 Beef Tea. — C'ut lean, tender heef into smiili pieces, put 
 tliein into a hotlle, cork and wet in a i)ot of cold water 
 then put on the stove and hoil for one hour. Season to 
 taste. 
 
 Black Currant Cordial.— 'I'o every four f|inirts of 
 black currants, jiii'ked from the Htems and lightly bruised, 
 udd one piUon of the best whiskv ; let it remain four 
 months, shaking; the jar occasionally, then drain off the 
 liquor and strain. Add three pounds <if loaf aug-dv .md a 
 quarter of a poiiml of bust cloves, »li;^litJy i)ruised ; bottle 
 well and seal. 
 
 Boston Creem (a Summer Drinlt).— .Make a syrup of 
 four pounds of white su;j;ar with founiuarls of water; boil; 
 when cold add four ounces of tartaric acid, one and a luilf 
 ouiu'ea of essence of len.on, and the whites of six eggs 
 beaten ton still froth; bottle, A wiiui-glass of tlie cream 
 to a tumbler of water, witli autticieut carboimte of eodu to 
 nniko it elTervesce. 
 
 Champagne Cup. — One nuart bottle of champagne, 
 two bottles of soda-water, one licpieur-glass of brandy, two 
 tublesijoons of powdered sugar, a few thin ftrips of eueum- 
 ber rind; make this just in time for use, and add a large 
 I)ieco of ice. 
 
 Chocolate. — Scrape ('adl)ury's chocolate fine, mix with 
 a little cold water anil the yolks of eggs well beaten; add 
 this to eiiinil parts of milk and water, and boil well, being 
 careful tnat it does not burn. Sweeten to the taste, and 
 servo hot. 
 
 Coffee — Is a tonic and Btimulatinjj bevorago, of a whole- 
 some nature. Use the best. For eight cups use lu-arly 
 eight cups of water ; put in coffee as much as you like, 
 boil a minute and take olT, and throw in a cup of cold 
 water to throw the grounds to the bottom; in five minutes 
 it will bo very dear. 
 
 Or, beat one "; two eggs, wiiicli mix with ground coffee 
 to form a bail ; nearly till the pot with cold water, simmer 
 
 do 
 
 off the yellow rind of the lemon, 
 u layer of lemon and a thick layer 
 plate; cover close with a saucer, and 
 (0 Tiiis is au excellent remedy for a 
 
 gently for half an hour, having introdui'ed the ball 
 /("/ //" /, or you will di'Stroy the aroma. 
 
 Coffee. — 'I'he following is a delicious dish either for Hum- 
 mer bri'akfast or dessert : Make a strong infusion of .Mocha 
 colTee ; put it in a iiorcelain bowl, sugar it properly and add 
 to it an eijiial portion of boiled milk, or onc-thinl thequan. 
 tity of ricli cream. Surround the bowl with poiiiuk.. ice- 
 
 Currant Wine. — One quart currant juice, three pounds 
 of stigir, sudii'ieiit water to make a gallon. 
 
 Egg Gruel. — Hoil egga from one to three hours until 
 hard enougli to . '": then boil new milk and thicken 
 with the egg, i i at' littio salt. Excellent in case of 
 naus(>a. 
 
 Lemon S' ap.- 
 slice tint leui .n . •! pr, 
 of sugar J. • "let 
 set in a warm V 
 cold. 
 
 Lemon 1e. — Tak a cpiart of boiling water, and add to 
 it live on I ' imji-sugar, the yellow riml of the lemon 
 
 rubbed oil v. iui a bit of sugar, and the juice of three 
 lemons. Stir all together and let it stand till cool. Two 
 ounces of cream of tartar may bo used instead of the 
 lemons, water being poured upon it. 
 
 Raspberry Vinegar. — Fill a jar with red raspberries 
 picked from the stalks. I'our in as muidi vinegar lus it 
 will hold. Lot it stand ten days, then strain it through a 
 sieve. Don't press the berries, just let the juice run 
 through. To every pint add one pound loaf sugar. Boil 
 it like other syrufi; skim, and bottle when cold. 
 
 Summer Drink. — Boil together for five minutes two 
 ounces of tartaric acid, two pounds white sugar, three 
 lemons sliced, two quarts of water; when nearly cold add 
 the whites of four eggs beaten to a froth, one tableppoou- 
 ful of flour and half an ounce of winiergreeii. Two table- 
 spoonfuls in a glass of water make a pleasant drink; for 
 those who like elTervescence add as mucli soda as a ten- 
 cent piece will hold, stirring it briskly before drinking. 
 
 Blackberry Syrup. — To one pint of juice put one 
 pound of white sugar, one-half ounce of powdered cinna- 
 mon, one-fourth ounce nnicc, and two teaspoons cloves; 
 boil all together for a qarter of an hour, then strain the 
 syrup, and add to each pint a glass of French brandy. 
 
 Tea. — When the water in the teakettle begins to boil, 
 have ready a tin tea-steeper; pour into the tea-steeper just 
 a very little of the boiling water, and then i)Ut in tea, 
 allowing one teaspoon of tea to each person. Four over 
 thi.s boiling water until the steeper is a little more than 
 half full; cover tijjhtly and let it stand where it will keep 
 liot, but not to boil. Let the tea infuse for ten or fifteen 
 minutes, and then pour into the tea-urn, ailding more 
 boiling water, in the proportion of one cup of water for 
 every teaspoon of dry tea which has been infused. Ilftve 
 boiling water in a water-pot, and weaken each cup of tea 
 
 m^ 
 
I 
 
 iwdesirod. Do i.ot ufie water for ton tlmt liiw bemi boilwl 
 long. Spring water is boat fortoa, and tiltorod wutor noxt 
 *>e8t. 
 
 loed Tea a la Rufise . — To each ^'lusa of tua add tha 
 juice of liitlf a luriiKih till up the giauH with iiouiidcd iuo, 
 and RwiM'ti'ii, 
 
 General Directions for Making Bread. -In tliu 
 
 coin|)()riitu>n of jrood broiid, tliuio aro lliruo itiij)ortaiit 
 re(|tiiaite8: Good Hour, ^ood yoaat. [and huro lit uh 
 rocoinmeiid (iiliott'a Magio Yoaat CaRoa. Thoy i<('on 
 good for ono _vt!iir in. any cliinalt', and once usod you will 
 not do witliout ii. Ail grocers koi'p itjand atrongtii to 
 kucad it well. !''loiir aiiould l>o wliito and dry, orunibiing 
 eaaily again nficr it in jtroaawl in t'lo Inind. 
 
 A very good niotlioil of aactirtaiiiing tlio quality of yeaat 
 will bu to adil a little Hour to a V(>ry Hniall quantity, Hutting 
 it in a warm ))la(-e. If in the courao of ten or lifteen niin- 
 utca it raise.'), it will ilo to use. 
 
 When you make hreaii, lliat aet the sponge with warm 
 milk or water, keeping it in a warm place until cpiite 
 light. 1'hen mold thiH sponge, by adding Hour, into one 
 largo loaf, kneading it well, Set tliia to riwo again, and 
 then wiion Hulllciontly Unht nndd it into amaller loaves, 
 let it riso again, t!ie" bike. ('aieHhonld be taken not to 
 get the dougli too ati.i i^'itli llour; it ahould be aaaoft aa it 
 can bo to knoad will. Ti -niku breail or bidcuita a nice 
 color, wet the dougli over top with water just before pufc- 
 ting it into the oven, flour ahould always be sifted. 
 
 Brown Bread, for those who can eat corn-meal: Two 
 
 cn;>s liiiliii'i inr.ii to ouo eup llour; one half teacup syrup, 
 'iit i'U|)smilk; I leii.:po(;n .>i;il;;.'t tca.-poons of (iilh-tt'a bak- 
 ing po.vder. Sr.'iuii au hour and a liolf. Tobuouton hot. 
 It '_'•>! s Very nic'-ly with a corn-beef dinner. 
 
 Brown Bread. — Siir together wheat meal and cold 
 water (nothing ei-i>, not even salt) to the consistency of u 
 thiek batter. Make in small circular pans, froc. three 
 to three and a half inejies in diameter, (ordimirvtin patty- 
 pans do very wt^il) in a ipiick, hot oven. It is ijuito 
 es.eenti.d that it bo bakeil in this si/.ed cake, as it is upon 
 this lliat the raising de|)ends. [ In this article there aro 
 none of tho injurious qualities of eiilicr t'crmented or 
 superlino lloiirljread; ami it is so palpalily wholesoniofood, 
 that it appeala at once to tho common sense of uU who are 
 interested in tlio subject.] 
 
 Brown Bread — Take pirt f)f the sponge that h.aa been 
 prepariii for your white bread, warm water can bo added, 
 mix it with graham llour (not too stiff). 
 
 Boston Brown Bread To make one loaf: — Rye moni 
 unsifted, half a pint; Imlian meal sifted, one ptiit; sour 
 milk, one pint; mohissea, half a gill. Add a frojispoonfiil 
 of salt, one toaspoonful of soda dissolved in a little hot 
 wafer; stir well, jmt in a greased pan, let it rise one hour, 
 and St. Mm four li')ip-i. 
 
 Boston Brown Bread. — One and one-half cups of 
 graham llour, two cups of corn meal, oiio-half cup of 
 molasses, one pint of sweet milk, and one-half a teaspoon 
 of soda; steam threo hours. 
 
 Corn Bread.— One-half pint of bnttcrmilk, one-half 
 pint of sweot milk; sweeten tho sour milk with one-half 
 teaspoon of soila; beat two eggs, whites and yolks to- 
 gether; pour the milk into the eggs, then thicken with 
 about nine tablespoons of sifted corn meal. I'titthopan 
 on tho Ktovo with a piece of lard tlie size of an egg; when 
 melted pour it in tho batter; this lard by stirring it will 
 grease the pan to bake in; add a teaspoon of salt. 
 
 Excellent Bread. — Four jiotatoes mashed fine, fonr 
 teaspoons of salt, two quarts of lukewarm milk, one-half 
 c.iko Oillett's magic yeast dissolved in one-half cup of 
 
 warm water, flour enough to make a pliable dough; mold 
 with hands well greased with lard; place in pans, and 
 when Mudiciently light, it is ready for baking. 
 
 French Broad. — With a quarter of a peck of Dno flour 
 mix the yolks of throe ami whitea of two eggs, beaten ami 
 strained, II little salt, half a jiint of good yeast that is not 
 bitte- and as much milk, mado a little warm, as will work 
 into i> mm light dough. Stir it about, but don't kneud 
 it. llavo ready three (piart wooden dishes, divide th« 
 dough among Uiem, set to rise, then turn them out into 
 tho oven, which must be quick. Itaaj) when done. 
 
 Graham Bread. — For omv loaf, take two cupa of white 
 bread tpoiige, to which add two tablespoons of brown 
 aiigar, and graham flour to make a atiff batter; let it rise, 
 after which add graham flour suflleientto knemi, but not 
 very stiff; then put it in the pan to rise and bake. 
 
 Italian Bread. — Make a stiff dough, with two pounds 
 of line Hour, t^ix of white powdered sugar, three or four 
 eggs, a lemon-peel grated, and two ounces of fresh butter. 
 If tho dough is not Arm enougli, add more flour and 
 sugar. Then turn it out, ainl work it well with tho hand, 
 cut it into round long biscuits, and gluzo them with white 
 of egg. 
 
 Rice and Wheat Bread. — Simmer a pound of rice in 
 two quarts of water till soft; when it is of a proper 
 warmth, mix it well with four pnunda of flour, and yeaat, 
 and salt as for other bread; of yeast about four largo 
 spoonfuls; knoad it well; then set to rise before tho Are. 
 Some of tho flour should be reserved to make up tho 
 loavea. If tho rico should require more water, it must bo 
 added, as some rico swells more than others. 
 
 Sago Bread. — Hoil two lbs. of sago in three jiints of 
 water until reduced to a quart, then mix with it half a 
 pint of voast, and pour tho mixture into fourteen lbs. of 
 iloiir. Mako into bread in tho usual way. 
 
 Steamed Bread. — Two cups com meal; 1 cup graham 
 Hour; 4 eiiji N. O. molasses; salt and teaapoonful of soda. 
 Mix soft with sour milk, or iiiako with sweet milk and 
 Oillett's baking powder. Putin tight mold in kettle oi 
 water; steam three hours or more. This is as nice as Bos- 
 ton brown bread. 
 
 Use this receipt with flour instead of graham; ouvl a 
 cup of beef suet, kiid it makes a nice pudding in tho win- 
 ter. Kat with syrup or cream. 
 
 Biscuits. — Mix a quart of sweot milk with half a cup 
 of melted butter; stir in a |iinch of salt, two teaspoonfufa 
 of baking powder and flour enough for a aiili batter. 
 Have the oven at a brisk heat. Proj) tho batter, a spoon- 
 ful in a jiluco, on buttered pans. They will bake in lifteen 
 minutes. 
 
 Cream Biscuits. — Three heaping tabloapoons of sour 
 cream; put in a bowl or vessel containing a quart and fill 
 two-thirda full of sweet milk, two teaspoons cream tartar, 
 one teaspoon of soda, a little salt; pour the cream in the 
 flour, mix soft and bake in a quick oven. 
 
 French Biscuits. — Two cups of butter, two cupa of 
 sugar, one egg (or tho whites of two), half a cup of sour 
 milk, half a teaspoon of soda; flourto roll; sprinkle with 
 sugar. 
 
 Rye Biscuits. — Two cups of rye meal, one and a half 
 cups flour, one-third cup molasses, one egg, a little salt, 
 two cups sour milk, two oven teaspoons saleratus. 
 
 Soda Biscuits. — To each quart of flour add ono table- 
 spoon of siiortening, one-half teaspoon of salt, and three 
 and a half heaping teaspoons of Oillett's baking powder; 
 mix baking powder thoroughly through tho flour, then 
 add other ingredients. Do not knead, and bake quickly. 
 To use cream tartar and soda, take the same proportions 
 
 ^ 
 
 
E?-^»vx- 
 
 OOOKKRY RKriPM. 
 
 without tho baking powdur, uaing initoad two heaping 
 toaspcKing cream tiirlar and ouo of loda. If good they 
 will baico ill flvo mimitug. 
 
 Tea Biscuits.— Ouo cup of hot water, two of milit, 
 three tiklilt!it|iooiia of yoast; mix thoroughly; iiftnr it is 
 riien, take two-thinlH of a<:uji of Imtttir and a littlu HUgiir 
 and mold it; thou lot it ride, and mold it into amall 
 oakei. 
 
 Bannocks. — One pint corn meal, pour on it boiling 
 water to thnrotigiily wet it. Lot it Rtund a fow miniitt^B; 
 add Halt and one cg^ uiid a littlo iiwout croaiii, or a table- 
 spoon iiioltud biittor. .Make iutu ballit aud fry in hot 
 iiird. 
 
 Breakfast Cakes.— One cun milk, one pint floor, 
 thrt'o og^'H, piocu Imtlor nizo of an egg, two tuaHpoons 
 cream tartar, onu toaapooii Hoda, oiio tablospooii biittor. 
 
 Buckwheat Cakes. — Onu (piart buckwlioat Hour, 
 four tikl)l«>Hpc)ona yeant, ouo tablt>Hj)oon aalt, ouo handful 
 ludiaii rui'al. two tabloapooua luolaaaua, not Hyrup. Warm 
 water ouough to uuiko a thin battor; boat very well and sot 
 in a warm place. Iftlio battur is tho louut sour in tho 
 morning, aild a littlo aoda. 
 
 Quick Buckwheat Cakes.— Ono quart of buckwheat 
 flour, one-half a toauup of corn uiciil or wheat flour, a littlo 
 aalt, aiul two tabloapooiiB of syrup. Wot thcao witii cold 
 or warm water to a thin battor, ami add, lastly, four good* 
 tabloHpooiia of Oillett'a baking powder. 
 
 Spanish Buns.— Kivo eggs well beaton; cut up in a cup 
 of warm now milk half a pound of good butter, ono pound 
 of sifted flour, and a wiuoglaaHful of good yeast; stir theso 
 woll together; sot it to rise for an hour, in rather a warm 
 iila(;c; when riuon, sift in h.'.lf a pound of while sugar, and 
 naif a grated nutmeg; add ouo wineglass of wine and 
 braiiily, mixed, ouo wineglass of roso-water, and ono cup- 
 ful of currants, which have boon clounod thoroughly. 
 Mix theso woll, pour it into paiiH, and sot »t to rise again 
 for half an hour. Then bake ouo hour. Icing is a great 
 improvement to their apnoaraiice. 
 
 Bath Buns. — Take 1 lb. of flour, put it in a dish, and 
 make a luilu iu tho middle, and ])our in a dessert spoonful 
 of good voast; pour upon tho yeast half a cupful of warm 
 milk, mix in one-third of the flour, and lot it rise an hour. 
 When it has risen, put in G oza. of cold buttor, 4 eggs, and 
 a few caraway seeds; mix all together with the rest of the 
 flour. Put it in a warm place to rise. Flatten it with tho 
 hand on a pasteboard. 8ift 6 ozs. of loaf sugar, half tho 
 size of a pea; sprinkle tho particles over tho dough; roll 
 together to mix the sugar; lot it rise in a warm place about 
 20 minutes. Make into buns, and lay on buttered tins; 
 put sugar and or 10 comfits on tho tops, sprinkle thorn 
 with water; bake in a pretty hot oven. 
 
 Graham Gems. — One quart of sweet milk, ono cup 
 syrup, ouo teaspoon soda, two teaspoons cream tartar, littlo 
 salt; mix cream tartar in graham flour, soda in milk, and 
 make it as stiff with tho flour as will make it drop easily 
 from the spoon into muffin rings. 
 
 Brown Griddle Cakes. — Take stale bread, soak in 
 water till soft, drain oil water through colander, beat up 
 flno with fork, to one quart of the crumb batter, add ono 
 qiiart each milk and flour, and four eggs well beaten. 
 Mix, bake in a griddle. 
 
 Wheat Gems. — One pint milk, two eggs, flour enough 
 to make a batter not very stiff, two largo spoons melted 
 buttor, yeast to raise them, a little soda and salt. Bake in 
 gem irons. 
 
 Johnnie Cake. — One pint of corn meal, one toacnp of 
 flour, two eggs, one pint of sweet milk, ono tablespoon of 
 molasses, one tablespoon of melted butter, a little salt, one 
 
 toaspoon of amla, ono teaspoon of cream of tartar; bake in 
 Hi|iMkro tine. 
 
 Mush. — Indian or oatmeal muah is b«Ht made in tho 
 following manner: I'ut fretih water in a kettle over tho 
 tiro to liiiil, and put in aome Halt; when the water boili, 
 Htir in h'.iiidfiil by handful corn or oatmeal until thick 
 piiough for iiHc. Ill order to have excellent iniiHh, tho 
 meal ahoiiM lie allowed to cook well, and long its possible 
 while thin, itiid before tho flnal handful is addod. 
 
 Fried Mush.— When deaired to bo fried for breakfast, 
 
 turn into an earthen iIihIi urid Met away to cool. Then cut 
 
 ill Hliees when you wlnh to fry; dip each piece iu beaten 
 eggii and fry on a hot griddle. 
 
 Muffins.— Ono talih^Kpoonful of buttor, two tablespoons 
 sugar, two eggs — stir altogether; add one cup of sweet 
 injik, three toaspoonri of baking powder, flour to make a 
 stilT l)all(^r. Hako twenty minutes in a quick oven. 
 
 English Pancakes.— Make a batter of two teacups of 
 Hour, four eggs, aud one (juarl of milk. Add, as a groat 
 improvement, one table.sixioiifiil of brandy with a Tittle 
 iiiitmog scraped in. .Nfake tho sixo of frying pan. 
 Sprinkle a littlu granulated Miigar over the pancake, roll it 
 iij), and seixl to tho table hot. 
 
 Pop Overs. — Three cups of milk ond three cups flour, 
 three oggH, a li^tlo salt, one tablcHpoon melted buttor put 
 in the last thing; two tablospuons to a pulT. 
 
 Rolls. — To tiio quantity of light bread-dough that you 
 would take for twelve persons, add tho white of one egg 
 well beaton, two tablespoons of white sugar, and two 
 tablespoons of luitter; work those thoroughly together; 
 roll otit about half an iiK'h thick; cut tho size desired, and 
 spread ono with melted butter and lay another upon tho 
 top of it. Bake delicately when they have risen. 
 
 French Rolls. — Ono (juart flour, add two eggs, one 
 half-pint milk, tablespoon it yeast, kneed it well; let rise 
 till morning. Work iii one oiinco of butter, and mold in 
 small rolls. Hake iiniiiediatcly. 
 
 Rusks. — Milk enough with one-half cup of yeast to 
 make a pint; make a sponge and rise, then add one anil a 
 half cups of white sugar, three eggs, one-half cup of 
 butter; spico to your taste; mold, then put in pan to rise. 
 When baked, cover tho tops with sugar dissolved in milk. 
 
 Waffles. — One quart of sweet or sour milk, four eggs, 
 two-thirds of a cup of butter, half a teaspoonful of salt, 
 three teaspoonfuls of baking-powder; flour enough to make 
 a nice batter. If you use sour milk leave out tho baking- 
 powder, and use two teaspoons soda. Splendid. 
 
 Yeast. — In reference to yeast, we advise the use of 
 Magic Veaat Cakes; it keeps good a year, and works quick- 
 er and better than other yeasts. 
 
 Suggestions in Making Cake.— It is very desirable 
 that llie materials be of the Unest quality. Sweet, fresh 
 butter, eggs, and good flour are tho first essentials. Tho 
 process of putting together is also quite an important 
 feature, ana where other methods are not given in this 
 work by contributors, it would be well for tho young 
 housekeeper to observe tho following directions: 
 
 Never allow tho butter to oil, but soften it by putting 
 in n moderately warm ])lace before you commence other 
 preparations for your cake; then put it into an earthen 
 dish — tin, if not new, will discolor your cake as you stir 
 it — and add your sugar; beat tho butter and sugar to a 
 cream, add the yolks of the eggs, then the milk, and lastly 
 the beaten whites of tho ogp and flour. Spices and liquors 
 may be added after the yolks of tho opgs are put in, and 
 fruit should be put iu with the flonr. 
 
I 
 
 rf^ 
 
 :iA8 
 
 COOKKHY KKCIPIOI, 
 
 Tlin OTen ihould bo pretty hot for iniAlI onkpn. iiihI 
 iiioiluratn for laruor. To uMccrtiiin if ii ItirKo cuko iit iiini- 
 ciontly linked, pieroo it witli u lirooiii-itruMr tliri>U)(h the 
 center; if <l<iiie, the straw will cutiie out free from 
 (loii^h ; if not (loMc, (loii)(li will itiiliere to tlit- Htriiw. 
 Tnke it out of tlix tin ulioiit liftiM'ii niliiiitfri uftiT it it 
 tiikoii from till) oven (not loonor), and do not turn it over 
 on tlid t<i|i to cool, 
 
 Frostinff. — One pint Kntnn luted lUKiir, nioi'<ten thor- 
 oukIiIv (liiTi water Hullii-icrit to diiwoivo it wir.ii iinitt-d ; 
 lilt it lioil until it tlireiiiU fi'oii. tliu Hjioon, Htirring oftm ; 
 wliile the 8ii);iir ix hoilin;:, hcitt the whilcH of tW(>f>;v'>( till 
 they uie lirni ; tlu'ii \\\\i>n tlioroii^'hiy hciiicn, turn tlu-m 
 into Ii deep iIIhIi, iind when the hii^iw in lioilei!, turn it 
 over the whiicH, he. iliuK nil rapidly tn^fether until of the 
 ri);ht conHirtteni'y to Kiirt'ud ovi>r ihecitke. Fliivnr with 
 lemon, if iireferreil. 'rhiii id Kiitlli'ient for two loiiveg. 
 
 Frosting', for Cake. — On.> cno froHtinK-iin>;ar, two 
 tahleMpooHH of Wilier hnilt'd tii^ri>tlier ; take it olT tho 
 Btovo, and 8tir in tin* white of ono e^'g lieuten to a MtifT 
 froth ; Blir all fi'jti'tlier well, then fio-t yinircake with it, 
 an<l you will iirvi'r wnnt a iiii'cr friiHtiii^ tlmn this. 
 
 Chocolate Frosting'. -Whiiea of two eKKi^, one and 
 ono-hali ciiiirt (if tine Hiif;.ir, six ffreat Hp<MinH of prated 
 chooohite, two teiiHOdona of viiMillit ; Hpretid rather thickly 
 between layera and on top of cake. HeHt whoa freahly 
 made. It hIioiiIiI ho nnide liko any frosting. 
 
 Icingf. — The following rules should he ohHcrvod whero 
 
 boilt'il K'iii;; in not used : 
 
 I'lit t!ie whiten of your eggs in li shallow oarthorn dixh, 
 and allow at least a quarter of a jiound or Hixteen table- 
 BjiodiM (if till) tinest white supiir fur each epg. Take part 
 of the Hii;;iir at lirst and Hpriiikle mcr tho egjjs ; iieat 
 them for alimit half an hour, Ktirring in gradually the rest 
 of thoHiignr; then add the llavur. If V"U nxe the juico 
 of a lemon, allow ini.ro rtii;;ar. 'rarlarii! and hinon-juice 
 whitens iclML.'. It may be shaded a pretty pink with 
 Htrawlierryjnico or cnmhcrfy svriiii, or eolnrcd yeljuw by 
 nuttiii;; the jiiieo and rind of a lemon in a tliii^k uiusliu 
 tiiij:, and K(|iieezinc[ it, li.ird inio tlie e^'^ ai.d snpir. 
 
 If cake i« well (lred>:ed « ith (loiir afii r baking, nnd 
 then carefully wiped before tho ii-ing is imLon, it will not 
 mil, and can bo spread Moro Biiioolhly. I'lit frosting; on 
 to tho cake in larf,'e Hpooiifiil-i, conimeiicing over the cen- 
 ter ; flieii spieid it over the i'iik(<, usiiii; a larj.'e knife, 
 dipping it (lecasionally in cold water. Dry tho frosting 
 on tiio cake in a i I, dry place. 
 
 Ico-Cream Iclngf, for White Cake.— Two cuiw pul- 
 verized wluli! sugar, boiled to a thick syrnp ; ad(l tnreo 
 teaspoons vanilla; when cold, add the whites of two 
 eggs well beaten, and flavored with two teaspoons of citrio 
 
 acid. 
 
 Icing:, for Cakes. — Tako ton whites of oggs whipped 
 to a HtitT fiiitli, with twenty largo spoonfuls of orange- 
 (lower water. This is to bo laid smoothly on tho cakes 
 after they are baked. Tln^n return them to the oven for 
 tiflecn minutes to harden tho icing, 
 
 Icingf. — Olio pound tiulverizcd sugar, jiour over one 
 tablesjioon cold water, beat whites of three eggs a little, 
 not to a stilT froth ; add to tho su^ai and water, put in a 
 deep howl, place in a vessel of boiling water, and heat. 
 It will iieconio thin and clear, afterward begin to thicken. 
 When it beconiea quilo thick, remove front thefironnd 
 stir while it becomes cool till thick enough to spread with 
 a knife. This will frost several ordinary-sized cakes.- 
 
 Almond Cake. — Take ten eggs, bi>aton separately, tho 
 yolks from the whites ; beat the yolks with half a pound 
 of whito sugar; bluaeh a quarter of a pound of altnonds 
 
 HV 
 
 by {)oiiring hot water on thorn, and remove the skim ; 
 pound them in n mortar smooth ; add three dro|>a of oil of 
 bitter aliniinds ; and rose-water to prevent tho oiling 
 of the almonds. Htir this also into tho eggi. Ilulf a 
 iiound of sifted Hour stirre(l very slowly into tho eggs; 
 lastly, stir in tho whites, which tniiHt liavn b(>fn whip|ied 
 to a MtitT froth. Pour this into tho pans, and bake iinine- 
 dialcly lhree-(|uarlers of an hour. 
 
 Coooanut Cake.— Whi|i tho whites of ton egg«. gr»t« 
 two nice rocoaiiiiis, and add them ; sift ono |H)unil of 
 whito sugar into half a pound of siftiil flour; stir thi* 
 well ; iidiia little rose-water to flavor ; |ioiir into pan*, and 
 bake three-fourths of uii hour. 
 
 Cocoanut Drops. — Ono ]iound cudi gratol coooanut 
 and sugar; four well beaten eggs ; four tablos|K>onfuU of 
 flour, mix well, drop on pan, and bake. 
 
 Cocoanut Jumbles. — 1'ako one cup butter, two cup« 
 sugar, llireii eggs well whipped, one grated cocoanut, 
 stirred in lightly with tho flour, which must be snflicient to 
 stiffen to tho reijuired consistency, iiako one to know 
 when enough flour is added. 
 
 Coffee Cake.- 'lake thrco eggs, two ciiiw brown sugar, 
 one Clip diong coffee, (piiirler of cup or butter, three 
 cups flour, ono teasjiooiifiil cream tartar, naif teas|iooiiful 
 each soda and groniul cinnamon and cloves, half anntnieg 
 grated, oiiu Clip of raisins, stoned ; beat butter and sugar 
 to a creani, then add eggs beaten, (MifTee, Hour sifted, and 
 cream tartar, will mixed with it. Spiees and raisins, 
 then soda dissolved in siilliident warm water to absorb it. 
 Thoroughly mix, and buko in round tins. 
 
 I Cookies. -Two cups bright brown sugar, one cun but- 
 ! ter, half cup sweet milk, two eggs, one teas]i(Minfui soda, 
 flour enoiij^li to roll out. 
 
 Composition Cake. — Five oggs, three cups sugar, two 
 cups butter, fi>o cii|i.s flour, <iiie wine-glasN brandy, one 
 iiunneg grated, half pound eaili raisins and currants, 
 three teaspoon fills (lillett's baking powder. 
 
 Corn Starch Cake. — Two mps pulverized sugar, one 
 ciiji li;iitcr, cup Corn starch, two cups sifted flour, seven 
 eg>.'s (whites beaten very liglil), one teaspoon soila, two 
 teaspodiis creani tartar "(or two teas|ioons liaking powder 
 instead of soda an 1 cream tartflr), flavor with lemon. In 
 putting this toL'ether, beat butter and sugar to a light 
 cream, difsolve corn staich inn cup of sweet milk, leav- 
 ing enough of the milk to dissolve the soda if it is used, 
 put t^reain of tartar or biiking powder in the flour, beat 
 the whites of tho eggs separate wtieii the butter and sugar 
 are ready, out all the iiigredieiics together first, leaving 
 
 are reaiiy, out all ino iiigrei 
 tho egiis and Ihnir to tho last. 
 
 Cream Cake. — Half jiint cream, ono tablespoon butter 
 rnhtied into ono tablespoon flour. I'lit tho cream on the 
 fire. When it boils stir in the butter and flour mixed, 
 add half a tea cup sugar, two eggs very light, flavor with 
 vanilla. Spread between cakes, and frost or sugar top of 
 cake to please fancy. 
 
 Cinnamon Cake.— Tako two cups of brown sugar, 
 one cup of butter, three-quarters cup of milk, half cup of 
 vinegar, four eggs, largo tablesiioon of cinnamon, four 
 cups of flour, ono teaspoon of soiia, two teaspoons cream 
 tartar, mix all but vinegar and soda, then add vinegar, 
 then soda, bake in largo tin or patty pans. 
 
 Currant Cake.— Tako two jmunds of flour, half a 
 pound of butter rubbed in tho flour, half a pound of moist 
 sugar, a few caraway seeds, three or four tablespoonfuls of 
 yeast, and u pint of milk made a little warm. Mix all 
 togetlicr, and let it stand an hour or two at tho fire to rise; 
 then beat it up with thrco eggs and a half pound of 
 
 li^MiL 
 
i; ^. 
 
 lIMtKKHY HKi'll'KM. 
 
 ciurutita. Put it into n tin, uiul buice two lioiira in it iiinci* 
 
 (trutd (ivcn. 
 
 Cup Cuke.^l'rcitni lutlf » cup of butter, iittd four cu|ia 
 
 of Hu^iki' l>v lioiktinir: ndr m llvo witlj Ix-uti'ii i';;^;'; iliitiinlvii 
 oiin l(<iiM|Mionfill )if (iiiilu ill Ik i'li|< of ufMHl lii:llt oi finiiii, 
 ttml HJx cnpri of ■iflcd ilour; utir nil wull tn^uilitr, lunl 
 biiki' ill I ins. 
 
 DolicutO Cako.— -Mix two ohih of iiiKur, four of tloiir, 
 liair i'ii|i Itiitlt r, i;!tlf I'lip Mvwit iiiilK, ilti' wliitcK of iii-vcii 
 
 *'K((i', two ;t>IIH| IIH Ct'illll l;l<l kr, iilif li'itMlH nil Kiiilil, I'llli 
 
 tilt' rrt'iiiii tiirtar ill tin- limir iiii>l utiicr in^rri'tin'iiti*, iitni 
 (luviir to milt tliK lii.'iii'. 
 
 Delicious Swiss Cako. — IW.u tii.» vi-lltii of (ivi-tirnH 
 mill iiiii' p'liiiiij i>l i^ifi' i| liiar M'l.' ir wull to;rii>li( I : tlit'ii rift 
 in iiiii' poiinil iif hi'Ml llitiir, ami u iar^'i' Hpooi.ful of nniiir 
 Hi'iiil; Imut tlii'Mc lo^jctiii-r for twiiilv niiiiiiii'H; ihcnviliip 
 to Ik xtilT fi'olh dm tlv)> wliitcc, iiiui tulil tlitMii; loat all 
 Wfll; tlicii roll (lilt. tli*> piu:ti> nil iiii'li thick, unil nit tlu'iii 
 with Ik iiiohlcil ciittor ratlwi niiiali; Ht-t thoiii iw<iiii> till the 
 iHXt iiioniin;^ to li!ik(>. Uiil> iIid tin.i on whii-li tlivy an- 
 tiaki"! with y''ll"* wax; it ii4 ii"i'0H<Mir_V to warm tiii' tini* lo 
 
 n ivi>tliowa\; tlicii Irr tliutii Ih'coiiic cool, wi]>o them, 
 
 ikiul iik'i on I lie caki'.-. Hakti a lixiit lirown. 
 
 Doug'hnutS. (Hic and u half cup of Muirar: half cup 
 aoiir milk, iwn tiaspouiiH Hodu, little nutnie(;, four eggs, 
 Hour oiiniiKh to roll out. 
 
 Drop Cake. -To ono pint cn>nni, tlirco e>;^'H, one 
 piiii'li of Halt, liiickoii with rvc till a xpoon will 8tuiiil 
 upri^-iit. ill it, then ilrop on li widl butterud iron pun whicli 
 nitisi III' lioi. in I he iivi'ii. 
 
 Drop Cookies.— Whiten of two pgK*, one larRo ouji of 
 milk, line Clip (if sii^ar, oiiu-lialf ciiii of hiiitcr, two tea- 
 Hpiiiiiifiils haKiii^'-powih'r, llavoi' with vanilla, roxe, or nut- 
 hick; Hour onoii^'h for thick liattcr, licat thorou^'hly, drop 
 in liMltcrcd paiin, duot giuiiulatcd augur on tuji, and bake 
 with ijispatoh. 
 
 Frtllt Cake. — Take ono pint cacii ('f Hour milk and 
 Bllgiir, two c;,'j;s, half pint niclli'd hiittcr, two teuHpooiiH 
 oven full of Hilda, didHoIvii in milk tloiir enough tu roll out 
 into aliikiM', and fry in hot htrd. 
 
 Fried Cakes. — Three eggH, om- rnp of sugar, one jiint 
 of new milk, suit, iiiitineg, and tloiir enough to permit the 
 Mpoon to Kiaiid iipriejit, in ihc mixture; add two tea-ijioon- 
 fills of (lillcti'H haking powilcr and beat until very light. 
 Drop hy iho deMscrt-spoiiiiful iiilo boiling lard. These 
 will not, iih.siirb a liii of fut, and are tliu lea^t pernieiouri of 
 the iluughniit family. 
 
 Fruit Cake.-- Take four pounds of brown sugar, four 
 poiinil.-) (if giiod biiMer, beiiten to cream: put four poiiiidH 
 ofKifted lloiir into 11 pan; wliiii thirty-two eggs to a tine 
 froth, iind add to tlio creamed butter aii'l sugar; then t^ke 
 six (loiinds of eleanod currants, fo;ir )ioiin(U of stoned 
 rasins. two pounds of cut cilrou, one pound of blanched 
 ulinonds, cm- 1, but .lol pounded, to a pa:Hto — a large 
 cup of iiiiilu.-.-. two large ^•poo|)f^lI8 of ground ginger, 
 half an ounce oi poiiiuU'd mace, lialf an ounce of prated 
 nut'iieg, half an ounce of poundi'il and sifted cloves, and 
 ono of cinnamon. ^lix thcne well together, tin ii add four 
 large wineglasses ol good French brandy, and lastly, stir 
 in the tloiir; beat this well, put it all into a stone jar, 
 cover very (doselv, for twelve hour.-;; then make into six 
 loiiV's, and bake in iron pans. Tliese cakes will keep a 
 
 year, if altonlion is paid to their being put in a tin case, 
 
 They improve by 
 
 Ivceppig. 
 
 and covered lightly in an airy plikce. 
 
 Ginger Drop Cake. — f up ckch sugar, imdnssea, lard 
 and iioiliiif w tier, inie teaspoon sodo, half toaapoon cream 
 
 tikrtur, atir in Hour until it in Hit thick M cuke, iwld ougur 
 uiid salt. 
 
 Ginger Snaps. — Tuko mie eupemdi of migar, nii ^isnea, 
 biiiier, half cu|i sour milk, two teiispoons cre:iiu i.Mlar, 
 one teaspoon sotla, lloiir enough to roll out, cut into size 
 deaii'i'il ainl bake. 
 
 Q\ugCk:r Snaps. — Two cu|w of .New (»i leans miiiatseR, 
 one I lip of sugar, ciie of liuii'-r, one teaspooiifiil of mhIii, 
 line ol tdoNeS, one ol black pippi r, Ikiid two tabieiipool n of 
 ginger. These will keep gond a month if vou \t ihli to keep 
 tlielll. 
 
 Graham Cakos, — llitif a cup of bnittr, one-iiMlf .up 
 
 silUiil, one t'g;., one leacllp bolll lllilk, one-lialf teM^l"lo|| 
 S'rda. Make a siilT b.itler liy milling giahain llnnr. 
 
 Good Graliam Cakes. - Two (ups «weet milk, (Ho 
 cup swi'it ciiani, till' uinlc of one egg bcaik'ti t'l fr^tli, 
 half u .-.poonfiil iif salt, iler lert Hpocnfiil baking poHiler, 
 stir ill stilu'iieil graham llour until i|uite tliick, bake in 
 niutlln-rings or gem-tins, until well bniwiied on lop, 
 
 Indian Breakfast Patties.— To one pint of Imlian 
 
 nii'al ailil I'll" egu'. ami a little s.kit, pour iioiling water 
 upon it, anil fry brown imnieiliatcly in pork fat. Cut 
 open anil put butter between, and m ihI to the tabi" bet. 
 
 Jumbles.— '"^1 if together till of alight brown color, one 
 pound sugar, otie-iialf pound biittt r, then add eight eggs 
 lieikien to u froth, add llotir enough to make them siilT 
 enough to roll oil, llavor with lemon, cut in ringn Inill' an 
 inch thick, bake in ipiick oven. 
 
 Kisses. — neat the whites ol four ou'gs tea froth, stir 
 intotliem half pound powdered wliite Migiii'; lla\or with 
 leiiioii. coiitiiiiie to beat it until it. v.ill be in a li(*ap; lay 
 the mixiure tui lettor-paper, in the size tind sliape of liilf 
 an egg. an inch apart, thru lay the paper on hard wood 
 and iilace in the oven wiiliont cio.-ing it, when they begin 
 to look yellowish take tin iii t>utand let theiii cool tbiee or 
 four iiiiiiiiteH, then slijiutliin knife carefully nnder and 
 turn thrill into your left hand, lake another and join the 
 iwo by the Hides next the jiaper. then lay them in a dish 
 handling; them gently. I'hey may be batted a little 
 hanlcr, the soft inside taken out am' jelly 8ul)i.tituti(i. 
 
 Light Fruit Cake.— Take (Uie cup butter, two cups 
 sugar, four of tloiir, lour eggs, one teaspoon cream tartar, 
 lialf tea.^pooii soda, one cup .-wcet milk, luie pound cur- 
 rant«, halt' pound citKin. 
 
 Marble Cake, Light Part.— (»ne and a Imlf cups 
 white.sn;.Mr. half cupT.iii icr. half cup swi'tt milk, one tea- 
 spoon cream tartar, half tiai-pooii soda, white-^ of four 
 eggs, two iind half cups llour. 
 
 Dark Part. — *>ne lUii binwn sugar, half cup lacli mo- 
 lasses. Imltir and siMr milk, one tia-pooii cream tartar, 
 one tea:-pni.n so'ia, two and a iialf cuis Hour, yolks four 
 eggs, half tca^i ii clovc;', allspice and ciunaiiion. 
 
 Molasses Cookies.— Tiirce clijis New Orleans molas- 
 ses, ono cup butter, Dliehalf cup lard, one heaped ten- 
 spoon soda, Olio tablespoon eii|._fi'i, one cup hot water, 
 Hull thick. Ik'tter after standing. 
 
 MufUns. — Tiike two cups tbuir. otu cup milk, half cup 
 siiuar, four cl'l's, oue-liaif tea.'<pooti e.ieh of soda and cream 
 tartar, oic tal'l' spoon butter. Make in ritius, 
 
 Graham R .ilTlns. — Mivonc pint sweet lullk.sifi your 
 Hour, then take IwK pon'ii each (irahain and wlieat Hour. 
 Hve or six Kpoonfnts melted butler, 'Ao half (■poniis bak- 
 ing ]iowder. H:ii>c iu rings in very ^, i.ek oven. 
 
 Nut Cake.-- liv each two table<i ns of butter and 
 1 sugar, two eg;: . I'O CMp milk, llir-;* i ;;ifl llour, one tea- 
 spoon cream tuiii i. half tiasjoon i-i"''a, pint of nuts or 
 I iiimonds. Nuts may be sliced or not as suits t:'8to. 
 
 
 O 
 
 m-r-^. 
 
-s 
 
 Oat Cakes. — Mix fino and coarse oatmeal in eqnal pro- 
 ponioti.s; ikIiI augur, caruway-sectis, a dust of salt to three 
 potindg uf iiu'til, a heaping teiispooiiful of carbonate of 
 Kixiii; mix all thoroiiglily together, then add enough 
 boiling water to make the Hiiole a stiff paste; roll 
 out tiiis ])iirito qiiiio thin, and sprinkle meal on u griddle, 
 liiiv tlio cukes <>u ti) bake, or toast them nuite dry in a 
 Duteii oven in front of the fire; they should not ..eorch, 
 but griidually dry tiirough. 
 
 Orange Cake, the Most Delicate and Delicious 
 
 Cake there is. — Cirated rind of one orange; two cups 
 sugar; wiiiuj of fmir eggs and yoliss of five; onj cup sweet 
 milk; one cup l)Utter; two largo teisp<><>nftils baking pow- 
 ilcr, to bo aifteil tiirough with tlie tlour; bake qincfc in 
 jelly tins, '"illing • Take wliito ot tlio one egg that was 
 left; beat to a frolli, add a bttle 8ii;;arnnd the iiiiee of the 
 orange, beat together, and spread betwi-eii the lavers. If 
 oranges are nut to bu had, lemons will do instead. 
 
 Plain Fruit Cake.— One pound each butter l)eaten to 
 a oreani, sified sugar, sifted tlour, twelve eggs, whites and 
 yolks, be:itin separately. Two pounds currai>ts, three 
 potindei of 8tonc(i raisins chopped, one nutmeg, a little 
 cinnaino'i and other spices, iialf (>iiit wine and brandy 
 mixed, one pound citron cut in slices and stuck in the 
 batter after it is in the tin. Hake slowly two to tliree hours. 
 
 Plain Cake. — Flour, three-fjuarters of e pound; sugar, 
 the fame iiiiantity; butter, four ounces; one egg and two 
 tahlespoonfiili: of milk Mix all together and l>ake. 
 
 PufTs. — Two egga beattn very light; one cup of milk, 
 one cup of lloiir, and a pinch of salt. 'I'lie gt-msshouM l>e 
 heated wliiii' making the piitls, whie' are then place<l in a 
 
 nuiik oven. 
 
 Plum Cake. — Six eggs well beaten, one pound of sugar, 
 the siinie of llour, buuer and currants, four ounces of can- 
 tlied |ieel, two tal)lesp(iol''.i|8 of mixed spice. When it is 
 all mixed, aild o' teaspoonful of carl>onate of soda, and 
 one of tartaric acid, lieat it all up quickly and bake 
 directly. 
 
 Pound Cake. — Take lour and a half cups tlour, 3 cu|is 
 eacli liiitier and siigi r. Ten eggs, yolks and whites beaten 
 s^'parati'ly. .Mix. 
 
 Pork Cake. — Take one pound salt pork chopped fine, 
 boil a lew minutes in half pint water, one cup molasse.s, 
 two cups sugar, threo eggs, two teaspoons sixla. cinnamon, 
 cloves, Mulineg to taste, one pound raisins chopjjed fine. 
 Hour to make a stiff batter. 
 
 Rich Shortbread. — Two pounds of Hour, one pound 
 butler, and (niarier pound each of the following ingredi- 
 ents: — Candied orange anil lemon ]K>el. sifted loaf sugar, 
 blanched sweet nlnionds ami caraway comfits. Cut the 
 peel and almonds into thin slices, ami mix them wiih one 
 pouiul and a half of Hour and the sugar. Melt the butter. 
 and when cool, pour it into the flour, mixing it quickly with 
 a 8p(;on. Then 'vith the hands mix it, working in tfie re- 
 mainder of tho Hour; give it one roll out till it is an inch 
 thi<>k, cut it into the size vou wish, and pinch round the 
 edges. Prick the top with a fork, and stick in some cara- 
 way comlits; put it on white paper, and bake on tins in a 
 slow oven. 
 
 Seed Cake. — Take half a pound of butter and three- 
 'oiirtlisof a pound of sugar, creamed; three eggs, beaten 
 lightly, a"d two tablespoonfuls of picked and bruiaetl cara- 
 way seed; dis.-iolvo half a teaspoonful of soda in a cup of 
 new milk; mix these wtdl to;:ether until they are about the 
 consistency of cream; t:ieii sift in two pounds of flour, mix 
 well with a knife, and roll them out into thin cakes, about 
 an inch in tliicktiess. liake in a quick oven. 
 
 Spong^e Cake. — Take sixteen eggs; separate the whites 
 from the yolks; beat them very lightly; sift into the yolks 
 one pound of flour, adding a fewaro|isof essence of almond 
 or lemou, to flavor with; then f.dd one pound and a quarter 
 of pulverixed loaf sugar; beat (his well with a knife; then 
 Olid the whites whipi>ed to » stifl froth. Have ready the 
 pans, and bake. 
 
 Sponge Cake, white.— One and one-third coffee cups 
 of sugar; one coffee cup flour; whites of ten eggs; beateggs 
 and sugar as if for frosting; add flour by degrees and bake. 
 
 Snow Cake. — Take one jKJund arrowroot, half pound 
 white sugar, half pound butter, the whites of six eggs, 
 flavoi vith lemon, beat the butter to a cream, stir in tne 
 su^ar and arrow-root, whiok tlie whites of the eggs to a 
 stiff froth, Ijeatfor twenty minutes. Hake one hour. 
 
 Washing'ton Cake. — Onocupof sugar; j cup of but- 
 ter; i cup cwet-t milk; *.! eggs; 2 cujis flour; 2 teaspoons 
 baking jxi«der. lUke in layers as jelly cake. .Felly part: 
 One pi:;:of grate<la)>|>ies; 1 egg; 1 cup of sugar; grated 
 rind and juico of one lemon; put in a vessel of some kind, 
 and boil: pjt it on the cakes hot. 
 
 Waffles. — Take ono quart milk, two eggs; beat the 
 whites and yolksseparately; four tablespoons melted but- 
 ter, two teas]MK>ii8 liillett's baking powtler, flour to make a 
 s'.iff batter. Bake in waflle irons. 
 
 Alpine Snow. — Wash cup of rice, cook till tender in a 
 coverevltlisii to keep it while, when nearly done add cup 
 rich milk, salt to uate, stir in the beaten yolks of twoeggs, 
 allow it to simmer for a monu nt, then place in a dish, beat 
 the whii(4 ill two tablespoons fine sugar. I'ut the rice in 
 little heaps u{>on the tin, intermingling with pieces of red 
 jelly, eat with fine sugar and cream. 
 
 ApploCharlotte.— Take two pounds of apples, pare 
 andc<>rea!id slice tliein into u pan and add oii^ pound 
 loaf sugar juice of three lemons and the grated rind of 
 one, let these boil until they Ijeconio a thick mass. Turn 
 into a m-mldand serve it cold with thick I'ustai'l orcrenm. 
 
 Apple Cream.— Onv' cuj» thick cream, ono cup srgar, 
 beat till very sniootii; then -leat the whites of twoeggsaiid 
 a<id: stcw aj-ples in w.iter till soft; take them from the 
 water with a folk; steam them if you prefer. i'oiir the 
 cream over the a]i]>!c8 when cold. 
 
 App!e Custard.— Tare tart apjiles, core them, put them 
 into a deepdi^h witha small ]iiece of butt«r, and one tea- 
 cpoon of augnrai:d a liitle nutmeg, in the o|iciiiiig of each 
 apple, j>our in water enough to tool', them, when soft cool 
 their and |Kiuroveran unbaked custard so as to cover them 
 and Ijake until the custard is done. 
 
 Apple Fancy. — Pare and core ai)ple'^, stew with sugar 
 and Itrm-'n |>e».l«, l>eat foui eggstoa froili, add a cupful of 
 gratitl bread crumU, a little sugar ami nutmeg, luy the 
 applet in the buttom of a dish and cover with tha bread 
 crumbs, laying a few pieces of butter over tho top, bako in 
 a quick oven, vhen done turn out upside down on a flat 
 disn. 8<^atter fine sugar over the top of apples, boil potatoes 
 and beat fino with cream, largo pieco butter and salt, drop 
 on tin. make smotit lion top, score with knife, lay a thin 
 slice of butter on top, then put in oven till brown. 
 
 Apple Fritters. — One pint milk, three eggs, salt to 
 ta?te, as much flour as will make a batter, beat yolks and 
 whiteii of eggs separately, add yolks to milk, stir in the 
 wiiites when mixing the batter, have tender apples, pare, 
 cor«. and cut in large thin slices, nroi;nd tho apple, to be 
 frie»l in hot lard, ladle batter into spider .ly slice of apjile 
 in centre of each quantity of batter, fry .i).dit brown. 
 
 Apple Snow Balls.— Pare six r>])ples, cut them into 
 quarters, mio.ve the cores, reconstruct the position of the 
 apples, intro<lucc into the cavities ono clove and a slice of 
 
-^^^ 
 
 LOOK Kit Y UK(II'K.S. 
 
 lemon peel, have six smull pixlding cloths at liiiiul niul 
 cover the apples eeveraliy in an upright punitiuii with ri(3e, 
 tjing them up tigiit, then phice tliem in a hirgo saucepun 
 of scalding water aiul lH)i1 one liour, on taking theni up 
 open tlic top and add a little grated nutmeg with butiar 
 and Eu^ar. 
 
 Arrow-Root Blanc-Manofe. — I'ut two tiib'uapoonfuls 
 of arrow-riHii to a (luuriuf nulli, and a pinch of aalt. 8cald 
 the milk, sweeten it, and stir in the arrow-root, which must 
 tirst bo Wet up with some of the milk. Hoil up once. 
 Or»n?c-\vator, rose-water i r lemon-peel may bo used to 
 flavor it. I'nur into molds to cool. 
 
 Arrow-Root Custard. — Arrow-root, oiio tablespooii- 
 ful; milk, I pint; sugar, 1 tablesiioonful, and I egg. Mix 
 the arrow-root with a little of the milk, cold; wlion the 
 milk boiU, stir in the arrow-root, egg and Hiigur, previously 
 well beaten together. Ia-I it scald, and pour into cups to 
 cool. To flavor it, boil a little ground cinnamon in the 
 milk. 
 
 Arrow-Root Jelly. — To n dessert-spoonful of the pow- 
 der, add ad much cold water as will make it into a paste, 
 then pour on half a pint of boiling water, stir briskly ami 
 boil it a few minutes, when it will become a clear smooth 
 jelly; a little sugar and sherry wine may bo added for de- 
 bilitated adults; but for infants, a drop or two of essence 
 of caraway seeds or cinnamon ia preferable, wine being 
 very liable to become acid in tho Ktomachs of infantH, and 
 to disorder the bowels. Fresh milk, either alone or diluted 
 with water, may be substituted for tho water. 
 
 Baked Apples. — Take a dozen tart apples, pare and 
 core them, place sugar and small liiinii of butter in centre 
 of each, put them in a pan with half pint of water, bake 
 until tender, basting occasionally with syrup while baking, 
 when ilone, serve with cream. 
 
 Chocolate Cream Custard.— Scrape quarter pound 
 ch'H'olate, pour on it one teacup boiling water, and stand 
 it by tiro until dissolved, beat eight eggs light, omitting 
 tho'whitei of two, and stir thoin by degrees into a (piart 
 of milk alternately with tho chocolate and three tal)le- 
 8|*oons of white sugar, put the mixture into cups and bake 
 10 minutes. 
 
 Charlotte Russe.— Whip one quart rich cream to n 
 stiff frotii. and "iraiii well on a nice sieve. To one scant 
 i>int of milk add six eggs beaten very light; luakoverv 
 8wtH,'t; flavor high with \anillu. Cook over ln't water till 
 it is a thiek custard. Soak one full ounce Coxe's gelatine 
 in a \ery little water, and wai-iuover hot water. When the 
 ouiiturd :s very c<ild, iteat in lightly the gelatine and the 
 whip|>i*d (ream. Line the bollom of M)ur inold with 
 butti-red paper, and fhosiihs with sponge cake <ir lady- 
 lingerH fiwtened together witii the white of an egg. Fill 
 with the cre;sm. put in a ci.1.1 iilace or in snuimer on ice. 
 To turn out tlii) the nioM fur a moment in hot water. In 
 draining the whippc-d cream, all that drips through can be 
 re-wliip|K'd. 
 
 Cocoa Snow. — (irate the white part of a coconnut and 
 mix n Willi white sugar, servi' with wlii|)ped cream, or not, 
 as desire*!. 
 
 Cream and Snow. — Make a rich boiled custard, and 
 put it in tliu bottom of n liitli; tuKi .lie white i of ei^rht 
 eggs. t>»»at with ro«e-wat«r, a' >' a sponi.fiil of tiiiosnuar, 
 till it l<o a strong froth: put fiome imlk and water into a 
 stew-pan; win n it boils take tho froth off the eggs, and lay 
 it on tho milk and water; boil up once; take o.T carefully 
 and lav it on tie custard. 
 
 Baked Custards. — lioil a pint of cream with 801110 
 mace and ciniiaiiioii. and when it isc^old, liike four yolks 
 and two whites of eggs, a little rose and orange-lio\v(>r 
 
 water, sack, nutmeg, and sugar to your palate. ^lix them 
 well, and bake it in cui>8. 
 
 Ur, pour into a deep dish, with or without lining or rim 
 of pa!<te; grate iiiUineg and lemon peel over the top, and 
 bake in a slow oven alioiit tiiirty miniate. 
 
 Gooseberry Cream.— Hoil them in milk till soft; beat 
 them, and strain tiio pulp through a coar.<e sieve. Swi-elen 
 cream with sugar to your taste; mix with the pulp; when 
 cold, place in glasses for use. 
 
 Imperial Cream. — lioil a quart of cream with the thin 
 rind of a lemon; stir till nearly cold; have ready in a <lish 
 to serve in, the juice of three lemons strained with as much 
 sugar as willsweeten the cream; j)our it intothediHh from 
 a large tea-pot, holding it high, and moving it about to 
 mix with the juice. It should be made from to 1;^ hours 
 before it is served. 
 
 Jumballs. — Flour, lib.; sugar, 1 lb.; make intoalight 
 
 i)asto with whites of eggs beaten line; add ^ pint of cream; 
 f lb. of butter, melted; and 1 lb. of blanclied almonds, well 
 beaten; knead all together, with a little rose-watci ; cut 
 into any form; bake in a slow oven. A little butter may 
 be melted with a s|K)onful of white wine and throw line 
 sugar over the dish. 
 
 Lemon Puffs. — Heat and sift 1 pound of rclined sugar; 
 put into a bowl, with the juice of two lemons, and mix 
 them together; beat the white of an egg to a high froth; 
 put it into the bowl; put in 3cggi' with two rinds of lemon 
 grated; mix it well up, and throw sugar on tho buttered 
 papers; drop on the puffs in small drops, and bake them 
 in a moderately heated oven. 
 
 Lemon Tarts. — Pare the rinds of fonr lemons, and boil 
 tender in two waters, and Uat flne. Add to it 4 ounces 
 of blanched almoniiH, cut thin, 4 ozs. of lump sugar, the 
 juice of the lemons, and a little grated peel. Simmer to 1 
 syrup. When cold, turn into a shallow tin tart dish, lined 
 with a rich thin puff ]>a8te, and lay bars of the same over, 
 and bake carefully. 
 
 Macaroons. — Hlanch 4 ozs. of almonds, and ponnd 
 with 4 .-iiioonfuls of orange-flower water: whisk the whites 
 of four eggs to a froth, tiien mix it, and 1 lb. of sugar, 
 sifted with the almonds to a paste; and laying a sheet of 
 wafer-pa|>et ona tin, put it on in different little cakes, 
 the nliape of li)a<aroons. 
 
 Oatmeal Custard.— Take two tooKpoons of the finest 
 Scotch oatmeal, beat it up info a sufliciency of cold water 
 ill a basin to allow it to run freely. Adtl to it the yoke of 
 a fre.^h egg, well worketl up; have a pint of scalding new 
 milk on the hre, and pour the oatmeal mixture into it, 
 htirring it rouii<l with a spoon so iw to incorporate tho 
 whole. .\dd sugar to your taste, and throw in a glass of 
 sherry to the mixture, with a little grated nutmeg. Four 
 it into a basin, and take it warm in bed. It will be found 
 very gniteful and soothing in cases of olds or cliil!.>), 
 Some |>crson.s scald a little cinnamon in tho milk they use 
 for the occasion. 
 
 Orange Crumpets.— (ream, 1 pint; new milk, 1 pint; 
 Warm it, and piii m it a little rennet or citric acid; when 
 broken, stir it gently; lay it on a cloth to drain all night, 
 and tiieii fake the rinds of three or.mge.'i, boiled, a.s for 
 preserving, in thricditTerent water.^; pound them very flne, 
 and mix thtin with the curd, and eigli* cgg.-< in u mortar, 
 a little nutmeg, the juice of ti lemon or oriin;ie, and sugar 
 to your taite; bake them in buttered tin pans. When 
 b.iked pat a '.itilc wine and sugar over them. 
 
 Oranpe Custards.— H'li! the rind of half a Seville 
 orani:'' '. ii V ii'udir: l..at it Vt-ry line in a mortar; add a 
 spoonfid of the be-.! brandy, the juice of a Scvillo orange, 
 I ivin. loaf sugar, and the yolks of four eggs; beat all 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 r^ 
 
* 
 
 COOKKHY KKCirKS. 
 
 tojj;('tlit>r ten inintites; then pour in griuinally a pint of 
 builiiiji; cii'iim; kc«p beutiiig tnoin until they are cold; put 
 tlu'iii iiiti) custard cu])«, and set tliem in an earthen (UhIi 
 of hoi water; luttheiu .stand until tliey arc si't, tako out, 
 and ritii'k proserved oranges on tlio tup, and servo them 
 hot or cold. 
 
 Pommes Au Riz. — I'ecl a number of apples of a good 
 sort, tiiku out the cores, and let them simmer iu a syrup of 
 clarified sugar, with a little lemon |>eel. Watih aiul |>ick 
 soinu rice, aiui(M>ok it in milk, moistening it therewith littlu 
 by little, Mo that the grains may remain whole. Kweetcn 
 it to ta.ste; add a little salt and a tabiC of leniou-|>ecl, 
 >S^)read tho riou upon a dish, mixing some apple preserve 
 with it, am) place the apples upon it, and till up the va- 
 cancies between tho ap|)les with some of tho rice. I'Lu'O 
 tho dish in the (>ven until the surface gets brown, and 
 garnish with spoonfula of bright colored ])rt!servo or jolly. 
 Raspberry Cream.— .Mash the fruit gentlv, anil let it 
 drain; then sprinkle a little sugar over, and that will jiro- 
 duco more juice; |>ut it through a hair sievi> to take out 
 tho seeds; tiu>n put the juice to some cream, ami sweeten 
 it; after which, if yon choose to lower it wiili soino milk. 
 it will not curdle; which it would if nut to the milk be- 
 fore the iTcain; but it is be.s* luaile of rasitberry jelly, in- 
 stead of jam, when tho fresh fruit cannot be obtaincif. 
 
 R!C9 Fritters. — One niut of ciMikod rice, lialf cup of 
 Bwcet uiilk, two i"^iiH, a tal)les))oon of flour, and a little salt. 
 Have lliolani hot in the skillet, allow a tablespoon toeach 
 fritter, fry brown on each diile, then turn came as griddle 
 cakes. If yui (inl tho ritie Hpatter.4 in the fat, mid a very 
 little ?no:-n lloiir. ^'o;i can jiidu'c after fryinu'one. 
 
 Rice Croquettes. —Make little balls or oblong rolls of 
 cooluij n.e; nea.-on with salt, and pepj>er if you like; <lip 
 in e;.'g; fry in hot lanl. 
 
 Rico Custards. -Moil ■'< pints of new milk with a bit 
 of Ifiiio!! |iiM'i, ciMiianioii, ui'd three b.iy leaves; sweeten; 
 then Ml \- a large spoonful of nee llo r into a eu|> of coM 
 milk. Very smootli; mix it with the yolks of four eirgs well 
 beaten. Take a basin of the boiling nidk, and mix with 
 the Cold tliat has the rice in i»; add the ri'inaimier of the 
 !)oilJiig milk; stir it one way till it Iniils; pour immediate- 
 ly inlii a pan; stir till cool, and a<M a spoonful of brandy, 
 or oraiiiTi.-ib.'vwr «ater. 
 
 Rice Flummery.— Hoil with a pint of new milk, a bit 
 of li'iiioM-|M'el, aiitl cinnamon; mix with ii little cold milk, 
 III iniii'h rice tloiir as will make tho whole of a good con- 
 sistence, sweeten and ail I a spoonful of peach-water, or a 
 bitter ainiiiiid beaten; boil it, observing it doe-i not burn; 
 pour it into a shape ora pint ba.sin, taken out the spice. 
 When cold, turn the tliimniery info a dish, and serve with 
 cream, milk, or custard round; or put ateaciipfnl of crenm 
 into half a pint of new milk, a glass of white wino, half h 
 leninu .-i|iiee/iil, and sugar. 
 
 Rock Cream.— Boil a teiuMijiful of rico till ipiilu soft 
 in new milk and then sweeten It with sugar, and pile it 
 on a dish, lay on it current jelly or preservi d fruit, beat 
 up till) whitc.H of five eggs with a little iiowdernl sugar iind 
 flour, add to this wlien be: en very Ktili about a tablosjuion 
 of rii'h cream and dinp it o\. r the rice. 
 
 Strawberry and Apple Souffle.— stew tho nppio with 
 
 a littlo lemon-peel; sweeten them, then lay them prellv 
 high round the inside of a di-h. Make a custard of the 
 yidksof two eggs, u little cinnamon, sugar and milk. 
 Let it thicken over » slow fire, but not hoil; when ready, 
 jiour it ill the inside of the apple. Beat the whiles of the 
 cgg^ to a strong froth, and cover the whol<'. Throw over it 
 a good deal of pounded Riigar, and brown it to a fine brown. 
 Any fruit .nade of a proper consistenro dm-a for tho walls, 
 strawlterrioti, when ripe, aro delicious 
 
 Strawberry Short-Cake.— First prepare the berries 
 by picking; after they have been well waahed — the beat 
 way to wash them ia to hold the boxei under the faucet 
 and lot a gentle stream of water run over and through 
 them, then drain, and pick them into an earthen bowl; 
 now tako tho potato-masher and bruise them and cover 
 with a thick layer of white sugar; now set them aaide till 
 tho cake is mmle. Tako a quart of lifted flour; half a cup 
 of sweet butter; one egg, well beaten; three teaspoonfufs 
 of iMtking-powilor, ami milk enough to make a rather stiff 
 dough; knead well, and roll with a roiling-pin till about 
 Olio inch thick; bake till a nice brown, and when done, 
 remove it to tho table; turn i out of the pan; with a light, 
 sharp knife, cut it down lengthwise and crosswajs; now 
 run tho knife through it, and lay it open for a few 
 moineiils, just to let the steam esoajH; (tlie steam niins tho 
 I'olor of the berries); then set the bottom crust on tho 
 platter; cover tluckly with the berriea, an inch and a half 
 deep; lay tho top crust on the fruit; dust thickly with 
 |)owdcred sugar, ami if any berry juice is left in the bowl, 
 pour it round the cake, not over it, und you will have a 
 delicious short-cake. 
 
 Snow Cream. — To a quart of cream add the whites of 
 three eggs, cut to a stiff froth, add four iiiHionfuli of sweet 
 wine, sugar to taste, flavor with essence of lemon. Whip 
 all to a froth, and as soon as it forms take it off and servo 
 in gla.sses. 
 
 Stewed F\gS. — Take four ounces of finesngnr, the thin 
 rind ol' a large lemo'i. and a pint of cold water, when tho 
 sugar is dissolved, add one |H>und turkey figs, and place 
 the Htew-paii over a mo<lerate tire where they may heat and 
 swell slowly and stew gently for two hours, when they aro 
 (piito tender, aild the juice of one lemon, arrange them in 
 a glass di>h and servi- cold. 
 
 Spanish Cream.— nissolvc in ^nintof rose-water, 1 
 ()/.. of isinglass cut email; run it through a hair sieve ; 
 add the yolks of three or four eggs, beaten and mixetl 
 with half a pint of cream, ami two sorrel leaves. I'our 
 it into n deep dish, sweeten with loaf sugur powdarod. 
 Stir it till cold, and put it into molds. I.ay rings round 
 in dilTen nt coloretl swi-etnieats. Add, if you like, a little 
 sherry, and a lump or two of sugar, rubbed well ujion the 
 rind of a lemon to extract tho flavor. 
 
 Whipped Cream.— To one quart of good cream, pnt a 
 
 few drops of bergainot water, a little orange-flower water, 
 and j lb. of sugar. When it is dissolved, whip the cream 
 to a froth, and lake it up with a skimmer ; drain wn a 
 sieve, and if for i< ing, let it fettle half un h.nir In'fora you 
 jiut it into cups or glasses. Use that which ilropa int^ 
 thu dish under the sieve, to make it froth the botU-r, a<ld- 
 ing two whites of eggs. Colored iiowdered sugar may, if 
 you like, be sprinkled on the top of each. 
 
 Asparag^US Omelet.— Ihiil a dozen of the largest and 
 
 llnest asparagus heads viui can |>ick ; cut off all the green 
 portion, and chon it in thin slices ; seiuMin with a amall 
 tcaspooiifiil of Hiit, and aS)out one-fourth of that quan- 
 tity of soluble cayenne. Then beat up six eggs in a 
 siijli '< nt qnantitv of new milk to make a rtinisTi batter. 
 Mi'lt in the frying-i>aii a quarter of a pound of good, 
 clean ilripping, and just before you jKuir on the batter 
 iihtco Ik simill piece of butter in the center of the pan. 
 Whiii the dripping is quite hot, jM>iir on half your batter, 
 and as it bci;ins to set, place on it the aiiparagns to{)«, and 
 cover over with the remainder. This omelet is generally 
 servecl on a round cf biittere<| toast, with the crusts re- 
 moved. The batter is riiher if made of cream. 
 
 Buttered E^ffS. — Heat fonr or five eggs, yolks and 
 whites togei ,' : . put ii quarter of a ]v)un<l of butter in a 
 basin, and then pnt that in boiling water, stir it till 
 
COOK Kit Y BKCIPM. 
 
 melted, then pour the butter and tho cggn into a Biince- 
 nan ; keep a basin in your liund, just hold the Hiiune-imn 
 in tho other over a slow part of ilic fire, Blinking it onu 
 way, a« it begins to warm; i>our it into li hiisiii, iind back, 
 then hold it again over the fire, stirring it cunstuntly in 
 tho sauce])aii, and imuringit into tic liiwin, more perftictly 
 to mix the egg and butter until they hIiuII be hot without 
 boiling. 
 
 Servo on toasted bread ; or in a liusin, to cut with salt 
 fish, or red herrings. 
 
 Corn-Oysters. — Take ." half dozen cars of sweet corn 
 (thoitu whiirh are not too old); with a sharp knifo split 
 each row of the corn in the center of tli^' kt incl lenjjtli- 
 wise ; ncrajwout all the pulj* ; add one eg^;, well beaten, a 
 little aalt, one tiible>]Mx<nful of sweet milk ; llinir i.-nou^'li 
 to make a pretty at ill Iwitter. Droji in hot lard, and fry 
 a delicate browii. If the <"^in is quite young, omit tho 
 milk, uAns '^ little tlour .ts ponsiblr. 
 
 Cheese Omelet.- Jlix to asni<><itli batter tiinetalile- 
 gtMoiifnls of tino tlour, with half a pint of milk. Heat 
 up well tVe yolksand whites of four ej;<;s, a little salt, and 
 a quarter of a pound of grated old Kiit.'li:ili eiii-tse. Add 
 the^ to the ilour »iid milk, and whisk all the iiij^i'edieiits 
 together for half an hour. J'lit tliret ouiu'esof butter 
 into a fryin>;-pan, and when it is boiling jionr in the 
 alK>ve mixture, fry it for a few miniiles, and then turn it 
 carefuilv ; when it is suflieienliy cooked un tin; oilier t-ide, 
 turn it on to a hot ilisli and serve. 
 
 Irish Stew. — Take a loin of ninttoii, cut it into chops, 
 8(>)U>oii it with a very little pepper and sail, put it into a 
 
 saucepan, just cover it with water, and let it < k half an 
 
 hour. lJ<)il two dozen of jiotatoes. peel and mash llnni. 
 and stir in a cup of cream while tiny are hot ; then line a 
 deep dish with the jMitatoes, and lay in tlic cook»il ninllon 
 chop', and cover them over with the rest of the potatoes ; 
 then set it in the oven to bake. .Maki' some iirn\y of the 
 broth in which the chops were cooked. Tliii is a very 
 nice dish. 
 
 Irish Stew. — Cut off the fat of jiarl of a loin of nuit- 
 ton, and 111' it into chops. I'are. wash, and siiee very 
 thin gome jiotatoes. two onions, aiui two small carrots •. 
 sea-son with jn-piK-r and salt, ("over with water in a 
 stew-pan. and stew gently till the meat is lender, and 'lie 
 iiotatocs are dissolveil in" the gravy. It may be mrJe of 
 iH'ef-steaks, or mutton ami U-ef niixeil. 
 
 Macaroni, Dressed Sweet.— I'>oil -i ozs. in a pint 
 
 of milk, with a Lit of lemon ;>.el. and a good bit of ein- 
 namon, till the pi|K-? arc swellinl to their utmost size with- 
 out br»>aking. I^iv them on a cuatard-dish, ami pour a 
 iMistaril over then< liot. Serve cold. 
 
 Macaroni, as Usually Served.— Hoil it in milk, or a 
 
 weak veal broth, tlavori-*! with salt. When tender, put it 
 into a tlish without the liquor, with bits of bu'terami 
 gnited cheese, and over the top grate more, and put a lit- 
 tle more butter. I'ut the <iish into a Puteii ovon, a 
 quarter of an hour, an 1 do not let the top become hard. 
 
 Omelet. — Six eggs Iwatcn separately, beaten hard, two 
 tea«|>oons of corn starch, two tablespoons milk, whites of 
 eggs, put in slow at last. Fry in butter. 
 
 Rumbled Eg'K'S.— This is very convenient for invalids, 
 or a light dish for .<up|>er. Beat up three ogc.i with two 
 ounces of fresh butter, or well-w.ished salt butter ; add a 
 teaspoonful of cream or new milk. I'ut all in a sauce- 
 pan and keep stirring it over the fire for nearly live niiii- 
 iitos, 'intil it rises no like scuffle, when it should ho 
 iriiinediately di«he<l on buttere*! toast. 
 
 Poached Ems.— Break an egg into a cup, and put it 
 iiently into boilini; water: and when the white looks quite 
 
 set, wliicl will be in al>out three or four minutes, take it 
 up with an egg slice, and lay it on toast and butter, or 
 spinach. Serve them hot ; if freeh laid, they will poach 
 well, M ithoiit breaking. 
 
 Savory Potato-Cakes.— Quarter of a pound of grated 
 ham, oi.e pound of mushed jxdatoes, and a little suet, 
 mixed with the yolks <f two eggs, pepjier, salt and nut- 
 meg. Ifoll it inio liitlu balls, or cakes, and fry it a light 
 brown. Sweet herbs may be used in pliiee of ham. I'lain 
 potato cukes are made with potatoes and eggs only. 
 
 Tomato Toast.— Kcmovc the stem and all the seeds 
 from till! tomatoes; they must be ripe, mi'id, ml oirr 
 rijic ; slew them to a pulp, season with butler, pei'per 
 and salt ; toa.st some bread (not new brcud), butter it, and 
 then spread the tomato on each side, and send it up to 
 table, two slices on each dish, the slices cut in two ; and 
 the jiersoii wlu) heljis it must serve with two half-slices, 
 not atti'inpt to lift the top slii e, otherwise tlie appeuriiiiee 
 of the under slice will lie destroved. 
 
 HOW TO COOK FISH . . 
 
 OF DIFFERENT KINDS 
 
 How to Choose Anchovies.— Tliey are jneserved in 
 bairils, »iili Ipaysalt ; iio ot lor ti-ii has the line llivor of 
 the liiicliovy. 'I'tie Ix'st look rt d uiid mellow, and the 
 bones moist ami oily; the (lesli should be high Ihivored, 
 the li(pior reddish, and have a line smell. 
 
 Ba)<ed Black Bass.— Kight gooii-sized onions fhoppid 
 Hill-; IniII iIi;i1 ipuiiitiiy of bread crumbs: butter si/o of 
 hen's egu ; pli-my of pej(|>er and suit; mix thoroii;;lilv 
 with anchovy sauce until (piite red. Stuff your lisli wild 
 this coinpoiiiicl and p<iur the rest o\cr it, pre»ioiisly 
 
 sprinkling it with a little red pepper. Shad, jiicken 1 and 
 trout are ;;ood the sami- «ay. Tomatoes can be used in- 
 steail of anchovies, and are more economical. If usiiiL,' 
 them, lake pork in place of butter, und chop fine. 
 
 Boiled White Fish.— Uiy tht fi«h (q.en ; put it in a 
 dripping pan witli the buck down ; nearly cover with 
 water; to one lish put t-vo iables|Kions lult, rover tightly 
 and simmer (not boil) onpliBlf hour; dress hIiIi gravy, 
 butter and j>ejipcr ; gariii-h with diced eggs. 
 
 For sauce use a piece of butter the size of an egg, one 
 tablespoon of tlour, one half pint boiling water ; hoil a 
 few minutes, and add three hard boiled eggs, sliced. 
 
 Fresh Broiled White Fish. -Wash uml drain the 
 lish: sprinkle with peppiriiiid lay with the inside :lowii 
 ir,...!i the griiliroii, and broil over fresh bright conls, 
 \\ hen a nice brown, turn for a nionieni on the other siv'e, 
 then tak(> iiii and s|iread with butter. Tliis is a very nice 
 wav of broiling all kinds of tisli, fresh or salted. A litth* 
 anioke iimler the tlsh adds to its (luTor. This may be nindc 
 by puttiiiL' two or three cobs under the gridiron. 
 
 To Boll Codfish.— If Ix'ilcd fresh, it is watery: but it 
 isexcelleiit if salted, and hufgfor a day, togiveif firmness, 
 Wasii and clean iho fish well, and nib salt inside of it: tie 
 it up. and put it on the lire in cold water; throw a handful 
 of salt into the fish-kettle. Boil a small fish la iiiiiinlcs; 
 a large one W ininutes. Serve it without the smallest 
 speck and sciini; diain. Piarnish it with lemon, horse- 
 radish, the milt, me, and liver. Oyster or shrimp Bnuce 
 may be iisdl. 
 
 Chowder.— Five pounds of rodflsh rut in aqtinres; fry 
 plenty of salt pork cut in tliin slices; put a layer of pork 
 in yoiir kettle, then one of lish; one of ootatoes in thick 
 slices, and one of onior.s in slices; plenty of pepper and 
 
 ^^ 
 
 XS" 
 
salt; repeat aa long oa your matoriald Iitst, uiul fluiHh with 
 a layer of Uoaton oraokoraor crusts of brutid. Wiitcr siitli- 
 cient to cook with, or milk if you prefer. (!ook oiio-liulf 
 hour and turn over on your platter, disturbing tis little us 
 possible. Clams and culs the sumo wuy. 
 
 Clam Fritters.— ''^welvo clivmo chopped or not, one 
 jiiiit milk, three eggs, add liquor from clams; salt and 
 popper, and flour enough for thin batter. Fry in hot lard. 
 
 Clam Stew. — Lay the clams ou a gridiron over hot 
 coals, taking them out of tlie sholl as soon as open, saving 
 the juiue; add a little hot water, pepper, a very little salt 
 and butter rolled in flour siiflieient for Beasoiiing; cook for 
 five minutes and pour over toast. 
 
 Eels, to Stew.~Of the above fish, that of the "silver" 
 kind is preferable to its congener, and, thorefoie, ought to 
 bo procured for all cuisine purposes. Take from three to 
 four pouuiis of these eels, and lot the faame bo thoroughly 
 cleansed, inside and out, reseinding the heads aJid t'.i's 
 from the bodies. Cut them into pieces three inches in 
 length each, and lay them down in a stew pan, covering 
 them with a sutHcieucy of sweet mutton gravy to keej) 
 them seething over a slow firo, when introduced into the 
 pan, for twenty minutes. Add to the lirpi.)r, before ycu 
 
 t)laco yaur eefs into it, a quarter of an ounce of whole 
 ilack jiepper, qtn»rter of an ounce of allspice, with or.e or 
 two pieces of w-hite ginger. Thicken with a light ndmix- 
 turo of flour and butter, stirring it carfully round, adding 
 thereto, at the same lime, one gill of good portwiiie, and 
 half agill of sweet ketchup. Lemoii-pfcel nrd suit imiy be 
 added in accordance with your taste. 
 
 How to Keep Fish Sound.— To prevent meat, fish, 
 etc., going bad, put a fo.v pieces of ciiarcoal into the 
 sauce-pan wherein tlie fish or llesh is to bo boiled. 
 
 How to Render Boiled Fish Firm.— Add a '.ittle 
 saltijctro to the salt, in the watir in wliirii the floh is to be 
 boiled; a quarter of aa ounce to one gallun. 
 
 Fish Balls. — Hone, cooked fresh, or salt fish, add 
 doiii)le tlie quanti'y of mashcil potatoes, one beaten egg, 
 a little butter, pepj)er and salt to taste. Make in cakes oi 
 balls; dredge with flour ami fry in hot lard. 
 
 Potted Fish.— Tako out the back-boin- of the fish; for 
 one weighing two pounds take a tablespoon of idls|iici' and 
 clrves mixed; these spices sb.ou Id be put into ba^s of not 
 too thi(!k muslin; put euflicient salt directly upon each 
 flsh; then r.ill in cloth, over which 8|>iinkloa little cay- 
 enne pepper; put alternate lavera of lish, spice and sago 
 in an eartnen jar; cover with tVi.T best cider vinegar; cover 
 tho jar closely with a plate ami over tliLs put a covering of 
 dough, rolleil out to twice tho thickness of pie crust. 
 Make the eilges of J)a8te, to adhere closely to the sidis of 
 tho jar, SI as to make it air-tight. Put tho jar into a ])ot of 
 cold water and let it buil fntm three to fivo hours, accord- 
 ing to quantity, licady when cold. 
 
 How to Bro41 or Roast Fresh Herrings.— Scale, 
 
 gut and w'lisb; «*iif. otT the licadi-: steep tlicm in salt and 
 vincgii'teii minutes; dust lliem wiih lloiir, and iiroil 'hem 
 over or before the fire, or in the oven. Herve with melted 
 butter and parsley. 
 
 llerriiiL's are nice jarred, and done in the oven, with 
 p<'l>per, <'love8. salt, a little vinegar, a few bay-leaves, and 
 a ittlo butter. 
 
 How to Fry Fresh Herrinp-**.— Slice small onions, 
 
 anil lay in the pan wltli the hrr-;. s; add a little biitte,, 
 and fry them. iViiiaps it is l.;ui .■> fry .ha ■; ions sep- 
 rratclv with a little parsley, and biiiioi ir I'r'p, 
 
 How to Pot Herring's. — ("lean, cut '' ; c heads, and 
 Ir.v f hem close in an earthen pot. Strnw a !it"o sal' be- 
 tween every layer: put in clov.'^g, nciv ; , Hijnio jeriM>r, 
 
 cnyenne and nutmeg; fill up the jar with vinegar, water, 
 and a quarter of a pint of Bherry, cover, tie down; bake in 
 an oven, and when cold iK>t it for use. A few anchovies 
 and bay leaves intermixeu will improve the flavor much. 
 
 Buttered Lobsters. — Pick the meat out, cut it, and 
 
 waim with a little brown gra v, nutmeg, salt, pepper and 
 butter, with a little flour. If done Avhite, a little wliito 
 gravy and ceam. 
 
 Curry of Lobster. — Take them from the shells, and 
 lay into a pan, with a small piece of mace, three or four 
 spoonfuls of veal gravy, and four of cream; rub smooth 
 o'lo or two teaspooufuU of curry-powder, a tcaiipoonful of 
 flour, and an ounce of butter, simmer an hour; squeeze 
 half a lemon in, and add salt. 
 
 Lobster Chowder. — Four or five pounds of lobster, 
 chopped fine; take the green part uiid add to it four 
 pounded crackers; stir this into one quart of boiling milk; 
 then add tho lobster, a piece of butter one-half the size (jl 
 an egg, a little pepper and salt, and bring it to a boil. 
 
 How to Boil Mackerel. — Rub them with vinegar; 
 when the water boils, put them in with a little sal*, imd 
 boil gentiv 15 minutes. Serve with fennel and jiaisley 
 chopped, toil, and put into melted butter, and goosi berry 
 sauce. 
 
 Salt Mackerel. — Soak the fish for a few hours in luke- 
 wariii water, changing the water several times; then put 
 into Cold water loosely tied in cloths, and let tho fish come 
 »'; a boil, turning off the water once, and pouring over tho 
 fish hot water from the tea-kettle; let this just come to a 
 boil, then take them out and drain them, lay them on a 
 platter, butter and pcpi>er them, and place them for a few 
 luoiaents in the oven. Serte with sliced lemons, or with 
 any fish saui:c. 
 
 How to Fry Oysters. — Use the largest and best 
 oysters; lay then, in rows u|>on a clean cloth and press 
 another upon them, to absorb the moisture; have ready 
 several beaten egps; ard in another dish some finely 
 cri-.shed crackers: in the frying pan heat enough butter to 
 entirely cover the oyster*; dip the oysters first into tho 
 eggs, then into the crackers, rolling it or them over, that 
 they may become well incrnstod; drop into the frying pan 
 and fry quickly to a light brown. Servo dry and let tho 
 di.-.i» be warm. A cliafing dish is best. 
 
 Oyster Patties. — Niake gome rich jiufT i>aste aiul bako 
 it in very email tin patty pans; when cool, turn Iheiii out 
 upon a large dish: stcw some large fresh ovstcra with a 
 few cloves, and a little mace and nutnicg; tlien add tho 
 yolk of one egg, l>oilc<i hard and grated ; add a little butter, 
 and as much of ti.e oyster liquor as will cover them. W lien 
 thev have stenrd a little while, take them off t'lie pan and 
 set thorn to cool. When quite cold, lay t« o or three oysters 
 in each shell of inifT pajste. 
 
 Oysters, Stewed. — In all cases, unless shell oysters, 
 wash and drain: mix half a cup of bntter and a tablesjioon 
 of corn atarc'i; put with the oysters in a jiorcclain kettle; 
 stir until they boil: add two cups of cream or milk; salt 
 to taste; do not use the liquor of the oysters in eitlier stew- 
 ing or csca'oping. 
 
 OySkOrs Stewed. — S<>ald »he oysters in their own liquor, 
 thon *ako them out, l>fard them, and strain tho liqiiorcare- 
 fi.llyfrom the grit. Tut intoastcwpan an ounceof butter, 
 with siiflicient flour dn-dceil in to dry it up; add tho 
 oyster liqiiiir, and a bia<le of pounded mace, alittlecayenne, 
 aiid a very little s.ilt to taate; stir it well over ti brisk fire 
 with ii wooden spoon, and when it comes to thoboii, thmw 
 in your -.vBters, sav a dt.zon and a half or a score, and a 
 good tablei loonful of creum. or more, if you have it at 
 hr,;id. S!. ike the pin over th.^ fire, and let it simmer for 
 
 1? 
 
 gSlEgaBaB?ifflMwar* 
 
[I 
 
 COOKCRT BrrirES. 
 
 one or two mimites, but not any longer, ami do not let it 
 boil, ortho tiBli will hunli'ii. Servo in u hot diiih, garnished 
 with aippt^ts of toasted l>rend. tSoiiie {n'raons think that 
 the flaror ia improTod liy boiling a sinuil pirce of lemon- 
 peel with the oyHtor li(|Uur, taking it out, howerer, 
 Defore the cream is a<ldcd. 
 
 Oysters Scolloped. — Heard and trim yonr oyster?, 
 and strain tlic liquor. Melt in a Btewpan, withadre<lginz 
 of flour Buflicient to dry it up, un ounce of butter, miiU 
 two tablespoonfuls of wiiito stock, and the eanio of cream; 
 the stra: leil litiuor and noj.pur, and gall to ta.'^te. Put in 
 the oysters ami gradually heat tlium through, but be sure 
 not to lot them boil, llavo your Boallop-shclU butteretl, 
 lay in tlio oysters, niul as much liquid aa they will hold; 
 cover them well over with broad -crumbs, over wiiich spread, 
 or drop, Bomo tiny bits of butter. IJrowu them in the 
 oven, or before tlio lire, and servo while very hot. 
 
 Oysters, To Pickle.— Tako two hundred of the plnmp- 
 
 est, nicest oysters to b« hail, open them, saving the liqnor, 
 remove the In-ards, put them, with the li(pior. into astewpan, 
 h'i(| let tlicm Himuier for twenty minutes ovfr a very gentle 
 Are, taking euro to skim tlicni well. Take the Btcwi)an off 
 the fire, tako out tho oysteis, and strain the liquor throagh 
 a fiiio cloth, returning the oysters to the stew pan. Add 
 to a pint of tho hot liijiior half an ounce of inacc, and half 
 an ounce of cloves; give it a boil, and put it in with the 
 oyster*, stirring the spico well in amongst them. Then 
 put in alHJUt a spoonful of salt, tlireo-q'.arters of a pint of 
 white-wine vinegar, and oiio ounce of whole peiqicr, an<l 
 let the oysters stand until they arc quite cold. I'liey will 
 be ready for Udo in about twelve or twenty-four hours; if 
 to be kept longer tliey hIiouM bo put ii\ wide-mouthed 
 botttles, or stone jars, and well drawn down with bladder. 
 It is very important that they Hhould be (juito cold b«foie 
 ihfy are put into tho bottles, or jars. 
 
 Salmtn, To Boll.— Clean it carefully, boil it gcnUr 
 With salt and a little h u'so radish; take it out of the water 
 as soon as done. Let tho water bi' warm If the tish l)e split. 
 If underdone it is very unwhoiesoine. Serve with shrimp, 
 lobster, or anchovy sauce, and fennel and butter. 
 
 Salmon, To Marinate.— Cut the salmon in slices; take 
 
 ofT tiio skin I'.U'l lake out the middle Imiiu>; cut each »lice 
 asunder: put into a Biuu'eiwin and season with salt, pepper, 
 6 cloves, a sliced onion, sonio wiioht chives, a little sweet 
 basil, |>ari<ley, and a bay leaf; then squeeze in tli.; jiiiceof 
 three lenioin, or use \inei,Mi'. 1-et the salmon lie in the 
 niarimite for two hoiirH; take it out; dry with acloth; lircfl^ 
 with (lour, ami fry brown in clarilieil butter; then lay a 
 clean napkin in a dish; lay tho tjlices upon it; guruish with 
 fried parsley. 
 
 Salt Cod, To Dress.— Soak the cod all night in -^ parts 
 water, and one part, vinegar. Hoil; and break iutottaked 
 on the dinii; poi, rover ilhoiled parsniiis, beaten in a mortar, 
 and then boil up witli cream, and a large piece of butter 
 rc>lle<l in a bit ot' Hour. It may bo servc-d with e'.'i:-:»auce in- 
 stead of parsnip, or boiled and .served without llaking with 
 tho usual sauce. 
 
 / 11 S<tl( /'i<h may bo done in a similar wuy. I'onr cjf^- 
 sance overit, or parsnips, boiled and beaten line with butter 
 and cream. 
 
 How to Boil SturxJfOOn— Water.'.' quarts; vinegar. 1 pint; 
 n sliel; of li<ir.-ieradi--l\; a little leuiau-peel, salt, f.epi)er, a 
 bay leaf. In this boil the llsli; when the lish is reatlv to 
 leave the bones, tako it up; melt J. lb. of butter; adtl an 
 anchovy, some mace, a few Kliiim|is, good nni.shroom ketch- 
 up, ami lemon juice: when it boils, put in tho di-ih; scrre 
 with the sauce; garnish with fried oyatc-s, bor-:oradish 
 and ienion. 
 
 I How to Broil Sturgfeon. — Cut slices, mb beaten eggs 
 over them, and -iirinklo them with crumbs of bread. 
 parsley, pepper and salt; wrap them in white paper, and 
 broil gei.!ly. I'so for sauce, bnltrr, aiudiovy ami soy. 
 
 How to Dress Fresh Sturgeon.— Cut slices, rnb egg 
 
 over them, then h.]irinklo wi!ii (iruinhs of bread, parslej, 
 i>epper, salt; fold them in paper, and broil gently. Sauce; 
 butter, anchovy and soy. 
 
 How to Roast Sturjfeon.— I'ut a niece of butter, 
 rolled in flour, into a stewpan with four cloves, a hunch of 
 swt'et lie'bs, two onions, somo jiepper and salt, half a pint 
 of water and a glass of vinegar. Set it over tho fire till 
 hot', then let it becomo luk(^warm, ami steep tho tlsh in it. 
 an hour or two. IJutter a jiaper well, lio it round, and 
 roast it without letting tliu spit run through. Serve with 
 sorrel and anchovy snuce. 
 
 Trout, a-la-Genevolse — Clean tl.o fish well; [mt .' 
 into the Etcwpaii, aildiiig half champagno and half sht.'rry 
 wine. Season it with j'epjier, salt, an onion, a few cloves 
 •tuck in it, and a small biineh of parsley ami thyme; puc 
 in it a crust of French bread; set it on a <|iii(!k lire. When 
 done take the bread out, briiiso it and thicken the sauce; 
 add flour and a little butter, and boil it u]>. Lay the tisli 
 on the dish, ami i>our tho sauco over it. Servo it with 
 slieeil lemon and fried hreail. 
 
 How to Broil Trout— Wash, d'y, tio it, to cause it t.n 
 keep its sliajie; im It butler, add salt, and cover tho trout 
 with it. Broil 't gradually in a Dutidi oven, or inacom- 
 i mon oven. Cm an anchovy smalt, ami cho|) some capers. 
 Melt Mimo butter with a little llour, pepper, salt, nutmeg, 
 and half a spoonful of vinegar, i'uur it over the trout and 
 serve it hot. 
 
 HOW TO CHOOSE 
 
 . . AND COOK CAME 
 
 How to Choose Ducks— A young duck should have 
 supple feel. Iircas: and belly hard and thick. A tame duck 
 >ia« 'lusky yellow feet. They should bo picked dry, and 
 dueklines w-alc 1. 
 
 How to ROPSt Ducks— Carcfnlly pick, and clean the 
 inside, hoil t vo or three onions iu two waters; chop them 
 Terr nmtll. Mix tho oiiiuiis with aljoul, half the quantity 
 of wge leaves breail criinilis linely powdereil, a spoonful 
 
 of salt, and a lit 
 tge. and rub tie 
 roast alKiut 35 i 
 
 Row to Stc 
 each tide the 
 fire; put into . 
 wine, a rpo<>ir . 
 one anchovy, i 
 pepper. S? 
 skim and i^i - 
 
 ! HOWt' h 
 I f«»reatii! 
 ; flour; pu 
 the fire til 
 
 cayenne paper; heat up tho yolk of an 
 ufliiig well t.ii^ether. \\ iih a brisk tire 
 ites. Serve with gravy fam-e. 
 Ducks. — l.ard two young ducks down 
 ..>t; dust with Hour; brown before tho 
 wpan with a quart of water, apintof port 
 . ..f walnut kelchu|', the same ot browning, 
 'dove of garlick, sweet herbs and cayenne 
 d they ar(! tender, about iialf aa hour; 
 . and pour over the duck, 
 ■.h Partridge. — Cut up the |)artrii|gc9 "-< 
 ■ an onion into rings; roll a little !, utter in 
 II into the tossini,' ]iao, and shak(> it over 
 oils; put in tho partridge with a little port 
 vine and vinej'ar; and when it is thr)roiighly hot, l;iy it on 
 the di«h with s.pjiets round it; strain tho sauco over tho 
 partridge, nu<i lay on tho onion m rings. 
 
 How to Pet Partridge.— Clean them nicely; and sca- 
 Mn with ni.Hce, allspice, white pepper ami salt, in line 
 powder. Hub every part well; then lay ilio breast lown- 
 wanl in a jvui and pack tho birds ns closely as vou 'issi- 
 blj can. I'll, a goo<l deal of butter on them; then cover 
 
 , — ^ 
 
COOKKUY I!I:<II'I:h. 
 
 lie pttii Willi II coiirKc tlour |)ii.sti' iiiul ii |iii|u'r ovt-r, tiu il 
 close, mill liiiki'. Wlioii idld, put ilic liinis into pots, unil 
 cover with lull Id'. 
 
 How to Roast Partridge.— Iioa.si tluni likm imki y, 
 ai\il wlu'ii Ii III lie miilfi- ii.asicil, dii'ilm' tliciii wiili lloiiV, 
 uiitl liiLSle lliciii with butler; lei tlieiil go to tiihle wit'- u 
 lino Irolli: put ^'iiivy smicc in tiio ilisli, mul lireml .xuiiec^ 
 on the iaiile. 
 
 How to Stew Partridge.— Truss iia for roast in;;; ftnlT 
 
 tli(M'i:n\s, and lar<i tlieiii ilnwn eaell wiile nf the ln-eiisi ; 
 roll 11 linn|i of Imtter in jM^pper, suit and iMuieii mace, 
 and jpiil llieiii inside; sew iiji the vents; drei|;,'e lliem well 
 and fry it li;,'lit hrowii; put tlieiii into ii stewpiiii with .i 
 fjiiart of j,'oo(l ynivy. uspodiifiil of sherry wine, tlieHiinie 
 ol niiislirooni kelelmii, ii teasjiooiifnl <pf lemon pickle, iind 
 aliille mushroom powder, one anchovy, half ii lemon, a 
 Fprii; of .sweei marjoram; oover the pan close, and stew 
 half an hour; lake out, and thicken the gravy; hoil a lii- 
 tlu, and pour it over the partridge, and la\ round thcin 
 artichoke huttons, boiled, and cm in r|uartera, and tliu 
 yolks of four hard cgL's, if aL'reeable. 
 
 How to Roast Pheasant.— l.'oasi them as turkey; ami 
 serve with i\ line gravy (into which ]iiit a very small bit <if 
 garlic/ and bread sauic. When cold, they may bu made 
 into excellent patties, but their llavor sliould not bo over- 
 powered by lemon. 
 
 How to Roast Plovers.— IJoast the i/reeu ones in the 
 Hiime way us woodeoeks and (piails, without drawing, and 
 servo on a toast, ^'rcy plovers may be either rousted or 
 stewed with gravy, herbs and spice. 
 
 How to Fricassee Quails.— Having tossed tiicm up 
 
 ill a rauc> iii with a li!lle melted biitterand innshrooiiis, 
 put in a t.ice of ham, well beaten, with sail, pe|pper, 
 I'loves and savory herbs; mbl good gravy, and a glass of 
 sherry; simmer over a slow lire; when almost doiio, thii^keii 
 the ragout with a good ciillis, (i. e. a good broth, strained, 
 gelfttincd, etc ) or with two or tliree eggs, well beaten up 
 ill a little grav\. 
 
 How to Roast Quails.— lioasl them witliout drawing 
 and serve III |iia-t. Iiiittcr only should be eaten with 
 thein.as gravy lakes oil the line llavor. 'I'lie thigh and 
 the back arotht' most esteemed. 
 
 How to Roast Rabbits. Haste them with biittpr, and 
 ilieilu'c I heiii Willi lliiMi'; half an lioiii will do t'.icni at a 
 brisk lire; and if small, twenty minutes. 'I'ake the livers 
 with a bunch of parsley, boil ihem, and chop ihciii very 
 line together; melt some butter, and put half the liver and 
 parsley into the butter; poiir it into tho dish, and garnish 
 the dish with the oilier half; roast tlieiii to a fiiio light 
 brown. 
 
 How to IWalte Rabbit Taste Like a Hare.—Cliooso 
 
 oi.e that is yoiiii',', but full grown; hang it in tho skin 
 tlin'o or four days; then skin it, ami lay it, without wash- 
 ing, in a .-easoiiing of black pep]ter and allspice in a very 
 (iiio iiowder, a glass of port wine, atiil the same ipiaiitity 
 of vincLiar. Haste it occasionally f"r It) hours, then stulT 
 it and roust it as a hare, and with the same sauce. Do 
 not wash olT the liquor that it was soaked in. 
 
 How to Roast Snipes— I>o not draw tlietu. Split 
 t belli; I, lur tliiiii, and ba^^tc with butter. Toast a slice of 
 briacl broun; place it in the dish uiiilcr the birds for tho 
 trail to drop on. Vilcn they an' doneenoiigh, take tin, 
 and lay llietu on t:io toast; luii good gncy in the disli. 
 Serve with biilter, and garnisli with orange or lemon. 
 
 Snipe Pio— Hone 4 snipes, and truss theni. I'ut in 
 llieir insidis TiMely chopped bacon, or other forcemeat; jiut 
 them in tlirt dish with tho lircast tlowmNards, and put 
 forcemeat bulb around them. Add jfruvy iimdoof butter, 
 
 N^:^,_^^r^^;Y - - — 
 
 and chopipccl veal and ham, parsley, jicpper and sludots. 
 Cover wiiii nice piilf paste; close it wi^ll to keep in tlio 
 gravv When nearly done, pour in more gravy, iknd a lit- 
 tle slierry wine. Hake two or three hours. 
 
 How to Fry Venison— Cut the meat into slices, ami 
 make a gravy of the bones; fry it of a light brown, iukI 
 keep it hot befort! the (ire; nut butter rolleil in Hour into 
 the jiaii, anil stir it till thick and brown; add A lb. of loaf 
 sugar powdered, with the gravy made from the bones, and 
 soiii(> poll wine. Let it bei.sthiek as cream; sipiee/e in a 
 lemon; warm the venison inii; jiiit it in tliu dish, i.nd 
 pou;- the saueo over it. 
 
 HOW TO MAKE ICE CREAMS 
 WATER-ICE AND JELLIES 
 
 To Mold Ices — Kill your mold as fpiicly as possible 
 with tin" tid.'.en cream, wrap it up in paper, iinil bury it in 
 ice and salt, and let it remain for an hour or more to 
 harden. l''or dishing, have the dish ready, diji the ni(dd 
 in hot water for an instant, wipe it, take o(T the top und 
 botiom cov(>rs, and turn it into the dish. This must be 
 done expeditioiisiy. In molding ices, it is advisable not 
 III hiive tho cream too stilly frozen before putting it into 
 the mold. 
 
 Ice Cream— 'I'ake two (|uurts milk, one pint cream, 
 three eggs beaten very light, and two teaspoons of arrow- 
 root; boll in one-half jiint niilk,8traineggs,urrow-root, und 
 llavor to suit, then fri'cze. 
 
 Ginger Ice Cream Hmise six ounces of the best pro- 
 served ginger in a mortar; add the juice of one lemon, 
 half a jioiiiid of sugar, one jiint of cream. iMis well; 
 strain through a hair sieve; freeze. Oii(f quart. 
 
 Italian Ice Cream — IJasp two lemons on some sugar, 
 which, with their juice, add to one pint of cream, one 
 glass of brandy, half a pound of .sugar; free/.e. One 
 ipiart. 
 
 Lemon Ice Cream— Take one pint of cream, rasp two 
 lemons on sugar; sipiee/i^ tlieiii, and add the juice with 
 half a )>ound of sugar. .Mix; freeze. One ipiart. 
 
 Pine-Apple Ice Cream— Take one pound of pine- 
 apple, when peeled, bruise It in 11 marble mortar, pass it 
 throiigli a hair sieve, add tliree-ipuirters of a pound of 
 powdered sugar, and one pint of creaiii. l-'recze. 
 
 Raspberry and Currant Ice Cream— Take one 
 
 ]ioiinil of ra.-pberries, half a pound of rcii currants, tliroo- 
 i|Uarters of a pound of sugar, and one pint of cream. 
 
 Strain, color and freeze. One ipiart. 
 
 Strawberry Ice Cream— T.ikc two imunds of fresh 
 
 strawberries, caiefiilly iiiiked, and, with a wooden spoon, 
 rub I hem throuj{h a hair seive, and about Imif a jiound of 
 powdered sugar, and the juice of one lemon; color with a 
 few drops of pretiared cnchineal; cream, one |iint; then 
 freeze. This will make a reputed rpiart. 'When fresh 
 -irawbcrries are not in season tako strawberry jam, tho 
 jiiii-e of t wo lemons, cream, to one (|uart. Color, strain, 
 and freeze. Milk may be Hiibsiitntcd for crciun, and 
 
 makes good i If too inncli sugar is used, the ices will 
 
 jirove walei', , or, jierliaps not freeze at all. 
 
 Vanilla Ice Cream— I'ound one .stick of vanilla, or 
 
 siidicient to llavor it to palate, in a mortar, with half a 
 pound of sugar; strain through a sieve iijion tho yol!;« of 
 twooggs, put iit, into a Btewpaii, with hall a pint of milk; 
 simmer o>'cr a»i1ow fire, stirring ai! the time, the sRine ha 
 custard; when cool add one pint of croum and the jiiico of 
 oiieleinoii; fret.'Ze. One (piurt. 
 
 ( 
 
 1 
 
 sait i agms. ! 
 
 wm 
 
COOK i; II Y UKCII'K.S. 
 
 ; 
 
 ') 
 
 Cherry Water-ice— *Ji>'j ll>. cliurrics, itruiHcd in i\ 
 
 iiKiit'ir Willi liiu 8tu(K't); luUl tlio juice of twu ii'inoii.s, liuir 
 a pint of water, one |>iiit of cliirifiucl Hugnr, ouo ;,'liida of 
 noyoHu, ainl ft li'tio color; stmiii; fri'ozo. Oiio <iuiirt. 
 
 Lemon Water-ice. — Tniso two li-mons, uml riis|) thorn 
 on 8iiK'""> •■''*' joK'o of fix loinonri, tliu jiiici! of onu urnii^i', 
 one |iiiit of cluritii'il Hii|rikr, ami half a {liiitof watur. Mix; 
 Btraiii through a huir bievc; fri'izc. One (juart. 
 
 Melon Water-Ice.— Half u Ih. of ripo nu-lon ooumloil 
 in ft mortar, two ounceH of orango-llowtT walrr, tlio juico 
 of two lemons, half a pint of watur an<l uiiu pint of clari- 
 liuil sii);ar; litrain; freeze. Ono (|narl. 
 
 Strawberry or Raspberry Water-Ice.— Ono pound 
 
 of Hcarli'tiitrawlK.Trit-8 or rosphfrricH, half a pound currants, 
 half a pint of water, one pint of cluriliud airgur, and a little 
 color; strain and freeze. One quart. 
 
 Apple Jelly. — Cut the apples and boil in water to 
 cover, lioil doMti, then 8truin,and take ajiotind of sugar to 
 u {lint of juice, than boil fifteen ni'iiutcH hard. 
 
 Apple Jelly. — Cut off all upots ami dccayod places on 
 the apples; quarter them, but do not ]>are oi' core Itiein; 
 put in the |H>el of as many lemons .is you like, about two 
 to Hix or eight dozen of the apples; till tlio preHorving-pan, 
 aiul cover tho fruit with 8j)riiig water; boil them till thoy 
 are in pulp, then pourlhcm intoajdly-liag; let them strain 
 all iiignt, do not squeeze them. To every pint of juico jiut 
 one pound of white sugar; put in the juico of tlio lenioiiH 
 you had before pare<l, but strain it through niuslin. Yoi; 
 may also put in about u teaspoon ful of esseiiho of lemon; 
 let it boil for at least twenty minutes; it will look redder 
 than at tirst; hkim it well ut the time. I'ut it either in 
 slKipeH or puts, and cover it the next day. It ought to bo 
 quite stiff and very clear. 
 
 Apple Jelly. — Prepare twenty golden pippins; boil 
 them 111 a pint and a half of water fniiti thc8)iring lUhjcilc 
 tender; tiieii .strain the ii(]ii)r througii a cniuMdcr. To every 
 pint |)iit a pound of line sii^rar: add cinimiiioii, grated or- 
 aiiL'cor lemon; then boil to a jelly. 
 
 Another.— Prepare anples a* -.e^orc. by boiling and 
 straining; have ready half an ournie of isinglass boiled in 
 half a pint of water to u jeilv ; put this to tlie apple-water 
 and ill |)le, as strained thrvugh a course sieve; ixld B.igar, 
 aliliie leinon-jiiicouiid jh^I; boilall together, and j)ut into 
 a (lisli. Take out t lie p«-el. 
 
 Cairs Foot Lwnon Jelly— Boil four (piarlsof water 
 with llirtH) calf's f.-et. or iho cow heels, till half wasted; 
 take the jellv from the fat and seilimeiil, mix with it the 
 juice of tt w'ville orange and twelve lemons, the peel*- of 
 three ditto, the whr.-sand s'mcIIs of t.velveeggs, sugar to 
 taste, a pint of raisiri wine, i oz. of coriander seciliH. \ oz, 
 of allspice, a bito' ciiinainon, and six cloves, all bniif.e<l, 
 aficr having mix««l lheMi(;old. Thejelly should boil lifteen 
 minutes without stirring; then clear it through a ilunnel 
 baL'. 
 
 Cherry Jelly.— Cherries, 5 lb.s,; stono tlii-ni; red cur- 
 ranis, ■.; lli-. : strain them, that the liquor may b« clear; 
 add '.' Ills, of Hifteil iiaf siig.nr, and 2 ozs. of isiiiL'laa*'. 
 
 Chocolate Caramel— One pint milk, half pound but- 
 ter, half pound Cadbiirry's chocolate, throe pounds auga'*, 
 two spiMins vanill.i. IViil slowlv until brittle. 
 
 Currant Jelly. Red or Black— Strip the fruit, and in 
 
 li stoi.e jar stew theiu in a saucepan of water or on the lire; 
 strain off the linuor. and to every pint wcii;h 1 lb. of loaf 
 sugar; put the latter in large liinips into it, in a stone or 
 (;hiiia vessel, till nearly ilissolvcd; then jiut it into a jire- 
 seiviiig-pan; simmer and skim. When it will jolly on a 
 plate put it in small jr.rs or I'lasses. 
 
 Green Gooseberry Jelly— Place the licrrie.'* in hot 
 
 water on a slow lire tilltliey rise to the surface; take off; 
 
 coid with a little water, add also a little vinegar and salt to 
 green tlicm. In two hours drain, aiel puttheioin cold 
 water a miiritc; drain, and mix with an cipial weight of 
 sugar; bod slowly \'() miniilcs; sieve, and juit into glasses. 
 
 Iceland Moss Jolly— Moss, ^ to i oz. ; water, 1 (|iiait. 
 
 Simmer diiwn III I pint. .\ild line sugar and a little lemon 
 juice. It may be improved with } ounce of isinglasii The 
 moss slioii.d rn>t bt) steeped in colil water an hour or two. 
 
 Isinglass Jelly— Boil one ounce of isinglass in a quart 
 of water, with | ounce (if <lamaica )iepjier-corns <ir cloves, 
 and a I'nist of bread, till reduced to a pint. Add su^'ar. 
 It keeps well, and may bo tak.ii in wine and water, milk, 
 tea, Hiiup, etc. 
 
 Lemon Jelly Cake — Take I'our eggs, one cut) sugar, 
 butter the sizeof an egg, one and a half cups Hour, naif cii]i 
 sweet milk, two tea.-^ioons of Imking powder. Jelly. — One 
 grated lemon, one gratcii apple, one egg, ono cup sugar, 
 lH>at all togetlier, put in ft tin and stir till boils. 
 
 Lemon Jelly — Take one and a half jiiickagcs of gelatine, 
 one pint cold water, soak two tioiirs.theii add two teaciiji.'i 
 sugar, one pint boiling water; stir all tog.iher, add the 
 juice of two lemons or one winegl'.ss wine, strain through 
 a cloili, and put in a mold. 
 
 Orange Jelly— It may bo made the same as lemon 
 
 jelly, which see. (iratcthe rind of t.vo Seville and of two 
 China oranges, and two lenuins; sqiicezti the juice of ilireo 
 of each, and strain, anil add o the juice a quarter of a 
 pound of lump sugar, a (piarter of a pint of water, ami 
 noil till it almost candies. Havereitdyii quart <if isinglass 
 jelly made with two ounces; jiut to it the syrup, boil it 
 once iiji; strain oil t!.o jelly, and let it stand to settle as 
 above, before it is jiut into the mold. 
 
 Quince Jelly — Cut in pieces a siifllci^nt quantity of 
 qiiu : draw olT the juico by boiling them in water, in 
 w' . '> . ';■ V ought only to swim, no more. When fully 
 di-i. .. -J and have ready clurilied sugar, of which put 
 one hpoittiful to two of tho juice- bring the sugar to the 
 "(lujlc; add tliejiiiee, anil finish. When it drops from tho 
 skiiiimer it is enmigli; t;ike it off. anil pot it. 
 
 Jelly of Siberian Crabs— 'i'ake off the stalks, weigh 
 
 and Wash t!;ii crabs. To eadi one and a l^alf pounds, a Id 
 one pint of water. Uoil thenigeiiily until broken, but do 
 not allow them to full to a oiilp. Pour tlie w hole through 
 a j' lly-bag, and when the juice is (|iiiie transparent weigh 
 it; put it into ft clean prcserving-]).in, bod it tpiickly for 
 ten niintiles, then add t-ii ounces of line sugar to each 
 )iound of juice; bull it from I weivetulifteuu niintitefl, skim 
 it very cli nil, and jmur into molds, 
 Siberian Crab-Apple Jelly-Mash tne crab apples, 
 
 take oti s'liiis and leaiis. put ni pot, cover with water, let 
 them boil to ft ]udp, then turn them in a llatincl hag, ami 
 leaviudl night to strain, then add one jtouttd of siig:ir to a 
 pint of juice, boil ten to lifteeu minutes, skim and put in 
 
 Jelly gia.ssc. 
 
 Siberian Crab Jelly — Fill a larjre flannel baf^ with 
 
 crabs, i'ut the b;ig in a presfrvini'-pan of sriring water, 
 and boil for about Hoven hours; tlii'ii lakcoiit tiiobag, and 
 till it so that all the svriip can run through, and the water 
 that ri'<iiains ill the |i:in; iind to each pintof syrup add one 
 pound of loaf sugar, and boil fur about un houi. and it will 
 l)o a clear, bright red jelly. 
 
 TKi.roRAPri wires l.avo to he renewed every five nraoTen 
 years. The Wesrcrn Cnion Tclc>.jraph Company exchange 
 iiboiii one thousand tons of old n'ire for new every year. 
 The )ic".v wire costs from soveii to eight cents ]>er pound, 
 and for the old nbont one-eighth of a cent u pound is 
 allowed. 
 
I fi^ 
 
 HOW TO SELECT . . 
 
 . . AND COOK MEATS 
 
 Ho^ to Dress Bacon and Beans— \M»fii you i\rvns 
 
 lifaiisiiiiil liiu'iiM, Ixiil tlii^ liiiiMiii liv itsi'lf, ail I tlio lit'iiiiH liy 
 tll!>Illm'lv(•^^, fur the liucuii will spoil llio color (if tlio hcuiis, 
 Alwaya throw koiiiu Halt inlo tlio wutpr hiuI koiiio ]iarHlt'V 
 nicely iiifkeil. Wlicii tiio bpansHio lioiio »!iioiif(ti, wliicli 
 you will know liv tlicir hnug Icinlcr, throw tlu'iii into u 
 eolanilcr to drain, 'i'liko ii|i iho hacoa ainUkiii it; throw 
 Boino raf*|iin|:s of tlichrcail over thu top, ami if yoii have a 
 salaiiiaiiiifr, iiiako it reil luit, iiiui hold it uvi<r it tu lirowii 
 the toj> of tliH hiicon; if you Jiiivo not our, fut ithoforolho 
 firo tu brown. Lur the bouns in tlin dish, uinl tlio bncoii 
 in the niiddio on tlio top, uud ucud llioni to tublo, with but- 
 ter in ii tiirt'fii. 
 
 Corned Beef — Make tlio following picklo: Water, 2 
 giilloiis; halt, )!k lliH.; niolasscH, i Hi.; siigiir, J 11).; saltpe- 
 tre, Uo/n. ; iicarlash, } oz. Moil all ti'getiirr; Hkiiii, and 
 noiir the picklti on nlioiit ',!■'> lbs. of beef. Let it 8tay in » 
 lew days. Hoil in jtlenty of water when cooked to n.-iiiovo 
 the suit, ami eat wi'li it plenty of vejjetables. It iHnicu to 
 eat cold, and makes excellent saiidwichoH. 
 
 Rolled Beef — Hang three ribs three or four days ; tak« 
 out the boiici from llin wl.ole length, Kprinkle it with salt, 
 roll the meat tight and n ast it. Nothing can look nicer. 
 'I'lie above done with spice', etc., and baked as huuters' 
 beef is excellent. 
 
 Beef, Rolled to equal Hare— Take the inside of n 
 luri;e sirloin, t-' ' 'k it m a gl.ihS of port wiiiu mid a glass of 
 vinegar mi.xe 1 c ' >rty-eii.;ht hours; bavo ready u very 
 '.]'. .. titiiii^,, ami L.iid it up tight. Itoa.'^t it on ii iiatiging 
 spii ; and Uiistft it with a '■ • of port wine, tlio sanio 
 <iuaiitity of vinegar, and a i. poonfiil of iiounded all- 
 Hjiice. Larding it improves tlio look iiml llavor ; serve 
 witii a rich gravy in thu dish; currant-jelly and melted 
 butter in tureens. 
 
 Round of Beef— SliotiKJ bo carefully salted and wet 
 with ihepirije i ^- eight or ten days. The bono should 
 becui <uit lirst, and the beef skewered ani ( -d up to 
 makoitquku round. It may K* stiilTed wilh ■■ r.'jley, if 
 approved, iu wiiich case the holes to admit tii.' parsley 
 must bo miulo with li sharp poiiitt^l knife, and the parsley 
 cuarseljciit and .stuflad iu tight. As soon as it boils, it 
 should bo skiiunud; and aftenrnrds kept boiling very 
 gently. 
 
 Beefsteak, Stewed — I'eel and chop two Spanish 
 oiii««us, oufciuLo small ]>aris f.iiir |iii'kled walnuts, and put 
 them At the bottom of a stewpaii ; adil a teacupfiil of 
 mu.--iir<)oin kotcliiip, two tenspoonfuls of walnut ditto, one 
 of .-lialot, one of L'liile vinegar, end a lump of butter. 
 Let the rump-steak bo <'ut about three-(piarters of an inch 
 thick, and beat it flat with a rolling-piii. place the .meat 
 on the top of the onions, {'tc., let it slew for one hour and 
 a half, turning it erery twenty minutes. Ten minutes 
 before ierving up, throw a dozen oysters with the lif,iuor 
 strained. 
 
 Beef Steak and Oyster Sauce— Select a good, 
 
 tender riimp-.sieak, abfuit au incii iliirk. and liroi! it care- 
 fully. Nothinir but experience ami aitiniion will servo in 
 broiling u st«aks; one thing, however, is always to be re- 
 iiiemberBd, never malt or season broiled meat iiuiil cookeil. 
 Have the gridiron clean and hot, grease it with either but- 
 ter, or go»d lard, before layiiiff on the meat, to prevent 
 its sticking or marking the meat ; iiave ck. ., brieht coals, 
 and turn it frequently. When cooked, coTor tightly, and 
 
 have ready nicely stewod oystors; then lay the steak in a 
 hot dish and jioiir over some of tlio oysters. Nerve tho 
 rest ill a tureen. Twenty-llvo oyatcrs will niako a iiico 
 sauce for a steak. 
 
 Fricassee of Cold Roast Beef— Cut tho beef into veiy 
 thin slices; shred a huiulfui of parsU'V very small, cut an 
 onion into (piarters, and put all together into a stewpaii, 
 with u niece of butter, and some strong broth ; season with 
 salt ami pejiper, and simmer very gently a tpiarter of an 
 hour; then mi.v into it the yolka of two eggs, a glass of 
 port wine, and a spoonful of vinegar; stir it i|uiekly, nib 
 llio dish with slialot, and turn tho fncasM'o into it. 
 
 Brawn- -< 'lean a pig's head, and rub it over with salt 
 ami a little saltpetre, and let it lie two or three days ; then 
 l)oil it iintii tho bones will leave tho meat; >('a.s(Ui with 
 salt and pep|)er, and lay thu meat hot iu a mold, ami 
 jiress ami weigh it down for a few hours. Hoil another 
 iioiir, covering. Hosiiiuaiid cut the tongue, and lay tho 
 slices in tho middle, as it iniicU improves tho llavor. 
 
 Calf's Liver and Bacon — Cut tho liver into slices, and 
 
 fry it tii,-<t, then the bacon; lay tho !'i-. in the disli, and 
 tho bacon upon it; serve it up with gravy, made in tho 
 pan with boiling wat<-r, thickened with Hour ami butter, 
 and lemon juice; and, if a}:reealile, a lilllo iiarsley and 
 onion maybe choiipeil into .t,ora little boiled parsley 
 strewed over the liver. OarniJi with slices of lemon. 
 
 Nice Form of Cold Meats— Ivemalns of boileilham, 
 
 mutton, riia.-tbeef, etc., are gonil eliiipped liiK- with hard 
 boiled eggs, two liea<ls of lettuce, a bit of onion, unci sea- 
 soned with mustard, oil, vinegar, eiul, if needed, moro 
 salt. Fix it smoothly in a salad di.^li, and adorn tlieedges 
 with sjirigs of par.^ley or leaves of cui1(m1 lettuce, Keep 
 by the ice or in a cool place until wanted. 
 
 Fried Ham and Efrgs — (hit thin slices, place in tho 
 
 }ian, and fry carefully, llo not burn. When done break 
 I lie eggs into tiie fat; pepper jliglitly; keep them whole; do 
 not turn them. 
 
 Ham Uashers may lie servctl witl 
 eg-rs. 
 
 To Cook Ham— Scrape it clean, 
 nor lioilinv' water. Let tlu^ water become warm; then put 
 thehiimin. Siniint r or boil lightly for live or six hours; 
 take out, and shave the rind olT. h'ubgrauiilaled sugar 
 into the whole surface of the bain, so long as it can he 
 made to receive it. I'laee tlie ham in a baking-dish with 
 a bottle of champagne or |irime <-ider. Haste occa.-ioiially 
 with the juice, and let it bake an hour in a genth; heat. 
 
 .\ slice from a nicely cured ham thus cooked is enough 
 to animate tiiu ril>s of death. 
 
 (»r, living taken olT the rind, strew bread crumbs or 
 raspings over it, so as to cover it; set it before tli<i lire, or 
 in the oven till the bread is crisp ami brown, (iarnish 
 with ctirrots, parsley, etc. Tho water should simmer all 
 the time, ami never boil fast. 
 
 Ham and Chicken. In Jelly— This is a nico dish for 
 siijiper or liiiieheoii. .Make wit b a small knuckle of veal 
 some good white stock. When cold, skim and strain it. 
 -Melt it, and put a quart of it into a sauce|mii with tho 
 well beaten whites of tJireo eggs; a dessert-si>ooiifiil of 
 Chili, or a tablesponnfiil of tarragon vinegar, and a little 
 salt. Heal the mixture well with a fork till it boil.-; let it 
 simmer till it is reduced to a little more than a pint; strain 
 it; put half of it into a mold, let it nearly set. Cut the 
 meat of aroa.-.t chicken into small thiu pieces; arrange it 
 in the jelly with some neat liffleslicies of cold boiled ham, 
 and sprinkle chopped jtarsle) between the sHces. When it 
 has got quite cold. ]muv in the reuiainder of tho jelly, and 
 wtand tho mold in cold water, or in ucool place, so that it 
 
 =re:: 
 
 sjiiiiach aiitl {xiaehed 
 Do not put into cold 
 
 I 
 
 n C 
 
 
 
 >=»■ 
 
 ■Ma 
 
I. 
 
 m 
 
 roDKKIlY UKCIPKS. 
 
 dels siK'cdily. Dip tlio mo'! in Iwilinp wotcr to turn it 
 out. Do not lot it niiMiiin in tiio wiitrr ninrc tliun ii niin- 
 ul(!, oritwill H|ii)il tii« H|i]ii,"iniuco of tliu iliiili. UurnJHli 
 with 11 wren 111 of jiiirHloy. 
 
 Leg' of Lamb— Hlmuld ho hoilwl in a oloth lo |.,ok iis 
 wliiii' in |icMMil)l('. 'I'ho loin fijril in nlciikH ami mivimI 
 round, ^'urnishcd with ilrii-il or fried piirxli'v; H{iinu('l! to 
 ('III will) il; or dri'SMcd scpi /atidy or roimtcd. 
 
 Loin of Mutton -Tiiko o(T tlip skin, «(|iiiruto lln" 
 joinlH wiili the I'liojipcr; if u lar),'<iHi/c, •'Ut tin' i'liinr-l>i>rii> 
 with n hiiw, so as lo uljnw il to hi' carved in Hin:illi'i' pici'cH; 
 run II sniikll Hpit from oiu! cxlrfinity to the oi her, and itDix 
 il hi II largiM' s;)il, and mail it, liki' tlio hannih. A loin 
 » <'i<.'liiii}; hi\ pounils will liiku oix' hour lo rouMt. 
 
 Observations on Meat — In ull kindn of iiroriaions. 
 the hcnt, of tin* kind l'oi's iIh) furlhfst: it cutH out with 
 most mlvanlit^u, and alTonts most nonriNlinit'nt. K •iind 
 of hiM'f, (illcl of Veal, ami Irjj of niiitloii, aro joints of 
 hi;,'lb'r jiriuc; but as they liavn moro solid nuMt, llify 
 dc'>si'vvo tho prcfcrcnic. Itiit Ihoso joints which urn infe- 
 rior may hti dressed as p;diilaldy. 
 
 ill loiiiH of meat, thu lon;r pi|ir> that runs l)y the hono 
 should liu taken out, aa it i^ ajit to taint; as also the ker- 
 iH'ls of hoof. Do nut ptirolniso juintti hruiseil hy tho hlowa 
 <if drovorH, 
 
 Save Hliank hiiiips of nnitton to enrieh j,'raviefl or soiipH. 
 
 \\ hen sirloiiiH of heef, or loins of veal or mutton, eoine 
 in, part of tho suut nniy hu cut olT for |iuddings, or to 
 I'hirify. 
 
 |)iippinf,' will hast" aiiythin;; ai* well as hiitter; except 
 fo\v!-wiud game; and for kitiiuMi pies, notliiu},' elHo Hhoiild 
 he u.-.ed. 
 
 'I'lie fat of > nock or loin of imitloti makes a far li;;hler 
 piiiMiu!; than snot. 
 
 l''rosted meat Mul Vejjntaldes should he soaked in nih/ 
 tciifir two or three hours lioforo tisiiij;. 
 
 If tho weather permit, meat eats miuh hetter for liang- 
 iii;i^ two or Ihieo days hefnre it in saltcil. 
 
 Ik'oast-iieef hones, or sliank hoiiea of ham, make line 
 petis-souo; ami nliould he hoiled with the pt^as tho day 
 iiel'die eaten, that tht' I'at may he tiikeu i.lT. 
 
 Boiled Leg of Mutton — Soak well for an hour or two 
 ill sill! and water; do not usi- mmh Milt. Wipe well and 
 hoil in M ll<)uroi1 elolii. Hoil from two hours to two hours 
 and a half. iSorvo with cnpor sauco, potittoos, inttHhod 
 tui'ni|)s. trreons, oyster »-auce, etc. 
 
 J^~'|'() preserve the frravy in tho lofT, do not put it in 
 tint \tater till it hoils; for thu sinidi ii roniact with watiT 
 caiisni) Il slight iilin over tho surface, wiiiidi prevents tho 
 escape of tlie ^'ravy, which is ahiindaiit when carved. 
 
 How to Hash Mutton.— l^ut thin slices of dressed 
 inutt<~ti.. fat and lean; lloiir tiiem; iiavo read) ii iitth! onion 
 hoiicil ill two or three spoonfuls of water; add to il a 
 little };ravy and tho meat t<ea>oned, ami make it hot, hut 
 not to hoil. .Serve in a covered dish. Instead of onion, 
 a clove, a spoonful of current jolly, and half a ;rlass of 
 port n im^ will (^ive an airreeahii^ llavor of venison, if tho 
 ni(!at he line, 
 
 I'icklod cupunihor, or walnut out small, warm in it for 
 change. 
 
 How to Prepare Pig's Cheek for Boiilng.~Cut off 
 
 tho snout, and clean tho head; divide it, ami tiiko out tho 
 eyes and tho hrains; Rprinklo tho head with bait, and let it 
 drain 2i hours. Salt it with common calt and saltpetre; 
 et it lie nine days if lo be dressed without stowing with 
 peas, but loss if to he drossod with jx'as, and it must he 
 washed llrst, and then simmer till all '\^ t<'ndor. 
 
 Pig's Feet and Ears. — ('loan carefully, and soak some 
 hours, »rid hoil them tender; then take them out; boil 
 
 some vinognr and n littlo salt with some of the water, and 
 when cold [put it over them. When they are to ho dressed, 
 dry them, cut the feet in two, and slice tliit ears; fry, and 
 serve Willi hntti'r, mustard ami vinegar. They niav bo 
 either done in hatter, or only Uuured. 
 
 Pork, Loin of.— Score it, and joint it, that tho rhojis 
 inity separate ea.'-ily; and then roast it us a loin of iiiiitton. 
 Or, put it into suHirient water to cover il; siiiimer till 
 almost enough; I hen peel olT the skin, and coat it wKli 
 yolk of egg and bn ad crumbs, ami roast for l.') or '•.'0 
 minules, till it is dmie emuigh. 
 
 How to Pickle Pork.— < 'lit the pork in stidi pieces us 
 will lie in the pickling itih; rub esch piece v,ith vulipetre; 
 then lake one pall hay sail, and two purls common kalt, 
 and rub each piece well; lay them close in the tub, and 
 throw sail over them. 
 
 S ' iiseu little sal ])riinnella, and a littlo sugar. 
 
 Pork Pie, to Eat Cold. — li.tise a comimin boileil 
 crust into ciihc'i' a iimnd or ovul form, which yon choose, 
 have ready lii(> li iuiniiii;;s and stnull hits of jiork cut o(T a 
 sweet bone, when thehugiskillcd, heat it with a rolling-))in, 
 season with pepper and mil, and keen the fut and lean uep- 
 arat", put it in layers ipiite cloue to tlie top, lav on the lid, 
 cut the ed;.'e smooth, round, and |>inch it;hHke in a slow- 
 soaking ovon, as the meat is Tery solid. Observe, put uo 
 Ix'iic or water in the pork pie; ihe oiitiiile pieciS will bo 
 liard if Ihcv are not cut sniull and presned <do.se. 
 
 How to Roast a Leg of Pork - Choose a small leg of 
 
 flno young jiork ; cut a hIiI in the knuckle with u sharp 
 knife; and lill the space with sage and onion chojiped, 
 and a littlo pepper and salt. When half done, score tho 
 skin ill slices, liiit don't cut deeper than the outer rinil. 
 .Apple same and ]io!aliies should lie served local with it. 
 
 Pork Rolled Neck of.— I'-onc it; put a forcemeat of 
 choppi'd fMgc, a \ery few crumbs of bread, salt, |>epperand 
 two oi' three beirics of allspice over the iii>ii|e; then roll 
 liie meat as light as you can, and roast it slowly, and at n 
 good ilisiaiicc at lirst. 
 
 Chine of Pork. -Salt three days before cooking Wash 
 
 il well; sc(ne the skill, and roast with sage and onions linely 
 slireil. Serve with apple sauce. — 'I'he chine is often sent 
 to thu table biiiled. 
 
 How to Collar Pork. — Mono a breast or spring of pmk; 
 season it with |>leiity of tlivine, parsh'y ami sage; roll it 
 haril; put in a cloth, lie both eml.s, and boi' it; then press 
 it; when c(dd, take it out of tho doth, ami keep it in its 
 own liipior. 
 
 Pork as Lamb.— Kill ayoungpigoffouror fire months 
 old: cut up thu foreipiarter for roasting as von do lamb, 
 and triis,^ the liliaiik close. 'I'ho other p.irts will make del- 
 ica'e pickled pork; or steaks, pios, etc. 
 
 '?ork Sausages.— Tike i; lbs. of young perk, free from 
 gristle, or fat; cut small and heat line in a mortar. ('hop 
 II lbs. of beef suet Very line; pick elf th- Naves of a liaml- 
 f ill of sage, and shred il tine; spread t li' ;..ear on a idean 
 iiresser, and shake llio .-sage over the meat; shred the rind 
 of a lomon very line, and throw it. «ilh swc-i herbs, on 
 the incut; grate two nutmegs, to which put a s|>oonful of 
 pcn|)er. and a largo spoonful of sidt: throw the suet over, 
 and mix all well together. I'm it liown close in the pot; 
 iiid when you use it, roll it up witli as miuii egg as will 
 iiiake il roil siii loih. 
 
 Sausage Rolls. — One pound of Hour half a pound of 
 till best lard, <|iiarter of u ixunid of butler, and the yolks 
 of tl.roo eggs Well beaten, rut the Hour into a dish, make 
 a whoi»: in tho middle of it, and rub in about one f)unce of 
 tho lard, ilion the yolks of the eggs, and enough water to 
 mix the whole iuto a smooth paste, lioll it out about an 
 
(OUKKHY UKitrcS. 
 
 c 
 I 
 9 
 
 inch tliic\; nour your jhihIo and hoiinl. I'lit tlio l)ittU>r 
 uihI lariHii II lump iiiti) till) ]iiiKto, i>|iriiiklu it with llcnir, 
 uii'l tint till* iia.^tit oMT it; liful it wiiii ti r< •11 iiit;-|>in until 
 you liMMi ^'ot It ll.it ciioii;.-!! to roll; toll il livlit ly unlii vi-rv 
 thin; tlii'ii (ii« i<U) ymr incut Mini jiiit ilinti) luo layciH nf 
 imstc, iiinl |iiiich tlin ciiil-i, .SaiiHiij:i) rnlln urn innv usually 
 iiiaijc Hiiiall. Twii |iciiin<l.i of 8aiisa);u meat will lie rcijuii'id 
 for this (|iiuiitity of {laMtc, itnci it will iiiiikn iilinnt two timl 
 Ik half (Ill/I'll (it I'lili.'i. \\ liitcii (if t III )v:.'.l,'-l hIiuiiIiI lie licalcii 
 11 little, iinil III iiKlidl over llio ruiU Id j;la/.i) tlicni. They 
 will i'i'i|iiirtt frniu twenty niiniiteri to half iiii h mr to hake, 
 ami r<lioiili| he mitvimI ou u ditili cuTui'uij witliii iiually-fohl 
 nujikiii. 
 
 Spiced Benf. —Take a roiiim of lui ox; or yoiiiii; lioifcr, 
 fr-ni •,'i| lu »ii|li-i. Cut it iicaily, m) that llieiiiin llaiikeiiil 
 can wrap nearly roiiinl. Take from ".' to t iiiiir.'crtK.il|ietrc, 
 tiinl 1 (iiincc I'f ciiarHc mi .'ur. iimI t wo luiiiilfuU of commoii 
 Halt. Mix them well loL'i'ther iinl nili it all over. The 
 next ilay salt it well as fur hoiliii);. Let It lie from two to 
 thi'" weeks, tiirniii,' i' everr two or three ihiys. Takeout 
 (if the jiicMc, ami Hi|ic -t dry. 'I'lii-n take c!ovc.-i. niaeo, 
 well powderi (1. a ^|iiionfiil (.f;;ra\y, iind riih it well into 
 thel'cef. Ii'oll it lip in ti^'hily as pusjiiMr; hkcwe:- il, mnl 
 tie it up ti;;ht. I'oiir ill tlio liipior till tiio iiii-at is ijiiitu 
 Mitiiratod, ill which ntatu it luii.si ho kept. 
 
 5?fOWed Boof. — Tako flvu poiunls (if Imttnck, place il in 
 
 ftilripd -! , ' ■ I I It if whild wine viKc;:ar, tlirenhay 
 h-avcs, {«!> or lh;(e cliivcs, i^alt iiml pepper; 1 urn it over 
 twiio till) (ir-t (lay, ami fvery iiKirniiiff uficr fi'r ii wii k or 
 till (lays. Hoil half a pniiiid or ii (piarler of u pound I'f 
 hiiitcr, ftiid throw ill two oniniis,. chopped very fiinall, fmir 
 cloves, mid some pepper-corns; 8tew live hours till tender 
 and a nice li'.rht hiowti. 
 
 How to Boll Tongue —If tlio tho ton^'iie he a dry one, 
 Htecp ill water ail iiiL'lii. lioil it three h iiirs. if ym prefer 
 it hot, stick it w ilh doves. Clear "If the «ciini. and add 
 savory herl'i when it hashoilcd two hours; hut this is ii|)- 
 iioiiai. I'lih it over with the volk of an i",";; strew over it 
 bread criimlH; haste it with Iniitor; sit it heforc the lire 
 till it is of II l;;,dit hrowii. When ymi dish iu up, pour a 
 liith) hrowM ;,'ravy. or port wliio sirito mixed the ■^iino way 
 as for Venison. Lay slices of ciirri'iit jelly aroiMid it. 
 
 How to Fl'icassee Tl-lpe.— Cut into Hinall square 
 pieces. I'littheiii into tho stev pall with lis liiiK h siicny 
 as will cover them, with pcjipev, {.'•iiij,'cr, H hl.idu «if liiaco, 
 gwcct heriis and an (iiiimi. Stew l.i miniilcs. Tako out 
 the lierhs a'ld (laimi, and put in a little shred of luirsiiy, the 
 juice of a>mall lemon, half an anchovy cut Kiiia!), a pill 
 of rrcaiii and a littlo butter, or yolk of an v^j^. (iariiish 
 with lemon. 
 
 How to Fry Tripe. — <^'ut iho tripe into small fipiaro 
 jiiive-:; ili|i I hrin i'l voiks of ("_'i;s, mill fry them in <.'o(id 
 lirippiiiL.', till nicily hrown; take mil and drain, ami servo 
 with ]i'aill incited butter. 
 
 Veal Cutlets, Mninienon.— Cut plices about ihroo 
 (piarteis of all inch iniik, beat them with a rullir^'-pin, 
 and wi't theiii on both hides with C)rp; dij) them into a Kdi- 
 Honiii.,' (if bread-criiinhs, jiarslry, ihyiiie, knotted iiiarjo- 
 raiii. pepjier, H.dt and a little niiime;; frratcd; then jnit 
 iheiii in papers foMed over, and liroil thciii; and servo with 
 a li'ial of iindtcd hiitti'r, with a little niiishrooiii ketchup. 
 
 Veal Cutlets. — Anothpr way. — I'lcparo h.h abovo, and 
 fry 111. -in; lay into a di-h, and ke('p thciii hot; drodfjo a 
 
 tic flour, iiid jiiit a bit of butter into tlicpan; brown it, 
 then pour some boilin;; water into it and boil ipiickly; 
 soasoii with pepiR-r, salt and kolchiip iiihI jioiir over 
 
 tlielll. 
 
 Another Way. — IVparn as bcforo, and dnss tho nit- 
 lels in a dutch oven; |iolir o\er thelll lllidted butter mid 
 iiinshroiiiiiM, 
 
 Fillet of Venl.- \('al reipiiren a ^'ood, bri;;lil lire for 
 
 roaz-iiii;;. Il, I'nre cookinj;, stiilT with a for meal, com- 
 
 iioscd of 'i li/.it. of tlmdy-pow lered lirend (1111111^,1^1^11 
 <cni'in-|ieel idioppi d tiiii', half a leaspounfiil of cult, and 
 *ho Miiiiio ipiantity of mixed inaiiiand caveiine pc|i)ii'r, 
 powdered parsley, ainl tmilio hWeet herbs; lileak lin C).'fr, 
 
 and mix all well tn;.'eiher. Hii«io your ioint with ficsli 
 butter, iind send it to lablo well browiieii. A nice hit of 
 bacon Hhoitld bo bitvimI witli the|lUlit of \tal. uidiKh Iniiii is 
 provided. 
 
 Veal Pntties. — Minco imiiin vral that ii not (piile done 
 witli a litiin parsley, h'tnon-peid, a cerapc of iiiit iiiejL', and 
 a bit of i-iili; add a litt lo ( ream and >.'ia\y jin-t to moisten 
 the meat; ai'd mid a littlo ham. l)o not warm it till the 
 Jiatties i|io baki d. 
 
 Veal Pie.— Tako some of the middle, or ncriijr. "f a 
 small neek; season it; and litlnrpnt to it, or not, a fi w 
 
 nlicisof lean b; u or liiiiii. " it is waiitdl of 11 hluli 
 
 reli.-h. add inaec, ciim'Iiiio, mikI nutmeg', to tho Kiilt iind 
 jicppci; and al-(i foico-nicat iiikI ccj-'s; and if yoii (dio(i>e, 
 «ild Irnnies, iiiorels, mnshrooiiiK, sweet-bread, cut into 
 small hits, and foeks'.eollibs bliinidied, if liked. Have a 
 rich ^'i:i\y ready, to pmir in after hiking'. — Il will he very 
 piod u ithoiit liny ot thu latterndditioiiH. 
 
 Common Veal Fie.— <"'nt a h.. ist of voal into pieces; 
 season Willi pi jipi r and piilt, and lay thciii in the (li->h. 
 Itoil hard f<ix or ('i;:ht yolks of ('^;:s, and put them into 
 difTcreiit jdaccs in tho jiie, ]ioiir in iis iniich water as viill 
 iienrlv nil tho dish; juit oil tho lid, ami bake. — Liimfi Pie 
 may he done this way. 
 
 Stowed Veal.— Cut tho veal as for Hmall outhls; pit 
 into the boiti.ni <if a pii-dl.'-lia lavcr (d tho veal, 1 nd 
 Hprinklo it with hoiuc lincly-nilibed dweet basil and ( hop|.. d 
 parsley, thoj;rated rind of ono letiioii with the juice, hali 
 a iint-me:;, i;rated,a lillie salt and iiepper, iiiid cut into 
 very . '■•mall pcices 11 larjjo spoon fill of iiiittcr; then mielh(«r 
 layer of slices of veal, with exactly flio caiiio Kcasoninj; a.< 
 before; iind over this jauir ono pint, of Li^buii wim? and 
 half a )>int of cold w.itcr; then cover it over very thickly 
 with grated gtahi bread; put this in tho oven and bake 
 slowly for tlire('-(jiiartci'.s ol an hour, and brovii il. Serve 
 it iiiu ]iie>di.<li hot. 
 
 Breast of Veal Stuffed— Cut olT the gristle of a breast 
 of vi;il, and l:iiM' lie iiiia!. olT the bones, tllell lay a ;.'nod 
 force-meat, tnado of pounded val, Komo ^alisaLc-lnciit, 
 jiarsley, and a few shah'ts (diopped very line, and well 
 Reasoned with pepper, salt, and iiiitme|.'; then roll the 
 veal tijrhtly.and sew it with lino twino to keep it in 
 shape, and iireveiit tho force-iin at oscapin;^'; lay soino 
 slices of fat imion in a stew-pan. and juit the veal roll on 
 it; add fioino stock, ]iepper, fait, aiul a bunch of Mweet 
 herbs; let it Ktcw thrco hours, then t-iit carefiillv out the 
 twine, strain tho kmicc after Fkiiiimiiij; it will, thicken it 
 with brown llmir; let it boil up once, and pour it over Ihe 
 Veal u'arnish with slices <if Icinoii.ciKdi cut in four. A (illct 
 of Veal lirst KtiilTed with fori-e-meat can ho dressed in tho 
 sanio nianner, but is must first he roasted, so as to brown 
 it a flood color; and foice-ineat balls, hij.rlily soasoned, 
 should he served r(iund the veal. 
 
 . . HOW TO MAKK PIFS 
 
 OF VARIOUS KINDS 
 
 Beef-Steak Pie — Prepare the steaks ii.s stated under 
 
 iSceJ'stiiik-n, and when seasoned and rolled with fat in each, 
 
 \ 
 
 ,-=*— 
 
 MQinnvtWIVIW!9V^!B 
 
 fflM? 
 
'<- ,/■'>--. 
 
 fOOKKKV IlKCII'Krt. 
 
 ) 
 
 |iut tlii'iM ill a iI'hIi with |iiilT |iuHt(t roiiinl tli« ('iI;;i'm; put 
 li littld wiitur ill tlio (IIhIi, ami ( iiviT il will) a ^'ihmI ciiiHt. 
 
 Chicken Pie— Cut tlio chii-kcii in |ii(M'i"<, ami lioil 
 nearly ii ikIit. Miiki- ii rich iMiint with an c^-;,' or two to 
 inaki' it li;'iit unil |iiilTy. Sciwnii the cliicki ii ainl hlicc.s o( 
 ham »ltli |ii'|i|i('r, Halt, inai-r, iiuttni'U, ami caymno. I'lit 
 tlit'iii in laycrn, llrnt tliu ham, cliickm, foroi'incat liallH, 
 ami lianl <■;,'«■> in layt'rn. .Makca ^ravy of kniickh* of vral, 
 ninlton liniii'it, hfarioiinl with licrliM, onioiH, |ii'|'|M'r, t't(% 
 I'oiir it (Iter tho uontc'itH of tliu |)ic, ami cover wiih [laxte. 
 liak(t iin hour. 
 
 Cocoanilt Pie — 'I'ako a tcai'iip of roin'oiiiit, put it 
 iiiio a I'o^Ti'x-iaip, liil it upuiili HWiM't iiiilk, aijil let il 
 Miak a fiw hours, Wlirn ri'i'ijy to hako tin' pic, laki» two 
 tuhli'-iiooiiful.s of lloiir, mix Aitli milk, ami Hiir in tlii'tc 
 fuitrtliKof ai'ii|)or milk (lu'watir); placo nn tho Htovi', 
 ami btir nnlil it tliirkciirt. Aihl luillci' the >i\ti- nt t\ wal- 
 nut, wliilii wiirin. U lii'ii cool, tuiil a liltlc nalt, t\M» i';.'j;i4, 
 Hiivinif out tho white of oim for the t'lp. Sweeten to taHle. 
 Ai|i| the c'leoaiiut, I'eal ill:.' Well, Kill t he criiHt iiliil hakt*. 
 W Inn iloiie, havo thn e\"l ni white heate'i ready to ,4preiul 
 over tlin top. Ih'turn to tho uveii iiml lirowii ii^'htly. 
 
 Cream Pie — l ike oi;;hfc v^i.">, ciKht oiiner poiimleil 
 (iil;.'ar, el;:lit ouie c ' llolir, put all to;;etlier into a .-iivv-pali 
 with two ^^hisHe.-i of milk, Htir iiiilil it hoi Is, then lei'l 'jiiar- 
 ler poiiml of hutler, ami juarter ])ouii(i '>i alueiinlH. 
 ('hoji{M'c| line; mix well to^riilier, make pasie, roll it out 
 haltanineh thioli. cut out a piei .' I ho M/.i^ nt a lea|i| ili , 
 put: in a h.ikiiii^' tin, Hpreail out on it thu rreain, ami lay 
 Dtripf', of pante iicro.-s each way and a phiiii hroaij jiirce 
 ariiUMil the edjje, e^'g uiitl Hu;.'ur the lop niid hako in a 
 (piiek o\cn. 
 
 Fish Pie— i'ike, perch and carp may he mail" into 
 Very H.r Miy pie.s if cut into lilletH, BonHoncd and I) veil in 
 paste, sauco made of veal hrotli, or creiini put in liefore 
 hakiii;'. 
 
 Game Pie — i'ivlde tho nirds, if larpo, into ploecM or 
 joinl.J. 'I'luy may !"• phc.nant.^, parlrid;^('«. etc. Add a 
 lillle hucoii (M" ham. SeaHi.u well. Coverwiih pulT p..ste, 
 and liakt) cari fully. I'oiir into the pie half a ei'iifnl of 
 melled hntlei-, the juice of a h'liion, and a ghi-^ of sherry, 
 when r;ilhrr iiioie than half hakid. 
 
 Giblet, Pie— (lean tho gimlets well; t.tew wiih a little 
 water, oni ui, jiepper, fall, H .eet lierliH, till nearly done 
 Cool, and add heef. vet'l or iiiiittoti steaks, I'ut the liipior 
 of tho Htt'W ti) the t,'il)let.-i. (Jover with piiMte, and when 
 the pie i.s haked, p' n- into it li largo teaciipi'ul of cream. 
 
 Ln'llb Pasty — Uiwiotlio lamh. cut it intoKfpiaro jiiecos; 
 Hoason Willi Halt, jii'pper; cloves, (iiaco, nuiure;;, timl 
 minced thyme; hr. in «ome heef suet, and tin laiiih upon 
 it, makiiii; a lii^li honlcr ahout it; then tiiri: over thu 
 p;i-io close, and hako it. When it is onoiiijii, put in 
 Homo elarot. Hii^'ar, vinepar, and tho yolks of v^^ii-i. heaton. 
 toiiether. 'i'o havo the HOK'o only savory, and not sweet, 
 let it he gravy only, or tho bilking of hones in clttiet. 
 
 Salmon Pie. — (iiato tho riml of ono small lemon, or 
 half a laiLC uiu'; heat the yolks of 2 «'g;:^; 4 tahleHpooim 
 of sugar; beat all together; add to tliis I pint of cold 
 water, with U tahleH])oonH of Hour in it; riih smooth so 
 theio will he no lumps; hiMt ti \Oiit-'s of two eggs to a 
 HtilT froth; stirtliis in your pio-ctisiard hefoieyoiiput it in 
 tho pan. Ihiko with one crust, and bake slowly. 
 
 Salmon Pie — (irato tho riml of ii lemon into the yolks 
 of lliieo fresh rgLTs; lieat for livo niimitijs, adding three 
 heaping talilespoiiiifulsof graniiliitcd sngiu" after 8f|necz- 
 ing in the jiih • of the h'liionadd ha ' ii toarn|ifiil of water; 
 mix all thonnighly, and pl.tco in a < 'list the .-amc as inadu 
 for custard pic; iilacc in oven and hake slowly. Take tlio 
 
 whites of tho IhreocggM, and ln'iit to aniilT froth, iiddiii); 
 I wotalileHpooiifnls of pnlv)>ri/cd NUgar, and juice of half ii 
 lemon ; after tho pii' hakes and is cool, jda<'e tin' frost 'mj; on 
 top, :iiid put into a hot oven to brown, 
 
 Mlnce-Meat — There are various oiiinons as to the result 
 of adding meat to the sweet ingredients ii-'cil in making 
 this favorite dish. .Many housewives think itiin improve- 
 ment, ami use either the miller cut <if ii well-loa.sti d ^ur- 
 loin (if bei'f or 11 boiled fresh ox-toiigiie for the purpose 
 Hither of these meat:* may be chosen with advalitaKc, and 
 ono pi d, after it has been cooked, will be found Hnfli- 
 cieiil; tliis should bo freed from fat. iind well miiiec. In 
 making niince nnvit, each ingredient should bo minced 
 separalcly ami liuely before I:, is addi'd toihe otheis. |''or 
 a moderate ipiaiitity, take two poniuls of raisins ( loi.cd), 
 tho same (pninlityof cniraiiis, well washed and dried, 
 (littnof beef suet, chopped line, one pound of American 
 apples, pared and Cored, two poumlsof moist su;:ar, half 
 a pound of camlicd mange-peel, and a (piarter of a pmind 
 of cit loll, the grali'd rinds of three leinoiia, one grated 
 nutmeg, 11 little iii'ire, half an onneu of siilt.aml ono 
 
 tea>| nfiil of ginger, .\ftcr having minced tho fruit 
 
 separately, mi\ all well |..'.'etlier with the hand; then add 
 half a pint of I't'tich brandy and the same of sherry. 
 M i V Well with a sponii. press it down in jars, and cover it, 
 w ith a blad'i r. 
 
 Good Mince Pies. — Six poumls beef; ."> iionnds suet: .'> 
 poiiinls suv.if; ■' oniici < aINpice; S <>unciH cloves; '/ poiiiid 
 linnamon; ^ pint mniasse.s; 1^ pouiidi? seedless rai.-iiis; ^ 
 poiinds ciirraiils; i iMiund citron chopped line; 1 ponml 
 almonds, chopped line; :v' oraiiycs; I lemon-skin, and all 
 chopped (iiic; !i fiarts chopped apples to one of meat; 
 brandy and eider to t;i 
 
 Mock Mince Pies.— One tiaei.p of bread; one of vine- 
 gar; ono of Water; ono of raisins; ono of sngai; ono of 
 molasses; one half cu|> of t'litter; oi.o teasjionn of cloves; 
 one of iniMiieg; one ofiiwrianioli. Tho ipialitily is siitll- 
 eiei'i forilireo ]<ies, 'I'hoy are eipially as gooil as those 
 made ill the iisnal way, 
 
 Potato Pasty, — Ih'il I peel and mash jiotatoes as 
 fine as pips>ihlc; mix tin u witfi sal', pepper, and a good 
 bit I'f butler. .Make a p.i-te: loll it out. ihinlike a large 
 piilT, and put in tho potato; fold over one half, pinching 
 the ciL-es. liako ill il Iiioderatu oveli. 
 
 Potato ?le. — Skin some potatoes mid cut them in 
 slices; Kca.son them; iind also some mutton, beef, juuk or 
 veal, and ii lump of butter. Put la\eisof them and of 
 tho meat. A fe\\- eggs boiled and chopped lino imiirovea it. 
 
 Veal and Ham Pie. — Cut abmit cine iiomd and a half 
 of vi al into I liin bliees, as also a fpiarler of a ponnd of 
 cooked ham; season tho veal rather highly wi'li white 
 po|)por ami salt, with w hii h (Miver ihi: liottoni of tho dish; 
 thou lav over 11 few hlices of ham, thru the reiiuiinder of 
 ■ e veal, finishing with tho remainder of tho ham; add a 
 wineghissfnl of water, and cover with a good paste, iiud 
 bake; a bay-leaf will be an improvement. 
 
 Vinegar Pie. — K'ivo tablespoons vinegar, flvo sngar, 
 two Hour, two water, a little nutmeg. I'lit in dish and 
 bake. 
 
 HOW TO MAKF PRESERVES 
 
 OF VARIOUS KINDS 
 
 Apple Jam.— Fill a wide jar nearly half full of water; 
 cut the apples iin|)eeloil into ((iiarters, take out tlio core, 
 then fill the jar with the an|)les; tii^ a jiapcr over it, and 
 put it into a slow oven. W hen ipiite soft and cool, pulp 
 
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COOKERY KECIPES. 
 
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 11' 
 
 them through a sieve. To each pound of pulp put three- 
 quarters of a pound of crushed sugar, and boil it gently 
 until it will jelly. Put it into large tart dishes or jars. 
 It will keep for five or more years in a cool, dry place. 
 If for present use, or a month hence, half u, pound of 
 sugar is enough. 
 
 Apple Marmalade. — Scald apples till they will pulp 
 from tlie core; then take an equal weight of sugar in large 
 lumps, just dip tlum in water, and boil it till it can be 
 well skimmed, and is a thick syrup, put to it the pulp, 
 and simmer it on a quick lire a quarter of an liour. Grate 
 a little lemon-peel before boiled, but if too much it will 
 be bitter. 
 
 Barberry Jam. — The barberriesforthispreserve should 
 be (juite ripe, tliougli they should not be allowed to hang 
 until they begin to decay. Strip them from the stalks; 
 throw aside such as are spotted, and for one pound of 
 fruit allow eighteen ounces well-refined sugar; boil this, 
 with about a pint of water to every four pounds, until it 
 becomes wliito, and falls in tiiick masses from the spoon; 
 then tlirow in the fruit, and keep it stirred over a brisk 
 fire for six minutes only; take olf the scum, and pour it 
 into jiirs or glasses. Sugar four and a half pounds; 
 water a pint and a quarter, boil to candy height; barberries 
 four pounds; six minutes. 
 
 How to Preserve Black Currants. — Get the currants 
 when they arc dry, and pick them; to every 1^ lbs. of 
 currants put 1 lb. of sugar into a preserving pan, with as 
 much juice of currants as will dissolve it; when it boils 
 skim it, and put in the curraiics, and boil them till they 
 are clear; put them into a jar, lay brandy paper over them, 
 tie tliem down, and keep in a dry place. A little rasp- 
 berry juice is an improvement. 
 
 Cherry Jam'. — Pick and stone 4 lbs. of May-duke 
 cherries; press them through a sieve; then boil together 
 half a pint of red currar.t or raspberry juice, and i lb. of 
 white suga.', put the cherries into them while boiling; add 
 1 lb. of fine white sugar. Boil quickly 35 minutes, jar, 
 and cover well. 
 
 Cherry Marmalade. — Take some very ripe cherries; 
 cut olf the stalks and take out the stones; crush them and 
 boil them well; put them into a hand sieve, andforce them 
 through with a spatula, till the whole is pressed through 
 and nothing remains but the skins; put it again upon the 
 fire to dry; when reduced to halT weigh it, and add an 
 equal weight of sugar; boil again; and when it threads be- 
 tween the fingers, it is finished. 
 
 How to Preserve Currants for Tarts.— Let the 
 currants be ripe, dry and well picked. To every 1^ lbs. of 
 currants put 1 lb. of sugar into a preserving pan with as 
 much juice o? currants as will dissolve it; when it boils 
 skim it, and put in the currans;boil till clear; jar, and put 
 brandy-paper over; tie down; keep in a dry place. 
 
 How to Preserve Grapes. — Into an air-tight cask 
 
 {)ut a layer of bran dried in an oven; upon this place a 
 ayer of grapes, well dried, and not quite ripe, and so on 
 alternately till the barrel is filled; end with bran, and close 
 air-tight; they will keep 9 or 10 months. To restore them 
 to their original freshness, cut the end off each bunch 
 stalk, and put into wine, like flowers. Or, 
 
 Bunches of grapes may be preserved through winter by 
 inserting the end of the stem into a potato. The bunches 
 should belaid on dry straw, and turned occasionally. 
 
 How to Preserve Green Gages.— Choose the largest 
 when they begin to soften; split them without paring; 
 strew upon them part of the sugar. Blanch the kernels 
 with a sharp knife. Next day pour the syrup from the 
 fruit, and boil it with the othor sugar six or eight minutes 
 gently; skim and add the plums and kernels. Simmer 
 
 till clear, taking off the scum; put the fruit singly into 
 small pots, and pour the syrup and kernels to it. To 
 candy it, do not add the syrup, but observe the directions 
 given for candying fruit; some may be done each way. 
 
 Green Gage Jam. — Peel and take out the stones. To 
 1 lb. of pulp put J lb, loaf sugar; boil half an hour; add 
 lemon juice. 
 
 Transparently Beautiful Marmalade.— Take 3 lbs. 
 bitter oranges; pare them as you would potatoes; cut the 
 skin into fine shreds, and put them into a muslin bag; 
 quarter all the oranges; press out the juice. Boil the pulp 
 and shreds in three quarts of water 2i hours, down to 
 tiiree pints; strain through a hair sieve. Then put six 
 pounds of sugar to the liquid, the juice and the shreds, tiie 
 outside of two lemons grated, and the insides squeezed in; 
 add three cents worth of isinglass. Simmer altogether 
 slowly for 15 or 20 minutes. 
 
 Tomato Marmalade.— Take ripe tomatoes in the 
 height of the season; weigh them, and to every pound of 
 tomatoes add ono pound of sugar. Put the tomatoe* into 
 a largo pan or small tub, and scald them with boiling 
 water, so as to make the skin peel off easily; When you 
 have entirely removed the skin, put the tomatoes (without 
 any water) into a preserving kettle, wash them, and add 
 the sugar, with one ounce of powdered ginger to every 
 three pounds of fruit, and the juice of two lemons, the 
 grated rind of three always to every three pounds of fruit. 
 Stir up the whole together, and set it over a moderate fire. 
 Boil it gentlyfor twoor three hours; till the whole beoonie'. 
 a thick, smooth mass, skimming it well, a:;d stirring it to 
 the bottom after every skimming. When done, put it 
 warm into jars, and cover tightly. This will be found a 
 very fine sweetmeat. 
 
 How to Preserve Green Peas.— Shell, and put ttoem 
 into a kettle of water when it boils; give them twoor three 
 warms only, and pour them in a colander. Drain, and 
 turn them out on a cloth, and then on another to dry per- 
 fectly. When dry bottle them in wide mouthed bottles; 
 leaving only room to pour clarified mutton suet upon 
 them an inch thick, and for the cork. Rosin it down; 
 and keep in the cellar, or in the earth, as directed for 
 gooseberries. When they are to be used, boil them till 
 tender, with a bit of butter, a spoonful of sugar, and a bit 
 of mint. 
 
 How to Preserve Green Po?s for Winter Use.— 
 
 Carefully shell the peas; then place them in the canister, 
 not too large ones; put in a email piece of alum, about the 
 size of a horse-bean to a pint of peas. When the canister 
 is full of peas, fill up the interstices with water, and solder 
 on the lid perfectly air-tight, and boil the canisters for 
 about twenty minutes; then remove them to a cool place, 
 and by the time of January they will bo found but little 
 inferior to fresh, new-gathered peas. Bottling is not so 
 good; at least, we have not found it so; for the air gets in, 
 the liquid turns sour, and the peas acquire a bad taste. 
 
 How to Keep Preserves.- Apply the white of an 
 egg, with a brush, to a single thickness of white tissue 
 paper, with which covers the jars, lapping over an inch or 
 two. It will require no tying, as it will become, when 
 dry, inconceivably tight and strong, and impervious to 
 the air. 
 
 Quinces for the Tea-table. — Bake ripe quinces 
 thoroughly; when cold, strip off the skins, place them in a 
 glass dish, and sprinkle with white sugar, and serve them 
 with cream. They make a fiv looking dish for the tea- 
 table, and a more luscious and inexpensive one than the 
 same fruit made into sweetmeats. Those who once taste 
 the fruit thus prepared, will probably desire to store away 
 a few bushels in the fall to use iu the above manner. 
 
 '^^m 
 
COOKERY RECIPES. 
 
 Pickled Pears. — Three pounds of sugar to a pint of 
 viuogar, sjiico in a bag and boil, then cook the pears in 
 the vinegar till done through. 
 
 Boiled Pears. — Boil pears in water till soft, then add 
 one pound of sugar to three pounds of fruit. 
 
 Pickled Citron. — One quart vinegar, two pounds 
 sugar, cloves and ciimaniou each one tablespoon, boil the 
 citron tender in water, take them out and drain, then put 
 them ill the syrup and cook till done. 
 
 How to Preserve Raspberries.— Take raspberries 
 that are not too ripe, and put them to their weight in 
 sugar, with a little water. Boil softlj, and do not break 
 them; when they are clear, take them up, and boil the 
 syrup till it be thick enougli; then put them in again, and 
 when they are cold, put them in glasses or jars. 
 
 Raspberry Jam. — One pound sugar to four pounds 
 fruit, with a few currants. 
 
 Spiced Currants. — Six jiounds currants, four pounds 
 sugar, two tablespoons cloves and two of cinnamon, and 
 one pint of vinegar; boil two hours until quite thick. 
 
 Stewed Pears — Pare and halve or quarter a dozen 
 pears, according to their size; carefully remove the cores, 
 but leave the sloths on. Place them in a clean baking-jar, 
 with a closely fitting lid; add to them the rind of one 
 lemon, cut in strips and the juice of half a lemon, six 
 cloves, and whole allspice, according to discretion. Put 
 in just enough water to cover the whole, and allow lialf a 
 pound of loaf-sugar to every pint. Cover down close, and 
 bake in a very cool oven for five hours, or stew them very 
 gently in a lined saucepan from three to four hours. 
 When done, lift them out on a glass dish without breaking 
 them; boil up the syrup quicklj for two or three minutes; 
 let it cool a little, and pour it over the pears. A little 
 cochineal greatly enhances the appearance of the fruit; 
 you may acid a few drops of prepared cochineal; ami a little 
 port wine is often used, and much improves the ilavor. 
 
 How to Preserve Whole Strawberries— Take equal 
 weights of the fruit and rtifiued sugar, lay the former in 
 a large dish, and spruile half the sugar in fine powder 
 over, give a gentle ioake to the dish that the sugar may 
 touch the whole of the fruit; next day make a thin syrup 
 with the remainder of the sugar, and instead of water 
 allow one pint of red currant juice to every pound of straw- 
 berries; in this simmer them until sufficiently jellied. 
 Choose the largest scarlets, or others when not dead ripe. 
 
 How to Preserve Strawberries in Wine— Put a 
 
 quantity of the finest large strawberries into a gooseberry- 
 bottle, and strew in three large spoonfuls of fine sugar; fill 
 up with Madeira wine or fine sherry. 
 
 Preserved Tomatoes — One pound of sugar to one 
 pound of rijic tomatoes boiled down; flavor with lemon. 
 
 HOW TO BOIL, BAKE AND STEAM 
 
 PUDDINGS . . 
 
 Amber Pudding — Put a pound of butter into a sauce- 
 pan, with three quarters of a pound of loaf sugar finely 
 powdered; melt the butter, and mix well with it; then add 
 the yolks of fifteen eggs well beaten, and as much fresh 
 candied orange as will add color and flavor to it, being 
 first beaten to a fine paste. Line the dish with paste for 
 turning out; and when filled with the above, lay a crust 
 over, aa you would a pie, and bake in a slow oven. It is as 
 good cold as hot. 
 
 Baked Apple Pudding — Pare and quarter four large 
 apples; boil them tender with the rind or a lemon, in so 
 
 little water, that when done, none may remain; beat them 
 quite fine in a mortar; add the crumbsof a small roll, four 
 ounces of butter melted, the yolks of five, and whites of 
 tiiree eggs, juice of half a lonion, and sugar to taste; beat 
 all together, and lay it in a dish with paste to turn out. 
 
 Boiled Apple Pudding— Suet, 5 ozs.; flour, 8 ozs.; 
 chop tiie suet very fine, and roll it into the flour. Make 
 it into a light paste with water. Koll out. Pare and core 
 8 good sized apjdes; slice them; put them on the jMiste, 
 and scatter upon them ^ lb. of sugar; diaw the pa.ste round 
 the apples, and boil two hours or more, in a well floured 
 cloth. Serve with melted butter sweetemd. 
 
 Swiss Apple Pudding — Butter a deep dish; put into 
 it a layer of bread cnimbs; then a layer of finely chopped 
 suet; a thick layer of finely chopped apples, and a thick 
 layer of sugar. Repeat from the first layer till the dish is 
 full, the last layer to be finger biscuits soaked in milk. 
 Cover it till nearly enough; then uncover, till the top is 
 nicely browned. Flavor with cinnamon, nutmeg, etc., as 
 you please. Bake from 30 to 40 minutes. 
 
 Apple and Sago Pudding — Boil a cup of sago in 
 
 boiling water with a little cinnamon, a cup of sugar, 
 lemon flavoring; cut apj)le3 in thin slices, mix them with 
 the sago; after it is well boiled add a small piece of butter; 
 pour into a pudding dish and bake half an hour. 
 
 Apple Pudding — Pare and stew three pints of apples, 
 mash them, and add four eggs, a quarter of a pound of 
 butter, sugar and nutmeg, or grated lemon. Bake it on 
 a short crust. 
 
 Apple Potatoe Pudding.— Six potatoes boiled and 
 mashed fine, add a little salt and piece of butter, size of 
 an egg, roll this out with a little flour, enough to make a 
 good pastry crust which is for the outside of the dump- 
 ling, into this put peeled and chopped apples, roll up like 
 any apple dumpling, steam one hour, eat hot with liquid 
 sauce. 
 
 Arrow-root Pudding.— Take a teacupfuls of arrow- 
 root, and mix it with half a pint of cold milk; boil another 
 half pint of milk, flavoring it with cinnamon, nutmeg or 
 lemon peel, stir the arrowroot and milk into the boiling 
 milk. When cold, add the yolks of 3 eggs beaten into 3 
 ozs. of sugar. Then add the whites beaten to a stiff 
 broth, and bake in a buttered dish an hour. Ornament 
 the tops with sweetmeats, or citron sliced. 
 
 Aunt Nelly's Pudding— Half a pound of flour half 
 pound of treacle, six ounces of chopped suet, the juice 
 and peel of one lemon, 4 tablegpoonfuls of cream, two or 
 three eggs. Mix and beat all together. Boil in a basin 
 (previously well buttered) four hours. — For sauce, melted 
 butter, a wine-glassful of sherry, and two or three table- 
 spoonfuls of apricot jam. 
 
 Baked Indian Pudding.— Two quarts sweet milk ; 1 
 pint Kew Orleans molasses; 1 pint Indian meal ; 1 table- 
 spoonful butter ; nutmeg or cinnamon. Boil the milk ; 
 pour it over the meal and molasses ; add salt and spice ; 
 bake three hours. This is a large family pudding. 
 
 Batter, to be used with all Sorts of Roasting 
 Meat. — Melt good butter; put to it three eggs, with the 
 whites well beaten up, and warm them together, stirring 
 them continually. With this you may baste any roasting 
 meat, and then sprinkle bread crumbs thereon ; and so 
 continue to make a crust as thick as you please. 
 
 Batter, for Frying Fruit, Vegetables, etc.— Cut 
 four ounces of fresh butter into small j)ieces, pour on it 
 half a pint of barley water, and when dissolved, add a pint 
 of cold water ; mix by degrees with a pound of fine dry 
 flour, and a small pinch of salt. Just before it is used. 
 
IHi: 
 
 VI': 
 
 stir into it tlio whites of two eggs beaten to a solid froth ; 
 use quiciily, tiiat the batter may be light. 
 
 Beefsteak Pudding.— Take some fine nimp steaks; 
 roll thetn with fat between ; ami if you approve a little 
 shred onion. Lay a paste of suet in a basin, and put in 
 the chopped steaks ; cover the basin with a suet paste, and 
 pinch tiio edges to keep the gravy in. Cover with a cloth 
 tied close," let tlio pndiling boil slowly for two hours. 
 
 Baked Beef Steak Pudding-.— Make a batter of milk, 
 two cgg.s and flour, or, which is mucii better, potatoes 
 boiled and mashed through a colander ; lay a little of it at 
 the bollom of the dish ; then put in the steaks very well 
 seasoned ; pour the remainder of the batter over them, and 
 bake it. 
 
 Beefsteak Pudding".— Prepnro a good suet crust, and 
 line a cake-tin wiili it; put in layers of steak witli onions, 
 tomatoes, and nui.shrooms, c]iop])ed fine, a t^easoning of 
 pepper, salt and cayenne, and half a cup of water before 
 you close it. Bake from an hour and a half to two hours,, 
 according to the size of the pudding and serve very liot. 
 
 Black Cap Pudding-.— Make a batter with milk, Hour 
 and eggs ; butter u basin ; pour in the batter, and 5 or C 
 ounces of well-cleaned currants. Cover it with a cloth 
 well floured, and tie the cloth very tight. Boil nearly one 
 hour. Tlie currants will hare settled to the bottom ; 
 therefore dish it bottom upwards. Serve with sweet sauce 
 and a little rum. 
 
 Oswego Blanc Mange. — Fourtablespoonfuls or three 
 ounces of Oswego prepared corn to one quart of milk. J^'-;- 
 solve the corn to some of tiie milk. Put into the remain^,„r 
 of the milk four ounces of sugar, a little salt, apiece of lemon 
 rind, or cinnamon stick, and heat to near boiling. Then 
 add the mixed corn, and boil (stirring it briskly) four 
 minutes ; take out the rind, and pour into a mold or cup, 
 and keep until cold. When turned out, pour round it any 
 kind of stewed or preserved fruits, or a sauce of milk and 
 sugar. 
 
 Nice Blane-Mange. — Swell four ounces of rice in 
 water ; drain and boil it to a mash in good milk, with 
 sugar, a bit of lemon i)eel, and a stick of cinnamon. Take 
 care it docs not burn, and when quite soft pour it into 
 cups, or into a shape dipped into cold water. When cold 
 turn it out, garnish with currant jellj', or any red pre- 
 served fruit. Serve with cream or plain custard. 
 
 Boiled Batter Pudding. — Tliree eggs, one ounce of 
 butter, one ])int of milk, tliree tablespoonfuls of flour, a 
 little salt. Put the flour into a basin, and add sufficient 
 milk to moisten it ; carefully rub down all the lumps with 
 a spoon, then pour iu the remainder of tlie milk, and stir 
 in the butter, which should be previously melted ; keep 
 beating the mixture, add the eggs and a pinch of salt, and 
 when the batter is quite smooth, put into a well-buttered 
 basin, tie it down very tightly, and jiut it into boiling 
 water ; move the basin about for a few minutes after it is 
 put into the water, to prevent the flour settling in any 
 part, and boil for one hour and a quarter. This pudding 
 may also be boiled in a floured cloth that has been wetted 
 in hot water ; it will then take a few minutes less than 
 when boiled in a basin. Send these puddings very quickly 
 to table, and serve with sweet sauce, wine-sauce, stewed 
 fruit, or jam of any kind ; when the latter is used, a little 
 of it may be jilaced round the dish in small quantities, as 
 a garnish. 
 
 Bread and Butter Pudding.— Butter a dish well, lay 
 in a few slices of bread and butter, boil one pint of milk, 
 
 Eour out over two eggs well beaten, and then orer the 
 read and butter, bake over half hour. 
 Simple Bread Pudding. — Take the c ambs of a stale 
 roll, pour over it one pint of boiling milk, and set it by to 
 
 cool. When quite cold, beat it up very fine with two 
 ounces of butter, sifted sugar sufficient to sweeten jt; 
 grate in half a nutmeg, and add a pound of well-washed 
 currants, beat up four eggs separately, and then mix them 
 up with the rest, adding, if desired, a few strips of can- 
 died orange peel. All tlie ingredients must be beaten up 
 together for about half an iiour, as the lightness of the 
 pudding depends upon that. Tie it up in a cloth, and 
 boil for an hour. AVhenit is dished, pour a little white 
 wine sauce over the top. 
 
 Christmas Plum Pudding.— Suet, chopped small, six 
 ounces ; raisins, stoned, etc., eight ounces ; bread crumbs, 
 six ounces ; three eggs, a urine giass of brandy, a little nut- 
 meg and cinnamon pounded as fine as possible, half a 
 teaspoonful of salt, rather less than half pint milk, fine 
 sugar, four ounces ; candied lemon, one ounce ; citron 
 half an ounce. Beat the eggs ami spice well together ; 
 mix the milk by degrees, then the rest of tlie ingredients. 
 pip a fine, close, linen cloth into boiling water, and ]mt 
 in a sieve (hair), flour it a little, and tie up close. Put 
 the pudding into a saucepan containing six quarts of boil- 
 ing water ; keep a kettle of boiling water alongside, and fill 
 up as it wastes. Be sure to keep it boiling at least; six 
 hours. Serve with any sauce ; or arrow-root with brandy. 
 
 Christmas Pudding.— Suet 1^ lbs., minced small ; 
 currants, 1^ lbs., raisins, atoned, \ lb.; sugiir, 1 lb. ; ten 
 eggs, a grated nutmeg; 3 ozs. citron and'lemon peel ; 1 
 oz. of mixed spice, a teaspoonful of grated ginger, 4 lb. 
 of bread crumbs, -J lb. of flour, 1 pint of milk, and a wine 
 glassful of brandy. Beat first the eggs, add half the 
 milk, beat all together, and gradually stir in all the milk, 
 then the suet, fruit, etc., and us much milk to mix it very 
 thick. Boil in a cloth six or seven hours. 
 
 Cottage Pudding.— One pint sifted flour, three table- 
 spoons melted butter, 'Z eggs, one cup sweet milk, two tea- 
 spoonfuls cream tartar, one teaspoon soda, mix and bake. 
 
 Cream Pudding.— Cream, 1 pint ; the yolks of seven 
 eggs, seven tablespoonfuls of flour, 3 tablesjioonfuls of 
 sugar, salt, and a small bit of soda. Rub the cream with 
 the eggs and flour ; add the rest, the milk last, just before 
 baking, and pour the whole into the pudding clish. Serve 
 with sauce of wine, sugar, butter, flavored as you like. 
 
 Crumb Pudding.— The yolks and whites of three eggs, 
 beaten separately, one ounce moist sugar, and sufficient 
 bread crumbs to make it into athick butnot stiff mixture ; 
 a little powdered cinnamon. Beat all together for five min- 
 utes, and bake in a buttered tin. When baked, turn it 
 out of the tin, pour t^wo glasses of boiling wine over it, and 
 serve. Cherries, eitner fresh or preserved, are very nice 
 mixed in the jimlding. 
 
 Damson Pudding.— Four or five tablespoonfuls of 
 flour, three eggs beaten, a \ni\t of milk, made into batter. 
 Stone li lbs., of damsons, put them and G ozs. of sugar 
 into the batter, and boil in a buttered basin for one hour 
 and a half. 
 
 Egg Pudding. — It is made chiefly of eggs. It is nice 
 made thus: — Boat well seven eggs ; mix well with 2 ozs. of 
 flour, pint and a half of milk, a Tittle salt ; flavor with nut- 
 meg, lemon juice, and orange-flour water. Boil 1\ hours 
 in a floured cloth. Serve with wine sauce sweetened. 
 
 Excellent Family Plum Pudding.— Grate three-quar- 
 ters of a pound of a stale loaf, leaving out the crusts ; chop 
 very fine three-quarters of a pound of firm beef suet (if you 
 wish your pudding less rich, half a pound will do) ; mix 
 well together with a quarter of a pound of flour ; then add 
 a pound of currants, well washed and well dried ; half a 
 pound of raisins, stoned, and the peel of a lemon, very 
 finely shred and cut ; four ounces of candied peel, eithor 
 
 Ul ,r 
 
COOKERY RECIPES. 
 
 lemon, orange or citron, or all mingled (do not cut your 
 peel too email or its flavor ia lost) ; aii ounce* of sugar, a 
 small teaspoonful of salt, three eggs, well beanen ; mix all 
 tlioronghly together with aa much milk a^ 5?iffic<.'S to bring 
 the putkiing to a prooer consistency, grate ia a small nut- 
 meg, and again stir the mixture Tigoronslj. If you 
 choose, add a small glass of brandy, batter your mold 
 or basin, which you must be sure to fill quite full, or the 
 water will get in and spoil your handi#ork ; have your 
 pudding cloth scrupulously clean and sveet, and of a 
 proper thickness ; tie down securely, and boil for seven or 
 even eight hours. 
 
 Extra Pudding". — Cut light bread into thin slices. 
 Form into the sliape of a pudding in a dhh. Then add a 
 layer of any jireserve, tlien a slice of bread, and repeat till 
 the dish is full. Beat four cr five eggs, and mix well with 
 a pint of milk; then pour it over the bread and preserve, 
 having previously dusted the same with a c-oating of rice 
 flour. Boil twenty-five minutes. 
 
 Fig Puddlngf. — Procure one pound of gc-od figs, and 
 ciiop tlieni very line, and also a quarter of a jjound of suet, 
 likewise chopped as fine as possible; diiit iS;trn both with 
 a little flour as you proceed — it helps to lirsd the pudding 
 together; then take one ])0Mnd of fine bnad crumbs, and 
 not quite a quarter of a pound of sugar; btat two CL'gs in 
 a teacupful of milk, and mix all well togetlier. Boil four 
 hours. If you choose, serve it with wine or brandy sauce, 
 and ornament your pudding with blanched almonds. 
 Simply cooked, however, it is better where there are chil- 
 dren, with whom it is generally a favorite. We forgot to 
 say, flavor with a little allspice or nutmeg, a^ you like; 
 but add the spico before the milk and eggs. 
 
 Gelatine Pudding. — Half box gelatine dissolved in a 
 large half ]iint boiling water, when cold stir in two tea- 
 cups sugar, tlie juice of three lemons, the whstts of four 
 eggs beaten to a froth, put this in a mold to get siiff, and 
 with the yolks of these four eggs, and a quart of milk 
 make boiled custard, flavor with vanilla, when cold pour 
 the custard round the mold in same di^h. 
 
 Gooseberry Pudding. — One quart of scalde-i goose- 
 berries; when cold rub them smooth with the back of a 
 spoon. Take six tablespoon fuls of the pulp, half a pound 
 of sugar, quarter of a pound of melted butter, .~ix eggs, 
 the rind of two lemons, a handful of gr»ted bread, two 
 tablespoonfuls of brandy. Half an hoar will bake it. 
 
 Ground Rice Pudding.— Boil one pint of milk with 
 a little piece of lemon peel, mix quarter pound it rice, 
 ground, with half pint milk, twoounces sugar, one ounce 
 butter, add these to the boiling milk. Keep stirring, take 
 it off the flre, break in two eggs, keep stirring, butter a 
 pie dish, pour in the mixture and bake nntil aeL 
 
 Ice Pudding. — Put one quart of milk in a stew pan 
 with half pound of white sugar, and stick of ranilla, boil 
 it ten minutes, mix the yolks of ten eggs wiih a gill of 
 cream, pour in the milk, then put it l^ck again into the 
 stew pan, and stir till it thickens (do not let it boil), strain 
 it into a basin and leave it to cool. Take twelve pounds 
 of ice, add two pounds of salt, mix together, cover the 
 bottom of a pail, place tlie ice pot in it and build it 
 around with the ice and salt, this done pour the cream 
 into the pot, put on the cover, and do not cease turning 
 till the cream is thick, the mold should be cold, pour in 
 the cream, 3 or 4 pieces of white paper, wetted with cold 
 water, are placed on it before the cover is placed on. 
 Cover with ice till wanted, dip in cold water and turn out, 
 fruit may bo put in .vhen put in the mold- 
 Indian Pudding. — Indian meal, a cnpfnl, a little salt, 
 butter, 1 oz.; molasses 3 ozs., 2 teaspoonfnls of ginger, or 
 
 cinnamon. Put into a quart of boiling milk. Mix a cup 
 of cold water with it; bake in a buttered dish 50 minutes. 
 Kidney Pudding.— If kidney, split and soak it, and 
 season tliat o" the meat. Make'a pjiste of suet, flour and 
 milk; roll it, and lino a basin with some; put the kidney 
 or steak in, cover with paste, and pinch round tue edge. 
 Cover with a cloth and boil a considerable time. 
 
 Lemon Dumplings. — Two tablespoonfuls of flour; 
 bread crumbs, i lb.; beef suet, 6 ozs.; the grated rind of a 
 large lumoii, sugar, pounded, 4 ozs.; 4 eggs well beaten, 
 and strained, and the juice of three lemons strained. 
 Make into dumplings, and boil in a cloth one hour. 
 
 Lemon Puddint*". — Three tablespoons powdered crack- 
 ers, eight tablesj)uijiid sugar, six eggs, one quart milk, but- 
 ter size of an egg, the juice of one lemon and grated rind. 
 Stir it first when put in oven. 
 
 Macaroni Pudding. — Take an eqnal quantity of ham 
 
 and chicken, iniiiee iinc, half the quantity of macaroni 
 which must be boiled tender in broth, two eggs beaten, 
 one ounce butter, cayenne pepper and salt to taste, all 
 these ingredients to bo mixed thoroughly together, j^ut in 
 molds and boil two hours. 
 
 Marrow Pudding. — Pour a pint of cream boiling hot 
 on the cruinl)3 of a penny Injif, or French roll; cut 1 lb. of 
 beef marrow very thin; beat 4 eggs well; add a glass of 
 brandy, witli sugar and niitT.og to taste, and mix all well 
 together. It may be e'thor boiled or baked 40 or 50 min- 
 utes; cut 2 ozs. of citron very thin, and stick them all 
 over it when you dish it up. 
 
 Another way. — Blanch 4 lb. of almonds; put them in 
 cold water all night; next day beat them in a mortar very 
 fine, with orange or rose water. Take the crumbs of a 
 penny loaf, and pour on the whole a pint of boiling cream; 
 while it is cooling, beat the yolks of four eggs, and two 
 wliites, 15 minutes; a little sugar and grated nutmeg to 
 your palate. Shred the marrow of the bones, and mix rll 
 well together, with a little candied orange cut small; 
 bake, etc. 
 
 Meat and Potato Pudding. — Boil some mealy pota- 
 toes till ready to crumble to jiieces; drain; mash them very 
 smooth. Jlake them into a thickish batter with an egg or 
 t\vo, and milk, placing a layer of steaks or chops well-sea- 
 soned with salt and pepper at the bottom of the baking 
 dish; cover with a layer of batter, and so alternately, till 
 the dish is full, ending with batter at the top. Butter the 
 dish to prevent sticking or burning. Bake of a fine brown 
 color. 
 
 Nesselrode Pudding. — Prepare a custard of one pint 
 of cream, half a pint of milk, the yolks of six eggs, half a 
 stick of vanilla, one ounce of sweet almonds, pounde<l, and 
 half a pound of sugar; put them in a stewpan over a slow 
 fire, and stir until the proper consistence, being careful 
 not to let it boil; when cold, add a wine-glass of brandy; 
 partially freeze, and add two ounces of rasins and half a 
 pound wf preserved fruits, cut small. Mix well, and 
 mold. (Basket shape generally used.) 
 
 Potato Pudding. — Take ^ lb. of boiled potatoes, 2 
 ozs. of butter, the yolks and whites of two eggs, a quarter 
 of a pint of cream, ono spoonful of white wine, a morsel 
 of salt, the juice and rind of a lemon; beat all to a froth; 
 sugar to taste. A crust or not, as you like. Bake it. If 
 wanted richer, put 3 ozs. more butter, sweetmeats and 
 almonds, and another egg. 
 
 Prince of Wales Pudding.— Chop four ounces of 
 apples, the same quantity of bread crumbs, suet, and cur- 
 rants, well washed and picked; two ounces of candied 
 lemon, orange, and citron, chopped iine; five ounces 
 pounded loaf sugar; half a nutmeg, grated. Mix all 
 
COOKKUY KECIPE8. 
 
 L 
 
 together with four eggs. Butter well and flour a tin, put 
 in the mixture, and j)lace a buttered piipcr on the top, and 
 a cloth over the paper. If yon steam it the i)apor is sufli- 
 cient. It will take two hours boiling. Wlien you d'wh it, 
 stick cut blanched almonds on it, and serve with wine 
 sauce. 
 
 Puddingy. — One cup sugar, half cup milk, one egg, two 
 tabk'.-poiins melted butter, two cups Ihiur, two teaspoons 
 baking powder, u little nutmeg, bake in a disii and when 
 Kent to tlio table, put raspberry jam un(b / same with wine 
 
 B;mcf. 
 
 Baked Pudding. — Three tablespoon/ula of Oswego 
 I'repared Corn to one rjuart of milk. I'reparr>, and cook 
 the same as Blanc-Mange. After it is cool, stir up with it 
 thoroitfjhhi two or three eggs well beaten, and bake half an 
 hour. Ic is VfTv good. 
 
 Boiled Pudding. — Three tablespoonfuls of Oswego 
 Pitparfd Corn to one quart of milk. Dissolve the corn in 
 some of the miik. and mix with it two or three eggs, well 
 beaten, and a little salt. Heat the remainder of tlie milk 
 to near boiling, add the above i)reparHt'on, and boil four 
 minute-, stirring it briskly. To be eaten warm with a 
 saure. It is delicious. 
 
 Queen Pudding*. — One pint of bread crumbs, one quart 
 milk, one cup .-ugar, yoiks four eggs, a littlo butter, bake 
 half an hour, then put over the top a layer of fruit, then 
 white of eggs beaten to a froth with sugar; to be eaten cold 
 with cream. 
 
 Plain Rice Pudding*. — Wash and pick some rice; throw 
 among it some jiimeiito finely pounded, but not much; 
 tie the rice in a cloth and leave plenty of room for it to 
 swell. When done, eat it with butter and sugar, or milk. 
 Put lemon peel if you please. 
 
 It is very good without spice, and eaten with salt and 
 butter. 
 
 AxoTHER. — Put into a very deep pan half a pound of 
 rice washed and picked; two ounces of butter, four ounces 
 of sugar, a few allspice pounded, and two quarts of milk. 
 Less butter will do, or some suet. Bake in a slow oven. 
 
 Rich Rice Pudding— Boil i lb. of rice in water, with a 
 bit of salt, till quite tender; drain it dry; mix it with the 
 yolks and \Uiite3 of four eggs, a quarter of ajiintof cream, 
 with ;2 ozs. of fresh butter melted in the latter; 4 ozs. of 
 beef .suet or marrow, or veal suet taken from a lillet of veal, 
 finely shred, -J lb. of currant j, two spoonfuls of brandy, 
 one of peach-water, or ratafia nutraeg, and a grated lemon 
 peel. When well mixed, i)u a paste round the edge, and 
 fill the dish. Slices of cand ed orange, lemon, and citron, 
 if approved. Bake in a mc lerate oven. 
 
 Rice Pudding v/ith Fruit— Swell the rice with a very 
 little milk over liio lirt-; tlien mix fruit of any kind with 
 it (currants, gooseberries, scalded, pared, and quartered 
 apples, raisins, or black currants); put one egg into the 
 rice to bind it; boil it well, and serve with sugar. 
 
 Roman Pudding— Oil a plain tin mold, sprinkle it 
 with vermiet-lli, line it M-ith a thin paste; have some boiled 
 macaroni re ly cut in pieces an inch long; weigh it, and 
 take the same weight of Parmesan cheese, grated; boil a 
 rabbit, cut off all the white meat inslices, asthin as paper, 
 season with pepper, salt, and shalot; add cream Buflicient 
 to moisten the whole, put it into the mold, and cover it 
 with ])aste; bake in a mwlerate oven for an hour, turn the 
 pudding out of the mold, and serve it with a rich brown 
 gravy. 
 
 Sago Pudding —Boil 4 ozs. of sago in water a few 
 minutes; strain, and add milk, and boil till tender. Boil 
 lemon i)eel and cinnamon in a little milk, and strain it to 
 the sago. Put the whole into a basin; break 8 eggs; mix 
 
 it well together, and sweeten with moist sugar; add a glass 
 of brandy, and some nutmeg; put puff paste round the rim 
 of the disli, and butter the bottom. Bake three quarters 
 of an hour. 
 
 Spanish Pudding — To one pint of water, put two 
 ouiucb of butter, aiul a little salt, when it boils add as 
 much Hour as will make it the consistency of hasty pud- 
 ding. Keen it well stirred, after it is taken ofTtlietireand 
 has stood till (|uite cold, beat it up with three eggs, add a 
 little grated lemon ])cel and nutmeg, drop the batter with 
 a snoon into the frying j)an with boiling lard, fry quickly, 
 I)ui, sugar over them when sent to the taljle. 
 
 Suet Dumplings — Shred ] lb. of suet; mix with 1^ 
 lbs. Hour, )l eggs ln'iiteu separatelv, a littlo salt, and as lit- 
 tle milk as will make it. .Miike it into two small balls. 
 Boil SO minutes. The fat of loins or necks of mutton 
 finely shred makes a more delicate dumpling than suet. 
 
 Suet Pudding— Take six spoonfuls of Hour, 1 lb. of 
 suet, sl.r-ed small, 4 eggs, a spoonful of beaten ginger, a 
 spoonfi.l of salt, and a quart of milk, ilix the eggs and 
 th'iir with a pint of milk very thick, and with the season- 
 ing, mix in the rest of the milk with the suet. Boil two 
 hours. 
 
 Tapioca Pudding. — Vxi.t \ lb. of tapioca into a sauce 
 pan of cold water; when it boils, strain it to a j)int of new 
 milk; boil till it soaks up all the milk, aiul put it out to 
 cool. Beat the yolks of four eggs, and the whites of two, 
 a tablespoonfiil of i.iandy, sugar, nutmeg, and 2 ounces of 
 butter. Blix all together; put a jjuH paste round the dish, 
 and send it to the oven. It is very good boiled with melted 
 butter, wine and sugar. 
 
 Vermicelli Pudding. — Boil 4 ounces of vermicelli in a 
 pint of new milk till soft, with astick ortwoof cinnamon. 
 Then put in half a pint of thick cream, \ lb. of butter, 
 thc; same of sugar, and the yolks of 4 eggs. Bake without 
 paste in an earthen dish. 
 
 Another. — Simmer 3 ounces of vermicelli in a cupful of 
 milk till tender; ilavor it with a stick or two of cinnamon 
 or other sj)ice. Beat up throe eggs, 1 ounce of sugar, 
 half a pint of milk and a glass of wine. Add to *h» ver- 
 micelli. Bake in a slow oven. 
 
 HOW TO PUT UP PICKLES ' 
 AND MAKE CATSUPS 
 
 How to Pickle Beet Roots.— Beet roots are a very 
 pretty garnish for niiule dishes, vA are thus pickled. Boil 
 the roots till they are tendc, then take off the skins, cut 
 them in slices, gimp them in the shape of wheels, or what 
 form you please, and put them into a jar. Take as much 
 vinegar as you think will cover them, and boil it with a 
 a little mace, a race of ginger sliced, and a few slices of 
 horseradish. Pour it hot upon your roots and tie them 
 down. 
 
 Chow-Chow. — Two quarts of small white onions, two 
 quarts of gherkins, two quarts of string beans, two small 
 cauliflowers, half a dozen ripe, redpeppers, one-half pound 
 mustard seed, one-half pound whole pepper, one pound 
 ground niUBtard, and, as there is nothing so adulterated as 
 ground mustard, it's better to get it at the druggist's; 
 twenty or thirty bay leaves (not bog leaves, as some one of 
 the ladies facetioi.siy remarked), and two quarts of good 
 cider, or wine vinegar. Peel the onions, halve the cucum- 
 bers, string the beans, and cut in pieces the cauliflower. 
 Put all in a wooden tray, and sprinlile well with salt. _ In 
 the morning wash and drain thoroughly, and put all into 
 the cold vinegar, except the red peppers. Let boil twenty 
 
 -^ 
 
COOKERY lUX'II'ES. 
 
 minutes slowly, frequently turning over. Have wax 
 melted in a dcepiah diaii, and, as you fill and cork, 
 Jip into the wax. The peppers you can pit in to show to 
 the best advantage. If you have over six jars full, it'a 
 good to put the rest in a jur and eat from it for every 
 dinner. Some add a little turmeric for the yellow color. 
 
 Corn, Green, Picklingf. — When the corn is a liltlo 
 past tiio tendorcst roasting ear state, pull it, take off one 
 thickness of the husk, tie tho rest of the husk down at 
 the silk end loosely, place tho ears in a clean cask com- 
 pactly together, and put on a brine to cover them of a'^out 
 two-thirds tho strength of meat pickle. Whrn read) 'o 
 use ill winter, soak in cold water over night, and if this 
 does not appear suflicient, chango the water and freshen 
 still more. Corn, prepared in thit, way, is excellent, very 
 much resembling fresli corn from the stalk. 
 
 Indian Pickle. — One gallon of (he best vinegar, quarter 
 of a pound of bruised ginger, quarter of a pound of shalots, 
 quarter of a pound of ilour of mustard, quarter of a ])ound 
 of salt, two ounces of mustard seed, two ounces of tur- 
 meric, one ounce of black pepper, ground fine, one ounce 
 of cayenne. Mix all together, and put incatdiflower sprigs, 
 radish pods, French beans, white cabbage, cucumber, 
 onions, or any other vegetable; stir it well two or three 
 days after any fresh vegetable is added, and wipe tho vege- 
 table with a dry cloth. The vinegar should not be boiled. 
 
 How to Piclcle Muslirooms.— Buttons must be rubbed 
 witli a bit of llannel and salt; and from the larger take out 
 the red inside, for when they are black they will not do, 
 being too old. Throw a little salt over, and put them into 
 a stewpan with some mace and pepper; as tlie liquor comes 
 out, shake them well, and keep them over a gentle f.re till 
 all of it be dried into them again; then put as much vin- 
 egar into the pan as will cover tliem, give it one warm, 
 and turn all into a glass or stone jar. They will keep two 
 years, and are delicious. 
 
 Pickle Sauce. — Slice green tomatoes, onions, cabbage, 
 cucumbers, and green peppers. Let all stand covered with 
 salt over night. Wash, drain and chop fine. Be careful 
 to keep as dry as possible. To two quarts of the hash, 
 add four tablespoons of American mustard seed and two 
 of English; two tablespoonfuls ground allspice, one of 
 ground cloves, two teaspoonfuls of ground black pepper, 
 one teaspoouful of celery seed. Cover with sharp vinegar, 
 and boil slowly an hour. Put away in stone jar, and eat 
 when wanted. 
 
 Pickled Eggs. — At the season of the year when eggs 
 are plentiful, boil somefour or six dozen in a capacious sauce- 
 pan, until they become quite hard. Then, after carefully 
 removing the shells, lay them in large-mouthed jars, and 
 pour over them scalding vinegar, well seasoned with whole 
 pepper, allspice, a few races of ginger, and a few cloves or 
 garlic. When cold, bung down closely, and in a month 
 they are fit for use. Where eggs are plentiful, the above 
 pickle is by no means expensive, and is a relishing accom- 
 paniment to cold meat. 
 
 How to Pickle Red Cabbage.— Slice it into a colan- 
 der, and sprinkle each layer with salt; let it drain two 
 days, then put it into a jar, with boiling vinegar enough 
 to cover it, and put in a few slices of beet-root. Observe 
 to choose the purple red-eaobage. Those who like the 
 flavor of spice will boil some pepper-corns, mustard-seed, 
 or other spice, whole, with the vinegar. Califlower in 
 branches, and thrown in after being salted, will color a 
 beautiful i-ed. 
 
 Another. — Choose a sound large cabbage; shred it 
 finely, and sprinkle it with salt, and let it stand In a dish 
 for a day and night. Then boil vinegar (from a pint) 
 
 with ginger, cloves, and cayenne pepper. Put the cabbage 
 into jiirs, and pour tho liquor upon it when cold. 
 
 Spiced Tomatoes. — Eight pounds tomatoes, four 
 pounds of sugar, one quart vinegar, oiio tablespoon each of 
 cloves, cinnamon and allspice, make a syrup of tho sugar 
 aiul vinegar. Tie tin spice in a bag and put in syrup, 
 takotho skins oil" the tomatoes, atul put them in the .syrup, 
 when scalded through skim them out and cook away one- 
 half, leave tho spices in, then put in your tomatoes agaiu 
 and boil until tho syrup is thick. 
 
 Tomato Lilly. — Prepare one peck of green tomatoes by 
 slicing and laying them in a jar over night, witii a little 
 salt, than chop them and cook in water until you think 
 them suOicicntly tender then take them uj) in a colander 
 and drain nicely, then take two largo cabbages, chop and 
 cook same as tomatoes, then chop six green peppers and 
 add one quart vinegai-, put all in kettle together and boil 
 a short time; add fresh vinegar and spice with one ounce 
 each cinnamon aiul cloves, one j)ound sugar and half pint 
 molasses. Onions can bo used instead of cabbage if pre- 
 ferred. 
 
 How to Pickle Walnuts.— When a pin will go into 
 
 I 
 
 them, put a brino of salt and water boiled, an;! strong 
 enough to bear an egg, being quite cold first. Let them 
 soak six days; then change tho brine, let them stand six 
 more; then drain, and pour over them in ajar a pieklo of 
 the best vinegar, with plenty of pepper, pimento, ginger, 
 mace, cloves, mustard seed and horseradish; all boiled 
 together, but cold. To every hundred of walnuts put 
 six spoonfuls of mustard-seed, and two or three heads of 
 garlic or shalot, but the latter is least strong. In this way 
 they will be good for several years, if closely covered. 
 They will not be fit to eat under six months. This pickle 
 makes good ketchup. 
 
 A Good Ketchup. — Boil one bushel of tomatoes until 
 soft enough to rub through a sieve. Then add to the 
 liquid a half gallon of vinegar, 1^ pints salt, 2 ounces of 
 cloves, ^ pound allspice, 3 ounces good cayenne pepper, 
 five heads of garlic, skinned and separated, 1 pound of 
 sugar. Boil slowly until reduced to one-half. It takes 
 about one day. Set away for a week, boil over once, and, 
 if too thick, thin with vinegar; bottle and seal as for chow- 
 chow. 
 
 How to Keep Ketchup Twenty Years.— Take a gal- 
 lon of strong stale beer, 1 lb. of anchovies, washed from 
 the pickle; 1 lb. of shalots, •^- oz. of mace, i oz. of cloves, 
 \ oz. whole pepper, ^ oz. of ginger, y quarts of large 
 mushroom flaps, rubbed to pieces; cover all close, and 
 simmer till it is half wasted, strain, cool, then bottle. A 
 spoonful of this ketchup is suflicient for a pint of melted 
 butter. 
 
 Mushroom Ketchup.— Sprinkle mushroom flaps, 
 gathered in September, with common salt, stir them oc- 
 casionally for two or three davs; then lightly squeeze out 
 the juice, and add to each gallon bruised cloves and mus- 
 tard seed, of each, halt an ounce; bruised allspice, black 
 pepper, and ginger, of each, one ounce; gently heat to the 
 t)oiling point in a covered vessel, nnicerate for fourteen 
 days, and strain; should it exhibit any indication of 
 change in a few weeks, bring it again to the boiling point, 
 with a little more spice. 
 
 Oyster Ketchup: — Beard the oyster?; boil them up in 
 their liquor; strain, and pound them in a mortar; boil the 
 beards in spring water, and strain it to the first oyster 
 liquor; boil the pounded oysters in the mixed liguors, with 
 beaten mace and pepper. Some add a very little mush- 
 room ketchup, vinegar, or lemon-juice; but the less the 
 natural flavor is overpowered the better; only spice is 
 necessary for its preservation. This oyster ketchup will 
 
IH 
 
 COOKKIIY UKdI'KS. 
 
 kccj> perfectly good longer tlmii oysters iiro cvor out of 
 si'iison. 
 
 Tomato Ketchup. — Put them over the firo crushing 
 each Olio us you drop it into tiio pot; lot them boil live 
 minutes; tiiku tlu-m olT, striiin tlirougii n coliindcr, und 
 then through ti sieve, get them over the lire iigiiin us 
 soon us po-ssible, unil hoil down two-tlsirds, wiu'ti boiled 
 down add to every gallon of this lii|uid one ounce of 
 cuvenno pepper, ono ounce of bla<k pejiiJcr, one pint vine- 
 cur, four ounces ouch of ciunumon und inuce, ' wo spoon- 
 fuls salt. 
 
 Very Fine Walnut Ketchup. — Hoil a gallon of the 
 expressed jiiico of green tender wulnuts, und skim it well; 
 then put in 'i lbs. of unchovies, bones uml li(|uor, 2 lbs. 
 shulots, 1 oz. euch of cloves, muce, pepper, und one clove 
 of gurlic. Lot ull simmer till the shulots sink; then put 
 the liquor into a pun till cold; bottle and divide the spice 
 tocuch. Cork closely, und tie a bladder over. It will 
 keep twenty years, but ia not good the first. Be very 
 careful to express the juice at home; for it is rarely un- 
 adulterated, if bought. 
 
 HOW TO ROAST, BOIL, OR BROIL: 
 
 POULTRY 
 
 How to Roast Chickens.— Pluck carefully, draw and 
 truss them, and put them to a good fire; singe, dust, and 
 baste them with butter. Cover the breast with a sheet of 
 buttered paper; remove it ten minutes before u is enough; 
 that it may Drown. A chicken will take 15 to 20 minutes. 
 Servo with butter und p:irsley. 
 
 How to Boil Chickens. — Fasten the wings and legs to 
 the body by threads tied round. Steep them in skim 
 milk two hours. Then jiut them in cold water, and boil 
 over a slow fire. Skim clean. Serve with white sauce or 
 melted butter sauce, or parsley and butter. — Or melt 1 oz. 
 of butter in a cupful of milk; add to it the yolk of an egg 
 bejit up with a little flour and cream; heat over the fire, 
 stirring well. 
 
 Geese (a la mode). — Skin and bone the goose; boil 
 und peel u dried tongue, also a fowl; season -with pepper, 
 salt and mace, und thm roll it round tlie tongue, season 
 tlie goose in the same way, und lay the fowl und tongue on 
 the goose, with slices of ham between them. Beef nnirrow 
 rolled between the fowl and the goose, will greatly enrich 
 it. Put it all together in a pan, with two quarts "of beef 
 gravy, the bones of the goose und fowl, sweet herbs and 
 onion; cover close, uiul stew an hour slowly: take up the 
 goose; skim otf the fat, strain, aiul put in a glassful of 
 good port wine, two tublespoonfuls of ketchup, a veal 
 sweetbread cut small, some mushrooms, a piece of butter 
 rolled inllour, pepper and salt, stew the goose half an 
 hour longer; take up and pour the ragout over it. Garnish 
 with lemon. 
 
 How to Roast Pig-eons.— Take a little pepper and 
 salt, a piece of butter, and parsley cut small ; mix und 
 put the mixture into the bellies of the pigeons, tying the 
 nticks tight ; take another string ; fasten one e?id of it to 
 their legs and rumps, und the other to a hanging spit, 
 basting them with butter ; when done, lay them in a dish, 
 and they will swim with gravy. 
 
 How to Boil Pigeons. — Wash clean ; chop some par- 
 sley small ; mix it with crumbs of broad, pepper, salt 
 and a bit of butter; stuff the pigeons, and boil 15 
 minutes in some mutton broth or gravy. Boil some rice 
 soft in milk ; when it begins to thicken, beat the yolks of 
 two or three eggs, with two or three spoonfuls of cream. 
 
 und u little nutmeg ; mix well with a bit of butter rolled 
 in fiour. 
 
 How to Broil Plgpeons.— After cleaning, .iplit the 
 backs, pepper und suit them, u' ')roil them very nicely ; 
 pour over them either stewed . ickled mushrooms, in 
 melted butter, und serve us hot a^ j)i)ssiblc. 
 
 Scalloped Cold Chickens.— Mince the meat very 
 smull, unil set it over the lire, with u scrupe of nutmeg, a 
 little pepper und salt, und a little creatn, for a few min- 
 utes, put it into the scallop shells, aiul fill them with 
 crumbs of bread, over which nut some bits of butter, and 
 brown them before the fire. Veul und ham eat well done 
 the sume wuy, and lightly covered with crumbs of breiul, 
 or they inuy be put on in little heaps. 
 
 How to RoastTurkey. — Tliosinewpof the legs should 
 be druwn whichever way it is dressed. The head should 
 be tw'jted under the wing; and in drawing it, take care 
 not to tear the liver, nor let the gull touch it. 
 
 F'ut a stiilling of suusuge-meut; or, if sausages are to be 
 served ni a dish a bread stuffitig. As this makes a large 
 addition to the size of the bird, observe that the heat of 
 the fire is constantly to that part; for the breast is often 
 not done enough. A little strip of paper should be put 
 on the bone to hinder it from scorching while the otlier 
 parts roast. Baste well and froth it np. Servo with 
 gravy in the dish, and plenty of bread-sauce in a sauce- 
 tureen. Add a few crumbs, and a beaten egg to the 
 stuffing of sausage-meat. 
 
 SAUCES FOR MEATS, FISH. E^s 
 
 Anchovy Sauce. — Chop one or two anchovies, without 
 washing, j)Ut to them some fiour and butter, and u little 
 >yuter ; stir it over the firo till it boils once or twice. If 
 the anchovies are good, they will dissolve. 
 
 Essence of Anchovies. — Take two dozen of ancho- 
 vies, chop them, and without the bone, but with some of 
 their liquor strained, add to them sixteen large spoonfuls 
 of water; boil gently till dissolved, which will be in a 
 few minutes — when cold, strain und bottle it. 
 
 Apple Sauce. — Pure, core, and quarter half a dozen 
 good sized apples, and throw them into cold water to ])re- 
 serve their whiteness. Boil them in a saucepan till they 
 are soft enough to mash — it is in possible to specify any 
 particular time, as some apples cook much more speedily 
 than others. When done, bruise them to a pulp, put in a 
 piece of butter as large o^ a nutmeg, and sweeten them 
 to taste. Put into saucepan only sufficient water to jire- 
 vent them burning. Some persons put the apples in a 
 stone jar placed in boiling water ; there is then no danger 
 of their catching. 
 
 Apple Sauce for Goose or Roast Pork.— Pare, core, 
 and slice some apples, ami put them in a strong jar, into a 
 pan of water. When sufficiently boiled, bruise to a juilp, 
 adding a little butter, ami a little brown sugar. 
 
 A Substitute for Cream.— Beat up the whole of a 
 ^'resh egg in a basin, und then jiour boiling tea over it 
 gradually to prevent its curdling; it is difficult from the 
 taste, to distinguish it from rich cream. 
 
 Bechamel Sauce. — Put a few slices of ham into a 
 stew-pan, a few mushrooms, two or three shulots, two 
 cloves, also a bay leaf and a bit of butter. Let them 
 stand a few hours. Add a little water, flour and milk or 
 cream; simmer forty minutes. Scalded ])arGley, very fine 
 may bo added. 
 
 Lread Sauce. — Break three-quarters of a pound of 
 stale bread into small pieces, carefully excluding any 
 
U tipUt tlio 
 
 pry nicely ; 
 iliroouie, in 
 
 rOOKEKY KKCIPK8. 
 
 1 
 
 ciiro 
 
 cMiisty and outside hits, having previously sininiercd till 
 quiti) tender, an onion, well jieeled uml fniartereil in a 
 pint of milk. Put the rniinbd into n very clean 8auce|ian, 
 and. if you like the lluvor, a 8niall teaspooiiful of i<lii:e<l 
 onion, clio|)ped. or rather minced, us tlnely as pos.silde. 
 I'oiirover tim milk, t'lkiugaway the onion uiminered in it, 
 cover it up, and let it stand for an hour to soak. Then, 
 with a fork, heat it quite smooth, and seasoned witii a 
 very little [)o\vdcred ma<e, cayenne and salt to taste, add- 
 ing one ounce of hutter ; g've the whole a hoil, stirring 
 all tli(> time, and it is ready to serve. A small quantity 
 of cream atlded at the last moment, makes the sauce 
 ri(!her ar.d smoother. Common white pej)per nniy take 
 the place of cayenne, a few peppercorns may ho simmered 
 in tlie milk, hut they should bo extracted Oeforo sending 
 to table. 
 
 Bread Sauce. — Grate some old bread into a basin ; 
 jiour boiliiij,' new milk over it ; add ua onion with five 
 cloves stuck in it, with pepper and salt to taste. Covei 
 it and simmer in a flow oven. When enough, take out 
 the onion and cloves; beat it well, and add a little melted 
 butter. The addition of cream very much improves this 
 sauce. 
 
 Caper Sauce. — Melt some butter, chop the capers 
 flue, boil them with the butter. Au ounce of capers will 
 bo sullicient for a moderate s'ze sauce-boat. Add, if you 
 like, a little chopped parsley, and a little vinegar. Jloro 
 vinegar, a little cayenne, and essence of anchovy, make it 
 suitable for i\A\. 
 
 As a substitute for capers, some use chopped pickled 
 gherkins. 
 
 Essence of Celery. — Soak the seeds in spirits of 
 wine or brandy ; or infuse the root in the same for 24 
 hours, then take out, squeezing out all the liquor, and in- 
 fuse more root in the same liquor to make it stronger. A 
 few drops will flvor broth, soup, etc. 
 
 Celery Sauce. — Wash well the inside leaves of three 
 heads of celery ; cut them into slices quarter inch thick, 
 boil for six minutes, and drain; take a tablespoonful of 
 flour, two ounces of butter, and a teacupftil of cream ; 
 beat well, and when warm, put in the celery and stir well 
 over the fire about twelve minutes. The sauce is very 
 goood for boiled fowl, etc. 
 
 Cocoa Sauce. — Scrape a portion of the kernel of a 
 Cocoa nut, atiding the juice of three lemons, a teaspoon- 
 ful of the tincture of cayenne pepper, a teaspoonful of 
 shallot vinegar, and half a cupful of water. Gently 
 simmer for a few hours. 
 
 Eg-g- Sauce.— Boil two eggs hard, half chop the whites, 
 put ill the yolks, chop them together, but not very Hue, 
 put them with ^ lb. of good melted butter. 
 
 Egg Sauce. — Four eggs boiled twelve minutes, then 
 lay them in fresh water, cold, pull off the shells, chop 
 whites and yolks separately, mix them lightly, half pint 
 melted butter, made in proportion of quarter pound of 
 buttc-, to a large tablespoon flour, four of milk and hot 
 water, add powdered mace or nutmeg, to be eaten with 
 pork, boiled, or poultry, use chicken gravy or the water 
 the chicken were boiled in. 
 
 Horseradish Sauce. — Perhaps a good receipt for 
 horseradish sauce, which is so excellent with both hot 
 and cold beef, but which we do not always see served up 
 with either. Two tablespooniuls of mustard, the same of 
 vinegar, three tablespoonfuls of cream or milk and one of 
 pounded white sugar, well beaten up together with a small 
 quantity of grated horseradish. This is, of course, to be 
 served uj) cold. 
 
 Mint Sauce. — Pick, mash and chop fine green spear- 
 mint, to two tablespoons of the minced leaves, put eight 
 of vinegar, adding a little sugar. Serve cold. 
 
 MintSauce. — Wash fresh gathered miiit;pick the leaves 
 from the (iialk.-i; mince them very tine, and put them into 
 a sauce-iioat with a tea-pooiiful of sugar and four table- 
 siiooiifuls »f vinegar. It may also be maile with dried mint 
 or with mint vinegar. 
 
 Onion Sauce. — Peel the onion.s, and boil them tender; 
 S(iueeze t lie Wilier from tli"m, then chop tlieni, ainl ad<l to 
 them l)ulter tliiit lias been melted, rich und.-imoolh, iih will 
 be hereafter directed, but with a little good milk instead of 
 water; boil it up oikm , and servo it for boiled rabbits, 
 jiartridge, scrag, or knuckle of veal, or roast mutton. A 
 turn!]) boiled with the onions makes them milder. 
 
 Quin's Fish Sauce. — Half a pint of mushroom pickle, 
 the siiiiio of walnut, .six long aiichovies poundeil, six cloves 
 of garlic, three of them poumled; half a spoonful of cay- 
 enne pepper; put them into a bottle, and shake well before 
 using. Iti.salso good with beefsteaks. 
 
 Sauce for Cold Partrldgfes, Moor-Game, Etc.— 
 
 Pound four aiiclioviesiiiid tv.o cloves of garlic in a mortar; 
 add oil and vinegar to the taste. Mince the meat, and put 
 the saiico to it as wanted. 
 
 Sauce for Ducks. — Servo a rich gravy in the dish; cut 
 the breast into slices, but don't take them off; cut a lemon, 
 and put pepper and salt on it, then squeeze it on the 
 breast, and pour u spo<jnful of gravy over Wfore you help. 
 
 Sauce for Fowl of any Sort.— Boil some veal gravy, 
 pepper, salt, the juice of a Seville orange and a lemon, and 
 a quarter as much of port wine as of gravy; pour it into 
 the dish or a boat. 
 
 Sauce for Hot or Cold Roast Beef.— Grate, orscrape 
 
 very lino, some horseradish, a little made mu.stard, some 
 jiounded white sugar and four large spoonfuls of vinegar. 
 Serve in a saucer. 
 
 Sauce for Salmon.-Boil a bunch of fennel and parsley 
 chop them small, and put into it some good melted but- 
 ter. Gravy sauce should be served with it ; put a little 
 brown gravy into a saucepan, withoneaiichovy, a teaspoon- 
 ful of lemon jiickle, a tablespoonful of walnut jiickle, two 
 spoonfulsof water in which the fish was boiled, a stick of 
 horseradish, a little browning, and salt; boil them four 
 minutes; thicken with flour and a good lump of butter, and 
 strain through a hair sieve. 
 
 Sauce for Savoury Pies. — Take some gravy, one an- 
 chovy, a sprig of sweet herbs, an onion, and a little mush- 
 room liquor; boil it a little, and thicken it with burnt but- 
 ter, or a bit of butter rolled in flour: add a little port wine, 
 and open the pie, and jiut it in. It will serve for lamb, 
 mutton, veal or beet pies. 
 
 Sauce for a Turkey. — Open some oysters into a basin, 
 and wasli them in their own I'quor, and as soon as settled 
 pour into a saucepan; add a little white gravy, a teaspoon- 
 ful of lemon pickle; thicken with flour and butter; boil it 
 three or four minutes; add a spoonful of thick cream, and 
 then the oysters; shake them over the fire till they are hot, 
 but do not let them boil. 
 
 Sauce for Wild Fowl. — Simmer a teacupful of port 
 wine, the same quantity of good meat gravy, a little shalot, 
 a little pepper, salt, a grate of nutmeg and a bit of mace, 
 for ten niiinitcs; put in a bit of butter and flour, give it all 
 one boil, and ])oiir it through the birds. In general they 
 are not stuffed as tame, but may be done so if liked. 
 
 French Tomato Sauce. — Cut ten or a dozen tomatoes 
 into quarters, ami put them into a saucepan, with four 
 onions, sliced, a little parsley, thyme, a clove, and a quar- 
 ter of a pound of butter; then set the saucepan on the fire. 
 
 i 
 
COOKKHY HKCU'ES. 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 stirring occasionally for tliroe-qimrtcrs of tin hour; strain 
 tho saiii^n tlirouf;ii u horse-lmir sieve, iind sorvo with the 
 (lirrctod urticlcH. 
 
 Tomato Sauce. — Take 1^ l(<miitooa, very rod and ripi'; 
 take oil tlio stalk.s, liiko out tho sot'ds, and press out tliu 
 water. I'ut liio oxoressed tomatoes into n stowpun, with 
 1 J OZ8. of butter, ii bay leaf, and a littlo thyme; put it unon 
 a moderate tire, stir it into a puli); nut into it a good cullifi, 
 or tho top of brotii, which will bo better. Hub it throMgii 
 a seareii, and put it into a stowpan witii two spoonfuls of 
 cullis; i)utin ii littlo salt and cayenne. 
 
 AvoTiiKit. — Proceed ua above witii the seeds aiul water. 
 Put tlieiu intoastewpan, with salt aiul cayenne, and tiireo 
 table.spoonfuU of beef gravy. Set them on a slow stove 
 for an hour, or till jiroiierly nielteil. Slruin, and add a 
 little good stock; and simnuT a few minutes. 
 
 White Sauce. — Ono pouiul of knuckle of veal, or any 
 veal trimrninLj.s, or cold white meat, from which all brown 
 skiu has been renu)ved;if meat has been cooked, more will 
 be required. It is best to luive a little butcher's meat fresh, 
 even if you have jtlentyof cold meat in tho larder; any 
 chicken bones greatly improve tho stock. This should 
 simmer for live hours, together with a little salt, a dozen 
 white pejijiercorns, ono or two small onions stuck with 
 cloves, according to taste, a slice or two of lean ham, and 
 a little shred of celery and a carrot (if in season) in a quart 
 of water. Strain it, and skim olf all tho fat; then mix one 
 dessert-spoonful of flour in a half pint of cream; or, for 
 economy s sake, half milk and half cream, or even all good 
 new milk; add this to tho stock, and if not salt enough, 
 cautiously add more seasoning. Boilall together very gently 
 for ten minutes, stirring all tho time, us tho sauce 
 easily burns and very quickly spoils. This stock, made in 
 large quantities, makes white SOU]); for this an old fowl, 
 stewed down, is excellent, and the liquor in which a young 
 turkey has been boiled is as good a foundation as can be 
 desireil. 
 
 Economical White Sauce. — Cut up fine one carrot, 
 two small onions, and ]>ut them into a stewpan with two 
 ounces of butter, and simmer till tho butter is nearly ab- 
 sorbed. Then mix a email teacupful of Hour in a pint of 
 new milk, boil the whole quietly till it tliickens, strain it, 
 soason with salt and white pepper or cayenne, and it is 
 ready to serve. Or mix well two ounces of Hour with one 
 ounce of butter; with a little nutmeg, pepper and salt; add 
 a pint of milk, and throw in astrip of lemon j)eel; stir well 
 over the lire till quite thick, and strain. 
 
 Wine Sauce. — One and 4 cups sugar, three quarters cup 
 of wine.a large sjioonful ilour, and a large piece "of butter. 
 
 HOW TO MAKE SOUPS 
 
 . . . AND BROTHS 
 
 Artichoke Soup. — Take Jerusalem artichokes accord- 
 ing to the quantity of soup required to bo made, cut them 
 in slices, with a quarter of a pound of butter, two or three 
 onions and turnipj, sliced into a stewpan, and stew OTer a 
 very slow fire till done enough, and thin it with good veal 
 stock. Just before you serve, at the last boil, add a quar- 
 ter of a pint of good cream. This is an excellent soup. 
 Season to taste with a little salt and cayenne. As itis nec- 
 essary to vary sonpe, we shall give you afew to choose from 
 according to season and taste. All brown soups mnst be 
 clear and thin, with the exception of mock turtle, which 
 must bj thickened with flour first browned with butter in 
 a stewpan. If the flour is added without previous brown- 
 ing, it preserves a raw taste that by no means improve« the 
 "avor. 
 
 Asparagus Soup. — Three or four pounds of veal cut 
 fine, a little salt pork, two or three bumdies of asparagus 
 ami three quarts of water. Hoil one-half of the asparagus 
 with the meat, leaving the rest in wateruntilabouttwenly 
 minutes before serving; then add the rest of the asparagus 
 and boil just before serving; add one pint of milk; thicken 
 with a little Hour, aiul season. 'I'ho soup should boil about 
 three hours before adding tho last half of tho asparagus. 
 
 Beef Broth. — Put two pouiuls of lean beef, ono pound 
 of scrag of veal, ono pound of scrag of mutton, sweet 
 herbs, an<l ten peppercorns, iiitoa nice tin saucepan, with 
 five ([uarts of water; simmer to three qiuirts, aiul clear 
 frtuu tho fat when cold. Add ono onion, if approved. 
 
 Soup ami broth nnide of dilfereiit meats are more sup- 
 porting, as well as better llavored. 
 
 To remove tho fat, take it off, when cold, as clean as 
 possible; and if there bo still aiiy remaining, lay a bit (if 
 clean blotting or cap paper on tho broth when in tho basin, 
 aiul it will take up every particle. 
 
 Beef Soup. — Cut all the lean off tho shank, and with a 
 little beef suet in tho iiottom of tho kettle, fry it to a nice 
 brown ; put in the bones aud cover with water; cover the 
 kettle closely; let it cook slowly until tho mviit drop 
 from the bones; strain through a colaiuler and leave it in 
 tho dish during the night, which is the only way to get off 
 all tho fat. The day it is wanted for tho table, fry as 
 brown as possible a carrot, an onion, and a very small 
 turnip sliced thin. Just before taking up, put in half a 
 tablespoonful of sugar, a blade of mace, six cloves, a 
 dozen kernels of allspice, a small tablespoonful of celery 
 seed. With tho vegetables this must cook slowly in the 
 soup an hour ; then strain again for tho table. If you use 
 vermicelli or j)earl barley, soak in water. 
 
 Dr. Liellg'S Beef Tea. — When one pound of lean 
 beef, free from fat, and separated from the bones, in a 
 finely-chopped state in which it is used for mince-meat, 
 or beef-sausages, is uniformly mixed with its own weight 
 of cold water, slowly heated till boiling, and the liquid, 
 after boiling briskly for a minute or two, is strained 
 through tho towel from the coagulated albumen and tho 
 fibrino, now become hard and horny, we o'^'in an equal 
 weight of tho most aromatic soup, of such strength as 
 cannot be obtained even by boiling for hours from a piece 
 of fiesh. AVhcn mixed with salt and the other additions 
 by which soup is usually seasoned, and tinged somewhat 
 darker by means of roasted onions, or burnt bread, it 
 forms the very best soun which can, in any way, be pre- 
 pared from one jiouud of llesli. 
 
 Brown Gravy Soup. — Shred a small plate of onions, 
 put siuno dripping into a frying pan and fry the onions 
 till they are of a dark browii ; then, having about three 
 pounds of beef cut up iu dice, without fat or bone, 
 ijrown that in a frying-pan. Now get a sauce-pan to con- 
 tain about a gallon, and put in the onions and meat, with 
 a carrot and a turnip cut small, and a little celery, if you 
 have it; if not, add two seeds of celery; put three 
 quarts, or three and a half quarts of water to this, and 
 stir all together with a littlo pepper and salt; simmer 
 very slowly, aud skim off what rises; in three or four 
 hours the soup will be clear. When served, add a little 
 vermicelli, which should have previously been boiled in 
 water ; tho liquid should bo carefully poured off through 
 a sieve. A large quantity may be made in the samepro- 
 portions. Of course, the meat and onions must bestirred 
 whilst flying, and constantly turned ; they should be or a 
 fine brown, not black, and celery-seed will give a fiavor, it 
 is so strong. 
 
 Carrot Soup. — Put some beef bones, with four quarts 
 of the liquor in which a leg of mutton or beef has been 
 
 :^ 
 
COOKERY RECIPES. 
 
 8 of veul cut 
 of iLsjiariigiis 
 tlu! a.s|)iiiii^'iis 
 about twi'iily 
 lio a.sjiaragua 
 'iiilk; tliicki'ii 
 ulil Imil about 
 UMj)aragiis. 
 f, OHO pound 
 
 Uttou, BWcot 
 
 ii't'iiaii, with 
 In. aiul clear 
 "provfil. 
 nioro sup- 
 
 aH I'lcan as 
 lay a bit of 
 in tiio basin, 
 
 ■md will, a 
 it to 11 nice 
 ; cover tlio 
 »i(<at drona 
 I li'avo it in 
 ly to get 0(1 
 able, fry as 
 very small 
 it ill Jialf a 
 cloves, a 
 "1 of celery 
 Jwly ill the 
 U you use 
 
 i<l of lean 
 )on(s, in a 
 iuce-nieat, 
 wii weight 
 tile liquid, 
 3 strained 
 HI and tho 
 nn equal 
 rength as 
 ini a, pieoo 
 additions 
 sonicwhut 
 Iji-ead, it 
 y, he pre- 
 
 f onions, 
 lie onions 
 out tlireo 
 or bone, 
 n to con- 
 Bat, with 
 y, if you 
 lit tliree 
 iliis, and 
 simmer 
 or four 
 la little 
 oiled in 
 tiirougli 
 nio pi'o- 
 l! stirred 
 be or a 
 avor, it 
 
 boiled, two largo onions, a turnip, popper and salt into a 
 ■auce-pan, and stew for three hours. Have ruu<Iy six 
 largo carrots, scraped and cut thin, strain tho soup on 
 thorn, ami s'. ./ them till soft enough to pulp through a 
 hair sieve or coarse cloth, then boil tho pulp with the 
 Boup, which is to bo as thick as nca-.soup. Use two 
 wooden spoons to rub tho carrots through. Make the 
 soup the (lay before it is to ho used. Add cayenne. Pulp 
 only the red part of tiio carrot, and not tho yellow. 
 
 Clam Soup. — (Jut salt pork in very small squares and 
 fry liglit brown ; add one largo or two snudi onions cut 
 very line, and cook about ton minutes ; ntld two quarts 
 water and one quart of raw potatoes, sliced ; let it boil ; 
 then add one quart of clams. Mix ono tablespoonful of 
 flour with water, put it with one pint of milk, and pour 
 into the soup, and let it boil about live minutes. Butter, 
 popper, salt. Worcestershire sauce to taste. 
 
 Croutons. — These are simply pieces of brea<l fried 
 brown and crisp, to bo used in soups. 
 
 Game Soups. — Cut in pieces a partridge, pheasant, or 
 rabbit ; add slices of veal, ham, onions, carrots, etc. Add 
 a little water, heat a little on slow lire, as gravy is done ; 
 then add some good broth, boil the meat gently till it is 
 done. Strain, and stow in tho li(|Uor what herbs you 
 please. 
 
 Game Soup. — In the season for game, it is easy to 
 have good game soup at very little expense, and very nice. 
 Take the meat from off tho bones of any cold game left, 
 pound it in a mortar and break up the bones, and pour 
 on them a quart of any good broth, and boil for an hour 
 and a half. Boil and mash six turnips, and mix with the 
 pounded meat, and then pass them through a sieve. 
 Strain the broth, and stir in tho mixture of meat and 
 turnips which has been strained through the sieve ; keep 
 the soup-pot near tho fire, but do not lot it boil. When 
 ready to dish the sonp for table, beat tho yolks of five 
 eggs" very lightly, and mix with them half a pint of good 
 cream. Set the soup on to boil, and, as it boils, stir in 
 the beaten eggs and cream, but be careful that it does not 
 boil after they are stirred in, as the egg will curdle. 
 Serve he:. 
 
 Julienne Soup. — Put a piece of butter the size of an 
 egg into the soup-kettle ; stir until melted. Cut three 
 young onions small ; fry them a nice brown ; add three 
 quarts of good clear beef-stock, a little mace, pepper and 
 salt ; let it boil an hour ; add three young carrots and 
 three turnips cut small, a stalk of celery cut fine, a pint of 
 French beans, a pint of green peas ; let this boil two 
 hours ; if not a bright, clear color, add a spoonful of soy. 
 This is a nice summer soup. 
 
 Lobster Soup. — One large lobster or two small ones ; 
 pick all the meat from the shell and chop fine ; scald one 
 quart of milk and ono pint of water, then add the lobster, 
 one pound of butter, a teaspoonful of flour, and salt and 
 red pepper to taste. Boil ten minutes and serve hot. 
 
 Mock Turtle Soup. — One soup-bone, one quart of tur- 
 tle beans, one large spoonful of powdered cloves, salt and 
 pepper. Soak the beans over night, put them on with 
 the scup-bone in nearly six quarts of water, and cook 
 five or six hours. When half done, add the cloves, salt 
 and pepper; when done, strain through a colander, press- 
 ing the pulp of the beans through to make the soup the 
 desired thickness, and servo with a few slices of hard- 
 boiled egg and lemon sliced very thin. The turtle beans 
 are black and can only be obtained from large grooe. 
 
 Oyster Soup. — Take one quart of water, one teacup 
 of butter, one pint of milk, two teaspoons of salt, four 
 crackers rolled fine, aad one teaspoon of pepper ; bring to 
 full boiling heat as soon as possible, then add one quart of 
 
 25 
 
 oysters; let the whole come to boiling heat qnicklyaud 
 remove from tho fire. 
 
 Oyster Soup. — I'our one quart of boiling water into a 
 skilh't ; then one ijuart of good rich rnilk ; stir in ono 
 teacup of rolled cr.u'ker crumbs ; seaKoii with pepper and 
 ;tait to tu.>to. When all come to boil, add one quart of 
 good freah oysters; stir well, so as to keep from scorch- 
 ing; then add a piece of good sweet butter about the size 
 of an egg ; let it boil up once, then remove from the fire 
 immediately ; dish up and send to table. 
 
 Ox Tail Soup. — Take two ox tails and two whole 
 onions, two carrots, a small turnip, two tablospoonfuls of 
 flour, and a little white pejiixr ; add a gallon of water, let 
 all boil for two hours; tlieu lake out tho tails and cut tho 
 meat into small pieces, return tho bones to the pot for a 
 short time, boil for another hour, then strain the soup, 
 and rinse two spoonfuls of arrow-root to add to it with the 
 meat cut from the bones, and let all boil for a quarter of 
 an hour. 
 
 Scotch Broth. — Take one-half teacup barley, four 
 ipiarts cold water ; bring this to tho boil and skim ; now 
 put in a neck of mutton and boil again for half an hour, 
 ckim well the sides of tho iiot also ; have ready two car- 
 rots, one large onion, a small head of cabbage, one bunch 
 parsley, one sprig of celery top; chop all these fine, add 
 your chopped vegetables, poi»per and salt to taate. This 
 soup takes two hours to cook. 
 
 Soup and Bouille.— Stew a brisket of beef with some 
 turnips, celery, leeks and onion.s, all finely cut. Put the 
 pieces of beef into the pot first, then tho roots, and half 
 a pint of beef gravy, with a few cloves. Simmer for an 
 hour. Add more beef gravy, and boil gently for half an 
 hour. 
 
 Royal Soup. — Take a scrag or knuckle of vojil, slices 
 of undressed gammon of bacon, onions, mace, and a 
 small quantity of water; dimmer till very strong, and 
 lower it with a good beef broth made tho day before, and 
 stewed till tho meat is done to rags. Add cream, vermi- 
 celli, almonds and a roll. 
 
 Various Soups. — Good soups may be made from fried 
 meats, whore tlie fat and gravy are added to tho boiled 
 barley; and for that purpose, fat beef steaks, pork steaks, 
 mutton chops, etc. should bo preterred, as containing 
 more of the nutritious principle. When nearly done fry- 
 ing, add a little water, which will produce a gravy to be 
 added to the barley broth; a little wheat flour should be 
 dredged in also; a quantity of onions, cut small, should 
 also be fried with the fat, which gives the soup a fine 
 flavor, assisted by seasoning, etc. 
 
 Soups may bo made from broiled meats. AVhile the fat 
 beef ste.ik is doing before the fire, or mutton chop, etc., 
 save the drippings on a dish, in which a little flour, oat- 
 meal, with cut onions, etc., are put. 
 
 Grand Consomme Soup. — Put into a pot two knuckles 
 of veal, a piece of a leg of beef, a fowl, or an old cock, a 
 rabbit, or two old partridges; atld a ladleful of soup, and 
 stir it well; when it comes to a jelly, put in a suflBcient 
 quantity of stock, and see that it is clear; let it boil, skim- 
 ming and refreshing it with water; season it as the above; 
 you may add, if you like, a clove of garlic; let it then boil 
 slowly or simmer four or five hours; put it through a 
 towel, and use it for mixing in sauces or clear soups. 
 
 Julie. ine Soup. — Take some carrots and turnips, and 
 turn them riband-like; a few heaas of celery, some leeks 
 and onions, and cut them in lozenges, boil them till they 
 are cooked, then put them into clear gravy soup. Brown 
 thickening. — N. B. You may, in summer time, add 
 green peas, asparagus tops, Frenth beans, seme lettuce or 
 sorrel. 
 
•li 
 
 
 ' if 
 
 
 )•'• 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 CUOKKKY IllXII'KH. 
 
 I. 
 
 n 
 
 
 Soup and Soups.— it ■< not at all ucciMikry to keep 
 a spfi'iitl tirt< for tivo houn ererr duy in (irdir to hiivu iit 
 dinner a tlri«t courae of aoap. 5t<>r nfxl u n<»i(\, Hitvory, 
 uiitritioiM « >iip for • faniiljr of fivo vn^t iiioro tliiin lU 
 • nts. Tliero n no u«o hurling anv rt'murksuli'nit "hwIII- 
 pnih. " Hvury hoiiMkwper vTio (Enowx unviliing of iicr 
 kiti^hcn Hiid ilinittj^-roo u affairt, kiKiwit tlirro luo iiHiiully 
 nico eluitit fr»gni<>nt4 of routa ami limilii li'ft. over, uixl 
 tliut broth in wdich lamb, diiittoti, ln'cf, ami fowl^ liiivo 
 buon boiled i-i in iMiittence, and tliiit twice u week or ho 
 thoro iaa bowl of drip|>ing« fromroii^tid ini'iitH. AiltlicMu 
 whou siinnmrt'd witli nc*, macaroui, or woII-cIioscm vcjjo- 
 tiibli'H, ittid jiidiciouslj t«a«>ned. niako k<><"I >«>ii|is, and 
 can bu had without a ajKcial fire, and witlxuit Monilin;; to 
 tho biitolier'.s for (iwcial Dieatx. Wo namo a few of tliu 
 8ou|)i) wo make, ami beg Icare to a<ld tliat tiny aro pretty 
 well received. We make thrm in f^tnall qiiantitieM, for 
 nobody with throe udditiooai conrtea U'foro him wants to 
 eat a qmirl >>f «oiip, you knov ! 
 
 1. — One pint of gool eraxr, thrw cups boiling water, a 
 nlico of turnip, and half aa onion cut in htnall bitd, two 
 grated craokern. Simmer half an hour. 
 
 2. — Oil ironing daj cnl off the narrow ends from two or 
 three Hirioin .steitlcs, chop them into nioriiioirt and put in a 
 stewpan with a little jalt, • tablernoonful of rico and a 
 pint of colli water, ami simmer slowly for three liourH. 
 Then a Id water enough to make a quart of coup, a table- 
 spconful of tomato catsup, and a little browned flour 
 mixed with the yolt of ao egg. 
 
 3. — Pare and olice Terr thin fonr good sized potatoes, 
 pour over them two cupej of l^oiling water, and nimmer 
 gently until the potatoes are diseolred. Add salt, a lump 
 of nice butter, and a pint of iwcet milk with a dust of 
 popper. Let it boil up orce, and Ferve. You wouldn't 
 think it, but it id real good, and children cry for it. 
 
 4. — One pint meat broth, one pint boiling water, slice 
 in an onion, or a parsnip, or half a turnip — t)r all three if 
 liked — boil until the vegetables are soft, add a little salt if 
 needed, and a tablespoonful of Halford sauce. 
 
 6. — Let green corn, in the time of green corn, bo grated, 
 and to a pint of it put a pint of rich milk, a j)int of water, 
 a little butter, salt and pepper. Boil gently for fifteen or 
 twenty minutes. 
 
 Split Pea Soup. — Take beef bones or any cold meats, 
 and two pounds of corned pork; wjur on them a gallon of 
 hot water, and let tiiem eimmer three hours, removing all 
 tho scum. Boil one quart of split peas two hours, having 
 been previously soaked, as they require much cooking: 
 strain olf tho mejit and mash the pesis into tlie soup; sea- 
 son with black pe{)per, and let it dimmer one hour; fry two 
 or three slices of Itread a nice brown, cut into slices and 
 put into the bottom of the tureen, and on them pour tho 
 soup. 
 
 Tomato Soup. — Boil chicken or beef four hours; then 
 strain; adil to the soup one can of tomatoes and bell ono 
 hour. This will make four quarts of soup. 
 
 Tomato Soup without Neat. — One quart of tomatoes, 
 one quart of water, cue quurc < f milk. Butter, salt and 
 pepper to taste. Cook the t' n-.avx-s thoroughly in the 
 water, have the milk SLildir.g (>>Ter water to prevent 
 scorching). ^\ hen the tomatoes are done add a largo tea- 
 spoonful of salaiatus, which will cause a violent effer- 
 vescence. It is best to set thevesjel inapan before adding 
 it to prevent waste. When the <»mmotion has ceased add 
 t]io milk and seasoning. WTien it is possible it is best to 
 use more milk than water, and cream instead of butter. 
 The soup is eaten with crack'^ra and is by some preferred 
 to oyster soup. This recipe is rery Talnablefor those who 
 keep abstinence days. 
 
 Turkey Soup.— Take tho turkey bones and cook for 
 ono hour in water enough to cover them; then ntir in a 
 little dressing and a beaten egg. Take from the lire, and 
 when I ho water has ceased boiling mid a little butter with 
 Jjcpper ami halt. 
 
 Voal Gravy. — I'ut in the gtowimn bits of lard, then a 
 few thin Hlieesof hiiin, li few bits of butter, then slic'CH of 
 llllet of Veal, nliced onions, carrots, parsnipH, celery, a few 
 (doves upon the meat, and twoKpoonfuls of broth; sot it 
 on tho lire till tho veal throws out itajtiiees; then put it on 
 a stronger liiu till thu meat catches to tho bottom of tho 
 pan, and is brought to a proper color; then add a Huflicient 
 (|iianlity of light broth, and dimmer it upon a slow iiro 
 till tho meat is well doiu>. A little tliynioaiulmiishroomB 
 may bo addt'd. Skim and sift it clear for iiso. 
 
 Veal Soup. — To a knuckle of veal of <> pounds, put 7 
 or It ijiuirls of water; boil down one-half; skim it well. 
 This IS better to do tho day before you prepare tho soup 
 for tho table. Thicken it by rubbing Hour, butter, and 
 water together. Season with salt and mace. When done 
 aiul Olio pint new milk; let it iust como to a boil; then 
 [lour into a soup dish, lined witli macaroni well cooked. 
 
 Vegfetable Soup. — I'aio and slice five or six encum- 
 bers; ami aild to these as many cos lettuces, a sprig or two 
 of mint, two or three onions, some pepjier and salt, a pint 
 and a half of young peas and a little jjarsley. I'ut these, 
 with half a poumi of fresh butter, into a saucepan, to 
 stew in their own liquor, near a gentle fire, half an hour, 
 then pour two quarts of boiling water to tho vegetables, 
 and stew them two lioiirs; rub down a little fioiir into a 
 teacupful of water, boil it with tho rest twenty minutes, 
 and servo it. 
 
 Vermicelli Soup. — Boil tender i lb. of vermicelli in » 
 (juart of rich gravy; take naif of it out, and add to it more 
 gravy; boil till the vermicelli can be pulped through a 
 sieve. To both put a pint of boiling cream, a lit.le salt, 
 and ^ lb. of Parmesan cheese. Serve with rasped bread. 
 Add two or three eggs, if you like. 
 
 Brown Vermicelli Soup. — Is made in the same man- 
 ner, leaving out tho eggs and cream, and adding one quart 
 of strong beef gravy. 
 
 HOW TO COOK VEGETABLES 
 
 How to Boil Artichokes.— If tho artichokes aro very 
 young, aiiout an inch of the stalk can be left; but should 
 they bo full grown, tho stalk must be cut quite close. 
 Wash thom well and put them into strong salt and water 
 to soak for a couple of hours. Pull away a few of the 
 lower leaves, and snip off tho points of all. Fill a sauce- 
 pan with water, tlirow some salt into it, let it boil up, and 
 then remove tho scum from tho top; put the artichokes in, 
 with tho stalks upward, and let them boil until tho leaves 
 can bo loosened easily; this will take from thirty to forty 
 minutes, according to tho age of the artichokes. The 
 saucepan should not bo covered during tho time they are 
 boiling. Rich melted butter is always sent to tho .table 
 with them. 
 
 New Mode to Dress Asparag-us.— Scrape the grass, tie 
 it up in bundles, uiid cut the eiuls off an even length. 
 Ilavo ready a saucepan, with boiling water, and salt in 
 proportion of a heaped saltspoonful to a quart of water. 
 Put in the grass, standing it on tho bottom with the greon 
 heads out of the water, so that they are not liablo to be boiled 
 off. If tho water boils too fast, dash in a little cold water. 
 When the grass has boiled a quarter of an hour it will be 
 sufficiently done; remove it from the saucepan, out off 
 the ends down to the edible part, arrange it on a dish 
 
%iu\ cook for 
 lii'ti Ntir ill H 
 
 tllU lil'il, UIIll 
 
 butter with 
 
 Iiird, then u 
 Ir'Ii HJiceH of 
 cclory, II ft'w 
 i)rotli; HC't it 
 lu'ii ))iit it on 
 )ttom of tlio 
 (1 u Hiinioicnt 
 I II hIhw (Iro 
 1 iiiuHiiroonig 
 
 iiiiiiIh, put 7 
 kill! it wuil. 
 iiro tlio 80111) 
 butter, aiul 
 Wlicii iloiio 
 a txiii; tlion 
 ;il cooked. 
 • six cucuin- 
 fll)i'ig or two 
 il salt, a pint 
 I'ut tlieie, 
 laucepan, to 
 alf an hour. 
 ) vt'gotables, 
 Hour into a 
 ity minutes, 
 
 rmicelli in a 
 1(1 to it more 
 1 through a 
 a lil.le salt, 
 sped bread. 
 
 same man- 
 ig one quart 
 
 ILES 
 
 Ics are very 
 
 Ibiit should 
 
 luito close. 
 
 [and water 
 
 few of the 
 
 ill a sauce- 
 
 loil up, and 
 
 f chokes in, 
 
 the leaves 
 
 J to forty 
 
 [cs. The 
 
 they are 
 
 the .table 
 
 3 grass, tie 
 length. 
 Id salt in 
 lof water. 
 Itlie greon 
 Ibe boiled 
 ^Id water, 
 will be 
 out off 
 diah ia 
 
 COOKERT P,E(-trK8. 
 
 3t)U 
 
 a round pyramid, with the heads toward the middle of 
 tlin (liHh, and boil Honio v^^^h hard; uut thoiii in two, ami 
 pla(!ntlioin round llm (UmIi ([uiUi hot. Hcrvo niclted bullur 
 III a Hui'co-tiiro'u; and llioHit who like it rub l!io yoke of u 
 hard c^'}; into the butter, whiuh makes a duliuious auuce tu 
 tlie ariparii}{iiH. 
 
 How to Boll Asparagrus.— .Scrape the asparagus; tie 
 tliein in hiiuiII biiiicInH; tjoil Ihoiii in a large pun of water 
 with Hiilt ill it; before you dish them up toast sonin slices 
 of bread, and then dip tiieiii ill the lioiinig wiitpr; lay the 
 asparagus on the toasts; pour on thciii ni;!i lueltud butter, 
 and Herve hot. 
 
 Ragrout of Asparagus.— Out sniail nftparagus like 
 gropii peah; the best, nieiliod is to break them olT first; 
 then tie thuiii in sinall bunelies to cut, boil tiiein till half 
 done; theu drain them, and linisli with butter, a little 
 broth, liorb.s, two cloves, and a sprig of savory. When 
 done, takeout the cloves, herbs, ete., nii.x two yolks of 
 eggs, w'tli a little Hour, and broth, to gariiiHh a first 
 coiir.ne dish. Miit if you intend to serve it in a second 
 course mix cream, a little salt, mid sugar. 
 
 French Beans, a la Creme.— Slieo the beans and 
 boil tbein in water with salt. When soft, drain. Put 
 intoastewpan two ounees of fre.sh butter, the yolks of 
 three eggs, beaten up into a gill of cream, and sot over a 
 slow fire. When hot, aild a spoonful of vinegar, simmer 
 for five :iiinutoH. 
 
 To Preserve French Beans for Winter.— Pick them 
 
 young, and throw inio a little wooden keg a layer of them 
 three inches deep; then sprinkle them with salt, put an- 
 other layer of beans, and do the same as high as you think 
 proper, alternately with salt, but not too much of this. 
 Lay over them a plate, or cover of wood, that will go into 
 the keg, and put a heavy stone on it. A jiii^klu will rise 
 from the beans and salt. If they are too salt, the soaking 
 and boiling will not bo sutlicient to make them pleasant 
 to the taste. 
 
 Stewed Beans. — Roil them in water in which a lump 
 of liutter lias been j)laced; jirescrve them as white as you 
 can; chop a few sweet herbs with some parsley very fine; 
 then stew ihoiii in a pint of the water in tvhicli the leaves 
 have been boiled, and to which a quartorof a pint of cream 
 has been added; stew until quite tender, then add the 
 beans, and stew five minutes, thickening with butter ami 
 flour. 
 
 How to Boil Broccoli.— Peel the thic k skin of the 
 stalks, and iioil for neai'ly a (|iiarter of an hour, with a lit- 
 tle bit of soda, then ])ut in salt, and boil five minutes 
 more. Hroeooli and savoys taste better when a little 
 bacon is boilotl with them. 
 
 How to boil Cabbage. — Cut off the outside leaves, 
 and cut it in quarters; jiick it well, and wash it clean; 
 boil it in a large quantity of water, with jilenty of salt in 
 it; when it is tender and a fine light green, lay it on 
 a sieve to drain, but do not squeeze it, it will take off 
 the flavor; have ready some very rich melted butter, or 
 chop it with cold butter. Greens must be boiled the same 
 way. Strong vegetables like turnips and cabbage, etc., 
 require much water. 
 
 Cabbage Salad. — Three eggs well beaten, one cup of 
 vinegar, two tablespoons of mustard, salt and pepper, one 
 tablespoon of butter; let this mixture come to a boil, when 
 cool add seven tablespoons of cream, half a head of cab- 
 bage shaved fine. 
 
 How to Boil Cauliflowers.— Strip the leaves which 
 you do not intend to use, and put the cauliflowers into 
 salt and water some time to force out snails, worms, etc. 
 Boil them twelve minutes on a drainer in ple'^.ty of water, 
 
 ■!i 
 
 Egg-Plant.— Slice the egg-nlant an 
 in tliiekiiecs, pare it, and spr'nklo salt 
 
 n 
 
 then add salt, and boil fin, , ix miniitM lonpt^r. Skim 
 well while boiling. Take o.4t and drain. Servo with 
 melted butrer, or u sauce made of butter, cream, pejiper 
 and i'.ilt. 
 
 How to Fry Cauliflowers.— Wash as before. Koil 
 twenty ni thirty minute.'^; (".It it into small portions, and 
 eo'il. l)ip the portions twice into a batter made of flour, '^ 
 milk and egg. and fry them in butter. '.rve with gravy. ■ 
 
 Cucumbers for Immediate Use.— Slice, sprinkle ' 
 
 with salt; let them stand several hours, drain, ami then 
 put to them sliced onions, vinegar to cover them, and 
 salt, pepper, etc. Cayenne pepj)er and grouiid mustard i 
 render them wholesome. " 
 
 Stewed Celery. — Wash and clean six or eight heads of 
 celery, let theiii bo atiout three inches long; boil tendei^ '' 
 and pour off all the water; heat the yolks of four eggs, ^ 
 and mix with half a pint of crer.m, mace and sail; set )t'<> 
 over the fire with the celery, and keep shaking until it'; 
 thickens, then serve hot. "* 
 
 Cold Slaw. — Half a head of cabbage cut vc.y fine, a 
 stalk of celery cut fine — or teaspoon of celery seed — or, a ' 
 tablespoon of celery essence, four hard-boiled eggs, whiten i 
 chopped verv fine, a teaspoon of mustard, a tablespoon of . 
 butter and tlio yolks of tin boiled eggs, salt and pepper, 1' 
 mix well; take an egg well beaten ami stir in a cup ol 1 
 boiling vinegar, pour over and cover for ft few minutes. '■'■ 
 
 an eighth of an inch 
 pare it, and spr'nklo salt over it an hour be-n 
 fore cooking; then drain .<ii all the water, bent up the'-' 
 yolk of an egg. dip the slices first in the egg, and tiien iii ' 
 crumbs of bread; fry a nice brown. Serve hot, and frtJb'I 
 from fat. m 
 
 How to Cook Egg-Plant.— Cut the egg-plant in slices 
 half an inch thick, sprinkle a thin layer of salt betweeh ' 
 the slices, and lav them one over the other; and let them' ' 
 stand an hour. 'This draws out the bitter principal from' ' 
 tlie egg-plant, and also u part of the water. Then lay^ 
 each slice in flour, put in hot fat and fry it brown on lioth'' 
 sides. Or boil the egg-jilant till te* der, remove the skin, "' 
 mash fine, mix with an equal quantity of bread orcrackel^'' 
 crumbs, and .salt, pepper and bake half an hour. Tin*' 
 makes a delightful dish, and a very digestible one, as it 
 has so little oily matter in it. 
 
 How to Broil Mushrooms.— Pare some la.ge, open 
 mu.shrooms, leaving t!ie stalks on, paring them to a pointf • 
 wash them well, and turn them on the back of a drying ! 
 sieve to drain. Put into a stewpan two ounces of butter, '' 
 some chopped parsley, and shalots, then fry them for a '' 
 minute Oil the fire; when melted, i)lace your mushrootrt'' 
 stalks upward on a saucepan, then pour the butter attcJ'' 
 parsley over all the mushrooms; ])epi>er and salt thett'''' 
 well with black pepper put them in the oven tobroil; wh" ' 
 done, put a little good stock to them, give them a b.il ' 
 and dish them, ponr the liquor over them, adding morf. ■ 
 gravy, but let it be put in hot. 
 
 How to Pickle Onions. — Take two quarts of the small 
 white round onions. Scald them in very strong salt and-' • 
 water. Just lot them boil. Strain, peel, jilace in jarff^''' 
 cover tliem with the best white wine vinegar. In twcj"- 
 days pour all the vinegar off, and boil it half an hour,'" 
 with a teaspoonful of cayenne pepper, 1 ox. of ginger, I® ' 
 cloves, i oz. ground mustard, 2 ozs. mustard seed. Wht^tf"'. 
 cold, pour upon the onions. Some persons prefer the ^^ 
 vinegar boiling hot. "u ■• ' 
 
 How to Fricassee Parsnips. — Boil in nailk till they 
 are soft, then cut them lengthwise in bits two or tlrefe'' 
 iucb«a long, and simmer in a white sauce, made of twd' 
 
 > 
 
 with 
 
 !>per 
 
 Moil 
 and 
 our, 
 
 iiLIa 
 lion 
 uihI 
 
 I a I'd 
 
 of 
 uler 
 
 4t it 
 it 
 
 V' : k 
 
 I'. U 
 
 i I ey 
 of 
 ipr. 
 
 lOl 
 
 1 1|( : , j 
 
 ihh 
 
 0- 
 
 t,lie 
 
 in 
 
 rie 
 
 I'CH 
 
 l en 
 
 rin 
 
 I'lii 
 
 lav 
 
 ♦)lli 
 
 ill, 
 
 or 
 
 lis 
 
 it 
 
 leii 
 lit; 
 ng 
 or, 
 • a 
 ini 
 ini] 
 •1)1 
 en 
 oil 
 iro 
 
 li 
 
 ikid 
 
 I 's; 
 
 vo ■ 
 
 i,r, 
 
 k; 
 
 ! It 
 
 tf^ 
 
'l!l 
 
 COOKERY RECIPES. 
 
 II 
 
 spoonfuls of broth, and a bit of mace, half a cupful of 
 cream, ;v bit of butter, and soino flour, pepper and salt. 
 
 How to Mash Parsnips. — Boil them tender, scrape 
 then niasli tlieni in a stewpan with a little cream, a good 
 piece of butter, aud pepper and salt. 
 
 How to Stew Parsnips.— Boil them tender; scrape 
 and cut into slices; put them into a saucepan with cream 
 enough; for Fauce, a piece of butter rolled in flour, and a 
 little SJilt; shako the sauccjjan often, when the cream boils, 
 pour them into a dish. 
 
 How to Boil Peas. — Peas should not be shelled long 
 before they are wanted, nor boiled in inucti water; when 
 the water boils, put them in with a little salt (some add a 
 little loaf piigar, but if they are sweet of themselves, it is 
 superfluous); when the jieas begin to dent in the middle 
 they are boiled enough. Strain, and put a piece of butter 
 in the dish, and stir. A little mint should be boiled v.'ith 
 the peas. 
 
 Puree of Potatoes. — This differs from mashed pota- 
 toes only in the eni])kr,ment of more milk and butter, and 
 in the whole being carefully reduced toajierfectlysmooth, 
 thick, cream-like mixture. Where economy is a great ob- 
 ject, and where rich dishes are not desired, the following 
 is an admirable mode of mashing potatoes : Boil thcni 
 till thoroughly done, having added a handful of snlt to the 
 water, then dry them well, and with two forks placed back 
 to back beat the whole up until no lumps areleft. If done 
 rapidly, potatoes thus cooked are extremely light and 
 digestible. 
 
 How to Boil Potatoes. — Boil in a saucepan without 
 lid, witii only sullicient water to cover them; more would 
 spoil thom, as the potatoes contain much water, and it re- 
 quires to bo expelled. When the water nearly boils po-.ir 
 it ofl", and add cold water, with a good portion o^ 'dt. 
 The cold water sends the heat from the surface to the cen- 
 ter of the potato, and makes it mealy. Boiling with a lid 
 on often produces cracking. 
 
 New Potatoes. — Should be cooked soon after having 
 been dug; wash well, and boil. 
 
 The Irish, who boil potatoes to perfection, say they 
 should always bo boiled in their jacki'ts,' as peeling them 
 for boiling is only offering a premium for water to run 
 through the potato, and rendering it sad and unpalatable; 
 they shou! ' be well washed, and put into cold water. 
 
 New Potatoes. — Have them as freshly dug as may be 
 convenient; the longer they have been out of the ground 
 the less well-flavored they are. AVell wash them, rub ofl 
 the skins with a coarse cloth or brush, and jiut them into 
 boiling water, to which has been added salt, at the rate of 
 one heaped teaspoonful to two quarts. Let them boil till 
 tender — try thom with a fork; they will take fron> ten or 
 fifteen minutes to half an hour, according to size. When 
 done, pour away the water, and set by the side of the flre, 
 with the lid aslant. Whentliey arc quite dry, have ready a 
 hot vegetable dish, and iutho middle of it put a piece of but- 
 ter the size of a walnut — some people like more — heap the 
 potatoes round it and over it, and serve immediately. Wo 
 have seen very young potatoes, no larger than a marble, 
 parboiled, and then fried in cream till they are of a fine 
 auburn color; or else, whei* larger, boiled till nearly ready, 
 then sliced and fried in cream, with pepper, salt, a very 
 little nutmeg, and a flavoring of lemon juice. Both make 
 pretty little supper dishes. 
 
 Potatoes Roasted under the Meat.— These are very 
 good; they should bo nicely browned. Half boil large mealy 
 potatoes; put into a baking dish, under the meat roasting; 
 ladle th« gravy upon them occasionally. They are best 
 don« in an oven. 
 
 Potato Ribbons. — Cut the potatoes into slices, rather 
 more than half an inch thick, and then pare round and 
 round in very long ribbons. Place them in a pan of cold 
 water, and a short time before wanted drain them from 
 the water. Fry them in hot lard, or good dripping, until 
 crisp and browned; dry them on a soft cloth, pile them on 
 a hot dish, and season with salt and cayenne. 
 
 Potato Rolls. — Boil three lbs. of potatoes; crush and 
 work them with two ozs. of butterandasmuch milk aswill 
 cause them to pass through a colander; take half a pint of 
 j-east and half a pint of warm water; mix with the pota- 
 toes; pour the whole upon 5 lbs. of flour; add salt; knead 
 it well; if too thick, put to it a little more milk and warm 
 water; stand before the fire for an hour to rise; work it well 
 and make it into rolls. Bake it half an hour. 
 
 Potato Rissoles. — Boil the potatoes floury; mash them, 
 seasoning them with salt and a little cayenne; mince pars- 
 ley very fine, and work up with the potatoes, adding es- 
 chalot, also chopped small. Bind with yolk of egg, roll 
 into balls, and fry with fresh butter over a clear fire. Meat 
 shred finely, bacon or ham may be added. 
 
 Potato Sautees. — These are even more agreeable with 
 meat than fried potatoes. Cold boiled potatoes are sliced 
 up, and tossed up in a saucepan with butter, mixed with a 
 little chopped parsley, till they are lightly browned. Pure 
 goose or other dripping is by many cooks preferred to but- 
 ter for this purpose. 
 
 Potato Souffles. — The delicious blistered potatoes are 
 prepared as follows : The potatoes, if small, are simply cut 
 in halves; if large, cut in three c ' more slices; these are 
 fried in the usual way, hut are taken out before they are 
 quite done, and set aside to get cold; when wanted they 
 are fried a second time, but only till they are of a light 
 golden color, not brown. 
 
 Tomatoes. — Cut ripe tomatoes into slices, put them in 
 a buttered dish with some bread crumbs, butter, pepper 
 and salt, and bake till slightly brown on top. 
 
 Forced Tomatoes. — Prepare the following forcemeat : 
 Two ounces of mushrooms, minced small, a couple of shal- 
 ots, likewise minced, a small quantity of parsley, aslice of 
 lean ham, chopped line, a few savory herbs, and a little 
 cayenne and salt. Put all these ingredients into a sauce- 
 pan with a lump of butter, and stew all togethcruntil quite 
 tender, taking care that they do not burn. Put it by to 
 cool, ana then mix with them some bread crumbs and 
 the well beaten yolks of two eggs. Choose large tomatoes, 
 as nearly of the same size as possible, out a slice from the 
 stalk end of each, and take out carefully the seeds and 
 juice; fill them with the mixture which has already been 
 prepared, strew them over with bread and some melted 
 butter, and bake them in a quick oven until they assume a 
 rich color. They are a good accompaniment to veal or 
 calf's head. 
 
 To Mash Turnips. — Boil them very tender. Strain till 
 no water is left. Place in a saucepan over a gentle fire, 
 and stir well a few minutes. Do not let them burn. Add 
 a liltle cream, or milk, or both, salt butter and pepper. 
 Add a tablespoonful of fine sugar. Stir and ^^immer five 
 minutes longer. 
 
 To Boil or Stew Vegetable Marrow.— This excellent 
 
 vegetable may be boiled as asparagus. When boiled, di- 
 vide it lengthwa^o into two, aud serve it upon a toast ac- 
 companied by melted butter; or when nearly boiled, divide 
 it as above, and stew gently in gravy like cucumbers. Care 
 should be taken to choose young ones not exceeding six 
 inches in length. 
 
to slices, rather 
 mro round and 
 II a pan of cold 
 ain them from 
 dripping, until 
 li, pile them on 
 le. 
 
 oes; crush and 
 iich milk as will 
 ) half a pint of 
 with the pota- 
 idd salt; knead 
 milk and warm 
 ise; work it well 
 ur. 
 
 iry; mash them, 
 le; mince pars- 
 les, adding es- 
 k of egg, roll 
 'lear fire. Meat 
 
 agreeable with 
 atoes are sliced 
 r, mixed with a 
 irowned. Pure 
 •eferred to but- 
 
 id potatoes are 
 are simply cut 
 lices; these are 
 )efore they are 
 n wanted they 
 are of a light 
 
 !s, put them in 
 butter, pepper 
 ). 
 
 ing forcemeat : 
 couple of shal- 
 rsley, a slice of 
 s, and a little 
 I into a siiuce- 
 theruntil quite 
 Put it by to 
 d crumbs and 
 arge tomatoes, 
 slice from the 
 the seeds and 
 3 already been 
 I some melted 
 they assume a 
 ent to veal or 
 
 er. Strain till 
 a gentle fire, 
 m burn. Add 
 r and pepper. 
 i simmer five 
 
 •This excellent 
 en boiled, di- 
 on a toast ac- 
 ' boiled, divide 
 numbers. Care 
 exceeding six 
 
 '^'^^'^'^'^'^>^'<ii''li'^M^m''l^ 
 
 ^.P.^,P.^.tif^.^,tif!>.i>.PAf!ifl*.if. \2 
 
 •T^51^ 
 
 "3^%-* — *-^«se* 
 
 HIE oldest, largest and wealthiest 
 banking institution in existence 
 at the present time is the Bank 
 of England. This wonderful 
 estalilishmont, which makes itself 
 felt in every money market in the 
 world, and at home occupies such 
 a conspicuous position in commercial and 
 financial ailairs, was cliartcred in IGltJ:, 
 with a ca])ital of £l,'2t)0,(X)U. At vari- 
 ous times since, additions havo been 
 made un- 
 til the 
 capi t a 1 
 is now 
 £14,5 53,- 
 000, or about ?T2,000,- 
 000. The Bank of Eng- 
 land covers a quadran- 
 gular space of about 
 four acres, with a street 
 on every side. The 
 buildings aie of one 
 story, and have no win- 
 dows towards any of the 
 thoroughfares. There is 
 
 little in the external BANK OF 
 
 ajipearance to attract attention. Witliin, there are 
 nine cou'ts, which afford ample sunlight and ventila- 
 tion, away from the noise and dust of the street. 
 During its long existence, this great institution has 
 passed through some dangerous crises, such as the 
 rebellion of 1745, when its payments were made in 
 sixpences to gain time ; the trouble occasioned by the 
 ware with France, at the end of the last century, when 
 
 specie payments were suspended, and not resumed until 
 1S23 ; and during the time of the commercial difficul- 
 ties in 1H25, when its treasure was reduced to a very 
 low ebb, but, luckily, the tide turned before it wjis 
 exhausted. 
 
 The management of the Bank is intrusted to a gov- 
 ernor, deputy governor and twenty-four directoi-s, 
 eight of whom go out of office every year, but are 
 usually re-elected. The owners of stcx;k to the value 
 of £500 are entitled to vote fur directors. The gover- 
 nor must own stock to the amount of at least £4,000, 
 
 the deputy governor 
 £3,000, and a director 
 £2,000. The directors 
 and governors meet in 
 the " Bank parlor," 
 where the dividends are 
 declared, and the rate 
 of discount announced, 
 a point of groat import/- 
 ance to the money mar- 
 ket. The dividend on 
 £100 is 8 per cent, and 
 tlie market price of th^it 
 amount is about £250. 
 The number of per- 
 -NGLAND. sons cmiiloyed in the 
 
 Bank is about 900. The salary of a clerk entering at 
 seventeen i^ £70, and that of the head of a department 
 £1,200. The sum paid in salaries annually is £210,000, 
 and some of the clerks have amassed large fortunes. 
 There is an extensive library in the Bank for the use of 
 the clerks, and within its walls a fine, well-kept garden. 
 The profits of the Bank arise from various sources. 
 It issues notes and carries on the business of an ordi- 
 
M 
 
 896 
 
 BAN KINO, 
 
 H 
 
 
 ii 
 
 11 
 
 G 
 
 1 f nary 1 
 
 ing 1 
 
 govcn 
 
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 nation 
 
 to Ilea 
 
 books, 
 
 is paic 
 
 A V 
 
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 jweiglii 
 
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 ijTlie !,,• 
 
 1 :peeulia 
 
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 I la note 
 
 i-!to tho 
 
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 stall! 1\ 
 
 borne ill 
 
 i The. 
 
 Bank «i 
 
 •vliich 
 
 I jRoIjcrl ' 
 
 jinderJl 
 
 ' larj' 7, 
 
 ;ln 17M 
 
 , !00,0()o 
 
 j jver oni 
 
 •een of 
 
 XomvoM 
 
 ^Iphia. 
 
 I j From 
 
 iresent 
 
 snts, a 
 
 mg tt'i'i 
 
 nary liaiik, receiving deposits, discounting bills, mak- 
 ing loans, etc. A large cash balance belonging to the 
 govi'rnnicnt is always in its hands, and of this a profit 
 is made. The liank, for its services in managing the 
 national debt — which funded and unfunded, amounts 
 to nearly eiglil hundred million pounds — keeping the 
 
 , books, attending to tmnsfei-s, receiving the taxes, etc., 
 is jiaid £212,000 a year. 
 
 A very liirge amount of bullion is kept in its vaults, 
 aa a reserve to meet any run that may be made upon 
 the bank. The Bullion OfKco is a special department 
 
 .with its own stall' of clerks. The gold is in bars, each 
 weighing 1(> &)s, while the silver is in pigs and bars, or 
 in bags of coin. The paper currency of the realm is 
 issued from this Bank, and there is usually from 
 eighieen to nineteen millions sterling in circulation. 
 The jiajicr upou which these notes are jirinted is of 
 peculiar texture and make, aii(( together wi.li the 
 lirinting, is more dilKcult to counterfeit 
 than our United States currency. When 
 
 :a note that has licen issued, is returned 
 to the Bank, it is immediately canceled, 
 and consequently new notes are con- 
 stiintly issuing to replace those that 
 come in. 
 
 TheoldcstbankinouroM'iicountryistho 
 Bank of North America, at rhiladeljihia, 
 which Wiis founded by the venerable 
 Robert ^loiris, under the advice of Alex- 
 ander liamliton, and began business Jan- s. 
 iiary 7, 1782, Avith a capit^il of $4CK),00(). 
 In 1784 its capital was increased to $2,- 
 000,000. During all its long career of 
 over one hundred years, it has, in many trying times, 
 been of valualilc service to our government, the com- 
 monwealth of Pennsylvania, and the city of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 From the founding of this notable institution to the 
 present time, it has been presided over by seven presi- 
 dents, and seven cashiers, most of whom served for 
 lonjr terms. The career of the bank has been a clieck- 
 ered one, and although marked with success, it has at 
 times been driven, in common with other Iwuks, to 
 suspend specie payment. 
 
 In the summer of 1798 the prevalence of j'ellow 
 fever was such, and its ravages so disastrous in the 
 neighborhood of the bank, that it was thought unsafe 
 for the clerks to attend to their daily duties. The 
 Bank was acconlingly removed temporarily to German- 
 town and occupied a portion of a school house, Avhero 
 
 BANK OF NORTH AMERICA 
 (Prior to 1846.) 
 
 remained and carried on business for about two 
 
 months, when the bank again resumed its cpiarters in 
 town. 
 
 The Bank of North America commenced business in 
 a store building on Chestnut street near Third, belong- 
 ing to its cashier, and continued to occupy and conduct 
 its business for upward of sixty-tive years, or until its 
 present building was erected in 1847. The old build- 
 ing was never well adajited to the use of the bank, 
 and, licsides, from the fragile construction of the walls, 
 was not considered safe. On one occasion the bank, 
 by the merest accident, escaped the jierpetriition of a 
 robbery. When I'orter, the mail robber, was arrested, 
 tried, and sentenced to death for robbing the Reading 
 mail, in Decemlier, 1829, he sent for James S. Smith, 
 Es(i., counsel for the bank, and confessed to him that 
 a jilan had been laid for robbing the bank, which would 
 undoubtedly have been put into execution but for his 
 arrest. The method in Avliich this was to have been 
 accomiilished was substantially as fol- 
 ows : 
 
 A narrow alley ran northward from 
 Chestnut street, on the west side of the 
 bank, which was at that time patrolled 
 at night by a watchman employed by 
 the bank. Porter and his confederates 
 had, on some pretense, obtained access 
 to the banking house during business 
 hours, and had discovered that the vault 
 wherein the specie was kept was situated 
 E on the western side of the building back- 
 I ing on this alley. They found, too, that 
 owing to the miserable construction of 
 the whole building, but one thickness of 
 brick intervened between the alley and the vault. Hav- 
 ing ascertained the distance of the vault from the front 
 of the building, they had stepped a like distance in the 
 alley, and had mutually marked the part of the west 
 wall constituting the back of the vault. Their plan 
 was to seize and gag the bank watchman at night, cut 
 through the brick wall, and so possess themselves of 
 the contents of the vault. On hearing this story, the 
 directors, of course, at once took steps to have the 
 M'cstern walls so strengthened as to preclude the possi- 
 bility of another such attemjit. The attention of the 
 directore was also forcibly directed to the ruinous state 
 of tlie building by the sudden falling of two bricks 
 from the wall in the president's room during business 
 hours, in the eai'ly part of 1847. 
 
 During the great panic of 18.57 the Bank of North 
 America Avas, like others, compelled to suspend the 
 payment of specie, but a noteworthy fact connected 
 
ts quarters in 
 
 n\ hiisiiu'ss in 
 'liinl, bolong- 
 .' luid conduct 
 s, "I- until its 
 "he old huild- 
 of the bank, 
 of the walls, 
 on the bank, 
 eti-iition of a 
 ivas arrested, 
 the Koading 
 OS S. Snn"th, 
 to him that 
 vln'cJi would 
 1 but for his 
 > have 1)epn 
 My as fol- 
 
 iward from 
 side of the 
 patrolled 
 nployed by 
 oufederates 
 ined access 
 g business 
 t the vaidt 
 IS situated 
 v.g back- 
 too, that 
 uction of 
 kno.ss of 
 t. Hav- 
 the front 
 e in the 
 the west 
 leir plan 
 ght, cut 
 selves of 
 r>ry, the 
 ive the 
 le possi- 
 f)f the 
 us state 
 bricks 
 iisiness 
 
 North 
 snd the 
 inected 
 
 BANKING. 
 
 with the success of this banking institution is, that 
 d iring nv existence of over one Inuuh'ed years, it never 
 missed declaring its .iemi-annual dividend except five 
 times, and that during a i)anic unexanii)lod for its mag- 
 nitude and disastrous effects upon the business com- 
 nuinity. 
 
 The Bank of North America, always loyal to the 
 United Stiites government, for whose aid it M'as origi- 
 nally organized, rendered vahiable service to the country 
 in a financial way during the rebellion, and although 
 it took its i)lace under the national system, the gov- 
 ernment at Washington allowed it, through respect 
 for its age, to retain Its old name, without adding the 
 word " National." 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF A BANK. 
 
 The organization of a bank imder a general law, 
 either national or state, is a very simple matter. Arti- 
 cles of association are drawn up in ac- 
 cordance with the statute of the state 
 or act of congress. In either the form 
 is nearly always i)rescribed. These arti- 
 cles recite, 1st, the title of the proposed 
 bank ; 2d, the amount of its capital 
 stock, the nniriber of shares into which 
 it is divided and the amount of each. 
 Usually these articles contain the names 
 of the first directors and are signed l>y 
 them, the act of subscription including 
 their election. Eaih subscriber to the 
 capital stock jjlaces opposite his name 
 the numljer of shares he desires. 
 
 When the capit^il stock is all taken 
 up 
 
 BANK OF NORTH AMERICA 
 (Since 1846.) 
 
 a certificate of organization must be filed with 
 the secretary of stjite, and a certified copy thereof 
 with the clerk or recorder of the county in which 
 the bank is located. Generally a publication of the 
 articles of association is made necessary by strife law. 
 The executive management of the bank is confided 
 to a board of director- . who are elected annually, at a 
 meeting of stockholdi'is. These directors are usually 
 selected from among the wealthiest stockholders, for 
 their business experience, their sttuiding in community 
 and consequent influence in gaining business for the 
 bank. They are expected to meet Aveekly or semi- 
 weekly for the purpose of regulating the atfairs of the 
 bank, discussing its present and future iwlicy, and the 
 status of money matters in general. In most banks 
 they also pass on the merits of paper offered for dis- 
 count, although in some banks this is left almost 
 entirely to the cashier or president. 
 
 THE PRESIDENT. 
 The pre,sidenl is elected by the directors. He should 
 l)e and generally is the exciutive officer of the bank. 
 In all legal relations, he is the bank, as he is plaintiff 
 and ih'fendant in suits at law. The president, with the 
 cashier, signs the shares of stock issued to share- 
 holilcrs. 
 
 The directors depend upon the president for their 
 knowletlge of the transactions of the bank, and his 
 vote or advice settles most of the questions of bank 
 policy that come before the board. 
 
 They also depend upon him for an explanation of the 
 weekly or semi- weekly " bank statement." Hence the 
 })ank president needs be, and if successful must be, a 
 man of ai)provcd and tried character, of good educa- 
 tion, and having a large fund of general knowledge, 
 keen sagacity in olxjerving character, quick in arriving 
 at conclusions and decided in action, with a thorough 
 knowledge of the })rinciples and prac- 
 tice of book-keeping. 
 
 The weekly or semi-weekly bank 
 .statement, for instance, is as unintelli- 
 gible to the ordinary business man as 
 so many characters in an imknown 
 language. 
 
 It is simply an accumulation of 
 figures, l)ut to the skilled president it 
 shows not only the actual jjreseut con- 
 dition of th" bank, but all its availii- 
 >)ilities to meet not only jjrobable but 
 l)ossible contingencies. The successful 
 bank jiresident must watch the cm-rents 
 of trade, must not only forecast the 
 future, but he must keep his bank in a condition to 
 meet any possil)le eljb or flow in the financial tides, as 
 he is the personal and moral representative of his 
 bank. If disaster overtakes the bank, upon his head 
 will rest the heaviest Aveight of the l)lame. 
 
 Also, to attract the proper class of customers, the 
 president should Ije honorable and high minded in all 
 his own dealings, and free from speculation of any sort 
 
 or kind. 
 
 THE CASHIER. 
 
 The cashier is the president's right hand, as to him 
 are committed all the details of the business. In many 
 resfKicts his duties are co-ordinate with those of the 
 president, while the super\'ision of the clerks and their 
 accounts, the correspondence with other banks and 
 customers, the signing of drafts drawn upon other 
 banks, iu fact, the executive work of the bank in all 
 
 \ 
 
i 
 
 It' J 
 
 I '!' 
 
 i 
 
 '"■i 
 
 ■H 
 
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 M 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
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 I 
 
 '* 
 
 1 ■ I' 
 
 l' 
 
 U 7 
 
 c 
 
 ■ i ; 
 
 H 
 
 BANKING. 
 
 its details Is his particular department. Like tlie 
 president, he is elected by the directors, yet he is 
 regarded in most cases as the direct representative of 
 the stockholders. 
 
 A faithful cashier has been known to respectfully 
 ncfratiro a vote of his Itoard of directors as to the 
 policy of the bank liecause he hicw that tlicy were 
 wrong. Yet, so far from being disciiargod, he was 
 afterward rewarded by a vote of approval from the 
 same directors, after events had proven him right and 
 they wrong. This was jjcrhaps an extreme case, and 
 shows the ca.shier's responsibility and strengtli of posi- 
 tion, when backed by approved integrity and ability, 
 and the vindication of his wisdom. 
 
 The cashier is the representative of the bank in its 
 daily dejdings with its customci"s. He needs all the 
 qualifications iiscril)ed to the successful president Avith 
 an additional im- 
 perturbability that 
 can 1m! milled by no 
 amount of fault- 
 finding or inter- 
 ruption. 
 
 He must have a 
 ]ierfcct m.istery of 
 accounts , so that his 
 eye can comprehend | 
 a page at a glance, 
 of any book or re- 
 cord kept by the 
 bank. He cannot 
 be expected, in a 
 large bank, to ex- 
 amine and prove all 
 the sepaiiite entries 
 
 and accounts, Init he can and must compare the foot- 
 ings of proof sheets with the general ledger. 
 
 He knows what book to look at and liow to inspect 
 it without any aid from the clerk who keeps it, in 
 order to test the system of the bank at any point. In 
 many banks, the cashier is the executive officer of the 
 bank, in fact, if not in name, and upon him depends 
 the success or failure of the whole institution. 
 
 One of the most important duties of the cashier is 
 the opening of accounts with new cnstcmiers, and this 
 is usually, if not always attended with some formali- 
 ties. The would-be customer i)rescnts himself at the 
 cashier's desk, either armed with a letter of introduc- 
 tion from a castomer of the bank, or accompanied by 
 a friend who is a depositor. 
 
 " Mr. Cashier, allow me to introduce Mr. Upper, of 
 
 the firm of Upper, Solo & C!o., who desires to open an 
 account with you." 
 
 After exchanging greetings, the cashier asks, 
 " What l)usiness are you engaged in, Mr. Upper?" 
 " I am engaged in the retail boot and shoe trade." 
 " Where is your place of business?" 
 " No. 234 Market street." 
 
 Meanwhile the cashier has opened a large hook called 
 a sir/nature booh, and has recorded the date, the address 
 and occupation of Mr. Upper, leaving a blank place 
 for his name. 
 
 " Just write your name in this book, Mr. Upper." 
 After the signature is recorded, the cashier either 
 instructs the receiving teller to receive the deposit of 
 the new customer, or wliat is perhaps a more polite 
 way, the cashier takes a deposit ticket from his desk, 
 fills it out for Mr. Upper, and places his own mark of 
 
 approval, jjerhajjs 
 the initial letters 
 of his name, at the 
 bottom. 
 
 •'Please handthis 
 to the receiving tel- 
 ler, together with 
 your deposit, and he 
 will give you a pass- 
 book." 
 
 The new deposi- 
 tor is thus inducted 
 into the first act, 
 free from all em- 
 barrassment. 
 
 If the customer 
 wishes simply to 
 
 INTERIOR VIEW OF THE FIRST NATTONAL BANK, CHICAGO. ^pp^ ^^ account 
 
 and says nothing about discounts or credit, the above 
 embraces about all the formalities, but where a line of 
 credit is asked, much more of detail must enter into 
 the tninsaction. 
 
 It may seem that a merchant is conferring a fiivor in 
 thus opening an account, and to a certain extent this 
 is true, but there are two substantial rea.s'ons for oi^en- 
 ing such an account: the first is, that a bank account 
 is a great convenience to the merchant, and the second, 
 and more important reason is, that it makes his c:i.«h 
 account elastic. That is to say, the merchant, hav- 
 ing had a good balance to his credit in the bank 
 during his busy season of the year, will be able, 
 when his dull season comes on and his cash is reduced or 
 exhausted, to secure all the ready money which he may 
 require in order to prosecute his business enterprise, — 
 
 jr**-* 
 
 S9B 
 
Iires to open an 
 
 fer asks, 
 
 Mr, Upper?" 
 I shoe trade." 
 
 \ge book called 
 (to, the address 
 [a blank place 
 
 ^Jr- Upper." 
 cashier either 
 the deposit of 
 [a more polite 
 irora his desk, 
 own mark of 
 'val, i)erhaj)s 
 pnitial letters 
 name, at the 
 ]m. 
 
 (lease hand this 
 
 receiving tel- 
 
 ogether M-ith 
 
 leposit.andhe 
 
 ive you a pass- 
 im 
 
 ' new deposi- 
 
 thus inducted 
 
 he first act, 
 
 ■om all em- 
 
 iment. 
 
 le customer 
 
 simply to 
 ^" account, 
 '» the above 
 're a line of 
 
 enter into 
 
 ' a favor in 
 ■xtent this 
 ' for oj)en- 
 ik account 
 le second, 
 ' his cjLsh 
 iiit, hav- 
 the bank 
 be able, 
 sduced or 
 ^ he may 
 rprise,— 
 
 BANKING. 
 
 his credit at the bank thus canying^ him over any 
 stringency. 
 
 Banks prefer small depositors to large ones. One 
 hundred depositors, carrying each a balance of a thou- 
 sand doUai-s, is preferable to one rlepositor with a T>al- 
 anco of one hundred thousuud dollars, for the dcjKJsitor 
 having a credit iKilance of one hundreol thoasaiid dol- 
 lai-s, is liable to come in at almont any time and draw 
 out his entire balance and then ask for a credit of i)er- 
 haps as much more, which, on arrount of his large; 
 deposits, the l)ank would not feel at lilierty to refuse. 
 While it is not at all probable that more than a few of 
 the one hundred smaller depositor* would desire to <lraw 
 out their balance at the same time. A bank havinir 
 heiivy depositors must, therefore, keep a large cash 
 capital idle in the vault to meet its demands, while the 
 bank having: only ^ ^^ , j £i:;^pi^»«^ i j 
 
 small accounts, may 
 loan its funds up to 
 a smaller reserve. 
 Bankers discourage 
 accounts that fluc- 
 tuate too much be- 
 tween large deposits 
 one month and 
 hca\y discounts the 
 next. 
 
 A regular depos- 
 itor in good stand- - 
 ing is entitled to a ^ 
 " line of discounts," 
 depending in size 
 upon the amount of 
 his balance, his char- 
 
 
 MEETING OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 actor for promptness, and the staWlity of the business 
 in which he is engaged. 
 
 When applied to for loans or disctmnts, it is the 
 cashier's duty to obtain the fact;^ concenihig the case, 
 so that he may lay these l)efore the Jxiard of directors 
 at their meeting, or, in case be is intrusted with the 
 responsibility of such matters, he may act safely. 
 
 Mr. Borrower calls on the caaMer to wxure the dis- 
 counting of certain notes, andas thi* is his first request 
 of the kind, and may lead to more extensive discounts 
 in the future, the cashier desires to satisfy himself more 
 fully concerning the |)aj)er and it-* would-ljc discounter. 
 He, therefore, upon leuming Mr- Borrower's errand, 
 retires with him to an inner room, consults his mercan- 
 tile agency reports concerning the standing of the 
 maker and indorsers of the paper offered for discount, 
 and the following conversation ensues: 
 
 "What amount of capital do you employ in your 
 buslr.3ss, Mr. Borrower?" 
 
 " I h« Vo a capital of twent'-five thousand dollars." 
 " What are your annual sales?" 
 " Our sales amount to about forty thoasand dollars 
 a year." 
 
 " Do you sell much on credit?" 
 " Yes, sir, our sales are largely on 30, 60 and 90 days' 
 time and on notes." 
 
 Other questions follow rapidly, and Mr. Borrower 
 tells the cashier the extent of his mnge of territoiy, 
 terms on which he buys, jdaces of purchase, and other 
 items, so that the ciishier gets a verj' goo«J idea of Mr. 
 Borrower's' financial standing and his i»robable ability 
 to meet his obligations. 
 
 »' If you Avill call in to-morrow, Mr. Borrower, I 
 
 ill let you know 
 what I can do on 
 these notes." 
 
 The interview 
 closetl, the ciishier 
 takes the first oji- 
 portunity to jot 
 down a sjniopsis of 
 the conversation 
 which has taken 
 place, together with 
 any comments or 
 impressions which 
 m:iy Ik? ujipennost 
 in his mind, in a 
 Kefcrenee Book, al- 
 phabetically ar- 
 ranged. Could the 
 customers of a bank always know what is noted down 
 in this reference book, they would not often denounce 
 the cashier for refusing to discount iKipp*-. which they 
 miglit consider as " good as wheat." 
 
 "Williain Funisworth. rotiiil grocery niPivhant. 260 Carroll 
 gtrnpt. Ucgaii business in ISC.^ with $5.'A"0 capital. Managing, 
 economical and coiigcicntion-!. Very fuccessful. Standing good. 
 1S(!8 continues to prosiier. Built fine hoiise on Pine »^t reel, cost 
 i?8,00n. Said to liave cleared 812.i>J0in the l:ist tliree years. Capi- 
 tal now .SS,000. tx'sides real est.ate. IS^JO-'Tfi-Tl l>u>iiie!:i! still quite 
 jirosperous, and atlairs in goodshapc Making money fast. 1872 to 
 '75 worth Sr)O.(MK), licsides real est.ite. 1?70 living high and t.akes 
 llyers ill the stock market. Cmtion. 1>T7 credit still good, large 
 husiness, hut has l)oen seen at gambling houses. Keep a sharp eye 
 on him. 1880 operates extensively in stocks, now often at gaming 
 table. 1881 reported to have lost 82«J.0OO in siieculatioiis within 
 the last three months. .Taiiuary. lSS->. no l>ofter. Shows effects of 
 drink. Credit on the decline. June. 1>-J. continues to grow 
 woi-so. Going down hill. March, Is^, ihiuk it advisable *o 
 reduce his account." 
 
 Stiitements to a l)ank cashier, should bear the stamp 
 
400 
 
 III iii| 
 
 BANKixo, 
 
 r-ioublo.! for,., an.! sov 1 !T"''7 "'" --t with 
 ^"E PAYING TELLER 
 
 ^'"•^- '••■".k. noul.I thh k f • "'■ "^ ^''^^ '«^"'<. in a 
 
 tiif iMMkinr, |,„ ; , ■'• *' ^'■"'» the very intn,-. .• ' '"'^'^ "^ '»% each .„, 1 ' "'"'"'»t'o»« are koi)t 
 
 Si 
 
 f;'''-^an....h■e„:;rrsM^'•"'''!''^^-"vi.., 
 
 f ';- a„.l be held to a w" r' ""'^'""^ «l'-ifi<- 
 
 """ther's responsibility. ' I, ,, "^ I'"'!' '"• --"no 
 "■'J"Ted of all the cJork • , " '''"''^'' '"'...Is are 
 
 P-tootiona^W J',;.;:;;;-;;''' -Pio,e. a« a .neu.n. :; 
 ;'"^-^"H.„t to .lefn.u,,. The.e 
 
 ^;n'l^'ti.sadvi,able to divide 
 between spv-r.i-^i 
 
 tJ>at the h«. would not fall 
 *«« heavily „,,,, ,„,. 
 
 be colle^-ted. A dinUor 
 -^^t not to ,..,„.,,„ J 
 be bond.n,a„ for a de.k i„ 
 
 "^^ fx-k of which he i. 
 d.rector. 
 
 The jKx.ition of p,^,,. 
 
 '^-sthen,ostre.p:,;H„: 
 
 f * '-t of the f^.;,,, let ;f r-* "' ^^^ ^•«^«. or 
 busmess. The vault key t th .*r"""*'"" ^^ its 
 
 reposed in him, a.d that-kJ,- he si '""n '" "' '''' *''"«* 
 one, under any eireumst.no '''' "'"•^"•'^r to no 
 
 the office, of 'the Ck hT' ""^^' *^ ^'^"^^^ fr- 
 
 Kn ^ -• . ^- •Tils Oivn ..«.,. -i .. 
 
 ". ^^'oZz:' "" ""^■'■"^ '«"-•• «o„„.. u ,,„„,„ 
 
 """^ "» hand at dose o{ iI„l. ! "^"■'•' ^^'^h the bal- 
 
 "T""^ ''^'^l«''it a,.,l credit of d I ""'^'"'''^ '^^ the 
 
 . U--'b' the bills of s „ ;'' "■'"^''""^^ «-ha„.es. 
 '" ""^■'^«t. of urty each', '''"'"'"'"'^tions are kept 
 
 ---tc>ra..,of^hes;,::it!^e''-^^"'l-i'o 
 
 J^no first dutv of f i. 
 
 The houi-s required fr.r f 1 
 
 J nied for the paying teller at hi« wicket 
 ^ ^ **^-^« ;- not long, usually Z^^ 
 
 «»a-m.tothreep.L,;^ 
 
 ^-".^ that time he is bC 
 2 . '''"'^'"'"^ *''<^t call for 
 P'ee'«.on, quickness of calcu. 
 
 J-t.o„, coolness of mind and 
 
 concentration upon the M-ork 
 betoi-e him n. 
 
 fi"ed by scrutiny of signa- 
 
 tnre HKWment, and C 
 Pecuhanties of each check 
 that™ayh,,,,,„,^^^^-fc 
 
 Almost universally in eity 
 ^nks the paying teller is 
 « one authorized to certify 
 *« hefrequctly interrupted^'' ' pI" '^ " "'^J^* 
 
 -^-^^««r^rT-po<hut 
 
 -nst.nces relating to the cI ^i"^: ""^^.^ ^tain cir- 
 
 '" "^'"^ J™"?!IJ™f 
 
 the officers of 'the LT V?'' ''^'^P* '"^ ^^ema,.d from t f "^'"^ "°* ^«^'e that sum f b 
 
 he-riouslveolro^l; •f'^ «-" ^^Pntatio.. mt,: :"'\^''^'^^'^--« -"^etimJcert'fiL " ? '^P°^'*' ^ut 
 
 «onfidi,.g the k^y of h . '"' """^'>' ^'estroyed bl '"'"^'""^^'^ ^^'ating to the ca^tl, .""''''' '''"*"'" ^^r- 
 
 other. Besid^ f ,V''"^'^°''«^-«»«"hourto' ^ T*^'^ ^^^'^h may make 7 f ''''**' '''"'^ «ther 
 
 -.nof^^r-^-:^,..;,^^^^^ ^"-. ^^Zr'^'-''^^-^^ "'^ *° '-' ''-^ ^^ 
 
 and certaiXouJht o rr ,•'"'' "' "-''^' P-bthW aTV ^''^ ^'•-- Shordlt ev"f h"".f ^ "'^^'^ ^^^e 
 
 to <iiWde the' re^;:! ,;'^, - ':^ ^ ^* ^^.^h^ be do.^' • ^^^ ^ '^^ strength Id riiaS^ '^ ^^'^*- 
 
 default. '"^' °^ « g'rave error or even -i l-T "^' '""" «r firm who J T^ ^' ^»^iahle 
 
 Nevertheleas hi. u ""* hesitation, the ^le!^ t ""^^ ''' ^"^^itied 
 
 I!)' 
 
 'U 
 
BANKING. 
 
 Its is simple 
 
 money with 
 
 the amount 
 t'l the bal- 
 f^ed by the 
 exchanges. 
 8 ttre koj)t 
 Jio precise 
 thoiit any 
 
 patch the 
 the (lay 
 lie done 
 
 s wicket 
 b' from 
 
 m-,yet 
 
 is busy 
 call for 
 fcalcu- 
 nd and 
 e Work 
 ses are 
 
 sigiia- 
 d any 
 
 check 
 
 hiin. 
 |i city 
 er ia 
 )rtify 
 hject 
 that, 
 
 lara 
 
 his business;" and does not botlier them with every 
 doubt. 
 
 CERTIFIED 
 
 MAY 13, 1884. 
 
 TpUer, 
 
 FIRST NATIONAL BANK. 
 
 With the toilers' stamp and si<riiature across a check 
 as a certification, it will bo received at other banks as 
 good, witliout reference to the si^'iiaturc; while the 
 bank which certifies the check considers tlio act of 
 certification equivalent to that of payment, and charges 
 the check up to the drawer im- 
 modiat<"ly the same as if it had 
 been paid. The paying toller, 
 after certifying the check, may 
 pass it through to the book- 
 keeper, who charges it up at 
 once, or he may himself keep a 
 list of such checks, as below, 
 which he hands to the book- 
 keeper at the close of the day. 
 If the check be not cluirged up 
 to the tlrawer when certified, it 
 may, by some chance, not return 
 to the biink for several days, and 
 meanwhile the depositor may 
 withdraw his balance, and the 
 bank be compelled to lo.*e the 
 amount of the certified check 
 when it is presented for pay- 
 ment. 
 
 CERTIFIED CHECK LIST. 
 
 THE PAYING TELLER. 
 
 
 
 AtoF. 
 
 Gtol,. 
 
 M to K. 
 
 StoZ. 
 
 Rrnwn A Joncfl. . 
 
 • c. 
 80,000 
 
 e,ooe 
 
 750 
 
 500 
 8,000 
 
 600.75 
 1,200.25 
 1,000 
 
 900 
 
 30,000 
 
 
 
 
 John George 
 
 George Jamoe 
 
 «,(¥» 
 
 
 
 
 750 
 
 
 
 
 soe 
 
 ■Tones A, Brown.. 
 
 
 
 8,000 
 
 
 
 
 5(10.7.'. 
 
 
 Roe Jt Doe 
 
 1,200.25 
 
 
 E. Pennv 
 
 1,000 
 
 
 
 John GrctOn 
 
 
 900 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A toF.. 
 6 to L. 
 H toB. 
 
 500 
 31,i00.25 
 7,000.75 
 9,1)50 
 
 48,351.00 
 
 Three tiuostions are instinctively ''sked and answered 
 by tlio i)aying teller in regard to every check prcsputed 
 at his wicket: 
 
 1. Is the signature genuine? 2. Is the dniwcr'-; 
 account good? 3. Is this man who presents this check 
 tile man wiio sliould receive the money on it? 
 
 Tlicso suggest tln-ee classes of gentry whom it i.s thp 
 teller's duty to guard against, detect and tiiwart. 
 
 Fii-st, the forger. Every bank keeps a signutiire 
 book in whicli every depositor and each member of a 
 depositing finn mast write his and their names. To 
 familiarize himself with all the peculiarities of a tliou- 
 sand to fifteen hundred signatures so as to identify them 
 at sight is no easy task. Yet this the paying teller must 
 do or become the victim of the forger, who is a stand- 
 ing terror to the bank. 
 
 Business men are criminally 
 careless of their check books. 
 Th y leave them open and witiiiu 
 sight and reach of strangers. Ti > 
 remove and conceal the pcttdiar 
 check and enable him to observe 
 the color of ink, style of writing, 
 the order of numbers and tiie last 
 one used, is not a job too hard for 
 the clever forger to e.ssay and 
 accomplish, tf a forirod ciie<k 
 is cashed, the bank and not the 
 man whose name is forged is the 
 loser; hence the carelessness of 
 many business men, who use a 
 peculiarly marked form of ijierk. 
 The skillful paying teller must 
 judge at once whether the signa- 
 ture is genuine, and in doinir it 
 he is guided not only by the signature in the autoiri aiiii 
 book, but the man who presents it, his appearance and 
 all the minutia of look and action. But forgery may 
 lie not only in the sisrnature but in other part.s of tiie 
 che<k, as in changing or " raising" the amount. Thns 
 a check for eight doilai-s may be increased to ci^ditccn 
 or to eighty by adding only a few lettei-s, or to a larger 
 amoiuit by adding the word " hundred." All this the 
 paying teller must be on the alert to detect. In a 
 recent case in New York, the changing of a fi^nire in 
 the date, as an 8 to a 5, which is in reality a forgery, 
 caused the bank whoso teller paid the check to lose 
 $700. The case was this: A small manufacturer in 
 New York Citj', having to go out of town for a few- 
 days, drew a check for $700 and dated it ahead to the 
 next Saturday, saying to his book-keeper, ' 
 
4 
 
 
 lUVNKINO. 
 
 ease I do not rotiini iMjforo tho onil of tho week, you 
 
 oan fro to the l)!iiik, cjLsh this chock on Suturdiiy. mid 
 ))ay tho liclp." Soon lifter tlio proprietor had left tho 
 city, the hook-keeper took tiie check, altered tho date 
 to three days earlier, prcaented it at tho bank, where 
 it wius paid, and then decani|)ed with tho funds. The 
 I)roprietor unexpectedly returned on Friday, and saw 
 tlie situation of atlairs. In tho siiit "t law whicii fol- 
 lowed, tiie hank was compelled to stand the loss for 
 payin<^ forired paper. 
 
 The only wonder is, that in tho payment of millions 
 of dollars every day in our citiea, the forger sueeeeils 
 as nirely Jis ho docs. 
 
 Satisfied as to it.s genuineness, the next qtierj' to tho 
 teller is, " Is the account <,'ood?" lla.s tho drawer this 
 amount in bank, or if not, will he have it there before 
 closinsf hour? 
 
 There ma}- be over a thousand accounts kept by the 
 Iwnk. IIow is the paying teller to know the state of all 
 these accounts, so as to pay a single check without 
 reference to tho book-keeper? 
 
 Every accomplished jiaying teller has his own 
 way of eliussifying the regular customers of the bank 
 and so assist ing his memory. One chuss never give 
 notes. They sell on credit, but buy for casli. The 
 teller knows that their accounts are always gc )d. No 
 need to refer when one of their checks conits to his 
 M'indow. Then comes a class of small customers whose 
 accounts are very regular, not large, but none the less 
 tiseful, as ach has a pride in Irepiug a few lumdrcd 
 dollars in nank " for emergencies." Their checks can 
 be i)aid at once with safety. 
 
 The third class are what may be called medimn cus- 
 tomers, and are the largest in number. They -are 
 dependent upon the bank for loans to a considora])lc 
 ext«Mit, but arc kt )w\\ as honest and trustwortiiy. 
 Fearful of forfeiting the conlulence of the bank, it may 
 l)e, and proud of having it, they are very careful not to 
 break its rules. The paymg teller pays their checks, 
 as a ndo, without consulting their accounts, as he 
 depends upon their jiast record as well as upon their 
 honor and self-interest. 
 
 The fourth class includes those who bear watching. 
 Conduct themselves as well as they may, be as adroit 
 and regular as they caii, the acute cashier and paying 
 teller, judging from little tricks verging toward the 
 dishonest, soon learn to be on their guard, ajul though 
 but seldom caught napping, and so inflicting a loss 
 upon tho baidc, yet it is only by the keenest observa- 
 tion of deportment, class of associates, street talk 
 picked up by the collectors in their rounds, that the 
 
 Iwnk is preserved from jorious loss. Frequently the 
 man of this class so demeans himself as to win the 
 complete (Mintidenco of tho officers, but tho paying 
 teller, from his wicket, hius caught a look or »ign that 
 bids him " lunvare!" 
 
 Here comes a check that is dated three days ahead 
 and the teller refuses to honor it. 
 
 "Mr. iirown, this check is dated ahead." 
 
 •' Well, what of it. You know that signature, 
 don't you?" 
 
 " Yes, but we can't pay it Iw^forc it is due." 
 
 " Oh, bother your rules. Hand it kick then." 
 
 Mr. Brown gets his check and goes off in a pet. It 
 may seem a small matter, that three days in date, but 
 it was not. The balance against which it was drawn 
 might be checked out before it l)ecamo due, and tho 
 bank would then be the loser, as it could not be charged 
 up until due. 
 
 Bank checks are usually made payable to order. Tho 
 drawer wishes the indorsement of tho person to whom 
 he gives it as an evidence of payment. 
 
 The person receiving it wishes it indorsed as a security 
 in case it should be lost or stolen. All the risk is thus 
 thrown upon the bank. Hence the kink rule, tliiit the 
 person to whom a check is jiaid shoidd be personally 
 known to the paying teller, or else vouched for by some 
 one the teller docs know. This "identification" causes 
 great annoyance to the teller, and also to the holder of 
 the check. Hence the teller naturally jjrefors checks 
 drawn i)ayable to bearer, because he is then concerned 
 only ius to it^ genuineness and the state of the drawer's 
 account. 
 
 ]\Ir. Hasty presents himself in the line Avith a "Please 
 give me the money on that." 
 
 " That" is a check drawn to Jas. Hasty, or order. 
 
 "Is your name James Hasty?" says the teller. 
 
 "Yes, James G. Hasty." 
 
 "I see that you have so indorsed it, but the check is 
 drawn to .lames Hasty, and you are a stranger to me." 
 
 Mr. Hasty looks about, sees no one that can vouch 
 for him, and says almost despairingly, " What can I do? 
 I am in a hurrj', and need this money at once." 
 
 If Mr. Hasty was well known to the teller he might 
 pay the check, passing over the careless omission of the 
 middle letter, but he cannot jump both irregularities. 
 
 "AVell, Mr. Hasty, step to that desk anu write Jas. 
 Hiisty above your present indorsement and see if some 
 acquaintance will not come in meantime." 
 
 Mr. Hasty steps out of tho lino he has blocked during 
 his colloquy, writes Jas. Hasty as directed, spies an 
 acquaintance, Mr. Jones, and states his dilemma. 
 
 ^-(^ 
 
 "T^ 
 
P>of,uontly the 
 I «« *<> win the 
 J»"t tho liHyiag 
 I'ok or 8ig„ that 
 
 kco (lays ahead 
 
 lid." 
 ■hat 
 
 signature, 
 
 Idiie." 
 
 \k then." 
 '" a pet. It 
 
 \'>> in date, but 
 it WHS drawn 
 'J"o, and tho 
 
 ot be charged 
 
 order. Tho 
 •-^"n to whom 
 
 'i-'^ftsecnrity 
 
 ^ risk is thus 
 
 "1'^, tL'it the 
 
 « personally 
 
 J for by some 
 
 t'on" causes 
 
 'je holtJor of 
 
 c'fors checks 
 
 n conconied 
 
 he drawer's 
 
 'i a "Please 
 
 " order, 
 ler. 
 
 e check is 
 T to me." 
 ^n vouch 
 can I do.? 
 
 !ie might 
 >n of the 
 ilarities. 
 '•iteJas. 
 if some 
 
 during 
 pies an 
 
 BANKING. 
 
 '• All right. Step in lichind me." 
 
 After a half hour or le.s«, they get to the wicket, 
 and Mr. Jonou says, '• Mr. Teller, this is Mr. James 
 G. Hasty." 
 
 And so, after a half or three quarters of an hour's 
 detention, Mr. Hasty gets his money and retires either 
 anatiieniatizing the .strictness of lank rules, or retiect- 
 ing, *' Well, hiLsto makes waste. If I had don3 aa I 
 ought at fii-st, made Mr. Blunder draw my check iright 
 an<l then found some one to identify me, I should have 
 saved time." And so ho would, time to himself, the 
 teller and twenty or more other men who had to wait 
 behind him. 
 
 On " panic days" the paving teller would seem to 
 be tmable to pri-.ect his bank. Men are rendered 
 dcspenite and re- 
 sort to moans of 
 relief they would 
 have scorned to en- 
 tertuin a moment, 
 in easy times. 
 Every officer of the 
 bank is in a "state 
 of siege" for ac- 
 commodations. 
 But tho paying tel- 
 ler must be com- 
 pletely cool and 
 impassive, serene- 
 ly imconscious of 
 all the flurry and 
 excitement. Clos- 
 ing hour at length 
 arrives and the 
 teller l>egins to look after his " fiivored accounts." A 
 late depositor or so, come in to make their accounts 
 good, and the teller is at liberty to count his eash and 
 make up his proof sheet for the day. 
 
 THE RECEIVING TELLER. 
 
 The receiving teller, sometimes called tho deposit 
 teller, receives funds deposited by firms or iadividuals, 
 known as individual accounts. 
 
 Tho note teller attenils to the business with other 
 banks and the money received by the bank for notes 
 depositetl for collection. 
 
 Both are receiving tellers, and are sometixes termed 
 second and third tellers, as showing their •jlaoes in the 
 line of promotion. 
 
 Open before the receiving teller usually lies his 
 receiving teller's cash book. In this ha enters the 
 
 name of the depositor and the amount of his deposit, 
 as shown by the footing of the eiwtomer's deposit ticket, 
 and then makes the entry in the customer's bank lx>ok. 
 
 FORM or UKFosrr tici 
 
 UKI'OSITtD WITH 
 
 THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK, 
 
 BY BLACK A BROWN. 
 
 ^ndiaitapoiiJ, June 4, ISfio, 
 
 Currency. 
 
 Checks. 
 
 $300 
 •2:,) 
 
 •1.260 
 
 675 
 
 81.920 
 
 vr> 
 
 75 
 
 f)0 
 
 TRANSACTING BUS.NESS AT THE RECEIVING TELLER'S DESK. 
 
 The teller should 
 not receive money 
 without this do- 
 posit ticket, as to 
 do so would be to 
 open the door to 
 disputes with the 
 cu.-tomer. If the 
 depositorshould be 
 without his pass 
 book, as if he has 
 left it with the 
 book-keeper to be 
 ■written up, ho 
 should then make 
 out two deposit 
 tickets, one of 
 which the receiv- 
 ingteller will keep 
 
 and the other he will certify and retuni to the depositor 
 
 as a receipt for tho money de|x>sited. 
 
 FORM OF DEPOsrrOK'S PASS BOOK. 
 
 Dr. Cr. 
 
 The First National Bank, ij lt'I wiUi Black & Brown. 
 
 l^iXS. 
 Junel. 
 " 3, 
 " 8. 
 " 1,-) 
 " 25 
 
 July 1, 
 
 To cash,. 
 
 Bills Discounted. 
 
 To Balance,. 
 
 8 .300 
 
 l.OJtJ 
 
 t!.-,n 
 
 •2.rm 
 
 .1.1 2.-) 
 
 *S..^r2 
 
 no 
 
 no 
 
 no 
 
 75 
 
 ■*«..5.'5>i .25 
 
 JuiieC. 
 " !t 
 " 17. 
 
 " 2<>. 
 " 30. 
 
 By ca.sh,. 
 
 Balance,. 
 
 f 1G3 
 
 200 
 
 325 
 
 1.275 
 
 0,538 
 
 $S,502 
 
 95 
 00 
 25 
 50 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 Should his cash not prove at the close of the day, the 
 teller re-examines his entries on his cash book and 
 checks off each item by the deposit tickets, at tht) -ame 
 time revising each addition. 
 
I'Im' clicckrt of I'lirh l)aiik aro pliwod ciicli in its owii 
 liox ill tli(> <'xch.iii<.'<' iliiiwcr, wliich coiitiiiiiH as iniiiiy 
 lidxi's iL-< tlirr»> arc hiiiiks in llic city. lie liicn nmk<'s 
 ii|p lii- " proof." 'lliis proof cioscs llu' work of llif 
 (lay for tlu* spcoml ti'Ilcr, and la^ deposits his lists, coin 
 and ciirroncy in the vault. 
 
 ll will 1>(> .soi-n that aildilion and suhtraclion form all 
 tlic inathcniatical culodations of this toiler, and his duty 
 may .-.pcin vory easy. IJnt tliis is only the mcchanicil 
 pai't of his Avork. 
 
 Most of tlKMlcposits niado with him have liccii i-hccks 
 ot' Iiiisincss men dra\.'n npon otlici' hanks, 'I'ln' hank 
 nih' is that these slundd ho eortified l)y the hank npon 
 w hiih they ai'e di'awn, hut •with cnstomcrs of known 
 repute, the rule is not enforced. Hence tlu; recei\'in<,'' 
 tellci' is larL'ely left to his own option. 
 
 Mr. .Jenkins may dei)osit a dozen cheeks drawn hy 
 ditlereMt individuals or firms on as many ditl'erent 
 iMinks. The re(MMvin<,' teller cannot kimw in all cases 
 that liie (h'awers of the.so chocks are responsi))le j)er- 
 sons, and that the money is on deposit to meet them ii\ 
 the 1);inks on "which they are ih'awn, hnt he knows ^Ir. 
 Jenkins to l)o a man of honor, who wonld not inten- 
 tionally deposit a worthless clioek. He therefore takes 
 his (h'j)Osit with the checks projierly indoi*sed, Shonld 
 one (!!• more of the checks afterward prove not cood, 
 lie immediately .siMids the check to the store of ^Ir. 
 Jenkins 1)y the bank messenger, and Mr. Jenkins draws 
 his check for the anifMnit, Not so %>ith !Mr, Cnnninir; 
 he has heen waitiv"- to take .advantago i)f the hank in 
 some such way as this for some time. lie deposits 
 si'xcral checks which the r-H-eivinir teller tak<'s on his 
 honor. "Within an hour ^Ir. Cunning presents his own 
 check for certification at the paying teller's window, 
 ih-iiwn for the whole amount of his deposit within ;i 
 few (h)llar.s. If the paying teller liesitates he may ask 
 the hook-keeper, "who assures him that liis deposit will 
 (■o\er the certification. The paying teller certifies the 
 cheik, hut the next day ]\Ir. Speculators check, which 
 was deposited hy Cunning, is returned from the 1)ank 
 on M-hich it is drawn. The hank messenger is then 
 i)nmedia(<dy di:-;))atclied with the Avortliless check to the 
 otfice of Mr. Cunning, with instructions to get the 
 money. The messongcr returns with the information 
 that Cunning has failed and can't pay. 
 
 " Did you tell him that it was a debt of honor? 
 
 " I did." 
 
 ""What did he .say to that?" 
 
 " lie said he knew it, but couldn't help it, a.s he had 
 no money to piy with. "Was very sorry it was so." 
 
 •' Did you iusk him about Speculator? 
 
 '* Yes, hut lir hus failed, too," 
 
 " What, both on the t<aino day?" 
 
 " iSo it seems." 
 
 " Hang the piratesi I'll go ami soo thotrt lifter 
 hanking hoins, and see if I can s(iucezo auything out 
 (.f '••m." 
 
 'I'he t(dlcr commnnicates the fact to the cashier, and 
 ;it (he ( 1()S(> (if Imnking hojirs visits Mr. Cunning with 
 no results. After repeated visits and negotiations tin; 
 hank is glad to ac( ept Cunning's notes at three, six and 
 nine nionlhs in set tlement. 
 
 If a large check should he n'ceived as to which the 
 teller is in doubt, he may refer the depositor to the 
 cashier for his decisidu. 
 
 The baidv rule is the safegiaird of the customer more 
 than of the bank, and no oU'enso should bo tnkeu when 
 it is enforced. The teller may know more than tlu; 
 customer, and yet not be able to disclosi; his informa- 
 tion. It is the (Inly of this telh>r to considt the l)ook- 
 keepeix as to the accounts, how they avenurc, etc., to 
 examine the ledgeis, compare notes as to the standing 
 of not only customers, but other merchants, and to 
 closely inspect the character of deposits and checks, 
 
 lie needs to be veiy civil, but quick witted, with a 
 newspaper reporter's instinct to gather news and Iceep 
 it rr„dy for use on the instant. As much as the paying 
 teller, must h(> watdi signatnics, indorsements, dates 
 and .'ill th(> miniitia nbont a check. 
 
 The writer once saw a check which had passed tlie 
 hands of a teller and a cashier, Avhile lacking a sig- 
 nature. They were both so interested in the indorse- 
 ments as to omit scrutiny of signature, as the check 
 bore a firm name at its head. This teller has to be on 
 the alert for the woi'k of the forger and counterfeiter. 
 "Watch his counting, and you think he ha,s no thouglit 
 or eye for iinything save amount, yet eye and mind are 
 on the alert for a counterfeit note or a forced check. 
 ^Vithout a seeming slop a bill is tossed aside, and as 
 one hand sweeps the pile aside, the other thrusts a bill 
 to the customer Avith, 
 
 " Counterfeit. 1'wenty dollars olF." 
 
 The detection of comiterfeits is more an ni.stinct 
 th.an result of rules. 
 
 The receiving teller needs and uses the same faculty 
 or instinct in studyingcharacter asho docs in dctectinir 
 a counterfeit, and fre(piently does detect in a customer, 
 evidences of weakness or dislionesty, .and tht 'ustomer 
 finds hims(!lf answering a .short, sharp fire ol queries, 
 backed by a sharp glance, that giuns full as much 
 information as do the questions. Unusual checks 
 that bear the marks of "accommodation paper" 
 
 i 
 
aiMilNU. 
 
 
 .•*hHr|) priictico, liiivo Jmhmi prpsoiilcil aixl show to tlio 
 toiler tliiit flio I'lwtomor is* lu-uriiig oiiutuully in tiiiai-- 
 citil l)iTaker>«. 
 
 At tho tirst opportunity the casliicr in iiitornioil, ami 
 a rcpctitioii is prrtty sure to Im' I'ollowfil l»y a rcipiot 
 to tlu' lustonior to close his accoiiiils, or, at the Iwist, 
 another nanit' will bo want«<l to his '• papt-r," uml 
 the j)aylnfj toilor linilt.s liis ((Mtifiiations when noxt 
 pri'sciitoil. 
 
 lh<nM'oino,H Mr. Tardy, with (lopo!*itH to nieot rlicHk" 
 cortiticil tho day hct'oro by tho payin;: tflh r. Tills is 
 thf third or t'onith time tho saiiic tliini.' has iM'<nrro<l 
 riH'cntly. The r<'cci»in<,' teller (piii'tly observes, "Uhid 
 to see yon. Onr paynij; teller eertitied yonr oliceks 
 y*>stcrilay. By tho way, tho oLshier wonld like to see 
 yon before yon le-i .c." 
 
 Mr. Tardy repairs to the cashier's dt>sk. 
 
 "Good niorninfr >L-. Tardy. Our jjaying teller says 
 you have not Iweu on time recently, and he ha.s over 
 certitieil your aeeonnt several times." 
 
 " But I have made them good the next day, Mr. 
 Oishier." 
 
 " Yes, but yoiir tjirdiness is gettinj; worse and worse. 
 We like to oblipre a eustoiner, but we can't do so in this 
 way too often. You know the old adage of the pitcher 
 that went too often to tho well, and the law is very 
 strict with us. Now this must not occur a<rain, or we 
 shall cither have to refuse to certifyyourchecks.or ask 
 you to close yonr account." 
 
 The cashier may have seemed hai-sh, despite his 
 friendly tone of voice and manner. Yet it was the very 
 leofif he could do, in justice to the bank, and that means 
 justice to every other customer tlie bank has. 
 
 Mr. Turdy could not eomplaiu. 
 
 KITING. 
 
 A pnvctice not uncommon among dealers when hard 
 pressed, and one which is regarded l)y bank otBcials .ts 
 disreputable, is called "kiting." This consists in 
 issuing checks in advance of a deposit, trusting to make 
 a sufficient deposit tho next morning before the check 
 gets around through the clearing house to the Iwink on 
 which it is di-awn. Checks issued in this way are called 
 " kiting checks," and the practice means to teller and 
 cashier, Ix^ware! 
 
 Mr. Kite comes into the bunk in a hurried and very 
 excited manner, and says to tho cashier, " What kind 
 of clerks do you have in your bank?" 
 
 '* We intend that they should bo gentlemen." 
 
 Mr. Kite produces his b«nk book, and with hand 
 
 treiiddin? with pa.'sioii (toinis to a deposit of eiidit 
 liundriMl dolluirt, niade that day, '*i)(>you i»ee t/mt, 
 •ir?" 
 
 The cashier sooh It. 
 
 " Well. sir. yonr teller has thrown out my check lor 
 eight hundred ilollars, when you se(> yourself tin money 
 wiw hero to my credit, and has scut the chock Imck.and 
 my name is dishonored. That's a pretty '.air that a 
 man's en'dit is to lie ruined by a miserable teller who 
 dtM'sii't und«'rstand his business, 1 should say. " 
 
 The cashier is rool. •• Mr. Kite, onr lellern nro 
 \or\- <areful. I think probably you have made sc^me 
 mistake." 
 
 "Mr. Book-keeper, let us see Mr. Kite's accotmt." 
 
 The biMtk-keeper turns to ^Ir. Kite's account, and 
 tinds that when the check was drawn ou the day before, 
 there was a balamt' to his en-dit of $li.."s(). It i> ajv 
 parent that Mr. Kite has had the use of eight hundred 
 dollars one day in ailvance of his deposit. Had the 
 jR'rsou or the bank receiving the check from Mr. Kite, 
 presented it for certilication, his "name would have 
 Ik-cii dishonored" s(H)ner than it was. 
 
 The practice of kiting is often resorted to by par- 
 ties wh(t know Ix'tter, as an expedient to raise funds, 
 and if cert iticat ion is not required, they might propa- 
 gate from day to day overdmfts to any amount, without 
 a dollar of capital. 
 
 COLLECTION CLERK. 
 
 As the name implies, the collection dork receu'e., 
 l)a}inent for all promissory notes and dnd'ts collected 
 by the Iwnk. In small banks this is made a portion of 
 the receiving teller's duties, but as the Imsiness of the 
 Iwnk incre.Tses, it becomes necessary to subdivide the 
 lalKir. The first duty of the collection dork upon 
 reaching the bank in the morning is to make his entries 
 of mail remittances, received by the early mail. These 
 come to him from the oushier's desk, and the teller 
 places his initial as a receipt upon the letter of the 
 sending Ixink. The same is true with all letters con- 
 taining cash documents. lie then takes up the collec- 
 tion notes due ui^n that day, checks them off upon the 
 tickler, to make sm-c ho is correct, and then enters 
 them upon his cash book, Hl|)habotically arrange(| l»y 
 the names of tho indorscrs. These collection notes and 
 dnifts have been deposited by their owners, either for 
 p.iyment to their cre<lit, or by one not a dejiositor for 
 collection, and have all ! en carefully "timed" and 
 entered up by the proj>er clerk in the collection 
 register, as shown on tho following page. 
 
DANKINO, 
 
 OI>LLKCTION RKOMTBR. 
 
 T«T«r. 
 
 l>Bl«ukl Time. 
 
 MAma A Bro. Jlpnl I, I mo*. 
 
 M %j» .... Ajnl «,7iliiMi. 
 X. liM* .. r^aa I, * iiuo 
 
 Whrn 
 lliif. 
 
 July 4 
 (irt. « 
 
 Oil. W 
 
 r. Qi*«>«...|Maivii tt. 7 itiiia orl.':.^ 
 
 Q. br** . AT>mti, •tiioi <i<i.'i4 
 
 1. »*omt. . . . '.U»7 1 4 mo*. . . . xi-pl- •< 
 
 Amniint. 
 
 11.(4 III 
 :li4.4H 
 M7 IIA 
 S,lliii.ll<) 
 •),7MMI 
 IIUU.IM 
 
 Whom riijrnble. 
 
 Jolint, III 
 
 l-i'iirlii, III 
 
 Klulii, III 
 
 Uiilnr)-, III 
 
 riilit), III 
 
 It. I.OIllK, Uu.. 
 
 Kill), I'll 
 
 Where Rant. 
 
 iDt Nnllonal, Jollnt. 
 MaiMitn Nnlloiml. 
 Iloiiii) Hitnk. 
 b\ Nutloiiiil Hank. 
 Ill Niitliiiml Hank. 
 Mlaslaali'i'l Natliirial 
 lliiiiiu httvlng* Itaiik 
 
 Remarka. 
 
 The not«fl for collection which lielong to other haiikrt 
 not looatod in th** Haine town ^callml " forfiy:ii JiiiiikH" 
 in htinkor'a |>arUiic«>, are enteml in the book ut' goii- 
 cnil acrountfl. 
 
 When he hds ent<T*d all the notes and drafts, ho 
 armnifos them alpluild'tu-allv. hy the names of the 
 dniwors, and is reaily for their |m-mont. 
 
 The disoountptl notes and draftii' are i^imilarly treated 
 and placed in another pile. 
 
 PAOE FROM COIXECnOX XOTE BOOK. 
 
 c . . - - 
 
 tndort*r or Owntr. 
 
 Plyw. 
 
 AtoM ItoP 
 
 QtoZ 
 
 
 • '"^ 
 
 1 
 
 «■ i • 
 
 C 
 
 1 
 
 C 
 
 J. B. Claltx>rne.... 
 
 J JollII»..tl 
 
 W. l;. linuUort 
 
 !■.(;. Jaffy 
 
 A. II. I'rane.... 
 IilaikA Bine. 
 I»r"wr» A One 
 An<!.Jiu:tuiiO.. 
 
 I'. (Jrwn 
 
 Jxt|ttT BrDvn. 
 Swift A alow.. 
 
 MM 
 
 «M 
 «« 
 
 vm 
 
 a* 
 
 SM 
 
 "n 
 
 
 
 ■•" 
 
 
 
 
 
 3M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 n 
 
 
 
 310 
 
 !» 
 3J 
 
 
 
 
 Ul «t 
 
 
 
 SII 
 
 (ill 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MM DC 
 
 SMe 
 
 7i 
 
 WWi 
 
 
 .Ml 
 WtXI 
 
 (Ml 
 
 
 A to 
 I to 
 
 a 
 
 
 'f> 
 
 
 P ....... 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 n,.( 
 
 
 
 
 MII44 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'i 
 
 In some bank-s the collection clerii is recjuircd to pet 
 his rollootion note book written up. and note.^arranjro'l 
 for the next day, before leavino^ at ni^rht. He is then 
 sure to luivc his work in band, should he be a little late 
 in tho morning. 
 
 The drawers or payers of the notes: having l>een noti- 
 1 fied by notice through the mail, the teller Is ready to 
 - affix the imprint of his stamp upcoi the notes when 
 paid. 
 
 FIRST NATIONAL BANK. 
 
 Cleveland, March 30. 188A. 
 James Taytmup: 
 
 You are requested Ut coil at this Sajd 
 before / o'clock P. M. on April 5lh, and pay a note 
 for $1000, and interest f4.60. 
 
 C. H. DOSALDSOX, Cashier. 
 
 Checks offered In payment of Nctia or Cit^is. MUST BE CERTIFIED. 
 
 Among lii.-< nniioyuncort are wronjf dciiveriiw of 
 notices, wiiicli Hoinctinics liring.s a very angry face to 
 his window deiiiaiKliiig an explanation. Another face, 
 rt perplexed one this time, wants to know if "My note 
 is payable hero to-day." 
 
 •* Your name, please?" answers the teller. 
 
 '• John N. Liiiiisoii, and I have Ikumi on the go among 
 other Iwiiks for two houni and can't find it. It is for 
 twelve lnin(lre(l ddllai-s, ami must be here." 
 
 " Wo have no note here against tloliii N. Lanison. 
 
 "Arc you sure? I'luuso look carefully, us 1 am 
 tirod out." 
 
 " Did you get a notice to pay hero?" 
 
 " No, sir; I never do, and so have to hunt them up, 
 as they seem to like to leave them all over town." 
 
 Another reference to tho tickler discloses a record of 
 a note against J. W. Lawson, due three days later, 
 with .«ignature so l)ungling as to l)e hard to decipher 
 and without biisiiie.-<s place or rcsidcnco. Shown to 
 Mr. Lamsoii, he says, 
 
 " That's it ; why didn't you say so at first?" 
 
 Mr. Lamsoii had forgotten his three days' pvnvo and 
 also to mark his place of biLsiness, and th."^ teller advises 
 him when he makes his next notes to make them paya- 
 ble at some one bank, wr -^e his name legibly, and also 
 his place of business. 
 
 Had tho clerk l)een pressed for time, and not been 
 patient and obliging, Mr. Lamson's note would have 
 gone tc protest and his credit injured, if not destroyed. 
 
 PAI D. 
 
 March 14. 1884. 
 
 FIRST NATIONAL BANK. 
 
 As most merchants make their notes payabls at the 
 banks where they keep their accouuta, the clerk holds 
 these until the afternoon and then itends off' the mes- 
 sengers for certification. When they are returned he 
 stamps the certified ones. Bemittancee from country 
 banks for notes sent for collection coma to his desk 
 and hare to be counted and distributed. The money 
 
t 
 
 BANKING. 
 
 .Iniwcr of tho unto toIIiT in coiiHtrintwl on tlio whih' 
 |mf lorn iw tliut n( i\w mm'mn tflliT, innl ho <liMtrihiitoH 
 his liilU iinil ( licfks in the minio nmnncr. 
 
 A ruHionicr lall- in h'iivi> lor follwtion ii dnift »lniv/n 
 on Jiinu'.H Dnnran, OiuhIiu, ill Hi>?ht, lor ♦•'MM). Th»' 
 collection clerk onlor« Iho iliito, pliico, tinio imd anionnt 
 in tlic last part of the ensto-iier's pass hook, under the 
 head of " i-ollections," iw i receipt for the paper, und 
 places il on tile to Im' sent out l»y tho eveidn;.' mail lo 
 CMnalia. Anotiur cnstonier calls, und luddinj^ np his 
 pass hook helore the c(dleclion elork'n window, with 
 his ftnirer placed on an it(Mn, 
 
 '• Has that ctdiection heen heard from?" 
 
 The clerk turns to \m hook and tlnds that tho item 
 referred to has been paid. He takes tlie pass hook, 
 draws a line across the entry under the head of collec- 
 tions, and enters it under tho head of deposits in another 
 portion of tho Iwuik hook. 
 
 Mr. Krahh calls at the collection clerk's win(h)w in 
 re;.mrd to a note for twolvo hundred dollars, and is 
 answered hy the clerk that ho 1ms " received no advice 
 from it yet." Ho pooi off in a pot to tho cashier. 
 
 '• Mr. Cashier, why can't I have my collection j)a|ier 
 credited when it is past duo?" c :hihiting his puts hook. 
 
 " You can, sir, if it has heen paid." 
 
 " Well, I don't get it. Here's .i note of twelve 
 liuuilred doUaix duo at Mohilo a week ago, and another 
 of fifteen hundred at Charleston, which was paid day 
 before yesterday, and all the siitisfaction I can get from 
 your collection clerk ih, that ho supposes they are not 
 heard from. I wish I could bo saved this annoyance of 
 having to run to the bank ovory d^y to keep your 
 books straight." 
 
 " The clerk is right, Mr. Krabb. Wo have no advice 
 jf the notes, but 1 think we shoidd get it by to-day's 
 southern mail. Walk in, sir. Hero is the iwrter 
 with tho mail now." 
 
 The cashier r^,h a notice of protest in both cases, 
 which he hands over to Mr. Kmbb, who vents some 
 additional bittenicss on banks genemlly, as if they 
 were responsible for his misfortunes. Meanwhile the 
 callers at tho collection clerk's window are served one 
 after another, and so the hours go on, increasing in the 
 rapidity of receiving, counting and stamping until thu 
 bank closes, when he checks off the notes i)aid from 
 his cash book and tickler, and hands tho ones remain- 
 ing unpaid over to a notary public to be protested. 
 THE DISCOUNT CLERK. 
 
 The directors of a bank usually meet twice a week 
 on stated days, in ordei +0 take action upon the notes 
 offered for discoimt. 
 
 ~m 
 
 Iv a largo city Imnk tho iiianbor of {MTMoni* applying 
 for diiM-uunt is from one hundred to throo hundred per 
 wiH'k. 
 
 The theory of tho bunking system is that the Iniard 
 of dinNlop" cinvusK each note offered, lh»> parly ollVr- 
 ihg. his buHint>>.H, it^ oulltHtk, changes since last meeting 
 in the course of the market, and e\crything connecied 
 or related to the noli- and its maker and indorsi r^. 
 I'nicticully, tho conduct of tho iNUik is Imgoly loft t(> 
 tho pri>sident uiul cashier. Notes ar«' generally dis- 
 counted for •)(> days. (K'casionally u bank takes IM) or 
 oven 120 day paper, but the rub' is ill) days. 
 
 Short term pjiiM-r has two advantag«'s to tho U ■ .. 
 First, sjifoty, in thai the maker and his backers have le.is 
 time for Io^'M's in their )iusine», and the geiieial tend- 
 ency of biisine » can Im- more readily foreseen for the 
 shorter jn'ricnl, while tho Ixink can keep its ivsources 
 more closely in hand. Second, profit, iniu-imnch as dis- 
 count is interest taken in advance, the Ixink is tho gainer 
 by oftenor turning its money. 
 
 Tho (by previous to discount day, or board meeting. 
 Id offering tbiy, l>o<'au<e customers needing discounts 
 ?end in their notes on that day. The discount clerk 
 rcH-eives these notes and records them in the oU'eiing 
 >M>ok, with the customoi-s' names arranged alphabeti- 
 cally for convenient reference. If numbered in tho 
 margin, it is so mnth the more convenient. When 
 this roi'onl is kept a.s it ought to be, t'oi- the use of the 
 «)fficers and the iKwnl, it will include the avo rage de- 
 posits, amount already discounted, names of indorsers 
 (if any), statement of securities held as collaterals, 
 time of divouni needed by each customer. Tiie direct- 
 ors can then have all the information needed from tho 
 Ixink rcconls. Following is a page from such an 
 
 OFFKKIStJ IMNIK. 
 
 0«lw«dbr 
 
 P. Green... 
 J. Brandle!*. . 
 Kov A Doe. . 
 I>os4 Bro.. 
 J.B.Samps'n 
 I>.B.SIicpanl 
 .V. X. Sawyer 
 J no. Ko'jerts 
 Jas. Iionleb 
 
 Avar. 
 
 Bal. 
 
 3,75(1 
 
 27J 
 none 
 
 OVIT 
 
 'Ira'n 
 
 Am t 
 
 now 
 
 [He'd 
 
 Soni' 
 
 »5,T(» 
 
 ^3(10 
 
 Sone 
 
 Tj» 3,MK) 
 
 l,»lf 2,(1011 
 I.SWI 
 
 Indoftar 
 
 .V. r. Coe 
 
 It. Ju:ie4 
 
 P. Cox 
 
 A. T. Jubiisoii 
 li buslncM no 
 
 CoUiitornbt wl 
 
 ansliarcDO.A.V. 
 own 
 
 Piyet. 
 
 SjXii 7,sO(t 
 
 t 
 
 V. (j. Puyno 
 
 l>. Ilrown .t Co. 
 Smith AUiinti'r 
 
 T. Slpvlii 
 
 Kobcrt Stoiio... 
 tea of luiiDunl.. 
 
 til v)wn note. ... 
 
 n. U stock and 
 note 
 
 A. II. Porter.... 
 
 Time. 
 
 'lO (Is. 
 2 nio. 
 ») (1h. 
 
 31) (iH. 
 
 :l ino. 
 iIh. 
 
 m (iH. 
 
 liOtln 
 !H) (Ih. 
 
 .\motint i\cc(>iif('(l. 
 
 Am't. 
 
 7,II0() 
 ;i,.V 
 
 MKI 
 •i.M- 
 l,'J(l(l 
 
 4,.'i<ill 
 
 .-i.aKi 
 
 •i'),!i.'i; !.•■.') 
 s,7.".iii; 
 
 The lx)ok of offerings and the package of notes 'lo 
 returned to the desk of the discount clerk after tho 
 consideration and action of the directors. Opposite 
 each entrj' he finds tiv disposition made of it. 
 
 a6 
 
h 
 
 it 
 il 
 
 il 
 
 ij 
 
 BANKING. 
 
 "A" 8how8 those accepted and "R" those rejected. 
 Should any he held for further consideration or inquiry, 
 ho prohiihiy finds an " H" scored o|)|MJsite the entry. 
 
 l^mks ditferas to the next disixxsiil of the accepted 
 paix!!-. Some have it transferred to a discount lH)ok, 
 of which there is one for each customers' le(l<irer, cov- 
 ering the same letters of thealphal)et. The amount of 
 the discount and the net amount of the notes are then 
 extended in the blank colimms of the offering hook. 
 
 The footings in this \iook must l)e comijared and 
 proved with the aggregates of the discount Ixroks. 
 The credits are then tmnsferred thence to the ledgers. 
 
 Some banks keep a discount register to which the 
 record of mrepted jmper is taken from the offering 
 book, and thence jxwted in the jjei-sonal accounts. 
 Other banks keep discount ledgers, which embnice only 
 the accounts of deposit customers who are also discount 
 customers. These show each item connected with the 
 discounted pa|jer us shown on the offering l)ook, and 
 also the liability of each customer as an indorser for 
 others. As " acconuuoilation pajwr" or exchanged 
 notes are an evidence of finaiicial weakness and needs 
 close watching, this plan . aems to be the safest and 
 Iwst. 
 
 The discount clerk must run over these ledgers every 
 day iiiid cancel all notes when paid. This he does by 
 ruhng across the figures or marking them jiaid. Ho 
 then files the notes. A separate package is made up 
 for each day of maturity. The importance of the })osi- 
 tion of the discount clerk is shown by the f:ut that the 
 bank confides to his charge nearly all its bills nn-eivablc. 
 In these consist the large.st share of the re^sources of 
 the hank. The bank holds him directly responsible for 
 their safety. He jjlaces them in the vaults at nigiit 
 only to resume them the next morning. Should i)resi- 
 dent or csishier wish to examine any particular note, 
 they do it in his juesence. The meddling of any one 
 would lessen or destroy his responsibility. 
 
 In direct intercourse with customers, the discount 
 clerk comes next to the executive ofiUcers of the Iwnk. 
 He is the connecting link Ixjtwecn officers and cus- 
 tomers, as to the part of the business where the bank 
 makes or loses its money most rapidly. 
 
 When nearing financial breakers, no little solicitation 
 is often expended upon the discount clerk by those who 
 l)elieve him to Ik> "a power t>ehind the throne." 
 
 In times of depression the space near his desk is often 
 crowded before adjom-nment of the board by anxious 
 customers, waiting to learn the fate of their discount 
 applications. If not successful here they must seek 
 relief elsewhere. To study these faces and learn 
 whether it is anxiety for a present need, "to bridge 
 over," as it is termed, or complete failure that threatens, 
 is a part of the discount teller's duty. 
 
 The ofl'ering book comes Ixick to his desk, and the 
 atcepted depart with smiles, while the authors of 
 " rejected addresses" accept their fate as best they can 
 or may. Expostidation, argument, entreaty are em- 
 ployed in turn ui)on the discount clerk. Now is the 
 time when the worth of the clerk displays itself. 
 Kindly explanation and sympatlietic words are never 
 lost, and if the bank is doing all that can be done, the 
 discount clerk can often make it secure friends by hifi 
 manner, even when conveying bad news. 
 
 Before the notes are entered upon the discount regis- 
 ter, they aie carefully examined either by the discount 
 clerk or by some other. In a small bank, the discount 
 clerk not only receives all paper to be discounted, but 
 he keeps the discount register and ticklers, while in a 
 larger Imnk t work would necessarily need to be 
 divided among two or more persons, iivery line of the 
 pai)cr, date, nidoi-sement, and, in fact, both sides are 
 carefully examined. The note must not be changed or 
 disfigured after leaving the hands of the maker. Satis- 
 fied that everything is correct the note is then entered 
 upon the 
 
 DISCOUNT REOISTER. 
 
 I.ATK. 
 
 so. 
 
 1SS4 
 
 
 May.-. 
 
 (Usj 
 
 Miiix'h IS.. 
 
 i-A.3 
 
 .Iimc 1 
 
 (i+s4 
 
 Mjv s . . . 
 
 (;485 
 
 May 11.... 
 
 114 S»l 
 
 JUIK^J 
 
 (;4«7 
 
 March I'l . . 
 
 t;tds 
 
 DIl.VWKK OR 
 MAKKR. 
 
 J. (ircpn.. 
 (i. Ilrowu. 
 li. I!l,.ck.. 
 S. Wlilto.. 
 W. Lake.. 
 I.. I'lnber 
 G Slade . . 
 
 DRAWER OU 
 IMHIIiSKR 
 
 N. Jones 
 
 N. .Joiios 
 
 II. Payiio 
 
 A. Jackson.. 
 J. May .% Ct. 
 
 M. Mix 
 
 P Ciadlo 
 
 WHERE PATA- 
 IlI.E. 
 
 \\\\ Hank 
 Am. Hank. . . . 
 U,>< Elm St.... 
 Iniim.Nat.nk 
 (oni'l IJiMik... 
 i-il (anal St... 
 \\n. liank .... 
 
 lai (lay. 
 !K) days 
 
 UIS<'Ol N ') 
 
 Juno Vt. 
 June l.'i. 
 
 .'io dav.s. I June l.'i. 
 
 laiday.s 
 (iOday.s. 
 .'todays 
 100 days. 
 
 June Hi. 
 June Hi. 
 June Iti. 
 June K. 
 
 WHEN 
 DIE. 
 
 July 4-7 
 Jnnelli-m 
 July 4 
 July 7-10 
 July 10-13 
 July '.'-5 
 June 24-27 
 
 tu-io 
 
 2, KM) 
 
 ;iio 
 
 2,B7,'» 
 
 3,1.57 
 
 lt» 
 
 213 
 
 AM'T 
 DISC. 
 
 ru". 
 
 CEEDS. 
 
 flilS 
 
 3tV.) 
 
 .1,143 
 185 
 214 
 
 WHEN 
 TAln 
 
 ^ 
 
the discount 
 of the fxiiik. 
 ers and cus- 
 !re the bank 
 
 c solicitation 
 \v tliose who 
 •one." 
 
 d&sk is often 
 I by anxious 
 eir discount 
 r must seek 
 and leam 
 " to bridsre 
 it threatens, 
 
 esk, and the 
 authors of 
 pst they can 
 iity are em- 
 Xow is the 
 )lays itself, 
 is are never 
 Kj done, the 
 lends by his 
 
 •omit regis- 
 he discount 
 he discount 
 )unted, but 
 
 while in a 
 need to be 
 
 line of the 
 h sides are 
 changed or 
 or. Satis- 
 len entered 
 
 UANKINU. 
 
 The note clerk cannot exercise too much care in 
 regard to dates of maturity, as he may, by an error of 
 ii sinnfle day, cause the bsmk to lose the value of the 
 pajier discounted, as the notice of protesting to the 
 indorser would l)e so late that he would Ikj released, 
 and the bank lose its remedy against him. 
 
 Should the wrong maturity l»e placed upon the note, 
 by maker or owner, the bank would still be liable 
 unless it could prove an intention to defraud. The 
 hank would be held as " adopting the error," and thus 
 making it its own. 
 
 The date of maturity is then marked upon each note, 
 and they are numbered and copied into a "tickler" 
 according to dates. The tickler i;: a diary or record of 
 notes due upon each day of the year, as follows: 
 
 THURSDAY, AUGUST 18, 1884. 
 
 So 
 
 SKIS 
 
 saw 
 
 :!«0 
 
 Payer. 
 
 James Pnyeniu;>,7« Pino at. 
 
 Samuel Dodge. MercUanW 
 Bunk 
 
 Amus nrown ftCo., 187 Mon- 
 roe street. 
 
 CM. C'ale 4 tk)., Union Na. 
 timial. 
 
 vnioiint Wlinn When 
 Amount, jjotillfld. Paid. 
 
 t8,(>40 
 4,000 
 
 1,290.80 
 
 2S0.S0 
 
 Beiiiark>-. 
 
 This tickler contuins only the number of the note, 
 amount, the name of the payer, his place of business 
 or residence, a column for when notified, and another 
 column when paid. There are usually four ticklers in 
 use in a bsmk; one for jKiper left at the bank for col- 
 lection, due at home, and another for the same cla.ss of 
 pajier due abroad; and tw" others which serve in the 
 same way for paper discounted, which is due Iwth at 
 home and abroad. 
 
 BOOK-KEEPERS. 
 
 The number of Ixjok-keepors employed by any bank 
 is of course regulated by its nunibei of customoi*s, 
 amount Mid character of business. Usually in a bank 
 of the first or second class four Icdgei-s are kept. The 
 fii-st includes the names aiicl accounts of customers, 
 arranged alphal>etically, from A to F, the second from 
 G to L, the third fnmi M to H, and the fourth from S 
 to Z. Eiich ledger is calcuhited to hold four imndred 
 names. Nowhere does the result of the science, or 
 systematized knowledge of the principles of book- 
 keeping, find freer exemplification than in opening a 
 ledger of this kind. 
 
 System and method here will show through the whole 
 set of books, and the book-keeper demonstrates his fit- 
 ness for doing his work, so as to anve time and trouble 
 at the very outset. 
 
 Below will l)e shown the proper system for opening 
 ii ledger called the "vowel system," which is the result 
 of experience, in apportioning the numlH-r of pages in 
 a ledger of 1,200 pages to the names commencing with 
 each letter of the alphabet. If four hundred accounts 
 are to be opened, this would allow an average of three 
 pages to each account, but while some dejxisitors would 
 make two or three deposits per week ami have no dis- 
 counts or collections, others would soon fill up their 
 three pages by the numerous credits and checks ; this 
 would soon throw the book into confusion on account 
 of transferring fiom jwge to page. The vowel plan is 
 to apportion to names, commencing with each letter of 
 the alphal>et, a numljer of pages corresponding to the 
 frequency with which such names will occur. Thas, 
 names commencing with W will occur much oftener 
 than those beginning with Z, and C much oftener than 
 those with W. The proportion in which names will 
 occur has been carefully estimated from examinations 
 of directories, dictionaries, gazetteers, etc., and is 
 about as follows: 
 
 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO 
 
 68 88 136 52 56 56 36 48 20 20 20 36 68 32 20 
 
 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 
 
 88 4 56 116 76 12 20 ,56 4 4 4 
 
 Under each of the above letters the accounts are 
 classified again, and thus the book-keejier, in opening 
 his accounts, will leave 136 pages for names commenc- 
 ing with C, in the proportion as follows: 
 
 Ca Ce Ci Co Cu Cy 
 
 48 12 12 48 12 4 
 
 To the book-keeper, with whom little economies 
 l>ecoiiic great gains, a short time si>ent in indexing and 
 arranging tiie accounts of his lodger, will return to 
 him a hundred fold in convenience and facility during 
 the year's posting. 
 
 The book-keeper extends in his column in the receiv- 
 ing teller's cash Ijook, the deposits belonging to oas- 
 toniors upon his lodger, as shown in the form given, 
 and posts the amounts to their credit in the ledger. 
 Eacii Iiook-koopor does this in turn, when the footings 
 are liiought together and their sum compared with the 
 sum of the main column. In the meantime the teller 
 uses an alternate cash book. The collection note h(K)k 
 is used in the same way, and the proceeds of collections 
 jiostod to the lodger. 
 
 There is little variety of entry in tank l)Ook-keepiiig, 
 and in this respect bank book-keeping is more simple 
 than any other. The book-keeijor has only to post the 
 customer's deposits to his credit and the checks drawn 
 upon the bank to the debtor side of hi.* account. 
 
I' a 
 
 1 i 
 
 HANKING. 
 
 From time to time his l)unk 1)ool{ is oiilled and 
 " wiitteii uj)," that is, all his deposits Ijeing already 
 there, show his credits. Upon the opposite page the 
 l)o()k-kcoper inserts the amounts of each check with its 
 date, and carries forward his balance. This establishes 
 the correctness of the book-keei)er's ledger, when they 
 prove each othiU'. 
 
 If the book-keeper should i)ost an item to the wrong 
 account, as jf he should credit Jones with $1,001) deposit 
 when it should have gone to the credit of Smith, this 
 may l»e the occasion of llie l)ank losing that amount. 
 The error would i)robably be discovered by Smith over- 
 drawing his accoimt, when the bank would send him a 
 notice to that effect, or his check would be thrown out 
 l)y the paying teller. This would lead to an investiga- 
 tion of his account, and the error is then discovered. 
 Meanwhile Jones, Avho is dishonest enough, has taken 
 advantage of the Inink's error and has checked out the 
 $1,000. A judgment against Jones would be barren of 
 resulfcj, besides adding to it the expenses of a law suit; 
 the bank concludes, therefore, to charge the $1,000 to 
 profit and loss account. 
 
 The checks paid by the pajnng teller or received by 
 either of the receiving tellers, were canceled ])y them 
 when received. This was done by pressing them down 
 over a spindle with a blade-like top, peculiar to each, 
 so that the shape of the cut indicates the teller who 
 received it, as clearly as though he had written his 
 name upon it. After posting these checks the book- 
 keeper places each in its separate Iwx in his drawer, 
 luitil he writes up the customer's bank book. 
 
 The book-keeper must keej) his books posted up to 
 the tnuisactions of the day and frequently add both 
 sides, marking amounts in })encil so that, should he be 
 away from his desk, either teller or the cashier can 
 know from a glance the state of ctich account. More- 
 over, he can answer the question, as to the stjitc of an 
 account, Avitliout stopping to run up the columns, as 
 these frequent additions keep the whole matter in his 
 memory. 
 
 In making up his " monthly proof" the book-keeper 
 drawv offii list of the balances on his ledger, and hands 
 it to che ciwhier. These added together must agree 
 with the amoTuit of deposits, posted in gross, to gen- 
 eral ledger. 
 
 The ])ook-keeper is subject to frequent interruptions 
 from the tellers and officers of the biuik. The paying 
 teller asks : 
 
 " Is Henry Campbell's account good for four hun- 
 dred dollars?" 
 
 " Yes, for four thousand." 
 
 The cashier stops to the book-keeper's desk and asks 
 to see the account of John Smashemup. 
 
 " What sort of an accoimt does he keep?" 
 
 " Very lean, carries no balance scarcely at all." 
 
 " How is that; he makes large deposits." 
 
 " Yes, but he puts it in at one window and draws it 
 out at the other." 
 
 The casiiier returns to the directors' room, and the 
 paper offered by Mr. Smashemup is not discounted. 
 
 The book-keeper should write a plain hand, without 
 any flourishes, making guod full-faced figures, about 
 which there can be no mistaking a 7 for a 9, or a 3 
 for a 5. 
 
 The difference between individual and general ac- 
 counts has already been shown. 
 
 The gonenil book-keeper has charge of the latter 
 department, and deals with the results of the business 
 of the bank. 
 
 He takes precedence of the other book-keepei-s, and 
 has as much of the confidence of officers and managers 
 as either of the tellers. He has, in his department, 
 the stock and transfer books, and must see that old 
 stock certificates are surrendered and canceled before a 
 new one is issued. 
 
 These l)ooks are proved three times each year, twice 
 at dividend times, and unce before the annual meeting 
 for election of directors. 
 
 In the general ledger are placed in gross the footings 
 from the discount books and the tellers' cash books, as 
 also the footings of the several check lists. The gross 
 balance must show the amount of ^eposits on each 
 " individual ledger," and " proves" the monthly proof- 
 sheet of each book-keeper. 
 
 In commencing business, cash was debited to capital. 
 This cash avjis then transferred to the paying teller and 
 the proper entries made. All the daily receipts of the 
 bank are charged to the paying teller, and the Avhole 
 check list credited to him. The cash balance on the 
 general book-keeper's ledger and the teller's proof 
 nnist agree. Should a disagreement be found, one or 
 the other, and most probably the teller, b^is made an 
 error. 
 
 This book-keeper must post each day the payments 
 of discounted notes, and also the additional discounts 
 of the day. This proves each tickler and shows the 
 amount of bills receivable on hand. Expense account 
 receives salaries, rents, and all oth*"" expenditures. 
 Interest, exchange and other matters are each proj)- 
 crly kept, and when dividend time comes go to make 
 up the profit and loss account. 
 
 Hence the balances of all the accoimts of the general 
 
 ^^ 
 
 o 
 
5m, and the 
 :?ounted. 
 lul, without 
 fures, about 
 a 9, or a 3 
 
 general ac- 
 
 the latter 
 the business 
 
 ceepers, and 
 d managers 
 lepartment, 
 3e that old 
 led before a 
 
 year, twice 
 lal meeting 
 
 he footings 
 1 books, as 
 The gross 
 s on each 
 thly proof- 
 to capital, 
 teller and 
 ipts of the 
 the whole 
 nee on the 
 er's proof 
 nd, one or 
 s made an 
 
 payments 
 discounts 
 shows the 
 se account 
 enditures. 
 5ach proiv 
 to make 
 
 BAMKINO. 
 
 h] 
 
 the 
 
 fht together i 
 bank statement. 
 
 National and state banks aro require<l by law to maKe 
 these statements at periodical times, an example i f 
 which i.s here given as below. 
 
 STATEJIENI 
 
 OF 
 
 The First National Bank of Chicago, Illinois 
 
 At tlio close of business, on Tiicsiluy, ( xtoiii r H, 1,S82. 
 
 KK.SIll-IlCES. 
 
 l.!AIIII,ITIES 
 
 Loans and iliscounts i 
 
 ovpnlra.t^f 
 
 i: > ixHids to secure cir- 
 
 <i;i-.itlon 
 
 U .^ bonds to secui'e de. 
 
 11,183,157.70 
 13,:m.7" 
 
 50,000.00 
 
 1,026,200.00 
 
 .S8ft,-250.00 
 
 1,510,070 72 
 
 1,S42,!»16 68 
 
 4,2.')0 00 
 
 ■28,322.64 
 2,176.67 
 
 1,0S1,.?24.47 
 
 230,000.00 
 
 ■244.83 
 
 2,037,415 00 
 575,000.00 
 
 200,000.00 
 18,^iJ0.00 
 
 Capital Stock juid in...| 3,000,000.00 
 
 Surplus luiiil loo,0(i«i 00 
 
 Otlier undivided piotlta 128,lltft ;.~2 
 National bank notes 
 outstanding 
 
 lHl.>iit8 
 
 r.S. bonds DM Imnd 
 
 Other stocks, Iwnds and 
 
 niorttruges 
 
 Due li-oui approved re. 
 
 serve aj^ciits 
 
 State l)ank notes out 
 standing 
 
 Dividends unpaid 
 
 Individual deimslts 
 
 I'ulted States deiKJSits. 
 
 Deposits of U. S. dis. 
 bursing onicers 
 
 Duo to other national 
 
 22,;moo 
 
 93i2,828.M 
 
 Duo fromotlicrbiinksnnd 
 
 
 
 4,086,8M.63 
 
 ti.xtures 
 
 Due to state banks and 
 l)ankor3 
 
 Notes and bills re.dl8> 
 counted 
 
 Current e.xpenses and 
 taxes ]iaid 
 
 3,20!i.790.M 
 
 Premiums jmid 
 
 
 items 
 
 Total t 
 
 
 Exclmnges for clearing 
 
 house 
 
 Bills of other banks 
 
 Fractional currency 
 
 
 Legal tender notes 
 
 U. S. certificates of de. 
 
 posit 
 
 Due fromU. S. Treasurer 
 
 
 Total f'20,40-2,913.41 
 
 20,402,913.41 
 
 The correctness and truthfulness of the statement is 
 then •iworii to liefoie a notary public, and it is ready to 
 be published acccrding to the requirements of the law 
 under wliuh tiic bank is organized. Severe penalties 
 are prescribed for a false statement in overvaluing the 
 resources or understating the liabilities of the bank. 
 
 An important functionurv of the bank has net been 
 noticed. He is variously known as the 
 
 COLLECTOR, MESSENGER, OR RUNNER= 
 
 Tiiis Mercury of the liaiik, not wiiigeil, like liis pro- 
 totype, but active, keen, and sonictiiiies inclined to 
 pcrtness if not sauciiicss, has lieeii called the " sergeant- 
 at-arnis." His duties are to present the notices of 
 notes due or to Ijccome due, and so warn the makers of 
 their coming liability. Of late, and especially in 
 western banks, this duty has liecii relegated to the 
 mail carrier, such notices bem<r mailed. In such jase, 
 the collector, or rimncr, is only it few days behind. 
 
 Each messenger has his district, and is expecte(i to 
 know where to find his niiin at any lime. .Vnd to his 
 quick eye and car iiiiy hesitation betrays sometimes 
 more than the sufferer would have shown, had he siir- 
 
 iscd how cpiickcned was every sense of the. youtii who 
 
 watches every word and motion, and sees 
 nals" l>eforo his officci-s have dreanied of tiiem. 
 
 Many a luink ofticer has sjived his institution from 
 fwvere losses by tnistiiii,' the intuitions of his collectoi-s, 
 as it is their duty to report any signs or talk they may 
 .see or hear of •• shiikiness " or weakness. 
 
 Collo<|Uies like the following are not at all infre- 
 quent : 
 
 *• Well, G<'orsre, what news on street to-day?" 
 
 " Things look .shaky, sir. In at Johnson & Co.'s I 
 heard that Sharp & Co. had gone up, and the Safety 
 National is in for fifty thousand." 
 
 " You don't sjiy? Sharp & Co.?" 
 
 " Yes, sir; .so they said at Johnson's, and lalso heard 
 it on street. Besides, I heard that Blackwilding was 
 offering two yter cent a month ovc'r at Shaver & Break- 
 ems, this morning, and that on the board of tnule, it 
 wa.s rumored that Barley & Co. had laid down. In 
 fact, on street, things look pretty blue." 
 
 "Well, well. I shall have to look up Howell & 
 Smith's account. 1 know that they are pretty thick 
 with BaHey & Co." 
 
 And Mr. President or Cashier retires to his room or 
 desk with food for reflection and probable action. 
 
 The collector is off again, feeling that his informa- 
 tion was appreciated, and that some day the dignity of 
 a regular desk will be his reward 
 
 A PANIC. 
 
 When everj'thing moves regularly along, the duties 
 of the bank cashier and president are pleasant. The 
 working machinery of the bank moves with precision 
 and clears up each day's business without jars or dis- 
 cords. The balances iit the - leariiig house arc favorable 
 and quite unifonn The daily press feenis with repre- 
 sentations of the prosperous condition of dillerent 
 (•las.ses of business. The abundant crops are said to 
 have enriched the farmer and stock grower, and ihe 
 manufacturer is pressed to supply the demand for his 
 wares. Lookiiiir out into the tiiiancial .es, the bank 
 president can di.scerii no indication ot any comincr 
 storm, and the voliime of loans is allowed to run up 
 higher. Checks are certified in advance of deposits, 
 trusting dealers to make their accounts good, and credit 
 extended in every direction. 
 
 Suddenly .-locks iH'gin to decline on the board. The 
 bank> iKgin to contmet their loans iinmodiatcly, real- 
 izing that they are far Iroin shore. There is reported 
 an emliezzleincnt of a large sum of money by a mil- 
 way official, which, blazed forth in the daily papei-s, 
 tenils to nn.settle the public mind. Kesources every 
 
 ^ 
 
UANKINO. 
 
 whoii- s«'em to contract, while oltliiriitions (>xi)auil and 
 loom up before debtors. The cashier is importuned 
 for loans and di.s<'ounts. Customers press their de- 
 mands in a manner whicii they would never think of 
 doini; in an ordinary marivet. The cashier is in a state 
 of siege, and is powerless to satisfy his customers. 
 They press into the president's itjom, and demand, as a 
 matter of riirht and Justice, that their j)aper be diti- 
 counted. The failure of a hirgo. iron firm is reported, 
 with liabilities of tive hundred thousand dollars; but 
 this is explained as incident to the depressed condition 
 ot tiiat market. Merchants, brokers, bankers, and all 
 classes (if liusiuess men exhibit excitement and fear. 
 Suddenly the failure of a large banking instituticii is 
 announced on the bulletins, printed and i.ssued in 
 extras by the iiews- 
 ])apers, and sent by 
 telegraph all over 
 the countiy. This 
 failure falls like a 
 boml)-shell on the 
 eai-s of the excited 
 public. Embarrass- 
 ments and suspen- 
 sions are the chief 
 topi<s of news and 
 conversation. Ru- 
 mors of dishonest 
 jobbing and misuse 
 offumls fill the air, 
 destroy! iig the con- 
 fidence of man in 
 man. Reports are 
 started and rapidly 
 circulated, aggravating the circumstances of failure. 
 Ouidid and thoughtful business men seem to have 
 entirely lost reason and judgment, and all join iu the 
 great excitement and distrust. Men lose confidence in 
 all moneyed institutions, and old and substantial con- 
 cenis are swept down and become a part of the com- 
 mon wreck, while this mad whjrhvind of discredit : nd 
 fear sweeps on to ruin. 
 
 Credit is the banker's capital to a large extent, and 
 is to him what the stock of goods is to the merchant. 
 In I'.rosperous times the banker dispenses this credit to 
 his various cust(miers, perhaps to the extent of five 
 times his actual capital, and a handsome jirofit is the 
 result. But let this confidence of the public be 
 destroyed, and the banker is left with nothing but his 
 actual ("apitiil to meet liabilities. The whole commer- 
 cial and financial fabric rests larirelv on confidence. No 
 
 A RUN ON THE BANK. 
 
 truer illustration of the working of confidence, in sus- 
 taining (;r overturning existing institutions can l)e 
 foimd than the anecdote of the little Frenchman who 
 had one thousand dollars on deposit in the bank, and 
 when failiu'es and excitement began, he went to the 
 Imnk to draw the money. Upon presenting his check, 
 the paying teller examined 11 and said blandly, 
 
 " Are you siu'e you want to draw all this money?" 
 
 *' Qui, monsiein-; I starve for Avaut of I'argent" (the 
 silver). 
 
 " Can't you do without it?' 
 
 " No, monsieur; I mast have him." 
 
 "You VlHKt?" 
 
 "Qui, monsieur," said the little chatterer, turning 
 pale with fear for the safety of his money. 
 
 " And you can't 
 do without it?" 
 
 " No, monsieur, 
 not von other lee- 
 tlc moment lon- 
 gare." 
 
 The paying tel- 
 ler then begsm to 
 count out the 
 money. 
 
 •* Oil, you ha';e 
 got him!" 
 
 " Certai nly! 
 What astonishes 
 you?" 
 
 '• \'y, dat you 
 have got him in 
 deso times, ven all 
 ze banks break sev- 
 eral times, all to pieces." 
 
 " Oh yes, we have plenty of money to pay all che<ks 
 that are presented." 
 
 " Monsieur, you shall do me von leetle favor, eh?" 
 " With all my heart." 
 
 " Well, monsieur, you shall keep I'argent for me 
 some leetle year longare." 
 
 " AVhy, I thought you wanted it." 
 " Oh no, numsieur; I no vant ze money, I vant ze 
 grand confidence. Suppose you no got ze money, zen 
 I vant him ver much — suppose you got him, zen I no 
 vant him at all. I vant ze yrand confidence." 
 
 When word goes forth that a run has been com- 
 menced on the banks, the climax of panic excitement 
 is soon reached. P^ich depositor is eagerly bent on 
 securing his balance before the treasures in the va«dt of 
 the bank are exhausted. Check after check is presented 
 
 ^h 
 
 ^ 
 
k':^ 
 
 dice, in sii.s- 
 ioiis can \te 
 luhmuii who 
 ie hank, and 
 went to the 
 g his check, 
 dly, 
 
 i money?" 
 irgent" (the 
 
 rer, turning 
 
 lul you can't 
 hout it?" 
 >, monsieur, 
 n other lee- 
 omcnt lon- 
 
 l)aying tel- 
 
 'n iK'ipjn to 
 
 out the 
 
 1, you have 
 
 n!" 
 
 r t a i n 1 y I 
 astonishes 
 
 ilat you 
 
 ot liini in 
 
 ics, ven all 
 
 'ircak sev- 
 
 :ill checks 
 
 or, eh?" 
 
 lit for me 
 
 I vant ze 
 loney, zen 
 , zen I no 
 
 »eoii coni- 
 xcitement 
 
 lient on n 
 ie vault of b 
 presented 
 
 BANKING. 
 
 and pi'id, and still they come. TlloUMalld^ of iK-oplo 
 are in tiu! street, either dijwitwinw iIk* t>itiiati«>ii or 
 stniffiriing for entrance to the hanking rttnn. Excite- 
 ineiit runs iii<rli. Bank l)ooks are examincxl. liut a 
 TiKiinent is ro(|iiired to write a rher-k, a t«i<.niature is 
 hniiicdiy dashed itV at its Utttom. and in another 
 instant the ( lierk is on its way to tbe Iwnk, to pi-ess 
 amid the y^ieat thiou'r strni?;rlinir f«'r tiitnince and i)ay- 
 mcnt. When tlie exciteriunt rr.irho a 'certain pitcli it 
 l)('(dines a frenzy, and tiic [)oli«»» arrr jioweriess 1o stsiy 
 lh<! pressure of the tide wiiiili tbresit<?n> x<> overwhelm 
 the blink. Such is inireasoninsr* uurcflwtiii<^ man, 
 wlien ronlidence lias lK}eii destroyed. 
 
 It is mniisiiiir to note by what thin <k'>i<*es the ex- 
 cited depositors of l)anl<s ill tiiiii-!!^ of )jciiii<- have l>eeii 
 entirely (juietcd, liail their nmfi'h-mf restored, and 
 have gone away siiti>lit'd. In one ras*? the prt^sident of 
 a biink is said to have obtained a iiiiDiixT of s;u-ks of 
 meal, opened lliciii ;it the io|», put a ^xmI thick layer 
 of coin U[)oii the contents, then pian^l them untied 
 wiierc "he glittering coins wutiid !»•• jjianifest to all 
 observei's. iVnotiiei- b:ink ()f)tai«eila nuuilM'r of people 
 as ion federates, to whom they paid gold, then slipped 
 around again to a back door, and refuuded it. Others 
 placed ]ieck measures, inverted and <'were<3 M-ith a jiile 
 of gold coin on top. in the windows dicing tbe etreet. 
 
 BANK FRAUDS. 
 
 Bank frauds are of two kinds : tiio^ from within the 
 institution, by its otficers and trusted employes, and 
 those from without by dealers, counterfeiters and for- 
 gers. Being a moneyed institution, it is but natural 
 that the bank should be the prey of sharks and swin- 
 dlers, Avho lay in wait to take advantagie of the unsus- 
 pecting, and yet it is a fact that less raloe is lost by 
 fraud and embezzlement in the hanking business than 
 in the mercantile. A clerk in a iftore may abstract 
 articles of merchandise from the ^tiM-k 'onstantly, 
 until his peculations amount to thousand? of dollars, 
 and perhaps no discovery will be made of tbe theft, or 
 if discovered, the seasation is s<x>n over, f^ulisides and 
 is forgotten ; but let a fraud b«» committed on the bank, 
 a forgery, or an emljezzlement, and the &ct is eiiitila- 
 zoned all abroad, the bank's affairs are discussed and 
 criticised, and if a large fraud, its effet-t on the money 
 market is predicted; it is talkerl cii tbe street, in the 
 store and in the workshop. Banks are more guarded 
 against fraud, and the business h conducted more on a 
 basis of system and security than onlinary estiiblish- 
 ments, which makes the liability to iJetection greater. 
 
 Frauds from within, jierpetrated by officers and 
 
 eniiiloyes from president to porter, vary in magnitude 
 from hundreds of thousands down to a few dollars. 
 Bank otliceis are human, anil when the fever of si»ecu- 
 lation is high in the outside world and fortunes are 
 being made in a<lay,the president or«-ashier i> ti-mpted 
 to take a chance M'hich seems to him to lure to imme- 
 diate fintune, especially when the means of gratifying 
 this desire is at his command. 
 
 It is tlie ilittij of the directors to ins|)ett the doings 
 of the otficers, but a duty *' more honoreil in the breach 
 tlian in the obsenance." Rules are made, making it 
 the l)iisiness of the directors to know that the weekly 
 statement is what it pnrjKjrts to Im-, yet. (-L-hiei-s like 
 Baldwin, of Newark, New Jersey, and others, steal 
 ev(>rything but the Imnk safes. 
 
 Gaining the complete lontidenee of directors and 
 st(MkIi<)lders, their statements are never verified. With 
 op|)oitiinity conies temptation, and the c:ishier who has 
 become master of the directors, in his h:L-«te to lK?conie 
 as ricli as they are, uses hmk funds for sjMHulation. 
 
 Except in the one case of certification, no rule should 
 be made for guidame ' ;>ank dire<'tor. president or 
 cashier, or emiiloye, tin t is not enfon-e<l to the letter. 
 
 No director or stockhtdder should l>o taken uiK)n any 
 such bond, for good I'f'iiavior. .V small Iwnd is more 
 surely collected than a large one, and one from an out- 
 sider more certainly than from one of your own busi- 
 ness family. But if bonds are to take the pla<e of 
 inspection and verification of reports and accounts, 
 better let the bonds go, and look clostdy after each 
 account book and report. 
 
 The following case o<'curred in New York some 
 yciirs ago: 
 
 The cashier of a bank having a capital of four hun- 
 dred thousand dollars, became the trea-suix-r of a rail- 
 road company. In the course of his re<-eipts and 
 disbursements there was an overdraft of several thou- 
 .sand dollars. To conceal this from the president, who 
 was a stern disciplinarian, notes which had l»een left, 
 or sent to the bank for collection, were dis<-ounted in 
 another bank. This necessitated falsifying the ac- 
 counts. The cashier had In-en tisscxiatetl with the 
 president for twenty yeai-s. They were relatives, and 
 enjoyed the entire confidence of each other. This was 
 a necessary element in a fniud which was to reach two 
 hundred and fifty thousand dollai-s l)efore its discovery. 
 
 As the embezzlement grew, it (-ausecl a correspond- 
 ing decline in the disccunt line of the bank, and the 
 president was deceived by a fictitioas statement. 
 Drafts on other cities of which no entries were made, 
 were sold and the proceeds aSstracted ; certificates of 
 
I 
 
 lUNKINO. 
 
 <Ic|K>sit were issued iiiid negotiiited in private and sur- 
 roptitious i-liannols ; entries on the ledger were fulsitied 
 «»heri' a jiiiirj- was likely to Ix' examined, and after the 
 examination, tfie falsifications were erased. These 
 irreiridaritie.s were kept m) for a year and a half, and 
 all tliis time the president and cashier wore daily and 
 honrly toi.t'ther in the management of the hank, he- 
 side,~ miiiglinir in social contact with friends and fami- 
 lies in the evening. 
 
 The i)resident M'asan experienced and shrewd hanker, 
 hut the csLshior liad the collusion of the clerks — even 
 the porter, who went daily to tin- post-ottice, inter- 
 ceptcil all letters which would excite suspicion. The 
 I)o~«-oftife clerk was hrihcd to retain any that might 
 come at :in unusual houi'. In sliort, the president was 
 dogfiretl and hlinded at every stop and turn, and every 
 avenue of suspicion was ctit off. 
 
 The ItuKMe finally liuist, and the scheme which had 
 Im-ou coudiicied with such nMuarkahh; skill for nearly a 
 year and a half, <ame to light. The president and the 
 pul>li<- were ama/eil. Ix-wildered and stunned. 
 
 A'' previously shown, the system of accoimts in a 
 Kmk is such, fu-niay he sucli, that t lie correctness of each 
 aii-ount is twice i>roveii, and tiu; casliicr knows that 
 every a<vount is correct hy thi; proofs that come to his 
 desk, unless there shoidd !»■ collusion hetween at least 
 three of the em])loyes, of wjiich cxam[)les have hecii 
 known, Jnit su>h conspiracies are very rare. They arc 
 impossildi- where the cashicM- circulates among the 
 clerks twice or more times .-i day and glances hastily 
 along the jKiges of the hooks, demanding explanation 
 of every item that neeils it. 
 
 Tlie Itiink owes its seciu'ity airainst tnuul from witli- 
 oMt. anionir it> multitude of dealers, largely to the 
 power of cre<lit. If men are not impelled to right 
 actions hy motivi's of morality they are often restrained 
 hy the fe:ir of W'ing cut oil' from the facilities of 
 i-redit, which are so essential to success In hnsincss. 
 Inconsidenite j)er>ons, upon opening an account witli 
 the h.ank. l)eirin hy telling the cashi<'r an exaggerated 
 -tory of their c:ipital,anil conunercial prosi)ects. They 
 forget that their deposits. l)ills reci^ivahle, checks and 
 indoi-sements will form a record that will dispel all 
 sii:im-. and that there is no species of Immhuggery 
 \vlncli will xi surely recoil upon llie pei'sons, as those 
 who .ittenipt to ]K»hn off hig tales on a l)aMk officer. 
 
 I>alen» Itave it in tMeir powr to oftentimes take 
 advantaire of the confidence rcjxjsed in them hy the 
 hank. Thus, an iniscrupulous dealer may employ 
 sevei-.d methods of withdniwing his deposit at the 
 same time, and thas defraud the hank of seveml times 
 
 the ainoimt. For instance, Jones may have a Imlance 
 in the Imnk of $1,00() in the morning. lie may draw 
 his check for the amcimt and re<'eive the cash for it 
 from the paying teller; at the same time he may take 
 up his note at the note teller's desk with his check; he 
 may give it to another de|)ositor for dei)osit in the 
 simie hank ; and he may pay a sight draft which is pre- 
 sented at his place of husiness hy the collector; thus 
 he may draw out four thousand dollars in reality while 
 ho has only one thousand on deposit. The only method 
 which a hank with numerous clerks has to protect itself 
 from heing victimized in this way, is hy nnitual advise- 
 ments among the clerks. If a check which has l)een 
 deposited, upon another hank, proves not good, the 
 amount is charged up to the customer depos'iting it, 
 and the check is returned to him; hut if Iho cheek is 
 on the sjime Iwnk in which it is deposited, the hank, in 
 the act of receiving it, assumes that it is good, and 
 should there he no hiUancc to meet it, the hank must 
 look to the dniwer, and not the depositor, to ipake 
 
 it good. 
 
 OVER CERTIFICATION. 
 
 The praetiee of certifying cheeks has been in use at 
 least a half centmy. At first, certification Avas not 
 considered as binding the bank to pay the check. It 
 only gave clerical information, and when certified, its 
 amount was not charged to the drawer until it had been 
 presented for payment. 
 
 AVith the introduction of the clearing house came 
 the present ctistom of certification, being the same as 
 an acknowledgment of a legal obligation upon the 
 l)ank, and the amount of the check was at the time of 
 certification charged to the account of the drawer. 
 
 If confined to conunercial tnmsactions, it is only 
 right that the question of over certification should he 
 left to the discretion of each hank. 
 
 But with th(> advent of stock transactions upon a 
 largo, and in many instances questionable scale, over 
 certification grew into an abuse, as regarded banks 
 having that class of customers. 
 
 Hence, the act of congress prohibiting national 
 banks from certifying checks in any case, to more than 
 the actual deposit to the credit of the customer at the 
 time of application for the certification. 
 
 A violation of this subjected the hank to the appoint/- 
 ment of a receiver, subject to the judgment of the bank 
 comptroller. But the law has never been enforced, 
 though often violated. The New York banks claim, 
 however, that losses from over certification are very 
 much less than from ordinaiy discounts. 
 
 
vo a l)iiliiiice 
 h" iiiiiy draw 
 e ciish for it 
 lid may take 
 is clieck ; he 
 |)()sit in the 
 v'hicli is pre- 
 ioctor; thiiH 
 oality Avhile 
 Jiily method 
 ji-otpot itself 
 itual advise- 
 'h has been 
 t good, the 
 positing it, 
 :^ho check is 
 lie bank, in 
 8 good, and 
 bank must 
 r, to irake 
 
 n in use at 
 n Avas not 
 check. It 
 ertified, its 
 it had been 
 
 lonse came 
 10 same as 
 "pou the 
 he time of 
 •awer, 
 it is only 
 should he 
 
 lis upon ii 
 icalc, over 
 led banks 
 
 iiiitional 
 more than 
 ler at the 
 
 3 appoint- 
 ' the bank 
 
 enforced, 
 iks claim, 
 
 are very 
 
 
 O 
 
 r^ 
 
 1. All im;igiii;ii-y tower. KXW fppt liijjli. •>. (jatlieilral iit OologiiP, 501 foi't. 8. I'vniinid of ('hoops, -180 I'ect. 4. Stra>bourg Catlie- 
 ilial. 40S feet. Ti. "St. I'cK'i's. Roiiic. -i.")! feet. Ii. Vvrainid or'Ccplii-Pii. 4.54 frot." 7. St. Paul's. Loinlon. iHm tVot. 8. ("apiU'l at 
 Washington, 287 iW't. 9. Trinity Church. X. Y.. 28G iWt. 10. Bunlvpr Hill Monunipnt.221 feet. 11. St. Mark's. IMiila<lplphia.l."Ofoet. 
 
 =^- — 
 
 A 
 
 .^ 
 
I ' 
 
 HOW TO BE HANDSOME. 
 
 . •^^sf^ 
 
 -^^ 
 
 HOW TO BE HANDSOME. 
 
 * * T Ti. 
 
 
 
 i^^ 
 
 Whore is tlio womim who would not be Ijeiiurifiil ? If 
 such thero be — but no, slio does not exist. From tiiat 
 memorable day when the Queen of Shelm made u formal 
 call on the late lamented King Solomon until the recent 
 advent of the Jersey Lily, the power of beauty has con- 
 trolled the fate of dynasties and the lives of men. How 
 to bo beautiful, and consequently powerful, is a quet^i ion 
 of far greater importance to tlie feminine mind than pre- 
 destination or any other abstract subject. If women are 
 to govern, control, numage, influence and retain the ador- 
 ation of husbands, fathers, brothers, lovers or even cousins, 
 they must look their prettiest at all times. 
 
 All women cannot have good features, but they can look 
 well, and it is possible to a great extent to correct deform- 
 ity and develop much of the figure. The first step to good 
 looks is good health, and the first clement of healtli is 
 cleanliness. Keep clean — wash freely, bathe regularly. All 
 the skin wants is leave to act, and it takes care of itself. 
 In the matter of baths we do not strongly advocate a 
 plunge in ice-co'.J water; it takes a woman with clear grit 
 and a strong constitution to endure it. If a hot bath be 
 used, let it come before retiring, as there is less danger of 
 taking cold afterwards; and, besides, the body is weakened 
 by the ablution and needs immediate rest. It is well to 
 use a flesh-brush, and afterwards rinse off the soap-suds by 
 briskly rubbing the body with a pair of coarse toilet 
 
 f loves. The most im])orlant part of a bath is the drying. 
 Ivery part of the body should be rubl)ed to a glowing red- 
 ness, using a coarse crash towel at the finish. If suflioient 
 friction can not be given, a small amount of bay rum 
 applied with the palm of the hand will be found tflica- 
 cious. Ladies who have ample leisure and who lead me- 
 thodical lives, take a plunge or sponge bath three times a 
 week, and a vapor or sun bath every day. To facilitate 
 this very beneficial practice, a south or east apartment is 
 desirable. The lady denudes herself, takes a seat near 
 the window, and takes in the warm n.ys of the sun. The 
 effect is botli beneficial and delightful. If, however, she 
 be of a restless disposition, she may dance, instead of 
 basking, in the cunlight. Or, if she be not fond of danc- 
 ing, she may improve the shining hours by taking down 
 her hair and brushing it, using sulphur water, pulverized 
 borax dissolved in alcohol, or some similar dressing. It 
 would be surprising to many ladies to see ]?er carefully 
 wiping the separate locks on a clean, white towel until the 
 dust of the previous day is entirely removed. With such 
 care it is not necessnry to wash the head, and the hair 
 under this treatment is invariably good. 
 
 One of the most useful articles of the toilet is a bottle 
 of ammonia, and any lady who has once learned its value 
 will never be without it. A few drops iti the water takes 
 the place of the usual amount of soap, and cleaus out the 
 pores of the skin as well as a bleach will do. Wash the 
 face with a flesh-brush, and rub the lips well to tone their 
 color. It is well to bathe the eyes before putting in the 
 spirits, and if it is desirable to increase their brightness, 
 this may be done by dashing soapsuds into them. Always 
 rub the eyes, in washing, toward the nose. If the eye- 
 brows are inclined to spread irregularly, pinch the hairs 
 together where thickest. If they show a tendency to 
 
 meet, this contact nuiy be avoided by pulling out the hairs 
 every morning before the toilet. 
 
 The dash of Orientalism in costume and lace now turns 
 a lady's attention to lier eyelashe.-, which are worthless if 
 not long and drooping. Indeed, i-o i)revalent is the d(!.>ire 
 for this heautiful feature that hair-dre8^ers and ladies" 
 artists have scores of customers under treatment f(.i iii\ig- 
 oratiMg their stunted eyelashes and eyebrows. Toolnain 
 these fringed curtains, anoint the roots with ii halsiini 
 made of two drachms of nitric oxitl of mercury mixed 
 with one of leaf hird. After an application wa.-h the 
 roots with a camel's hair brush dipped in warm milk. 
 Tiny scissors are used, with which the lashes are ciirefully 
 but slightly trimmed every other day. When obtained, 
 refrain from rubbing or even touching the lids with the 
 finger-nails. There is more beauty in a jjuir of well-kept 
 eyebrows and full, sweeping eyelashes than people are 
 aware of, and a very inattractivo and lusterless eye assumes 
 new beauty when it looks out from beneath elongated 
 fringes. Many ladies have a habit of rubbing the corners 
 of their eyes to remove the dust that will frequently 
 accumulate there. L'nless this operation is done with 
 little friction it will be found that the growth of hair is 
 very spare, and in that case it will become necessary to 
 pencil the barren corners. Instead of putting cologne 
 water on the handkerchief, which bus come to be con- 
 sidered a vulgaristu :tmong lad .'s of correct t.-istes. the per- 
 fume is spent on the eyebrows and lobes of the cars. 
 
 If commenced in youth, thick liji.s maybe reduced by 
 compression, and thin linear ones are easily modified by 
 suction. This draws the blood to the suifiu es, and pio"- 
 diices at first a temporary and, later, a pciiiianent inflation. 
 It is a mistaken belief that bitinj; the lips reddens them. 
 The skin of the lips is very thin, rendering them extremely 
 susceptible to organic deraiigcnuent, and if the atmosphere 
 does not cause chaps or parchment, the result of such 
 harsh treatment will develop info swelling or the for- 
 mation of scars. Above all things, keep a sweet breath. 
 
 Everybody can not have beautiful hands, but there is 
 no plausible reason for their being ill kept. Red hands 
 may be overcome by soaking the feet in hot water as 
 often as possible. If the skin is hard and dry, use tar or 
 oat-meal soap, saturate them with glycerine, and wear 
 gloves in bed. Never bathe them in hot water, and wash 
 no oftener than is necessary. There are dozens of women 
 with soft, white hands who do not put them in water once 
 u month. Rubber gloves are worn in making the toilet, 
 ,nd they are cared for by an ointment cf glycerine and 
 rubbed dry with chamois-skin or cotton flannel. The 
 same treatment is not unfrequently applied to the face 
 with the most successful results. If such methods are 
 used, it would be just as well to keep the knowledge of it 
 from the gentlemen. We know of one beautiful lady 
 who has not washed her face for three years, yet it is 
 always clean, rosy, sweet and kissable. With some of her 
 other secrets she gave it to her lover for safe keeping. 
 Unfortunately, it proved to be her last gift to that gentle- 
 man, who declared in a subsequent note that " I can not 
 reconcile my heart and my manhood to a woman who can 
 get along without washing her face." 
 
 I 
 
"^^fe^ 
 
 out the iiairs 
 
 ce now turns 
 
 ) worth k'i>s if 
 
 iH tlio (le.-iri- 
 
 iiii'i Imlii'.-*' 
 
 L-nt ft.i i!i\ip- 
 
 i. To oliiiiin 
 
 til a balsiini 
 
 rciiry mixtil 
 
 on wa.-li tlif 
 
 Wiirni milk. 
 
 are ciirt'l'iiliy 
 
 in ot)tiiinetl, 
 
 lids with tlio 
 
 of well-kept 
 
 I people are 
 
 i oye iissunies 
 
 th elongated 
 
 J the corners 
 
 1 frequently 
 
 is done with 
 
 th of imir is 
 
 neeessary to 
 
 ting cologne 
 
 to be eon- 
 
 stes. tlieper- 
 
 le earn. 
 
 3 reduced by 
 
 niudificd by 
 
 cs, and jiro- 
 
 'iit intlaiion. 
 
 Idens them. 
 
 m extremely 
 
 atni08[)liere 
 
 lilt of such 
 
 or the for- 
 
 eet breath. 
 
 but there is 
 
 Red hands 
 
 ot water as 
 
 use tar or 
 
 and wear 
 
 and wash 
 
 s of women 
 
 water once 
 
 <r the toilet, 
 
 cerine and 
 
 Tin el. The 
 
 to the face 
 
 lethods are 
 
 .vledge of it 
 
 utifiil lady 
 
 rs, yet it is 
 
 some of her 
 
 fe keeping. 
 
 that gentle- 
 
 " I can not 
 
 an who can 
 
 y 
 
 M' 
 
 i 
 
 HOW TO BE HANDSOME. 
 
 SOME OF TUE SECRETS OF BEAUTY. 
 
 T^here is as much a "faghion " in complexion as there 
 is in bonnets or boots. Sometimes nature ia the mode, 
 sometimes art. Just now the latter is in the ascendant, 
 though, us a rule, only in that inferior ]th»F^ which lias 
 not reached the "concealment of art" — tlie \wiut wheie 
 extremes meet and the perfection of artifice jtrenents all 
 the appearance of artlessuess. rso one of an oliservant 
 turn of mind, who is accustomed to the ^ight of English 
 maidd and matrons, can deny that makin^-iip, as at jiresent 
 practi<'ed, partakes of theamateurish element. Irnfiossible 
 reds and whites grow still niore im]Hls^ibly reii ainl white 
 from week to week uinier the unskilled hands of the 
 wearer of " faKe colors," who does not like to ask for 
 advice on So delicate a subject, for, even were she willing 
 to confess to the practice, the imputation of experience 
 conveyed in the asking f<>r count'el might bo badly 
 received, and W(juld scaneiy be in good taste. 
 
 The prevalent and iiicreaj»ing sliort-t^ightedness of our 
 times is, perhaps, jiartly the cause of the excessive use of 
 rouge and powder. The wielder of the jiowder jnitT sees 
 herself afar off, as it were. iShe knows that she cannot 
 jud^e of the ctft'ct of luT comiil«?xion with her face almost 
 touching its reflection in the gla-i-s, and, standing about a 
 yard off, she naturally accentuates her roses and lilies in 
 a way that looks very pleasiiig to her, but is raMier start- 
 ling to auy one with longer sight. Nor can the tone 
 down her rouge with the powdere<l hair that softeied the 
 artificial coloring of her grandmother when she hi d her 
 day. Powder is only occasionally worn witli evening 
 dress, and it is by daylight that thoEC dreadful bluish reds 
 and whites look their worst. 
 
 On the other hand, there are some women so clever at 
 making up their faces that one feels almost inclined to 
 cond jiio the practice in admiration of the rcsu't. These 
 are the small minority, and are likely to remain so, for 
 their secret is of a kind unlikely to be shared. The closest 
 inspection of these cleverly managed complexions reveals 
 no trace of art. 
 
 Notwithstanding the reticence of these skilled artists, 
 an occasional burst of confidence has revealed a few of 
 their means of accomplishing the great end of looking 
 pretty. " Do you often do that ?" said one of those clever 
 ones, a matron of 37, who looked like a girl of 19, to a 
 friend who was vigorously rubbing her cheeks with a coarse 
 towel after a plentiful application of cold water. 
 
 "Yes, every time I come in from a walk, ride or drive. 
 Why?" 
 
 " Well, no wonder yon look older than you are. You 
 are simply wearing vour face out I" 
 
 "But I must wash ?" 
 
 " Certainly, bnt not like that. Take a leaf out of my 
 book ; never wash you face just before going out into the 
 fresh air, or just after coming in. Nothing is more inju- 
 rious to the skin. Come to the glass. Do you notice a 
 drawn look about your eyes and a general streakiness in 
 the cheeks ? That is the result of your violent assault 
 upon your complexion just now. You look at this mo- 
 ment ten years older than you did twenty minutes ago in 
 the park." 
 
 " Well, I really do. I look old enough to be your 
 mother; but tlien, you are wonderful. You always look 
 80 young and fresh !" 
 
 " Because I never treat my poor face so badly as you do 
 yours. I use rain-water, and if I cannot get that, I have 
 the water filtered. When I dress for dinner I always wash 
 my face with milk, adding just enough hot water to make 
 it pieasant to use. A very soft sponge and very fine towel 
 take t'le place of your terribh* huckaback arrangement." 
 
 3=: 
 
 Two or three years ago a lady of Oriental parentage on 
 her father's side 8|)ent a season in Ix)ndon society. Ilir 
 complexion was brown, rclievetl by yellow, lier features 
 largo and irregular, but redeemed by a pair of lovely and 
 expressive eyes. So jierfect was her taste in dress that nlie 
 always attracted admiration wherever she went. Dnssed 
 in rich ihirk brown or dullest crimsons or russets, so that 
 no one ever noticed much what aiie wore, she so managed 
 that suggestions an<i hints — no mort — of bnlliaijt an. her 
 or promogranate scarlet should a]ini-ar just where they im- 
 ]iarted brilliancy to her deep coloring, and ali^trart the 
 yellow from her skin. A knot of old gold Sii'in under the 
 rim of her botinet, another at her throat, and others in 
 among the lace at her wrists, brighteiied up the otlnrwise 
 Hiiljiliied tinting of her co.stunie, so that it always looked as 
 tlioiigh it had been designed expressly for her by some 
 great colorist. Here rouge was unnecessary. The siir- 
 roiindings were arranged to suit the complexion, instead of 
 the complexion to suit the surroundingg. 'i'here can be no 
 doubt as to which is the method which best becomes the 
 gentlewonian. 
 
 In aildition to the disagreeable sensation of making-np, 
 it must bo remembered tiiat the use of some of tho white 
 jiowdcrs eventually destroys the texture of the skin, ren- 
 dering it rough and coar.--o. Ikimmel, the cek-braicd i)er- 
 fumer, in his " Book of Perfumes," says that rnuge, being 
 composed of cochineal and saffron, is liarmlets, but that 
 white cosmetics consist occasionally of deleterious siib- 
 Ktances which may injure the health. lie advises actors 
 end actresses to choose cosmetics, especially the white, 
 with the greatest care, and women of the world, who wish 
 to preserve the freshness of their complexion, to observe 
 tiic following recipe: Open air, rest, exercise and cold 
 water. 
 
 In another part of this pieasant book the author 
 says that sclionnda, a cosmetic use<l among the Arabs, is 
 quite innocuous and at the same time effectual. "This 
 cream, which consists of sublimated benzoin, acts upon 
 the skin as a slight stimulant, and imparts perfectly nat- 
 ural colors during some hours without occasioning the 
 inconveniences with which European cosmetics may justly 
 be reproached." It is a well-known fact that bii-muth, a 
 white powder containing su^'ar of lead, injures the nerve- 
 centers when constantly employed, and occasionally causes 
 paralysis itself. 
 
 In getting up the eyes, nothing is injurious that is not 
 dropj)ed into them. The n.se of ko/il or k-ofiol is quite 
 harmless, and, it must be confessed, very effective when 
 applied — as the famous recipe for salad dressing enjoins 
 with regard to the vinegar — by the hand of a miser. Mod- 
 ern Egyptian ladies make their lo/io! ot the smoke pro- 
 duced by burning almonds. A small bag holding the 
 bottle of i-oJioI, and a pin, with a rounded point with 
 which to apply it, form part of the toilet paraphernalia 
 of all the beauties of Cairo, who niake the immense mis- 
 take of getting up their eyes in an exactly similar manner, 
 thus trying to reduce the endless variety of nature to one 
 common pattern, a mistake that may be accounted for by 
 the fact that the Arabs believe l-ohol to be a sovereign 
 specific against ophthalmia. Their English sisters often 
 niako the same mistake ■without the same excuse. A hair- 
 pin stesped in lampblack is the usual method of darkening 
 the eyes in England, retribution following sooner or later 
 in the shape of a total loss of the eyelashes. Eau de 
 Cologne is occasionally dropped into the eyes, with the 
 effect of making them" brighter. The operation is pain- 
 ful, and it is said that half a dozen drops of whisky and 
 the same quantity of Eau de Cologne, eaten on a lump of 
 sugar, is quite as effective. 
 
LJ 
 
 How TO l)K IIAKDSUMK. 
 
 IIKai-irKKLKI) HOOTS. 
 
 A liidy looks iiilliiitoly tiiller iiml alinimor inalongdrt'BH 
 tliiiii mIiu (Io(!s ill u short costiinio, nnd there is always u 
 way of rthowiiig tho fuot, if dosireil, hy muking the front 
 qtiilo short, which gives, indeed, ii more yoiitliful appciir- 
 nnco to ii tniin dress. The greatest attention must, of 
 course, ho paid to tho feet with tlieso short dresses, and I 
 may lioro at onco state thjit high heels are absolutely for- 
 ludden by fashion. Doctors, are jou content!' Only on 
 cheap shoos and hoots are they now made, and are only 
 worn by eoninion people. A good bootmaker will not niako 
 iii>,'li lu^els now, even if paid (loublo price to do ho. Ladies 
 — that is, real ladies — now wear (lat-soled shoes and hoots, 
 u l(( {Jindorella. For morning walking, boots or high ifo- 
 liero shoes are worn. 
 
 If you wear boots you may wear any stockings you like, 
 for no one sees them. Ihit if you wear shoos you must 
 adapt your stockings to your dress. '.•'loss silk, Hootch 
 thread, and even cotton stockings are worn for walking, 
 silk stockings have returned into exclusively evening 
 wear. Day stockings should bo of the same color as the 
 dress, but they may be shaded, or stripped, or dotted, just 
 as you jjleaoe. White stockings are absolutely forbidden 
 
 for day wear — no one wears them — no one dares wear them 
 under fashion's interdiction. 
 
 HOW TO AI'I'KAU (IKACKFUI, IN WALKING. 
 
 The whole secret of standing an<l walking erect consists 
 in keeping tho chin well away from tho breast. This 
 throws the head ui>ward and biu^kward, and tho shoulders 
 will naturally settle baitkward and in their true position. 
 Tiiose who stoop in walking generally look downward. 
 Tho propel way is to look straight ahead, upon the same 
 level witli your eyes, or if you are inclined to stoop, until 
 that tendency is overcome, look rather above than below 
 tho level. Monntaineers are said to be as "straight as an 
 arrow," and tho reason is because they are obliged to look 
 upward so much. It is simply imiiossiblo toHttiojiin walk- 
 ing if yon will hoed anil prac^tico this rule. You will no- 
 tice that all roniul-shouldered persons carry the chin near 
 the breast and pointed downward. Take warn ini,' in time, 
 and heed graniimother's advice, for a bad habii is more 
 easily prevented than cnro<l. The habit of stooning when 
 one walks or stands is a bad habit and especially hard to 
 euro. 
 
 ^ ^-^^ ^ vgl^ ^^ 
 
 - ' - MULTUM IN PARVO. - - - 
 
 -T^r 
 
 HISTORY OF Tlir] BIBLES OF THE WORLD. 
 
 The Bibles of tho world are the koran of tho .Moham- 
 medans, the tripitaka of tho BuddhistE, the five kings of 
 tho Cliiue.se, tho three vediis of the Hindoos, the zenda- 
 vesta of the I'arsees and the scriptures of tho Christians. 
 The koran, says the Chicago Times, is tho most recent, 
 dating from the seventh century after Christ. It is a 
 comjiound of quotations from both tho Old and the New 
 Testaments and from tho talmud. Tho tripitaka contain 
 sublime morals and pure aspirations. Their author lived 
 and died in tho sixth century before Christ. 
 
 The sacred writings of the Chinese are called the five 
 kings, the word "king" meaning web of cloth. From 
 this it is presumed that they were originally written on 
 five rolls of cloth. They contain wise sayings from the 
 sages on the duties of life, but they can jiot bo traced 
 further back than the eleventh century before our era. 
 The vedas are the most ancient books in tho language of 
 the Hindoos, bu'., they do not, according to late commen- 
 tators, antedate tho twelfth before tho Christian era. The 
 zendavesta of the Parsees, next to our Bible, is reckoned 
 among scholars as being tho greatest and most learned of 
 the sacred writings. Zoroaster, whose sayings it contains, 
 lived and worked in tlui twelfth centurv before Christ. 
 Moses lived and wrote the pentatcuch 1,500 year.? before 
 tho birth of Jesus, therefore that portion of our Bible is 
 at least 300 years older than the most ancient of other 
 sacred writings. The eddas, a semi-sacred work of the 
 Scandinavians, was first given to tho world in the fonr- 
 teon centurv A. D. 
 
 PRECIOUS STONES. 
 
 ARRANOKD ACTOKDINQ TO COLOIl AND IX ORDER OP 
 
 HAUniNKSS. 
 
 Lhnpid. — Diamond, Sapphire, Topaz, Rock-Crystal. 
 
 Blue. — Sapphire. Topaz, liidicolite. Turquoise, Spinel, 
 Aquamarine, Kaynite. 
 
 Grren. — Oriental Emerald, ('hrysoberyl, Amazon Stone, 
 Malachite, Emerald, Chrysoprase, Chrysolite. 
 
 Yi'Uow. — Diamond. Topaz, Fiic Opid. 
 
 Red. — Sapphire-Ruby, Sjiinel-Ruby, Rubellite. (!arnel, 
 Brazil ianT(q)az, Hyacinth, (Jarneiian. 
 
 Violrf. — Oriental- Amethyst, Amethy.'it. 
 
 lildck Olid Brown. — Diamond, Tourmaline, Hyacinth. 
 Garnet. 
 
 now TO MHASURE CORN IN TIIH CIUB. 
 
 Rule: Ist. Measure the length, bread lb and height of 
 the crib inside the rail; multiply them together and divide 
 by two, the result is the number of bushels of shelled 
 corn. 
 
 2(1. TiOvel the (H)rn so that it is of equal depth through- 
 out, multiply the length, breath aiul denth together, and 
 this ]n-oduct by four, and cut olT one liguu to the right of 
 tho product; tho other will rei)resent the number of Imsli- 
 elsof shelled corn. 
 
 3d. Multiply length by height, and then by width, add 
 two ciphers to the result and ilivide by 124; this gives the 
 number of l)nshels of ear corn. 
 
 I^- 
 
 
MCLTl'M IX PAUVU. 
 
 iroH wear them 
 
 ALKING. 
 
 erect consists 
 brotist. 'I'hia 
 
 tlio sliuiil'lera 
 
 true ))()8itinn. 
 [)k (Idwiiwiinl. 
 poll llie same 
 to Htoo|>, until 
 ,e tliiiii below 
 Htraiglit u» an 
 hli^cd to look 
 )Ht(i<i]>iii waii{- 
 
 You will no- 
 tlie cliin near 
 irnin,L,'iii lime, 
 liabil in more 
 stooping wlien 
 icially hard to 
 
 f ORDER OP 
 
 •ck-CrjBtal. 
 :]iioise, Spinel, 
 
 Vinazoii Stone, 
 
 L'. 
 
 lellite, Garnel, 
 iue, Ilyueinth, 
 
 K CIMH. 
 
 iiiul height of 
 her and liivide 
 els of slielled 
 
 Icpth through- 
 1 together, ami 
 to the right of 
 imher of hnsh- 
 
 i by width, add 
 this frives tlie 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 UOMK DHKSSMAKIXO. 
 
 The art of droiMmaking in America hit« been of lute 
 yearvHO Hiniplified that almost anyone with a retuonable 
 degree of executive ability can manufm^ture a ftuhionabie 
 costume by uiting an approved iiattorn and following the 
 directions printed upon it, selecting a new pattern (or 
 each distinct style ; while in KMro|)u many ladies mlhere 
 to the old plan of cutting one model and using it for 
 everything, trusting to personal skill or lu<;k to gain the 
 desired fornuilion. However, Nome usi'ful hints are given 
 whii'Ii are well worth offering after the paper imttern ha« 
 been ciiosen. 
 
 The l)est dressmakers here and abroad use silk for lining, 
 but nothing is so durable or preservcH the nukterial as well 
 HS a firm slate twill. This is soiil double width and should 
 be laid out tluM folded : placu the pattern upon it with the 
 upper part towards thociit end, the selvedge forthe fronts. 
 The side pieces for the back will most probably be got out 
 of the width, while the top of the bank will ht in the in- 
 tersect of the front. A yard of good stutf may be often 
 saved by laying the pattern out aii<l well considering how 
 one part cuts into another. Prick the outline on to the 
 lining ; these marks servo as a guide for the tacking. 
 
 In forming the front side plaits be careful and do. not 
 allow a fold or crease to be apparent on the bo<lice beyond 
 wliere the stitching commences. To avoid this, before be- 
 ginning stick a pin through what is to be the top of the 
 plait. The head will be on the right side, and holding the 
 point, one can begin pinning the seam without touching 
 the upj)er part of tlio bodice. To ascertain the size of the 
 buttonholes put a piece of card beneath the button to be 
 used and cut it an eighth of an inch on either side beyond. 
 Having turned down the i)ieco in front on the buttonhole 
 side run a thread a si.xteenth of an inch from the extreme 
 edge, and again another the width of the card. Begin to 
 cut the first buttonhole at the bottom of the bodice; and 
 continue at equal distances. The other side of the bmlice 
 is left wide enough to come well under the buttonholes. 
 The buttonholes must be laid upon it and a pin put 
 through the center of each to mark where the button is to 
 be placed. In sewing on the buttons put the stiches in 
 horizontally; if perpendicularly they are likely to pucker 
 chat side of the bodice so much that it will be r|Uite drawn 
 up, and the buttons will not match the buttonliolea. 
 
 A WOMAN'S SKIRTS. 
 
 Observe the extra fatigue which is insured to every 
 woman in merely carrying a tray upstairs, from the skirts 
 of the dress. Ask any young women who are studying to 
 pass examinations whether they do not find loose clothes 
 a sine qua non while poring over their books, and then 
 realize the harm we are doing ourselves and the race bv 
 habitually lowering our powers of life and energy in sucti 
 a manner. As a matter of fact it is doubtful whether any 
 persons have ever been found who would say that their 
 stays were at all tight; and, indeed, by a muscular con- 
 traction they can apparently prove that they are not so b/ 
 moving them about on themselves, and thus probably be- 
 lieve what they say. That they are in error all the same 
 they can easily assure themselves by fir.^t measuring round 
 the waist outside the stays ; then take tiiem off, let them 
 measure while they take a deep breath, with the tape 
 merely laid on the body as if measuring for the quantity 
 of braid to go round a dress, and mark tho result. The 
 injury done by stays is so entirely internal that it is not 
 strange that the maladies caused by wearing them should 
 be attributed to every reason under the sun except the 
 true one, which is, briefly, that all the internal organs, 
 being by them displaced, are doing their work imperfectly 
 
 I and under the least advantageoui conditions ; and are, 
 I therefore, exactly in the state most favorable to the di,>vcl- 
 ' opment of disease, whether hereditary or otherwise. — 
 I jlacmiUaHs Mmjiniiif. 
 
 TO .MAKK THE SI.EKVES. 
 
 i As to sleeves. Measure from the shoulder to tho elbow 
 and again from elbow to the wriHt. Lay these meatture- 
 meuts on any sleeve patterns you nniy iiave, and lenuthen 
 and shorten accordingly. The .sleeve is cut in two pieces, 
 
 J tlie top of the arm and tho under part, wiiich is about an 
 inch narrower than the outside. In joining the two 
 
 I together, if tho sleeve is at all tight, the "PP')'' P>'''( >8 
 slightly fulled to the lower at the elbow, l^io sleeve is 
 sown to the armhoie with no cordings now, and the front 
 seam should be about two inches in front of tho bodice. 
 
 Ikwl ices are now worn very tight-fitting, and the French 
 stretch tho material well on the cross before beginning to 
 cut out, and in cutting allow tho lining to be slightly 
 pulled, 80 that when on, tho outside stretches to it and 
 insures a better lit. An experienced eyecan tell a French- 
 cut bodice at once, tho front side pieces being always on 
 the cross. In dress cutting and fitting, as in everything 
 else, there are failures and discouragements, but nractice 
 overrules these little matters, and " trying again "brings a 
 sure reward in success. 
 
 A sensible suggestion is made in regard to the finish in 
 necks of dresses for morning wear. Plain colors have 
 rather a stiff appearance, tulle or crepe lisso frilling are 
 expensive and frail, so it is a good idea to purchase a few 
 yards of really good washing lace, about an inch ami a half 
 in depth; quill or ]>lait and cut into suitable lengths to tack 
 around the necks of dresses. This can be easily removed 
 and cleaned when soiled. A piece of soft black Span- 
 ish lace, folded loosely around tho throat close to the f rill- 
 ings, but below it, looks very pretty; or you may get three 
 yards of scarf lace, trim tho ends with frillings, place it 
 around the neck, leaving nearly all the length in the right 
 hand, the end lying upon the left shoulder being about 
 half a yard long. Wind the larger piece twice around the 
 throat, in loose, soft folds, and festoon the other yard and a 
 half, and fasten with brooch or flower at the siJt. — Phtia- 
 delphut Times. 
 
 DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA. 
 
 It was on the 19th day of January, 1848, that James W. 
 Marshall, while engaged in digging a race for a saw-mill 
 at Coloma, about thirty-tlvc miles eastward from Sutter's 
 Fort, found some jiieces of yellow metal, which he and 
 the half-dozen men working with him at the mill snp- 
 l>03ed to be gold, lie felt confident that he had made a 
 discovery of great importance, but he knew nothing of 
 either chemistry or ^old-mining, so ho could not prove the 
 nature of tho metal nor tell how to obtain it in paying 
 quantities. Every morning ho went down to the race to 
 look for the bits of metal; but the other men at the mill 
 thought Marshall was very wild in his ideas, and they con- 
 tinued their labors in building the mill, and in sowing 
 wheat and planting vegetables. The swift current of the 
 mill-ra'^e washed away a considerable body of earthy mat- 
 ter, leaving the coarse particles of gold behind ; so Mar- 
 shall's collection of speciniens continued to accumulate, 
 and his associates began to think there might be some- 
 thing in his gold mines after all. About the middle of 
 February, a Mr. Bennett, one of the party employed at 
 the mill, went to San Francisco for the purpose of learn- 
 ing whether this metal was precious, and there he was 
 introduced to Isa;ic Humphrey, who had washed for gold 
 in Georgia. The experienced miner saw at a glance that 
 
 ■a^i^^-. 
 
; 
 
 UVITVU in PARTO. 
 
 ho hwl the tra« Maff Mora bin. and, after » few inquiries, 
 he WM Mtiitied that (h« di|:pn^i muit be rich. Ho timdo 
 immediate prepantioD to f tut the mill, ami trio<i to nor- 
 ■uadn lome of hie fnenda to go with him; but lliny 
 thought it would Iw oolr a wacte of time and money, ao 
 he went with Henneti for hU eole conipHnion. 
 
 He arrived at Coloma oo the 7th of MHrnh, and found 
 the work at the mill going on ai if no gold cxiMted in thu 
 neighborhood. The neit daj he took a pun iind spudo, 
 and waiihed lome of the dir* in the l>ottom of the mill- 
 race in plai^ee where Manhail had found hm specimung, 
 and, in a few hoart, Humphrej declared that theao minoa 
 were far richer than any in Georgia. He now made a 
 rooker and went to work waahing gold induHtriously, and 
 every day yielde«! to bira an ounce or two of niotal . The 
 men at the mill made rock«rra for themselvea, and nil were 
 soon busy in search of the yellow metal. Kverytliin;,' olao 
 was abandoned; the ruaor of the discovery spread slowly. 
 In the middle of March Pianon B. I{«ading, tho owner of 
 a largo ranch at the h**^ of the Sacramento vancy, hap- 
 pened to vidit .Sutter'i Fori, and hearing of the mining at 
 ColoniH, he went thiibcr to •e« it. He said that if simi- 
 larity of formation cooM be taken as a proof, there must 
 bo gold mines near bis ranch; so, after observing tho 
 metnml of washing, he po«t«d off, and in a few weeks he 
 was at work on the burs of Clear Creek, nearly two hun- 
 dred miles northwestward from Coloma. A few days after 
 Reading had lefc, John Bidvell, now representative of the 
 northern district of the Sute in the lower House of Con- 
 gress, came to Cotoma, md the result of his visit was 
 that, in less than a month, be had a party of Indians from 
 his ranch washing gold on tiie bars of Feather River, 
 twenty-five miles north*e«i*ard from Coloma. Thus tho 
 mines were opene<i at far distant points. 
 
 'I'he first prifiteii notioe of the discovery of gold v/as 
 given in the California new-^f<aper published in Sun Fran- 
 cisco on the 15th of March. On the 29th of May the same 
 paper, announcing th:kt its pablication would be suspended, 
 says: "The whole coantrr, from San Francisco to Los 
 Angeles, and from the sntshore to the base of the Sierra 
 Nevaila, resound the i»>r>iid cry otgoUl! gold! gold! while 
 the field is left half i IaQt«<d, the houee half built and 
 everything neglected hot the manufacture of pick and 
 shovels, and the meania of transportJition to the spot 
 where one man obtaine»l one hundred and twenty-eight 
 dollars' worth of the real stuff in one day's washing; and 
 the average for all concerned, is twenty dollars per diem." 
 
 The first to commence qaartr mining in California were 
 Oant. Win. Jackson and Mr. Eliason, both Virginians, 
 and the first machine nsed was a Chilian mill. 
 
 The Reid Mine, in North Carolina, was the first gold 
 mine discovered and worked in the United States, and the 
 only one in North Americcfrom which, up to 1825, gold 
 was sent to the Mint. 
 
 HOW TO MAKE ARTIFICIAL CxOLD. 
 
 The following orotd or imitation gold is sometimes sold 
 for the genuine article w'aieh it closely resembles. Pure 
 copper, 100 parts by weight, is melted in a crucible, and 
 then 6 parts of magnesia. 3.6 of sal-ammoniac, 1.8 of 
 quicklime and 9. of tartar are added separately and grad- 
 ually in the form of powder. The whole is then stirred 
 for about half an hoar, and 17 parts of zinc or tin in 
 small grains are thrown in and thoroughly mixed . The 
 cruicible is now corered and the mixture kept melted for 
 hiilf an hour longer, when it is skimmed and poured out. 
 
 Any imitation of gi'>;d may be detected by its weight, 
 which is not one-half of what it should be, and by its dis- 
 solving in nitric acid while pure gold is untouched. 
 
 HOW TO TELL ANY PERSON'S AGE. 
 
 There ii a good deal of amusement 'n\ the I'ollowinf 
 magical table of flgurei. It will enable you to tell how 
 old the young ladies are. Just hand this table toa young 
 lady, and request her to tell you in which column or col- 
 umns her age is contained, and add together the figures at 
 the top of tli» columns in which her age is found, and you 
 have the great aecrot. Thus, suppose her age to be 17, 
 you will find that number in the first and flftn columns; 
 add the first flgurea of these two columns. 
 
 Hero ii the magic table: 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 S2 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 17 
 
 83 
 
 fi 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 84 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 19 
 
 86 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 80 
 
 86 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 SI 
 
 87 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 %% 
 
 8? 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 98 
 
 89 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 M 
 
 40 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 
 41 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 36 
 
 43 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 37 
 
 M 
 
 43 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 M 
 
 44 
 
 27 
 
 V 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 iW 
 
 46 
 
 29 
 
 80 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 80 
 
 46 
 
 31 
 
 81 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 •t 
 
 47 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 86 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 48 
 
 3ft 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 41 
 
 5 
 
 49 
 
 37 
 
 88 
 
 38 
 
 43 
 
 M 
 
 60 
 
 39 
 
 89 
 
 39 
 
 43 
 
 81 
 
 61 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 
 62 
 
 43 
 
 43 
 
 46 
 
 45 
 
 Q§ 
 
 63 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 «S 
 
 46 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 47 
 
 47 
 
 47 
 
 47 
 
 88 
 
 65 
 
 49 
 
 60 
 
 62 
 
 66 
 
 98 
 
 66 
 
 61 
 
 61 
 
 63 
 
 6V 
 
 « . 
 
 67 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 58 
 
 88 
 
 68 
 
 55 
 
 56 
 
 66 
 
 59 
 
 88 
 
 69 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 69 
 
 69 
 
 61 
 
 61 
 
 61 
 
 61 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 63 
 
 63 
 
 63 
 
 63 
 
 63 
 
 WHAT THE WHITE HOUSE COSTS. 
 
 Sa' '•V of President, 150,000; additional appropriations 
 are obouc $75,000. A total of 1125,000. The President 
 has the following corps of assistants: Private Secretary, 
 $3,250; Assistant Private Secretary, $2,250; Stenographer, 
 $1,800; five Messengers, $1,200 each, $6,000; Steward—; 
 two Doorkeepers, $1,200 each, $2,400; two Ushers, $1,200, 
 $1,400, $2,600; Night Usher, $1,200; Watchman, $900, 
 and a few other minor clerks and telegraph operators. 
 
 Sundries. — Incidental expenses, $8,000; White House 
 repairs — carpets and refurnishing, $12,500; fuel, $2,500; 
 green-house, $4,000; gas, matches and stable, $16,000. 
 
 These amounts, with others of minor importance, con- 
 sume the entire appropriations. 
 
 BUSINESS LAW. 
 
 Ignorance of the law excuses no one. It is a fraud to 
 conceal a fraud. The law compels no one to do impossi- 
 bilities. An agreement without consideration is void. 
 Signatures made with a lead pencil are good in law. A 
 receipt for money paid is not legally conclusive. The acts 
 of one partner bind all the others. Contracts made on 
 Sunday cannot be enforced. A contract made with a 
 minor is void. A contract made with a lunatic is void. 
 Principals are responsible for the acts of their agents. 
 
MCLTt'li IN PABTO. 
 
 tppropriations 
 
 Affenta arc rMponiiblo to their prir.!ipRU for orron K«ch | 
 indiTidual in u t)artiiorHlu|> in roHpr>iiitiblo for tliu wliole , 
 umountof tliu doiita of tliutlnii. A note givtm l)V u minor 
 JH void. Notita hour irititroiit only wiieii ho stutuil. Il ii 
 lugally nncoMMury to say on a iiotu "for viiliio rvcoivoti." A 
 nolo (irawii on Hiitxiuy la void. A iiotanl)taini>(| by fraud, 
 or from Ik porHon ill a stiito of intoxication, cannot b« col- 
 luctod. If a notu \>o loHt or atoion, itdooa not rvioaM th« 
 inai<or ; ho muHt pay it. An ondoracr of a notu ia oxitnpt 
 from liability if not aervml with nolioo of ita diahouor 
 nrithin twenty-four houra of ita non-payment. 
 
 ITKMS WOKTH UKMK.MHKKINCi. 
 
 A sun bath ia of more worth than much warming br 
 the tiro. 
 
 Rooka ozpoactd to the atmoHphure keep in better (condi- 
 tion than if coiilined in a book-caao. I'ioturea aru both for 
 use and oniainunt. They aorvo to recall ploiwant niemo- 
 rioa and acenoa; tlioy harmonize with the furniahing of 
 thu rooma. If they Horvo noitlierof tlinae purpoaoa they are 
 worae than n»i'leHH; they only help (111 space which would 
 look butter empty, or gather dual and make work to keep 
 them clean. 
 
 A room filled with quantitiea of trifling ornamenta haa 
 the look of a bazaar and diaplaya neither good taate nor 
 good aenae. ArtiHtic excullonco aiina to have all the ftir- 
 niahin^a of a high order of workmanship combined with 
 aimpiicity, while f;ood aonao underatanda tlio folly of dust- 
 ing a lot of ri'Sbiah. 
 
 A poor br)ok Imd boat bo burned to^'ivo ])lai:o to a U^tter, 
 or oven to an eninty alielf, for tho lire Uostrovrt its poison, 
 and puta it out oi the way of doing harm. 
 
 Hettor o(;onoiiii/.(c in the piirclianin2 of fur!>ituif or 
 carpeta timii atcritnp in buying good booka or papers. 
 
 Our aittiiig-rooma need never bo empty of gucata or our 
 librariea of aoeiety if the company of good books ia 
 admitted to them. 
 
 UKMAliKABLE CALCULATIONS REC.AUDING 
 TIIK SUN. 
 
 Tho sun'a average dlatunue from the earth ia about 
 91,500,000 miles. Since the orbit of tho earth iaclliptical. 
 and tho aun ia sitiiutud at oiio cf ita foci, tliu earth is nearly 
 3,000,000 miles further from tho sun in aphelion than in 
 perihelion. As wo attempt to locate tho heavenly bodies 
 in space, we are iinmediutely startled by tho enormous fig- 
 uresomployed. Tho first number, 91,500,000 miles, ia far 
 beyond our grasp. Let us try to comprehend it. If there 
 wero air to convey a sound from tho sun to tho earth, and 
 a noise could be made loud enough to pass that distance 
 it would require over fourteen years for it to come to us. j 
 Suppose il railroad could bo built to the eun. An express | 
 train traveling day and nigiit at tho rate of thirty miles an 
 hour, would require 341 yearsto reach its destination. Ten 
 generations would bo born and would die; tho youn" men 
 would become gray haired, and their great-grandcL..i.ren 
 would forget the story of tho beginning of that wonderful 
 journey, au<l could find it only in history, as we now read 
 of Queen Elizabeth or of Shakespeare; the eleventh gener- 
 ation would see the solar depot at tho end of the route. 
 Yet this enormoiis distance or 91,500,000 miles is used as 
 the unit for expressing celestial distances — as the foot-rule 
 for measuring apace; and astronomers speak of so many 
 times the sun'a distance as wo speak of o many feet or 
 inches. 
 
 Signs op Storms Appboaohinu. — A ring around the 
 sun or moon stands for an approaching storm, its near or 
 distant approach being indicated by its larger or smaller 
 
 ing atorm by cattle siiiftlngtlioair in the direction wlieiico 
 it i« coming, I^ck of dew in Hummer ia a rain nigii. 
 
 circamferenc«. When the ann riaei bri^htlj and immedi- 
 ately aftorwani l>eeomea Teiletl m\\.^ ^touda, tho farmer 
 dislruma the day. Ititina which begin early in the morn- 
 ing often atop by nine in i)lace of "eleven," the hour 
 apecitied in the old aaw, " If it raina ()cfore aevon." 
 
 On a atill, <{uiet day, with aeart riy tho loaat wind atloat, 
 the ranchman or farmer can tell the direction of impeiid- 
 :tle siiiftlngtlioair 
 lAck of dew in 
 Shart) while froats in autumn and winter precede ilaiiip 
 weatlier, an<l we willstake our reputation aa a prophet that 
 three siicceaaive white froata are an infallible aigii of rain. 
 Spiders do not apin their weba out of dcMira before rain. 
 Invvioua to rain fliea sting sharper, beea remain in their 
 hives or ily but short dintaneeii, an<l almoat all animala 
 appear uneasy. 
 
 HOW TO i)isTi\(;uisii good'mkat prom had 
 
 MEAT. 
 
 1st. It is neither of a pale pink color nor of a deep pur- 
 ple tint, for the 'crmer la a aign of diaeaae, and tlio latter 
 indicatea that thii animal haa not been alaughlered, but 
 haa died with the blood in it, or haa suffered from acute 
 fever. 
 
 2d. It haa a marked appearance from the ramiflcationa 
 of little reina of fat among the muaclea. 
 
 3d. It should be firm and elastic to the touch and 
 should scarcely nioiaten the fingera — bad meat being wet 
 and 80<iden and flabby vith the fat looking like jelly or 
 wet parchment. 
 
 4th. It i»h<.uld havelitlleor noodor, and the odor ahould 
 not be diaagreeablo, for diaeaned meat haa a aickly cadav- 
 croiia amell. and aometimea a smell of iihysic. This ia 
 very dii<'overHble when the meat ia cnopped up and 
 <lrenche<l with wurm water. 
 
 5tli. It ahould not aiiriiik or waste much in cooking. 
 
 etii. It ahould not lun to wiuer or become very wot on 
 standing for a day or two, but should, on the contrary, 
 dry upon thesurfHce. 
 
 "7th. When drieil at a temperature of 212 deg., or there- 
 al)outi«, it ahould not lose more than from 70 to 74 per 
 cent, of ita weight, whereaa bad meat will often lose aa 
 much aa 80 per cent. The juice of the fleah is alkaline or 
 neutral to teat pa|>er. 
 
 RAILROADS IX FINLAND. 
 
 People who think of Finland aa a aub-arctic country of 
 bleak and forbidding aspect may be surprised to hear that 
 several railroads have already made a large part of the 
 region accessible. A new line, 160 tniles long, has just 
 lieen opened to the heart of the country in tho midst of 
 great foreata and perhaps the most wonderful lake region 
 in the world. Sportamenare now within loss than a day's 
 journey from St. Petersburg of central Finland, where 
 there is the best of hunting and fishing and twenty hours 
 of sunlight every summer dav. The most unique of rail- 
 roads, however.'is still the little line in Norway, north 
 of the arctic circle, carrying the product of far northern 
 mines to the sea, and famous as the only railroad that has 
 yet invaded the polar regions. 
 
 COMPARATIVE SIZE OP THE ARK AND THE 
 GREAT EASTERN. 
 
 The following comparison between the size of Noah's 
 ark and the Great Eastern, both being considered in point 
 of tonnage, after the old law for calculating the tonnage 
 of a vessel, exhibits a remarkable similarity. The cubit 
 of the Bible, according to Sir Isaac Newton, is 20^ inches, 
 
3 . 
 
 vt 
 
 If 
 
 !' 
 
 MCLTlJi IN- PaRVO. 
 
 or, to be exact, 20.625 inches. Bishop Wilkins nmkes 
 the cubit 20.88 inclies. According to Newton the dimen- 
 sions of tlie arlc were: Length between perpendicu- 
 lars, 515.62 I'eet ; breadth, 84.94 feet ; depth, 51 56 feet ; 
 keol, or length for toniuvge, 404.08 feet. Tonnage, accord- 
 ing to oldliw, 18,23158-94. The measurements of the ark, 
 according to Wilkins' calcuhitiona were: Length, 54700 
 feet; breadth, 91.16 feet; depth, 54.70 feet ; keel, 492.31 
 feet. Tonnage, 21,761. Notice how surprisingly near 
 the Great Eastern came to being constructed after tlie 
 same plan: Length, 680 feet; brewlth, 83 feet; depth, 00 
 feet; keel, 630 feet. Tonnage, 23,092. 
 
 FINGER NAILS AS AN INDICATION OF CHAR- 
 ACTER. 
 
 ♦ A white mark on the yaii bespeaks misfortune. 
 
 Pale or lead-colored nails indicate melancholy people. 
 
 Broad nails indicate a gentle, imiid, and bashful nat- 
 ure. 
 
 Lovers of knowledge and liberal sentiments have round 
 nails. 
 
 People with narrow nails are ambitious and quarrel- 
 some. 
 
 Small nails indicate littleness of mind, obstinacy and 
 conceit 
 
 Cho.'eric, martial men, delighting in war, have red and 
 spotted rails. 
 
 Nails growing into the flesh at the points or sides indi- 
 c&t, ai.iurious tastes. 
 
 'eople with very pale nails are subject to much infirm- 
 'gy f the flesh and persecution by neighbors and friends. 
 
 DANGERS OF CELLULOID. 
 
 A curiou - accident, which happened recently in Paris, 
 points out a | issible danger in tlie wearing of combs and 
 brae lets of ce (r.loid. A little girl sat down before the 
 fire t 1 prepare her lessons. Her hair was kept back by 
 a sei! i-circlo comb of celluloid. As her head was bent 
 forwan) to the fire this became warm, and suddenly burst 
 into flames. 'he child's hair was partly burned off, and 
 the skin of the head was so injured tliat several months 
 after, though tha burn was lieal^d, the cicatrix formed a 
 white patch on vhich no hair would grow. The burning 
 oint of celluloid is about 180 degrees, and the comb worn 
 y the girl liad attained that heat as it was held before the 
 fire. 
 
 ODD FACTS ABOUT SHOES. 
 
 Grecian sh< es were peculiar in reaching to the middle of 
 the legs. 
 
 The presen' fasliion of shoes was introduced into Eng- 
 land in 1633. 
 
 In the ninth and tenth centuries the greatest princes of 
 Europe wore wooden shoes. 
 
 Slippers v ere in use before Shakespeare's time, and 
 were origir.dly made " rights "and " lefts." 
 
 Shoes 'imong the Jews were made of leatlier, linen, 
 rush of wood; soldiers' shoes were sometimes made of 
 brass ori''on. 
 
 In the reign of William Rufns of England, in the 
 eleventh century, a great beau, "Robert, the Horned," 
 used shoes with sharp points, stuffed with tow, n.td twisted 
 like rams' horns, 
 
 The Romans made use of two kinds of shoes — the solea, 
 or sandal, which covered th) sole of the foot, and was worn 
 at home and in company, and the calceus, which covered 
 the whole foot and war always worn with the toga when a 
 person went abroad. 
 
 In the reign of Richard II., shoes were of such absurd 
 length as to require to be supportei by being tied to the 
 knees with chains, sometimes of gold end silver. In 1463 
 the English parliament took the matter in hand and 
 })assed an act forbidding shoes with spikes more than two 
 inches in length being worn and manufactured. 
 
 TABLE SHOWING THE AVERAGE VELOCITIES 
 
 OF VARIOUS BODIES. 
 
 A man walks 3 miles per hour or 4 feet per second. 
 
 A horse trots 7 " " 10 
 
 A h.rsorunsZO " " 20 
 
 Steamboat runs 20" " 26 
 
 Sailing vessel runs 10 miles per hour or 14 feet per second. 
 
 Uapiil rivers flow 3 " " 4 " " 
 
 A moderate wind blows 7 miles per hour or 10 feet per second, 
 
 A storm moves 30 " " 52 
 
 A hurricane moves 80 " " 117 
 
 A rifle ball 1000 " " 1466 
 
 Sound 743 " " 1143 " " _ 
 
 Light, 192,000 miles per second. 
 
 Electricity, 288,000 miles per second. 
 
 QUANTITY OF OIL REQUIRED FOR DIFFERENT 
 COLORS. 
 
 Heath & Miligan quote the following figures, 
 are color manufacturers: 
 
 100 parts (weight) White Lead require 18 parts of oil. 
 
 They 
 
 ..' 
 
 Zinc White 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 " Green Chrome " 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 ' ' Chrome Yellow ' ' 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 " Vermilion " 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 Light Red 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 " Madder Lake " 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 " Yellow Ochre " 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 " Light Ochre " 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 Camels Brown " 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 " Brown Manganese 
 
 require 87 
 
 
 TerreVerte 
 
 If 
 
 100 
 
 
 " Parisian Blue 
 
 <f 
 
 106 
 
 
 " Burnt Terreverte 
 
 «■ 
 
 112 
 
 
 Berlin Blue 
 
 Ml 
 
 112 
 
 
 " Ivory Blacls 
 
 tt 
 
 112 
 
 
 Cobalt 
 
 (1 
 
 125 
 
 
 " Florentine Brown 
 
 If 
 
 150 
 
 
 " Burnt Terra Sienna 
 
 11 
 
 181 
 
 
 " Raw Terra Sienna 
 
 l< 
 
 140 
 
 According to this table, a hundred parts of the quick 
 drying white lead are ground with 12 parts of oil, and on 
 tlie other hand slow drying ivory black requires 112 parts 
 
 'of oil. 
 
 PAINTING. 
 
 1 gallon Priming Color will cover 50 superficial yarda. 
 " WliiteZinc " 50 
 
 Wliiio Paint " 44 
 
 Lead Color " 50 
 
 Black Paint " 50 
 
 " Stone Color " 44 
 
 Yellow Pain* " 44 
 
 Blue Color " 45 " 
 
 Green Paint " 45 
 
 " Briglit Emerald Green will cover 25 superficial yards. 
 " Bronze Green will cover 45 superficial yards. 
 
 One pound of paint will cover about four superficial 
 yards the first coat, and about six yards each additional 
 coat. 
 
 RAPID PROCESS OF MARKING GOODS AT ANY 
 DESIRED PER CENT. PROFIT. 
 
 Retail merchants, in buying goods by wholesale, buy a 
 great many articles by the dozen, &nch as boots and shocd, 
 hats and caps, and notions of various kinds; now the mer- 
 chant, in buying, for instance, a dozen hats, knows exactly 
 what one of these hats will retail for in the market whore 
 
 t\ 
 
 a 
 
 ^: 
 
MULTUM IN PARVO. 
 
 ELOCITIES 
 
 DIFFERENT 
 
 he deals; and unless ho is a good accountant, it will often 
 take him some time to determine wlicthor ho can afford to 
 purchase thedozi-n hats and make a living profit by srlling 
 tiiem by the single hat; and in buying his goods by auction, 
 as the merchant often does, he has not time to make the 
 calcidatiou before the goods are bid off. He therefore 
 loses tiiB chance of making good bargains by being afraid 
 to bill at random, or if be bids, and the goods are cried 
 off, he may hi'.vo made a poor bargain by bidding thus at a 
 venture. It tiien becomes a useful and practiffal probk'm 
 to determine instantly what per cent, he would gain ii he 
 retailed the hat at a certain price, to tell what au article 
 should retail for to make a profit of 20 per cent. 
 
 Rule. — Divide what the articles coat per dozen hy 10. 
 which is done by removing the decimal point one place to 
 the left. 
 
 For instance, if hats cost 117.50 per dozen, remove the 
 decimal point one place to the left, making 8^1.75, what 
 they should be sold for apiece to gain 20 per cent, on the 
 cost. If they cost $31.00 per dozen, they should be sold at 
 13.10 apiece, etc. 
 
 TUE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Pyramids of Egypt. 
 
 Tower, Walls and Terrace Hanging Gardens of Babylon. 
 
 Statue of Jupiter Olympus, on the Capitoliiie Hill, at 
 Rome. 
 
 Temple of Diana, at Ephesus. 
 
 Pharos, or watch-tower, at Alexandria, Egypt. 
 
 Colossus of Rhodes, a statue 105 feet high; overthrown 
 by an earthquake 224 B. C. 
 
 Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, a Grecian-Persian city in 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 HEAT AND COLD. 
 
 Degrees of heat above zero at which substances melt: — 
 Wrought iron, 3,980 degrees; cast iron, 3,479; platinum, 
 3,080; gold, 2,590; copper, 2,548; steel, 2,500; glass, 2,377; 
 brass, 1,900; silver, 1.250; antimony, 951; zinc, 740; lead, 
 594; tin, 421; arsenic, 3G5; sulphur, 226; beeswax, 151; 
 guttapercha, 145; tallow, 97; lard, 95; pitch, 91; ice, 33. 
 
 Degrees of heat above zero at which substances boil: — 
 Ether, 98 degrees; alcohol, 173; water, 212; petroleum, 
 30G; linseed oil, C40; blood heat, 98; eggs hatch, 104. 
 
 QUANTITY OF SEED TO AN ACRE. 
 
 Wheat, H ♦« ~ ^'"-J 'T^» H to 3 bu.; oats, 3 bu.; barley, 
 2 bu.; buckwheat, + bu.; corn, broadcast, 4 bu.; corn, in 
 diiUs, 3 to 3 bu.; corn, in.hills, 4 to 8 qts. ; broom corn, 
 vbu.; potatoes, 10 to 15 bu.; rutabagas, $ lb;-.; millet, i 
 bu.; clover, white, 4 <|ts.; cIovit, red, 8 qts.; timoLhy, 6 
 qts.: orchard grass, 2 qls. ; red top, 1 to 2 pks. ; blue grrjs, 
 2 bu.; mixed lawn grass, i bu.; tobacco, 2 ozs. 
 
 SOLUBLE GLASS FOR FLOORS. 
 
 Instead of tlio old-i'asliionod method of usi:v_ «ax for 
 polishing lloors, etc., soluble glass is nmv ompl'ived to 
 great advantage. For this i>urpose the iloor is first well 
 cleaned, and then tho cracks well filled up with a cement 
 of water-glass and powdered clialk or gypsum. Aftor- 
 w;^rd, a water-gliufs of Cj()° to 65", of the thickness of 
 syrup, is applied by means of a titiff brush. Ar.y desired 
 color may be imparted to the floor in a gecond cciit of the 
 water-glass, and additional coats «■•" to be g'-.-on until the 
 requisite polish is ohtsined. A itill higher fiuiwh vmy bo 
 given by puuimiciug oil tlie lust iuyor, aud thcQ putting 
 on a coating of Oui 
 
 27 
 
 DURABILITY OF A HOR.SE. 
 
 A horse will travel 400 yards in 4+ minutes at a wail<, 
 400 yartis in 2 minutes at a trot, and4ij0 vards in 1 minute 
 at a gallop. The usual work of a horse is taken at 22,500 
 lbs. raised 1 foot per minute, for 8 hours per diiy. A 
 horse will carry 250 'bs. 25 miles per day of 8 hours. An 
 average draught-horse will draw l.COO li5?i. 23 miles per 
 day on a level road, wei<;ht of wagon included. The 
 averaFO weight of a horse is 1,000 lbs.; his strength is 
 equal to that of 5 men. In a horee mill moving at 3 feet 
 per second, track 25 feet diameter, he exerts with the 
 machine the pi>wer of 4^. horse"-. The greatest amount a 
 horse can pull in a horizontal line is '.)>>') !b«. ; but he can 
 only u this momentarily, in • untinued exertion, probably 
 half of this is the limit. He attains his growth in 5 
 years, will live 25, average 16 years. A horse will live 25 
 ilays on water, without solid food, 17 days without eating 
 or drinking, but only 5 days on solid food, without 
 drinking. 
 
 A cart drawn by horses over an ordinary road will travel 
 1.1 miles per hour of trip. A 4-horse team will haulfrom 
 25 to 36 cubic feet of lime stone at each load. The time 
 expended in loading, unloading, etc., including delays, 
 averages 35 minutes per trip. Tlie coat of loading and 
 unloading a cart, using a horse cram at the quarry, and 
 unloading by hand, when labor is *1.25 per day, and a 
 horse 75 cents, is 25 cents per percli=--=24. 75 cubic feet. 
 The work done by an animal is greatest when the velocity 
 with which he moves is ^ of the greatest with which he 
 can move when not impeded, and the force then exerted 
 .45 of the utmost force the animal can exert at a dead 
 pull. 
 
 COMPARATIVE COST oF FREIGHT BY WATER 
 AND RAIL. 
 
 It has bc^n proved by actual test that a single tow-boat 
 can transport at one trip from the Ohio to New Orleans 
 29,000 tons of coal, loaded in barges. Estimating in this 
 way the boat and its tow, worked by a few men, carries 
 as much freight to its destination as 3,000 cars and 1C-. 
 locomotives, manned by 600 men, could transport. 
 
 HINTS TO YOUNG HOUSEWIVES. 
 
 Glycerine does not agree with a dry skin. 
 
 If you use powder always wash it off before going to 
 bed. 
 
 When you give your cellar its spring cleaning, ndd a 
 little copperas water and suit to the wliitcwash. 
 
 A little ammonia and liora." in the water wh' n washing 
 blankets keeps them soft and prevents *^hrinkage. 
 
 Sprinkling salt on the top and at Uie bottom of garden 
 walls is said to keep siuiils from climbing up or down. 
 
 For relief from heartburn or dyspepjsia, drink a little 
 cold water in which has been dissolved a teaipoonful of 
 salt. 
 
 For hoarseness, hcnt a fresh egg and thicken it with fine 
 white sugar. Eat of it freely and thp hoarseness will soon 
 be relieved. 
 
 If quilts are folded or rolled tightly after washing, then 
 beaten witji a rollipg pin or potato maslior, it lightens up 
 the cotton and makes them see u soft and new. 
 
 Chemists say that it tak :3 more than twice as much 
 sugar to sweeten preserves, .=ance, etc., if put in when 
 thcv begin to cook aa it does to sweeten after the fruit is 
 ccoked. 
 
 Tar may be removed from the hands by rubbing with 
 the outside of fresh orange or lemon p<?el amd drying 
 immediately. The rolatile oila diMolve the tar ?o tha^ it- 
 can be. rubbed oi'. 
 
 fl. 
 
I! I 
 
 4 
 
 : U 
 
 MULTUM IN PAKVO. 
 
 JFoths or nny eunimer flying insectij imiy bo enljed to 
 destruction by a briglit tin pan half fillctl witli kurogeiie 
 set in a dark corner of the room. Attracted by tlie bright 
 pan, tlio niotii will meet liis deatii in the kerosene. 
 
 It may bo worth k:;owing that water in which three or 
 four onions iuivo been boih'd, applied with a gilding brrsh 
 to the frames of pictures and chimney glasses, will pre- 
 vent flies fioni lighting on them and will not injure the 
 frames. 
 
 SLTPERSTITIONS REGARDING BABIES. 
 
 It is believed by many that if a cliild cries at its birth 
 and lifts up only one hand, it is born to command. It is 
 thought very unlucky not to weigh the baby before it is 
 dressed. When firstdresscd the clothes shouhl not be put on 
 ever the head, but drawn on over the feet, for luck. When 
 first taken from the room in which it was born it must be 
 carried up stairs before going down, so that it will rise in 
 the world. In any case it must be carried up stairs or up 
 the street, the first time it is taken out. It is also consid- 
 ered in England and Scotland unlucky to cut the baby's 
 nails or hair before it is twelve months old. The saying: 
 
 Born on Monday, fair in the face; 
 
 Born on Tuesday, full of God's grace; 
 
 Born ou Wednesday, the best to bo had; 
 
 Born on Thursday, merry and glad; 
 
 Born on Friday, worthily given; 
 
 Born on Saturday, work liard for a living; 
 
 Born ou Sunday, sliall never know want, 
 is known with various changes all over the Christian 
 world; one deviation from the original makes Friday's 
 child "free in giving." Thursday has one very luci'.y 
 hour just before sunrise. 
 
 The child that is born on tlie Sabbath day 
 
 Is bonny and good and gay. 
 While 
 
 He who is born on New Year's morn 
 
 Will have his own way as sure as you're born. 
 
 He who is born on Easter morn 
 
 Shall never know care, or want, or harm. 
 
 SECRET ART OF CATCHING FISH. 
 
 Pat the oil of rhodium ou the bait, when fishing with a 
 hook, and you will always succeed. 
 
 TO CATCH FISH. 
 
 Take the juice of smallage or lovage, and mix with any 
 kind of bait. As long as there remain any kind of fish 
 within yards of your hook, you will find yourself busy 
 pulling them out. 
 
 CERTAIN CURE FOR DRUNKENNESS. 
 
 Take of sulphate of iron 5 grains, magnesia 10 grains, 
 peppermint water 11 u'nichms, spiritsof nutmegl drachm. 
 Administer this twice ii day. It acts as a tonic and stimu- 
 lant and so partially supplies the place of the accustomed 
 liquor, and prevents I'uit absolute physical and moral pros- 
 tration that follows a sudden breaking off from the use of 
 stimulating drinks. 
 
 LADIES' STAMPING POWDER. 
 
 Forr.de in stamping any desireii pattern upon goo<l3 for 
 needle wo '- . embroidery, etc. Draw pattern upon heavy 
 paper, an. j)erfonite with small holfs uU the lines witn 
 some sharp instrument, dust the pjv.der through, »-move 
 
 And 
 
 tl'e pattern and pass a warm iron over the fabric, when 
 the pattern will become fixed. Any desired color can be 
 used, such as Prussian blue, chrome green, yellow, vermil- 
 ion, etc. Pine white rosin, 2 ounces; gum sandarach, 4 
 ounces; color, 2 ounces. Powder very fine, mix, and pass 
 through a sieve. 
 
 SAT.ARIRS OP THE UNITED STATES OFFICERS, 
 PER ANNUM. 
 
 President, Vice-President and Cabinet. — President, 
 150,000; Vice-President, $8,000; Cabinet Oflieers, *8,000 
 each. 
 
 United States Senators. — $5,000, with mileage. 
 
 Congress. — Members of Congress, $5,000, with mile- 
 age. 
 
 Supreme Court. — Chief Justice, $10,500; Associate 
 Justices, $10,000. 
 
 Circuit Courts. — Justices of Circuit Courts, $6,000. 
 
 Heads of Departments. — Siipt. of Bureau of Engrav- 
 ing and Printing. $4,500; Public Printer, $4,500; Supt. 
 of Census, $5,000; Supt. of Naval Observatory, $5,000; 
 Supt. of the Signal Service, $4,000; Director of Geologi- 
 cal Surveys, $0,000; Director of the Mint, $4,500; Com- 
 missioner of General Land Oflice, $4,000; Commissioner 
 of Pensions, $3,600; Commissioner of Agriculture, 
 $3,000; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, $3,000; Com- 
 missioner of ll^ducation $3,000; Commander of Marine 
 Corps, $3,500; Sup*^^ of Coast and Geodetic Survey, 
 $6,000. 
 
 United States Treasury. — 'treasurer, $6,000; Registerof 
 Treasury, $4,000; Commissioner of Customs, $4,000. 
 
 Internal Revenue Agencies. — Supervising Agents, $12 
 per day; 34 other agents, per day, $6 to $8. 
 
 Postoffice Department, Washington. — Three Assistant 
 Postmaster-Generals, $3,500; Chief Clerk, $2,200. 
 
 Postmasters. — Postmasters are divided into four classes. 
 First class, $3,000 to $4,000 (excepting New York Citv, 
 which is $8,000); second class, $2,000 to $3,000; thii'd 
 class, $1,000 to $2,000; fourth class, less than $1,000. 
 Tlie first three classes are appointed by the President, and 
 confirmed by the Senate; those of fourth class are 
 appointed by the Postmaster-General. 
 
 Diplomatic appointments. — Ministers to Germany, 
 Great Britain, France and Russia, $17,500; Ministers to 
 Brazil, China, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Mexico, Japan and 
 Spain, $12,000; Ministers to Chili, Peru and Central 
 Amer., $10,000>, Ministers to Argentine Confederation, 
 Hawaiiiin Islaiuls, Belgium, Hayti, Columbia, Nether- 
 lands, Sweden, Turkey and Venezuela, $7,500; Ministers 
 to Switzerland, Denmark, Paraguay, Bolivia and Portu- 
 gal, $5,000; Minister to Liberia, $4,000. 
 
 Army Ottioers.— General, $13,500; Lieut.-General, $11,- 
 000; Major General, $7,500; Brigadier-General, $5,500; 
 Colonel, $3,500; Lieutenant-Colonel, $3,000; Major, 
 $2,500; Captain, mounted, $2,000; Captain, not mounted, 
 $1,800; Regimental Adjutant, $1,800; Regimental Quar- 
 termaster, $1,800; 1st Lieutenant, mounted, $1,600; 1st 
 Lieutenant, not mounted, $1,500; 2d Lieutenant, mounted, 
 $1,500; 2d Lieutenant, not mounted, $1,400; Chaplain, 
 $1,500. 
 
 Navy Omcera.— Admiral, $13,000; Vico-Admiral, 19,- 
 000; Rcar-Admirals, *?,000; Commodores, $5,000; Cap- 
 tains. $45,000; Commanders, $3,.")00, Lieu". Command- 
 ers, $2,800; Lieutenants, $2,400; Masters, $1,800; Ensigns, 
 $1,200; Midshipmen, $1,000; Caiha Midshipmen, $500; 
 Mates, $900; Medical atid Pay Directors and ?,Iedical and 
 Pay Inspectors and Chief Ens^ineers, $4,400; Fleet Sur- 
 geons, Fleet Paymasters and Fleet Engineers, $4,400; Sur- 
 geons and Paymasters. $2,8C0; Chaplains, $2,500. 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 ^ 
 
e fabric, when 
 d color can be 
 yellow, verniil- 
 n sandarach, 4 
 !, mix, and pass 
 
 S OFFICERS, 
 
 et. — President, 
 Officers, *8,000 
 
 iileage. 
 
 )()0, with mile- 
 
 500; Associate 
 
 irts, $6,000. 
 BHH of Engrav- 
 , $-1,500; Siipt. 
 •vatory, $5,000; 
 iter of Geologi- 
 , $4,500; Com- 
 ; Commissioner 
 if Agriculture, 
 , $3,000; Com- 
 ider of Marine 
 3odetic Survej, 
 
 ,000; Kegisterof 
 ms, $4,000. 
 ing Agents, $12 
 8. 
 
 rhree Assistant 
 ;, $2,200. 
 nto four classes. 
 Jew York City, 
 $3,000; third 
 83 than $1,000. 
 e President, and 
 )urth class are 
 
 to Germany, 
 30; Ministers to 
 exico, Japan and 
 and Central 
 Confederation, 
 nmbia, Nether- 
 ,500; Ministers 
 ivia and Portu- 
 
 . -General, $11,- 
 eneral, $5,500; 
 ^3,000; Major, 
 II, not mounted, 
 giniental Qnar- 
 ted, $1,GC0; Ist 
 Pliant, mounted, 
 ,400; Chaplain, 
 
 ic-Admiral, $9,- 
 •ri, $5,000; Cap- 
 icni'.. -Conimana- 
 ^1,800; Ensigns, 
 sliipuu'U, $500; 
 lid }.It'i'ical and 
 400; Fleet Sur- 
 rs, $4,400; 8nr- 
 ^2,500. 
 
 •u 
 
 MULTUM IN PARVO. 
 
 i 
 
 CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 BEFORE CHRIST. 
 
 The Deluge 2348 
 
 Babylon built 2247 
 
 Birth of Abraham 1093 
 
 Death of Joseph 1035 
 
 Moses born 1571 
 
 Athens founded 155G 
 
 The Pyramids built 1250 
 
 Solomon's 'I'emplo finished 1004 
 
 Rome foi ded 753 
 
 Jerusalen destroyed 587 
 
 Babylon taker, by Jews 638 
 
 Death of Socrates 400 
 
 Rome taken by the Gauls 835 
 
 Paper invented in China 170 
 
 Carthage destroyed 146 
 
 Cae3ar landed in Britain 55 
 
 Cassar killed , 44 
 
 Birth of Christ , . . 
 
 AFTER CHRIST. 
 
 Deatii of Augustus 14 
 
 Pilfitd, governor of Judea 27 
 
 Jesus Christ crucified o 33 
 
 Claudius vi .ited Britain , 43 
 
 St. Paul put to death 67 
 
 Death of Josephus 03 
 
 Jerusalem rebuilt 131 
 
 The Romans destroyed 580,000 Jews and banished the 
 
 rest from Judea 135 
 
 The Bible in Gothic 373 
 
 Horseshoes made of iron 481 
 
 Latin tongue ceased to be spoken 580 
 
 Pens made of quills 635 
 
 Organs used 660 
 
 Glass in England 663 
 
 Bank of' Venice established 1157 
 
 Glass windows first used for lights 1180 
 
 Mariner's compass used 1200 
 
 Coal dug for fuel 1234 
 
 Chimneys first put to houses 123fi 
 
 Spectacles invented by an Italian 1240 
 
 The first English House of Commons 1258 
 
 Tallow candles for lights 12-j\') 
 
 Paper made from linen 1302 
 
 Gunpowder invented 1340 
 
 Wo !en cloth made in England 1341 
 
 Printing invented ..... 1436 
 
 The first almanac 1470 
 
 America discovered 1492 
 
 First book printed in England 1507 
 
 Luther began to preach 1517 
 
 Interest fixed at ten per cent, in England 1547 
 
 'I'elescopes invented 1549 
 
 Firs!; coach made in England 1564 
 
 Clocks first made in England 1568 
 
 Bank of England incorporated 1594 
 
 Shakespeare died 1616 
 
 Circulation of the blood discoTered 1019 
 
 Barometer invented 1 623 
 
 First newspaper 1620 
 
 Death of Galileo 1643 
 
 Steam engine invented 1040 
 
 Great fire in London 1666 
 
 Cotton pLantedin the United States , ... .1750 
 
 Commencement of the American war 1775 
 
 Declaration of American Independence ...1776 
 
 Recognition of American Independence 1782 
 
 Bank of England suspended cash payment 1791 
 
 Napoleon I. crowned emperor 1804 
 
 Death of Napoleon 1820 
 
 Telegraph in- ented by Morse 1838 
 
 First daguerreotype in France 1839 
 
 Beginning of the American civil war 1801 
 
 End of the American civil war 1805 
 
 Abraham Lincoln died 1865 
 
 Great Chicago Fire 1871 
 
 Jas. A. Garfield died 1881 
 
 INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT OUR BODIES. 
 
 The weight of the male infant at birth is 7 lbs. avoirdu- 
 pois; that of the female is not quite U^ lbs. The maxi- 
 mum weight (140| lbs.) of the male is attained at the age 
 of 40; that of the female (nearly 124 lbs.) is not attained 
 until 50; from which ages they decline afterward, the male 
 to 127i^ lbs., the female to 100 lbs., nearly a stone. The 
 full-grown adult is 20 times as heavy as a new-born infant. 
 In the first year he triples his weight, afterwards the 
 growth proceeds in geometrical progression, so that if 50 
 infants in their first year weigh 1,000 lbs., they will in the 
 second weigh 1,210 lbs.; in the third 1,331; in the fourth 
 1464 lbs.; the term remaining very constant up to the 
 ages of 11-12 in females, and 12-13 in males, where it must 
 be nearly doubled; afterwards it may be continued, and 
 will be found very nearly correct up to the age of 18 or 19, 
 when the growth proceeds very slowly. At an equality of 
 age the male is generally heavier than the female. Towards 
 the age of 12 years only an individual of each sex has the 
 same weight. The male attains the maximum weight at 
 about the age of 40^ and ' e begins to lose it very sensibly 
 toward 60. At 80 he lojes about 13.2328 lbs., and the 
 stature is diminished 2.756 inches. Females attain their 
 maximum weight at about 50. The mean weight of a 
 mature man is 104 lbs., and of an average woman 94 lbs. 
 In old age they lose about 12 or 14 lbs. Men weigh most 
 at 40, women at 50, and begin to lose weight at 60. The 
 mean weight of both sexes in old ago is that which they 
 had at 19. 
 
 When the male and female have assumed their complete 
 development they weigh aim i.st exactly 20 times as much 
 as at birth, while the stature is about 3i times greater. 
 
 Children lose weight during the first three days 
 after birth; at the age of a week they senbibly increase; 
 after one year they triple their weight; then they require 
 six years to double their weight, and 13 to quadruple it. 
 
 It has been computed that nearly two years' sickness is 
 experienced by every person before lie is 70 years old, and 
 therefore that 10 diivo per annum is the average sickness 
 of human life. Tiii 40 it is but half, and after 50 it rap- 
 idly increases. The mixed and fanciful diet of man is 
 considered the cause of numerous diseasesfrom which ani- 
 mals are exempt. Many diseases have abated with changes 
 of diet, and others are virulent" in particular countries, 
 arisingfro.n peculiarities. 
 
 Human Longevity. — Of 100,000 male and female chil- 
 dren, in the first month they are reduced to 00.396, Oi 
 nearlva tenth. In the second, to 87,936. l\i the tiiird, 
 to80J75. In the fourth, to 84,720. In the fifth, to 83,571. 
 In the sixth, to o3,526, and at the end of the first year to 
 77,528, the deaths being 2 to 9. The next four years 
 leduce the 77,528 to 62.448, indicating 37,553 deaths bo- 
 fore the completion of the fifth year. 
 
 At 25 years ihe 100,000 are half, or 49,095; at 52, one- 
 third. At 58|, a fourth, or 25,000; at 67, a fifth; at 7G, 
 a tenth; at 81, a twentieth, or 5,000; and ten attain 100. 
 Childrendie in large proportions because their diseases can- 
 not be explained, and because the orjans are not habitu- 
 ated to tbe functions of liie. The mean of life vaiies in 
 
 ^m 
 
Ml 
 
 J- 
 
 ' 
 
 tli 
 
 MULTUM IN PARVO. 
 
 (liflerent countries from 40 to 45. A generation from fiitlmr 
 to son \a .ibont liO years; of men in general five-sixths die 
 "before 70, and til'teen-sixteentlis befoio 80. After 80 it is 
 njtherondurancethiin enjoyment. The nervesareliliinted, 
 the senses fail, tlio niuseles are rigid, the softer tubes 
 become hard, the memory falls, the brain ossifies, the affec- 
 tions are l)urud,:uid hope ceases. The remaining one- 
 sixteenth ilioat 80; except a one-tiiirty-third, at 00. The 
 remaiijiier die from in;il)ility to live, at or before 100. 
 
 A'j'iut, tho age of .'50 the lean man usually becomes fatter 
 and liio fill munle.iner. Again, between tiie years of 43 and 
 50 his ii['|)orite fails, his complexion fades, and his tongue 
 is apt t ) Im; furred ou the least exertion of body or mind. 
 At this period his muscles become flabby, his joints weak; 
 jiis spirits droop, and his sleep is imperfect and unrefresh- 
 ing. After suffering under these complaints a year, or 
 perhaps two, lie starts afresh with renewed vigor, and 
 goes on to Gl or G3, when a similar change takes place, but 
 with aggravated symptoms. When these grand periods 
 have been successively passed, the gravity of incumbent 
 years is more strongly marked, and he begins to boast of 
 nis age. 
 
 In Russia, much more than in any other country, in- 
 stances of longevity are numerous, if true. In the report 
 of the Holy Synod, in 1837, during the year 1825, and 
 only among the Greek religion, 848 men had reached up- 
 ward of 100 years of age; 33 had passed their 120tli year, 
 4 from. 130 to 135. Out of 606,818 men who died in 1£26, 
 2,765 were above 90; 1,432 above 95, and 848 above 100 
 years of age. Among this last number 88 were above 115; 
 24 more tlian 120; 7 above 125, and cue 130. Riley 
 asserts that Arabs in the Desert live 200 years. 
 
 On the average, men have their first-born at 30 and 
 women at 28. The greatest number of deliveries take 
 place between 25 and 35. The greatest number of deliv- 
 eries take place in the winter months, and in February, 
 and the smallest in July, i. e., to February, as 4 to 5 in 
 towns and 3 to 4 in the country. Tho night births are to 
 the day as 5 to 4. 
 
 Human Strength. — In Schulze's experiments on human 
 strength, he found that men of five feet, weighing 120 lbs., 
 could lift vertically 150 lbs. 8 inches; 217 lbs 1.2 inches. 
 Others, 6.1 feet, weighing 183 lbs., 150 lbs. 13 inches, and 
 217 lbs. 6 inches; others 6 feet 3 inches, weighing 158 
 lbs., 150 lbs. 10 inches, and 217 lbs. 9 inches. By a great 
 variety of experiments hu determined the mean human 
 strength at 30 lbs., with a velocity of 2.5 feet per second; 
 or it is equal to the raising half a hogshead 10 feet in a 
 minute. 
 
 RULES FOR SPELLING. 
 
 \foii,j ending in e drop that letter before the termina- 
 tion ahle, as in move, movable; unless ending in ce ov ge, 
 when it is retained, as in change, changeable, etc. 
 
 Words of one syllable, ending in a coiisonant, with a 
 single vowel before it, double the consonants in deriva- 
 tives; a."*, ship, .shipping, etc. But if ending in a conso- 
 nant with a double vowel before it, they do not double the 
 consonant in derivatives; as, troop, trooper, etc. 
 
 Words of more tlian one syllable, ending in a consonant 
 preceded by a single vowel, and accented on the last syl- 
 lable, doubh:' that consonmit in derivatives; as, commit, 
 committed; but except cliagrin, chngriuod. 
 
 All words of one syllable ending in I, with a single 
 Towel before it, have 11 at the cIo.se; as mill, sell. 
 
 All words of one syllable ending in I, with a double 
 vewel before it, have only one / at the cloie; »» mail, 
 sail. 
 
 TU« words foretell, dist.ll, instill aud fulfill, retain tb« 
 II »f tlieir primitiree. Derivatives of dull, skill, will and 
 
 full also retain tho // when the accent falls on these words; 
 as dullness, skillfull, willfull, fullness. 
 
 Words of more than one syllable eiuling in / have only 
 one /at the close ; as delightful, faithful ; unless the ac- 
 cent falls on tho last 8yllal)le ; as befall, etc. 
 
 Words ending in I, double the letter in the termina- 
 tion li/. 
 
 Partieijiles ending in ing, from verbs ending in e, lose 
 the final e ; as have, having; make, making, etc; but 
 verbs ending in ce retain both ; as see, seeing. The word 
 dye, to color, liowever, must retain the e before i»ff. 
 
 All verbs ending in ///, and nouns ending in tnetif. retain 
 the c final of the primitives ; as brave, bravely : refine, re- 
 finement ; except words ending in tlffe ; as, acknowle<lge, 
 acknowledgment. 
 
 Nouns ending in y, preceded by a vowel, form their 
 plural by ailding s ; as money, moneys ; but if t/ is pre- 
 ceded by a consonant, it is changed to ies in the plural; 
 as bounty, bounties. 
 
 Compound words whose primitives end in y, change the 
 y into i ; as beauty, beautiful. 
 
 THE USE OF CAPITALS. 
 
 Every entire sentence should begin with a capital. 
 
 Proper names, and adjectives derived from these, should 
 begin with a capital. 
 
 All appellations of the Deity should begin with a capital. 
 
 Official and honorary titles should begin with a capital. 
 
 Every line of poetry should begin with a capital. 
 
 Titles of books and the heads of their chapters and di- 
 visions are printed in capitals. 
 
 The pronoun I and the exclamation are always cap- 
 itals. 
 
 The days of the week and the months of the year begin 
 with capitals. 
 
 Every quotation should begin with a capital letter. 
 
 Names of religious denominations begin with capitals. 
 
 In preparing accounts each item should begin vith a 
 capital. 
 
 Any word of very special importance may begin with a 
 capital. 
 
 TWENTY CHOICE COURSE DINl-TER MENUS. 
 
 PRKPARED EXPRESSLY FOR WEHSTER'S ENCYCLOPAEDIA. 
 
 1. Rice Soup, Baked Pike, Mashed Potatoes, Roast of 
 Beef, Stewed Corn, Chicken Fricassee, Celery Salad, Com- 
 pote of Oranges, Plain Custard, Cheese, AVafers, Coffee. 
 
 2. Mutton Soup, Fried Oysters, Stewed Potatoes, Boiled 
 Corn Beef, Cabbage, Turiiips, Roast Pheasants, Onion 
 Salad, Ai)ple Pie, AVhite Custard, Bent's Water Crackers, 
 Cheese, Coffee. 
 
 3. Oyster Soup, Roast Mutton, Baked Potatoes, Breaded 
 Veal Cutlets, Tomato Sauce, Baked Celery, Cabbage 
 Salad, Apple Custard, Sponge Cake, Cheese, Coffee. 
 
 4. Macaroni Soup, Boiled Chicken, with Oy.sters. ilnt. 
 ton Chops, Creamed Potatoes, Slewed Tomatoes, Pickled 
 Beets, Peaches and Rice, Plain Cake, Cheese, Coffee. 
 
 5. Tapioca Soup, Boiled Halibut, Duchesse Potatoes, 
 Rop.'-'- r>eef Tongue, Canned Peas, Baked ilacaroni, with 
 Gravy, Fried Sweet Potatoes, l^eet Salad, Cornstarch Pud- 
 ding, Jelly Tarts, Cheese, Wafers, Coffee. 
 
 6. Vegetable Soup, Boiled Trout, Oyster Sauce, Roast 
 Veal, with Dressing, Boiled Potatoes, Stewed Tomatoes, 
 Corn, Egg Salad, Snow Cream, Peach Pie, Sultana Bis- 
 onit, Cheese, Coffee. 
 
 7. Potato Soup, Oyster Patties, Whipped Potatoes, 
 Boast Mutton, with Spinach, Bsets, Fried Parsnips, Egg 
 
 ^^S^^ 
 
? on these words; 
 
 g in / liiive onlj 
 
 ; unlesu the ac- 
 
 tc. 
 
 in the lermina- 
 
 snding in e, lose 
 ukiiig, etc ; but 
 jing. The word 
 before tuff. 
 g in men/, retain 
 ively : refine, re- 
 83, acknowledge, 
 
 owel, form their 
 
 but if y is pre- 
 
 es in the plural ; 
 
 in y, change the 
 
 h a capital. 
 
 om these, should 
 
 ;inwith a capital. 
 1 with a capital, 
 a capital, 
 chapters and di- 
 
 are always cap- 
 
 )f the year begin 
 
 pital letter. 
 I with capitals. 
 Id begin v.ith a 
 
 ay begin with a 
 
 ER MENXS. 
 
 EXCYCLOP.EDIA. 
 
 atoes, Roast of 
 
 ry Salad, Com- 
 
 iifers, Cofifee. 
 
 Totatoes, Boiled 
 
 licMsants, Onion 
 
 Water Crackers, 
 
 ntatoes. Breaded 
 elery, Cabbage 
 se, Coffee. 
 \ Oysters, ifnt- 
 niatoes, Pickled 
 ese. Coffee, 
 hesse Potatoes, 
 Macaroni, with 
 lornstarch Pud 
 
 L-r Sance. Eoast 
 wed Tomatoes, 
 ie. Sultana Bis- 
 
 pped Potatoes, 
 Parsnips, 
 
 MCLTCM IN PAUVO. 
 
 Boiled Caatarf, Lemon Tarts, White 
 '! Slu;d, Gaper Snace, Porterhouse 
 
 Sauco. Celery Salud 
 C:iiv.', Ciieeso, Co Ico. 
 
 8. Veal Sonp. I^>il , - ,_-- — 
 
 Steak, with A[uslir(<n!ii , Pigeon Pie, iliLEhed Potatoes, 
 I'iijklos, Uico ripDngo Cakes, Cheese, Cacn&d Apricots with 
 Creuni, Collec. 
 
 n. Cihli't Si)up, Scalloped Clama, PoU'to Cakes, Lamb 
 Chops, Canned l'>eans, Tomatoes, Sweet Potatoes, Salmon 
 Salad, Cliarlotto Iiiisse, Apricot Tarti, CL^ese, Coffee. 
 
 10. Vormioelli Soup, Friod Small Fish, Hashed Pota- 
 toes, Roast Beef, iMinced Cabhag^^C!Jick«n Croquettes, 
 Beet Salad, Stewed Pears, Plain Sponge Cake, Cheese, 
 Coffee. 
 
 11. Oxtail Souj), Fricasseed fhieif jj uith Oysters, 
 Breaded Mutton Chops, Turnips. Dmchesse Potatoes, 
 Chow-chow Salad, Chocolate E'nddins, \nt Cake, Cheese, 
 Coffee. 
 
 13. Barley Sonp, Boiled Trorjt, Creamed Potatoes, 
 Roast Loin of Veal, Stewed Minhroonas. Brfjled Chicken, 
 Lettuce Salad, Fig Pudding, Wafers, Ciri!*-*r*', Coffee. 
 
 13. Noodle Soup, Salmon, with Ojater Sauce, Fried 
 Potatoes, Glazed Beef, Boile<l Spinach, Parsnips, with 
 Cream Sauce, Celery, Plain Rice Podding, with Custard 
 Sauce, Current Cake, Cheese, Coffee. 
 
 14. Lobster Soup, Baked Ribs of Beef, Trith Browned 
 Potatoes, Boiled Duck, with Onion Saac*, Turnips, Stewed 
 Tomatoes. [iOtttico, Delmonico Pudding, Cheese, Sliced 
 Oranges, Wafers, Coffee. 
 
 15. Cliiokon Broth, Baked Whitefiih, Boiled Potatoes, 
 Cannotl I'oas, Mutton Chops, Tomar..>e.?, Beets, Celery 
 Salad, Apple Trille, Lady Fingers, Ciiees*?, C-offte. 
 
 10. Sago Si)up, Boiled Leg of .\[ai'i'!''>m, Cajer Sance, 
 Stewed Potatoes, Canned Corn, ScaIIof)*<i Ovsters, with 
 Creatn Sauce, Celery and Lettuce S^klaif, Stunrialaue Frit- 
 ters, A})plo Custard, Cheese Cakea, Coffie*. 
 
 17. Vegetable Soup, Broiled Shaul, LT.->Dn4iise Potatoes, 
 Pork Chops, with Sago Dressing, Paranip Fritters. Slaca- 
 roni and Gravy, Cauliflower Salad, Bhnlierb Taxts, Silver 
 Cake, Cheese, Coffee. 
 
 18. Chicken Soup, with Rice, Codfish, Boiled, with 
 Cream Sauce, Roast Veal, Tomatoes, OTjter SaLid, Boiie.j 
 Potatoes, Asparagus, Orange Jelly, \l1liite C«ke. Cheese, 
 Coffee. 
 
 19. Macaroni Soup, Fried Shad, TomaJo Sauce, Rf)ast 
 Mutton, Mashed Potatoes, Boiled Tomrii, -srhh Mavon- 
 naise Dressing. Fried Parsnips, Canaeri Seans. L^mon 
 Puffs, Cheese Cakes, Fruit, C'.ffee. 
 
 20. Scotch Broth, Baked Tlalibnt, Boiled Potatoes, 
 Breaded Mutto'i Chops, Tomato S-ioee, Spinach, Bean 
 Salad, Asparagus and Egg'', Peach Batter ftidding, with 
 Sauce, Wafers, Cheese, CotTce. 
 
 TERMS USED L\ MEOICIXEL 
 
 Anthelmintics are medicines which fnaf*- Sfee power of 
 destroying or expelling worms from thcmU'-Ymul canal. 
 
 Antiscorbutics are medicines which prereint or cure the 
 scurvy. 
 
 Antispasmodics arc medicines given lo relk-Tf sjiai^m, or 
 irregular 11 11(1 painful action of the mn«r't*« <jr muscular 
 fibers, as in Epilepsy, St. Vitus' Dance, etc 
 
 Aromatics are medicines which hare a gra1«ful smell 
 and agreeable pungent taste. 
 
 Astringents are those remedies which, wJien applied to 
 the body, render the solids dense and lirmer. 
 
 Carminatives are those medicines which dkjx?] flatulency 
 of the stomach and bowels. 
 
 Cathartics arc meclicines which aocelcrate the action of 
 the bowels, or iiicre;i,-e the discharge by stool. 
 
 Demulcents are niedicinos snitetl to prevent the action 
 of acrid mid stimulating matters upon the mucous mem- 
 branes of the throat, lungs, etc. 
 
 piaphorctics nie medicines that promote or cause per- 
 
 spinible disciiurge by the skin. 
 
 D.uretics are inrdininos which increase the flow of nrine 
 by their action upon the kidneys. 
 
 Einetico rre those medicines which produce vomiting. 
 Emnieiiagogues are medicines which promote the 
 menstrual discharge. 
 
 Emollients are those remedies which, when applied to 
 the solids of the body, render them ioft and flexible. 
 
 Errhines are substances which, when applied to the 
 lining membrane of the nostrils, occasion a discharge of 
 mucous fluid. 
 
 Epispastices are those which cause blisters when applied 
 to the surface. 
 
 Escharotics are substancea used to destroy a portion of 
 the surface of the body, forming sloughs. 
 
 Expectorants are medicinet caj able of facilitating the 
 excretion of mucous from the chest. 
 
 Narcotics are those substances having the property of 
 diminishing the action of the nerrous and vascular sys- 
 tems, and of inducing sleep. 
 
 Rubefacients are remedies which excite the vessels of 
 the skin and increase its heat and rednees. 
 
 Sedatives are medicines which have the power of allay- 
 ing the actions of the systems generally, or of lessening 
 the exorcise of some particular function'. 
 
 Mialagogues are medicines which increase the flow of the 
 Sf.liva. 
 
 Stimulants are medicines capable of exciting the vital 
 energy, whether as exerted in sensation or motion. 
 
 Tonics are those medicines which increase the tone or 
 healthy action, or strength of the living system. 
 
 U'J LES FOR THE PRESERVATION OF HEALTH. 
 
 Pureatniosplioric air is composed of nitrogen, oxygen 
 and a very small proportion of carbonic acid gas. Air 
 once bicatlu'd has lost the chief part of its oxygen, and 
 acquired a ])roportionato increase of carbonic acid gas. 
 Tiii'i'' f"rc. hcaltli icfiuires that we breathe the same air 
 once only. 
 
 The ;;n!id p:i.rt of our bodies is continually wasting and 
 requires to be repaired by fresh substances. Therefore, 
 food, which is to repair the loss, should be taken with due 
 regard to the exercise and wa.ste of the body. 
 
 'JMie fluid part of our bodies also wastes constantly ; 
 there is but one Ibiid in animals, which is water. There- 
 fore, water (uily is necessary, and no artifice can produce 
 a better drink. 
 
 The fluid of our bodies is to the soliil in proportion as 
 nine to one. 'J'lierefoic, a like (iroportion should prevail 
 in the total ainouiil of food taken. 
 
 Light exorcises an important influence upon the growth 
 and vigor of animals and plants. Therefore, our dwellings 
 sliould freely admit the sun's rays. 
 
 Decomposing animal and vegetable substances yield 
 various noxious gases, which enter the lungs and corrupt 
 the blood. Therefore, all impurities should be keut away 
 from our abodes, and every precaution be observed to se- 
 cure a pure atniospiiere. 
 
ir. 
 
 MULTUH IN PAUVO. 
 
 Warmth is essential to all the bodily functions. Tliero- 
 fore, an equal bodily teMipeiatiiro should bo mainlainud 
 by exercise, by clothing or by lire. 
 
 Exercise warms, invi^rorates and purifies tho body; 
 clothing preserves tho warmtli tho body generates; fire im- 
 parts warmth externally, 'riieroforo, to obtain and pro- 
 aerre warmth, exercise and clothing arc preferable to lire. 
 Fire consumes the oxygen of tho air, and produces 
 noxious gises. Tlierefore, the air is less pure in tho 
 presence of candles, gas or coal fire, than otherwise, and 
 tho deterioration should be repaired by increased ventila- 
 tion. 
 
 The skin is a highly-organized membrane, full of mi- 
 nute pores, cells, blood-vessels, and nerves; it imbibes 
 moisture or throws it off according to tiio state of the 
 atmosphere or the temperature of the body. It also 
 " breathes," like the lungs (though less actively). All 
 tho internal organs sympathize with tho skin. Therefore, 
 it should be repeatedly cleansed. 
 
 Tiate hi'iTB and anxious pursuits exhaust the nervous 
 BjBtem ajd produce disease and jiretnaturo death. There- 
 fore, the hours of labor and study should bo short. 
 
 Menial and bodily exercise are equally essential to the 
 general health and ha|)piuuss. Therefore, labor and study 
 should succeed each other. 
 
 Man will live most happily upon simple solidsand fluids, 
 of which a suffiuieut but tempuratu quantity should bo 
 taken. Therefore, over-induli^enco in strong drinks, 
 tobacco, snuff, opium, and all mere indulgences, should 
 bearoidel. 
 
 Sndden alternations of heiitand cold are diuigerous (es- 
 pecially to theyoungand thoagcd). Therefore, clot!iing,in 
 quantity and quality, should be adapted to the alterna- 
 tions of night and day, and of the seasons. And there- 
 fore, also, drinking cold water when the body is hot, and 
 hot tea and soups when cold are produorive of many evild. 
 Xerer visit a sick person (especially if the complaint be 
 of a contagious nature) with an euipty stouuich, as 
 this disposes the system more readily to receive tho con- 
 tagion. And in attending a sick person, place yourself 
 where the air passes from tlie door or window to the bed 
 of the diseased; not between the diseased i)erson and any 
 fire that is in the room, as tho heat of the flro will draw 
 the infectious vapor in that direction. 
 
 Mother .SniPTOx's Prophecy. — The lines known as 
 " Mother .Siiip:on's Prophei^y " were first published in Eng- 
 land in 1485, before the discovery of America, and, of 
 coarse, before any of the discoveries and inventions men- 
 tioned therein. All the events predicted have come to pass 
 except that in the last two lines. 
 
 Carriages without horses shall go. 
 
 And accidents fill the world with woe 
 
 Around the world thoughts shall fly 
 
 In the twinkling of an eye. 
 
 Waters shall yet more wonders do. 
 
 Now strange, yet shall be true. 
 
 The world upside down shall be. 
 
 And gold be found at root of tree. 
 
 Through hills man shall ride, 
 
 And no horse nor ass bo at his side. 
 
 Under water man shall walk, 
 
 Shall ride, shall sleep, shall talk. 
 
 Ie t le air men shall bo seen 
 
 In white, in black, in green. 
 
 Iron in tho water shall float. 
 
 As easy as a wooden boat. 
 
 jold shall be found 'mid Htone, 
 In a land that's now unknown. 
 Fire and water shall woiulors do, 
 England p'iall at last admit a Jew. 
 And this world to an end slmll como 
 In eighteen hundred and eiglify-one. 
 Captat.v Kidd, a notorious Anieri(;u;i pirate, was born 
 about 1()5(). In IGOG he was entrustud by the British 
 Government with the command of a privateer, and bailed 
 from New York, for the purpose of suppressingthennmer- 
 ons pirates then infesting the seas, lie went to tho East 
 Indies, where he ' agan a careerof iiiracy.and returned to 
 New York in 1098 with a large amount of Iwoty. Ho was 
 soon after arrested, sent to England lor trial, and executed 
 in ITOl. 
 
 Value of Old Amekicax Coins. — 17{»3 — Half cent, 
 75 cents; one cent, ^\!. 1T94 — Half cent, 20 cents, one 
 cent, lOcents; five cents, iil.:i5; fifty cents, $3; onedollar, 
 110. 1795 — Half cent, 5 cents; one cent, 5 cents; five 
 cents, 25 cen.c; fifty cents, 65 cents; one dollar, $1.25. 
 1796 — Half cent, $5; one cent, 10 cents; five cents fl; 
 ten cents, 50 cents; twenty-five cents, *1; fiftycents, $10; 
 one dollar, $1.50. 1797 — Half cent, 5 cents; one cent, 5 
 cents; five cents, 50 cents; ten cents, $1; fifty cents, $10; 
 one dollar, fil. 50. 1798— One cent, 5 cents; ten cents, 
 H; one dollar, ^1.50. 1799— One cent, ^o; one dollar, 
 §1.60. IJSDO — Half cent, 5 cents; one cent, 3 cents; five 
 cents, 25 cents; ten cents 1; onedollar, $1.10. 1801 — One 
 cent, 3 cents; five cents, ^1; ten cents, 81; fifty cents, 
 $2; one dollar, *1.25. 181,12— Half cent, 50 cents; one 
 cent, 2 cents; ten cents, i^l; fifty cents, 82; one dollar, 
 81.25. 1803 — Half cent, 2 cents; one cent, 2 cents; five 
 cents, 810; ten cents, 1; one dollar, $1.10. 1804— Half 
 cent, 2 cents; one cent, 82; five cents, 75 cents; ten cents, 
 82; twenty-five cents, 75 cents; one dollar, 8100. 1805 — 
 Half cent, 2 cents; one cent, 3 cents; five cents, 81,50; 
 ten cents, 25 cents. 1806 — Half cent, 2 cents; one cent, 
 3 cents. 1807 — Half cent, 2 cents; one cent, 3 cents; ten 
 cents, 25 eeiiis. 1808 — Half cent, 2 cents; one cent, 5 
 ce: ■ !. 1809 — Half cent, 1 cent; one cent, 25 cents; ten 
 cent.s, 50 cents. 1810— Half cent, 5 cents; one cent, 5 
 cents. 1811 — Half cent, 25 cents; one cent, 10 cents; ten 
 cents, 50 cents. 1812 — One cent, 3 cents. 1813 — One 
 cent, 5 cents. 1815 — Fifty cents, 85. 1821 — One cent, 5 
 cents. 1822 — Ten cents, 81. 182S — One cent, 5 cents; 
 twenty-five cents, 810. 1824 — Twenty-five cents, 40 cents. 
 1825 — Half cent, 2 cents. 1826 — lliilf cent, 2 cents; one 
 cent, 50 cents. 1827 — One cent, 3 cents; twenty-five 
 cents, 810. 1828 — Half cent, 1 cent; tweiitv-iive cents, 
 30 cents. 1829— Half cent, 2 cents. 1830-^Haif cent, 
 2 cents. l832-'33-'34 — Half cent, 2 cents. 1835— Half 
 cent, 1 cent. 1836 — Fifty cents, 83; one dollar, 83. 
 1838— Ten cents, 25 cents. 1839— One doll-vr, §10. 1846 
 — Five cents, 50 cents. 1849 '50 — Half cent, 5 cents. 
 1851 — Half cent, 1 cent; twentv-five cents, 30 cents; one 
 dollar, 810.90. 1852— Twenty-five cents, 30 cents; fifty 
 cents, $2; one dollar, 810. 1853— Half cent, 1 cent; 
 twenty cents (with no arrows), 82.50; one dollar, 81.25. 
 1854— Half cent, 2 cents; one dollar, 82. 1855 '67— Half 
 cent, 5 cents; onedollar, 81.60. 1856 — Half cent. 5 cents; 
 one dollar, $1.50. 1858— One dollar, 810. 1863 '4-'5— 
 Three cents, 35 cents. 1866 — Half cent, cents; throe 
 cents, 25 cents; fivo cents, 10 cents; twenty-five cents, 30 
 cents. 1867 — Three cents, 25 cents; fivo cents, 10 cents, 
 1868-'9— Three cents, 25 cents. 1870— Three cents, 15 
 cents. 1871— Two cents, 10 cents; three cents, 25 cents. 
 1873— Two cents, 50 cents; three cents, 60 cents. 1877- 
 '8 — Twenty cents, 81.50. These prices are for good ordi- 
 nary coins without holes. Fino specimens are worth 
 more. 
 
ts; tweiily-live 
 
 MULTUM IN PARVO. 
 
 Leaning Toweu of Pisa. — Tlio loiiniiig tower of Pisa 
 was commeuced in 115"^, and wa3 not tiiiisiioil till tho foiir- 
 tooiitli ceiitur}'. Tlio catiiodral to wliiuli tiiis bolollg^ was 
 oreetod to cck'brato atrimnpli of tlio Pi.Hiiiis in tlin harbor 
 of Palermo in 1003, wlieii allied with tho Normans to 
 drive thu Sanicons out of Sicily. It i.^ a circular build- 
 ing, ((uoli;iMdrcd feet in diameter ami 17i) foot in extreme 
 iu'Tulu, and hkii flue mosaic pavements, elal)orately carved 
 (M.lmnns, anil numerous bas-reliefs. Tho building is of 
 white marble. The tower is divided into eight stories, 
 each having an outside gallery of seven feet projection, and 
 the topmost story overliangs the biiso about sixteen feet, 
 though, as the center of gravity is still ten feet within the 
 base, tlio building is jierfectly safe. It has been supposed 
 that this inclination was iiitetitionai. but tiie opinion that 
 tlie foundation has sunk is no doubt, correct. It is most 
 likelv that the defective foundation bei .imo j)erceptiblo be- 
 fore the tower had reached one-half its hi.'i,dit, as at that 
 elevation the unequal length of the columns exhibits an 
 endeavor to restore tho perpendicular, and at about the 
 same place the walls are strengthened with iron bars. 
 
 What causes the water to flow out of an artesian well? — 
 Tho theoretical explanation of the phenomenon is easily 
 understood. Tho secondary and tertiary geological forma- 
 tions often present the appearance of immense basins, the 
 boundary or rim of the basin having been formed by an 
 uplieaval of adjacent strata. In these formations it often 
 happens that a porous stratum, consisting of sand, sa:xj- 
 sloiif', clialk or other calcareous matter, is included be- 
 tween two impermeable layers of clay, so as to form a Hat 
 porus U tube, continuous from side to side of tho valley, 
 the outcrop on the surrounding liills forming the mouth of 
 the tube. The rain filtering down through the porous 
 layer to the bottom of the basin forms there a subter- 
 ranean pool, which, with the 1; juid or semi-liquid column 
 pressing upon it, constitutes a sort of huge natural hydro- 
 static bellows. Sometimes the pressure on the superincum- 
 bent crust is 60 great as lo cause an upheaval or disturb- 
 ance of the valley. It is obvious, then, that when a hole 
 is bored down through the upper impermeable layer to tho 
 surface of the lake, tlie water will be forced up by the nat- 
 ural law of water seeking its level to a height above the 
 surface of the valley, greater or less, according to the ele- 
 vation of the level in tho feeding column, thus forming a 
 natural mountain on precisely the same principle as tluit 
 of most artificial fountains, where the water supply comes 
 from a considerable height above the jet. 
 
 How Many Cubic Feet Theke Are In a Ton ok 
 Coal. — There is a difference between a ton of hard coal 
 and one of soft coal. For that matter, coal from differ- 
 ent mines, whether hard or soft, differs in weight, and 
 consequently in cubic measure, according to quality. 
 Then there" is a difference according to size. To illus- 
 trate, careful measurements have been made of Wilkes- 
 barre anthracite, a fine quality of hard coal, with the fol- 
 lowing results: 
 
 .Ciiblc feet Cubic feet 
 
 in ton of in t<m of 
 
 Size of coal. -'..i40 Ihs. 2,000 lbs. 
 
 Lump 33.2 28.8 
 
 Broken 33.9 30.3 
 
 Egg 34.5 30.8 
 
 Stone 34.8 31.1 
 
 Chestnut 35.7 81.9 
 
 Pea 3i;.7 32.8 
 
 For soft coal tho following measures nniy bo taken as 
 nearly correct; it is simply impossible to detenniuo any 
 exact rule, even for bituminous coal of lie same district: 
 Briar Ilill coal, 44.8 cubic feet per ton of 2,240 pounds; 
 Pittsburgh. 47.8; Wilmington, 111., 47; Indiana block 
 coal, 42 to 43 cubic feet. 
 
 Tho dimensions of the great wall of China and of what 
 it is built.— It runs from a point on the (Wilf of Lianturg, 
 an arm of the (tulf of Peeiiili in Northeastern Lliina, 
 westerly to tho Yellow Hiver; thence makes a great Lend 
 to the south for nearly 100 miles, and then runs to the 
 northwest for eeveral hundred miles to the Desert t.f Gobi. 
 Its length is variously estimated to be from 1,250 to l.-jOO 
 miles. For the mo.st of this distance it runs through a 
 mountainous country, keeping on the ridges, and wii.ding 
 over many of tho highest peaks. In some plaoes it is only 
 a formidable rampart, imt most of the way it is composed 
 of lofty walls of masonry and concrete, or impacted lime 
 and clay, from 12 to IG feet in thickness, and from 15 to 
 30 or 35 feet in height. The top of this wall is paved for 
 hundreds of miles, and crowned with crenallated battle- 
 ments, and towers 30 to 40 feet higli. In numerous places 
 the wall climbs such steep declivities liiat its top ascends 
 from height to height in flights of granite steps. An 
 army could march on the too of tho wall for weeks and 
 even months, moving in some places ten men abreast. 
 
 Limits of Natural Vision. — This question is too 
 indefinite for a specific answer. The limits of vision vary 
 with elevation, conditions of the atmosphere, intensity of 
 illumination, and other modifying elements in different 
 cases. In a clear day an object one foot above a level 
 jtlain may bo seen at the distance of 1.31 miles; one ten 
 feet high, 4.15 miles; one twenty feet high. 5.86 miles: 
 one 100 feet high, 13.1 miles; one a mile higli, as the top 
 of a mountain, 95.23 miles. This allows seven inches (or, 
 to be exact, 6.09 inches) for the curvature of the earth, 
 and assumes that thosize and illumination of the object are 
 sufficient to produce an image. Five miles may be taken 
 as the extreme limit at which a man is visible on a flat 
 plain to an observer on the same level. 
 
 The Niagara SfSPENSiox Buiuge. — For seven miles 
 below tho falls, Niagara river flows throngh a gorge vary- 
 ing in width from 200 to 400 yards. T'vo miles below 
 the falls the river is but 350 feet wide, and it is here that 
 the great suspension bridge, constructed in 1855 by Mr. 
 Roebling, crosses the gorge, 245 feet above the water. 
 Tho length of the span, from tower to tower, is 821 feet, 
 and tho total length of the bridge is 2,220 feet. The 
 length of the span, which is capable of sustaining a strain 
 of 10,000 tons, is 821 feet from vower to tower, and the 
 total length of the bridge is 2,220 feet. It is nsed both 
 for railway and wagon traffic, the wagon-road and foot-way 
 being directly under the railway bed. There is anotlier 
 suspension bridge across the Niagara river at a distance of 
 only about fifty rods from the falls, on the American side. 
 This is only for carriages and foot travel. It was finished 
 in 18G9. it is 1,190 feet long from cliff to cliff, 1,268 feet 
 from tower to tower, and 190 feet above the river, which 
 at this point is a little over 900 feet in width. 
 
 The Speed OF Sotnu. — It has been ascertained that a 
 full human voice, speaking in tho open air, calm, can be 
 hetu-d at a distance of 4G0 feet; in an observable breeze a, 
 powerful human voice with the wind is audible at a dis- 
 tance of 15,840 feet; the report of a musket, 16,000 feet; 
 a drum, 10,560 feet; music, a strong brass bund, 15,840 
 feet; very heavy cannonading, 5T5,000 feet, or 90 miles. In 
 the Arctic regions conversation hiis been maintained 
 over water a distance of 0,706 feet. In gases the velocity 
 of sound increases with the temperature: in air this 
 increase is about two feet per second for each degree centi- 
 grade. Tho velocity of sound in oxygen gas at zero C. is 
 1,040 feet; in carbonic acid, 858 feet; in hydrogen, 4,164 
 feet. In 1827 CoUadon and Sturm determined experi- 
 mentally the velocity of sound in fresh water: the experi- 
 ment was made in tiieljake of Geneva, and it was found to 
 be 4,174 feet per second at a temperature of 15 degrees C 
 
 I 
 
Tl 
 
 MDLTUr IN PARVO. 
 
 t-. 
 
 U 
 
 6M 
 
 Tlio velocity of souiul in iilooliol iit 20 lU'gruea C. is 4,vl8 
 feet; in etlicr iit zuro, o.Sdl; in sea water at JiO degrees 
 C, 4,TG8. J J^ direct nieusiiremeiits, carefully made, by 
 observing at iiij^lit the interval which elapses between the 
 flash and re^^ort of a canuou at a known distance, the 
 Telocity of sound has been about 1,090 per second at the 
 temperature of freezing water. 
 
 Dks(1ui>tion' of Till) Ykllowstone Park. — The Yel- 
 lowstone JSiitional Park extends sixty-live miles north and 
 soutli, and lifty-flvo miles east and west, comprising 3,575 
 8f(naro miles, and is all G,0(K) feet or more above sea-level. 
 Yellowstone Lake, twenty miles by fifteen, has an altitude 
 of 7,7^8 feet. Tho mountain ranges which hem in the 
 valk'vs on every side rise to the height of 10,000 to 12,000 
 feet, and are always covered with snow. This great park 
 coutainsthemoststrikiiigof all the mountains, gorges, falls, 
 rivers and lakes in the whole Yellowstone region. The 
 springs on Gardiner's River cover an area of about one 
 square mile, and three or four square miles thereabout are 
 occupied by tho remains of springs which have ceased to 
 flow. The natural basins into which these springsflow are 
 from four to six feet in diameter and from one to four feet 
 in depth. The principal ones are located upon terraces 
 niidway up tho sides of the mountain. The banks of the 
 Yellowstone liiver abound with ravines and canons, which 
 are carved out of the heart of tho mountains through the 
 hardest of rocks. Tlie most remarkable of these is the 
 canon of Tower Creek aiid Column Mountain. The latter, 
 which extends i»long the eastern bank of the river for 
 upward of two miles, is said to resemble the Giant's Cause- 
 way. Tlie canon of Tower Creek is about ten miles in 
 length and is so deep and gloomy that it is called "The 
 Devil's Den." Where Tower Creek ends the Grand Canon 
 begins. It is twenty miles in length, impassable 
 throughout, and inaccessible at the water's edge, except 
 at a few points. Its rugged edges are from 200 to 500 
 yards apart, and its deptli is so profound that no sound 
 ever reaches the earfrom the bottom. The Grand Canon 
 contains a great multitude of hot springs of sulphur, sul- 
 phate of copper, alum, etc. In the number and magni- 
 tude of its hot springs and geysers, the Yelowstone Park 
 surpasses all the rest of the world. There are probably 
 fifty geysers that throw a column of water to the height 
 of from 50 to 200 feet, and it is stated that there are not 
 fewer than 5,000 springs; there are twokinds, those depos- 
 iting lime and those depositing silica. The temperature 
 of the calcareous springs is from 160 to 170 degrees, while 
 that of the others rises to 200 or more. The principal 
 collections are the upper and lower geyser basins of the 
 Madison River, and the calcareous springs on Gardiner's 
 River. The great falls are marvels to which adventur- 
 ous travelers nave gone only to return and report that 
 they are parts of the wonders of this new American wonder- 
 land. 
 
 Designatioxs of Groups of Animals.— The ingenu- 
 ity of the sportsman is, perhaps, no better illustrated than 
 by the use he puts the English language to in designating 
 particular groups of animals. The following is a list of 
 the terms which have been applied to the various classes: 
 
 A covey of patridges, A nide of pheasants, A wisp of 
 snipe, A flight of doves or swallows, A muster of peacocks, 
 A siege of herons, A building of rooks, A brood of grouse, 
 A plump of wild fowl, A stand of plovers, A watch of 
 nightingales, A clattering of choughs, A flock of geese, A 
 herd or bunch of cattle, A bevy of quails, Acastof hawks, 
 A trip of dottrell, A swarm of bees, Aschool of whales, A 
 .shoal of herrings, A herd of swine, A skulk of foxes, A 
 pack of wolves, A drove of oxen, A sounder of hogs, A 
 troop of monkeys, A pride of lions, A sleuth of bears, A 
 gang of elk. 
 
 The Bl'nkkh Hill Monument. — The monument is a 
 square shaft, built of Qtiiney granite, 221 feet high, 31 
 feet s(|uaro at tho base and 15 at tlio top. Its foundations 
 are inclosed 12 feet under ground. Inside the shaft is a 
 round, hollow cone, 7 feet wide at tho bottom and •! f'l et 
 
 2 iuches at the top, encircled by a winding staircase of 
 22-1 stone steps, which leads to a chamber immediately 
 
 top, ( 
 , whie 
 under tiio apex, 11 feet in diameter. The chamber has 
 four windows, which afford a wide viewof the Hurroimding 
 country, and contains two cannons, named respectively 
 Uancock and Adams, which were used in many engage- 
 ments during the war. The corner-stone of the monu- 
 ment was laid on the fiftieth anniversary of the battle, 
 Jui-e 17, 1825, by Lafayette, who was then visiting Amer- 
 ica, when Webster pronounced the oration. The monu- 
 ment was completed, and Juno 17, 1843, was dedicated, 
 Webster again delivering the oration. 
 
 The Seven Wise Men of Greece. — The names gener- 
 ally given are Solon, Chilo, Pittacus, Bias, Periander (in 
 place of whom some give Epimenides), Cleobulus, and 
 Thales. They were the authors of the celebrated mottoes 
 inscribed in later days in the Delphian Temple. These 
 mottoes were as follows: 
 
 " Know thyself.i'— Solon. 
 
 *' Consider tho end." — Chilo. 
 
 "Know thy opportunity." — Pittacns. 
 
 " Most men arc bad." — Bias. 
 
 " Nothing is impossible to industry." — Periander. 
 
 "Avoid excesses." — Cleobulus. 
 
 " Suretyship is the precursor of min."— Thales. 
 
 First Steamboat on the Mississippi. — Nicholas J. 
 Roosevelt was the first to take a steamboat down the great 
 river. His boat was built at Pittsburgh, in the year 1811, 
 under an arrangement with Fulton and Livingston, from 
 Fulton's plans. It was called the "New Orleans," was 
 about 200 tons burden, and was propelled by a stern-wheel, 
 assisted, wheil tho wind was favorable, by sails carried on 
 two masts. The hull was 138 feet long, 30 feet beam, and 
 the cost of the whole, including engines, was about 140,- 
 000. The builder, with his family, an engineer, a pilot, 
 and six "deck hands," left Pittsburgh in October, 1811, 
 reaching Louisville in about seventy hours (steaming about 
 ten miles an hour), and New Orleans in fourteen days, 
 steaming from Natchez. 
 
 The Explorations of Fremont. — Among the earliest 
 efforts of Fremont, after he had tried and been sickened 
 by the sea, were his experiences as a surveyor and engineer 
 on railroad lines from Charleston to Augusta, Ga., and 
 Charleston to Cincinnati. Then he accompanied an army 
 detachment on a military reconnoissance of the mountain- 
 ous Cherokee country m Georgia, North Carolina and 
 Tennessee, made in the depth of winter. In 1838-9 he 
 accompanied M. Nicollet in explorations of the country 
 between the Missouri and the British line, and his first 
 detail of any importance, after he had been commissioned 
 by President Van Buren, was to make an examination of 
 the river Des Moines, then on the Western frontier. In 
 1841 he projected his first trans-continental expedition, 
 and left Washington May 2, 1842, and accomplished the 
 object of his trip, examined the South Pass, explored the 
 Wind River mountains, ascended in August, tne highest 
 peak of that range, now known as Fremont's Peak, and 
 returned, after an absence of four months. His report of 
 the expedition attracted great attention in the IJnited 
 States and abroad. Fremont began to plan another and a 
 second expedition. Ho determined to extend his explora- 
 tions across the continent; and in May, 1843, commenced 
 his journey with thirty-nine men, and September 6, after 
 traveling over 1,700 miles, arrived at the Great Salt Lake; 
 there made some important discoveries, and then pushed 
 
 -^ 
 
 -' f^wt 
 
MULTUM IN PARVO. 
 
 on to tho upper Columbia, down whoso valloy ho proceed- 
 ed to Fort Vancouver, near ita inoiitli. On Nov. 10, ho 
 But out to return Eu.-'t, seleetiiig a southeasterly course, 
 iuaiHiig from the lower part of tiio Cohunbia to the upper 
 Colorado, throu'jh an almoat unknown region, crossed by 
 higli and rugged niountaina. Ho and his party Bullercd 
 iucrediblo hardaliips in crossing from tho Great Basiii to 
 Sutter's Fort on the Sacramento; started from there March 
 JJ4, proceeded southward, skirted the western base of tho 
 yiorra Nevada, crossed that range through a gap, entered 
 tiio G»eat Basin; again risited llie Great Salt Lake, from 
 wliich thoy returned through the South Pass to Kansas, 
 in July, 1844, after an absence of fourteen months. In the 
 spring of 1S45 Fremont set out on a third expedition to 
 explore the Great Basin and the maritime region of Ore- 
 gon and California; spent the summerexamining the liead- 
 waters of the rivers whose springs are in tho grand divide 
 of the continent; in October camped on the shores of the 
 Great Salt Lake: proceeded to explore the Sierra Nevada, 
 which he again crossed in the dead of winter; made his 
 way into the Valley of the San Joaquin; obtained permis- 
 sion, at Monterey, from the Mexican authorities there, to 
 proceed with his expedition, which permission was almost 
 immediately revoked, and Fremont peremptorily ordauer 
 to leave tho country without delay, but he refused, and a 
 collision was imminent, but was averted, and Fremont pro- 
 ceeded toward Saa Joaquin. Near Tlamath I^^ike, Fremont 
 met, Jfay 9, 1846, a party in search of him, with dis- 
 patciies from Washington, ordering him to watch over the 
 interests of the United States in California, as there was 
 reason to beliere that province would be transferred to 
 Great Britain. He at once returned to California; General 
 Castro v/as already marching against our settlements; the 
 settlers rose in arms, flocked to Fremont's camp, and, with 
 him aa leader, in less than a month, all Northern Cali- 
 fornia was freed from Mexican authority; and on July 4 
 Fremont was elected Governor of California by the Amer- 
 ican settlers. Later came the conflict between Commo- 
 dore Stockton and General Kearney; and Fremont resigned 
 his commission aa Lieutenant-Colonel, to which he had 
 been promoted. In October, 1848, he started across tho 
 continent on a fourth expedition, outfitted at his own ex- 
 pense, to find a practicable route to California. Inattempt- 
 ing to cross the great Sierra, covered with snow, his guido 
 lost his way, and the party encountered horrible suffering 
 from cold and hunger, a portion of them being driven to 
 cannibalism; he lost all his animals (he had I'^Omuleswhen 
 he started), and one-third of his men (he had thirty-three) 
 perished, and he had to retrace his steps to Santa Fe. He 
 again set out, with thirty men, and, after a long search, 
 discovered a secure route, which led to the Sacramento, 
 where he arrived in the spring of 1849. He led a fifth ex- 
 pedition across the continent In 1853, at his own expense, 
 and found passes through the mountains in tho line of 
 latitude 38 dog., 39 min., and reached California after 
 enduring great hardships; for fifty days his party lived on 
 horse-flesh, and for forty-eight hours at a time without 
 food of any kind. These are the barest outlines of five 
 expeditions of which many volumes have been written, biit 
 will hint at Fremont's work in the West vhich entitled 
 him to the name of the "Pathfinder." 
 
 Chinese Pboverbs. — The Chinese are indeed remarka- 
 bly fond of proverbs. They not only employ them in 
 conversation — and even to a ^eater degree than the Span- 
 iards, who are noted among Europeans for the number 
 and excellence of their proverbial sayings — but. they have 
 a practice of adorning their reception rooms with these 
 sententious bits of wisdom, inscribed on decorated scrolls 
 or embroidered on rich crapes and brocades. They carve 
 them on door-posts and pillars, and emblazon them on the 
 
 walls and ceilings in gilt letters. Tlio followin!^ are a few 
 specimens of this sort of literature: As a i^neer at the 
 uso of iinneces.-nry force to crush a contemptible enemy, 
 theyaay: " llo rides a fier j dog to catch a lame ralibit." 
 Similar to this is another, " To use a battle-ax to cut off a 
 hen's ht'Hil." Th^y say of wicked ns^ocintea: "To cher- 
 ish a bad man is like nourishing a lii^er; if not well-fed 
 ho will devour you." Here aro eevtral others mingling 
 wit with wisdom: "To instigate a villain to do wrong is 
 like teaching a monkey to climb trt.-s" "To catch fish 
 and throw away the net," which recalls our saying, 
 "Using the cat's paw to pull the chestnuts out of tho 
 fire;" "To climb a tree to catch a fi:^h" is to talk much 
 to no purpose; "A superficial scholar is aslieep dressed in 
 a tiger's skin;"' "A cuckoo in a niagpi-.-'s nist," equiva- 
 lent to saying, "he is enjoying anoi Iter's labor without 
 compensation-" "If the blind lead tho blind they will 
 both fall into the pit;" "A fair wind raises no storm;" 
 " Vast chasms can be filled, but the heart of man is never 
 satisfied;" "The body may be healed, but the mind is 
 incurable;" "He seeks the ass, and lol he sits upon him;" 
 "lie who looks at the sun is dazzled; he who hears the 
 thunder is deafened," i. e., do not come too near tlie pow- 
 erful; "Prevention is better than cure;" "Wine and 
 good dinners make abundance of friends, but in adversity 
 not one of them is to be found." " Let every man sweep 
 tho snow from before his own door, and not trouble him- 
 self al)oiit tho frost on his neighbor's tiles." The follow- 
 ing one ia a gem of moral wialom: "Only correct your- 
 self on the same principle that yon correct others, and 
 excuse others on the same principles on which you excuse 
 yourself." "Better not be, than be nothing." "One 
 thread does not make a rope; one swallow does not make 
 a summer." "Sensuality is the chief of sins, filial duty 
 the best of acts." "The horse's back is not bo safe us the 
 buffalo's" — the former is nsed by the politician, the latter 
 by the farmer. "Too much lenity multiplies oime." " If 
 you love your son give him plenty of the rod; if you hate 
 nim cram him witli dainties." "lie is my teacher who 
 tells mo my faults, he my enemy who speaks my virtues." 
 Having a wholesome dread of litigation, they say of one 
 who goes to law, " He sues a flea to catch a bite." Their 
 equivalent for our "coming out at the little end of the 
 horn" is, "The farther the rat creeps up (or into) the 
 cow's horn, the narrower it grows." The truth of their 
 saying that " The fame of good deeds does not leave a 
 man's door, but his evil acta are known a thousand miles 
 ofif," is illustrated in our own daily papers every morning. 
 Finally, we close this list with a Chinese proverb which 
 should be inscribed on the lintel of every door in Christen- 
 dom: "The happy-hearted man carries joy for all the 
 household." 
 
 Mason and Dixon's Line. — Maeon and Dixon's line 
 is tho concurrent State line of Maryland and Pennsylvania. 
 It is named after two eminent astronomers and mathe- 
 meticians, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, who were 
 sent out from England to run it. They completed the 
 survey between 17G3 and 1T6?, excepting thirty-six miles 
 surveyed in 1782 by Colonel Alex. McLean and Joseph 
 Neville. It ia in the latitude of 39 deg. 43 min. 26.3 sec. 
 
 Great Finns of History. — The loss of life and prop- 
 erty in the willful destruction by fire and sword rf tne 
 principal cities of ancient history — Nineveh, Pdbylon, 
 Persepolis, Carthage, Palmyra, and many ^hers — is 
 largely a matter of conjecture. The following is a memo- 
 randum of the chief conflagrations of the current era: 
 
 In 64, A. D., during the reign of Nero, a terrible fire 
 raged in Rome for eight days, destroying ten of the four- 
 teen wards. The loss of Ufe and destruction of property 
 is not known. 
 

 M 
 
 r 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 111 
 
 ii 
 
 I 
 
 I: 
 
 p-^^ 
 
 MULTVM IV PABVO. 
 
 Constantinople was 
 
 In 70, A. D., Jorusulom vim taken by the RomunH and 
 alurgti jwrt of it givun to tlio torcli, entiiiliiiffunt'nornioiiB 
 destnic'iion of life iind property. 
 
 In llOii Vi'nico, tiion a (Uiy of inimonso opulence, was 
 almost wiiolly oonsiinieil by a (ire, originating in accident 
 or iiicinuliarisni. 
 
 Iti \H'i the greater ])art of LoTulon was bnnuMl. 
 In Wm wliiit id itnown as tlio (jrcat Fire of liondon 
 raged in the city from September 2 toG, consuming i;t,'*0(> 
 houses, with Ht. I'aul'a Church, HtJ pariah churches, (I 
 ciiapeln, tlio Guild Hall, tho lloyal Exclningo, the Custom 
 House, .').} companies halls, many hospitals, libraries and 
 other public edilioes. Tho total destruction of property 
 was estimated at iSIJ.CiS.SOO. Six lives were lost, and 430 
 aoroa burnt over. 
 
 In 1.6^9 afire in Boston burned all the warehouses, 
 eighty dwellings, aiul vessels in the dock-yards; loss esti- 
 mated at $1,000,000. 
 
 In 1700 a largo part of Edinburgh wus burned; loss un- 
 known. 
 
 In 1728 Copenhagen was nearly destroyed; 1,650 houses 
 burned. 
 
 In 1736 a fire in St. Petersburg burned 2,000 houses. 
 In 1729 a firb in Constantinople destroyed 12,000 
 houses, and 7,000 people perished. The same city suffered 
 a conflagration in 1745, lasting five days; and in 1750 a 
 series of three ajipalling fires: one in Januiiry, consuming 
 10,000 houses; another in April destroying pr(-perty ti 
 the value of ili5, 000,000, according to one historian, and 
 according to another, $15,000,000; and in tho latter part 
 of t'r.e year another, sweeping full^ 10,000 houses more 
 out 01 existence. It seemed as i£ Consti 
 doomi'd to utter annihilation. 
 
 in 1751 a fire in Stockholm destroyed 1,000 houses and 
 another tiro in the same city in 1759 burned 250 houses 
 with a loss of $2,420,000, 
 
 In 1752 afire in Moscow swept away 18,000 houses, in- 
 volving an immense loss. 
 
 In 1758 Christiania suffered a loss of 11,250,000 by con- 
 flagration. 
 
 In 1700 tho Portsmouth (England) dock yards were 
 burned, witli a loss of $2,000;000. 
 
 In]7(i4a fire in Koiiigsburg, Prussia, consumed the 
 public buildings, with a loss of $3,000,000; and in 1769 the 
 city was almost totally destroyed. 
 
 In 1763 a fire in Smyrna destroyed 2,600 houses, with a 
 loss of til, 000, 000; in 1772 a fire in the same city carried 
 off 3,000 dwellings and 3,000 to 4,000 shops, entailing a 
 los(i^-*20, 000,000; and in 1796 there were 4,000 shops, 
 mosques, magazines, etc., burned. 
 
 In 1776, six days after the British seized the city, a fire 
 swept off all the west side of New York city, from Bro'ad- 
 way to the river. 
 
 In 1771 a fire in Constantinople burned 2.500 houses; 
 another in 1778 burned 2,000 houses; in 1782 there were 
 600 houses burned in February, 7,000 in June, and on 
 August 12 during a conflagration that lasted three days, 
 10,000 houses, 50 mosques, and 100 corn-mil!8,-with alosn 
 of 100 lives. Two years later a fire, on March 13, de- 
 stroyed two-thirds of Pera, the loveliest suburb of Con- 
 stantinople, and on August 5 a fire in the main city, 
 lasting twenty-six hours, burned 10,000 houses. In this 
 same fire-scourged city, in 1791, between Jlarch and July, 
 there were 32,000 houses burned, and about as many more 
 in 1705; and in 1799 Pera was again swept witii fire, with 
 a loss of 13,000 hou.5cs, including many buildings of great 
 mHgnifieence. 
 
 In 1784 a fire and explosion in the dock yards, Brest, 
 cauKPd a loss of $5,000,000. 
 
 But the greatest destruction of life and property by 
 
 conflagration, of wIim || the world has anything like accu- 
 rale records, must bo looked for within tho current cen- 
 tury. Uf these the following is a partial list of instancM 
 in which the loss of property amounted to $3,000,000 and 
 upward: 
 
 Pr<>iH>rty 
 
 Dutm. ritlcs. (Icetroywl. 
 
 1S()2— fiiverpool $5,OUO,000 
 
 1^03— Homliav 3,()O0,C00 
 
 1805— St. Tliomas 30,000,000 
 
 ISOH— Shaninh Town 7,600,000 
 
 1812 — Mos(!()w, burned five dayt; 30,800 
 
 houses destroyed 160,000,000 
 
 181 fl Con8tantinoi)le, 12,000 dwellings, 
 
 3,000 shops 
 
 1820— Savannah 4,000,(K)0 
 
 1822 — Canton nearly destroyed 
 
 1828 — Havana, 350 nouses 
 
 1835— New York ("(Jreat Fire") 15,000,000 
 
 1837— St. Johns, N. B 5,000,000 
 
 1838— Charleston, 1,158 buildings 3,000,000 
 
 1841— Smyrna, 12,000 houses 
 
 1842— Hamburg, 4,219 buildings, 100 lives 
 
 lost 35,000,000 
 
 1845— New York, 85 persons killed 7,500,000 
 
 1845— iMttsburgh, 1,100 buildings 10,000,000 
 
 1845— Quebec, Jlay 28, 1,650 dwellings..-. 3,750,000 
 
 1845— Quebec, Juno 28, 1,300 dwellings. ... 
 
 1846— St. Johns, Kewfoundland 6,000,000 
 
 1848— Constantinoi)le, 2,500 buildings 15,000,000 
 
 1848— Albany, N. Y., 600 houses 3,000,000 
 
 1849— St. Louis 3,000,000 
 
 lS51_-St. Louis, 2,500 buildings 11,000,000 
 
 IS.")!— St. Louis, 500 buihlings 3,000,000 
 
 1851 — San Francisco, May 4 and 6, many 
 
 lives lost 
 
 1851 — San Francisco, Juno 
 
 1852— Montreal, 1,200 buildings 
 
 1801 — Mendoza destroyed jy cartquako and 
 
 fire, 10,000 lives lost 
 
 1802— St. Petersburg 
 
 1802 — Troy, N. Y , nearly destroyed 
 
 1802 — Valparaiso almost d'^stroyt'd 
 
 1864 — Novgorod, immense destruction of 
 
 property 
 
 1865 — Coiistanti'nople, 2,800 buildings 
 
 burned 
 
 I860 — Yokohama, nearly destroyed 
 
 1805 — Carlstadf, Sweden, all consumed but 
 Bishop's residence, hospital and 
 
 jail; 10 lives lost 
 
 18(;G—Portland, Me., half the city 11,000,000 
 
 1 800— Quebec, 2,500 dwellings, 17 churches 
 
 1870— Constantinople, Pera, suburb 26,000,000 
 
 1871— Chicago— 250 lives lost, 17,430 build- 
 ings burned, on2,124acre8 192,000,000 
 
 1871— Paris, fired by the Commune 160,000,000 
 
 1872— Boston 
 
 1873— Yeddo, 10,000 houses 
 
 1877 — Pittsburgh, caused by riot 
 
 1877— St. Johns, N. B., 1,050 dwellings, 18 
 
 lives lost 12,500,000 
 
 FVom the above it appears that the five greatest fires 
 on record, reckoned by destruction of property, are: 
 
 Chioatro fire, of Ont. 8 and 9, 1871 $192,000,000 
 
 Paris fires, of Jl.iv, 1871 160,000.000 
 
 Moscow fire, of Sept. 14 19, 1813 150,000,000 
 
 Boston fire, Nov. 9-10. 1872 75.000.000 
 
 London fire, Sept. 2-6, 1066 53.652.500 
 
 Hamburg fire, May 5-7, 1842 35,000,000 
 
 10,000,000 
 3,000,000 
 6,000,000 
 
 5,000,000 
 
 75,000,000 
 3,260,000 
 
 ^ 
 
MCLTUX IH FABTO. 
 
 Taking into account, witn the flrc8 of Parii antl Chica- 
 20, tlio groat Wiaconain and Miuhigan forest tlrcaof 1871, 
 in which it is ostimatod that 1,OUO human licinga i>crUhcd 
 aad property to tho ainoiint of o?er ♦:{,0O(i.(Xm( waa con- 
 aumcd, it is plain that in tho annals of coutlagratiuiu that 
 year stands forth in gloomy pro-eminonco. 
 
 Wealth op tub United Statks per Capita. — Tho 
 following statistics ropioHont tho amount of taxable 
 pro(>orty, real and porsonai, in each State and Territory, 
 and also tiio amount per capita: 
 
 Total. Per capita. 
 
 Maine ISSS.OTS.Tie 3Ci.09 
 
 New Hampshire 164,755,181 AliM 
 
 Vermont 8«.806,:55 2e:,24 
 
 MasrtHchusetts l,584.75t;,80a b^8.77 
 
 Uliode Inland 252,53*),>j73 
 
 Connecticut 327, 1 77,385 
 
 New Jersey 572,518.361 
 
 New York 2,r)51.940,<XK) 
 
 PennsylTania 1,083.459,016 
 
 Delaware 69.951.643 
 
 Maryland 497,307,6V5 
 
 District of Columbia 99,401,787 
 
 Virginia 308.455,135 
 
 West Virginia 139.o2v',705 
 
 North Carolina 156,100,2n-> 
 
 South Carolina 153,560,135 
 
 Georgia 239,472,599 
 
 Florida 30,938,309 
 
 Alabama 122,867,223 
 
 Mississippi 110,628.129 
 
 Louisiana 160,102.439 
 
 Texas 320,364,515 
 
 Arkansas 86.409,364 
 
 Kentucky 350,563,971 
 
 Tennessee 211,778,538 
 
 Ohio 1,534.360,508 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Michigan.. . . 
 Wisconsin . . . 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Minnesota. .. 
 Missouri ... 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Nebraska..., 
 Colorado .... 
 
 Nevada 
 
 Oregon 
 
 California... 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Dakota 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Montana .... 
 New Mexico . 
 
 Utah 
 
 Waahington. 
 Wyoming.. . 
 
 727,815,131 
 
 786,616.394 
 
 517.666,359 
 
 438,971,751 
 
 398,671,251 
 
 258.028,687 
 
 432,795,801 
 
 160,891,689 
 
 90,585,782 
 
 74,471,693 
 
 29,291,459 
 
 52,522,084 
 
 584,578,036 
 
 9,270,214 
 
 20.321.530 
 
 6.440,876 
 
 18,609.803 
 
 11,362.406 
 
 24,775,279 
 
 23.810.603 
 
 13.621.829 
 
 913.23 
 525.41 
 606.06 
 621.74 
 393.08 
 408.9;? 
 633.07 
 845.08 
 203.92 
 225.75 
 111.52 
 154.24 
 l.'>5.82 
 114.80 
 97.32 
 97.76 
 170.39 
 201.26 
 176.71 
 212.C3 
 137.30 
 479.77 
 367.^9 
 255.24 
 316.23 
 533.69 
 245.39 
 330.48 
 245.72 
 161.52 
 200.23 
 383.22 
 470.40 
 300.52 
 676.05 
 229.23 
 150.33 
 197.51 
 475.23 
 95.04 
 172.09 
 316.98 
 655,24 
 
 Total $16,902,993,543 337.CM3 
 
 Table fob Measuring ak Acke. — To measure an 
 acre in rectangular form is & simple question in arithmetic. 
 One has only to divide the total number of square yards in 
 an acre, 4,840, by the number of yards in the known side 
 or breadth to find the unkown side in yards. By this proc- 
 ess it appears that a rectangular strip of ground — 
 5 yards wide by 968 yards long is 1 acre. 
 10 yards wide by 484 yards long is 1 acre. 
 20 yards wide by 242 yards long is 1 acre. 
 40 yards wide by 121 yards long is 1 acre. 
 
 80 yards wide by 60A yards long is 1 ocre. 
 70 yards wiilo by fi'.)J yard.s long is 1 acre. 
 Co yiirds witio by 8u§ yards long is 1 acre. 
 
 The L.KxnnAOE okOk-M."*.— Tho languagoof thovorions 
 precious stont'S is as I'jllows: 
 
 Moss Agiitc — lloiiltli, pronpority and long life. 
 
 Amethyst — Prevents violent jmssions. 
 
 IJloodstonc — Courugo, wisdom and llrmness in affection. 
 
 Chrysolite — Frffs {mm evil passions and sadnt'ss. 
 
 Emunild — luHiin'struo lnvc, discovers false. 
 
 I)iaini>nis — Iiinocouco, faith and virgin purity, friends. 
 
 Garnet — Constancy and fidelity in every ciigagenient. 
 
 Ojial — Sliarpons tho sigiit ami faith of tho possessor. 
 
 Pearl — Purity; gives clearness to physical and mental 
 sight. 
 
 Ruby — Corrects evils rcHulting from mistaken friend* 
 ship. 
 
 fciapnh ire— Repentance; frees from enchantment. 
 
 Saraonyx — Insures conjugal fulicity. 
 
 Topaz — Fidelity and frit'iidsliip; prevents bad dreams. 
 
 Turquoise — Insures prosperity iu love. 
 
 Gueat Salt Lake and tue Dead Sea. — Great Salt 
 Lake is a shallow body of water, its average depth being 
 but a little more than three feet, while iu many parts it is 
 much less. The water is transparent, bute.xcessively salt; 
 it contains about ~2 per cent of common salt, slightly 
 n;ixed with other saU.s, and forming one of tho purest and 
 most coiu'entratod brines in tho world. Its specitic grav- 
 ity is 1.17. Tho water is so buoyant that a man may float 
 initatfuU lengthupon his back, having his heudand neck, 
 his legs tothi' kneo, and both arms to the elbow, eniirely 
 outof water. If ho nssumes a sitting posture, with his arms 
 extended, his shoulders will rise above the water. Swim- 
 ming, however, isdillicult aa tho lower limbs tund to rise 
 above the surface, and tho brino is so strong that to swal- 
 low even a very little of it will cause strangulation. Tho 
 waters of the Dead Sea, on the other hand, are nearly 
 black, and contain muoli sulphur and bitumen, as well as 
 salt. It is also very deep, varying from thirteen feet near 
 the south end of the lake to more than 1.3u0fect in the 
 northern part. Its buoyancy is quite equal tothafc of Great 
 Salt Lake, for travelers say that a man can float prone 
 upon the surface for hours without danger of sinking, and 
 in a sitting position is held breast-high above the water. 
 
 Some Famous Wau Sonos. — The slavery war developed 
 several Union song-writers whose stirring verses have kept 
 on singing themselves Eiiicethocloseof that great struggle. 
 Two among them are best remembered nowiwlays, ooth 
 men who wrote the wo'"ds and composed the music to their 
 own verses. Chicago lays claim to one. Dr. George F. 
 Root, ai d Boston to the other, Henry C. Work. The song 
 " Marching Tlirougli Georgia," as everyone knows, was 
 written in memory of Sherman's famous march from 
 Atlanta to tho sea, and words and music were the com- 
 position of Henry C. Work, who died not many months 
 ago (in 1884). The first stanza is as follows: 
 Bring the good old bugle, boys, we'll sing another song — 
 Sing it with spirit that will start the world along — 
 Sing it as we used to sing it, fifty thousand strong, 
 While wo were marching tiirough Georgia. 
 
 Chorus — 
 "Hurrah; hurrah! we bring the jubilee! 
 Hurrah! hurrah! the flag that makes you free!" 
 So we sang the chorus from Atlanta to the sea. 
 While wo were marching through Georgia. 
 
 Among the other songs of V/ork the following are best 
 known: " Kingdom Coming," or " Sav, Darkey, Hab You 
 Seen de Massa?" "Babylon is Fallen," "Grafted into 
 
^1 
 
 J, 
 
 ' 
 
 V^) 
 
 <; 
 
 'I! 
 
 U' 
 
 
 Ir 
 ill* 
 
 
 J! 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 
 .¥^ 
 
 UVLTVH IN 1-AllVU. 
 
 til 
 
 Army" Rn«l "Cmpotal Schnappi." Tliis record 
 iM l)u incoiiipli'ie wer* «e to inA to niciitiDii suiiu' of 
 iiiiitiy ringing Mor* of (itxjrgv F. Ituot, tton^'H wliitli 
 liii<') inuilo the nanii} of Root fauiutia in tlioiiHuiuIrt iipdii 
 tlioiL-iaiiili of hoiiithoMi in tL** \\\fX. Sdinoof IIhhc Monk's 
 luo: •' MiitMtjLVy of FrwJ^Mn." " Tramji, Traiiip, Truiii|i," 
 " On, on, on. thi K-^v* C^om- M«riliiti;.'," ".lust Itifoio 
 ttio Unit If, Mother,"' "Jo*: Afi«T the IJiittlo," " Luv Mo 
 Down iind Save the Fla^," "Sjjujd \'\< fur Undo Sum, My 
 !<i>y4." Tlie well knuwnafpug, " Wnp the VUfi Around 
 Ml', Ii<\v.«," wai ri>inp«««iil bt fi. Stcwiiii 'ruylor, and 
 " \Vt|, ii'Jutinoj ConK* iltrciuug Home " by Luuia Luni- 
 bort. 
 
 Thk Cost off Rotaltt is Esolaxh.— Her Jfujosty: 
 
 I'nv y piir-.' ilOo, 000 
 
 Sularie^ of householj l.Jl.v'tJO 
 
 Expt- n.-tod of houwhold 17','.r>00 
 
 Uoyul U)unty, etc. 13.V'00 
 
 UiuippropriatctJ 8,040- 
 
 i';i8r).(ioo 
 
 •If ',(!(() 
 
 1(1,000 
 8,000 
 
 2f),000 
 «,000 
 
 Prinoo of Wali'j 
 
 I'i'itii'i'.4-i of W'iik'.^ 
 
 l,''-own rrincr.-M of Prnaua 
 
 Diiko (if Kdinbiii'u'h 
 
 Prini'c.-'H {'iiri.-iti:kn of Schl«*w!p-Ilolst«in.... 
 
 rriii(>e-iH Louis's (Marduooeiitof Lome) 0,000 
 
 Diiko of Connuught 25,000 
 
 DulvG r>f Alhiiny 25,000 
 
 riuflii'sa of Canifiridge 0,000 
 
 Diicliossof M»'..'kleiiburg-JStf*litJ 3,000 
 
 Dukoof Cariiliridj^e 12,0o0 
 
 Duclics-sof Terk 6,000 
 
 Some Okkvt RtVEP_*. — Froijn Tla(«ire]l'H little work for 
 
 cnpiiu't-rrt and mechanic* Tfc* fojJomMiig figures aro taken, 
 sliowin;,' the lengths of tL-.- 'ir.-- -t rivers on the various 
 continents: 
 
 
 EL-BOPE. 
 Nnmc. 
 
 Volga, Russia 
 
 Danube l,V»<tt 
 
 Rhine %4«> 
 
 Vistula ?•» 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 Yeneisy iind Stdenga..3..>»»> 
 
 Klancr 3.r>*> 
 
 lloang IIo '■' t 
 
 Anioor J. ' • 
 
 Euphrates I. ■• • 
 
 (Jangea l.'-' 
 
 Tigris 1,1'X» 
 
 AFFtlCA. 
 
 Nile 3.2^ 
 
 Niger 2,4»»» 
 
 Gambia 1,»)W 
 
 MTTH AMEUICA. 
 JiiiZiif. Mllofl. 
 
 AmiLZiJii and Beui. . , .4,000 
 
 PlatU' ii,roo 
 
 Rio Madeira 2,30o 
 
 Rjo Negro 1 ,050 
 
 «»riiioco l.OOO 
 
 Uniguav 1,100 
 
 Ma^'dalena. 900 
 
 XOHTII AMEUICA. 
 
 !l'?iei-ffiippi and Mis- 
 
 - jri 4.300 
 
 Ma, kenzie 2,H0O 
 
 Rio Bravo 2,300 
 
 Arkansas 2,070 
 
 Be<3 River 1.520 
 
 OLio a:jd Alleghany. .1,480 
 >!. Lawrence 1,450 
 
 The figures a3 to the length of the Nile are estimated. 
 The Anuizon, with its tribotariei (including the Rio Negro 
 and .Madeira), drains an am of 2.'i3O.0(«J pr;uare miles; 
 the Mi3si:isi]>pi and MisMNiri, l,72iC,0(>(. square miles; the 
 Yont'isv (or Yeris«i. aa it is oft*n written) drains iibout 
 1,000, (iuO square miles; the V.>3r». about 5fi0.0<i0. In this 
 group of great rivers the Sc. Lanrreuc^istlie most remark- 
 able. It constitutes by far tb.* krgest body of fresh water 
 in the world. Im^lnding the laies and streams, which it 
 comprises in its vridest acceptation, the St. Lawrence cov- 
 ers about T3,niiO square miles; the aggregate, it is esti- 
 mated, represents not; lets than 9,<K»(> solid miles — a mass 
 of water which would bare taken npward of forty years to 
 pour over Niagara at the computed rate of 1,000,000 cubic 
 
 foot in n flocond. As the entire bail. diia water systitm 
 falls NJiort of 300,000 Hquaru miles, the turfaco of tho land 
 in only thno linuM that of the water, 
 
 ilow Tiir. U.NirKU Statkm Oot Jta Lands. — Tlio Uni- 
 ted Htales bought Loui^ianM, thu viuit legion between the 
 .Miitxissippi River, tho ciuitern and iiortiiern boundury of 
 Texas (then belonging to Hpain), and ilie dividing ridgo 
 of tho Rocky .Mountains, together with what is now Ore- 
 gon, WuHliingtori Territory, anil tbo woMlern parts of 
 Montana and Malio, from France for ♦ 1 1,260,000. This 
 was in iso.'l. Iteforo tho principal, interest, ami claims 
 of one sort and another assumed ItV tho Unite<l Statrs 
 wero settled, tho total cost of this "Louisiana pureliiMe," 
 comprising, ac(.'ording to Krencli couHtruction and our 
 underslamling, I,l71.<.i31 square miles, swelled to 123, 500,- 
 000, or almost $25 j)er section — a fact not stated in cyclo- 
 pedias ami scliool iiistories, and therefore not generally 
 understood. Snain still held Florida and claimed apart 
 of what wo understood to be im luded in thu Louisiana 
 purchase — awtripupto north latitude 31 — and disputed 
 our boundary along the south and wcNt, and oven claimed 
 Oregon. Wo bought Florida and all the disputed land 
 cast of tho Mi.isiH.Hip|d and her claim to Oregon, and 
 settled our southwestern boundary dispute for tho sum of 
 ♦(3,500,0(10. Texiu smilingly proposed annexation to tho 
 United .States, ami this great govtniment was " taken in" 
 December 2!t, IS 15, 'J'exas keeping her jjublio lands and 
 giving us all her State debts and a three-year war (costing 
 us !?»)<>. (M)o,('(M)) with Mexico, who claimed lier for a run- 
 away from Mexican jurisdiction. This was a bargain that 
 oiit-yankecd tho Yankees, but tho South insiKted on it 
 and "the North submitted. After conquering all the terri- 
 tory now embraced in New Mexico, a part of ("olorailo, 
 An'zona, Utah, Nevada and California, we paid Mexico 
 |<2r),000,000 for it— ♦ 15,000,000 for the greater part of it 
 and l<lo,ono,000 for another slice, known as tho " (lads- 
 den pun base." In 18»;7 wo bought Alaska from Ruaia 
 for J7,200,000. All the several aaounts above namml 
 wore paid long ago. As for all the rest of our landed pos- 
 sessions, we took them with ws when we cut loose from 
 mother Rritain's apron string, but did not get a alear title 
 until wo had fought ten years for it — first in the Revolu- 
 tionary War, costing us in killed 7,343 reported — besidoa 
 tho unreported killed — and over 15,000 wounded, and 
 $135,103,103 in money; afterward in the War of 1812-15, 
 costing us in killed 1.877, in wounded 3,737, in money 
 !!<107, 159,003. We have paid everybody but the Indians, 
 tho only real owners, and, thanks to gunpowder, sword, 
 bayonet, bad whisky, small-pox, cholera and other weap- 
 ons of civiliz'ition, there are not many of them left to 
 complain. Besides all the beads, earrings, blankets, pots, 
 kotlles, brass buttons, etc., given them for land titles in 
 tho olden times, wo paid them, or tho Indian agents, in 
 ono way and another, in the ninety voars from 1791 to 
 1881. inclusive, $il93,t572,C97 31, to .«ay nothing of the 
 thousands of lives sacrificed and many millions spent in 
 IndiTm wars, from the war of King Philip to the last fight 
 with tho Apaches. 
 
 iLi-fSTiuous Mex akd Womex. — It is not likely that 
 any two persons would agree as to who are entitled to the 
 first fifty places on the roll of great men and great women. 
 Using "great" in the sense of eminence in their profes- 
 sions, of great military commanders tho following are 
 among thochief: Sosostris, the Egyptian conqueror, who is 
 reju'csented as having subdued all Asia to tho Oxus and 
 tho Ganges, Ethiopia, and a part of Europe; Cyrus 
 the Great; Alexander the Great; Hannibal; Che-Hwanti, 
 who reduced all the kingdoms of Chinaand Indo-China to 
 ono empire, and constructed the Great Wall; Caesar; Gen- 
 ghis Khan, the Tartar chief, who overran all Asia and a 
 
 \ 
 
MVLTVlf IX fARTO. 
 
 oondidorablo part of Kuropn; Niipolooti Iloimparto; ClyMfi 
 H. Orunt, litul (Ikiioi'iiI Vnn Moltkr. Aiiioti^ tliu 'tii<>«t 
 illdittrioiii) l)t-iit<l'ii(il<)iri of iiiitiikiiiil, it.SHtatcHiiicii, Ltvgtvori 
 iiiul patriotH, Hturxl Momcm, Diivid, Solon, Niiniu roiiipiliti*, 
 /oi-iiuHtiir, Coiifiiciiirt, .liiHtiiiiiiii, (!liiirlutiiiivtno, Croiiiwi-H, 
 Wu>4liii>^toii iiriil Liiicolii. Kiiiiiii>iit itniong tliu pliiloto- 
 plitTH, rliutoriciiiim iiinl lo^'ii'i.nm Htunil iSocriiii h, IMitto, 
 AriHtotlo, Hi'iii'Cii, llio two (JuIhh, uml I.onl Macon; nmung 
 oriitorH, I'oriclcH, Di^iiioMllieiu'H, Ci(;i'ro, MiriilK'uii, Itiirko, 
 
 Wolintor iirnl (Jliiy; iiMioiig | U, Hdiik r, Virgil, Daiitp, 
 
 Milton, Hiiil Sliukuripitaro; annni^ piiiiilorH und si^iiiptorK, 
 I'liidias, I'arrliuMi'.iri, Zi'nxis, I'raxitiluM, Siooiu, Mirhuel 
 Aii);*'lo, Uii|)lia<'l 1111(1 Uiili(>iis; timong pliiiuiitlirwpifltii, 
 .loiin Howard; among iiivonlorH, An^liinu'di'rt, Watt, Ful- 
 ton, Arkwriglii, Wliitin-y undAlorHo, among urttrononuTu, 
 C!operni(MiH, (ialiltio, Tvcho Hrulio, Nowton, I,a riaf« ami 
 tlio elder liwrHidiid. ilurearofiixty n:»nu'«of tlistitigni-'lifd 
 miMi, und yi't the groat roligiouu loadurrt, exct-piing Mou>3 
 antl ZoroitHtcr, havo not been natnud. Among these utaiid 
 Siddhartha or Buddha, Mahomut, Martin huthor, John 
 Knox and John WeHloy. 'I'hon tlio groat explorers and 
 geographers of tlto world liavo not heon notired, among 
 whom Ilerodotns, Strabo, Pliny, V isco do IJania, Colum- 
 bus and fliimboldt barely lead the van. 
 
 Of eminent women thero nroSeling, wifoof the Km|>oror 
 Hwang-ti, li. (J. !iti;J7, who taught lier people the art of 
 Hilk-raising and weaving; Semiramia, the Assvrian Queen; 
 l)el)orah, t(io heroic warrior proplictoss of the Israelites; 
 Queen Esther, who, with the counsel of iior cousin, Mor- 
 dccai, not only saved tho Jews from extermination, but 
 lifted them from a condition of slavery into pros|)erity and 
 power; Dido, tho founiler of Carthage; Sappho, the emi- 
 nent (ii Ian poetess; llypatia, tho eiocpient philosopher; 
 Mary, no mother of Christ; Zonobia, Queen of I'alniyra; 
 tl\o mother of St. Augustine; Elizabeth of Hungary; 
 Queen Elizabeth of England; Queen Isabella of Soain, 
 tho Emi)res8 Maria 'i'heresa; Alargarof tho Clreatof Uen- 
 mark; Catherine tho Great of Russia, Queen Victoria; 
 Florence Nightingale; Mmo. doStael: Mrs. Fry, the phi- 
 lanthropist; among authoresses, Mrs. Ilenians, Mrs. Sig- 
 ournoy, Mrs. Browning, "George Sand," 'George Eliot," 
 and Mrs. Stowo; and among artists, Hosa Bonheur, and 
 our own Harriet Ilusmer. 
 
 Tna Si'KZ Caxal. — The Suex Canal was begnn in 1,8.58 
 and was formally ojjened in November, iHWi. its cost, in- 
 cluding harbors, is estimated at tlOO.OOO.OuO. Its length is 
 100 miles. 7') of which were exeuvated ; its width is gener- 
 ally 325 feet at tho surface, and Ta feet at the bottom, and 
 its depth 2C, feet. Tho workmen employed were chiefly 
 natives, and many wero drafted by tho Khedive. The 
 number of laborers is estimated at 30,000. Tho British 
 government virtually controls tho canal as it owns most of 
 the stock. 
 
 SExniNO Vkssels Over Niagara Falls. — Thero have 
 been three sucli instances. The first was in 18'-2T. Some 
 men got an old sliip — tiio Michigan — whieh had been used 
 on lake Erie, and had been pronounced unseaworthy. For 
 mere wantonness thoy put aboard a bear, a fox, a buffalo, a 
 dog and some geese and sent it over tho cataract. The 
 boar jumped from tlio vessel before it reached the rapids, 
 swam toward the shore, and was rescue 1 by some humane 
 persons. The gee.se ■went over tlio falls, and came to the 
 shore below alive, and, ther"fore, became objects of great 
 interest, and were sold at higli prices to visitors ut tlie 
 Falls. The dog, fox, and buflalo were not heard of or seen 
 ac;ain. Another condciunod vessel, the Detroit, that Lad 
 belonged to Commodore Perry's victorious fleet, was started 
 over the catarnct in the winter of 1841, but grounded about 
 midway in the rapids, and lay thero till knocked to pieces 
 
 by the iie. A (>omowhat more plolureiqno JnKtaneo muh 
 tho««'nding overtiio CiimidaHido of a iiliip on the. 'I'his 
 occurred in IKIT. Th.t v. imd wnn tho Curi.Hne, which had 
 \»en run in Gio intere tuf tho iuHuigi nis in tiiu Caiindian 
 relxdliiin. It wa«c:.|itur. d by C.liMiel Me.Nul.l,, ,iii olllcpr 
 of tho Canada inil!ti;i, and bvhio orders it was net on (ire 
 thou cut I'Mjho fr.imiuinii(iriiii.'M. y\ll in llames, it went 
 glaring and hiding down tho mpids and over the jireeipice, 
 iin«l imothered iia ruddy bluze in thu lunling cluiHin below. 
 Thii Win wit m'Med by liirgo crowds on both sides of tho 
 falls, and Was deseribcd as a iiidst iiia;.'iiil'ieiiit sight. Of 
 rourvo there was no one on board the ve^sel. 
 
 OldTiMR WA<iK^ IV E.VOLA.Vt..— The following rates 
 of daily m i;.'e8 "determined "bytho Justiees of Somerset, 
 in I'iN'j, answer this «)iiesiion very fairly. Somerset being 
 onoof tho average sill res of Knglund. Tho orthography 
 is conformed to original record: 
 
 d. 
 
 a 
 
 7 
 10 
 
 7 
 4 
 
 8 
 3 
 6 
 1 
 
 
 Mowers per diem, findeing themHelvca 1 
 
 Mi'wersnt meato and drinke 
 
 .Men makeing hay per diem, llndeing tliemselves. . 
 
 Men at nu-atc and drinke 
 
 Women makeing hay 
 
 Women at meate and drinke 
 
 Men reapeing corno per diem, Hndeingthemselvea 1 
 
 Men reapingo come at nienlo und drinke 
 
 •Moweing an acre of grasse, llndeing themselveB.. 1 
 
 Moweing an acre of grasse to hay 1 
 
 Moweing an acre of barley 1 
 
 lieapeinge und bindeinge an acre of wheato 3 
 
 Cuttingo and bindeinge an aero of heanes and 
 
 hookinge 2 
 
 The shilling is about 24 cents and the penny 2 cents. 
 
 Declaration- of Ivdki'exdkntk .Sioxf^ns. — Tho fol- 
 lowing is the list of names appended to that famous 
 document, with tho colony which each represented in 
 Congress: 
 
 New Ilar.pshire — Josiah liartlett; William Whipple, 
 Matthew Thornton. 
 
 Massachn.-ett.s — John Ilanc tick, John Adams, Samuel 
 Adams. Koliert Treit Paine. 
 
 Hhode I>land — Elbridgo Gerry, Stephen Hopkins, Will- 
 iam EIKry. 
 
 Coniit-etiout — Koirer Sherman, Samuel Huntington, 
 William Williams, Oliver Wolcott. 
 
 New Y(>rk — William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis 
 Lewis. Lewis Morris. 
 
 Now tJerscy — Richard Jlockton, John Witherspoon, 
 Francis Hopkinson, John Ilart, Abraham Clark. 
 
 Penn^ylvania — liobert Jlorris, Benjamin Rush, Benja- 
 min Franklin, John 5fort)n, George Clymer, Jamea 
 •Smith, George Taylor. James Wilson, George Ross. 
 
 Delaware — Ca>sar Rodney, George Reed, Thomas Mo- 
 Kean. 
 
 Maryland — Samuel Chase, Thomas Stone, William 
 Paou, I'harles CarioU. of Carrollton. 
 
 Virginia — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas 
 Jefferson. Benjanun Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Fran- 
 cis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. 
 
 North Carolina — William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John 
 Penn. 
 
 So'ith Carolina — Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, 
 Jr., Thomas Lynch,. Jr., Arthur Middleton. 
 
 Georgia — Button Gwinntet, Lyman Hall, George Wal* 
 ton. 
 
 Life of Etham Allex. — Colonel Ethan Allan was 
 captured in an attack upon l[oiitroa!, September 26. 1775. 
 H« was sent a^ prisoner to Great Britain, ostensibly for 
 trial, but in a few months was sent back to America, and 
 
 8C.^ 
 
 
confiiK'd in prison ships and jails at Halifax ami New 
 York till May 3, 1778, when ho was exchanged. During 
 most of his captivity lie was treated as a felon aiui kept 
 hciivily ironed, but during 1777 was allowed rcstricicd lib- 
 erty on parole. After his exchange ne again ollcred his 
 services to the patriot army, but because of trouble in Ver- 
 mont wiis put in coi.imand of the militia in that State. 
 The Hritisli authorities were at that time making especial 
 efforts to secure the allegiunco of the Vcrmonters. and it 
 was owing to Allen's skillful negotiations that the question 
 was kept open until tlio tiieater of war was changed, thus 
 keeping the colony on the American side, but avoiding the 
 attacks from the British that wt)uld certainly have fol- 
 lowed an open avowal of tlieir political preferences. Allen 
 died at Burlington, Vt., Tebruaiy 13, 1789. 
 
 BuRiAi, Ol'svoms. — Among the early Christians the 
 dead were buried with the face upward and the feet tow- 
 ard the east, in token of the resurrection at the coming 
 again of the Sun of Righteousness. It cannot be said, 
 however, that the custom was first used by the Christians. 
 It was ill practice anoug early pagan nations also, and is 
 regarded as a survival of tho ideas of the fire-worshipers. 
 The sun, which was tiie impersonaLion of deity to many 
 primitive races, had his home in their mythology in the 
 east, and out of respect for him the dead were placed fac- 
 ing this quarter, among certain tribes always in a sitting 
 posture. It may also be remarked that among other races 
 the position was reversed, tlie dead body being placed 
 with its feet toward the west, because the region of sunset 
 was the home of the departed spirits. 
 
 The Sl'kukxdeu of Lee to Grant. — The surrender 
 of (Jeneral Lee was made at tlie house of a farmer named 
 McLean, in Apjiomattox village, that house having been 
 selected by General Lee himself at General Grant's request 
 for the interview. General Grant went thither, and was 
 met 'n' General Leo on tho threshold. The two vvent into 
 the pr.rlor of tho house, a small room, containing little 
 furnishing but a table and several chairs. About twenty 
 Union officers besides General Grant were present, among 
 them the inembers of tho General's staff. The only Con- 
 federate officer with General lA;e ivas Colonel Marshall, 
 who acted as his secretary. O'-ii^ral Lee, as well as his aid, 
 w.as in full uniform, anil wore a burnished sword which was 
 given him by tho State of Virginia; General Grant was in 
 plain uniform, without a sword. After a brief conversa- 
 tion, relative to tho meeting of the two generals vrhile sol-" 
 diers in Mexico, General Lee adverted at once to the object 
 of the interview by asking on what terms the surrender of 
 his army would be received. General Grant replied that 
 offii^crs and men must become ]irisoners of war, giving up 
 of course all munitions, weapons and supplies, but that a 
 parole would be accepted. General Lee then requested 
 that the terms siiouhl be put in writing, that he might 
 sign them. General Badoau says that wliile General Grant 
 was writing the conditions of surrender he chanced to look 
 up and his eye caught the filitterof General Lee'c swonl, 
 and that this siglit induced iiiiii to insert the provision that 
 the "officers should bo allowed to retain their side-arms, 
 horses and personal jiroperty." This historian thinks 
 that rtoneral lee fully cxpect('<l to give up his sword, and 
 that (Jenor.il Gi intomifted tiiis from tiietermsof surrender 
 out of con-iiiU'ration for the feelings of a soldier. Badeau 
 says that (reneral Ivoe was o\iileiitly much toucheil by tho 
 clemency of his adversary in this regard. The Confoder- 
 ato "hief now wrote liisaccoptanco of the terms offered and 
 signed them. He fiiriher refpiested that tho cavalry ^iiid 
 artillery soldiers might lie allowed to retain their lion^s as 
 well as t!ie offi<!ors. to which (reneral Grant consented, tnd 
 asked that a suiiply train left at Danville might he allowe.' 
 to puss on, OB his soldiers were without foon. Ihe reply 
 
 of General Grant to this was an order that 25,000 rations 
 should be immediately issued from the commissariat of tho 
 National army to the Army of Northern Virginia. The 
 formal papers were now drawn up and signed, and tho in- 
 terview which jnded one of the greatest wars of modern 
 times was over. 
 
 Colored Population at Each Census. — The follow- 
 ing will show the white and colored population of the 
 United States, from 1790 to 1880, inclusive. 
 
 , Colored. . 
 
 Vi'or. White. Frf-e. Slaves. 
 
 1790 3,172,00'j 59.527 697,«81 
 
 1800 4,306,446 108,435 893,602 
 
 1810 5,862,073 186,446 1,191,362 
 
 1820 7,862,166 223,634 1,538,022 
 
 1830 10,538,378 319,599 2,009,043 
 
 1840 14,195,805 386.293 2,487,355 
 
 1850 19,553,068 434,495 3,204,313 
 
 1860 26,922,537 488,070 3,953,760 
 
 1870 33,589,377 4,880,009 None. 
 
 1880 ..43,40!i,9~0 6,580,973 None. 
 
 Arctic Explohations. — From 1496 to 1857 there were 
 134 voyages and land journeys undertaken by governments 
 and explorers of Europe and America, to investigate the 
 unknown region around the North Pole. Of these, sixty- 
 three went to the northwest, twenty-nine via Behring 
 Straits, and tho rest to the northeast or due north. Since 
 1857 there have been the notable expeditions of Dr. Hayes, 
 of Captain Hall, *ho8e of Nordenskjold, and others sent 
 by Germany, Russia and Denmark; three voyages made by 
 James Lament, of the Royal Geographical Society, Eng- 
 land, at his own expense; the expeditions of Sir George 
 Kares, of Leigh Smith, and that of the ill-fated Jeannette; 
 the search erpeditions of the Tigress, the .luniata, and 
 those sent to rescue Lieutenant Greely; further, all the 
 expeditions fitted out under the auspices of the Polar Com- 
 mission — in which the Greely expedition was included — 
 andanjmber of minor voyages, making a sum total of 
 some sixty exploring journeys in these twenty-seven years. 
 
 The Tattle of Waterloo. — The battle of Waterloo 
 was fo'.igiit June 18, 1815, between the allied British, 
 Netherlanr ini German troops under Wellington and the 
 Freiic'. nude" Napoleon. On June 16 Napoleon had 
 attacked the Prussians under Blucher nt Ligny and forced 
 them to retreat townrd W^avre, and Marshal Ney at the 
 same time attacked the British and Dutch forces atQratre 
 Bras, but was forced to retire aftei* an engagement of five 
 hours. Napoleon's object, however, which was to prevent 
 a union of the Pru.-isians with Wellington's main army, 
 was jmrtialiy gained. Th-? latter commander, having 
 learned the next morning' of 31uchcr's repulse, niovpd on 
 to WaterLo expecting rhat the Prussian commander, 
 according to previous arrangement, would join him there 
 as speedily as possible. On Juno 17 Napoleon also moved 
 toward A\ateiloo with the main body of his army, having 
 directed Marsh.il Grouchy with 34.000 men and ninety-six 
 guns to ])ur.<ue Bliicher's commainl t.)ward Wavre. Both 
 armies bivouacked on the field o? Waterloo, and the next 
 morning Napoleon, confident that Grouchy would prevent 
 the arrival of tiie Prussians, delayed attack until the ground 
 should become dry, a heavy shower having fallen on the 
 day previous. The forces under Wellington occujiied a 
 semi-tnrcular ridge a mile and a half in length, and the 
 French were on an opposite ridge, tho two being sepa- 
 rated by a valley about 500 yards wide. The nian of 
 Napoleon was to turn the allied left, force it buclc upon 
 center, and gain possession oi the enemy's lino of retreat. 
 To draw off Wellington's attention '.o his nght, French 
 troops were sent j<bont 11 o'clock to attack tlie chateau of 
 Hongnemont, which tho English had fortified. After a 
 
 - — -r 
 
MULTUM IN PAUVO. 
 
 -y 
 
 fight of more tlian two hours this was btill in tiie posses- 
 sion of its defoiulers. About 1 o'cioclc a IVussiau corps 
 under IJiilowjrt'iis seen ap|)toiiching ou the Fi-'ieii right, 
 and Napoleon, tiudiug it necessary to send lO.dOi' uicti to 
 check their advance, wud obliged to ciuiiige tlie plan of 
 battle. He therefore ordered a fierce attack upon the 
 allied center. Wellington massed his troops there, and 
 the battle was obstinately maintained for five hourn, with 
 vary ills' success to the participants, botli commundcrs 
 hourly ex[)e(^ting re-enforce men is. Wellington was wait- 
 ing for Blucher and Napoleon for Grouchy. The Frencli 
 at last were gaining ground; the allied troops in the oen- 
 ter were wavering under Ney's impetuous onsl:. lights, 
 General Diirutte iuvd forced back the left, and Bulow's 
 troops on thought had been forced to yield the position 
 they had taken. Now. however, there were rumors that 
 Blucher's army was approaching and the allies again ral- 
 lied. At 7 o'clock Nai)i>l('on, despairing of the apjiroaeh 
 of Grouchy, determined to decide the day jy a charge of 
 the Old (ruard, which had been held in reserve. At this 
 stage the advance of Prussian horso on the allied left 
 forced back General Dunitte's troops, and the Old Guard 
 formed in squares to cover tills retreat. N'ey's division 
 surrounded, made a gallant struggle — their brave leader 
 still uiiwounded, though five horses hail been shot under 
 him, heading them ou foot, sword in hand — but were 
 forced to give way. The Old Guard lieM their ground 
 against overwhelming numbers. Finally, when five 
 squares were broken, the Emperor gave tiie order to " faU 
 back." The cry "The Guard is repulsed" spread con- 
 sternation through the French army and threatened to 
 turn retreat into precipitate flight. Napoleon, seeing this, 
 reformed the Guard in order to give a rallying point lor 
 the fugitives. Failing in this, he declared that lie would 
 die within the square, but Marshal Soult hurried him 
 away. Tho heroic hand, surrounded, was bidden to sur- 
 render. "The Old Guard dies, but never sui renders" is 
 the reply popularly attributed to General Cambronne, and 
 with the cry of " Vive TEmpereur I" the remnant of the 
 Guard Made a last charge upon the enemy and perished 
 almost to a man. The forces of Blucher bei.ig now upon 
 the field, the rout of the French was complete, and the 
 Prussians pursued the fleeing troops, 'optiiring guns and 
 men. There is no doubt that the failure of Grouchy to 
 come upon tho field caused Napoleon to lose his last great 
 battle. It was subsequently asserted that this marshal 
 was bribed, but tliere seems to be no real fou idationfor so 
 base a charge. The trouble was that he had been ordered 
 by Napoleon to follow the Prussians towp.rd Wavre and 
 thought it necessary to follow tho strict letter of his 
 inatructions. Before he reached tho village the main 
 body of tho Prussian force was on its way 'o Waterloo, 
 but one division had been left there to occupy his atten- 
 tion. Engaged in skirmishing with this, he paid no atten- 
 tion to the advice of his subordinate generals who, hearing 
 the terrible cannonading at Waterloo, besought him to 
 go to the aid of the army there. Napoleon believing that 
 he was either holding back Blucher's forces or was hotly 
 pursuing them, did not recall him to tho main army, and 
 the decisive battle was lost. Grouchy was summoned 
 beforr a council of war, but the court declared itself 
 incompetent to decide his case, and nothing further came 
 of it. 
 
 Our NiTiON^L Cemeteries. — National Cemeteries 
 for soldiers anu sailors may be said to have origi- 
 nated in 1850, iho army appropriation bill of that 
 year appropriating nio'.iey for a cemetery near tho 
 City of Mexico, for tb^ interment of the remains of 
 soldiers who fell in the Mexican War. The remaju.s of 
 Federal soldinrs and sulors who fell in the war for the 
 
 Union have been buried in scventy-ei;.'iit cemetorie.-* ex- 
 (•JiKsive nf tiio-e iiilcirt-d elsewhere, a f;.r greater ni.mber. 
 In tlie subj iMicil lisi, are given the natiu-s and locations of 
 the .\;iti)!i il CoMii'iiTi 'S with tlie nuuiljer tiu-r. in buried, 
 kiunv.i iiiid .ii.kno ^tl. We have ^.^^^ means of ^vi^jwing 
 whi'.t cemeteries aHo contain the bodies of Southern 
 soldiers : 
 
 KiHiwn. rnkn'n. 
 
 Cypre.^s llill, N. Y ■i.'r.ri TO 
 
 Woodlav.ii, Kimira, N. Y :!.«'!»•; 
 
 Beverly, N. J 142 7 
 
 Finn's Point, N.J 2,044 
 
 Gettysburg. Pa l.'-'O? 1,OOH 
 
 Philadelphia. Pa 1.^M» 28 
 
 Annapolis, Md 2,2>>0 197 
 
 Aiitidam, Md 2.s.5:5 l,.sll 
 
 London Park, Baltimore, Md l,i;"~'7 106 
 
 Laurel, Baltimore, Md ■-':{2 
 
 Soldiers' Home, D. C 5,oi;5 288 
 
 iJatlle, I). C 13 
 
 Grafton, W. Va 0:J4 
 
 Arlington, Va 11, 'Ul 
 
 Alexandria, Va 3,434 
 
 Ball's I'.hill, ^•a 1 
 
 Cohi 11 arbor, V a 072 
 
 City Point. Va 3.170 
 
 f'ulpepper, Va 4.j4 
 
 Danville, \'a. 
 
 1.11 
 
 Fredericksburg, Va 2,4>- 7 
 
 Fort Uarrition, Va 239 
 
 (Hendale, Va 233 
 
 H'impton, Va 4,808 
 
 Poplar Grove, Va 2,197 
 
 Richmond, Va Ml 
 
 Seven Pines V^a loO 
 
 Stau nton, Va 233 
 
 Winchester, Va 2,094 
 
 Yorktown, Va 748 
 
 Newborn, N. C 2,174 
 
 Raleigh, N. C Cv 
 
 Salisbury, N. C 94 
 
 Wilmington, N. C 710 
 
 Beaufort, S. C 4,748 
 
 Florence, S. C 199 
 
 Ander.sonville, Ga 12,878 
 
 Marietta, Ga 7,1^2 
 
 Barrancas, Fla 791 
 
 Mobile, Ala 751 
 
 Corinth, Miss 1,788 
 
 Natchez, Mi^s. . 308 
 
 Vioksburg, Mies 3,890 
 
 Alexandria, La 'i-'i 
 
 "Baton Rouge, La 2,4t;.S 
 
 Chalnu'lte, La. 
 
 P-vt Huilson, La 
 
 Bro,vnsville, Texas, , . 
 San Antonio, Texas. . 
 Fayettevillc, Ark.... 
 
 Fort Smith, Ark 
 
 Little Rock, Ark 
 
 Chattanooga, Tenn.. 
 Fort Donelson Tenn. 
 
 6,833 
 
 590 
 
 1,400 
 
 431 
 
 700 
 
 3,200 
 
 7,993 
 
 158 
 
 Knoxville, Tei n 2.080 
 
 Memphis, Tenn ^.l^'J 
 
 Nashville, Toiin lLi---'4 
 
 Pittsburg Landing, Tenn 1.2<'0 
 
 Stone River, Tenn 3,820 
 
 Camp T.'el.son, Ky 2,477 
 
 Cavo Hill. Louisville, Ky S,342 
 
 Danville, Ky 346 
 
 Lebanon, Ky ^-^ 
 
 020 
 
 4,349 
 
 124 
 
 24 
 
 1,281 
 
 1,374 
 
 910 
 
 155 
 
 12.770 
 
 575 
 
 901 
 
 494 
 
 3,993 
 
 5,700 
 
 1,208 
 
 520 
 
 2.361 
 
 1,434 
 
 1,077 
 
 553 
 
 12.032 
 
 1.398 
 
 4,493 
 
 2,790 
 
 950 
 
 2,903 
 
 057 
 
 113 
 
 3,920 
 
 2,780 
 
 12,704 
 
 772 
 
 495 
 
 5.075 
 
 3.218 
 
 1,370 
 
 167 
 
 781 
 
 1,152 
 
 2..337 
 
 4,903 
 
 511 
 
 1,040 
 
 8,817 
 
 4.6!;? 
 
 2,361 
 
 2,314 
 
 1,1C5 
 
 583 
 
 12 
 
 S77 
 
i 
 
 .tii ■ 
 
 Known. Uukn'n. 
 
 Lexington, Ky 824 105 
 
 Logan's, Ky 34r) 3GG 
 
 Crown Hill, Indianapolis, lud CSti 36 
 
 New Albany, Ind 2,138 670 
 
 Ciunp Butlor, III 1,007 3.j5 
 
 Moiinil Citv, 111 2,505 2,721 
 
 Kock Island, 111 280 9 
 
 JefTurson Harracks, Mo 8.5C3 2,900 
 
 JolTerson Citv, Mo 348 412 
 
 S|)ringlit'ld, Mo 845 713 
 
 Fort 'jeavenworth. Ktts 821 913 
 
 Fort Scott, Kaa 388 101 
 
 Keokuk, Iowa 610 21 
 
 Fort Cribson, L T 212 2,212 
 
 Fort McFherson, Neb 149 291 
 
 City of Mexico, Mexico 254 750 
 
 TnK Catacombs of Pauis. — The so-called catacombs of 
 Paris were never cacacombs in the ancient sense of the 
 word, and were not devoted to purposes of sepulture until 
 1784. In that year the Council of State issued a decree 
 for clearing the Cemetery of the Innocents, and for remov- 
 ing its ronteuts, as well as those of other graveyards, into 
 the qur.rries which had existed from the earlier times 
 under the city of Paris and completely undermined the 
 southern part of the city. 'Engineers and workmen were 
 sent to examine the quurr. "nd to prop up their roofs 
 lest the weight of buildings ..oove should break them in. 
 April 7, 1780, the consecration of the catacombs was per- 
 formed with great solemnity, and the work of removal 
 from the cemeteries was immediately begun. This work 
 was all performed by night; the bones were brought in 
 f aneral cars, covered with a pall, and followed by priests 
 chanting the service of the dead, and when they reached 
 the catacombs the bones were shot down the shaft. As 
 the cemeteries were cleared by order of the government, 
 their contents w.?re removed to this place of general 
 deposit, and these catacombs further served as convenient 
 receptacles for those who perished in the revolution. At 
 first the bones were heaped up without any kind of order 
 except that those from each cemetery were kept separate, 
 but in 1810 a regular system of arranging them was com- 
 menced, and the skulls and bones were built up along the 
 wall. From the main entrance to the catacombs, which is 
 near the barriers d' Enfer, a flight of ninety steps 
 descends, at whose foot galleries are seen branching in 
 various directions. Some yards distant is a vestibule of 
 octagonal form, which opens into a long gallery lined 
 with bones from !ioor to roof. The arm, leg and thigh 
 bones are in fro»it, closely an 1 regularly piled, and tlieir 
 uniformity is lelieved by three rows of skulls at equal dis- 
 tances. Behind these are thrown the smaller bones. This 
 gallery conducts to several rooms resembling chapels, lined 
 with bones variously arranged. One ia called the " Tomb 
 of the Revohition, another the "Tomb of Victims," the 
 latter containing the relics of those who perished in the 
 early period of the revolution and in the " Massacre of 
 September." It is estimated that the remains of 3,000,000 
 huniim beings lie in this receptacle. Admission to these 
 catacombs has for years been strictly forbidden on account 
 of the uuHafo condition of thereof. They are said to com- 
 prise an extent of about 3,250,000 square yards. 
 
 History ov tub Tei.kpbone. — The prinoipleof the tel- 
 ephone, *hat sounds could bo conveyed to a distance by a 
 distended wire, was domoastratod by Flobert Ilook in 1067, 
 but no practical apiilication was made of the dipcovery 
 until 1821, when Professor Wheatatone exhibited his 
 " Enclmnted Lyre," in which the sounds of a music-box 
 were conveyed from a cellar to upper rooms. 'I'he first 
 irue discoverer of the speaking telephone, however, was 
 
 2 P^ — ■ ^ 
 
 Jdhann Philipp Kcis, a Gernnn scientist and processor in 
 the institiitu at Friodrichsdorf. April 25, 1801, Reis 
 exhibited liisi tcK'phoiiont Frankfort. This. contained all 
 the I'saential featnics of tiie modern tel';phone, but as its 
 couMuonwal valiio was not at aH comprehended, little 
 attention was jmid to it. Reis, after trying in vain to 
 uroiiso the interest of scientists in his discoiery, died in 
 1874, without having reaped any advantage from it, and 
 there is no doubt that his death was hastened by the dis- 
 tress of mind (Miisud by his continual rebuffs. Meanwhile, 
 the idea was b>'ing worked into more practical shape by 
 other iiorsons. Professor Elisha Gray and Professor A. G. 
 1U.1I, and later by Ellison. There is little doubt that Pro- 
 fessor Gray'ssuccessful experimentsconsiderably antedated 
 those of the others, but Professor Bell was the first to 
 peifect hispatent. February 12, 1877, Bell's articulating 
 telepiioiio was tested by experiments at Boston and Salem, 
 MiiHs., and WHS found to convey sounds distinctly from one 
 place to the other, a distance of eighteen miles. This te)«^- 
 ])hono WHS exhibited widely in this country and in Europe 
 during that year, and telephone companies wereestablished 
 to bring it into general use. Edison's carbon "loud-speak- 
 ing" telephone was brought out in 1878. It is not worth 
 while togo into details of the suitsoii the subject of priority 
 of invention. The examiner of patents at Washington, July 
 21, 1883, decided that Processor Bell was the first inventor, 
 because he was the first to complete his invention and 
 secure a full pii'ont. Since 1878 there have been many 
 improvements in the different parts of the telephone, ren- 
 dering it now nearly perfect in its working. 
 
 Secession and Eeadmission of Rebel States. — 
 
 Seceded. lieodmittad. 
 
 South Carolina Dec. 20, 1860. June 11, 1868. 
 
 Mississippi Jan. 9, 186L Feb. 3,1870. 
 
 Alabama Jan. 11,1861. June 11, 1868. 
 
 Florida Jan. 11,1861. June 11, 1868. 
 
 Georgia Jan. 19, 1861. April 20, 1870. 
 
 Louisiana • . Jan. 20, 1861. Jane 11, 1868. 
 
 Texas Feb. 1,1861. Mar. 16, 1870. 
 
 Virginia April 10, 1861, Jan. 15, 1870. 
 
 Arkansas May 6, 1 861. June 20, 1868. 
 
 North Carolina May 21, 1861. June 11, 1868. 
 
 Tennessee June 24, 1861. July, 1866. 
 
 The Earthquake of 1811-12. — The earthquake shocka 
 felt on the shores of the Lower Mississippi in the years 
 1811-12 arc recorded as among the most remarkable phe- 
 nomena of their kind. Similar initances where earth dis- 
 turbances liavo prevailed, severely and continuously, f?.r 
 from the vicinity of a volcano, are very rare indeed. In this 
 instance, over an extent of country stretching for 300 
 miles southward from the mouth of the Ohio river, the 
 ground rose and sank in great undulations, and lakes 
 wereformed and againdrained. Theshocks were attencled 
 by loud explosions, great fissures — generally traveling 
 from northeast to southwest, and sometimes more than 
 half a mile in length — were opened in the earth, and from 
 these openings mud and water were thrown often to the 
 tops of the highest trees. Islands in the Mississippi uere 
 sunk, the current of the river was driven back by the 
 rising of its bed, and overflowed the adjacent lands. More 
 than half of New Madrid county was jierinaiiently sub- 
 merged. The inhabitants noticed that these earth move- 
 mnnts were sometimes vertical and sometimes horizontal, 
 the former bein2[ by far the most serious in their effects. 
 These disturbances ceased March 20, 1812, simultaneously 
 with the creat earthquake which destroyed the city of 
 Caracas, South America. 
 
 The Hark Datin Nkw Enot-and.— On Mayl9, ir^O, 
 there was a remarkable darkening of the sky and atmc s- 
 phere over a large part of New England, which caused 
 
 iT-Ji Jt'ii^' 
 
miich alarm among those who witriesac'l it. The darkness 
 began between ten and eleven o'clock cu the day named, 
 and continneil in some places througli the entire day, and 
 was followed by an unusually intense degree of blackness 
 during the ensuing night. This phenomenon extended 
 from the northeastern part of New England westward as 
 far as Alba ly, and southward to the coast of New Jersey. 
 The most incense and prolonged darkness, however, was 
 conQned to Massachusetts, r Medially to the eastern half 
 of the State. It came up fium the southwest, and over- 
 hung the country like a pall. It was necessary to light 
 candles in all the houses, and thousands of good people, 
 believing that the end of all things terrestrial had come, 
 betook themselves to religious devotions. One incident 
 of the occasion has been woven into verse with excellent 
 effect by the poet Whittier. The Connecticut Legislature 
 was in session on that day, and as the darkness came on 
 and grew more and more dense, the members became 
 terrified, and thought that the day of jndgment had 
 come; so a motion was made to adjourn. At this, a Mr. 
 Davenport arose and said: " Mr. Speaker, it is either the 
 day of judgment, or iu is not. If it is not, there is no 
 need of adjourning. If it is, I desire to be found doing 
 my duty. I move that candles be brought and that we 
 proceed to business." Mr. Davenport's suggestion was 
 taken, candles were brought in, and business went on as 
 usual. As to the explanation of this phenomenon, scien- 
 tists have been much puzzled. It was plain from the 
 falling of the barometer that the air was surcharged with 
 heavy vapor. The darkness then, it might be said, was 
 only the result of a dense fog, but the question of the 
 cause of so remarkable a fog was still unanswered. Omit- 
 ting this unascertained primary cause, then, Professor 
 Williams, of Harvard College, who subsequently made a 
 thorough investigation of the matter, gave it as his 
 opinion that this unprecedented quantity of vapor had 
 gathered in the air in layers so as to cat off the rays of 
 light, by repeated refraction, in a remarkable degree. He 
 thought that the specific gravity of this vapor .nust have 
 been the same as that of the air, which caused it to be 
 held so long in suspension in the atmosphere. In thi? 
 case the extent of the darkness would coincide with the 
 area of the vapor, and it would continue until a change 
 in the gravity of the air caused the vapors to ascend or 
 descend. In some places when the darkness cleared it 
 was as if the vapor was lifted and borne away by the wind 
 like a dark pall, and in others, after a period of intense 
 darkness the atmosphere gradually lightened again. In our 
 day, a phenomenon of this kind would be thoroughly inves- 
 tigated to its most remote possible cause; but theii owing 
 to the sparse settlement of the country and the difficulties 
 of travel, the investigation of distant causes could not be 
 made. Large fires may have prevailed that spring in the 
 ff-rests of \Vestern New York and Pennsylvania — a region 
 then an absolute wilderness — the smoke of which was 
 borne through *he upper regions of the atmosphere, to 
 fall when it came to a locality of loss buoyant air, down to 
 the lower strata. We say these fires may have recently 
 preceded this day, and served as its sufficient cause, but we 
 have only presumptive evidence that tiiey did occur. Had 
 Professor Williams entertained a supposition of the pre- 
 vious existence of such fires, he had then no means of 
 verifying it, and long before the advcnl, of railroads and 
 telegraphs, or even of stage lines, the scientific theories 
 of tlie dark day had passed from the general memory. 
 
 A Short History of the Libebty Bell. — In J751 the 
 Pennsylvania AsscnMy iiuthorizod a committee to procure 
 a bell for their Sfjii.' Umiqp. November Ist of that year 
 an order was sent to ffttidon for "a good bell of about 
 2,000 pounds weight." To this order wore added the fol- 
 
 28 
 
 lowing directions: " Let the bell be cast by the best 
 workmen and examined carefully before it is shipped, with 
 thj foMowing words well shaped in large letters uronnd if, 
 viz.: 'By ortler of the Assembly of the Province of 
 Pennsylvania, for the State House, in the city of Phila- 
 delphia, ITSa.' And underneath, 'Proclaim Liberty 
 Through All tho Land Unto All the Inhabitants Thereof. 
 — Levit. XXV. 10.'" Indue time, in the following year, 
 the bell reached Philadelphia, but when it was hung, early 
 in 1T53, as it wiis being lirst run'- to test the sound, it 
 cracked niihout any apparont reason, and it was necessary 
 to have it recast. It was at ^irst thunglit to bo necessary 
 to send it back to England for thu purpose, but some '• in- 
 genious workmen" in Philadelphia wished to do the cast- 
 ing and were allowed to do so. In the first Avcek of June, 
 175.'J, the Ih-H was again hung in the belfry of the State 
 House. On July 4, 1776, it was known throughout the 
 city that the final decision on the question of declaring 
 the colonies indej)endent of Great Britain was to be made 
 bv the Continental Congress, in session at the State 
 Itouse. Accordingly the old bellman had been stationed 
 in tiie belfry on that morning, with orders to ring the 
 bell when a boy waiting at the door of the State House 
 Ijelow should signal to liiin that the bill for independence 
 had been passed. Hour after hour the old man stood at 
 his p-^st. At last, at 2 o'clock, when he had about con- 
 cludc'i that the question would not be decided on that 
 day at least, the watchman heard a shout from below, 
 and looking down saw the boy at the door clapping his 
 hands and calling lit the top of his voice: "Ring! rin^!" 
 And hedid ring, the story goes, for two whole hours, ijeing 
 so filled with excitement and enthusiasm that he could 
 not stoi). When the British threatened Philadelphia, in 
 1777, tne precious bell was taken down nnd. removed to 
 the town of Bethlehem for safety. In 1778 it was 
 returned to the State House ar^d a new steeple built foi it. 
 Several years after it cracked, for some unknown reason, 
 under a stroke of the clapper, and its tone was thus 
 destroyed. An attempt was made to restore its tone by 
 sawing the crack wider, but without success. This bell 
 was sent to New Orleans during the winter to be exhibited 
 in the World's Fair there. The Pullman Company gave 
 one of their handsome?^ cars fo :he transit. It was in 
 the charge of three custodia;.: .ippointcd by the Mayor 
 of Philadelphia, who did not leave it night or day, and 
 guarded it as fully as possible against accident, A pilot 
 engine preceded the train carrying the bell over tiieentire 
 route. It left Philadelphia Jan, 24, 1885, and i^eturned 
 in June. 
 
 The Aktarctic Polau Reoios's, — The climate of the 
 southern polar regions is much more severe than that at 
 the north pole, the icefields extending 10 degrees nearer 
 thn equator from the south than from the north. Within 
 the arctic circle there are tribes of men living on the bor- 
 ders of the icy ocean on both the east and wesc hemis- 
 Eheres, but within the antarctic all is one dreary, unin- 
 abitable waste. In the extreme north the reindeer and 
 the musk-ox are found in numbers, but not a single land 
 quadruijed exists l)eyond 50 degrees of southern 'atitude. 
 Flowers are seen in summer by the arctic navigator as far 
 as 78 degrees north, but no jilant of any description, not 
 even a moss or a lichen, has been observed beyond Cock- 
 burn Island, in C4 degrees 12 minutes south latitude. In 
 Spit -rgen, 79 degrees north, vegetation ascends the 
 mom.,,. .7 slojics to a height of 3.000 feet, but on every 
 land within or near the antarctic circle the snow-line 
 descends to the water's edge. The highest latitude evi 
 reached at the south is 78 degrees 10 minutes, while in the 
 north navigators have j)enetrated to 81 degrees. The rea- 
 son for this remarkable difference is the predominance of 
 
 ^ 
 
 t II 
 
^iiiii 
 
 lil 
 
 '(!; 
 
 MULIlM IN' P.VUVO. 
 
 l.;'-^e tmctH of hin'l in tlio nortlieni regions, whilo in the 
 south is » v^ii ex()!in.-o of ocean. In tiie north continental 
 ina.-iafs form an almost continuous belt around tlio icy sea, 
 while in the southern hemisphere the continents taper 
 iiown into a broad extent of frigid waters, in the nortli 
 the plains of Siberia and of the Hudson's liay territories, 
 Marine I hy liio sunbeams of summer, beconio at that sea- 
 sofi enters of radiating heat, whilo iho antarctic laiuls, of 
 small extent., isolated in the midst of a polar ocean and 
 chilled by cold sea winds, act at every season us refriger- 
 ators of the atmosphere. Further in the north ilio cold 
 currents ot the polar sea, having but two openings of any 
 extent tiirou<,di which they can ccnveydrift ice, liavetheir 
 ciiiily influence confined to comparatively narrow limits, 
 butt lie cold currents of tiie antarctic seas have scope to 
 branch out freely on all sides and carry their ice even into 
 temperate waters. Finally, at the northern hemisphere, 
 the (lulf Stream conveys warmth even to the shores of 
 Spitrb'?rgeii ami Nova Zembla, while on tiio opposite 
 i-egioin of the globe no traces of warm currents have been 
 observed beyond 55 degrees of south latitude. 
 
 The L.vNfJu.voE U.skd hy Chkist. — The langnago nse^ 
 by Uiirist wiia the Aramaic, the dialect of Northern Syria- 
 Til'! Israelites were much in contact with Aramfean popu- 
 lations, and some words from that tongue became incor- 
 porated into the Hebrew at a very early date. At the time 
 of Ilezekiah, Aramaic had become the official language of 
 both Judeaand Assyria; that is, the language spoken at the 
 courts. After the fall of Samaria the Hebrew inhabitants 
 of Northern Israel were largely carried into captivity, and 
 their place w;i8 taken by colonists from Syria, who proba- 
 bly spoke Aramaic as their mother tongue. The fall of 
 the Jewish Kingdom hastened the decay of Hebrew as a 
 spoken language — not that the captives forgot their own 
 language, as is generally assumed, but after the return to 
 Juilea the Jews found themselves, a people few in number, 
 among a large number of surrounding populations using 
 the Aramaic tongue. When the latest Dooks of the Old 
 Testament were written, Hebrew, though still the language 
 of literature, had been supplanted by Aramaic as the lan- 
 guage of common life. From that time on the former 
 tongue was the e.xclu8ive property of scholars, and has no 
 history save that of a merely literary language. 
 
 How Akcient Temples and Pyramids Were Built. — 
 This is beyond modern conjecture, so imperfect is our 
 understanding of the extent of the mechanical knowledge 
 of the ancients. Their appliances are believed to have 
 been of the simplest order, and their implements exceed- 
 ingly crude, and yet they were able to convey these enor- 
 mous blocks of stones for vast distances, over routes most 
 difficult, and having accomplished this, to raise them to 
 great height, and fit them in place without the aid of 
 either cement or mortar to cover up the errors of the stone- 
 cutter. How all this was done is one of the enigmas of 
 modern fccience. It has been generally believed that 
 inclined pLnes of earth were used to enable the workmen 
 to raise the huge stones to their places, the earth being 
 cleared away afterward. But it is possible that the an- 
 cients had a moreextended knowledge of mechanical powers 
 than we usually give them credit for, and that they made 
 use of machinery very like that employed by moderns for 
 lifting great weights. Large cavities are found in some of 
 the 8tone^l in the pyramids, which nniy have been worn by 
 the foot of a derrick turning in them. That there were 
 enormous numbers of men employed in the building of 
 these ancient structures is well known; these results of 
 Iheir great aggregated strength we see, but they left no 
 record of the means by which this strength was focused 
 and brought most effectually to boar on their mighty 
 tasks. 
 
 Tin; I'litST Atla.ntic Caiu.i;.— As early as IS-i'i Pro- 
 fessor Morse declareil a siilnniirino cable connection be- 
 tween America and Europe to be among the iRtssibilities, 
 but no attempt to.vard this great acliie\enient was made 
 until 1854, when Cyrus Field e.staiWished a company, 
 which secured the right of landing cablfs in Neufonnd- 
 land for fifty years. In 1858 soundings between lieland 
 and Newfoundland were completed, showing a nui.xiiiiiim 
 depth of 4, UK) meters. Having succeeded in la\inga 
 cable between Nova Scotia and Newtoundhtnd, Mr. Field 
 secured the co-operation of English capitalists in his en- 
 terprise. The laying of the cable was begun August 7, 
 1857, from the port of Valencia, Ireland, but on the third 
 day it broke, and the expedition had to return. Early in 
 the following year another attempt was made. The cable 
 was laid from both ends at the same tinu-, was joiiu<i in 
 mid-ocean, but in lowering it was broken. Again, in the 
 same year, the attempt was made, and this time connection 
 was successfully made. The first message over the line 
 was sent August 7, 1858. The insulation of this cable, 
 however, was defective, and by September 4th had quite 
 failed. Some time was now spent in experiments, con- 
 ducted by scientists, to secure a more perfect cable. A 
 new company was formed, and in 18()5 the work again be- 
 gan. The Great Eastern was employed to lay the cable, 
 but when it was partly laid serious defects in the line were 
 discovered and in repairing these it broke. The apparatus 
 for recovering the wire proving insufficient the vessel re- 
 turned to England. A new company, called the Anglo- 
 American, was formed in 18G6, and aga'n the Great East- 
 ern was equipped for the enterprise. The plan of the new 
 expedition was not only to lay a new cable, but also to 
 take up the end of the old one and join it to a new piece, 
 thus obtaining a second telegraph line. The vessel sailed 
 from Valencia July 13, 18C6, and July 27 the cable was 
 completely laid to Heart's Content, Newfoundland, and a 
 message announcing the fact sent over the wire to Lord 
 Stanley. Queen Victoria sent a message of congratulation 
 to President Buchanan on the 28th. September 2d the 
 lost cable of 1865 was recovered and its laying completed 
 at Newfoundland September 8, 1866. 
 
 Ekobavino on Egos. — The art of engraving on eggs 
 is very puzzling to the uninitiated, but in reality it is very 
 simple. It merely consists in writing upon the egg-shell 
 with wax or varnish, or simply with tallow, and then im- 
 mersing the egg in some weak acid, such, for example, as 
 vinegar, dilute hydrochloric acid, or etching liouor. 
 Wherever the varnish or wax has not protected the sliell, 
 the lime of the latter is decomposed and dissolved in the 
 acid, and the writing or drawing remains in relief. In 
 connectior with this art a curious incident is told in his- 
 tory. In the month of August, 1808, at the time of the 
 Spanish war, there was found in a churcli in Lisbon an 
 egg, on which was plainly foretold the utter destruction 
 of the French, who then had control of the city. The 
 story of the wonderful prophecy spread through the town, 
 causing the greatest excitement among the superstitious 
 populace, and a general uprising was expected. This, 
 however, the French commander cleverly thwarted by 
 causing a counter-prophecy, directly denying the first, to 
 be engrossed on several hundred eggs, which were then 
 distributed in various parts of the city. The astonished 
 Portuguese did not know what to think of this new phe- 
 nomenon, but its "numerousness," if we may so call it, 
 caused it to altogether outweigh the influence of the first 
 prediction, and there were no further symptoms of revolt 
 against the French. 
 
 Cayenne Pf.pi'ER. — The name of the plant genus from 
 which cayenne pepper is obtained is capsicum, a name also 
 given to the product of the plant. This genus belongs to 
 
— £^ 
 
 KCi.Tuu ly PAnvo. 
 
 tho solauaccse, or night shade familj, &iid has no relation 
 to the family pipeniceae, which :'''..'3u';«g the slinib yield- 
 ing black pepper. Tlie pUnt w;.. vl: jitld^ cayenne pepper 
 is idontical with the conim<jQ reJ pepper of our gardens. 
 It is an annual, a native of tropicu countries, where it 
 thrives luxuriantly even in the dnrwFt Boils, but it is also 
 cultivated in other parts of tb« world. It grows to the 
 height of two or three feet, and bears a fruit in the shape 
 of a conical pod or seed-veaaeJ, whkh is green when im- 
 mature, but oright scarlet or oraog* when ripe. This pod, 
 with its seeds, has a very pungeci>t taste, itnd is used when 
 green for pickling, and when ripe and drit- d is ground to 
 powder to make cayenne pepper, or is used for medicine. 
 This powder has a strongly atimniahiirig effect, and is be- 
 lieved to aid digestion. It U dMt employed e^i jrually to 
 excite the action of the akin. 
 
 The Bm Trees op CAuroBjnA — There are several 
 groves of Big Trees in California, the luoet famous of 
 which are the Calaveras grove aii4 tLe ^Luiposa grove. 
 The Calaveras grove occapiea wlatt may be described 
 as a band or belt 3,'iOO feet long aisd TOO in width. It is be- 
 tween two slopes, in a depreaaion in the mouutainE, and 
 has a stream winding throagh it, wliich runs dry in the 
 Bumnior time. In this grove tfcie Big Trees number 
 ninety-three, besides a great nuuij nnaller ones, which 
 would be considered very large if it we!« jot for the pre- 
 sence of these monarchs of the foieit. Several of the Big 
 Trees have fallen since the grove WM discovered, one has 
 been cut down, and one had the bark stripped from it to 
 the height 116 feet from the grorjEd. The highest now 
 standing is the " Keystone Stat*," 32-> feet high and 45 
 feet m circumference; and the l*rg^it and finest is the 
 "Empire State." There are foar tr«a over 300 feet in 
 height, and 40 to 61 feet in circamfereube. The tree 
 which was cut down occupied five num twenty-two days, 
 which would be at the rate of one nuin 110 days, or nearly 
 four months' work, not counting Sniiiidsrs. Pump augers 
 were used for boring through t^ giant. After the trunk 
 was severed from the stump it reqctirul five men with im- 
 mense wedges for three days to topp5e it over. The bark 
 was eighteen inches thick. The tree would have yielded 
 more than 1,000 cords of four-foot wood and 100 cords of 
 bark, or more than 1,100 corda in all. On the stump of 
 the tree was built a house, thirty feet in diameter, which 
 the llev. A. II. Tevis, an observant traveler, says con- 
 tains room enough in square feet, if it were the right 
 shape, for a parlor 12x16 feet, a dining-room 10x12, a 
 kitchen 10x12, two bed-rooma 10 feet square each, r, pan- 
 try 4x8, two clothes-presses 1* feet deep and 4 feet wide, 
 and still have a little to sparel Th* Mariposa grove is part 
 of a grant made by Congress to be tet apart for public use, 
 resort and recreation forever. Tis* ar>fca of the grant is 
 two miles square and comprises two distinct groves about 
 half a mile apart. The upper grove contains 3G5 trees, 
 of which 154 are over fifteen feet in diameter, besides a 
 
 freat number of smaller ones. The aviwage height of the 
 lariposa trees is less than that of the Calaveras, the high- 
 est .Mariposa tree being 272 feet; bat tbe average size of 
 the Mariposa is gresier than that of Calaveras. The 
 " Grizzly Giant," in the lower grove, is &* feet in circum- 
 ference and 31 tee^ in diameter; it bae beer lecreased by 
 burning. Indeed the forests at time* pre&en a somewhat 
 unattractive appearance, as, in the past, the Indians, to 
 help them in their hunting, barciwl off the chaparral and 
 rubbish, and thus disfigured many of these splendid trees 
 by burning of! nearly all the bark. The first branch of 
 the " GrizzljT Giant is nearly two hnndred feet from tho 
 ground and is six feet in diameter. The remains of a tree, 
 now prostrate, indicate that it ha«i reaiC-btid a diameter of 
 about forty feet and a height of 4f» feet; the trunk is hol- 
 
 low and will admit of the passage of three horsemen riding 
 abreast. Tliere are about 125 trees of over forty feet in 
 circumference. Besides these two main groves there are 
 tiio Tolumuo grove, with thirty big lice^, ilie Fresno 
 grove, with over eight hundrwl spread over an area 
 of two and a half miles long and one to two broud; 
 and tho Stanislaus grove, the Calaveras grouji, with from 
 700 to 800. There should be named in th:s connection 
 the petrified forest near Calitoga, which contains j.ortions 
 -* noajly one hundred distinct trees of great size, scat- 
 it. w.. o>er a tract of three or four miles in eitim;the 
 largest of this forest is eleven feet in diameter at tie base 
 and sixty feet long. It is conjectured that these prostrate 
 giants were silicified by the eruption of the neighboring 
 Mount St. ilelena, wliich dischar^'cd hot alkaline waters 
 containing silica in solution. This petrified forest is con- 
 sidered one of the great natural wonders of California. 
 
 History of the City op Jeri'saleii. — The earliest 
 name of Jerusalem appuuis to have Uren Jebus, or poeti- 
 cally, Salem, ami its king in .\bniham's time was Melchize- 
 dek. When the Ilebrews t'wk possession of Caiiaiiii, tho 
 city of Salem was burned, but the fortress remained in 
 the hands of the Jebusites till King David took it by 
 storm and made it th^, capital of his kinsdoni. From that 
 time it was called Jerusalem. During the reigns of David 
 and Solomon it attained its highest degree of ]iuwer. 
 When ten of the Jewish tribes seceded under Jtrohoam 
 they made Shechem (and later Samaiia) the capital of 
 their kingdom of Israel, and Jerusalem remained the capi- 
 tal of the smaller but more p^jwerful kingdom of Judiili. 
 Thecity wastakenby Sliishak, Kihgof Egvpt.inlCl B. C, 
 was later conquered and sacked by Joa-h, King of Israel, 
 and in the time of Ahaz, the King of .Syria canie against 
 it with a large force, but could nut take it. The city was 
 besieged in Hezekiah's reign, by the armyof Sennacherib, 
 King of Assyria, but was saved by the sudden destruction 
 of the invading army. After the death of Jusiah, the city 
 was tributary for some years to the King of Egypt, but 
 was taken after repented attempts by the Babylonians 
 under Nebuchadnezzar in 586 B. C.and was left a heap 
 of ruins. The work of rebuilding it began by order of 
 King Cyrus about 53S B. C, who allowed the Jewish peo- 
 ple who had been carried into captivity to return for this 
 purpose. From this time Jerusalem enjoyed comjmrative 
 peace for several hundred years and grew to be an import- 
 ant commercial city. When Alexander invaded Syria it sub- 
 mitted to him without resistance. After his death it be- 
 longed for a time to Egypt and in 198 B. C, j-assed with 
 the rest of Judea under the rule of Syria, -\nfiochr.s the 
 Great ruled it with mildness and justice, but the tyranny 
 of his son, Antiochus Epiphanes. brought about the revolt, 
 headed by the Maccabeesi, througli which Jerusalem gained 
 a brief independence. In t<3 B. C, Poirpey the Great 
 took the city, demolished the walls and killed thousands 
 of the people, but did not plunder it. However, nine 
 years later Crassus robbed the temple of all its treasures. 
 The walls were soon after rebuilt under Antipater, the 
 Roman procurator, but when Herod came to rule over the 
 city with the title of King, given him by the Roman Sen- 
 ate, he was resisted and only took possession after an 
 obstinate siege, which was followed by the massacre of 
 great numbers of the people. Herod improved and en- 
 larged the city, and restored the temple on a more mag- 
 nificent scale 'than in Solomon's time. Jerusalem is said 
 at this time to have had a population of over 200,000. 
 This period of wealth and prosperity was also rendered 
 most memorable for Jerusalem bv the ministry and cruci- 
 fixion of Christ. About A. D.'^6, the Jew?, goaded to 
 desperation by the trannyof the Romans, revolted, garri- 
 soned Jerusalem, and defeated a Roman army sent against 
 
KULTDM IN PARVO. 
 
 them. This waa the beginning of the disastrous wur which 
 ended with the dei^truction of the city. It was taken by 
 Titiii!, in the year TO, after a long siogc, all the inhabitants 
 were niuAsacred, or made prisoners, and tlio entire city left 
 a heap of rains. The Emperor Hadrian built on the site 
 of Jerusalem a Roman city, under the name of Elia Capi- 
 tolina, with a temple of Jujiifer, uiul Jews were forbidden 
 to enter the city under pain of dcatii. Under Constantino 
 it was made a place of pilgrimage for Christians, as the 
 Em{)eror'8 mother, Helena, liud with much pains located 
 the various sites of events in the history of Christ. The 
 Emperor Julian, on the contrary, not oidy allowed tlio 
 Jews to return to their city, but also made an attempt, 
 which ended in failure, to rebuild their temple. In 014 
 the Persian Eu.perorChosroes invaded the Roman empire. 
 The Jews joine<l his army, and after conquering the north- 
 ern part of Palescine, the united forces laid siege to and 
 took Jerusalem, The Jews wreaked vengeance on the 
 Christians for what they had been forced to endure, and 
 20,000 people were massacred. The Persians held rule in 
 the city for fourteen years; it was then taken by the 
 Romans again, but in 636 the Caliph Omar beseiged it. 
 After four months the city capitulated. It was under the 
 rule of the Caliphs for 400 years, until the Seljuk Turks 
 in 1077 invaded Syria and made it a province of their 
 empire. Christian pilgrimshad for many years kept up the 
 practice of visiting tnetonib of Christ, as the Caliphs did 
 not interfere with tneirdevotionsanyfurther than by exact- 
 ing a small tribute from each visitor. But the cruelties 
 practice^! upon the pilgrims by the Turks were many, and 
 report of them soon roused all Europe to a pitch of indig- 
 nation, and brought about that series of holy wars, which 
 for a time restored the holy sepulcher into Christian hands. 
 Jerusalem waa stormed and taken July 15, 1099, and 
 SO.iX'O Moslems were slaughtered by their wrathful Chris- 
 tian foes. The new sovereignty was precariously main- 
 tained until 1187, when it fell before the power of Saladin. 
 Jerusalem, after a siege of twelve days, surrendered. 
 Saladin, however, did not put his captives to death, but 
 contented himself v-hh expelling them from the city. 
 Jerusalem passed into the hands of the Franks by treaty, 
 in l'ii9, was retaken by the Moslems in 1239, once more 
 restored in 1243, and finally conquered in 1244 by a horde 
 of Kharesmian Turks. In 1517 Palestine was conquered 
 by Saltan Selin I., and since then has been under the rule 
 of the Ottoman Empire, except for a brief period — from 
 1832 to IMO, when it was in the hands of Mahomet Ali, 
 Pasha of Egypt, and his son Ibrahim had his seat of 
 government in Jerusalem. 
 
 The Bl.\ck Death. — This great plague, known as the 
 " Black Death." was the most deadly epidei,\ic ever known. 
 It is believel to have been an aggravated outburst of the 
 Oriental plague, which from the earliest records of liistory 
 has perio<licaily apjwared in Asia and Northern Africa. 
 There had been a visitation of the plague in Europe in 
 1342: the Black Death, in terrible virulence, appeared in 
 1348-9; it also came in milder form in 13G1-2, and again 
 in 1369. The prevalence and severity of the pestilence 
 during this century is ascribed to the disturbed conditions 
 of the elements that preceded it. For a number of years 
 Asia and Europe had suffered from mighty earthquakes, 
 furious tornadoes, violent floods, clouds of locusts darken- 
 ing the air and poison iijg it with their corrupting bodies. 
 Wheth'T these natural disturbances were the cause of the 
 plague is not certainly known, but many writers on the 
 subject regard the connection as both probable and possible. 
 The disease was brought from the Orient to Constantino- 
 ple, and early in 1347 appeared in Sicily and several coast 
 towns of Italy. After a brief pause the pestilence broke 
 
 t at Arignon in January, 1348; advanced thence to 
 
 Southern France, Spain and Northern Italy, 
 through France and visiting, but not yet ravaging, Oer 
 many, it iniido its way to p]ngland, cutting down its first 
 victims at l)(ir.°et, in August, 1348. Thence it traveled 
 slowly, reaching London early in the winter. Soon it 
 embraced the entire kingdom, penetrating to every rural 
 han.lct, so that England became a mere pest-house. The 
 chief .symptoms of the disease are described as "spitting, 
 in some cases actual vomiting, of blood, the breaking out 
 of indamuuitory boils in j)art8, or over the whole of the 
 body, and the appearance of those dark blotches upon the 
 skin which suggested its most startling name. Some of 
 the victims died almo.'-t on the first attack, some in twelve 
 hour.-i, some iu two days, almost all within the first three 
 days." The utter powerlessness of medical skill before the 
 disease was owing partly to the j'hysicians' ignorance of 
 its nature, and 'argcly to the effect of the spirit of terror 
 which hung like a pall over men's minds. After some 
 months had passed, tlie practice of opening the hard boils 
 was adopted, with very good effect, and many lives were 
 thus saved. But the havoc wrought by the disease in Eng- 
 land was terrible. It is said that 100,000 persona died in 
 London, nearly 60,000 in Norwich, »nd proportionate 
 numbers in other cities. These figure? seem incredible, 
 but a recent writer, who has spent much time in the inves- 
 tigation of records, asserts that at least half the popula- 
 tion, or about 2,500,000 souls, of England perished in this 
 outbreak. The ravages of the pestilence over the rest of 
 the world were no less terrible. Germany is said to have 
 lost 1,244,434 victims; Italy, over half tbe population. 
 On a moderate calculation, it may be assumed tnat there 
 
 Sprished in Europe during ^he first appe»rance of the 
 lack Death, fully 25,000,000 human beings. Concerning 
 the Orient we have less reliable records, but 13.000,000 are 
 said to have died in China, and 24,000,000 iir. the rest of 
 Asia and adjacent islands. The plague also ravaged North- 
 ern Africa, but of its course there little is known. The 
 horrors of that dreadful time were increased by the fear- 
 ful persecutions visited on the Jews, who were accused of 
 having caused the pestilence by poisoningthe public wells. 
 The people rose to exterminate the hapless race, nnd killed 
 them by fire and torture wherever found. It is impossible 
 for us to conceive of the actual horror of such times. 
 
 Mighty Hammers. — An authority on scientific sub- 
 jects give the weights of the great hammers used in the 
 iron works of Europe, and their date of manufacture, as 
 follows: At the Terni Works, Italy, the heaviest hammer 
 weighs 50 tons, and was made in 1873; one at Alexan- 
 drovski, Russia, was made the following year of like 
 weight. In 1877, one was finished at Creusot Works, 
 France, weighing 80 tons; iu 1885, one at the Cockerill 
 Works, Belgium, of 100 tons, and in 1886, at the Krupp 
 Works, Essen, Gernuiny, one of 150 tons. The latter be- 
 ing the heaviest hammer in the world. 
 
 Assassination of President Garfield. — July 2> 
 1881, at 9:25 A. M., as President Garfield was entering the 
 Baltimore & Potomac Railroad depot at Washington, pre- 
 paratory to taking the cars for a two weeks' jaunt in New 
 England, he was fired upon and severely wounded bv 
 Charles Jules Guiteau, a native of Illinois, but of French 
 descent. The scene of the assassination was the ladies' 
 reception-room at the station. The President and Mr. 
 Blaine, arm in arm, were walking slowly through the aisle 
 between two rows of benches on either side of the 
 room; when Quitcau entered by a side door on the left of 
 the gentlemen, passed quickly around the back of the 
 benches till directly behind the President, »nd fired the 
 shot that struck his arm. Mr. Garfield walked about ten 
 feet to the end of the aisle, and was in the act of turning 
 to face bis assailant when the second shot struck him in 
 
MCLTCM Iir PABVO. 
 
 the small of the back, and he fell. The nssnssin was 
 iramsdiatelj seized and taken to jail. The wounded prea- 
 idoDt was conveyed in an ambulance to the White House. 
 As he was very faint, the first fear was of internal henior- 
 rhaj^e, which might cause speedy death. But as ho rallied 
 in a few hours, tliis danger was thought to bo averted and 
 inflammation was now feared. But as symptoms of this 
 failed to appear, the surgeonsin attendance concluded that 
 no important organ had been injured, that the bullet 
 would become encysted and harmless, or might possibly 
 be located and successfully removed. By the 10th of July, 
 the reports were so favorable, that the president's recovery 
 was regarded as certain, and public thanksgivings were 
 offered in several of the States, by order of the governors, 
 for his deliverance. The first check in the favorable 
 symptoms occurred on July 18, and July 23 there was a 
 serious relapse, attended with chills and fever. The 
 wound had b",<jn frequently probed but without securing 
 any favorabl J result. The induction balance was used to 
 locate the jail, and was regarded as a success, though 
 subsequently its indications were known to have been alto- 
 gether erronecns. The probings, therefore, in what was 
 assumed to be the track of the ball, only increased the 
 unfavorable symptoms. During the entire month of 
 August these reports were alternately hopeful and dis- 
 couraging, the dangerous indications being generally on 
 the increase. By August 25, his situation was understood 
 to be very critical, though an apparent improvement on 
 the 26th and 28th again aroused hope. At his own earnest 
 desire the president was removed, September C, to Elbcron 
 Park, near Long Bn^nch, N. J., in the hope that the 
 cooler air of the seaside might renew his strength more 
 rapidly. However, the improvement hoped for did not 
 appear. On September 10, there was a serious relapse, 
 with well-marked symptoms of blood poisoning, and Sep- 
 tember 19 the president died. A post-mortem examina- 
 tion showed that the ball, after fracturing one of the ribs, 
 had passed through the spinal column, fracturing the body 
 of one of the vertebra, driving a number of small frag- 
 ments of bone into the soft parts adjacent, and lodging 
 below the pancreas, where it had become completely 
 encysted. The immediate cause of death was hemorrhage 
 from one of the small arteries in the track of the ball, but 
 the principal cause was the poisoning of the blood from 
 suppuration. 
 
 Coins op Foreign Cocvtries. — The following care- 
 fully prepared summary indicates the coins in use in the 
 various countries, taking their names in alphabetical 
 order* 
 
 Argentine Republic — Gold coins: 20 peso piece. $19.94; 
 10 pesos, $9.97; 6 pesos, $4.98. Silver* 1 peso, 99 cents. 
 The coppe." coin of the country is the centisimo, 100 of 
 which make a peso or dollar. 
 
 Austria — Gold coins: 8 gulden piece, $3.86; 4 gulden, 
 $1.93. Silver: Marie Theresa thaler, $1.02; 2 gulden, 96 
 cents; 1 gulden, 48 cents; ^ gulden, 12 cents; 20kreulzer, 
 10 cents; 10 kreutzer, 5 cents. Of the small copper coin 
 current, known as the kreutzer, 100 make a gulden. 
 
 Brazil — Gold coins: 20 miirei piece, $10.91; 10 milreis, 
 $5.45. Silver: 2 milreif, $1.09; 1 milreis, 55 cents; i 
 milreis, 27 cents. The Portuguese rei is used for copper 
 money, worth about ^ of a cent. 
 
 Chili — Gold coin: 10 pesos (or I condor), $9.10; 5 pesos, 
 $4.55; 2 pesos, $1.82. Silver; 1 peso, 91 cents; 50 centa- 
 vos, 45 cents; 20 centavos 18 cents; 10 centavos, 9 cents; 
 5 centavos, 4 cents. The copper coin is 1 centavo, 100th 
 of a peso. 
 
 Colombia — Gold coins; Twenty peso piece, $19.30; 10 
 pesos, $9.65; 5 pesos, $4.82; 2 pesos, $1.93. Silver: 1 
 peso, 96 cents; 20 centavos, 19 cents; 10 centavos, 10 cents; 
 
 ! the penny. 
 
 5 centavos, 5 cents. The copper centavo of Colombia is 
 identical in value with our cent. (Thecurrency of Coloum- 
 bia is also use i Venezuela.) 
 
 Dennuirk—Cioid coins: Twenty kroner piece, $5.36; 10 
 kroner, $2.68. Silver: Two kroner, 53 cents; 1 krone, 27 
 cents; 50 ore, 13 cents; 40 ore. 10 rents; 25 ore, 6^ cents; 
 10 ore, 2i cents. One hundred of the copper ore make one 
 !:rone. 
 
 France— Gold coins: One hundred frnnc piece, $19.30; 
 50 francs. $0.65; 20 francs, *3.b5; 10 francs, 1.93; 6 
 francs, 96 cents. Silver: Five francs, 96 cents; 2 francs, 38 
 cents; 1 franc, 19 cents; 50 centimes, 10 cents; 20 cen- 
 times, 4 cents. The copper coins are the sou, worth about 
 9^ mills, and the centime, 2 mills. 
 
 Geiniany— Gold coins: Twintv-mark piece, $4.76; 10 
 marks, $2.38; 6 marks, $1.19. Silver: Five marks, $1.19; 
 2 marks, 48 cents; 1 mark 24 cents; 50 pfennige, 12 cents; 
 20 pfennige, 5 cents. One hundred copper pfennige make 
 one mark. 
 
 Great Britain— Gold coins: Ponn d or sovereign, $4.86; 
 guinea, $5.12. Silver: Five shillings or crown, $1.26; 
 half crown, 62^ cents; shilling, 25 cents; sixpence, 12| 
 cents. Also a three-penny piece rnd a four-penny piece, 
 but the latter is being called in, and is nearly out of cir- 
 culation. 1'he copper coins of Great Britain are the pec 
 half-penny and farthing. 
 
 India — Gold coins: Thirty rupees or double mohur, 
 $14.58; 15 rupees or mohur, $7.29; 10 rupees, $4.86; 6 
 rupees, $2.43. Silver: One rupee, 48 cents, and coins 
 respectively of the value of one-half, one-fourth and one- 
 eighth rupee. In copper there is the pie, one-fourth of a 
 cent; the pice, J of a cent; the ana, 3 cents. 
 
 Japan — Gold coins: Twenty jen, $19.94; 10 ven, $9.97; 
 5 yen, !?4.98; 2 yen. $1.09; 1 yen, 99 cents. Silver: The 
 50, 20, 10 and 5 sen p'eces, aiisweriug respectively to 60, 
 20, 10 and 5 cents. In copper there is the sen, answer- 
 ing to 1 cent. 
 
 Mexico — Gold coins: Sixteen dollar piece, $15.74; 8 dol- 
 lars, $7.87; 4 dollars, $3.03; 2 dollars, $1.96; 1 dollar 98 
 cents. Silver: 1 dollar, 98 cents; 50-cent piece, 49 cents; 
 25 cents, 24 cents. The Mexican cent, like our own, 
 equals ono-hundreth of a dollar. 
 
 Netherlands — Gold coins: Ten-Wilder piece, $4.02; 5 
 guilders, $2.01. Silver: 2i guilders, tl; 1 guilder, 40 
 cents; half-guilder, 20 cents; 25 cents, 10 cents; 10 cents, 
 4 cents; 5 cents, 2 cents. The Dutch copper cent is one- 
 hundreth of the guilder. 
 
 Peru — Gold coins: Twentv 3ol piece, $19 30; 10 sol, 
 $9.f;5; 5 sol. *4.S2; 2 sol, $1.93; 1 sol, 96 cents. Silver: 
 1 sol, 96 ceni.-; 50 centesimos, 48 cents; 20, 10 and 5 cen- 
 tesiinos, worth ruripectively 19, 10 and 5 cents. It will be 
 noted that the Pernviun coinage is almost identical with 
 that of Colombia. Itis also used in Bolivia. 
 
 Portugal — Gold coins: Crown, $10.80; half-crown, 
 $5.40; one-fifth crow7i, $2.16; one-tenth crown, $1.08. 
 Tliesc gold pieces are also known resjectively as 10, 5, 2 
 iiiid 1 doilar pices. The silver ( ins ure the 500, 200, 100 
 and 5 rcis coins, worth respectively 54, 21, Hand 5 cents. 
 One thousand reis are equal to one crown. 
 
 Russia — Gold coins: Imperial orlO-ruble piece, $7.72; 6 
 rubles, $3.80; 3 rubles, $2.31. Silvi-r: ruble. 77 cents; 
 half-ruble, 38 cents; quarter-ruble, 19 cents; 20 copecks, 
 15 cents; 10 copecks, 7 cents; 5 copecks, 4 cents; 100 
 copecks are worth 1 ruble. 
 
 Turkey — Gold coins; Lira or niedjidie, $4.40; half-lira, 
 $2.20; quarter-lira, $1.10. The silver unit is the piastre, 
 worth 4 cents of ourcurreny, and silver coins of 1, 2, 5, 
 10 and 20 piastres are current. 
 
 The currency of Denmark is also in use in Norway and 
 Sweden, these three countries forming the Scandinavian 
 
f. 4 
 
 *h < 
 
 !!*;'ji 
 
 KULTUM IJf PAKVO. 
 
 Union. Belgium, Franco, Greece, Italy, Uoumniua. Scr- 
 via, Spain atul Switzerliind are united in the Latin Union, 
 and use the Frencli coinage. The units in tlio dilTereut 
 Stated are, it is true, calle(l bjdilIerentnainLs;a8in France, 
 Belgium and Switzerhtnd, franc and centime; in Italy, " a 
 and centusimo; in Greece, drauiiin and lepta; iuKouniania, 
 lei and bani; in Serbia, dinar and para; in Spain, peseta 
 and ccntesimo; but m all cases the value is the same. 
 
 The similarity in the coinage of diflferent countries is 
 worth notice. A very slight change in the percentage of 
 silver used would render the half-guilder of Austria, the 
 krone of the Scandinavian Union, the franc of the Latin 
 Union, the mark of Germany, the half-guilder of Holland, 
 thequarter-rublo of Russia, the '^OO-reis pici-o of Portugal, 
 the S-piastre piece of Turkey, the ludf-milreis of Brazil 
 and the half-ru})ee of India, all interchangeable wilii the 
 English shilling, and all of them about the value of the 
 quarter-dollar of North and South American coinage. 
 With tho exception of Brazil, the other South American 
 States, as well as Mexico and tho Central American coun- 
 tries, arc all rajiidly approximating a uniform coinage, 
 which the needs of commerce will unquestionably soon 
 harmonize with that of tho United States. Curiously 
 fiiiougli, th» ^reat force that is assimilating the alien 
 l/V,.n>;h'.'8 of the human race is not Christianity but trade. 
 
 A History op the Panic of 1857. — The cause of the 
 panic of 1857 was maiu'V the rage for I aid speculation 
 which hud run through tho country ]ik^ an epidemic. 
 Paper cities abounded, unproductive rciiroatlswereopened, 
 and to help forward these projects, irresponsible banks 
 weru started, or 'ood banks found themselves drawn into 
 an excessive issue of notes Every one was anxious to 
 invest in real estate and become rich by an advance in 
 prices. Capital was attracted into this speculation by tho 
 prospect of large gains, and so great was the <'omand for 
 money that there was a remarkable advance in the rates of 
 interest. In the West, where the speculative fever was at 
 its highest, the common rates of interest were from 2 to ,S 
 per cent, i, month. Everything was apparently in tho 
 most prosperous condition, real estate going up steadily, 
 the demand for money ccnstant, and Ils manufacture by 
 the banks ])rog.^ssing successfully, when tho failure of 
 the "Ohio Life and Tr"st Company," came, August 'Zi, 
 1857, like a tiuunlerbolt from a clear sky. This was fol- 
 lowed by tho jiortenious mutterings of a terril)le coming 
 Bt^rn.. One by ''lie small bank.s in Illinois, Ohio, and 
 everywhere thcoiigliout the West aiul South went down. 
 September 2o-2(i tho banks of I'hiladeli)liia 8Us|>ended 
 payment, and thus wrecked hundi'edsof banks in Pennsyl- 
 vania, Maryland and adjoining States. October 1:5-14, 
 after a terrible run on them by thousands of depositors, 
 th* banks of Xew York susjiemled payment. October 14 
 all the ban 'is of Massachusetts went down, followed by a 
 general wreckage of credit throughout Xew England. 
 The di.^tr»;33 which followed these calamities was very 
 great, tens of thousands of workmen being unemployed 
 fo. months. Tiio Xew York banks resumed payment 
 again December 12, and were soon followed by the bnnks 
 in other cities. The darkest period of the' cri.sis now 
 seemed p.ost, although there was much heartrending s.if- 
 fering among the poor during the winter which followed. 
 The commercial reports for the year 1857 siiowed 5.123 
 commercial failures, with liabilities amounting to $29i,- 
 750,000. 
 
 The HisTony of Plymouth Rock.— A fat rock near 
 tho vicinitv of Xew Plymoutl, is said to have been the one 
 on which the great body ?' tie Pilgrims lauded t.om the 
 May'iover. The many ir.cmbcrs of tlie colony, ;vhc die d 
 inthj winter of 1620-21, were buried near this rock. 
 A^iUt 1738 it was propcsod to build a wharf aiong the 
 
 shore there. At this time there lived in Xew Plvmouth 
 an old nuiii over {> * years of age named Thomas Faunce, 
 who had known sonio of the .MavHower's passengers when 
 a lad, and by them had been sliown the rock on which 
 they had landed. On hearing that it was to be covered 
 with a wharf the old man wejjt, and it has been said that 
 his tears in-obably saved Ph mouth Rock from oblivion. 
 After tho Revolution it was found that the rock was quite 
 liiddon by t!io sand washed, upon it by the sea. The sand 
 was cleared away, but in attempting to take up the rock 
 it was split in two. Tho upper naif was taken to the vil- 
 liige and ]>Iaced in the town square. In IS.'U it was 
 removed to a position in front of Pilgrim Hall and enclosed 
 in an iron raiting. In September, 1880, this half of the 
 stone was taken back to the shore and reunited to tho 
 other portion. A handsome archway was then built over 
 the rock, to protect it in part from the depredations of 
 relic hunters. 
 
 'Grant's Tour Aboukd the World. — General Grant 
 embarked on a steamer at the Philadelphia wharf for hia 
 tour around the world Jlay 17, 1877. He arrived at Queens- 
 town, Ireland, May 27. Thence ho went to Liverpool, 
 Manchester, and on to London, He remained in that city 
 ae^jral weeks, and was made the reci])ient of the most 
 orilliant social honors. July 5th he went to Belgium, and 
 thence made a tour through Gernumy and Switzerland. 
 He then visited Doimark, and August 25 returned to 
 Great Britain, and until October spent the time in visiting 
 tho various cities of Scotland a. d England. October 24th 
 he started for Paris, whore bo remained a month, then 
 w"Mr on to Jyyons, thenci to Naples, and sub.sequently with 
 fiovi.ral friei,.ij ho made a trip on tho Mediterranean, visit- 
 ing tlie i.^hmda of Sicily, Malta and others. Thence going 
 to Egyp', tho pyramids and other points of note were vis- 
 ited, anu a journey made up the Xile as far as tho first 
 cacaract. 'I ho progran.me of tra»(l next included a visit 
 to Turlcey and tlie Holy Land, whence, in March, the party 
 came back to Italy through Greece, rev' ♦eJ Naples, went 
 to Turin and back to Paris, After a weeks spent in 
 the social gayetics of that city, tho Netherlands was chosen 
 as t JO next locality of interest, and The Hague, Rotterdam, 
 .ind Amsterdam were visited in turn, June 20, 1S18, tho 
 (ieneral and his party arrivid in Berlin. After slaying 
 there some Wfcks they went to Christiana and .Stockholm, 
 thfii toi'^t, Peter.-biirg, Moscow and Wur.<aw, and back over 
 German soil to Vienna. Atio'licr trip was now made 
 thiough Switzerland, and, tlien returning to Paris, a start 
 was made for a journey through Spain and I'crriigal, in 
 whith Victoria, Madrid', Lisbon, .Seville and other impor- 
 tant towns were visited. A trip was also m 'do from Cadiz 
 to (fibraltar by steaim-r. After another brlif visit to Paris, 
 General Gratitwent to Ireland, arriving at Dublin .):'iiiiary 
 3, I'^r;*; visited several points of iniercst in that cciintry, 
 then, by way of Loiulon mul Paris, went to Mai>eil!cs, 
 wherceiieset auil by way of the Jlediterrancaii Seaand the 
 Suc2 Canal for India, lie reached P.ombay 'Y-brua' v i3th. 
 Thence visited Allalia. .id. Agra aid re!, on an '. ' ';diant 
 to Ainber; also went to Benares, Dell ;, (.'alcntta and Ran- 
 g -on, speiH a week in Siam, then went by .steamer to Ciiina, 
 After spending foine time at Car, ton. Pekin and oihev 
 places he went to .fapan for a brief v'sit. He went to 
 Xajjasjiki, Tokio ano i'okahama, and at last, September 
 3, i879, set sail from Tckio on his .i, urn to tho United 
 States. September VOth he arrive- in the harbor of San 
 Francisco. Alter some weeks spent in visiting the j)oints 
 of interest in California and Oregon he returned to his 
 honic in the Eai^tern States. 
 
 HiSTOi^v OF V.\ssar Coi.i.eoe. — Vassar College is on the 
 east bank o! the Hudson, near PoughkeepEic, N. i , It wau 
 founded in 1801. In that yetr Matthew Yassar, a wealthy 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 l.tt-M 
 
— p=. 
 
 ML'LTCM I» PAIIVO. 
 
 tjiowei' of I'oighkecnsie, gave to au incorjwrnteil boiird of 
 Iriiatuus tlio sum of 9408,< •(Miami :it«»ucrM of luml for tlio 
 tiiilinniiont of a c.iilfgo fur woinfu. The biiililing was 
 ruiisinictud from piuiiH up[irovctl by liiin, ulu cost uf about 
 ftiJdd.dOO. Tljo »;olli'^o HUB o|ii'iifil ill SuiJlt'iubtT, 18(J."i, 
 willi ei;j^lit protosisordaml ineiuy oUaTiiwlruolors, and 3()0 
 ^I'lili-iua. i'lio lirrft prt'si.leiic of li)e college was Professor 
 .Mile 1 J.-'vett: tiio eeeoiiil Dr. John U. IJaynioiid; the 
 third, tbo liev. Samuel C.iidweli. 'I'lie college lias a fine 
 library, wi'.ii seieiuitie apparatus and a iiiuseuuiof uuturul 
 history aiv.'oinw'iis. 
 
 Tub Okkun ov Ciies.s. — So aucieiit ia eliigs, the most 
 purely intoll'ctual of games, that it< origin is wrapped in 
 mystery. The Hindoos say that it was the invention of 
 an astronomer, who live<l more than 5,000 years ago, and 
 was possessed of giipernutural kni wie<lgc and acuteness. 
 (ireek historians assert that the game w^iis invented by 
 I'alamedes to beguile the tetHiim of the siege of Troy. 
 The Arab legend is tliat it was devised for the instruction 
 of a young despot by his father, a leariie<l Brahmin, to 
 teach the youth that a king, no matter how powerful, was 
 dependent upon his subjects for safety. Tlie probability 
 is that the game was the invention of some military genius 
 for tlio purpoio of illustrating the art of war. Ihere is 
 no doubt that it originate<l in India, for a game called by 
 the Sanscrit name of Chctnranga — which iii moat essential 
 points strongly resembles motiern chess, and wiis nnques- 
 tioiuvbly the j)arent of the latter game — is mentioned in 
 Oriental iiteiuturoas in nse fully '2,000 years before the 
 Cliriaiiaii area. In its gradu.-jl diffusion over the world 
 the game has undergone many modifications and changes, 
 but marked resemblances to the early Indian game are 
 still to bo found in it. From India, chess spread into 
 Persia, and thence into Arabia, and the Arabs took it to 
 Spain and the rest of Western Europe. 
 
 Tm^ Dauk AciES. — The Dark Ages is a name often ap- 
 plied by historians to the Middle Ages, a term comprising 
 about 1,000 years, from the fall of the Roman Empire in 
 the fifth century to the invention of printing in the 
 fifteenth. The period isc.illed "'dark'' because of the gen- 
 erally depraved state of Enropean society at this time, the 
 subserviency of nu-n's minds to priestly domination, and 
 the general indifference to learning. The admirable civil- 
 ization that Rome had developed and fostered, was swept 
 out of existence by the barbarous invaders from Northern 
 Europe, and there is no doubt that the first half of the 
 mediovid era, at least, from the year bOO to 1000, was one 
 of the moat brutal and ruffianly epochs in history. The 
 principal characteristics of the middle ages were the feudal 
 system and the papal power. By the first the common 
 j>ef)ple were ground into a condition of almost hopeless 
 slavery, by the second the evolution of just and equitable 
 governments by the ruling chwsea was rendered impossible 
 through the intrusion of the pontifical authority into civil 
 affairs. Learning did not wholly perish, but it betook it- 
 self to the seclusion of the cloisters. The monasteries were 
 the resort of many earnest scholars, and there were pre- 
 pared the writings of historians, metaphysicians and theo- 
 logians. But during this time man lived, as the historian 
 Symonds says, "enveloped ia a cowl." The study of 
 nature was not only ignored but barred, save only as it 
 ministered in the forms of alchemy and astrology to the 
 one cardinal medieval virtue — credulity. Still the period 
 saw man^ great characters and events fraught with the 
 greatest importance to the advancement of the race. 
 
 The Greatest Depth op the Oi^eax ever Meas- 
 ured. — The deepest verified soundings are those made in 
 the Atlantic Ocean, ninety n.iles off the island of St. 
 Thomas, in the West Indies, 3.875 fathoms, or 23,950 feet. 
 Deeper water has been reported south of the Grand Bank 
 
 of Newfoundland, over -.IT.OOO feet in depth, but jwlditional 
 
 soundings in that locality did n^it corroljorate this. Some 
 years ago, it wa.s riainied that v»ry deep soundings, f'-oni 
 45,(100 to 48, (MO feet, had ln-en foiindoff theeojift of Snutii 
 Anieriea, bill this report was altogether dit redited on ad- 
 ditional investigation in tlie.-e J/K-alities. The ship fiiul- 
 lenger, which in l!S;..'-T4 niaile a voyage ruuml the L'lol>e 
 for the e-vpre.ss purpose of taking deip seas-jundings in all 
 the oceans, iVumd tin- greatest depth touched in the Pai ill.- 
 Ocean Ie.<s than 3,000 fathoms, an>I the ]oHt;el lu ibc At- 
 lantic 3,875 fathoms, as given above. 
 
 TiiR Ahmv ok tiik Rkvoi.utiox. — It is not positively 
 known h(jw in, my men from tlie colonies K-rved in tlicwar. 
 Tiio otlicial tabular statement indicates a total of reeonled 
 vears of enlistment and not a total of the men who served, 
 llenco, a man who served from April I'J, 1775, until the 
 formal cessation of hostilities, Aprd 10, 17KJ, counted ;w 
 eight men in the agcrregate. In tiiis basis of enlisted 
 years, the following table gives the contributions of the va- 
 rious States: New Hampshire, 13.407; ManHachiif^etts, 
 00,907; Rhode Island, r,.'M)S; Connecticut, 31. 930; New 
 York, 17,781; New Jersev. in,72'5; Pennsylvania. 95.- 
 078; Delaware, 9,380; .Marvland. 13,919: Virginia. 90,- 
 C7S: North Carolina, 7,903; South Carolina, 0,417; 
 Geergia, 2,G79; Total, 933,771. 
 
 The Wohlo's Dec- ve Battles. — The fifteen decis- 
 ive battles of the wi ell from the fifth century before 
 Christ to the beginning of the nineteenth century of the 
 present era, are as folk ws: 
 
 The battle of Marathon, in which the Persian hosts 
 were defeated by the (freeks under Miltiades, B. C. 4'.'P. 
 
 The defeat of the Athenians at Syraz-nge, B. C. 413. 
 
 The battle of Arbela, in which the Persians under 
 Darius were defeated by the invading Greeks under Alex- 
 ander the Great, ]i. C. 331. 
 
 The battle of the Metaurns, in which the Carthaginian 
 forces under Uasdrubal were overthrown bv the Romans, 
 B. C. 907. 
 
 Victory of the German tribes nnder Amiinius over the 
 Roman legions under Varus, A. D. 9. (The battle was 
 fought in what is now the province of Lij'pe, Gern\any, 
 near tlie source of the river Ems.) 
 
 Battle of Chalons, where Attil.i, the terrible King of tiir 
 Iliins, was repulsed bv the Romans under Aetins, A. D. 
 451. 
 
 Battle of Tours, in which the Saracen Turks invading 
 Western Europe were utterly overthrown by the Franks 
 under Charles Martel, A. D. 739. 
 
 Battle of Hastings, by which William the Conqueror 
 bcciuno the ruler of England, Oct. 14, 1066. 
 
 '/ictory of the French under Joan of Arc over the Eng- 
 lish at Orleans, April 99, 1499. 
 
 Defeat of the Spanish Armada bv the English naval 
 force, July 99 and 30, 1588. 
 
 Battle of Bleidieim, in which the French and Bavarians 
 wore defeated by the allied armies of Great Britain and 
 Holland under the Dukeof Marlborough, Aug. 2, 1704. 
 
 Battle of Pultowa, the Swedish army nnder Charles 
 XII, defeated by the Russians nnder Pet*r the Great, 
 July 8, 1709. 
 
 Victory of the American army under General Gates 
 over the British under General Burgoyne at Saratoga, 
 Oct. 17, 1777. 
 
 Battle of Valmy, where the allied armies of Prussia and 
 Austria were defeated by the P'rench under Marshal Kel- 
 lerman, Sept. 90, 1799. " 
 
 Battle of Waterloo, the allied forces of the British and 
 Prussians defeated the French under Napoleon, the final 
 overthrow of the great commander, Jane IS, 1815. 
 
 
f 
 
 ^! 11 
 
 Hi 
 
 iF 
 
 t 
 
 H 
 
 UVVTVU IN PAUVO. 
 
 Thcso buttles aro snioctod an dccisiro, bocauso of the 
 important couseqiioiicua timt followed them. Few stu- 
 doiita of history, jjrobably, would ugreo with I'rof. C'rcusy, 
 ia rutiti'iotinj.; tliu list aa ho doon. Many othor coiillicts 
 might bo noted, fnuight with croiit imjwrtunco to tho 
 hiuiuiu luco, uiid UMquoationiiidy "deciBivo" in thoir 
 nuturc; u.s, for iustanco, tho victory of Sobieski over tho 
 Turkish army at Vionna, Sent. 13, H!83. Had tho 
 Poloa and Aiislriana been dt'toatcd there, tho Turkish 
 gonoral mi>{iit ri'addy have f ultilled his throat " to stable 
 Lis horses in tho Cliurch of St. Poter'a at Kome," and all 
 Wbatorn Europe would, no doubt, liavo been devastated by 
 the ruthlesaniid bloodthirsty Ottomans. Of important and 
 decisive battles sinco that of Waterloo wo may mention in 
 our own Civil War thoso of Gettysburg, i)V which tho inva- 
 sion of the Xoith was chocked, and at Chattanooga, Nov. 
 23 and 25, ]j>t;;j, by whieh tho power of the Confederates 
 in the southwest received a deadly blow. 
 
 The Wandkuln'O Jkw. — There are various versions of 
 the atory of " 'J'ho Wandering Jew," tho legends of whom 
 have formed the foundation of numerous romances, poems 
 and tragedies. One version is that this person was a ser- 
 vant in the houso of Pilate, ami gave tho Master a blow as 
 He was being dragged out of tlie palace to go to His 
 deatii. A i)<)pular trailition makes the wanderer a mem- 
 ber of tlio tribe of Naphtali, who, some seven or eight 
 years previous to the birth of tho Christ-child loft liis 
 father to go with the wise men of the East whom the star 
 led to the lowly cot in liethlehem. It runs, also, that the 
 cause of the killing of tho children can bo traced to tho 
 stories tiiis person related wlicn ho returned to Jerusalem 
 of tho visit of tho wise men, and the presentation of the 
 gifts they brought to tho Divino Infant, when lie was 
 u>'knowledged by them to bo tlie king of the Jews. Ho 
 was lost sight of for a time, when ho appeared as a car- 
 penter who was employed in making tho cross on which 
 the Saviour was to be lifted up into tho eyes of all men. 
 As Christ walked up tho way to Calvary, lie had to pass 
 the workshop of this man, and wlien Uo reacho<l its door, 
 tlie soldiers, touched by the sulTerings of tho Man of Sor- 
 rows, besought tho carpenter to allow Ilim to rest there 
 for a little, but he refused, adding insult to a want of 
 charity. Then it is said tliat Christ pronounced his 
 doom, which was to wander over tho earth until tho second 
 coming. Sineo that sentence was uttered, iie has wan- 
 dered, courting death, but finding it not, and his punish- 
 ment becoming more unbearable as tlio generations come 
 and go. Uo is said to have appeared in the sixteenth, 
 seventeenth, and even as recently as tho eighteenth cen- 
 tury, uniler tho names of Cartaphilus, and Ahasnerus, by 
 which the Wandering Jew has boon known. One of the 
 legends described him as a shoemaker of Jerusalem, at 
 whose door Christ desired to rest on tho road to Calvary, 
 but the man refused, and the sentence to wander was 
 pronounced. 
 
 Some Mkhouable D.yhk Days. — During the last hun- 
 dred years tiiore have been an unusually largo number of 
 dark, daya recorded. As has been suggested by several 
 writers, thismay have been the result of the caretul scien- 
 tific obse-vations of modern times, as well as of the fre- 
 quency of these phenomena. Tho dark day in the begin- 
 ning of this century about which so much has been 
 said and written occurred Oct. 21, 1816. The first day of 
 the same month and year IS also represented as "a close 
 dark day." Mr. Thomas Ilobio, who took observations at 
 Cambridge, Mass. , hiis this to offer in regard to the phe- 
 nomenon. "On Oct. 21 tho day was so dark that people 
 were forced t^ light cauflles to eat thoir dinners by ; which 
 could not bo from an eclipse, the solar eclipse being the 
 fourth of that month." The day is referred to by another 
 
 gland and V ; 
 
 writer as " a remarkable dark day in Now Kngland and 
 New York," and it is noted, quaintly by a third, that " in 
 October, 18Ui, a dark day occurred after a sovcro winter 
 in Now Engianil." Nov. 20, 181(i, was a dark day in 
 London, and is described " in tho neighborhood of Wal- 
 worth and Cumberwell so completely dark that some of 
 tho coachmen driviiiL' stages were obliged to get down and 
 lead their horses witli a lantern." Tho famous dark day 
 in America was May 10, 1780. Tho phenomenon began 
 about 10 o'clo<'k in tho forenoon. The darkness increased 
 rapidly, and "in many places it was impossible to read 
 ordinary iirint." There was widespread fear. Many 
 thought tnat tho Day of Judgment was at hand. At 
 that time the Legislature of Connecticut was in seasion at 
 Hartford. Tho House of Uopresentatives, being unable to 
 transact thoir business, adjourned. A proposal to ad- 
 journ the council was under consideration. When the 
 opinion of Colonel Davenport was asked, lie answered: "I 
 am against an adjournment. Tho day of j'udgment is ap- 
 proaching or it is not. If it is not, there is no cause for 
 adjournment; if it is, I choose to bo found doing my dutr. 
 I wish, therefore, that candles may be brought." In 
 Whittier's " Tent on tho Beach "is given a beautiful poet- 
 ical version of this anecdote. It is suggested by several 
 authorities that tho cause of the dark day in 1780 should 
 bo attributed simply to the presence of ordinary clouds of 
 very unusual volume and density. These instances are, of 
 course, grouped with phenonena of which not a great deal 
 is known, and can in no way be classed with those occur- 
 rances occasioned by tho smoke from extensive forest fires, 
 volcanic eruptions, or fogs. 
 
 The Remahkable Story op CuAftLiE Ross. — Charlio 
 Ross was the son of Christian K. Ross of Oermantown, 
 Pa., and at the timo of his disappearance was a little over 
 4 years of age. Tho child and a brother 6 years old were 
 playing July 1, 187-J, in tho streets of Oermantown, when 
 a couple of men drove up in a buggy and persuaded tho 
 children, with promises of toys and candies, to get in and 
 rido with them in the vehicle. After driving around the 
 place for a little timo, tho older brother, Walter Ross, was 
 put out of tho conveyance, and the strangers gave him 25 
 cents, telling him to go to a store near at hand and buy 
 somo candy and torpedoes for himself and Charlie. Walter 
 did as ho was told, out when ho came out of tho store the 
 men with Charlio and tho vehicle had disappeared. It was 
 believed at first by the relatives and friends of the missing 
 boy that he would be returned in a short time, as they sup- 
 nosed ho might have been taken by some drunker men. 
 Timo passed, however, but no trace of the child had been 
 discovered. In a few weeks a letter was received by Mr. 
 Ross to the effect thot if ho would pay 120,000 his son 
 would be returned, but that the parent need not search for 
 Charlie, as all efforts to find the abducted boy or his cap- 
 tors would only be attended with failure; and it was stated 
 that if thisamount was not paid, Charlie would be killed. 
 The father answered this and a long correspondence ensued, 
 while tho search was prosecuted in all directions. Mr. 
 Ross wanted tho child delivered at tho time the money was 
 paid, but to this the abductors refused to agree. It is 
 stated that more than 150,000 were expended to recover 
 the child At one time two gentlemen were two days in 
 Fifth Avenue Hotel, Now York, with the $20,000 ransom 
 money to bo given to the child-thieves, but they did not 
 appear. Tlio seaioh was continued, and the officers of the 
 law vero looking up any and all evidence, until they had 
 located tho two men. These were found Dec. 4, 1874, 
 committing a burglary in the house of Judge Van Brunt, 
 Bay Ridge, L. I.; the burglary was discovered, the bur- 
 glars seen and shot by persona residing in an adjoining 
 residence. One of the men was killed instantly, the 
 
MULTUM IX PARTO. 
 
 other lived levorul honra, nnil confosMd that he and hit 
 companion imd uhdiictiHi Ohurlio Koh.s, but timt the dead 
 thief, Moaiior by niinif, wiw tho one wiio knew where the 
 boy waa 800 re tod. Walter lioM identified the burjciars a^ 
 tho men who hiid enticed liini and Churlio into the biiKifv. 
 There tiio ciiso reHtod. No new fart hua been developol. 
 Tho niiBdin); ciiild hu8 never been found. Mar. v tinie:« 
 have children been reported who re8emblcd C'iiariip, and 
 Mr. I^)sa hun traveled far and near in hia endleaa search, 
 only to return sjully and report that hia boy was still miss- 
 ing. No caso in recent years has excited luch uniTersal 
 sympathy as that of C'harlio Uoss. 
 
 Tub Hmtr Lawh o.v Smokino.— There wore gome rery 
 atringont laws in Maasachuaetta against the use of tobacco 
 in public, and while tho |Hmultiea were not ao heavy, vet 
 they were apparently rigidly enforced for a time. We 
 quote from a law passed in ()ctolK>r, 10.32, as follows: "It 
 is ordered that noe poraon shall take any tobacco publique- 
 ly, under paine of punishment; also that every one ihall 
 pay Id. for every timo heo is convicted of takeing tobacco 
 in any pluco, and that any Assistant shall have power to 
 receave evidence and give order for levveing of it, as also 
 to give order for the levyeing of the officer's charge. This 
 order to begin tho 10th of November next." In Septem- 
 ber, 1G34, wo discover another law on the same article: 
 "Victualers, or keepers of an Ordinary, shall not suffer 
 any tobacco to bo talcen in their howdcs, under the penalty 
 of 5s. for every offence, to bo payde by the victuler, and 
 I2(i. by the party that takes it. Further, it ia orlered, 
 that noe person shall take tobacco publiquely, under the 
 penalty of 2n, Gil., nor privately, in his owne house, or in 
 the howse of anotlier, before strangers, and thai two or 
 more shall not take it togeather, anywhere, under the 
 aforesaid penalty for every offence." In November, 1C37, 
 the record runs: "All former laws against tol>acco arc re- 
 pealed, and tobacco is sett at liberty;" but in September, 
 1638, "the [(Toneral]Court, finding that since the re{)oaling 
 of tho former laws against tobacco, the same ia more abused 
 then before, it hath therefore ordered, that no man shall 
 take any tobacco in tho fields, except in his journey, or at 
 mealo times, under paine of 12(7. for every offence; nor 
 shall take any tobacco in (or so near) any dwelling house, 
 barnc, come or hay rick, as may likely indanger the fire- 
 ing thereof, upon paine of 10*. for every offence; nor shall 
 take an^ tobacco in any inne or common victualing house, 
 except in a private roome there, so as neitherthe master of 
 tho same house nor any other guests there shall take of- 
 fence thereat, which if tliey do, then such person is fourth- 
 with to forboarc, upon paine of Vis. 6rf. for every offence. 
 Noe man shall kindle fyre by gunpowder, for takeing to- 
 bacco, except in his journey, upon paine of I'id. for every 
 offence." 
 
 The Remarkable Caves — Wyasdotte axd Mam- 
 moth. — Wyandotte Cave is in Jennings township, Cniw- 
 ford county, Ind., near the Ohio river. It is a rival of 
 the great Mammoth Cave in grandeur and extent. Exi>lo- 
 rations have been made for many miles. It excels the 
 Mammoth Cave in the number and variety of its stalag- 
 mites and stalactites, and in the size of several of its 
 chambers. One of these chambers is 350 feet in length, 
 245 feet in height, and contains a hill 1T5 feet high, on 
 which are three fine stalagmites. Epsom salts, niter and 
 alum have been obtained from the earth of the cave. The 
 Mammoth Cave is in Edmondson county, near Green 
 River, about soventy-fivo miles from Louisville. Its 
 entrance is reached by j)a8sing down a wild, rooky ravine 
 through a dense forest. The cave extei.-is some nine 
 miles. To visit the portions already traversed, it ia aaid, 
 requires 150 to 200 miles of travel. The cave contains a 
 succession of wonderful avenues, chambers, domes, 
 
 ubvaacs, grottoea, lakes, rivers, rataracta and other mar- 
 vels, which are too well known to need more than a refer- 
 ence. One chanibor— the Star— ia al)out 6(H) feet long, 70 
 feet wide. 70 feet high, the reiling of which is conipoacd 
 of black gypsum, and m studded with innunicrublo white 
 pointa, tliat by a dim light resemble stars, hence the name 
 of tho chamber. There are avenues one and u half and 
 even two miles ia length, some of which are incriiHted 
 with iHMtiitiful formations, and present the appearance of 
 enchanted palace luiUs. There is a natural tunnel about 
 three-quarters of a mile long, 100 feet wiiie, covered with 
 a ceiling of smooth rock 45 feet high. There is a < ham- 
 ber having an area of from four to the acres, ami there 
 are domes 2oO and 300 feet high. Echo Hiver is some 
 three-ftiurihs of a mile in length, 200 fiet in width at 
 some points, ami fDiu 10 to .30 in depth, and runslieneath 
 an arched ceiling of smooth rock about 15 feet high, 
 while the Styx, another river, is 450 feet lu.ig, fnmi 15 to 
 40 feet wide, and from .30 to 40 feet deep, and is spanned 
 by a natural bridgi-. Luke Lethe has alxuit the fame 
 length and width as the river Styx, varies in depth from 
 3 to 40 feel, lies beneath a ceiling some 90 feet above ita 
 surface, and eometinies rises to a height of fiO feet. 
 There is also a Dead Sea, quite a somber body of water. 
 There are several interesting caves in the neighborhood, 
 one three miles long and three each about a mile in 
 length. • 
 
 The South Sea lUiinLE.— The ".South Sea Hubble," aa 
 it ia generally caheil, was a financial hcIi.uio which occu- 
 pied the attenti'iii of protniiient politicians, communities, 
 and eveii nations in the early part of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury. Briefly iho facts are: In 1711 Robert Hartley, 
 Earl of Oxford, then Li-d Treasurer, proposed to fund a 
 floating debt of about £h',O0(),00O sterling, tho interest, 
 about ^f>i 1(1,000, to be secured by rendering permanent tho 
 duties upon wines, t(jbacco, wrought silks, etc. Purchas- 
 ers of this fund were to become also shareholders in tho 
 ''.South Sea Company," a corporation to have the monopoly 
 of the trade with Spani.ih South America, a jiart of the 
 capital stock of whicli waa to be tho new fund. Hut Spain, 
 after the treaty of Utrecht, refused to open her commerce 
 to England, and tho privilegt •. of the "South Sea Com- 
 pany" became worthless. There wt re many men of wealth 
 who were stockholders, and the comp.'iny continued to 
 flouri.'ih. while the ill succe.'fs of its trading o{>erations was 
 concealed. Even tho Spani.sh War of 1718 did not shake 
 the popular confidence. Then in April, 1720, Parliament, 
 by large majorities in both Houses, a';cepted the company's 
 plan for paying the national debt, and after that a frenzy 
 of .speculation seized the nation, and the stock rose to 
 £300 a share, and by August had reached £1,000 a share. 
 Then Sir John IJhint, one of the leaders, sold out, others 
 followed, and the stock began to fall. Hy tho close of 
 September the company stopped i)ayment and thousands 
 were Ijeggared. An investigation ordered by Parliament 
 disclosed much fraud and corruption, and many promi- 
 nent persons were implicated, some of the directors were 
 imprisoned, aiul all of them were fined to an aggregatb 
 amount of £2,000,000 for the benefit of the stockholders. 
 A great part of tho valid a.ssets was distributed among 
 them, yielding a dividend of about 33 per cent. 
 
 .\rea of Nokth America.— The following figures show 
 the extent of the United States as compared with the 
 British possessions in North America: United States, 
 3.002.884 square miles. British possessions — Ontario, 
 121,200; Quebec, 210,020; Nova Scotia, 18,070; New 
 Brunswick, 27,037; British Columbia, 233,000; Manitoba, 
 16.000; N. W. and Hudson Bay Territories, 2,200,725; 
 Labrador and Arctic Oo«an Islands, make a total of 3,500,- 
 000. 
 
 ^ 
 
GIVING A CONCbE AND COJIPREHENSIVE EXPLANATION OF BOTH SINGLE AND DOUBLE ENTRY- NECESSITY AND 
 
 ADVANTAGES OF A KNOWLEDGE OF BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 Tho object of book-kecpicg u to exhibit a distinct uiul 
 correct 8lute of un>.>'* aluin, and to enublu coniimnicM, 
 Arms, und imliviiiuals toatentain at anv time tlio imtiiro 
 and extent of their bnrimi, tbe amount of their protitH 
 or uviiilublo iacome, or, aa tbe eaae may be, tiie extent of 
 their losses. 
 
 Tho necessity for a knovMg* of l>ook-kee]iing is not 
 contliied to those engaj^red in buajncat Tiiero is no chisH 
 of unit \vt\ocati uffoni to •iUfM-n«e viih it, sime liii iire 
 ealli'd npiMi to handle mooej aa4 k**j> accounts of f;reuter 
 ur icHS niiii^nitiide. Ic i« not aaflkk-Dt for a man to say, 
 "I do not i]nil>Tii::tnil book-kcrping mya-lf, but I cua 
 employ a bo<jk kt'Cpor who will anoir everything neces- 
 sary." Such A man places luaaarif at the mercy of his 
 empioyf-, and u liable to be eootinuallr deceive<i ))v false 
 entries, fraudulent batanocc, and in vnrious ways wliich a 
 skillful und uns'TupnloaaacMoantant can availliimself of. 
 
 It is tho nierchantN first dotjto be ihoroiiglily informed 
 in all branches of h'n bnrincHr ao that he may not only 
 direct it, but also b« competent to detoct and expose error 
 and fraud, and to knoir at anr BoiBriit his exact business 
 standing. It is not too tnnch. therefore, to assert that 
 book-keeping should con^tttite an essential iiart of tho 
 education of every yoong nun aad woman. The posses- 
 sion of .^uch knowleiige will the more thoroughly )ireparo 
 them for the great struggle of life, and enable them to 
 earn a fair and honorable iiTelilKwd by the employment of 
 their skill. 
 
 It is not to bt? eipectetl that every one can become a 
 first-class book-keeper any nwire than that every one can 
 be(-omc a great artist, bat it i* poaaible for nil to obtain 
 such a knowledge of the eawntial principles of book- 
 keening as will enable them to keep an ordinary set of 
 books accurately, and with credit lo tnemselves. 
 
 To those engage"! in tr»Ie or coinniercial pursuits, or 
 who expect to enter upon them, book-keeping is abso- 
 lutely necessary, as by it alt sraTifiartions should be regu- 
 lated and their results eihibtlcd. The more simple the 
 system the better; but care moit b? Taken that the i)lan 
 adopted is sufficiently compreba»Te and explanatory to 
 satisfy not only the p»?raoQ keeping the Ixxiks, but tfiose 
 who may have occasion i'> refer t« ttsem; for however sat- 
 isfactory it may be to a mercfaans tt follow a system which 
 is intelligible to himself akmci, eircomstances might arise 
 to render the inspection of otbcn ntioe^sary. and from 
 their inability to follow oat the tianaaetions iu the books, 
 
 suspiiMons would probably bo engendered for which there 
 was no real fouiuhaion. Hence the necessity for the 
 adoption of C(>rtain recognized and approved systoius, 
 whii'li, being plain luul easily understood, niust prove sat- 
 isfactory to all concciiu'd. 
 
 Itookket'ping, when conducted on sound principles, is 
 invalual)ie; it not only shows the general results of a com- 
 mei'cial career, but a<lmitsof i-.iudysis, by which the suc- 
 cess or faihire, tho valiie or utter worthlessiu'ss of its com- 
 ponent parts, or each particular transaction, can bo easily 
 ascertained. In a word, on the one haiul it jjromotes 
 order, regularity, fair dealing, ami honorable enterprise; 
 on tho other it defeats dislninesty, and preserves tho integ- 
 rity of nuiii when dealing with his fellows. 
 
 THE I'ltOl'KIl .SYSTKM TO BE AliOITEP. 
 
 Tho questions to which ii satisfactory system gives the 
 mercduint ready and conclusive answers are such as relate — 
 1. To tho extent to which his capital aiul credit will enti- 
 tle him to transact business; il. To tho assurance ho has 
 that all his obligations are hone.-tly fulfilled; 3. To tho 
 ascertainment of the success or failure of his commercial 
 dealings, and the position of hisatfairs from time to time. 
 
 Tliero arc two recognized s\ stems of book-keeping, 
 namely, by "Single Entry" and by "Double Entry." 
 Although tho system of "Single Entry" has nearly 
 passed out of use, it will be well to glance at it before 
 passing on to the other and mora generally used system of 
 "Double Entry." 
 
 TItE SYSTEM OF SINGLE ENTKY. 
 
 This is a clumsy and awkward way of keeping books, 
 and is used only by the smallest tniders. It is little better 
 than tho old time plan of keeping accounts on a slate, and 
 erasing them when paid. The system is deno'ed by tho 
 name; transactions being posted singly, or only onco in 
 tho Ledger. Three books are generally kept— tho civsh 
 book, day book and ledger, although the first named is not 
 essential, the ciish entries being passed through the day 
 book. Its only use is to check the balance of cash in 
 hand. 
 
 In the day book arc entered daily all the purchases and 
 sales, whether for cash or credit; and all the credit entries 
 are then transferred to accounts oper^ed ii' the ledger, that 
 is, all goods sold on credit are charp»Hl against the cus- 
 .amers, and what are purchased are carried to the credit 
 of the parties supplying them. In the same way when 
 
 450 
 
BUOK-KKCriKO. 
 
 cuili i» MM'civod fron) u niitnmor for k'xxI^ hoIiI on credit, 
 it i» poHti'il on liJH uc>>i)iiiit, nrid tlui ruvcrno critrv is made 
 wliiMi i( tnurcliuiit puyH for tlin ffiwnlit \w liiiH l>ou{;{it. 'I'hut 
 it will lio Nffii llint only iutmoiiuI aiHioiintii itrt> fUtvn-U ill 
 tbu lodger. 
 
 ItAI.ANCK KIIKRT ItV HINfU.K KNTIIY. 
 
 To friiino n Imliiricu Hlittet or Btiitu of HtTuirn on tlii« avi- 
 tcni, tlio liook-ku<'|ii'r brin^H down tlio bnlunccM due by 
 cMiHtoniorB to the inurohnnt, iiIho iiin stock of gomlii an vuU 
 uud bj tlio liut inventory tukcn at uurruiit market prices. 
 
 and the rwh he may Iintc in luiiid, nn ffi. hft-hnnd siile of 
 tkt $htfl, wliiiit UH Ihf riiihl-hiiiiil niile t'lf the k/iiiI li« 
 •uter* the balances itill due liy him for ^ooiIh Ik> Iiuh pur- 
 clia«c«l, or nionty lent to Inm, uud the <apitiil, if uiiy, 
 with which iiu cumnu'ticcd liUHiiiOftK. 'i'lui iimouutM on 
 each side of the shoot arc then ndtlid and proved, luid tiiu 
 dilTureuoe IwtwefU tlio umounls of iho two columns is 
 either profit or loss; if protlt. tlui nun liitiit'M ciipitul iM 
 increase<l to that extent; if Iohh, tlivu lio is bo much tiio 
 poorer. 
 
 8PECIMEN OV A BALANCK DIIEET BT SIXOLE CNTIIT. 
 
 Tho following "Spocimon of u Hulunuu Sheet by Single Entry" will niuko plain the working and ultimate 
 results of the system: 
 
 i88BT8. 
 
 To sundry customnrs for goods sold, per list 
 To goods in stock, per inventory uud valua- 
 tion 
 
 To cash iu hand 
 
 t2,50O 
 
 4,875 
 98G 
 
 |8,3C-J 
 
 00 
 
 85 
 75 
 
 «0 
 
 LIABILITIES. 
 
 It will bo ol)Horvod that tlio nssotn oxceod the liabilitioB 
 (including canital) by ♦•l,;Jfii{. (50. That Hum being profit 
 mu^t bu added to tbu capital; if in tlio next or following 
 years any loss should omorgo, as a mutter of courne such 
 dcficioncy must be doductou from tho merchant's capital, 
 as ho is that much poorer than when ho opened tho year. 
 
 Tlio udvantagoaof singlo entry arc simnlicity and easy 
 adaptation to Huiall retail trades, as tho ledger contains 
 only outstanding dobts duo to or by tho merchant. The 
 tlisadvantago is the difficulty of ascertaining the profits or 
 losKcs on various goods, or on tho sovural departments of a 
 business. 
 
 THE SYSTEM OK DOUItLE ENTIIY. 
 
 It is now universally uiiiuitted that tho "System of 
 Double Entry" is the best adapted for heavy, responsible, 
 or speculative trades, and for extensive mercantile con- 
 cerns. As its name implicR, it so dilTers from tho system 
 already described, that every transaction must be recorded 
 doubly in the ledger; that is to say, accounts nuist be 
 opened in that book, to which all entries in tho subsidiary 
 books are twice carried — to tho debil of one account, anil 
 the creilit of another. 
 
 Tho advantage of this system may be briefly stated as 
 follows: 
 
 1. Unless the debit balances exactly correspond with 
 the credit balances tho books are wrong, and the error 
 must be discovered by comparison. 
 
 2. Tho discovery of such errors is more easily accom- 
 plished than in any other system. 
 
 3. Accounts can be readily anuljijed. 
 
 4. The profit, or loss, on individual transactions can be 
 ascertained without difficulty. Agitlnst these advantages 
 the writer knows of no single disadvantage that can be 
 pleaded. 
 
 Before entering upon an explanation of the system, we 
 must direct the rcacfer's attention to 
 
 THE GOLDEN RULE OP DOVBLE ENTRY 
 
 which may be concisely stated in six words, viz. : Every 
 debit must have its credit. 
 
 By bearing this constantly in mind, and applying it to 
 each and all of tho details of practical book-keeping, the 
 difficulties of the system will entirely disappear, and its 
 perfect simplicity be apparent. 
 
 By sundry morchants for goods purchased, 
 
 per list 
 
 By capital put into the business , 
 
 Profit CD buiioesa to date , 
 
 •1.000 
 
 ;j,i)oo 
 4,:JG-i 
 
 $8,3(i-^ 
 
 00 
 00 
 CO 
 
 60 
 
 It is the cnitom of tho host book-koopers to nso tho fol- 
 lowing books in recording commercial transactions: The 
 I 'a.*h Bool; the Dau Ituuk-, sometimes called the Sitlen Book, 
 the Journal, and the Lrdiier. 
 
 The use of tho Journal is gradually being abandoned, 
 OS it only imposes upon the book-keeper additional labor 
 without any compenKuting advantages. Many houses dis- 
 pense with it altogether, aiKt the time is at hand when it 
 will di^api)ear from every well-regulated counting-room. 
 In the following pages, therefore, we shall make no fur- 
 ther reference to it, confining ourselves only to what is of 
 practical value to the student of book-keeping, and avoid- 
 ing everything that may servo to encumber him with use- 
 leiis detaiig. 
 
 THE CASH BOOK. 
 
 The name of this book indicates the use to which it i J 
 put. It is used exclusively for entries of money leceivcd 
 and money paid out, and is thus tho record of the daily 
 cash transactions of the merchant. Each jmgo of tho 
 Cash Book is ruled with two dollar and cent columns. Tho 
 left-hand page is used for " Cash Debtor,"that is, for cash 
 received; and the right hand page is for" Cash Creditor," 
 or for cash paid out. Ail sums of money received are 
 written on the left hand page with the date of the receipt, 
 the name of the person or sourco from which the money 
 is received, and the amounts are entered on a line with 
 the names in l\\e first column of tho page. All sums \^a.\A 
 out are entered on the right-hand pcgo with the date of 
 the payment, and the name of tho porsor or purpose by 
 whom or for whi<'h the money is paid, and the amounts 
 are entered in the first c iumn of the page on tho lino 
 with the names to which they belong. 
 
 In effect, in keeping accounts, "Cash "is treated pre- 
 cisely as if it were a person. It is debited, or charged, 
 with all money paid in, and credited with all money paid 
 out. For eiamjde. let us suppose that .John Smith pays 
 the merchant I2(K). This sum must be placed to the 
 credit of John Smith, because lie has paid it in. " Cash " 
 has received it, and therefore "Cash" must bo charged 
 with it. It is entered on the debit, side of the " Cash 
 Book " as a charge against " Cash." The entry is made 
 in the name of John Smith, and shows that he has paid 
 that gum to " Cash." Thus this entry is at the same time 
 
 ^ 
 
.mMm 
 
 i 
 
 it 
 
 nOOK-KEEPIXO. 
 
 a (hbit to " Caflh " and a rreuif to John Smith, as it shows 
 that ••Ciish" i'as h>u\ tlmt much nionfy from Joiin Smith, 
 and thiit JoliiiSii, Ji iscn",.torof " Cash" to that iunouiit. 
 Agiiiii, wo will siijiposo liiiil, Tiicnma Hrowii, David Leo 
 and Asa Hart liiivo "-..rh jis'.iil ti:o niorchuit ^MO, making 
 i?iiuO in all. 'I'licse iiii.minth luo icjfiviil by " Casli," and 
 aro oiitiTo;'. ;; i tliu liv/iif, o • It-ft-haiul page, in three sepa- 
 rate entries, eaoii with the name of liie jierson paying tlio 
 moiioy, and the date or tjio payment. At the end of the 
 moi\th, wlien liio "C^ash Hook " is pci.-ited, these amiiinits 
 aro carried to tlie ledj^er to tiio rrvlit of tlie ])artie3, tliat 
 is, a*»> i.s ciedite.l to ea ;h. 'Die liggregale ^•iOO is then 
 jiosted to tiie defi.t'A "C'.isii" in tlie Iiedger;and tlinsthe 
 debit of ♦•lOO to "Casli" balances ti'o three credits of 
 |2U0 each to Thomas Brown, David Leo and Asa Hart. 
 
 Tlio same principle appHes to payments made by the 
 merchant. Let ns suppose he pays to Martin, Frazier & 
 Co. ijioOO; to Jlolmes Bros. 8G(iO; and to Jenkins & Son 
 ♦300. Here wo liiiVo 11,400 paid ont. Each of these 
 amounts is entered with the chito of payment on the right 
 hand i>r credit sido of the "Cash Hook." In other words, 
 " Casli " is credited with t'.iese sums, because they have 
 been taken from "Cash " ami paid to the parties named. 
 In posting the "Cash Hook" at tlie end of the month, 
 thtse entries a'o carred to the ddit r' the accounts of the 
 j)ri)i),r persons in the Ledger. J'i.rtin I''razier A Co. are 
 debited or charged willi ioOO; Ilo'nu s Bros, with |G00; and 
 Jenkins it Son with ^;}0(). Tl.eso persons have received 
 the uhovo Slims, and are tlert'ore proncrly debited or 
 char 'cd wi'n them. The ..ggiegate amount, ♦1,400, is 
 entere 1 on the I^Hlger to too credit of "Cash," because 
 " C.iflh " has paid tliern, and muhl receive credit for such 
 pavnients. 'I hiis the single entry of ♦1,400 fo the credit 
 of " Cash." b ilance.s the three charges against the persons 
 to wl 'in tiiesi'ins were paid. 
 
 H;it suppose the merchant, receives from Henry Iloltthe 
 Biiiii of *>'O0; from liiohard Jones ♦;500; and from Edward 
 Wliilo ♦300 — inaMng ♦SOO received. These sums are 
 enrered on the " Cash Hook" as debits ifgainst " Cash " — 
 the <'iilries lieing j;t the .same time credits to ♦'i,- partic' 
 making the pavment, 'i'lio merchant pavs out the follow- 
 ing .-iiiins: T) W.iltcr Hyde, ♦lOO; to Peter Wright. ^VHk 
 and to Lyle & Co. ♦100, in all ♦3'.i5 p.dd out. which is less 
 than the ainoinit ho received. 'I'he.-io ]i;ivinents aro en- 
 tered on the " Cash Hook " to the cr-dit ;>f " ^,•.^h." and 
 are at the same time separate debits or charges agjiinst the 
 i)ersoMs to whom the money is paid. In order to ascertain 
 now rntich money is on hand afcer makingtiiese payments, 
 the " Cash Hook " must be (jntmired. 'I'o do this, add the 
 amounts in tlio //V.v/ column of the ilebit Mv. and write 
 down the •■inouut. ♦SOO, in the .s^ro;/!/ column, on a line 
 wit'i tiie hist entry, ii.mI .d.^o i.tlhe bottom of thateoliimn. 
 Then !idd tiie amounts ii; \hr first column on the credit 
 l)age, ;nd write the amount, ♦3v'.'"), in the aeco'i^Cfilumn of 
 that jvige, on a line with the last entry on that jiage. 
 Then "ubtraet the $31'.") paid out from the ♦sno received, 
 doing this on a separate slip of paper. 'I'his h'aves a 
 remainder of ♦47."). which is the balance of cash in hand. 
 Now write icit/t red ink on tiie credit page, below the last 
 entry on tiiat page, the amount ♦4T.''>, in the ."fro/j'/coli'tnii 
 of that pat;e, nreceded by tlu 'vord " iialance." This 
 " balance, added to the amount .A payments, will give 
 ♦800, tlie amount received and entered on the ilcliil page. 
 This amo'iiit must be written at the bottom fif the fecntid 
 column on the credit page, and on a line with the bottom 
 figures on the defdt page. The " Cash Hook " is now said 
 to be hiibniced. 
 
 The "Cash Book " should he balanced everyday, in 
 order to ascertain the aviiouni of money ou hand at tlie 
 jse of the dav's transactions. 
 
 The "Cash Book" should be posted once a month. 
 That is, the entries in it should bo transferred to the 
 Ledger, and entered there each in its proper account. As 
 these transfers are made, tlie/o//o (or number of the page) 
 of the Ledger to which tlio entry is posted. Bhould bo 
 written i i the " Cash Book," in the column ruled for that 
 purpose, which is immediately on the left of the dollars 
 and cents column, 'i'his insures accuracy in referring 
 from the "Cash Book" to the Ledger. The "Cash 
 Book " is now said to be closed — that is, all the en- 
 tries for the month have been transferred tc ^heir proper 
 jilaces in the Ledger; and the book-keeper is ready to 
 commence the record of the transactions of the next 
 month. 
 
 In thd example given above, the merchant bad a balance 
 of t475 of cash in hand at the end of the month. The 
 reader will naturally ask, " What must be dene with this 
 baianceP" It must bo borne in mind that the book- 
 keeper must treat the cash transactions of each month as 
 a separate account. When the " Cash Book " is closed for 
 January, he must begin a new cash account for February, 
 and EO on tlirough the year. He turns to a new debtor 
 page and opens a new account on the first of the month. 
 In the case under consideration, he carries forward the 
 balance of ♦475, and enters it m red tnk in the tecond 
 column of tho debit page, preceding it with the date (the 
 first of the month) in its proper column, and the woi J 
 " Balance " in its proper place. This shows that " Cash " 
 has befrun the new month with ^475 in hand. "Cash" 
 is therefore, properly charged witli it. 
 
 Now suppose the merchant receives from various persons 
 during tho month money to the amount of 1525, and pays 
 out to sundry parties money to the amount of $360. The 
 receipts are all entered, each with its proper date and the 
 name of tho person making the payment, on the debit page 
 of tho "Cash Book," tho amounts being written in the 
 first dollars and cents column; the sums paid out are 
 entered in tho same way on the credit side of the " Cash 
 Book," tho amounts being written in the first dollars and 
 cents column of that page. 
 
 In cljsing the " Casji Bo^k " at the end of the second 
 month, the book-keepe.- must add the amount of tho 
 debits, which, as we have seen, is ♦.525, and write this 
 aggregate in the second column on a line with tie last 
 entry in the lir.st column. This will jilace it under the 
 " balance" of ^475 remaining from the tirst motith, which, 
 as wo have seen, was written at the top of the second 
 dollars ami cents column of tho det/it page. These two 
 amounts are then athletl, and give a total of $1,000, which 
 must bo written at !lie bottom of the second column. 
 This shows the total amount of the debits or charges 
 against "('ash" during tiic month. The book-keeper 
 now turns to the credit iiage and adds tho amounts of tiie 
 money paid out. The total as we have seen is $350. He 
 writes this amount in lliO atcw;/*/ column of tho credit page 
 on a line with tho last entry of moi.oy jiaid out. He then 
 subtracts the amount of the credits from the amount of 
 the debits, ami finds a reniaiiitler of ♦tl50, which is the 
 ac uiit left to to the debit of " C^ash," or the balance of 
 cash in hand at tiie end of the month. He writes with 
 with red ink- the amount, ♦050, preceded by tho word 
 " Balance" in tho second column of tb.a credit page under 
 the total of tho credits. These two sums nre then iidiled 
 and give a lota! of ♦1,000, and this anitiiiM is written at 
 the bottom of tho second column of the credit page, and 
 balances the $',000 at the bottom of tho debit page. The 
 amounts arc then transferred t.) tlieir respective accounts 
 in the Ixxlger, and tho "Cash Book" is closed for the 
 second month. Tho balance, of ♦G50, is then carried as 
 before to tho top ot u new debit page, and the " Cash 
 
 ( 
 
a month. 
 Irred to the 
 pcouiit. As 
 of the page) 
 , should bo 
 lied for that 
 1 tho dollars 
 In referring 
 Tl'ho "Cash 
 J all the en- 
 Iheir proper 
 lis ready to 
 ^f the next 
 
 a balance 
 lonth. The 
 le with this 
 
 the book- 
 |h month as 
 is closed for 
 
 Kebrunrj, 
 new debtor 
 the month, 
 'orward the 
 the tecond 
 e date (the 
 d the woid 
 lat " Cash " 
 Cash" 
 
 ious persons 
 '5, and pays 
 1360. The 
 lite and the 
 e (/ebif page 
 tten in the 
 lid out are 
 the "Cash 
 dollars and 
 
 the second 
 unt of the 
 
 write this 
 th tie last 
 
 under the 
 nth, which, 
 the second 
 These two 
 000, which 
 id column, 
 or charges 
 rtok-keoper 
 nits of the 
 #••150. He 
 credit jtage 
 He then 
 amount of 
 iich is the 
 haliuice of 
 rites with 
 
 tho word 
 liigo under 
 hen added 
 written at 
 P'tpe, and 
 'age. The 
 3 accounts 
 Jd for tho ' 
 carried as 
 he '• Ciirih 
 
 BOOK-KEEPINQ. 
 
 } 
 
 Book is in read'ness for the record of the transaol-ions of 
 the third month. 
 
 These explanations will show tho reader tho viea of and 
 the manner of keeping tho "Cash Book." 'ue would 
 earnestly recommend him to commence practicing a system 
 of book-keeping, beginning with tho "Cash Book." He 
 should obtain a blank book, and rule it himself in order to 
 become familiar with tho form of tho pages. Each page 
 giiould bo ruled as follows: on tlio left-hand siderulea col- 
 umn for dates, and on the rig'it hand side rule a column 
 for tho numbers of the Ledger folios to which the entries 
 are to be posted, ami on the right of this rule two sets of 
 columns for dollara and cents. 'J'he wide space ii\ the mid- 
 dle of tho page is used for the iiituiesof tho persons makinj; 
 payments or to whom payments aro ma<le. Now let tiio 
 reader make the entries in tho manner explained in -ho 
 preceding pages, and ho will have a " Cash Book" in jiroper 
 8iia|>e, and will thus familiarize himsek* with this import- 
 ant branch of book-keeping. 
 
 THE PKTTY CASH BOOK. 
 
 It is the custom of most book-keepers to use what is 
 called a petty cash book. Any blank book ruled with dol- 
 lars and cents column will answer. The petty cash book 
 is used for expenditures only, and its use saves t. o book- 
 keeper a great deal of time and labor which wouh be re- 
 quired were all the minor expenses of an establishment 
 enteied in tho cash hook and transferred separately to their 
 proper uccjunts in tho ledger. The book-kee ercnters all 
 the small sums paid out day by day in tho pettj cash book, 
 such as "Sundry Expenses," "Freights." "Interest," 
 money paid to employes who have no fixed pay-day, "Tele- 
 grams, " Porterage," etc. At tho end of the week, or 
 month, as his custom m&y be, ho adds these expenditures 
 in the petty cash book, and enters tiio aggregate amount 
 on the credit page of tho regular cash book, from which it 
 is posted to the ledger, in tho ordinary way. Bear in mind 
 that the petty cash bonk is used for entering minor expendi- 
 itires only, and never for entering money received. 
 
 THE DAY BOOK. 
 
 Tho day book is used for recording tho transactions of 
 each day, except those which aro made for cash, and which 
 aro entered in tho cash book. It is frecjuently called tho 
 sales book, as all tho sales are entered in it. It is also used 
 to record all purchases of goods made by tho merchant, 
 and thus takes tho place of a separate book, which was for- 
 merly used, am' which was known as tho purchase book. 
 
 The day book is ruled differently from either the cash 
 book or letlger. On the left of the page isa single column, 
 and on th-. right aro three sets of dollars and ct nts col- 
 umns. The date is written, day by day, ai tho top of the 
 page; the column on tho left is for tho num' <>r of the urti- 
 cloi sold; tho wide space in tho middle is for tho name of 
 the purchasers and a description of tho goods sold to them; 
 the first set of dollars and cents columns is forthoentry of 
 tho amounts of tho sales; and tho third set is for the entry 
 of tho aggregate amount of tho sales to each percon. The 
 second, or middle set of dollars and cents columns, is 
 known as tho cash column, and in it aroeiitcred tho aggre- 
 gates of all bills for which cash is paid when the purchase 
 Id made. TLo use of it greatly simplifies tho labor of tho 
 book-keeper, and avoids confusion in keeping tho accounts. 
 Where this column is used, all bills that aro paid before 
 tho end of tho mouth aro entered in the cash column; all 
 bills that are not paid before tho end of the month, or at 
 tho time of tho purchase, are entered as has been said, in 
 tho third column. When tho sale is reported to tho book- 
 keeper, he iniiBt 1)0 informed as to the manner of payment, 
 in order that ho may know in which column to enter the 
 amount. It is the custom whore goods are paid for at tho 
 
 time of the purchase, to make a "check " in red ink in ilie 
 margin after the amourt, and also in the margin before the 
 name. This shows thiit the book-ket-per is not to post 
 these entries in the same manntr thai the sales on credit 
 are to be po.sted. 
 
 For examj'le, let n^i .^uppore John Smith, of Camden, 
 N. J., buys a bill of g'>ods from the merchant to the 
 amount of ijilOO. Tii.s .-ale is entered in the daybook 
 under its proper date, with the articles an<i the number of 
 them. Tlie price of each article is written in the first set 
 of dollars and ceiit.s columns. If the nale is f'-r cai-h. the 
 aggregate or total amount of the bill i.s written in the 
 second set of dolhirs and cents column?, and a "eheck" in 
 red ink is placed opposite the name of John Siniili, and 
 another one opposite the ag^rregate amount. This shows 
 that the sale is for ca.^h. If the Fale is on credit — say 
 sixty days' time — the aggregate is written in the third set 
 of dollars and cents columns, and the acc.iunt is jiottted in 
 the ledger in tho usual w.iy at the end of the month. 
 
 I'O.STIXft THE DAY BOOK. 
 
 The entries in tho day book should be pootfd to the 
 ledger at the end of every week. The various entries of 
 sales on credit are carried to the ledger, and each written 
 there ir; its proper account, and the number of tlie ledger 
 folio or page to which the account is carried, is written in 
 red ink in the left-hand margin of the page of tho day 
 book, in order that the book-keeper may refer to it 
 l)romptly. These entries arc carried to the d'bit of tho 
 accounts in the ledger, as they arc charges against the 
 persons to whom the sales are made. 
 
 Tho book-keeper now takes the caeh sales entered in the 
 day hook. Of course, when ca^h is paid on the spot for 
 goods, tho transaction is complete, ana there is no necessity 
 for opening an account with tho nurchaeer in the ledger. 
 To do so would he simply to crowd the ledger with useless 
 accounts. The book-keeper, therefore, adds the amounts 
 in tho second or cash column of the day book, and writes 
 the total in the third set of dollars and cents columns. 
 Tho third column is then added, and the total written at 
 tho bottom. This total repre.sents both the cash and the 
 credit sales, and of course, shows the total amount of 
 business done during tho month. The various entries 
 having been posted as descrilxd to their projMjr accounts 
 in the ledcrer, the total of the third column is entered in 
 the credit m\c of tho merchandi!-aa<:count of tho house in 
 tho ledger. "Merchandise" is here treated, like "cash," as 
 a person. It has supplied the goods pold, and is therefore 
 creditiil with them. This entry is aUo a debit against the 
 ]iurcha.sers for the goods taken out of the house during 
 the month. 
 
 In.stead of posting the total of the "cash column" as a 
 debit from the day book to the ledger, the book-keeper 
 enters it on the debit page of the cush book as follows: 
 "Sundry sales, day book folio — ," and makes a check in 
 red ink in the margin on the left of the entry. Caah 
 iiaving been jiaid into the concern for these sales, "cash" 
 is properly debited for them in tho ca^h book. This total 
 is included in the footing of the debit page of tho cash 
 book, and is posted from it to the ledger to the debit of 
 "cash." Thus the dibit to "cash" balances the crff /iV to 
 "merchandise" in the ledger. 
 
 TIIK MKKCHASPISE Arrot'KT. 
 
 Merchandise, as we have said, is treated as &person. It 
 is debited or charged with all gfKxls received by the house, 
 and credited with all gowls sold. 
 
 It is tho custom to devote, every month, one or more 
 pages of tho dav b-ok, as neceasity may refjuire, to a 
 "double entrv" headed as follows: "Merchandise debtor 
 to sundries,"— that is, "Merchandise debtor to the follow 
 
^ fi 
 
 •r 
 
 1 
 
 ■4i 
 
 ,1 < 
 
 
 , \ 
 
 
 ! 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 ing." liio book keeper enters under this heading all bills 
 of goods which tiie house has purchased during the month, 
 uiiii all other items with wiiich it is ueoessury to debif or 
 c.hargo "morchiindiso" and credit other accounts. Each 
 amount must l)o written separately in the luinie of its 
 proper account, and the various entries i-.iust bo placed 
 one under the other down the page, with lao dates written 
 in the margin on the left-hand side of the page. 
 The amounts of the various entries are written in the 
 Jimt set of dollars and cents columns, and the total is 
 written imvi'uliatelu below. In no case must t'.ie rntrv or 
 entries bo extended into the second or third setc ' f dollars 
 and cents columns. Every transaction is complete, and 
 must be couSned to the portions of the page indicated. 
 Tho amounts of the various entries are then posted to the 
 credit of their proper accounts in tho lodger, and the total 
 of all of them is posted to tho debit of "merchandise" in 
 the ledger. 
 
 The leader is earnestly recommended to rule several 
 pages of a blank book in the manner described, and to 
 
 Eractico keeping a day book according to the instructions 
 3rein contained. By this it is no' meant that he should 
 simply copy or confine himself to the forms given in these 
 pages. lie should begin with the cash or day books, open 
 a complete set of books, and keep them as though he were 
 actually engaged in business, extending them as far as 
 possible, ana posting them as directed in these instruc- 
 tions. This will give him an amount of practice which 
 will be found very useful, and will enable him to become 
 thoroughly familiar with all tho various traDBactions and 
 requirements of book-keeping. 
 
 QENER.VL PRINCIPLES. 
 
 I. The person or persons investing in the business 
 should be credited, nnaor some title, for all such iurest- 
 
 ments, and also for his or their share of the gains. On 
 the other hand, he or they should be debited for all liabil- 
 ities assumed by the concern for him or them, for all sums 
 withdrawn by him or them from tho business, and for such 
 losHcs as he or they are entitled to share. 
 
 II. Cash account should be debited for all cash receipts, 
 aiul credited for all disbursements. 
 
 III. Merchandise, and all species of property bought 
 upon speculation, sho.ild be debited, under some a)>pro- 
 priate head, with thecostof the property represented, and 
 credited with its proceeds. 
 
 IV. Bill Receivable account should be debited with 
 other people's notes, acceptances and other written obliga- 
 tions, when they become ours, and credited when they are 
 paid, or otherwise disposed of. 
 
 V. Bills Payable account should be credited with our 
 notes, acceptances or written promises to pay, when 
 they are Issued, and debited when they are paid or 
 redeemed. 
 
 VI. Personal accounts, such as the names of persona, 
 banks, or other institutiotis competent to sue or be sued, 
 should be debited under their proper titles when they 
 become indebted to us, or we get out of their debt, and 
 credited when we become indeoted to them, or they get 
 out of our debt. 
 
 VII. All expenses, of whatever name, should be debited 
 with th: outlay, and ..11 causes, of whatever kind, produc- 
 ing us value, sliould be credited, under some name, for the 
 amount thus produced. 
 
 The foregoing principles are all embraced in the follow- 
 ing simple Rule. 
 
 Debit what costs the concekn valuk, avd cbbdit 
 what pltoduces the conceun valub. 
 
 TWENTY THOUSAND THINGS WORTH KNOWING. 
 
 w£v 
 
 RELATITK HARDNESS OP WOODS. 
 
 Taking shell bark hickory as the highest standard of our 
 forest trees, and calling that 100, other trees will compare 
 with it for hardness as follows : 
 Shell Bark Hickory. . ..100 Yellow Oak CO 
 
 Pignut Hickory 96 
 
 White Oak 84 
 
 White Ash 77 
 
 Dogwood 75 
 
 Scrub Oak 73 
 
 White Hazel 72 
 
 Apple Tree 70 
 
 Red Oak 69 
 
 White Beech 65 
 
 Black Walnut 6.'5 
 
 Hard Maple 66 
 
 White P:im 58 
 
 Red Cedar 56 
 
 Wild Cherry 65 
 
 Yellow Pine 64 
 
 Chesnut b'i 
 
 Yellow Poplar 51 
 
 Buternut 43 
 
 White Birch 43 
 
 White Pine ^'' 
 
 Black Birch 62 
 
 Timber intended for posts is rendered almost proof 
 against rot by thorough seasoning, charringand immersion 
 in hot coal tar. 
 
 The slide of Alpnanh, oxtonding from Mount Pilatus 
 to Lako Lucorno, a distance of 8 miles, is composed of 
 25,000 trees, stripped of their bark, and laid at an inclina- 
 tion of 10 to 18 dogroos. Trees placed in the slide rush 
 from the mountain into tho lake m (5 minutes. 
 
 The .\lp8 rompri.so about 180 moiintaius, from 4,000 to 
 15, 732 feet high, tho latter being tho height of Mount Blano, 
 
 the highest spot in Europe. The summit is a sharp rid^e, 
 like the roof of a house, consistingof nearly vertical granite 
 Torka. The ascent requires 2 days, 6 or 8 guides are re- 
 quired, and each guide is paid 100 francs ($20.00). It was 
 ascended by two natives, Jacques Belmat and Dr. Packard, 
 August 8, 1786, at 6 a. m. Tney staid up 3U minutes, with 
 the thermometer at 14 degrees below the freezing point. 
 The provisions fr)zo in their pockets; their faces were 
 frost-bitten, lips swollen, and their sight much weakened, 
 but they soon recovered on their des' t. De Sanssure 
 records in his ascent August 2, 1700, t...it the color of the 
 sky was deep blue; the stars were visible in the shmle; the 
 barometer sunk to 16.08 inches (being 27.08 in Geneva) 
 the thermometer was 20^ degrees, in tho sun 29 degrees 
 (being 87 degrees at Geneva). The thin air works the 
 blood into a hiyrh fever, you feel as if you hardly touched 
 the ground, and you scarcely make yourself heard. A 
 French woman. Mademoiselle d'Angoville, ascended in 
 September, 1840, being drajiged u[) the last 1,200 feet by 
 guides, and crying out : "If I die, <rirry mo to the top. 
 Wtien there, sho nuule them lift her up, that she might 
 boast sho had been higher than any man in Europe. The 
 ascent of these awful solitudes is most |)orilou8, owing to 
 tho narrow p;;ths, tremendous ravines, icy barriers, preci- 
 pices, etc. In many places every step has to be cut in the 
 ice, the party being tied to eaoh other by ropes, so that 
 
TWEKTY THOUSAND THINGS WORTH KNOWING. 
 
 388/1 receipts, 
 
 VD CfiBDIT 
 
 if one slips he may bo held up by the rest, and silence la 
 euforceil, lost the noise of talking slioulil disl-Klge the 
 uvalanciies of the Aiguille (111 Midi. The view from the 
 n onntain is inexpressibly grand. On the Alps the limit 
 of iho vine is an elevation of 1,G0() feet; below l,<)(iO feet, 
 figs, oranges and olives a^ 3 prodneed. The limit of the oak 
 is 3,800 feet, of the tdies lut 2,800 feet, of the pine C,oO') 
 feet, of heaths and furze Jo 8,700 and 9,700 feet; and per- 
 petual snow e.xists at an elevation of 8,200 feet. 
 
 On the Andes, in hit. 2 degrees, the limit of perpetual 
 snow is 14,7GO feet; in Mexico, hit. 19 degrees, tiie limit 
 is 13,800 feet; on the peak of Teneriffe, 11,454 feet; on 
 Mount Etna, 9,000 feet; on the CaucasiiR, 9,900 feet; in 
 the Pyrenees, 8,400 feet; in Lapland, 3,100 feet; in Ice- 
 land, 2,890 feet. The walnut ceases to grow at an eleva- 
 tion of 3, GOO feet; the yellow pine at G.'iOO feet; the ash at 
 4.800 feet, and the fir at 0,700 feet. The loftiest inhab- 
 ited spot on the globe isthe Port House of Ancomarca, on 
 the Andes, in Peru, 10,000 feet above the level of the sea. 
 The 14th peak of the Ilimaluyas, in Asia, 25,659 feet high, 
 is the loftiest mountain in the world. 
 
 Ijanterbrunnen is a deep part of an Alpine pass, where 
 the sun hardly shines in winter. Itabounds with falls, the 
 most remarkable of which is the Staubbach, which falls 
 over the Balm precipice in n drizzling spray from a height 
 of 925 feel; best viewed in the morning sun or by moon- 
 light. In general, it is like a gauze veil, with rainbows 
 dancing up and down it, and when clouds hide the top of 
 the mountain, it seems as noured out of the sky. 
 
 In Canada, the falls of Montmorenci are 250 feet high, 
 the falls of Niagara (the Horse Shoe Falls) are 158 feet 
 high and 2,000 feet wide, the American Falls are 1G4 feet 
 high and 900 feet wide. The Yoseruiio Valley Falls are 
 2,600 feet high, and the Ribbon Fsilis of the Ynsemite are 
 3..300 f.-et high. The waterfall of the Arve, in Bavaria, 
 is 2,(Hm feet. 
 
 Tub PKUIODS OF Gestation are the .same in the horse 
 and ass or elfveu mouths each, camel 12 niontlis, elephant 
 2 years, lion .O months, bulTalo 12 inoiitliH, in the human 
 female 9 iiionihs, cow 9 nionths, sheep 5 months, dog 9 
 week.s.ciit 8 weeks, sow It? weeks, she wolf frnm 90 to 9."i 
 days. Tho goose sits 30 days, swans 42, hens 21, ducks 
 30, ponhens and turkeys 28. canaries 14, [ ^oons 14, par- 
 rots 40 days. 
 
 Acii.s OF AsiMAi.,s, Etc. — Elr hant loo years and up- 
 ward, Uliinoccros 20, Cnniel 100,'ljion 2."t to 70, Tigers, 
 Ijeopards, Jiiguars and Hyenas (in confinement) about 25 
 years, Beaver 50, deer 20, wolf 20, Fu.x 14 to IG, Lhiiuiis 
 15, Chamois 25, Monkeys and Bahoois IG to 18 years. 
 Hare 8, Squirrel 7. Ilabbit 7, Swine 25, Stdg under 50, 
 Horse 30, Ass 30, Sheep under 10. Cow 20, Ox 30. Swans, 
 I'arrots and Kavevis 200, Eagle loo. Geese 80, Hens and 
 Pigeons 10 to Ifi, Hawks 3G to 40, Cranos 24, Blackbird 
 10 to 12, Peacock 20. Pelican 40 to .50, Thrush 8 to 10, 
 Wren 2 to 3. Nightingale 16, Blackcap 15, Linnet 14 to 
 23, Goldfinch 20 to 24, Redbreast 10 lo 12. Skvlark 10 to 
 .30. Titlark fi to G, Chaffinch 20 to 24, Starling" 10 to 12, 
 Carp 70 to 150, Pike 30 to 40, Salmon IG, (!o<lfish 14 to 
 17, Kel 10, Crocodile 100, Tortoise 100 to 200. Whale esti- 
 nmtpd l.ooo; Queen Bees live 4 years, Hrones 4 months, 
 Workinif Bees G motiths. 
 
 Tho melody of singing birds ranks as follows .-The night- 
 ingale first, then tho linnet, titlark, sky lark and wood 
 lark. Tho mocking bird lias the greatest powers of imita- 
 tion, the robin and goldfinch are superior in vigorous 
 notes. 
 
 The condor of Peru has spread wings 40 feet, fcnthers 
 20 feet, quills 8 inches round. 
 
 In Englaixl, a (piarter of wheat, comprising 8 bushels, 
 yields 14 bushels 2^ pecks, divided into seven distinct kini^. 
 
 of flour, as follows: Fine flour, 5 bushels 3 pecks; bran, 3 Vj. ! 
 bushels; twenty-penny, 3 busliels; second.^, 2 jiecks; pol- 
 lard, 2 bushels; fine middlings, 1 peck; coarse ditto, 1 
 jieck. 
 
 The ancient fireek i)iialanx comprised 8,000 men, form- 
 ing a 8<piare battalion, with spears crossing each other, 
 and shields united. 
 
 The Roman legion was composed of C.OOO men, com- 
 prising 10 cohorts of GOO men each, with 300 horsemen. 
 
 'i'he ancient battering ram was of massive timber, GO to 
 KX) feet long, fitted with an iron head. It was erected 
 under shelter to j)rotect tlie GO or KKi men rt^quired to 
 work it. The largest was equal in force to a 3G-lb. shot 
 from a cannon. 
 
 Pile Driving on Sandy Soils. — The greatest force will not 
 effect a peiietrati*'!! exceeding 15 feet. 
 
 Various Sizes of Type. — ft reciuires 2o5 lines of Dia- 
 mond tyi»e to make 12 inches, of Pearl 178, of Ruby 1G6, 
 of Nonpareil 143, of Minion 128, of Brevier 112^, of 
 Bourgeois 102^, of Long Primer 89, of Small Pica 83, of 
 Pica 71 i, of English G4. 
 
 Wire roj)e8 for the transmission of power vary in size 
 from 5 to 4 inch diam. for from 3 to 300 horse jiower; to 
 promote flexibility, the rope, made of iron, steel, or cop- 
 per wire, as may be preferred, is provided with a core of 
 nemp, and the speed ia 1 mile per minute, more or less, as 
 desired. The rope should run on a well-balanced, grooved, 
 cast iron wheel, of from 4 to 15 feet diam., according as 
 the transmitted power ranges from 3 to 300 horse; tiie 
 groove shouM be well cushioned with soft iiiateri.il, as 
 leather or riibl)er, for the formation of a durable bed for 
 the rope. With good eare tho rope will last from 3 to 5 
 years. 
 
 Cannon bails go furthest at an elevation of 30 degrees, 
 and less as the bal'.. are less; the range is fiirihesl when 
 fired from west to east in the direction of the earth's 
 motion, which for the (liiirnai lolution on its axis, is at the 
 rate of 1,037 miles per hour, and in its orliit, GO. 092 
 miles. 
 
 The air's resistance ia such that a cannon ball of 3 lbs. 
 weight, diameter, 2.78 ins. moving with a velocity of 
 1.8!i<j feet per second, ia resisted bv a force equal to 
 l.'itt lbs. 
 
 Br. cklayers ascend ladders with loads of W lbs.. 1 foot 
 per second. There are 4b4 bricks in a ciiliic yard, and 
 4,356 in a rod. 
 
 A jMjwer of 250 tons is necessary to start a vessel weigh- 
 ing 3.0iX) tons over greased slides (.ii a marine railway, 
 when in motion, l.">o tons only is leqiii-cd. 
 
 A modern dredgiiij' machine, 123 ft. loiiir. beam 2G ft.. 
 breiuiih overall. 11 ft., will raise l.SO tons ot mud and 
 clay {K-r liour, 11 feet from wiit.i-lino. 
 
 In tanning, 4 His. of oak bark nnike 1 lb. of leatlier. 
 
 Flame is qiiencheil in aircoiitaiuinL' 3 percent, of car- 
 b>'>nic acid; the same percentage is fatal to animal life. 
 
 io*,' parts of oak maki? nearlv 23 ct' charcoal; beech 21, 
 deal 19. apple 23.7. elm 23. ash 2.^, birch 24, maple 22 8, 
 willow 18, pojilar 2'>, red pine 2'.M(>, white pine 23. The 
 charcoal u.^ed in gunpowder is niado from willow, alder, 
 and a few oilier woods. The eiiaired timber foiiiwi in tho 
 ruins of Herculanetim has nnder;,'onc no change in 1,800 
 years. 
 
 Four volumes of nitrogen and one of oxygen compose 
 atmospheric I'ir in all localities on tli" globe. 
 
 Air extracted from jmre wali r, under an air pump, con- 
 tains 34.8 per cent, of oxygen. Fish hreatlio this air, 
 respiring about 35 times per minute. Tho oxhydrogeu 
 lime light mny be seen from mountains at the distance of 
 2<i0 miles round. 
 
 Liglitning is n fleeted 150 to 200 miles. 
 
i i 
 
 \l VI, 
 
 iMti 
 
 TWENTY THOUSAND THINGS WOKTII KXOWINO. 
 
 1,000 cubic feet of 13 cuiidlo gaa is oquivalent to over 7 
 gills, of sperm oil, 5'J.9 Iba. of tiillow candles, and over 
 44 lbs. of sperm candles. 
 
 The time occupied by gas in traveling from a gas well (in 
 Pennsylvania) through H'i miles of pipe was 22 minutes, 
 pressure at the well was 55 lbs. per inch, pressure at dis- 
 charge 49 lbs. 
 
 A I birtli, the beats of the pulse are from 105 to 104, 
 and the inspirations of breath from TO to 23. From 15 to 
 20, the pulsations are from 00 to 57, the inspirations, from 
 24 lo Kj; from 29 to 50, the pulsations are 112 to 60, the 
 ins|>irations 23 to 11. In usual states it is 4 to 1. The 
 action of the heart distributes 2 ozs. of blood from 70 to 
 80 times in a minute. 
 
 The mean heat of the human body is 98 degs. and of the 
 skin 90 degs. Tea and coffee are tisually drank at 110 degs. 
 
 The deepest coal mine in England is at Killingworth, 
 .tear Newcastle, and the mean annual temperature at 400 
 yards below the surface is 77 degrees, and at 300 yards 70 
 degrees, while at the surface it is but 48 degrees, being 1 
 degree of increase for every 15 yards. This explains the 
 origin of hot springs, for at 3,300 yards the heat would be 
 equal to boiling water, taking 20 yards to a degree. The 
 heat of the Bath waters is 116 degrees, hence they would 
 appear to rise 1,320 yards. 
 
 I'eron relates that'at the depth of 2,144 feet in the sea 
 the thermometer falls to 45 degrees, when it is 86 degrees 
 at the surface. 
 
 Swemberg and Fourier calculate the temperature of the 
 celestial spaces at 50 degrees centigrade below freezing. 
 
 In Northern Situ'ria the ground is frozen permanently 
 to the depth of GC>0 feet, andoidy thaws to the e.xtcnt of 3 
 or 4 feet in summer. Below 6fiO feet internal heat begins. 
 
 liiver water contains about 30 grs. of solid matter in 
 every cubic foot. Fresh water springs of great size 
 abound under the sea. Perhaps the most remarkable 
 springs exist in California, where they are noted for pro- 
 ducing sulphuric acid, ink, and other remarkable products. 
 
 St. Winifred's Well, in England, evolves 120 tons of 
 water per minute, furnishing abundant water powsr to 
 drive 11 mills witiiin little more than r* mile. 
 
 The French removed a red granite column 95 feei high, 
 weighing 210 tons, from Thebes, and carried it to Paris. 
 The display of costly architectural ru'.ns at Thebes is one 
 of the most astonishing to be seen anywhere in the world. 
 The ruins anil costly buildings in old Eastern countries, 
 are so vast in their proportionsand so many in number that 
 it would require volumes to describe tln3m. 
 
 Babel, now called Birs Niniroud, built at Babylon by 
 Belus, was used as an observatory and as a temple of the 
 Sun. It was composed of 8 square towers, one over the 
 other, in all 670 feet high, and the same dimensions on 
 each side on the ground. 
 
 The Coliseum at Rome, built by Vespasian for 100,000 
 spectators, was in its longest diameter 615-5 feet, and in 
 the shortest 510, embraced 5^ acres, and was 120 feet high. 
 
 Eight aqueducts supplied ancient Home with water, de- 
 livering 40 millions of cubit feot daily. That of Claudia 
 was 47 miles long and 100 feet high, so as to furnish the 
 hills. Martia was 41 miles, of which 37 were on 7,000 
 acres 70 fe»t high. These vast erections would never have 
 been built had the Romans known that water always rises 
 to its own level. 
 
 The Temple of Diana, at Ephesns, wa8 42r) feet long and 
 225 feet broad, with 127 columns, 60 feet high, to support 
 the roof. It was 220 yi-ars in building. 
 
 Solomon's Temple, built H. C. 1014, was 60 cubits or 
 107 feet in length, the breadth 20 cul)it8or 36 feet, and the 
 height 30 cubits or 64 feet. The porch was 30 feet long 
 and 18 feet wide. 
 
 The largest one of the Egyptian pyramids is 543 feet 
 ■\'jh, 093 feet on the sides, and its base covers 11 acres. 
 The layers of stones are 208 in number. Many stones are 
 over 30 feet long, 4 broad and 3 thick. 
 
 The Temple of Ypsambul, in Nubia, is enormously mas- 
 sive and cut out of the solid rock. Belzoui found in it 4 
 immense figures, 65 feet high, 25 feet over the shoulders, 
 with a face of 7 feet and the ears over 3 feet. 
 
 Sesostris erected in the temple in Memphis imniense 
 statues of himself and his wife, 50 feet high, and of his 
 children, 28 feet. 
 
 In the Temple of the Sun, at Baalboc, are stones more 
 than 60 feet long, 24 feet thick and 16 broad, each em- 
 bracing 23,000 cubic feet, cut, squared, eculpture<l. and 
 transported from neighboring tjuarries. Six eiiormons col- 
 umns are each 72 feet high, composed of 3 .stones 7 feet in 
 diameter. Sesostris is credited with having transported 
 from the mountains of Arabia a rock 32 feet wide and 240 
 feet long. 
 
 The engineering appliances used by the ancients in the 
 movement of these immense masses are bnt imj>erfectly 
 understood at the present day. 
 
 During modern times, a block of granite weighing 1,217 
 tons, now used as the pedfstal of the eqiiestiian statute of 
 Peter the Great, at St. Petersburg, was transported 4 miles 
 by land over a railway, and 13 miles in a vast caisson by 
 water. The railway consisted of two lines of timber fur- 
 nished with hard metal grooves; between these grooves were 
 placed spheres of hard brass about 6 inciies in diameter. 
 On these spheres the frame with its massive load was easily 
 moved by 60 men, working at capstans with treble purchase 
 blocks. 
 
 In 1716 Swedenborg contrived to transport (on rolling 
 machines of his own invention) over valleys and mount- 
 ains, 2 galleys, 5 large boats and I sloop, from Stromstadt 
 to Iderfjol (which divides Sweden from Norway on the 
 South), a distance of 14 miles, by which means Charles 
 XII. was able to carry on his plans, and under cover of tl.e 
 galleys and boats to transport on pontoons his heavy aiiil- 
 lery to the very walls of trederickshall. 
 
 Belzoni considered the tract between the first and second 
 cataract of the Nile as the hottest on the globe, owing to 
 there being no rain. The natives do not credit the phe- 
 nometion of water falling from above. Hence it is that all 
 monuments are so nicely jjreserved. Buckingham found a 
 building left unlinished about 4,000 years ago, and the 
 ('h;ilk niiirks on the stones were still perfect. 
 
 Pompey's Pillar is 92 feet high, and 27^ round at the 
 base. 
 
 Water is the absolute master, former and secondary agent 
 of the power of motion in everything terrestrial. It is the 
 irresistible power which elaborates everything, and the 
 waters contain more organized beings than the land. 
 
 Rivers hold in suspension 100th of their volume (more 
 or less) of mud, so that if 30 cubic miles of water (the esti- 
 mated quantity) flow daily into the sea, 36 cubic miles of 
 soil are daily displaced. The Rhine carries to the seaevury 
 day 145,980 cubic feet of mud. The Po carries out '.he 
 land 228 feet per annum, consequently Adria which 2,,M)0 
 years ago was on the sea, is now over 20 miles from it. 
 
 The enormous amount of alluvium deposited by the Mis- 
 sissippi is almost incalculable, and constantly renders 
 necessary extensive engineering operations in oriior to re- 
 move the impediments to navigation. 
 
 As an exponent of the laws of friction, it may be stated 
 that a stiuaro stone weighing 1,080 lbs. which required a 
 force of 758 lbs. to drag it along the floor of a quarry, 
 roughly chiseled, required only a force of 22 lbs. to move 
 it when mounted on a platform and rollers over a plank 
 tloor. 
 
 Cx^ 
 
IWtXI^ TJIDISAXI) THIX(i8 WOHTH KNOWING. 
 
 riic l]i>i;ijt of v.iiil (iiickd ii eniitaziieoi ui ',tv inileH jici' 
 lioiir, I hut. of tlie .swift M 5S00 niikrtf. <-jUTi»r f.ijreoiis lis 
 riiilos, swiillowi) (>() lulled, inigiatorjr lKr<i* iuive croBse<l ihe 
 MudittM-ninouii at ii ^peed of r<(0 milei (k.t hour. 
 
 The Nile Inw n full of 6 ia*. in l,W/0 miles. The rise of 
 the I'ivLT c'oininerincH in .fnn», <»otinniiig until ihe iiiidiile 
 of August, iitttiMutiij an eleTaJton of fr<^ru *<i4 {o W feel, 
 and liowinjj the valley of Kgypt 1:! ma]*-- wide. In 1829 it 
 rose to Hi oubits, by which 30,»X» ;*rie»jtis were drowned. 
 !t is a terrible climate to lire in, o^inf:; to tlie festering,' 
 iieat and detesitable exhalation* finonn tLe iuiui,etc., left 
 oil the retiring of the Nile, which adds about 4 inches to 
 the soil ill a century, and encrooKcfaec on the sea ]G feet 
 every year. Bricks have been foand«t the deptli cf GO feet, 
 showing the vast antiquity of iheoouDtrr. In productive- 
 ness of soil it is exrelled by no other in the world. 
 
 How to Splice a Belt in Order to Mjike it Hun Like an 
 Kndle.s8 Helt. — Use tlio fougheat yeilloirgiue jirepared in 
 the ordinary way, while hot, sttniiiig in thoroughly about 
 20 per cent of its weight of tannic acid* or extract of tan 
 bark. Apply to the splice and qaicUf clamp together. 
 Tlie si)lice should be made of Mamd ed^e? extending 3 to 
 6 inchc.'! back, acco'din;i to rhickn«M of belt. The surface 
 to be perfectly clean and free from oiL 
 
 IIow Many Pound.s of C' / it Boquires to Maintain 
 .Steam of One-Horse Power p*r Hour. — Anthracite 1 j to 
 5 pounds, according to ;he ei:»no!n» of boiler and engine. 
 Bituminous and anthracite coal are Terr nearly equal for 
 equal qualities. They both Tiry from 7 to 10 pounds of 
 water evaporated per poand of ooad from a temperature of 
 212 degrees. 
 
 A Formula for CoUodio-bromide Emulsion that is 
 Ilupiil. — Ether s. g. O.T-iO. 4 flaji ounces; alcohol s. g. 
 0.820, 2i fluid ounces; pyroxTlJoe, Vj grains; castile 
 soap dissolved in alcohol, 30 graina; bromide of amnoniuni 
 and cadniiu'i., 56 grains. 
 
 IIow to Deaden the Noiw of .Si«un While Blowing off 
 Through a Wrought Iron Stand Pap* — The sound may be 
 much modified by enlargini? ih*- end of the pipe like a 
 trumpet or cone; which shoold fe* lonf. 20 or 30 times the 
 diaii\eter of the pipe, opening to 4 or 5 times its initial 
 size. 
 
 Why Fusible Plugs are Pnt tn the Crown Sheet of Loco- 
 mutivi) l.oilers. — To save the crown eb«et from burning in 
 r!ase of low water, when the flag melts and lets the steam 
 md water into the tirechamwr todampenand putout the 
 firo as well as to make an alarm. They may also be 
 employed on other forms of boiler^ and are much used in 
 connection with whistles for low-water alarms only. 
 Boilers sliouk ■J'^t be blown oot for cleaning with 
 fire under them or while the wa21« (if set in brick) 
 are hot enough to do damai^ to the iron shell. Loco- 
 motive boilers may be blown oat very soon after the 
 fire is entirely reniove<i. AEl bnck-set boilers should be 
 left several hours after the fire » drawn before blowing off 
 for cleaning. 
 
 How to Lace a Quarter Tarn B*lt so as to Have an 
 Equal Strain on Both B<Ige* of tib* Bell.— Begin on the 
 outside of the belt at the middle, nuf one end Ox liie iaoing 
 through one end of the belt and bring it out through the 
 (iorrt'spondiiig I'ole of t'u* oiihifreiid ot tlie belt. laying it 
 ding in:illy otT to the left. X"'* paws the "t her cn<l of the 
 la(uuir through the hole btft oial. and carry it over the 
 lirst strand of the la. ing o.i ibe inaide of the l>elt. passing 
 it ihroiigii thotiist noleaa.t5.ai*llay ii diagonally ipIT to the 
 right. Now prm^ceil to pa*i the laleing throuj^-b the holes 
 of the belt in a zigJtag i;onr<«», tifariiiziul thestraiids inside 
 ih(! belt parallel with the belt, and all t'n strands outside 
 
 iie belt oblique. Pass the lace twice through ihe holes 
 nearest the edge of the belt, then return the lace in the 
 reverse order toward the center of the belt, so as to cross 
 all the oblique strands, and make all the inside strands 
 double. Finally jiass the end of the laciLg through the 
 first hole used, then outward through an awl hole, then 
 hammcriiig it down to cause it to hold. The left side io 
 to be hiced in a similar way. 
 
 A I'stful Hint to Draughtsmen. — To strain drawing 
 paper dm a li'iaid. < iit the paper to the size required, lav it 
 1 the l)(i:ird faie downwards and thoroughly wet the 
 suriiue w itii a dump sponge or brutb. then turn it over 
 nnii wet the face in the same way ; roll it up tightly and 
 let it stay so for live or si.T minutes, unroll it. and turn up 
 the eilges about, an inch all around. Take liquid glue 
 (.Jackson's is the best) and apply it carefully to the edges, 
 then turn thenulown, and with a paiier knife press them 
 tothel)oard all around. Put the CKiard in an inclined 
 position where it is not too dry or warm, or the {lajH-r will 
 dry too fast and tear. If it i^ allowed to dry slowly the 
 surface will be perfectly even and smooth, and a pleasure 
 to draw upon. 
 
 Joints for Hot Water Pipes. — Sal-ammoniac, 'i oz.; 
 sublimed Rulphur, 1 oz.; cast-iron filings. 1 lb. Mix in a 
 mortar, and keep the powder dry. When it is to be used, 
 mix it with twenty times its weight of clean iron filingo, 
 and i;rind the whole in a mortar. Wet with water until 
 it becomes of convenient consistence. After a tini" it 
 becomes as hard and strong as any part of the metal- 
 When the Process of Oalvanizing Iron was First 
 Known. — A. The process of coating iron wit}i zinc, or 
 zinn and tin, is a French invention, and was patented in 
 Kn.rrlandin lS3r. 
 
 .\ Timber 'lest. — The soundness of timber may bo 
 ascertained by placing the ear close to one end of the log, 
 while another person delivers a succession of smart blows 
 with a hammer or mallet upon the opposite end, when a 
 loutinuance of the vibrations will indicate to an expe- 
 rienced car even the dei/ree of soundne.^. If only a dull 
 thud nici ts the car, the listener may be certain that un- 
 soundness exists. 
 
 Useful Hntsand Kecipes. — Following is a comparative 
 stati'inent of the toughness of various woods. — Ash. 100; 
 beech, 80; cedar fl Lebanon, M; larch. R3: sycamore and 
 coniinon walnut each, OH: occidental plane. 6fi: oak, horn- 
 beam and Spanish mahogany, each. 62, teak and acacia, 
 each, 58; elm and young chestnut, ^i. 
 
 All ingenius device lor stretchin;; 1 mery cloth for use 
 in the workshop consists of a couple of strips of wood 
 about 14 in. long, hingetl longitudinally, and of round, 
 half-round, triangular, or any other shape in cmss sec- 
 tion. On the inside faces of the woo^l strips are pointed 
 studs, fitting into holes on the opposite side. The strip of 
 emery cloth is laid onto one set of the studs, a. id the 
 file, as it i.s called, (?losed, whi"h fixes the .'trip on one side. 
 It is then similarly fixcl on the other sidi-. :ind th i,'> con- 
 stitutes what is called an emery file and whicn is a hauiy 
 and convenient; arrangement for workshop uae. 
 
 Method of making Artitioial Whetstones. — (Jelatinc of 
 good quality is dis.solved in it.s own weight of water. ;he 
 operation tu'ing condu'ted inadarkroom. Tothesolulion 
 oneand a half per ct nt. of bichroma'c of potash is added, 
 wliich iias proviouslv bt>.>ti di**>lv«d in a little water. A 
 quiinti'v of very fine ornery, »v|itai 'o nine timosthe weight 
 of the gelatine, is itimately mixed with the gelatine solu- 
 tion. Pulverized Hint may be substitntwl f'.remery. The 
 mass is molded into anv d.sircd sh.ip' . nd is then consoli- 
 dated by heavy pr-s-Mire. It is drie<! ly « xpobure to strong 
 sunlight for several hours. 
 
 ^ 
 
 =S^, 
 
 ?9 
 
Ill 
 
 ! i • 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 TWKKTY THOUSAND THINGS WUBTU KMOWINO. 
 
 Uow to Toughen Paper. — A plan for rendering paper as 
 tough as wood or leather haa been recently introauced; it 
 consists in mixing chloride of zinc with the pulp in the 
 oourae of manufacture. It has boon found that the greater 
 Um legree of concentration of the zinc solution, thegroiitiir 
 will be the toughness of the paper. It can be used for 
 making boxes and for routing. 
 
 How to Mend a Broken File. — Tiiero is no tool so easily 
 broken ac the file that the nmchiniHt Imsto work with, tiiid 
 li atx>ut the first thing thiit Hiiiips wiicii a kit of tools gets 
 upset upon the cross-beam of a iiuicliine or ii tool board 
 from the bed of an engine lathe. It ciiniioteven bo passed 
 from one workinun to itnother without Iteing broken, if 
 the file i* a new one or still good for anytliing, if an aj)- 
 jireutioo hai got anything to do w'lh it. and thoy are never 
 worth mending, howver great niuy lie their first cost, un- 
 less the plaster of Paris and liiiu! treatment eun make a 
 perf.-ct weld without injuring tho steel or disturbing the 
 form of the teeth. >Steel that is left as hard u.s a tile its 
 Tery brittle, and aofl sohler can hold us much on a steady 
 pull if it has a new surface to work from. Take a file, as 
 soon ad \i is broken, and wet tho break with zinc dissolved 
 in muriatic "cid, and tlien tin ovor with tho soldering iron, 
 This must be done immediately as soon as the file is brok- 
 en, as the break begin ■ to o.vydize when exposed to the air. 
 and in an hour or two will gather sullicie.it to make it im- 
 poasible for the parts to adhere. Heat the file a.s warm as 
 It will beur without disturbing its temp(!r as soon as well 
 tinned, and press tho two pieces firmly together, squeezing 
 out nearlv all the solder, and hold in place until the file 
 oooU. This can be done with very liitle t" trim oil, 
 and every portion of the break fitting accurately in place. 
 Bring l>oth pieces in lino with each other, and, for a file, it 
 is as strong in one place as in another, and i:: all that could 
 be a<ked for under the very best of weld'n treatment. 
 What wi;i Fasten Pen -il .Markings, to Prevent Ulurring. 
 — Immerse paper containing tlie murlings to bo pre- 
 served in a bath of clear water, then llciw or immerse in 
 milk a moment; hang up to dry. Having often had re- 
 coursv; to t.'iis method, ill preserving poiicil and crayon 
 drawingr, I will warrant it a sure cure. 
 
 How to Transfer Newspaper Prints to (ilas.s. — F'irstcoat 
 the q\iii.i with dammar vuiiiish, or else with Canada bal- 
 sam, mixed wit li an e(|iial volume of oil of ttirpeiiliiie, 
 and let it dry until it is very .sticky, which takes half a 
 day or more. The printed jiapcr to bo transferred .sliotdd 
 1* well .soaked in soft water, and carefully laid upon the 
 prepared glass, after removing surplus water with blotting 
 paper, and pressed upon it, so that no air bubbles or dropj 
 of watt-r are seen underneath. This should dry a whole 
 day before it is touched; then with wetted fingers begin 
 to rub ofiF the paper at the back. If this bo .skillfully 
 done, almost the whole of the paper can be removed, 
 leaving simply the ink upon tho varnish. When the 
 paper has been removed, another coat of varnish will 
 serTe to make the whole more transftareiit. Tiiis rei'ijic 
 h Sold at from *3 to 4^5 by itinerant.'^. 
 
 .\ Li d Cement for Cementing Leather, that Will Not 
 be Affiv.ed by the Action of Water. — A good cement for 
 splicing leather ie giitta percha dissolved in carbon disul- 
 phide, until it is of the thickness of treacle; the parts to 
 be cementeil must first be well thinned down, then pour 
 a small quantity of tho cement on both ends, spreading it 
 well so as to fill the pores of the leather; warm the parts 
 over a fire for about half a niimite, apply them quickly 
 together, and hammer well. Tiie botlio containing tho 
 cement should be tightly curkeil, iiiul kept in a cool 
 place. 
 
 The Quickest and Ue.«t Way to Drill Holes for Water 
 Pip<*s in iiough Plate (J lass. — Use ahardoned (file temper) 
 
 drill, with spirits of turpentine and camphor ',o tnake the 
 drill bite. A broken file in a breast brace will do good 
 work if a power drill is not obtainable. 
 
 A liecipe for Making Printers' Inks. — For black ink: 
 Take of balsam of copaiba (pure), ounces; lump black, 
 3 ounces; indigo and Prussian blue, of each half an ounce; 
 Indian red, } ounce; yellow soap (dry), 3 ounces; grind 
 the mixture to an impalpable smoothness by nuuns of a 
 stone and miiller. Canada balsam n ly be substituted for 
 balsam of copaiba where tho smoll of tho latter is objec- 
 tionable, but the ink tlien dries very quickly. The red 
 inks are similarly niad(> by using such pigments as car- 
 mine, lakes, vermilion, chrome yellow, red load, orange 
 red, Indian red and Venetian red. 
 
 A Cement to Stick White Metal Tops on Glass Bottles. 
 — One of the best cap cements consists of rosin, 5 ouikms; 
 beeswax, 1 ounce, rod ocher or Venetian red in pov.der, 1 
 ounce. Dry the earth thoroughly on a stove at a temper- 
 ature above :il'.J"^ Fah. Melt tlie wa.\ and resin together, 
 and stir in the powder by degrees. Stir until cold, lost 
 tho earthy matter settle to the bottom. 
 
 Tho Correct Meaning of the Tonnage of a Vessel. — The 
 law defines very carefully how the tonnage of different 
 vessels shall bo calculated. An ap{)roxiinato rule for find- 
 ing the gross tonnage is to multiply tho length of keel 
 between perpeadiculars by the breadth of vessel and 
 ilepth of hold, all in foot, and dividing tho product by 
 100. It is generally assumed thiit 40 .'ubic feet shall con- 
 stitute a ton, and tlio tonnago of a vessel is considered to 
 bo tho multiple of this ton, which mos; closely corresponds 
 with the internal capacity of the vessel. 
 
 A Hecipo for Re-inking Purple Type Ribbons. — Use: 
 .\niline violet, ^ ounce; jjure alcohol, 15 ounces; concen- 
 trated glycerine, 15 ounces. Dissolve the aniline in the 
 alcohol, and a-'d the glvcerine. 
 
 The Process of Givfng a Teinpered-Blue Color to the 
 Steel Plate and Malleai)lo Iron ('astings of a Roller Skate. 
 -In order to obtain an even blue, tho 'ork must have an 
 even fini.sh, and be made perfectly clean. Arrange a cast- 
 iron pot in a fire so as to heat it to tho temperature of 
 melted lead, or just below a red heat. Make a flat bottom 
 basket of wi.'o or wire cloth to sit in the iron bo.x, on 
 which place tho work to be blued, as many pieces as you 
 uuiy lind you can manage, always putting in pieces of 
 about the "same thickness and size, so that they will heat 
 evenly. Make a bail to the basket, so that it can be eiwily 
 liaiidfed. When the desired color is obtained, dip quickly 
 in hot water to stop the progress of the bluing, for an 
 instant ciily, so that enongh heat may bo retained to dry 
 the articles. A cover to the iron box may sometimes bo 
 used to advantage to hasten the heating. Another way, 
 miii'ii u.sed, is to varnish the work with ultriiniarinc var- 
 nish, which may be obtained from tho varnish makers. 
 
 Cement to Mend Iron Pots and Pans.— Take two parts 
 of sulphur and one part, by weight, of fine black lead; 
 put the sulphur in an old iron pan. holding it over the 
 fire until it begins to melt, then add the lead; stir well 
 until all is mixed and melted; then pour oiitonanirm 
 plate or smooth stone. When cool, break into sni ,11 
 pieces. A suflicient quantity of this compound being 
 pl.iced upon tho crack of the'iion pot to be mended, can 
 be .soldered by a hot iron in the same way a tinsmith sold- 
 ers his sheets'. If there is a small hole in the not, drive a 
 copper rivet in it, and then polder over it with tliis cement. 
 The Bept Method of Rendering Basement Walls Damp- 
 Proof. — Construct on ti;e outside an area wall so that the 
 earth does not, rest directly against tie main wall of the 
 house, but only against tho outside wall or casing of the ' 
 area. To form such .an area, build a waii imlf or one 
 brick thick parallel to and some 'Z or 3 inches from the 
 
TWENTY THOCSAXn TH1N03 WORTH KNOWING. 
 
 main wall, and form at tho bottom a cliaiincl or gutter 
 connected with the drains, so that any moisture or water 
 finduiK its way in through the outer caHiiig may be con- 
 ducteiT away and will not therefore penetrate into the 
 building. Thoroughly ventilate the ureas by moans of air 
 bricks or other suitable connections with the outer air, 
 and connect with one another by making through connec- 
 tions underneath the floor joists. He very careful that 
 tho main wall is laid on a good and cflicient damp course. 
 The top of the space between the area and :uain walls luuy 
 be covered in all around tha building witii bricks — orna- 
 mented or otherwise, as preferred — on a line just above 
 the ground. Another plan of effecting the same object is 
 to dispense wi'h the area wall and in building the brick 
 work to cover the whole of the work on the outside with a 
 thick layer of bituminous asphalt. The plaster on the 
 inside is in this case often rendered in nearly neat Portland 
 cement. 
 
 How to Caseharden I^arge Pieces of Steel. — A box Oi 
 cast or wrought iron should be provided large enough to 
 hold one or two of the pieces, with suflicient room all 
 around to pack well with the casehardeuing oiaterials, 
 which may be leather scrap, hoof shavings, or horn 
 shavings, slightly burned and pulverized, wliich may be 
 mixed with an equal quantity of pulverized charcoal. 
 Pack the pieces to be casehardened in the iron box so as 
 not to touch each other or the box. Put an iron cover on 
 the box and lute with clay. Heat gradually in a furnace 
 to a full red, keep at an even temperature for from 2 to 4 
 hours, raise the \n-\t to a cherry red during the last hour, 
 then remove the cover and take out the pieces and plunge 
 endwise vertically in water at shop temperature; 2 jier 
 cent, of liydroohlonnacid in the water improves its temper- 
 ing qualities and gives the metal an even gray color. 
 
 A (iijod and Cheap Preparation to Put on Friction 
 Matches. — Tho igniting composition varies with diirerent 
 makers. The following recipes may be taken as fairly 
 representative, the Brst being the best : 1. Phosphorus 
 by weight, ^ part ; potassium chlorate. 4 i)arts ; glue, 2 
 parts; whiting, 1 part; finely powdered glass, 4 parts; 
 water, 11 parts. '2. Phosphorus by weight, 2 parts ; 
 potassium chlorate, o parts; glue, '.i parts; red lead, li 
 parts, water, 12 parts. 3. A German mixture for 
 matches. Potassium chlorate, 7.8 parts; lead hyposul- 
 phite, 2'(J parts ; gum arable, 1 part. 
 
 To Find How Much I'in Vessels Will Hold.— For the 
 contents of cylinders : Square the diametor, and multi- 
 
 1)ly the product by 0.7854. Again, multiply by the 
 leiglit (all in inches). Divide tiie prodact by 231 for 
 gallons. Ftr the frustum of a cone: Add together the 
 squ ires of th) diameters of large and small ends ; to this 
 add tho product of the diameter of the two ends. Multi- 
 ply this sum by 0.7854. Multiply this product by the 
 height (all in inches). Then divide by 231 for the num- 
 ber of gallons. 
 
 A Useful llecipe.— For stopping the joints between 
 slates or shingles, etc., and chimneys, doors, \viiidow.s, etc., 
 a mixture of stiff white-lead paint, with s:ind enough to 
 prevent it from running, is very good, especially if pro- 
 tected by a covering of strips of lead or copper, tin, etc., 
 nailed to the mortar joints of the ctiin.neys, after being 
 bent so as to enter said joints, which .«liould be scraped 
 out for an inch in depth, and afterward rclilled. Mortar 
 protected in the same way. or even unprotected, is often 
 used for the purpose, but it is not equal to the jtaint ami 
 sand. Mortar a few days old (to allow refractory parti- 
 cles of li'-.ie to slack), mixed with blacksmith's cinders 
 and molasse.-i, is much used for this purpose, and becomes 
 verv hard and effective. 
 
 Tost for Hard or Soft Water. — Dissolve a small quan- 
 tity of good soap in alcohol. Let a few drope fall iLto a 
 glass of water. If it turns milkv, it is hard ; if not, it is 
 soft. 
 
 Test for Earthy Matters or Alkali in Water. — Take 
 litmus paper dipped in vinegar, and if, on immersion, the 
 |)aper returns to its true shade, the water does not con- 
 tain earthy matter or alkali. U a lew drops of syrup be 
 added to a water containii.g an earthy matter, it will turn 
 green. 
 
 Test for Carbonic Acid in Water. — Take equal par'-s of 
 water and clear lime water. If combined or i:"f car- 
 bonic acid is present, a precipitate is seen, to which if a 
 few drops of muriatic acid be added, an efferveacence 
 commences. 
 
 Test for Jlagnesia in Water. — Boil the water to a twen- 
 tieth part of its weight, and then drop a few grains of 
 neutral carbonate of ammonia into a giass of it, and a 
 tw drops of plio.-^pliate of soda. If magnesia be present, 
 It will fall to the bottom. 
 
 Test lor Iron in Water. — 1. Boil a little nutgal. and 
 add to the water. If it turns gray or slate, bhick iron is 
 present. 2. Dissolve a little prussiatc of potash, and, if 
 Iron is present, it will turn blue. 
 
 Test for Linu> in Water.- -Into a glass of water pet two 
 drops of o.\alic acid and blow upon it. If it gets milky, 
 lime is present. 
 
 Test for Acid in Water. — Take a piece of litmus paj)er. 
 If it turns red, there must be acid. If it preci|)itates on 
 adding lime water, it is carbonic acid. If a blue sugar 
 paper is turned red, it is a mineral acid. 
 
 Value of Manufactured Steel.— A pound of very fine 
 steel wire to make watch springs of, is worth alwut *4 ; 
 this will make 17,000 springs, worth ♦T.uoO. 
 
 Horses in Norway have a very seut^ible . of taking 
 their food, which perhaps might be benet. an. followed 
 here. They have a bucket of water put down beside their 
 allowance of hay. It is interesting to see with wiiat 
 relish they take a sip of the one and a moutljful of the 
 other alternately, sometimes only moistening their months, 
 as a ratiotud being would do while eating a dinner of such 
 dry food. A brokeu-winc'!ed horse is ."carcely ever seen in 
 Norway, and tho question is if the mode of feeding has 
 not .something to do with the preservation of the animal's 
 respiratory organs. 
 
 The Process of Fastening Riiblior Bolls on Clothes 
 Wringer. — 1. Clean s'laft thoroughly between the shonlder.s 
 or washers, where th') rubber goes on. 2. Give the shaft ;i 
 coatof copal varni.sli, ootween the shoulders, and let it dry. 
 3. (five siiaft coat of vurnish and wiml siiaft tightly asiws- 
 sible with live-ply jute twine at once, while varnish is 
 irrecu, and let it dry for aljout six hours. 4. (iivo shaft 
 o;'er the twine a (!oat of nibUer cement, and let it dry for 
 about six hours. 5. <i:\v: shaft over the twine a second 
 coat of riiljber cement, and let it dr\ for about six hours. 
 G. Remove wa.slier on the short end of siiaft, also the cog- 
 wheel if the -shaft has cogs on both ends. 7. See that the 
 rublier rolls are always longer than the space iM-tween the 
 wa^lier.s wliero the rubber goes on, a? they shrink or take 
 up a little in putting on the shaft. 8. CJeaii out the ln-le 
 or inside of roll with benzine, using a .-^mall brush or 
 swab. !). Put tho thiniblo or pointer on tl.e end of shaft 
 that the washer has been renioved from, and ^•i\e .<haft 
 over tho twine and thiniblo another coat of cement, and 
 stand same upright in a viso. 10. Give the in.=ide or hole 
 of roll a coat of cement with a small md or stick. 11. 
 Pull or force the roll on the shaft as quickly as jtossible 
 with a jerk, then rivet the washer on with a cold chisel. 
 
 
fi ; 
 
 F : ^1 
 
 ;i * 
 
 rWKNTY T1H)IS\NI> TlllVfi-i WOHTII KM 
 
 I.'. Lot 11)11 Stand atid gut diy for two or three (iavs before 
 iitiin^ HHiiiu. (Jeiiieiil for u.ie hIkhiM \iv no tliiek thai :i 
 will I III! fri'fly; if it ^oti too thick, thin it witli benzine 
 or iiaplithii. 
 
 How to Miikf KlTcrvescing Solution of Citrate of Mug- 
 iieuiii. -hiti.-iohc I'iliii' aciij 1(Ki grains in water "^'.(•OO 
 grains, adii caritonati' of nia^Miesia '.'(Hi grains; Ktir until 
 (lia-^ijlv.-d. Kilter into a I'^-nnnco bottle containing syrup 
 of citric acid l.'JdO grains. Add boded and liltercii water 
 to till bottle, drop in bieiirboinite of potudh in crystals .'So 
 grains and iinintcliait'lv cork. Shake until bicarbonate of 
 potash is dissolved. 'I'he syrnp of citric aciil is made fr.')ni 
 citric acid S parts, water .s p.irts, s))irit of lemon 4 parts, 
 Bjnip !i80 parts. 
 
 A Receipt for Making ilie IJlack ('cinei.t that is U.scd 
 for Filling Letters after 'I'hey arc Cut out in Hra^s. — .Mix 
 asphaltiim, brown japan and laiii|>black into a piitty-like 
 miws, till in the spaces, and linally clean the edges with 
 turpentine. 
 
 Useful Workshop Hints. — C vun r ■; i! l(..'.her Mii 
 HithoiK takii.g tliei' if thoi: 5 .'U-y^ !.i tr..;eri off they 
 will shrink, 'riien a piece uiw. inf je. -xto t'.iem ami 
 removed again after the li • ha-" 'ii'; ;. >•' days. Tlie 
 deeay of stone, either in 'Miiidiiigs *;. tuoniin. v <, may be 
 ariH'sted liy healing and ireiting with p.trallii. -d with 
 
 a litlle creosote. A common " jiaint burner " may :.r used 
 to heat the stoiu'. Set an i'ngi:>e ii|>oii three or four mov 
 able points, as u()Oii three cair on balls. Connect with 
 steam, ami exhaust by means of rubber hose. If the 
 engine will run up to speecl without mov,ng itself iiack 
 ami forth, theh ihat engine will run along time with litile 
 repair. If it shakes itself around the room, then l)uy 
 aiiotlier engine. Safely moving a tall mill chimney has 
 been accomplished several times. C^himneys which have 
 been caused to lean slightly through settling of the founda- 
 tion nniy bo straightened up again by sawing out the mor- 
 tar between courses of brick at the base. .\ cliimney 
 IdO ft. high •ind I'i ft. sipiare at the base will be varied over 
 8 in. at tlic to|i by the removal of 1 in. at the bise. When 
 yon begin to lix np the mill for cold weather, don't forget 
 to jnit a steam trap in each and every steam pipe which 
 can l)e openeil into the atni'isphero for he.-iting purposes. 
 For leading steam joints, mix the red lead or litharge with 
 common commercial glycerine, instead of linseed oil Put 
 a little carbolic acid in your glue or paste not. It will 
 keep the contents sweet for a long time. Look well to the 
 bearings of your shafting engine and machines. Some- 
 times •,;."), ;i(), 40 and even .'^lO per cent, of your power is 
 consumed through lack of good oil. When you buy a 
 water wheel, be sure to buy one small enongli to run at 
 full gale 'vhile the stream is low during the summer 
 months, if yoii want more power than the small wlieel 
 will irive, then put in two or inrjro wheels of various sizes. 
 When it becomes necessary to trim a piece of rubber, it 
 will be I'oiind that the knife will cut mmdi more readily if 
 dippe<l in water. When forgii;g a chisel or other cutting 
 tool, never upset the end of the tool. If necessary ctit it 
 off, but don't try to force it back into a good cutting edge. 
 In tubular boilers the handholes should be often opened, 
 and all collections removed from over the fire. When 
 boilers are fed in front, and are blown off through the 
 same pii)0, the collection of mud or sediment in the rear 
 omi should bo often removed. Nearly all smoke may be 
 consumed witlinut special apparatus, by attending with a 
 little common .sense to a few simple rules. Suppose wo 
 have a battery of boilers, and "soft coal " is the fuel. Oo 
 to the first boiler, shut tho damper nearly up, and fire up 
 one-half of the fumace, close tho door, open damper, ana 
 go to the next boiler and repeat the firing. By this 
 jt'>od nearly, if not quite, all the smoke will hie con- 
 
 ".innxl. .\ roiled spring inserted bi>tween engine and 
 machinery is highly i)e(.elicial wiicre extreme regularity of 
 pouer is re(piii'ed. Ills weli known that a steam engine, 
 in order 10 govern iiself, mr,-t riia too f.isf ;i'id too slow in 
 Older 10 c|os(> oi- open its v.ilves; hence an iirepiilnrity of 
 pinver is unavoidable. 
 
 A "I'asie" .Metal I'olisli for Cleaning and I'vlishiiig 
 lirass — Oxalic acid 1 part, iron jteroxide I. t part.-, pow- 
 dered roiteiisioiie '^'o parts, palm oil liO juirts. pe ••olatiim 
 4 l»arts. See that .-idids are thoroughly pnlvei -d nno 
 -ifteil. tlieii .idd and tlioroiiehly incorporate oil petro- 
 
 latiiri. 
 
 Cough t iiiuly or TrocheF. — '''inctnreof s'pi'lls v mnces, 
 
 c;amphorated tincture of opium and tincture o' tolii of 
 
 each i "iince, wine of ijiecac jounce, oil off;,: iheria ( 
 
 dro|)s, sassafras .'! drop.-;, luid of anise 8e«'d oil "..' d*' ' . The 
 
 above mixture Im to Ik put into .'i ,ionnda of c' '.dy which 
 
 is just ready to tnke from the '!•■ ; 'onti, ue M.e boilinu a 
 
 I little longer, s(. u. 10 form into sticks, 
 
 I lloi to (^xidi/.e Silver. — For this purpose a jiiiil o'" siil- 
 
 i pliide of iioiassiiim, made by iniimately ini.xing and lieat- 
 
 I ing to<;. itu-r V jparlsof thoroughly dried pota>h and I part 
 
 of sulphur powder, is used. Dis.sojvi^ '-l *o !) draehms of 
 
 I this compi'iiiid in IJ pints of water, and bring ih ' li(piid 
 
 to a tempeiatiire of from \^'t ilegress to ITo degrees lab.. 
 
 when it is ready for use. Silver objects, previoiisl\ freed 
 
 I from dust and grease with soda lye and ihoroiigh linsing 
 
 in water, |iliinged into this bath are instantly covered with 
 
 an iride^(•elll tilm of 8ilversiili)hide, whi(di in a few seconds 
 
 i mort' becomes blue black. 'I he objects are theo removed, 
 
 I rinsed off in plenty of fresh water, scratch brushed, and if 
 
 necessary polished. 
 
 Useful Household Recipes. — To purify water in glass 
 vessels and aquariums, it is recommended to add to every 
 loo giammes of water fcuir drops of a solui.on of one 
 gramme f>f salicylic acid in JiOO grammes of water. The 
 Xor.si- Fiskentidende, published at Bergen, fiorway. says 
 that thereby the water may be kept fresh for three mouths 
 without being renewed. A cement recommended as some- 
 thing which can hardly be picked to pieces is i.<ai!e as fol- 
 lows: — .\lixe(pial pariiof limennd brown sugar with water, 
 and be sure the lime is thoroughly air-slacked. This mor- 
 tal is equal to Portland cement, and is of extraordinary 
 strength. For a few wceks'jiicservatimi of organic objects 
 in their original form, ciimensions and color. Professor 
 (Jrawitz recommends a mixtiiiecomposed of twoand a half 
 ou nces o' (rhiorjde of sod ill m.twoanil three- quarters drachms 
 of saltpetre, and one pint of water, to which is to be added 
 three percent, of boric acid. 'I'o varnish chromos, fake 
 eqiia) quantities of linseetl oil and oil of turpentine; thicken 
 liy exposure to the sun ami air until it becomes resinous and 
 half evaporated; then add a portion of melted beeswax. 
 Varnishing jiictures should always be performed in fair 
 weather, and out of any current of cold or damp air. A 
 fireproof whitewash can bo readily made by adding one 
 part silicate of soda (or potash) to every tivo parts of white- 
 wash. The addition of a solution of alum to whitewash is 
 recommended as a means to prevent tho rubbing off of tho 
 wash. A coating of a good glue size mule by dis-solving 
 half a pound of glue in a gallon of water is employed when 
 the wall is to bo papered. The most nourishing steam 
 bath that can bo a^)plied to a person who is unable to sweat 
 and can take but little food in tho 8toma<di:— Produce the 
 sweating by burning alcohol under a chair in which the 
 person sits, with blanket coveriijg to hold the heat. Use 
 caution and but little alcohol. Fire it in a shallow iron 
 pan or oli'. saucer. 
 
 Own Your Own Homes. — Every man, whether he is a 
 working man in the common acceptation of the word or not, 
 
 1 
 
 mr 
 
TWENTY THOU9ANI) TIIIVnH WORTH KXOWI.VO, 
 
 feels a deep iuteirst in the inan»2enicnt of the affairs of 
 the fity. county uiiti State in whicli lie lives wheiioviT ho 
 owns a home. He i^ more imtriotic, und in inuny vuyd is u 
 bettiTi'ili..i-nthiinth(- manwliofiiniply n-nts.ikiul wholia.sbiit 
 little if niiT iwsurance of how long it will f»e before he (;un 
 be ordure') to move; to wliich may \>e udiied in muny ciueR 
 the saving of more money. Of "''juriie it requires some 
 econoniy to lay up :i suAicient amonnt of money to pur- 
 chase and pay for a home; but tills very fact, if properly 
 carried rutuftertliehomeidiiequired. maybe the instrument 
 of I iuirthingtlie iieanstocomme!:t.eund protiet'utea busi- 
 nesa upon your o*n re^imnsibility. 'J'rne, in some rases it 
 will require more e<;ouomy, (wrhaps, than wenre now prac- 
 ticing. Hut the '>8tion w:th everr man, and especially if 
 he is the head ( T u family, is. Can lie afford it? That is, 
 can he afford to live up His wagps as fa.«t as heiearns them, 
 withou'. laying up anything for the future? If he is tlie 
 heaii of a fanuly, he is oblige<l to pay rent, and it does 
 not re(|uire very many years of rent paying to make 
 np an amount sufficient to purchase and pay for a comfort- 
 able home. You have to pay the rent. This you say you 
 cannot avoid and l>e b'>neflt. Well, you cannot be honest 
 with yonr family unlesa you make a reasonable attempt to 
 
 Erovicie them a home of their own in case anything should 
 appea to you. .\ni| the obligation to do this should be ui 
 strong as the one to |>ay rent or provide the other neces- 
 saries for the comfort of your family. When yop »" a 
 homo you feel a direct interest in public affairs thu. >th 
 wise yon might consider were of little interest. 
 
 A Formula for Xervoui Hradache. — Alcoln-i 'Mut,., ■> 
 ounces: Olei •innanion, 4 minims; Potus. ><' >ui. I., ii 
 drachma: Kxtr. liyos4-yam , fl.. 1^ drachmi . ^ Kit .A\o. 
 One to two teaspoonfuu, if reipiireil. 
 
 How Beeswax isHetined and Made Nice a 
 P'ire wiiiti? wax is obtained from the ordina 
 exposure to the influence of the son and w. 
 wax is sliced into thin flakes and l.ini on sackiiig or coarse 
 cloth, stretched on frames, resting on jiosts to raise theM 
 from the ground. The wax is turned over frequently and 
 oc(;iisionally sprinkled with Poft wator if there be not dew 
 and rain sutficient to moisteu it. The wax should be 
 bleaoiuid in about four weeks. If. on breaking the flakes, 
 the w.ix still appears yellow inaidc. it ia necessary to melt 
 it again and (Talie and exp<i>so it a Be<;ond time, or even 
 oftencr, t)i'l'(ire it l)eeome!> .jorouj iily bleached, tlio time 
 re<juire<l being mainly deptm'^JUt uj.'^n the weather. 
 There i^ a preliminary jirooesa l)y which, it is claimeil. 
 much time is savoil in tlie subs«quont ble;v<;liin:,'; this con- 
 sists in passing melted wax and steam through long pipes, 
 so as ti> expose the wax as much as |Mi8nililo to the action 
 of the steam; thence itito a pan heated by a stoani bath. 
 where it is stirred thoroughly with water and then Allowed 
 to settle. The whole operation is repeated a second and 
 third time, and the wax is then in condition to be more 
 readily bleached. 
 
 How to Remove a Wart From the Hand. — Take of 
 salicylic acid, 3o grains; ext. cannabis indie, Id grains; 
 collodion, ^ ounce. Mix ami apply. 
 
 Recipe for Making Camphor I<c in Small Quantities for 
 Home Use. — .Melt together over u water bath white wax 
 ai\d spermiKcti. each . ounce; camphor, 2 ounces, in 
 sweet almond oil, 1 pound: then triturate until the mix- 
 ture luH bi com'' homogeneous, atid allow oiu' pound of 
 rosewater to flow in slowly during the opi-ration. 
 
 Recipe for Making Instantaneous Ink and Stain 
 Extractor. — Take of chloride of lime 1 jiound, thoroughly 
 pulverized, and four quarts *oft water. The foregoing 
 must be thoroughly shaken when first put together. It is 
 T>M|iiired to stand twenty-four hours to dissolve the chlo- 
 
 l Yellow.— 
 
 ijer ax by 
 
 .cr. The 
 
 ride of lime; then itrain through a cotton cloth, after 
 wiiich add a teaspoonful of acetic aci'i to every ounce of 
 the chloride of lime water. 
 
 Itemoving I'aint .Sj>ota From Wood. — To take spots of 
 paint off wood, lay a thick coating of lime ano soda 
 mixed together ov.T it, letting it stay twenty-foiir hours; 
 then wash off with warm water, and the spot will have 
 disappeared. 
 
 I'olishing Plate Glau, — To polish plate glaM and re- 
 move slight scrutcheg. tb the "urface gently, first with a 
 (dean ])ad of fine cott wool, ,ind afterwarJs with a simi- 
 lar pad covered ovei ». • cotton Velvet which has been 
 charged with tine tvg The surface will acquire a pol- 
 ish of great brillisii' <{Uite free from any scratches. 
 
 Recipe for a Howl condition Powder. — Ground ginger 
 1 pound, antimony sulphide 1 pound, [Kiwdered sulphur 1 
 pounil, saltpetre. Mix altogether and uilminister in a 
 mash, in such (juantities as may )>e required. 
 
 Reripe to Make Violet Ink. — Ordinary aniline violet 
 soluble ill water, with a little alcohol and glycerine, makes 
 an excellent ink. 
 
 Recipe to Make Gtxwl .^^having Soap. — Either fiO 
 pounds tallow and .'H pounds cocoanut oil, or 3>') pounds 
 of tallow and the tame quantity of jialm oil and 34 
 pounds (!ocoaniit oil, treated by the crdd process, with 120 
 pounds caustic Ho<la lye of 27 deg. Uaunie. will make 214 
 pounds of shaving soap. 
 
 How to Make a Starch Enamel for Stiffening Coilari, 
 Cuffs, etc. — )Use a little gum arable thoroughly dissolved 
 in the starch. 
 
 A Good Cough Syrup. — Put 1 quart hoarhound to 1 
 quart Tvater, and boil it down to a [>int; add two or three 
 sticks of licorice and a tablespoonful of essence of lemon. 
 The Cause of the Disease Called " Hives, "a^o Its Cure. 
 — The trouble is causeil by a perversion of the digestive 
 functions, accompanied by a disturbance of the circula- 
 tion. It is not attendeil witii danger, and is of iinporiunce 
 only from the annoyance which it caui>eB. Relief iriay be 
 obtained in most instance* by tiieu^rof cream tartar liaily 
 to such extent as to move the bowels slj^htly. .Mitite a 
 strong soiiuion, sweeten it pleasantly, jind take a teo- 
 snoonful, say after each meal, until tin* eflect alxne ruou- 
 tioned is produced, and continue the treatment uulii the 
 hives cease to bo troublesome. 
 
 A Bedbug Poison. — Set in the center of the room a dish 
 containing 4 ounces of brimstone. Light it, and rU e tliC 
 room us tight as pos.->ib!e, stopping the keyhole of I'le iloor 
 with paper to keep the fumes of the briin(=t(>ne in the 
 -Doni. Let it remain for tlin-e or four hoiirf, then open 
 the wimiows and uir thoroughlv. The briinstnne wi'l be 
 found to have al.so blcjclml th* paint, if it was a yellowish 
 white. Mixtures such as e<^nal parts of turpeiiline and 
 kerosene oil are usid ; filling up the cracks with hard 
 soap is an excellent remedy. Ik-iizine and giisoline will 
 kill beilbiigs as fast as thev can reach them. A weak solu- 
 tion of 7,inc cliloii'le is also said to be an effectual bi/.n- 
 i,>(her of these pests. 
 
 A Preparatioii by Which Y"U can Take a Natural Flower 
 and Dip It in. That Will Preserve It.- -Dip the flowers in 
 melted paraffine. withdrawing them quickly. The liquid 
 should only be just hot enoegh to maintain its fluidity and 
 the flowers should Ik? dip|)e<l one at a time, he'.! b/ the 
 stalks, and moved about for an iiifitaiit to get rid of iiir 
 bubbles. Fresh cut sp«.-cimens free from moisture make 
 excellent specimens in thi.* way. 
 
 What Causes Sliaking A.«p Ixfaves to be always in a 
 Quiver? — The wind or vibration of the air only causes the 
 quiver of the aspen leaf. 
 
 c: 
 
 1 
 
 i^ 
 

 c 
 
 I' I 
 
 I' 
 
 u ■ 
 
 n 
 
 
 . 
 
 Wliiit "Sozodont " :z Composed of. — I*otu8sIiini carbon- 
 !iU', J oiiiHio ; hoiipy, 4 oiihooh ; iilcohol, v* oiiiiceH ; wiitiT. 
 ID oiiiiceM; oil of wiiiteri^i't'dii iitnl oil of rohc, to tiiivor, 
 HiitlifiiMil. 
 
 W'lial is Uncd In MoiiHiuii' iU-Ul Ijulou ;i.") I)i'|,(i'i!f« Faliroii- 
 lii'il y — .M(!lulli(' tlH'riiioiiiottiift all' iidiMJ to ineuHuro lowest 
 it'iiipurutiiriM, alcohol bcinp qiiito irregular. 
 
 I< tlio Top Surface of loo on u "> '. the .Viiiount of 
 Water let in urn! out boiiij; the. Same Da) oy Duv, on a Level 
 with tlio Water Siirfaco or above it? — leo ia fiiij^litly 
 elantic, niiil when faiit to the ahoro the central portion 
 risen and f;dlH with Hlight variations in water level, the 
 ]iropor; 11)11 al)o\o ami Imlow water level being as is the 
 Weight of i(!i) to the weight of w»<ter it displaces. 
 
 Of the Two Waters, Hard and Soft, Which Freezes the 
 Quicker; atul in 'n'.o Which Saves the Hest in Like Pack- 
 ing? — Soft water freezes tlio quickest and keeps tho best. 
 
 Does W'aler in Freezing i^iirify Itself ? — It clears itself 
 from chemicals ; does not clear itself from mechanical 
 mixtures as mud and clay. 
 
 A Ueceij)t to Remove Freckles from the Face without 
 Injury to tho Skin. — A commonly used preparation for 
 this purpose is : Sulpho-carbolate of zinc, ^' parts ; dis- 
 tilled glycerine, iiS parts ; rose water, !i.'» parts ; scented 
 alcohol, 6 parts. To bo applied twice daily for from half 
 an hour to an hour, and tlien washed off with cold water. 
 
 What will Remove Warts PainleKsly ? — Touch the wart 
 with a little nitrate of silver, or with nitrio acid, or with 
 aromatic vinegar. Tlie silver salt will produce a black, 
 and tho nitric acfd a yellow stain, either of which will wear 
 off in a short while. The vinegar scarcely discolors the skin. 
 
 A (tood Receipt to Prevent Hair Coming Out. — Scald 
 black tea, 2 ounces, with 1 gallon of boiling water, strain 
 and add 3 ounces glycerine, tincture cantharides ^ ounce, 
 bay rum 1 (piart. Mix well and perfume. This is a good 
 preparation for frequent use in its effect both on tho scalp 
 and hair, but neither will be kept in good condition with- 
 out care and attention to general health. 
 
 Deaths from Diphtheria per 100,0(10 Inhabitants in the 
 Chief Cities of tho World.— Amsterdam, 26r); Ik-rlin, 24.'); 
 Madrid. 225; Dresden, 184; Warsaw, 167; Philadelpliia. 
 103; Chicago, 140; Turin, 127; St. Petersburg, 121; 
 Bucharest, 118; Borne, 115; Munich, 111; Stockholm. 
 107; Maliuee, 105; Antwerp, 104; New York, 01; Paris, 
 85; Hamburg, 70, Naples, 74; Lisbon, 74; Stuttgart. 01; 
 Rome, 50; Eilinbnrgh, 50; Buda-Pesth, 60; The Hajnie, 
 4.1; Vienna, 44; London, 44; Christiania, 43; Copcnliagen, 
 42; Sui)urb8 of Brussels, 30; City of Brussels, .35. 
 
 .\ Receipt for Marshmallows, as Made by Confectioners. 
 — Dissolve one-half pound of gum arabic in one pint of 
 water, strain, and add one-half pound of fine sugar, and 
 place over the fire, stirring constantly until the syrup i.s 
 dissolved, and all of the consistency of honey. Add grad- 
 ually tho wliiteaof four eggs well beaten. Stir the mixture 
 until it becomes somewliat thin and does not adhere to the 
 finger. Flavor to taste, and pour into a tin slightly dusted 
 with powdered starch, and when cool divide into small 
 squares. 
 
 A Receipt for .Making Compressed Yeast. — This yeast is 
 obtained by straining tho common yeast in breweries and 
 distilleries until a moist mass is obtained, which is then 
 placed in hair bags, and the rest of the water pressed out 
 until tiie mass is nearly dry. It is then sewed up in strong 
 linen bags for trunsportation. 
 
 How to Tell the Ago of Eggs. — We recommend the follow- 
 ing process (which has been known for some time, but has 
 been forgotten) for findingout tho ago of eggs, and distiii- 
 guishing those that are fresh from those that are not. This 
 
 method is based upon tho decrease in the density of cg^s 
 as they grow old. Dissolve two ounces of kitchen salt in 
 aiiinlof water. When afresh-laid egg is placed in this 
 solution it will descend to tho l)oltom of tho vessel, while 
 one that has been laid on tho day previous will not quite 
 roach the bottom. If the egg be thno days old if will 
 swim in the licpiid, and if it is more than three days old it 
 will tloiit on tho surfa(-e. and pruiect above the latter more 
 and more in proportion as it m older. 
 
 A Hecipe for Making Court PhiHter.— Isinglacs 125 
 grains, alcohol \'i fiuid ounces, glycerine 12 minims, water 
 aixl tincture of benzoin each siiHiciont ouanity. Dissolve 
 the isinglass in enough water to make tne solution weigh 
 four lliiid oiiiKtes. Spread half of tho latter with a brush 
 upon successive layers of taffeta, waiting after each appli- 
 cation until the layer is dry Mix the second half of the 
 isinglasssolution with tho alcohol and glycerine, and apply 
 in the same manner Then reverse tho taffeta, coat it on 
 tho back with tincture of benzoin, and allow it to become 
 perfectly drv. There are many other formulas, but this 
 18 official. 'I'ho al)ov(! quantities are sufficient to make ft 
 l)ieco of court plaster fifteen inches square. 
 
 One of the Very Best Scouring Pastes Consists of — Oxalic 
 acid, 1 part; Iron neroxide, 15 parts; Powdered rotten- 
 stone, 20 parts; Palm oil, 00 parts; Petrolatum, 4 parts. 
 Pulverize tho oxalic acid ami add rouge and rottenstone, 
 mixing thoroughlv, and sift to remove all grit; then add 
 gradually the palm oil and petrolatum, incorporating 
 thoroughly. Add oil of myrbane, or oil of lavender to 
 suit. By substituting your rcil ashes from stove coal, 
 an inferior representative of the foregoing paste will l)e 
 produced. 
 
 How to Manufacture Worcestershire Sauce. — A. Mix 
 together 1^ gallons white wine vinegar, 1 gallon walnut 
 catsui). 1 gallon mushroom catsup, i gallon Madeira wine, 
 i gallon Canton soy, 2^ pounds moist sugar, 19 ouiices 
 salt, 3 ounces powdered capsicum, 1^ ounces each of pi- 
 mento and coriaiuler, 1 J ounces chutney, } ounce ea<h of 
 cloves, mace and cinnamon, and 0^ (trachms assafcetida 
 <lissolved in ])int brandy 20 above proof. Boil 2 pounds 
 hog's liver for twelve hours in 1 gallon of water, a<lding 
 water as required to keep up the quantity, then mix tho 
 boiled liver thoroughly with the water, strain it through a 
 coarse sieve. Add this to the sauce. 
 
 A rjoml Receipt for Making Honey. Without Using Honey 
 as One of tho Ingredients, — 5 lbs. white sugar, 2 lbs. water, 
 gradually britig to a boil, and skim well. When cool add 
 1 lb. bees' honey, and 4 drops pepjiermiiit. To make of 
 better quality add less water and more real honey. 
 
 What the Chemical Composition of Honey is. — Princi- 
 pally of saccharine matter and water, about as follows: 
 Levulose 33^ to 40 per cent., dextrose 31J to .39 per cent., 
 water 2n to 30 per cent., besides ash and other minor con- 
 stituents. 
 
 How to Clean Carpets on tho Floor to Make Them Look 
 Bright. — To a i)ailful of water add three pints of oxgall, 
 wash the carpet with this until a lather is produced, which 
 is washed off with clean water. 
 
 How to Take Out Varnish Spots from Cloth. — Use chlo- 
 roform or benzine, and as a last resoiirise spirits of turpen- 
 tine, followed lifter drying by benzine. 
 
 Flour Paste for all Piirpo.sis. — Mix 1 pound rye flour in 
 lukewarm water, to which has been aihled one teaspoonful 
 of pulverized alum; stir until free of lumps. Boil in the 
 regular way, or slowly pour on boiling water, stirring all 
 the time until the pasto l)econie8 stiff. When cold nd<l a 
 full (piarter pouml of common strained honey, mix well 
 (regular bee lionoy, no patent mixture). 
 
 t! 1 
 II i 
 
TWK.NTT TIIOIAANO THIN".- WoKTII KNOWINit. 
 
 FTow to Miik<> r.i<|iii<I niiie. — TitkeH wii|i> mouthed bot- 
 tlo, iuul iUhhoIvi' ill it S oiiiiceR bolt (;luc in } pint watvr, 
 liy Hi'ltiiitf it ill a vimhI of huUt, ainl li«.-utiii)( until <ii«- 
 i« Ivotl. riiiMi iiilil nlowly '^*\ ounces xtroti^ nitrio aciti •'!*> 
 <Ii'g. Hiiiiiiii', Hliiiinx itll tim wlii'i KlT<TveiM-«>n«-e t«lkf« 
 iiliiri-, witli p-iii'i'iitioii of fiiiiu'ri. Wlii'ii all tho at:'u\ hu 
 liocii ii<l<li-il, tiid li(|iiiil i.4 uIIowimI to (•hi). Ki-<>|i it wc-ll 
 rorkeil, iimi it will he rcmly f<ir ine ut niiv tini**. 
 
 How tliM Wdi'lii irt \Vci);lRMl aiut Itit Dvii^ity and Max 
 t'litiijtiitnl. — 'I'lio (Iciittity, iim^.4, or Wfii;lit uf tlie i-artli 
 wiis foiiiul by till' oliri('r\c<i fiirrc of altriurtion of a known 
 niiitiri of lotul or ii'iiii for iiiiotliir niiui.-: or of u nioiintuiu 
 liv tliu ilctlcctioii of a torsion tliruml or ]tltin)b line. In 
 thid iniiiiiuT tliu mean ili'iiiiity of thu eurtli li.tii bevii fouml 
 to be from 4.71 to )i "•(i tinics tlie wiMi;lit of water. 5.*j<> 
 being ncoreiliiod nn the inoHt rcliikblf. Tiie weight of a 
 rnbic f(K)t of wiitiT bciiii{ known, aii'l the rontent* of the 
 oartli being coiii|iiite<l in ciiiiii; feet, we hare but to multi- 
 ply the iiiinibor of eiibie feet by .'».';♦» tinieM the weight of 1 
 ciibio foot of water to obtain tlit* weijzht of the earth in 
 pciinil)!, or unit.-' of gravity ut its aiirfuie. whieh i« the 
 unit naually lined, .\iiother inellioil of deterniitiing tl.e 
 ineun tlensity of tiie etirlh ia foiimied on the i-hauge of the 
 intensity of gravity in ilcsceniling deep mines. 
 
 .V 'I'iieory an to tiie Origin of i'etrolenm. — ProfeMor 
 Meiidelejef liii.s re<eiitly advameil the theory that 
 petroleiiiii ia of purely mineral origin and that the forma- 
 tion of it if) going on every day. He ha*, moreover, auc- 
 ceedeil in jtrodiieing iirtlfiiial pitr.>!eiini by a rciiction 
 that lie (leijeribt!s, and he gtates that it ill iin|<o'><ible to 
 deteil any ililTercMioo between the natnrul proilnct and the 
 inanufiK'iiired article. His theory id lu follows: Infilra- 
 tion of water, reaching a pertain depth, come into contact 
 with incandescent masHes of carbnreta of metals, chiefly of 
 iron, and aro at once decoinpo.sed into oxvtren and hydro- 
 gen, 'riio oxyjicn unites with the iron, while the hydro- 
 gen seizes on the carbon and rises to an np|ier level, where 
 the vapors are condensed in part into mineral oil. and the 
 rest reinaiiiH in a state of natural gits. The |)etrolenm 
 Ktnitii are generally met with in the vicinity of nioiiiitain«, 
 and it may be graiiteil that geological npheavalit have dia- 
 locatetl tlio ground in such u wuv as to j)ermit of theadmis- 
 loin of water to groat deiiths. If the center of the earth 
 contains great miuties of metallic carburets, we may. in 
 case this theory is verified, count upon an almost inei- 
 hanstihle sour(;o uf fuel for the day when our coal deposits 
 shall fail ns. 
 
 How Vaseline is I'urified. — The residnnm from which 
 vaseline is made is placed in settling tanks heated by steam, 
 in order to keep their contents in a liquid state. After the 
 complete separation of the fine coke it is withdrawn from 
 these tanks and passed tlirougli the bone black cylinders, 
 during which process the color is nearly all removed, as 
 well as its empyreiimatic odor. 
 
 The liiitest and Rest Process Employed by Cutters 
 and Others in Etching Names and Designs on Steel. — 
 Take copper sulphate, stilphato of alum and sodium chlo- 
 ride, of ea«h 2 (iiachms, and strong acetic acid 1 ' onnce«, 
 niixeil together. Siiiiar tlu" metal with yellow soap and 
 write with a quill pen without a split. 
 
 The History of tho Discovery of Circulation of ihelihKHl 
 recapitulated, divides itself naturally into a serie«of efiocli- 
 making ]H'riods : 1. The structure and fnnctions of the 
 valves'of the heart, Erasistratiis, B. C. 30-!. 'i. Thearter- 
 ies carry lilood during life, not air. Galen. A. D. l€,'>. 
 '.i. The inilmonary circulation, Servetns. 15.">3. 4. Tie 
 systemic circulutioii. L'tesalpinus. 1593. 5. The pul- 
 monic and systemic circulations, Harvey. Ifi'iS. 6. The 
 
 ipillaries. Malpighi, 1601. 
 
 Ifow to Make Hand Tiie (ireiiaiieii, — Make jour luiiiH 
 grenades. Kill or-'i'iiiry ipiart wine ImitleH withaMttur- 
 ute<i Mdiitioii of cdtiimiin sail, and place tin iii where they 
 
 will do the ino-i g I in case of need. They w ill be found 
 
 n»-.ir!\ IIS licrvice.ilii.' ;n ilie i\pc!i,-i\<' hand greiiailei- yon 
 huv. Should a (lie break out, throw theiu with force 
 'iimcieiit lobii ak tli.'in into tiecelileroftlie fire. The i-all 
 will form a coiiting mi wliate\er oliject the water tonches, 
 and niiikc itiiearlv iiicnmliiihtilde, and it will prove elTect- 
 iial ill nniny ca^es, where ii tire i.s jii^t starling, when the 
 delay in proi'iiritig uater iniglit be fnial. 
 
 Il<>>i the Kind of White Ml t;d is .Made Tliul m Ukdi in 
 tho .\laniifacliiie of Cliiap Tabic Ware,— How Name can he 
 harilencd and still rcliiin it.^ color ? The following are 
 formulas for w liito metal. .Melt together : («) Tin ^;^ lewl 
 Its, aiiliniony ,'i, zinc 1, copper 4 parts. (/<) nrass IJV, IiimI 
 '»', tin ',', zinc 1 part. For a l.ard nntal, in t so white, melt 
 together liisniiiili parts, zinc 3 parts, lead IM parts. Or 
 use tyj)e metal — lead .) to 7 jiarts. antimony 1 jiarf. 
 
 What Metal Kxpaiuls .Most, for the Sait.t ( liange in 
 TciniK ratiir"-;' — I'of ntic degree CiMiigrade the following 
 arc I oetVeieiiisof liin Ml' expansinii: aliiiiiit.uin. (i.'kioC'J'JV; 
 rilver.(i.o<Mi(il!t| to ii.dddd'vM'..'; nickel. (•.'•<i|i(i|-.;h; copper, 
 (i.(MMKilt;7 lo (i.uiKMiItis; zinc. (I()(MIOV'-,>0 to (J »»0(Xi2!)!J; 
 bnas, (i.iMKMirH to (MKi(i(tl!t:J; platinum, 0.(K«l(Xi88. 
 
 He«\y Tiiiitiers. — There arc six'ccn speciis of tree^ in 
 .\merica. wIiom- perfectly dry wood will sink in water. 
 Tho fiiaviestof these istlic black ironwo(«| (confalia f( riea) 
 of ."Southern I'lorula. which i« more than 1*0 percent, heav- 
 ier than water. Of the ollicrs, the bc.-t kimwi are lig- 
 num vita- (giialaciim .sanctum) and maJigroxc (i bizidiora 
 mangle). .\notlierisH small oak ((pien-ns g-isea) found 
 in the mountains of Tcxa.", Soiitlu in New .Mexico and 
 .Arizona, mid westward to the Colorado d'sert, at mi eh- 
 vation of ."..0(1(1 tol(».OoO feet. All the speciosin which the 
 woimI is heavier than water belong to semi-tropicid Florida 
 or the arid interior Pacific region. 
 
 Highest Point Reached by Man was by balloon 27,000 
 feet. Travelers have rarely exceeded '.iO.tiiiO feet, at which 
 point the air from its rarity is very deliilitming. 
 
 Hasa Kate of >!peed Equal toNindy .Miles an Hour. over 
 Been Attained by Hailroad Iiocoinoii\e ?- It is extremely 
 doubtful if any locomotive e\er made so high a speed. A 
 mile in 4S seconds is the shortest time we have neard of. 
 A rate of 70 to 75 miles per hour has been made on a 
 spurt, on good .straight track. The (Jrant Locomotive 
 Works could make .inch an eii;;inc. Sixty niile.< an hour 
 for a train is considered a very lutrh rate of speed, and is 
 seldom attained in practice for niorpthan a short run. 
 
 The Fastest Moat in the World —.Messrs. Thornycroft 
 A Co., of Chiswick, in making iireliminary trials (.f a tor- 
 ].e<lo boat built by tliciii for the Spanish navy, havi- ob- 
 tained a speed which is worthy of special recurd. The 
 iKiat is twin-.sriew, and the principal diiiuncions are: 
 lA-ngtli H7 ft. i: in., beam 14 ft. f. in., by 1 ft. '• in. 
 I'.ranght. On a trial at Lower Hope, on April 27. the 
 remarkable mean speed of :.!t;. 11 knots was attained, being 
 e<|ual to a .<peed of :Jn.(i(; luiles an Imur. »hicli is the high- 
 est speed yet attaine I by any vo-ol atbiat. 
 
 Stainiuffand Polishing Mahoj;any. — Ymir be.-i phiii will 
 Ik; to scrape off all the old polish, and well gla«s 
 jtaper; then oil with linseed oil both old lu >\ new parts. 
 To stain the new pieces, get half an ounce oi bii hroniiite 
 of |)otasli, and pour a pint of boiling water over it; when 
 cold bottle it. This, ii-ed with care, will Haiii the new f.r 
 ■ lig'it jiarts asd.u'k .-is you plcii.se. if done as follow.-:-- \*i,'P 
 ofT the oil clean, and apply the rolution with a pieicnf riijr, 
 held lirmlv the liand. and just moistened with the siain. 
 (Jreat care is required to prevent the stain running over 
 
m< 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 ill 
 
 
 
 TWKJCTY THOl'^AMrt THIVHS vroHTIi KNOW I MO. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 liie old {Nirt, ttt »mf ptfoe ton hed with it will hIuiw tlio 
 mark thruugh lb* poluli «b<-ii fiuiidioil. You ettii vary 
 *hc color by fivutg t*oor ojore coats if rof|uirini. 'I'liiii 
 .tipoliah Toitr j'>baitof»4h«T in tlii> iiruuI way. HIkiiiIiI 
 you *i*\\ to bruhten optbeold iimlioganv, uac'iioJiHli dyt'il 
 with Hum«r>:k brova M follown: — (lit tiiifi' juimy worth 
 of iii<mi»r>k brovo.a&d put it into a bottle witli ctiouK'' 
 UHphtha or Bietb«UUidfi>jritt to di«iolv(> it. Pour ii few 
 dropAof tbi«ioto]roar pfJivh, ^tui you will find tjiiit it 
 give* • Dii-e h^h rv4 coior to tbv work, but don't dye tht^ 
 poli-*h too irtBcb. juM tint it. 
 
 Value of Efg* tfift Food and Otht-r I'lirposeit,— Kvcry 
 oJ<)iii<>ttt that M bcoMMnr to the support of nuin Ik coii- 
 tuiied witbia :••• Uaiu of aa esK Hhell, iu thu hoitt pro- 
 portions aoJ ia the moti ]ia]mtaTi7e form. IMikiu hoiied, 
 
 tbej are wholeeoase. It iseasT todres8thi*m in nioro than 
 iOV differi>ut vajTSw Mck Bi«tb<*d liot only ecoiiotnical, hut 
 ludutary in the bfgbrtt de^rt^. No honcrit appetito ever 
 yrt rejertej ea eg^ :a ¥f>mt jjiiiie. It ia iintrimcnt in the 
 moat portable form, ai^d la the ni08t cunoMilrutod Hli»pe. 
 Wliole QaciuBj of atMSskitii rarviy touili uny otiuu- uiiintal 
 f'Kxi. Kitiji«aS i:it'rio |«l&.u >< readily a4 do th<> liunihio 
 tradfdini?n. After tbe rict'Tr of Muhldorf, vlicn the 
 Kaixfr I.iidwigaat at a B«al with his iMirggrafa and great 
 eaptaiQ't. he de:erak:&«iii ou a piece of luxury — "one egg 
 to erery oiao, aad t»« to the eiceiltMitly valiant Sohwep- 
 |Mrman. " Kar aore than fish— for it iswatery diet — eggs 
 are the scholar'* fare. They contain plioijphorua, which 
 if) brain fwMJ, aad •alpfaar, wliich performs a viiricty of 
 fuQi'tioru ia tbe ecoaoaiy. And they are the bent of 
 Butrimi'iit f«r ebibi*«a, for. in a rompHct form, they con- 
 taiu ererytbtnf that U oeoeaaary for the giowth of the 
 youthful frame. Egnare. howeVer. not oidy food — Ihey 
 are medi<'if»e aSjo. iL<» white if the most eflicacious of 
 remt'die* for buru*, msA tbe Oil eitraitalilo from the yolk 
 18 regarded by liM' KaaMactai an almost mirafulouH naive 
 for cits, braia«!» aa.J trratcbec. .\ raw egj.', if Hwaliowed 
 ia time, will effcurtoaliy detach a ti<li bono faHtened in the 
 throat, auU the wbise'of two eggs will render the deadly 
 worroiife iublim.*:* aa baruiless a;* a doBC of ciilomel. 
 They itreogthea ibeoosimimrilife. invigorate the feeble. 
 and render the maM •aeoeptibieall but jiroof against jaun- 
 dice in iv^ m'tnttii. . ...• tphase. 'J'liey can also he drunk 
 in the 3lj.ipe of : j. ._• fJiji " whieh sustainn the orator- 
 i<'Hl eff »rr!i of rr -•ajf-men. The merits of eggs 
 
 do not fT^a end s ■.:-. 1:, France alone the wine I'luritiers 
 aae more ciiaa >s»>,ii^>.««tw a year, ami the Alsatians con- 
 sume fully .la.'X^V/'i in callto printing and for dressing 
 Uie l«atheruie»l tninakio^the finest of Prenehkid gloves. 
 Finally, not to BMHtioo various other employments for 
 eggs iu the arta, ibej may. of course, almost without 
 trouble on t h«> farawr'a nart. beconverted in fowls, which, 
 in any shape, are pcoBta.li]e to the seller and welcome to 
 the buyer. Eren qggdidls are valuable, for allopath and 
 homeopath alike agree in regarding them as the purest of 
 carbonate of time. 
 
 Hiatory of Bijgr Sbipa. — In the history of mankind sev- 
 erai ve.-iseU of extrar&rdanary magnitude have hec'ii con- 
 stru'.'ted. ail <lj«ia<cti»e]y styled great, and all iinfnr- 
 tunateiy diiaitrooj. wlxh the honorable exception of 
 N'oah'ri .\rk. Settiag aside this antediluvian craft, con- 
 oemiog the anlbenticily of -vrhose dimensions authorities 
 differ, and whieh, if &b3ical measures are correct, was 
 inferior in sise to tbe eeaaelof most importance to modern 
 shipowner?, the peat gaUey, constructed by the groat 
 engineer Arohioaedea for tbe great King itiero II., of 
 .Syracuse, is the Snt flliutration. This ship without it 
 name (for hiatory does not record one) transcended all 
 wondera of ancient Barititce construction. It abounded 
 in statuea and painting, marble and mostac work. It 
 
 contained a gymnasium, hath-, a garden, ,.nil aihored 
 walkx. Its artillery discharged Htones of .1 c\ t., and 
 arrows 18 ft. in length. An Athenian advciliaing poet, 
 who wrote u Hix-linc pull of its glories, re( eived the royal 
 reward of six thousaml buxhelH of corn. Literary merit 
 was at a higher pr«>mium in the vear '^40 H.c., than it is 
 to-day. The great ship of iiiiiiiiuiiy was foiiiiil I o ho too 
 large for thu accommodation of the SvracuNan port, and 
 famiiu' reigning in Kgypt, Micro, the cliaritahly disposed, 
 embarked a cargo often thouHand huge jars of saltecl 
 lish, two million pounds of salted meat, iwtnty thouHand 
 liundles of diffcrtnt clothes, tilled the hold with corn, 
 and conxigued her to the seven moutliN of the Nile, and 
 siin'e she weighed amdior nothing more has been heard of 
 iier fate. The next great ship worthy of mention is the 
 mythical .Saracen encountereti in the Mediterranean Sea 
 by the crusading fleet of liichard C'teur de Lion, Duke of 
 Uuienne and King of Kngland, whicdi, after much 
 slaughter and damage incident to its intidel hubit of 
 vomiting (ireek tire n|)on itsndverMaries, waBca))turrd and 
 sunk. Next in rotation appears thelireat Harry, built by 
 Henry Vlli., of Kngland, and whiili eareeiieil in harbor 
 during the reign of his successor, under similar circum- 
 stances to those attending the Hoyal (ieorgo in ITS?— a 
 dispensation that mysteriously apjiears to overhung u 
 majority ,>f the ocean -bruviti'; coiislnictions whiidi, in 
 detlance of every religi<iu8 sailor's superstition that the 
 lumlier he treads is naturally female, are ( hristcned by a 
 masculine or neutnil title. In the year llGD, Mark Isam- 
 hard Hrunel, the Kdison of his age, us his son was the 
 KricHsoii of that following, permitted himself to bo born 
 at Hacqueville; near Koiu-n, France, went to school, to 
 sea, and into nolitius; com}>roniised himself in the latter 
 profession, anil went to America in I7!t4, where he sur- 
 veyeil the canal now connecting Lake ('hamplain with the 
 Hudson Hiver at Albany, N. V. There ho turned arc hi- 
 tect, then returned to Euroj)e, settled, married, and was 
 knighted in Kngland. He occupied eighteen yearn of his 
 life in building an unprtMluctivo tunnel beneath the river 
 'Ihames at London; invented u method of sliuflling cards 
 without using the hands, and several other devices for dis- 
 pensiiig*with labor, which, upon completion, were aban- 
 doned fri>m economical nudives. On his decease, his son 
 anil heir, I. K. Hrunel, whose , ractical experience in the 
 Thames Tunnel job, where his biographers assert he had 
 0('casion more than once to save his life by swimming, 
 i|ualitied him to treiid in his father's shoes, took up his 
 trade. Hrunel, .Ir,, having denionstratcc'. by costly ex- 
 periments, to the successful proof, but thorough exaspera- 
 ', i.)n, of his moneyed backers, that his father's theory for 
 empioying carbonic acid gas as a motive power was prac- 
 ticable enough, but too expensive for anything but the 
 dissipation of a millionaire's income, settled down to the 
 profession of engineering science, in whi(di he did as well 
 as his a*Ivantages of education enabled him. Like all 
 men in advance of their time, when he considered himself 
 the victim of arbitrary capitalists ignoring the bent of his 
 genius, ho did his best work in accordance with their stip- 
 ulations. He designed the Great Western, the first 
 steamship (paddle-wheeJ) ever built to cross the Atlantic ; 
 and the (ireat Britain, the original ocean screw steamer. 
 Flushed with these successes, Hrunel procured pecuniary 
 support from speculative fools, who, dazzled by the 
 glittering statistical array that can bo adduced in support 
 of any chimerical venture, the inventor's repute, and 
 their "nnhaked experience, imagined that tlio alluring 
 Orient was ready to yield, like over-ripe fruit, to their 
 shadowy grasp; and tainted as he evidently was with hered- 
 itary mania, Hrunel resolved to seize the illusionary im- 
 mortality that he fondly imagined to be within his reach. 
 
 t. 
 
 
TWIKTT TBOFIAXD TMINOH WORTB KNOWINC. 
 
 There wh not mnoh the matter with the bnin of Brunei, 
 Jr., but that little waa ouough; a conipetent ri»ilro«>i 
 •urveror. a Kood bridge buildoi', hu iiriHltMl to >>e held 
 within boiiiiilfl whoiihaudlioK other pooplf'M fiirtdi: for the 
 iuiiii'h iiiiibitioii would havol«'u<l him to uiic|frtak«>t<ibri<it;** 
 tho Allitntic. IIo mot with tliOMpeuiilutorit re<|iiiri-<l imhiii 
 vorv iimtaiicu of thu constriictorH of the (irt'ul i-lu/<tfrn. 
 'I'liirt inoiiiitroiiH nliiji hun bouti dt<rii;ril)t>d ho oft*>ii, that .i 
 would b>' u I riiulty to our ruuUura tu itiHict the ^torr u|>oii 
 thorn U){i«iii. 
 
 Niiluml OiiH th(> Fuel of tho Future. — Thu liou«« of the 
 near future will Iihvc no tlrnplatf. ittttani pipos, chimnevt, 
 or lliiPH. WoDil, I'oal oil, and otiier forma of fuel are 
 about to di4ii|i|>flar altoiretluu' in L<la>'f< iiuvii>)( fa<-torie«. 
 (Ian liait lifc'ouie mi ciiuiip that alrea<iT it ii aupplaiitins 
 fuuU. A .lin;;!^ j<>t fairly h«ata a small room in cold 
 wottlher. Ituawoll known fact that ftM throw* off no 
 amolc^, soot, or dirt. In n brazier fllled with nhunkaof 
 oolorod ti\tuii, and seferal jota |)!a(.'ed b«ii**ath, the glaaa 
 soon bet'Hmo boated aufilnieutlj to thoroughlj warm a room 
 lOx.'iO fciH in dise. Thia dtwigu doea awaj with the necea- 
 aity for chimneja, liinoA tboro ia no smoke; the rentilation 
 mar l>e ha«l at thn window. The heat maj be rai'«v<i or 
 lowerml l)j tiimplr regulating the (low of gaa. The col- 
 oro<l glaKH givoa all the appearance of tire; there are black 
 pio<M!a to roproaent coal, rt'd chunki for llamea, yellowiah 
 whito gluaa for white heat, blue glaaa for blue darner, and 
 hues for all the remaining oolora of spectrum. Inrention 
 already ia displacMug the present fueli for furnace* and 
 cooking rangoa and glaaa, doing away with delay and such 
 diaagrueable objects as ashes, kindling wood, etc. It has 
 only been witiiin the paat few years that natural gas has 
 boon utilised to any extent, in either PeunaylTunia, New 
 York or Ohio. Yet its oxiatenco has been Known since 
 the early part of tho century. As fur back aa 18*^1, gas 
 was struck in Frodonia, Chautauqua county, N'. Y.,and 
 wiis used to illuminate the tillage inn when I^farette 
 paaaod throui^b tho place some three years later. Not a 
 single oil wull of tho many that hare been sunk in Penn- 
 sylvania hiia butMi entirely devoid of gas, but even this fre- 
 quent (;ontaot with what now seems uestined to be the fuel 
 of tho future boro no fruit of any importance until within 
 tho past few years. It had been used in comparatively 
 small iiuantitios previous to the fall of l^M. but it wa^ not 
 until tiiat time that tho fuel gave any indication of the 
 important role it was afterward to fill. At first ignored, 
 then expuriiiieiited with, natural giks has been finally so 
 widely ailopteil that to-day, in thosmglocity of Pittsburgh, 
 it disiilacus d:iily 10, MOO tons of coal, and has resulted in 
 buililiMgeitie^t in Oliio and the removal thereto of »he glass 
 making indiinlries of the United States. The change 
 from IhoHolid totiie gaseousfuel has been made. so rapidly, 
 and has effected sunh marked results in both the processes 
 of manufuuturc and tlie product, that it is no exaggera- 
 tion to sa^ that tiie eyes of tho entire industrial world are 
 turned withenvious admiration upon the citiesan"! neigh- 
 borhoods blosaod with so uiiicjue and valuable a fuel. The 
 regions in which natural gas is found are for tho mo^t part 
 coinciilent with the formations producing petroleum. 
 This, however, is not always the case; and it is worthy of 
 notice that some districts which were but indifferent'oil- 
 producers are now famous in gas records. The gas drUler. 
 therefore, usually confines himself to the regions Is i»o*u 
 to have produced oil, but tho selection of the paTticw?.i» 
 location for a well within these limits appears *o t« emi- 
 nently fanciful. The more scientific genera.iy sjelect a 
 spot either on tho anticlinal or synclinal ax'S ot t le form- 
 ation, giving preforonce to the former poaiti i. A*moet 
 all rock formations have some inclination to :..• iioriion, 
 and the constant cliange of this inclination produce* a 
 
 series of wares, the crests of which are known as anti- 
 clines, and the troughH as synclineH. Many drillers sup- 
 {KMe thai the ga« necks the aiiticlineH and tho oil the lyn- 
 clineH. but otner^ npially long-headiMl, discard entirely 
 all theoiy of thin kind, and drill wherever it may lie most 
 oon>eiiit'iit or wbere otner ii|it'ral(>rM have already detnon- 
 (tral<-<l the fxiKteiii e of giiH. It will HiirpriMe many of our 
 reatleriito know tlutt the divining ro<i, tlntt Nii|)enititiouN 
 relic of tiie middle u^'en, ix Htill fre(|iieiiily called upon to 
 relii'te tliu o|H'raior of the trouble nf a lutioiuil decitiion. 
 The sill- having been selected, the orilinary oil-drilling 
 outtil IS «'iii|doyeil to sink a iiole of Hlimit Mix ini'lies in 
 diameter iiniil the gax is readied. In the neighborlKKxl 
 of i'ittsltiirgh, tliii« is intniilly found at a depth of I ,;i(H) to 
 1,50U feet, in what in known as the 'riiinl Oil Snnd, a 
 liandstone of the Devonian period. VViieie ibe guri cnnieM 
 from originally is an open (|ueMtioii. \\ lien the driller 
 strikes gas, he is not left in any <li>iibt of tlieeveni, for 
 if the well l>e one of any stiengtb, tlie gas nianifewtH itself 
 bj sending the drill and its attaehmentH into the air, often 
 to a height of a hundred feet or more. The iiinKt prolific 
 wells are appropriately called "roarers." During the 
 
 Brogrvas of the il rilling, the well is lined with iron piping, 
 'ccasionally this in also blown out, but as a rule the gas 
 satisfies itself with ejecting the drill. When tlio first rush 
 of gas hiis ihninrn everything movable out of its way, the 
 workmen ran approach, aiKlcliain tho giunt to his work. 
 The plant at the well is much simpler than one would sup 
 pose. An elbow joint connects the projecting end of the 
 well piping with a pipe leading toa strong sheet-iron tank 
 This col lecr^ti tho salt water brought ui) with the gas. Ordi- 
 narily, about half a barrel accumulates in twenty four 
 hours. A safety valve, n pressure indicator, ond a blow- 
 off complete tho outfit. When tho pressure exceeds u [ue- 
 tcribe<l limit, tiio valve opens, and the gus cscupes into the 
 blow-off. This is usually liO feet high or more, and the 
 gas issuing from tho top is either ignited or permitted to 
 escape into the atmosphere. Tho pipe lino leading from 
 the tank to tho city is of course plaiied underground. 
 Iteyond a little wooden house, tlio blow-olT, and it derrick, 
 the gas farms differ little in appear.iiiire from tliofic pro- 
 "lucing less valuable crops. The prcssiiieof the gas ut tho 
 wells varies cousideralily. It is generally between loo ;»nd 
 .3*25 jtounds. As niiicli as 7.50 pounds per .s(|iiu -•■ inch has 
 been measured, iiimI in manycases the actual pre.<!sure is 
 even greater than this, but, as a rule, it is not porniittod 
 to much exceed ".'o atnios|iheres in any receiver or pipe. 
 The l)est investment for piirties of small means that wo 
 knowof is in town lots in North Maltiniore, Ohio, It is 
 on the main line i>f the B. it (>. Hailroad and the center of 
 the oil and natural uas discoveries in Ohio. Property is 
 l»ou'id to double in value. For further information, 
 a<ldrt?ss. W. A. Hliodes. .North Haltiniore, Ohio. 
 
 Hill':: on House Hiiildinu. — Oas pipes should be run 
 with a continuous fall towards the meter, and no low 
 
 Idwi-o. The gas meter should be set in u cool place, to 
 leep it from registerin;; against you; but if a "water 
 meter," it should be protected from freezing. Cupboards, 
 wanlrobes. bookcases, on., generally afford receptacles for 
 dust on their tops. 'I'll is may be avoided by carrying them 
 clear nn to the ceiling. When this is not done, their tops 
 should be sheeted over fiiish with the highest line of their 
 cornices, so tuatthnre may be no Hunkeii lodging-place for 
 dust. Furring spaces between the furring and the outer 
 walls ''on Id be stopped off at each floor line with brick 
 and n:3r:ar 'fire stops;" and thesamu with hollow interior 
 parti i walls. Soil jiipes should never have T hranchos; 
 a?wii rves, or Y branches. Water pipes should bo run 
 
 ir? a r i)'>tinuou8 grade, and have a stop and waste cock at 
 the lowest point, so as to bo entirely emptied when desired. 
 

 TWENTY TH0U8AKD THINGS WORTH KNOWINO. 
 
 % 
 
 |i 
 
 Furiiti'Ts shouKl have as few joints ns possible, and the 
 iron liii'-pot is hotter lined with (ire-briok. There should 
 be no damper in tlio smoke pipe; but the ash-door should 
 shut air-tight when dusircd. There should ..j provision 
 for the evaporation of water in the iiot-air |<ipe. "Air 
 boxes" shoulil never i)e of wood. All nir boxes should be 
 accessible from oneeiul to the other, tt; e:eau them of dust, 
 cohwelH, insoi'ts, etc. Ilorizcntal hot-aii tlucs should not 
 be over 15 feet long. I'anipets should be provided with 
 impervious coping-st. ne.s to keop water from descending 
 through the walls. Si-wcr pipes should not be so large as 
 to be dillicult to Hush. Tho oval sect ions (point dotvn) are 
 the i)est. Sod-pipi'.s should have a eoniu'.'ion with the 
 ypper air, of tiui full diariu'tcr of the pipe to be ventilated. 
 Stationary \vash-tul).s of wood are apt to get soaked up 
 with organio mal'er and filth. Stationary w.ishstands in 
 bedrooms shoidd have small trafH; undertieath each should 
 boa leaden tray to protect ceilings incase of leakage, 
 breakage or accident. d cverllow. This tray '^•iouhl have 
 an overflow, and till.'' overflow should he trapped, if con- 
 nected witii th(> foul-pipt^ system (■jhich it sliou! I not b'.- 
 if |)ossil)io to arrange It otherwise). Flues should have u 
 smooth i>arging or lining, or they will Ix! ai)t to draw with 
 difViiMiUy. (ias pipes of insutVicient diameter cauKe the 
 flames to burn with unsteady, dim light. .Made ^roiiud is 
 seldiini tit for iinine(liate building; ami lU'Ver for other 
 than ijulated .structifes. Ashes, street-sweepings, gar- 
 l)age, rotten vegt^fation, ami hcuse refuse are unlit filling 
 for ciw ground on which it is intended to build. Cobble 
 pasc, u'lils are admirably adapted to soaking-uii aiul after- 
 wards emittinginiwholesomo nnitters. Asphalt has none 
 of this fault. \V ((id is pernicious in this respect. "(Jul- 
 I'.-i" in cellar floors shouM be jiroperlv trappcil; and this 
 does '■«/ nu'an that they shall have bell-traps nor siphon- 
 traps with shallow water-seal. Cellar windows should be 
 ;uov:il ' ' to let in air, and should have painted wire-screens 
 to keep out eats, rats, etc. New walls are alwavs damp. 
 Window sills should project well out beyond the walls, 
 and shoidd he grooved underneath bo as to throw the 
 water clear of the walls. Cracks in floors, betwe'>n the 
 I'oards, hel]) the accumulation of dirt and dust, and may 
 harbor vermin. Narrow boanls of course have narrower 
 interstitial cracks than wide boards do. "Secret nailing" 
 is best wht^e it can be afforded. Hot-air flues should 
 never be carried close to uiipiotected woodwork. Klectrio 
 hells, when properly put up ami eared f;ir, are a great 
 convenience in a house; but when they don't work, they 
 are about as aggravating as the lav allows. Ciieap ])ush- 
 hutlons cause a great deal of annoyance. .Silver-plated 
 faucets anil trimmings blacken with illuminating and 
 sower gases. Nickel-plating is perhaps a less pleasing 
 white, but is cheaperand does not discolor reaililv. Win- 
 dows are in most respects a great blessing: hut tlu-re may 
 be tc)omuch of a good thing. It is unreasonable to evpect 
 that one grate or stove or furnace can heat u wh((le<'ounty. 
 Don't atti'Uipt it. If you have too many wiiulows on the 
 '•cikI side''of a house, give them double sashes {not 
 double jmues). and "weather-strip" them, rnjiainted 
 trimmings shouhl be of hardwood. Vi-llow pine finishes 
 up well. Mutternut is l)righter than walnut. Cherry 
 makes a i m idie<'rful. Walnut is dull and dismal. 
 
 The Forests of the World. — The rapid exhaustion of the 
 forest sof.tluvworld, a lid more particularly of tlieoncegreat re- 
 serves of ti miter III the United States and Canada, renders it 
 inevitablr tluit, in a very few years indeeil. iron must super- 
 sede wood for a varietyof uses. The drain upon the world's 
 resources in timber is prodigious. Fvery year it»*,(>(Mt,(Kt() 
 railway slee[iers are used in America alone, while fosnpply 
 firewood for the whole of the States, fourteen times the 
 iinntity of wood cousumed by the railways is annually 
 
 required. At the computation of the tnost rccciit sta- 
 tistics there were 441, 000, 0()() of acres of woodland in the 
 I'nited States; but since over ftO.OOO.OOO of acres are cut 
 down yearly, 'his great area of timber will be non-existent 
 in less than twenty years, unless replanting upon a very 
 extensive scale be at once undertaken. Already efforts 
 are being made in this direction, and not long since some 
 4,000,000 of saiilings were planted in a single day in Kan- 
 sas and the neighboring States. Hut since the daily con- 
 sumption is ev<>n greater than this, it is obvious that the 
 work of replanting must be undertaken systematically if it 
 is to keep pace, even approximatelv, with the destruction. 
 In France and (iermanv, where tlie forests are national 
 projierty, forestry has been elevated to the status of an 
 exact scit'iice; hut the timber laiuls of those countries are 
 small indeed compared with those in the Unite<l States. 
 
 A Church Miiilt from a Single Tree. — A redwood tree 
 furnished all the timber for the Haptist church in Santa 
 liosa. one of the largest church edifices in the countrv. 
 The interior of the building is finished in wood, there 
 being no plastered walls. Sixty thonsaiul shingles were 
 made from the ^ree after enoiigli was taken for the(diurch. 
 .Vnother redwood tree, cut near Murphy's Mill, about ten 
 years ago. furnighed shingles that re(|uired the constant 
 labor of two industrious men for two years before the tree 
 was used up. 
 
 Trees That Sink. — Of the more than four humlred 
 species of trees found in the United States there are said 
 I to bo sixteen species whose iierfeclly dry wood will sink in 
 I water. The heaviest of these is the black ironwood of 
 I southern Florida, wlii(di is more than thirty per cent. 
 I heavier than water. Of the others, the best known are the 
 j lignum vita- and mangrove; another is a small oak found 
 j in the mountains cd' western Te.xas, southern New .Mexico, 
 and Arizona, and westward to Colorado, at an elevation of 
 j 5,000 to 10.000 feet. 
 
 I Artificial Wood. — You cnn produce an artificial fin umi 
 I waterprofif wood in the follow itig manner. .More or less 
 j finely divided wood shavings, straw, tan, et<'., singly or 
 i mixed, are moistened with a weak solution of /.inc chloride 
 ' of about 1 'Ov'tJ sp. gr. , and allowed to dry. They are then 
 j treated with a basic solution of magnesiniu chloride of 1 ViU 
 I to rto:) sp. gr. , and iiressed into moulds. The materials 
 remain ten to twelve iioiirs under iiressiire. ilnring which 
 : time they ha-,len while becoming heated. After being 
 I dried for several days in a warm, airy place, tliev are 
 j)laeed for ten lU' twelve hours into a slroiig nolut'o i of 
 zinc chloride »>' about I •^'O.^i s|i. gr., and finally dried 
 again. The |)roduct is stated to be workable like hard- 
 wood, and to be capable of taking a line polinli after being 
 I tooled, it is fireproof and inperuieable to water, and weak 
 ' acid or alkaline solutions, and not atfei ted by the humidity 
 . of the atmosphere, being well suited to (iecorative pur- 
 I noses, as it will not warp and fly like wood, but retain its 
 form. 
 
 How to Stain Wood, — The following are recipe- for 
 staining wood, wliiidi an^ used in large esfablishiuents with 
 great success: Light Walnut — Dissolve .'i oz. permanga- 
 nate of |)olash ill six pints of water, and [mint tliev.ood 
 twice with the solution, .\fterthe so'e.t;:;;, l,ati tieeii left 
 on the wood for from five to ten minutes, the wootl is 
 rinsed, dried, oiled, •••id finally polished. Light .Mahogany — 
 1 oz, finely cut all ;t'i root, ;,' ozs. pov.-dered aloe, and ',* 
 ozs. powdered dnigon's blood are digested , it h '.,'(; ozs. of 
 strong spirits of wine in a corked bo'tle, and lef' in aniiMl- 
 erately warm place for four ilays. Thesolution is then fi! 
 tered idT. and the clear liltrat(^ is ready for use, 'I'lie wood 
 which is to be stained is first passeif through nitric ai-id 
 then dried, painted over with tlio alcoholic extract, driei 
 
 cS 
 
TWENTY TIIOISANM) TIIIN(»« WOIITH KSO»IX«». 
 
 t^ 
 
 oiled iinil polished. Pnrk Wiilnut. — 3 ozs. pprmiiiipinmtp 
 of jiotash aro dissolved in six pints of water, and the wood 
 is painted twice with this scdnlion. After live ininnten 
 the wood i.s washed, and graiiied with acetate of iron (ihe 
 ordinary iron liipior of the dver) at V-'n^ 'I'w. I»rv. oil and 
 polish lis usnal. (iray — 1 oz. nitrate of silver is dissolved 
 in 45 ozs. water, and the wood painted twice with the so- 
 lution; afterwards the wood is snhinilteti to the action of 
 livdro(diloric acid, and (iiuilly washed with aininoiiia. It 
 isthendrieil in a dark ])lace, oiled and polished, 'i'his is 
 said to-iivo reniark:il)ly ;^ood results on heecii, iiitcii pine 
 and piiplar. Ulack — ', ozs. lojrwood are hoiled with tlire(» 
 pints of water, (iltered, and the liltraie mixed withiisidn- 
 tion containing,' I o-,. of sulphate of copjier (blue (M.pporas). 
 The inixtnro is left to clear, and tli(> dear li(|nor decanted 
 while still hot. The wood is plaeeil in this liipior for 
 twenty-four houis; it is t lien exposed to the air for twenty- 
 four liours. and afterwards oassed tiironj.'h a hot hath of 
 nitrate of iron of ti"' I'w. If the liiack, after this treat- 
 ment, should not ho sullicieiilly ileveioped, the wood has 
 to bo pas.seil ajiain through the iirst lo^'wood iiath. 
 
 The IIi>,'hest C.'himnev in the World.— The highest chim- 
 ney in thiMVorld is sai(l to he that recently completed al 
 the lead mines in Mecliernich. It is IIM nn-ters (\:\U ft. (; 
 in.) lii^rii. was loinmcneed in lsS4. and wa« I'arried np "i.'! 
 meters hefore tiie frost set in, liuildin;; was aj.'ain resumed 
 on the 14lh of last .\pril, and it was completed hist Sep- 
 teml)er. Tho foundation, which is of dresseil stone, is 
 s(piare, nieasiirinu' II meters (itli ft.) on ea<di Mile, and is 
 ;t-.')0 meters (II ft. (! in.) deep; the liase is also scpiare, anil 
 is carried ui) 10 meters (ii;! ft. ) ai)ove Ihe ^noiind. The 
 chimnev-s'ack is of circular set ion, T^o meters (;!4 ft. t! 
 in.) liaineter at the hottom, and tapering; to A-hO nielers 
 diameter (II ft. (i in.) lit the top, and is iaU'50 meters 
 (:l9,'i ft.) liigh. 
 
 How to Measure Hound 'i'anks. — Square the diamofer 
 of the tank, ami multiply hy TN^l, which L'iv'stiic area; 
 then multiply area hy depth" of tank, and the cuhic eon- 
 tents will ho found. Allow 01 gallons for each cubic foot. 
 
 The !. artiest IJuildings in the World. — Where is the 
 largest ..iiilding in the world siiiiatid-' The answer ti» 
 thisipiestion must ilepend upon what the term " building "' 
 is held to represent. The (ireat Wall of China, 1,'if^u 
 miles in length, wide enough to allow si.\ horsemen to 
 rido ahreiust iilong it, atul with an average iieighi of ilo ft., 
 may fairlv ho called a huililing, so, too. may be called the 
 'treat I'vrai'iid of Kgyiit. 'i'he <pieati(..., however, was 
 not meant to incliidi' such works as these. Some have 
 supposed that the Vatican at Uome, with its eight grand 
 Btaireases, 'v*l)0 smaller staircases, ".'tt courts, and II.IKKI 
 apartments, is the largest hidldingin the world; hiitsiirely 
 this is a cidleclion of palaces ratherthan usingle building. 
 Tho saiiM! objection applies to the famous monastery of 
 the Kscurial in th.e province of Madrid, witii its ceven 
 towers, fifteen gateways, and l"4,0i'0 windows ami doors, 
 and to many othervast piles. Kor the largest single build- 
 ing extant, we must look to .St. I'eter's at lionie, within 
 whiidi our great cathedral, St. I'aiilV, could easilv stand. 
 St. i'ei-r's occupies a s[)ace of '.Mn, (too sip ft., its front is 
 40O n. broad," rising to a height of isofl.; the KiiL'th of 
 the Ulterior is (JOO ft., its breadth ll.' ft. It is capable of 
 boldiug <S l.ooi) people, vvjiile Its |iia//a, ill its widest limits, 
 holds t!"-'!. 0(10. It is only by degrees that one is able to 
 realize its vast si/c. St. lV;ter's holds ■'it.OOO persons; 
 Milan Cuthedral, :i7.noO; St. Paul's. Home. .TJ.OOO; St. 
 i'aul's, London, !ir),(;oo; St. I'etronio, P.idogna, •«24,400; 
 Florence Catheilral, •v'4,.'iO0; .\ntwerp Cathedral, 5.'4, 000; 
 St. Sophia. (Jonstantinople, '.J.3,000; Notre Dame, Paris, 
 •Jl.ooo; Pisa Cathedral, 13,000; St. Stephei.'s, Vienna, 
 
 ^-^ , — ; 
 
 12.400; Auditorium. Chicago, P^.OtiO; St. Murk's, Venice, 
 T.ood. 
 
 The liiggest Hell in the World. — TJiere is a bell in tho 
 Temple of Cla.-s, at Kiin-i, .Japan, which is larger than 
 the gre.it bell of Mom-ow, oraiiy other. It is covered with 
 Chinese aiiil San.-.krit ehar.icters which .lapanei-e scholars 
 liave not yet succeeded in traiishiting. There is no n cord 
 of its casting. Its lieight is H ft., and at the rim it has a 
 thickness of pl in. It Mas no chipjter, but is sti ,'ck on the 
 outside by a kind of woollen batlering-raiii. We aro 
 unable to obtain an-, more •■xaet particulars as to the 
 diineiisioiis of this b<-ll in order t-» determine « bet her or 
 no it rcallv does excel the " Monarcli " of Moscow, wliieh 
 weighs abiiut ]'X] tons, is U»ft. 3in. in height. 00 ft. ;• in. 
 in circumference, and -' ft. ihiik. There is another huge 
 bell at .Moscow, ai:dthoseat AniazsiixMira. in Hiirmah, and 
 at Pekin are far bigirer than anv we have in this country. 
 Our biggest bell is ••(Jreal Panl," which was east at 
 Louglilioioiigli in is.si.aiid which weigh" It' tons. Tak- 
 ing purity, volume, and i orreitne^s « f note int<( account, 
 it IS probiildv the linest bell in KiirojK-. 
 
 The Oldest Ciiit.-' in the World.- They are the follow- 
 iii>:: — .\rgos. Atheii-^and TlKdM-s. in (in-n-t-; Crotona and 
 Home, in Itah: Coii/and Sagnntnm. in .^'>pain; Constaii- 
 tino|de. in Tiiikey. and .Marseille-', in France, which was 
 founded by a color y of (ireeks .'iNi I?. C. The age of 
 these cities varies from twenty-four to twenty-seven cen- 
 I iiries. 
 
 How to Manufacture Oil of Apple, or Essence of Apple. 
 — Tile essence of apple is ei,iiijHMe<l of aldehyde '4 parts; 
 idiloroform. acetic ether and nitrous etherand oxalic acid 
 each I part; glycerin 4 parts; aiiiyl valerianice therio parts. 
 
 A F<trmula for the Manufacture of Artificial Ciihr.- 
 Imitation cider corisigts of 2.5 gallons soft water. •-.'5 ponnils 
 New Orleans sugar; 1 pint yeast; two pounds tartaric acid. 
 Put all the ingredients into a clean cask, and stir them up 
 wtdl after standing twenty-four hours with the bung out. 
 Then bung the cask np tight, add 3 gallons spirits, and let 
 it stand forty-eight hours, after which time it will be ready 
 for use. (Jhampapnc cider can be prepare<l by taking 10 
 gallons of cider, oul and clear. Put this in a strong, iron- 
 bound ca.ik pitched inside (like becrcaskr); add Vl pints 
 clarilied white plain syrnp; then diw«olve in it .'> ounces tar- 
 taric ai'i<l: keep the bung rea<JT in haiul, then atld 7^ 
 ounces of potassium bicarbonate; hung it as quickly and as 
 well as po.ssible, 
 
 Hecijie for Making Instantaneon? Ink and Stain Kxtrnc- 
 tor. — Take of chloride of lime 1 pound, thoroughly pul- 
 verized, and 4 "p.arts soft water. The foregoing mii>t be 
 thiu-oughly sliakeii when first put together. It i«r.Mpiiied 
 to ."taiiil tweiitv-four hours to di-solve the idilorioeof lime; 
 then strain through a cotton cloth, after which add a tea- 
 spoonful of acetic acid to evei7 ounce of the chloride of 
 liini' water. 
 
 Wood, which is i more nnyielding material, acts with 
 tremendous force when wett'd. and ai'vantape has hceii 
 taken of this fad iii splitting IdiM ksrf granite. This proc- 
 ess is larg< ly ad«pled -n Dartnioon .Vfier a mahs of 
 granite has been rent from the mountain by blasting. i» is 
 measured in every dire<'tion to se*c how U-st to di\ide it 
 into smaller block-. Tlu-s*' ure trate'd out by straighi 
 lines on the stiiface. and a si-ries of holes are drilled al 
 Fhort intervals along this line. Wedges of <iry w.io.l are 
 then tightly driven into the holes and wetted, and the 
 combined action of the swelling woo.l (;ilits the bloi k m 
 tho direction rcfpiired. and without any de-itrnci've \ •..- 
 lence. The same pro<'e«s is then carried out np.iii the 
 other facoji, iiiel the roughly-jihapen block fl'-'shed with 
 the hammer and chisel. 
 
\rM 
 
 TW'KNTV TUOC.'iVNK rniN(iS WOKIII KNOWINO. 
 
 'I'iie Woiglit ami Vuluo of a Ouljii' Fool of Solid (ioltl or 
 Silver. — A (Uibic foot of gold weiglis iiboiil l!),3(»() ouiii'".", 
 and jfold is worti\ *"iO.(i7 per ounet*. Silver is worMi ^l.'-i'.^ 
 per oiiiic;o, and H cubic foot woigliH 10,500 oimooii. (Joii- 
 scquciilly I 111- (Mibii' foot of gold would be worlli |!39b'.U31, 
 and tlio silver ♦I:i..''i4r). 
 
 To Itetnovo Spot.s on Uruas. — Snlpliiirio acid will remove 
 spots from bnisM tiiiit will not yield to oxtiliu iicid. It 
 aiuj be applied with u bruuli, but great care must be taken 
 that no drop of tl'-s aeid shall come in i;.)iii;ic| with 
 the elothes or skin, as it is ruinous to garrnoiits and euti- 
 cle. Hath brink or rottenstone may lie used for polishing. 
 
 A Formula to Miiko a (Jood Shoe Dressing.— (tum shel- 
 lac, ^ pound ; aleohol, :i quarts ; dissolve, auil add cam- 
 phor, IJ ontiees ; lampiilack, v ouuecs. The forcfgoing 
 will be found to give an excellent gloss, and is especially 
 ttdapteil to any leatlier. tlie surface of which is rougliened 
 by wear. 
 
 Iteceipts for Dyeing Cotton Fabric lied, Blue and Ecru. 
 — Red : Muriate of tin, two-thirds eujiful, add water to 
 cover goods ; raise to ttoilini; heat ; put in goods one hour; 
 ■tir often ; take out, empty kettle, put in clean water with 
 Nicaragua wood one jioimd ; stwep one-half hour at hand 
 heat, then pur in goods and iiusrease heat one hour, not 
 boiling. Air goods, and dip one hour as before. Wash 
 without toap. Blue : For three pounds goods, blue vitriol 
 4 oiiiK^es ; boil few minutes, then di|) goods three hours; 
 then pass them through strong lime water. Hcru : Con- 
 tinue the foregoing operation for ))lue by j[>assiug the 
 gooiis through a solution of priissiate of potash. 
 
 Motion of Waves. — The progressive motion of a wave 
 on the water exactly corresponds in 8i)ee<l with that of a 
 pendulum whoso length is e(|ual to the breadth of the 
 wave; the same law, gravity, governs both. 
 
 LioiiT OF ruK Si/N. — .V photometrie experiment of 
 Iluygcns, resumed by Wollaston, a short time before his 
 death, teaches us that •..'o,()0(t stars the same sire as Sirius, 
 the most brilliant in the tirmanient, would need to be 
 agglomerated to shed upon our globe a iight equal to that 
 of the sun. 
 
 Land Cultivation in ilapan.— The entire arable land of 
 the .lapanose empire is ofHcially put at only 11, '.'15, 000 
 acres ; but it is so fertile and thoroughly cultivated that 
 it feeds a population of 37.000,000, about that of Fraiu.'e. 
 Fliee is one of the pritu'ipal crops, and of this some '..'00,- 
 00(».000 bushels are raised annually. 
 
 Old liondon Bridge. — .\s early as the year !t7H there 
 was ft wooden bridge where Ijoudon bridge ?iow stands. 
 This w:ta replaced by anolliei in loU. and another in 
 ViOih The pro.sent Loudon bridge was erected in 1831, 
 and may be cousiilered the oldest existing bridge over the 
 fiver. 
 
 The "Miortest Method of liemoving Silver from Plated 
 Ware Before Uephiting. — Dip the article in nitric acid ; 
 this will remove tl\e silver. 
 
 A Formula for White .\{elal. — Copper, f!9.8 parts; 
 nickel. 19. S parts; zine, 5.5 parts; cadmium, 4.7 parts. 
 It takes a fine polish. 
 
 Curiosities of .Metal Working. — At a reaent meeting of 
 scientifie men, a speaker produeed an anklet worn by East 
 Indian women. This is a flat curb chain ubout one incli 
 broa<l, with the links very close, and weighin.o; aboir t :• . 
 or twelve ounces. It is composed of a species of iirasscom- 
 poseJ of copperand lead, without any triice>)f silver, zinc, 
 or tin, Such anklets are sold for a few pence, and they 
 ciist all at once, complete as an endless chain. The 
 
 i I 
 
 links show no sign of iiaving been united in any way. How 
 it was possible to (iroduec siudi a casting as this passed 
 his comprehension, and he hoped that some one who had 
 seen them made would ex|ilain the nature of the proee.'-s. 
 From the East much tliat was eiirious iti metallnrgieni 
 art cam<^ Cast-iron wa.<. Iiebelieved, first nuidepnriio.M'ls 
 in China. It was, however, frequently produeed uninten- 
 tionally, when wrought-iron uus made <lireot fium the ore 
 in little furnaces about as big as a ehininey pot. It was 
 found among the (-inders anil ash of the cosin'oal-lire in 
 grains i>y globules, which were nolonly like shot, but were 
 actually iiseil as shot by tilt! natives. He showed what he 
 believed was the only specimen in England of this ciiHt- 
 iron in a bottle. He next referred to the <;elebrated 
 Damascene blades of Indian swords, and explained that 
 these blades were an intimate mixture of wrought-iron 
 and hard steel, which must have required great skill, time 
 and patience for its production. Onepaterii, in particular, 
 known as " Mary's Ladder," showed wonderful tinish and 
 ftccuracy. Concerning the tempering of tliese blades 
 little was known ; but it was stated that it was alTected by 
 a long-continued hammering, or rather tap)iiug, of the 
 blade while cold. 
 
 How Many Tout ofC^oal a Large Steamship Consumes in 
 a Day. — "Ocean steamers an- large consumers of coal. 
 The Orient line, with their fleet of ihips running to 
 Australia every two weeks, may be mentioned. The 
 steamship Austral went from London to Sydney in thirfy- 
 Hve days, and consumed on the voyage 3,G4I tons of coal ; 
 Her coal bunkers hold 2,750 tons. The steamship Oregon 
 consumes over .'(30 tons per day on her passage from Liver- 
 pool to New York ; her biinKers will hold nearly 4,000 
 tons. The Stirling Castle last year lirought home in one 
 cargo '^,200 tons of tea, and consumed 'i,H*W tons of coal in 
 doing so. Immense stocks of coal are kept at various 
 coaling stations. St. Vincent, Miuleira, Port Said, Singa- 
 pore and others ; the reserve at the latter place is jbout 
 20,000 tons. It is remarkable with what rapidity these 
 steamers arc coaled ; for instance, the Orient steamship 
 last yeor took in over 1,100 tons at I'ort Said in live 
 hours." 
 
 What a Man Eats. — A French statistitMiin has just ascer- 
 tained that a human being of either sex wbo is a mmlerate 
 eater and who lives to bo 70 years old consiimes du-ing his 
 life a quantity of food which would till twenty ordinary 
 railway baggage cars. A " good eater," however, may 
 require as many as thirty. 
 
 An Australian Itailway Viaduct. — The Werribee Via- 
 <luct, in the colony of Victoria, is the longest work of the 
 kind in Australia. The structure (lonsists of lattice- 
 girtler work. It is 1.290 feet in length, and runs to a 
 height of r.'.-) feet above the level of the WerriiM'c liver. 
 The viadiK't has (iftecii ,'^pans each of Go feet, and thirteen 
 spans of 30 feet. The total cost of the briilgc was .£600,- 
 000. 
 
 'i'he Sharpening of Tools. — Instead of ,,li. which 
 thickens and smears the stone, a mixture of glycerine and 
 spirit is recuinimended. The proportions of the composi- 
 tion vary aci-ording to the class of tool to be sliarpene<l. 
 One witn a relatively large surface is best sharpened with 
 a clear fluid, three parts of glycerine being mixed with one 
 part of spirit. A cniver having a small cutting surface 
 only retpiires a small pressure on t he stone, and in Mich 
 cases the glycerine should be mixed with only two or three 
 drops of spirit. 
 
 Recijies for Plumbers. — Chloride of zinc, so much used 
 in soldering iron, has, besides its corrosive (luulities, the 
 drawback of being unwholesome when used for .soldering 
 
 ((I 
 
TWENTY THOtSA.HK THISU.x WOHTH KNOWIN(i. 
 
 the iron tins cmj)loyo(l to run fruit, vogeta'- ics tind other 
 foods. A Boldonng niixturn ha8 been foiiiul wliicli ia free 
 from these defects. It i.s nmdc by mixing one pound of 
 lactic acid with one pnund of glycerine and eiglit |>ounda 
 of water. A wooden tank may i)e renuered capable of 
 withstanding tiio ofTocls of nitric or Hulphuricacitis by tlie 
 following methods: — Cover the inside with jiaraftin; go 
 over the inside with a sadiron heated to the temperature 
 used in ironing clothes. Melt the iiaratliii under the iron 
 80 ^ to drive it into the wood as much aa possible, then witii 
 a cooler iron molt on a coat thiclc enough to completely 
 cover the wood. For brassing small article!): Toonequart 
 water add half an ounce each of sulphate copper and 
 protochloride of tin. Stir the articles in the solution until 
 the desired color is obtained. Use the sulphate of copper 
 alo.'O for a copper color. A good cement for celluloid is 
 made from one part shellac dissolved in one part of spirit 
 of camphor and three to four parts of ninety per cent, 
 alcohol. The cement should be applied warm, and the 
 broken parts securely held together until the solvent has 
 entirely evaporated. Tin and tin alloys, after careful 
 cleansing from oxidi! and grease, arc handsomely and 
 permanently bronzed if brushed over with asolution of one 
 part of sulphate of copper (blueslonc) ami one part of 
 sulphate of iron (copperas) in twenty parts of water. 
 When this has dried, the surface should be brushed 
 with a solution of one part of acietate of copjK-r (verdigris) 
 in acetic acid, .\fter several applications and dryings of 
 the last named, the surface is polished with a soft brush 
 and bloodstone powder. The raised portions are then 
 rubbed off with soft leather moistened with wax in tur- 
 pentine, followed by a rubbing with dry leather. 
 
 Protecting Water- I'ijjcs 
 been brought forward for 
 
 Against Frost. — A device hi 
 
 protecting water-pipes against 
 freezing, tijc arrangement being based upon the fact that 
 water in motion will remain liquid at a lov«'er temperature 
 than water at rest. One end of a copper rod, placed out- 
 side the building, is secured to a bracket, and the other 
 end is attached to one arm of a weighted elbcw lever; to 
 the other arm of the lever is secured a rod which passes 
 into the building and operat<>« a valve in the water-pipe. 
 By means of turn buckles the lenglh of the copper rwl 
 can be adjusted so that oefore the temperature rcarhea 
 the point at whicdi there woulil bo danger of the water in 
 the pipes freezing the valve will be opened to allow a flow 
 of water; beyond this point the valve opening will in- 
 crease and the flow become more rapid astiiecoldliecomes 
 more iiitonse. and as the temperature rises the valve is 
 closed. This plan sets up a current in the lipea, which 
 replaces the water as it grows cold by the warmer water 
 from the main. 
 
 Destructive Work of Harnacles. — Unless some paint 
 can bo found which is proof against barnacles, it may be 
 necessary to sheath steel vessels with an alloy of copper. 
 An attempt lia.s been made to cover tiie hulls with anti- 
 corrosivo jiaint and cover this with an outside coat which 
 should resist the attack of buriiacles. Somehow the bar- 
 nacles eat their way through the piiiiit and attach them- 
 selves to the hull. The vast item of expense attache*! to 
 the dry-docking of steel ships makes this matter a not 
 unimportant one. The barnacles interfere greatly with 
 thespeed of a vessel, ami in ii cruiser speeil is of prime 
 importance. They attach themselves in an increflibly 
 short tiinu to a stoel hull, and it is not long l)efore their 
 etTint can be noted by a comparison of the reading of the 
 
 loi.'. 
 
 How to Frost frlass — Two ounces of spirits of salts, 
 
 t Wo (iiiuccs of oil of viiriid, one oiinc(> of sulphate of cop- 
 i;c ounce of gum ariii)ii', mixed togetherand >iabbe<l 
 
 on with a brush; or this: — Dab your squares regularly 
 over with putty; when dry go over iheni again — the imi- 
 tation will bo executed. Or this: — Mix Epsom salts with 
 porter and apply it with a brush. Or this one: — (irind 
 and mix white lead in three-fourths of l)oiied oil, and one- 
 fourth of spirits of turpentine, anil, to give the mixture 
 a very drying quality, add sutlicient r|iiaiitilies of burnt 
 white vitriol and sugar of lead. The color must be made 
 exceedingly thin, and put on the panes of glass with a 
 large painting-brush in as even a manner as possible. 
 When a number of the panes are thus painted take a dry 
 duster, quite new, dab the ends of the bristles on the 
 glass in quick succesHJo:' till you give it a uniform 
 appearance; repeat this operation till the work appears 
 very soft, and it will then appear like ground glass. When 
 the windows require fresb painting, get the old coat off 
 first by using strong pearlush water. 
 
 How to Preserve Posts. — Wood can be made to last lon- 
 ger than iron in tlie ground, if prepared according to the 
 following receipe:— Take i)oileil linseed oil and stir in pul- 
 veiized coal to the consistency of paint. Put a coat of 
 this over the tiniber, and there is not a man that will live 
 to see it rot. 
 
 What Diamond Dyes and Paints .\re Made of. — .Solu- 
 tions of the aniline colors. 
 
 What the Ingredients Are of Soapine and Pearline. — 
 They consist of nartlv effloresced sal soda mixed with half 
 its weight of soda asfi. Some makers add a little yellow 
 soap, coarsely powdered, to disguise the appearance, and 
 others a little carbonate of ammonium or borax. 
 
 ilow Many Thousand Feet of Natural Oas arc Equal in 
 Heat-Creating Power to One Ton Anthracite Coal. — About 
 40,000 cubic feet. 
 
 srsTAIMXG POWER OF ICE. 
 
 The sustaining power of ice at various degrees of tbitk- 
 ness is given in the following paragra))h6: 
 
 At a thickness of two inches, will siiiiport a man. 
 
 At a thickuess of four inches, will support man on 
 burst-back . 
 
 hi a thickness of six iiiciies, will support teams with 
 moderate loads. 
 
 At a thickness of eight inches, will support heavy loads. 
 
 At a thickness of ten inches, will support 1,000 pounds 
 to the »<|uare foot. 
 
 TIIE EXPANSIVE POWER OF WATER. 
 
 It is a well known, but not less remarkable fact, that if 
 the tip of an exceedingly small tube bo dipped into water, 
 the water will risespontaneously in the tube throughout its 
 whole length This may be shown in a variety of ways; for 
 instance, when a piece of sponge, or angar, or cotton is 
 just allowed to touch water, these substances being all 
 oom|>08edof numberless little tubes, draw up the water, anri 
 the whole of the piece becomes wet. It is said to nini- up 
 or imbibe the moisture. We see the same wonderful action 
 going on in nature in tho rising of the sap through tlie 
 small tubes or pores of tho wood, whereby tiie leaves and 
 upper portions of the plant derive nourishment from the 
 grouiui. 
 
 This strange action is called " capillary," iioiu i.he 
 resemblance tho minute tubes bear to a hair, tho Latin of 
 I which is lupillus. It is, moreover, singular that the 
 absorption of tho water takes place with great force. If a 
 dry sponge bo enclosed tightly in a vessel, it will expand 
 when wetted, with suflicient force to burst it, unless very 
 stroug. 
 
 
 i«IMIMP ' !iiliWWi W » ! igf>'4W*» l«!»^^ 
 
; I i< I'' 
 
 TWK.VTY THOL'SAXD THINOS WORTH KNOWIWO. 
 
 London Water Siiiiply. — TIio qimntity of water con- 
 auDied in London ainotints to iibont 145,000, 000 giillona a 
 day. If this quantity could lie (iolleolod together, it 
 would form a lake TOO yanla long, '-iOO wide, and with a 
 uniform lioptii of ;.'<» feet. 
 
 A I'nitection for Iviihanknients. — Engineers often liave 
 considerable trouMf HJih the loose noil of newly-made 
 emhankmcnts, so apt to Hli|) or he washed away before 
 they are covered with vcgelation. According to a Freneh 
 railway engineer, the best plan ia to sow the banks with 
 the double poppy. Several monlhii elapse bi.-fore grasses 
 and clovers develop their feeble roots, but the double 
 poppy germinates in a few days, and in a fortnight has 
 grown sulliciciuly to alTord some protection to the slope, 
 while at the end of three or four months the roots, which 
 are ten or twelve inches in length, are found to have 
 interlaocfl so as to retain tlie v::\h far more firmly than 
 tho.'io of any grass or grain. Although the double poppy 
 is an anniiiil, it sows itself after the first year. 
 
 A Cheai) Concrete. — A kind of coiioreto made without 
 cement is coiii|)osed of 8 parts of sand, gravel and pebbles, 
 1 part of burnt and jiowdered common earth, 1 part of 
 pulverized clinkers and cinders, and 1} partsof unslaiiked 
 liydraulic lime. These materials are thoroughly iiuior- 
 porated while dry into a homogeneous mixture, which is 
 then wetteil up ami well beaten, 'i he result of this is a 
 hard and solid mass, which sets I'liooHt immediatelv, 
 becoming exceedingly strong after a few days. It may be 
 made still stronger by the addition of a small proportion — 
 sav 1 part — of eeiiient. 
 
 .Marking Tools. — To mark tools, first cover the article 
 to l>e marked with a thin ( outing of tallow or beeswax, 
 and with a .sh:irp instrument write the name in the 
 tallow. I'lear with a feather, till tlu^ hitters with nitrit; 
 acid, let it remain from one to ten minutes, then dip in 
 water ainl run oiT. ami the marks will be etched into the 
 steel or inui. 
 
 Ho-.v to Prevent Chisel Handles Splitting. — .Ml carpont 
 lers know ho* .soon the butl-i'iul of chisel handles cplit 
 when daily exposed to the iilow of a mallet or hammer. 
 A rem-idv sui;iresteil bv a Mrooklyn man consi.sts simply of 
 sawing or cutting 'dT the round end of the handle ho as to 
 make it fl.it, and attaching by a few nails on the top of it 
 two dis<'s of sole leatiier, HO tliat the end beconu's similar 
 to the heel of the boot. The two thi(;kne:;HeH of leather 
 will pri'veiit all further Hplitting. and if, in flu course of 
 time, they exi).i!i! ;iiid ovcrhiii the wood of the handle, 
 they are simply trimmed otf all around. 
 
 The I«irgest Wheel of Its Kind Ever Made in the 
 World. — The greatest wheel of its kind in tint world, a 
 very woiidi-r in mechanism, was built for the Calumet and 
 lliila Miiiini: Coinpatiy of Lake Siijierior, Mich., for the 
 piirp'ise of lifting and disebarging the "tailihgs."a waste 
 from the copper mines, into the lake. Its diameter is 54 
 feet: sveiglit in active operation, 200 tons. Its extreme 
 dimensions ari' 54 feet in diameter. Some idea of its 
 enormous capacity can be forRied from the fact that il 
 receives and elevates Hullicieiit sand every twenty-four 
 hours to cover an acre of ground a foot deep. It i,s armed 
 on iis in"r ed<;(f with 4.'iv leeili. 4.71 inches pitch and 18 
 inclie-,- Jav< TI' : >jei.' HOgmeiit-i, eighteen in number, are 
 made of gm. iron, unti '''-i teeth are machine-cut, ejiicy- 
 cloidil ill fori : i: took i vo of the most peifect niarliines 
 in tiie world loO nays and iiiglits to cut the teeth alone, 
 and i;:9 liui-'^ i i,-: .s Moot!- a.' gloss. The heel is driven 
 bv a iiiiiiiMi >■' u\itt iron toui.ti^'ing ',iZ lro(l, of cipial pitch 
 aiid fact Mid ii. i (ta Hpi >>(l ; f COO feet ;.er minute at the 
 inner C'*!'"'-. w,iere it in ci, nipped witji 148 s'eel buckets 
 that lift thO ' 'ail/MgR" us th).; machint revolves and dis- 
 
 charges them into launders that carry them into the lake. 
 The shaft of the wheel is of gun iron, and its journals 
 
 arc 'i'i inches in diameter by .t feet 4 inches long. The 
 shaft is nia<lo in three sections and is 30 inches in cliumetar 
 in the center. .\t a first glance the great wheel looks like 
 an exaggerated bicycle wlieel, and it is constructed much 
 on the same principle, with .slraiiiing ro<ls that run to 
 centers cast on the outer sections of the shaft. The steel 
 buckets on either side of the geararc each 4 feet ."•} inches 
 long and 21 inches deep, and the combined lifting capacity 
 of the 448, running at a speed of f!(»0 feet per minute, will 
 bo 3,000,000 gallons of water and 2,000 tons of sand every 
 twenty-four hours. The nnimmoth wheel u supported on 
 two massive adjnstalile pedestals of cast iron weighing 
 twelve tons each, and its cost at the copper mines before 
 making u single revolution, ^100,000. 
 
 Strength of Brick Walls. — The question of strength of 
 brick walls is often disciised, .ind differences of opinion 
 exi)re8sed. The following is one of the iiiles given: — For 
 first-class buildings, with gooil workinaiishi|>. the gener.'xl 
 average shoulil not exceetl a greater number of feet in 
 height than three times its thickness of wall in inches, 
 ami the length not to exceed double the height, without 
 lateral supports of walls, buttresses, etc., as follows for 
 safety: 
 
 TuitKNKSS. 
 
 S.\KK IIkioht. 
 
 Lbkoth. 
 
 8J inch walls 
 
 13 " 
 
 17 " 
 
 25 feet. 
 40 « 
 55 " 
 
 t)G " 
 
 78 " 
 
 50 feet. 
 80 " 
 110 " 
 
 ■i-i " 
 
 2tJ •' 
 
 130 •' 
 150 " 
 
 
 
 Where the lengths m ist exceed these proportions, as i>. 
 depots, warehouses, etc , In thickness shonhi Ijc increased, 
 or lateral braces iustitutec as freoiiently as practicable. 
 
 Qualities of IJuilding Stone. — The principal qualities of 
 a good building stone a-o— (1) Strength, (2) hardness, (3) 
 durability, (4) appea: ice, (5) facility for working. 
 There are also other inii or points; but stone |K>8se8sing one 
 or more of the above qi .iiitim, inc. irding to the purpose 
 for which it is reqiiirei; may be k^ ;rdid as gotxl for that 
 piirposo-. 
 
 Strength of S'one.- -Stone shouM only be subjected 
 to a comproHslve strain. It is occasionaly subject to a 
 cross strain, a^ in lintels over doors and windows; these 
 arc, however, conlriiry to the true principles of construc- 
 tion, and should not be allowed except a strong relieving 
 andi i.s turned over them. The strength of stone in com- 
 pression is about 120 tons per square foot for the 
 weakest stones, and about 750 tons |>er square foot for the 
 Htrongcst. No stones arc, however. siibjeete<l to anything 
 like this ainounl of compressive force; in the largest build- 
 ings il doesiiot amount to niori' '.hail twelve or fourteen 
 tons per sfpiare foot. 
 
 Hardness of Stone. — This is of mire importance than 
 its strength, especially in ]iavenu'nt8 or steps, where it is 
 subject to great wear; also in plinths and quoins of build- 
 ings where it i.s desired to preserve a good face and sharp 
 iirris. The order of s.'-eiiiUh and hardties.« of Ftone is — 
 (l)|{,i.salt, (2) granite, (I!) limestone, (4) sandslonf. (iran- 
 ile, seiiiite, and gneiss take lhelir.><t plai'e forstreiigth, hard- 
 ness and dnnibilit; but they will not stand a high tempera- 
 ture. "Stones which ar.'of a fine, uniform grain, compact 
 texture and deep color are the strongest; and when tin 
 grain, color, and texture are the siime, those are 
 
rtXrV THOl >AMI TIMNliS WOUTIl KMUVIMi. 
 
 strungedt wliiuli iir»thebc4TMt*s; tMil^Jtherwitfe the- streii)(lli 
 (loos not iiiereiwo with the ipt^.ton: gravity." (in-iit hiiril- 
 tiitsii i.H (>l)jfOtioaul>le w>irTi tme Mi9ii« ii^ti lo !>•• workuil wiih 
 u chi.iul, owing to tlie Uh<>r n«|aireKi Vj work it. li.ud 
 gtoiu'M, also. gL'iii'ntlly weur *rtt<jx/tii. »)nl Imicuik? iiolishud, 
 whicli niukt'H tUern un.'4uitubl« f'i>r tMOie jiurjtont-ri. Iirittlo 
 nusd iri li dffo't whii'h (n^faeniir iki.««>tti{uiniei< iiai'iiiii>.-..i, 
 
 (ittrticiiliii'ly in v.ir.ir^e gr\natil »\ot»t^: ii lucvriiL- ilium 
 roui l)i-iiii{ W(>rk"il t.) a tru«*:jrf-(.ie, «ad fro.n rti.-i'.vim; u 
 HUKxith tMlgc ut the an;.;teH. 1l\»rl(aMfU call iIkim! h.inl 
 Htoiiod wiiiuli can only b«uwa iauttbtb* by thu grit haw, 
 iniil thoHe soft which r.;»rj b»? iWpi'raWxi hy a curnui'Mi .s.iw. 
 Kxpunsion of Stone hy llesl. — K'<'k«i ivre iX|iaiiil< il hy 
 hunt timl (,'oiiinti.'ti>>i hy Gooiiiia^^. Variiiiioti in iciii|iur- 
 litiiru thu-i Ckii.-e:! somrr l>'i(Utn|;; •iaD«s to alii i Mii't-iy ux- 
 ptinil »iiil ronti-ai't, and tkUpmeiiijUt';!'- jcinnjof niaMnnrv 
 from I'uintiiiiin;; cloae and !li;;liiS. i i (ii« riuteii >Siat*'i4 vviiii 
 an iinniiiil l iH-rmomftric rtnzn »( ua-f-x' ihiin l»u dcj:. I-'ah., 
 this (lillii;iilty led to some eipifrriaBM-ni*: on th,- aiiiiiiini of 
 expiiniiion uikI contrai^tion in different kiiiils of imild- 
 itig stonen. It Wiw fiiutid ibiT in finf-grained j^raniu? liic 
 rate of expuiision wiw .OtJ*X»4>rt!-j for evtTy ilcfrice Fall, 
 of iiicremunt of lieiit; in srfahe criKiaJline iiiurliii- it wati 
 .OnoooriUfiS; liiiii ill rf^l amOfittftre .0(»00<»M3-..'. or iiljoiit 
 twice lis much im in gruniti». In W«iteru Aiiicrii^a. whom 
 the climaiu is ri-niiirkahy dry and (chvtr, the tlu'rinoiiiotcr 
 often gives ii ntnge of ntire liuuB tM dt-g. in twenty- t'oiii- 
 lioiirs. This great diffr>r-ace of IMnperat u re jirodmes a 
 strain .so great tlnit it oaaM* rociu to cruck or ])e(d clT in 
 skins or irregular j>ie<;ea, or in KjBm; ctwe«, it disinte^iates 
 tl. em into sand. Dr. Liriniprtone found in Africa (!^! deg. 
 S. Iat.,;{4deg. E. lonir.)that«arf»««of r<H-k wliii h iliiring 
 tlia day were heatt-d up to 132 dcg. F«ii. cwjieil mt ranidly 
 by radiation ut night that nnaUe to stAiid the (Strain of 
 contraciion, they split and ihrcv off Uiarji an^nilar fraj;- 
 ineiits from a few onncf^a to I*W ltj>«. or U*>i) ISs. in weight. 
 Ac(!ording to data obtained {'ktt^ Adie "Trans. Koy. Soe. 
 Kdiii.," xiii., p. '.W>, and T fijianeion of ordinary 
 
 rocks rang.is from abont 2-i. :. _ '--3 inillioulha for 1 dug. 
 Fall. 
 
 Hr.UNDKKS AXD AR^riSDITIES IN AKT. 
 
 Ill looking over somi^ collcctMttt of old jiiciur' , it is 
 surprising what extraordinary a<aaelioniiiini>, Mitiiders, 
 and absurdities ari> often dwMnrtjiMe. 
 
 In thu gallery of the convent of JaBuitsi at Liiibon. there 
 is a picture rcpnisentinf Adam in fandiK, dressed in 
 blue breeches with iiilrerbaeklca, asd Ere with u.-'t'lped 
 petti(!oat. In the d isf aoce mpptmn a prvxsession of ipu- 
 c'hiii monks bearing the etmrn. 
 
 In a country church in IloUaad tbemt is a painii :op- 
 reseiitlng the sacrifice of lane, IB which the )mi' has 
 depicted .M/rahani with a UanderlMS in his liai vady 
 to shoot his son. A similaredifce in Spain has . tiire 
 of tihisanie incident, in wbich tlm jwtriarch armed 
 witii a pistol. 
 
 At Windsor there ia * nuntin;; bj Antonio Verrio, in 
 which the artist has introdnced »b«? JH>r* raits of himself, 
 Sir (iodfrey Krieller, and Mar, thm «irv«jor ' t:ij works 
 of tiiat period, all in loa;^ pertvigiy M^iectat .r* of Christ 
 healing the sick. 
 
 A painter of Tole<lo, having to reprateut the three wiao 
 men of tin; Fas': cominc to vordup on the n.tiivity of 
 (.'lirisi., de|iii'U>d three Anlmui or IsdimQ king-, two of 
 them white and one bl;i.:lc,aildall of tJi*m jn tlie posture of 
 kneeling. The (loaition of tlw kn of each lit;uro not 
 lieing very distinct, he tnadT««entltr naiuled three black 
 Teet f(,r the negro kiiu.'. and tb^wiiuo bet*-><'r! the two 
 while kings; and he lid oot diamrer hie err.; n itil the 
 piiUiire was hung up in tbecatflaedriL 
 
 I In ..nother pHiuie of the Aduralioii of ti>e Magi, which 
 was in the Houghton Hall colle<-tion, the painter. Hnighel, 
 
 liad introdu I a multitude of little tigi-ruis. linishe.l oil 
 
 with true hiiicli exactitude, bill one was ajconired in 
 boots ain'i s;nirs, and another was handing in, as a prosent, 
 a little 11, cdcl of a iMttch snip. 
 
 riiosaine collection coiitaine<l a p.iinting of the stoning 
 of Siejihen, the martyr, by Ijc bo-iir. in whndi the saint 
 wasattiieij in the habit of a Uoman rjitbolic priest at high 
 mass. 
 
 A pietiu!^ by Uiihens, in the LiixemtMuri;. repre^-vnts the 
 N'irgm .Mary in toiuicil, wiih two cardinal* mmiI the gmi 
 Meri'iiry assisting in ner delilM-rationg. 
 
 j A srol'I'At.F OF THK KALI> (»F X1A(;AUA. 
 
 The following remarkable uccouni of tiie Klopjia^e of 
 
 .Niagara Falls, appeared in the Siagnni Mail at the lime 
 
 ol the oceiirreiiiH'; "That nivnierioiis iK-isonage, the 
 
 I oldest inhabitant has no recollection of n> singular an 
 
 I occurrence as took place at the Falls on the Uoth of .March, 
 
 ' IHI7. The 'six liundred and twenty thousand tons of 
 
 , water each minute" nearly ceased to Itow. an<l dwindled 
 
 , away into the appearance of a niero niilldain. The rapids 
 
 j above the falls disap|K-ari'il, lea\ing sotnely enough on 
 
 I the American side to turn a grindstone. Ijidies and geii- 
 
 I llemeii rode in carriages one-third of the way across the 
 
 , river towards the ('anad:i shore, over Ktlid ock as smooth 
 
 I as u kitchen llooi. The Irit «ay»: *Ta/de I{oek.wiih 
 
 j some two hundred yards more, was left ory; ii>i:inds and 
 
 ; places where the foot of man never dare<l to trea<l liavc^ 
 
 biH^ii visited, tlags placeit u|i«>n some, atid mementoes 
 
 broiiirht away. This iinex|iecte<l event is aitemptecl to be 
 
 accounted tor by an accuinuiatioii of ice at the lower 
 
 extremity o!" l-'ort l''.rie, which formed a w^rt of dam 
 
 between Foit Erie uud Uuffalo,'" 
 
 \\U.NI)EI{S OF MINTTK \V0HK.MANS1III'. 
 
 In the twentieth year of Queen Elisalietli. aMacksmith 
 named .Mark Scaliot, made a lock 04in(:i«ting of eleven 
 pieces of iron, .iieid and br.iss. all which. 'ouelher with a 
 key to it, weigleii bat one grain of gold. He also made a 
 chain of gold, consisting of forty-three lii^ks, and, having 
 fastened this to the befi»re-nieiitioiied l««'k and ki'y, he 
 put the (diaiii alioiit the neck of a flea, »hi(di drew tluin 
 all with ease. All these together. I'xkand key, chain and 
 Ilea, weighed only one grain anil a half. 
 
 Oswahliis Norbinijeriis, «howas more famous even than 
 Scaliot for his minute contrivanc. •. is said to have made 
 l.CIH) dishes of turned ivorv. all p«rf*'ct and complete in 
 every part, yet so .small, thin and sleiulei, that all of 
 them were iiudiided at once in a tup turned out f)f u 
 jiepper-eorn of t lie common siz*-. .lohaiines Shad, of Mitel- 
 liracli. carried this womlerful work with liini to Itonie, 
 and ^ilowed it to 1'o|m; I'.iiil V., who feaw and counted 
 them all by tlie help of a pair of iirf-cla^ lee. They were so 
 little as to be almost invidble to the eye. 
 
 .hdiannes Ferraritis, iiJe.-ui., had in his po!H?.5sioii can- 
 nons of \v<,od, svith their carnage*, wlu-<U, and all other 
 militaiy fiirniliire. all of which were nlf<^i contained in a 
 pepper-corn of theoriiinary size. 
 
 An artisi, named Claudius tiallus, made for IIip|ioiyiu8 
 (i'Esle. {'aidinal of Ferrara, reprtjM-niatioiiB of sundry 
 birds .-n'tting on the tops of trees, which, by hydraulic art 
 luid secret conveyaut'e of water through tiie tninkc and 
 branches of the trees, were maile to ising and clap their 
 wings; but. at the smld' « apitearsince cf an owl out of a 
 bush of the same artitce, tney imnie<''ately became ali 
 r.ute and silent. 
 
^jt^ 
 
 ••^- 
 
 ^ in 
 
 TWKNTY THOrSANI) THIXOS HOHTM KN'OWINO. 
 
 hi '' ■ 
 
 ;. M 
 
 t 
 
 CTRIOUS niSSF.CTION OF THE OM) AND NKW 
 TESTAMENTS. 
 
 SHOWIXO THE M MBKR OF HOOKS, (HAPTEKS, VKHSES. 
 W0IIU8, I.ETTKUS, ETC, 
 
 Id (be Old Teitamcnt. In il a New TestaincDt. Total. 
 
 li.M>k» 3U .. MookK 27 .. m 
 
 Cb.pten... «2» .. (Uapters... :.'«0 .. I.IHO 
 
 \\r**» W.SU . . Vcmes 7,»r.O . . ai , l"!! 
 
 Wordt r,WiAM . . Words 381 ,2»8 . . 77a.(MtT 
 
 Ijritff -.'.TaWKX) .. lAilten 88«,»80 .. ;!.66fl. If«) 
 
 A|HM:rvpliti — (liapliTK. Iis3; verst'S, ti,()8' ; worilH, ISv", lis."). 
 
 Tlif iiii(l<llc cliaiitt-r ami the IcukI in the Bible is I'milm 
 "■wii. 
 
 Tilt- iiii*i<lle verse ix the 8tli n( I'Huim cxviii. 
 
 TIctf iiii<l«ilf line is in I'liii Verne, Itli clmpter, ;J Chron- 
 icle*. 
 
 Tlie HonI ii,i</ (MM HIS in tiieOid Testunient 36,64:) times; 
 in i(i«- New TeHlaiiieni, in.i'.sl limen. 
 
 Die word Miocali occurs ish.").') times. 
 
 mil TK>TAMi.N ■". 
 
 Tin- iiii'liile Injok it) ProvcriKs, 
 
 The niiiiille cliapler is .loh .\,\ix. 
 
 The ini<i(lle verse would lie in they'd of Chronicles, 20th 
 • hantcr. between the 17th ami IHtii verses. 
 
 1 he leant verse is the 1st of Ciiroiiicles, Ist chapter, ami 
 lit verse. 
 
 NKW TI,SI\MKVr. 
 
 The nixldit- hook is 'J Thcssaioiiiiins. 
 The middle chapter is between the 13th and 14th of 
 Koriian«. 
 The middle verse is tiie 17lii of Acts xvii. 
 The shortest verso is the :ir>th of .loiin xi. 
 
 The -.'Isi verse of the iih chapter of Ezra contains nil 
 the letters of the alpiialict. 
 
 The 19th chapterof v Kiiijis, iiiid the 37th of laaiah, are 
 alike. 
 
 It is stateil tiutt the above caiculHtion took three years to 
 i-ompiete. 
 
 KE.MAKKAHLE INSCHII'I'ION. 
 
 The lollowiii^' singiiiar inscription Ih to be seen carved 
 on utomi) situated at the entranc(> of the church of San 
 Salv«<Ior. in the city of Oviedo The explanation is that 
 the tomb wa.s erected by a king named Silo, and the 
 inscription is ho written tluit it can be reiul 270 ways by 
 bftfinning with the large S in the center. The words are 
 [^tin. "Silo priinreps fecit." 
 
 T I r K F S P K C N <• E P S K K C I T 
 
 I C i; F .>< P K C N I N C K P H F E C I 
 
 C K F .S P E C N I IE I N (• E i' S F E C 
 
 E K S P E <; N I U P H I N (■ E P 8 P E 
 
 F S P E (' .N I It P <> P It I .N (• E P 8 F 
 
 S P E <• N I UP I) I- () P It I N C E P 8 
 
 P C V N I It P () L I b »> I' U 1 N V E P 
 
 E K N I U P () b I S I I- <» I' |{ I M (• E 
 
 P E (• N I U P () I, I b (» P l{ I N C K P 
 
 S P E (■ N I It I' () I, () P K I N •• E P 8 
 
 F S P E ( N I It P u I' It I N <' K P S F 
 
 E F S I' E (' .N I l{ P l{ I N (' K P S F E 
 
 (• E F .-< P E (' N I l{ I N (" E P S F E C 
 
 I C E F 9 i' E (' N I N (• I', P S F E C I 
 
 T I C E F S P E C N (• ^; P S F E (,' I T 
 
 IJesiilea tliig singular inscription, the letter.-- il. .S. E. S, 
 8. T. T. li. are also carved on the loinb, but of liiese no 
 ezpiunalion is giveji. Silo, Prince of (Iviedo, or King of 
 the .\stiirias, bucceedeil .Aiiielius in ','ii. and died in 786. 
 He was, therefore, a contpinporary of ('hailemagne. No 
 doubt tire above inscription wan the com|>nsition of some 
 ingeniooij and learned Spanish mock. 
 
 CriMOUS CALcri.ATIONS. 
 
 CONSLMITIOS OK Mil IN Ai riVITY .\V|, UI.I'OSE. 
 
 Dr. HadclytTe Hall nnikes the fo||ii\vin<; iiitevetiting 
 statement with regard to the amount of uir wc coUKunie in 
 repose, and at diltereiil degrees of activity: When still, 
 we u.se i')00 cubic inches id' air in a minute; if we walk ut 
 the rate of one mile an hour, we use S(Mi; two miles. I.00(»; 
 three miles an iiour, l,()(K); fourmilesan hour, 2, .')()(). If 
 we run at six miles an hour, \ use 3,<ilMi cubic iindics; 
 trotting a hoise, l.'.'iO; ca'i'iM' g, l.TitK), 
 
 TIIK VAI.' n- i.Aiuin. 
 
 Cast iron of the valneid' L' sterling is worth, converted 
 into ordinary ma(diinery, L'-l: in larger oriuimentod work, 
 £i'>; in buckles and similar kinds of fancy woik, ftil'O; 
 
 in neck chains, tl,3(i(i. Bar iron of the vali f .tl Hteiimg 
 
 is worth, in the formof knives, t'.'lti; needles, .L'70; penknife 
 bbides, t'!).'i(l: polished bottons aiul buckles, i,'8!Mi; bulance 
 springs of watches, X'.^.tMKi. 
 
 INTKKKST OF MONEY. 
 
 Dr. Prii'C, in the second edition of his "Observations on 
 Ueversitnuiry Payments," says: " It is well known to 
 what prodigious sums money improved for some time at 
 compound interest will iiu'rease. A penny .-o improved 
 from our Saviour's birth, as to double itself every fourteen 
 years — or, what is nearly the same, put out at live |)er 
 c«nt. comiHiund interest at our Saviour's birth— would by 
 this time have increased to more money than could bo 
 contained in l'>0 millions of gl(d)eH, each eiiual to the 
 earth in nnignitmle, and all s(di(l gold. .\ Hhilling, ])ut 
 out at six per < cni. coni|)ound interest would, in the same 
 time, have increased to a greater sum in gold than the 
 whole solar system could hold, sui){H)8ingit a sphere c(|ual 
 in diameter to tlio diameter of Saturn's orbit. And the 
 earth is to such a, sphere as half a stpiare foot, or a (piarto 
 page, to the whole surface of the earth." 
 
 WONDKHS DP SCIENCE. 
 
 A grain of gold has l>een foumi l>y Muncke to admit of 
 l)eing rlivided into >nnvlt/-fire thoiimnd iinllioiin of' visible 
 part-t; that is, by the aid of a microscope magniiying one 
 thousaml times. \ Novereign is thus capable of division 
 into ten millions of millions of visible particles, being ten 
 thousand times as tnany such parltcles as there are men. 
 women and ihildren in all the world. 
 
 Si'OMA.NEois CoiimsTioN. — Liebig, in his " Familiar 
 Letters on Chemistrv." has prove<l tno unsoundness of 
 spontaneous combustion. Yet Dr. Lindley gives nineteen 
 instances of something akin, or the rapid ignition of the 
 human l)ody by contact with flaino as aconsefiucnce of the 
 saturation of its tissues by alcohol. 
 
 Vibrations of the A.:.. — If a p«r8on stand beneath u 
 railway ginb-r-bridgo with an o|)en umbrella over his head, 
 when a train is pasMing, the viln-ation of the air wili \>i- 
 distinctly felt in the hand which giasns the iimbrelhi 
 because the outsi)read surface collects and com-entrates the 
 waves into the focus of the handle. 
 
 The Eakth's Centeu. — All bodies weigh loss the fur- 
 ther removed tliey are from the center of the earth. A 
 block of stotie weighing 70(1 pounds upon the sea-=!.oro. 
 will weigli only 009 ( onnds if carried up a mountain three 
 miles high. A |H!ntluium oscillates more ((uickly a' the 
 poles than at the equator, bwause the ear' h i.-< llaltci' by 
 twenty-six miles at the poles — that is, the ••lH)b"of the 
 p«ndulum is that much nearer the earth's center, and 
 therefore heaviei, and so swings more quickly. 
 
I K1.I"«)SK. 
 
 3l)8»'rv»ilioiison 
 veil known to 
 ir Honif tinit' iit 
 ly .«o iminovt'il 
 [ every foiiiteen 
 >ut ut Hvi" per 
 liiili— would by 
 tlmii coiiiti bo 
 
 
 FIFTEEN THOUSAND SYNONYMS. ->^>L^ 
 
 ■1 
 
 Sii^iiiiiiiiiIiiiE5iiSii5ii5id5,ri!iiSEHii5oSiElJEiSi!^ 
 
 AbMidon-relinqulih, kIvc up, <lecTt. rnrsakp, 
 fiir«'i»">, yirlil, coif, itiirn'iiilcr. realKii. alMlk-iitf, 
 li'ttvi-, ri'Kn', wltliilraw friiiii. 
 
 Abandoned- n'l'ri'tiatc, |>r<iill(rai<\ rorNakcn. 
 
 Abaaa ili'ifniilc, bumtiU', •llnifrHrc, lowpr, (l<- 
 
 Aoate reduce, »iib«lile, (lliniiilxh, lifwn, 'li- i 
 
 ( P'HM*' 
 
 Abbreviate ciir>nll, ci>ropreii«,iilirtilK<-,«iincli'iiw. 
 
 .■Iitiiiiiiu', iihiirton, Icswii, rf<lncc. 
 Abettor m •iniiiilicc. aid. aiifiwory. 
 Abhor ulHjiuiimic, liaic. ilftol, liiathf. 
 Ability i-apaclly, p..w«'r. (aleiit, skill, nifaiin. 
 Able laimlilc. <oiu|H.trnt. 
 Abode •iwi-llliiif, ImliiUtlon, resl'lciur. 
 Abominate ilcli'el, hati-, loathe, alilmr. 
 Abridge conirmt, ciirlall, iliminiali, l«won, 
 
 dlicirli'ii. . , , 
 
 Abroirate .iIniIi-Ii, lancel, annul, n-ix-ai. rp»'>ki-. 
 Abrupt lm..ly. hHnili, xKH.p, rouKh, buiIiU-ii. rutr- 
 
 tff-i. iiMcfreuiiMiuiu,... 
 Absent ab«rBct«il. heiMlli-M, inuttcntlvc. 
 Absorb . iitculf. «iiirri...ii. inihilM.. swallow. 
 Abstain forN-ar. rirrain, willilioM. 
 Abstruse 'limcull. hidclcii, ..l».iur». 
 Absurd fiM.llsii pn>iM«it<-niuii, silly, ridiculous, 
 
 iMiii' winablc. 
 Abundant amiilo. copious, plentiful. 
 Abusive illgRraii'liil, insolent, offensive, «umi- 
 
 a.^>nt. .'oinply, *'on- 
 
 Abysa clue-in, (luir. 
 Accede uKrec. actiulew 
 
 sent, \lelil. 
 Accept ailinii. receive, tuiie 
 Acceptable ..mihiu,!,-, (fr»t>-fm, welcome. 
 
 A -" .III. ;tmriieniatlon, iMcn-iise. 
 
 A !apt, fuit.ailjusl, s«TVe. lit. 
 
 A , ri I. iiuorl; wait on, (to Willi, 
 
 A .,.-;ior, ally, ac,-»«wory, uAsociate, 
 
 A ;, -e»e«'Ute. efftH-i. ijnwh, iiehlevi', ful- 
 
 lin. -.- iij . r.iinpleie. 
 AccordlUKly ajfreealily, coiwei|uenlly, there- 
 fore. -illIuOlV. 
 
 Account iles»Triptlou. eiptanation. re<-ital, narra- 
 (I'li. 
 
 A', umulate-nmass, collect, untlier. heap. 
 
 Accurate-corret't, eiact, nic«', pn-ci*«-. 
 
 Accuse HrnuKn, asiK-rsi', ilelraci, il^-faine, im- 
 pel, n. calumniate, villify. censure. 
 
 Achieve acconiplish, iculiz"\ ell«>ct, .-omplete, 
 e\. . :.l.-. fiiltill. 
 
 Acknowledse avow, confes", owti, trrmm 
 
 Acknowledirment Hiliniwinn, aMiwal, cmfiti- 
 si unceasioii. reeounitlon. 
 
 Acquaint coiun inieute. ilucliw. Inform, laake 
 kti.>wii. 
 
 Acquiesce aeocde, aasent, airree, comply, c«fi- 
 
 S41II, lieM. 
 
 Acquire attain, obi* >. ^aln, iiro, iin', win. 
 Acquirement- atluiimi>-ii'. (caln. 
 Acquit 1 li:ir, ilisiharue, in^.. foritlve, panlon. 
 Active Hi;il>', liiisy. vltforoiis ;irmlt,'|Ulel<<lndiiR- 
 
 triolis, nillllre, pronipt. 
 
 Actual real, iHisjtlve. t-ei^Hin. jretiiiln*'. 
 Attuata move. iai|M'l, Inelti', rouse, iiisllKale. 
 
 Illlllliat4', i'lilui-e. 
 
 Aiute |>enetnilin>(, |M>iiite<l, keen, piercliiK, suli- 
 
 llc. «lin'wil, sharp. 
 Adatre a|>otheKin, aphorism, inaxim, naylnir, 
 
 l.nvi rl'. axiom. 
 Adapt ai'c nimialate, adju.st, tit,!<iilt. 
 Add |. .111, uiiiiex, IncreasM . 
 Adili'ion a.ee»sioii, aiiimientation, increase 
 Ad.lr.ss alillity. courtship, ilin-elion. uttenini'o, 
 
 ..'. lit. -1.^'ecli. 
 Addirsa iie.i.fit, salute, harnnKUe, «iicc»'h,iini- 
 
 II. eirretloii, i<ii|a'rs4'riiitioii. dexlerlfy. 
 Ad' pt -kilirul. apt. ipilek, e\|Mit. 
 Adhere Mtlaih.ehaM', liolil, sdek. 
 AJli.'.ent- illmlple, partisan. followiT, iiiiholilir. 
 Adliealon— attachment, stickinK, adnereuce. 
 
 30 
 
 Adjacent ailJoinuiK, contiKuous, near, ulose. 
 Adjourn |"»-1|miiii. ilcfer. delay, put off. 
 Adjust ail oiiiiiiodute, adapt, til, settle, suit. 
 Administer Kive, nianax''. dis|a.nse, supply, 
 
 s-rve, I'xerllte. 
 Admiration amazement, esteem, renard, won- 
 
 'Iit, siirpri'^e. 
 Admisaion enirance, adnilltam e, B.ees8,eoncei<- 
 
 ~i.>n, liiilialioii. 
 Admit allow, coneiile, irraiit, isrnilt, tolerate. 
 .Admonition -advice, caution, counsel, reprtsif, 
 
 warniiiit. 
 Adore n vcre, reviri'mi', vi'nenite. worship. 
 Adorn >leck, eiuU'llisli,lHmiitlly,ilei'iTrale, urna- 
 
 Illenl. 
 Adroit Hinle. cli'Vei. dextenais, skillful. 
 Adulterate lorriipt, dellle. deliase. |Millutr. 
 Advancement iiiiproxeiiieni. fiirtlierance, pro- 1 
 
 i^r»'ssioii. I 
 
 Advantage U-netli. itimmI, protl*. use. 
 Adventure occurrence, liaiileiit, cuKiially, . 
 
 < tiiiiKe. coiitiniteiie.i.'. I 
 
 Adveraary opiHiiienl.enemv. aii'aKonllu 1 
 
 Adve.-se li.'stile, lontniry. repiiKiinnt, iinfir- 
 
 iiiiiul*-. oii|Hised. 
 Advert alliidi., notice, leifii: I, tiiiii. 
 Advertise puMisli. pioi'laiiii. unnoiiiue. 
 Advice ii.>ti'Uctioii, a.liii. 11 tlon. ei'iiii.4el. 
 
 A''vlse udmoiiisli, I'.psiiH, di IiIh riile i|..i.ler. 
 
 .'ulv, -".te arkue, di fend, iiieiid, siip|>i rl. 
 \rli.. .) :y eixilily, . ■i.rteoiisni'ss, iirl'anity 
 \r '■,'- v<iurtei.us. ri\-il. plettsitiif. iiiliaii >. 
 .' '■..*ii l.iisine>s,c'.iicei-ii. iiiatti r. truii>actioii 
 AJfect aim, assume, a. roiiale, 11 o\'e, prete!id. 
 A«TectinK fechnif. paihetir, t"Uiliili«. 
 Affection -lenderiu's^. luvi'. kiiidiieiw. fundi. i>^. 
 
 iittacliineiit. 
 Affiliate ailoj.t,»K'i'iciHtc. initiate, receive. 
 Affinity eonformlty, alliance, relationship, km- 
 
 <lii-il,ati ruction. 
 Affirm a.Hsert, aver, ti>.*iin.. pr'te^i. d,. line. 
 Affliction Miiln'»s.»"rro«. !.• n axeiinnt. iiihim- 
 
 ilv, .li.streM, pain, Krii'f, troiililf. inlailatioii. 
 Affluence oiniler.ee. weallii. riches, aluindaiici-. 
 
 eoiieoiirae, liiHux, plenty . 
 AfTord-lniiMirt. Ktant, kIvc, prisliice, spuii', 
 
 yield. 
 Atiray dlslurbance, bmil. f. ml. fray, ipiarrel. 
 AlTrinht-alarni, appall, Irit'hicii. terrilj.shocfc, 
 
 'li<iiiiiy. Inliniidate. dinliearten. 
 AfTront iiisull, olli.n.l. pro\ ..Ue. oiilniKe. 
 AlVald feariiil.tiiiinl, linioroiiH. teirilled. 
 Aired old, elderlv, .«iiile. advaiice.l in year*. 
 Airent- deputy, fiietor, represeiiiati\e 
 AiTKiavnto tunlall/e. provok.'. e^a^|lel1lte, Irrl- 
 
 lille 
 Ainrrefrate iieeiimiilmi', ina«i«, collect, iillo. 
 Agile hiinlile, lai.^k, ulert, lively, •|iiick, lu'tive. 
 
 sprlirlitl.v. 
 Atritate ".listurli, shake. move, discuss. 
 Airitation lr<>piilation. tri'iiior. 'Ustiirliauce. 
 AfToiiy lisii'i'M), |>ain, aniriiish, torture, suffer 
 
 "'*■'■ 
 Airree > "iisent. aswnt, ncciMie, concur, comply. 
 
 acipliesce. 
 Agreeable suitable, ai ceptalile. pleaMiuf, (rrate- 
 n'ul. 
 Agreement l)ariraln,eovenaiil,acconlanie, coo- 
 
 Inict, ...iicu'rence. harmony. 
 Aid— 'isyist. help, miecor, nlieve. 
 Aim iispin', endeavor, level, strive, point. 
 Air mien. I.Hik, manlier, iip|H'ariiiice,iis|iect. 
 Alarm aporehenslon, tern r. siirprisi .siiminoBs, 
 
 fri%.lit, lea,', .In'Md, coiisteriiatioii. 
 Alienate withdraw. estniii;.'e. tniisfir. 
 Allay soollu^ iniliirate, up|aMi.se,.i.wiiHin'. 
 Allege nsseit. ailviincc. udduce. alhrni. 
 Alleviate niiti»?ate. relieve, soot'ie, iimc, Itawn, 
 
 oiiniiii.sli, altate, li(tlit4*ii. 
 Alliance union, league. cunfe<leracy, coalition, 
 
 coiiil. Illation. 
 Allot 11.^11:11, apportion, api>oinl, illstrllmte. 
 Allowance- wages, salary, pny, sti|H>iid, irraut, 
 
 COUCt'KMUU. 
 
 completely mHo- 
 
 nstitullon, re»torstioii. recompen.«. 
 
 All to very much, enlirkljr 
 Belln r. 
 
 Allude refer, iiitiniat4., hint, suavrvt. 
 
 Allure de< oy. sitntct. Mslin e, tempi, enllcr. 
 
 Alter 1 liinup, vary , misiif) . rxarrangr. 
 
 Altercation ditlcniK'e, dispute, ipisrrel. 
 
 Always contimmlly, in. essantu. o nstanUy, 
 «'\er, iHTis'tiially. 
 
 Amass li> a|>, pile, accumulate, n.Ueci. ^Iher. 
 
 Amasement surprise, astonuhmeot, admlra- 
 iit'ii, W' nder. 
 
 Amblguoua— cH|uiviH'al, dnublfnl, unef-rtain, ob- 
 scure. 
 
 Amenable sii»weralilc, resismslLie.atcuiiiitabla. 
 
 Amend re> tify, reform, rarnd, liatter, crrwct, 
 
 i:ill-r<>\e. 
 
 Amends 
 
 icpaiatl 
 Amiable kin. I. aim^'able, oMiyinir, chsrralDg, 
 
 d. IlKlllflll. lo\el> 
 
 Ample alaitidaiit. large, copkius, sparkius, ex 
 
 tended, plent«-oiL<. 
 Amusement t'Ostime, recrcMion, diversion, 
 
 s|.i>rl . e'lTe 'tainillclit. 
 Ancestors proKenitors, forefather*. 
 Anecdote tale, story. 
 Angvy |Hi"ioii,ite,rewntful,hot, hs*ly, iraarihle. 
 
 wralliliil, liirioiis, 
 Aogniah di^tr'ss. puln. ai<< ny.'Uffennir. 
 Animate iirire. enliven, eibilanite. encouraae. 
 
 impel. . hci . iiu It"', inspin-. 
 Ari'maticn ile. si.irils,xayety. hu.iyam y,v ivu<'- 
 
 U,. , .l\ . illlev«. 
 An.inciaity < nmity, buin'<l. h<«tilltr, iniillifnily. 
 A:iuals Memoirs, artviloti-*, cbp.nlcles. narra- 
 
 ll.'II.S. 
 
 Annex "'ta. Ii.ad i, aiVn. »ub>'in. 
 
 Aiiiioiin'..'e proclaim, publish, advertise, dtclarv. 
 
 Attiial eaiii-el, destroy, nvoke, refical, sboligh, 
 
 iMitilhilate. 
 Answer n-inv. rejoin.ler. ix-«pons-. 
 Answerable ao-ountulde, n^»>n!>lb|r. ameii- 
 
 iil.:''. 
 AntiiKonist f' e. ad\er-ar'. . npimnenl. enemy. 
 Antecedent fonifoiHK, f' rm. r, pn-\iuus, unter- 
 
 lor, pii..r. pn'i'i'.llatf- 
 Anterior «iite<.'«-<lciit, piexKiUs prior, former, 
 
 loliL-'-inif. 
 Antipathy aversion, dtilike, .leie«tatiun. sLbor- 
 
 I' tu . . hatrc^l. 
 AiUiijue iiicu'iit. (III. anti<(uatc<l. 
 Anxiety ineiKiineiw, c".i:ion, care, 
 
 -' li iliiile. di"Hiietu<le. 
 Apathy iiiseii^iiamy. IndlBercnee, 
 
 IIPI- . lil'tflU'SS. 
 
 Aperture cavin, hollow. 
 
 Aphorism adaK-, maxim, apothevm. aiatm, 
 
 pp \i 11 . ^lyiiiK. 
 Aliology (ilea, excuse, •ti'tense. 
 Appall .laiini. di?jiu), ruliuv, .h'press, dlaroue- 
 
 aue 
 Apparent eMdent. visil-h-. pUin, clear, distinct. 
 Appeiii p I. r, invoke, call iipt.n. 
 Appearance ii.s|»ct, air, iiuinDer. iwk, mien, 
 
 '•lllM.ilii »'. 
 Appease a^^uase. albiy. ••s'lhc. paiify, rami, 
 
 rnt'-.pidi/..-. 
 Applaud ext.il. piai.-- . c..miBen.l. appri.vc. 
 AppU.us*.' .. iamati. i...i! provjt. »bouting. 
 Appoint (.r"M'K. all"t. consuiufc. fix, oriHlB, 
 
 Iire«, rii^-. .I.i'i.i". orih "■. 
 i^praise ...iimale. xalm-. 
 Appreciate c do . e-ti.<ra. priw i-iimate. 
 , Apprehensioa -.i-piciun. alarm. si-LJUre, u>rTor. 
 I I.- II-. friL'lit. r- a,l- 
 
 Apprise inak.- ;.i."\?ii.aeqii»im.dL««l.v^. inform. 
 Ajiprna.-h .■iilmittai.c<'. aci>^«. pHwajre. avenue 
 Approbation .i|!r'\ul. concurrenc*-. lonflmia- 
 
 , lii'n. 1 !.»eM. «iinrI|on 
 
 ' Appropriate «•» aisi^i. a."iime. usurp. 
 Appropriate mlaeleil. exilusjre. r«.eullar, siiit- 
 
 ii'ii 
 Approve allow, appbiu.i. comm« nd, dke,est«*m. 
 Apt-lit, meet, quick, ready, prompt, iial h-. 
 
 |4-r|'k:>ity. 
 
 uiieoocern. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 ^♦""'■'kHWi'WJtllBff ' 
 
If 
 
 1 V 
 
 
 PiPTEKN THOrrtANtl SYNONYMS. 
 
 ^bitrstor— •rbiior, rorurco, Juil«t, umplra. 
 ArohtToa-kanaK, rcconU, ratrtitrr*. cbronlelaa. 
 ArdAot HMcsr, r«>n>rot, flerjr, bit, pualooatc, 
 
 vi'homfiit. 
 Aidaoua <unirull, tryluK. IklKjrluiii, bud. 
 Ai^umnnt <l<'>>i«ti', clhimlu, priMif, rauKin. 
 Arijw tL^t't'ttd, iiiuuiit. rlm\ rttand up. 
 Arrtuim m'l'uw, uhnriri-. Im|>««ch. 
 Arruiiife <:liiHg, udJiiHt, di4|iiiw, plMoe. 
 Arroffanoti HHHiiiniitlun, liaiiirtitiiii-««. prMv pr«- 
 
 rt iiniiliMii,»«<lf-<i>mflt. 
 Artful «rtiniti«l, 
 
 ilfiterouii. 
 
 I'liiiiiliiK. 'rufit. 
 d>.ni.il. 
 Articulate Hiimk, iillvr, pr<Miouiir<> 
 Artltlcn AtrHtHNi'iii, ilrccll,i.'lienl, tliiiiw, IiuimwI- 
 
 llMll, ltl><<<l|ltll<ll. 
 
 Aanembly n>vMMiililiiirf'. cuUfrtiKn, irrnup. 
 AaiiociatA <'iira|iuiiliiii, frli'inl, luiiti- 
 AtrcK inua hi'iii iiih. lliiKnuit, tluKltluiiK. 
 
 Atlltlldft |HH lloil, |H>KIIIIV, iri'SIUf)'. 
 
 AUrai't alliin', cliurni. riiplliiilc, I'litln', wriii. 
 Audacity -harilihdiial, iiniiiKliiiti', cSruntiTj. 
 
 t><ll<llll-H1 
 
 Auapluloua ttivui-Nble, r»rtuimti', lucky, pnipl- 
 
 tiinn, |i',w|,..iiiii'j. 
 Auat/^iin riKid, rlKonnis, ntorti, M-v<in>, 
 Authentic tf< iiiiiiif, niitlKirizi'il, triic. 
 Authority iloniiiiiini, ton-*', (miwit, Hway, intlu- 
 
 eiiid, Htiv iiilniK.y. 
 Avarice «n-<Ml, iiMvi't<iu<ii)'K'<, ru|'l<llty. 
 ATf>rs« liiMlli, I'i'liii'lunt, niniiriiHiK, iiiiwiIIIiik. 
 
 unimnmiili'. iinlirtiinii'i'. 
 AvAraion iililiorn-iKi'. uiitlpiitlii. di-t<i4tati"n. 
 
 ili^l.Ki'. r< piiKiiiiiM')-. 
 Ayi'litv fii)f>'riii's.H, hmm'iIIik'wi. 
 Avocation <><'■ iii'iitlon. iirnti'iwiiiii, tradr, rm- 
 
 pliiyinciit, ritlliiK, ollli'r. liii!iiiii>Ni. 
 Avoid iliiin, I'liiilc, f>w')i< H'. 
 Avow Hckiiiiwli (JK'* own, runl't'H.'*, PvognUe. 
 A'vakn uroiiu', <'ji>'ili', provoke 
 Awe ilri'iHl. fi'iir, nvrti'iiii . 
 
 B 
 Babbliuir <:liatti'rliitr, hllr 
 
 ily 
 
 Backward iiiiwiIIIiik, nvii'-x-, loHtli, n-Uit'tiitit. 
 BafflA tlUrr(ii[i-rt, rliii|i>, «-(>nfoiiMil. ilfftiat, f-oii- 
 
 l.isr 
 B'llanco <'<iunli/;i', mljii't, »'lt <•, rcirolntf , (miI-U'. 
 Bititor ilorldr, Ji-«(, riiliioli . ijiiiiil. nilly. 
 8Ar«> nulled, UMindMrned, -^tiippi'd, destitute. 
 B'lririkin liiiv, li'iii'h i.Hi\ I'riiittiii'l. 
 Bai.' 1 w, v'le, niiMli, e\ ll. 
 Basl'-ful n>' '!< ^t llllilrnt, hIiv, timid. 
 Buats iM>i|i'!,i>il, I ii-> , tiMiiidiiiloii. 
 '.t 'Stnrd Hie .'iiiiiiiie. iiporioii^. 
 c. ttle t>o^;f»- ■nil'tll, rolilliiit. tlv'llt. 
 ' ar ^iill^r, niideri. ". Ill: .t, ifii^tain. Iirinf forth, 
 
 niippoM, I'lichire, yield. 
 Beat -liIKe, over'lirow, dereal, hit. 
 Bftau uiiliiuit, dimly, .'•ue.tlieiii t.fop. 
 Beatiful linn, liiiiMl-otnc, cnriy 
 Beautify— ileeorute, 
 
 d.!,k. 
 BncominK loiiicly 
 
 iiiili . 
 Bi< I)"'-"!-, ll, le,|.i ii4k,riM\e. Niipplienle. 
 
 UillHle. eoinll|eii,-(>. 
 M', Jill|HiHe iiiMill, de4-elve. 
 ' vportnietit, iidilrewt, e'>ii 
 
 BoantT-lltMralltr, lieiieflcenre. feneroally. Iw- 
 
 nevon-nee, niiifiini*e(:ce 
 Bra<i« aui'iMirt, iwlr, eonpla. 
 Brav* Udd, liiln'pid, fenrleiu, iinilauDliil, he 
 
 role, itariiiir, eotinmiHitifl. 
 Breach rha^m. Preak, a-HP, o|M>ii,iiir. 
 Break ili-xfroy, Hhat'er, Imtler, deniollHl, iMiiie, 
 
 diMMoIxe, enmli. rend. 
 Breaker eovrn-'l ri>ek, aurce, wave, M\iidliaiik, 
 
 lilllow. 
 Brief rtliorl, epiloinl'etl. eonelmi, uniiiniiii), ■in- 
 
 rliu'l, eoiniieiidloiii>. 
 Briffht lue)<l, itlmrinliiir. reiiplendeni, liiilllunt. 
 
 icliiter iiir. eleiir, hhlnlnv. npiirkllilir. tivld. 
 
 irlllllUlcy lirl 'hlnefu. lumer, rttillnnee,«pleii(|or. 
 rlttle erUe. fntll. IriiKde, 
 road far-niii hltiir, wide, .iiiipli-, e«leii.<ilvr, 
 la rife. 
 Broil rrltthl.alTriiv, eltereadon, feud, 'piarn*'. 
 
 Sruiae bn>ak. eniMli. ,*<i"e4*£i>, JMiiiiid. eompres.'' 
 uUd ereet. <'-<lal>li»h, (oiiiiiI.eoiMlrnet. 
 Bulk iiiiuinilude, diiiieimloiiit, vn-aliM'^, e«leiil, 
 
 MV, ItirKeticMi 
 Burden load, earuo, weluhl, InlKlil. 
 Burniotr Hnh'iil, noi,a on hliiK. Ilery, 
 Burat iplit, eraek. niid, break. 
 Buaineaa .iviHiitloii, iHviipatlon, employ ineiit, 
 
 fnile, work, ealllnii. profe-rtloii 
 Buatla eonfiimiiii. iiurr) liiiinill. diiumler. 
 But iiolwllh«I«iidiii|(.iieverihel4'K'>, <j(evpl,bnW' 
 
 ever. Klill. yii, wine 
 Butchery bavm', enriiitre, niii>(iuere, ulauKhliu . 
 Buy pi'Miire, piiretiasc, : 'irirnlii, obtain 
 
 oniliiiiatlnii. 
 
 alk, prHltllnir, Imjuae. 
 
 oniuiiKiil, einln'lllsh, Bilorii, 
 deeeid, til, Kraectiil, itillt- 
 
 I'. lo,,ker on. 
 iiitldenee, certainty. 
 
 
 •e, ll, li',|.| 
 Be»[in enter llpoo 
 Bevuile inlxleiel, h 
 Behavlcr eairiiiiff 
 
 .1.1.1. 
 B'-'hold rdt-WM-x-i'. MM*, \'(e\r. 
 B'tliolder oliwiver, special 
 Bslief iwscni. eonvKll.in, . 
 
 f.oili, trii>l. 
 Below Ix'nnalli, under. 
 Bend t>ow, distort Inrline, lean, aulKliie. 
 Beneath Im'Iow. under. 
 Benefloent - ln'lplul. lieneTolent, ircncroua,buun- 
 
 llMI, Idieial, llliinirleelil. 
 Bent <;i'o<ike.l, awry, pi'epoiwoMloii, riirved, In- 
 
 4-iiitittl.iri, 
 Bequeath -deviw, dive by will. 
 Beaeecb -unre, Im-k, linp.!ore, Holleit, supplicate, 
 
 n*.! ..",1, crave, entreat. 
 Bnntow -tf runt, eonfi'i , priwent, irive. 
 Better improve, aineliornle, retiirru, mond. 
 BloH wiirp, prepojtW'Wion, licnt, pn'Jiidliti, 
 Blame inciiipute, reprove, upbraid, condemn, 
 
 <viis;in', nproaeli, repndiend. 
 Blamnleas uiiiltierm, Iniioi.Mi, <potlciM, faullb-Nt 
 
 tirihleiioHhf.l, irreproaelniliie. 
 Blast spill, vritlier lip, denolnie, di'<tn>y. 
 Blemish tlaw, 'lerert, Htaiii, fault, spot, N|H>i-k. 
 Blend mlt, MiiMtfIn, eonl'oiiiid. 
 j3li.^3 liai>pin(v«<«, feli<-it>, iM^tltiide, bleiw*Nlnei««. 
 Blunt .lull, nil. until, liMi»|ue,in»«ntlenl, abrupt. 
 Blunder error, inlslnke. 
 
 Boiiater viiiinter, biiister(>r, l.ra«iranl, brugKart. 
 BoiuitlnR' parade, .'Htental loll, vauntlnir. 
 Boiaterous violent, velieoient, furious, lmi>et- 
 
 nous. 
 Bold < oiinttfeoim, dariint. Insolent, Impudent, 
 
 intreiil''. iearleiw, aiidaelmm. 
 Bondacre survitu'le, eonflnemeiil, slavery. Im- 
 prisonment. 
 Booty plunder, "port, prey. 
 Border edKu, Mde, verve, brink, brim, margin, 
 
 run. 
 Bnre |x'iie(nit«, perforate, pleroe. 
 Bnand di-fliie. clK^umwrllie, confine, nvtrlct. 
 
 . .!', <• riiiinale 
 
 ' Oabal iiHtlilion. InlriKue, plot. 
 
 leaaiie. eoimpino v 
 OaJole fawn, wheeiile, 4'fiiii. 
 Oalamity nii.4hup. ii'Hf.irtiine, illniutrr, inla- 
 
 ih.inre. 
 Calculate- i'ouni, nv ion, eHllinate, eoivipute, 
 
 iiiiiiilH'r. 
 Call KUblHenu, «umni'.<i, iiaine, • ry, bid. Invite, 
 
 ■ x'lalm. 
 Oalllnff tn'.l'-, employn ent, aviM»illon, o<-eu|>ii- 
 
 tloii, pr'.fef»NH.,i, tiiistncM,' 
 Calm Hiuilbe, assiiHKe, iilit<y, apia'ax-, i'oni|h,M', 
 
 triiii.juilir.'', tpiiei. |M>]iee, paeify. 
 Cancel eni«', revoke, destroy, annul, alHilixh, re. 
 
 l»-«i 
 Candid frank, hom-Mt, Inireiiuoie*, oix-n, mtli-iw. 
 Capable abli-. sklilfiil, lltl«><l, ipuillili'd, roin|><'. 
 
 lent. 
 Capacity ea|iablliiy, talent, fneuliy,genliia,Bl.li- 
 
 ity. 
 Caprice fancy, Inini'.r. wlilin, freak, notion. 
 Caprlcioua notional uliiiiiMial, variable, funtaK- 
 
 til hI. Ill kle, eliaiiueiibii . 
 Captivate ehartii, faMiinfite, tike prKoiuT, eii- 
 
 i>riv.'. eni liaiit. nttraei. eiiniptiire. 
 Captivity -^i rvilude, impnieininent, bondaKe, 
 
 1. iiitliieni) ot. 
 Capture eri/e, wl/un'. 
 Care diB^pii. iml". maiiHKem"tit, worij, anxiety, 
 
 • ■omern.Blleiiiioii, retfiiril, soltrltii.le. 
 Careful |iriivi>lent, e'n iim>p.'i t, ^uai'de<l. pni- 
 
 <lt lit, I ':l lit iollK.P' lilt- 1 lions, atteii|i\r. 
 Careleaa imittentne. miiiiiiceriied, nt-i.'titfent, 
 
 t!i"ML-liIli ««. nnii«'. bndli-«. 
 Caresa f eidle, n iiile\ emlear, "I'r."!.!', <itil.n;ee 
 Carnage iniiswiiie. flioiKhler, tiiitclierj . 
 Carriiure deiioitiii'iit, walk, beanni/, di nieanor. 
 
 mail' er, beli n mr. ml) ii. 
 Carry K-ar, eoim y, lr.iiii>port. 
 Case pn-'liiniiKiii. roudlllon, rtate, pIlKht. filliia- 
 
 tloii. 
 Cost tlii'ow, tl:ii>r. illrei'l, turn, linr,. 
 Casual ae<-t<li'n(<il, •onlliiireiit, iieldenlal. 
 Catch •apiure, khp, snatcli, lay hold oi, aeize, 
 
 ur.sp. 
 Cause orikTiii, hid uieiiient. reason, moll VI ■.source. 
 Caution fMijii'itiiiie, iiotii t', iid\ Ici', eiri'unis|>ec- 
 
 t:<ii.. rare, adrnonition. warninir. 
 Cautious I «rt.fii , war.v, prudent, walilitul, eir- 
 
 »"i;iis,rt'Ct. 
 Cease ljfn\ e oiT, "tip. d'-<;«l. disi'onllmie. 
 0<;lebrated Illustrious, ii'iiowiieil, faiuoiis, hon- 
 
 I rf d. 
 Celebrate pralM*, eoiiiinenil,i xtol, pi'rpelunle. 
 Celerity vepslty, swifliie-s, llietiieia, .piiekni-Ni, 
 
 nipidliy. 
 Censure rebuke, repioa. Ii, strielun-, blame, rep- 
 
 riiiiuiid, tipbrnid, eondeninatlon. 
 Ceremony - rite, furiii, olts*'rviinee. 
 Certdiu aetiial, n-iil. iiittnlfest, stir*', rniiNtaiit. 
 Chosrin vejatioe. mortilleiitlon, fnlfiiliietw. 
 Cbailencee olijot, deiiiund, exeept, rialm, def) . 
 
 iu-eu»i-, I all. dan*. 
 Chance I usual, accident, fortune, fale, forliil 
 
 tolls. Iiu7.ai'd. 
 Ohanire alteration, vielssltiide, variety, •'oiiver- 
 
 «ioii, iniiiittion. 
 Chanireable iineertnin. unsteady, ineonstHnl, 
 
 iiiiiiiiMi'. Ilekli'. variable. 
 Ouaracter manner, ipiality, mark, description, 
 
 r«-pu!iition. e«>t. lettir. 
 Charity- klndn<-«<, IxMiellcenei', benei o|ence,gun- 
 
 erosii.v. (fo'"l-will, lit>erii|ity. 
 Charm -faseiimte, cuptlvato, l>nwlt<-h, enrapture, 
 
 atfraet. delnriit. 
 ! Ohaoten- ehnsttsc, afflict, correct, punish. 
 Ohastenesa- purity, simplicity eontliieiiL«, chas- 
 ' tity. 
 
 I"« - ... — 
 
 limit, lncl<iae,nonlliie, iHunid. 
 situation, event, conilitioii, state. 
 
 Ohastlan afflict, iiirrei t. punish. 
 Chattels ilTei'lB, movable uimmW. 
 Ohsat fraud, InilMwIiion. i|eee|><ioii. iieteit, sti< 
 
 aeem. 
 Chssr eneourage, Ineiti-, exhilarate, gladdtn, 
 
 comfort. 
 Chaarfulneaa sprighllini-ss, liv liiiess, Jul tijr, 
 
 eoinf.irt, |ia.tely, ndrth, glndiiers. 
 Cherish help, iiuriun', foster, shelter, Indiilga, 
 
 warm. 
 
 8 hide •I'lild, re|iiiniand. lelmke, reprove, 
 htafly mainly, t»|mlail>. principally, partlcu- 
 larlv. 
 Ohildlah simple, piiei lie. young, trilling. 
 Childhood liifani't niiniirit). 
 Children Issue. olTsprlnK. pnyeny. 
 
 ghokff "iiiTiH-ate, sniolber. slllle. 
 hulce sidei lion, option, i h'ctlon. 
 Choose plek,Mde<'t. elect, prefer. 
 Qlrculnt!' spread, ■>»■«. bruit, dlirus<-, pro|iagats 
 Circumscribe '" - ■ ■ 
 Oiit uinstance 
 
 lllrii|,-lit. 
 
 Circumspect vigilant, watt liliil. prudent, wary, 
 IMtti I'oiiir, cautions. 
 
 Circuinstoiktisl minute, acclilental, i articular, 
 nil Id.'iital 
 
 Civil oblluuiK, well-bn-d, isillte. ixdishrd, ur- 
 bane, iiltiible. coort<siiis, complalsuiil, 
 givillxiitlon ii'flnement, culture, 
 laliii 'Holland, ask, riKht, pndi nslnn. 
 
 Clamor ••iil.ry, cry, upnwr, iiols<>. 
 
 Claudeatlne hidden, secn-t, (irivHle. 
 
 Claan itiviHi,,n, nmk, order, degn.«!. 
 
 QleansinK puririiiv. piirilviiix, e|i"inlnir. 
 
 Clear i>i>> ions, apiiarent, rns-, pure, vivkl. 
 
 Clearly M>ilily, manlfislly, lucidly, dlstlnetlj, 
 obviously, plainly. 
 
 Clemency mercy, klndnesa, lenity, mildness. 
 
 8 lever adroit, ev|M-rt, skiliful, ready, 
 limb inoiiiil, aM'< nd, rise. M-ah*. 
 Cling liang, clasp, deave, stick, hold. 
 Cloa- I (iiilinisl. shut, lieiir, tlrm, concise, onm- 
 
 pact. 
 Clothes upimn'l.haldllments, raiment, covering, 
 
 utlir.', Karmi'iit. 
 Clouded overcast, sullen, oliscured, variegated, 
 
 irlooniy, ihirk 
 Clumsy uncouth, iinltMndy, bungling, awkwar\l 
 Coadjutor colleague, ally, adjutant, assistant 
 Coalition I onsplnicy, union, eomlilnutloii. 
 Coai-se xroM, v ulgai , rude, rough. Inelegant, uii- 
 
 n'llniil. 
 Coax fawn, whe<>ille, ttrase, Halter, cajole. 
 Coerce fonc. <'oiii|m-I, restrain. 
 
 gotrnomen naini-, upiadlnllon. denomination, 
 oiieient con«i"tent. tenacious, adhesive. 
 OoJULlde aur.M'. liHrmonine. concur. 
 Cold uiiattis'tlnif, shy, frigid, ihlll, reservoil. 
 Oollemnie ally, partner, assis'iale, coadjutor. 
 Collected eonip<>se,|. calm, iiiinitlleil, placid, iHMil, 
 
 giilliereil. 
 Collection gathering, (ninp, iisaenihlage, con- 
 
 Iriiiiitloii. 
 Colloquy confenMiei-. talk, dialogue. 
 Color hue. tint, stain. 
 ;:omb;naUon n-iifcdenuy, , onsplracy.ciMillUon, 
 
 iiiiiiiii, liiagiii'. al'lanee. 
 Ocmely handsome. Iiccnmlng, graeofiil, agrwa- 
 
 ble. 
 Comfoi-t «<'lii-<', eii!iM 11. eiiioiinige, console. 
 Comfortless wret-hed. diisolale, forlorn. 
 Comic fuMiiy. laiixhalile. ridiculous, ludicrous. 
 Commanil ilireetlon, orier. pn-eept, Udn-st, in- 
 
 JllMI ll.ill 
 
 Commanding dli tatorml, imperious, autborltn- 
 
 tui'. iiupcrtitlvi'. 
 Commence— Im'v III. iiii.l.riake, originate. 
 Commend approt e, laud, pniliu', applaud, extid, 
 
 ii-i-.<niineiiil. 
 Commensurate- sufllcii'iil, adeigiiate, equal, pro- 
 
 piirli'.iiate. 
 Comment iitli'rance, elliieiilatlon, remark, ob- 
 servation, annotation, note, etplanation, expo- 
 sition 
 Commiseration compassion, feeling for, eondo- 
 
 lenri*, pit.v , s.v nifiathy. 
 Oommisalou notlmrlw, em|Hiwer, enable. 
 Commodious tit. large, suitalile, convenient. 
 Commodity icods, wares, merehaiidls<i. 
 Oomiiiun ueiieial, low, mean, fns|iient, iisuu!. 
 
 V ii!;,'.ir, ordinary. 
 Commotion |s-rturbation, confusion, tumult, 
 
 ili:iturl>nnre. 
 Comr unicaW tell. Impart, reveal, dlieliiar, n-- 
 
 |Hirt, make known. 
 Communication commerce, tiitercourac, con- 
 
 fen'iice. 
 Communion union, fellowship, converse. Inter 
 
 loiirsi-. 
 Commute liarter, erdiange. 
 Compact clo-.', solid, linn 
 Companion imrtner. ally, confederate, accom 
 
 pilce, friend, comrade, iLs'soclate, chum. 
 Company assembly, eoiigregatloti, crow, liand. 
 
 i'oi|Minilii.n, aams-iatlon 
 Compass loniominat'v attain, encircle, em l»s<. 
 
 envinm. Invest. 
 Compoaaion corarolserHtioii, sympathy, t<>nder 
 
 lleSH. 
 
 OomTienaation amends, requltel, remuneratim 
 ri'wiii I, pav , sati8fji4*tion. 
 
 ?^ 
 
till la rule, iiliuMan, 
 
 iiii|>i'riiiiii<, iiiitliorilu- 
 
 nilciiiiiiti', cqiml, |irii- 
 
 1111, firllllK for. fondo- 
 
 KirrKKX Tirol >ANIl SYNdNYNH, 
 
 uukiii, tiar- 
 
 Coinprt«U»-«lllllfiii. i.lll«l>Jr.r«rc«l»».itl»<l rlH. 
 
 . . i(. iiiiuiiltol. • ■^'•I'li', •!»<•. 
 Corop<^»illon <'iuiil«it<Ki. n»»lry. 
 C >iup atulDC laiii'iHMiiiii. la-wallln*. lammtioc, , 
 
 nil i . n Kr»>«tiii«. 
 C.<rap'a.)ant nBjlifc-. • Ir'.l.i-onrn^.iisaBrw^fil'-, 
 
 Complru* Hi i-nmiilwh. nniviiaiaatr, moiliiilp, 
 
 Of. 11M-. I'ffrt I. nnt»»i. fiiimi. j 
 
 Complex ximplkMla-. mini'Mir 
 
 gomp iroent ikitw. fH-'i. !•«»«»• 1 
 
 oinpiy iM'i f»r, Mrtjr. luwtit. oioanil. rWd. ac- 
 
 OoVpo««l .ulin. .|'ilW, ptitKrtber. 
 Comprohcnd nifrvial.-. malirmrr. lomprttr. ' 
 
 Compi^'M Iriii.l. .•.,iHt«-n«'.».|ii»t«r. | 
 
 Oompuiiion « ••rn't')0, mttramt, fo«\r | 
 
 jjompiinction i-<>ii<rt«l<>n. rj-i^oimnp. |Ktiltcn>-<>, 
 
 Compute .nliMiUt'-. "-ck'n. i..iim.«^tm»u 
 Conr«dJ iiiliiiit. »)U.«. jrlel<l, «nuit. tVUvvr. 
 Cono«*l ...\t r.ilfc*«iiH». hi.«r, mvrrtr. 
 Conceit I '"• ).v«iirl>.|'rl'lt-. notion, lavMliwl Ion. 
 
 rri'iik. 
 Conception I'1«m. nfHI-'O. j'rrwp|«j<>n, lanrjr. 
 Con urn »<f«ir, ro«li-r. liii»io«««, cmnr- 
 Con iTt n'l)ii«t,c ■n«iili,K>ntr1r». 
 Concihat-" nttuHili-, fr-iMtiatr. 
 Ooti lud<? Ilnl-h, tl.«^,tiTniinat.v 
 Conf lu»iv# i-onvlnriuif.>l«-> »!>• 
 Contortt iii/rwim-Ml, Bmit>, i-'i 
 
 ■ ni'l)>. 
 ConJur mir-><\ rolniuV. ai'pri'Vr. a,-<iiiHWr. 
 Condomu r^-proat h. doi«o. * rH-n.f. Itlamr. 
 Condcuao -hortiii, . ..niruct, ».M>n-» lati-, 
 Ci'iid^acenaion »ul>mi"*i'"i. li.iinilit> .■••■ferrm-t'. 
 Condition »t pulati-Hi, »Hii«t>on. •tan .rank. 
 CondolenM i.yinpalhy. <-..nitni«<Tall<«n. i-<iin|««- 
 
 • loll. 
 
 Conduct iN'havior, drporimtnt. manairrmenl . 
 (■JonfMtorate an^x-lai'-. allr- . ai't'omplK'*'. 
 Conftir itr«iit. U-rtow.icH'-. 
 
 gonfeaa »<lmil, di*-!--"^. «ikn<.»i-l»«-. o"'' 
 cnAdF »ru-», iirin-n-l, i*l>. i«i"«»'. 
 Confident «»iir<-<l.lH.M. |««.iln>-. 
 Confine iiiipri- ti.-.|..inuiiiv.r,u-d.UmiU><t. i.-<.n- 
 
 "'"'■''■''• . . 1.11 >. 
 
 Confirm »trfn»«l»-n. ■ orro»»w«ie. «»tani!«h 
 Conform i-oniply. ) 1.1.1, •uI'TOiC. 
 Coiivruity . <in.«feit«-i») . ate "*'»•••'' • 
 CunnecUM J.iliiiM, uiilt"!. r> Ut.-.! 
 Couuu(>r .iM n.-.>n»-. «iii"l'i«-. »-"'')Ulab. 
 Conaent ««r»".>. a»K "«. i-mH) . ) irtd. aw»xk>. 
 Conaider (".ikI'T, .|.-lil«»r«i . r.fWi-t. 
 Coniiat^nt aBrwin>.',a4Ci>nlanl. 
 Couapicuoua n.>lt-l. i.r..m:nrnt. Illiutrniut, dli- 
 
 tifiiriiMli*'.!. 
 Contract Innl.l.cn^-f. framr. f..rni,makf. 
 Canaumn i«l»»ort>. wa-'to, <l«-»ln..> ■ 
 Cuntawloua lnffH«i<"i«,«'|*l«nH . 
 Contaminate -i-orrupi. .l«-m<., taiut, polum, pol- 
 
 ''"'■ 
 ContJinplate-iuujn-, iiMil'Utf. «t«aMcr. 
 Coutcncf r..nt.«t, »■!.•. irtvr. arjtue, dp«i«t«-. 
 Contrntmunt -Iwppin*-**. aaltalactlon. KratlOoa- 
 
 tliin. 
 Continuation -.hiraliou. i-uotlnuaiMv. 
 Contract «h.iri.n. rurtail. rp«lm-r. attlm-Tlali', 
 
 i>'ii'li-iij.*', nl.ri.lK*'- 
 Contrary <>ii|vi«illf. adrrr»-. Inloitcal. 
 Contrivance invi-ntion. plan. »>'b<-ruf, de»(nr 
 
 lU.MII^. 
 
 C mtroveray .L-'iul.-. .IbipuUtion, anKum<"n«. 
 Conveiii'-nt (.iiiul.h . a.lap««l, baivt) . 
 Convey trui;»|>..rt ••••r, •■arry. 
 Convivial ■MKwtil..««n-. j*-'< f.»lja, ».>ilal. 
 Copy .1 H'lirali', ^i»fim« n, niok-l. 
 Co-.rect iiii'ii.i. r»'»-«ify. I»>tt<r, nfonn. 
 Costly \ :ihial>l.'. pnvK.ua, i-iiatttl**-. 
 Countenance npn.-l.;, sanction, •upport, favor, 
 
 i-ti'-.niniK.'- 
 Couplc o.iiwct. l..in ••alle. 
 Courase iHToUin. ilr.j'icsa. v«h>r.oni%-er), Icai- 
 
 Covorintf -lilillnit, > .■ii>""«linif. »h<-ltiprliuf. tcrpci- 
 
 IIIK. 
 
 Coward |w»Ur.N»n. 'l.LMari. «ncMk 
 
 Crave U'ir. mipplk-aU-, «>lk'il. n'<|in«l, bcarvcii, 
 
 imt'l"i»'. cnlP'Ht. 
 Ciimo •!". ''Vil. » "^'. wliki-Onrwv »iiill 
 Crooa -I'Ifnrli. , ili-tomppft-"!. ("-tiilanl. fr\'rf«l, 
 
 Curo n ounly, n'Ston-, tn-a!. 
 Curs? lillp^■^^^lll.n, unalht-ma. ni.«i.->;klion. 
 Curtiiil iilirt.lin'. "hnrti-n. a».lKv\iatf. ii.ntrwt. 
 Cuktoiu luunner. u«avo. Iialiil, practlct% 
 
 Blftble "..rthf. m aral.l... .iiilalilf. 
 ■man af tmitr. Bow, arur. f prina, proeMtf. 
 Bakbftrraas (n>ul>tr, ix-rplri, .Iwirna, ralanitir, 
 
 Oiiinty oh< 
 Dampneaa 
 Dark "ii-in 
 D:id I.I.I. 
 Dealing " 
 D.'b:w3 ' ■ 
 Decay ■•>'- 
 D»"'nt ■■ 
 Dr-'-isi'.'C ' 
 IXocllna f 
 I>cc5y •" I 
 Dodicate . 
 D^-d fia' 
 Defect I'l' 
 
 I'lr. .ilcli.alr. 
 
 iniiiinliiy, wi-i, mniiture. 
 ill. K'"""/. ot«fcuro. 
 -«<. Iiuiiiiraiil*-. .ievttMnl, 
 .iiioH'rn'. tra.!"-. trilBf, 
 
 /n..^ ' w. r. hiimWc. 
 
 ■ la.<timlnr. 
 '.' ini(, eodioy. 
 
 >i.^-. t.'iopt. allur*-. .-nlice, lnrel(le. 
 I .>ii<frr»ti-. «rt apart, rtorote. 
 , :i'-ti<Mi. rrploit. aa tiirTemenl. 
 mUh. want. unpFrfiH.-ttuo, flaw. 
 
 Defondar pioliHtoi , ailviH'ale, vlinlicafor, pinwi. 
 «r. 
 
 Sirence rrnrnitlon, rrvant, i.tiH'.'t 
 clent iniiHTln I, III. klnK, wanliiiK ... .. 
 
 lud •iK'jil, (twill. III. ilwclvc, rot., track. Cmblem nT.'- '. fiinir. iti*. 
 
 M .l.i~., rmik, .11111 p.«ii|on Km<-r»n v .. '-.,iii, n<.<'..Miti 
 
 »elM|^ht«d .nil.Yul, pliBMMl. charme.1, J..rful, Bmpowei • u 1. 1. K»li',LutV."r 
 
 )elinquent offwuli i, i ilnniiul, luiprll. 
 
 >elude l.'iiiilli', iiilHliBil,' liriii, ili'.rivi', 
 
 >einand . Inliii. luik, reipiiii'. 
 
 ><>moniitrat« umiiiri.*!, pi' \i , nnno, cvin.i'. 
 
 Kinotn murk, liiiplt , niHiiirt . 
 
 >.pnnd)'Uce IiiihI, ri'llmiii', loMl.l.'no- 
 
 ><portmnnt Inlimlor, il.'iiia'uuor, inndiicl, mr 
 
 Deprive ili-,ii.«i', strip, illvr<it, IhihUt. pn-vem 
 Deputy ili'li'Huli', iiai'iii, ri'pn lU'iitHllvu 
 Deride IuukIi hi, nimk, luiiiii r, ri.llriiU*. 
 D*acrlptlon r<-liit|.<n, il.luil, eiplnuitlU.ii. a. 
 
 • "Hill, ri'i'iiiil, UliiKtratliiii, nnrriitlon 
 DeaUrn pnij<.<i, Inti.n.l, •■ciil 
 
 plir|MIH4- 
 
 K i trh a n t U«uil<-, •■nrapliin', ■ limni. laiilvalf, 
 _lir«ilali. lawiliaU'. 
 
 • ii|<i(>. |,raiM' 
 tr>v|a>w inlniili, iiilriiiK)' 
 •••oft,«ini.rjtriiiiii, ulK-iiipt. 
 " fortiluilt . »i.l 1I1IM1M!, i4iili'ni**, 
 r««i«i.ait> n. 
 Encmir f'«-. ••t1»««ii«. ■iilatr.iiiM. M>l«i'r>nry. 
 IIn«rvat* uniK r»»-. ftilaatil. . <:i'la iMirulc. wtak- 
 
 ■ t . la I lilal.-. 
 EiV.>oyBk*nt »>«H.iUf.», J..>. plea«iin'. umlinaa- 
 
 IH.II. 
 
 , l^laxM-rtimd. Inrmur. Ii nicllia'ii, WHk'ii 
 plan, aa iMiiw, Bnonch-aaiplr. plmit . mimi taut. HliuiKlaniv. 
 
 Xnraptut*— ckana, (iM ihair, atlruii, lapiivatr. 
 
 Deaiat- ilKi'oiillniii., nlop, I.-1I1 r iiir, renar rnai.jM. 
 
 Deaplcable niciiii, iiiiiruK>-.>U'., r..iiit'inplil'la-. BnUrpnae-tNntoca^. aiU<-niurt>, allenipt, un- 
 
 liiita'fiil, vlli\ wiirlliliwa, . 'Irrl.ikiiia. i . ■ 
 
 »»wipotic iirl>llrHry,iu'ir-wllli'.|,iiliia>liifa'. 'Entice tmpt, aliura. aa-aiiKt., .Un-a.r. 
 
 ntltute Imn, forl.irii, fornakiii. |««.r. laa-aiity. Bntlrely i«-rf.i-il>, vbolly, rooiph-tal). 
 ■*■''/• , , ' Sb*T ^«■••"•>■ *""|." I'll, uru.liiiiiir. 
 
 Dcaultory Inoiu., hiiBty, «lli»lii nivliiir. i ntdemual .■•iiiajtai.i.'.. |.a-.iila-i,'ml. im, hinic 
 
 D.^tall Hri.iiiiil, rcHltiil, lull', ili'M rlpiloii. iiarra- I Kqual .I'.if.nn, a<»a»i'i"<a-. <oninii'tii>iir«li-. 
 _"'"'• . _, , 5'**'*'^'" f-^' "'.' »<!rinile, a »tiiiiiliiiil. , 
 
 Detect iliHT.iv.T, llii.l, piiiiM.t. Braae npiinr*-. <ann'l,<'ffaa'<',(.l.lll('rat<-. 
 
 Determined . oiulii IimI. iihIiiI, iirni. n'Wiluli'. Error In'. MufHjrr. Oii^ttiki- 
 
 iiiim.niii.l.-,,l...l,li-<l n,.-.l. g«:ope •!•<«-. I- -.at OKI. ll)..>a.liMlii.l.-. 
 
 Deteatablo liuti'lul, h iii!i4.iniiMilMimlnal>lr, ria-. Eateem p'ua-. l.,i.-. i<.«UH't. tuln.' nifaril aii 
 
 > rulili'. prxKi- 
 
 Detrlment liiirl.ilnMiiiii. injurj pnjuu it', liw>. Eulotry •' '-• nii.im. pufii»yr(i . 
 
 inioiiMMilriiiT. illHiilviiiiiiiiii'. ETa/fif a«..|r.<-lii.»>-.*tiiiii, avoiil, |.n-variriit)'. 
 
 Deviate < iirri'i'ii, err, whii.Iit. 'iriiy, Kwrrvr. i Eren •n..«4h. f«|iinl. plniii. iinilonn, li'vi'l. 
 
 Devote Kl»i'. ilcll. ulp, wt iipMii. apply, lonitr- KyideiKe prt- «. «ii(.<i«. .la-iH-iiion, ti'^iimony. 
 
 '">'<• , , , E»ll ■«ka-). »a..l mifiil. 
 
 Dovout tioly. rcllKiiiim. pimis, pniyi'rfiil ' Baact arw-in. nlort.al.uiaiiil. . uru.t. 
 
 Dialect liiiiKiiitin, ti.iiuiii. ..|«.<.,h. Ezalt«l h.«h. ..uNiir.a-. .Ii. iiilia.l. inaiinin.-.iif. 
 
 Die ixi'iri', witlicr, (HH-MMli'iiiirt. liiniriU'.h r..^...|. n Dnr'.l.a M-taii-.). 
 
 Different \mloii", iiiillln', iIhitm', Esample lafra*.!.*!. i-a.pjr, palirrii. 
 
 DllBdent ii|."lrNt, ritlniiu, liiiilialli.K, loinlifui. Ezce«d~tranMVii<l. i>uriw<u>. iiiipro\i', uiiuio, ex- 
 
 'Im ininlfiil, fi'iirliil. . .-i 
 
 Dillirent iN'rwrii'liiK. liil"irloii», attcritnt', m. Except I m. a.».J«^t. U-.i.la ». uiili-a*. 
 
 ilimtiliiiiH. iiitivi', iiHHi.liiiiiiH. Excite ptotoka-, irrilale. artiiiiu', iii.'il.-. nKiiki'it. 
 
 Direct ■•liow, mwuj , icKHliila', niiiiiuHa', viiLlr,. on. Mimu m1> 
 
 ''"''■, ExcursioB >»un'. I'lp, tour, mini. la'. 
 
 Direction I'lniiiiiiiiiil, m.lir, mlitnito, auliwrp. Execrable Kala-lul, a»a-iai>«nl.it', . ..ni. iiiiiiil.Io, 
 
 Iiiiii. 
 
 DiaaKree -nuurnl, iliwia'iii, illfTiT, ilUpule, viir) 
 Disappoint liiii. ihli'iil, 
 Diaavow- illsnwii, ili'ii> , illwlinm, n'piiilliitt'. 
 Dlacard iii'l "II. illMliiiriii'. illsiniM. 
 Dlacloae .ll^ox.r, ri'vi'iil. ilitiilKi-, iTaimiilnai. 
 Diacord illnoiui'iii, roiiii'iiiioii, liilmrnion). 
 Diacretlon JiKlKincnt, prii.li'ni'c. 
 
 i«l'a*Oj'fvll-i<' 
 
 Exerclae a-nrt. iTaaiH-aMurrt "ii. 
 Exhilarate iii*|'irt', < ln-rr. miiin.iii . • nlixcn. 
 Extcency ur< nvit > , a-nia-rKfiii'> . 
 Expe<.tAtloi> Ik-Ik-I. u 111 iitili.'ii. I oiilliU'nce, 
 
 lt"l- . tf 'jrt. 
 Expedite hurry, qui. ken, 1ia-l< n. h. irlfrali'. 
 Expel IsnMti. eille, caiat "III 
 
 Diadaln iKimi, prhl.', rmiliiiiiit, liiiiigbllnaina. ar- Experience- kii<.wle<l«.-, la-.i.pr.».r,i-i|«'rlni('nl, 
 
 trial. 
 Explain •k.ia, rlurlitat".'. iiii("|.l. 
 Explicit . k-iar. plain, t'tpn—, ila ilnita-. 
 Explore hunt, .-a-ari-h. a'lHnitiM-. 
 Exteoatre <.'mpitlM'n<ii. , wnle, i. iiiihihIIoud 
 
 l.irK.- 
 Exterior ■ ailia».|a', aHitwanl, i'.vlfrii:il. 
 External .Miiicaral. I'UKrK.r. 
 Extravagant pn.fiw. lau'li, «;i.ii ii.i, puill- 
 
 If-': 
 
 I";fllln-a 
 DlkKrnco ilelniw, ili'irrmlr. alniw, ilKHhonor. 
 Diairuat liiulliinu, I'liiixu. OMikr, avi'nl.in. 
 Dishonor alniiiii'. ilKirriui'. 
 Cismisa illiiiii,illHa'liiiiiii'. 'Iliai'iir.l. 
 I>isp->rao Kciiltcr, ilciil om, ij '.'nil, >lliiai|aila'. .li». 
 
 iniiiiii'. 
 Display piirmli'. sIh.h , i \liiliil,o»|.iiiiiiloii 
 DispUiaaa^ ollrml. iiiiuii , mx. 
 Dispose n'lfiiliil. , iiilii(il. ' "I" r. iimiiiif 
 Disseminate 'aanlli'i-, Kim'n.l, pioiHimila', . in ii- i _ 
 
 lata'. F 
 
 Dlssrltttlon 'li«'..iii>.-, .-any, tn-nll.,.', .tl»p,k i. yiu,n,,t» .n«<^«. fanitn. fal-in, liaii... forK.-. 
 DiaiHit.. ,i"orsl„M, ■Il,i,.,i.t, .i„.i.',i.p., .llalikr ' ?*'* "'«-"«. "r.-umM.».-a 
 
 laatlilnit. iliivaatisliit'lloii. 
 Di»li'iarui»li |M'i-ra'ivi', «'!•, know, .li-feni, 'In 
 riiiiliilil 
 
 Faralty stiUt>.|»'Wi r. lala-l.l. iitlt. 
 
 Failinc 'a-jf >M^>-, I..11I1. t.'il.lr. Iiaill>, nilH'ar- 
 
 *--. i:t.|^-r(»x-tK»n, nii«f.'ltlllta-. 
 
 Distv 
 
 FlUCb tHa-:it«. ara-'ll. tniM, 1h llaf. 
 
 ::^,V,';S..S.''!:'iw'K,V,rr""' •'■'''"•''■'""■ Fataehod f.i-rt,. Ii. , un.ruUi. n. lli.i.. lalirl.'a 
 
 FaatidiouA-'liMvuiful. ;Mtt .rular, (•<|iiiHuilF>h 
 
 DpieMi .nwf.ii, iii.niai, piU'i.iH, Mi'-row'-.i. ««- ; f-'„r"rrri.;,v:i^m;rr;;;'.™,.i«,!;. "'"''" 
 
 liil, riKiiii. , , , , • Favorable Ifoilnoii*. mi'al'l''. nl'^pll•loUl. 
 
 Ej:fd 'i;M.-,^'«;'[n'.i,',''::;,:;;;!''- '^^^ «^-"'*' ""•-■■•• ""•■"--• '"-"■ 
 
 D.t«» an-iiy, iilllrr, M'stimiii., irarma'nfs, «." rnrtul .In^Mol, t»in.m.ui..lK.rrtl.l.', afraM, aw- 
 
 pnra'l. | f,j| fn^rii^e 
 
 Dumb -ili'iil, iniili', !itlll, iB.irfloiilale, I W^Mih'e 1.1^ «tle rriua.ful.li' i.rurtli'alib. 
 
 DuUful Milmilwlv. , rosiMi'tful, olaMlent. f^le .--r^i -^k ^1™ ' ' 
 
 I>ye- "•»'■'•' •-.♦uii"-- Feurr <r,;'i:..'< m-.'lal.n'Hi.-, iiiM-nt. 
 
 p I Fertile 1- ;"i . i>n«liirtivi'. pnilitU'. aliiinilaiii. 
 Fervor • '•* i.'-r. i-, warmlli, w-iil, hpat, anlor. 
 
 Bam Kiiiii, wih, iniiki', "litaiii, aciiulrt-. 
 
 Eaae ri".i. (.'pi'-*!', i|iii.'t. 
 
 Eccentric hIiiiuki', xiiiiniliu', nal.l. 
 
 Ecstacy Impiiiiit'sa, J.i>. ilrllKlit, raptura-, trant- 
 
 pi'il, riilliii>(iisiii, rli'vulii'ii. 
 ^iflce fiilirlr. liiillilliiK, itnii'iiira'. 
 Eifcce i-ipmiifi', <iii..«'. iililllt'iiilc, ilentroy, eradi- 
 
 <at.'. 
 Efficient riiiniH'li'iii. illiciivc. alilc, rapal.la-. 
 
 ('ITi'itiial. 
 Effort riiili'nviir, I mil. iitltmpt, vzertion, 1 
 Elevate- rulw, lift, li.iUt, a-xult. 
 
 Fetter -'^ w^-. I'o.'l. * l.aiti 
 
 Fl-rt'.'jn jrnetii! 'II. unlnilli. Ill , fal.rlsalioii. 
 
 Fiery hot. trtx-airiii. fcrx nil. p«>«i"iiiita'. arili'iit 
 
 Fineaae dratani-m. tr< k. artltlaa.. 
 
 Firm r>..'!y. partnaf^hlp, ^t^>llK, gtiiniy, ii.li.l 
 
 -rra-i,. irnni' \al.*»-. 
 Fitted *iiu«-l. .■•»mp<-i«Til. .(.inlitleil, ailaiili'il 
 Flajr !^-|f'. '»:"t. |.ii;a . ila'. Iiiir. ianviii«li. 
 Flavor •<■!< r i«na-. freersnia , savor 
 Flectlav tnn.*-nl, swilt, la-mpornry, tnin»ltor.\ 
 FlejEiUe |4>st'l<-, pliant. >iippk'. 
 
 =S^ 
 
",■ li 
 
 U-rt 
 
 V K. 
 
 I 'I 
 
 '■ I 
 
 i . 
 
 ■^ 
 
 FIFTIKK THOt'HAND 8TN0NYMH. 
 
 HlT»rtl»ii, tPiiilKmrmi, lora, kUauh- 
 
 betdkrn, |irtwite. 
 
 Fliit'tiiat* hniliat)', xnry, wKvnr, uliantf*, vaiill 
 
 1,111- 
 Fondneaa 
 
 llH'llt. 
 
 Foraaks ri>lliii|iiliih, leave, deMrt, abandon, quit, 
 
 llUlliMtl-. 
 
 Forbear rrfriln, n\ iin>, ihetaln, r*>'*«- 
 Forte (ilillirc. rt'KtrHlii, iHimprl. 
 Forebode aiivnr, rurvM-ll, I 
 
 pi'(ii{niwtti*iiti*. 
 Foreao Hlvn ii|i, i|iiit, rmltii. 
 Foreramer mmiiai'r, alltin. 
 Forfeiture iMiially, llni» 
 
 Fuiirlve iilM<ilvr<, ruriiM-, remit, ni'(|iilt, pardon. 
 Form III'', rt'reiiiiiii), iilm|ie, iilMervaiice. 
 Fortunate liii'ky, |<riii<|>rriiuii, HUiH'ueaful. 
 Ferwurd iiiiiniKlcKi, iirciKn>»l»<', ruaJy, pn- 
 
 niiiiiptuoiiit, I'ontliltM.l, IkiIiI, iirtli'iit, nas«r. 
 Frnvlle hrlltlp, lemlcr, weak, rrall. 
 FralltT wrakiirwi, fnlhli-, fiillhiK, unntrHcllneea, 
 
 iM^lnlilllty. 
 Fraternity lirelli'rliMixI.mM'letjr. 
 Fraucht loailiMl, iiiiimI. 
 Freak whim, laniy.i'iiiirli'e, liutnnr. 
 Free ilpllver, lllierale, rewue, clear, enfram-htae, 
 
 aiTrani'hliie. 
 Freely lllierally. frankly, unraeerveilly, oheer- 
 
 fully, ■ponUnxDiitly, uiihiiillMtlnKly, 
 Treah-new. nmdern.cool, nctnt, novel. 
 Fretful M'apiiiiiiii, enirry, |>pevlali,|H'tulan(. 
 Frlfht U'rrcjT, I'liili, (lurin, i-nniiternatlnM. 
 
 Frljfhten ten iry, alarm, <lnunt,tt'ar«, Inllmlilale, 
 
 Itfhl 
 FrlTOIoua r>ilili>, ix'tly, trivial, tritliiiK. 
 
 rljrl 
 ulTr 
 
 Fniral rHrefiil, pfuilcnt, hhvIiik, •'i'linoinloal. 
 
 Frustrate ilnfent, illnapiiolnt, foil, hinder, nul- 
 llfv 
 
 Furioua— lni|H'tuoiii, iKiltterouK, violent, vehem- 
 ent. 
 
 iSaln-ol'inlii, profit, fi-l, tn'ipiire, altnin, win. 
 aale liruc/.i', liiii'iuaiM', atonn, teuipesl. 
 Qallantry \iil(ir, hravery, roiirnfr. 
 Oay ■liwIiInK, iheerful, nhowy, llni-, merry, 
 
 »pil(liil.\ . 
 Qencrally oomnKinly, fre<|iipnll.v. n«iially. 
 Onnteel (miIIip, i iiltiireil, manncily, retlned, ml- 
 
 wlicl. 
 Qnntle liimi', pouceable, nilhl. , inlet, meek. 
 Oerminata uproot, veiri'liile. Krow, t>u<l.«li<M>i. 
 Gh'Htvire ii<-finn, titTltndr, motl«)n, poHture. 
 Oldctlness llliihtuu'itM, levity, llHlitiu v, vol- 
 
 ulllity. 
 Give impiirt, yield, eonitlgn, craiit, confer, l>o- 
 
 slow. 
 
 Olance-'looli, ulwutwi', Hlyht. 
 
 QUt.ter ulMlen, mliiiie, Khine, ulare, Hpurklf. 
 
 Oloom 'lurk, ineliuu'lioly, moroM', xiillen. Had, 
 
 c'li.iiily. iliill, iliiii. 
 Graceful "onielv, neiif, U'cnmlni/, irenle<'l, ulo- 
 
 uaiit. 
 G-raat Hell, .^ iiM, who, licHtow, confer, coilo. 
 
 concfili'. 
 Qratcfiil-tliiuikfiil, plensiiiir, nirrrt'Hble, dell 
 
 CJolJIt, 
 
 Orava xediite, thooKhtfiil, hnportunt, hoIciuii, 
 
 xlon', sei'Iniis. 
 Oreedineea iiixeiioiinnoM, covetougntTsii, oiigiir- 
 
 n«.M. niimelt*, N^micitv. 
 Orleve Ix-inuan, innufii, sorrow, lament, hurt, 
 
 nmict. 
 
 §roup irilkctiiih, U(,ocin''lrtK(', elmter. 
 uaiiinleo-voiicii for. wiure, vviirmnt. 
 Oliuid pioteit, wj|tcli,tl|,|e|ii|. Hhlelit 
 Qimat - vlKiliini, HtrHinrer, \ Nllor, 
 Guilty •lepnive.l, ilelmiiclie ', sinfu', •rimlnal, 
 wkked. 
 
 H 
 
 Habit— oiiiitom, hiililtiple, (riilae. 
 H.ile Htr"o»r, lu-Hrtv, mhust, wnind. 
 Hn|)piup«8 conh'tiiiiieiit, tiii.((i, luck, felicity. 
 Haihlnirer -pieiMUMr, r>>reroniii r, iMc-i-^^nKor. 
 Hairtjuod uiileelintf, ciillno^, oluluiiite. 
 Huiilly Miuriely, with dilllciilty. Iiurelv. 
 HiU'in evil, ^ll^llap, Injury, III. liurt, ui'l-fortune, 
 
 lUinHKc. 
 Harmony uiiIhom, iKionliinco, melody, conconi, 
 
 illfll" UHllt. 
 
 Hantfn liwrrv, i|iil<K.ri, Pt|ic.I|ie, lucelcmti^ 
 H.isty nioli. piiH-iuMHie, c|uicli,iinirrv, ciirwuv. 
 H.\to disllUe, iiliomlniilc, loiithi", iilihor, iletesi, 
 
 ahluie. 
 
 Hnuirhtlneaa — vanity, nrroKonco, Klf-concelt. 
 
 |M I'l'', ili<diilr.. 
 Ha.,:'ud- trial, ihtII, il.mmr, venturp, chaiico. 
 
 I !^'.. 
 
 He il cure, remi'ily, resloro, 
 
 H -ai' liaikon. overhear, vvatdi. attend. IWen. 
 
 Hi aviufbs -Dorrow, ifnivity, dejection, weiaht. 
 
 " .' oni. 
 n"i(hton - raitie, ii:rk'nivati', Impnive, advance. 
 H'uious wa ki'ii, atrcloiiK. :iim(ile, flairrant. 
 H-lp pri'ViJr. ^^gpji.irt, liiiecesi, nerve, aid. ro- 
 
 li-ve, aurtj^. 
 Heroic bold, eon i .iKp.)ug, IntrefJld, brave, noblo, 
 
 laliunt, fi'urlejiB. 
 Hesitate -<lenoir. pau.io, Htiimmcr, doubt, falter, 
 
 v'^"f. scruple, i|el»\. 
 HideoUB •.twioi. - Hly. trriin. tfhiuitly, frightful. 
 
 Hl«h-iall. lofty. 
 
 Hluder mop, thwart, opiMwi-, pnivunl, retar<l, 
 liiterlere, olietrui I, lm|>u<le, emlLirraw. 
 
 goUow empty, vacant, 
 onor <'iall, venerate, revon'ncc, dignify, <«- 
 
 (e«ro, rmiHft, adorn, reven-. 
 Hopeleaa deJct'tiHl, il«i|ialriiiK, ilea|Hmdlng. 
 Uoalilx I'oiitrary, opiMMile, warlike, repugimnt, 
 
 outia-iKlly. 
 Houae domicile, ipioriun, dwelling, race, hoiui', 
 
 lumily, hal'itallon. 
 HoweTSr n< >t wltlutandlng, atill, yet, but, net er- 
 
 thelciw. 
 Huve \n>t, ennrmouH, Imnieniie. 
 
 gumanlty iM'nevolence, lnM.ignlly. 
 urry <<|i<-<lue, Inwlen. precipitate. 
 Hypocrlay i>r«tpn<H', di-<<<'lt.ill»imiilatlon. 
 
 I 
 
 Idea -notion, |H-rcepllon, tluiught,cuaut>pllon,iiu- 
 
 airtniittoii. 
 Utnorant unlHiiKbl, illit<'rute, unlearned, unlet- 
 
 ten il, uninformed, uuHkllleil. 
 niuaioii iliveptam, miH'kcri . fuliiUy. 
 Imbecility -'veakncpw, inipotence, debility. In- 
 
 tlrinll), lanKUor, fci'bleneM. 
 Imitate cop>, »]•<; follow, minilc. 
 I:nme(ll»tely dir>-ctl>, iintHlitly. 
 Iinmenae \a>t, liitKe, cnormoiiii, priHiigloUH, iin- 
 
 lliailel. 
 Impair Ich-hmi. injure, docrea-e, weaken. 
 Impatient eiiKer, reatleM*, biuity, uneaRy, 
 Impede delay, hinder, oli>triiit, retard. 
 Iniiiediiuent oli.'tiii'le, liindiiiiae, olistructlon. 
 Im|M-n<linir iininlnont, t ireatenlnif, 
 Impt'rioua tyrnnnical,overlH>urlnKJ"r<ll> .haiiglw 
 
 t>, ili'iniioHTlng. 
 Irapetuoua lnudy. forc.lile. rough, vehement. vl 
 
 orellt, iHiiatl'IIIUII. 
 
 Imply liivol\e. mean. Infer, dcnntP.iiKnlfy. 
 
 Importunity » licitation. 
 
 Imprecation aiialhcina, cume, inali-dlcllon, ete- 
 
 ciailoii. 
 Impute niMillH'.aitrllaite, charire. 
 Iniictive KlUKUiali, la/.y. Idle, Inert, Klothfiil, 
 
 drowHy. 
 Inattentive remlns, iu'Kllk< at, dilatory, carelcaa, 
 
 heed ew, Ihooghtlcfui.inHihertant. 
 Incident cireunmlaiice, event, ccntlilKetlcy, 00- 
 
 corn me, adventiin-. 
 Inclination dlptiauiit Ion, bent, pn'|'<Kwi«<ion, 
 Iiicomiwtent un-uiltable. Innpl, lnadei|iiate. In- 
 
 capal'le, liiHtitllclent. 
 Increaae Hccemain, iidilltlon, uiiirmentatlon. 
 Indicate Sliow, reveal, pilntout, mark. 
 Indigence iH'iiury, iHiverty, worn, need. 
 Indisi.retion folly lii.|iiillriou«iie>w,lmprudeneo, 
 ludiatinct da rk, colli uM'd. doll hi nil.amliluiiouH. 
 Inevitabln certain, iiuavoldHble 
 Iuexi<e(licnt iinltl. In.'onvenlent. utisullablo. 
 Infumoua oulniKcoiiN, HcandaliaiH. 
 Inferenco comi'IuhIoii, dt duction, 
 Iiifeeted aniio.\e<l,diT>tur>>i'd, plairiieil, triaiblnl. 
 Influence |>eriiia.Hl';ii, aiitliorll\, i-way, |K)wer, 
 
 iredd 
 Infrlnire Invaile, InliiMii li, encroach, liitnide, 
 luKcnuity tnli'iit, capiuily, nklll, kcuIih, liiven- 
 
 III III. 
 Inherent lnl)re<l. Inborn, Innate. 
 lnic|uitous IK farloiis, iitijiint. wleked, cril, 
 Il^ure liitrni.di'lerlorate, hurt. Impair, damage. 
 Inuato iiaiwnil inlHirn. Inhi ron*. inilmi cl. 
 Inordinate immiKleiate, Iroifiiliir, cuccshIvc, In- 
 
 t' lllpiiale. 
 Inquisitive ciirloiH, pryliiu, anxloiH, liHiulrliiK. 
 Insensibility diilliie»». tnriior. iinperceptilillltv, 
 
 iipalliv. iii.|itrereiii-e,»tU|>li!il). 
 InalKTitUcunt wortlile«>. iinimiHii taut, trivial. 
 
 iiHMiiiio^li-,--, iiicon.'-i'Ieral li-. 
 Inainitute -luiirire^i, lnni. intimate. 
 Inspiro animate, iiucifcKt, exhilarate, enliven, In- 
 
 \ itf'irnte,clieiT. 
 Instill Infuie, Kiiw, liiiiilant. 
 liiauHicient inadei|uai:e, iiiailile, incupniilo, un- 
 til, ii'i'iiinpeteiit, iin -.IIhIiIi'. 
 In'.i.'Krity purity, boncnty, triithfiilncn, proli- 
 
 ity, u|>r>KbtiU'«:f<. 
 Inti'iloct on II i-Ktuiiilliig, talent, capacity, abll- 
 
 II V. iieniw.s. 
 InteiiijH-rato iinmiMlenile, Inortlniite, excessive. 
 Intercede inter|Mi»e, in<-dlatc, Interlcre. 
 Intermission -vacation, lnterru|itinn, ei'swition, 
 
 ri>t, i-i, p. 
 Interpose mediate. Snleriiicddln, liilent'de, in- 
 terfere. 
 Interrelate <|Ucritloin. lni|Ulre, eiiinilne. 
 Infitvpninjr comlUK liotwmin, Intel uicdluto, In 
 
 terpi Sllltf. 
 
 Intoxication — infatuation. Inebriety, dninken- 
 
 lle>H 
 
 Intrepid fiiirloss, l>m\o, durliip, bold, valiant, 
 iindiiunti d, coiM.(i/,'<ai-4. 
 
 Inlrodo rtory prplimlimry, previoiu!, prefatory. 
 
 Intrust coiifldu, commit. 
 
 Invade - intrench, infrlDife, attack. ontr;r, on- 
 er;.... li. 
 
 Invalldata-weakon, overtbrow, destroy, Injure, 
 •iiillify, 
 
 Invent ■m.-over, devlne fpiitn. fabricate, con- 
 t eiv ' . frame. 
 
 InvPStigration r<«earcli, warch, scrutiny, exam- 
 iBHiiKii. inipiiiy. 
 
 Iuvicorato-re8t<jrc, fortify, strengthen. 
 
 Invite rail, mimmon, bid. 
 Iraaiibls irrlt4>li|p, migry, bol, liastj,0ery 
 Irksurae troulilenoiue, veiattoii* 
 Irrational mliy, fiHilliih, atisurd. iinreuannable 
 Irretrular lnt«ini>erate, diaonlerly, Inonlinate. 
 • --ulon.op ■ 
 
 irruption invi 
 
 opening, inroad. 
 
 Jade harsis, weary, tint. dMpirit, wcocb. 
 
 Jealousy I'livy, mmplciou, euiulall<in. 
 
 Jest Inn, Joke, KiHirt. 
 
 Jocund joyful, llahl-h«arte<l, mirthful, merry. 
 
 vivncloiia. gay, uprightly, sportive. 
 Joke rally, *|Mirt. 
 Journey trip, \ o> hkp, tour. 
 Judgment dlHcernmeiit, aaiiaclly, liitellUence. 
 
 iliioia, declMlou, M-nleatv, opinion, dl»crimlna- 
 
 tion. 
 Justify clear, maintain, defend, alMolve, eicuar. 
 Juatneaa corrtvtiiets, propriety, et|ully, arru- 
 
 rHi>y,eiactni'«ii. 
 
 aeuto. cutting, piercing, 
 reserve, support. 
 
 Keen ohri'Wd, Nliurp, 
 
 IM'iiet rating. 
 Keep guard, •iistain, bold, 
 
 maintain, detain, n'taln. 
 Kind bland, lit'lilirnant, lenient, coiinetiun. t eo- 
 
 tli', Indiiliri'nt.coiiipaMlonale, tender, affatjie. 
 Kind Hort, way, genim. upvcles, manner, race, 
 
 cU-i*. 
 Knavish de<-elifiil, illnhoni-st. 
 Knuwledve iHTception. ac<|u«inlance. erudl- 
 
 th,ii, iinderKtMndIng, tkill, learning. 
 
 Labor toll, exert, drudg<*,slrlre. 
 
 LAck want, need. 
 
 Lnnguaice tongue, aiHNHh.dhilect, liliom. 
 
 Languid weary, lalnt. dull, dnxiping. exhausted. 
 
 Lassitude priMlratlon. enervsllon. fallguc. lan- 
 guor, wiHtrlnem. 
 
 Laat latent, eiiil, ultimate, Iliml, blndermcut. 
 
 Latent iiii.-.<-i n, M-cret, bidden. 
 
 Luiigliable droll, comical, ridiculous rainhful. 
 
 Liizy indolent, inactive, idle. Inert, •loihlui. 
 
 Li'ague alliance, i ,inriil<'nicy . 
 
 Loan waver, tolii'r, incline, U-nd. 
 
 Leave neurit, relin<|Uliih, lietpieath. abardon. 
 
 Lengthen cunliiiue, pn tract, extend, draw ouU 
 
 Lenity > hinency, mercy. 
 
 Let allow, pi unit, hire, leave, HuOir. 
 
 Level plain. Hat, even, hliiiailb 
 
 Lialiln e»piw<d, reap, ii.illple. aupject. 
 
 Liberate -freo, deliver, rel<H«'. 
 
 Lir iiiitiiitli, fnlitehiNHl, fiction, fnbrkatk.n. d*> 
 r ^iptlon. 
 
 I. fe 111 i«kn'i«, vitality, iH-lng, energy, vl\a«Uy. 
 
 L.r» ejalt, erect, rttlee.nolnt. elevate. 
 
 Like slinlliir, riwmbilng, iinlforni, pruballe 
 
 Likin,' iiicdnaiinn, fiindni'a», alfection, muMh- 
 niciii. 
 
 Linger tarry, lag, delay, wait, saunter, hetltale, 
 
 Initi r. 
 
 Listen oxerhear, attend, fiearken. hear. 
 
 Live dwell, rc-i'le, HUl'Mlst.atilib'. exi.«t 
 
 Load weiitbl, iiinl" r. . |..g. burden. 
 
 Lodge Hill Iter, harlxir. cuttTtaln, ucMimmoilate. 
 
 Loiter law, miunti r. tui .-y, linger. 
 
 Long ilchlre, hanker. 
 
 ZjOok -1 e. View, insiN'cl. Iiobold, sppearanci-. 
 
 IxMiuacious Uilkatl\e, KurruloiK. 
 
 Lot doom, fortune, Hlnire, fate. di-«tiny, |M>rtion. 
 
 Ixiud noHy, vchemmt, clsmonnia. lurbulrul. 
 
 vocireroim. 
 Lovely attractive, |.eaullful, amiable, entrant, 
 
 line, ban. Nome, charniinv, delightful. 
 Xiover wiH'c! , hiiiti'r. In an. 
 Low dcKplcalile, deli.iscd, liumble.dejeitnl. ba«« 
 
 al.lect. 
 Lucky -Hiicci Hjifiil. fortuiuite, pn»i>i-n>ii» 
 Lunacy deramiemeiit. mania. In-anlty. niadnea-. 
 Luxuriant ei[iil«'nint. \,diiplu<iu». e«c*»»iTe, 
 
 alaiiidant. 
 Luxury » I lundoncy, excess, elegance, prof ustoo. 
 
 M 
 
 Magisvirial niigust. pn-«|>enais. stately, ma- 
 lt '.llr, illKllllll'd. 
 
 Magnitude liiilk,i<i/.e. wreotiie*s. 
 Majestic uuuii-l.Ktttte >, diKiiineil. 
 MiUico irriulge, Hpite. riincii. piouc. 
 Mandate onler, charm', injunction, command. 
 Manifost a|>parcnt, plain, open, clear, ol.vious, 
 
 evi.lent. 
 
 Margin Under, rim. Irlnk. verge.clge. tirmi. 
 Mark imprint, olwerve, show, brand, Impreas, 
 
 st.'ilnp. 
 Martial Roldlor-like. milit.iry. warlike 
 Wassive- pondenaiK. benvy. large. Iii.lky. 
 MaturB complete, riiM.iH licit. 
 Mean wndlil. iiiirinirdly, Ilcnuriou^ low, n.lserly. 
 
 aliji ct.ileHplcalilc. 
 Meanwhile- meantime. Intervening. Inltrini. 
 Meddle Iciich, liilerftr»>, interp.w, lnlerr'i|t. 
 Meditate conl<'mplBte, mow. 
 Meek .soft, bumble, gentle, mild. 
 MeoUnv congregation, company, auditory. «- 
 
 si'inbly. 
 Melody- harmony, concord, hsppin, 8.S uui.son 
 Memory— reminiscence, recollection. '-• "•' 
 
 brunce. 
 
 remeni 
 
hailj, Very 
 
 d. inrMMnnabt*. 
 rrly, ln»nlili«l». 
 nroad. 
 
 >tl, wrnrh. 
 ilatkin. 
 
 mirthful, mrrrf, 
 tlv». 
 
 lolly. Uil»IIUnH«. 
 iliilun, ilUcrimliMi- 
 
 il. ■iMolTv, eicuar. 
 k'ljr, «|ultjr, M-ru- 
 
 riittloc. ptrmnc 
 
 rmrn*', (Uppori, 
 
 [It. t'oiirteou*. tea- 
 , ti'Dilvr, affabtr. 
 :let, nuuiorr, rsoe. 
 
 |U«<Dtancc, rnidt- 
 mlng. 
 
 Ive. 
 
 ulifl, hfinni. 
 
 nx ipliiw. •' I baustcd. 
 
 ratli.ii. ratiiciiv, lao> 
 
 Hi, bln<loriU(.«t. 
 n. 
 
 Jlriiloiiv mirthful. 
 Iiipri, •lulhtiil. 
 
 XMlll. 
 
 iiii'Hth.abarilon. 
 i, i-itt-iHl, itniw nuU 
 
 , Hiillir 
 
 lb 
 
 !Hil>Jr<'t. 
 
 w. 
 
 iirii, fHlirlcath>n, <1«- 
 
 R, cnrmj-, vl\a»lty. 
 I'h'valf. 
 
 Ifi.riii, iirftwM'- 
 iilfii'llon. i>It»ih. 
 
 lit, »aun«rr, h. »lf»le, 
 rUin, hoar. 
 
 ililf, I'XWt. 
 
 If, liiinU-n. 
 
 rlaln, occwmmodatf. 
 
 iK<r. 
 
 Iil.appoarancr. 
 ilmi-'. 
 
 If. <tiiitinr. ixirtum. 
 imiiri'ua, tiirtiiilrut. 
 
 I. smiablp. ei-Tjant. 
 I'lishtful. 
 
 ml)U'.<lfJ« t"!. •«•' 
 
 , prt#p*.-ntiiit 
 
 II. m-anlty. maiJm'a-. 
 
 llptllolW, I »C«T»1VC, 
 
 clegfince, pruftif i<>n 
 
 eriiiia. atat^ly. ma- 
 
 tiie*». 
 jMin«l. 
 
 I, l.l.lUf. 
 
 iiiu'tUm. oommann. 
 iijH'ii, cUar. ot.vloua. 
 
 , vPr K**. *^ -'''• b'ini. 
 low, bimut, Imi 
 
 y, wnrllkP. 
 Iiiru.'. bulky, 
 nil. 
 imriousi, low, n-bc-ny. 
 
 r>n'eD!Dii, Interim. 
 
 tiM I «•, ln«'rr<ii.t. 
 
 w. 
 
 mlUl. 
 
 miwiiy. auaitory. »>• 
 
 _ haiipin-**. uuiwMi. 
 ccoflcctmn, n-meni- 
 
 rirrtex tiiuiiiaxd synonyms. 
 
 aorihant 
 e 
 
 trailcNiiian, traib'r. 
 
 banl-h< art«<l, pltilaaa. r'umt, uomcrrl- 
 
 •iirlKblly, iixirUva, •baerful, 
 , vIviuilmiK, inirthfiil. 
 
 aymlH.I. emblpro, allr«nry, 
 
 BfvUaM 
 
 (<ii 
 Marry bvi-ly, tmy 
 
 tnl'liv 
 Mrtaphor trope 
 
 -Imiiiliiclc. 
 
 MiKbty (in-nl, im.IciiI, .rroiig. iHiworful. 
 Mindrul h.><-.lfiil. ttlUMiilvis n-tfanlful, »I*»t». 
 
 Mlrin'l" prixlliiy, iiiarvri, wmiibT. 
 
 Miachlcf Imrm, hurt. •Uiuatfi-, mlafnrtuna. Id- 
 
 Klafortu 
 
 lalamlty, llllmk, 
 
 liarin. mlnhap, 
 , iDMapply 
 
 tuna 
 
 .ll-.lHliT. 
 
 Mlauae lu-rvirt. Ill-tn'al, iibtn 
 
 Mix iiiiiikIi'. bleiiil.coiifoiiiiil. 
 
 Mod«l imiliTii, mold, Mmpic, fiipy. ipaclnMO. 
 
 Mixlaru ri'i'i-iil, m-w, iiovi'l, f r«h. Mir. 
 
 Modify rc-«rnui|fi>. altiT, iinHliTati-, <'han*f<, ai- 
 
 !• iimiK- , 
 
 Mollify fa»<-.»olt<'ii.iw«'i«l(<'.«l'l"»»''. inolerata. 
 
 nutltfiitf- 
 MoroM vioomy, iuur, forblildliia, aullvn, pa«T • 
 
 !•''■ _. . . 
 
 Motlvr In. piillvf, rniiw, n'aaoii. prtiirlpla. 
 Mourn luirrnw, irrlfvi'. In-wall. Iiimriil l«moan. 
 Multitude •rowrl, tliionii, nwaiiii. 
 Murmur roiiiplalii. itiuiic. .,.,., 
 
 Mutable -lrrwi<i|«H>.w«vrrliir.<'hnrii»>'«lile, n«-»le, 
 
 iin>ialil<-. Initmntttiit, vnrlalili'. un.«i<-a>ly. 
 Mutinou* turbulent, a<-dltluut, lnaub<irllnai>' 
 
 Purl -nmrvnt. piiftw«. ptetv, (hare, artlnB, dlvla- 
 
 l»n. 
 ParttcnUkrly •-ha-fly, mamlt. prlnclimlly, >tla- 
 
 liiH'll) . i«|m wii) , atxt'ilV ail> . 
 Fkftoer 'aaviriair, c<«<l}u|i.r. an'omi'lue, ihiI- 
 
 l«-«*i»». 
 Paaatoaato escttalja. b<4. au«r). Iiiu>ty, Iram'l- 
 
 Pat^'■tic aflntin*. muntrt. ioiicIhik. 
 Pattanc* tivlurai iv, (nftitU'b', n->i||iiiill"ii. 
 Pay «>'ary, waaaa. Mimml. 
 Penalty paaMiatat, ihantiM'nent, Ciir, |iain, 
 
 f. .rf^iiurv-. 
 Panlteac* refirtilaiw, moorw, <'<>iu| incllon, 
 
 ifi iirtttiW. 
 Penary povrriy. r>»"'l, »»M. •Ii-ib-~. iinliKi'iii-e. 
 P»rv*jT» •.»«rr»«'. di«« ni. iit«!iiii!iii«h. 
 Pwrf-^t 'i,jcir. nioipu !••. niii>lMi|. 
 P»i' t,X» l»i»T', penrtrali-, I'M-n^'. 
 Pert iLae-«BrU, <m)nT, xv-nl, f rmtmiK <'. 
 
 allow, ii.iia'iii, *u1Trr. 
 
 •lie. •»'•>»». 
 Ii>tmi . >>rl<l. 
 
 |MI/ 
 
 N 
 
 unclolhiMl 
 
 unrovarad, 
 tiiUt. ator) 
 
 ■ude, ei- 
 
 Nakad-tlmpli' 
 
 Narrative— «<'">i'it 
 Naatv tilth: !• Hi. 
 Nautltal iniiriiii'. naval, inarlume. 
 No»r ilJiiliiliiD, luljaccnt, ch«e, I'imtlirunua. 
 N.'i'd i.llifiMir.'. [KiviTly. iwiMiry. « ml. 
 I'ki'il, <-\ll. iiii.,ii«t. 
 
 Nifurli' IB wiikiil, (•\ll. uii.,u»t, wmnu, Inl'iul 
 
 Nevortheleaa Iiowmt. .v«r, n ■twItliKUDdlOK. 
 
 Nu« i« 111, i..irll<uliir.il<'l:ialr. 
 
 Noble Knin'l.cxjiili'l. dwii' Kuliibe.|. »rral. rtf- 
 
 \ M.'l. lllllHlriolM. 
 
 Nolcl Till r>"0«.cMiiliii'nl.nMiowi(f<l. n II- 'ran--!. 
 
 ,ii.s.i..jiiii.li.' .n-|>i' 1. •»*. iilumiiMU*. 
 
 Notion w II Mill 4it, . . f. tptioii, thMiiKbt, wUliu. 
 
 i'.iiii-«>l>lloii. o|iiii|o|i, idi'ii. 
 NotwUhatandlnw 1" "l'"" "'■ >•«• "eTertbel-M«, 
 
 h.iHI'VtT. 
 
 Obdurate intli'Zllilc olMttnato, Iniwaltent, hard- 
 mil, oiifii-lliiir, ralloiii", Imwiislbfe. 
 Object ..ilij'-. t, pinl, iiliii. puriNi*-. :ipj>o*- 
 Obiure-* "«'"•'■• '''■"'• fori-o. Kratlfy. ••■♦re. 
 
 lai'T, i-iiini« i, pliMlw'. 
 Obature- almtruHc, (onci'ftlfil. hldilec. iDdiatinct. 
 
 ilark. illm, luu'crtaln, ilifflrull 
 
 ilark. illm, iMu'crtaln, (limrull. i PraOMlt rulr, irijurfcli..ci. n, iiii 
 
 Obaervaut-r< irar.Uiil. atuntlve, wat. hful, rain-l- 1 numSil.-, . .4biiui»1 
 J"K . ., ..„ ._ ..^. . PT»eiO»» .r««Jy. rii«o. V 
 
 Obaolete 'llxu.v-d. worn oiit.anll'juatixl.aQcieDt. 
 
 ..|<l. I' l-lii«li!on(><l. 
 Obatiii ito li'-mliitrontf, r<v*ilo". mubNim 
 Obtain mtln, (ji'l, win, procure . lecurei acqutr*. 
 
 ••Mfii 
 Obviab iir«'v<'nt, piwlude, avoid. 
 O caaic i.il (ri'.iiiontly. ciuiMal. 
 O'.iupy MM , lioM. keep, |>..«*'!H. 
 Odd -iiiKidar. <Ht>ontri<'. strantto, iineyen. 
 Offi'i.so-injiirv. rrlmc, tran<irroB»lon. outratfe. 
 
 lr<'^l>a.'Ui. miMlooil. wronir, Inmilt. 
 Offlcioua -I'll*} , lutur, forwanl, intruitlvi'. ob- 
 
 Irmlvc. 
 Omen - pn-^K''. in^'t-iioslii . mun. 
 Open dlsi-liHti. n'\r il, nnl. K.unmTel. 
 Operation -aiKMif; , iK-rlorn hp. m-tlon 
 Opiuion bcllff. wniiii 'III, 1 in. idea. 
 Opponent aMtttHoni-i. advi'i .ry. oppoeer. foe, 
 
 cri' "V. 
 Opprohrioua rcprourhful. tnsiiltlnii. loiirrll'au. 
 
 • >ITi'ii~ivc, ln«olt-nt, ii('HiidaloiL>i,abualTe. 
 T' tion rhiilr;-. 81'liH'tion. 
 v-i ilence afflii'iuc. weallh, rit'be*. 
 Ordain -pn- l»r. Invr!«t, appilnt. order. 
 Order maiiiliu. , i ■■cmnaml, liijurntlon. prtK-^pt. 
 
 Ordtnary ii^.iial. • I'r iit, KtMicnit. 
 
 O iifiuaf priinar.v, lli- . prlatlne. primitive. 
 Ost"ntatlon nhow, lp>a.«t, display, parade. 
 Oil* live ••iirviv*'. 
 
 Ou: x-ard "itrmeoua. apparent, eitiinxic. 
 Oveir»>ui br n-proaaive, bauKDty, lordly, im- 
 
 Overflow II .. inunilate. ulmund, deluse. 
 Overwhelm upturn, niibduc. cnith, overthrow, 
 
 pnwiTfUl. 
 
 Pacify Boothe, still, calm, quiet, canoiliale. 
 Pain hurt, amict, dlstreao, torture. auSer. tor- 
 
 rai'it. 
 Pair I'oiipU'. •TK'e, two 
 Pa>|>able-api>an«nt. plain, perceptible, irraaa, di»> 
 
 •■••milili'. 
 Pantr sorrow, Mrinent, nafuisb, tortuia, Ofony, 
 
 d!.«tro!<». 
 Parode-Khow, oNtentation. 
 Pare ■'trip, ix-ol. 
 
 Pertah 
 Permit 
 
 I K'illllt. 
 
 I Perp«trat* mouBtt. 
 
 Perplex -lawililf-T. c«<nfi>fH*. ini<>i%*-. uitnoi 
 I »:•■ ^ura••. iiX'l<^i. •-iii«ii«l''. inilMtru^- 
 ' Peraiet |Hiri«< . pnvxnK-. 
 
 Perauod* pn Tail u|'>ii, initii<Mi- iiiouo', <>■ 
 h< n. ono*. f film-, 
 
 PeatUentlol « (■olrmk jI. (..nia, i i.^. itiftviuiim, 
 I rai- bi-vKiua.dnaru' iM< . 
 
 PatolABt ■ p «. ttM» .rr*..i-^|.H- UK (firill. 
 
 Ploos ml(tnu«,^l'^->ui.v»ll«.-piriliinl. holy. 
 
 Ptooa - nMr. fTu'tr*. la^ilk*. ntiKoi-. •Il«lik". 
 • •n»*n«»«, 
 
 Pbu |»M. filr. rri'.iii ' i-<»illoii, >|K>I. 
 
 Plocue |>ri-><. • ■■.i..,rr«»>. anno), laiiu::.'! . 
 ^t-i, lra»«'rti.T- t Ml?, iTt 
 
 Plan ' «i'h< III' . ■ ■aiH'j-. ile«i<i-. di-niiin. pri- 
 
 t-t, •tnitcmi iiimi>iiftu4'M. 
 y-«rj- 4(..ri 
 Ple«.:x> .-hi. ntliair. hoini'; irniiiry. 
 
 Fled*-: .(.Mr, •VT>»ii.aii-iirity.|«wii,<'ariiii>t. 
 Pliant •:tutiar. l«-oiii.i.-. Ui\»: ) Hl'llnir. |'luilii<', 
 
 <ii pK-. 
 
 Pll«bt Mair, itmilli' n. xtiiMtion. < nw , i onJiMt- 
 
 im-. 
 PoUt: — WF||.b(xl. ctiii. •••■uneouii, |«i|i .liiil, af- 
 
 1 1''!.-. T*1tU-9-i. r»-rtfM^l 
 PoatU. <an-fi.i. pru'k-nt. « an . artful, riiniilnir. 
 Poin|>oiw stotrty. •h'>vy,.,^<-ntallouK.|ottv,iliK. 
 
 Dll ■!. 
 
 PoTttoa-|iart. sAare, i^At-r, dl«i*lon. i|uaiitlty. 
 
 (ortuftr. 
 I'oaaaaa-huM. harr. knt>. <'r<-upy. i iiiiiy. 
 Poanu*-ccature. attloo, lifun', p<«itioii, atti- 
 
 PoTarty-nwI.wjlfmnv.'' ■ni.|icniir> .inillifencc. 
 Practi o hai«t. i-urfoni. ' irmci, »»•■. lorin.«t> li'. 
 Prayer wiii, n^jutvt. (i<i< uly. appliiuilon, •up- 
 
 l'li>7«t.. >n 
 rn<lii»rui «n»-r*>fit>. priority, pn'fiTi'ni*'. 
 ~ prim ipl<', law, 
 
 aluahlr. I'holrc, 
 
 ■ an'fiil. lianli'- 
 
 -•iii'llti'm, sitiiii- 
 
 1. acT-urai< 
 mt pmltiun. 
 
 IllCf, 
 
 Hlichi, 
 
 rarv. 
 Preciaa 
 
 u!fir 
 Predl 
 ii-ii. 
 Predominant -^oalP'Ulnir. tuprrme. pn-valliDji 
 
 V>rt-v.il. tit. 
 Prefer«i.c* - p»*^rt«y. KlvanM-nwrn, rhoii-i'. 
 Prejudice injvry dciadt anlMiri'. bitu. hurl. 
 Prepara •imlify. nukt niclv. ■',|ui|i.ari-nnvi', fli. 
 Prerovatlve .mm.jt..iy. i.ihiI.-kc. 
 Preaerve m«inij«in.M».-. i.|'li"ld. iiroti-il, »pan-. 
 Pieamne •■■■•pi^, la Iwi •-. irii<>.ii, ihliik. HUnulM'. 
 pretext -prrt«»kj«i.fH'U"'. pn-ltnw. 
 Pretty arrrvabto'. lovi-lv, tiiii-. !•< aiiltful. 
 PreTeat hiwlcr. t4n«iH't. ini|^<->li'. prfrlude. oli- 
 
 » u»ir. 
 Priea -«-x|«f>«e. worth, «>•«, value, i-harm-. 
 Prlda vanity, t^-m-^t. arroifamx-. ai>i>iiriiiire. pn-- 
 
 sampc^i<i. haurhtii<<-», iii-iIiim-"' 
 Prlaoary ••n<niul. pn-tio- . llrtt. rliinental. 
 Print m.irk.lElf>rHM, stamp 
 Priority pw«* 4eo f«-, i>n— fmii»-nr<-. viri'len-iu €•. 
 Privacy *iji»ud*.k«e(ii».«». -•-.luMon. Hvnvy. 
 Priae »i<i«<a. valo*. rewar 1. 
 ProWty- uprtrttneaa, lnt»-rnt.\, n-liHblllty. ve. 
 
 raiiiy. 
 PTtKloLn-publtiti. U-11. d».-lan, annoniice, ud- 
 
 vettB*-. 
 Proctue ao)Uir<-. nln. obtain, t^-t. 
 Prodiriooa ■atotush.ns. larir«-. irn-at. Mint, enor- 
 
 Ill'U* 
 
 Profeaoion-^mpioyixH-ai. i-allinif.votation.work, 
 
 Pro«t-ad«T»nl»irv. benefit. BKi- . lU'Ti-. 
 Profnae -w«ite<uLeitrBvainii t. lavish, protlmul. 
 Prohibit -pmacrlbe. inttTdicl. forliid. 
 Protlfl'- fertile. frtJltftit. productive. 
 ProlO£« -de*»y. eitmd. protract, poatponc, n- 
 
 Promlaa •er-gagrai'^t. ocrcement, pledin*. wonl, 
 
 «t>ti«ralton 
 Praotpt rrady. quirk, aaaaduoiis. active. 
 Proof— arfrument. ei idetioe. t<-stimnny. 
 Propenalty-tnctaiattoo, tendem). pronenees. 
 
 Propitiooa -amptrtoo*. favorable. 
 
 Proportlonate-aderiiialp. rommennirale, equal. 
 
 Pruprintor omiht, ma>ler, inaarwor. 
 
 Proaiieot lan<liica|>i'. i nw, •iirvi-i. 
 
 Proapiiroua urk), an craaful. loftuiialM flour. 
 lalilnii. 
 
 Protract n-tartl, pndonir, dehiy, iMaliaiiH-. with- 
 hold. 
 
 Prove i'\ jiii'e. inanlfiil. demo' almb'. 
 
 Provide- riirnmh, pn'iwn'. p.<«'ure. aupply. 
 
 ProTies K'thliiii'ii, >iipiiiaiion, n M>iln inenl. 
 
 Prudence I'aitliiliHia, •iiatretK'ii, Jmliiraenl, 
 
 Wlwlolll. 
 
 Prylna iii<i<ii<iiti\i'. rurlona. 
 
 Puerile l Kyuh, ihikll.li, inlanllli , Jutenlle, 
 
 Punctual iiarlh'iilar I'loiiipt.eiait. line. 
 
 Purohaao l hk on', laiy. 
 
 Puaale I'WiiiUi.i'oiifoiinil, entinKii'. i^-rplei. 
 
 Itiack 1 iii|iirir, liii|iMii>r, rliartalan. prfteiiilet. 
 
 aualitted til, ailn|iti'<l, < apaMe. >oiii|>ei<'nt. 
 
 luality altrllaite. pro|M'rt) 
 
 luory iiiiirroKiiii.ri . iMipoi) . <|iie<liou. 
 
 i'lentionable iloul'ili.l. i>ii*pm imia. 
 
 iulet M'IMHM', niil.i liii. lruii>|iiilily,eaM>,stUI, 
 
 llult ri litKiiiiih.ili'i n, ri-<iicn. I<'n«ke, leave, 
 
 i.iota -tniM', rat"', pic i •irtion. 
 
 Rmi 11 l.iiiol) , iri-iH'ratKn. liiiraKe, l>rr<-<l, cuuiva 
 '.( tt.) l"ry.lii>iiiriiulii>ii.niiin-r. 
 UHiuble atroll, rnvi'. rioiin. wun'lir, rnii||e. 
 Rank •hv"'-. p'"!*!' n. ita-«. plan-, orler. 
 h'lpucioue iii\i'iiiiii«.Kr*i 'Il , I onii'fiii*. 
 Kupture U 'nrlii •laia. t. loy. trHii«|Kirt. 
 Kaih liii-;>. iiM.i4hllei«, luipiil'lti, vlol<!nt,ad. 
 
 \ t iiiiirotj^. 
 R^venoua lai^irloiia, irnid, v^irwhiua. 
 Reach I'tli'i'l.xtn'icli. 
 
 Real lull . iK'liiHl.i'ertd'.n, poaitlti. i^-niiiiie. 
 Heoeou pnaji, arin.iueor piir|>»' . ni< n ive, ori- 
 
 llllt. I'tlllM*. 
 
 Re>ielllon •••ilitl^'n. revolt . iiii>rtmtion 
 Rtcall r.-'-anl, r<!ni,f. r.-vo',' , ai'ion-. 
 llecede i- i "vr •■.liUI '> k, i< I'n, riiital. 
 Reclproi.il "iiiiinti. 
 Recite irlHiiiw. re •■»'. nuriate. 
 Reclaim n->over.correi :. reform. 
 RaC'illectiou na'iu'.ry. r« ii' •iit.iun<e. 
 Reconcile • '>n'-ill»li'. | ro| iiuile. 
 Recruit olri^ \e, ni m.r. r<'pair, n-plaiv. 
 Redeem n-^a-iie. rniiN..fi!, n*. o\ei. !• Moi-e. 
 Refer •iivtri'*., Iiitiiniii< . ti. <i. pio|m,h', nlliide. 
 Reform iiiii"iiil. I"'tt« 1. 1- iMcl. liiiprovf. 
 Refrain r>'rix'ar,«i<i>re. Hlxiaju. )• k-^o. 
 Reffale *-iit< tiaiii. tcrittfy, f* .i^t, r^ lull, 
 Retrlon i|imil<r,< • unlry. M'< lam. •ilMrltl. 
 Regulate nili'. dl'<|'<»<\ ieljii>t. • -inlnjl, iiovern. 
 Rejf-ct 'liny, ri'ia I. r>-fii«', di.llre. 
 Relieve "iiccur, iukIM, niilliinle. aid. help, aup- 
 
 I'ort. 
 Relish flavor, taalc, en^'V. 
 I Remain -lay. tarry, ••"atlinie, 
 I Remark ii'inimiit. ol.Mnar. 
 
 Remiaa 
 li-**. 
 
 Remnant r<iil<liie. remaln-h r. n-ai. 
 
 Rer.'^w rei l\i'. r»*ii»>vale. reti--«li. 
 
 Rriiowu time, n |iitali"ii, 1 1 li'lirll). 
 ' Reparation M-«titiii|i>n.Miia'Mdti. ri-nluratlon, 
 i Repeat r'lii'i'r«'. rente. il< tall. 
 
 Replenlah Mipply. Illl. n till. 
 I Rejioae ■,iiii I. i>l<'« p. inv. n-«l. 
 I Bcpiiirniinco ili'-iilo .»»■ r^i^n. hairril. 
 ' Request <l''iiiiiiiil. I•~•<'•^ ti. eiiin'at. a*k. 
 
 Research iii'ioi.^.-iii'b. • «'iiiin'iiil"ii. 
 
 Residence al""!"'. lioui'-. Ii' iiM.'lwlllnu. 
 
 BestKU f"ii'ir". .lii'l I. r< iiKiiiae. Hlaili'ale. 
 
 Reelet iii'tnre, <it'|»>u'. «iili.raiiil. 
 
 Resort lnnint, Iiihiiu'iu. \ i-ii. 
 
 Reai>>cttul i lvil.diiiit.il...U-.li<nt. 
 
 Roapouan nplj. r> Jolii'Ur. aiiawer 
 
 ■Ret.: •■•I-'. '|iM't. r< i^w. 
 
 Reatrain tipie-". n-»fri' :.-iippre>(i, coi flne. 
 
 ■4 
 
 IK'KllKent, la-'-^U" ^^, 
 
 alilih'. >o>>iirii. 
 'n. note, 
 llii'iigbtleas, care. 
 
 Result 'Miil.ii!" t. i.v'iii'. 
 Retard l< f<r. il«'lay. himhr. prevnl. 
 Retract 'iil.i' I ii< k, ri»-'ki-, rwall. annul. 
 Ri'veal 'li* liKv. .Iivului. e«|.<me. im|iart. 
 Revere «il"r''. \eiurai'-. wor-liii'. ruen-nce. 
 lti!vivp n'frifli. ri iiiw, r< iii'tate, I nlivbteu. 
 R'lward -ati-la'ti. ii. p<"ni|«'n.'«>. 
 Ridicule hiii|/li I'l. '.'tir.. iroTiy, 
 Riirht iT'iiir, tioi'<~i. nrr" '. din-cl. 
 RlKoroua riui'i. ronifli. .«*i i O'. hanih. 
 Rite "linrvaM' e. form, i-inihonv, iiistom. 
 Roam nue, wamler. raiiif-. rambk'. 
 Roufth liarnh. im-ii il, rmh-, uncouth. 
 Route »av, path, roiel, course. 
 Runred abrupt, ruuith. 
 
 s 
 
 Bacred .Icvnteil, ilniiie. hol>. 
 
 SoKOctty diM'ernm'nt. la'nelralion, iwrcepUon, 
 
 ai'iitenew. 
 Salute ii'io«t,B'l'lr I*. 
 Sapient wiw. di^in-i-t. aoite. 
 Satire irony, mmaMu, liurli«iue. 
 Saucy rii'h'. in«ol<iit. imi'inlent. 
 BayinK liy-woni. niaxim. a'taio'. proverl.. 
 Scarce iin'inual, ilnifular, rare. 
 Scent- pertuim'. '»lor. f raifranw. smell. 
 
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 FIFTEEK THOUSAND SYNONYMS. 
 
 Scoff-sneer, gibe, Jeer, ridicule. 
 Soomfal— contemptuous, disdainful. 
 Sorat^E ' '4— investigate, search, examine. 
 Saaroh— aquiry, Rcriitiny, pursuit. 
 Beolnakn— privacy, (lulutude. 
 Saoret— q^'iot, lii<l<leti, still, latent. 
 Beotire— certain, safe, sure. 
 Sedate— <iuiet, coinpused, still, calm. 
 See-~examinc, view, look, observe. 
 Saleot— choose, pick. 
 Sensitive— keen, appreciative. 
 Sentiment— feeling, opinion, notion, ezprteslon. 
 Serene— placid, calm. 
 Settled— conclusive, decided, confirmed. 
 Several— diverse, different, sundry, various, 
 Suako— totter, shiver, agitate. 
 Shame— ignominy, dishonor, disgrace. 
 Shape— mold, fnsnion.form. 
 Sharpneaa- cuimInK, acuteness, keenness. 
 Shine— glare, glisten, glitter, gleam. 
 Shocking— terrible, drcndlul, horrible. 
 Shorten— curtail, lessen, reduce, abridge. 
 Showy— gay, gaudy, tine, grand. 
 Shudder— tremble, quake, shake. 
 Sickly— sick, ill, unwell, diseased. 
 Sipnify— express, imply, utter, declare. 
 Silent— mute, speechless, dumb, still. 
 Similarity— likeness, limilitudc, resemblance, 
 Simply— merely, solely, only. 
 Sincere honest, friink. true, nlaln. 
 Sltaatlon— plight, locality, place, position. 
 Slander— vilify, ,lefarae, detract, asperse. 
 Slender-slim, thin, frugile, slight. 
 Slow— dilatory, tedious, tardy, dull. 
 Smooth— mild, easy, blund, even. 
 Snarllnar— snappisn, waspish, surly. 
 Sneer— jTbe, jeer, scoff. 
 Social- familiar, sociable, convivial. 
 Soft-yielding, pliant, mild, flexible. 
 Solemn— serious, grave. 
 Solid -ilrm, hurd, enduring, fixed. 
 Soothe -compose, quiet, calm, assuage. 
 Sort— sitccics, kind, order. 
 Sour— acid, sharp, acrimonious, tart. 
 Spacious— lapacioiis, ample, large. 
 Spar ies -Uiud, siut, order, class. 
 Specimen— |)atti'rn, sample, model, copy. 
 Speech -address, sermon, oration, lecture. 
 Sphere— globe, circle, orb. 
 Spite -malice, hati\ d, grudge. 
 Sport— recreation, jwstime, game, play. 
 Spread— 30W, disperse, scatter, diffuse. 
 Sprinkle— icdeiv, scatter, water. 
 Stability -firmness, fixedness, continuity. 
 Stammer- stutter, falter, hesitate. 
 Stare— gaze, g:; pe. 
 
 Station-sitiia'iipn, place, post, position. 
 Sterility— unfruithfulness. barrenness. 
 Still— pacify, lull, quiet, appease. 
 Stop— check, hinder, delay, rest. 
 Straight— immediate, direct. 
 Stratagem -artlllce, cheat, finesse, fine work. 
 Strife— cont<'sl, dissension, discord. 
 Stroll- ramble, rove, range. 
 Sturdy - firm, robust, strong. 
 Subdue surmount, subject, conquer, over- 
 come. 
 Subjoin- annex, attach, afiix, connect. 
 Submissive— obedient, humble, compliant. 
 Substance — support, livelihood, sustenance. 
 Subdtitute- agent, change, exchange. 
 Subtract— deduct, withdraw, take from. 
 Suocesaful- prosperous, f ortu nate, lucky. 
 
 Saooer— defend, relieve, assist, help. 
 Suffer— endure, allow, permit, bear. 
 Sufficient-adequate, plenty, enough. 
 Soargeat— propoee, hint, allude. 
 Suitor— beau, lover, wooer. 
 Summon— cite, bid, convoke, call. 
 Superficial— slight, flimsy, shallow. 
 Supplicate— implore, entreat, ask, beg 
 Sure— reliable, certain, confident. 
 Surmount— subdue, conquer, overcome. 
 Surprise— amazement, wonder, admiration. 
 Surround— encircle, encloee, encompass. 
 Suspense— doubt, hesitation. 
 Buafain— maintain, carry, support, bear. 
 Swarm— crowd, throng, multitude. 
 Symbol— emblem, type, figure. 
 Sympathy— compassion, agreement, condol- 
 
 en;o. 
 Sysvcm— order, method. 
 
 Tale— anecdote, storv. 
 
 Talk— conference, lecture, sermon. 
 
 Taste— relish, savor, flavor. 
 
 Tedious— tardy, tiresome, slow. 
 
 Temper -disposition, mood, humor. 
 
 Temporal -secular, mundane, wordly. 
 
 Tempt— allure, decoy, induce, entice. 
 
 Tenderness— fondness, affection, love. 
 
 Terms- language, expressions, words, condi- 
 tion. 
 
 Terrible— horrible, awful, terrlflc, fearful. 
 
 Test- standard, proof, trial, experience. 
 
 Tebtlmony— proof, evidence. 
 
 Think- surmi'^e, consider, imagine, ponder. 
 
 Thuught— conceit, idea, fancy, reflection. 
 
 Thoughtless— unthinking, hasty, foolish, care- 
 less. 
 
 Throw —fling, hurl, heave, cast. 
 
 Time — epoch, era, season, date. 
 
 Timid— afraid, bashful, fe U'f ul. 
 
 Title— claim, name, appellation. 
 
 Tolerate— allow, suffer, permit. 
 
 Total— sum, gross, entire, whole. 
 
 Tour— trip, nnind. Journey, Jaunt. 
 
 Trade— occupation, traffic, dealing, 
 
 Tranqullitv-cnim.qul't, pep e, stillness. 
 
 Transcend— suri)ass, exceed, out^lo, excel. 
 
 Transient— short, briel, transitory. 
 
 Tremendous— dreadful, terrific, fearful, terri- 
 ble. 
 
 Trespass— transgression, violation, misdemeanor, 
 oifeuBC. 
 
 Trip— voyage. Journey, excursion. Jaunt, ramble, 
 tour. 
 
 True— upright, honest, plain, candid, reliable 
 sincere. 
 
 Try— attempt, endeavor. 
 
 Type— mark, illustration, emblem, figure, sym- 
 bol. 
 
 U 
 
 Umpire— arbiter, arbitrator. Judge. 
 
 Unbounded— infinite, unlimited, boundless. 
 
 Uncertain— vrecarions, dubious, doubtful. 
 
 Unconquerable— insuperable, insurmountable, 
 invitit'ibie. 
 
 Undaunted- intrepid, courageous, bold, fearless. 
 
 Under- subordinate, subject, lower, beneath. 
 
 Unfaithful- perfidious, untruthful, treacherous, 
 faithless. 
 
 Unhandy — awkward, ungainly, clumsy, un- 
 couth. 
 
 Uniform- -same, even, equal, alike. 
 
 Unite— combine, connect. 
 
 Unllke-dlfferent, dissimilar, dlttlnet 
 
 Unmerciful— cruel, hard-hearted, merolles*. 
 
 Unravel- reveal, unfold, extricate, disentangle. 
 
 Unruly- ungovernable, unmanageable, refrac- 
 tor,. 
 
 Unspeakable— unutterable, inelTable, inezpress- 
 ible. 
 
 Untruth— falsehood, lie, falsity. 
 
 Upbraid— reproach, reprove, blame, censure. 
 
 Urbanity— civility, courtesy, suavity, affability. 
 
 Urgent -prssslng, earnest, importunate. 
 
 Use— utility, advantage, custom, service, usage, 
 habit. 
 
 Utterly— fully completely, perfectly, wholly. 
 
 Vacant— unused, void, utterly, devoid, empty. 
 Vain— conceited, ineffectual, fruitless, useless. 
 Vanity- conceit, pride, arrogance, haughtiness. 
 Variation— vicissitude,deviatlon,varlety,cbang*. 
 Various— diverse, different, sundry, several. 
 Venal- hireling, mercenary. 
 Venture— risk, hazard. 
 Verbal— vocal, oral. 
 Vestlge-track, evidence, trace, mark. 
 Vicinity- section, locality, nearness, neighbor- 
 hood. 
 Vile— mean, base. 
 Vindicate— depend, protect. 
 Virtue— i^fllcocy, chastity, goodness, purity. 
 Vivid-bright, lucid, clear. 
 Vouch— attest, assure, protest, warrant, arer. 
 Vulgar— mean, low, ordinary, common. 
 
 W 
 
 Wages— allowance, salar}-, pay, hire, stipulation. 
 
 Wan— pallid, pale. 
 
 Want— lack, indigence, poverty, need. 
 
 Warlike- martial, military. 
 
 Warnin g— caution, notice, monition, advice. 
 
 Wasteful— prodigal. 
 
 gant. 
 
 profuse, lavish, extrava- 
 
 ay— route, means, road, fashion, plan, course, 
 method. 
 
 Wealth— riches, affluence, opulence. 
 
 Wedding- nuptials, marriage. 
 
 Welcome— acceptable, desirable, grateful, agree- 
 able. 
 
 Whimsical— fantastical, fanciful, capricious. 
 
 Wily- crafty, cunning, subtle, artful, sly. 
 
 Win— gain, obtain, earn, ac<iulre. 
 
 Wisdom— understanding, foresight, knowledge. 
 
 Woeful— doleful, rueful, piteous. 
 
 Worthy- meritorious, deserving, estimable. 
 
 Writer— scribe, author. 
 
 Wrong-injury, injustice. 
 
 Tearly— annually. 
 
 Vet-notwithstanding, but, still, nevertheless, 
 
 however. 
 Youthful— juvenile, adolescent. 
 
 Zeal— enthusiasm, warmth, fervor, ardor. 
 Zealous— warm, enthusiastic, earnest, anxious, 
 fervent, ardent. 
 
 RAILWAY SIGNALS. 
 
 One pull of bell-cord signifies "stop." 
 
 Two pulls mean "go ahead." 
 
 Three pulls signify "back up." 
 
 One whistle signifies "down brakes." 
 
 Two whistles niean "off brakes." 
 
 Three whistles signify "back up." 
 
 Continued wiiistles indicate "danger." 
 
 Rapid short whistles "a cattle alarm." 
 
 A ,= weeping parting of the hands, on a level with the 
 eyes, signifies "go ahead." 
 
 A slowly, sweeping meeting of the hands, over the head, 
 means " buck slowly." 
 
 Downward motion of the hands, witli extended arms, 
 signifies "stop." 
 
 Beconing motion of one hand, indicates "back." 
 
 A red flag waved up the track, signifies " danger." 
 
 A red fiag standing by the roadside, means " danger 
 ahead." 
 
 A red f -ig carried on a locomotive, signifies " a.i engine 
 following." 
 
 A red flag raised at a station, is a signal to "stop." 
 
 A iimterti swung in a circle, signifies "back the train." 
 
 A lantern at night raised and lowered vertically, is a 
 signal to "start." 
 
 A lantern swung at right angles across the track, means 
 "stop." 
 
 INTERESTING INDUSTRIAL ITEMS. 
 
 Magazines that cost 35 cents here are sold in England 
 for 24 cents. 
 
 In Sweden a new elevator loads a 2,500-ton vessel with 
 iron ore in a .iay. 
 
 New England shoe firms are having most of their work 
 done in country factories. 
 
 Crefeld, Holland, has 110,000 people, and 5U,000 are 
 silk-workers, all employed in the own iiomcs, 
 
 CAPACITY OF A FREIGHT CAR. 
 
 A load, nominally, is 20,000 pounds. The following 
 number can be carried: Whisky, 60 barrels; Salt, 70 
 barrels; Lime 70 barrels ; Flour 90 barrels ; Eggs, 130 to 
 160 barrels; Flour, 200 sacks; Wood, G cords; Cattle, 18 
 to 20 head; Hogs, 50 to 60 head; Sheep, 80 to 100 head; 
 Lumber 6,000 feet; Barley, 300 bushels. 
 
 -raft- 
 
 1 
 
itlnot. 
 
 Ml, meroilctf . , 
 •te. dlsentenglc. 
 ageabl?, refrac- 
 
 ffable, inezpreit- 
 
 ime, censure. 
 
 iiavlty, affability. 
 
 irtunste. 
 
 a, aerrioe, usage, 
 
 fectly, irhoUy. 
 
 devoid, empty. 
 ulUeaa. useleat. 
 ce, bauflitlneM. 
 n, variety.ohang*. 
 idry. severaJ. 
 
 , mark. , ^^ 
 larnew, neighbor- 
 
 Ineas, puri*,y. 
 
 warrant, arer. 
 common. 
 
 I, hire, stipulation. 
 
 y, need. 
 
 inition, adTloe. 
 , lavish, cxtrava- 
 
 hion, plan, course, 
 
 ilence. 
 
 ie, grateful, agree- 
 
 iful, capricious. 
 
 , artful, sly. 
 
 Ire. , . 
 
 eaight, Itnowledge. 
 
 ms. 
 
 ,ng, estimable. 
 
 still, neTerthelesi, 
 nt. 
 
 srvor, ardor. 
 
 :, earnest, anxious. 
 
 vertically, is a 
 he track, means 
 
 ITEMS. 
 
 )ld in England 
 
 .ton vessel with 
 
 3t of their work 
 
 iind 50,000 are 
 
 .es. 
 
 CAR. 
 
 The following 
 arrels; Suit, W 
 8 ; Eggs, 130 to 
 iords; Cattle, 18 
 80 to 100 head; 
 
 THE CIllC'AliU J)()Alil> 1)1' IRAUK. 
 
 ^^.^THE CHICAGO^iV 
 
 
 
 
 ■S:f'Si'Sr-S^-^LH« 
 
 © 
 
 (@) 
 
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 HOW 
 
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 (@) 
 
 P 
 
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 le most iiiiportanl and inlhien- 
 institutions of tliis continent, 
 ami, in fact, of tlie whole tomiiioi'ciai worltl. 
 is the IJoai'd of Trade of the city of Chicago. 
 Slaiuling, as it were, in the natai'al gate- 
 way wliei'e pi'oducers and consumers of food- 
 fitutls must meet for purposes of exchange, 
 it becomes the medium through which the 
 ^j wants of each class are most readily made 
 icnown to the other. Perhaps the volume 
 of its transactions can be bettei 
 realized when we say that this asso- 
 ciation has received, sold and for- 
 warded more than one hundred and 
 fifty millions of bushels of grain in a 
 single year, in addition to 
 mill-product, such as Hour, 
 middlings, mixed feed, 
 meal, bran, shorts and 
 , screenings. It has also 
 become a large ex- 
 change for field seeds, 
 such as clover, timo- 
 thy, hunga- 
 rian, millet 
 and 
 flax 
 
 SPECULATE 
 
 (0)-"[0j"-©-r 
 
 
 
 seed. Anotiiei' large branch of its trade is in hog 
 u'oduet, embracing mess pork, hams, bacon, dry- 
 salted mi(hlles. and lard. There ar(> thousands of per- 
 sons who transact business occasionally through some 
 of the i-ommissioii incrcliants of the Board of Trade. 
 \"el wlio do not feel familial' witli the rules and customs 
 which must govern the transactions made by their 
 appointed agents. 
 
 C3JECTS. 
 
 The objects of the association are: To main- 
 tain a commercial exchange; to promote uniformity 
 in the customs and usages of merchants; to inculcate 
 principles of justice and eipiity in trade; to facilitate 
 the speedy adjustment of business disputes to acquire 
 and to disseminate valuable commercial ■<■■ d economic 
 infoi'Hiation, and (jmerally to secure to its membei's the 
 benefits of co-operation iu the furtherance of their 
 legitimate pursuits. ' i 
 
 EARLY ORGANIZATION, 
 
 jJnring the years 1848 and 1849, the Board was a 
 voluntary organization; fi'oui IS.IO to 18o9 it was 
 organized un '.or a genei'al incorporation law of the 
 State of Illinois. Since early in 18.50 it has remained 
 under a special chart(M' granted by the Legislatui'c in 
 February of that year. 
 
 This Association was ine(jrporated by an .\ct of Con- 
 gress, approved Februai-y IS. IS.'iO, and empow- 
 ered to "sue and be sued; to I'oceive, hold, 
 and dispose of propertj^; to have a common 
 seal; and to make such niles. regulations 
 and by-laws from time to time as they may 
 
 i 
 
, viSgfe&^sa^iite-, 
 
 irl^ 
 
 ! 1 
 
 :i 
 
 THE CUICAUO BoAKD OF TKADK. 
 
 tiiiiik piopiM' or lu'ccissury for the government of the 
 corponilioii, not contniry to the laws of the land." 
 It is irr:iiit('(l th<'i>ower to "constitute 
 
 COMMITTEES OF ARBITRATION AND APPEAL 
 
 for iLi! sciticiinMit of such matters of difference as may 
 be voluntarily submitted for arbitration by members of 
 tilt) Associiitiou, or by other persons not mombors 
 thereof; the acting ciiuir man of cither of said com- 
 mittees, when sittiiii^ xs arbitrators, may a<lininistei- 
 oaths to tiic parties and witnesses, and issue subi)oenas 
 and attacjiments, conipollinnf the attendance of wit- 
 nesses, the same as Justices of the peace, iiinl in like 
 manner, directed to any con- 
 stable to exw-'ute." 
 
 '"When the submission of 
 any < ase sliall have been made 
 ill writing to the Arbitra- 
 tion (Committee, and a final 
 award shall have l)een ren- 
 dered and no >•■ -leal takon 
 within the time fixed by the 
 By-IiS ws 1 1 wo b u s i n e s s 
 days after such award shall 
 have been delivered to fiie 
 parties in controversy), 
 then, on filing such award 
 and submission witii the 
 Clerk of the Circuit Court, 
 an execution ma^' issue upon 
 such award as if it M'cre a 
 judgment rendered in the 
 circuit court, and such award 
 shall thenceforth have the 
 force and effect of such a 
 judgment, and shall be 
 entered upon the judgment 
 docket of said court.'' 
 
 The Association is authorized to elect or appoint its 
 officers, inspc-tors, gaugers and weighers i whose <er- 
 tificates as to quality or quantity of any .uMicle of 
 produce or traffic commonly dealt in by tlie members 
 of the lorporation, shall be binding evidence between 
 buyers aiul sellers who have required or assented to 
 the employment of such appointee), and may require 
 proper bonds for the faithful discharge of the duties of 
 such persons, the President or Secretary to administer 
 tiie oath of office. 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 The govenunent ot" the Board of Trade is vested in 
 
 The Chamber of Commerce, Chicago 
 
 the President, two Vice-Presidents, and fifteen Directors. 
 The President holds his office for the term of one year, 
 the Vice-Presidents two years, and the Directors three 
 years each. The President, one Vice-President and 
 five DiriK-tors are elected annually, by batlot, on the 
 first Monilay after the second day of .lanuarv, between 
 the hours of ten o'clock A. M. and two ov,iOck P. M. 
 in the Exchange Hall. 
 
 The .Secretary. .Vssistant Secretary, Tre«isurer, 
 (r.uigei's. Weighers an<l Inspectors of provisions, flour, 
 hay, linntier, etc., are appointed by the Board of 
 Directors, on the first Tuesd.ay succeeding the annual 
 election, and hold office for one year. The Standing 
 
 Committees are, upon the 
 nomination of the President, 
 appointed bj- the Board of 
 Directors, from their own 
 numljer. The Inspection 
 Committees, for the purpose 
 of having the proper branches 
 of trade represented, may be 
 selected in part or wholly 
 from the other members of 
 the Association. These com- 
 mittees are as follows : 
 Executive, consisting of three 
 
 members. 
 0n finance, consisting of 
 
 three members. 
 On membership, consisting 
 
 of three members. 
 On rooms, consisting of three 
 
 members. 
 On market reports, consist- 
 ing of three members. 
 On jirovision inspection, con- 
 sisting of five members. 
 On flour inspection, consist- 
 ing' of ti\e members. 
 
 On ria.\-sccd insi)e<'tion, consisting of five members. 
 On other insi)ection, consisting of three members. 
 •• comnien i:il building, " " " 
 
 '• rules, consisting of five members. 
 •• legal advice, consisting of three members. 
 " transportation. " *' " 
 
 " warehouses. " " *' 
 
 " weighing, " •' " 
 
 " commissions, •' 
 " distilled spirits. " 
 
 On metenmlogical observations, consisting of three 
 members. 
 
 
;ve memDers. 
 oe members. 
 
 iner of three 
 
 THE ti;iCA<>0 HO.VIM) <>K TK.U)K. 
 
 On miscellaneous business, tiiroc nicmboi-" 
 The Board of Directors appoint aiipually mu in- 
 spector and Register of Provisions; an Inspector each 
 of Flour, Flax-seed, Hay, and Sample Grain, the duty 
 of the latter being merely to dctcrininc sviicthor tiic 
 grain is fully equal in quality to the sollor's sample, 
 and uniform throughout the car or vessel when de- 
 livered. They also appoint a Weigher of Piicking- 
 house Product, and a 
 Weigher of other 
 commodities. The 
 General Rules pro- 
 vide, however, that 
 the employment of 
 these appointees is 
 not compulsory. 
 
 VISITORS 
 
 may Iw introduced to 
 the Exchange Rooms, 
 provided that they 
 are not residents of, 
 or located in business 
 in, the city of Chi- 
 cago. No such per- 
 son, however, is per- 
 mitted to negotitate 
 or transact any busi- 
 ness in tile Exchange 
 Rooms. 
 
 PRACTICAL WORK- 
 INGS. 
 
 In order to become 
 acquainted with the 
 practical workings of 
 the Hoard of Trade, 
 the writer and a 
 friend called at the 
 olticc of a member, 
 and re(inisted to be 
 introduced on 'change 
 diu'ing tin- business 
 session. We wcire 
 
 a.skcd to step into tiie passenger elevator, which landed 
 u.s in the Exchange Hall; and after entering our names 
 in the visitors' register, and receiving complinu-ntary 
 tickets (good for six days' admission within one month 
 from (lite), we began our tour of inquiry. 
 
 " This," said our guide, as we walked slowly among 
 the various groups of men, "is the open market, 
 wherem all our trades are made. Ivuh group of 
 
 The New Board of Trade Building. 
 
 trudeis lia?^ its invariable location, a.ssigned by the 
 iiooni Connnittee, and orders for grain, provisions, 
 or Hour can be cxccntod at once, without error or 
 coiifn.sion, by going among tho.se who are trading in 
 the prodiicl you desire to buy or sell. Thus the 
 telegraph messengers can deliver our dispatches 
 promptly, and the result of the order made known 
 by an almost inmiediato reply by wire." 
 
 "The contracts for 
 future delivery are 
 made in the amphi- 
 thci'ters, or pits, 
 as we call them, 
 in the center of tin- 
 room, and the sam- 
 ples of car-lots on 
 track, or to arrive, 
 are shown upon the 
 tables near tlu' win- 
 dows, where t liey 
 get the best light. 
 When yon entered 
 the hall a moment 
 ago, no (lonl)t \;in 
 wondere(l liow we 
 could do business 
 where all seemed 
 confusion, l>ut you 
 see now liow [)cr- 
 fect a sysl(!m exists. 
 
 THE RECEIVING 
 TRADE. 
 
 "Supposing that 
 we were farmers or ' 
 grai n-l)uyers in 
 some western state," 
 we asked of the mem- 
 ber, "how and upon 
 what terms, could 
 we .sell oiu' grain 
 upon this market ? " 
 " If yon wrote me in the fall from some location 
 where corn was plenty," he answered, •• fin.\ said that 
 yon intended to buy and crib corn tor shipment to 
 onr market. 1 should reply that we would receive 
 the •.Tain at the ont-station of tlie railroad, and after 
 .sampling each carload and placing our value upon it, 
 based upon the innnediate condition of the nuirket, 
 we should either exhibit the sami)le on 'change, and 
 
'^^Mmi^&^mm^..*^ 
 
 mi 
 
 THE CHICAOO BOARD OF TRADE. 
 
 sell to some Olio who was t'orwiirdiu/^ torn to East- 
 ern markets liy mil, or else send the cars to the 
 Elevator to bo stored, and should sell it by grade." 
 
 "But new corn is not sufficiently dry in the fall," 
 we suf^pestcd, "and usually 
 brings a higher jirice in 
 the following summe'-. 
 SupiKwe our cash cnpital 
 became cxliaustod in pur- 
 chases, upon what terms 
 could we borrow, in order 
 to hold our corn for ;iii 
 advance in price ? " 
 
 " You would issue ware- 
 house or crib receipts," he 
 replied, "stipulating that 
 yon owned a given iiumlxT 
 of bushels of corn, stored 
 ■ill II given location; that 
 you would keei) such grain 
 f n ! I y in-iircd : that you 
 v.diilil slii[) it to iiic when 
 <:ilii'd t'or: Mild tliat you 
 vvdiii ! [i.iy tVcight, siicll- 
 iiii;', if ;iiiy, c n iii lu iss lo n 
 \\li.'ii xiM, and interest on 
 jiilviiiKcs made. I w o u 1 d 
 tlieriiipon loan }' o ii the 
 \ alue o f t lie corn, 1 ess 
 reasonable margin for de- 
 cline in value in case of a 
 temporary adverse market." 
 
 " With such an oliligation 
 outstanding, "we asked, "how 
 could we sell our grain in 
 ease of an advance in the 
 market ?" 
 
 " You could ship it to me 
 at any time," he said, " and 
 could refund the loan at 
 y o u r pleasure from t h (; 
 proceeds, or coul<l sell for 
 future delivery and ship 
 the corn to fill the contract 
 at the date therein siieci- 
 tied. For iiistaiic(!, if you 
 cribbed corn in October, 
 which would cost you fifty 
 cents per bushel <lelivered at 
 Chicaffo 
 
 DIAGRAM 
 
 EM 
 
 »sf3lnirs 
 
 
 0* 
 
 HE 
 
 w 
 
 R 
 
 C 
 
 O 
 
 El 
 
 M 
 
 
 C 
 
 K 
 
 H 
 
 Sec'y 
 
 Library. 
 
 C 
 
 Ass't 
 Sec'y 
 
 J C 
 
 E 
 
 Lavatory 
 
 Coat 
 Koum 
 
 KL-adiiig 
 Kooni 
 
 V— Pork atul l-iu<l Market. 
 I'-Un><, Hums, i:ic. 
 X-Wlu'at Marki'l. 
 V— f'orii. " 
 Z-Oats. " 
 
 and in December J-Fiour sample Tables. 
 
 S_Sced9 " " 
 
 onr market should reach w-wiieat • 
 
 K-Ily.' Srtini'l'' Tuljli's. 
 
 r— Corn " " 
 
 O-Oats 
 
 n-liarli'v " 
 
 H-IIay 
 
 K- I'litutoi's" " 
 
 M— Millslutrs SamplH Tahlrs, 
 
 T— Tclrjrmpli offln-x, 
 
 E— I'a»9ongi>r Hlpvatur. 
 
 sixty cents per bushel (to be doliTcred in elevator 
 here any day during the following May, at your 
 convenience, or "seller's option May," as we say,) 
 yoH could instruct me to make such a contract, and 
 
 at ouc(! have a iirofit of ten 
 cents per bushel secured." 
 
 •• .Vnd what if <orn should 
 
 advance further V" we asked. 
 
 " Ship the grain and rill the 
 
 contract, as yourprorit would 
 
 he a good one," he said. 
 
 " Would a decline be of any 
 damage t( our interests," we 
 asked. 
 
 "(Juite the contrary." the 
 broker replied. "If during the 
 stringency of the money-mar- 
 ket, which is usual early in 
 •liiiiuary, the price of corn for 
 May delivery .>houl(l ilrop to 
 lifty-live cents, and you lie- 
 jieve in evenliiaily higher 
 prices, you could pureliasc 
 riMitracts any day to till your 
 sixty-cent sale, aiidli(dcl your 
 ctini in the country to re-sell 
 for flmie or -Inly delivery 
 whenever an " upturn "' came. 
 Ill this wav Villi Would have 
 gaiiK'il tive cents per bushel, 
 less uiie-t'ourth cent conmiis- 
 siiui, niakinir the original cost 
 of y(i;ir corn l'>\ cents here 
 instead of fifty <cuts." 
 
 " But does anyone over 
 make much money in this 
 way ? " we asked, doubtfully. 
 •■ AA'e liavc! known shippers 
 til lose heavily sometimes. 
 How is ri?" 
 
 " Siu h cases are where the 
 [larty sells more than he is 
 able to deliver, and is obliged 
 to buy other corn at a higher 
 ])rice to fill his contracts; or 
 -vhere his grain "misses con- 
 tract grade" on account of 
 (iampnoss, rot, dirt or other 
 cause, and must bo sold at a /f 
 loss. Ill this case, again, he V\^ 
 is obligeil to buy sound grain 
 
Diitraiy," tho 
 'ItMuriiif.' tho 
 
 I' IllOlK'y-lHill- 
 
 isiiiil early in 
 CO of ('i)rn for 
 iOiiM ilrop to 
 1111(1 you 1)0- 
 iially hijrhor 
 ulil |iiir<'liiiso 
 ly to till your 
 Mini lioltl your 
 itry to ro-soll 
 Inly delivery 
 pluni "' I'uiiie. 
 1 would Imvo 
 s \H'v liu>h('l, 
 (•cut <iiniiui.s- 
 1' oiiiriiijil cost 
 'i\ cents here 
 euts." 
 
 anyone ever 
 )iiey ill this 
 il, douhtfully. 
 own shippers 
 i' sonietinies. 
 
 ae where tho 
 c tlian ho is 
 and is obliged 
 I'll at a hiirher 
 eoutraets; or 
 " misses eon. 
 Ill aeeouut of 
 dirt or other 
 t be sold at a 
 ;>s(>, airain, he 
 |y souml grain 
 
 THE CHICAGO UOAKI) UV VUMiK. 
 
 with wliieli to till his contraets, all of which are mude 
 for No. 2 (jiiality, whatever tho variety of grain." 
 
 •• But hero must bo a prolitii; source of difficulty," 
 w(! urged. " Who fixes the grade of tho grain ?" 
 
 " That is done l)y inspectors appointcMl by the State 
 Hoard of Itailroad and Warehouse ('oiunussioners," 
 said the receiver, "luid is entirely beyond tho control 
 of tho lioard of Trade, or any of its nienibers. Here 
 is a copy of the rules v •> arc now working under, 
 which have been found to Ix; very satisfactory to IkiIIi 
 sellers and buyers. 
 
 RULES GOVERNING THE INSPECTION OF GRAIN IN THE 
 CITY OF CHICAGO, 
 
 3TJ1.TE or ILX.X:iTOIS. 
 
 fia 
 
 ■ lfff*.l 
 
 The toUowing are 
 tlie rules adopted i>t 
 the Board of lUiil- 
 road and Wiirelmuse 
 Oommlsslonora, 
 estaUUsliini; a projier 
 nutnbor and Btuniiard 
 of gnxili'S for the In. 
 specllon ot (imin, aa 
 rovlaed by tliriir, tho 
 ^rniiie to tiike ellect 
 on and after the tirst 
 flav of SeplcMiiber, 
 1883, In Uouofiil rnleg 
 on tho smuo siil'Ject 
 horotoforo ixiatiiij;. 
 
 JiULE T.-WINTEK 
 WHEA T. 
 
 No. 1 White WinUr 
 WhCiU Hliiill be puro 
 White M'inler Wheat 
 sound , plump, and 
 well cleuned. 
 
 A'o. a irAt(e Winter 
 Wheitt shall lie Wlillo 
 Winter Wheat or Uod 
 and White mixed, 
 sound, and reasonably 
 clean, 
 
 JVb. 3 White Winter 
 Wheal shall include 
 White Winter Wheat 
 or Red and Whlto 
 mixed, not clean and 
 plump enongh for No. 
 2, but weighing not 
 less than M pounds to 
 the meaaured bushel. 
 
 Rejected White Winter Whent shall incbidc^ Wliite Winter Wheiil 
 dump, musty, iir from any oause sd Iwdly damaiird iistii render it ui lit 
 for No. 3. 
 
 No. 1 Lony lied W^nter Wheitl sliaU \h\ pure Ueil Winlci- Wheat <if llie 
 long berried varieties; souml, plump and well cleaned. 
 
 Xo.i Lontj lied Winter Wheal ^liall liiMif the -ame varu'ties as No. 1, 
 sound and reasonably clean. 
 
 Turkish Il'iiUt'V lt'/iefi<— The grailes uf Nos. 1 and ■: Turltiah Winter 
 Wlveataliall correspond wlthth(^ lirades of Nos. land' Red Winter Wheat, 
 except that they shall lie of the Turkish variety. 
 
 No. 1 Red Winter H7iC((( shall be pure Hed Winter W1i«h,. vbothligut 
 and darl£ colors of tln^ shorter berried varieties; sound, plump and well 
 cleaned. 
 
 No. 2 Red Winter Wheat shall be Hed Winter Wheal of txjth light and 
 dark colors; sound and reasonably clean. 
 
 No. 3 Red Winter Wheut shall include Hed Winter Wheat not clean and 
 plump enough for No. J, but weighing not less t ban r<\ lbs to tho measured 
 bushel. 
 
 Rejected Red Winter Wheat shall include lied Winter Wheat lamp, 
 musty, or from any cause so badly damaged as to render il imflt f.n 
 No. .1. 
 
 In eii.se of the mixture of Red and White Winter Wheat, it shall be 
 graded according to thequallty thereof (but not abovi. lit. ■>), and classed 
 with Hi.' variety which predominates in tlie mixture. 
 
 This mil- shall be In force on and after April a, 1883; bnt it la pro- 
 vided that nil WhiMit In store on said date, Inipcotod In undar the rule 
 hereby amende'], shall belnspecteiloiit in accordance with th6 prOTlsloM 
 of said rule in force when inspected in, 
 
 Rfl.K ir. -SI'RISd WHEAT. 
 
 No. t Hard Uprimj Wheat shall be sonnd, pinmpand well oleanwi. 
 
 .V«. V llardHitriny Wheat shall lie sound, reasonably clean, and of good 
 milling (luallty. 
 
 .V'). / .S'/irini/ H7i/''i/ shall be sound, plump and well dean.ul. 
 
 .V'.. I'.Vpriiiy llVimi/ shall be sound, reasonably clean, and of good mil- 
 lingiinallty. 
 
 .V'>. ,'1 fiprinu Wheat shall uic I iiile all Inferior, shrunken, or dirty Spring 
 Wheat, weighlnt^ not lem than 53 lbs lo the measured bushel. 
 
 lirkclrd .S'jii i;i</ Wheat shall includespring Wheat damp, musty, grown 
 badly bleaelied, or for any otlier cause which renders It uuflt for No. .1. 
 
 Incase of the mixture ofSprlng Wheat and Winter Wheat, If equal or 
 supitrlor to ,No. J, it shall be graded as Mixed Wheat, according to the 
 iiualily thereof, ami if inferior to .No. i, U sliall be graded as Spring 
 Wheat, aeeording to thei|nality thereof. 
 
 lll.ACK 1K.\ ASH KI.INTV I'KIKK WMK.VT 
 
 inspected higliei than No. .', and Hlce Wheat ni 
 
 sluill in no ea^i 
 than nelectcd 
 
 b. 
 
 HILE in. 
 
 ' higher 
 I'ORN 
 
 No. I Yelloii Corn 
 shall be yellow, 
 sound, d ry, plump 
 and well cleaned. 
 
 .Ve. / White Corn 
 shall be ivhite, sound, 
 dry, plump and well 
 cleaned. 
 
 .V». / Corn dittll lie 
 sound, dry, pi u in p 
 and well cleaned, 
 white ami yell o w, 
 unmixed with red. 
 
 tliijh Mired Corn 
 shall b»/ Ihree.iiuar. 
 t e rs \- e 1 1 o w, a ml 
 e<iual to So. -2 in con. 
 dltion and <iuality. 
 
 .Vo. J Corn shall be 
 dry, reasonably 
 dean, but not plump 
 enough for No. 1. 
 
 .Vo. 1' Kiln.ih'ied 
 Corn shall be sound, 
 pi um p and well 
 cleancil, whit e or 
 yellow. .VII Kiln- 
 dried Corn not go(jd 
 enough for No. 2 Kiln, 
 dried shall be graded 
 a.^ rejected Kiln-dried tjorn. 
 
 .V.'c llitjh Mijifl Cora shall he IhreiM'ourths yellow of any age. 
 and r.'asonably dry and riMsonably clean, tint not sulllciently dry for 
 Iligh-.MixedorNo. i. 
 
 Neil- .Mixed <'orn may be less than three-fourths yellow of any age, 
 and shall be reasonably dry and reasonably clean, but not sufficiently 
 dry for No. ■-'. 
 
 Ke.icc(e</— .\ll damp, dirty, or otherwise badly damaged (Torn, shall be 
 {graded as Keieeted. 
 
 RULE ty-DAT.S. 
 
 Selling Grain by Sample. 
 
 lean 
 
 shall be white, simnd, 
 
 three. (luarler 
 
 , and reasonably free trom 
 while, and efiuul to -So. i in 
 
 other grain. 
 
 .Vo. L' While Oal.^ shall be 
 all other respects. 
 
 .V((. L' Oats shall be sound, reasonably clean and reasonably free 
 irom other gr.iin. 
 
 /I'cicr/f'd— All oats damp, unsound, dirty, or from any other cause 
 11 -lit for No. '2, shall be graded as Itejeeted. 
 
 lai.E V.-HYE. 
 
 So, } line sliall be sound, plump, anil well cleaned. 
 
 .Vo. i R.'/e shall be sound, reasonably clean, and reasonably free from 
 other grain. 
 
 Rejected— .\\\ l!ye damp, iniisiy, dirty, or fi-om any cause unfit I'oi- N.,. 
 2, shall be graded as Ke.lected. 
 
'- r" JtuJj'lRiMidka. '/ 
 
 "«fl*¥if«MBN»fe^vt^ 
 
 M ■ ■ i. 
 
 P'^ 
 
 I f . !r 
 
 TllK C:!II(A(I(J IIOAKD Ol TH.VDK. 
 
 Jill.K y I— BARLEY. 
 
 \i> I. Uiirte// Hliiill lie plump, lirixlit, I'lonn.niiil froc fioiii otlirr KmiiH. 
 
 A'o. J lliirleii Hlmll l>« hoiiikI, of hvulthy color, lirlght oiliiit Nlli;litl.v 
 Htnliii'il, nut plump cnuugli for No. 1, rcuHUimbly oluiiii iiiiil ruiMoiiiililv 
 frocfrom otlwi- »;riiln. 
 
 .Vi>. .V 7<(ir/i//Mluill hu'liidi' Hll)(hll.v ?<hriink('M iiiul niliurwUc hIIkIiII)' 
 damafftMl Itiuicy -(n! jjixnl niou^h for Nu. 'j, 
 
 .V". / II irlDji mmW liii'luili' nil Itiiiley fit r>)riMiilllniruiii'P<m>H, not xood 
 ciiouKli for No. ;J. 
 
 Sii. r, /('ir/<v/ xliiill liic'liKlciiill llivrlry wlilcli l» bftilly (liiimiK'"!. <>r lor 
 liny t'liuHr iinllt for iiuiltiu^ purjiosi'H, nxcupt iliat Itiirh'y wlitch Iiiih Imtii 
 chcmii'iilly lirutiMl sliiill not lie uriiili'd iit all. 
 
 Ni'iititi lliirlftj—TUi' KHidi'M of N'os. 1, i mid ;i Scotcli Hurley simll corrr- 
 ^poiiil 111 nil irwpculs with tlir fniilrw of Niw. I, 'J iind :i Itiirlfv. cxrrpt Unit 
 tlu'y Hlmll licof tlii-Scotidi viirlidy. 
 
 Tlii.i riilf hIiiiII lir in fori'i! on and iiltrr Dec. 19, 1X(U, liiil ii !-< pro. 
 vldi'd that all Hurley In Htori* on Haiil d ,c', iinpeutcd In nnili'r I lie riili- 
 liercliy iimundcd, Hlmll tm liisiieeted out In aecorilunee with the provln. 
 i(>n»of Mild rule. 
 
 Hfl.l-: VII. 
 
 Tim word "nuw" sliull he In.terted in eaeli eerlltlnite of liiNpeellon ot 
 n newly lairvcitod crop of ilati until the l.Mli of .\nt.'iist, of live until the 
 Lit day of .Seiiteinher, of wlicat until tlm l.-*t da/ of Novemlier, and of 
 Barley until the 1st day .if May, of I'ach yoar. Thin change shall he rem. 
 strnod as estahUshinBU new ),'radi> for thii tim« spedtlecl, to eipnform In 
 every piirtienlar to 
 the exlstlnt? t'ladc* 
 of ^n-ain nxceptint; 
 t lic^ (listlnetlon.H o f 
 " new" and " old." 
 
 uri.i: -III. 
 
 All itruin that l.i 
 warm, or that Is in a 
 heat 1 iiK condition, 
 is olliorwise nnfll 
 for wa rehous i n \i, 
 .slinll not he graded. 
 
 Itfl.K IX. 
 
 VII inspectors shall 
 make their reiLsons 
 for grading G rain, 
 w he n n ec efl.sary. 
 fully known hy nola. 
 tions on their books. 
 The welRht alone 
 shall mil determine 
 the pnule 
 
 AT/. A- .V. 
 Each inspector Is 
 retiulrod to ascertain 
 the weight per meas- 
 ured bushel of each 
 lot of Wheat in- 
 spected by him, and 
 note the same on his 
 book. 
 
 la" They hIiiiII also rjporl to the said Chief Inipoctor, In wrttlnif, all 
 ' aces » here warehoiiHcmen deliver, or attempt to deliver, (Iniln of 
 r grade than that called for by the wareliouMe receijit. They shall 
 . port all attempts of receivers or shippers oftirain to instruct or 
 In any way Intlnence the act Ion iw opinion of the Inspector, and t ho Ulilef 
 Insjieclor shall ri'port all smh eases to the Commlssloiurs. 
 
 The said Chief Inspector Is hereby anthorl/ed to collect on and after 
 July 1, ISH8, on all fJraIn Inspected under his directlinis, as follows: 
 
 Foil iM.I.NSI'Ki^TION— 88eents per car load. In cents per wagon or earl 
 load, .V> cents per 1,(100 bushels from canal boats, H of 1 cent per bushel 
 from bags, 
 
 Koiioi'T-lNM'KCTio.s—.'iO cents for l,iilKUMisliels lo vessels, A'l cents per 
 ear load to cars, V' cents per car load to teams, or 10 cents per wagon luud 
 to teams. 
 
 Selling Flour by ShMple. 
 
 Any jicrson who sliall lussunie to act r.jau Inspector of H rain, who has 
 not first been so appointed and sworn, shall be hebl to be an impostor, 
 and .sliall be piinislied by u fine of not loss than *')0 nor more than 
 *100 for each and eveiy attinnpt to so inspect Gmin, to be recovered before 
 a Justice of the Peace. 
 
 Any duly authorized Inspector of (irain who shall be guilty of neglect 
 of duty, or who shall knowingly or oireles.siy inspect or gradi: any Grain 
 improiierly, or who shall accept any money or other consideration, 
 directly or indirectly, for any neglect of duty, or the Improper per- 
 formance of any duty ii.s Inspector of Grain, and any person who shall 
 improperly influence any Inspector of Giiiin in tbi' performance of his 
 dutiesns such inspector, shall be deemecl guilty of a nii.sdeineanor, and, 
 oil conviction, shall bo fined in a sum of not less th.iii tlOO nor more than 
 tl,000 In the discretion of the Court, or shall be imprisoned In the Coun'.y 
 Jail no less than three nor more than twelve montlis, or both, in tno 
 
 discretion of the Court. 
 
 The said Chief Inspector, and all persons inspecting Grain I'nder his 
 direction, shall in no case make tlie gnide of the (jniin above that of the 
 poorest (luality found in any lot ofGniin inspected, when It liiis(!Vi(lently 
 been "plugged" or otherwise improperly loaded for the purpose of 
 deception. Wheat which has been subjected to ".scouring," or to any- 
 process efinivalent thereto, shall not be graded higher than No. .1. 
 
 All jicrsons employed in the inspetMon of Grain .shall report nil 
 attempts to defraud the sy.stein of Grain Inspection as established by 
 
 THE SHIPPING TRADE 
 
 Havluj^ seen how frruiii "lis rcccivcMl iiiid iii.spectod, 
 sent tn clcviitftrs to bo .sold in storo l)y <rriid(% or held 
 '•on truck" to bo sold by suinplo, wo tiiniod our 
 iittontioii to tlio shippers will) woro iictivoly oxiiiiiinin^ 
 
 iiiid coiiipiiriiiir 
 l!- Ii 'f . ' tho eloanlinoss, 
 
 dryncs.s,woiffht, 
 color and smell 
 of tho samples 
 on exhibition. 
 As a rule the 
 selections are 
 made from crrain 
 which is almost 
 equal in ((uality 
 to tile next 
 •rriido above, 
 a 11 d hence 
 briiiirs se vera 1 
 cents per biishol 
 more than tho 
 market jiricc ot' 
 the same irnido 
 in store, a part 
 ot which ditl'orence, however, is ofTset by storaure 
 charges. 
 
 Excepting the small iiorcentage of grain for Chicago 
 city consiimiition, usually delivered to buyers on team, 
 track, or switched to private warohou.ses or mills, tho 
 sales by sample are made " free on board " Iniyt^rs' 
 cars, and are jiaid for upon the sellers' prosontafion of 
 invoice with bill of lading, inspector's certificate, and 
 weighinastor's cortiticato attached. Tho shipper in turn 
 invoices his purchases to his customer, upon Avhom he 
 makes a draft with bill of lading and certificates 
 attached. These "shippers' doouincntary bills of 
 of exchange" are eagerly sought by bankers, as they 
 are usually drawn for large sums of money, and carry 
 their collateral secnritv- 
 
or, In wrltliiK, all 
 (Irllviir, (Jnili\ of 
 i^iilpl. Thi'V Himll 
 mill to Instinct or 
 itor.ftiiil thctJIilcf 
 i'i». 
 
 lUoc-t on iiiul after 
 H, aM follows: 
 per Wilson or cart 
 1 cent per biiBlicI 
 
 i'rtsclH, M ccntM per 
 itM per waKU» '*»"! 
 
 111(1 inspect dd, 
 •rrado, or held 
 ■(' liiniod our 
 c>ly i'Xiiiiiinin<r 
 lid coinpiiriiiir 
 iie eloivnlincss, 
 rynoss,woi,£jhl, 
 olor and smoll 
 f the Hiiniplos 
 n exhibition. 
 Is ii rulo tho 
 oloctious iiro 
 iiadot'ronicrriiin 
 vliioii is almost 
 ■qiial ill quality 
 ,0 the next 
 rradc above, 
 I 11 (1 h c n e 5 
 briii<rs several 
 :'ents per bushel 
 more than the 
 marl:et priee of 
 the same jrrade 
 ill store, a part 
 sot by storage 
 
 rain lor ("hicairo 
 
 buyers on team, 
 
 es or mills, the 
 
 board " buyers' 
 
 presentation of 
 
 eertitieate, and 
 
 » shipper in turn 
 
 upon Avhom he 
 
 and certificates 
 
 mtary bills of 
 
 lankers, as they 
 
 loncv, and ciirrv 
 
 TiiK ciiir A(i() luiAiti) or rii.vDK. 
 
 If fjrain is Ixuijjfht liy ;a;radc, the shipper purchases 
 warehouse receipts, which ho surrenders at tiie o|}ic(> of 
 the elevator, duly canceled by the States lle<ristrar of 
 Grain, and mion piiynitMit of stoniiri' ciiar<,'es, 
 receives iiu order for tiie delivery of the <jfrain to sucli 
 transportation agent as he may desiirnate. The cars 
 or vessels are then ordered sent to lie loaded, and 
 generally several days elapse before the commercial 
 
 paper is issued, and the srraiii under way toward its 
 ilestination. 
 
 Careful indfruieiit innst be exerciseil, at certain 
 seasons iif the year, as to the condition of the ijfrain 
 sclecteil and tile state of the weather during transit , 
 ill ordi'i' to guard against damage by heut or must. 
 T;!e initial, intermediate and terminal charges for 
 transp.irtatioii and liaii<Uiiig of the coiiiniodity must be 
 
 The Wheat Market. 
 
 carefully canvassed if the shipi-cr is forwarding grain 
 as principal, in order to (leterminc which locality 
 afTords the most profitable market. 
 
 THE SPECULATIVE TRADE 
 
 Turning again to our guide we asked un exiilauation 
 oi the modus ojjcrandi of the speculators, wliosc enor- 
 mous aggregate transactions exert such li powerful 
 influence upon values, as not intVetiucntl/ to turn 
 aside the tide of commerce, and. for a time completely 
 nullity tho ordinary laws of demand and supply. 
 
 "Suppose," said ho, "that in November mess pork 
 
 is otl'ored at i^ls per liarrel tor deiivi'iy in .laimaiy, 
 and you believe that oil :tccoiiiit of a scarcity of lioirs 
 or the high price of corn, pork' will snon coiiiiiiaini a 
 iiiglier tiiriirc. ^'un ilirc<'l your coniinissioii nicrcliaiit 
 to liiiy ti\'c liiiiKlrcil hanejs, di'[i(isitiiig wuli Iiini iivc 
 liundred dollars as a luaigiii to secure him against loss. 
 Xo\\ if at anytime bet ween the dale of purchase and 
 tlie last (lay of .laiuiary, pork should advance to ^20 
 [)er barnd for January delivery, you could oilier its 
 sale, and at once receive your niitrgin and the profit 
 arising from tho transaction." 
 
 " Rut" said we, "as a mutter of fact, we conb'aer 
 $18 per barrel too high, as a rule for mess pork." 
 
 ffl 
 

 '■■.«.,4'SW.^f 
 
 ' ■ X ' ^i" -u- wwnnim i 
 
 
 ■1 ;■ I 
 
 ■ 1^ 
 
 1: li. 
 
 |i 
 
 TlliC CIIICAOO HOAKn OF TKADE. 
 
 SELLING SHOFTT. 
 
 "In that ciiHo," sail! tlif liiokor, "yo" would h<> 
 ' liciiriHli,' us we Mu\. anil would s(dl tin- live hnndrod 
 barrels f'(ir dclivcrv dnriiif; .lanuarv. or sctinp (ttlicr 
 future month, and await a period of depression in 
 l)ri(os during' wliicli to liuy the porU for delivery upon 
 your ('ontrn<'t.s. Tliis is what we call 'selling short,' 
 iK'cuuse you loiitract to deliver that of which you are 
 not, as yet, fully possessed, although you have the 
 means of iH^eoiuinp so at any time," 
 
 "Of course, we cannot doubt the propriety of the 
 sale of any commodily by its^jo.sw.v.wr, but is it le<riti- 
 mate or ripht for one to contract to deliver that which 
 he does not own?" morali/.i'd my visitiiifr attendant. 
 
 "Perfectly so," responded the mendier. " If you 
 po to the Palmer House and engasre a month's board, 
 you do not (piestion the morality or lefjality of the 
 arranpenu'ut, and yet the pro[)rietor thereby ajrrees to 
 deliver you a <j;iveu amount of provisions (what one 
 person can consume) at a given i)riee, in a given man- 
 ner, and witiiiii a speeitied time. You do not for a 
 moment suppose, howevc^r, that he jiossesses all that 
 he has contracted to deli>'er, nor do j'ou ipiestion his 
 perfect right to buy when and where he pleases in 
 order to tulfill tl;o contract. Again, as a parallel, if 
 the market prices of Hour, meat, vegetables, fuel, rent, 
 or hired labor should advance d>u'ing that mouth, the 
 hotel proprietor would sutVer a shrinkage in protlt, or 
 might even have to 'buy in his shorts' at an actual 
 loss. On the other hand a general <lecline would 
 result to his benefit. The farnuir, also, who agrees 
 with his grocer to deliver butter at a given price ' the 
 year 'round ' is a short seller, and the essence of his 
 contract is ])reeiscly the same as those we make oi' the 
 Board." 
 
 "Toward which side of the market do speculators 
 usually incline ? " 
 
 " They are pretty evenly divided. Some men are so 
 constituted that, even though they believed a large 
 decline imminent, tliey would rather wait and buj' 
 Avheu an uptui'ii started than to ' sell short." Others 
 arc 'clii-onic liears,' andncxcr buy anything except to 
 till outstanding contracts. Still another class of 
 tr.'idci's arc without prejudice, and turn from llic 'long' 
 to (lie • sliort ' side of the market almost daily, and 
 sonietinics several times a day if following the fluctua- 
 tions closely. This latter cla.ss wc call 'scalpers.' 
 Speculators of .small or moderate means aro generally 
 ' bears.' The annual charge for storage of any kind 
 of giaiii in Chicago amounts to about 17 cents per 
 
 bushel; of pork, 7'J cents per l>arrel ; of lard, !((! 
 cents per tierce; and of nu>at, (id cents per himdred 
 poimds. These charges, as also interest, insurance 
 and shrinkagi- ha\c to be paid by the holders of the 
 actual properly; hence, in selling, they iwld tlu-sc* 
 itenis to the cost as a basis for fixing future prices. 
 The short seller gains all these items clear, even 
 though the pric<' of the commodity remains unchanged. 
 For example, suppose that on .May Isl, No. 2 Wheat 
 is selling for #1.(10 per bushel, s])ol delivery. It 
 Would cost per iiushd ;ic for stiu'age, |jc for insurance 
 and l^c for interest to hold it imtil didy 1st, or in all, 
 nearly rx' per bushel. Now suppose that on May Ist 
 you sold about (i\e thou.and bushels of .luly Wheat at 
 $I.().'i, and that on duly Isl No. 2 \\'heat was still 
 bejfig received and s;.l(l at >1.(K) per bushel spot 
 deli\ciy. you <'ould till your contract and gain the 
 'carrying charges,' which the holders during that 
 period woidd los(>. So that if a man bought corn in 
 store at .")0 cents per buslud and held it a year, he 
 would have to sell at 70 cents to cover storage and 
 insurance charges, and at 74 cents to nuike him H per 
 cent on his investment." 
 
 " If this showing Iw true," we asked, " why do not 
 all speculators 'go short on futures ? ' " 
 
 " liecaiise the natural laws of supply and demand 
 step in and say, ' Thus far and no further!'" There 
 ahroi/N comes a time when the great products of the 
 country are in demaml for actual iise, and the con- 
 sei'"ative, moiu'ved merchants who believe that prices 
 are unnaturally deijressed by tightness of money, or 
 general 'In-ar' speculation, come forward and pur- 
 chase as much as theii- trade will rerpiire for a season, 
 and wait for an advance. Such men, also, frequenily 
 have a large following of speculative friends who 
 opcu'ate similarly, and sometimes jointly, and thus 
 enormous quantities of pork, lard or grain become 
 centered in a few hands, and the result is frequently 
 
 A 'CORNERED' MARKET. 
 
 This .state of commercial aft'alrs results in rare 
 instances by aicidont. If, for instance, a .serious 
 disaster to crops or a general European war were 
 thrciitened, two hundred men in difierent parts of the 
 United States who were entirely imknown to one 
 another, might each order his conunissioii merchant to 
 contract in Chicago for 50,000 bushels of wheat for 
 July delivery, and forward the grain to New York as 
 fast as received. Thus an aggregate of 10,000,000 
 bushels would be engrossed, and if but 5,000,000 
 
P— 
 
 TiiK (;iiii!.\o<> nOiUtu ok tk.ujKc 
 
 l>iis||('l> "l" No. 2 Wliiiil "(iiild l(c (Iclivcrcil lucortliiii: 
 tc iifjiocmcnt, tilt' • sliorts ' would probaltly l»i(l llu- 
 iiiitrkot up to an <*xtriiviipiiil li^rinv in tlii> ^<<ttl(>ini'iit 
 of tlioir contriictrt. Often tlic price paid in im inuoh as 
 lit llie sealioard, and sonietinies Kiiropean price^s are 
 demanded. 
 
 " A corner is usually the result of weeks or uioullis 
 of shrewd planninjif and intent watehiiij.' lor a fa\(iral)le 
 opportiniity to spring the trap upon the iniwary. 
 Some mistaken persons ar<(ue that corners in ^^rain and 
 provisions are a houotit to producers, inasmuch a^ they 
 temporarily enhance the price of produce, and make | attempted, 
 fa rmi uir more 
 protilahle. The 
 same mi;,'ht he 
 said <i|' an intei - 
 n a I v\ a r, a n d 
 yet nil sane man 
 would su<i;;rest 
 a waras a liless- 
 inv. 
 
 " ( 'oriiers art 
 seldom attempt- 
 ed until the p;ir- 
 tieular product 
 has pass e d 
 1 a rire ly fro m 
 tirst li;inil>, so 
 that the liiirh 
 prices attained 
 do nol lienetit 
 the jirodueer, 
 hut (inly tend 
 to -t iniulalc an 
 (>\ci-|irnduetion 
 
 of I lie next succeeding? crop, and the result is a re- 
 ad iM>i Id market jjrices much lower than actual values. 
 LeL'ilimalc trade havinir hern stilled or driven clse- 
 where tor a time, is timid and slow to return, and a 
 pcii.'il 111' iiimat!iral de])ressioii follows. 
 
 '• riial corners are al)lr)rcnt to law is indisputahle. 
 The Roman law made the einrrossin<r, or 'corneriuir." 
 ot any kind of provision a crime and pimisliahlc hya tine 
 In the English common law ' engrossing' the market 
 is dcscrihed by Hlackstouc as 'getting into one's jios- 
 session or hiiying up large (piantitii's of r,-.vu or other 
 dead victual with intent to sell tli(>m ai;, in at an iin- 
 reasoiiahlc i)rice, and is injurious to the piihlic and an 
 otl'ensc indictable and i)unishable at the common law.' 
 'I hey have been declared by courts to lie • mischievous 
 conspiracies' and ' frnuds leveled agaiii'^t the public,' 
 
 i 
 
 and I (intracts nuule m contempUtion of them iire con- 
 sidered gambling contracts, and are set aside and niiide 
 utterly void by a io\irt of ecpiity. Under the Sfatntt' 
 Law of Illinois whoever ' eornors the inarket or 
 attempts to do so in relation to any cotnti.idity, shull 
 be lined not less than |ilU; not more than $1,(J<KI, or 
 conliued in the county jail not exceeding one year, or 
 iKith.' Still, with the law so explicit and distinct, 
 the ditlicnity of obtaining sntKeient le^.il proof of a 
 corner is such that the indictment of t\w persons whi» 
 aic supposed to huve operated thcni has seldom been 
 
 "There is oin. 
 other form 
 
 (I f c (1 n t rue \ 
 which some of 
 our so-ca 1 led 
 • best inemiier- 
 of the Hoard' 
 still persist in 
 making. The 
 practice i> ciMi- 
 Irary to law: 
 explicitly for- 
 bidden in the 
 Kxchange Hall, 
 under (leualty: 
 and is aik « 1- 
 cdgeil to be pi - 
 nicioiis by the 
 lioaril asa body, 
 and yet it is by 
 no mcaiisan iin- 
 
 The Arbitration Committee in Ses' on. common prac- 
 
 tice for certain 
 member^ to buy and sell 
 
 PUTS. CALLS AND STRADDLES 
 
 '•A ' put " is :iii ai/reeincnt (o receive ind pay for a 
 iiiven aiiuuii;! ot'a certain ((iininodity at a tixed price, 
 if delivered w illiin a spccilied time. The privilege is 
 sold for a i(in>iiicr!itioii. and the buyer may deliver the 
 cominodity "/• /■'"/. :i~ he may prel'cr. 
 
 "A •ral!" i- .-in av'iecmeiit to deliver a given amount 
 of a iivlain commodity at a fixed price, if rciiuircd 
 within M siieril'ted lime. Tiie privilege is sold for a 
 coiisiijeiMtion, and llie buyer may call for the com- 
 nioility 07' nil/, a^ he may |irefer. \ 'straddle' is 
 an agreement, for a consideration, to either buy or sell 
 (as the buyer of the -straddle' may elect) a given 
 amour.' of a certain commodity at a fixed price. 
 
i'l 
 
 I 
 
 ii'if- 
 
 IHI 
 
 |irovide(] that HiK-h comnicKlity be tendered or <'iillt>d 
 for within ii H|)<M'iH(>ti timo. 
 
 "For instnii(«>, Hiippono thuton April l8t, No. 2 Corn 
 tor Miiy (Iclivcrv is dcliiMf; at .'i.'i ((nits por liiislicl. and 
 A xcIIh H a ' Hlraildic' on .''•.(JOO hiiMhelM, jfood for thri-c 
 days, in ronMidcmtion of 1 t-cnt per huHhol, or I^Ocush 
 ill hand. Now if, durinj!^ the next throe days, M.iy 
 Corn nhiniid decline to .'>2 cents, H <'onld Imy r>,(M)0 
 IiiihIicI.h and ' put ' it (l)V giving iiotiee of his intention 
 to di'liver it ) to A at .').') cents, and thim make a net 
 prolii of two cents pel' liiishid, inidudini!: tiie I'ost of 
 tiie piisilcirc If, on tlie other hand, May Cornshoidd 
 witliin the three days iidvanco to fl7 oentH, B couhl sell 
 .'),(MM» l»iisii(>|s in the market and then 'call' the same 
 ainoimi fiom A at '>') cents, under the a;L;roement, and 
 llic Iniiisaction wmild show to Ii a net profit of I cent 
 per liiisliel. 
 
 " Still furtlier, if May Corn .''honld within those 
 three days continue to lliutiiate only between .'>4 ftnd 
 .'i(i cents, the privilege to ' straddle the market ' would 
 he useless, and H would receive no ecpiivalent for the 
 ^.")() he had paid out. Thus you sec the ' straddle ' was 
 only a waj.'er of :?")() that the Huctatiou woidd exceed 
 1 cent por liuslud from 5.') cents, within three days; 
 and the law declares all such to he <j;and)linp con- 
 tracts ami void on their face." 
 
 •'How do these ^raiiihlin^' contracts vary from the 
 contrails which you make from day to dtiy, and which 
 arc legally and niorally riirlit?" we asked. 
 
 "I can hcst illustrate," said the meiid)er, " l>y an 
 actual case. Hoi'e is a contract for some wheat which 
 I purchased a week ago ; road it. 
 
 FORM OF CONTRACT. 
 
 I'liiCAOo, Ills., Mny IS, 18S3. 
 A. Kiiniier ,t Son Imvc llils diiy sold to tlio Now York Milling Com- 
 liuiiy, Twenty Tlionsuml buslu'lf of No.2 Uiil Wlntor Wheat ut Ono Dollar 
 and Twelve Cent^ ikt buslud In Htore, to l)e dellvereil at tho sellers' 
 oi'tion dnrln^i November, ias.1; dellvenible In lota of Five Tlionaand 
 busliel.4 each; regular on dellveij . Tlii^ contmel Isaubjettlu all respects 
 to the rules and reynlatlonsof the; Hoard of Trade of the city of ChlCttgo. 
 Signed in dniilicate, 
 ■JO.niKi Ilns. 1 A. KAK.MKll .t SON, 
 
 No..' U.W.Wht. 5- uEw Y,„jn MILLING CO., 
 
 per John IluiiH.Agt. 
 
 ■JO.niKi Ilns. 1 
 
 i(>.> U.W.Wht. J. 
 
 fe «1. 1'i \ 
 
 "Now you will notice," said tlie broker, "that I 
 have bought the grain in good faith, and for its iegiti- 
 ihate purpose. Tho seller may lia\(' it now in*storo; 
 or he may intend to deliv;'r it !iftei' his growing crop 
 is harvested; or he may be 'selling slmrl ' for a specu- 
 lation, expecting to buy of some one else before the 
 maturity of our contract, at !i |)rice that will pay him 
 a l)rotit. As for myself, if in a few weeks Red Winter 
 IVheat should advance in Chicago, say to ^1.20, and at 
 
 ^ ' = 
 
 the same time was offered in New Vork City at |1..'U), 
 and the freight was I!) cents per bushel fron> here to 
 New Vork. I shoidtl Hell my 2().(KM) bushels here and 
 buy the *ame amount in New Vork and thus save 5 
 cents per bushel." 
 
 " And yet," urged my friend again, " the ciuirtt* 
 sometimes decline t«i pass judgment for damages for 
 uon-fultillmciit of your 'options' on the ground that 
 they are gambling contracts." 
 
 "Never where the case is presented as it actually 
 exists," the member explained. "That word 'option' 
 puzzles .some well-read lawyers and ex<ellent judges 
 a good deal. They confuse the ideas of ' puts' and 
 'lalls' (Where the aeller may deliver or not, and tho 
 buyer may receive ov iiof) with oiu' perfectly valid 
 contract in which the only t>ption possible or intendeil 
 is the day, during a given month, on which the .seller 
 may choose to deliver the property. I liavt' here- 
 tofore explained that no trade is ever made upon the 
 Hoard in which lM)th buyer ami seller agree that no prop- 
 erty shall pass, but the dirt'erence be settled in money, 
 and therefore none of our trades can be set aside as 
 'ginnbling contracts' un!ess made in contemi)lation of 
 a 'corner.' 
 
 " .Vlthough contmcts for future delivery of any 
 commodity at the buyer's demand as to time, 
 within a specified period, are perniissihl(> under our 
 rules, they iut rarely made nowadaj's, but all con- 
 tracts give the seller the privilege of delivering the 
 property, in store, on any business day during the 
 speciticd time, between the hours of !t and 11 o'clock 
 A. M. by tendering the proper warehouse receipts, or 
 between the hours of l..'{(> and 2A') I'. M. by delivery 
 of a notice stating in detail the warehouse receipts 
 proposed to be delivored; tho contiiict price, tho net 
 cash value (deducting extiii stonige, if any) of tho 
 property at the contract price; and the place where 
 such receipts may be obtained." 
 
 " Please explain tho technical phrases in the form of 
 contract you have just shown us," we asked. 
 
 "Well, firstly." was the response, "all our grain 
 trades ftn- future delivery are made in lots of five 
 thousand Imshels each, or multiples thereof, so for con- 
 venience sake tho seller is required to deliver niv:iO,()00 
 bushels of wheat in lots of ,5,000 l)ushcls each, as T 
 may, perhaps, have re-sold it to four ditrcrent parties 
 in such amounts, and the lid)or of sorting out tho ware- 
 house receipts for re-delivory would be considerable. 
 
 "Secondly, by ' regular on delivery' we moan that 
 the elevator receipts tendered shall have been i.ssued 
 by warehousemen of untpiestioned good financial stiiiid- 
 
 m 
 
ty lit |l..'U), 
 
 Viitn Ikmv to 
 
 Is liiM'o iiikI 
 
 tllllH wivo 5 
 
 • tlif < uiirts 
 iliiniapi'H lor 
 jrroniul tlmt 
 
 s it iU'timlly 
 voitl 'oi)tioir 
 I'lli'iit jiiilps 
 f ' puts' mill 
 
 )i()t, aiitl tho 
 jfti'ctly viiliii 
 I' or iutciuU'il 
 ich till' seller 
 I Imve here- 
 iido upon tlio 
 
 that no prop- 
 led ill money, 
 M> set asido iis 
 itemplution of 
 
 ivory of any 
 
 as to time, 
 
 )le under our 
 
 hut all eon- 
 
 liveriiii.' tho 
 
 during the 
 
 nd II o'cloek 
 
 receipts, or 
 
 hy delivery 
 
 iiise receipts 
 
 u'ice, the net 
 
 Miiy) of the 
 
 place where 
 
 in the form of 
 
 .1. 
 
 ill our irrain 
 lots of live 
 •of, so for con- 
 fer my 20,000 
 Is each, as I 
 lereiit parties 
 out the warc- 
 
 considerablo. 
 wv moan that 
 e been issued 
 nancial staiid- 
 
 ■fir 
 
 Tin; I iiir\(i(i iiu\,:ii ui ili.VDK. 
 
 ill!.' uiid cmdit; that the wiin'hoiHO'^ «'iii!l he ill'(•^•l^^^ibll> 
 
 to vcssoIh, connected with eastern r.iilway lines and 
 havn iii(>derii appliaiK'es for htiiidlin^' ^riiiii ; that such 
 
 roc»«ipts shall have Ikhmi rcfrintfired hy tho pro|M'r state 
 
 otiicor; that they M\a\\ huve five duy-« to run fri'e of \ 
 Htora^fe, Mul that the tender ahull be made ut tho 
 
 GRAIN CONTRACT ILLUSTRATED— SOLD. 
 
 N( 
 
 I 
 
 Oificeof^. ]r:*VRiVrnrR JH 55'.C)Ji>L 
 
 (t^Xf,*^^. May /A, /<f;iV. 
 <^ -^^n,,,.! :f '^rn (♦/ f^) /rivf^ //i f/fi,^^///-t //* .Yetv York MUUni Con^ 
 /I'lnii. iiri'iiti/ Tlionsiiiiil Jfusliel.1 <■/ No. 2 Red W!ntor Wheat "^ On-- DnUnr unt/ 
 
 'J'lveh'f Otits /"•' ll^rfdAr/ HI iMr, fr. ((■« t/fft'U*i**' rif fAf if/ffl'i f./tO^tt i/uHt*^ 
 r/iu Cbiuruul tJ «M««u, >>« ui» rmiptnu. In Utt MuUi uiwl J{4eula»UHU o/ISt Boant of Trad* in (A« Odu »/ dtimpa 
 
 A. FARMER & SON. 
 
 GRAIN CONTRACT— BOUGHT. 
 
 m^.' 
 
 t i No- 
 
 Office OF psi Yoi^i{ yniMp m^j^^, 
 
 ^ {^ ^, ' <l^f^<yc. May 16, /(f'TJ. | 
 
 r ^ V "^ Farmer <$■ Son, Twenty Thousand Bus?.^ «/ No. 2 Red Winter Wheat *^^ 
 ^ X One Dollar %n,d Twelve Cents A** *#«*^s« tf% i-iaie, €t. C*- tteAuMfff ttt f^'t. ^^CM- s 
 
 ^1 ^"^ t\ 
 *^ ^ '* 
 
 Ol 
 
 llat Lu'UruaM <'Moec(,i'taUte4pecM,iuUaiiiU«iaiid Heffulatiorm of lh» Boant of TVcuk in f V ■■ 'oiTMeaoa 
 
 NEW YORK MILLii;vj COMPANY. 
 
 \ proper timo of day, as pre.MTi iied ijy our rulo,8. | mode of payment ; and of procedure iu case of default 
 
 " Thirdly, tho reference to tho rules ami reprulationa j in delivery, or refusal to reoeire, with prescribed 
 entails observance of our requirements as to time and | penalties." 
 
 31 
 
 
 
•. 
 
 i 1 
 
 i i 
 
 TiiK cnicAoo iv..\ni> or th.vdi;. 
 
 Il'c()iiv(Miiciit ," we ;i>lv<'<l. "wo would like to sec 
 
 FORM OF WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS." 
 " I liiivo with iiH'," Slid till- roiiimissioii inerchtiiit, 
 •'a. I'ooejpt fur u carloail of rye wliich I jiiu about to 
 ;Ju|>. It roads us illustriit'id hy the form lulow. 
 
 " Thoso ri'ot'i|)(s," lio coiiliuucd, "uftor liaviiig boon 
 properly registered ami iiidorsiul, are negotiable, aii<l 
 th(! graiu deliverable to the holder of the receipt; so 
 that if one is lost it must bo advertised and delivery 
 slopped at once, in order to prevent fraud." 
 
 THE PUBLISHED RATES OF SI ORAGE. 
 we were informed, are as follows «)n grain received 
 in bulk : 
 If iud|)eeted in good condition when received — 
 
 For tile tirst 10 days or part tb°-,-')f, IJe per bushel. 
 Tor each additional 10 days or ^lart thereof, he per 
 
 bush(d. 
 If rondomned as nnmerehantablo when received — 
 For the lii'--t In d:iys, or part thereof, 2e per bushel. 
 For eacli additiciiial .') dix-s, or part thiTcof. Je per 
 
 bn.>li(l. 
 From N'ovemoer i.'i, 'o .Vpril 1.'), the above rates will 
 be ehaiged on grain in good condition \intil four cents 
 per I)\isliel lias aecrni'd, afti'r whieh no additional 
 storage will bo charged din-ing the time named, so 
 long as the grain remains in good condition. .Vftcr 
 April l.'dhe • suniinerrate' of storsige is againresmned. 
 
 The usual charge tor storage of provisions per 
 calendar month is six cents per barrel for Mess Pork, 
 
 WAREHOUSE RECEIPT. 
 
 P^l^©JillI|^ W^^ML ^. ^@. 
 
 -""""■^^Ml 
 
 No........W;>.'>. 
 
 , r^l^^'LI^!. /d^. 
 
 ! ^^ef'f.nscr/ 1)/- ^/f:-h:- /^ c w, £!El^9l.^:A..:}hJ}lL}Jt}!:^j:^± 
 
 V Tivcnty-seven ami 
 
 / 
 
 Xo. Tiro Rye, 
 
 fyL^-^:.^''!^^.±^^:'-::rrr:rr-rfi/f^ /^- JfUle^ir/fl- r:/ //Ifj- 
 
 Tfiit tjr>ii>i i.t suLjfrt t(i our 
 'cilrertix^U rdifs uf storage. 
 
 
 /( it hfrebii myrriil tii/ Iff holdtra of Ihix m-Hpl, I'uil the iimin /urnii mentioned vinii he ulnrril 
 Hilh ■illifi- ynii'i uf the same quality by iimite'-liim; Loaa l.v /iiv or hfntini/ nt o\i'iirr's risk. 
 
 n?i.i. 
 
 Li>s.^}':r::z 
 
 ''7jfc-rf/, >^-- r. /r jf^fA 
 
 eight cents per tlercj; for Lard, and live cents per 
 hundred pounds for salted meats in b>ilk. 
 
 MARGINS. 
 
 " la cuso you make a sale to a member of the Board 
 of Tnulo who becomes insolvent before the maturity 
 of the contract," we in(piirod, "how dr) yon dispose 
 of the property, and wiio sutfers the loss in ca.se that 
 the market has de; lined since the sale was made ?" 
 
 "The fulfillment of contracts is, in all cases, guar- 
 anteed to our customeis."' said the l)rokcr, "and any 
 loss incurred by di^fauit. on the part of his fellow-mem- 
 ber fulls upon the commission mer< hant. Un<ler our 
 rules, however, there is no necessity for making such 
 a loss, and if we avail ourselves of our margin rules 
 in ail cases, there can be no such thing as an 
 
 inmlvenl commis,iion merchant. 
 
 "Unall time contracts purchasers have the right to 
 require of sellers, as a security, ten per cent margin 
 based upon the contract price of the property lH)ught, 
 and further security, from time to time, to the extent 
 of any advance in the marki-t value above said price. 
 In like manner sellers have the right to require ten 
 per cent of the contract price as margins from the 
 buyers, and in addition, any ditference that may occur 
 between I lie estimated legitimate value of any such 
 property and the price of sale. 
 
 " For instance, on a contract for 5,000 bushels of 
 Wheat, at $1.00 per bushel the buyer and seller may 
 each be rcipiired to deiwsit (with the Treasurer of tlie 
 Association or with some bank duly authorized by the 
 
 d 
 
icr l)nshol. 
 proof, io pfif 
 
 ^1 ^M^ 
 
 [civpil — 
 
 ,. jipr bushel. 
 
 >r(<.f, i«- \^^ 
 
 ,vo fiites will 
 ntil four cents 
 no mldilioiiul 
 no iiiunetU >*" 
 litioii. Aft*"'" 
 iii'iiiiin-sdiiu'tl. 
 provisions poi" 
 for ^less Pork, 
 
 ^ 
 
 /cTJ^cf. 
 
 re Hundred 
 
 1. c/' //la 
 
 U suhi'it 'o our 
 \ites u! storage. 
 
 ui hf Mnreit 
 I'tirr'i risk. 
 
 r 
 
 f -J (a 
 
 Ihiivc the right to 
 
 per cent luurgin 
 
 I property iMnight, 
 
 luie, to the extent 
 
 above siiid price. 
 
 ht to require ten 
 
 |i!irc:ins from the 
 
 Ic that niiiy occur 
 
 iiUio of any such 
 
 5,000 bushels of 
 tr and seller may 
 
 Treasurer of the y^j 
 I authorized by the 
 
 C**--*"* ^ ■ ■».. •K>«.'K'N 
 
 1 IIK < UI'VV(H) iM)Ai;ii OK ri;\i)i. 
 
 Hoard of Directors tc receive such deposits) ^ruMi, as a 
 niar^'in at tiw time the contract is made. If the jirice 
 .ihotdd deilino to 9.5 cents |>er bushel, the seller could 
 require the buyer to deposit %ih(i additional margin, 
 uid he wotdd thtis be secured against loss until the 
 market had declined below «5c. Again, if the market 
 should advaiKc fnim $1.00 to fl.05 the buyer could 
 re(]uire the seller to furnish %'2f)'0 additional margin, 
 and he could thus sutler no loss until the advance 
 should reach ;p 1. 1.1. Thus you see that a commission 
 meniiaiit can guaranty ample security to his cus- 
 tomer and not • stall 1 in the gap,' except in case of 
 unusually severe fluctuations. As the rules require 
 inarjjiiis to he deposited within one hour after they are 
 properly called, we can generally protect our interests in<lulging in hope, 
 before the security 
 is entirely ex- 
 hausted. 
 
 •' On account of 
 a desire to seem 
 lenient.or through 
 a false notion of 
 courtesy,"thc com- 
 mission merchant 
 continued, "the 
 parties to con- 
 tracts do not 
 always require 
 sufficient margins, 
 and hence incur 
 ur.nocessary losses. 
 Not long ago I 
 met an ex-mem- 
 ber of the Board, 
 who is now in a 
 
 moderate salaried position in an office in Chicago, who 
 ■-aid to me, "Yon will reincnilMM' that I failed in busi- 
 ness a tew inontli~^ airo. Nobody was more surprised 
 at my failure than I was, niysclf. 1 started out with 
 .1 spleiiditl line of trade, aiiil every assurance of sne- 
 eess that one could wish. 1 iia<l $-_'.">,imiO eash capital 
 and excellent credit, and the earned commissions on 
 niv books were :t'li'''"' I"'" ^^'•■^''^ from the st^irt. Now 
 
 known among 1113' fellow-memlxji's they did not 
 usually reipiire nie to (hqK)sit margins on my trades 
 with them. Hence, as I had no immediate need for the 
 money, I did not call upon my customers for such 
 security, as I shouhl have >ione if my friends had com- 
 pelled mo todoso. When, therefore, a sudden depres- 
 sion occurred in values, and I was re(]uiied to furnish 
 margins down to the market prices within one hour's 
 time, of course, I faced a pl.y.-ical imiiossilality, and 
 so sus[)ended business, and my contracts were sold 
 out during a piinic. Of course, I telegraphed my cor- 
 respondents of the situation, but before answers came 
 the market had recovered and prices were away up 
 airaiii. I am now holding some 'slow notes' and 
 
 The Board of Directors in sessiom 
 
 •♦You will there- 
 of appreciate tLc 
 ieressity of plao 
 Bg margins in the 
 lands of the com- 
 nission merchant 
 it the time the 
 \)ntract is made. 
 ie needs this to 
 irotect the in- 
 erests of his cua- 
 onier, hiis fellow 
 jembers and him- 
 self." 
 
 "What amount 
 
 ( i margin is usual* 
 
 / required of 
 
 'TtieF Tho buy 
 
 or sell tor tJittire 
 
 delivery in your 
 
 what do you suppose caMsed ni\' susp'Mision ?' 
 
 I said that I pres.inii'd tiiat he got to speculating 
 in lurger ainomits of )<roduet than he could safoiy 
 carry, and was sold oilt by oiher parties during some 
 depression, after hi.- margins had become exhausted. 
 ||\ "No, sir!" ^aid he. impressively. "I never was 
 personally interested to the extent of a single dollar 
 h in any trade I ever made, and as this was generally 
 
 market ?" we asked. 
 
 " That is wlioUy a matter ot £.gTeement between the 
 principal ami his broker," was the reply; " but experi- 
 ence lias determined that the following amounts are 
 c(piitable, and custom has esiabiished them as the 
 usual rates. 
 On oiU'h 5,000 bushels of Wheat, 5c' per bushel or 
 
 $2.")0. 
 
 On each 1,<100 bushels of Corn, .k- per bushel, or $150. 
 On ea<-h n,(MM) bushels of (,)ats, ;]c per bushel, or $1.")0. 
 On each "i.")!* barrels of Pork. $1.00 per barrel, or $250. 
 On each "i.")'* tierces of Lard (estimated at 320 lbs per 
 
 tioree — HO. (111(1 11^;) .Ve per lb, or $40o. 
 On each .» i,(i(i(t lbs of .Salted Meats. Jc jwr ft or $2,50, 
 
 "These quantities are the smallest amounts which 
 can be bought or sold for future delivery under our 
 
 I 
 
 
■riHe 
 
 
 i'i 
 
 1:1 f 
 
 I>1 
 
 wva^iAKMHBa^H; 
 
 IllK CIIK' \(i<l I'.ii Mill <i|- I li.\l>i;. 
 
 riilos, and nil contracts arc made tur these amnimts ni' 
 their nuilli|)!es, 
 
 '•( )t course, cnstomers aie ahvays understood to lie 
 Irachiiir suhjeet to tlie rules of tlie association wiierc 
 ilieir contracts are made, and tiu-y therefore stand 
 ui the .--amc relation to tiieir copunission merchant (so 
 iar as maririns and t'uillilmcnt of ((nitracts are coii- 
 fornedi tiiat he docs to t!ic other lieuiixT^ of the asso 
 ciation.' 
 
 "It occur- to nic, I said, "tliat wiien lii. sjiecida- 
 live tra(hni;' is \ cry larire. and especially in .:.'V eom- 
 modity for a laie future didivery, these marirms Miust 
 iibsorl) eiiorrioiis amounts of Capital." 
 
 " Yos." was the leplv, "our l)anks usually hold 
 several million^ ot money for niaririii:il purposes duriiiir 
 the last of siuumei. to secure contracts for the delivery 
 of the matiirinir cro|)>, ol which sales for future 
 delivery ha\'e in many cases liecn ellei'ted. Some- 
 times, however, as I have explaine(l, the prices in 
 autumn are -o low that tlu> tarmei' would ratliei' luiy 
 the irraiu in Cliicairo to till his eontraet than to ship 
 his own, preferrinir f" await hiijher pnecs m sju'inir. 
 Suppose that he does this, au<l that ni a few weeks a 
 sudden acivauce in priees occurs and he makes a second 
 sale of his irrain. Now a se<'ond decline may also occur, 
 and he will airaiii buy hack sutiicient <rraiii to till his 
 ohllfatious. .Should this proe<'Ss he repeated live 
 times tiefore that farmer linally shipped in his own 
 irram for actual deiixcry, you will s(>e at once that the 
 commission nierchant's hooks would represent .ydlr.s 
 of live times the amount of irram which the faj'iuer 
 raised. Now in fact the first four trades (sale and 
 re-puvchase) hecame |)urely speculative, althoujirh in 
 each lustaiKc the farmer may liave orijifinally con- 
 cluded that he would forward his own ero}) to murkot. 
 
 SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 " III .lime, 1«(!3, a prominent member of the Board, 
 who IS still one of its ' pillars,' was ordered by an 
 Iowa farmer to sell ."),0l)0 bushels of Xo. 2 Mixed Oats 
 for September delivery, the price beinjr favorable for 
 the producer. As the crop matured and promised a 
 heavy yield, the prK'e declined severely. Then the 
 winds and ram beat down the oats badly ir. many sec- 
 tions of the country and they were thoiiirht to have 
 Im'cu riimed. This created a speculative demand for 
 (»ats for .hiiinarx' didivery, sc the farmer houirht hack 
 his Septemlier oats and resold them for .January at a 
 handsome advance. ConsiderableexcitemenI prevailed, 
 opmonsof values varied widely, fluctuations were severe, 
 and muu^. apportuiiitJcs were oflered to s*ll the outs at 
 
 a spleiKlid profit over losi ot production, and m turn 
 to re-purchase them at less than their real \alue. 
 l"'iiiall\- ilii' [irodiiccr conclude(l to carry his oats over 
 to the next yar, and bomrht to till his last eontraet 
 on the lir-t decline below the price ot' tiie sale. The 
 cominis--i(iii nieii'Iiant then found that he had -old his 
 cu-.loni IS ."(.iMKi hushels of oat> t n'enhj-oiw times, and 
 hou:^iil oliiei oats in cver\' in>tance to fultill the con- 
 tracts, liiasniuch. tlierelon\ as his obliiratious were 
 ;>id\idcc| tor, it occurre<l to him that it those p;irti<'s 
 who were i-ecei\inir the cai lots ot oats whiih he had 
 lininihl would aiii-ce to deliver them to the partie'^ to 
 wlioni he had salil . lie inivlit otl'set the contracts atraiiist 
 one another on In- iiooUs, and ^et his maririns released 
 bv oU'erinir to adjust t lie prolitsor losses so represented. 
 His hooks were thus c|carc(l, and the delivery from the 
 •iriiriii.d x'llcr to the >hii)|ier took place without the 
 Ln'.am ir'oin;; throuiih the hands of the middle party, 
 i The -vstem wa- .afterward extenile(l so as to dropout 
 two or more middle men, by clearini;. or oli'sctting, 
 contrac 1- tor purchase .airainsl contracts for sale, where 
 the\ were identical as to nuinl)er ot bushels, kind and 
 irrade of irrain, and time of d(diverv .Sometimes, for 
 instance, we would Iniy .'>,0(M) bushels of May Corn for 
 .V. I'i. from W. i*vr Co. and the same io\ C. I), from 
 11- i'i Hro. Now when .\. B ordereil his cori sold, it 
 happened th.it 1[. & Bro. bonirlit it. In case we 
 wante(l to oll'set our contracts with II. it Bro.. we 
 would iiave to iret the consent of our customer C. D. 
 to substitute the irrain coniiiur to n- from W. it Co. 
 in hi- I ( '. 1). SI account instead of the corn boiiirht from 
 11. i*i Bro., till' purchase-contracts beiiiir identical. 
 This necessity finally save rise to our rule (ui this sub- 
 ject, wliich reads as follows: 
 
 " In case any memljer of the .Vssoci.it ion, actinsf as 
 a conimission merchant, shall have made })iirehases or 
 s.ales, bv (U'ller and h)r account of another, whether flic 
 l)arty lor whom any such purchase or sale was made 
 shall be a member of the Board ot Trade or otherwise, 
 and it shall subsequently appear that such trades may he 
 otiset and settled by other trades made bv said coin- 
 mission mercliant , he shall be deemed authori/ed tn 
 make such ollset and settlement, and to substitute 
 somi' other person or persons for the one from or te 
 whom he mav lia\e purchased or sold the propertv 
 oriiriually ; Pr i>'i<h><l, \\\\\i \n ea^ies of such substitii 
 tion the member or firm inakintr the same shall be 
 held to <ruaraiity to his or their principal the ultmiate 
 fulfilliiHUit of all contracts made for ac<'oiiiit of sinii 
 })rineipal which have been .so transferred, and shall he 
 held liable to said principal for all damages or loss 
 
 "^i 
 
 .. 
 
1. ami 111 turn 
 I'lr ri'iil \ahio. 
 ,■ Ills (lilts ovpr 
 IS last cniitrait 
 Iho sale. Til'' 
 lu' li;i<l --olil lii« 
 -otic tiiiits. and 
 tultiU till' '-('n- 
 hliiratioiis were 
 it those parties 
 < wliicli lie had 
 ,) the parties to 
 •oatracts'iLMiii>t 
 narjriiis released 
 s so rejiresented. 
 lelivery tVom the 
 la.e wilhniit the 
 le iniddli' (larty. 
 I, as to drop out 
 lu. (ir otVsetting. 
 ts tor sale, where 
 l)ushels, kind and 
 
 Sometimes, for 
 
 ot' May Corn for 
 
 e for C. I), from 
 
 1 liw cor.i sold, it 
 
 It. In case we 
 
 W. &. Uro.. we 
 r customer C D. 
 
 from W. & Co. 
 
 'orii houirht from 
 
 beiiiir identical. 
 
 rule on this suh- 
 
 tciation, actins: as 
 nade purchases or 
 tthcr. whether the 
 or sale was mailc 
 rade or otherwise, 
 such trades may he 
 
 ide hy said <'oiii- 
 led authorized to 
 and to substitute 
 he one from or In 
 sold the propert\ 
 
 of such substilii 
 ;he .same shall hc 
 icipal the ultiiiKite 
 )r account of such 
 erred, and shall he 
 U damages or loss 
 
r^ 
 
 G 
 
 THE CHICAGO BOAUU OF TRADE. 
 
 resulting from such substitution. 
 
 " This process is usually ilono ia a hall adjoining the 
 Exchange, which is set apart for that purpose, and a 
 busy place it is. About two hundred settling clerks 
 are usually in attendance, some of them being mere 
 boys, but a bright, active, earnest lot they arie. They 
 here learn application to business, self-dependence, 
 wonderful rapidity in computation, and absolute cor- 
 rectness in results. Most of the younger present 
 members of the Board have ' served their apprentice- 
 ship' in this clearing house." 
 
 "Finally, are your charges for services uniform, and 
 what are they ?" we asked, beginning to notice that 
 the closing hour was near at hand. 
 
 COMMISSIONS. 
 
 ♦' Our rates of commission were adopted by a ballot 
 vote of the Board," said the member, handing us a copy 
 of the Rules, "and are declared to be the minimum net 
 charges for services performed ; and to be exclusive of 
 any charges upon the jiropcrty or transaction, such as 
 storage, interest, insi-aiKC, inspection, or weighing; 
 and telegrams received iVcjni customers, as well as the 
 answers sent, arc expected to be at the customer's 
 expense. The first violation of tliis rule by any mem- 
 ber is punishable b}- suspension from all privileges of 
 the Board for at least one month, and upon a second 
 -■onviction the rules suy that he t.haU be expelled from 
 the Association. 
 
 The following is the schedule of eonuiiissions 
 
 FOR THE SALE OF PROPERTY ON CONSIGNMENTS. 
 
 Wheat and Itye, by car-load lots, in store, 
 
 free on board cars or vessels, on track, 
 
 delivered, or to be shipped from any 
 
 other point 1 cent jjer bu. 
 
 Corn and Oats, by car-load lots in store, J " " 
 
 Corn, by sample on track 1 " " 
 
 Barley, by car-load lots, in store 1 " " 
 
 Barley, by car-load lots, free on board 
 
 cars or vessels, on tracK uelivered, or 
 
 to be shipped from any other point, 1^ cents per bu. 
 All kinds of grain by canal-boat loads, 
 
 in store, afloat or free on board 
 
 vessels } cent per bu. 
 
 Flax Seed, in bulk 1 per ceat. 
 
 " " in Ixigs IJ " '< 
 
 Clover Seed, in less than car-load lots IJ " " 
 
 " " car-load lots 1 '« " 
 
 TimothySeed IJ '« «« 
 
 All other seeds 2 '< «• 
 
 Dressed Hogs, in car-load lota 1 J *' " 
 
 Dressed Hogs, in less than car-load lots, 1}@2^ per 
 
 cent. 
 
 Bran, Shorts and Millstufis $3.50 per car. 
 
 Corn ^leal $o.00 per car. 
 
 Hay (rate not officially scheduled) . . .50 cents per ton. 
 Broom Com i cent per pound. 
 
 FOR THE PURCHASE AND SHIPMENT OF PROPERTY. 
 
 Wheat, Rye and Rirley, to be shipped 
 
 by vessel cargo J cent per bushel. 
 
 Other grain to be shipped by vessel 
 
 cargo \ cent per bushel. 
 
 All grain, to Ix; shipped by rail J cent jier bushel. 
 
 Lard, Mess Pork and other Meats ^ of 1 per cent. 
 
 FOR THE PURCHASE AND SALU OF PROPERTY IN THE 
 CHICAGO MARKET. 
 
 Grain, of all kinds, in lots of 5,000 
 
 bushels or more J cent per Imshel. 
 
 Lard, in lots of 2.')0 tierces or more, 10 cents per 
 
 tierce. 
 Mess Pork, in lots of 250 Ixirrels or more, 5 cents per 
 
 ?)arrel. 
 Other meats, in lots of .')0,»>00 ))ounds or more, J of 1 
 
 per cent. 
 
 In cases where the transaction is made for members 
 of the l)oard, one-half of the rates under this heading 
 may l)c charged 
 
 With this information we closed our investigations 
 for the day. 
 
 The sound of the bell admonished us that the 
 Exchange Hall must be vacated, and thanking our 
 guide for his attention, we stepped into the elevator, 
 feeling better acquainted, by means of our visit, with 
 the rules and customs of the Chicago Board of Trade. 
 
F PROPERTY. 
 
 ent per bushel. 
 
 :)PERTy IN THE 
 
 sr this henflins: 
 
 investipations 
 
 
 OOMINO up in the distant lund- 
 scapo of one of our irrnat com- 
 mercial centers, the iniire jrrain 
 elevator jjresonts nothing either 
 picturesque or impressive to tlie 
 (il)server, except as it is suggest- 
 ive of tliat vast and most important 
 of all the world's industries, the grain 
 y trade, of ■which it is daily becoming an 
 ncrcasingly important factor. 
 
 The elevator is jieculiarly an Ameri- 
 can institution, and made necessary by 
 an immense exportation of grain to 
 foreign ports. In continentJil Europe 
 the meth.ods in vojruc for handliii"' 
 grain are of the most priiniti\(> kind, and calculated to 
 excite the derision of the American, who is acquainted 
 with our improved machinery and facilities for handling 
 and storing gniin in our great elevators. In tlie Black 
 Sea ports of Russia, for instance, whole cargoes of grain 
 are loaded into vessels from Ixiskets borne on the men's 
 backs between the storehouse and the point of deliv- 
 ery. A Swedish invention is a floating elevator with a 
 jointed folding " leg" which, although far sniierior to 
 [ IN the basket system, is almost as much inferior to the 
 devices and improved appliances of the great elevators 
 of American grain ports. 
 
 :^ =^ 
 
 ■ft 
 
 Scattered thr ngho'il llic I'niti'd Stales, from the 
 small interior town to tiie gns-it centers and jiorts fif 
 receipt and delivery of grain, may be seen the grain elt- 
 vator, ranging in size and capacity trom the insignificant 
 to tlic enormous; tlie latter einbraiing within its hiipe 
 dinieiisions a storage citpacity lor millions of Inisheis of 
 tlu' products of the farm, and po>scssing most ingeniouf^ 
 appliances and machinery for handli'ig vast cargoes fif 
 grain without manual labor. 
 
 The \ast system of grain storage has been necessi- 
 tated by the iinnu'iise crop ot' tlie cereal products an- 
 nually jirodnced in this coiiiitiy, over and above the 
 amount coiisnmcd in the I'nilcd States. This grain 
 must be stored until it is consuined or carried to for- 
 eign lands. 
 
 In the large cities, or grain .enters ()f the United 
 States, it is customary foi' one or more linns or <f)m pa- 
 nics, to own the grain elevators, and the busiiios of 
 such (inn or company is limited strictly to the storing 
 of grain. A fixed rate is cliarge<l for storage. In some 
 cases the elevate rs are owned by the railroad conipiiuy, 
 on whose land they are located, and are leased to 
 the elevator company. In other cases they arc built 
 and owned by the elevator company, whose profit 
 lies in the (omiiensation exacted rom the owners 
 of grain storett therein. The Inspection Depart- 
 ment, wltich is iin institution of the state gov- 
 
:J».*»i?gi:ji,ijf;^.< 
 
 !?»■"! 
 
 ELEVATOl! AM> ClItAIN THADK. 
 
 uriiiiMMit, i'iii|)I(iy iiisi)i'<Mni->, whoso duly it is to ox- | to llic liosri-stnir of all siiiiMiicnts of grain from the 
 amijic all curs < ontaiiiiii<i' grain coiisiyiicd to niaiisi't, i di'iators. 
 
 ,<nivi(lo{l liif cars aro not to l)o rosliippod to otlioi' Tlic duties ot' the Uoirislrar arc to oxi'rciso a siipor- 
 
 poiiits. The in>po('t()r dotoriiiinos tiio fj-i'adc of tho vision oxer tho olo\ulors, and lioop account of all irraiii 
 ^rain and place- a tickot on ihc ear, on which is writ- ! in each elevator and tho nunihor of roeeipts outstand- 
 t.cii tho car nnmhor, tho kind of irrain, ami tho irrade. ! inir. When a ooinini^sion moreliaut has "-rain ron- 
 Tho iiLspcotion department makes return- of all cars I siiriiod to him, he ninsl ha\(' the rcoci))t issued to him 
 rooeived, the anionnl contained, and gi'a<le ot' i^rain, to i)\- the olovatoi- company reiristerod, and have tho reg- 
 tJio Registry Depai-tmont. wiiich is also a state instilu- , istry stann) placed upon tho face. Until this is done no 
 tioii. The Inspection depaitinont also makes returns ' grain will bo del ivoroil from tho elevator on such receipt. 
 
 ELEVATOR "C" AT LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, THE LARGEST IN THE UNITFD STATES. 
 
 When cars are received into tho elevator yard, an 
 engine, which is in attcndanco for the purpose, runs 
 them into the elevator, and each car is placed directly 
 opposite a set of grain buckets, which apparatus will 
 I»o examined hereafter. 
 
 Ileneath each car door is a hopper, or as it is some- 
 t.ime.4 called, a '• receiver," which is a V shaped pit, .set 
 into the floor (see figure ,') 11). Almost immediately 
 above the receiver and opposite the car door, are two 
 oliains or ropes attached to the steam shovel (see figure 
 4). This machine is so constructed that it draws the 
 .-iliovels toward it bj* means of these chains or ropes. 
 
 which wind around a jiuUey drum (see figure 2 C) 
 until the shovels are drawn to the cur door, then by a 
 peculiar contrivance the ch,..ns arc relaxed and the 
 shovels can be once more taken biick for a fresh load. 
 These shovels are made of wood, a ring being fastened 
 on each end of them by which tho chains are attached 
 or detached at will. Tho inspection ticket is taken 
 from the car and a copy of it placed in a small elevator 
 chute, M'hich carries it into the cupola of the warehouse, 
 where the woighman is waiting to weigh tho grain (see 
 figure 2 E). This copy of the inspection ticket heenters 
 on his book. A signal is then given t tho weighman 
 
 ^ 
 
ELKVATOU AM) (iU.VIN THAUE. 
 
 b 
 
 liy men stutioiiod holow wlio pull a rope niiminir iiji 
 1111(1 :ilt;icli(Ml to III) iiini. oi', in moiiu' tiiscs, a licll. 
 ^"t■ll('ll till" rope is tijrlili'iiod tiic arm ii raised, or liie 
 boil i-^ rimjL', and thn woi<jrlinmn knows tliat tin- ear i> 
 ready to nidoad. After tliis sijjnal is given the process 
 of unloiidiuir is lie^^iin. 
 
 Tlie ear lioor is opened and the 
 •rrain wpouts out and falls into the 
 receiver l)oneatli. After all the 
 •rrain thai '.-an ))e <roi out in that 
 way has run out, a ganjr of luon 
 (two to eaeii (•ar)})roeoc(lt() use the 
 shovels. Theyenterthe ear. which 
 is only iialf full, and di^Lnny the 
 shovels into the srraiii, hold them 
 in position. Relaxing the chains 
 sets the drnnis in motion and 
 draws the .shovels to the car door, 
 fnll of grain, which falls into the 
 receiver. 
 
 The chain is then relaxed, the 
 shovels are oni'e more drawn back 
 for another load, and are placed in 
 another part of the car. The 
 same operation is repeated until 
 the oar is cleared of grain, when it 
 is swept clean with brooms. By 
 this simple and ingenious con- 
 trivance a car load of from 700 to 
 1000 linshels of grain is emptied 
 at an expense of twenty cents, 
 wh(Meas to perform the .same ope- 
 ration by manual lalior would cost 
 seventy cents, besides oceupyiug 
 a nnieli longer tjinc. The receiver 
 is so arranged that the tlow of 
 grain can be regulated to a mini- 
 mum speed. This is necessary, as 
 when the grain runs into the 
 receivei- it is caugrJit by Ijuckets 
 (see tig. (!) and carried to the 
 M|)per [)art of the elevator, and if 
 tlie grain wer(> to run in too fast 
 the buckets could not carry it all, 
 and tiie '• l)(iot," w'<ieh is a box 
 under the buckets (.see tig. .">), would be choked. This 
 flow is cheeked by ni(>ans of a slide (see figure ."> I) 
 which moves up or down. 
 
 The buckets, which catch the grain as it runs down- 
 ward from the receiver, are riveted to an endless belt, 
 
 Iiich runs over dnmis, one at the top and one at the 
 
 Apnrtliil vrrtic;iltr\nsvciv('S('('tioniit'!i«iiiiuliou.«ic 
 nnd out! of tlio *'li'»*iilors llwrtMii. \ (li'notes lower 
 flour, II n ISst.im;,'!' Ijins. (■ H l'.:iw\ KlU • I^Mirstorira 
 of tlioc'iipiihi.ii l:(nk, Ix'luviitiii' Imoi, <■ luwcr eleva- 
 tor niillrv (li'iiin, (I iipppr clrviitDi' dnun, e elcviitov 
 licail, f H|iout, n oloviiKir b"lt, li li Uiu-kcts. 
 
 bottom of the building (see figure 1). The buckets 
 are made of tin or sheet iron, and ai'c about a foot 
 apart. Tiiis biiekel-belt is called an " elevator," and 
 it is inclosed by what is called a "log," which is simpy 
 a wooden box covering (see fig. Ij, starting from the 
 •Iruni at tli" top and riuiniiiy to 
 the drum at the bottom of the 
 building. Through this leg the 
 buckets art! carried by the belt, 
 filled with grain. The lower 
 drum is encased by the " boot," 
 and though there is plenty of 
 room in this '• l>oot " for tlie 
 buckets to pass around the drum, 
 yet sometimes a piece of wood 
 gets into the "boot" or the 
 "boot" is choked by the inain 
 running in too rapidly, and the 
 buckets arc torn from the belt, or 
 the belt breaks. In such a ease 
 the " boot" must be opened and 
 the obstruction reiuoved. li<'fore 
 this can be done, however, the 
 drum must be stop|)ed. which 
 draws the belt. This can now be 
 done in a few seconds by means of 
 a very simple contrivance which 
 consists in a rope running from 
 the lower floor, connecting with 
 swinging beams, joined to the 
 drum at the top of the elevator, 
 which throws the machinery out 
 of gear. This imjjrovement has 
 been lately introduced under the 
 Lot/, patent. The buckets catch- 
 ing the grain as it falls into the 
 receiver, carry it up to the top 
 drum. As the liiickets pass over 
 the drum they become inverted, 
 and tli(> grain pours out into the 
 scale-bill (see lig. 2 "f"). When 
 the grain is all out of the car a 
 signal is given by letting fall the 
 arm or pulling the liell cord. The 
 weight of the grain is then noted. 
 Tins weight is taken by pounds, and afterwards reduced 
 to bushels. In most of the states the number of 
 pounds per bushel of corn is fixed at .")G, oats .32, rye 
 ."Hi, barley 4'S, and wheat GO. The number of pounds 
 that the car load weighs is taken down in the book, by 
 the weighman, the kind and grade of grain and the 
 
fv I 
 
 ! 
 
 l'/'-^ m 
 
 KLEVATOK AND OKAIN THAUK. 
 
 iiiimltci' of IliP hill into whirh It is to ^o, is then soul 
 ('.own to II niiin liolow who arnin^es tho spouts running.' 
 from t lie scale hin, so tliat tiic f^min siiali run into ii 
 hill fonlainin<r tlic siiiic iiind and griult! of ;;rain as 
 that in llic scale, ami into tho hin niinilHM'ed in Ww. 
 incinonimliuM. 
 
 Tlic weiiiimian linn pulls a hiuullo which opens the 
 spout hole ill liic liot- 
 tom of tlie ■-(•;ilc-liiu, 
 ami tile iri'aiii rmi> into 
 the spouts tlieliee to 
 the storai,'e liins. The 
 person who arranpos 
 the spouts must under- 
 stand his i)iisinessthor- 
 oii/rhly, as tho mixing 
 of ditlorent kinds of 
 ^riin would on tail 
 iniich trouhle, and m 
 some rnsoH loss. 
 
 The spouts are square 
 eoiidiiits made of wood 
 tlirouirli which the 
 ^rairs nri iu any direc- 
 tinM tiiat they 'ire 
 pointed. 
 
 Kticli --pont i^ so ar- 
 rani!('d that it will 
 empty into any one of 
 sevi'ral other spouts, 
 and these in turn may 
 he i)laced so as to run 
 the irram into any one 
 of several other liins, 
 each one of which 
 is niimhered. Hy this 
 means any one of a 
 lar<re nunilier of hins 
 may lie reached from 
 the same start inp- 
 poiiit, namely, the 
 seale-hiii. 
 
 After the grain 
 reaches the hin 
 
 grad(^ of grain, is sent down to the main office, which 
 
 is iisiially located in tho husiness portion of tho city. 
 In elevators of Inrge size there are at least five or 
 
 six sets of cdevator huckets for receiving, and the same 
 
 nunihcr for shipping purposes. 
 
 Tiiere is necessarily a receiver, or hopper, as it is 
 
 sometimes called, and a sculo to each set of huckets. 
 
 The use of the 'Ship- 
 ping elevator" huckets 
 will he explaiiMMJ liei'c- 
 after. 
 
 'Ilu' leceix iliij' iilK k- 
 ets are placed on one 
 side of the elevator, 
 and the shipping huck- 
 ets on the other. 
 
 The railroad, over 
 whose track tlie gram 
 arrives, renders ex- 
 pense hills to the ele- 
 vator comiiaiiy. From 
 these expense hills the 
 name of the consignee 
 is ascertained. They 
 also contain the nnm- 
 hei- of till' cars, the 
 nniii! er and date of the 
 way hill, the weight 
 as ascertaineil hy the 
 elevat<n' coiniiiny. the 
 kind of iriaiii ( hut not 
 the irrade), <()nsignor"s 
 name, the place of ship- 
 ment, the rate of 
 freight, and the freight 
 and inspect ion ciiarges. 
 Upon iiayineiit of lhes(> 
 charges a receipt is 
 issiieil from the main 
 oilice of the ele\at<)r 
 c()nii)any for the con- 
 tents of the car, deliv- 
 eralile to the order of 
 consignee, dated 
 
 ., A Tnmsvorse Section of a Grain EloTntor. A denotes lower floor, a a car tracks, bb ,, 
 
 It re- ideviiti>r.lKK)ts, cshiiflln;; furL'niin.sliovi'lliiK niucliini', Ii II It trraln liliiH. Ii 8|iontins tlie 
 fl(M>r, K lloor containing tlio Mnippinj< ''('iiUi bin <1, !■■ (luor c(>n(:iininK sliiiipir.^ i^arncr c, 
 
 mams there until readv amlrecelN-lngsciUohln r, (i nmclilniTy floor, nropo connecting} wltliswinHl"!-; '"'luns. the (lay the graill Went 
 
 for shipment, nnh^ss there is danger of its getting out 
 of condition 1)V heatiuir, in which case it is rim through 
 ditferent spouts until it resumes its proper condition. 
 The grain heing landed in the hin, the weighman's 
 liook containing the numhers and initials of the cars, 
 the numher of bushels and pounds, and the kind and 
 
 iiitost(n'e; the receipt, however, not heing ready for 
 delivery until the next day. 
 
 Ill most cases the elevator company is agent for the 
 road over whose tmck the grain is received, to collect 
 the freight charges on the grain, which must he paid 
 hefore the receipts will be delivered. 
 
ELEVATOU AMD UKAIN TKADE. 
 
 VVlioii tlio »jm'm iH eonrtigiicd (lelivom!)lo to tho wliip- 
 por'n Older, llic ixM-scm claimin'j to 1ki tlio ono cntillcil 
 1(1 rcrcivo tlic <rriiiii uiiist produce tlio orifjiiuil hil' of 
 liuliiifr. Tlic Hiiiiic is also tlio niso, wliorc! ii nc'rotiablc 
 bill ol" linliii!,' Ims hccii issued hy tlu' road, and in fact, 
 whcuovcr I lie <'xpciis(> hdl sIiowh In' its M'ordinijf that 
 the shipper retains au interest in tlie consi<riiinent, a 
 hill of lading must bo surrendored by the person 
 ()l)tuining the wareiionst^ receipt. Alter the recei])t 
 has been delivered to tho consiirnee, he usually soils it 
 on 'Change (indorsing on the ba< U the words " In 
 Store " over his signature) and renders an account of 
 sale to tho consignor. Tho elevator company receives 
 a compensation for every bushel of grain stored accord- 
 ing to tho time it remains. 
 
 The Avarehouso law of Illinois allows ono and ii quar- 
 ter cents for th«i first ten days, and one-half cent every 
 
 A partinl Tninsvrrso Srctloiml View of seven"! liiniln Bins, 
 sbowlnR tlidir constiiu'tidn. The letter d denotes rings for 
 foot-reats lor entoilnt? tlie bins. 
 
 ten days thei'oufter, on every bushel stored, but by 
 agreement between tho prominent elevator firms of 
 Chicago, afte-r the liftecnth day of November, on 
 grain in good condition, storage will bo at the forego- 
 ing rates, until four cents per bushel shall have 
 accrued, after which no additional storage will be 
 charged until the fifteenth day of April, provided the 
 grain remains in good condition. 
 
 When the grain has lain in store between these dates 
 long enough to have accrued four cents per bushel at 
 the legal rate, then only four cents are charged, and 
 the IJ cents nde is ignored. Storage is then figured 
 by what is called the " winter storage" rule, which is 
 fourcents for storing between the l.'itli of November and 
 the lith of April, and one-half cent every ten days or 
 part thereof previous to, and one-half cent every ten days 
 
 or part thereof after tho time allowed for winter stor- 
 uge; provided, that the four icnts charged for winter 
 storage fully (wi vio k jm nmm to (he L'itk of April. 
 
 For illustration, suppose that ii car containing five 
 hundreil bushels of corn, goes into store Octol)er first, 
 tho receipt bearing that date, and that on October .'Ust 
 the ri'icipt is returned, and the grain is ship[)ed from 
 the eli'\aloi'. 'V\\i\ party who returns the receipt hav- 
 ing received th(^ grain, is (tbliged to pay storage. Tho 
 gniin ha\ ing been in store thirty days he will have to 
 |iay per bushel, Ii cents for the first ten days, and one- 
 half cent every ten days thereaftei', making 2| cents, 
 which, after adding;!;") cents per car load for inspecting 
 the grain out of stoi'o, which the elevator company 
 collects for tho state warehouse commissioners, will 
 amount to eleven ilollai's and fifty-tive cents. 
 
 But siinpose that tho grain for which the receipt was 
 issiieil, is iidt taken out until winter storage hasaccrucd ; 
 say not until iM'liniaiy l.'ith; the storage in this ease 
 would be four cents per bushel for the time it had boon 
 in store after the I.')th of November, and oiu'-half cent 
 for every ten days or fractional part thereof, previcnis to 
 thatdate. From October first to November l.'ith is forty- 
 five days, whiih Willi Id be 2 \ cents, this added to the four 
 cents will inaked}, cents per bushel, or $.'J2.r)U, to which 
 must be added the ont-inspection charges as before. 
 
 A\'arehouso receipts upon blank indorsement, or in- 
 dorsement to tho order of another, are negotiable. On 
 tho following |)ago is given tho form of an elevator 
 receipt, and also, a form of an order for delivery of 
 grain for shipment. When a forv.-arding merchant 
 wishes to shii) a cargo of grain from store, he buys tl!"se 
 warehouse receipts on tho Board of Trade, and surren- 
 ders them to the elevator company that issued them, in 
 return for \ hich ho receives an order (see tho form). 
 
 This order he gives to the agent of the \essel, who 
 sends it with tho vessel to the elevator. 'Dw order is 
 handed to the foreman of the elevator who attends to 
 the loading of tho vessel. 
 
 When the vessel is brought up against the dock, a 
 spout is run from tho elevator into her hatch. .Spouts 
 are then directed from tho bins containing the grain to 
 be run out, so that it will run into the shipping " re- 
 ceiver," which is similar to the one into which the 
 grain empties from tho cars when it in received into 
 stoio (see fig. .") II ). 
 
 Ily pulling a rope, a slide in the bottom of the bin 
 is opened iind the grain runs through the spouts into 
 tho receiver, tho slide in the receiver having been pre- 
 viously opened by raising a handle coimected with a rod 
 running up into the scale room, and to which another 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
jaiajjsi^^ii* 
 
 KLKVATOIt ANI> (JUAIN TliADK, 
 
 liaiiillo is iittuclicil, l)y wliicli the wciifliinim ciin ■^Iiiif fill' 
 
 111!' (low ii\' ^.Tlllll tVolll allOVO wllcll lie wIhIk's sh In (111. 
 
 W'licii the woiirliinaii soi's ihc Imiiillc I'isc, lie known 
 
 so thill when llio slide is di'iiwii lii(< ^rniiri I'iiIIh into it 
 (Mcc lii/ni'i' 2 I'). 
 
 WJK'ii tills Ikiiukt Itin is lillfil willi i^riiin, tlio w<)i;.'li- 
 
 tiial tlir slide is opcni'd mid tlii' ^'niin is rnnninv into i niiin |)iills m liandir, to which is uttaclu'd ii rod joined 
 tlic hiickets. Ill ilie slide spoken ol". This lets the ijrain into the 
 
 The elevator liiiekets carrv the •."•rain to llie lop of 
 the hnnse and drop it into a hopper Mn. This liin is 
 Hinall, and is located ininicdiateh' alio\<- tliexaic liin. 
 
 scale hill (^see lii.'ni'e 2 A), lie then pushes the handle 
 liack ill place and the lnick(>ts soon rctill the hopper 
 liin. The weiirhiimn, in the nieantini(s ro<'onls IIk! 
 
 FORM OF AN ELEVATOR RECEIPT. 
 
 M^Jn.! !* I I i < |i - »i |i< » mr« I n , ■ < In, I ( 1 i n„ ,i t l i ,,. < 1 ,1 . « ) .. , ■ ! l i r i,.. « ) ., r « 1 , li „ i f> , « < | ■ » i > 1 i » i < ( n jii * . | , ■ ! In^ ^J nt . t. l urt J"* 
 
 r^^ 
 
 .^BlWWH. JONMB & QO^tm 
 
 --Hr 
 
 -^ 
 
 2To. 4429 K. Oaaaiia, May 22, 188 . 
 
 Received in store from f'H' 'Ji>-'-i, Fma' iinndreii umi Tweuti/ "^ 'Bushels 
 of ■/'"•') Com, suhject only to the order hereon of •Tonvx A- (y Brim, and the sur- 
 render of this receipt, and payment of charges. 
 
 Thii (/ratn it aubjtvt l» »ur 
 lUlvartUed rates u/ stDrage. 
 
 II in hfrelnj agree.i by the hoUiera of this ifCKlpt that the grain herein mentioned may be 
 stored with other 'jniin of the same 'imilitij by inspection. Loss by fire »r heating 
 tt owner's risk. 
 
 
 ^. 
 
 420 msh. 114 Lbs. 
 
 
 Brown, Jones & Go. 
 
 I r " II ~ rf ' rn ~ n ~ rr ~ rf ~ rr ~ • i ' i r ~ n ' 1 1 ~ rr ' i n ' i i 1 1 - J i - i j- ■ j p 
 FORM OF AN ORDER FOR THE DELIVERY OF GRAIN FOR SHIPMENT. 
 
 No.. 
 
 Omaha, March 7, 188 . 
 
 a. B. ^ Q. ELISITATOHB. 
 
 Deliver Propeller James W. J ones, 
 
 Fifty Thousand Two Hundred and Ten Jo Bushels 
 
 Two Corn, account of Jansen & Smith. 
 
 50,210 ^" Bush. 2 Corn. BROWN, JONES & CO. 
 
 v-*5ight of the grain, as does also the t^illyman, who is 
 a person permitted to be present to Avitness the weigh- 
 ing of the grain in the interest of the shipper, or the 
 vessel owners. 
 
 After entering the weight in his book tLs weighman 
 pulls another handle, which connects with the slide in 
 the bottom of the scales, and the grain runs through a 
 spout below it. This spout is arranged to i)oint in 
 
 any direction, and is called a " revolving spout." 
 Beneath this revolving spout are placed other spouts, 
 some running into shipping bins, some into storing 
 bins, and one running directly downward for the pur- 
 pose of loading cars and wagons, 
 
 When a vessel is Ijeing loaded, the revolving spout 
 is pointed directly over the spout running into the 
 shipping bin; the grain runs through the spouts into 
 
 ^ 
 
nils into it 
 
 KLKVA10K AM) OltAI'i TKADK. 
 
 the slii|)|iiii<: liin, tlioiicc tlii'oii|r|t tho .spout niiinin^' 
 t'i'tini the slii|i|iiii!.'' Iiiii <•• tlir viimscI, into tlii! iiatcli. 
 VVlicii .1 wiiL'on i> iM'ilii.' loiitlod the j^niin docs not fn> 
 into the s||i|)|)in<r liins nl nil, lint ilircrlly down tlironirli 
 thf spont nuntjonod, into the wiipm wiiitinj,' to Ik- 
 loiuU'd. 
 
 Al'tci' tiu' vcrtHol is piirtly loaded it Ii.mimui's neccwsary 
 U) " trim" till- frniin. "Trimming'" is tlu; processor 
 .shoveling' tin' ltimii into the corners of tlie lioUl of tlic 
 veu»*el, so that no room shall Iw wiittted. 
 
 '1 he toretimn of tlie elevator ni.tke letnriis l<> the 
 main otiice on n ticket, fjivin;/ the name ni' the vessi'l. 
 the nnniUer of Imshels .she took ahoard. the kind of 
 ;.'rain and ^'rade, the name of the shipper and the date 
 the lioat arrive^,!. SI ora^'e ceases when the Imat arrives, 
 on all receipts handed in previous to or on the day of 
 her arrival. If, however, n-ceipt-s on whiih thestonijjre 
 is " rnnin;.' ou{ " i^diat is, receipts so dated that one day 
 more will cansci one-half cent extra In aicriic) the day 
 the lK)at arrives, are not handed in nntil the day after, 
 
 Mf/. •/. 
 
 SHOVELING MACHINE. 
 
 then the extra one-half cent is charged withont regiird 
 to when the l)>)at arrived. 
 
 When a shijipnr loads out a car, or several cars, lie 
 srets an order in the same manner as in the case of 
 loadinjr a vcsscd and delivers the order to the apent 
 of the railroad which is to fnrnish cars. The agent 
 sends the car, with the order, lo the elevator, and 
 th grain is run into it in precisely the .same man- 
 ner as into the vessel, with the exception that the 
 grain, instead of first running from the scale bin into 
 a shipping bin, runs into the car by means of a spout , 
 
 running directly downward. In loading cars it is nec- 
 essary to " trim" the gniin the same as in the case of 
 vessels. The cars are only al)ont half filled when 
 loaded, which gives the men room enough to use their 
 shovels. Trimmers are furnished for vessels by the 
 vessel owners, but the elevator company furnishes the 
 men for trimming cars. When the cars are loade<l 
 they are switched out of the elevator and ticketed to 
 the place to which they are consigned. They are then 
 sent by the railroad company to their destination. 
 Bills of lading are issued by the railroad to the shipper 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 il 
 
 ;;::?-^ 
 
 KLKVATON AND UITAIN llt.VUK. 
 
 ' t'i'diM IIm' woij^hlH (U'torniinoil l>y tin* cU'viilor .tiiIi'."*, 
 Uotiirim itro iiihUh liy tht> t'orr^niitn ut' t\w cloviitor to 
 tlu> iiiiiin (itKco, \vhon> tin* Htoni^o hill it nmlo out in 
 the iiiinc tiiiiiiiKM' lis with v(w,s«^ls. Tlio iiriival of curs 
 III tin' «>lovut(>r riMiMt'.H Mioni^fo '.(» i'wi««', im with \»'fW(>lN. 
 It irt tho stiitiitoiy iluty ol' nil oUnittor companioM ut 
 
 frniiii is iiliMTil ill '*H|)o<'iiil hill" the rixMMittrt uro 
 written vxuctly uh iirtiml, with tluMidilitioii of tho nota- 
 tiuii iicroHs thi> fiu-o. Whoii ^ntiii in |iiit in H|MM'inl hin 
 it is ^cnoriilly sold hy Hiiniplniiml hrin<;H u liifhci- price 
 than otlicrwiHc, niix(<<laH it wonlil Im>, with jifruin of an 
 inferior (jtmlity. In mont olovators there are what, are 
 ( 'hi<ap> t(i icmlor a daily report of all sliipinent-* termed " p(Mket " l)inH. Tliin is an ordinary hin, 
 
 which were made the day pi.vioiis, and also the re- 
 ceipts which were surrendered on those shipments. 
 
 divided liy [lartitions so im to form foiii' smaller liins. 
 ImU of these compartmentti is called a *■ piN-ket liin, ' 
 
 This report ^Imw- the mnnhers of the ro«'eipts, the and are fretpiently used for »|)ecittl-hin ^'min. When 
 
 ;jrraiii !.'<'ts out of condition it is "posted" on '( 'liaii;,'*' j 
 tlial is, the nuinlMT of the rec«>ipt and the niiinlier ot 
 
 date, iiiiinltei of hiishels, and tlie kind and iriane of 
 irrain. The recei|its ui'e cut with a caiiceliii.tr -pindle, 
 
 I 
 
 Mid representatives fiom the Ite^ristry Department 
 compare the repcM't so rendered, with the receipts, and 
 liiidini.'' il I'orrecl, enter it upon the Itooks in tiM> Ue^'- 
 istiy I>epailiueiil. The receipts are IIkui liooUeii ami 
 tiled .iway for rct'ereiice in the vaults of tho elevator 
 i<iiiip:iny. Ail L''i'aiii of 
 the ^aine kind and irrade 
 
 U mixed loirether 
 puliii'' warehouses 
 
 the 
 
 in 
 
 of 
 A and li as 
 pie-(iii»ed ill I lie ware- 
 liuii^e laws ot' Illinois, 
 '.'lass A I'd m prises 
 tiiose wareiioiise* in 
 wlii< il irraiii i- mixeil, 
 ami inrateij in cities 
 liaviiiLT not le>s tliail 
 1(111.(11)1) iiilialiitant.s. 
 C'la>s r. iiicluile- •• all 
 other WMrelioiises, ele- 
 vators ami irraiiaric- in 
 wliicii triiiin is stored in 
 Itiilk, and in which the 
 •.'rain of difl'en^nt own- 
 ers is mixed." (-lass C embraces "all other ware- 
 houses or placeij where property of any kind is .stored 
 for coii-sideration." Chicago elevators are of tho Cla.ss 
 A. In some cases where grain, graded as a certain 
 kind, is of such goodcpiality that it falls slightly short 
 of being graded one degree higher, or where it Is of a 
 kind dirt'erent from ordinary, us, for instance, white 
 iiumb<M' two corn, it is put into a special bin, upon 
 rccpiftst of the cfiisignee, this request being granted 
 except when the elevators are crowded for room. In 
 the eiuse mentioned (of " white " two corn) the Inspec- 
 tion Department creates no such grade, therefore the 
 receipt is issued simply for " two corn," and across the 
 fiioe is written "special bin," and the numljer of the 
 bin containing the grain. In fact, in all cases where 
 
 A Vertlcnl sootlon iif ttii> lower ciid of tlin Elcvfttor Hoot nml Tnnk. 
 A (li'noti's 11 inct;il liinU. Il ilio iIi'VmIov i.ooi with Its wlii, ■< loini"! to the 
 tliiilHMN of 111 ■ I liviiior I,-;; (', c Kiiiili'S of nlMiiiK lioxi » il, l> lower 
 (Iriiin, K <>nrllc«< lii'lt, K Knilii Imikctn. (i s'Tcw to 8C'iuio tlH' iven nin. 
 DliiKof the littltnnd fur tightening tho n.\\w. 11 liK'llnod|;rolii-chute«. 
 I ailjtistablo slides or gatra reKulnttiiK flow of Kniln. 
 
 the bill is given, and tho owner of the gniin notilieil to 
 take it out of store. As will l>e seen by I'i'adiiig the 
 receipt, loss by tire or heating is ut the owner's lisk, 
 liierefore it is the duty of the owner of the receipt to 
 insure his gniin ami not that of the elevator company, 
 
 their liability only ex- 
 tending to proper care 
 and stomge. Some ele- 
 vators are also eipiipped 
 for receiving grain from 
 canal boats. The boat 
 is brought up directly 
 undei- a •■ leg" which is 
 constructed i'tn- this spe- 
 cial purpos*'. The leg 
 is the same as is used 
 for holding the elevator 
 buckets, which has al- 
 ready lieon described. 
 Through this leg,bu<ket 
 belts pass, carrying the 
 grain up and emptying 
 it into a reeeiver spout, 
 from which it runs into 
 the scale bin. The leg, which stands nearly parallel 
 with the side of the elevator, and almost pcrpemlicu- 
 lar, is raised and loweretl by means of a pair of arms 
 running out from the elevator and attached to tho leg 
 at its top. On tho in^ le of the elevator these arms, 
 which are iwnillel, and joined together, are fastened on 
 a hinge. On the lower floor of tho elevator is a dnim, 
 around which is wound a wire rope. This wire rope 
 runs into the npiK-r part of tho elevator, then across 
 another drum immediately over the end of tho arms 
 nearest to the leg. It then rims down and is joined to 
 these arms, so that when it is desired to raise the leg, 
 tho lower drum is sot in motion and the wire rope is 
 wound over it. By this means the rope is shortened 
 and tho leg is raised. When it is to be lowered the 
 
 ^^ 
 
if'c»M|ttM are 
 II 111" tln> iiota- 
 i" «|M'<iHl Itiii 
 I linri„.|- price 
 
 I /.'mill (if an 
 lire wlmf, are 
 >nliimiv liiii, 
 Minallcr Iijuh. 
 |Mi<k«!t Itin, ' 
 '"ill. Wlioii 
 
 oil ■( 'li;ili;r,. ; 
 
 K' iiiiiiilii'r lit 
 ill ni>titi(>i| to 
 '■ I'i'adiii','- (lie 
 o^viicr's iJHk, 
 III' ivc(«i|,), (i, 
 <||' I niii|mnv, 
 lilv niily (.\- 
 |ini|)<T rare 
 
 SoilK' f|(- 
 ll-'IXMIIliplHMl 
 
 i^'/rriiiii (Voiii 
 
 • The lH)at 
 
 ii|i (liroctly 
 
 ^.cr" which is 
 
 I for (liis spc- 
 
 W. Tho h.;;r 
 
 c IIS is used 
 liic ch'valor 
 hich has ai- 
 <lt!scrihc(|. 
 •^li^t'.liiK kct 
 iiiTviiiir the 
 1 empty in;rr 
 fiver Hpoul, 
 it runs into 
 I'ly puraild 
 Jerpendicu- 
 iiir of arms 
 I to tiic le^ 
 heso arms, 
 astened on 
 i« a drum, 
 I wire rope 
 hen across 
 f tlio arms 
 I joined to 
 le the leg, 
 re rope is 
 shortened 
 veered 
 
 KLKVATOII ANU UHAIN TKAIIK. 
 
 drinn Ih>Iow Im revormHl. At the <'ii<l ol tlic arnii near 
 to Iht' hin^> \* a luilley drum. Around thiH is nn> tho 
 U'lt which |iropi'ls the drum in tlie h-^', over which (he 
 liuckel Im'Ms tni\«M'««'. Al'ler the \v<! is ioWdrod into 
 the can.d Itoat, the ^rain is Hhovejed aronnd t lie !<>;.•', 
 and is can<;ht liv the Kiickets and (le\ated into tlie 
 re<'ei\er, tluMiie into the scale liiii, and al'tcr U-in'r 
 weiuiied ami rim into a i.>ceiver, is camflil l»y the 
 Itnckeirt and tlirown into a hopper, and tlicncu runs 
 thron;;h sponts into the storap> hins. 
 
 Gnun is load«'d into a (anal hoat in the same manner 
 as into any v(>ssel. 'I'ln inspection cl:arjjres tVom canal 
 iniats uro M vouU |H'r thoittuind bushclH. The charf;ei« 
 for inri|KK'tion of jrniin into store as well iw oiit of 
 
 GRAIN BUCKET. 
 
 store, are 35 cents |)er car load, 10 cects pc>r team 
 load. .'{.■> cents pel- car load to teiun, and M cents per 
 thousand l)nsiiels hy vessel. 
 
 The !nsi)o<'tiou and cla.ssiticalion of llaxseed has not 
 l)ecM assmned by the stale inspection department. An 
 insp(>ctor is liowe\-er appoMiled liy the Hoard of Trade. 
 His char^'es for iuspoctin<r tlaxsccd are GO <'ent8 per car 
 into st( .'J, ;Jil cents per car <iut of store, and 40 cents 
 per thousand bushels jjoinj,'' out hy vo.ssel. Cars hold- 
 ing flaxsce(l must Im' lined with chith in order to pro- 
 vent it from sifting out. This is not necessary with 
 irraiu. When (lax.soed is pnt into store the inspector 
 makes a test of the amount of foieign substauco mixed 
 witii it, and makes returns of the result to the elevator 
 company. The receipt is then issued for the gnws 
 amount of bushels and i>ound8 received, and on the 
 
 iNtck U indorM'd the ^nmM Htnount, the |M>n-«'ntMff« of 
 foreign siil)rtt4ince It eontuimi, the iiumlier of |M)nndii 
 litis percentage amoimts to, and the net amount of pnr«* 
 senl. When the receipt i<< sold, it is sold on thi> It.i-.i^ 
 of pure HiMid only. When the jioldor of the ro'eipt 
 brings it in for Hhipnicnt he is g\vcn en>«lit for the 
 gross amount mentioned in the receipt, and if the |H>r- 
 cenlageof foreign matter in the llaxM-t-d that he receive* 
 is larger than the amount indorstN] on tlie hitrk of tlic 
 receipt. Ill' HH-eives conjpensation in money in adjust- 
 ment of the ditl'erence. For illustration, if the ditl'er- 
 eiice iK'tween the two penentages is ten iht < ent, then 
 ten |>er rent of tito grr amount called for in tlie 
 receipt is determined, am, tlie va'iie coinpnted at the 
 mark'l rate, ami pai<l over by the elevator com|Niny. 
 On thecontniry, if the dilFerence is ug»in<t the .-hi|»- 
 |)er, it is to Ito collected from him in the same niuniier. 
 There are, in the sevend elevatcn-s, varion- ditFer- 
 ences in loii^truilion, ami in '.he manner of conducting 
 them. For exam|)le, there are a variety of contri- 
 vances lor signals. 'I'he arrMnircinents «if the s|)out9 
 stmietnncs dillei, and perhap-» no two elevators are 
 ever built exactly alike, but with tlle^.e slight varia- 
 tions, llu! description that ha.s U^en given will lie found 
 (o In- a correct one, and will apply to every elevator 
 built ill modciii style. 'Ihe bins in an elevator are 
 built up of h'yers of sipiare timln'r. laid one u|Mtn 
 another (as seen in figure ;<) and spiked together. The 
 bottoms uf tlies( bins are made to slant to a center so 
 tliat ail the grain ii: the bin will run out when the 
 slide is o()en. The lK)ttoms of the bin- are at lea>t i't 
 I'eet alK)ve the main tloor of the elevators, .so there 
 is no danger to the gniin they contain iVom overtlow of 
 the river on wliich they are located. The diagnims 
 show the plans upon which th<> elevators are cou- 
 struct((l, and it will be seen that great ingenuity has 
 been displayed by the inventors of our day in creating 
 something approximate to jiertcstion in facilities for 
 receiving, storing and shipping eastward the gre«tt 
 cereal product of our countrj'. 
 
\.H\ 
 
 •I'K't 
 
 TIIK NKW OKLK.VNS rOTTON KX( HANOK. 
 
 
 ..-4--^ 
 
 -'-^si^^its^^-C^-^^-Y ■ 
 
 ^^._^^^->'>^.:iJHi^r><-'-^^ 
 
 Hkiokk our w:ir of iiulpijendenoe. a short 
 stapled colton <i{' inferior value had \teoi\ 
 cullivatcd ill the Southern Colonies and 
 used for donicsfic purposes. Tliis was 
 t''o iij)laiid or I)()\vo(l eotton of Georijia 
 and South Carolina. Thi> name 
 '• r.(,w('d" was attaciiod io it in 
 foi-ciirn coiiiitrics. from tiie 
 oiicratioii of liowiiiir to 'Icar 
 it from dirt and knots. The 
 vil)ratioii of tlic liow strinirs 
 opened tiic knots or matted 
 masses of (ot ton. sliool< out the 
 dust and raisecl a do\\n\' lleeee. 
 Yet Aiiwriea wis hardly iaiown 
 as a colloii raisiiifr eouiiti'v, at 
 the close of our war for inde- 
 pendenee. .So small was oiir 
 n:'r(nvth of cotton, that in 17'S4, 
 an American vess(d having on 
 hoai'd eiirht bales of eotton was 
 sei/eil on its arrival at Liver- 
 pool as a smnirgler, the author- 
 ities there not helieviuff it possi- 
 ble that siii'h an amount of cot- 
 ton lould he raised t'or export 
 in the T'ldt^f'd States. 
 
 Tn the year IMOO otir liome mamifaetui'e eousunieil 
 50t) hales of eotton of r.OO ft.s <.ac!i or l.Vl.OOO ft^;. Tea 
 years later the eonsuniptiou had risen to 3,(iO(),OiO lb;?, 
 and in iHli), at the elosi* of our spcouk war with 
 England, to 27,(KiO,0(W fts., making 81,(100,0)0 yards 
 
 COTTON BUD AND BLOSSOM 
 
 of eotton, eosting $24,000,000 and furnishing employ- 
 ment to 100,000 operatives. 
 
 The United States is the great eotton field of the 
 world, and the demand for this product increases ever}' 
 year. In 1830 our productions araoiuited to one mil- 
 lion bales annually, and the 
 largest crop ever raised imder 
 the regime of slavery was a trille 
 over foiu' millions of bales. In 
 the south of to-day, under free 
 labor, the annual eotton crop 
 reaches to more than six and 
 one-half million bales, valued 
 at three hundred millions of 
 dollars. In a genial and favor- 
 ble I'limate ; with the well 
 adapted soil of our southern 
 states, which is practically un- 
 limited in its productive power, 
 the future of our eotton interests 
 Avill no doubt show greater 
 strides of advancement than the 
 past, and the lu'xt twenty years 
 the skill and persistence of 
 I'equited labor will probably 
 residt in its extensive manu- 
 facture throughout the south. 
 
 Cotton fillers vary in length from half an inch to an 
 inch and three-quarters, and each filjer tajiers to a fine 
 point. These variations inlengthaud thickness belong 
 to plants of different kinds and countries, eaeh kind 
 being nearly uniform in both dimensions. All the useful 
 
 '^^ 
 
isliing { mploy- 
 
 tiMisive nianu- 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 --«^; 
 
 TIIK NKW OULKWS l« )nON KXIIl\Mi 
 
 kiinls fri'ow iipoii i)l:ints. iiuloscd witliiii pods, which 
 protect it until ripi'iii'd, •.viicn the pods l)iirst from 
 the expiuisivc power of the imprisoned fibers and it 
 lies ii fleecy l):dl, ready for tlie hanil of the picivcr. 
 S<icntists (Htfcr as to the nnniher of varieties, some 
 eniimenitinfreijrht, some t»'n and .some nearly a hundred 
 \arieties; yet foi- ail practical purposes, three kinds 
 only are necessary' to l)e nu'ntione<l. Herhac-eous cot- 
 ton, wliich isof one summer's friowth, and most largely 
 cultivated in the United States, India and China. Its 
 general lii<rht is from IM to Ho inches, thonirh it may 
 be made loirrow eiirht to ten feet Iiiirli. W'Ikmi the pod 
 ripens and hursts, three locks of snow-white or some- 
 
 times yellowish down arc ^con, incdosinir and closely 
 adherni'.' to the seeds, which form about two-thirds of 
 the i)ulk. Thi!< species i,- planted each yeai- in the 
 early spring, and the c(jtton gathered. In India, it Wiu^ 
 formerly the custom to .sow the seed Itroadcast; Utc 
 natives were also careless at every stagv^. and hence the 
 Indian cotton is mmdi inferior to that of our own 
 comitry. The s|irnl) <-otton grow-- wherever the herba- 
 ceous plant flourishes, and in coed (dimates it is an 
 annual, and in the hottest, a perennial, sometimes 
 yieldinir two cro])s a year, attaining a highl of 10 or 
 •20 feet. Tree cotton i< foinul in India, China, 
 Kgypt and Africa, and itattjtins a hight of from 12 to 
 
 20 feet. All the varieties flourish best on a dry sandy 
 soil, and a wet .•%eason is greatly dreaded by the cotton 
 planter. Cotton loves the air of the sea-coa.st, and the 
 finest staple known is om' own .Sea Island cotton of 
 South Carolina and Georgia, which, when grown 
 inland, quickly degenerates in length of liber and (pia'.ity. 
 Pine barrens, by plentiful and annual applications of 
 sea mud as a tertilizer. have been changed into fruit- 
 ful cotton tii'lds, .-imply paying the exi)enditure of 
 money and laboi' bestowed. The Se.i lsl;ind cotton 
 is niuch longer in the til)er tlian any other. It is very 
 strong, even .-ind ha> a >ilky textin-e. It is <lillerent 
 from most of our other cottons, having black seeds, 
 while the seeds of nearly all other varieties are green. 
 
 >« 
 
 PICKING THE COTTON. 
 
 It was introduced from the Bahama islands in 1786, 
 and its culture soon exten<led a'ong the islands of Georgia 
 and South Carolina. The United. States exceeds all other 
 nations in the production of cotton, l>oth :is tocpiantity 
 and quality. The seed is generally sown in March and 
 Ai)ril in rows from four to five feel apart, iiid in drills 
 eighteen inchesap;irt. Hand planting has been found 
 better than any mat hine mvented as yet. The young 
 plantsneed<areful weedinir. and to have the ground well 
 stirrcil Ix'tween th(^ rows. In June, the fields look likea 
 huge flower garden. The harve>l or picking .season 
 usually connnences in .\ugust and last> until November, 
 as successive piekinjjs follow each othei'.is the balls ripen. 
 The yield varies from l.'Jo ft^^ jjcr acre on the uplands 
 
If. (■ 
 
 n ' 
 
 m 
 
 THE NEW OULE;VXS fOTTON EXCH-VNOE. 
 
 to 400 tt)s on tlio richer lowlands. No machine has yet 
 been found to do away with hand labor in plucking? 
 the ball of downy cotton from out the pod, and a 
 smart hand can pick from 200 to 300 pounds per day. 
 
 After the cotton is picked in the fields, it is sent to 
 the ginning mill, located at a convenient point on the 
 plantation. The ginning of cotton consists in separat- 
 ing the seeds from the; fiber, and the reader is probably 
 familiar with the invention of the cotton gin by Eli 
 Whitney, in 1793, by which the culture of the plant 
 was entirely revolutionized, and such a wonderful 
 impetus given to it, while the value of cotton hiiids 
 was in many states doubled. In con- 
 nection with the gin, located on the 
 plantation at the " gin-hou.se," is also 
 a press for the purpo.se of compi'cssing 
 the downy fiber and binding it into 
 bales. The ginning machine and the 
 press now consists of greatly improved 
 machinery, and may be run by hand, 
 horse, water or steam power. Here- 
 with is given an ilhi.<tration of the 
 Triumph Cotton Press, wli;?h is much 
 in use in the soutli. It is simple in 
 its construction and presses 400 lbs 
 of cotton into a bale of about 40 cubic 
 feet. After it is tlius compressed and 
 baled, it is shipped ;md when it reaches 
 St. Louis, Vicksl)ing or Now Orleans 
 it goes to the Coni|)ress AVorks, where 
 it is re-baled and ve-prcssed. Some of 
 these presses in the compress works 
 are gigantic pieces of niac-hinery, one 
 of them being over 4.') feet higli, .3(! foct 
 wide and weigliing ()00,0()0 pounds. 
 The engraving on the next page gives a 
 good idea of its mnnense size, strength 
 and power. Sixty to seventy-five bales 
 an hour are frc(|uently turned out, and in no res)ie<t 
 has the cotton manufacture taken so long a stride in the 
 last five years as it has in the improvements made in 
 macb'nery for compressing and baling the cotton. 
 
 Cotton excels all other textile substances in the 
 capability of being spun into fine threads of uniform 
 twist, strength and diameter. Take hold of a few fila- 
 ments with the tlnnnb and finger and draw them from 
 a ball or pile and see how each fiber lays hold of and 
 draws out anotiier or more, and how easily they slide 
 by each other and yet remain connected, and in almost 
 parallel lines. These are the qualities which have 
 made the cotton plant the king of plants, cotton cul- 
 
 Pressing and Baling the Cotton. 
 
 ture, the emploj'ment of millions, and cotton manu- 
 facture, the most wonderful industry of modern times, 
 only rivalled by those of iron and steel. 
 
 The manufacture of cotton, by all the various 
 processes from cleaning and disentangling the fibres, 
 up to the spinning and weaving into the cloth for our 
 garments, is full of interest, and invites capital and 
 enterprise. The south is just now awakening to the 
 fact that it does not pay to export the raw material, 
 have somebody else to put the labor into it that trebles 
 its value, and then return it for the original raiser to 
 buy at an added pricii. Originally the seed of the cot- 
 ton was regarded by southern planters, 
 as something of no value, and was 
 destroyed by fire and in other ways; 
 yet in time, it was found that the cot- 
 ton seed as a fertilizer would return 
 from one-fourth to one-third of the 
 nourishment it had drawn from the 
 earth. Still more, it was also shown 
 that the cake left after extracting the 
 oil was aliout as good a fertilizer as 
 before. The cotton seed product of 
 1.S81 sold for $9,()00,000, of which 
 amount over four million dollars repre- 
 sented the labor bestowed upon it. It 
 is estimated that a ton oi" seed when 
 worked, costs !\bout $14 to $1.5, of 
 which from five to six dollars repi'e- 
 sents labor. The seed cake alone sells 
 for as much as the labor; besides a ton 
 of cotton seed gives about .'{.") gallons 
 oil at 3.5 cents per gallon, or .$12.2.5, 
 and wo have estimated nothing for the 
 hulls, which sell to the paper pulp 
 manufacturer. 
 
 COTTON SPECULATION. 
 
 If the capitalist has no desire to raise the cotton or 
 gin it, or manufacture it or the oil, he still has a chance 
 as a cotton factor or speculator. 
 
 Given a crop worth $300,000,000 and that cannot 
 be used in the country where raised, and it would ho 
 wonderful if opinions did not difler as to the futuri' 
 price. Also consider that that price will be af^ectnl, 
 not only by the imiount raised at home, but also in 
 South America, India, Egypt, and in other cotton 
 fields throughout the world, and you will s'^e a chaiuo 
 for opinions to differ as to probable yield, in the 
 future. The value of the staple is, of course, aflectcd 
 by the amount, kind, quality of the crop, not only in 
 
PECULATION. 
 
 viiisc the cotton or 
 lie still hiisaohaiKO 
 
 THE NEW ORLEANS COTTON j^XCHANGE. 
 
 tho United States, ci t ab«o in South America, the 
 India Islands, Egjrpt. Afifica £,iid India. Information 
 derived from different scurces will, cf course, differ as 
 to tho points namsd. In i.ddition to these c?.i:se3 for a 
 difference of p.nion as to the value of tfce cotton, 
 another clsment of difference comes in the way of 
 various opinions as to the demand, or the probacla 
 amounts to be lised by the mills of the Uii.ied Spates, 
 England, etc. The demand from the milT£ is effected 
 by the probable sales of manufactured good^; in China, 
 India, Africa, Europe and America. Hence various 
 opinions as to price, and 
 consequent tendency to 
 buy and sell for future 
 delivery according to the 
 ideas entertained by the 
 dealer. The New Orleans 
 Cotton Exchange has be- 
 come, from its natural 
 location in the midst of 
 the cotton producing sec- 
 tion of our country in the 
 metropolis of the south, 
 the great point for the 
 sale and purchase of cot- 
 ton, as shipped to New 
 Orleans, and also for ex- 
 tensive speculation and 
 buying and selling for 
 future delivery. 
 
 I'he New Orleans Cot- 
 ton Exchange consists of 
 an Association of 491 
 members, each of whom 
 pays an annual member- 
 ship fee of $100. 
 
 Inaugurated in 1871, 
 with a membership of 100, 
 which afterward dAvindled to aacut 80, it seemed 
 likely to die a natural death. J^ew measures were 
 adopted, especially in the way o^: gathering tho news, 
 daily, concerning the productior j rospects and condi- 
 tion of the cotton cf the world. <l nder these improved 
 plans of work and the increase o order and system, 
 and in consequence of effectiver^esbineachdepartment, 
 the membership has; grown as sif-ted above, and tho 
 Cotton Exchange bus become a leccgnized power and 
 authority in all matters pertaiaiiig to fae cotton crop. 
 
 With a view to learning all that ccuM bo learned 
 of its system of .vcik, Ave intei/iswed one of its mem- 
 bers. With tha kindly com ;et', yl the New Orleans 
 
 THE COTTON COMPRESSER. 
 
 business mai. he promised to give us all the informa- 
 tion in his po .v3r, and wo wore soon standing in front 
 of tho new and elegant building which tho Exchange 
 has erected. * 
 
 " That," said cu. i-iend, " is the homa of the New 
 Orjeans Cotton Exchange. Some three years ago, wo 
 found that our inccais from all departments of tho 
 Exchange was about $125,000 per year, but had not 
 siifEcient room to transact our business comfortably. 
 In fact, we had outgrown our old accomodations so 
 much, that we decided to build cur own home. At a 
 
 co£yt for building and 
 ground cf about $300,000 
 we have ?. home that suits 
 OS and that our people are 
 proud of. 
 
 "Wq expend about 
 $30,000 annually In secur- 
 ing infoi-mation, embrac- 
 ing every movexcnt of 
 iny consequence n the 
 staple from every ship 
 ping point along the Gulf 
 and Atlantic coast, from 
 Mexico to Boston. Nay, 
 more, we have cur corre- 
 spondents watching the 
 cotton movements as far 
 as India, ai\d each specu- 
 lator knows all that can 
 be known, and that is 
 desirable, concerning cot- 
 ton movements elsewhere, 
 almost as well as along 
 our own Isvae? 
 
 "In fact, each of us 
 gets fcr $100 per year 
 what it Avould otherwise 
 cost us 1^30,000 to obi. in. Each one of us knows 
 within a few moments, the slighest change in any 
 important a .o3i market in the world, and whether 
 that change is for or ajrainst us. There is no long 
 period cf suspense, lest while we are buying or selling 
 i;s guided by events here, another set of events some- 
 where else may have entirely changed the condition 
 of affairri unknown to us." 
 
 Having entered tho Exchange building, we find 
 spacious halls, corridors and offices; marbie floors, 
 frescoed ceilings, and rich furniture. The interior of 
 tfie Exchange has an air of comfort, spaciousness and 
 stability about it, which impresses the visitor at once; 
 
'I. I,\f 
 
 ■(M 
 
 : ! 
 
 
 THE NKW OULE.VXS C(yrTON' EXfUAXUE. 
 
 and upon lookiiijr t'urthor, the couvcnk'nco of ii iiaiiiro- 
 meiit to fiifilitalc hiisiiicss, not only in tlic I]x( liMiiirc 
 IImII, ])ut also in conunittoo rooms and l>oard lioonis, 
 is very appanMit. 
 
 "I will introduco yon to our socrotary, H. (J. 
 Hester, ■\vlio is a statistical expert, and so reco^'iiiziMl 
 hy <i-overntn"nt , and wherever cotton is l»oni;lit or 
 sold, lie will -ivc um the details of our system of 
 work." 
 
 AVc at onci' vevoiTtiized in the .secretary a man of 
 that .sy.steni, <xactitnde and genius lor organization 
 sutficient to control and direct a great cnterpri.se; and 
 we believed Mh.'it our friend had previously .said, that 
 to him the l^xcLango owes its magnitude, thoroughness 
 and etHciency. 
 
 After staling brietly the object of our call, 
 and referring to a few especial points and features 
 of the ("otton Exchange on which we desired informa- 
 tion, the secretary .said: 
 
 "The cotto:t traders of Now Orleans found that 
 something nin>t ])e done to keep up with the times; 
 that steam and electricitj' had completely broken down 
 the old ways of doing business. For one thing, accur- 
 ate information must ho had at onee f)f every change 
 in cotton movements and all the causes uliccting or 
 directing these movements. 
 
 " That we sni>ply by onv telegraphic system as you 
 do, on your Hoard of Trade in Chicago. 
 
 •' A second matter demanding action, was the fact 
 that from the time a bale of cotton left the planter's 
 gin-house, until it left here on ship board and was 
 fairly out of the Pass, there was a continual 'loss of 
 weight from .sampling, picking and stealing, 'and a con- 
 sequent continual dis.satisfaction and suspicion of unfair 
 dealing all alongtho line from planterto themanufact- 
 tn-er. This I)lot had to bo removed or our trade would i)e 
 lost, and jou have no idea of what the lo.ss amountcil 
 to each year. ^\'e have stopped that by our ' System 
 of Supervision.' Receivers jiay four cents a bale to the 
 Cotton Kxchange to meet the outlay of the $.10,00o 
 which our supervision costs annually, and that they do 
 it cheerfully, show.s something of what the pickings, 
 samplings and stealings amounted to under the old 
 system, or rather lack of system. The fact is that 
 people could, and did, grow rich from t'lO samplings 
 and s'ealinirs of cotton in this market. 
 
 A.iain usages and classmcations varied so much that 
 the trade seemed confusion confounded. This state of 
 aflairs g-avo rLsc to our jiresent Cotton Exchange, hy 
 which we aim to avoid all such embarrassme'its to the 
 trade. 
 
 THE OBJECT. 
 
 The (barter declares the purposes of the Cotton 
 I^xi hauL'c to he. To provide siiitalile roomsfor a Cotton 
 Exclciiige in the city of New Orleans; to adjust con- 
 tn«ver>iis between members; to establish just and 
 • quitable principles, uniform usages, rules and regula- 
 tions, and standards for classilications, which shall 
 govern all transactions connected with the cotton 
 trade, and to increase the facilities and amount of cot- 
 ton business in the city of New Orleans, as well as to 
 acquire, preserve and disseminate information con- 
 nected with the trade; to decrease the risk incident 
 thereto, and to generally promote the interests of the 
 trade. 
 
 To carry these purposes into definite action and to 
 dctinitely locate the responsibility of their perform- 
 ance, the following committees were established 
 under the constitution and by-laws, viz: Committees 
 on Membership; Information and Statistics; Trade; 
 Classification and Quotations; Finance; Arbitration 
 undoa Appeals. The Committee on Membersh'u have 
 charge of all applications for membership and of 
 iharges against meml)ers for improper conduct. Com- 
 mittee on Information and Statistics have charge of all 
 matters pertaining to the supply of newspapers, mar- 
 ket reports, telegraphic information, and statistieal 
 information for the use of the Exchange; and it shall 
 l)e the duty of said Committee to organize plans for 
 (>l)taining early, reliabl(>, and regular information, af. 
 ferting the price of cotton producing and all cotton con- 
 suming.sections. Another importantcommittee is that 
 on Classification and Quotation. It shall inquire 
 and rei>ort as to the standard of other principal mar- 
 kets, and provide and keep on exhibition a sample of 
 the standard of such markets. It shall keep on 
 exhibition standards of this market, and supply thfem 
 sealed to the memliers of the Cotton Exchange. 
 
 It shall further be the duty of this committee to 
 furnish daily quotations of the different grade of cot- 
 ton, Ija.seil on the standards of this market adopted by 
 this Exchange, which are to be posted prominently in 
 the Exchange rooms. 
 
 In order to protect members from the tricks and 
 tricksters of the trade, there is also a Committee on 
 Credits, whose duty it is to take cognizance of nil 
 violations of commercial integrity, honor and good 
 faith, represented to them by members of the Exchange 
 whether such charges are made against cotton factors, 
 cotton buyers or brokei-s of the city of New Orleans, 
 or against merchants and planters in the country. 
 
of the Cotton 
 iiustor a Cotton 
 ; to jidjust con- 
 :!il)lish just iind - 
 iilcs iiiul rcgnlii- 
 , wliic'h shall 
 rilli the cotton 
 1 muount of cot- 
 is, as well as to 
 iforinutiou con- 
 ho risk incident 
 
 interests of the 
 
 to action and to 
 f their perform- 
 erc established 
 iz : Committees 
 atisties; Trade; 
 nee; Arbitration 
 Mombershn) have 
 ibcrship and of 
 r conduct. Com- 
 lavo charge of all 
 newsjiapers, niar- 
 n, and statistical 
 inffc; and it shall 
 organize plans for 
 ir irJ'ornuitiou, af. 
 and all cotton con- 
 t committee is that 
 It shall inquire 
 ler principal mar- 
 lition a sample of 
 It shall keep on 
 , and supply thfem 
 Excliange. 
 this committee to 
 rent gi-ade of cot- 
 market adopted by 
 ;ed prominently in 
 
 om the tricks and 
 so a Committee on 
 cognizance of nil 
 ', honor and good 
 ■rs of tho Exchange 
 inst cotton factors, 
 ty of New Orleans, 
 ■8 in tho country. 
 
 THE NEW ORLEANS COTTON EXCHANGE. 
 
 This Committee keeps in a book prepared for that 
 purpose a record of all sucii charges as may be made, 
 alphabetically arranged, which book shall at all times 
 be open to the members of this Exchange. 
 
 It will thus be seen that this Cotton Exchange is an 
 
 institution, where in a great measure, what is for the 
 good of any is made the good of all, and thereby the 
 old unsystematic way of doing business !• superseded, 
 false information absolutely a thing of the pa«t, and 
 fair, honest dealing, made a requisite even for tho 
 
 THE NEW ORLEANS COTTON EXCHANGE. 
 
 dealings of outsiders U'ith members of this Excliange. 
 
 "Mr. Hester, who are entitled to membership iu 
 this Cotton Exchange ?" 
 
 * ' Let mo answer that by directing your attention to 
 our Constitution. 
 
 CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP. 
 
 9ECTIOM I— All porwonswho are prinripiils m-v ponnanontly engaged 
 antl ot'good Htrtudin^ in Ihe cotton tiiuU* of New Orleans, niul also any 
 pei-son who has the exehisivo iiiiina^'cnu'nt aiict control ot the t'Ottou 
 bnsinosa of imy hou**c of K'^O'I stiindin^ in the cotton trade of New 
 Orleiins, may hu elei'ioil nienihers ot tins Association. 
 
 Section -/^.y card uf aduussjion ns vtsttint? members to the Exchang 
 
 i 
 
p''i 
 
 I 
 
 31 ! 
 
 TlIE NEW OHLEAN8 COTTON KXCIIANOE. 
 
 rooms muy be IsHiiPd to liny person not cn(;nt[t)<l In the cotton truiU\ iin 
 t lui n'ODniini'iidiit Ion of t \w < 'oinnilttoo on M(^mbiM-slili> ami t liii npproviil 
 of lliii lloiinl of Iiirwtors, \ipon the puymoiit liy »ucU persuu of the 
 ret,'ulurdu«4ortliu Kxi.'Uuni;t'. 
 
 ADMISSION OF MEMBERS. 
 
 Applicunta for nK-inbcrslitp sliiUI bo buUotod for, after being rovuiU' 
 meiidud by tlie nmloiity of the Board of Directors. 
 
 " Now if you will pleuso turn to 
 
 APPLICATIONS FOR MEMBERSHIP. 
 you will find tho rcquiromcnta before balloting, viz : 
 
 All npiillcutlons for nicnibersblpmust bo madu to tliu Oommlttcoon 
 Monibcrs.ii]), and Htu'li as aru recommended by tliu ooniniitteu Hhall bo 
 submitted to the Board of Directors, and sneh as uro reconnnenilcd by 
 tho Hoard of Directors shall bu posted at tlio (jencnil meeting room of 
 tho Exclianyo fur ten days bpforo being balloted for, with notice of tho 
 time At vblcii such balloting shall take i)lacc, 
 
 Tho balloting sliall beat Uw general Exchange rooms, and election 
 doy shall be every Wednesday. 
 
 Each elcctoi'r'huil cast one ballot— if in favor of tho candidate, tiie 
 word " Ves," if against, the word "No" vrltten or printed thereon. 
 
 Three-fourths C,") of tho whole number of votes cast shall bo required 
 In favor of applicants, to entitle them to membership. 
 
 No name after being rejected, shall bo again jiroposed within si.t 
 months after such rejection, except upon the written application of tlfly 
 members in good standing, and In case of a second rejection, said name 
 cannot bo proposed within twelve months of such rejection. 
 
 Each member shall, within ten days ofler receiving notice of his 
 election, sign thecdnstilutiou, and pay to the Treasurer the inltlutiuu 
 fee and the annual dues aa provided by the Conatltutiou. 
 
 INITIATION FEE AND ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION. 
 
 The initiation fee shall be one hundred (100) dollars, and tho annual 
 dues one hundred (100) dollars, payable between the first and twenty- 
 flfthdaysof November; and no member whose dues are not paid by the 
 latter date shall be entitled to admission to the Exchange rooms until 
 same shall have been paid In full, and any member who shall have 
 failed to pay his dues for the space of one year, shall forfeit his 
 membership, and can only regain admission by going through tlio 
 same course, and paying the same initiation fees and dues as are 
 now or may hereafter bo prescribed in cases of new members ; provided 
 further, that any person elected a member of the Exchange after tho 
 first of Marcli shall pay his subscription at the rate of ten (10) dollars per 
 month for the unexpired portion of the year. 
 
 DUTIES OF MEMBERS. 
 
 Erery member upon signing the constitution pledges himself to 
 abide by the same, and also by tho by-laws, rules and regulations of the 
 Exchange. 
 
 "Mr. Hester, your provisions as to admissions seem 
 very stringent in guarding against improper nieml)ers, 
 hut suppose an unruly member is within your fold, 
 what means have you of discipline ?" 
 
 "As long as a member conforms lo tlie rules and 
 requirements of the Exchange, there is, of coui-se, no 
 difficulty, but should lie violate the constitution, 
 by-laws, or rules, be guilt}' of fraudulent breach of 
 contract or any proceeding inconsistent with the rules 
 of trade, or of any other misconduct, on coiiii)laiiit, he 
 is .summoned before the C'oniniittc(! on Menibcrsliip 
 and heard in Ills own defense. If, in the oiiinion of 
 the Committee the comiilaint is substantiated, it is 
 then laid before the full Board of Directors, and liy a 
 k'otc of not l(!ss than two-thirds of the members 
 
 present, ho is suspendetl or expelled, a>. the ca.se may 
 demand. 
 
 " So you perceive, we deal strciiiKuisly witli any evil- 
 doer, while giving him the advantage of two defenses." 
 
 Finding that the secretary was becoming jircssed 
 witii the day's business, we left him, after having been 
 granted the full freedom of the Exchange, jiromising 
 to call on him again. Kejoining our friend who had 
 strolled to another part of the hall, and who was 
 watching the movements of a group of men who were 
 gesticulating and vociferating at times, as though for 
 their lives, wo said to him: 
 
 "That, I suppose is your cotton gainl>ling." 
 
 "Xo sir," .said our friend, rather deiidedly. "Wo 
 do not gamble in cotton on this Exchange." 
 
 "But those men are buying and selling for future 
 delivery, arc they not ?" 
 
 " Certainly," said ho of tho Crescnt City, " they arc 
 dealing in futures, and this is our future department." 
 
 Wo answered that we should judge so, from the 
 noise, and then requested our friend to explain in 
 detail the operations of tho 'future department,' and to 
 show us that a ' future ' contract was not gambling, 
 but a legitimate and honest business transaction. 
 
 " Well," rejoined our friend, " I am a firm believer 
 in the legitimacy of our futures, and will gladly come 
 to their defense, but in the outset, you must not con- 
 found our 'future' with the 'puts,' 'calls' or 
 'straddles' of the New Yo:': Stock Exchange, or your 
 Chicago grain market. AVe utterly reject those terms 
 and all they imply. Now if you will turn in tho 
 pamphlet Mr. Hester gave you, to llulc 18, you >vill 
 see it reads: 
 
 All contracts for the future delivery of cotton shall be binding upon 
 meuibcrs, and of full force and effect luitil the riuantiiy and (lualitlcs of 
 cotton specified in such contracts shall have been delivered, and tho 
 pricospecificd in said contracts shall have been paid. 
 
 Nor shall any contni t be entered into with any stipulation or under, 
 atauding between jiartics I, t the time of making such contracts, aaspeci- 
 lled inUule 1 are not to be fulfilled, and tho cotton received and delivered 
 in accordance wit.i said llule. 
 
 " Now is that plain English ?" 
 
 We were oI)liged to admit that iv was, and that the 
 meaning of Rule 1?S could hardly be mistaken or mis- 
 construed. 
 
 " Now," .said our friend, " let us look at Rule I, and 
 there you have our form of contract." 
 
 FORM OF CONTRACT. 
 
 Tho contract for the future delivery of cotton shall 
 be in the form as apj)ears on the following page of 
 reading matter. 
 
, till" cii.sc may 
 
 y with any cvil- 
 r t wodetViiscrf." 
 
 oininir jirosscd 
 I'tcr liaviii^'l)C('ii 
 i\'.:o, i)romisiii<r 
 friend wlio had 
 , and who was 
 f men who were 
 
 , a.s tlioiiLrh for 
 
 l)linfr." 
 
 •idodly. " Wo 
 m.irc." ' 
 icilinjjr for future 
 
 City, " thoy are 
 ire department." 
 ije so, from the 
 id to explain in 
 )artment,' and to 
 IS not jTiiniblinf^, 
 transaction, 
 n a firm believer 
 Avill gladly come 
 on must not con- 
 i)uts,' 'calls' or 
 Exchange, or your 
 reject those terms 
 will turn in the 
 Rule 1«, you will 
 
 I shall t>e binding upon 
 
 uantity iind (luulitiesof 
 
 jceii delivered, and tho 
 
 livid. 
 
 iiy Htipulation or under. 
 
 iucli contracts, lis speci- 
 
 i received and delivered 
 
 was, and that the 
 mistiUieii or mis- 
 look at Rule I, and 
 
 !ry of cotton shall 
 following page of 
 
i 
 
 ■sa 
 
 I 1 
 
 THE NEW ORLKANH COTTON EXCH/VNOK. 
 
 •' Now look h(M"o," continued the widc-iiwiiko man 
 (>r tlio yiituios, "you soc this form of oontnu't is 
 oblijTittoiy, uiid no doids will be noticed or enforced, 
 oi' m iiiiy niimner roco<^nizod !)y the Exchungc which 
 are not in this form. Then again, all contracts arc 
 for 51) hales, anil such large lot transactions in cotton 
 in hales, precludes irresponsible persons without any 
 capital from dabi/ling in the speculation. This contract 
 m subject to all the rules and conditions of the Kx- 
 change, one of which as you have seen, makes delivery 
 
 of the cotton obligatory on the seller, and absolutely 
 prohibits any stipulation or oven understand iiig that 
 the cotton is not to be received, ucceptod and 
 delivered." 
 
 "Now," said our friend, referring to the form of 
 contract, " is that strong enough ?" 
 
 We answered that the contract seemed to be suffi- 
 cient, but that we wore still in doubt aa to whether 
 the cotton was actually delivered. 
 
 "As to that," said our guide, "let me explain to 
 
 FORM OF CONTRACT. 
 
 §rv 
 
 New Orleans, ,. _ 168 
 
 Bouffhlfor M. _ _ 
 
 of M _ _ _ „_ 4.5,000 lbs. 171 about One 
 
 Hundred Square Bales Cotton, growth of the United States, deliverable front Press or Presses 
 
 in the Port of N'ew Orleans, between the first and last day <f. 
 
 next inchtsive. The delivery within such time to be at the seller's option, in lots of not less than 
 fifty bales, upon fire days' notice to buyers. 
 
 'Hie Cotton to be of any r/rade from Strict Ordinary In Fair, inclusive, and if Stained, 
 not below good Ordinary, at the price of. cents j)er pound for Mid- 
 dling, with additions or deductions for other grades, according to the quotation of the New 
 Orleans Cotton Exchange, existing on the sixth {6) day previous to the day on which the delivery 
 is due. . 
 
 Either party to have the right to call for a margin us the variations of the market for 
 like delircries may warrant. And which margin shall be kept good. 
 
 Thift Contrttct is nmUe in view of and in all reapectn .^ubjent tn the nttt'ti .tntl comtitiotia established by the New Orleans 
 foUon Ezchange. 
 
 Signed.. 
 
 Per.. 
 
 you that five days' notice is usually given of delivery, 
 and that where tbd cotton itself or a transferable 
 notice, which w<- shall take up presently, is not 
 delivered on or before 12 noon of the day before 
 the cotton is due, the cotton shall t)e settled for 
 at the average quotation for s|)()l cotton for the 
 tlay the cotton is due with the addition of S)<' per 
 pomu'i against the defaulting party. But no defaulting 
 p:uty <aii claim settlement under the rule except upon 
 evi<l(Micc that the default was unintentional and not 
 prenu'ditated. 
 
 " When no notice is given the party so deliverhig 
 shall present a transferai)le notice before 10 A. M. of 
 the business day next befoi'c that of delivery. vVll 
 transfers must be provided for regular five day transfer- 
 able notice, and the party with whom it may lodge ;it 
 .3 P. j\I. of that day must 2>resent it to the drawer 
 thereof before 4 P. M. and I'cceive a press order fortlie 
 
 cotton." 
 
 TRANSFERABLE NOTICES. 
 
 " AVheii notice of delivery on part of seller (or 
 demand of cotton by a buyer, when he has option so 
 
to the form of 
 
 et me explain to 
 
 /' not less than 
 
 the market for 
 
 by the New Orleant 
 
 4 if 
 
 TIIK NKW OIILKANM COTTON KXCIIANUK. 
 
 to iloi is ivquin'd hy a contnut, ?t shiill J)o irivcn by 
 lli«f |):irty fiirnisliiuj( the cotttm in tli<> oiu! msf ^mid hy 
 the Imycr in tho other ciwo) to tho party nM|iiinii^' 
 siiid iinticc hoforo 10 A. M. of tlio lit'tli day, prior to 
 till' ili'livfiv. 
 
 '•The party rcciviugthiMioticiMimytnuisrcr tin' siimc 
 
 to II subsequent party, and It may ho n'wo.n t'roin V- 
 ono tnmst't rrcr to another. All notices imnt lio lor 
 45,0()() pouudrt of cotton." 
 
 If tliis notice is tninsforrod, it is done in writing.' 
 in accordiincc. with the Form of Transfer as shown 
 on tliis paL'f'. 
 
 TRANSFERABLE NOTICE. 
 
 V. 
 
 
 (J ^</r.r.U. ^Attli ((j%^ftt-*iS, . /<f<r 
 
 O/tt/ff- ■M.K/tff //irif r.ti- tiif. i/'nff f/fA.i.'«l. itati 
 
 /t^/tti4. f/ r.fti rn'tt/lftr/ liet^- /«■ ue-te, f/d/rti. ei€. ce-nfi- /iri /H^iinff, 
 
 /iltAr'n/ft/tcn, a/ -^nt. iutnf /'■ cs ^.f./iv-fr >i, /Af- /if. rets >■/ / / i^. (^^(^' fi-»irf /S^ (o'h- 
 
 r. eiern r:/ fue, ^ v-ftur/ f/if t/eti/ /ilfntf.t'A in f/ia,/ ef r/r/i ue-l 1/ . 
 
 (ii//if re//e>t tJ- /e- ^e if.rf^iJ<-ef rtn^r /itul /// f/ir. /ria^t rn-cf^ie4. Afie-ef rts vn4.fi.fffmv 
 /«•< tiiij C'MStitefC /W teina»t t-( itirtid- o-nr-e-l-ttj ttntt i-tt-C-j^cC €0- etii e-lttfij itnttC /«;* tit* 
 Attul ft-^ ■Cfif- Ittte. (C/C. cf-n/s Ael, Aftmet. 
 
 COiTXiXTIOiT3 : 
 
 Ii\ ooM»l(l('nilioi\ (if ni\(' ri) ilollMV imiM to rai li of llii' luci'ptoi^. ri'iciiit of wliicli Is licrcliy ackiKiwlciljjril, It Is iifjii'dl 
 
 lliiit llui lust iiccPiitor licn'of will lii'twi'di llic lio\iisof 11 A. jM. iiinl IJ M. o'chx'k on timiliiy imi'cm'iIIuk the piracnt 
 
 th(* witliiii notico to .lohM .loiinsA Co., rcoMvo Iho jh-i'sh (»nli.i- fni-t h*; ( 'otloii 1 hcri'iii uiiiiH'fl, iui'lon t In- followliif^ (iiiy rt'ceivc' 
 tlitM-o toil mi<l liol'l tiui suiiKui-t ctistorliaii tniil ni^cnt fnrthoHaUl Jolm .Ioih's ,»t t '.t., iiisun-tl fm- wlioni it niav coni'cni and 
 
 siiliicct to their onlor, tiiilil tlicy ani paiM tlin lull ainoii]it of cents per iioiinil, nial to settli^ witli Iheiii on tin; bimis 
 
 of Sltildlin^, with ullowaTU'e for variation of jiradein aeeor'lanen with (inotalions of the New ()i-leans Cotton I'^xehani^o, 
 e X 1st inj^ on tho sixth (lav previons to Itaulav on which tho deli very is dne. 
 
 It is I'nrtiieranroed'thMt eaidi acce|>lor liercon shall continno his (or their) lialdlity t leh odnr for tiie fultlllinenl of 
 
 the contracts until this in)t ice sliall ha\'e I'cen returned to .loiin Jones A Co.. and a Press order spec ifv in;.' the cotton to be 
 d(dlvered, rcc(dved liy tlio last acceptcM' hereof from .lolin .lones & co , at whicli time all responsiliiniies (d' int(M'ini?diat(! 
 parties shall eeuse. 
 
 .JOHN .SMITH & CO. 
 
 If temlerod by tiic drawer before 10 .\. M. on the tilth 
 diiy before delivery of cotton is due, or if UmuUmimI liy 
 
 transfer :it .short notice before 1 1 A. M. of tho day before 
 the delivery of cotton is(hi(>,this transfer .shall be ac- 
 
 FORM OF TRANSFER. 
 
 NcxQ Or/cans,. 
 
 iS8 
 
 o'clock. 
 
 Messrs. J. SMITH & CO.: 
 
 We accept the above luitli all Us conditions and 
 obligations, and you tvill please fal-e notice, that in accordance therewith , 
 7ve shall deliver you ^5,000 pounds in about one hundred square bales Cot- 
 ton on account of our contract sale to yon, dated. The Cotton 
 
 to be paid for at the pric of transferable notice. 
 
 JOHN SMITH & CO. 
 
nam' 
 
 mm 
 
 i 
 
 III! 
 
 
 
 I!' 
 
 TUK NKW OBLBANH COTTON KXCHANUK. 
 
 ccptod by any imMiilxr of tho Exchange to whom cotton 
 h duo under any contnuit. Tho next thing for consid- 
 onition 18 tho form of Press Order, shown b<«low. 
 
 Tills is tho form of order observed in all casos wliore 
 cotton is delivered on contract for future dolivery. 
 
 " Those, " said our friend, "are our fornis for ooii- 
 Inuts, noticos and press orders for traiisactinjf tho 
 ' future' business in cotton. 
 
 "As the business of buying and selling cotton is 
 largely done by brokers or coininission nicn^hants, tho 
 Excimngo liave, as a further precaution against fraud 
 or deception, fixed 'ho f^rm of tho order which tho 
 
 principal must give to the broker, and every order 
 given to amenilxtr of tho Now Orleans CJotton Exchangt* 
 to buy or sell a contnuit for the futuro delivery of cot- 
 ton, as agent or liroker of the jiarty given the order, 
 must contain the following words: 
 
 Siilijiu'l (o till) UiilcM und RuKUlttlliiiiii iif tlio Muw Orloana Cuttnii 
 Exclijtii((i', iMiikii fill' my iii'couiit.nnil iixortoii ii« csncolod roplaco n cotw 
 Irart fi)r tlin »iiln((ir imreliuse) of <iiio Imiidred bule« of cotton dellTorublo 
 (tir rn(uilvabUO tii SuptDiiihor. 
 
 " Every verbal or otiicrordor which does not in tcrnis 
 follow the foregoing form are jjresuinod to liavo been 
 given ill that form, unless an express agreement to tho 
 contrary bo proven." 
 
 PRESS ORDER. 
 
 '^—ik 
 
 ATo. 
 
 Ttme„ 
 
 ^^Me^.' 
 
 /h^ <2^j«W ^C.. 
 
 Q^ciOi (^'Ue€e^nd', 
 
 •n.. 
 
 (ZiZ^j 
 
 7t 
 
 .'doffed' ad- i/nd'(Uic^e<6. 
 
 je&e-/i/ii^i' '^ 
 
 (^^^^^^^ ^n&^t^jU^^. 
 
 A^^i.... 
 
 ^^^ .^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 " Now," said our friend, "lot u^ soe how these rules 
 work. Suppose you wish to buy 100 bales of cotton 
 say for next September's use, either to manufacture, 
 export, fill an order, hold for a rise, or to sell again. 
 
 "As you are not a member of the Exchange, you 
 seek a factor or commission merchant, who is duly a 
 member, and you give him your order for, say 100 
 bales of cotton, deliverable in September, in the terms 
 stated above. 
 
 ' • If he does not go upon the Board , he acts through a 
 broker to whom he has given a duly executed power 
 of attorney, which is filed with the superintendent, 
 which binds the prinoipal for all acts of his broker. 
 
 "Tho broker executes his errand and you are, by the 
 act of your factor, the possessor of 100 bales of cotton, 
 say at 9i* per jwund, as per the contract form, (given 
 on a previous page). 
 
 " For this service you pay your factor a commission 
 (fixed by the Exchange) of 12^ cents per bale or 
 $12.50 on a contract for 100 bales. If you were a 
 resident of New Orleans, or a visiting member of the 
 Exchange, this commission would be 6^ c«nts a bale, 
 and if a fuii member of the Exchange, iti8 4i cents per 
 bale. 
 
 "Tho party who sold the cotton to your factor or 
 broker has the right to call for a deposit of a ' margin' 
 
THE NKW UKLKANH CXXTTON KXCIIANUK. 
 
 otlVoiii one to fivd dolliirH por l)ulo when the <(>ii(nw't 
 Ih Hi^iifd, iiikI yoiii' liroUtT lias tliu miuik' ri<;lit, aixliilso 
 t«) (IciiiaiKl tliiit cither tlio t'limlrt ot' such nmr^'in or a 
 (•(•rtiticd <li«'tk for that amoiiiil bo (Icixwitcd witli tlio 
 mipci'iiilcndciit of the Kxcliaiij^'c. 'I"liis margin in to 
 l>(^ kept jrood, liciicc should t lie iiiarkcl <^o up or cot- 
 lo.i Ix'coiuo nioro vaiiial)h) tiiaii wiicii you purcliascd, 
 you will iialiirallya.sk your seller to deposit a niar;rin 
 or security to protect you I'roiu loss iu case he fails to 
 fullill his coutract. 
 
 "On the other haM<l,Hhoiddc()ttou dccliiio.the parly 
 of whom you l>ou;,'lit M>ay ask yon to deposit a mar- 
 gin, so as to he sure you will not attempt to avoid 
 your purchase, ami leave 4'»,()()0 pounds of cotton (Ui 
 his hands with a deelinin;.' market. 
 
 "For these! inar^'ins, certified chocks, must he drawn 
 to the onler of any one of lh(! hanks, selectecl liy the 
 Hoard of Directors, waid bunk to Iks dcsijjnated by the 
 j)arty ( alliuj.'. 
 
 "And yet sonit^ jieoplo would call you a gambler for 
 this transaction. Doyonsootho cleniont of a waaror 
 8() far ? Y(ni have mado a bar<,'aiii, signed the contract 
 bindin<.' that bargain and dictating its provisions antl 
 terms. To niako it ' more binding,' as the dealers say, 
 both ])artios to that bargain luivo doposited an original 
 margin, as a i)ledg(' of future performance. As the 
 market has moved up or down, each party has l)ecn 
 called upon for another or additional margin so as to 
 provont any tcndoney to break the contract. 
 
 " On the i)rincii)le that provontion is bettor than 
 cure, this deposit of margins is good, .sound, healthy 
 public policy, and I don't see where so far the gam- 
 bling clement puts in an a})pcai'ancG." 
 
 " But, my dear sir," said a gentlemanly bystander, 
 "don't you sec that it is all gambling, froinI)egiuuing 
 to end? Our friend who has just bought this cotton, 
 believes he knows bettor than the other man, what 
 spot cotton will soil for next Soptcmbor, hence he buys. 
 The seller thinks cotton Avill not bo worth the price, 
 and hence ho sells. It is a question of judgment of 
 the fviturc, and backing that judgment by money, and 
 that is said to bo the essence of gambling." 
 
 "So, then," said our guide, "a man who backs his 
 judgment of the future value of a commodity is a 
 gambler, is he ? Why, then, do you buy your win- 
 ters supply of coal in August, and why make any 
 provision for the future ? Why, that reduces the 
 world to a simple cpicstion of to-day alono. Do yoin* 
 words mean that any dealing of any sort or kind whore 
 the element of uncertainty enters, is ganil)ling, a wager 
 upon future values, future demands, future supply. 
 
 growth of city, Mtale, or nation; <'hange of fii.-.hi.>n 
 Htyh' (U- idea, that forecasting all these, and invcslinjf 
 accordingly, is ganil)ling, forsooth? Why, «inh ■ 
 diKtrini- lucks every element of connnon senw, let alone 
 business ken, aixl yet I am aware that that is why wc 
 men of ' Futures ' are styled gamblers. We do liavc 
 opinions — we do try to forecast future ovt>iiti», stutly 
 future supplies juid demands and all the ipiestions that 
 enter into that proi)lem of future supply and dcmuml; 
 and when we have made up our minds, we act acionl- 
 iiigly, and buy or s(dl cotton as we believe the market 
 will go up or down." 
 
 Our mutu.'il friend twinkled an eye at us, us he 
 replied. •' Hut my dear Cotton Future, you do not 
 deal in actual cotton; why, look at your last annual 
 H'poit, and see how many times the future businc:!».s 
 exf'ccded that of spot cotton ? Look at thi-, l.'>. "<>•>,- 
 too bales sold for future delivery, and that on receipts 
 at this point of only 1 ,.'i7.'i,17.') bales, or over ten iKile.^ 
 of futures to one bale of cotton actually here. Explain 
 that, my worthy friend of the 'Future,' and tell us 
 how dealing in such unsubstantial fancies is not 
 wagering?" 
 
 Ourcotton fac^tordid not seem staggered by this at all. 
 On the contrary, he tiniled as he rejoined, " Well, my 
 wor^hj' handler of the scalpel, when you gn»duated 
 from the medical college, and hung out your shinirle 
 as a practitioner of the healing art, what did you 
 calculate on ? Why, just this. Out of so many people 
 a certain nundter are sure to be ill each year. .Some 
 years more and .some less, but the average hoi. Is pretty 
 true. Now, I will take my chance right here, when 
 one doctor is getting old, and another nnpopidar, and 
 .so you wagered what — why, your whole life's success 
 on your skill in reading the future, and a future of 
 long years at that, and now you decry me as a g:»mhler 
 for reading a f\iturotwo, throe or six months long, and 
 ask me why our ' future business' is greater than our 
 spot business. Have you ever seen our tninsferable 
 notices, and have you never seen them transferrwl ? 
 Our friend from the north is excusable, l)nt I am 
 ashamed of you. When you received a cho<k as .1 fee. 
 d'd you always go to the bank to cash it ? Not a bit 
 ol it. Yon paid it over to your long suffering grower, 
 or your wife's milliner, with your indorsement. Your 
 grocer probably paid it out to a wholesaler or 
 jobber, and that $7!) check represented just that 
 amount of money multiplied several times over. It 
 was not mono}', })ut it was a good enough substitute 
 to I)uy sugar, moat, clothes, coal or anything else. 
 So our 'transferable notices' are not cotton, but thev 
 
 
»/ 
 
 ii 3. 
 
 TIIK NEW OKLR.VNn (X>TTON EXCmANOC. 
 
 do reproHont rotton, ami a« tho (Mirrcncy «if thin <'ity in 
 lc88 by several InmilroH timcH than tho lnwinoHs tniiit- 
 uctcd, yet \h tho luutm on which husiiioHH (iimiiu'i-<'<> 
 and manufacturing all roHtH by which it iii done, ko 
 those transforablo notices aro tho checks u|)on tho Cot- 
 ton Vrutm bunk, roproMcnting cotton there actiia'ly 
 stored. Tliat they pnos from hand to hand in 
 settlement of transactions is no more evidenci- of 
 gambling' than your check from your patient, paying 
 as it did his, your and u dozen other debts, was a proof 
 that all physicians are gamlih is and their business 
 wagering as to the fatality of disease." 
 
 To this our medical friend made no reply, except a 
 wink of intelligence as he pnK'ceded to wak«' up his 
 Cotton Future friend on another tack. " 1 grant you 
 that uU that is a nonsensicnl line and cry. but do these 
 transferable notices and press orders really mean 
 actual cotton ?" 
 
 " iTust as assuredly as that your jirescription means 
 an order for ci'rtain medicines at the drug titore, do 
 these notices and orders mean cotton at the cotton 
 press." 
 
 " Will, granting that, but suppose all those atloat 
 here were presented to-day, would they be honored? 
 In other words, is there cotton enough in tho city to 
 fill them all ?" 
 
 "More in proj)ortlon than of actual money in any 
 bunk in the city in the ratio of its deposits, and you 
 know that were all the depositors in any bank to 
 demand all their deposits in an hour, they could not 
 get them. Besides some of our contracts are not dvio 
 for a year. 
 
 "I toll you the doctrine of futures enters into all 
 business, colors all transactions, comes into our daily 
 life and hourly talk. Why gen. ....en, do you know 
 iiow the 'future' trade originated?" 
 
 \Vc both ex))ressed our deplorable ignorance, where- 
 upon our friend proceeded: 
 
 In the great European wars, when England was 
 the paymaster of all Europe as again.st France, and 
 immense stores of provisions iiad to be provided fo'-, 
 tlic great contractors devised buying for future delivery. 
 .St(.rage room could not be found for their .supplies 
 for six months. Money could not be obtained in the 
 sums necessary for supplies by the year. Tf it <'ould 
 have 1)een obtained, tho interest would have eaten 
 their profits, and .so grain, flour, clothing, etc., .vis 
 bought on future delivery, to be paid for when 
 delivered. \t least this is as far back asT have traced 
 it. And now think for a moment what an economy 
 'contracts for future delivery' wa.s in time, brain 
 
 powM, price of fo<Kl, interohl, storage, etc. 
 
 ".Vs manutacturingbothcottonand W(M>leiigrew and 
 «leveh>|HMl in Kngland, coiitrwl for future delivery was 
 found to Iw essentially mn'ossary. Tho manufacturer 
 nci'ds, say (i.OOO bales of cotton a your. To buy I hat 
 to-day would cost him about ^27.'>,()00. Six monilm' 
 interest on that will be #il,00<). .Storage for six 
 months will lost him several tlanisaiuls more. Tnsiir- 
 nnce for a year will add to its pcrcentuge, and watch- 
 men, etc., all add to the cost, until about l)!j |)er cent 
 will Im> addeil to the present cost. Our manufacturer 
 wants, say .'>"<• bah's |)er month, and he goes to his 
 broker and places his orders f(U' that .iinount each 
 month at pru-es varying from '.btltJe to 10.32c per 
 pound. .Vow he is ready to sit down and tcH the cost 
 of his goods manufactured, and be ready to quote 
 prices for the merchant who don't want a * ear's 
 supply, but does want to know the chances of an 
 upward or declining market. To have bought his 
 year's supply would have been ruinous to the UiMiii- 
 facturer ami cost the ciuisumer more for each yard of 
 cotton, while to have depended upon buying ."iOO bales 
 each month of spot cotton would have rendered life a 
 burden from its uncertainties, and the impossibility of 
 making prices or knowing coat of production of manu- 
 factured goods, so as to answer the iiapiiry of a friendly 
 retailer six parishes away. Or take the case of tlie 
 Engl'sh imp(>rter. What could he do without future 
 delivery .sales and contracts ? He has orders t'roin a 
 dozen large customers, some of them large manufact- 
 urers. They depend on him to kee|) them supplied 
 with cotton of good sta|)le, in first rate condition and 
 as cheaply as possible. Now, if the singli- munufuct- 
 uror was at a loss for storage, and found not an ample 
 supply of money, and hence a dearer rate of interest, etc., 
 how these hills swell into mountains before the 
 great importer. His warehouses may be large, but 
 not ample for even a mouth of his sales, his bank 
 account may take six figures of £, and his credit be 
 large in proportion, but it dwarfs besides a year's 
 requisition of his business. But here comes the future 
 contract for delivery, and helps him (mt of his dilemma. 
 In fact, I may say, gentlemen, that the cotton business 
 could not be conducted without this branch of the 
 trade.' 
 
 "But," said our mutual friend, "Does not tho 
 'future business injure the business in spot cotton ?" 
 
 "Xot at all, said our positive friend of tho 'future." 
 "That re,sult was predicted when we were starting the 
 'future' department, but instead of tliat we have 
 found that it really increased our spot business. At 
 
Tlir NKW OKI.KANH fOTTOV KXrHAMir. 
 
 tniil linn- Ni'W V(irU liml nil our liiiMinrHM in KiilnnH. 
 1111*1 not II little fit" tiiir f<|i(il (iitldii Collowcd the <(ini'- 
 H|)<inilni<'c ami u<'i|iiiiiiitiuii'(' I'litim-il in llici'ornnr ])\[h\. 
 H(<Ns in that city. N''<v YmU had prcsti^'i , llir power 
 ami aliilit y li> liamlle |)r(ini|illy ami sUilli illy contiaet 
 onlofH «»f any iiiafriiitinlc. New (^rloaiiH Iml iniicli to 
 ^jaiii ami iu>t a lew tliin;.'s In learn, as well * unnw \i> 
 niilearn. Heme llie lir>t Iwn yearn the Aork of 
 iiiaii>:uratin^ and Iniildiii;; up this important hraiu h 
 of the New Orleans ("olton Kxehanp' was ox<eedin^'ly 
 diflieiilt. lint the rntiire Marlet of New Orleans has 
 i-eased to !>e an experiment and i^ a verity, ^^'e have 
 demonstrated our ahility, not only to londiiit 
 the liiisiness pnmiptly ami s.itisl'aitorily as in any 
 other market of the world, Init we have facilities tor 
 the reeeipl and dcdivery of eottoii (111 eoiitniet wliieh 
 no other rity ean supply. Our very systr :i of Trans- 
 feralili- OrdeiN iMiirmeiits the faeilitios with whieh 
 trade ina\' he rondiielcl, as it saves larj.'e expenses in 
 lianlinir. If yon have looked at our rules at all care- 
 fully, yon have seen that the nih's of this Kxidianire 
 foiliid filr-i' and fictitious -ales, mid renders the parties 
 eoncenied in >uch ileaU lialile to >uspensiou and cxpiil- 
 siou. Our ' futnie' contracts lic.ir pre is( '\ the same 
 ivlaliou to lli(> cottiMi trade, whi-li liilis <d" ladinir, 
 warc'.ionse ordei-s. and warehouse receipts bear to 
 ordinary iu<rcant i le t r.iiisaet ions. Kaili eon t met ivpre- 
 seiits the vi,i,'lit to actual didivery "f the cotton; each 
 transt'cr transmits the title and riirht of ownership in 
 just so many hales of cotton. I:i llie hands of the last 
 luddcr. it is fxoot] lor that amonul of rolton, Jnst as 
 much as a warelunise receipt covers property stored. 
 
 ••Vol! have a riirht to sell it jnst as miicli as a 
 Avarehoiise receipt I'dverin.!,' r),00(l liiisliels of wheat. In 
 the liarirain which 1 siippos(>d our ('irica.iro friend had 
 made, his .',10 hales of ."■ieptenilK-r I'ottou had cost him 
 a commission of $12.. ')0 and an ori^'inal mai';rin of $.'> 
 per halo or $.')l)0. At i roacnt $.')12..')0 is the outlay at 
 which ho is under his <•( ntmet entitled .some day next 
 .Septemln-r to a Transferable Notice and a Press Order 
 or Imi bales middliu<r cotton. I'.t !>. .';.">(• a pound. 
 
 " The notice and press onler will [irocnre you the 
 cotton as certainly as yon present lliem. 
 
 " If you liav(> bouirht for a raise and find in Septem- 
 ber th.at I'otton (iniddlinir) is worth 1(1. .'((i cents per 
 pound, you can sell your loo bales at that price, trans- 
 fer yonr notice and press order, and your profits will be 
 $'202..")(l less your commission of \-J} cents jier bale, or 
 f<12.."(), leaving you ^2S0as net profit. Twice b.andlinir 
 of the cotton have thus been saved, and yet both your 
 purchase and sale of cotton actually in exiatcneo liavo 
 
 Imeii IIS eoinpleto as tliou;L'h you buniilnl lh<^ entlun 
 with vMir own huniU." 
 
 fAILURES 
 
 "Til niMp n momborof the F'^xehnmre fails to earn- out 
 liUeontriiet from inability to meet fuiaiieial oblipitionft. 
 or Im-coiiics insolvent, it i» his duty to imiiiediatelv 
 notify the -eeretary of the Kxelmnire by letter of tli«> 
 fact. This letter is then |Misted np on a btiUetiii in 
 the Kxehange Hall, where it may Im« n<>eii Iiy all mem- 
 iM-rs, ami remains for live days, this iM'im.' con«id<-re<I 
 sutlicicnt notice to the memlN>rs of the K\<dianj»e of 
 the fact of tin- failure, and o|tonitoj« to i hH>r nil init- 
 standiiii.' contracts with the insolvent memlx-r at once. 
 No receipt or iltdivery, or traiist'erof i-ontraets ••an Im« 
 made by tlu' failin*; memlM-r with any other mi-mU r 
 of the Kxehan:,'e after the notice has I»o«mi |Mt«ti><l. until 
 a full and satisfactory »ctllcnient has Iweii made 
 j between the insolvi'iit and hiscri'ilitors. Ail •oiitniits 
 which the insolvent may be a party to at the tiiii<> of 
 his failure, >hall Ij<' liipiidated ami ■^ttleil at the 
 avera'j'"' ipiotatiims of like i-ontnii-ts on t|i4> «l;iy the 
 notice otfiilure was posted, unless thi> li'tter was near 
 tli(> time of closing the Kx<-hai)i;e iw-ithiii one hour from 
 closinir), in whiidi <':ise the si'ttli'inents shall !»•• mad" 
 on the kisis of th'~ avci-.ige .settlements |"or the next 
 day. 
 
 •• Any memJier of the Kxchango who may hohl n 
 claim or contract mpiinst a memlx-r who has given 
 notice of his fiilure, has the right to demand an invo^- 
 tigjitioii of the atfairs of the allegeil failinir ineinl)or I»y 
 till' .Sui)orvisory (."ommittee; and if the committee 
 shall Im' of opinion and shall rejHirt to th.> Bo;ird of 
 Directors that the iiiemlHT is able to meet an«l jkiv all 
 his contnicts and liabilities at maturity, he -hall Ik» 
 debarred from the privilege of sott lenient under the 
 provisions of the rules for settlement. 
 
 "In ease a meniher who is really insolvent ami iiu-a- 
 pable of fultilling his eoiitraets and perfoiTiiing bis 
 obligations with other memliers of the Exehaiiire fails 
 to irive due iiotiee to the .secretary of the E.x<haii2r<^ by 
 letter as before exjilained, then on his lailiire to meet 
 any contract or obligation, the party to whom sii< h 
 cmitract or oliligation is due, an,l who is injure*! by 
 such default, is expected to give the ne<-i^sjiry notii-e 
 to till' secretary, who records it in a liook etillod 
 • Record of Failures,' which is at all times open to the 
 inspection of members, and this record is considered 
 notice to them of the failure. If the memlKT as aljove 
 explained, does not give the secretary prompt notice 
 of the default of a failing member, he is himself sul 
 
 r 
 
IM'!' 
 
 XHE NEW ORLEANS COTrON BXCHANaE. 
 
 to the discipline of the Exchanore. He forfeits all 
 riirhts under the contract to cit'ircc the siilo of the 
 shares ot stock ui the Exchanfje, held hy the default- 
 ing- memlter, ind besides \h lial)le to 1k> suiipoiideil from 
 tne rights of meinlxn-ship in the Exciiango for one 
 year. And no claim or contract is considered settled 
 with the failed member except by cash payment or 
 actual delivery of the property. 
 
 'This arrung^ement makes it absolutely necessary, as 
 Weil as for the party of the second part, to promptly 
 report all fadures to fidfill contracts. As soon as 
 such failure is reported to the secretary, and the 
 record made m his ' Record ot Failures,' he delivers a 
 copy to the SupervisoryCominittee,who examine into the 
 truth or fallacy of the charsre, and if a fixilui-e is cleaxly 
 proven, thev instruct the secretary to post the osoal 
 uotise on tae bulletin. 
 
 SETTLEMENTS 
 
 Within three days aft^r a notice of failure has m^n 
 posted, the secretary ot the Exchanofe must notify the 
 menitie- who tia- failo*! is to all claims against him in 
 the ' iiecord ot I'lii lures. 
 
 If the t!i;'cd n:vniber, or any of his creditors, disputes 
 the correotiic-i at any of tiie claini;- so nx-orded, the 
 ,j.'>)crtin2 n .'iVfer must within three days, file with 
 the sj'iTciMrv «-nt,+"n siiecitications of the grounds of 
 his objcctidiiy. and Within three days more, the secre- 
 ^nvv niiHt (lelisf^i the sa.i.o with a copy of the disputed 
 claim to the Arbitration Com;r.:ttee, who proceed to 
 consider the same and hear testimony otJ'ered by both 
 parties, and Airliin ten d.iys thereafter the committee 
 must make, siirn mid tile with tiie secretary an iward 
 or I.- i>u'ii. 
 
 i'tu- <i'<\:'t:\v\ then iiniiii'diMtcly records such wardm 
 tuo ' Book ot Decisions of the Arbitration Committee,' 
 and also at tiic same time sen<ls by a special messeuirer 
 a notice of sucii record to each interested party, speci- 
 tyinir date and time of such recording, and in ca.se no 
 appeal is taken therefrom, the award is considered 
 tinat ind binding upon all tiie parties interested. 
 
 If witiiiii live d:iys after an award becomes tina! the 
 tailed nieniber fails to paj- the awarded claims, tiie 
 Board of Directors de<'lare his incmbeiship at an end, 
 ana ordoi his shares of stock to be sold. 
 
 W iifn t!io 'ailmiiof liny member of tlie Ezclmngc hns been postertby 
 
 aU onr. iiit ji' iiy lircitiuii of tlio Suporvisury roiiiinittcf, the said 
 membc'i shuh vrulnn li'ii rLiy.( si-ii'l ti) tlio Siipcrvi.sj)ry Coinmiltco a 
 stalpiiicii! ,;f liiM ;i!T:iii'" It shall then ho tho ilu'y of s:ii(t comiiiitteo to 
 exauiir.;- ;'.i. h st.ttiiiuMit, iind thoy may in their <liscrntion pri>curt! tho 
 sorviceH oi ii'i expert ueeoniitiint :inil cliarjfe tho cxiKJii»eaite.41ng Ills 
 icrvices to the estate nf Hiiid member. 
 
 I? liny meniiier Willi has lieon jiosteil shall omit to send to tno .>4viper- 
 vlsorv 'iniieKi. !• wUliin salrl ten ilavs, U.e statement required by tUU 
 aoctlon JI L iuiid cuiuuilttce oa on Exainiuatloa sliaU be ol opinion thnt i 
 
 thesnid member has oondncted his bnslncsslnnrpclclflssandnnbasiniaia 
 
 like manner, they shall report to the lt(<nril ol Directors, who mav hy a 
 two-third vote docluro such failed member disiiiiuli&cd lor reinstate 
 ment. 
 
 Rnt in case a member bo falling has complied with the rules of the 
 Kxeliant'o, and made honorable settlement with his eredltors, or offered 
 to pay tliem pro nita to tlioexleiit of hi;) ability inclndini^ t lie market 
 value ol his snare of slock, ho ma>- within one year apply for reinstate- 
 ment and by a two.tlilrd vote of the Diieotors be so reinstated. 
 
 Failures on tiie Cotton Exchange, the same as fail 
 ures in any other speculative enterprise, come iinex- 
 jiectedly, and to the most worthy members, lieiiig 
 on the wrong sideof the market, is the only explanation 
 for many failures, while others are clearly due to a 
 reckless disregard of rules and precedents in trade, 
 and trying to cover a larger deal than the cajiital of 
 the speculator will warrant and justify. In case 
 Ol a fiiilure, the failing member 1b seldom able to settle 
 at one hund '^d cents on the dol\&r, a/> the siirinkage 
 and unavailability of his assets, and the emlvirrassmcnts 
 which are thrown around one who is announced .as a 
 tiiiled member, are such as to make almost any dividend 
 acceptiible to creditors. As to honorable settlements 
 the New Orleans Cotton Exchange boasts of the 
 integrity of its membership, and seldom resorts to 
 deception, chicanery or fraud, either in the routine 
 of business or the settlement and adjustment of the 
 estates of m^olvents. 
 
 WEATHER SUITABLE FOR DELIVERIESl 
 
 If the weather is deemed unsuitable for the delivery 
 of cotton by any party interested in r, delivery on any 
 ,day, the secretary of the Exchange, at his or their 
 request obtiiins the opinion thereon of three mem- 
 Ix^rs of the Exchange (not interested in deliveries on 
 that tlay^ and if a majority decide that the weather is 
 n:ismt;ible for the delivery of cotton, the secretary then 
 posts their certificates on the bulletin of the Exchange, 
 dating the time of posting, which shall remain posted 
 until a majority of the three members shall decide the 
 weather to be suitable, when it is chen taken from the 
 bulletin and filed away, noting the time of removal. 
 During the time this certificate ' posted on the bul- 
 letin all deliveries of cotton may be susjiended at the 
 optitni of either party to any delivery, andany delivery 
 suspended under this rule, shall lie entitled to an exten- 
 sion of time — two houra more than the time the 
 certiticato was posted. 
 
 The secretary also gives a certified cojiy of tho cer- 
 tificate to any member re<juiring it, and this copy is 
 considered a suflicicnt authority for the suspension 
 a -id resumption of delivery of Mny lot of cotton by the 
 .arties to the delivery. 
 
THE NEW ORLEANS COTTON EXCHANGE. 
 
 : 
 
 t) 
 
 PRESS SUPERVISION AND LEVEE INSPECTION. 
 
 Upon this important department of cotton cora- 
 merco, the Now Orleans Cotton Exchange chiinis a 
 record of which they feel justly pioud. Press supei^ 
 vision and levee inspection of cotton coming into New 
 Orleans has Vcn reduced to a system hy the Cotton 
 Exihai.ge, wi.icji is considered as nearly perfect as 
 it is pos.->ii>le t"or any system to he, and while it may 
 not have accomplished all in levee inspection, and aorc 
 esjK'cially 1 'vee protecti(.:» outside the city o' New 
 Orleans, which it was hoped, or that it probably will 
 accomplisii, in the wayof saving to owners of the cotton, 
 yet it is such a great advance over the old system, or 
 rather lack of system, with its aiiuoyanccs and attend- 
 ing pecuniary loss, t'.:at the Cotton Exchange is highly 
 gratilie<l, and proml of it. 
 
 Said the assistant secretary of the Cotton Exchange: 
 "What we propose to do, is to see that the planter 
 or coi'n.ry dealer sending cotton to tiie market shall 
 /tnoip; that his cotton will l)e so taken care of that he 
 shall sutler no loss beyond the necessary sampling. 
 In otiier words, we iir()p()S(> to protect tliat cotton and 
 every bale of it, from storm, mud, moisture and depre- 
 dation. 
 
 RULES FOR LEVEE INSPECTION. 
 
 Tlio Boar! of Oirootors .^hiill ele^ • annually ii clii 'f Icveo timiioctor 
 nn<l .■*'ich n;iinN'r«.f :i>si>tiiiit8 us tlicy may deem neeessary, who i*\vM\ 
 Ijo em]iliiy«'il )iy tin* inonlh. :iinl who sh'-'.ll hold their resi)octlvy ofllces 
 at the plesL-iiiie of the Roard. 
 
 The chief levee iiispeecorsluUl be i.aid a (salary of two lmndre<l dol. 
 lar* per month, and >hall l>r retpiired to keejt a horse I't his own (expense 
 that lie may i)e the hetterahle to dischar;?e his duties, and eaeli levee 
 a-isis ant inspeetor shall i-eeeivi' a «!dai'>* ni>t exceeding one hundred 
 dollar* pi'i- month. 
 
 The duties of the chief .evee inspector an'l his assistants shall be tf» 
 protect from theft all cotton i>n thelevc(\ wliethi'r l:indcd I'roin steainc;-s 
 or niilioiids, in irocesstif shi^jnient, or ia transit thron^^h tlai cit\-, to see 
 that cotton whilst lH>in'^ landetl or in process of sliipnient, is properly 
 cared for. protected fi-om the weather and I;cpt out of the nind, and they 
 shall piM form such other duties a.s are imposed upon tliem, f(tr tlie more 
 clTeetive protection of the cotton trade of this city. 
 
 The chief levee insi»ector and iiisa^sis'ants shall keejia I'ccord of the 
 v.e»tl; a, also of the condition in which cotton isdel;vere<l to the various 
 vessels; they sliall also keep a record of the condition in which cotton 
 is t.ikeii ou txnr"l, specify inj^ whether t lie same was taken on board in a 
 wet or in a ^lry condition, and if wet they sliall specify wlietherthesanie 
 was recinved u -t or became so l>y bein^ exposed to rain or. the levee or 
 boinn rollol thronshtbemnd. They shall make dal'y re|)orls emlmdy- 
 !n? all particulars, which ri'ports shall bo pl.aced on tile, and sliall he 
 oiitercrl up ill a iHjok to be kept for tliut puriiose by the Superintendent 
 of the Kxchan^je. 
 
 They shall in nil eases, where cotton is being taken ou lioard In such 
 conci m as to render it liable to become damaged upon the voyage, or 
 to danuige other cotton liy contact, notify the master of the vi'ssd of 
 im;ropriety and risk of taking cotton ini board In such condition. 
 They shall also rejiort all cotton carried on deck by any vessid leaving 
 the port 
 
 "teamers landing cotton on the Icvoo beyond the w'^den wliarvs, 
 shall he reiiuired to place the same npon iktds, so as to iirevcnt its com. 
 imj in contact witl. mud in- watei, and Ituhall bo the duty of the chief 
 levee ius|iector and of his assistants to rejiort all violations of this rule. 
 
 It sh.all 1h> the duty of the chiefloveo Inspector when a vessel clears 
 at the custoiii.hoii.se to draw up a eertlflcato setting forth the cotulition 
 In which ncr cargo was taken on board, and It shall ho tl o dity of the 
 secretary of the Kxchavgo to couutcrslgn inch report, and to atHx 
 
 thereto the seal of the Exchange. 
 
 The secretary shall forward such certificate to such person or asso. 
 elation at the port of destination, as the President nr Hoard of Oirectors 
 may direct. 
 
 It siniU also lie the duty of the chief levee Inspci tor to report all 
 vcs.scls v.v o.He ma.strrs refuse ti> furnish daily reports of cotton receiveil, 
 or who mayrefii.se proper facilities to tin; levee iuspect(M-H lor the per- 
 formance of their duties, ami the secretary of the Kxchange shiill jiost 
 upon the Kxchange Ixianls the names of all vessels so reporti'cl; he shall 
 also note all sncli ca.spsn|M>n tin' rejMirts forwarded to the |>iMts of desll- 
 nation of such ves--»ds. 
 
 .\ny <uie forcibly interfering with the levee inspectors while In 
 tile ilischargc of their duties, shall be prosecuted according to law. 
 
 Inanyca.se vrhere c<ittoii has been taken ou board of a vessel, In 
 a eonilition unfit for shipment, any shipi<er by said vessel shall lecelvc, 
 if he so rcfiuires, a special eertlflcato from the Kxchange setting forth 
 the facts in the case, said certificate to be verllled by i»ath or afllnuation 
 ■.»f the inspector In charge of B:iid vessel. Shippers requiring special cer- 
 tificates shall i»ay all exiwnses incurred under this rule. 
 
 Each shipper of cotton shall on the first of each mouth itay to tho 
 treasurer of tills Exchange one cent for each ami every bale of cotton 
 sl'.ipped by him during the prccetling month. The amount S(> paid sliall 
 ho kept by the treasurer as a fund out of which to defray all expenses 
 Incurred under the regulations for the protection of cotton upon tho 
 levee. 
 
 Each shipiier shall reiiort monthly tho nuuibor of bales of cotton 
 received by liiin and shipped without being sent to presses, all sucii cot. 
 ton lieing liable to the levee Inspection luss- inent of one(l)ceiit per 
 bale," 
 
 continued the a.ssistant secn>tary of the Exclmiige: 
 
 •* These are our rules a^^ to levee inspection, and you 
 will se«» how we rigidly gnartl the planter and ship- 
 pers' interest as to cotton on the Icvet^ or wliile l)eiiig 
 shi|H)ed, and even in for.'ign ])orts. assessing only one 
 cent per iKile in return. Xow let me siiow yoiiliow our 
 jiress siipen"i<ion works, but prior to tliat, it will be 
 well for you to understand fully 1'.,' "iiles governing the 
 
 SALE AND DELIVERY OF COTTON. 
 
 All cotton shtill t>e received within seven working 
 days from and after the day of sale, ami if not received 
 within that time, the .seller shall liave the right to 
 demand payment of the ap|)r<)x-iiiiai'> viiliie of the cot- 
 ton, and may, .it"ter giving due notice in writing to the 
 buyer, prin-eed to have the cotton weightvl, and to 
 demand pavnient ':i accordance witli sucii weights. 
 In default of i-itunpt payment, the .seller shall then 
 have the right to resell the cotton for a"<ount of tho 
 buyer. 
 
 AS TO PAVMENT. 
 
 All cotton shall Ih^ pai<! for upon presentation of tho 
 broker's invoice, and the Udker shall deliver the same 
 upon the day the (hdivery is conipleted, if practicable; 
 at farthest by two o'clcKk I', ^l. on the day following. 
 
 REJECTIONS, 
 
 The bnyer shall have the right to rejert nil seedy or 
 fateely paokeil or mixe<*l packed or re-baUnl cotton, 
 unless it hiw been sold as such ; al.v) any cotton lower 
 
 
\m ii 
 
 Vi n 
 
 THE NEW ORLEANS COTTON EXCHANGE. 
 
 in o:rade than tho lowest grade represented in the 
 soIUt's samples. 
 
 No otiu'r cotton .hall be rejected when equal m 
 quality to the samp'o by which it hits been sold, if the 
 sauipK' lias boon fairly oxiiibitod. 
 
 Since Soptenibor 1, lb7'J, all flax bagging filloil 
 wit!i .-iliives, and all "thcr bagging, Avhich when wot 
 stains ( (itton, arc con.siderod unmerchantable, and all 
 c()l'.;iii coNorod tliorcwith must be re-covered with nior- 
 chaul.ibl;' i)agging at the expense of the seller. 
 
 ^\'lll■n (Otton of v.'UMous grades has been sold at a 
 unifdi'in price, and tiie I'ojections are above the average 
 grade of th.' list, the factor shall make good to the 
 buyer tlio (liil'ereni'c in value between the rejected 
 bales iuiil the average of the list, and where rejections 
 arc below the iiverago of the list, the buyer shall, in 
 like inaunoi', Hiaki' good the dilference in value to the 
 solki-. .V!l such (lillorcnces to be determined by the 
 original siunplcs of the .seller. 
 
 Any bale of cotton wcigliing less than three hundred 
 
 poun< 
 
 IS til 
 
 cnu'd uinncrc!iantal)le,and may be rejected 
 
 b}' the buyer. 
 
 BANDIMG, AND CONDITION. 
 
 Six iron h.'inds or ropes, not exceeding in weight 
 twelve pounils in the aggreg! to, arc allowed and con- 
 sidered sullicicnt for cacli l)aic of cotton. Any excess, 
 nui t, at the ojjtion of the buyer, be removed from the 
 bale and deducted from the gross weight. If a bale has 
 le>s than six bands, alloM-ance must be made to the 
 seller, the bands to be put on by the press at the 
 ox|)ense of t!ie seller. 
 
 All sides of cotton unless otherwise provided for at 
 the time of sale, shall biMtccmod to have been made im- 
 dor a guaranty of its iieing in a merchantable condition, 
 and in good order for immediate shipment. Buyers 
 shall have the right to reject any cotton delivered in 
 bad ovder or in a damaged condition, uidess it can be 
 pu*. in ord' r upon the day the delivery of the list shall 
 be coini)leted, provided the vessel to which it is 
 ordcri'disto sail that day; in other cii^es it maybe 
 delivered within the two following days. 
 
 DELIVERY, AND PRESS ROOM INSPECTION. 
 
 The delivery of cotton shall be eonsidcrod as com- 
 pleted wl"'n it pass<'s the seales, l)ul the .sellci still has 
 ;in insurable interest in it until pai<! for. 
 
 In like manner where payments on account are made 
 by the buyer prior to iictual d(dive"y, he is deemed 
 to hav<' an insurable interest in the cotton, and may 
 require fron. ^he seller an assigmnent of his ))olicy 
 
 of insurance to the extent of sucli jiayments. 
 
 When cotton is to be inspected in the press room, it 
 shall be the duty of the inspectors to be present at the 
 time of com))ressing, provided ho or the buyer's classcr 
 shall have been notified of the time at which the cot- 
 ton would be compressed. In case of his absence, the 
 owner or manager of the press shall bo authorized to 
 employ an inspector at a cost not exceeding five cents 
 per bale, to be paid by the buyer. 
 
 INFRINGEMENT CASES. 
 
 Members of the P^xchange when purchasing cotton 
 from or selling cotton to parties who are not nicnd)ors 
 must stipulate that such purchase or sale shall be 
 governed by the rules of the Exchange, including those 
 relating to supervision and inspection. 
 
 Brokers when purchasingfor parties who are notmem- 
 bers of the Exchange, must in each instance inform the 
 seller of that fact, and also give the name of the buyer. 
 In event of this rule not being observed the bnnicr 
 shall be held responsible under the rules, for any 
 infringmcnt thereof that may occur. 
 
 It is the duty of the chief supervisor to report all 
 infringements of this rule to the committee on super- 
 vision, who refers such cases to the committee on 
 membership. 
 
 GOVERNING WEIGHERS 
 
 The seller's weigher is not allowed to weigh any cot- 
 ton for delivery without the presence of the buyers' 
 re-weigher, unless he shall first have given notice to 
 the buyer's re-weigher, or to the buyer's classer of his 
 readiness to weigh the snme at a time which he shall 
 specify; should the buyer's re-weigher fail to be 
 present at the time .specified in said notice, a further 
 delay of two hours shall be allowed, at th) expiration 
 of Avhich time the seller's weigher may proceed with 
 the weighing of the cotton without the presence of 
 the buyer's re-weigher. 
 
 In all casos where wet or damp eottou is tend- 
 ered for delivery and the weigher and re-wcighor 
 agree as to the pToper allowance to be made for the 
 same, the buyer's re- weigher shall have the right to 
 demand that such cotton shall not be weighed luitil it 
 becomes dry. 
 
 The ch'ef supervisor shall test the weigher's scales, 
 whenever in his own opinion it shall !)o necessary to 
 do so 
 
 All bagging not absolutely necessary to cover and 
 protect the contents of the bales in a proper manner, 
 shall be deemed unnecessarv, and shall be removed 
 
)tton is teiul- 
 
 made for the 
 
 THE NKW OULE.VN8 COTTON KXCHAJ<GE. 
 
 from the bides before they are weighed, or a fair and 
 equitJible dcdurtion sliall be made for the weight of 
 such bagging; and all such unnecessary Ixigging when 
 removed to be the property of the heller. The usual 
 side pieces, which should each consist of no more than 
 a single half width of bagging, running the length of 
 the bale, will not be considered unnecessary bagging. 
 Two pounds per bale tare shall be allowed for sal- 
 vage. 
 
 FRAUDULENT PACKS, AND CUIMS. 
 
 After cotton has been examined, received and passed 
 upon by the broker or other agent or the buyer, no 
 claim shall be made upon the seller except for fraudu- 
 lent or false packing, and the allowance provided for 
 in Rule 28. 
 
 Falsely or fraudently packed cotton shal I bo defined 
 as follows — such bales as may "ontain any foreign sub- 
 stances, water packed bales, or bales contiiining damaged 
 cotton in the interior without any indication of such 
 damage on the exterior of the bale ; also such bales 
 as are plated, i. e., composed of good cotton upon the 
 exterior and decidedly inferior cotton in the interior of 
 the bales in such manner as not to be dete^ ed with- 
 out opening the same. 
 
 When claims are made, they shall be in writing, 
 giving the shipping marks or nimibcrs, also the plant- 
 er's and all other legible marks, and a separate certifi- 
 cate shall be given for each bale, except where two or 
 more bales bear the same planter's marks. The certifi- 
 cate shall also state the particulars of the fraudulent 
 or false packing, and shall be verified by oath or affir- 
 mation. 
 
 All claimp mn.de out in conformity with the forego- 
 ing regulations shall be deemed prima facia valid in 
 favor of the claimr;it, and can only be defeated by a 
 decision of the committee on arbitration or of the 
 Board of Appeals of this Exchange. 
 
 Cotton bought and held hero, if found U) be falsely 
 or fraudulently packed, shall be returned within 100 
 days from date of sale to the scHcr, who shall pay for 
 the same by the weight, and at the market value of 
 cotton of the grade shown by Ihe original sample hole, 
 at the time it shall be so returned. 
 
 "You see by these rules how closely and stringently 
 this Exchange guards all transactions of its members, 
 and the care taken *(> make this market, one of abso- 
 lutely square, lionwt dealing. You also see a little 
 of the labor imposed u|)on the assistant superintendent 
 and chief supervisor. But this you M'ill see more 
 clearly from the rules concerning press supervision. 
 
 aa 
 
 You have doubtless noticed the large yards occupieil 
 by our compress companies for storage of baled and 
 and loose cotton, and also for facilitating the handling 
 of cotton in the amounts sold in this market. We are 
 now ready to take up the subject of 
 
 PRESS SUPERVISION. 
 
 The Board of Directors elect annually during the 
 month of October, a chief sup(^rvisf)r and such nund)cr 
 of assistants as they may deem necessaiy, to be 
 employed by the month, and who hold their respective 
 oflices at the pleasure of the Board. 
 
 The president of the Exchange is also allowed to 
 make temporary appointments and suspensions. 
 
 It is the duty of the chief supervisor to visit all the 
 presses, to overlook his assistants, and exercise such 
 supervision over matters relating to the cotton trade 
 as may bo necessary; he must report all infractions of 
 the rules and regulations of the Exchange to the presi- 
 dent, and perform such other duties as maybe required 
 of him by these regulations or by a resolution of the 
 Board. Ho is required to keep a horse, that he may 
 be the better able to discharge the duties assigned to 
 him. 
 
 Under the direction of the committee on supervision 
 he makes all assignments of the assistant supervisors 
 fordutyatthe various presses, and transfers such assist- 
 ants from place to place whenever the committee 
 deem such changes are necessary. He reports at each 
 monthly meeting of the board the juantity of loose 
 cotton made in and tht; mmibers of bales received and 
 delivered by each press. 
 
 The assistant supervisors must see that all loosecotton 
 is gathered up and weighed and must then make a daily 
 report to the chief supervisor of the quantity weighed 
 and stored at each press. They must also weigh all 
 samples carried away by the factors', samplers' and 
 brokers' classers, giving a certificate in each case, if 
 required, and keeping a record of the same, showing 
 all details. They are to see that all regulations 
 established by the Exchange are properly enfor. h1, 
 and nnist report all infractions of the same to the 
 chief supervisor. • 
 
 SALARIES ANr /VEIGHT OF SAMPLES. 
 
 The chief supervisor is paidi 'ahny of four hundred 
 dollars per month, which includes the expense attend- 
 in"- the keeping of his horse. Each as.-^istant supervisor 
 is paid a salary not exceeding one hundred dollars per 
 month. 
 
 The weight of samples taken out y the factor's 
 
?,. 
 
 •,.l'! 
 
 !! 
 
 
 ?'- 
 
 
 :■ , i 
 
 j 
 
 THE NEW Oltl.KANS COTTON EXCHANOE. 
 
 s .iiiplcr must not exceed six ounces per bale, luid such 
 sjuuplcs must iu>t be removed IVom tbe press until 
 weighed by tiie assistant supervisor, wiio siiall keep a 
 rword of the wcigiit of sumo, and if required by the 
 factor, sliail furnish a certificate of this weight to the 
 sampler. 
 
 'I'lie weigiit of samph's taken out by tiie broker's 
 classer must not exceed six ounces per bale, and such 
 samples must not be removed from the press until 
 weighed Ity tiie assistant sujjervisor, who shall keep a 
 record of the weight of same, and if required, shall 
 furnish the classer with a certificate stating the weight. 
 Cutting of l)ands on bales for the purpose of sam- 
 jding is |»r<ihibited, and the six ounces allowed for a 
 sample from each bale, must be drawn in one sample. 
 
 The buy(>r'.-j inspector must exhibit a cei'titicate show- 
 ing his authority to inspect the cotton, and must also 
 replace all cotton taken from the bales in boring and 
 insi>ecting. Should he fail to do so, it is gathered up, 
 weighed and stored with the other loose cotton, but 
 in no event shall it lie removed from the press. 
 
 LOOSE COTTON. 
 
 All top samples and other loose cotton necessarily 
 taken from the bales by the seller's sampler or 
 the broker's classer, and all other loose cotton 
 gathered up in the presses, shall be weighed and 
 stored in the press, and the supervisor shall report any 
 sampler, cla.sser or any other person who may n:ake 
 more loose cotton than is necessary. 
 
 It is also the duty of the ch'^f or assistant super- 
 visors to report to the buyer or broker any classer 
 Avho takes his samples to a junk shop, or any other 
 shop or store, before taking them to the office of the 
 buyer or broker. 
 
 The chief and assistant supervisors shall have sole 
 charge of all loose cotton of whatever description, 
 made in the presses, to be kept by them until there is 
 a sufficient quantity to make one or more bales, when 
 they shall have it baled up at such place as the owner 
 or owners thereof may designate. 
 
 After being baled up, it shall be returned to the 
 press and stored, subject to the order of the owner or 
 owners thereof. 
 
 All such cotton shall be weighed before leaving the 
 press to l)e baled up, a^d shall be re-weighed when 
 returned to the press. 
 
 Any buyer requiring loose cotton for the purpose 
 \ of making up types, shall deliver to the supervisor an 
 order signed by himself or his regularly constituted 
 attorney. He will then be allowed to take from the 
 
 bales after they shall have been weighed, I lie quantity 
 recpiired. Tiie supervisor shall weigh the cotton so 
 taken and report the .same to the buyer. 
 
 SUPFRVISION FEE. 
 
 Vm\\ party storing cotton, shall, on the first of each 
 mouth, pay four cents jjcr Iwde on all cotton received 
 and stored by him during the preceding month, the 
 amounts so paid to be kept by the treasurer as a fund 
 out of which to pay all expenses of supervision, includ- 
 ing the cost of labor forgathering up the loose cotton. 
 All ship marked, small numbered, or other cotton 
 sampled for reside in the market, shall, upon resale, 
 pay the regular supervision fee of four cents per bale. 
 All forwarding cotton sampled in pres.ses shall be sul>- 
 ject to this rule. 'A'hen cotton delivered in a press by 
 planter's marks is hauled to another press and there 
 sjimpled, it shall, on supervision, be subject to an 
 additional charge of two cents per bale, or one-half of 
 the regular supervision fee, provided that should the 
 owner or owners thereof turn over to the Exchange 
 the loose made from such cotton, no such additional 
 charge for supenision shall be made. 
 
 The chief of the supervision department shall report 
 direct to the chainnan of the committee on supervision, 
 upon all matters connected with his department out- 
 side of his regular duties. 
 
 In all cases of deliveries of cotton on Sunday, factors 
 shall be required to pay the extra expenses for super- 
 vision and gathering loose, occasioned thereby. 
 
 The presses shall luinish free of charge suitable 
 storage room for loose cotton, and shall render such 
 aiu and iissistance as may be necessary to enable the 
 supervisors to perform the duties assigned them. 
 
 It shall be the duty of the owners and managers of 
 presses to report to the President of the Exchange all 
 such violations of these rules and regulations "w shall 
 come under their personal observation. 
 
 COMMISSIONS AND BROKERAGE 
 
 The following is established as tiie regular tariff of 
 commissions and brokerage for buying and selling in 
 the New Orleans Cotton Exchange, in the absence of 
 any specific contract: 
 
 Commission for buying, » 2J per cent. 
 Commission for selling, 2J per cent. 
 
 Tiie above rates apply to all purchases or sales of 
 cotton on the spar or to arrive. 
 
 "You now have," said the assistant secretary, "the 
 rules we have found it ticcessary to adopt. For their 
 practiral working let me refer you to the report of the 
 
 @ 
 
 ||:,i 
 
THE NEW ORLEANS COTTON EXCII.VNOE. 
 
 fe C\ 
 
 supen'ision committee, which roads as follows: 
 
 " The animal report of tlio Chief SuporvlBor shows that the loose cot- 
 ton made from samples, trimmings, waste and by cotton pickeries from 
 damaged bales, and from all soiiroos except the ro-glnnlng the sord liy 
 the oil mills, Is loss than soven.tenths of one per cent, the average of 
 factor's and buyer's samples being five ount-cs per bale." 
 
 " These are Bignifioiint facts, indicating as they do, 
 that while not stinting in the requirements necessary 
 to a fair and proper exhibition of cottou for sale or the 
 examination thereof when purchased, it is the custom 
 of the trade of this port to give tt) cotton a more care- 
 ful handling compared with its character and bulk 
 than is afforded in many markets to other articles of 
 merchandise. 
 
 The organization of the two systems of supervision 
 and levee inspection is such that New Orleans can 
 warrant full protection to cotton received here in 
 good order from the time of its arrival until it is finally 
 shipped abroad, and it now needs but the co-operation 
 of those most interested, the planters and country mer- 
 chants, to see that their merchandise is properly pro- 
 tected and cared for until it is placed in the hands of 
 the factors. 
 
 Our presses handle during the year over one million 
 bales in the way of receipts, and a like amount in 
 deliveries. As the supervision covers both receipt and 
 delivery, the work of the department equals a single 
 
 supervision of over two and a quarter million teles. The 
 business of the inspection department embraces in a 
 single year the inspection of nearly one million and a 
 half bales, including the cargoes of nearly five hundred 
 vessels to foreign and coastwise ports. One of the 
 most gratifying, as well as prominent results of levee 
 inspection, is the almost total absence of complaints 
 from abroad, of country damage to cotton shipped 
 from and via Now Orleans. Few masters of vessels 
 will now allow shipiiiouts to be taken abroad concern- 
 ing which there is the slichost doubt. 
 
 Furthermore, it has grown almost into a custom for 
 any dispute or difference relative to the condition of 
 such cotton, especially when it is for account of our 
 local shippers, to refer the matter to the chief of the 
 levee inspection department." 
 
 Such, in brief, is the method of handling the great 
 cotton interests of the south, at the central market of 
 the cotton fields, located in the city, which has been 
 long the acknowledged metropolis of the southern 
 states — New Orleans. For the characteristic courtesy 
 of New Orleans business men the authors acknowledge 
 their indebtedness to the extent of a largo portion of 
 the facts contained in this chapter, on that great and 
 growing institution, the New Orleans Cotton Exchange. 
 
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 THE UNION STOCK YAUDS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 — ^-♦- 
 
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 mfSto^fT 
 
 »—'•—*- 
 
 ----^^s?^ 
 
 -»^*OF CHICAGO, 
 
 AND THE LIVE 
 
 rfiTUATED as the capital of the rich cinpiro 
 1^ of the great west, ami being the natiinil 
 I receiving and shipping point for the pro- 
 ducts of this vast domain, Chicago can not 
 only, in her Board of Trade, boast of the 
 greatest grain market on this continent, but 
 in the Union Stock Yards, she may also 
 boast of the greatest live stock market in 
 the world. Considering the millions of cap- 
 ital involved in the enormous live stock 
 interests in this country, from the fields of 
 northern Dakota to the phiins of 
 Texas, including the states such as 
 Iowa, Illinois and Missouri, Avherc 
 the farmer divides his attention 
 between the production of tlic 
 cereals and the raising of stock 
 for the market; and considering 
 that all this vast country 
 witii its "rattle 
 upon a thousand 
 hills" and plains, 
 is tributary to a 
 largo extent to the 
 Chicago market, and 
 Hi 'urally flows thither 
 
 STOCK TRADE, 
 
 as it changes hands from the raiser, and we may 
 imagine, in an imjKjrfect way, the enormity of the live 
 stock trade at this great center. 
 
 Situated just beyond the corporate limits of the city 
 of Chicago, and covering a space of 3.50 acres with 
 pens, sheds and buildings for the receipt, handling and 
 shipment of the vast hordes of each day; giving 
 employment, directly and indirectly to over thirty 
 thousand persons, and being the center of a city of its 
 own creation and support, with stores, hotel, bank, and 
 daily newspaper, the Union Stock Yards is a place of 
 no small interest to even the most indifferent or casual 
 observer. 
 
 During the year 1882, the aggregate value of the 
 live stock received at this groat market, approached 
 ver}' nearly two hundred millions of dollars, averag- 
 ing over six hundred thousand dollars per day. 
 Almost all the states and territories, west, southwest 
 and northwest contribute their quota to make up this 
 vast aggregate. The corn fed stock comes principally 
 from Illinois, Iowa, !Missoi ri, Kansas, Nebraska, Min- 
 nesota and Wisconsin ; the grass cattle, from Texas, 
 Kansas, Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Oregon, 
 and even the British possessions send in their quota to 
 swell the groat volume of business. 
 
 All of the numerous railroads centering into Chicago 
 have branch tracks provided, connecting with the 
 Union Stock Yards, for dolivuring or receiving of live 
 stock to or from the market 
 
 I* ^ — o 
 
TIIE UNION STOCK YAI!l>S OF CIIICAOO. 
 
 ORGANIZATION AND GROWTH. 
 
 Tlio "Union StoiU Yards sind Transit ('()nii)any " is 
 the name of tiie incorporatod company wliicli owns 
 anil <()nlrols this vast property and l)nsinoss. Tiic 
 chartor was granted tlie company by tiic icyisiatni'p of 
 Illinois on February l.'S, [)H>!), and the oriirinai capital 
 stock of the company was placed at $l,OUl),()00, divided 
 into shares of $100 each. Previous to the estahlish- 
 ment of the Union Stock Yards, the live stock trad<' 
 of Chicajro had been carried on at various places, in 
 yards located at different points about the city, thus 
 scattering the trade and causing great inconvenience to 
 shippers and buyers, as well a.s to the railroads in 
 receiving and delivering stock. The object in consoli- 
 dating the yards and ci>n- 
 tralizing the live stock 
 business, was to give the 
 railroads greater facilities 
 for mdoading their cu-s of 
 catt](>, hogs and sheep, 
 brought from the various 
 points of tlie interior, and 
 to those lines sliipping 
 east, better advantages for 
 handling their trade, and 
 by having the live stock 
 all in one location, own- 
 ei-s and l)iiyers would be 
 bi-outrht nearer together 
 and till' benefits of a largo 
 market accnn> to all alike. 
 At the Iieiid of the cor- 
 jmration of tiie Union 
 Stock Yards, stands the 
 jiresident , .lohn 15. Sher- 
 man, a man of great exec- 
 ntive ability and enterprise, and it is due largely to his 
 powerful niiiul, that the Union .Stock Yards lias grown 
 to be the great and busy mart that it now is. OfU 
 cered with a complete and competent corps of men, 
 from president, vice-president, secretary and tieasui'er, 
 down to the yard men and feeders, the organizatinn of 
 the company is as perfect as that of a regiincnt of 
 soldiers, each man having duties to neifonii and lieing 
 held to a strict accountability for tlieir pei-forniancc. 
 The company assumes the payment of the fieigiit due 
 to the various railroads as they bring in their consign- 
 ments of stock; attends to the care, feeding and count- 
 ing of the stock from the time it is unloaded from tiie 
 cars, and does the weigliing when sold. For all this 
 a large force of men is required, and a thorough 
 
 GRAN3 ENTRANCE TO THE YA'^DS 
 
 system and organization is necessary, and these are not 
 t'ound wanting. 
 
 The growth of the Union Stock Yards from its 
 establishment in iHi;.^ initil the present time, has lieen 
 niaivi loMs and almost lieyond cominelieiision. In 
 1(S(;(;, the lirst year after the establishment of the 
 yards, the receipts of cattle atnounted to .'?'.•.">, (ii)7 head, 
 while in the year l^<f<2 the i-eeeipts of cattle alone 
 agirreirated 1 ,.").S2,r);H) head, an excess over the receipts 
 of iMiii by 1,!)S9,.")2.'5. 'l"he numlier of hogs received 
 in l.sdi) were 1 ,(')lli;,7.')H, but in l.'S«2 the number had 
 grown to the enormous ligiire of ,"),S17,r)ltf, in the 
 short space of seventeen years. The value of the live 
 stock received in 1882 amounted to nearly five times 
 
 that of I.SGC. 
 
 Making due allowance 
 for the grf)wth and devel- 
 oiiment of the western 
 countiy tiibutary to this 
 market, and for the conse- 
 quent increased production 
 of live stock, it is still 
 tiaie that the Chicago live 
 stock market has been a 
 great drawing and central- 
 izing force, building np 
 its enormous business from 
 year to year l)v attracting 
 to it, the products which 
 in times past flowed into 
 other channels. As the 
 attention of cajiitalists has 
 &^! been drawn toward in- 
 vesting money in live 
 stock raising on the great 
 jilains and prairies of the 
 west, for the past few years as never before, we may 
 contidently pri'vliiMliat this great market has not yet 
 reached its culminating point of magnitude. 
 
 THE YARDS. 
 
 The construction of tiio great Union Stock Yards 
 was begun in .lime, isti"), and they were thrown open 
 fur the transartiou of liusiness on the 2")th of the fol- 
 lowing Deceinber Tlie capacity of the jarils is suffi- 
 cient to recei\e and ilispose of 2."),000 head of cattle 
 daily, liesides 100,000 iiead of hogs, 2."),000 sheep, and 
 stabling for UTiiH) liiMse-;, making a total capacity for 
 over 150,000 head. In Ldiiitioii to this there are about 
 300 shutes and pens for the transferring of stock to 
 and frcim the cars, with numerous barns for the storage 
 
 ^ 
 
Iv, i ' t» ' 
 
 THE UNION STOCK YAUUS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 (if hay 1111(1 corn. Thoro are, in llio yards, thirty-two 
 miles of iiiidfr (h'aiiiajjc, oi^jflit miles of t<lr('('ts and 
 alloys, four miles of water troiijjrhs in the various pens, 
 ton miles of feed troujfhs, 2,.'J()();^atcs, 1,.')00 upon stock 
 1)0118 for cattle, and W)() covered pens for ho^s and 
 shoop. Many of the principal streets and thorou^'h- 
 faios thron^'h tho yards arc paved with .stone or 
 Macadam, and tho othor streets and alloys with cinders 
 and gravel, while the pens and vards arc bottomed with 
 three-inch plank, rendering them clean and dry from 
 the under sewerage. There are fifty miles of switch 
 and side tracks in and about tho yards for tho accom- 
 modation of tho dilTorent railroad lines in bringinur in 
 the stock, and transferring it to tho various packing 
 houses, or loading and shipping it to tho eastern sea- 
 board. Fifteen 
 hundred cars of 
 live stock can be 
 unloaded and ta- 
 ken care of daily 
 at the yards. 
 
 There are five 
 artesian wells on 
 tho premiaes, 
 which supply an 
 abundancoofgood 
 water, and this is 
 carried by moans 
 of underground 
 pipes throughout 
 tho yards, into 
 every pen. There 
 arc hydrants scat- 
 tered all over the 
 yards, for use in A STAMPEDE OF 
 
 case of fire, there being thousands of foot of hose piix) 
 constantly on hand for any emergency. A police force 
 is constantly on duty throughout the premises to pre- 
 8er\'e order and protect projierty. The yards are 
 opened at six o'clock In the morning and the gates are 
 closed at six o'clock in the evening, after which time 
 no one, except the regular watchman and those having 
 passes, are allowed to enter. 
 
 The yards are divid'Kl into sections or divisions, and 
 these are designated by letters of the ali)habet, siK;h as 
 " Div. A," " Div. C," or " Div. D." Tluwe divisions 
 are divided into blocks numbered from 1 to 30, more 
 or less; these blocks embrace all the pens in tho 
 division, whether for yarding cattle, hogs or sheep, and 
 the pens in each block are numbered from 1 to 30 or 
 40, as the case may be, so that any pen in the whole 
 
 area of himdreds of acres can bo located at once, first 
 by the division, then by the number of the lihxk, and 
 then the mnnber of the pen. Over each division is a 
 superintendent and yard master, under whom is placed 
 the necessary working force for yarding, feeding, 
 weighing, etc. This force of men numbers about s(nen 
 hnndn-d in all, and the monthly pay-roll of the com- 
 pany foots up to about I.W.OOO. 
 
 In addition to the divisions before explained, there 
 are several shipping departments for the accommodation 
 of tho through niilway linos that ship live stock of all 
 kinds from the Union Stock Yards to the different 
 Atlantic seaboard markets. Eight roads have slnites 
 in these departments for loading cattle, hogs and 
 sheep for shipment oast, and a sufEcient number of 
 
 blocks and pens 
 are provided in 
 near proximity to 
 the shutos to ac- 
 commodateallthe 
 t stock that may lu- 
 ^f delayed tempoia- 
 \^ rily for want of 
 'Y^ cars, or for other 
 X-A reason. Outside of 
 tho Stock Yards 
 W -» proper there is 
 tho department 
 for dead animals, 
 a largo number of 
 those being hand- 
 led in the course 
 of each year. 
 Those are all 
 pnmiptly loaded 
 on cars, and are taken to the Lnion Rendering estal)- 
 lishment, which is situated well out in the country, a 
 number of miles east of tho stock yards. 
 
 A largo proportion of the cattle arrivals dui'ing the 
 season of warm weather are Texan — rough, flat-ribboti, 
 long-legged, Spanish-looking subjects, narrow in tho 
 back, open in the loin, often of a yellow color, with 
 immense horns, weighing alive or " on the hoof," 900 
 to VIOO lbs. each, iliese cattle are all branded jierma- 
 nently and deeply, the brand being made with a liot 
 iron, when the animal is a calf, and sometimes reptiated 
 annually. This mode of branding is a system adopted 
 years ago, as a moans of identifying animals straying 
 wid(!ly over the prairies. The bulk of these cattle are 
 reared on the groat plains and I'unches of western 
 Texas, and driven thence up through Arkansas and 
 
 TEXAS CATTLE. 
 
 -Sg 
 
A— 
 
 THE UNION STOCK YAHDK OK CIIICAOO. 
 
 tlio Indian Nation to Colorado, wlioro after months of 
 pood f('(>(liM;r. <li<'y '>ro forwarded to ('liii'a<ro, for a 
 market, by tlic Union or Southern raeitic railroads. 
 
 THE COMPANY. 
 
 Standing as ft snpprvisinp and reirnlatinp: head over 
 the immense estahlishment is the company, or eorpom- 
 tioii of til.-* Union Stock Yards. This company, own- 
 in<j as it does ♦he vast property, prescribes the rides, 
 and is the executive and directing force in the market. 
 Should stock he shipped into the market which is not 
 consippuod ''> uny commission tirm. the Stock Yards 
 eompanj' assumes control of it upon its arrival, sees 
 that it is properly sold, and remits the proiveds to the 
 shipper, wherever he may ho. The Union Stock 
 Yards company assnmea and promptly pays all fi'ci<jht 
 charges to the diflerent railroads that brinir stock, pro- 
 vided that the same is in fjood fair condition when it 
 reaches the stock yards. The live stock commission 
 men, who now sell about all the stock that arrives at 
 the stock yards, never expect to settle these churpres 
 until after the stfxk is finally disposed of, and it often 
 happens that pretty larnfo lots of stock may have to 
 remain in the stock yards several dM3's before it can bo 
 sold, so that the Union Stock Yards company is all the 
 time heavily in advance to the country shiijpers for 
 freip-ht and other cliarjrcs an;ainst the live stock brought 
 in. It takes from $2()(),(H)0 to $;{UO,OUO a week to pay 
 charges of this kind to all the dilferent railways *hat 
 bring stock from the country to the Union Stock 
 Yards. As much as $100,000 has l)cen paid to the 
 Chicago, Burlington an*! Quincy railroad company in 
 a single week for freight, etc., on stock that this single 
 road has brought in. 
 
 The company keeps complete and extensive records of 
 the receipts and shipments of stock, and is thus able 
 to furnish any statistical ififormation which shippers 
 and dealers, or others interested, may desire. 
 
 THE EXCHANGE BUILDING. 
 
 As one approaches the Union Stock Yards, he sees 
 first, the large five-story brick hotel, known as the 
 Transit House, built and owned by the Stock Yards 
 company, and patronized chiefly by those interested in 
 lie business at the yards, and by drovers and shippers. 
 Further on, and just after passing the grand entrance 
 to the yards, situated near the center of the vast field 
 of pens and yards, looms up the Exchange Building. 
 This is a brick structure 60 feet wide and 240 feet long, 
 two stories high, and is located within the yards in 
 order to be convenient and easy of access by those who 
 
 transact business thereaboiit. The Exchange building 
 was constructed with all possible care to aci'oniMKidato 
 stock men and the live slock interests. Here the ship- 
 pers, packers, commission men and buyers meet, and 
 within this l)uildnig a vasi volume of business is tnins- 
 acted every ilay. In this building, the raiser oi' shi|)- 
 pcr of stock from Dakota, Kansas or Texas, meets, 
 through the mediimi of the connnission merchant, the 
 buyer rcprescjiting thecasterncities or Europe. In this 
 building the checks and ilrafts are drawn which transfer 
 the title of almost a million dollars of liv(^ stock, from 
 one party to the other every day. Telegniph olfi<'es 
 located in the building furnish reports of the condition 
 of the grain and live stock markets at various points 
 of the country, together with any other information 
 which would tend to modify or fluctuate the market. 
 Bulletins are posted up, furnishing the hourly market 
 reports and daily recei])ts and shipments, and t((lc- 
 grtmjs from the Board of Trade in the city are posted 
 here showing the conditions of the grain market. 
 
 In the Exchange buildin^'tho commission men andalso 
 the buyers all have their otiii os. Hero are also the offices 
 of the superintendent, secretary and treasurer of the 
 company, and its gcnend business office for clerks and 
 book-keepers, about a dozen men being eni ployed con- 
 stantly in the latter capacity, to record all the transac- 
 tions of the vast business centering here, which the 
 comi)any exercises an oversight and supervision 
 tliroughout, and is responsible for. The eastern and 
 western live stock freight collections for all the rail- 
 roads, are settled here, as well as the yard and feed 
 charges, which annually foot up into the millions. 
 There is also in the building, a restaurant and a barber 
 shop. In a wing or annex to the builduig is the 
 National bank, which suppliea the funds to carry on 
 this gigantic enterprise. 
 
 THE COMMISSION MEN. 
 A necessarj' clement in the machine work of the live 
 stock trade is the commission man. He is to the ship- 
 per what the attorney is to his client — a counsel, advo- 
 cate, and experienced and skillful agent. Without the 
 commission man, the shipper would be at the mercy of 
 sharks and sharpers who would take every advantage 
 of his inexperience and ignorance in the market, and 
 would impose upon him by all manner of tricks and 
 devices, so that he would verily lielieve that he had 
 fallen into the hands of the Philistines. The result of 
 this would be the destruction of the market, and it 
 may then be said that the commission man is essential 
 to the live stock trade. To him all live stock is con- 
 
m. 
 
 'Kn' 
 
 ku:. 
 
 II 
 
 
 TUB UNION HTOrK YAKDH nv CllirAUO. 
 
 ("iiriii'il Ity tin' >lii|>iH'r, mikI tlic (lisp(isi(iiiii nf it is n 
 iiiiitlcr of Ins jiiiliiiiniil. ■-kill iumI lioiior. It is csmh- 
 tiiil to till' .shipper tli:il lie pliicf his properly thus in 
 the hiiiuls of only an honoriililo iin>l trnsi worthy coni- 
 nii-sjun lirni, \\lii> "ill sciuie him every iitlvuntii;i.'«' in 
 the niMrkel . ;ini| n.aUc prompt timl nliiiliie retniiis. It 
 is iil-o (•■•^riil ial in nimiy liises tiiiil tiic lomniission 
 iMi'rrh.inl h:i\i' :impl(^ <Mpi,:il:il his cunnniiml, iin<l is 
 pri'piireil to nmke iKhunces to the .shi[)per of |)erhiips 
 one-h;ilf or t\\()-lhinl.s the value of 'In- ealtic het'ore 
 they are sold. The huyer in theeonnlry niaiket, after 
 liM\uii! shippi'il a con-iirunieiit of stork to his commis- 
 hion merchant in Chieayo, may thus, hy gutting an 
 aihiuice of a portion of the value of his shipment, lie 
 cnahleil to eontiniio his |)ur<'hasi's without interruption. 
 
 C'ou.sidering tlial ^ . 
 
 the larireeonnnis- 
 .sion lirnis who 
 Ii:i\(' nni lerous 
 buyers in various 
 parts of the coun- 
 try, niiiy l>e ad- 
 MiiK'ini^' nmiicy to 
 n!:iny cf them at 
 the >.inie time, 
 the anidunl of 
 lloatin;^' capital or 
 actual cash re- 
 quired to conduct 
 a largo commi:'- 
 tion liu.^iness is 
 coiisiderahle, and 
 easily rtms into 
 the hundreds of 
 thousands. 
 
 THE EXCHANGE BUILDING, 
 There are over scventy-fivo oonunission firms ni the 
 Chicago live stock market, all having their ollico.s in 
 the Kxchango building. These lirnis are each under 
 bonds to the Union Stock Yards company in large 
 amounts, somethiiig like $2."),()ilU, for the safe and 
 proper perfonimneo of all obligations and the sottle- 
 iiieii* of all itein.s, .smdi as freight, yanlage and feed 
 bills, to the Stock Yards company. Kach commission 
 tirni eni[)loy.-i one or more helpers for duly alvout the 
 yards in handling .stock, and tiie.-e added to tiie f(U'ce of 
 700 yard men emiiloyed by the company, make nearly 
 1,U00 men scattered thnnighout pens, streets and alleys. 
 'J'l.cie is, among the legitiniatt! coiiinii.ssion men, no 
 such thing us speculation. No " longs," ".short.s" or 
 "stfadille.s," and no iaiying or selling for future deliv- 
 ry. No "margins," no "puts" or "calls" ever 
 
 intrude tiieir hvdra heads into tills live utoek market. 
 The"bulls' and " liear.- " are there, however, as 
 they are and must be in "very market, altl: uigh not 
 always dt luuninated by lli ise i.anies. 'I'he conimission 
 man is id ways the " laill," for it is his business to toss 
 the market, slilVen prices, mid get the best lignre for 
 the slock of his ci)nsigiior that is possible. On the 
 other Iriiid, the buyers are always " bears," and arc^ 
 always aiming to depress values and buy at the lowest 
 [nice [lo.-sible, for the pai kers or eastern markets 
 which they lepresent. 'I'liese two opposing forces 
 meet daily, and although not in e.xcited nv violent 
 comltat or vocileratioii, as on the Hoard of Trade, yet 
 the liargainings ami bickerings are all go"-, through 
 with, which tinally result in a trade. 
 
 , The receipts or 
 
 arrivals of stock 
 are disposed of 
 eacji day, unless 
 for sulllcient rea- 
 win any portion 
 may be held over 
 until tiie next 
 morning, in an- 
 ticipation of a 
 more favorable 
 market. The 
 stock is sold on 
 its merits, at the 
 market prieo for 
 the day, and the 
 commission man 
 receives his com- 
 pensation for sell- 
 ing without re- 
 
 gard to what the stock brings. There is, conseijuently, 
 among the careful and well established eommissioii 
 firms, no such thing as the "gigantic failures," which 
 characterize speculation. The commission man per- 
 forms his service and receives his compensation, 
 together with an} advances, freight, etc., which he 
 may have made, and is thus always ou the safe side. 
 
 THE BUYERS. 
 
 There are a large number of live stock buyers era- 
 ployed regularly at the stock yards. All the heavy 
 packing establi.-hments emiiloy buyers to imreliase 
 their hogs for them, and all the shippers of hogs do 
 the same; all the heavy cattle dealers have their buyei-s 
 employed to make their purchases, the parties that 
 slaughter cattle and ship beef in the carcass, and the 
 
IIIF. l?.NI«)N STOCK YAUnS Ol" ( IIICAdO. 
 
 '.'imicrH liiivc tli(>ir liuycrs. Some liriivv ciistorii cstul)- 
 lisliini'iils liMNc n1i('('|i Idiycr.t ciiiiiloyfil to |inrtliiiso 
 hIi('('|) I'lir lliciM tliniii;,''Ii ii liii'ijo portion of oiifli year. 
 Tlii'sc huyi'iH nil iiiako a Hjiocialty of hiiyiii;,' one par- 
 tilailar ('la.-s of slociv, ortpociallt in (lit' cattid dopait- 
 iiitMit. 'I'Ih^ cattlo I(oiif,'lit for siiipiuciil in rarcass, for 
 cxpori, or for canning, aro oacii ciiliri'iy ililft-nnt, one 
 from till' oilier, in ffrado ami ipialily. As a roninion 
 rule, tlio city liiitclicrs liny their own stock, cattle. 
 lio;.'s and .Hliee|), and there arcs a \tu<iii nunilier of them 
 in daily atlen<lance for the piirposo. Th'>re are all the 
 time a larire nnndier of transient, laiyers .it the >*t()ck 
 yards generally for the purpost! of purehasin;^ stock 
 <'attl() or feedfM's. Tho jjroat hulk of tlioso cn,sra,Q;oil as 
 buyers aro resident, and Iheso buyers, taken all 
 ton'other, bear a n\ost important jiart in the daily 
 workiPiT of the whole "(oneral business of the Union 
 Stock Yards. Tho eonunission men sometimes recei\t' 
 orders to buy I'oi- persons or linns at a distance, but 
 this is not conmion. There is also in the market a 
 class of s[)ecnlators who buy and sell for the jmrpose 
 of profiting by the rise in fiio market. These specu- 
 lators have their ollices in the l^xchiuiire buildinir. p.iy 
 cash for wiiat they buy, .and sell when and where they 
 can obtain the best price. They l)uy iarireiy, <'ripplcd 
 animals, wliich they sell "on tlie .street," or to tin' 
 resident linlchers to be slaiiufhtered at once. In casi; 
 they see a barirain in Texas steers or fat cattle, or are 
 inclined to believe I lie iniii'ket lo-morrnw mIII be better 
 than to-day, liiey seize ilw opporlimity, liny the lot, 
 and iiold it until th(> next day, when the animals are 
 sold and slauirhlere<l or siiipped eastward. 
 
 The demands in tl'(> east usually control the Chicago 
 mai'ket, and cause i's iluctuations. The buyi'rs rec<'ive 
 theii' instruction:* from the establishments for whicji 
 they buy, as to what thoy shall pay for stock, each day, 
 and it is the business of tho eonunission merchaut and 
 sellci's to iibtain tho l)est price thoy can. 
 
 THE BANK. 
 
 VVj ere so nnich business is transacted, and so nnich 
 value ijassinij constantly from buyers to sellei-s, it 
 became ncces.sary at tho first to establish a baidvini,' 
 institution for tho safe dopositiuir of capital within 
 eiisy and ready access when wanted. Tho business at 
 tho stock yards is largely done l)y checks, conipani- 
 tivoly little actual money being used. This is a great 
 convenience to the dealers, besides bein": much safer. 
 Tho freight, yardage and food bills are paid by tho 
 commission firm's chock ; the buyer gives his cheek for 
 the stock, and tho commissiou man draws his cheek to 
 
 the shipper for the proceeils after deducting hi- . mn- 
 inissioe, and advinces, or if the shiiiper is not in attiMul- 
 anc(> with the stock in the market, the coiiiiiii.tKion iiiau 
 draws his check Ibr the proceeds of the kiIo uml with 
 it buys a draft at the bank, which he remits to tlie 
 sliipi er wlauvTcr he may be. 
 
 The aggregate operations of the Union .St<M k YnnU 
 National l>ank average abiatt {(M(M),(Mii| daily, but iiiuk-r 
 certain conditions the l)iisine>s of the Ixink luu 
 amounted to $1,(KH),(I()(I in a day. This Ixiiik wim 
 brought into existence as a necessity for facililutinir 
 the general live stock business of the Union .>tiHk 
 Yards, and it constant ly keeps a large amount of iiuiiii-v 
 employeil in doing this. To give an iii-taiiro wrhidi 
 will illustrate the matter, a drover reaches the >l<Mk 
 yards on a given day with ten or twenty car Unuh *>( 
 hogs, consigned to some commi-sion lirm, who «e\\* 
 them tipon arrival to one of the l:trg<( packing finii.*. 
 .\ ticket is obtained from the otiice of the Union .^toek 
 Yards company showing that all freight ami otlier 
 chaiges have been settled upon suih hogs, and the licink 
 promptly adviinces tlii';unount <lue from tin: ^Kii-kor 'Vir 
 such stock, and the drover receives his pay at onee ami 
 leaves foi- liome, M idle the bank gets its check for lh« 
 advance niadi' irom tlie city otli<'e ot'tlie packer, in one 
 or two days, as the case may be, and the same kiml of 
 ride holds with scane of tiie heavier kind of tninsar- 
 tions in the catth^ trade. 'I'he bank aI>o facilitates the 
 shipment of livi^ slock from the Union SXifk Yank to 
 the dilVereiit eastern markets by disri>untin;.' .Inift* 
 drawn against it, for which interest ami diM-ouiit is 
 >'harged. The Union Slock Ymi'<1- company ke«-|»s 
 about $2.')0,lMi() regularly employed in paying to the 
 dilVerent railroads freight and other charires on .-tjn-k 
 that is coiislaiitly arri\iiig at the >tock yards, and ibi.s 
 anu)ni!t lies in the Union Stock Yards National Bunk 
 on deposit, subj(>ct to ciieck. 
 
 The liankalso proves a great and valualile ajrent for 
 collecting drafts drawn by country buyers again.-t their 
 commission merchant. Thus, for instance, a buyer in 
 Indiana, Iowa, or tho far west, having piirchasetl a cer- 
 tain number of car loads of cattle, or hogs, loads them 
 on board the cars, and consigns them to the eomnii.ssioii 
 firm of Jones & Brown, for sale at the Unir)n Stfwk 
 Y'ards of Chicago. Tho shipper then receives a I^tilroud 
 Receipt or Bill of Lading from the station agent at tbe 
 place of .shipment, statin ' that so many «"ai-H of cattle 
 or hogs have been received by him, and <onsiime<l to 
 the eonunission firm of Jones & Brown, for account of 
 the shipper, and to his ordo: Tho shipper now diuws 
 a sight draft on Jones & Brown for one-half to three- 
 
•1^ ' 
 
 *!i 
 
 TIIK IN ION STOCK YAHDH OF rillCAQO. 
 
 foiii'tliM til*' value lit' the HliM'k i4|ii|i|)i>il, iiiitl iilttiilifH to 
 tliiH Ills Kill lit' Lulling', |ini|«'rly iiiiliirHi'tl tivt>r to IiIm 
 coiiiiliy lijiiik. Tlir liaiik irailily uilvaiicfH tlii< iiinnt'v 
 «iii till- (halt, taking' tin- liili ni Lailin^' us xniirily. 
 TliiN ari'aii;ri<iiioiit fr\\^'s tiii> liaiik m- lioli|i>r of tlio Ilili 
 of liadin/j, tr/iiH voiiHigmd to the onlrr of' t/ir nhipptr, 
 ami liy liiiii prii|irrly iiiilorsi>i|, altsoliito rniitrnl of tiii> 
 |ii-(i|ii-rty until llin iliaft is paid. Tlu' ilraft, with its 
 Hill of liailiii^mttucheil, is forwimloil to Chii-a^'o, uinl 
 ivaihis till- riiiiiii Stork Yanls National liank, which 
 colli'i'ts it friiin .loncs iJc Krown, ami clmrgcn u certain 
 ffo fur Uuing tlii> liiisim>ss. 
 
 DAILY ROUTINE. 
 
 Kai-h milroad lias its particular iilacc ami tnu<k from 
 which to nnloacl or loml tho livo stock it hriiij,'!i or 
 receives, and beside the track is provided a |>latform 
 lon^ eiioii<rh to accommodate ihu longest stock tntin, 
 while mimerous schiites open to roeeivo tho pent-»ip 
 iinimals from the caiN. Arrived at its platform the 
 yard master of tlie division takes the siiipping hills 
 fium the cnndm tor, am' with his helpers imloads the 
 train and yards the stock, kce^iing in record a strict 
 olllcial account of all the stock taken from each ear, 
 the niniilier of the car, the nunilier of the schutes into 
 wliich it was iniloatled, and the iiunilier of iilock and 
 jieu ill w liicli it was yarded, the name i.f the owner and 
 of the consignee. 
 
 A\'hcii the commission man is ready to put a con- 
 signment of stock on the market he looks for the kind 
 of a l)U\er that deals regularly in the kind and quality 
 of stork he has to otl'er; if he has export cattle — the 
 best (piality the market ever all'onls — he looks up the 
 hiiyei-s of export cattle and works among them until 
 he etl'ects a sale; if he has cattle suiUihle for slaughter- 
 ing and shipping in the carcass, he works among the 
 buyers who niaki^ a specialty of buying this kind of 
 cattle, and the same as to canning, common butcher- 
 ing, or stock cattle. Tho same is true in regard to the 
 selling of hogs and sheep; there are shipping hogs, 
 packing hogs and bacon hogs, each lieiiig a separate 
 grade. Sheep are ge'nerally of two grades, shipping 
 and common butchering. 
 
 As soon as a sjile of stock ha.s Iwen efl'eeted by the 
 commission merchant, it is driven on the scales and 
 counted and weighetl to the purchaser, by the weigli- 
 niaster employed for the purpose by the Stock Yards 
 company. The weighman then issues a ticket to the 
 commis.ssion firm soiling the stock. Thi.s ticket fixes 
 the quantity as an element in the sale, and upon it are 
 ased the calculations which eventually result in draw- 
 
 ing the chockrt. I'liis ticket is really tiie only written 
 contract, or evideiieo of ii contract, lK>twe«n Heller and 
 buyer, and on the iKick of the ticket is written down 
 the price, by the commission man, and a computation 
 is made of the total tniiiHacti<ui. The fidlowiiig is a 
 form of tlie ticket: 
 
 All Muck U huld aul^art lo FrKlghl and Clwrg«l> 
 
 ^i9Tlilf....!j^.^?.:. 
 
 John Smth. 
 
 76_ Cattlo, S5JIP _.,..Lb8. 
 
 Hogrt, _ '• 
 
 Sheep, _ __ '* 
 
 Date, 9:/3, 188J. 
 
 J ^:,Mon. Weigh Master. 
 
 Meager as the written evidences of the transaction 
 are, they are usually snfHcient for all purposes among 
 the commission merchants and the buyers, who are 
 personally known to each other. It is regarded as 
 damaging to the reputation of a buyer or seller to 
 " back out" of a tnule that has been onco fairly made, 
 although verbal. 
 
 " What do you ask for t lese cattle?" 
 
 " Five and a quarter." 
 
 '• All right, I'll take them." 
 
 This constitutes the only language necessary to a sale 
 of thousands of dollai-s worth of stock. Hut if, after 
 looking the pen over again with only a few moments 
 i'lterveiiing, tho buyer should say, " I won't take 
 them," he has damaged his standing and reputation 
 throughout the yards, and this course persisted in, 
 finally ends in routing him from the market. 
 
 After the seller receives the weighman's ticket, ho 
 sends it to the office of the Stock Yards company, and 
 from them receives a duplicate, in the following form: 
 
 Union Stock Yard and Transit Co. 
 
 9-J3, 188 J. 
 
 Martin Btos.,, To _ John Smiih. 
 
 76 Callle, 85^10 
 
 ffbgs, 
 Sheep, 
 7fo Charges. GEO. T. IFILLUMS, Secretary. 
 
 <Ptr. ^9:^P^- 
 
TIIK I'NION MU<K YAHDH OK ClilCAUO. 
 
 On till' iNii'k of th'iH ilti|ili<'itti> Mtil<> ti, ki't lie li^'iiiiv^ 
 ii|i tlin luiioiiiit of tliu Wile, uikI then ilitlivt'i'M tlii' licki't 
 til the iitlici' I'lirty til tlio i-iiiiti'itrt till' liiiyiM' who in 
 turn iliaw.H \\'\n check tor llic iiniiMHil ol' tlio ileal. 
 
 I'lion rcceivinj,' tho clu-ck of thn ituycr, thu coinniiH- 
 >ion lirni which hcIIm tint Ntock, iHMiicH iin order on the 
 I'liion Stock VjU'iIh company lor itn ilelivery, iiml l»y 
 thij*, it imsHes cut oC the poHHCHsion of the seller into 
 timt of the pun-htiNer. 'i'he followin;,' in thu form of 
 thn onlvr: 
 
 O 
 
 QC 
 QQ 
 
 Z 
 I- 
 
 < 
 
 Chicago. 9-t/l, t88S.._ 
 
 To Union Stofk Yiinl and TruiiNit Co. 
 
 Please deliver to r^»*.»...'!^f'»if!!*.?. 
 
 T? Callle Ifngs, Sheep, 
 
 ffhcH: JI...... Pen, J1L. Division ■«. . . Scale *.... 
 
 MARTIN BROS. 
 
 The coiumiitnion merclmnt Ihoii |tro<-«<f«li> to make up 
 hJH ueeoinitrt. Ill) MMulit to the otHco of tht.> Stmk 
 Vuriln compttnv ami aMerlainn the lVei;jrhl, yanlijre iiihI 
 feed 1)111 incurred on the^ttM'k ja-tt Milil.anl with iIhik' 
 ileiiw, he make!* out for hi- cinmtry ^•hip|ll•^, iin Account 
 Sale;*, jriviny all the |Nirticuluni of the tntuMutiun, iw 
 in the I'orin Ih-Iow, 
 
 In case any advaneeH hiivo lioon nmdc to the »hipptT 
 on ikceounl uf tho Mturk Ixifore it waa ri>«%>iviMl, the 
 amount will ap|M'ar on tho Account Siile* op|Hinite 
 "t'a«h advances," and thin, to;,'ether with the char^ri'n 
 for frei^rht, yanliifre, ote., will lie dinluctod from the 
 total Male, leuvinjf the iKilance due the Hhip|>er. On 
 the liook.-> of the commi>.si<in monhunt, sonu* of his 
 HJiipperH keep an o|m'u account, nid draw drutis "^jini-t 
 tho HJiipment In't'ore it nwhen tlie market. Theso 
 drafts UHUully come in one or two dayri in atlvunce of 
 the stock, and are paid ami ch.-irtred up to the a<'<'ount 
 of the ship|>er. When tho sttnk hua been »oid, tlio 
 
 FORM OF AN ACCOUNT SALES. 
 
 .milN M. MVUTIN, 
 U T. MAKTiN. 
 
 Union Stock Yard 
 
 MARTIN BROBt, 
 
 Live Stock Commissiuii Brokers, 
 
 EXCtiASUK Itl'ILDlSO. 
 
 r-f-/- 
 
 /^ ^^ ^Jt*'^^'' ^^'i' <='«•■". 
 
 CAK NOS. 
 
 NO. 
 
 STi)c:k. 
 
 WKIUHT. 
 
 OFF. 
 
 PUICE. 
 
 AMOIXT. 
 
 
 2472 
 
 4873 
 
 15261 
 
 70 
 
 Cattle. 
 
 H5210 
 
 
 5.00 
 
 4260 
 
 50 
 
 4260 
 323 
 
 50 
 
 CHARGES: 
 
 Cash Advancks. 
 Freigiit. fincUulincr feed on roiul^. 
 
 
 260 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 38 
 
 50 
 
 
 Yanl. 
 
 Hay, 
 
 Ciinii 
 
 E. &. 0. E. 
 
 iSfi, 
 
 
 
 '^ ' 
 
 
 lission, 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 Net I'n 
 
 jcecds. 
 
 
 
 3037 
 
 OO 
 
1 
 
 O 1 
 
 '.' ■ 
 
 '•A 1 
 
 1 
 
 ii 
 
 J i 
 
 
 i ' 
 
 Mhi'i 
 

 \i;i>s OK ( iii<A(;o. 
 
 
 residue, a*'ter dediietiii^r Hie " easli adviiiices," clinrires, 
 cti'.. is eariied tn llie ciccrK iil' the shipper, sld)jert to 
 liis t' 'iii-e dnit'ts. Sliippei-s liavinv'' ini open aicoimt 
 usually ke«'p a lialaiii'e with their rtiiuiuissioii iiiei- 
 cjiauts to tlieir credit, to cover any loss which may 
 ociMi- iVoui a decline in tli(> market, and an uulortu- 
 nalo >ale. 
 
 In case tin advances ai'e made, of no account is kept, 
 and the .-■; pper is not in the market iiimself, he usually 
 instructs his couuiiissiou meri'Imiit how to remit tho 
 net pnM'eeds of the sale. 'I'iiis may he l>y mailiuir Ji 
 ciuM'k, hv fortvardiuir New Vork exchauire, or Iiy send- 
 iuL' the <urreiicy Iiy ex[uess, at the risk ami expt'use 
 of the shipper. 
 
 The couunissiou merchants scttlo usually twice a 
 week with the Union .Stock Yard.s compaiy f •. .1 
 dues, such its freiirht advanced, yanlage, feed, etc , l>y 
 jMiiwiug over a cheek for tho umouiit. 
 
 CHARGES. 
 
 Tl!*> oharfTPs ^J the c')ininissiou men for soiling, are 
 fifty oent.s jx-r he;id for cattle, am! .six dollars per ear 
 for hogs and sheep. There are from forty to sixty head 
 of ho.^ in a car load, and eighteen to twenty head of 
 cattle. All eatile, shi-ep and hogs are sold by live 
 weight; from one to a score or more are driven on to 
 the f^caloH. The seller usually tries to got bis stock fed 
 and \Tatere<l tirst. Officers of the Society for the Pre- 
 vention of Ouelty to Animjds are constantly in attend- 
 i.-ico to report upon ami prevent cases of cruelty or 
 neglect. 
 
 Tho stock yards charges are twenty- five cents jier 
 liertd or rattle, and eight cents for hogs dn<l sheep as 
 yjirdage. and this is .always the same, no matter 
 whether the stock is sold in an houi after its arrival or 
 remains in tlio yards a month. This includes the 
 watering of the slock. The feed is ai' extra charge, 
 and from the famine prices demanded, one would think 
 we lived in the Kgypt of olden tinie.s. The price for 
 hay is (ixed at twenty-live dollars per ton, and for ear 
 corn one doil.ir per bushel. During ;he siiort <'ro|) 
 years of l.s.sl and ISMJ. the jirice td' ciir corn at these 
 yards Wiis one ilu/lar and Iwentij-fivt' cents per bushel. 
 The .StcK'k Yards conin^iiy supplies all the feed to tin" 
 slock iit all times, ancl. in fact, has a monopoly on it, 
 and allows no iced used <'Xi'ept such as is supplied from 
 the hnrns and cribs of the corpor.'ition. No wonder 
 the •-hares of sti>ck of this soulless corporation hav<' 
 .Hold at enonnous premiums, and doubtful if llioy can 
 Ik? hud in the market even then. 
 
 ABOUT CATTLE. 
 
 The (pialily of the >toik cat tic, hogs ;uid sheep that 
 reache-- liie .-lock yar.ls varies, ol' coMrM', iVoni \\w 
 highe>l to the Iow«'>t grade>, :;ni| liicre is a considera- 
 ble anionni of >t(iek all the time arriving l!ial ought 
 to be pi'ohibited from >ale in .any ■ unsnming market for 
 .sjinit.ary reasons aloni*; there i-, also ,i i;irgc amoimt of 
 stoi'k of all kind-i r<'ceivcil as i^oocl in <pialit\ a-, could 
 b<! found in the worlil. 
 
 .\dj:i<ent tothe>e st(M-k yards there are lour large! 
 establishment.* where, in each, upwar<l ot ;i Ijiousimd 
 cattle are killed .and dressed, daily, t'.nca.-scs, sides or 
 quarters, are distributed to the retail l)ulcliers of tin; 
 <'ity ami vicii-.ity. The canning and i)ackinLr establish- 
 ments take 7<N» to 1,(MKI car<asses, ■ nd several ref'ig- 
 erator ear loads are tk:patched daily to New Vork, 
 Boston and intermediate places. Every week. a]»oiit 
 1,(HH) <'an'jLs.scs are forwardeil to England by steamers 
 from IJostou .and New York, beingsent in cloths in tlu! 
 winter .season, and in refrigerator cars and chandx'rs 
 on )H)ard ship in the summer; and so carefully cooled 
 and managed is this Chicago slaughtereil meat, that it 
 is eaten in Liveriiool. M.anclmstei- and London a fort- 
 night later in a,s gootl condition as that killed only a 
 day or two previously in those cities. E<ir the did'erent 
 departments of the tnide, various auinials are used; 
 only the superior grades, weighing, when hung up, 700 
 to 7.")<) ftw., are sent to the seaboard and across tho 
 wean. For the canning business; four-year-t)ld Texan 
 and Coloratlo bull(M-ks, weighing net 4.")0 ti; .'.00 lbs., 
 are chiefly usetl. The price per lt>. of the dresspd car- 
 cas.scs is aiN.Mit dotible that given for the live animal. 
 
 Commnnicating witii a large jard, where tho cattle 
 are heideil. is a series of ten jiens, into each of which 
 a cou|>le of bullocks are driven. From a platform 
 overhead, the ofwritor dextrously drops his pole, 
 armed with a ste<d blade, which severs tlu^ spinal cord 
 just iH'tween the first and second vertebr.a ; the first 
 thrust almost invariably takes etlcct ; the animal drops 
 dead instantly. Th<' ipiivering movements st'en have 
 been iL'uonuitly supposed to evidence sullering, but are 
 purely involuntary muscular movements. So soon as 
 the victim drops, he is fixed liy the lioi'iis to a revolv- 
 ing <-hain pa.ssing .along the floor, worked by an engine, 
 set in motion by the movement of a lever, and dragging 
 the cana.-s out of the slaughtering pen .some twenty 
 leet to the gn<at slii d, where In- is drcssol. The large 
 ve.s.sels of the neok are cut to allow thorough bleeding; 
 the horns are promptly removed by a eiieuhir .saw, 
 workeil by the engine and set in motion is reijuired by 
 a spring' on the floor; the hide is tukou off; the trees 
 
 • ..'.'.s^l^tiuk 
 
fr 
 
 TIIR IJNION STOCK YARDS OF (^HICAOO. 
 
 arc iipjiiiod in tlio usual niiiniu'r and llie carcass strung 
 np. Ei^'Iilccn catllo are killed and dipssod in fiftcon 
 niinntos. So\enty-fivo arc soniotinios turned into tlio 
 coolinir elianihors in an hour. AVithont lahoi-ious lift- 
 inn oi" any Iioaw manual labor, the carousscs from the 
 slipds whore they arc dressed, aro swung along on 
 wheels running on stout iron rods overhead, and ranged 
 in the cooling chamber. 
 
 The tongues are forwarded to the packing houses for 
 ])rerierving; the iiiiernal organs, carefully cleaned, aro 
 converted into sausage casings; the tallow is assorted, 
 the best of it goes for oleomargarine, the second quali- 
 ties are rendered into barrels for soap and cjindle 
 making; in several large vats, heads, bones and offal 
 aro digested and made into fertilizers; the blood is 
 presen'cd for the same purpose ; the hides find buj'crs 
 close 1)y, who are ready to take them green from the 
 block, doing the curinir ii'itl trimming themselves; the 
 discount claimed for all branded hides is about ten \)or 
 cent. So promptly is everything done, so handy are 
 t!i^' .'irrangements, so systematic the supervision, that 
 t , • killing and dressing is profitably done at less than 
 lifly cents per head. 
 
 The beef canning business has grown to large dimen- 
 sions in this market w ithiu the last ten ycai-s, and great 
 amounts of meat aro shipi)ed to Emope in this manner. 
 In some of these immense ostablis'iments from 5)0,000 
 to 100,000 ft)s. of cooked beef are turned out daily, the 
 sizes of the cans being uniform — two, four, si.\ and 
 fourteen ft)s each, nearly one-half being of the smallest 
 size. About fiiioeii machines are at work, cutting and 
 blocking the tins, which aro nearly square in form. 
 
 All bone aiul gristle are removed; (wq il)s. of beef 
 cut from the carcass are required to yield c.tcft. of 
 canned meat; a largo quantity is also put up for mar- 
 ket as corned beef. It is partially cooked in baths, of 
 which about 100 are usually in operation, each holding 
 six barrels of beef. In suitable pieces it is transferred 
 to the tin cans, which aro wheeled to another set of 
 baths, in which they remain from three to seven hours, 
 and are gradually cooked without any loss of the 
 natural juices or aroma. Air escapes through a punct- 
 ure in the lid. Removed from tho baths, a dozen men 
 aro constantly occupied soldering this aperture in the 
 tin. A cloiuiiug machine and several alkaline baths 
 effect uallv cleans the cans from grease and economize 
 the labor of about .WO girls, by whom the cans are 
 labeled and packed. Sanq)les are taken daily into the 
 test roimi, and examination made for leakage, <u' f(U' 
 evidences of imperfect keei)ing. 
 
 Tho canned corned beef is in large demand. Tho 
 
 fourteen lb. packages are chiefly taken by retail gro^ 
 cers, restaunuits aiul hotels. Tho hams aro i)ickled for 
 thirly days, and are packed in barrels, coutaiiiing 220 
 ll>s. The rounds, generally boned, aro salted, soiue- 
 tip'-c:j smoked, and besides a liberal homo consumption, 
 aro largely used in the lumbering and mining regions. 
 The tallow is carefully rendered, and finds a ready 
 market at home aiul on tho seaboard. The marrow 
 from tho bones is canned, mud; of it going to Eng- 
 land, where it is used .as a substitute for butter. 
 
 HOGS, AND WHERE THEY GO. 
 
 The regular winter i)ack'ng season begins November 
 1st, and closes on the last day of February following. 
 Tho arrivals of live hogs .»t tho yards are tho largest 
 through November and December. Tho receipts as 
 rei)orte<l every week day nu)ruing vary from 2.'),000 to 
 ()0,0()0 bead, except on Satinday, when they fall off to 
 from 8,000 to 10,00,)— the last day of tho week being 
 the lightest " run " of any. Values fluctuate, being 
 governed bj' prices of pi-oduct on the Hoard of Trade, 
 by the weather, by the recei[)ts, and oftentimes by 
 combinations among tho buyers. The jiackei-s and 
 shippei-s have their agents tvc work, soon as business 
 opens, at six o'clock in the morning, ami as a rule, tho 
 desirable lots have all been bought by twelve M., 
 though there are days when the market is much de- 
 pressed, aiul prices very weak, when drovers refuse to 
 meet Iniyers, and many lots aro carried over to next 
 day's market, but very generally to tho disa<lvantago 
 of the holder. To sell on the day of arrival, is tho 
 most successful way for tho drover, take tho year 
 through, as the experience of many will confirm. 
 
 The I)est grades of live hogs received aro heavy, fat, 
 smooth, small boned, and averaging from 300 to 400 
 lt)s. gross. Those aio called " Philadelphias," and are 
 b(Uight by shippers to tho market of tho tame name. 
 The Boston buyers have their pick, ..ml fancy a stylo 
 of animal fully equal to tiie above, though they will 
 take coarser grades, if obliged to. The largest buyer 
 for ^lassachusetts owns 300 double-decked stock cars of 
 his own, enough for ten tniins, and the hogs i)urcha.sod 
 and shipped nearly every day by his resident agent go 
 directly through to Brighton, Ma.ss., stopping ofTonco 
 en route, in Canada, to rest and feed. 
 
 A lighter class of hogs will satisfy tho buyers for tho 
 largest city in tho United States; they weigh from 125 
 to 22.") ft)s. gross, and arc called "Yorkers." 
 
 Then we have bnyei's for tho English hoases, who 
 manufactu'o iirincipally bacon, and cuts adapted to the 
 export trade. They want a light-weight, small-boned 
 
I hy rcUiil gro% 
 iiio pickled for 
 ;ontaiiiiii<^ 220 
 
 salted, soinc- 
 e oousumption, 
 lulling regions. 
 
 1 fiii<ls a, roiidy 
 
 The iiiiinow 
 going to Eng- 
 r Imtter. 
 
 :y go. 
 
 'gins November 
 nury following. 
 
 are tlio largest 
 The receipts as 
 r Irotn 2.'),000 to 
 I tliey fall off to 
 the week being 
 Huctuate, being 
 Hoard of Trade, 
 1 oftentimes by 
 lie jiaekei-s and 
 soon as business 
 nd as a rule, the 
 
 by twelve M., 
 iet is much de- 
 rovers refuse to 
 
 d over to next 
 he disadvantage 
 of arrival, is the 
 take the year 
 11 confirm, 
 il are heavy, fat, 
 
 fiom 300 to 400 
 ■Iphias," and are 
 the wime name, 
 id fancy a style 
 hough they will 
 ho largest buyer 
 kcd stcM'k ears of 
 hogs purchased 
 esident agent go 
 stopping off once 
 
 ho buyci-s for the 
 
 ^ weigh from 12.') 
 
 iers." 
 
 lish houses, who 
 
 ts adapted to the 
 
 ght, small-boned 
 
 THE UNION STOCK YAUDS OF CUICAOO. 
 
 
 siiowii from the avcraire net wciijrlil 
 
 oi' hogs jKicked by firms who offer vciy little product 
 for sale in this iiiaiket, but do an export trade almost 
 exclusively. The weight of the hogs jjacked l)y ten 
 such establisliuients, vailed from 1G.1 to 1!I2 fl>s. each, 
 or ail average of IT.JJ lbs. net. 
 
 The Ciiieago packers get their supply, alon^- with 
 others, and buy mixed packing hogs, and sometimes 
 auir.-.als of all gnidos. Even the hog buyers can some- 
 times say " Finally, my brethren," for the last grades 
 lie knows anything about aro the .sAyj.vand culls. Our 
 only comiictitor for this class is Cleveland, Oiiio. Tiie 
 range in price of live hogs on the sanu! kind of a mar- 
 ket, is about one cent per ft), gross, from fho lowest in 
 grade to the 1)est. 
 
 The shipments of live hogs east by rail vary from 
 24,000 to ,50,000 per week, from flio 1st of March to 
 about the loth of September, but not so many in 
 winter. 
 
 During the season of 1880-'81, or from November 1, 
 1880, t' November 1, 1881, which included summer 
 and wint<?r killing for those twelve months, the tot'il 
 number of hogs slaughtered at the Union Stock Yards 
 and vicinity footed up .5,093,569 head. And such are 
 the complete facilities for doing the work at the large 
 packing houses, un ulMindance of ice and the most 
 thorough refrigerator sj'stem known, that of this vast 
 number of hogs, 1 50,000 more were slaughtered in the 
 summer months than duiing the regular winter pack- 
 ing season, and the product fully cured and preserved, 
 and made ready for shipment to any part of the world. 
 The net weight of hogs packed in this market, from 
 November 1, 1870, to March 1, 1882, for the winter 
 packing, averaged 221 fts. The summer packing 
 begins March 1st, and ends November L«t, being a 
 period of eight months, or twice the length of the 
 winter season. The average net weight of hogs 
 packed during the summer for the past eight years, 
 was 189 fl)s. To pack live hogs the year through 
 on a large scale is a modern science. It would have 
 been regarded aa an impossibility a quarter of a 
 century ago. 
 
 The following tabu? shows the .'ivcragc of prices in 
 like Cliicago iMUi'kct for articles nauicil during the 
 winter packing stason for six years: 
 
 Mi'Srt I'oik 
 
 I>. s 
 
 I.nnl 
 
 l>.s 
 
 SlHinUlei's. . . 
 
 Slim 
 
 t iniM 
 
 SiKIl 
 
 t CWv.ir 
 
 s. r. 
 
 Iljiitm 
 
 l.lvo llo^a 
 
 ^Siitson 
 TSsj-tt. 
 
 Sen* in 
 
 SeaHon 
 
 Ks|-*J. 
 
 l-ao-al. 
 
 ♦ 17 M 
 
 tlK M 
 
 »i;t..Ti« 
 
 in '.14 
 
 II ni 
 
 » 1*1 
 
 ti (;<) 
 
 li (« 
 
 4 M 
 
 IMt! 
 
 H ?!>, 
 
 Bits 
 
 11 M 
 
 U-tHt 
 
 7.U 
 
 II) M 
 
 !l.75 
 
 HIS 
 
 (1 .-,2 
 
 tt.lU 
 
 oMh, 
 
 Season Se:w.iii Sf.jiHnii Spiinon 
 187'J-i*). l!<7tl-7it 1977-;H. 
 
 til Hit 
 
 7 Hi 
 4 i).;H 
 li v!ii 
 I! :17 
 7 97M 
 4 a7 
 
 t H (HiV 
 
 5 ftj 
 •1 !ll 
 4 ft! 
 
 4 l:<\ 
 
 6 Ji 
 
 3 iniji 
 
 «ll.40 
 
 7 .'i8 
 
 4 lii 
 
 5 m 
 r> !)4 
 
 7 7.') 
 
 4 U 
 
 IIIOHESr AM> I.OWKST I'ltlt KS FOK SIXTEEN YEARS. 
 
 The following table slio'.vs the highest and lowest 
 prices reached on arti<'les named for sixteen j'ears past : 
 
 T-lvo Hogs... 
 
 M>».S I'OIK 
 
 Ijinl 
 
 Short, llibs... 
 SlMJuWlnrH. . . . 
 S. I'. Iliiins . . 
 
 Date— Ulgheat. 
 
 Sept. IS7.'i, March ITO. 
 June ami .Viig., 1879... 
 
 Ki'linmiy, His 
 
 OcfolHT, laii'J 
 
 Ol-tOlMT, 1875 
 
 October, 1875 
 
 Price. 
 
 tin 00 
 U UO 
 •JO 7.1 
 17. 7S 
 » 25 
 14.50 
 
 Date— Lowest. 
 
 Doceinlii'r, 1878 
 
 December, 1878 
 
 December, 187* 
 
 Decern Ijcr, 1878 
 
 Jan-.arv, W79 
 
 Dec. 18t8, Jan., 187a.. 
 
 Price. 
 
 5 J'K 
 
 2;t7W 
 
 5 00 
 
 CHKONOLOGICVl,. 
 
 The following chronological record is taken from the 
 17tli animal report of the secretary of the Union Stock 
 Yards and Tnmsit Company: 
 
 The largest receipts of stock in a day were: 
 
 Ciittip, Xovptiibor li->, 1S82 12.076 
 
 Calvos, Spptt'inbor 28. is,sl 1.428 
 
 Hogs, November 25. 1S7(» 64.(>4;< 
 
 Sheep, Febnmrv 8, 1S82 6.701 
 
 Horses. October .5,1874 4W) 
 
 Cars, January 11,1882 1.490 
 
 The largest receipts of stock in one week were: 
 
 Cattle, week ending October 21. 1S.'«2 4.5.2S6 
 
 Calves, week eiuliiig August 27, iss] 3;j66 
 
 Hogs, week ending November 20, 18.80 300,488 
 
 Slieep, week ending .lamiarv 21, 1882 22.(>3!1 
 
 Horses, week ending March' 20, 1881 1.125 
 
 Cars, week ending Decemljer 16, 1882 6,080 
 
 The largest receipts of stock in one mouth were: 
 
 Cattle, October, 1882 17i"),54n 
 
 Calves, August, 18S1 11 ,004 
 
 HogK. November, 1880 I,lll,9!i7 
 
 Sliecp, Mareli, 1882 «!),30;« 
 
 Horses. March. 1873 4.2.%3 
 
 Cars, Deccmtjer, 1882 2I.(i.-.3 
 
 The largest receipts of stock in one year were: 
 
 Cattle. 1882 1„-)82,,5.18 
 
 Calves, 1881 48,048 
 
 Hogs, 1880 7,05i».3.-)5 
 
 Sheep, 1882 r,28,887 
 
 Horses. 1873 20,289 
 
 Cars, 1881 187,191 
 
 "%v-^- 
 
wmrn 
 
 " tf. , 1 ' 
 
 MiMm; 
 
 inin 
 
 T IS within the niemory of men still livin<r to 
 rociill the periods of excitement and enthusiasm 
 (Kcasionod l)y the discovery of gohl or silver, 
 and the sudden openinjr of a inininj? reirion in the 
 United States. Meniorahle among such periods was 
 the year 1849, when the gold mines of California were 
 first discovered. Exaggerated re|K)rts of the extent 
 and richness of the fields were circu- 
 lated all over the states, and men left 
 the shop, the counter and the plow to 
 join in the great rush for the mining 
 regions. Collecting together a little 
 money, bidding good-by to family and 
 friends, and hastening away to emlxirk 
 on an Atlantic steamer that should 
 bear the eager aspirant for w^ealth 
 around by way of Panama, to the 
 Golden Gate were common experi- 
 ences. Or journeying by land, in 
 covered wagons, l)ehind ox teams, 
 amid dangers and privations, 
 through the Great Anieri- 
 Deaert, bound for Pike's 
 Peak or the gold 
 regions beyond, 
 the great 
 
 eager treasure seekers, their vision filled with gold and 
 wealth, rolled on. 
 
 There is, to tiie mind, a fascination in gathering the 
 precious metals from the earth, enhanced, perhajis, l)y 
 the uncertainty of the quantity, and now and then 
 sudden realization of rich returns. It shall be the 
 purjMJse in the few pages following to give some prac- 
 tical hints and information for the benefit of those who 
 purpose entering the mining fields, and who would 
 otherwise be compelled to spend, perhaps, yeara of 
 exj^orience and considerable sums of money in attain- 
 ing to that knowledge of the business which would 
 render it profitable. By the man of means, or wealth, 
 the senices of an experienced miner or prospector may 
 be secured, who, having made a study and occupation 
 of locating mines and distinguishing ores, will assume, 
 for a compensation, all that responsibility; but with 
 the man of limited means, entering the mining regions, 
 the case is altogether different, and ho must rely on 
 himstlf ; and his best capital will be knowledge. Hun- 
 dreds and thousands of ignorant men, ill-advised and 
 with no capital, arc consl,intiy going to the mines, as 
 if thej- expected to pick up nuggets of gold in the 
 streets and roadways, only to be disappointed, and 
 return home, sadder and poorer, if not wiser, than 
 when they first set out. Nature has been so liberal in 
 the distribution of valuable minerals, that there is no 
 countrj- in the world, no state in this great repul)lic, 
 where they cannot be found if the seeker has the 
 knowledge to search intelligently — iind the knowledge 
 required is not j)rof()und — it can bo acquired and 
 ajiplicd by any one. Some of the most 
 •^ valuable mines in the world have Ikhmi 
 
 discovered by persons who would rank as 
 utterly wanting in what is considered edu- 
 cation, but they had learned the signs 
 with which nature has stamped her 
 treasures, and when accident brou<'lit 
 
od with ffolil aiul 
 
 MINING. 
 
 tlu'iii to tlu'ir iiltfiilioii, llic.v were iitilc In tnkc posse- 
 sion of tlioiii with kiiowi»Mlir<' of ihcir vaiiic 
 
 ORES AND METALS. 
 
 Then' arc soim- two hniidnMi iind lil'ly iiiincriil sporics 
 known in tl-c I'nitcd States, lini h'ss liian a Ihinl of 
 this ninnhpr arcs of value to tiic Idisiiiess worhi. Il is 
 vorv rarely thai nature ".'ives us a inelal in pure form, 
 1)111 fortunate]\ she has •riven them eertiiin chinaeter- 
 isties h\ whieh thev nia\ he reco^'iiized, and hy know- 
 ing: thoin, a faiiuer may lie led to a valiiuhle ore deposit 
 on his farm, or a traveler may find a hint in an insi^- 
 nitieaiit si one thai will li-ad him to the means ofaddinir 
 to his own fortune and enriehinir a locality thai was 
 ignorant of its own resouiTcs, 
 
 Amon<j the sui)stanies classed as (d(>montary hy 
 chemists, there are at present al)out tifty that aro 
 known as metals. New discoveries, however, are fre- 
 quputly makiuir chanires in this list of elements. In 
 this list ot' metals there are only fourteen i'ou>i ' -red of 
 •mi)oi tiiuce in the business world, viz: .Muiniiium, 
 antimony. l)ismuth, colialt, copper, irolil, iron, lead, 
 mercury, nii'kel, platininn, silver, tin and zinc. Of 
 these the ones that <'ver <'xist in the pure metallic state 
 in any couiiiderahle (piantily are gold, copper and tin. 
 Silver is also sometimes found in a M'vy pure .state, hut 
 not frequently in paying <piantities — it is looked upon 
 lis a curiosity. All ot" these and all the others are 
 generally foiuul comhined with other sul).staneos to 
 form 0/-C.S. Often several metals will he combined in 
 the same ore with one metal gi\ing the principal char- 
 iicteristic. The taking of these ores from the earth hy 
 digging is known as mining; the separation of the 
 metal from the other components of the ore, is the art 
 of metallurgy. 
 
 PROSPECTING. 
 
 In jilaees whera ores are known to exist, as in " the 
 hack-bone of the continent" (the Rocky mountains in 
 North America and the Cordilleni of South America), 
 there is a class of men who make a business of huntiujr 
 for valuable minerals. In this country they are known 
 as prospectors, in South .\mcri<a they are called mine- 
 ros. These men spe;id their whole time in wandering 
 about the mountains in search of signs of ore. If suc- 
 cessful, I hey hav(> something to sell, and endeavor to 
 Iind capital I o open up their new mine. They carry 
 with them provisions, and camp out, changing their 
 (piarters with their success. If good speciinen.s of free 
 gold in placer or "pocket is found, they stay as long as 
 the supplies hold out, or it unsucce.s.stul they keep mov- 
 
 ing, wamlering iiHo the most remote recesses of the 
 mountains, searching the water courses and Ihe hidden 
 crevices of Ihe rocks. The ores of the precious metals 
 arc luuiid ill \cins of varying size .'ind form— somelimcs 
 in tiiin hori/.oiital sheets lietween strata of rock, but 
 g<'iiciaiiy in ' ciii- that make an angle with the horizon, 
 a> it' the (111-1 (if the earth had been cracked by some 
 miglily force ihriisting upward, and while standing 
 open, till' li-siires Ihii- formed had been fille(l by Ihe 
 iiK'tallic depo-it. 
 
 When llicy arc well (letiiicd the orc-lieariiig veins are 
 inclosed in rock to which is given ihe name of hanging 
 wall and foot wall. Hctween Ihe ore and the walls is 
 irenerally a thin layer of clay to which is given the 
 name of gouge, or selvage. W lierc\ cr a vein >liows 
 itself on the surface of the earlli it is called the oiit- 
 I'rop, and the ore deposit i^ i;-ciicr;'lly made promineiil 
 from the fact that the rock i- liarder liian the ore, or 
 riiT rcrsd. and the elements acting on the sol"ter one 
 liriiigs the other into prominence by a sharp line of 
 outcropping ore it' the idck has lieeii worn away, or a 
 marked depression if tiie rc\'ei>c. Thc>c ontcroppings 
 or surface indications, tell the experieiiceil prospector 
 at a ghmce that I hey are ore deposits. 
 
 It often happens that a stream, in cutting a r;vine. 
 will carry down pieces of an ore vein that crops out in 
 its be(l: llicse piece>, picked up liy the prospector, will 
 give him the hint that the stream, in its rushing flood- 
 time. ii:L- liiduglit them iVoni some poin! higher up, 
 and he will cliinbthe ra\ inc. carefully examining every 
 foot of the lie(l of the -tream. and the sidc> of the 
 ravine for the vein of ore. This plan should always be 
 adopted in the mountain-, tlie bed of every •.Ireaiiilet 
 exiunined with care for specimen-, and occasionally the 
 .sand and mud washed for free metal-. Tlie prospector 
 earrie^i with him a pan or basin lor t.'ie purpose of test- 
 ing the mud from the bottom of the stream for free 
 metals. Thcmethodof doing this is extrciiiely simple. 
 He selects a place where the stream, in its turning, 
 makes an eddy, with a little stretch of backwater; here, 
 if the water had carried anything heavy in its cnirenl, 
 there wonld have been a check to it> nioinenluin in the 
 short level, and the hi'avy substance would sink to the 
 bottom. Fie scoops into his liasin some of the sand 
 and mud, and then fills it up with water; then he stirs 
 up the mud and pours out a portion of the muildy 
 water, careful not to disturb the heavier particles that 
 sink again to the bottom; tnen he refills the pan with 
 clear water and repeals llie operation. This he does 
 again and again, until llie water is no longer made 
 muddy, and there is left in the bottom u spoonful or 
 
 ;-i4 
 

 [ 'Kl* 
 
 iili 
 
 i I 
 
 ili iiitt 
 
 MINING. 
 
 two of i^omcthing that ho must examine very cui-cfuUy 
 for gold or jilatinum or precious s^nes. If he finds 
 gold he will Im; certiiin that the stream has hrouglil il 
 frcm some point higher up, and there lie must seek tlio 
 parriit vein. 
 
 It often Imppotis that !• pn)spet'tor will tind in tlif 
 pan a t'ollection of shinv ;;arti(it's tlitil will make his 
 heartbeat fa-stcr lor a minute, until close jnspectitni 
 shows him that it is only glitteiiuu- and worthless 
 mica. The particles of mica are soattnutise, mi laight 
 and golllen, that the novice will hardl_\ he convinced 
 that they are not gold in fai't. The prospector, if 
 oxperieiiccd, will take a pai'ticle of the suhstnnce on 
 the blade of his knife, and, pressing it with the tinnnb 
 nail, its character will Ik? shown. Iron pyrites will 
 also deceive. When ac(piaintance is tirst made with 
 them they have the app<!arance of noble metal, l»nt are 
 only a (iwnbination of iron an<l sulphur. \\\' suppose 
 one prospector to Ix- s<'arching only for gold and silver, 
 and in his randiles he has di,sc()\ered something that lie 
 thinks is an ore of the jirecious metals. How is he to 
 know whethei' it is or not? How can he [trove that it 
 holds in ccmibination one or both of these metals? 
 How can he tell what percentage of metal it holds, 
 and whether it will pay to work it, or is only of value 
 to sell to some •• tenderfoot?" 
 
 HOW TO EXAMINE A MINERAL. 
 
 Kvery prosptn-lor >lioulil acquaint hiinself with the 
 use of the blow-pipe. I'his little instrument is a small 
 tul)e bent at right anirles and with a tine nozzle at the 
 end of the shorter arm. It is used to inject a current 
 of air into the center of the tiunie of a lamp or candle. 
 
 The flame is instant I v changed into a miniature bla.st 
 furnace, and all the phenomena of the furnace can l)e 
 re])roduced with this tiny instrument. Witli an ordi- 
 nary clay pipe for material, th<> prospector can provide 
 himself with a serviceable instrmnent with wbic-b ho I 
 
 can perforin all the operations necessary to determine 
 the character of a mineral. In order to change a clay 
 pi|>e into a blow-pipe, a i)iece of the stem aliout an 
 inch long is broken ofl' to make the jet ; a cork of the 
 right si/e. or piece (if wood shaped to tit the opening 
 ol' tlu' bowl lit the pipe is then taken and a hole bored 
 througJ! il of a si/<' to admit the piece of stem broken 
 from the |)ipe. The cork (U' plug of wood thus fitted 
 is then put in the pipe an<l we !;:ivo a c(nnbiuation like 
 the a<'c()nipMiiying drawing. 
 
 \\'ith this inslruuient there are [)rodnced two ditlei- 
 ent results. o.xidMtioii and reduction, according as li.e 
 end of the jet is h(>ld against the side of the flan e of 
 the candle in* lamp, or in the center of it. Hy (inc a 
 metal is changed to tni o.xide; by the other, with tl o 
 aid of a proper llu.\, an ore is <'hanged into a metal, or 
 rather, the metal is separated from the other sulwtunces 
 mi.xed with it, and is madexisible by taking its ijrojjor 
 metallic form. 
 
 .V >mall \ial of carl)ouate of soda mixed with a 
 minute (piantity of the cyanide of potassium, will Ik" 
 tlie only flux absolutely necessary. The pure curljon- 
 ati' of soda will do (piite well alone if it is found incon- 
 venient to procure the nnxtiu'c, but the cyanide with 
 the carbonate of soda is found to give cpiicker results. 
 The prospector nnist remember, however, that the 
 cyanide is a deadly poison, and if he carries it nnist In* 
 <'xtrcmely careful not to produce on himself the Iwd 
 effects of the poixiu by swallowinga pcntion, or inhal- 
 ing very freely tiie fumes arising from it. 
 
 The next reijuisite will be a piece of charcoal to 
 make the test on, and this will not be difficilt to pro- 
 cure unless the jirospcctor tinds himself in a woodless 
 ccnnitry, destitute not oidy of tices, but of shrubs or 
 gniss enough to make a fii-e. 
 
 We lia\(' said that two results could be prcMlueed bv 
 tlie blow-|iipe, and the accompanying drawings will 
 illu-trate clearly just how it nnist 1k' applied to the 
 tlainc to produce the right etfect. In the first illustni- 
 tion (shown on following page) it will be seen that the 
 mouth of the jet is placed ju.st at the side of the flame, 
 the result is a long yellow llame giving a high (leirwe of 
 heat. A substance placed just within the point of this 
 flame is subjected to this great heal, while, at the sjime 
 time, the !iir has access to it, and under these conditions 
 the I'xygeu of the air will greedily seize [)ou anv 
 metallic comi)ound, and change its consti' ilion into 
 what is known as an o.cit/e. 
 
 In the .second illustration it will be .seen that the 
 month of th(> jet is phiced in the center of the flame 
 and sjives a difl'erent appearance to the blast produced; 
 
MtNINO. 
 
 witliiii the lonir yellow «<iivcloi)c then' is a wnll-detiiu-d 
 l)liio flume, eoiie-shapcd iind slmrjt-pointod. This is 
 ciilled th'j reduciiiir Himif. The siiljstimce to ho sid)- 
 initted to it8 action is so helil that it will Im eovered 
 hy this inner cone of hlne tlanie; tho heat is more 
 intense, and the outer envelope proteets it from tho 
 air, and under these conditions its character is ehanped, 
 the flux witli which the ore is mixed seizes upon the 
 bases and carries them away into the pores of the char- 
 coal, leaving the metal as a smooth globule oa the sur- 
 tiice of the charcoal. 
 
 In order to test a mineral it is finely powdered, a 
 small portion is taken and mixed with an equal quan- 
 tity of the soda flux, the mixture to form a mass about 
 as large as a small pea; a shallow depression is scooped 
 in the surface of a piece of charcoal and the mixture 
 placed in it ; then it is carefully subjected to the action 
 of the roduciu;j flame of the blow-pipe. In most of 
 tho ores with whi'h we arc to deal, when thus treated, 
 the mass will fuse, etfcrvesce, and the most of it disap- 
 pear in the pores of the charcoal, and there will lie 
 loft only the metal on tho surface. There are other 
 meials besides jrold and silver that will give this reac- 
 tion ; very often these metals will be found in oombini' ■ 
 tion with each other and with others, as, copper, lead, 
 nickel, iron, etc., but it will not be necessary for the 
 prospector to go into the mysteries of metallurgy; he 
 
 can determine the percentage of noble metal in his 
 speinmen, and thus, its value as an ore of silver or 
 go'd. 
 
 The mineralogist has ()l)served another curious thing 
 about minerals anil has named it streak. If we take 
 an ore and .scratch a line on it.s surface with a nail or 
 k'.ifo, the line llius made or thi' powder formed in 
 making it will lie of a difl'erent color from the ore; this 
 is streak, and is .so characteristic that in works on min- 
 eralogy the streak is always given among the other 
 qualities that distinguish the dilTerent mineruls, and by 
 which they are recognized. 
 
 SILVER MINERALS. 
 
 The principal silver minerals are known to science 
 by the following names. We will give their familiar 
 titles as they are particularly described. The composi- 
 tion of each mineral is given with the scientific name: 
 
 1. Native Silver. 
 
 'I, AiiialKiiiii: Silv(?riiiHl mercMirj'. 
 
 ti. Argentttf: SilvfM' liiid Htilpliiir, 
 
 4. ProtistUu: Silver, milpliui-tiiul arsenic. 
 
 8. P>T.irt?yrito: Silver, suliiliur and antimony. 
 
 6. Stcphimltc: Silver, sulphur and antimony. 
 
 7. Polyiiasite: Silver, copper, sulpliur, antimony and arNnM. 
 S Cfliiuifyrite : Silver and chlorine. 
 
 9. Urumyrito: Sliver and bromine. 
 
 10. EmboUte: Silver, bromine and obloiine. 
 
 11. lodyrile: Sliver and iodine. 
 11. Carbonates. 
 
 These are the minerals richest in silver, and that 
 compose silver ores. There are other mine-^ils that 
 contain silver in company with other metals, but in 
 which the other metals are in the largest proportion, 
 and the silver is extracted as a by product, as in the 
 familiar Galena, and in several ores of copper, etc. 
 
 These nrnerals are all known to exist in the United 
 .States, but some of them are rare, or are found in veins 
 composed mostly of another ore; but as specimens of 
 any of them are liable to be found on the surface, the 
 prospector should know what he is handling, and we 
 will describe them in their order as written above. 
 
 Native silver exhibits all the properties of the 
 rediici (1 metal, and is often alloyed with ^old or co|iper. 
 
 Aniaigam is a rare mineral. Its color is silvery- 
 white and its streak the same. If rubbed on a piece 
 of copjier it leaves a silvery luster. If n jiiece of the 
 mineral is laid on charcoal and subjected to the reduc- 
 ing flame, tho mercury will be vohitilizcd or driven ofl' 
 in vapor, and the silver left as a globule smaller than 
 the original piece put on tho charcoal. 
 
 .Vgeutite is called, also, silver glance, or vitreous 
 silver. This is a very valuaiilo ore; it is found in 
 lumps, plates and threads. Its color is a l)Iackish lead 
 gniy, sometimes deep iron black, with very little luster 
 
i r 
 
 ! l-;l 
 
 U,W 
 
 u 
 
 f I li 
 
 sixty per cent of 
 
 silver. Healed mi 
 
 ('liarcoal it f^ivcs 
 
 (ilV white I'lmns of 
 
 aiitiiiiony : in the 
 
 ie(JM(in<r flame with soda it gives a head of metnl. The 
 
 ore is found i'l erystals and masses. It lias metallic 
 
 luster, is h'.jttle, and easily ■ ■•.{ with a iviiif' '1 liis 
 
 is one oi t';e most (iesiral)le ;iiid s()i._'-ht-for minerals. 
 
 Stephaiiite is known as hritlle silver onv Muck silvei- 
 ore, hrittic sii\er iflanec. It is a comliination of silver, 
 siilpliiir and antimt cy. similar to the prcced" y. Imt 
 idiilaininir a larger pcn-entatrc <>l silver, ai,d, in ronse- 
 
 witli a jiioce oi' 
 moistened iron, 
 the iron become^ 
 <'outed with a thin 
 film of metallic sil- 
 ver. This ore yields over seventy per cent of metal ; it 
 is found in varicnis places in th>} west and in Sonlli 
 \'nerica. 
 
 Hromyrite, or hromitc, is known also as plata verde; 
 
 its <()l()r varies from liriirlit yellow to grass green. It 
 
 is a rare mineral, occasionally I'onnd in mines, genernlly 
 
 i\ilii IIk' chloride just deserilied. 
 
 Kmlxtlil" is a mineral composed of the chloride and 
 
 (pienee. is a still more vi Inahle ore. Its color is black Oroniiile, somolinies found in large musses. Its color is 
 
 olive ami ''ravish green, A valnable ore in South 
 .\nieriea. 
 
 lody.'ite is a rare mineral. Its color 
 vellowish green, streak vellow. Heated 
 
 and its streak <iie saiiie. It li.ts a metallic luster 
 heatrtd on charcoul. it jrives oil" fumes of antimon 
 
 ^'liisi 
 
 UK 
 
 gives a 
 ouree of 
 
 . 
 
 )^> 
 
so as plttta venlc ; 
 ) grass green. It 
 » mines, generally 
 
 j^^^ 
 
 MININU. 
 
 with the l)lti\v-|tii)c it liiM'> iiiti) a glolniii' nt' silver, 
 wiii!(> tlic iodine is driven oil' in \M|Mir iIimI tiniio the 
 flanii' :i l>(>antitni violet ((dor. 
 
 S('ll)ile, rarlioniile ul' s'iImt. i'lic S|ianiai'ds called 
 tin> [data a/ne (Itinc silver). Il was not known, 
 except in the nnnes of Mexico, until a tew years ago. 
 Till' discoveiy of it in Colorado, in great i|'iantities, 
 caused niucii cxcilcinent .iinong niiiu'rs and capitalists, 
 and led to the iinildiiig ol° the city of Lcadville. Its 
 c(dof vai'ies from Mne gray to black, it is \(M'y soft and 
 easily reduces hct'ore the l)low-|iipe. It is a very 
 valualilc ore. 
 
 These are the ores of siKcr mineral, and tiic pi'inci- 
 pal sources of the melid. .Vs we liavealrcady said, the 
 metal is fomni (omhined with others and may contain 
 a paying amount of silver without heing a silvei oic. 
 To test an ore foi' silver that will not yield a gl(d)nl(! 
 of metal, the mineral nnisl l>e tinely powdered ,'tnd 
 placed in some I'eceplncle, as a cni) or hot tie, where il 
 can lie covered with nitric ;iciil. .\tler the laid has 
 acted upon the sulistance I'or an horn' c so, ponr it 
 earefuily into another hottlc without disturliim.'- the 
 snl)si;in<'e lel't imdissohed l»y the acid, ifliieie is any 
 left. Then !idd s<une water to ihi'acid — aliout as much 
 water as tliere is acid — anil you will have ii clear liquid. 
 Now add to this liipiid a solution ol' conunon salt, and 
 if there is any silver <lissolved in the acid, it will 
 appear as m white, cunly precipitate, that will tniii 
 brown after cxposnri' to the light. It', insleaci of a 
 s(dution of salt , we add :\ few drops of hydrochloric 
 acid, wc will detect thi' t'aintest trace of silver. 'I'o 
 test whether the precipitate is silver (n* lead, ponr over 
 it boiling \\:iter which will dissohi' the lead, bnt not 
 the fcilver. .Vninn)nia will dissolve the silver. 
 
 GOLD AND SILVER MINERALS. 
 
 ftolu is I he most precious connnodity in the world 
 of bnsin(>ss. As a metal it is widely distributed over 
 the globe. Although so widely distributed that there 
 is 11(1 country in which it cannot be found in some 
 form, yet natiiie has so ciimiiiigly covered it up. and 
 combined it with otJier things in order to hide it, that 
 it re(|uires the most skillful and the most laborious 
 exertions of man to acquire it and prepare it for the 
 uses of commerce, '{"he principal gold minerals are: 
 
 I. N.iliM'};,ilc| Ci:ii' liM'l;il. 
 
 i. OoM utiuiUaiii 4hiIiI iiiiil iiK-i-rury, 
 
 II. sylv:Miilr; (iiilil, *ilvi'i' uii'l It'llnriimi. 
 4. N:i;;y:iyil,': (ioM, siU'cr, r>>iiiM'r, Is'iliirimii, sulphur, luad 
 
 t/iti': Ciolil, silvt'r, It'ild, ti'Uui'iuiu, irou, sulphur. 
 I'. (':it:l\iMil*.': tiolil UMiI li'lKirinui. 
 7. I'cirpi'Ziii-: (liilil. stlvi'i'iiiid palhuliuui. 
 H. aiiodiliui: itold auil rhu<lluu). 
 
 These minerals, with varying proportions of gold, 
 are workeil in ditVerent parts of the wtnid, bnt the 
 greater quantity is loiniil as native golil the pure 
 metal — and reipiircs no chemical traiislormat ion to lit 
 il I'or Use. if it exists in the soil, the prospector, by 
 Using the pan, and washing carefully, will tind it in 
 small scales, ^t\■ plali-s. lis c(dor of gold yellow is 
 closely imitated by mica, but the plates of g(dd are 
 niall(>alile, that is, can be pouiiileil and llallei 'd, and 
 mica is not. Il can be fused on charcoal at a hi<ili heat 
 without the Use o4' a llux. If its presence is suspected 
 
 in quart/, the pi( of quart/, to be eMimiiied should 
 
 be liidkeii, and the I'resli face thus exposeil, looked 
 oxer caret'idly with a len--. If it is in large quantity, 
 the magnifying irla^» uill show the grains of gidd 
 embedded in the quart/. This is not a liiial test, liow- 
 e\('r, as gold is found in paying <|iiantilies in rock th.at 
 Iocs not give an outward sign of it, and in this ease il 
 can lie taken out by a process of which nature gives a 
 hint in the list ot' gcdd-'n-aring mlneraU given above, 
 vi/.: gold junalgam. The metal, mercury, has the 
 singular property ot' seizing on g(dd ainl sil\cr whcu- 
 e\ei'it finds ihem. and as il can be separ.'ited readily 
 from them ai^ain liy the action of heat, it is uiadc iisc 
 of in determining their presence in certain miiicials 
 after they have been properly prepared I'or the action 
 of the mercury. In order to lest I'or gold, the quart/ 
 in which it cannot be seen lillt i> suspected, the rock is 
 lirst pounded up tine and sit'ted: a certain (plant ity of 
 the s.iiid tliiis obtained i- waslicd iii the pan, allowing;' 
 the heavier piiriiiles to sink, and the rest to lloal a\\a\ : 
 this is repeated until a inanageaiile quant ily i- secured 
 in which we may be certain that theg(dd will be foniid 
 if the quart/ held it. This is then ainalgamated by 
 mixing with it al)out Indf ihe (pianlily ol' clean mer- 
 cury as the lilllk of the M.bsl.Miicc left in the pan. The 
 mercury •.'.ill lake up gcdd aipl I'oriii ani.ilgam; this is 
 straine<l lo seiiaratc any excess of mi'iciiry, and is 
 liually heated over the lire in a criicilile or iron pot; 
 the heat drives od' the mercury in xajior, lea\ iiig the 
 gohl, which can be fused into a globule. 
 
 The detection of gold in coinbinat ion with othi'r 
 metals is more dilliciilt, and the prospector would not, 
 proliably. h.ave the means to make a satisfactory exam- 
 ination of tliem while in the tield. It is \ cry lommon 
 to tind it alloyed with copiier or sihei- aiul other baser 
 mi'tals. Il is a curious fad, also, tiial the >pecili<- 
 gravity of pure g(dd varies, as also its shade of color, 
 but these [leculiaritics will not le.ad one astray in 
 detecting it. When found existing in lumps (M- pie<'es 
 of irregular shape they are called niigirels. and there 
 
Ij, I 
 
 ill ;< 
 
 -?.1 
 
 
 .liii" 
 
 siiii ^ 
 
 — i^^ 
 
 MINING. 
 
 are rpcoriU of hoim^ lua^iiiticont spociineiiH; diio from 
 Aiistriiliii wci/jflicd out* hiihdrcduiidoijjhty-fivo poimdft. 
 Tlio Mihstaiiccs most frniiicntly iiiistakcii for fold 
 uro iron pyritfs, oopiK-r pyrites, and nii<a. Tho 
 prc<'ioiis iiK'lal is, however, easily distiii^uislu'd from 
 tlieso by its malloahilily (Hattoiiiii;;; under the hammer), 
 and its great weiirjit, sinkinj,' rapidly in water. It Is 
 the houvit'st of all metals exiepliiifr platinum. 
 
 ASSAYING THE GOLD ORE. 
 
 The piospector has discovered a vein of ore that he 
 tinds is rich in sil'er or gold, and wishes to know how 
 mneh of the proeioiw metal the ore will yield to the 
 ton, whi( h determines its value as the basis of a paying 
 mine. \Vhetlier an ore is j)rolilal)le depends not only 
 upon the relative value of the metal, but also upon the 
 labor required to get it out and to .separate it from the 
 rock ()!• ganguo (pronounced gang), as it is called. In 
 the relati\'e values of metals there is a wonderful dif- 
 feicnce in the [)ercentage demanded of an or(! to class 
 it as a paying one. \\'liile an iron ore that wnuld not 
 yield over twenty-Hve per cent would b(! discarde(l as 
 worthless, only two jier cent is demanded of copper 
 ore. one per cent of mercury, while the ores of tlict 
 precious metals are paying if they will give one two- 
 tlioii-an.Ith percent of silver, one ten-tliousanilth per 
 cint of platinum, or one oue-hundrod-thousandth per 
 cent (if gold. 
 
 If we are testing for gold and the spocimen is fpiartz, 
 the operation Just described will nut only show the 
 presence of the met;il, but also the (|uantity, if it is 
 carried on with more method, and we have at hand 
 some means of accurately weighing the pro<liicts of our 
 experiment. A weighed portion of the (juariz is 
 re(hiced to powder, au'l amalgamated; the gold taken 
 up caret'ully, is weighc<l after the mercury is volatil- 
 ized; this will give us the parts of an ounce contained 
 in the (piartz o|)enitc(l on, and from this we get, by 
 )ir(i|i(irtiiin, tin- jirobable amount contained in :i ton 
 of the rock. 
 
 'rhi> experiment will have to l)e repealed a number 
 of times, and an average of the dillcrent results taken 
 for (lur linal determination, as, of course, there will be 
 some pieces richer than others, and the indi\iilual 
 results will v.ary in a way tliey would not if we cuuhl 
 operate ujion a large (piantity at a time. If the gold 
 is fonnil in pyrites wo weigh out. a portion, reiluce it 
 to powder and wasli as before; then the residue is cai'c- 
 fnlh' roa-tc(l at a read heat to drive oil' sulphur and .'iny 
 volatile cnnii)onents. After roasting it is amalgamated 
 and manipnlati'd the same as just described for quartz. 
 
 Pyrites shonhl yield at least one dollar's worth of gold 
 to the bushel (>f ore to he protitabi , <piarlz should 
 give about six dollars worth to the tea. m order to pay. 
 Gold is foinid in native silver, and as one metal is acted 
 on by nitric uciil while the other is not, wo have an 
 easy metho<l t>f separating them. 'I'he silver is nuido 
 as thin as possible iiy carefully flattening the specimen 
 with a haunner; it is then weighed and i)ut into a ves- 
 sel of boiling nitric acid, and in iiliout ten minutes the 
 silver will Im« perfectly dissolved, leaving the fini' gold 
 as an undissolved powiler. The acid is poured oil" care- 
 fully, and the powder washed, dried and weighed. 
 Although none of the inincnd acids will dissolve gcdd, 
 yet !i mixtuio of two of them will, viz.: nitric and 
 muriatic. This mixture is called (Ujua regui, in conse- 
 quence of this power on the noblest of metals. If (uie 
 has aqua regia at <"onMnaud, any substance can be tested 
 for gold by its use. .Submit the substance in a pow- 
 dered or finely divided state to the aition of the acpia 
 regia; if the substance is not all dissolved, pour the 
 liipiid oil' into another receptacle, separating it fi'om 
 the undissolved portion, then add to the liquid a solu- 
 tion of copperas, and if there is any gold present, it 
 will make its appearance as a reddish-brown precipi- 
 tate. This must be dried when, it' it is rubbed, it will 
 assume a bright metallic luster. 
 
 To test the purity of gold, rub it on a piece of hard 
 black slate and there will be left on the stone a yellow 
 streak; touch this streak with a drop of nitric acid, 
 and if the gold is pure, it will remain unchanged; if 
 alloyed with some other metal it will partly disirppear, 
 while if it is only an imitation of gold it will disap- 
 pear entirely. In washing for gold in the sands of a 
 river, it is generally considered paying if it will yield 
 twenty-four grains of gold for each hundred weiirht of 
 siind to be handled and washed. By far tlie greater 
 amount of gold in the world is obtained in this way. 
 and where the same plan is carried on, on a gigantic 
 scale, with the aid of powerful machinery, it is known 
 as hydraulic mining. 
 
 THE LAWS OF MINING REGIONS. 
 
 Having discovered a deposit of rich ore, the pros- 
 |)ecl(ir wishes to secuie himself in the title of it ; and 
 this is done by properly slaking it otf and posting a 
 notice. In nn)st of the mining regions in lh(! United 
 .State's the law allows theclaim owncra space of ground 
 extending 1, .")()() feet in length in the direction of the 
 vein, and .'iOO feet wide, so that a claim, wli, ii laid 
 out and staked oil", will be like the diagram on llie 
 following page. 
 
liir'H worth of gold 
 f)l'. ; quart /i hIiouIcI 
 1114 111 order to pay. 
 * one iiiotiil i« lutod 
 ia not , wo liiivo an 
 I'lio silver is nmdo 
 'iiiiig tiio specinicMi 
 and put into 11 vos- 
 ut ten ininiites the 
 nviiijj^ the line <n>\i\ 
 is p()ure(l oH'care- 
 ied and wei^'hed. 
 will dissolve gold, 
 1, vi/. : nitric atid 
 iiKi rt'tfia, in conse- 
 of metals. If one 
 tiini'o can be testeil 
 il)sfance in a pow- 
 action of the a(pia 
 lis.s(dved, poui' the 
 sei)arating it from 
 ) the li(piid a solii- 
 ly gold present, it 
 ish-hrowii |irer'ipi- 
 t is rubbed, it will 
 
 on a piocp of hard 
 the stone a yellow 
 rop of nitric acid, 
 lain iMichaiiged ; if 
 I piirtjy disirppcar, 
 j:old it will disap- 
 1 in the sands of a 
 iiig if it will yield 
 hundred weiirht of 
 ?y far the greater 
 ained in this way. 
 1 on, on a gigantic 
 liiiierv, it is known 
 
 REGIONS. i 
 
 ich ore, the pros- ! 
 he litlc iA' it ; and 
 
 oil' and [losting a 
 ions in llio United ! 
 rii space of ground | 
 10 direction of the 
 
 claim, \\\\ci\ laid ^ 
 
 le diajrrain 
 
 \h 
 
 -fe^ 
 
 z^)l^ 
 
 HIMNU. 
 
 l,.'illU I'ni't. 
 
 l.iM'iitliin stnkx. 
 
 D 
 
 Dlal'iiviTV 
 shnn. 
 
 Piwi. 
 
 — •— 
 
 ■ Vein 
 
 P(Mt. 
 
 I'fMl. 
 
 The pro->poctor should see well li> it that the laiul i-< 
 liiiil olf in the direction in which the vein pxtoiids, 
 otherwise tho l.rtOO f >t in length of tin' claim will he 
 (■(iniparalively valiicU'ss to him. The honiKlarics of 
 the <'laim must lie marked by slakes driven in the 
 ground, or stood up with stones pHoil around, or by 
 other permanent mark or monument, and a plain sign 
 or notice must be posted up at the place of discovery, 
 b(!aring the naiiu^ of the lode, the name of the locat(U', 
 and the date of the diseovory, soiuething as follows: 
 
 THUMHKT I.ODK. 
 
 'I'lii' iinilorslniii'il cliilmx »lxlv il:iy in which ti« ^iii1< Oiscnvory 
 shiifl. iiimI tliii'O inuiithH to record ilillin on ijilri vein. 
 
 OGDEX >VIIITI.(KK. 
 
 ScplriiilHr ID, 1S8.S. 
 
 'flic miner must now go to work and sink his dis- 
 covery shaft to the dejitli of ten feet iit least, within 
 the >i.xty days. Having done this, ho should, if |M)ssi- 
 ble, have a survey of the claim made by a competent 
 surveyor, l)ul lhi> may be dispensed with, and I he loca- 
 tion lertificate may be maih- out dcseriltinir tho i laim 
 suitiiiiMilly well from the boumlaries set up by the 
 prospccicii. This location certiticate must be drawn 
 up and tilcil in I he recorder's otlicc of the comity where 
 the claim i^ situated, and will be in the t'ollowing form : 
 
 LOCATION CKUTII'ICATK. 
 
 Know all men h// the^e I'restnls, I'hat I. O-rd'.ii W'hlt- 
 liirk. (if 111!' cuiiiiiy 111' Hiililii('l', _>l!ili' of < 'iildiinlii. il:iliii. liv riiilif 
 iif illsiMiviiy iiiicl jiiriitioii, llfli'cii li.iiiilrril I't'ct. liiicai- aiiil hmi- 
 zmilal iiiiMMirciinMit.dii llif 'I'ruiiipri I.odi". almi^ tlic vein lliiTcof. 
 w llli all iN dips, v.'ii'lalliiii!* and aii;;^"^; Io^ciIht with oin- hiindrod 
 and lll'ly fci't in « idlii iin cacli sldn of llic middle of said vein at 
 tlinsnrfaci'; imd all vidiis. lodes, l(>di;i's,(lo|Kisils ami. snrfiii-e ground 
 within till' linns of said (dalni, twelve ImndiTd fii.| 011 said lode 
 innnlni; ea-l ten de;j;rees north from the eeiiler nf tlie discovery 
 »!ial't and three hniidred I'let innniii;; west ti'H i|e:;ree< smith from 
 tin' eeiiliM- of the sal<l ilisrov ery shaft. 
 
 Said ilaim is in the valley of Spi-inj; Creelx. in lio dd"! nit> . 
 
 -tate iif (idiirado, and is limuHled and ile^crilM'd as fullow- ,'//».<■ 
 tirsi'rihr tho rltiiiii hi/ its tinniKhtririt^, 
 
 Said lode was diseovereil nn the Tilth ilay of Sepleinher. Issi. 
 and loealed on Septeinher :;l. ISs-l. Date of thi* eerlitleate. Oi'to- 
 her ■!. 188-t. 
 
 OODKN Willi I (K K. 
 
 Atte-t : .loitx I)oi:, 
 
 riic location ot any lode chiiiu shall l>e construed to 
 include all surftice ground within the surface lines 
 thereof, and all lodes and ledges throughout their 
 entire dp])th, the top ov apex of which lie inside of 
 
 such lines extondod downward vertirnlly. with -iK-b 
 part> of all lodes of ledges a-. coiiliiiiH* Ity dip }ifyui\4 
 the xidp lines .tf the claim, but shall not ini lii<l<> .my 
 portion of si|. h lode, or ledge- Iw'yond the ond linr. #if 
 the 1 laiin, or llic end lines continued, whether bv dip 
 or otherwise, or beyond the side lini»s in any <>tbvr 
 manner than by the dip of the lode. If th<> lop nr 
 apcN of a loile in its longitudinal coiirx', •-ttrmK 
 beyond llie exlcrioi- lines of (he claim ,it any |«oint tm 
 the surface, or its extended vertically downward, •urh 
 lode may not be followed in its longitudinal ••iiir»« 
 beyond I he point where it is intcivpclrd by th* fji- 
 lorfor line- 
 
 The law i'C(piires that there -hall U at hiul ou* 
 hundred dollar-' woytli of labor jierfoni <! on th* 
 claim eai'h vear for lixc year-, before the government 
 will issiu- a patent for ihelaiid. Within ^ix in(intb<- 
 after any set lime <ii' annual period allowe^l fr^r the 
 perfiniuance of labor, or makinir any improvrment'' 
 upon a lode claim, the person on who>e Itehulf -iieh 
 outlay was made, or -oine person for him. -hall make 
 and I'ecord an Mtlid'i\il in siib-tance it- frdlow-: 
 
 .sr.vTK or ( '<ii.oiiAiMi, t 
 
 <'orM>. ( ""• 
 
 llefore nn'. the >iili-i rlher, |«'r>oiiallv appeareil . . . wbr>. 
 liein;.' duly sworn. >;dih, tliat al lea-i... . dollar-" »'»nb »* 
 work or Iniprovenn'nls were pi'rforiiied nr inad«> iifKin 'k*r* 
 
 •Ifsfril.' rlifiiii III- i>iirt '•/ rlitiiii). -llMali' In initi(f.|£ dh- 
 
 irii't uiily of , stale of Colonulo. .Sn. h •■xji*n'U"it* 
 
 wa- niiile hy or at the expense • f nwn«>r nf <ai<i ■ijim. 
 
 lor the pni I f lio|i|in}r siild elalni. 
 
 Miirat.; 
 
 I 111- alli(la\ il i- regarded as /,ii,„ii r'firi't cs ii\t^n> f mf 
 tin- |icrformaiice of tlu' rcipiiicd laUu-. 
 
 In ordi'f to I'clocate an abandoned mine it i- ii«e«— 
 -ary to sink a new discovery -liat't. and fix new iMiund- 
 aries, ihc -ami' a> if il were the location of a new 
 I'laim: or llic irlocalor may sink the oriirinal ili-«-<«verT 
 .-halt ten l'c(d i|cc|)cr tliaii it w 1- at tlif time of .nUm- 
 j iloniiiiMil , and crc' I iicvv, or adopt the old lMiiniibtrie>'. 
 renewing tin' po-t-, if rcmovod or ile>tri>ye»|. In 
 I either case, a new loi'.ition -take nm-t Iw ere<'le«l. In 
 j ;iiiy ea-c, whether the m licdc or part of an :iUin'"«>ni"'l 
 cl.aiiii i- taken, llie Inealioii cert Jtic'alc iiia_\ -tate tlu. t 
 the whole nr.iiiy pail id'llie new loeation i- lni-:it«t| as 
 .abandoned properly. Ihit il i- ahvay- -afe ti> -ink a 
 new disc(i\cry -haft and tix iii^v lioimdarie-i. Wheilwr 
 the sh.'ilt i- an aliandoncd one or tint, i- deteni'iine<l 
 prarticaliy liy liii' annual i.ibor, a- prc-erd>ed Uy |:»n-. 
 beiiiL'' pcrformeil or nol. 
 
 Mining claims tire coincved ar.d iiiortgage<l the-ame 
 as real estate. 
 
 t 
 
i' 
 
 M 
 
 r 
 
 ■i il 
 
 
 U^'' ^ ' * 
 
MIM.NO. 
 
 WORKING A MINE. 
 
 ,\!> wv liiivf alt'i'iiiU ri'tiiiirUfil. iiiiiii'r-> liiivr i'l!i'>'>ilii'i| 
 on* \o\ti^ into tlii'<>« Mpcriix: llir <li|i, ni' riik)* vrin, tin 
 |)i|M- \<-iii, ami tli<> I't'iitlicr vein ; anil the kin<l <i|' vein In 
 Ih' tMirki'tl lia^ II ltimiI iIciiI In <Ii> willi llic inaiiiii'r nl' 
 o|H'raliii;:. I'lu' nniit i|r-«inili|i' ai'o IIh' ilip M'iii-t, ii« 
 tht'V laii Im> iiKiiVMVHicnialically wiirktMl, ami tin- i|iiaii- 
 
 tit\ lit' nil' rniitaiiii*)! in llii>ni nioi iTlainlv ^ui'n'<i>i| al. 
 
 Till' i>i|ii> M-iii it Kii-iaiii'il iVuni iln ?4inall m/v ami rniiinl 
 Hlia|»'. Ill wnrkiiii,' tin- iii|) \ciii, an fsraNalimi i> lii^l 
 inailc In learn the anirlc nl' i|i|i. 'I'Iumi a |iniiit is 
 clllisi'll. lilt' flinn<rll ll'nni tllt' ni|ti'rn|i, MCI I lull :i ^jiiilt if 
 Hiiiik |M>i'|M>mlii'iiliirly will slriki* llii> M>in at llif ilc|)lli 
 tliat i- piopoMod tnconinii'nri' tlu' wnrkin;^ — iVnin tliiily 
 In niic Ininilri'il t'ci't — ^uni'ially lirnitoil l>y tlii> rapital 
 III rninniiiml nl' llic niinri>. 'I'Ih' shaft i-> a Imlc liiri:!- 
 fnnii^'li In allow llu' lincki't.i of nir In tic ilniwii up, 
 anil till' niini'i'H am] niiitiM'iai to hi' si>iil ilown. U'lu'ii 
 till' sliat't ri'iirln*^ tin* ore, Innni'ls ai'i< starti'il in nppn. 
 .•^itc (liiTctions in tin* lioily of it, ami as fusi u^rxni- 
 vati'il it is si-nt np lo ln' ri'iliici'il. Tin' Imtlnni of llir 
 tiliaft is rarriod down soviiral I'i'cl lidnw lln' Icvi'l, and 
 intn this pit the watiT frnni I Ik- li'Vi>l i> draini'd and 
 fnini- II ivsiTvoir from whii h thf drainairi' can he 
 pnnipi'd to the snrfacc. All the ore in I lie vein is now 
 taken nut from hetween the walls, ;ind i- replaied hy 
 lieii\ y limherinjr "1' waste rock material. 
 
 It >niiietiine> liappeiis that dip vein-- are so ineliiied 
 that lliey meet and form those wnmlerfnl depiwil^ nf 
 rieh ore that have heoii <fiveii the name of hniian/a-, 
 and are the Lrreatcst prizes in the inininir hn>ine>-. 
 
 'riie pipe vein ^jenenilly follows a crnnUeil emnse Mild 
 often disappears entirely, works out ininpieiidy, nr 
 will iliininish from a width of ei^jfht or t> n feel to as 
 many inehe.-, after it has heeii worked for a Inii'r dis- 
 tance, and will in a few feel more hej^in In widen mil 
 a<rain In its Ijrst diiiu'iisions; or, a pnckel will l)e-.tnni- 
 hled nil, a mass nf rich ore corresp<Midin<j- In ihe 
 honan/.a. hut on a much smaller scale. 
 
 .Siinetimes while a vein is lH'in<r worked siiccessfnily, 
 and there is every prospect of plenty of ore, the vein 
 showinir no dffn of diminution, it will all at mice trive 
 out entirely a^'ainsl a .-olid wall nf pnrpliyry. This is 
 known as a fault, and lias heen caused hy .some jreilo^ric 
 convnlsioii nf the eartli; the vein has heen hrnken and 
 the ends separated frnin each other. The miner must 
 explore, up, down, in every direction niilil lie striUe> 
 the thread airaiii ; in, if it is a pipi' M'in, lie i- some- 
 times olilio-ed to g'wv np the search in despair. 
 
 In hydraulic ininiii','- a powerful stream of water is 
 thrown ajrainst a hhill' hy the use of machinery until 
 
 torn down and wasjied awiiy l»y llip riin<Mi« ui-ti(»n. 
 Till' <leliri- i- tlieii haiiilli'd mi a iarife .ntle oiniiiar lo 
 
 •'"■ '"• '•' of ii ;fnld washer with In- ixiii nr • nullr. 
 
 It i- li'd thi'oii^rli a M-rif* of sluillow riniiiiH. with nmiiv 
 irn«-. piece, ijmt laiiM' ritllc-. in the wuter ;•» ii niiiit 
 ihionL'h them. In tlie-M' ritlle. the tndd <>ink« In tho 
 iHtitoni and remain- then'. Meniiry i-> pnl in nther>. 
 and it calclii-« the lichitn,! piirlicji^ nf pild ami lioiiU 
 them a- iimaL'ain. 
 
 ^Vlien liM. U-en extnicied from a iiiiiie it nni-t 
 
 Hi>t Im' fr I ;i. iiiinh a- |Mi*>ihle fmin Ihe adheriiiir 
 
 rn. k nr euiiirne, after which it is finely iMilxerixe*!. 
 i'lie mndelM met hiid nf pi||\ cri/.ili'.' i. !•• jM-s the iiri' 
 throiiL'li a iiN k lireakcr tii-.l. which crii-he. the nuk 
 into pines iilMiiil as liir^rea- wulnut.; it i. then lurritsl 
 under ma^-ive »t.inip. thai c|iani.'e it into tine jHiwder. 
 While In ill!/ |Mi\vdercd. water i. Iiron.dit to it. .o that 
 it cniii.> ri.ini the -lamp in the I'orm of -oi't |Ki<.t«>. 
 
 The inipalpahle pa-te t'roin the mill !•> now plmiil in 
 siiitahle \:il.. and tiiere i. addeil tn it. what i- i-illis| 
 maii'i.iral. a name L'iM'ii In rna.lc.l iion ;i;.i| cop|N>r 
 pyrites. .\ certain percentaj.'e nf the inutri-tral i» 
 ihoronL'hly mixed with the tinely di\iiled on-; men urv 
 i> then addcil in ipianlity iipiixaleiit to alhiiit -ix time- 
 the ainonnt of silver cnnlained in the ore a- detenniinil 
 hy a-say. and tlie ma-- thorouirlily kneadtsl. The 
 kneadinir npcniiinn i- ri'iM-ated until tlii> ditfereiil .iil»- 
 . Inner, aie thnrnii:,'illy ilicnrpnnitol, then the nut— i> 
 wa-lcd In -epar.ite the hea\ y ainalirun from the litjht 
 i:an;rne. ihe ainaliram i> pn>>.M><l in a (-.iiiva.- Iu» to 
 -cparale any exce— of meniirv . then put in in»n 
 rclnrl-. liealed enniii.'h In \ii|atili/c the tnen-urv; the 
 \apnlnf liuMi iny '. led intn cnhj water uikI eundei|.«tl 
 
 j In he ii>cd ai.iiin : I hoi her. left in the retort, i- melteti 
 
 ' and run intn lKir>, and i> at'terwaril rethioil. 
 
 .\nnther:iiid more i oinmon inethtMl i-^. at'tir the ort> 
 ha. iiccn liiicly piil\eri/.ed, tn mix with it a |Hirtion of 
 salt and pyrile-, and rna-l the mixture, duriii:/ wliieh 
 tiic ore Inse. ten |M'r cent nf its wei:.'lit and i- changcil 
 In a liinwii 1 nlnr. It i- thi'ii <rrninid very rind and 
 
 ! passed throiiirh a .-ieM' and is then convevitl to the 
 aiiLiliriiniatinir pans nr liarrels. Thi< methiMl with dif- 
 lerciil innclilii .•iiinns i> the one genenilly enipli>ye<l in 
 
 j thi- cnnntr\ . 
 
 MINING SHARK 
 
 A familiar per.niiaire in cities away fiom the miniug' 
 rei.'inn>. i> the •• ininiiiir shark." He iiuiy l»e ik'scriljotl 
 as a siiinnih ami lliient talker, well dn^-Mnl. and ap|wr- 
 eiitly provi'led with ample mean- at < nituiumd. Ili.- 
 eonversation is srnmdiloi[iient ; if one listens to him. 
 
I if. 
 
 iJ 'V 
 \i Li 
 
 ;■ ■!),<■ ' 
 
 HININO. 
 
 lie iiciki > iIh" ritiid to t'ortiiiie sfoin very siiiiuitli ami 
 striiiirlil. lie rallies iniiiuMiiiis .simples of ores, aii<l 
 »'aii tell tlu'ir i'(>in|)tisitinii lo llu' vt-rv snialh-st fVat'tioii 
 ot' a per I'ciil. lie lias a lianilsoiiit'lv colort'il map. 
 sliowiiiir lli>' localioii lit' hi- iiiiiifs, ami a priiitcil pii>s- 
 iM'ctiis li'llini: llu' "'fxloirical furmatiDii nf tin' fumilrv 
 ill the \ iciiiil V ol' liis Itii-atioM. with a scii-iitilir (l«*-ci-ip- 
 tioii III' the oiil'-riip, w itii the ilip and strike ol' voiiis, 
 amiilic ii'siill- 111' ilcep horiiiirs; all jroiiiir lo pro\c 
 tliat it is a irm- lissiirc \t'iii. Ilcariiii,' tlif-f iiu'ii talk, 
 mil' is li'.i lo womK-r \vli\ tiu-v liavi> coiiif so faraway 
 IVom llii'ir riili possossioiis, for the iissistaiicf of other 
 men. If llu'ir ores were so rirli and so easily worked 
 ■,is llicv clMini. a iiiMii wonlil soon make hiiiiselt' ri<'li liy 
 his own Lilior. Hill hilior i- not w hat tiiey an- lookinj.' 
 for: liny >\.iiil money wiihonl work. and they >n'i it in 
 pieiilN I'loni I rednliMis people who lielievo their tasei- 
 naliiii; -loiio of liiild .iml .silver to lie had in <jreat 
 ( liniiks, ainio-t t'or the mere piekinir up. It often liajv- 
 piii- ili:ii ilie-e men will take their \ietinis to the pro- 
 poM'il mine and show iheiii a hole in the mountain, and 
 alll!ipn;jll ihe \ieli|n eaniiot seethe Wtimlerfnl lluiir's 
 pri'iiii el !iy the pro^peetll-. yet his i!,rnoiMllie will 
 lirtr.'\ liiiii. i'iii- lie .liies not know how la inili:e of the | 
 ii'M lii;siiie-». It :ill -''eill- --i) ea-y ; nii-rel_\ •.'etliliL' 
 ilii> -Mil lock, loll- at a l)la.-t, ami so many dollar.- i 
 
 1 iiilll! .' ill e\ el'V Ion. , 
 
 .\ ii.:;:i -lioiiid li" -low tti invest Ills luoiicv ill a iiiiii- 
 \\\ir 'Oiiipaiiy wilhuiii aeipiaintiiiL'' himself with the 
 li!i-iiir - ■ liar.nler of the Pieii he i- lo !><• as-oeiated 
 \\illi. lie -hciild he eerl.iin lli;il a I horon'.'li pro-pert 
 ha- he. '11 made, l>\ means of iMiriiiirs under thediree- 
 lioii ot .'i man eapalile of jnijiriiiir of the re-ults, ami if 
 I lie oiiliiiok I'avors the opeiiinir np of the mine, lit ii 
 lie lioiii' in an e< oiioniieal manner, e\ ery del:. ,1 looked 
 nfler :is (arel'iilly as in any other '.n-ine--, wilh 
 proper ;idjii--i iinirl of ontLro lo ineoiin., lookinir upon 
 til.' 1 iiieipri-e raihi'i' in the liirht of a mannt'aet iir- | 
 iiiij lii!-iiii--. ih;in as a -eareh I'.ir the |diilo-oph< r- 
 slone. 
 
 ill'' miniiii,'' shiirk of the inonnlains i- a pro-pedor 
 
 Willi a whole liill-einn of -perillli'll-. If he eailtaleh 
 
 a •• lemh'rl'ool ,"" a- i' 'y eall an i;.''noi-;iiil lu'weonier in 
 the inoimtaiii.-. he will fill hi- inin 1 .i- full of vi-ionary 
 seheine- of easily aeipiired wealih, is his liinlher who 
 travel- with maps and pamplilets amoiiy the cities iu i 
 
 tlu' .-tales. If his victim i- loo shrewd to liny from 
 small specimens, he takes him to a claim that he has 
 "salted," or that has lu'en prepared in -iich a way that 
 a ipiantity of I'ri'sh ore taken tVoin the hole will -how 
 a larire percent. lire of irold or -iher, or Itotli. lo .i Ion. 
 There are several ways of aceompli-hin^'' this end of 
 makiiiir an ore seem more desir:ilile than it is. and wry 
 inirenions schemes haxc Im-cii invented tor it. .\ yiin 
 eharired wilh an onnce or two of irold ilir-t i- tired into 
 the hole, with I he re-iilt of leax in<; the roik and earth 
 specked with lh«' scattereil i:r'''iis of irohl. The f^'old 
 can l>o nearly all recovered airaiii, and wIkmi the imsii.s- 
 picioiis "tenderfoot" .s«'es a ipiantity of rock taken 
 out, iipparently at random, and hefore hi- very cm.- it 
 yields np a ipianliiy of pure ".'old in -iich proportion 
 as would indicate an emirmoiis tjiiaiitity to the ton of 
 rock, lie is ready to empty his jMickets without parley, 
 for liie partial ow-iership of this nature's trea-nn-- 
 tro\e. 
 
 If molten silver is dropped into water -l:iwly from a 
 lieiLdil of two or three feel, ii will li" foimii in a lim ly 
 di\ ided state in the lioi tom of I he pail. This puis it 
 into a •food -hape l'(.r llie ii-eol'the mine -wiiidler. 
 He partially oxid'/es the -iUer hy the n-e ot a \M:lk 
 acid and then caiefiillv ■ onceal- it in the inter-ti. !■- of 
 the nick, where il may he found when .in evamiii.il ion 
 is heini.'- made of his claim. .V little -ilxer may he 
 nuule to iro a Ioiil'' way for ihi- pin po-e, and like liread 
 ttisl upon llie water, il will lie found a^r.iiii. Il will 
 have, loo, an exairirerated \aliie,;i- it i-lo he e-iini:;led 
 ill I he Ion of rock, a- in III" • ;'-e ol" L'ohl. and llic piir 
 chaser eoii;,'i:iliilales hirn-i If a- Ic iliink- ol' ihe liar- 
 i.'ain he i- secln■in;.^ Ilei.-mnol donhl the inilli of I he 
 pre-eiice of the melal. as i l.'iinied. lor I he whole epila- 
 tion ha- lieell performed 'llliler his <.yc. wilhiMll ih" 
 
 sliirhtest apparent endeaxor to deceivi.. :iiid he is 
 ileln led iiilo II 'lie, ill-- lii.il hi' i- li'iiii; laUen into a 
 secret Ihe pro-pe. I.n di-eo\eri-il the mine, -i ciiied the 
 
 claim, and i- only xx.iililii; l.> find .i j I aid Imiie-t 
 
 pailner to help hini l'cI ihe on- out. ri.itleiyand 
 .narice win. and the :,'rcenh,iin thinks he -ec« .i 4 h.iiiee 
 lo iret a l)onan/a lor ali;io-i noihiiiir. only to lin.l hiin- 
 -ell" mi-taken when ii i- loi. j.iic to corieci the error. 
 I he-e are only -pecinieii wa\- of ■•lisinir ' a mine. 
 ( 'hemieal mean- are al-o employed, .iml niade to j.'ive 
 tiie .slime high iliaracter to a worthies- mine. 
 
 i 
 
 I , 
 
v\il Id 1)11 V fi'oin 
 laiiii llial III' has 
 >utli a \\:\\ that 
 ' litilo will -.how 
 I' iHttli. to a ton. 
 Iiiii;.' till- I'liil of 
 III it i>. Mini M-ry 
 1 till it. A i;iiu 
 ilii>t i^ tirt'il into 
 !■ riK'k ami raiili | 
 irolil. Tlic irnhl 
 when tlir linens- ! 
 ,• ot" ruck taken 
 hi> vtTV <'\f.s it I 
 siii'li |ir<>|Mirti(iii 
 
 t V to till- tun of 
 
 without parlry, 
 iluro> lifa-nic- 
 
 cr ^liwly tVoiii a 
 tonini in a lim ly 
 il. 'riii> |iul> it 
 
 iiiiin' >wiiMlli'r. 
 ic ii>c ot a « lak 
 llic intcr-l ji ('> dl" 
 
 an csaniiiiation 
 .-iht-r may he 
 
 . ami like 'in-ail 
 
 ajLTain. I< ^^>ll 
 
 ■> to lie i-lilli:il«'.l 
 
 till, ami llii- piir 
 iiik» ot' tlir liar- 
 the tnitii .>rtli<< 
 iir whnlf i'|Pi ra- 
 yo, willioiil i|"- 
 ivo. ami ill' is 
 n<.' takt'ii into u 
 
 llr, »i cinril the 
 (Kill aii'l liiiiii'^t 
 I. Il.illc'iy and 
 111' - '. - a rhaiK'c 
 Mily III |!im1 liini- 
 niiii till- iiinr. 
 tixin:.' " a iiiim'. 
 i] inailr to ;ri\i' 
 nnne. 
 
 i; 
 
 '.5t 
 
% 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 ■,' f'f.'l . 
 
 mi ' 
 
 'i 
 
 
 ;, 
 
 'I 
 
 convention iKTsIstently !ulvo<at(!il hy tlic Iciulinir luisi- 
 noss men ami othor prominent citi/cns of Nov Vni';, 
 who found Willi StrH>t tiie nalinal place for meeting' 
 and discussion. In the old City Hall, which stood on 
 the site of the present treasniy liuildin<r, the tirst Coii- 
 <ifres-^ of tile United States, after the adoplinn nt the 
 Constitution, assiMnhled, and on its Italcuny (Ji'oiirc 
 Wasliiu'Tton was inaufrurated fust President. .Siuct 
 that day, in every ••risis, poliliciil or tlnaucial. \\'all 
 Street lias been first to respond to the re.'iiizatiiMi of 
 every emerguucy. In the dariv liays of our nation's 
 
 peril llie sensitive street indexed jterfoctly the piildie 
 statt! of iiiind, and few wiio were there wi!' over forget 
 the feeliiifr on the street when the news was received 
 of the ass.issiuation of .Vin-aiiain Lincoln. 
 
 At till- present time Wall Street extends only from 
 tile K:ist ri\('r to Broadway, wliere stands Trinity 
 cliurcii, hiokiiiir down tiie famous street, and npliftiuir 
 its graceful spire, as it' a pcrpctiuil reminder tif inon; 
 solemn things; hut the imsy money-get icrs, whoswarm 
 like flies under the shadow of its \cneral)le walls, find 
 no lime or taste to linycr over .such iclleclioiw. 
 
 
 ..[jV^ v::. 
 
 
 THE BULLS AND BEARS C' HE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE. 
 
 A GREAT FINANCIAL CENTER. 
 
 About a ■eiitiiry ago an old iiuttoii-wood tree -tood 
 in front of what is now No. ('.(I Wall >treet, jiisl lielow 
 wheri' the ( list, )m Iloiisestaiids, and its wide-spre.'idiiig 
 
 men of the young cily were in the lialiil of meeting 
 there for the purpose of Iiarlering in the few securities 
 which the country oll'ered. If was under this .•incient 
 liuftoii-wood that the niicl(>ns of wliaf is now the 
 
 hranche- and tlii<k foliiige .•itl'ordcd ample >lielier iVoni irieate~l in-titiiliiui of il^ kind in the world the Ni'\»' 
 
 either the rain, lU' the heat of the mid-day >iiii. It^ ' York .Storj^ I'.xchange- wa- fornierl. Not , however, 
 trunk wa> ^eveiid feet in diaiiicier. and liy ccnimoii until the year l.slT. w.is ;\ foriuiil organization of t hi' 
 
 coii-eni llie spai e within the .-liadou of it- liraii' lie> , .Slock LNcJian:.'!' eirceled and a const it iifion adopted, / 
 
 Itciaine a •' phu'C W liele Uielcli.inls IIIO-I do eollgle- and tiii- underwent ;l tll(U'oUi;ii ie\ isioli ill iM'd. when y 
 
 gate." and a few ot'tlie more ;iiti\eaiid cnleiprisini;- | some ol llie ino-l prominent eapitali-t- in llie city jA 
 
 r-^ ______ 
 
•tly the p\ibli<' 
 ri'.' over forgot 
 s WHS recpivcil 
 II. 
 
 •lids «>nly from 
 stMiiils Trinily 
 . iiihl uplift iii,<r 
 niiiilcr of inoic 
 CIS, who swarm 
 iil)l<' walls, find 
 [^(■tioiis. 
 
 I 
 
 i;,l,il ,,t' iii(rtiii<r 
 ir tVw M'tMiritii's 
 (Id- lliis aiici'-iit 
 hat i< now tlic 
 wi.ild llif NfW 
 
 Nul. llOWCVfl'. 
 
 anizatioii of <!'"■ 
 
 iliilion adolili'd, f 
 
 „, in iM'ti. wlicMi V 
 
 i^t- ill tlif lily (p 
 
 WALL STKKKr AM> TIIK M\V ^<)i;h SUM K K.MllANtil. 
 
 joined tlio organization, and from w lii'li liiin' ihmv !)■■ iiii>iiili>' limc \\:i- mIIuwi'I iIh' ^ciiiriiv nu'aiiwhilc 
 said to datp tho real history of tiic |irc>riil New York ifinaiiiiiiir witii ilif ■.cllci'. and the Imycr paying iiiter- 
 Stofk Exchange. The war of Isl".' iiad given tin' liist 1 c^t. A list wa- kept of the varioii> MMiiritics dealt in, 
 I'cnuine impulse to speculation, thi' gn\('riimciit jdai-- aii'i liie-c were i iijled up one at a time. Dealimrs 
 in<» loans upon the market which ainoniitcd in tiir ; wnc alldwid in ea. h only a- it wa- naihcd in turn, 
 
 aggregate to 11 *.»(),- 
 nOO,(XK), and in 
 wlii<li there were 
 wide fluctuations 
 in the market (pio- 
 tations. 15a nk 
 stocks also became 
 a favorite class of 
 investments, and 
 in IS 1(1 there were 
 over 200 hanks in 
 tiir country with a 
 (■iinil)iiicd caiiital 
 <.i SS2 ,01111. (H)i). 
 All idea as to tll(! 
 character of x'lue 
 ot' the i)ii>iiic» of 
 
 the liriikei- of that 
 
 (lay liia\ lie gained 
 
 iVolii thestalclliciit 
 
 that the g(i\crn- 
 
 lucnl I'l'- ft' isll 
 
 were wcii'tli -lO in 
 
 >pecic and Tit in 
 
 Ncu- Vdik liaiik 
 
 ciiircii y. riio 
 
 hnk\ speciilations 
 
 ill tlic " shiii-plas- 
 
 t(M- " iif the jieriod 
 
 I'liiiiicd tlie liasis 
 
 upon which was 
 
 huilt ii|) in siilwe- 
 
 (pieut years one of 
 
 the leading hrok- 
 
 enige house- on 
 
 Wall street. 
 The meetiug> of 
 
 the Kxchange were 
 
 originally secret 
 
 and not recognized 
 
 by luw. The total 
 
 transactions of a day siddom c<|ual.'>l 1.000 -han'> 
 
 of stock, most of the purcha>cs and >ale> liciiig 
 
 made in small lots of 10 to 2.'> shares e.ich. Side- 
 were generally made on a credit »{' ten, thirty, or 
 
 sixty days, ami sometimes six and even twid\c 
 
 EXTERIOR VIEW OF THE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE 
 
 and when the li>t 
 was cdinplelcd, 
 hil-ine-- wa-clu-cd 
 for the day. I'hc 
 se<rctarv ol' tiie 
 hoard kept a record 
 of all the traii>ac- 
 tioiis and ihr luin- 
 nte- wi'i'crcad o\ cr 
 at the i'Mn< In-iou 
 ot' eai li da\ - liii-i- 
 nes>. \\ hi ii Hicii 
 liecaiiii' I'n.i 1 i\ i- 
 dencc lit' I hi- ■ midi- 
 tioii- ami tciin- nf 
 the c untraci- iliat 
 had liecii made. 
 
 THE PRESENT 
 STOCK EX- 
 CHANGE. 
 
 .Vt'ter the great 
 fire of \K<^), the 
 St(M'k Kxchange 
 was conipelled to 
 shift about i'or 
 suitalile acconiino- 
 datic'ii-, an<l tor a 
 time htdd its ses- 
 sions in .Ia"ncey 
 Court; then, in 
 1842, returned to 
 a hall ill the Mer- 
 chant-' Kxchange. 
 which had been re- 
 huiU, and in which 
 itcoiitiniiedtoopc- 
 rate until it> pre— 
 eiit building was 
 ercctid, in Iftli.'i. 
 Diiriiijr all lhcsi> 
 
 vears of growth and pro-perity on tlie part of the 
 .Stock Kxchange, it lia< not lieeii without rivals 
 and competition from other similar orginizatioii- 
 uhich have sprung up in its vicinity, which ha\ c 
 aimed t.. dr.iw otV the iiunien-e iiatronage or divide th.' 
 
 (I 
 
 ^^ 
 
 3= 
 
 'iii 
 
 < .1 
 
■■ "' I ' 
 
 
 W ! 
 
 W.Vt.I, MIJKK.I \M> THK N K\V VOUK STOCK EXCIIANOE. 
 
 j)rofital>l(' hiisini'ss of (iio^rrciit iin<l constantly <rn>wiiifj | tin* so*'oiul tliKtrway, is tlu' •• lon<r room." wliicli is 40 
 
 Exrlianiro. In i\ lower I'ooin of tlic Mcrrliants' Ex- 
 clian^'t' lMiiI«lin<r, a rival orirani/.ation known as tlio 
 " IJonrfo." had licon cstahlishod. and anionj^ its nu-ni- 
 lK>rs wort' a nniiil>or ot" persons who hail i)rpvioiisl_v 
 holoiiii^ocl to tho Stock HxchanL'c. tint who had failo*! 
 and obtained disdiarircs in hanki iiptcy. They wore 
 not. howovpr, nnilcr the rnlo of the 8to<;k Exchanpo, 
 entitled to readniission. For some time the Honrse, 
 or '• Open Hoard." as it was also called, made serious 
 
 liy tW feet. Persons who are not mendn'rs of the Ex- 
 chan<re are admitted to these two rooms npon the pa)'- 
 ment of a snliscription feeof $l()(t per annnni. TIip 
 Iniard room whi're the re^jnlar pun'hases and sjiles of 
 >tocks are ma<le, fronts on New street, and is 110 feet 
 loiifr hv .'>H feet wide, the hiffiit of the leilinjr tK'inj' .")') 
 Ufi. The ''ciling is made entirely of iron in Hat |)un- 
 eU. fres<'>ed in the renaissance style and with orna- 
 mental hnx'ttes in its centei'. The rostrum is situated 
 
 inroads into the liusine.ss of the Stcwk Exchanse. and i .ijpiinst the inner wall, and about midway l>etween the 
 
 it IxManie evident that the two hoards should ••e oxtreme ends of the room. In and out of the New 
 
 t 
 
 hronirht to^'ether in some way. This was dune by the ' stre<'t cntntnces to the board room, messeu;rcrs carry- 
 old Stock Exchaiiire ^.'radually absorbinir the meinlM-rs injr order* and returnin<r froni their delivery, <ro and 
 of the Honr.se. waivinir restriction;* that would other- | come conKtaiitly throu<riionl the time the Exuhauire is 
 wise interfere with their reailmission. and in l^^ti! the o|>en. from lo a. .m. to '.i r. M. 'i'here is a ffiillerv on a 
 
 level witli the second floor at each end of the hosml 
 r<Mini tor the acconnnodat ion of visitors who wish to 
 ivitness the st.rusrirles of the bulls and bears on an 
 
 .sessions of the Hoursp were discontinued. .Vt idiLUt 
 the ^;inie time encouraged l)y tiie success thus secured, 
 the initiation fee to the Stock Exclian>re was rai.sed to 
 $l(Mi. at wliicii price many new meinlM'is were received. 
 In I n2.{ the initiation fee jiad been fixed at $2.'», from 
 which if was raised, in lMi>7, to $100, and in 1833 it 
 was further increa.sed to >1.'>0. 
 
 THE BUILDING. 
 
 The present .Stock E.xchann:'' bnildinp^ is an impo*- 
 h\<i edifice, and presents a strikinir apjieanince wn it 
 from on Hroad street, just off from Wall street. It 
 is faced wit!i white marble, and the entrance is made 
 throuirh an elaborate portico of polished pnmite and 
 marble, above whidi is carved the name, " Nkw York 
 
 active day, or watch the knockin<rs off of hats which 
 iH-eurs at times when tiiidin<r is dull. No persons 
 except members of the Exchaufre in ifood stimdinir are 
 admitted to the floor f-f the Exchan^'e. 
 
 The room in which the tleaHn<;s in <rovernment, rail- 
 roa<l and state lM)nds tak< place, and in which the frov- 
 eming commfttee also meets, is on the second floor. 
 next to which and looking out on Broad street is the 
 s«H'retari's room. The third and fourth stories are 
 devoted to c'ommittee rooms. 
 
 The memliership of the Stock Exchange is now 
 alHUif 1. 100. Viewed from tlie gallery, the Stock 
 Stock Exchanu;-,." .\n elaborate finish is displayed < Exchanire. in session, would b<> regarded by the imini- 
 
 throug'iout the entire front of the building, an I pilas- 
 ters, friezes and cornices are combined in ri<'h pk'ofu- 
 sion. .\l)ove all a handsome slated man.sard roof c:i|>s 
 the pahitial structure, from which, on public days, 
 always floats on the breeze, the stars and stripes. 
 Within, the floors of the building are richly tiled; 
 
 tiated oliMMver as '. disorderl}' uml confused niK.ss of 
 luiman In-ings without method or restraint, engaged in 
 a me«lley of liargains and disputes whi<'h would surpa.ss 
 the ingenuity of any one to unravel or comjjrehend. 
 The din and noise of thou.sands of voices mingle into a 
 roiir. and the operators vocif^nite and gesticulate its if 
 
 the ceilings are elaborately frescoed, in which Wue is ,|„.^. .^^.^^e an an^^rv nu)b. ih\\ underneath all thi^ 
 
 the predominant color in fl"- Hoard room, and the 
 stairways are of easy ascent, with iron, granite and 
 marble stei)8. 
 
 THE ROOMS. 
 
 Ill form, till' linilding is a T. with the stem some- 
 what shortened. !< extends fV<tni Hroad to New >treei, 
 witli an area running out to Wall street, .anil entnime 
 is eflectcd from all snles. Entering from Hroad street 
 at the fnst dour below Wall street, the iiist rooic is 
 occupied by telegrapli and t'dephone otlices, and >eats 
 for the member.--, next to which, and also icached bv 
 
 surface of seeming confusion, there is a system, order 
 and exact n<'.s.>, and the .Stock Exchange is a model of 
 
 METHOD AND GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The entire governmont of the Stock Exchange is 
 veMl*-!! in a Governing Connnittee, comi)osed of the 
 pn sident and treasurer ot the Exchange and forty 
 meinlx'i-s, one-fourth of whom are electcil each year. 
 Tlir*y have power to try all ollenses under or agiiinst 
 the laws of the Exchange, and all charges again>l 
 memU-rs, and their decision is final. .\ majority of .ill 
 the niendM'rs tii the iro\ernini.'- cDniniitfee, as well 
 
 C>A 
 
' wliuli is 40 
 [>rs of the Ex- 
 upoii Iln' i>!»y- 
 iiimuin. Tlio 
 < anil siilort of 
 md is 140 foct 
 •ilinf.' lH'iii«r .")') 
 •on in lliil pun- 
 ind with ornii- 
 ruin is sitnatcd 
 IV lK>t\vot'n the 
 lit of thi' Now 
 'sscn;r<'rs carn- 
 oliv»'ry, ".'(> iin'l 
 lio Exohunire is 
 s a prallery on a 
 1(1 of tho board 
 IS who wish to 
 id licars on an 
 r of hats wliich 
 II. No norsons 
 )od standi nir are 
 
 overnment, rail- 
 which tho pov- 
 
 Ihe scconil floor, 
 ad street is the 
 
 nth stories are 
 
 Kchangc is now 
 ry, the Stock 
 1 by the unini- 
 
 )nfuscd inKss of 
 int , engaged in 
 would surpass 
 
 or oomjjri'hend. 
 
 OS mingle into a 
 jrostii'idate its if 
 
 erncath all this 
 I system, order 
 is a model of 
 
 MENT. 
 
 •k Exchange is 
 
 •oini)osed of the 
 
 lange and forty 
 
 ected each year. 
 
 nider or ag-ainst 
 
 charges ngam-t 
 
 A majority of ail 
 
 iltee. as well a- 
 
 r3 
 
 S? 
 
 L 
 
 r? 
 
 If K 
 
 ' 3 
 
 WALL .STKKKT AM) TIIK SKW VOKK STOCK K\( IIA.NOK 
 
 L. A N, 
 
 L. 8. 
 
 |dabq| 
 
 iLOAlftUJ 
 
 EBTE. 
 
 
 DJ 
 
 ' «l 
 
 V 
 
 FLOOR DIAGRAM, NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE. 
 
 A, l)oiir oonnocting the lloor of the Kxchango with tho liiill; B. 
 the PiitraiU'P to the passagfji li, at th<! onils of the nm.u. through 
 whicli iiprsoii.s liiiviiig access only to the T.oni; Room may \>a>», or 
 stop iiixl converse wif" their brokers; (',thc \ew Street ent.-aiK'e 
 to the siinie pansagcs, aail also to the floor of theKxehange: 1), the 
 New Street entrance for clerks ainl ines?enj;ers from brokers' 
 
 otlkes. who arriiii«elbcni-.h.- .linn: 111.- pa-i-iige whv- Land iinni 
 a stand, >i. the iiemlH'i< cfil,,. l.n.UiT- \vli,i :in> wimteil at the .IcM.r 
 '•r railing ar« exiM>s..iI In while ll;,'niv< upon a blaiktxiaiil at ea.h 
 
 eu(li.ft!i.']<.onil)y('lnirl.'ity;i;.tli( tran.e fortlic American I il-- 
 
 trlef Telegraph messengers, the p issa);e way K lieing set apail lor 
 
 them; K, tile central main cntrai fn>in \e« Siicet to the tbi.pr. 
 
 fi>r use i.nly by memlwrs. Tli.> -ignlMi.inls arranireil along the 
 center of the tbim-. inillcale the liicatinii in the rociin where the 
 more active stock- are dealt In; they inilicate, for Instiiuce. the 
 location of the " Krie crowd." the "Lake Sliore crowd," etc. 
 Other iiarts of the room are by coinmini consent set »iiiirt for 
 siHvitled <lock.s, where most of tile dealings in them t.ikc' place. 
 II, the rostnmi where the clmliman's desk Is situated, on an 
 elevated platform. The floor of th.' Kxchange is 1 1.-, f,.,.i l„njj, 
 and 65 feet wbh-, anil the ceillni; i- (U t'eet high. Directly over (i, 
 at elilier einl id' the room, and <in a level with the second floor of 
 till' re-t of the bnilding, are the visitor.-' galleries. It |s direetly 
 illKler these galleries that the brokers' numbeis are displayed when 
 they are called for by outsiders or messengers. Kacli memlier of 
 the Kxchange ha- a nuinlie'-. which (;oes m lib his seat. 
 
 (it eaili (if the siili-coimiiittees, is ticcessarv lo consti- 
 tiilc :i c|ii(iniiii. The ineinlu'rs of the ;rovcriiititr 
 (■(iininilti'c, toiretiicr witii tiic vice-])icsi(l('iit Jitid tlie 
 secfctiiiN , ((Uistiditc Ihc otficct- of the Exchange, jiikI 
 no pct-(in is cljoililc to ;iiiy otKcc who isiuit.at the 
 tiiiic 111' iii.s election, a iiiciiilii'i- in gooil standing, 
 
 Tht'tc arc a tiiiinlM'r of st;iiidiii<.r (■otnttiitiocs, oacii 
 having ciiargp of its own spccitil (icparttuciit, the prin- 
 (•ip;il (ino (d" wiiicli af(> iisfoUows: .\ Finance ( '(iiti- 
 
 inittcc: a eoininittt f .Vn'angciiiciit> : a ediimiillee 
 
 on .\ilniissioiis ; a eotimiiitec on . •securities, ;i coinniit- 
 tee (III (rovertitnetit .Securities, a cominittec on Stock 
 List, an .\rl)itratioii coniniittec, a Law coinnuttce, ;i 
 coinniittee on ('oitiinissjoiis, ami ;i coinmitfec on 
 Insolvencies. 
 
 'i'lie lotninitlee on a(lini.ssions consists of lifteen 
 nieiiilieis, and toil arc fcftrrod all new applications for 
 nicinlMM-siiip and all applictitions of .-usponded incinhcrs 
 for rcadniission : two-lhinls of the coinniittee approv- 
 ing, the candidate i> declared elected or re-elected to a 
 incintiersliip in the Kxchiinge, wheretipoii tli(> chaii- 
 man of the coininittce iiii'ornis the presiding otliccf of 
 the Exchange of the admission, and Ihc aiinoinicement 
 of the siinie i> niade (o the Exchiinge. K\cry ;ippli- 
 canl I'd!' nieniliersiiip niii-i lie :it letist :.'! ycar> of i\ij;v. 
 :in(l pay the rcijiiircil initiation tec of $l(i, (1(1(1 -this 
 does not co\('i' the price of a seat, Init i~ I lie fee p;iya- 
 ble to the Exchange for the (ifiginai incnihcrship. 
 Any iiieinlier lia> the right lo transfer lii> nicnilieiship 
 by siihinitiing the name of Ihc Iransl'eree to the coni- 
 inittee of adini-— ion-, pid\i(liii^' tli.il I wn-tliifils df the 
 cominitlce .ipproM' the transfer and the nicinhei' Iraii.s- 
 ferring hits no nnsettled conlnicts. Within the p;ist 
 vear or two scats have sold as liiirli as $.'i2,(MM); during 
 
■\i-*^4*^.-:>!;= 
 
 ^^7 
 
 llf. 
 
 
 WALL 8TUKKT AM) TIIK NKW VOHK tJKK K KXCHASOK. 
 
 the dull period of 187(i and 1M77 llio price decliiu'd to 
 I3.5UU. No tninsfor of membership is permitted until 
 all dnes to the Stock Kxchange have heen paid in fnli. 
 snch dnes hein;; treated as a prior lien npon the pro- 
 ceed?, of r.ale of nieMd>ership certificate. 
 
 When a nienilxT ilies, his membership is dis|)osed of 
 li\ llic conunittei' on admissions, and alter the claims 
 ot till' Mieintici« 111' the Stock Kxchanjre iiave all 
 liciii >Mtislii'd. tlic iiidancc is paid to the lcj.'al repre- 
 seiilal ivcs 111' the deceased niendier. 
 
 Any nicnilMT « Im fails to comply with his contrnets, 
 or who liccdiiM'^ in^-olvent. is innnediately suspended 
 until he ha- -cilleil with his creditors. It is the duty 
 ol -iii'li mendxT iinniciliately to infcM'm the president 
 in w I iiiii;.'- thai lie i~ nnalijc to meet his engagements, 
 and I he presiding.'' oliiccf give^ notice at once from the 
 chair, of till' -n>pi'n-ion ol' -ncli ineinlier. If he fails 
 to -clllc with In- ( Tcditoi- within a year, his nuMidier- 
 sliip i- ili~po-ed of iiy ilic lonnnitlee on admi>sion> and 
 the proceed- paid /u-n nifd to his ri'editors in the .^lock 
 Kxchange. Imt liic gmcrning committee may extend 
 the liiiii' for -clllcnicnl beyond one year. No member 
 I- alloneil to take a> partm-r any snspended nn-ndier. 
 dni'ing the period of his >nspension, or to Ibrni a part- 
 nci'sliip with any ins(d\ent peison. and whenever the 
 !.''o\ ciiiiii^; I'onnnittec -iiaii deteiinine npon the reiioi't 
 of llie committee (Ml ins(dven<ie>. that the failnre of ;i 
 nnanber ha- been cansed bv his doin'r business in a 
 lec'kle-s :iiid iinbnsjnes- like manner, he may be 
 dci iarcd ineligible for reaiimis-ion. by a majority 
 vote of the entiri' go\cining committee. 
 
 The rule- go\cniing di-lioiu'-l praitices, are very 
 .sti'ingi'iil . it i- provided that ;in\nieinber convicted 
 ol making licliiioii- -;ile- -hall be expelled, and the 
 iiieml.'er making ticiitioii- oi- trilling bids m- otl'ers shall, 
 upon conviction, be subject to sns|)ension or such other 
 jiciialiy .1- the iro\erning committee may impose. .VII 
 di'lu-. wilhont distincticm. are binding npon the inein- 
 bei- of the Mxcjiange, .and ■■ shonid any member be 
 irniliN of obvioii- fraud, of which tin- ''overnin<r com- 
 niiltcc -lijill bc' the jiidire. lie -hall, npon conviction 
 thereof l)y a vote of I wo-tliird- of the members of said 
 commit ti'C pre>enl . be declared by the pre-ident to be 
 e.\p(dled. and hi- niember-liip -hall c-cheat to the 
 Kxchanire." Any inciiiber w ho -liaM liim-ell, or whose 
 p.aitiiiT -hall apply tor an iiiJniiiM ion rc-i i;iining .any 
 
 oflic<T or lommitt if the Kxcli.in'jc from performing 
 
 his or it> ilnties nnder ihe (cn-; it nlioii ,uid liy-ltiws, 
 by that act ceases to he .a member m' ihi' a-sociation, 
 ami ,any member nniting directly or by a partner with 
 any other orgain'/ation where stocks, bonds, etc., are 
 
 dealt in — except the New ^ork Mining Stock Kx- 
 I'hangc, where there are no tlealiiii.'- in railroad and 
 >tate stocks and bonds— ceases to be a member. 
 
 It is the dnty of the pr«'siilent to -ee that t li,' -I'Ncral 
 provisions of the coii>titnlion and by-law- art' enforced, 
 and to haxe a care of ihe general iiilere»t- o|' the 
 Kxchange, but the po-iiion i- chietlv an honorary one 
 and is wilhont salary. ihe otlicei- who pre-ide- over 
 the lio.ard from Kt v. .m. to .'i e. m.. when it i- i-sem- 
 bled for business, is the chairman, or in his ab^eii'', 
 the vice-chairman. They generally alternate by each 
 ser\ ing one-half of tin' day. .Neither one i- permitted 
 to operate in -tocks chn-ing the period that he i- pre- 
 -iding. The •' calls '■ in the boarcl room and also in 
 the goxcrnmenl cleparlmeni arc niacji' by ihein. and 
 lllcy determiiie all cpie-lioli- of oicler, ilM Indin!.;' the 
 irdliction of lines foi' minor oll'ensc'?., ^ncli a- iinlecorons 
 language, disorderly conduct, etc. 
 
 The clnlie-i of ihe -cM'i'etaiv are oneroii- and the posi- 
 tion i- one commancling mnch re-[iec| — nevt lo that ol 
 pre-idcnl Inil vvhilc Ihe [n-esicleiil- are changed fiv- 
 cpi'ntly il i- I he custom ,il' late year- to elect a new man 
 at the end of either ihe lirst or the -econd year the 
 ^ecretal•y is retained foi- many year-: the last change 
 Wiismacle only n[ion ther'-iiisal of tin' oc-npanl whohaci 
 served for fonrleen years, to remain longer in ollice. 
 
 I'pon the death of any member of Ihe Kxchange 
 each -nrviving member is asse-sed if lit. ami the faith ol 
 Ihe Kxchange i- ijledireil to pay to the widow and cjiil- 
 clreii. ol' the next of kin. out of tlie money -o col- 
 Icc'ted. $l(),()(l(). or a- mnch a- ni.iy liaxc been collectecl. 
 but it i- -pecitiially -lipnlalecl that this .-hall not be 
 ccm-l rued a- ccm-t it i,| ing ,in estate /// caw which can 
 be mt.rigagecl or pledged for the jiayment of any debts. 
 1 1 i- made the special duty of the goveridng commit Ice 
 to increase the snrpin- revennes ol the Kxchaiigc^ ;i- 
 I'ar as pos-ible for the pnrpose of acenmnlating a liniil 
 winch is known as the •• gratnity fnnd." which is imlei 
 the charge id' a board ol' trustees, tcnnposed of llie 
 pri'sidenl and treasnrer of the Kxcliange. and of live 
 other trnstees who hold ollice for live years, and one .'( 
 whom i- id( tecl annnally. I'^icli new mendjer i- 
 recpiired to pi y $1(1 to the gratnity fund, and wlien the 
 annual incoin(> of the Kxi'hange exceeds its actual c ui- 
 renl expen-es by $10,000, one-half of that sum i- 
 tnrnecl over to the trustees of the same fimd. the oilier 
 half beiii'T credited to the numbers in reduction of 
 their annual dues. WTienever the numb<'i' of death< el 
 members exceed fifteen in any oi;e year, thus inakiii:.'' 
 ;!;" 'iinount due hoin each member foi- I'.eath claims 
 during *.he year more than $1.")0. the excess is to he 
 
><^^^-^-. 
 
 T^^ 
 
 uiiiir Stmk Kx- 
 - Ill I'iiilroiiil aiul 
 
 uii'iiibff. 
 (■ I hat ill.' -I'vcral 
 ii\v> iiro I'liloi'icd, 
 
 iiit('n'-t> "!' ihi' 
 
 all lioiitirarv niic 
 wild |irr>iil(- I'MT 
 ulifii il i> ;i>:-i'm- 
 r ill \\\- ali>fiii ••. 
 allcniiito bv I'ai li 
 r Dill' i- iHM'iiiitU'tl 
 iiiil tlial 111' i- I'lc- 
 
 looiii ami aNii in 
 mil' liy tlu'iu. ami 
 U-r. im liiiliiii;- llic 
 >ur\\ as iinlcriirtuis 
 
 ;>niii< ami tin- I'usi- 
 it — next to that tit 
 » ar<' ( liaiiji'cd tVi'- 
 ti) I'lfcl a lu'w man 
 (• -I'l'iiml Vcai- tlif 
 -: tlif last iliani;r 
 (' oc'iniaiil w liii liail 
 liinircf ill iitrui'. 
 
 i)t' till' KxiliaiiLTi' 
 111. ami llio faith ol 
 ;hc w'lliiw ami <liil- 
 tlii' iiiiiiit'y >i> rol- 
 lavr lii'i'ii I'olli'rti'il. 
 t this >liall lint III' 
 I' /// iss<- \vhi<'li laii 
 VMiciit uf any ili-Ms. 
 iivi'iiiiiig i(>iiiinill''i' 
 (.t till' Kxchiin-rr a-^ 
 ii'iiimilatiiiir 'i t'uml 
 mil." wliiili is \ nili'i 
 
 , I DllljlOSl'd ol till' 
 
 wihangr. mul of tiv^' 
 Ivi' yi'ai's, anil I'li'' "' 
 h iH'w nii'iiibi'v ■ 
 
 fmid. and whon tlu' 
 ii'i'i'd- its ai'tual .111- 
 lalf of thai sum i- 
 ■^anio fund, thr otlii'i' I 
 )<>rs in roilurlioii "1 
 
 luiiiibor of dc'iilli- I'l 
 (• voav. thus niakiii!: 
 bor for I'.oiith i laiin-^ 
 I, tlio i'Xi'»'ss is to III" 
 
 THE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE IN OPERATION. 
 
 paid from Iho jrnituityfimd, if tliori' is siilliri..|it nioiii'y 
 bi'loiiLniiir to till' I'iiikI for that luirjiosi-; but if not, tlio 
 liability of nn'mluM's to pay in cxcoss oi tho ll.'iO is 
 not ill paii'i'd. Tho irraliilty fund is not to cxrocd 
 $ Loot). I I'M I. and this ruiid attaihos to tlio soiit. and is 
 tiiinsfcralili- with it. 
 
 THE LANGUAGE OF BROKERS. 
 The tci'hniral tornis i-oninion to thostri'ot. Imvc uniall 
 inclining to oiitsidors, hut nre frni«^ful iiiid descriptive 
 
 to those familiar with the traflii- ><f whiili the) :n< 
 I'liiblcmatir. ThiTc is. probably, no otlior biisimss in 
 thi' world nioi'c aptly desiTibcd in tho pliriisPH pw uliar 
 to it. Kf^^riilar voiabnlarirs liavi' been fiuinulatid, luil 
 11 tVw of tho loadiiiir trnns will s,.rv«> tlu" explanatory 
 purpose of the present artirle. It is well known tli..t 
 the sprruhition in storks i^ between to eli-nieiits. tin 
 IVais and the HulU. The bears are tho-e whi> ai' 
 endeuvorinfr to depress jirices, and who operate toi 
 
 -^®^;i 
 
».^ m 
 
 ¥ it ;' 
 
 h'.- i 
 
 r 
 
 
 WAIX 8TRKKT AND THR NRW TORK HTOrK RXCIIANOK. 
 
 li 
 
 lower figures. The Ixillx, on the contrary, are the 
 opentora for higher tisjfiuiw. The iiears Hdll nhort — 
 I. c, thoy Holl stwks that th«y Jo not own, uiid trust 
 to luauipulutioii or t'uturo nvent.s to buy thoni h&ck ut 
 K lower figure. The hulls buy stocks, and bid up 
 prinw and use all uchenufs to force valuet* tt) a higher 
 plane. Ab h rule, the " outside," or non-professioniil 
 operator, is a bull. It has never yet Iteen the fortune 
 of a broker to sufficiently explain to a novice how it 
 was pos8iblo to sell what he did not own, and what he 
 (lid not want to possess. It is easy enough for a (Msrson 
 wishuig to invest in stocks to understand that if '.lO 
 pu "liases KM) shares of Western Union at ^9 .t.iU ,. 
 >»dv»- lies to «;i, ^liat he bus made oao per cent minus the 
 '.ji. k. mgo — $lo') k-rts 4 I'lr buying and | for Mclliug — 
 '.r^ $7.5 net. Now if he had sold lO) shares at 82 and 
 Urv. stock hud declined one per cent, Ui 81, the result 
 wtMi! ' !mve been precisely the »iin\*\ In all regular 
 stock tn;ii8actious the stock Iwught or sold must I)e 
 delivered hwfore 2: 15 v. m. the following day. If the 
 transa<'.tioM is for " cash," the delivery must \>c made 
 the same day. So when a broker sells a stwk "short" 
 he must go into the loan market and borrow it for 
 delivery. All of the leading stocsks are bought and 
 solil in their respective sections of tiie board nutni. 
 Thus, there is the Erie crowd, the .St. I'liiil crowd, the 
 Western Union < rowd, etc., e»ich cii-cle bciiiur denomi- 
 nated !i " (!rowd." In the same way there is the /odii 
 crowd, when' stocks .-ind money an; louneii. .Vnd the 
 more prominiint houses have their brokers in eiicli 
 crowd wh<» pay no attenti«ui to any other feature of the 
 market. We will stip|inse .\ liiis sold liMlshiires Wcsl- 
 orn Union .-ihcrt at f^'2. Ilegoes into the loan crowd and 
 Imrrows of H at two per cent, i. e., ho gives his check 
 for the amount of the stoci--, $?<,200, and receives inter- 
 est at the nite of two i)er cent per annum for his money. 
 The hinder can "call" llie stoik (demand its return^ at 
 the same price uide.ss there is a distin< t ntiderstandiiig 
 to the contrary. If .i st(H"k loans Jiat. the borrower 
 getji no interest foi- his money. It is iVccpiently the 
 C4ise that the borrower is compelled to pay a premium 
 for the use of a stock, i". «., he rtn-cives no interest for 
 bis money and pays more thiin the maikct price for the 
 stock, in order that the delivery may Ik; made. 
 
 Short aiul long are terms descriptive of the roiativo 
 positions of the nellers and the biiyors of stocks. An 
 operator is "short" when ho has sobl -hn k lie does 
 not possess, and "long" when ho has accumulated 
 8to<;k. As a rule the [irofessional speiiilators, and 
 brokers are Ijeurs, and short of the market, while the 
 outsiders, or noii-professionaU, are buyers. These 
 
 " outsiders," so-called, <ire the lambs, and the real 
 sou. "e of profit to the brokers and strength to the 
 Htcx k market. As a class, their knowledge of values 
 is solely derived from the brokers, and it is t)e««usn of 
 their innocence, and their reliance upon tiie judgment 
 of othert hiitt' ly are dubl)cd lanil)s. Dut there are 
 some ex uoiis, and men w): > havean iii'imale knowl- 
 edge of . actual worth of the properties iiuwhich 
 they 'radc 
 
 A /;«■ is the term descriptive of si)eciHl advice 
 giren r> >e<'tin^ he future course of one o' more 
 stocks, iid the person giving a point v supposed by 
 rcisoii of association or olati' iJB to he possessed of 
 knowledge not obtainable by the general public. 
 
 \ pool is a cumbinutioii )f men who join their opera- 
 tions ill order to sot'ure and maintain control of a cer- 
 tjiiii line of stocks and manipulate them for mutuiil 
 profit. The usual pl.iu after the formation of a pool 
 is to i)lace its management in the hands of one of the 
 memlxirs. As an illustration, we will suppo.se a poo! 
 is formed to put up the price of .St. Paul stock. Bro- 
 kers aic engaged to buy all that is ollered. And whoji 
 the pot)l has accumulatcl "iiongli stock to .ontrol tlie 
 deliveries, and a "short " interest has lK»en created, the 
 price can be forced up t<> a point that will 3icld Ijiij 
 protil* (o the pool. Of course the success of a pool 
 depciitls entirely upon the secrecy 'itli which it is con- 
 ducted and the adliercMicc; (>f each individnal incinber to 
 thco'iginal [dan. It freipiently happens that one or 
 more n:eiiilR>rs of a pool will operalf against it for 
 individual luroiiut, and sell out through other brokers 
 stock lliat h:id Iwen (ircvionsly accinnnlatcd. This is 
 cu!lc<i " unloading," and is, of course, a violation of 
 agreement, or sharp practice. 
 
 •' Buyer's option," is tlescriptivo of a transaction in 
 which the pnrcluuser has the choice of taking a stock 
 within a specified time. Ordinary purchases and sale- 
 are t«rmed "regular," and are Icniiinated by liie legu- 
 lar rule of the Kxcliange, al iI,,- s^.ecilied hour for the 
 delivery of the -lock — a> ui-'\ii:iisly statcil. 2: 1") i'. w. 
 the following day. Hut if the sto<k is purcliMscil 
 " Ibiver ;5, ' or 10, or 'M), as tlie case may lie, it ncc.l 
 not be a<i<'pted by the purchaser until the exi»iiulioii 
 of lie s|)ccilk'd nnmlwr of ilays. " Seller's option " i> 
 sinpily the revei-se of this, the choice resting with the 
 .seller as In when the stock shall l)e delivered 
 
 When an opei^ator or a cliipie obtains control of all 
 or nearly all the available stock of a company, and then 
 suddenly advain'cs the price far l)eyond its nonual mar- 
 ket value, hois said to have "cornered" the 8to<k. 
 Some of these " comers '' bavo become famous in his- 
 
 ^'^V- 
 
WALL 8THKET AMt TlIE NKW VORK HTOOK KXCIIANOE. 
 
 )me iunioiis in his- 
 
 tory, notably the NorthwoHt "oornor," tho Hailem 
 •' oornor" luul tlio Eno " coriior," ol Inter date, which 
 wpro rondiirtrd by Diitiiol Diovv, Coininodora Yandeis 
 bilt, Jiiy Oould and .Iuiuoh Fisit, Jr., nwjMictively. It 
 wat* thix littttM- opumlioii tiiul guvo V'uk Um title of 
 " I'riiioo Krio." 
 
 To " <'<)vor," iH to buy in stocks to rioso oi ' tran» 
 iiclioii, and npplifs oinmlly wi'ii to uii o; < -u. ^^ll tliut 
 iuH i)rovc<( pnititablc, or thai lu'ts a lotw. 
 
 A " liiuilcd onlcr" is ono timt iixos Iho \n,t v f)oyoiid 
 wiiicli tii<> (ustoincr will not j^o, and a "stop order" is 
 one irivon to soli out tiii- sto< k hold hy n l)i()ki'r if it 
 toiiciios tlio point at \vlii<'li tlio stop m tixod, or to cover 
 II short sale in rase tlierc is an advanco. It is tlio 
 iiu'thod by which the customer prevents losses Iwyond 
 ;i -itipniated point. 
 
 At times it is dosirnble for parties in interest to give 
 till' appearance of iiclivity to a stock, i. e., to Imve, 
 apparently. In . ^sjictions in it. This is done by 
 two or moi'e '»;ok • (!peratin<r toiretlior, and tJoiies 
 buying all t! stoc mt Smith otfers. This private 
 uiidoi-staii'''' 'T If in its nature, a fraud on outsiders, 
 and if deioile ' ••-ailei's the oU'enders liable to expiil- 
 ■iion. It 1.1 totijiod " W!ishin<r." .\s there i.s no real 
 tnuisacts bot"'een .buies and Smith, the ostensible 
 su'tivity o> .r,: stock is dec('|)tiv(>. The purpose is, of 
 course, to excite active purchases and sales by other 
 parties, and prevent any decline that w<inld naturally 
 follow in case there was no market for the sto<k. 
 
 A '• listed" stock is one which has Ix-eii admitted to 
 dealings on tho Stock Exchange and the name placed 
 on the list of such stocks. T'he active list is " called " 
 daily. Stocks placed on the fWc lis/ an- only called 
 upon th(> recpiest of a member of the ICxchaiige, which 
 i> done generally for the purpose of tixing the market 
 vidiie of the stm'k. 
 
 .\ stock is said to be " pegged" when tlio controlling 
 iliqiie pnnent its going below a certain price, and take 
 all the stock otlcred at that tigiire. This is the plan 
 resorted to when it is for the interest of operators to 
 keep the market strong. 
 
 DAILY ROUTINE. 
 
 The Stock Exchange is t)pen for the transaction of 
 business from 10 a. m. to 3 r. m., except holidays and 
 such other days as may be designated from time to 
 time by the governing committee. Of late years the 
 iroveining committee has also ordered that during the 
 ^iinuncr season, the Ijiisiness shall not begin until II 
 
 cl(H'k on Monday mornings. A fine of IfiO is imposed 
 upon any member who shall directly or indirectly moke 
 
 any transaction in st<Mkr or bonds lM<fore or after tho 
 hours mentioned, in the Exchange or its vicinity. 
 
 The business of the day liegiiis upon the annonnce- 
 ment from the idstniin by tho chairinaii tlml the hour 
 hiw arrived, tlu! announcement is iiHiially made with 
 the < hairmau's gave Every meinlK'r who w taking an 
 active intc'-esl ni the market, at tho time, is anxious to 
 bo piesi'iit at the opening of the board, mid it iiiiist Im) 
 a dull lime, indeed, wjien the first tiill of the giivel is 
 
 ""t uediately followed by slionts from dillerent 
 
 parts of the loom and a rush to tho points where tho 
 most active stocks are dealt in, the ni|)id bids and 
 oll'eniigs being made with m) much noise and in such 
 (puck succession as to confuse mo>t thoroughly every 
 one nut fiiiiiliar with the biisincs?,. Hut everv wm-d 
 and iniiveineiit is ••omprehemli'd instantly by the bro- 
 kers. I'tists are placed in ditrerent parts of the room 
 on which are .small sign-lxiards indicating the stock 
 dealt 111 111 that immediate vicinity. If the Imnii-s me 
 making a raid on, .ve will ...iippo-e. Ileiiver and Uio 
 Gniiide (.st(M'k), tho plans Imveall been matured before 
 the opening of tho board, orders have been judiciously 
 distributed through some prominent house, to iinnii-r- 
 oiis brokei-s to sell a given number of shares ni' Denver 
 at the o|>ening. and a manifest desire to sell coniiiiir 
 aiiparcntly from half a dozen sources iit the same time, 
 is siillicieiit to create tho impression that .something is 
 wrong, and that a few persons are in po.sse.ssiou of the 
 fails respecting the unftivorable condition of ulfuirs. 
 Unless t le bulls are prejiared for tiie attack and are 
 strong <'iiough to take tln' .stock otfered promptly, u 
 break in the prico must follow. It miiy decline a frac- 
 tion of one per cent, or even more, if the bulls are 
 taken by surprise, and then rally; but, if the stock 
 has few friends, and they not stro;ig in their faith and 
 bank accounts, there is nothing to prexent a lieiivv 
 decline ill the jirice of the stock. While tlii^ marking 
 down process is going on — it may la.->t a whole day, or 
 many days— the " Denver crowd" is always a center of 
 attraction on the board. A few of the leaders on both 
 sides of the mark<'t are to bo seen l)oating the air and 
 shouting their bids ami otl'ers with such vehemence m 
 to be heard tor a considerable distance away from the 
 Exchangi- building. A stranger would very naturallv 
 regard them as extremely angry and in tlu midst of a 
 hand to hand tight. As a new nvriiit with fresh orders 
 from either side? enters the crowd, he islvesieged almost 
 to violence by the opposition, each one eager to be first 
 in making the ]Mirihaseor sale, and it leijiiiresa strong 
 mu.s<de as well as a strong nerve at times to resist the 
 onslaught. To the oxiiericnced broker, however, it is 
 
 -j:^ 
 
I J! 
 
 ■!i I., 
 
 
 •:« 
 
 WALL. MTItr.KT AND TIIK NKW VOHK KrtX'K KXriUNOK. 
 
 tlio very lite «>l' liix ImsiiicHs, and iiolliiiii; is iiioio tlis- 
 tasld'iil ti) liiiii llmii tlii' inniii wliitli itci-oiiiiuitiics » 
 iliill ilav at till' Stork Kxcliati^r<>. Tlic liiisiiu'-s itf tin- 
 lioai'd tliiis I'oiitiiiiii'H iiiiiiit(>rrii|itfi|lv until ;i n'llixk, 
 wlii'n II <'luM'k i.H put to t'lirtlior prtM-ccdin^fK by tlic vi;r<>i'- 
 .>iis rin;,'iii^' ol" a jronj; on llio floor of tin- Kxilianjro. 
 
 I'ntil riMcntiy tlic rliaiiinaii lic<ran the "•all" ol' all 
 r(';,'idar Of act i\c stocks in I lie lioard room at Id:. SO \. 
 M,, and a^'ain at I : ;iu i>. .m., lait tlicsc calls have hccn 
 transt'ciTi'd to a room up stairs known as tlic^fovcrn- 
 in^' conunittfc's room, the calls now licin;; made at II 
 A. M. and 1 : irt i*. M. The stocks and Ixnids re<.'ularly 
 listed include l<'t(! railroad stocks, )!() Iiank stocks, l.'t 
 coal and niinin;.'' I'ttocks, l;i miscidlaneous slocks, live 
 express stocks, 7."» slate Het'uritii's, 2t( city and county 
 securities, the vuriniiH issues of the IJiiitod States ^gov- 
 ernment, one forei^jn 
 ;rovcriimcnt securi'y 
 (Quclu-c ), and I KMail- 
 roaii liunds including; .'iO 
 income lionds. There 
 art! also l!M) stocks and 
 honds on the free list 
 which are called only 
 upon the iv(pies( id' a 
 meinhcr. 
 
 The leading' Itroker- 
 aire houses usniilly have 
 suincone iiicnilier whose 
 priiicipjil Ipiisiness is to 
 execute 1 he orders on 
 the lloor of the Kx- 
 chanire. and it issiddoni 
 
 that he can he found elsewhere durinp hojird hours. 
 The ordcis received at the ofHce are usually sent in a 
 small envtdope I>y a messenirer hoy to the hoard, the 
 place for such hoys heiiifj on the N(>w street side of the 
 building'. Until recently, whenever a broker was 
 wanted, his name was called loudly three times by iin 
 employe of the exchaiiire, li\(' or six of whom were 
 always in attendance, and freijuently .i messen<;er went 
 ill search of him. .\t present, however, each u<'tivc 
 member of the board is ;»-iven a nunibcr, nmnin^r from 
 one to (ISO, and when jiiiy one is wanted, his ninnbcr 
 is displayed at one end of the board room by means of 
 an clcitiic appaiatus, which is opcralcil iVoni the mes- 
 8en;'er bovs' ciM'iier. When tli«! call is answered the 
 number is covered a^'.-iiu. The arrau;.'ement is ju'ivin<r 
 nnicli satisfaction, as a larjjre penentaire of the noise 
 and confusion of the board room came formerly from 
 the constant call for memlxTs. 
 
 A POOL. 
 
 I he only ii'cord kept by llio broker who IransHcts 
 the biisiiiess on the Kxchaii^'e, is made on ii little Hlip 
 iif paper, a bundle of which may always be seen in Ids 
 hand ihiriii;!.' bn-iness hours. When the orders are 
 executed these slips ei>iitaiiiini.( the l)riefest menionuxlu 
 are sent ai.niiu by mcssen<rer to the broker's otiice, 
 whence notice of the transaction is ^iveii to the cus- 
 tomer and the proper entries are made on the books, 
 riiis is the only cviliiice of transactions wliiidi amount 
 daily ill ihe ai.';.'iei.'.itc to many millions of dollars, and 
 vd disputes .si'ldom arise, and they are always settled 
 without recourse to law. Ktuh party to the traiiHiie- 
 tioii scuds a iiotici> to his office and, if the sain hus 
 been made in the rcifular way, durinj,' the aft«'rnoon a 
 conip.'ii i-oii is made by the twootlices of t heir record of 
 the piii'i'lniM' and sale. \Vhen an active business has 
 
 been done, this com- 
 parison of lii'iircs with 
 each house iiiNolves con- 
 siderable lime, and et- 
 forls have liecn made to 
 establish a sin^de clear- 
 inij house, w here all tlie 
 comparisons of u day's 
 business on the Kx- 
 chan^e could be made. 
 The stock purchased 
 must be lUdivered be- 
 fore 2i l.'i r. M. of the 
 fol low inir day, and 
 when deliveries arc not 
 made by that time, Ihe 
 contract may Im- closed 
 by an otlicer of the lioard, after due notice to the 
 defaultinir party, which must be ^dven liy 2: ;iO 1'. .v.. 
 otherwise the contrail continues without interest until 
 the follow in;: day. When minor dilVerences arise, an 
 aiipeal is often taken to the chairman, whose decision 
 isiicceptcd. .More important difl'erences are referred 
 to the arliilraliou committee, which consists of nine 
 members. The decision of (his committee is final in 
 all ea.ses, indess an appeal is taken by a member of the 
 committee, or »ndess the ca.se inv<dves as nnich as 
 $2. .'•()(». when either party may appeal, within ten days, 
 to the governing.' committee for a tinal adjudication. 
 
 HOW TO SPECULATE. 
 
 The number of persons who are not directly enga^red 
 in speculation a.* a means of eurning a living, but who /j 
 oecasionally take a "flyer" in Wall street, is much ^ 
 larger than it is jrenenilly siippo.sed to be. By out 
 
 
*?tj ■ — 
 
 HAU. KrK»:».T A.M> TIIK M.U MtUK HltXK KXl'IIANt)!-:. 
 
 [ (»itl<<i-^ II ;rirat (Iciil of m-cHM V !•< itmiiitiihioti whon thoy 
 try tlifii' link in NVull Htroct ; luit iltM-lini, luwyors, 
 j (■l»>r>»yiinm, t<'iicln'rH, farmcrH, iiiprrhitiitrt, nil H|M>4-iilat«<, 
 I uikI iniiiiy (if lliciii without iiiiy il<'(1iiiti> i<lcii, <-itli)>r in 
 I n'i.'uril l.t till' iiiliiiiNic valiHmt* tlio M-curitii's tlicy Imy, 
 I III- tlio iiiaiiiK'r ill whioli tlu'ir onli'is aro uxonitoil liy 
 tlii'ir lirnkcr on 1 ho Stock Kxchaiiiro. For t ho iiilor- 
 niatiiiM of till- iiiiinl'(inn<>il tlir tollnwiiitr Mij^'tfoxtions 
 aiiil slali'inrnts arr iimdc : 
 
 In tlio rirHt pliK'o, ih) not for a nioniont think of ri^k- 
 iiij; any nioiioy ill tli(> Htock inarkcl whii'h yon faiiiint 
 iiU'ord lo lose. Tlu) Hhrmvtlost (>|ti'nitors, whtwc whole 
 alti'tition, ni^'iit and ilay, \-* ili'Voti-il to watriiiti^' tlio 
 niarkft, ami who havi> hiiiiilri'ils of Ihoiisands, or ovoii 
 iiiiliioii^ lo assist thrill in Mipixirliiiir I heir Im'-I Jiidi.'- 
 iiuMit. ofl<'ii tiiid it iiocossaiy to |MMk«'t a loss. Von 
 laiinot liopo to ho inoro foi'tinialo than thoy. Ilaviiiir 
 dooiiK'd to tiiko your ohiinoos, scdorl an hoin-st lirokor 
 who i> II nioinhrr of tho Stork l'',x('hiiniri', to wlioin to 
 irivo your ordois. Such a iiiiiii will not lie dillinill to 
 llii-i, liul when found it will lie iieios,-.ary to satisfy 
 liiiii liy introih.elion and reeonitneinlation as to your 
 honesty and irood lintmiial standinj.'. It is very sale 
 to assiinio thai the liroker who will lucopt your aeeoiiiil 
 without having' lirst ohiaiiied inforination in rc^niid to 
 your •.liiiidin;' in the eoiiiiuiinity where you iiii' known, 
 i- liiuiM'if not lo ho triislod. 'I'lio rules of the Stink 
 Kxejiaufro are very striel rou'ardin;,' I ho lominissions to 
 lie riiiii'^red. 'I'ho eoustiliitioii jirovidos that: 
 
 "('iiinniission shall Ito rhar^'edand |iiiid uinler all eir- 
 ('nin^tiiii('(>s, lioth npon the piirehiise and sile of slocks, 
 IhiihU, imd othei' soeiirities either lur iiienil>ers of the 
 Kxeiiiiu^re or for other parlies, and the niiiiiiniini rales 
 on all securities other than .^old, iroverninenl ImhkIs 
 and e\chan;;o, Hhall l>e upon tho par value thoroof, as 
 follows; 
 
 ()iie-ei;*hth of ono per cent, when the transaction is 
 ^nade lor any parly not a inoml)or of this i;xchiin<.'(>. 
 No liusinosH shall Ik* done at less than this rale tor any 
 poisons or firms not iiu'inhoi-s of this e.xclmiijL'o, nor for 
 any hankiiiff or other institution," etc 
 
 'I'lie penalty for violation of this riilo is laid down 
 
 11-^ follow-.; 
 
 " .Viiy nii'iiihor violatiu<i: thi.s artiolo,diro«'tly or indi- 
 roctly, shidl, upon conviction, couse to ho a nioiiihor of 
 the Stock Kxchanjjro, and his ineinhorship shall escheat 
 to tho exeliaiifio. 
 
 Any inoinlier who shall ho convietcd of oferinq to 
 do lMi>ine>s for I0S.S than I ho foreiroiiii,' rates, shall he 
 considereil as liavinnr violated the I'onmiission law and 
 shall ho snhjoot to the penalty for so doiiiLr." 
 
 A- the incoino from a cominissiou hroker's Inisino.ss 
 
 depends very laiirely upon a strict <>l).servanoo hy his 
 
 assoi'iato inoinheiM of the < (imniis,si<,n laws, n oloso 
 
 watch is kept for any violation, and no other provis- 
 
 ions of the coiistitnlion are onfoind with u- hum h 
 severity as those relatin;; to "ohvioii, fnind." rrfrrriiitr 
 os|M'cially to the troatnioiit of noii.inetiilH>r>«. iumI the 
 article iihove (piolod piveriiintT ciiimiii«<ioii». nwH' i» 
 little donhl thill tho law U soinelimes \ io|atr.|. IhiI 
 airain conioM tho question: Will not tho hn.kor who 
 cheats his follow inoiiihor in thohoani and lay. Iiini<«>ir 
 liahle to oxpnUioii, iiNo cheat yon when th*- o|i|inr- 
 tnnily ollois!' Uesi assiirnl that tho op|Nirtiinitiix> f«ir 
 clioalinif you will ho many tiiiios as L'n-sit a> tht»M- in 
 which he ciiu defraud his assoeiatos. 
 
 So far as is known, Willi sirool hrokofs, iNith iiipm- 
 Im'I-s and iion-incinlicrs of the Slock Kxchan^rr. an- not 
 iMipiircd ill the philiiiitliropic work of doiiiir liii.iii<>«* 
 for oiit,iders for iintliiiii:. Cortain Wall Mr»N.t Kn.- 
 keis who ar<> iiol nionihers of tho Kx-hani.'o nv in iIh* 
 hahit of advortisjiiir fui- hiishiess in which lliev an- 
 nounce iIimI ••(irdcrs will he cx)>ciiti>i| on tlio StcH-k 
 l'Acli;uii:c." This i^ done to deceive, and lh«> •k-<-«>|>- 
 lioii ii-iially consists oiljiei in not puiclia-iiiif lh«' •(ink 
 III all. hill reporting' it a> hoiiirlit at -OHIO |.n<f nt 
 which the slock has Mihl during.' tho iliiy, or in linvin<r 
 the >|(.ck on the Hxchanire thioiiLdia iiioiMlior of iIh- 
 hoard and roporliu;/ the transaction a> liaviii]f U-«-ii 
 made at a fraction aliove the tiirnros actimlly |Kiii|. 
 
 Comiiiission houses that advertise almost intaria- 
 Illy announce, when siich is the ca«o, that ont- of the 
 memhors of I he linn is nlso a inetnlH-r of tho M<»'k 
 Kxeliaiiiro. 
 
 Ilavinjr selected a liroker and the s|(m k in whi'-h vou 
 
 wish to oper;ilc, notliini.' I'nillici icriiain* tlnii to 
 
 deposit the money reipiircd !>y tiic hrokor us .t/«rr/tVi, 
 
 and irive him your order to liiiy or sidl. Boforc \»*M 
 
 the usual porcenla;,'!' reipiircd as .M;iri.'in was tiv.- |K»r 
 
 j cent of the par valiii' oi" the slock; since tho war iho 
 
 I tliicliialions ha\c liccn so mu< li more < iolont and rapid 
 
 i that lirst-cliiss iiouscs havo cxacteil ti-ii jwr loiit mImtp 
 
 : tho Iradiiii.' is to ho coiidiicted in <.niod dividend |iciyin<r 
 
 Hoeiirities, and twenty per cent, or ovou nion>. uiierp 
 
 purchases and salos of fancy stoi ks aro to In- niatlc. 
 
 I Suppose that the whole market . alter a iliill |*rio«I 
 
 diirini: which prices di'cline materially, luis fiejnin to 
 
 advance, and Mint yon have particular r-a.s*>ns for think- 
 
 iiiir that a certain slock is a irood purc|ia><>. Tint 
 
 stock may ho ChicaLr". Milw;iukee anil St. I'aiil. i-om- 
 
 mon. or, as it is ircnonilly spoken ot". •• St. F'anl." iho 
 
 market ipiotation of wliidi i- In.iJ. If yon »i-.h lo 
 
 trade in as much as 1 ,(M)(t shares. \oii will have alrrady 
 
 depositod with your hroker t^lD.nni) and taken hU 
 
 receipt for tho samo. You Lrivo him a written or ver- 
 
 h:il order to huv 1 ,(1110 sliaie- SI. Paul -• at the in:irkct." 
 
 ^fc^Sg 
 
i 
 
 
 '( 
 
 i 
 
 V 
 
 M 
 
 
 If 
 
 
 ' :*, 
 
 
 1 ' 
 
 
 i' 
 
 1 
 
 
 r 
 
 i ' 
 
 Ki?'? 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
 WALL BTREKT AND TUI MIW TOKK STOCK MrilAMOE. 
 
 Hiiil tht' oiilor Ih «<x«M>iiteil dm qiiii'kly ah |NMiHi>il)> TIh< 
 lii-Hl lilt wliii'h is titFonMl U v>(M) MhnroM at U):\\ uii<i your 
 hi'iikrr III i>iii'i< rrioM " hoIiI," iiihI initkcH a ikiIc nf th« 
 Huli< oil II littlo Hli|i of iNipcr, u IttiiiilU- of whirli h« 
 ki><>|>N ill hiM Imiiil. Some oiio in hiixioiin to liri^tk the 
 price, itiiii II lot of IMN) HhHr<>it irt oti'crnil at UKi^, wliicli 
 your Itrokcr titkcH ut oiu-<>, iiri«l ho liuys .VH) HlmroH i.ior<> 
 »t l(Ki|. 'I'lio huniiieiM Im ri*port<Ml ut once to tli<> l)rok- 
 flrit^c otiir«', nnd in m Hliort tinip you r«H<eiv« a iiutic* 
 which rcHilH Honicwlmt hm follow*: 
 
 \\ «• lmv«i piin-liH-'i-ii for your »t<count and rink: 
 
 :<(H) Hharra St. I'aul ctuiiuion at Uv.ik 
 
 500 " '• " I():i| 
 
 2(H) " *• '• lo;«i 
 
 Surrii. .loNKfi A t'o. 
 
 The iiiivanco in the pri«'o of i\w stock which you 
 ex|M'ct«>(l, takoH plaro, ami you onlcr .VMi .nlmij-s hold at 
 1(17, whi> h in don*'. The rciimiiiin;; .KKl fhar«<H you 
 think yoH will hold for U)H, hut when the prico touchcH 
 1(17} thorn \n h liult, iiud then h sudden ilecline, and 
 tiniiliy, in Just one month tVom the time of the pur- 
 cliiiM' yoii order the iittt of your .st«Mk stdd "at the 
 
 market," which is done, the priro reulizod on the laat 
 yn) nhanw \n>u\fi KM). 
 
 'Iliiii hiiM Immmi It prodtnlile tniniMictinn aiicl your 
 arcount Htandn iw folloWH: 
 
 Mr, A. B. in aiTount with 
 
 Smith, JoneM A Co., 
 
 Dr. 
 
 To :)00 nhareH St. I'nul iKuiffht at 108i... $ 30,07.^.00 
 
 '• .VK) " " '• loaf... fll,(JM7..'V0 
 
 » 800 '• " '• loaj... 80,700.00 
 
 " Bn>kerairv buying, | p^r rent 12A.00 
 
 •• " Hpllinjf, I " 125.00 
 
 Interertt , 
 
 B«lanc« due. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 42 7.. 10 
 11,710.20 
 
 |113,7.'H).(X) 
 
 ByCiuih (margin) t 10,000.00 
 
 •• .MM) ilwres St. I'aul sold at 107 5a,.VH).00 
 
 • 500 " " " 104J 52,250.00 
 
 $115,750.00 
 
 Yo»i now have a httlanre with your broker of $11,- 
 710.20, and at« you advanced $1(),()()0, the net profitit 
 from your purehuMe ut 1,000 sharua of St. I'aul. wua 
 
 PUT. 
 
 AVr Yorl; Januair •/. /8S:i 
 yot Value gtrceitictl. Iht Bearer may DELIVER »•<• Fit* nundr.,i Shares of 
 
 the Common Stock of the Chicago, Milvmikt* ami St. Paul liaUruad Company, at Oiif r/undretl wnrf 
 
 Thrff per cent, any lime in Sixty days from dale. 
 
 Tht undersigned is entitled to ail tividendt or extra dividends for which Transfer Books 
 close during said lime. 
 
 i.-& 
 
 Expires, April 14, /SS-f, 
 1' P. M. 
 
 RUSSELL SAGE. 
 
 $1,710. 20. Hud you sold the whole amount at 107. 
 your profit would have l>e«'n $1,2.')() jrreatcr. The 
 details of the tntnsiM-tion in which y«>u arc char;?ed 
 with $427. .W) interest do not appear in the alwive state- 
 ment. The st(Mk was boiiirnt ••rejrnlar way." anil was 
 therefore not delivered to yiMir brokt-r until (he next 
 day, when he liypotluH-atetl it for a loan of $>ia,(K)0, to 
 wliicli lie added tlic $1().(MKI advanced liy you and $10,- 
 .■{t)2..">() which he contributed of his own money, thun 
 makiiifj: up the pnrcha.'^e price of $l03,a()2.50. On the 
 $«;i,(MM) iMirrowed, for which your stock wa« given as 
 security, and on the $10,362. .Vj advancwl by your bro- 
 
 ker, you were (harped six per cent j>er annum (tUf in 
 the rule except when monc)' cannot lMM)btainc<l on call 
 at that nito, when the euHtome; ■; charged the market 
 price). .Vfter the tirst five hun<i "d shares were -old. 
 the interest paid was only one-halt' the orit'inal sum. 
 For illustrutimi, we will siippos* the next deal to 
 be made <m the other side of the market; that is. ytni 
 sell short, suppose it to Im> ."iOO shares Western I'liioii 
 Teleirniph stock at 71t, regular way, and .")()() shareK 
 Aiis.souri I*a»ifi<' at 104, ncller JJO. Both slcK'ks, from 
 infonnation that you have received, you Iwlieve will 
 decline, .tml you will therefore be able to buy them 
 
nuarr V, /S8< 
 
 'ransftr Books 
 
 WALL IT««1T AND THM KRW TOmi HTCKK >.X«-NASUK 
 
 I Ii«>»|t4tr, But mennwhiln yniir hroWrr miint deliver th« 
 WfHtem Union Ht<M-k not Inter tlmn 2: I A p. m. on the 
 iluy Mfter ho noIIp* it, nml lor th-kt piirpoMo lio horrowii 
 ,VH» nhnn'H \V«wtorn Union fliit, tliMl is, witliont intcr- 
 chI. Inter<>«*t ii* chur^tnl only when for Honin rcitMiui 
 tht' HtcM-k in Monn'o, trnd Im worth nioro Ht thn tini«> than 
 th<' nuini-y. Thin iiuiy Ui tin* ciwfl Hhortly priNt^linjf 
 tlii> unniial ni«>«*tin^ of tho ('om|N>ny, whnn tliti nUwV. is 
 (l«'Hir<'<l Id ((introl Ihofllnrtion; or it in r<>rtain Id (k-i iir 
 wh<>n III! plfnrt in tteinjur ui«de to c«nior the stock. I'hr 
 
 •Vwi Hluir«-« Miwouri I'n. ilW wmi .|o not havf to iWliv. r 
 for thiiix iliiyx. 
 
 Nothinjf n>nmin< lo ltf> .lone hiit |i. «waii rvrnu. 
 Mill tin- iimtki'l <l<N-» not <!«•« linr h* >oii rx|)M tcti. TIm' 
 ImiIIh have liifuiivinil timl thrrri, a |jir;'r -.hoil inlrrrvt 
 in \\>.t«'rn Union, that i%. thjit i liir;.'<> Mnioimt of i| 
 has liot'ii Hojil short in Hnti< i|iution i.f Uin^THhlr to huy 
 it in »l a lower tljrnn'. The riny lontrolliiit' WaUb.h 
 anil 'IfXii^ I'uritif \-. hIim) <|e»iroiu> of hrin;fiii)r »>>«'Ut an 
 a<ivHnre in the priee of thuM ntoek*. in order thai it 
 
 CALL." 
 
 ?ft% York, Martk Ii, !$$:< 
 For Talue R«MiTed, Ihe Vtarer may LALL DN » for Thr^. Il;mlr,.t Sliare^ if Iht Sttxk 
 of the »*^<#rrt ffMon Tth^aph Ctmparn. af B\ijhiy-u„. ptr cent, any hmt in thtrii, days from 
 
 dale. 
 
 The bearer is enlilled to all dmdends or extra dmdends declared during the lime. 
 
 Expires, A /ml 14, ntS3. 
 •J J'. M. 
 
 h'. F. ro.yynn 4 co. 
 
 may uiilouii a block of ;R),0<)0 rthures* ut a puiil profit , 
 wlii< h it hart jn.^t lion^'ht. But to set-nrf the ^'rwitest 
 Kilvame the whole murket inuHt Hpprar Htronp. To 
 
 ••Mjneeze" i.-. >;iven the timid ■• sh«>rto ' in \Vn>t«>rr. 
 Union, and their elVort.t to h«iy in K' fore the »'tvarK« 
 is t(»u frreat to Im? )irote«tid h\ their nmrptn«. ouly 
 
 UK iiiii|ili^li tliirt purpoHe, there is a proat <h'al of talk -tiniidates thr markft >*ill more, and ri> \«>u» smace- 
 hIhiiiI tlie inireuHed e.'\rnin>,'s of tlui tnuik linw. ami on nient \\'e>tern I nion \* M-llin:: at >•. M --^un PaMfW 
 
 .try Ii 'lit Iranrtaetionrt New York Central and Luke 
 hhore ri-c two or three |)er cent. At tlie Hanie time u 
 
 is quoted at liH'.J. Then- is a hreuk of < iit>-hjilf to i»tie 
 |)cr eent in the whoU market just when you are n-n- 
 
 STRADDLE." 
 
 .V>»- York, Mav •. /SS'. 
 JfOV IfnlnS lUcceivcd, t/ie Neanr may Deliver roe, or (all on me, ok one day ' 
 
 notice except last day, when notice is not required, 'int Thuumuil Shares if Ihe Shttk »/ the 
 
 Sew Vorlf Central h'ailniiu/ Company, at Oti« //iimlrf't and Tirtntu per cent, if ?\/, '•"• at ' ** 
 
 lluiulrml ami 'I'^i-eiUfi-Kight per cent, if ciiUed, at an\ time in fortii-tif* days from date. 
 
 sit! fiifidinds for which Transfer Hooks close, diirinij said time, go with the xtock. 
 
 Ixpires, 'i^co o'clock T. M. 
 
 0. .M BdG.^M 
 
^h:^ 
 
 • v; 
 
 Hi 
 
 ':?•: 
 
 ^-.J4 
 
 .')()() 
 
 .1. STI:KKT AM) TIIK. NKW ><»i;K MUCK KXCIIANUK. 
 
 siil( rin:j' t'li' (jiH'^iioii ni' jio- lictiiiu vmjr Ik*-* ot' $1',. ■»<•<> 
 (111 \\'(>'^l.-ni I'iiUmi, :iii-l rMriKint'Tcil li\ iiil<iilii>n:il iiiCor- 
 iiiiilidM rii:itill)ii!rii liy l!'.' Iimss. v >': rcxiUc tn n'iii:ii!i 
 siidit. A' I !.!• cii'l el" liiivi V (1 1_\ -i ■ iiiir lirokiM' liiiri'DW-i 
 '/)() li.ii' •- .M -xMii'i I'a'ilir ami iii.ikc* lli'- li.-lixiMV in 
 
 :|rr<ir.l.;i: i' W illl t!l»' ti'MII> nt' tilt' >:{\f. :nii| :i> \\ i-Ic|-|l 
 
 I'lii.iii I.-, ilint liiiic is -flliiijr ui ,s>, !ic <Mit> U<v hum-' 
 iiiarLriii. ^'('11 -cihl liiiii ailn'ik f.ir JL'.itiii, tli't.'tiniiiol 
 li. ••|l_.i il (Hit. il' it taki> all ^iiiniiicr." Wr^lnii 
 rr.iiiii I.' clic^ .^."'l anil yon rclli'i-t that il'vun liail ri^^'ii 
 )(M!r uril ;• In liny in-^ti-ail of -rll, yon nnirlil li:i^ <■ nia^lc 
 
 $l,7")l», |c^» till' rdlllllli — lull •. in-ti-aJ nl ImMIIIT lll'll 
 
 niiiili j.oori'i" iM.Hiilc-. tin- <<>ninii«-"ioiis. .Mi>-iini'i i':ii iln i 
 iliii-^ iiiil !.!(■. aliii\i> liiv l\ i^ tiiiii ilix'iiv fi'cil that a 
 ](r(iniii;i"i; incnilicr dt'ilii- 1 in:.' wlm a^'i'i'Ml imi in^cll any 
 ito'li I'll iiiiii'ty ijay- iniil'i' an :ii|\ a:i> I' i.f ii'ii p'rii'iil, 
 iia-, tiiii'n::ii dtii-T InnUi'i-. In't'ii •"iiiiplyini: the >ti»i-t 
 ill; lii'lin'.' hi-. a--diiat.'^ vitli nin^t dl" t..c >U>i'\\ licit 
 lia> lici'ii Imnirlil . aiiil t licii- i^ a -niliKii in-li mi tin- |iarl 
 dl llic I ■in-iinin;,' incinliiT"> ot" the rdniliiiialinn tn -t-ll. 
 i nn l(MM' tin di'ilcf with yoiir lirokin- to liny in unn' 
 'itl'l »liarr- dt" \\'i'-!cin I'liidii at s|, ami lali-r li" Ihin-- 
 3-()iir M!-'dni'i I'luili'' at jiai-. Vnnr ai loiml ^laiitU a- 
 
 I'dlldU - 
 
 Ml . A. H. 1.1 aiMdiiiil with 
 
 Mnith. .loi)i'~ l^c (.'«). 
 I»r 
 
 id ■inii-narr- Mn. I'ai . Iioii.'hi at liH) t .■|(i.(MHi.un 
 
 • juii '• W . l". .>l •Ji>..Vki.im» 
 
 " lildki'i.lL'f. llUMIi','. J, |it'fri'nt l-.'i.UO 
 
 •• -.I'linL'. 1 " l-J.'i.OO 
 
 UalaniMhif I I.IiI'I.l'ii 
 
 |i|n.'i.2iii.:.'o 
 
 < r. 
 
 liy Oisli (inai;,'in ami indliui ? Il.Tlo.i'n 
 
 •• (aikliliiinal inaiL'-in :.'.i"Mi.(iii 
 
 " 'ilM) sliun->i Md. I'hc. -dill at l(U .■h'.immi.imi 
 
 • .'lUii •• W . U. " T'.i ;i:t,.'.(l(i.iM> 
 
 $lo:i.i'I().:.'n 
 
 in ymir la^t tinnsnlidn ymi lo-t $l,i»tM»dii Wi'-tiTii 
 l.'uidii ami niiuli' $i',(wm) nnt nt' Miv-inui 1'.' ili. . ami a> 
 your iiih allies ("or iisaririn aiuonnt in all to $12,imii» sun ' 
 WU' iidw i>i>,|i;ii.J(l all! ail. 
 
 Sn|(|Mi-i' the ni'Xl linn- vnii take a "tlyvr" liy liiiyin!/ , 
 KiO^Iiair- d!' I,dni'\i!li' ami Na>h\illi' at .'ii;. ami In 
 jirdli'it Ndnr-cir airain-l i'\i't--i\f In— in i-ax- nf a 
 Ixsavy dfcliiu', ynii liny. Idi- $liMi, a i'nt. ninnini: >ixly 
 iiiiy< at "il. 'I'll!' stiiik lias lii'cn -nlij' idwlilc flint- | 
 nutidiis. Within the >ixlyilay> thai ynii aft- iiiMircil j 
 rt;,'ainst 11 iriouliT In— than ti\r pi-r n'nl mhI i nniini'- 
 -iidii-, ami the cost of yunr in-nraiiio dhi' |iii<i' of the 
 " |int " I, il tiiay m'II at citln r "(• di- !M— |Mi»-.ilily hdlli. 
 
 Thi' tiini'. .itor solliiii; iit ,Jlt, at wliirli ydii fiiiloil to 
 lake ynii: protll, il tlt'clini'il Id •!.'), anil (ln:iii;r the 
 ii-niaimlor dl" llic liim- tliil imt rally iil(d\i« 4S. Tho 
 iliy tlial yuni' pill was to t>\pirc ami lii'l'drr tho hour 
 n.rnril in tin- airiffiiit'iit. your hiokcr ludk aroiiml 100 
 sliar«>» Ldni>\ilh> and \ash\ill«' to tht- pfi'-dii wlin jiail 
 sdhl ymi I ho pii\ ili';ri'. ami ir<fi\r(l a rlicck lor $.'),1(K) 
 Mill' aniiMinl al .'il 1 whiili he plart-il to yunr i-rcdit. 
 Vdii had already U'en ehari"'d wi'.h ^."(.i.tMi (the eiiNt at 
 .'ill ) and I (ininii>-iiin.'<, $2'i, and ^liiii tiir the " put ," niak- 
 iniryniir Idlal ld>* $iI'J.">. There was no inieresi elmrfj«« 
 lieian-e Miiir lialaiue with ymir lii'dker was iiidri> than 
 llie Idlal e,i>| dl" the I III I share- dl" .>tdik. The peiMin 
 » lid sdid Will the put i:!ay have sdld the stuek In-fdre 
 Ihe lir.-ak iit .V.l, and Ihiis made ^mhi, hesides the $|IN) 
 wliii h Mill paid him, tuil nl' the -tdik wliii h yon deli\- 
 ere I I dl' put ) Id hi III a I .'il , and with whieli he in I urn 
 liiiallied his sliol'l aei'diinl. If he \.altrd iinlil the 
 sld(!» wa- pill In him, dl' iiii:i-e he Id-I nidiiey. 
 
 W yun had Mild Ldiii.oville and Na-ii\ille sliort, 
 iiislead dl" liiiyinir il, and wi>hed In in-nn' aLrain-l a 
 irixeii aiiidiinl dl" ld>-, vdii Wdiild lia\e Ldiiirht a call 
 iil>li-ad III' a pill, thai i~, ym wiiilld lia\e paid a pi'e- 
 ininin (the priee nl' l!ie < all 1 I'nr the prix ile^-e dt'eallin;r 
 I'lir the -tdi'k .'il :'. ;:i\en pi ir»', w il !i \\ hii h In 1 hoe your 
 -hull aiidinil. ir liie niaiki'l lake-- the idiirse that 
 \iiii think il will, ail'! ymi iheret'die have no n>e I'lir 
 \diir pnl dl- rail, uni Id-e the nidiiey paid idi- il in the 
 siine way that Mm l>i>e I lie premiinn oil ytiiir tire iii>iii'- 
 aiH'i'. \\ lien the hdii-i' due- iidt lini'ii. 
 
 I'ei'Miiis Iiiiy pills and <all> iil-d wilhdiil lakiiifruny 
 diher ri>k in the market. It' ymi ^hunld pa\ $lJ.'i t'di- 
 i!.e pri\ilei.'e dl" •• piiltin;.'" IiH) ■.haie.- dl" helawan-, 
 l.ai kaw.inna and \\°e>lei-n slmk al any litiie within ten 
 d'ly- at I2n, ami ynii weie aMe to hiiy it in the nieun- 
 linie at I2.'i, ymi wmild evidently make ihiee percent, 
 ;ji:(iM) le.ss the priee ol" the pill, f 12.'). m' a net pnit'il nl" 
 $17.'). If the stcH'k diiriii<: the time did not soil Indow 
 Il'iIi', the privili'ire wmild Im- dt" mi value to yon. \ 
 '• -liaddle," or ••ddiihle privilejre." permit- \dii either 
 Id pnl dl- Id call the stoek al the prin- iiiiiiichI. It' 
 Ijjike .Shore i> .selling' at KM and the markit is feverish 
 and li.ilih', lis yon IM-Iieve. tn wide llnilnal'diis, n hih- 
 at the same lime vmi are in ilniilit a- In w li< I In r I will 
 :i hame or deiline. mhi may he willinir In pa\, we 
 will >iippdsi', jiJiMi for the prixile^'o of pnlliii;r ItHI 
 -hares of Lake Shme at lii| dr dt' (.■illinir it :it 112, iit 
 any tiine«ilhin ninety da\><. Olrour-e, vmi Id-eyoiir 
 l^JIH), mile - till' .-In. k -ells either altd\e nr Im'IoW the 
 extreme ipidlal idiis men tinned, and your jn-dtit depoinl- 
 npmi the iiihanee or decline I'roin those ti<:iiroH. The 
 
Ii yon failoil to 
 111 (liiiiifr iho 
 llioxc IM. 'Ilio 
 «'ri>r(' tli<' lioiii 
 (Ntk aroiiixl 100 
 |ii'rs(iii wild luiil 
 li.'.k lor $.'..100 
 Id voiir cicilit. 
 i'>(Mi I tlu> <'<i^t at 
 lio " put," iiiiik- 
 I int< rosl <|iiir^«< 
 ' was iMom tliitii 
 
 k. Tin- plM-MIU 
 
 lit- >-ti'<k iH'lon' 
 
 U-siilr^ till' $I(N) 
 
 vliii li yoxi ilcliv- 
 
 vlii( li III- ill I urn 
 
 ailiil nnlil tli<> 
 
 iiionry. 
 
 Sa-li\ill(' flunt, 
 
 n^iii'- airaiii^t a 
 
 I- l.onirlit a rail 
 
 i;iM' paiil a prt'- 
 
 \il(L''* olialliny 
 
 ii li 111 ( l«)«t' Vdur 
 
 till- < iiiir>r tliat 
 
 iM' nil nso l"iir 
 
 lid li>r it ill lli<* 
 
 MHir lii*! iiiMii- 
 
 .iit takin<: iiiiy 
 
 I.I pa\ i\-2:< fur 
 
 111' l)fla\vuri', 
 
 linii' within ten 
 
 it in till- ini>uii- 
 
 ilinr per iciit, 
 
 a int protll of 
 
 nut M'li Im'Iiiw 
 
 liif to yon. A 
 
 nut- \>M oitlii'i 
 
 iihiiuhI. 1 1 
 
 nkrl i-i f<'Vt'ii>li 
 
 ■Inalii'iis, wiiiif 
 
 will till r it will 
 
 ii<r to pay. Wl' 
 
 .f piitlin;r I'Ht 
 
 in- it at l\-2, at 
 
 '. \on io'oyotir 
 
 |i' III Ik-Iow till' 
 
 jiriitit ilopoiiil-' 
 
 tiirnii's. I'Ih' 
 
 WAI.I. MItKKT AM) IIIK NKW VOKK MIMK KMIIAMIK. 
 
 oprnitioii is just wliat tin- Iitiiis imliralo— yon •.tiaijilli' 
 tin* initiki't, or iiiivo a iloulilo priviUi.'f in oitlirr pntlin;.' 
 01 lulling till' stmk. 
 
 HOW STOCKS ARE LISTED AND FORGERIES 
 OBVIATED. 
 
 Tlir luliiKlifiitioii of all ilispntcil ipiostioiis as to tin* 
 n-u'iilarity of -tork ri'ilitirati-s, lioiuls, oto. (I'xri-pl 
 L'nilril States ;.'ovi'riinn>nt si-inritii'^). ili-alt in at llii- 
 Kxihanpi'. ami all appliratioiis for plarinp on llir li>t 
 till' Minritii's of tin- si'vi'iiil slali-s. an- ri-fn i<'<l to tin* 
 roinmitlf on MH-uritics. Tlir I'liitiil Stati- uovi-in- 
 nunt M'luritirs have a spt'iial roniniittoi'. Tin- most 
 iniportant of tin- soruiitit's roininittfcs, liowovor, is 
 till- mininitti'i' on stork list , to wliii h i> iilVrri'il tin 
 an-itiu'i'Uionl of tin- ralU of stmk^ anil Itoinl.H. ami all 
 appliialion> tor plariiitr stoiks. Iiniiil-, olr., I'xri-pt 
 thoso alMivc iiu'iitiouoil, on tlii'li>l ilialt in at tin- Stock 
 Kxi liani:i'. Ivnli uppliiat ion must Im- ai rompanii'il liy 
 H Ii«' of $1<K> (foniioily tin- fi'i- was $,')(l\ to lovor rosi 
 of piiiitiiij.' anil otliiT I'xpoiisos of tin' roininiltii'. 
 Til" iVf Ihhoiui's <1u' propi'ity of tin- KMlianj.'p, 
 vrliotlii-r tln-applii-ation is ani'pti'il or ivji-rti'l. WIumi 
 niakiiiL' appli'atioii for listinj; aililitional ainonnt- of 
 •tiK-k'* or IhmuIs wliiili an- alivaily on tlio list, tlir iVi' 
 i« (i.'iu. All appliration< sliuiiM Iti' aiMfr— nl ami 
 choc ks '•lioulil Im- ilrawn to tli*- nnliM- of tho Cliair- 
 nmii of tin- StiM'k List roininitli'o. who for niaiiy yoai^. 
 pa.>t has U>oii Mr. S. T. Hussi>ll. 
 
 Ill all i-asrs of ajipliration for plariiijj <illiii- -torks 
 01 UiiiiU of railroail rninpanif^ on llir li>t. it i- 
 r«-i|niii"l that a full stati'iiu'iit of tin- loialimi and 
 il.Mription of tlir property, and. whi-n pos-ililr, a map 
 hhull U- furnishi'd. The stateni.-nt -hoiild ;ri\r: I. 
 Title of the roinpaiiy; 2, when oryauizeil, and \>\ wh.il 
 
 Biithoritx ; A, route from to ; 1, mile- of ro.id 
 
 roiiipleted and in operation, and any i oiitiniplatid 
 extension; .'>, fpiu;.'!' ; li, iron rails; 7, "teil laiU; s, 
 p<|iiiptnent ; !•, lialiilities and assets; In. niiiiiliei of 
 nhares and par value uf i-arh ; 11, a list of the min- 
 pins- olliier-', ete. ; 12, olliie of the ioinpan\ ; Kl, 
 traii-tii otliie; 1 1, re::i>try. When po-silile ihr -late- 
 liient should In- iiiadi' liy an otliiei of the ronipan\ 1 1 
 it i> a reorpnii/.atioii of an old i'oa>l I lie partiiiilar> 
 HJundd Im- slated. 
 
 It is al«o reipiired that a .sample of e.nli i--ne of 
 »t<M'k or iMinds shall Ik* shown to the i oininiltee, no th.'it 
 it may aM-crtain whether proper prerantimi-- liaxe lieen 
 takiii ajrain-t for^.'-eiy. No fonn of >loi K leiiilieate or 
 hoiiil will 1(0 aeeepted unless it hiu- U'eii earefullv 
 
 eiijiiMved l>y .■>oinr r»-.pon->iMc haul; note enL'raN in;; 
 eompaiiy. T!ie lai-e of e\er_\ liond. i'oii|ioii niiriiiti- 
 eate of »|o«-k iini>t Im- printed from steel plairs whiih 
 have licen eijjn.vfd in the lie'l nianmr, wiili >iiih 
 varietii-N of work a^ will atVord the irreale^t MTiirity 
 I auMiii'l ■ oiinlerl'eitin;.' In li:ind. Imu' eaih dnriniH'iit 
 I or in>lrinni-:il there mn-t lir at least two-tiii'l plates, 
 vi/.: H fiiit jihitr. from whiih will he |iriiileil an aiiti- 
 photouniphi' lolor. so arrani/ed a-- to imderlie impor- 
 tant portion- of the fare printing', and a f'arf /ihitf 
 eoiitaiiiin:; the \is;nette> an<l lelteriiiL'' of the di--i'rip- 
 tive i.r proinisijory poitimi ut' llir doniiueMt, to lie 
 prinle<l in lila< k or in Mai k mixed with a rolor. Thi-^c 
 
 BROKERS OfFlCE 
 two prinliiips mn-t Ih- -o made upon the papci tlial the 
 I • oinhined et1e<'t of ihi- whole, il' pliMto^Maplu'd. would 
 iH-a <onfii-«>«l iiuiv- of line- .mil toiiiis, to -iriiie etlert- 
 iiallv : :.'iin»t i oniili'lfeilii;:.'' I>y •< ielilitir pime-M'-. 
 
 Mi ai iivi -liH ;,- niii-l li' re;'i-lered at -onu' iii-litn- 
 I ion -at -la«i"i\ I,, the . omniiltrr. ami i a<li ajiplii at ion 
 mn-t 1h' a. .oi;ipaio'-d '■» :i lfit< r iV.Mii till ii'-i-lrar 
 
 ! -t.ttill'.' the amoinil ol -l.u', I'ji-lrnd al lln'lime ot 
 
 ' appli.-:'»i.'ii. ami al- • »-;. '■ I h. l'>".\\^ "\' Vri-rMiriit 
 with lJ."_'iMi^ii-. dill} r\<'. Mil d.prov idv I ii'li t'lin iia- 
 
 ! mil ali.adv If en (ii.-d "itli the . ..nmnllri- In.a-eof 
 aii> -iil>-«'<pte;il ini-re.iM-of iil'ital ■tuik. ai ha-t thirty 
 
 day-' iioliie inu-i ■" L-i-.en tl e.-liiiir mw-p ipri-, 
 
 and in wriliii;: to the .iiesideni ot tin Mmk l.xiliaiiL'e, 
 ..f aii> int.-nd.d iiieira-e of llir nnmlfr .>| hare-, 
 filher dirisi or thron;'h the is-iie of rninerl il>lr ImihU, 
 
 ! and a -lalement must Ih- made of tlir ohjei t t..i w In. I 
 
 - -— 1 
 
^*-i»iaii,£^,<^jjgj^' 
 
 I 
 
 m m ' 
 
 (S^t 
 
 
 WALL BTKEKT AND THE NEW YORK NTOOK EXOHANOI. 
 
 aiK'h iiKTWiHO of stock or bondu in about to be made. 
 Aftrr Hiiy st<«"k bius oiuc Im-cii placed on the list, any 
 change in the form of oertiticatc, or place of regis- 
 try, numt receive the <onscnt of the committee, other- 
 wise the stock will !m' liiibh' to be stricken from the 
 list. Coupon liomls with privilege of rcgistnition 
 ceiiKe to Ik) a good delivery on the Stock Exchange in 
 caw the nninatnrcd < uiipouH arc removed. 
 
 App!iclltion^ to pliicc boiidn on the lixt must give a 
 description of the bonds as followa: 1, The amount of 
 theiHHue; 2, the date of the inHue; 3, the nuitnrity ; 4, 
 the par value of each kind of bond isstied; .'», the series 
 of nimibers luider each mortgage; ti, the rate of inter- 
 est ; 7, when payable; H, the names of the trustees. 
 Five copies of the mortgage must also be furnished, 
 and the isMiie must Ix' only on siieh ])ortiohs of road as 
 are ui'tiially cdnipleted. 
 
 The ronnnittee has the iM)wer to transfer stockfi and 
 Ixpiiiis fnini the free list to the regular list, and from 
 the reguliii list to the free list, as it may deem 
 proper. 
 
 GOVERNMENT LOANS IN WALL STREET. 
 
 Tlic -iiiiii, »iih>t;iiitiiil and conservative character of 
 Wall ^iieci h;i~ licen most fully display«'d by the man- 
 ner ill whieli it has handled the national loans, and the 
 statciiH lit will prol)ably go imrefiileil by any oiie of 
 jiidgmeiit. that witlnnit Wall street aid. the national 
 cHiiNC I null! mil have had a successful issue. When 
 ,Iay ('(Hike it Co. were selccteil as the fiscal agents of 
 tlie gdvei'iimeiit for the neirotiation of the tirsl great 
 loan of ti\c liimdied millions of the .l-ilts of iHti.'J, they 
 immediately came to New York and app«»inteil two or 
 three leading Wall street baiikimr houses a- theii- r«>p- 
 rehentati\('s there. ()iii' nl those, t'isk it Hatch, which 
 since iH-camethe leading governnu'iit bomi house of the 
 coiiiitiy. wii- only about a year idd, and both the inem- 
 tM'i- 111' llie linn were young men. Hut they possessed 
 an iilii(ling laith in the government , and with great 
 zeal tlie\ begun their w(H'k. Kveiy dollar of their 
 cotiiniis.sioiiH wnK spent in advertising the bonds, and 
 the placini! of the loan, about which there had been so 
 much ^nlicitiidc, b<ith by the government otlicials and 
 tln' patii(.lic people of tiic country, .~onii iHM'ame an 
 accompli>li<>d tact. U'hen most of the bonds had been 
 disposcij of, the demand for them becaine so great that 
 in the ''P'l transaction (l.'i.tKHI.IMM) more were bid for 
 than Ihc amount remaining unsold, and sub.s<>(piently 
 the loan was incicused by that aiiKMint, making the 
 total $.'il.'i,IMKI.IHMi. 
 
 In all .-iubse(picnt negotiations ot the government 
 
 lottiiB, and eapecially in the refunding operationB that 
 liuve taken place since the war, Wall strnet has done 
 most or all of the business. The largest single sub- 
 8cri|)tion that was ever made in this or any other 
 coimtry, was when the last of the fotir j)er cents were 
 taken. The amount authorized which had not yet Insen 
 sul»scribed for was about 1180,000,000. Early one 
 morning — l)efore the usual linking hours — the officers 
 of the First National liank were closeted with Fisk A 
 Match, who had proposed that the wh"',^' aniotmt 
 remaining with the treasury be taken in a block. It 
 was an extremely bold proposition, and at first the 
 First National officials hesitjtted. They wanted to 
 advise with some of their friends. In this way the 
 scheme leaked out, and several prominent banking 
 houses forwarded private sulwcriptions anumuting in 
 the aggregate to $()(),(XaJ,0O(). When the MulxM-ription 
 of the syndicate, which had been fonne<l during the 
 day, was telegraphed to Washington in the aftern(X)n I 
 agre(>ing to take all the four per cents that were 
 remaining unsold at one-half per cent alnive par and 
 accrued interest, there were, therefore only |il2().(lOO.- 
 (KX) left of the $IH(»,(KM),(KK), which the secretary had 
 on hand in the morning. 
 
 When congress tiiilcd to jjrovide for the reilemption 
 of the fts ami lis of 1881, Secretary Windom visited 
 New York to i laisult with the ItJinkers there and per- 
 lect a plan by which the honor and good faith of the 
 government would Im> imiir.taine<l. tjirnest efforts 
 were made to persuade the secretary that a three per 
 cent bond <i>nld ite floated at par, but others advocated 
 four per cent, and Mr. Windom adopted a medium 
 iMftween the two rates — HJ percent. Since that tiuic. 
 however, three per cents have ^old at lOl. In thi' past 
 twenty years Wall street ha.s seen six per <cnt govt'rn- 
 inent bonds sell at tN) and four per cents at 12.H. (iohl 
 rose from par to 28.') and went Icick to jiar agjiin. 
 
 (roveniment IhiiuIs are bought and sold mostly evei 
 the counters of a few leading bankers, and they liav» 
 pas-sed entirely from the speculative portion of iIk 
 mark't, but the time was when there were large trans- 
 actions on the .Stock Kxchaniri', although the whole oi 
 the day's business was never done there, as is practi- 
 cally the case with railroad slocks uml bonds that are 
 listed. Ill .April, lN7!l. the toial sales of goveninicni 
 bonds reported at the .Stock Kxchange were $l.''i,M".;. 
 H.")!), and for the whole ye4ir they iggrcgated $112,.'i7I. 
 H.'itl. In l«M) liie imsiness at the board fell to $.')^, - 
 4.')!t,t)(i(l. and in iNMl, to $.»ti,ti();<,2,'i(). For some tini. , 
 piLsl there were several days in succession without "Ulj 
 the re|M)rt of a single tran.sacfion. 
 
 /■ 
 
 ,T 
 
 lit 
 
operfttions that 
 Btroot hae done 
 est single Bub- 
 » or any other 
 
 yter cents were 
 m\ not yet l»een 
 lOO. Early one 
 ura — the ofB<iers 
 tetl with FiBk A 
 
 wh"'^" amount 
 1 In a block. It 
 and at first the 
 rhey wante<l to 
 In this woy tho 
 niinent Iwukinp 
 tns amounting in 
 I the MubwM-iption 
 mnwl during the 
 I in the BfterntH)n 
 
 cents that were 
 M\t alK>vf pur and 
 ,v i.nly tr2(t.0(M>,- 
 the secretary hat) 
 
 or the redrmption 
 
 f Windoin visited 
 
 Pi-s there and per- 
 
 oo«>d I'liith of Un 
 
 Eiirnest ctroits j 
 thiit a tlinr jxr j 
 I othciN aiK<»!tt<ii I 
 iople.l !i iiietliuiii 
 Since tlmt tinic 
 U)i. In the past 
 X per < cut ffovcrii- 
 „tH at 12:*. 0..1<l 
 to par agJiin. 
 ,1 sold mostly ov»r 
 IS. luid tliey l«»v. 
 vc portion <it 'li> 
 (. were iurfrc tniii>- 
 loilgli the >vli<ile "t 
 \\wn>. w i" practi- 
 .iid hondH that an- 
 ^ules of govcnniiciit 
 n;.r,. were liri.M'i' 
 ■■rn.gute.lllli.'.''"' 
 
 lioard fell to i'<^-- 
 
 f,0. For honii- t.iiH 
 
 rtuc«'es«ion without 
 
 WALL HTRKET AND THE NKW VOIIK STOCK KXCHANOE. 
 
 Wlicn the j,'o\crinnent oflirials visit New York to 
 consult till- I'lnMiii'ii'i's on Wall strcel. the roiifcrciiccs 
 diirinir t'le day arc usually licM in tlic siili-treasury 
 huildini,' on llic corner of Wall ami Nassau streets — 
 sonii'tiines at the cnsloni lionsc 'I'lie evening sessions 
 are irenerally at the Fifth Avenne hotel. It wa.s at the 
 latter pliue that Willian\ II. Vanderhilt, then a young 
 num. called on President (Irani, when the fJcnend vis- 
 ited the city on a nuMiioialile occasion to see what aid 
 coidd he extendod I" Wall street. William II. had 
 come as an emissary from his father. an<l hefore he 
 had procoedeil far in the present-it ion of the Commo- 
 dore's scheme, lie was inli'rrnptcil liy the (leneral sud- 
 denly inquiring after tlie t'(unmod(ne's lienltli. 
 
 " It is very gooil. thank yon," rcplicil William II. 
 
 '•Then why <h)n't iio come iiimself to -I'c lue'r" 
 
 CUSTOMERS' ROOM. 
 
 The hint wa* sufficient, and (he Commodore lost no 
 time in lulling on the President. Hut nothing of a 
 sulMitantial character was accomplished hy the inter- 
 view. In fact, the history of Wall street has heconn- 
 so closely interwoven wi(h the (inaiuial history of the 
 governmcMl, that neither can lie loldwitluml giving in 
 part the record of the other. If liic governnuMit 
 want.s money, it goes to Wall slice! to ■"•I it. If 
 Wall .'tnel wants moni'y, it goes lothc people. Om c 
 the secretary of the treasury thought he would ignore 
 Wall street, in his refmnling opernliun- h>' prepared 
 a hond for the people, and to niai.e it parliciihirly 
 attractive to the ma.->es, he pro\iileil '.hat any one « ho 
 had $1(1 to invest eoiihl place it in a government inter- 
 
 e.st-hearinir certilicate, and when encUL'h of these cer- 
 lilical(>s were ai'cunudated to eipial its facp, thev were 
 eonvertihio into a bond. There certiticates could !»« 
 obtained direct from the government, and in this way 
 the secretary proposed to avoid the payment of a com- 
 mission for the negotiation of the honds. The scheme 
 was such a complete Giilure as to )N*eome the s)i))ii>ct of 
 ridicule. 
 
 In all its MulweipuMit ret'unding operations tlie;;ov- 
 ernment has unhesitatingly availed itself of (Ih' a.ssint- 
 ance of Wall street, and its pre-eminent sncce** is 
 demonstrated l>y the fait that Unitecl Slati- gnvern- 
 meiit tiircc percents, redeemable at any lime at the will 
 of the goveriunent (but never payable mitil the irov- 
 ernnient is ready to discharire the debt), thus liaving 
 an uncertain time tn run. <'onmuuida higher price in the 
 maikct liian Ihitisli three |icr cent con-oU that are cer- 
 tain Id have ;i lite nf at least a ceiilm'v. .\l one lime, 
 when prices were lower. Kurojie bonirhl very larL.'<dy 
 of our bonds through Wall street batiLim: hcuse- hav- 
 ing branches alu'oad. but the ret'inidinL' "I the Imnds 
 laviring a liiL'h r:ite uf intcre-t intu bund- bearing a 
 low rale I if interest aiicl the hii.di piic, which all uf nur 
 bonils command in our uwn market. ha\e canned mn-.( 
 of (lio-e ludil Mbroad to lie rctiuiicd d' ihl^ • ouiilrv, in 
 exchaiiu'i' for which Kuroii(>an c;ipil.ali>|s lia\<- ihve-teil 
 more largely in tht.' hetler cla-s of .Vmeriian railroud 
 stocks and IxMid^, many milliiui.^ of which are now 
 held li\ them. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS SPECULATIONS. 
 The business of Wall street U not coi;f!!n>d *.,i deal- 
 ings in governn)ent and rtate bonds and railioad slocki* 
 and bt)nd:^. .\s early as IM!.") a mining sio< k exchange 
 was established, thre<; ye. n> after the organization of 
 the thst mining exchange in San Framiseo. but its 
 usefulness wiu. short-lived. It was nearly t<'n years 
 hefore the subject was again levixed, since wliich lime 
 there have been om«, and for three years prior to .hme 
 1, l^,s;i, two niining exchanges in the \iiinil\ "f Wall 
 street. Tnidmg in mining slm ks reached su. h magni- 
 tude that the .-ales reported al the two e\. han;,'es in 
 l««l amounted to 4;sOJ7,J"Jt'> shan-. an<l f.-r the first 
 six nmntli* of 1?*^;?, to 28.211, 0.'ia sharr>. Ihe most 
 profiUible peiiod, however, was from l^Tf* to 1X81, 
 when many millions of eastern capital was invested in 
 milling st<sks. The business was .so badly m.iiiaged, 
 and .some of the manipulations were of such an out- 
 niL'eons chaniclcr. however, that inininL' slot ks hav<» 
 fallci, into gn-at disr.-putc One of the exchanges has 
 closed its doors, and the oih-. . has avoich-d a similar 
 
IX 
 
 
 ^ , 
 
 Su 
 
 ■< )' 
 
 IS f 
 
 V- 
 
 WALL STHEET AND THE NEW VOBK STOCK KXCIIANOK. 
 
 I'iitc !)V lidding doalinps in other seriirities to thosp of 
 mining, especially petroleum. Npvcrthf.l«»f a p«mk1 
 doal «)f' numoy is "ill finding its way t'ron> Wull street 
 into mining pnterpri«OH, l)ut in.><tejul of .oriwritions 
 capitalized at many timew the value of the proitertiex 
 reprentMited, most of the business is now done (juietly, 
 l»y the formation of small syndicates or similar com- 
 binations, iind the purchase of mining property, v. hich 
 iH developed under the direct supervision of a few per- 
 Hons most deeply interested in tiie mines. 
 
 All important feature of W'aW stnft s|M-<idatiot. , 
 wiiiili has assumed very large proportions within tin" 
 jmst year or two, is the dealings in gniin and provision 
 options, mostly on the Chicago market. Started by 
 the ciVorts of a single l)roker, whose oi'ice was under 
 his hat, the liiisineHs to-day furnishes a handsome protiJ 
 for more than twenty tirms who devote their attention 
 exclusively to the Chicago market, where the " New- 
 York party'" forms a very important element in the 
 dealings. 
 
 Still more rerently dejilings in petroleum have 
 a.ssnnied a liiisiness like shajM'. First one and then a 
 second petroleum exchange w.is organized, anil the 
 daily purciiases and sales range from 1,.W0,0()0 to 10,- 
 (Xl(»,n(M» barrels. A remarkable feature of the prej»rnt 
 market i> the fait, that pclroleiun certiticates are con- 
 sidered a giK)d ci.llatcral among the Wall atreet bro- 
 kers in negotiating loans. 
 
 USE OF THE TICKER. 
 
 A very important part perfornie<l in the great vol- 
 ume of iiusiness lran.sact<Hl in Wall street, is to l>e 
 criiiited to an ingenious little iri-stniment called the 
 •' ticker," which su|)pli.s the broken; and other offices 
 in the vicinity of the .Stock Exchange with a refHJrt of 
 till" sales and ipiotations. Prior to its adoption the 
 incan.^ ot communication be: ween the broker"*' offices 
 !uid the door of the Exchange consisted of me.ssenger 
 buy-, will) were sent to and fro. 'I'his involveil, nc««s- 
 >ariiy. lonsidenibie delay, an<l wide nuctuations xime- 
 tiiiics 1(;oli j)laic on 'change betore the state of affaini 
 ' oiiiii U' made Known to the brokei"« in their office.s 
 and llieii- customei"s. 
 
 N'.uious invciitors have produced ditfcrent devices for 
 (lie purpose of Iransmilling the <pii)tation-<. all .-onie- : 
 what similar in their construction, and the methcNl is | 
 to iia\c ii>|M)rters stationed throug!i(\:* Jiie Exchange j 
 hall to watch and report the movement-, of each crowd. ' 
 
 U\l'\\ recently the Stock Excjiange bad ii:'ver exacf.il 
 nor received any conijieiisalion fur Ih. jnivilege of i 
 allowing reporters on tlic floor of llie Exchange, but j 
 
 the com|)etition frrra difTcrcnt companies r«prei«enting 
 the diffprent patents on "tickcnt" bet^me bo strong 
 that they cfTercd to pay the Exchange for the exclu- 
 sive privilege, nid as a result, the Stock Exchange now 
 receives $;5(i,()(H) per annum. 
 
 The re|H)rt« of puirliases and sales are obtained by 
 tniined employes, who are constant'.y wat<hing the 
 ditfcrent groups of openitors on the floor of the 
 Exchange, and who are supposed to make a record of 
 every transaction. 'I'o aid them they have the privi- 
 lege of overlooking the memoranda made by the br»>- 
 kers, and if a broker has reason to suppose that a sale 
 which he has made has not been reported, he in 
 expected to fiir><ish one of the reporters with the 
 information. If tin "-e is delay in getting report of a 
 sale and the |)rice in the meantime has changiHl, the 
 transaction apjiears on the ticker with the wonl ".sold" 
 l>efore it, thus indicatinir that on*' or more recent 
 reports at a ditl'crent price iiavc la'en published. Oea- 
 sionally it happens that a sale is made at a price which 
 diH's not ap|)ear on the publi-<lied list throughout the 
 day. In siu'h ca.ses, for the purpose both of satisfying 
 the cu>tonier and of protecting the lirokcr against sus- 
 picion, tiic ticker, on the following day. announces the 
 sjile, together with the name of the broker. Ke|K)rts 
 of the Siilcs are sent fiom the tloor of the Exchange to 
 the o|M'rating rooms of the companies, as fast as they 
 are collected, by means of an ordinary Mors-e telegraph 
 instrument, and are read liy sound in the operating 
 room>, l)iit a record is alsomailc by:, recording instru- 
 ment in order that any errors may Ik* corrected. The 
 rejxirts are distributed from the operating rooms of 
 each company to all of its indicatoi-s. or " tickers," at 
 the >anie lime. Ity meair-" ol an instrument <"illed the 
 " tninsniiltcr," the key-board of which lias much the 
 the .s;ime appcai'ance as tiic key-board of a piano, the 
 black ke\> representing letters and the white key> 
 figures and fractions. By striking any given key of 
 this instrnmnnt. a small wheel of lite indicator, which 
 i-i similarly lettered, is liU-ratcd, and by a weii»lit not 
 unlike that of a clock, or by power carried n\er the 
 ebitric wire, as t! e case may lie, the wheel is made to 
 revolve uiitil the de.sired letter or figui" comes in con- 
 tact with a narrow strip of paper (called the •' tape"; 
 passing through the iuslrnini 'I , when the further 
 revolution of the wheel is arrested, and at the .•^anu' 
 instant the tape is pressed lirinly against it. There are 
 two wheels, imic for figure;, and the other for letter-, 
 and by kce|,«ing llicm propeily inked Ity means of an 
 ink Icdl. the tape comes from llie ticker with IIk' 
 desired letters and figures very distiiK'tly printed u 
 
 & 
 
 a£2 
 
 IIW ff 
 
npanioH r«pre8onting 
 i" became «w) Htrong 
 himge for the pxclu- 
 Stuok Exchiiiipre now 
 
 lies u!'«> ohtaiiipil by 
 miV.y washing the 
 1 tho floor of the 
 to make u record of 
 they have the privi- 
 kIh luude by the l»ro- 
 
 suppose tliat a sale 
 ceil rt'ixirlcil, lie ib 
 
 reportei-s witli the 
 ^'I'ttiiiir report of a 
 nil- ha> iliaii<r«'(l, tlic 
 itli till- wonl "sold" 
 one or iiiore recent 
 •('II piihlislicd. Oca- 
 lailf.' at a price wl'ich 
 
 1 list throu;rhont the 
 sc lK)tli of satisfying 
 e liidkcr atiiiiist siis- 
 g day, announces the 
 he broker. Ue|K)rts 
 r of the Kxchanpe to 
 lilies, as fast as they 
 liiiy MorfC telegraph 
 
 11(1 in the operating 
 V !i reconling instru- 
 
 Ik' corrected. The 
 
 opiratiiig rooni.t of 
 n-s, or " tickers," at 
 
 tniinent calhvl the 
 \vhi< ii lias niiicli the 
 lard of :i piano, tlic 
 nd the white keys 
 .' any given key ol" 
 tiic indicator, v.liicli 
 Hid by a weight not 
 er carried over th" 
 he wheel is made to 
 tigiir" t'onu's in con- 
 (calied the " tape" , 
 
 when tiie further 
 d, and at tiie same 
 raiiist it. There arc 
 
 ic other for letters, 
 kcd tiy means of iiii /[ 
 lie tickc!' with liic J } 
 iistly printed upon in 
 
 WAi.i. sTUKKT \\i> my. \i:\\ ihkk skh k 1 x( ii\s(i,:. 
 
 it. Thus, if Lake .shore mid ^fiihiLMii Southern ^tticU 
 lias jnst sold at i I2i!, the ll:lli-uc|l(»;i wilhippc:ir on lie' 
 tape witll the Icltels '• I,. S." (Ill tlic lipiier ,->idc (if the 
 
 tape, and iIk tii:iires •• 1 li'^ " just ln-yond and on the 
 lower side. At present lie- told and .^tdck Tel. •jriajili 
 Coinpaiiy has about 1,(MM) iiistriimeiits in opinitioii in 
 t!ie various brokers' and bankers' ntll-i -, tlw leadiii:.'' i 
 
 hotels and ollicl places dt' report by specnlnliir^, iiil (if I 
 
 wliii li fiiinisli only the ^ales and (pmLiiinns o\' tli(> ; 
 StiKk Kxehange. The t'ommercial cdinpany has sev- 
 eral hundred tickers m operation. It has lieen in 
 business only a short time and the iiiiiiil)er is rap- 
 idly iiicrcasinij-. The (told and .Stock companv also 
 o]ierales alioni ;{ihi in>tiiiiiieiils, which give (piota- 
 tions of cotton and petrolciini and of mining stocks, 
 and altoiit ;inn iiKU-e which furni'li tinancial news, 
 miscellaneoll'^ ipinlatiniis 
 and i'IIk r matter of inter- 
 est (<n Wall >lreet. 
 
 BROKERS AND THEIR 
 OFFICES. 
 
 .V |ic(iiliaiily of Wall 
 «ii-ccl ullirc^, is, the man- 
 ner ill wiiicli the |)ublic 
 ajipears to Im> .slnit out. 
 The doors are closed, 
 Ml cell* and part 't ions and 
 wire w iirlv pill lip, ami the 
 »l r iii:.cr hi an ofJice tiiids 
 lii~ ''uiiiniiinir:, uins must 
 be -eiii liii'iiiiirli a ismall 
 cjn illar ;i|iel'tiire in U 
 iri'iniiid-gla*- partition 
 lliat -•liiil> out I that i> 
 
 ll';'.ii-|iiriii': ill- , 
 
 llio^e wlidM- I icss calls thelli there. And inside, ' 
 
 the d dices lu'i /y and cdiiit'di'table, but, in \crv few > 
 iiislaiices are I'ley expensivtdy nr claburalidy t'lirnislied. 
 The ediiiiiii- liiiikcr^ lia\c a eii-ldi|iei/ I'dniii. a pri- 
 
 vate dllic(>. iji.iil iiiciit- I'di' ilci'.- wImiiic. invaiia- 
 
 Illy, I'eili ; , li\ wire l:itticc-v\ (ul. cai'cs tVdIll tli<' 
 visitors ill I er,tdiiiei-. l''dr ^ni ce— ■ in Wall -; reel i^ 
 alv\ays diiicnd.'ilt upon ihe •■ rri-cy uilli wl.iili opera- 
 tidiis are eoi?diicled. Space is very valuable in "the 
 street" tind ilie gitler;' ollices of brokers ale con 
 tnieled to <<> npy iiw snmll a pii'i ortidii of luiildings n.s 
 is coiiviMiieiit to the proper di,>c!iarge of business, 
 liiipidity uid snciinuy are much more importan! than 
 display, ah*- n d» tiVinTthing is arraiii;ed with a \iew to 
 tlie comfort o.'all. Our illustration on a previtius |)age 
 
 represents the eiitiaiicc to one n ' the principal -Idck 
 ■■diiiini->ioii l.diiscs in Hniadway. lieliind the parti- 
 
 lidli, the WdlkiliL' biKc dl' the (.tlice i. |.|ace.l and the 
 
 secrecy of iisdulic-^ i- niaiiitained bv \siie partitions 
 
 ll." >aiiic> lis till, tellers' .qiiiri i,t in .i bank liiinlreds 
 
 of sii.ji dlliee, within a few blii.ks aliiiiit ami ni"!r ||i,. 
 exc|iain.rc. 'Hn- cMsidiuers' idiiiu. a- slidwii ill diir 
 illiisiratidii, is tipeii i.i the jj-eneral public. It must 
 not be supposed, hdwcver, that brokers ,1„ a inisiel- 
 laneoiis trading business |ik,. ,|,.a|ers in cdiiiniddiiies, 
 
 for none ol' tin m uill take oniels to buy or sell sidcks 
 except t'ldiii pci-sdiis kiidwn or well recdinineiided, uiid 
 of whose bank aicdiiiils ami tiiiaiieial respdnsibiiit v 
 they have iiddiiiialion. .•so that Iroin dii(> dav Id 
 another, the same face« may be seen in the dtliecs, ami 
 the same spcciilaldrs i diiirn i^ate where they are best 
 
 known, and where their 
 
 dealings are. The seeiie 
 shown is a real ime and 
 has itscdimter|iart in lnai- 
 dreds df riidiiis. and c\erv 
 day in the year wiicn the 
 
 btdck lAcliailL'e is d|ie|;. 
 
 Nd 
 
 II re pi.iiiily liiiii- 
 
 JAY GOULD IN HiS PRIVATE OFFICE 
 Uiit there is alw:i\s eniraiue I'm' 
 
 islied. 'ir less |i|eleiilidiis 
 *'icecaii scarcely be rdiind 
 ill New Ydik tliaii ihal nf 
 the kiiiv ol -|Heii|atdis 
 and liiillidiiaiies, ,|av 
 (idiild, an illiisiratidii df 
 which isgivcii nil I his pa:j-e. 
 Situated in Ihe seidiid 
 story of an oil fa-liioiiiMl 
 and iiii|ircieiiiidiis liiii|,|. 
 
 illg ;■! I lie solllliw, I eoi- 
 
 iier df Uectiir street and Hroadway, the |>l,iiiil\ Iciicrcd 
 sign over the Mroadway wiiuidWs re.iiliii'j- W. Ii. ('on- 
 IKir t< Cd.. would iie\cr siiiTL'csl In the mind ol' a c:;-iial 
 visitor or pas.cr by. the fact that witiiin llidst. wiiiddWs 
 i- the otlii c of the irrcal i.iiiioad mairnalc :nid stm )< 
 spiiiilalor. The linn i- \\ aslni.^rloii K. ( 'diiinir, v, Im 
 bir M'ars has liei n Mr. ( idiild's most trusted brdker, 
 
 ';ild (icdiL'e .1. (idlilil, the eldest siill df the !.'reat llia-j- 
 iiatc. Mr ( ii.iilii is a s|,(.e!al pailner. Tiie rdcms are 
 -lll.lll and li;irrow. (icmge (Jdllld's idom is Ijlied \ei\- 
 rill! witll the Iwd ereat <afes, his i|esk and a telc'jTaiili 
 o|ier;itdr's t.ible. It opens iiild the hallway, but the 
 dour is always locked. \iidllicr ddiu' cdiilieels \\ itii 
 his lather's private ollii e where Private Seerelaiv 
 .Morisini presides. Mr. (ioiild \ isiLs the ofbce daily in 
 busy times, bill his visits are usimlly of brief dui-at ion, 
 
I.' M 
 
 \m: 
 
 It ; ' 
 
 t , 
 
 f j 
 
 \h 
 
 WAI.I, 8THKI-T AM> TIIK NKW VDIIK STOCK K.XCIIANOK. 
 
 US niiii'li (if his timo is ()i'<Mipi«'(l in iitt('ii<lin<; dirpcloiv' 
 mi'ftiiifT* liii'l i>> ••iinrcronn'.H willi liis niilrtci.l uml otln'r 
 lii'iiti-nants, iiml lio li:i.-> ntlicr (iDii-cs in tlic WoHtcni 
 Union hnililinir- An oriliniiiy uHicc <lcsU, {>v taiilo, 
 tuiil aniillirr ul' ^mailer size covimi-cI with ^rorn nil 
 cliitli, cliaii-s anil a sItM'k ti<-ki'i' coiiipiiso aliont all tlio 
 fnrnitnri*. Hark of (Ins room is tiuM-lnk's room whrro 
 t'om- Of live yonnv nii'n arc employed, ami Itack of thai 
 still, Mr. ( onnoi-'s private room, uliicii isaJMint ten by 
 twelve feet in tlimensions, and t'ompletely tilletl with a 
 huye cylimlerilesk and twostfx-k tickers. These latter 
 two rooms look ont (m Trinity clinreh yani, the others 
 on Ui'oadway. 'I"he doors aro always locked and no 
 one is uilniitted except after their names arn taken l>y 
 one of the clerks Ihronirh the piireon-hole windows. 
 15nt the ollice is democratic. .\ny one who i-iiters is 
 treated wilhont ceremony. The husine.'is is too e.\aet- 
 injr to permit of icd tape, and Mr. Connor or Mr. 
 (Joidd dispose of their « allers in the prum))tost htisi- 
 m>ss manner. 
 
 'I'wo room^ hack on the same tloor n door opens ont 
 of the dirty hall passa^j^e into t ho office of another ot' 
 thcj:reat millionaires and ;it<M'k specniators, Mr. liu.s- 
 sell .SaL'i'. which, althonjih soniewiiat larper. is no 
 iiioi"' pretentions. Yet these men transact hiwinesM 
 that nets them millions of dollars .innnally. 
 
 It will he readily seen that display is not a feature of 
 Wall street, if we exc«'pt, perhaps, some of the [)rivato 
 hanking' ollicc>, and tiie liankini; insvitiitionH where 
 more loririality. moie In.xnrions and pretentions ap- 
 point m<'nt> aic natiinil, and in keepiii:: with the char- 
 acter of the tinancial udministnitiun of the atfairs of 
 men and l'ov eniment-- llu- world over. 
 
 A GREAT DAY IN WALL STREET. 
 
 Tiic JIth of .SeptemlK'r, iHtJi), hu« pa.ssed into history 
 tmder the name of •• HIack Fritliiy," and stands as a 
 memoralile day in the annals of Wall street. Those- 
 were the days when frold specidatioii divided th<' atten- 
 tion of the hiilln and 1»eurs, with tlie Stcx-k Kxrhange, 
 and " Black Friday" was tla; residt of an att<'mptei! 
 c(Miier on ^'old. For some time previous to this inem- 
 oral)U' Friday, there hail l»een a ^rowinj; strinjreiiey in 
 the money market and the stcK-k market wiw feverinh 
 and fnll of excitement. On Wednesday there was a 
 sudden and heavy decline in New York ( Vntral of 24 
 per cent, and IIiiil>on 12 per cent. Hiil the ^cene of 
 excitement was transferred from the ,Sto( k Fxchan^re 
 to the (iold Kocm, and hi-re, n'\nco the fail of Rich- 
 mond, nothing hud cipiahMl tlie spectacle. The ojM^a- 
 lurs undertook to HeiMi^o um much as (XMieible uf the 
 
 tl,'i.lX«),(i(«i of ;rold luJd hy the New York lianks, ami, 
 hopinir that the I'niled States Treasury, which held 
 ahout $l(H).i)IH),(HN) ill ^old would not dare to aflTord 
 any relief, endeavored to niise (he price of <rold from 
 1H2 to an enormons lii,'ure (they hoped 2(M) percent), 
 .sell out and pocket the ;raiii. They had Iweii steadily 
 pnreliiwiiij!: for sevenil dayn, and there were forehodinirH 
 of the c imini,' battle on the ni^'ht previcms to this 
 tnemorahh- Friday. Thnisday eh s(m1 with I'very pre- 
 monition of thestruir<rle liy the hears inakiiiji; an attack 
 upon the stocks at the close of dealing's. Threats and 
 rumors were tlyiiif,' throiii.'h the air. 'i'he attack on 
 stocks was hut preliminary to tlie<.''reat stniirirle which 
 was to take place in the (told Wooni. Lou;;'' Ind'ore the 
 hour for openin;r ••" Friday, the c'rowd jiressed and 
 surijod, and aft<'r the dixu's were opened there wa.s u 
 rii'«h for adinittai'ce. To j;et into the (iold Kooin froi> 
 cither the Mroad street <>r rear eiitiiiiiee was more da- - 
 jrorous than cnlcriiiir a hnrninir Imildin^'. The ste] s, 
 narrow pas.s««,'es and little ve^lihnles were solidl\ ix-.-n- 
 pied. Men were tiirlitiii^ their way in and out >.ith 
 desperation; men who, anywheie else, and at any i ther 
 time would he regarded as ^'entlemeii, ready to sai rifice 
 their own comfort and convenience for a fellow, were 
 now piwhinwand i»ullinc:,aiid screaminjjand tminplinji; 
 upon all ill their way, vahid with l!ie poU] excitement, 
 and hlind to everything hut the all-important crisis at 
 hand. Onco into the passage, in a maniacal crew, with 
 no room to hnsitbe the dense, distracting^ air, one might 
 havtt heard what seemed the 8cree<'hes of the ilamned ; 
 it was only the operators in the GoUl Kooin. M«n were 
 lijfhtinj; to get in; ItegiriiiK to get in. Men were tight- 
 in;; to get out. Once in the (iold lioom the scene was 
 inde.M'rihahle. If the j)la<e were i "lilack hole" from 
 which (iod's hies.sed air had l»een entirely excluded ami 
 those tive hundred men were -nujrpling for existence 
 with all the condensed iij,'«»ny ot sudden sufliM-ation. it 
 could not have l)een much worse. 
 
 When t!ie report reached the Exchange thr; Socn 
 tary Hoiitwell had ordered $4,(K»0,(MK) of gold to \-- 
 placed on the market, it was like the lightning liun 
 struck ill the hmmu. The grf-at huhhle hurst. The 
 hulls fled. (Iold, which hud gone up to 162, suddenly 
 dropped to l.'W). As the new«sprea<l, there wa«a rush- 
 ing of men throughout Wall street l)eyond all pre< •»- 
 dent. Thus liiirst a panic which was entirely artificial, 
 and not based on the eomlition of the country. Tiic 
 trai.sactions aggregated over tive hundred million dol 
 lars, iMid the Imll side of the house, of which .la>. 
 Fisk, .Ir. and Jay (ioiild were prominent nwnipulatois, 
 prolited about $11,(K)0,0(X) by the day's diMMterv. 
 
 
■w York iMiiiks, uiul, 
 rcasiiiy. wl)i<li hold 
 I not (Inn- til afford 
 ' price ol" poltl from 
 )|)im| -ilK) per cent), 
 y luul been steadily 
 •ro were foirhoilinuTH 
 •lit previdii.s tu this 
 .--eii with every pro- 
 rs inakiiijcf an attack 
 ilinjrs. Threats and 
 ail', 'i'lie attack on 
 rreat sli ii^'-irh' which 
 11. liOii^ In-fore tli<' 
 crctwil pi<'.ssed and 
 opeiieti there was n 
 In- (i(dd Room t'roi' 
 •aiice was niore da' - 
 iiildin;.'. Tlie stej h, 
 's were solidly (m'.'ii- 
 ay ill and out i.itli 
 Iso, and at any i thor 
 en, ready to .sai rifico 
 i^ for a fellow, were 
 niinii^and trampling 
 !i« pold exciteniont, 
 l-iniportant crisis ut 
 nmniucjil crew, with 
 icting air, oae might 
 ;h&* of the efakinned; 
 d Kooni. Mwi were 
 n. Men were fight- 
 Itooni tile scene wa,- 
 i "black hole" from 
 ilirely excluded and 
 L'jjriintr for existence 
 iddeii hutf(M'ation. it 
 
 Ixclmnpe tli;-; Soere- 
 ),tMH) of gold to \»- 
 ' the lij^htniug luni 
 hiihhle hurst. The 
 up to 162, 8uddeiily 
 a»l, there wa«u rusli- 
 't l)eyoud ull |)re< t^ 
 iw entirely artificial , 
 r the country. The 
 iindred million do I 
 (iwe, of which .las. 
 lineiit iiianipulutor 
 lay'H diwuit«ni. 
 
 TEAIV* 
 
 \^ 
 
 EATED 
 
 fLECTRlC 
 
 Dghted 
 
 \ [E8TIBflLEB 
 
 BBTWMBN 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Milwaukee 
 St. Paul **• 
 Minneapolis