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 %\t Inittl) C^urtlj of ^ngknlr an^ Irelmtb 
 
 IN CANADA 
 
 A SERMON, • 
 
 PRP.AOaED BEFORE THl 
 
 SYNOD OF THE DIOCESE OF TOEONTO, 
 
 IN 
 
 ST. JAMES' CHURCH, TORONTO, 
 
 ON WEDNESDAY, JUNE 14, 1865. 
 
 BY THE REV. H. C. COOPER, B.A„ 
 
 HECTOR OF CHRIST CHURCH, ETOBICOKE. 
 
 TORONTO: 
 H. ROWSELL, PRINTER, KING STREET EAST. 
 
 1865. 
 
3 '/ 6' 
 
 1 
 
SERMON. 
 
 f 
 
 PsAiM cxxii., V. 3.—" Jerusalem is built as a city that is at unity iu 
 
 \i3QU:'—(Pra!/er Book Version.) 
 
 In addressing a congregation such as I see before me, it 
 seems to me that it is hardly my province to read lessons of 
 Christian virtue to those who are themselves teachers of the 
 people in the way of righteousness, or to dwell even upon the 
 great doctrines of the Gospel to those who are themselves 
 preachers and heralds of salvation. Advice "nd instruction 
 will come with greater weight from authority higher than mine. 
 
 Forbearing, therefore, from more accustomed topics, I 
 purpose to take up some points relating to the condition of 
 the Church in this country, and to give expression to some 
 thoughts which appear naturally to suggest themselves on the 
 assembling of one of its periodical councils. 
 
 There are many features in the present state of the Church 
 in Canada, which are well worthy of notice. The first, and 
 probably the most obvious, is its remarkably independent 
 position. Hardly, perhaps, since the days of primitive 
 Christianity can we lay our finger upon a Church in a 
 similar position. At any rate, in the history of the British 
 Church, we must go back to a period anterior to the arrival 
 of Augustine : for however many blessings attended his mission, 
 it was accompanied by the assertion, and led to the 
 acknowledgment, of a foreign supremacy of nine hundred 
 years' duration — a supremacy which made the Church of 
 England merely a province of one great spiritual empire, 
 almost coterminous with the civil empire of ancient Rome. 
 
 Freed from that dominion at the Reformation, it could 
 hardlv be otherwise, considering the circumstances of the 
 

 times, than tliat the Church sliouM becomo so united with 
 the State, so much part and parcel of it, so blended with, 
 and incorporated in, the civil institutions of the kingdom^ 
 that while undoubtedly mucli strength and prestige accrued 
 to the Church by this union, one thing was inevitable, namely, 
 that she lost the power of acting independently of the civil 
 and national authorities. While her laws were the laws cf 
 the land, they had to be made like other laws, and to be 
 enacted by the same legislature. While bound to the State, 
 the Church could not move without the State. 
 
 Upon the various complications, not to say evils, arising 
 out of this condition of things in the Mother Church, I will 
 not dwell ; nor need I pause to consider how such anomalies 
 may be removed, or such evils remedied. Never, perhaps, 
 for some centuries past, have those difficulties presented them- 
 selves in a more trying form than of late years— in a form, 
 indeed, threatei^ing the vitality of those sacred truths which 
 are the very life-blood of her existence. 
 
 But while we cannot be blind to the dangers attendant 
 upon, and arising from, the peculiar position of the Church 
 at home— seeing them, indeed, all the more cl arly from 
 our distant stand-point— while hoping and pruying that, 
 under Divine guidance, the wisdom and piety of her rulers 
 and the Christian zeal of her people, never more conspicuous 
 than at present, may be blessed to the discovery of such 
 measures as may both preserve the Church in its high position 
 a8*<the Church of England," and also remedy the evils 
 ■which appear to have grown as excrescences upon the 
 system— while trusting that means may yet be devised for 
 continuing both to Church and State the benefits of this 
 time-honored alliance— while viewing the troubles of. our 
 parent Church with the filial sympathy which is her due, we 
 cannot but perceive, and thankfully rejoice, that none of 
 those difficulties harass and encumber us. For us God in his 
 providence seems to have marked out a different course. 
 TJnallied in any way with the State, we yet enjoy, and the 
 
 i 
 
i 
 
 State accords to us, the respect, recognition, and protection 
 vlnch are due to a Society of Christian men ; while, at the 
 same time, we are free from State control in every matter 
 of discipline and doctrine. 
 
 The entireness, the absolute character of tliis independence, 
 is most remarkable ; presenting, as it does, so strong a 
 contrast to the position of the Church at home, and to what 
 was our own position not many years back. Perhaps we 
 have scarcely yet realized the powers of our position. 
 
 Whether in the inception of the movement four^'^en years 
 ago, it was contemplated that our independent power of self- 
 government would grow to what it is, I can hardly say. 
 When we recall to mind how slow and hesitating were our 
 first steps in this direction— how we were firs^ summoned 
 together simply as a " Conference," in doubt whether we 
 were not infringing certain ancient laws by whicn Synods 
 and Convocations of the Church of England were fettererl— 
 when we review our proceedings up to the passing of the 
 Synod Act of 1857, wo may well congratulate ourselves upon 
 the degree of Christian liberty which we have achieved ; and 
 we must also acknowledge that the caution exercised by 
 those who guided the movement, though more than some of us 
 then thought necessary, was yet, considering the momentous 
 change in progress, in an eminent degree, wise and prudent. 
 I think I may venture to say, that since the Reformation 
 there has not taken place within the Church of England a 
 greater revolution than that which has been gradually and 
 peaceably matured here within the last fourteen years. I 
 say peaceably, and with a purpose ; for it should be a cause 
 of thankfulness that it has been actomplished without strife 
 or contention— without any struggle with the Provincial or 
 Imperial authorities— without any estrangement or alien- 
 ation of feelings between ourselves and the Mother Church, 
 —without any rupture, or even weakening, of those ties of 
 loyalty and affection which bind, and I trust may long con- 
 tinue to bind, us to the Church of England and to the Crown 
 

 
 of the British Empire. We had but to petition the proper 
 authorities, and the Act of our enfranchisement was passed 
 and the royal assent was as readily accorded to that Act 
 extinguishing thougli it did every riglit and prerogative of 
 the Crown which could in anyway shackle, or interfere with, 
 the free internal self-goverment of the Church. 
 
 When we see that not a step can be taken by the deliber- 
 ative Councils of the Church at home without special and 
 continually renewed permission-that her Councils too are 
 merely deliUmtive, and possess no legislative authority— 
 when we see how cumbrous and unwieldy the whole system of 
 ecclesiastical law has become, how antiquated and out of date 
 much of It is, we cannot but rejoice at the free and un- 
 trammelled position in which Ave now find ourselves. 
 
 In no feature is the revolution more marked than in the 
 share given to the Laity in all our Church legislation— their 
 participation in all our Synodical proceedings. At home 
 the intimate union of the Church with the State may have 
 rendered this less necessary. The civil legislature is also 
 the Church legislature ; and the Church is represented by 
 her Bishops sitting as peers in the upper house. And however 
 insufficient this system may be for the present exigoncies 
 of the Church, and under the altered character of modern 
 parliaments, yet the laity of the Church have still in parlia- 
 ment a certain control over Church laws and Church affairs. 
 The case being far otherwise in our Provincial legislature— 
 the Church not being in any way officially repres;Mited there, 
 nor having any special recognition more than other religious 
 bodies, it became evident that in any system framed for the 
 internal self-government of the Church the presence and 
 co-operation of her lay members was both a right to which 
 they were entitled, and an advantage to the Church as a 
 whole. The nature of this lay representation has now been 
 settled, its mode of operation has been successfully arranged^ 
 and it is working harmoniously and beneficially to the admi- 
 ration of the Church here and elsewhere. 
 
 \ 
 
Crreat as all these changes are, they "lavo arisen out of tho 
 necessities of our position. A provincial Church needea for 
 Its well being a local legislature, just as much as the Province 
 Itself required one ; and on very similar grounds, namely 
 the unsuitableness of many ot the Church laws of England 
 to our local wants and circumstances— the tediousness^ and 
 expense of ecclesiastical law proceedings— tho need of less 
 costly, more expeditious, simpler, and more practicable 
 modes of procedure-added to our remoteness from the 
 centre of the ncitional Church government. These all con- 
 stituted urgent motives :ing to obtain powers of local 
 Church government. 
 
 In fact, these great ere sought-and herein 
 
 may we not see a reason u.. ;cess which Divine Provi- 
 
 dence has vouchsafed to our cltoics— not through a restless 
 desire for change— not through mere impatience of control- 
 not from a refractory revolutionary spirit, but simply and 
 purely for the good of the Church, and for the furtherance 
 of the sacred objects for which the Church exists. Our 
 desire to possess the power of internal self-regulation was 
 rational, it was just, and for Christian ends ; therefore our 
 claims were admitted without objection, and no difficulties 
 were thrown in the way. For that principle of government 
 which attaches due and proper weight to the declared wishes 
 of the subject, however vauntingly proclaimed elsewhere, 
 seems to be no where more rea'lily acted upon and acknow- 
 ledged than by the Goverment of that Empire to which 
 happily we belong. That such powers were so willingly 
 conceded— that so much of that prerogative of which govern- 
 ments have generally been most jealous and tenacious, 
 should have been yielded without murmur or dispute, tells 
 well for the high and generous principles on which the 
 Imperial Government of our Empire is administered. 
 
 Recent events have shewn how necessary it is that the 
 Church here shouhd be both self-acting and self-reliant. The 
 
I 
 
 8 
 
 government of tlio Church by the iStato, as at homo — its 
 being tied down by Stato courts and legal fictiona — its being, 
 as it were, kept in leading-sti'ings by the law olFicors of the 
 crown — has eveiituiitt'd in a degree of confusion which seems 
 as unaccountablo as it is detrimental to the interests and 
 dignity of the Cliurch ; it har caused the Olnu'ch to present, 
 as regards the patents, i)owers, and jurisdiction of her 
 Colonial IVishops, an almost disorganized and chaotic aspect, 
 under cover of which openings are found for the escape of 
 the most glaring heresies, and of the most palpable dis- 
 obedience ; it has induced a condition of things into which, 
 it may safely be averred, the Church would scarcely have 
 fallen with her eyes open, and if kft to herself. 
 
 But to whatever extent these doubts may be supposed to 
 affect us, we have the plain straight-forward remedy in our 
 own hi'iids. The Synod Act of 1857, gives us every 
 necessary power ; for an Act more comprehensive and 
 absolute in a just sense, could hardly be flamed. By it the 
 "whole unwieldy fabric of English ecclesiastical law, as regards 
 us, is virtually swept away, and every prerogative of the 
 Crown in Churcli matters unconditionally surrendered. By 
 it we possess tlie power of doing everything relating to, or 
 necessary for, the appointment or deprivation of any person 
 holding office in the Church, »jf whatever grade, and for 
 defining and securing their jurisdiction. The powers and 
 authority hitherto conferred by royal letters patent may, 
 and undoubtedly now ought to be, conferred by the Church 
 here, in some manner duly specified and provided for by a 
 Provincial Canon. And so in every other matter connected 
 ■with the welfare, stability, and progressive requirements of 
 the Church, we arc freed from all the perplexities of English 
 ecclesiasticel law^ and arc invested with full power to tako 
 care of ourselves. 
 
 But while we thus possess and exercise the legal power of 
 regnlatinrr tho afTairs of our Church in all matters relating 
 to discipline, and necessary for order and good government, 
 
 T 
 
 ■*■ 
 
u.if^ 
 
 I 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 this involves no sevcranco from tlio United Cliiu'cli of 
 England and Ireland. Our spiritual relntions to our Mother 
 Chn-ch remain the same. In our adherence to her doch-inal 
 standards, her ritual of worship, her ord. rs of the ministry, 
 we continue ns we wore, and with tl>e unaltered determination, 
 as expressed in the Declaration of the first rrovinclal Synod, 
 (1861) *' iu dependence upon the Divine aid to preserve those 
 doctrines, and that form of Church g).:rnment, and to 
 transmit them to our pos^terity." 
 
 While- thankful to be thus exempted from various difficulties 
 attendant upon the present position of the Church in Ei);Tl;in(l, 
 our sentiments of rev. v-ence and attachment to tlie Clini^h 
 htrself need in no de^jree be impaired or diminished ; nay, 
 rather, they should be strengthened ; for the connection is now 
 unhampered by many vexed questions which have hitherto 
 encumbered it. The maturity of power, and the position to 
 which we have now attained, need not weaken or extinguish 
 the filial afl'ection which* is due from us to that Church from 
 which we sprung, which fostered us in our infancy, to whose 
 Bympathies we still appeal, and whose hand is still open to 
 aid our Christian enterprises. The mutual bond ia of a 
 higher, holier, and more enduring nature than if it rested 
 only upon old acts of parliament, or upon questionable 
 decisions of judicial committees. 
 
 Neither is our acknowledgment of the Queen's su^ .emacy 
 affected by the surrender i- our uvor of her Majesty s 
 ecclesiatical prerogatives. "We still," to quote the same 
 declaration, " maintain the ancient doctrine of our Church 
 that the Queen is rightfully possessed of the chief govern- 
 ment and supremacy over all persons within hci dotmnions, 
 whether ecclesiastical or civil, as set forth in the o7th of the 
 Articles of Religion ; and we desire that such supremacy 
 should continue unimpaired." The difference will henceforth 
 lie in tliis— that in an appeal to the Crown arising out of 
 any important Church difficulty, the question will be settled 
 by reference to our own Church regulations, and no other. 
 
 ^%^ 
 
t 
 
 10 
 
 All that the Crown would be required to decide would be, 
 whether the Church here, in its executive capacity, had rightly 
 administered its own laws. 
 
 But now, ray brethren, there are other and very serious , 
 considerations arising out of the position in which we find 
 ourselves. With increase of power comes increased respon- 
 sibility. We assemble for objects connected with the highest 
 interests of man. And though a Church Synod may not be 
 surrounded with the outward honors and ceremonials of a 
 secular parliament, nor occupy so high a place in the public 
 estimation, nor be watched with so much interest, nor give 
 rise to so much popular feeling and excitement, yet its 
 utterances, compared to the whirlwind of political agitation, 
 may be as the " still small voice," indicative of a higher 
 presence ; its actions may have a deep pervading influence, 
 operating, though indirectly, not less powerfully, upon the 
 moral and religious tone of thought among our whole people. 
 
 It behoves us, then — need I say "how ueeply it behoves 
 us — to conduct our deliberations in a spirit of Christian 
 forbearance and Christian courtesy, to set aside personal 
 and selfish considerations — to act as before God, and only 
 as we may conscientiously believe to be for the good of His 
 Church. To this end all mere party feeling must evidently 
 be kept in abeyance. We meet not to struggle for pre- 
 eminence. We are not constituted, like some other assem- 
 blies, of a party in power, and a party out of power. We 
 do not expect to see a minority pertinaciously opposing and 
 harassing the action cf the rest, nor a majority recklessly 
 over-riding, and setting at nought, the wishes and feelings of 
 the smaller raumber. Not unfrequently men forget that the 
 highest test of character is not success in obtaining power, 
 but the way in which they use it when obtained. 
 
 Especially must we school ourselves to admit of each other 
 that men may be sincere Christains, good Churchmen, faith- 
 ful ministers of Christ, and yet on many points hold opinions 
 varying from, perhaps diametrically opposite to, our own. 
 
11 
 
 Willie retaining our own honest convictions, let us not 
 quarrel with others for doing the same. All men's minds 
 will not run in the same groove ; probably it was never in- 
 tended that they should. The accidents of education, train- 
 ing, reading, and early associations will give a set or leaning 
 to the mind, without materially, if at all, aiTecting its practi- 
 cal reception of the essential doctrines of the faith. 
 
 In the management of our deliberations, as in the spirit 
 with which they are conducted, we are undoubtedly learning 
 and improving as we proceed. It could hardly be expected 
 that such unaccustomed powers would be managed to pei fection 
 at ^rst : and indeed under a system so utterly new to English 
 Churchmen, it would not have been strange if we had found 
 ourselves not altogether equal to our new responsibilities. 
 Yet under the judicious and impartial presidency which we 
 have enjoyed, the character of our deliberations has been 
 open to very little exception ; and their results are gradually 
 consolidating themselves into a most useful and efficient code 
 of Church laws. 
 
 Much have we to be thankful for. Undisturbed by the weak 
 fondness for medieval superstition^ which has exhibited itself 
 so painfully else where— untainted by a neology which threatens 
 to culminate in practical infidelity — we are solving a problem 
 which has exercised the prayerful thoughts of many, namely, 
 how, under a monarchy, can the Church be worked in- 
 dependently of the State ? And I think we are bidding fair 
 to arrive at a satisfactory solution. 
 
 Let us go on, then, as we have begun, profiting by every 
 years's additional experience, and casting away no right or 
 privilege because some difficulties may attend its exercise. To 
 manage our new powers aright, is the duty which Providence 
 has assigned to us ; and to give back any of those powers, 
 or to transfer them to other hands, asking others to do for 
 us what we ought to do ourselves, is hardly in character with 
 the high and honorable position which the Church in Canada 
 now occupies in the eyes of the Church Catholic. 
 
Lastly, and again, as regards ourselves, let us not fortret 
 that we are one hj the profession of a common faith, and°in 
 the ministry and membership of a common Church. Let us, 
 therefore, endeavour the more to avoid and discountenance 
 whatever may generate or foment division or ill-feelincr • for 
 undoubtedly the strength of our Zion will be found in 'this, 
 that she is "as a city which is at unity in itself;" and if we 
 are to do our Redeemer's work, it must be done in the spirit 
 of his commandments. 
 
 ■ 
 
 H. ROWSBLt, PRINTER, KING STREET, TORONTO.