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Tlu- alroa.ly vast an.I rapidly increasing in.portanc. of t>'^- O'-iMion or Canada, and tia- interest attadnn, to its Ku.ure. uili, it is hoped, n.al.. the present Vohnne not unacceptahie to the I'nhiie. and n.ay euuse Voiun.e II. to fbilow Voiun.c 1. it; Uy this or hy any other n.ean.they ^•nn in any .K.,ree extend at II.,n.e the kni'h;N(i:ii woon giKiiF.c ni'll,l)|\(, (II Nil. I |,,i|;r To HKIT.M) l^rKllW' WriMUMI nirKi;o.\rin un a iuiiipikov ih^ai' >X(i\V..«l|OKIXI^ IIAI'I.K .•clllAUV "i.i> Mill SI. IS yr. m:\vis stui it . I.VA'rATlMV nr i.irKliKi' HIP. M. i.Auiii:.\(K--cji r.!ii:r i-i>'i" (H' i'i-.\'rK .'lit lu II ii II \;< 17 III r>ii C A N A D A : FIJOM ITS DTSCOVIUIY TO TIFIO I'HESHXT TIMI]. m ^\3. Ill'i lii-tcirv of ( '.inatlii iiniMr:illy cli\ iilc-i it^rlf intn t wn [rri'nt |MMi,,(U ; tlir lir>t r\|r||i|il|'4 IV.illl ll|i' Vraf i if i.'|-i I."):ll Id 17(1:1; lljr -.. riiinl IVniii I 7(;:i 111 till' |irc'-iiil (lav. |)MriiiL; (lictir>t till I'Vriiili liilcil; limine; tllr -iciiiiil llic I'c'I'tllllcs of Ciiliailil liavi' liicii liiikccl witli tli.iM'nl' Hii'.'l Mill. TIm liivt inaylii'siilMliviclnl iiitii lliiii' 1 |iimIis, vi/., finiii i.vtl 111 k;.;:.', wIhii iIh' ('iiin|iiiiiv cpf Assiirialrs cslMliJisliiil I Jirlll-rUis al (,hliliir; rinlll l(l:t-J|ii I f'i(;;l, wlii'li Canaila lircaliii' a llnval < iuNii iiin>iit ; ami rimii ICC:) In I Tfll), wlii'li Ihr tiraly i.f I'ari-* I'liiililiiicil tlir |Mi>srssioii ot'Caiiaila tu Eii<,'liiii(l. Till' si'iiiiii! inlii t'ciiir iihmIis, vi/., fnun I7i::ltii 171)1, wIh'Ii till' ciiliniy wii.H (liviiltil intn rii|nr iiiul Luwir Ciiiiaila, iiml rciirosciitalivi' ffiivfiiiiiicnt wm.s lucnriliil to nicli ; 17!il to ls4l, wlii'li till' Iwii jiinviinr.s Will' uiiilcil, ami inic lri;islattliT siilislitilti'il Cur the two; (Ml in 1m'i7, wlini tlir jlniiiiiiiuii nrCaiiaila ami liiT |)ri'si-iit Cniisiiliiiiuii w.iv islalili.-linl ; ami fi-oiii iS(J7 to tlm prcsL'Ut tiiui'. Mai li ciMii h ha.n lin n iiiaiktil liy IVatiiros ]p('puliai' to itself; caili sliimiil lie .simlinl whin fim^iiU'iing the nlatioiis hetweeu Canada ami Engiaiul. Failiiri' ill (■nlniii/atiiiii, aiiil i.TuwiiiL; liatri'il lirtwrcn tlin < 'olniiisl.^ aihl Imlialis rliaiaili'rizc llic lil'.-it rcntiirv. Diiriii;^ it 111) nal |iri)jrri's.H was inailr in tin' .irttli'iiii'iit nf tli iiiiliy. A Kiii'iT.s-^fiil fishjiii^r HrnsDii on till' liaiiks aiul in tlir 'liilf uf St. I.awrciii'c, anil ;,'ooil n'tnrn^ fioiii tin- jirltry tiaili' almi;; tin- nmsi, wi'iT niattcr.s of far liiirlicp nmini'iil in tlir lyrs of tin' nuTiliants. Wlii'ii, in I.VM, that ]iiiMi.s ami valiant niariiirr, .'ari|ni'.H Ciirtiir of St. .Mali), s('il return with f w vessels and the title of C'aiitain-Ooneral of the Fleet, he could It) longer stav at tjUieliee, l)ut was eonnielled to winter hii'lur up t le river at Cap Rouee. The ill feeling inenased thrniieliout the niter; lie wa> ill oil' for amnuMiition ; his people weie diseon- t inted : tin si-areli for gold was fruitless. In the ,-jiring of l.")li3 ijf left for home, to return, no nioiv to Canada. Monsieur de lerval. who had heeii appointed Viceroy over Xewfoundlaiul, abrador, and Canada at the same time as Carlier was named ;iptain-(leiieral. was not more sueiis^ful. Carlier, ulmm he had et at Newfoundland on his way home, v>didd not return with in. He proceeded alone to Cap Ilouge, and what with th(? gom- of the climate, his convict colonists, and the hostile Indians, i.-se(l a wroti'hed time. In l.")44 he was ordered hack with all his J ;'np|e to France. There remained from his laliours and those of irtier oidy the miserahle hi'rita"-e of Indian enmity. The next efforts at colonization worth noticing aiv tliosi> <,f the ( )mpany under de Monts ; for the attempt in 15!).s hy the Maiipiis la Roche wa.^^ an utter failure, and had no effect on the future torv of Canada. De Monts himself and many of his company \ ('Vc Hugufnnt.s ; and it is curiously illu.stralivc of the, times in which thev lived that while permitted the free e.xereise of their own faith, thev Were to convert tlie Indians to lloinan Calliolicisni. Among the partners were I'oiitrincourt and ile Chumplain. l>y them and ile Monts Anua[polis was foinided ; ami almut the year KJoCi a grant of it was made to I'outrincourt liy de .Monts, in hi.s caiiacily of Lieutenant of the King. Three years licfoi'c de Chani|)lain and i'ontigrave, another partner, hail visited Tailoiissae, already a trading station, and had ascended the St. Lawrence to Jlonlreal. It was not, however, until .Inly, KHiS, that de Champlain founded (.^iiielicc. Tlien in his desire to e.\tend the jieltry traile, and to he on friciully terms with the Indians around him, de Champlain entered into an alliance with the nearest tribes, against tluii- hereditary enemies, the Irocpiois. 'i"he icsults were twol'old : a greatly extended knowledge of the country on the part of de ( 'liamjilain, and the most bitter .-.tcady enmity on the part of the iroipiois, which lasted during the whole period of French rule in Canada, and repeatedly brought the colony to the verge of destruction. Neglected froni home, plagued by the trade in drink with the Indians, inec^saiitlv liara.ssed by the Iroipiois, and treated, as the weakness of the colony bccime more and more apparent, with contempt and aversion by evi .1 the allied Indians, the best the .Millers eoidd do was to maintain a painful -strtiggle for e.xi.sl- ence. Fven this was suspended in Krl'J, when Kirkt, or Kerkt, taking advantage of the breach between the Courts of France and England in 1G27, detiiched three sLi^m from Tadoussac to take TO 'I'JIK MRKSHNT TIMK. Qiictipc. To tliiso (.Ic Climiiplaiii Imd no option but to surivmiLT, imd Kirkt, in ai'conliiiicc with tlio terms nj^ivcd upon, sent liini and liis peoplo to Europi'. Tlius ('MUiidii, for a very Inicf period, passed into llie liands of Hiii;laiid. Almost a century iiad ela]is(.'d .siiieo ('artier lirst anelmred at (,)ueliee ; liut the worlv of eolnnizin" Canada still remained to lie done. Tlie lirst epoch was over: theru was little to show for it but the deadly hatnd of the Indians. When Canada was restored to Fraiu'C by the treaty of 1G;?2, sliL' pa.s.sed into the hands of the Soeiety of one hundred As.soeiates. I'lmnded by Cardinal Kieheliou in 1(1:27. J)urine; tlu-ir rei"-n uf tliii-ty-one years matters went on miserably enouuh. The Society was much nioi-e an.xious about the pmlits of the peltry trade than the Kcttlenu'iit of thu country. They sent out, indeed, about two hundred persons with dc Chaniplain, who, as chief ollieer of the Company and liieutenant-(Jeneral over New France, arrived once more in (iluebec in Hi:!:?, and died there two years later, liut iu IfiiilJ the eolonist.s had not inerea.sed to more than about two thousand. IWcn of these veiy few had been sent out by thu Society. The remainder were due to the etlbrts of Jesuit mission- nrios, of pious hulies, of minor companies, to the system of " ongage.s," and to the emigration of some fanulies of rank and r,!jan.s, who brought with them nu'chanies and labourers. To these families were granteil large tracts of laud, anil thus arose the system of .«eigneurie.s, which lasted over two hundred years. At this time also there lanie into tbrce that jeakmsy of the Indians trading with the English which influenced, perhaps more than anj other single cause, the future history of the colony. ]\Ioved by i de Chaniplain did his utmost to prevent tlui Indians having an] dealings with the few English who remained after his return t( (^lebec in 1 O";]:). It grew with the gi-owth of the English coloniei in America. The first of these, planted by Raleigh in Vircdnia ii 1584, had indeed jiroved a failure, and the unhappy .settlers ha( thankfully abandoned their plantations to return home with Si Fraiu'is Drake. But in 1G07 dames Town hail been founded it the Uay of Chesapeake ; and by lH^.j Virginia had become a roy;i jirovince, with a tide of emigration exceeding a thousand yearly Five veal's before New Plpnouth had been .settled by the Pilcrriu Fathers. Thenceforward, hardships notwithstan6 to 1084. Of the peace advantage again was taken to send among the Indians mi.v-ionaries, who, in addition to tln-ir rrligious duties, acted as agents in forwarding what were supposed to be I'lvneh interests by prejudicing the Indians against the English, and hindering the trade between them. The " sumnuim lionuin "—the biggest share, if not the whole of the pidtry trade— rcnuiined unaltered. With the same object forts were built, and outposts extended ; anything if only the English and the Imlian tradi' could be kept apart. Yet for a most simjile reason, all these eflbrts met with but very partial succe.ss ; the English paid much the best prices for peltry, and not only the natives, but the " voyageurs " or " coureurs de bois," also persisted in trading with them. These were pirincipally French- men, who, having originally gone away to trade and hunt with the Indians, liad remained among them, and to a great extent adopted their language and liabits. I>y degrees a vast extent of country became known, and it grew more and more diHicult to restrict trade and at the same time avoid hostilities, even had the wish to do so prevailed. The Richelieu Valley, and Lakes Champlain and George, the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers. Lakes Nipissing and Simcoe and the Oreat Lakes, the country between Lake .Michigan and the Mississippi, and the Mississip]ii itself, even to the (uilf of Mexico, were ex])l(ired, and the country discovered taki'ii possession of for France. Unhappny as the colonists advanced, small-pox advanced with them, iioth they and the Indians were fearfully afflicted by it. About l(J.s;J-4, the Inxjuois, supported, it was said, by the Englisli (lovernor of New York, apfieared disposed to give trouble, Tiiey attacked some of the Western Indians, and it was thought were only awaiting their o[i]iortunity to attack the French. These anticipated them in 1(1^7 by a raid aL'ainst the Senecas, near the river Gcnessee. At the same tunc they kidnapped a nund)er of chiefs, at a peace conference, ami sent them to Fraiu* to work in the galleys as convicts. A furious strugflo broke out which lasted nearly fourteen years. The English colonists sided with the Inxpiois, and supplied them with arms and amnuniition. The French could hardly hold their own. The Indians in alliance with them, were secretly plotting against them. Matters were maile worse by the treacherous .slaughter by hostile Indians of some Iroquois, while actually treating, in IfiSS, To THE PRESENT TIME. witli the Frcncli Inr pi'iicc. Tin' lro(|iiiiis were riirinus, mid riivii.i,'('(l the coldiiy, ami in;iss;icivil tlic iiiliiilui.iiils in M diivctidns. Ruiti appeared once niore inniiiiicnt. The tide tiinnd, liowevcr, witli tlie arrival of de [''mnti iiac for the sccund time as Ljovenmr. Ho brought hack witli him the lni(|iiiiis \v!in had liccn carridl awav to France, and with great aliilily sought their gooil will, and that of the Iroipioi.s generally. Xor was he satislii'd with defensive lucasiires oidy ; in I(;;)0 h,' organized raiils against the English, who, in some cases, were cruelly massaired. So the eircle of strife and cruelly was wiilencd, and the I'lnglish made a third [larty in the wars hctwivn the French and Indians. .\,s in the jirevlous epoch the Iroipiois had thivateiied to drive the French out of the eountry, so now de I'Vontenac declarecl his determination to drive the Knglish out. He , the attack of (^)nlluodol■e l'lii]ips on (,>ueliee : that upim .Montreal, hy Geiu^ral Winthrop, broke down. From this time the Fniieli steaililv jiur- .sucd the jinliey of strengthening their lines nf forts and outpost.s, intiniiilating the Iroipmis by expeditions or endeavouring to con- ciliate and detach them from the Fuglish, and checkingand attack- ing the English in every possible way. The treaty of Ryswiek in l()!t7, and the Indian peace conferences of 1700 — 1701, gave some hopes, indeed, of more peaceful relation.s. Hut 1702 saw France and England again at war. In the colonies disputes about trading and territory had never ci'ased. The incursions of the Iroquois were replaced by a cruel warfare along the borders of New Eugland and Caniida, and liy raids against the English. They, in turn, atfackcc Acadia, and made attempts u]iou Canada. In 171 Annapolis waj taken; the exjieditions of 1711 against Canada failed, .\fter thi came the treaty of Ctncht in 171. "5, and a state of peaie, if not o good-will, between the French and English colonies for thirty years During this time both sides prospered and increased in importance In 17.'iS the F'rcncli exceeded 40,000 iu number; the English wen nuM'li more numemu-, and gradually drove back the Ins, till' tiTllls lirilli.' .--iLIIlril nil hr Kll-li-h >u\r li_V il tl CANADA: FROM I'l's 1 )|S(( »\- Kli V Lllrli \Vi.'lV lilVil i| lliiir li'ailcr ami .-.diin' Iru nl' In W'a.-liiii'^tiiii liiiiiscll'. It IS licit iii'cr-^>arv til \v 111 ilclail tlir (XiHiiitinii.-i and rai lliat III i; :]iil:1:iiiiI. alnaiK' i ii'_:aL;i'il in liu>tililiis with |-'raiirr. luraiur in h>l\rx\ 111 \\i, Si wn ^^■a^,-' War. A ilctrniiinnl ilturi i I) ciiiiijui-r •r. I!' 'i ii.iwc r ill I'anaila w l> llriilliil (111. Till' Uitll 111' 'i j'li'inlnr. 17">'.i, .-a\v tl].' lialllr nil till' I'lains nl' Aliraliaiii. hi till' l-«ll; (,>ni'lii'i' siH'i'i'iiili'i-i'il to tin.' Kngli.'li. Tlir "allaiit ,ll.'iiilii cif til.' Fii'iii'li in till' I'lillnwin^r April tn n'ra|iliirr it was lull ii (1 iin;iatiiry liy tin- aiipcaiaiirt' in llic liailiniii' of two Si'itisli vi -si'K nf \vai'. Sun'ciiiiuli il li\- an tivii'u lu'lniiiii.' t'ni'rc I .Miilltl'ial. wliitlicr tiny hail ITlil'i il. till' Fl'i'lirll iiail lin I'lmire ut tfni'tunv.'^ iiuder wliich llie euluni.-^i.'- .siitiel'i d are tiaeealile tn the lleizleet of the eom])anies. eoiieerneil iiiily for eaiii, and nf the ^nMrnineiit, too oeeiipied with war.s at liniiu' to In I'd its distant ^triivuliivu' 'oloiiy ; to tal.sc policy piir-ui'd wiiii the Indians: and to the ixieed wliieli endeavoured to keep the peltry trade to itself 'I'lie tliilieulties lieipleathed to the ill eoiniinr Fm.d isll Were those ai'lsl l|i_' lietweell tllilllselvcs and the Freiieh who I'l'inaini'd after 1 7(!:t, fmiii the (liU'ereiiee of raee, I'eliu'ion. laiiuiiane, laws, and eustoins, and the einlier.s of the old liiislility. It IS a I'liriniis thniii:lit what Nnrlh .\iiierien nii^dit liave liecn had the enlniiies, ill plaee i>( a rivalry in destruetion, lieeii content to strive how tliey could liest promote each the prosperity of the other, and Imth the welfare ot' the Indian.s. 'I'liere was ample room anil seoiie in I lie enuntrv lor a 11. The stui'V of the fnur .siici'ei'diiiir epnelis diiriiie' which Canada lias lieell iini ted tn FlILllalld. diU'i'l'S wllnllv flnm that nf til' pl'evinus p( rind. It is imt, linwe\el'. the less insll'Uetivi 'I'lie ap|ioiiitnieiit nf (leiieral Murray as Onvernor-deiieral termiliati'd in 1 7<):f the military !,'overnment which had followed the capitulation of Mmitical. The French Canadians were at this time aliniit ('i.'i.iuin in nunilier. The iSrilish, includini; even tlin.sc who eallle niil IllnU r the advantaucs ntl'cred liy the prnelamatinii of Octolnr 17(i:i, were comparatively a handful. 'I'lie former were Koiuan Catholics ; the latter Protestants, who I'Xpecled to see the eoveriinieiii adiiiinistered as in Em land, and Protestant.s only TO THE I'UESKNT TIMK. appointed to all ofticrs. Tlip foiTiuT bcciiniR ahirmctl, iiiid nut without reason. For Murray was instnu-tcd U> iiitidducc, as far as prac'ticaLlo, the laws of En,t;land, and to riMjuiru tlu^ inhaliitants under pain of havint; to leave the couiitr}-, to take the oath of allegiance, to make a declaration of ahjuration, and to give up all arms in their possessiun. Tile oath was taken readily enough, Imt the rest was (M|ually impossible and unjust. The very e.\i.stencc of such instnietidiis was, however, as revolting to the great majority, as their non-ful- filnu'Ut was to the minority, l^iseoid and heartlmrnings were tla.' inevitable result, (irii'vanees e.xisted also eoneerning tin' admini.s- tratioii of law. The Freneji Canadians were sole at their exeiusidii from otHee. Tiie English wanted the Assembly promi.scd by tiie ju-oelaniation of 17(;;!. So matters went on until, in 1774, tiie "Act for making lietter provision tor the (^iovernmeiit of the IVoviiiee of (,)uebee," somewhat turned the tables. I'.y tliis Act tile ti'rritory of the province, which was previouslv eoiitiiic(l to tiie bonlers of the St. [.awrence and tlie norlliern sliores of the (Jrcat Lakes, was extended, the proclaniation of ] 7(lli was annulled, the rights and dues of the Roman Catliolie clergy and provision for the rrotestant religion secured, the oaths of supremacy and alle- giance moditied, the ancient laws of Canada continued in civil cases and those of Kngland in criminal ca.ses, and a Council of seventeen to twenty-lliive niemliers establi.shed. So dis.satisfied were the minority in Canada, that they petitioned against the Act, and were joined in their petition by people of the other liriti.sh colonies in America. The Act was to come into force in i\Iay, 1775, but in the previous moiitli broke out the War of rndependence. The revolt- ing colonies failing in all tlieir attem]its to induce her to side with them attacked Canada, in which at the time then^ was only one weak battalion of ilritish troop.s. The singular sjiectacle was seen of States which, only fifteen years before, had assisted in suiijecting Canada to England, now invading Canada to detach her from I'^ngland. It is not necessary to follow the varying fortunes of the invasion of 177.) and 177(i. It is more imjiortant to not(> that the French Canadians remained tnit! to their allegiance, though the States constantly endeavoured to win them over. Tliey had no great attaeliment to England, Init they had still less .sympathy with her American colonies. In 1777 the Act was put into force, but no cne was jileased. The old grievances rankled, an fullrst iiifoiiiuition rcLMnlinu; tlio real wMiits and condition of tlie provinct'. Tliis was tilt' more iiiiiioitaiit because tlic jiopulation whicli, in 17(13, bad been about C.),()IH.», was by ITlVl uiiwards of 1 od.ooii ; and because the Enulisli, who, as late as 17S;i. had been a mere handful, had, by einii;ratioii from home and the United States, increased in 1791 to upwards of :i(t,()()0. Moreover, these were for the most |iart people accustomed to think and to act for themselves; and who had principally settled in the country to the north of Lake Ontario. Till si- causes led to the v'raiit of another constitution in 17!M, with which the .second epoch of I'.ritish ruh' bcMiu^. L nder this the colony was divided into the two Provini;'e.s of Upjier and Lower Canada. I'.ach had a Legislature, eonsistini,' of a Li-viislative Council, a House of Assembly, and a Covernor, assisted by an E.vccutive ('nuiieil. The inenibcrs uf the Legislative Council Were appointed for life iiy the Crown ; those of the Assembly Were elected for four years by the people, lioth Le;'is- latures liist nut in 17ltJ; that foi- Cpper Canada at Niagara; that for Liiwir Canada at (Jueliee. In the latter the business was conducted in both languages. The new constitution gave "roat satisfaction. The sense of being saved from the horrors of the French Itevolution of IT'JS added to the general content. So idciitilicd had the French (,'anadiaus become with Great liritain, that they celebrated the victory of Trafalgar with many rejoicing.^. Yet the seeds of trouble existed. T'liev first .showed them.sclves in regard to the E.xeeutive (.'ouneils, of which the niember.s generally belonged lo the nominated f.,egislativ(^ Councils; some were judges; some public otiieers in receipt of salaries. In Tiower Canada there were the additional grievances that IVotestanta alone were appointed E.\eeulive Councillors ; and in ISOU that the ciiief care of education had been committed to the Eoval Institution, a body wholly eonipo.sed of Protestants. The Act jia.ssed for the erection of gaols widened the dissension. \W it the cost was to bo met by duties to be levied on goods im]iortcd from England. For this the JMiglish, who were most interested in commerce, desired to sidjstitute a ta.N on agriculture or land, which would chiefly have alfeeti'd the French. The excited feeling was embittered by rival newspapers. The Legislative Assembly became eonipo.sed almost entirely of Freneh Canadians, ami thus eanip into chronic opjiosition with the Legislative and E.xeeutive Councils, composed chielly of English Canadians. Nevertheless, in lS(i7, when there was a talk of the riiited Slates attacking tli(> provinces, the inhabi- tants of all cla.s.ses and both races were cijually eager to repel any attack. In 1808 the A.ssembly decided not to allow Jews to .sit in their House, and jia.ssed a bill to exclude juilges also. The Legislative Council rejected the bill, in the next session, the first of the fifth parliament of Lower Canada, the A.s.sembly pursued the same course. The Governor dissolved the A.ssembly. The same members were again elected. The Governor and Councils Were [ilainly at Issue with the Assembly and tlu' majority of the TO Till': PHESENn" TIME, U people of Lower Ciiiiaila. I'arty feelinjr ran uxr.cccUnffly lii^li, l>iit before it could issue in ojjuu ilisairectioii, the war of 1812 absorbed tlic attention of all classes. It would appear that a firlhig had to some extent prevailed in the States, that in ease of an attack on Canada llit^ iidiahitaiits would not take part against the forces of the .States. This, as in 1773, proved to be a complete (h'lusion. The Legislatures were convened, and were most active in providing for the defence of both provinces. The colonial niiiilia and volunteers, aided at first by only four or five thousand IJritish troops, showed themselves fully able to protect their country. In 1812 they were successful in nearly every contest. The atlenijits ugainst Upper Canada were thus entirely defeated. The attitude (if Lower Canada was such that General Dearborn, who had cdllected a force of nearly 10,000 men, thought it advi.->able to retire without a blow. In l.Si;?-ll the war raged with varying fortunes on the l)eti'i)it and Niagara frontiers, and on Lakes Erie, Ontario, Union, ami Chaniplain ; but some of the States were altogether opposed to the continuance of the war. Three demonstrations against .Montreal were com- pletely repulsed at Chateaugay, Ciu'y.sler's Farm, and Rouses I'oint. In these actions the Colonial forces bore their full share. The American invasions were calculated to havi' cosi. them ,')(), 000 men. All parties suffered severely. At length peace was signed at Ghent in Decendier, IS 14. The war was marked on the part of Canada by the resolution shown to defend herself, and by the excellent spirit of the local forces. Not an instance of desertion from the (Canadian Militia occurred. When the war closed, civil discord reeomnuMH'ed. The French Canadians contended that while their rights were recognised in theory, they were violated in practice. The English Canadians replied that law itself had been strained to secure to the French the enjoyment of their religion, customs, laws, and language. All the old jeahmsics revived and grew worsi'. In IS'J" the leader of I the ojiposition in Lower Canada was clio>en S[ieaker of the ' A.ssembly. The (Jovernor refused his sanction. The o[)position grew more determined. The Governor prorogued the Legislature, and carried on the government by advances from the military chest. 87,000 persons petitioned home. Conventions and Com- mittees Were, formed. They insisted on an elected Legislative Council, and that the Home Government should cease to interfere in local alliiii's. A lull followed the advent of a new ucjvernor. Hut in 18;)4 the storm was more; violent than ever. Tln^ niiijority of the A.ssendily embodied their view of the existing grievances in a document known as the Ninety-two Resolutions. Similar papers became the fashion. At length Lord Gosford was appointed Governor-in-Cliief, and Sir Charles Grey and Sir George Gipps were sent with bin: to report on the attairs of the pro%inee. lii April, 1837, the news reached Quebec that their report had been di.seusscd in the House of Commons, and that resolutions had been pas,sed which virtually suspended the Constitution of 1791. The to CANADA: FROM JTS DISCOVEItV malcontents wore furious, and openly [iroposed to istaMi-li a ro|>ulilic. lu Novonilicr sonic acts uf violi'iice occurrcil at .Mon- treal, and some insurgents asscmlilcd tliemsi'lves to^eilier at St. ]>enis and St. Charles on the IJielielieu. They were pronijitly defeated, or dispersed of their own accord. Of their leaders some lied to the States, and some were taken on their wav thither and thrown into [irison. Another party of insurgents were crushed at St. Eustaehe in Deccndier. AVith this ended the movement of l^;i7. it ne\-er had any I'hanee of success. The ltom:in Catholic bishop sided against it. The raidis of the volunteers of Lower Canada were crowded. Upper Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick proffered the most ample help. The Jlritisli troops, who reached Quebec at the end of December from New iirunswick and Nova Scotia, met everywhere on their march through the snow the wannest reception. The Constitution of 1791 was actually .suspended in Manli, 1838, and a .special council of eleven English and eleven French Canadians, under the Earl of Durham, was substituted for it. Feelings of discontent, however, still prevailed, and in November another rising took place. But the whole affair lasted oidy seven days. The insurgents, with whom were some American sym- pathizers, were put to flight by the militia before the regulars could encounter them. Meantime in Upper Canada political discord had also prevailed, which ended in ojien insurrection. The voluutuers and militia, who had fought in the war of lSlil-14, complained that the land.s promised for their services were not given. Others were aggrieved that ajipointnients were almost exclusively distributed among a certain clii|ue, who gradually fornu'd a powerful party. With others the management of the post otiice, and of the public lands, and the "chrgy reserves," were grounds of discontent. J{y degrees the majority in the Assenddy became hostile to the (.iovernment. The news]iapers were bitter ami violent. The Covernment jirosecuted them. The A.ssend)ly .sought to exclude the judges from any comiection with tin' legislature. The Legis- lative Council rejected the bills pa.ssed by the Assembly. JI'Kenzie, a member of the As,send)ly, was a main promoter of discord. In 18U1 he attacked the Assend)ly in his new.spaper. Five times the Assendily expelled him from their House. Five times the county of York re-elected him. Public meetings were rife, and a cry arose for the rocull of the Governor, for an electi'(l Legislative Council, and for the dissolution of the existing I'arlia- nient. Finally AI'Kenzie conceived the idea of setting up a republic. He appears, however, never to have had a thousand followers. His ill-armed band was attacked at Toronto : some thirty men were killed or wounded, the rest Hed. M''Kenzie himself escaped to the States. The whole affair began and ended between the 4th and 12th December, 1837. Poor as the attempt was, it met with certain sympathizers along the frontier, who gave much more trouble. These, with some 'I'o TllK PUESENT TIME. 11 Canadian refugees, lirst invaded tlie Canadian tcriitoiy at Niagara, in 18;)8, and to assist their operations ojienly einjjloyed a .siiip called "The ('aniline." She was cut out by a parly of Canadians, but failing to bring her aeruss tlie ris-er tiiey set her on fire, and Bhe fell burning over tiie Niagara Falls. At Cleveland and Detroit expeditions were also orgauisid against Canada, and .some fighting oeeurred along the Detroit frontier and on F.ako Krie. In the spring of 1838 the British Commander-in-Chief had no less than forty thouamd men in arms along tlie fiontier. 'I'Ik^ (lovernorof New York issued a jiroelamation fi>rbidding all sulijicts of the United States to join in attacks u])on Canada ; and also endeavoured to arrest a piratical band, under a notorious eiiaracter named Johnson. Nevertheless, in Novendu-r, 18H8, an expedition cro.ssed the St. Lawrence from Ogdensburgh to ni>ar f'rescott, and a severe light ensued between it and the Canadian militia. The expedition was completely defeated. Further attacks from Detroit met the same fate. No one on the Canadian side joined the invaders. Thus the troubles in Upjier Canada terminated at the same time as those in Lower Canada. In 18Hi» tlu! l\ight Honorable Foulett Thomp.son, afterwards Lord Sydenham, came out to Quebec as Governor of Lower Canada. His efforts were at once directed to the union of the two provinces. This was speedily concurred in by the Special Council of Lower Canada, and the Legislature of Upper Canada. The necessary Act was passed in England in 181U, to take effect in Canada on the loth Feliruary, 1841. With this eoniniouces the third epoch of British rule in Canada. The Constitution established in 1S41 lasted twenty-six years. Under it there was to be one Legislature in place of two ; the Legis- lative Council were to be appointed for life ; the members of the Assembly were to be equal in inimber for each province, and to have a property (lualilication ; a civil list was providi;d for; both | languages were to be used in all documents connected with the Legislature. Tiie first Parliament was openeil by Lord Sydenham in person, in June, 1S41, at King.ston ; tiic second by Lord Mctcalf in 1S44, at .Aluntreai. In 1849, in consequence of the political disturbances that took place in connection with the Ilebellion Losses Bill, Lord Elgin transferred the meetings of Parliament from Montreal to Toronto. Subseipiently they were held alter- nately at Toronto and Quebec, untd, in 1858, the Queen named Ottawa as the future seat of government. It is im^iossiblc* to do more than enumerate some of the very imi>ortant measures dealt * Tliose wlio desire to study the liistoiy of Cuuadu nioru at length, and yet in a very simple and condensed form, are referred to "Miles's History of Canada," published at Montreal, by Dawsou lirothers, in 1870. Of this, and of all other sources of iuforniatiou within his reach, the writer has not hesitated to avail himself to the fullest, and to one and all he desires in the amplest manner to express his obligations. Ilis object in the present summary is as briefly as practicable to recall to those previously acquainted with it, or to bring before any whose attention may not have been previously turned to it, the past liistory of Canada, and the present condition of that great country, and to invite consideration to the importance of the relations between it and England. I-' I'ANADA : I'lIOM I'l'S |)|S( "( >V KKV wiih li_v ihr Cnnniliaii Ccivrriinicnt lictwccii IStl mihI ]>C<~. They (•iiilirMi'c jmlilir (•cliiratiiiii ; :i iiitiniiiiial ^vst'iii ; llir iii:iii:ij;iiiii lit (_if tlu' ]iiist-iitlici' ; llii' niilwMy .-ystnii and (itlirr jmlilic WMi-k.s : tlic inciva>c (if the Assiiiilily tVniii iii;liiy-riiiir to uiic liuiiili-i'd ami lliiriy nil mill rs ; iln' bulistitutiuii nf an (.Ifctril for a iiDiiiinatcil lA\L;isiativu Cminiil : ihc C'UrgV rcscrvL's ; the l!ii'i[>i'oc'ity Treaty witli tiie ( iiilnl States; laws aircitiiig navigation, trade, and ciirreiu y : tlu' aluilitinli at a vi ry heavy cost of the ancient sy.stem of iseigneurii'S, wliieli ill thi' [ii'iiviiu'e of (^hieliee com|irised nearly ten niillioii .seviii liuiidriil thousand aeres ; ami representation hy ]iojiulatiiin. The last iif these was a main agent in hringiiig the t'oiistitutioii of 1 ^ 1 1 , and with if the third (^]'oeh of ihitish rule, to an end. The peare of tlii- ejiurh Was lii'okeii liy only oiii; exee]ilioii. The 'IVelit all'air in Istll till'eatelled, indeed. Si-ri ills coiiseiiueiiees, ,nml a enii-idiralile force was sent from l-iiiglaiid to ('an.ida. Ihil tiiis danger to peace was h.ippijy avrrted. Nor wa.s Canada further alTected hy the civil war in the Slate.s, than 'hat the sympathy of a party in Canada and of a jiortion of its pulilic prcs.s with the Confederates, and the sheltir atl'orded to (,'oufedei'ate refiigt'cs, were .supposed to have displeasid the North, and to have been among the causes of the refusal to renew the IJeciprocity Treaty in l.Xl'j ; ikjI, he it observed, iu passing, to the real loss of Canada. On tlu' otiier hand, more than forty thousand Canadians are .said to have been Serving at one time in the Northern armies. In ISdj, however, the l'"eiiian.s, who for .some time had openly been making preparations in the State of New York for a raiil upon Canada, a(;tunlly nrosscd till' frontier in force. The attack was repulsed with the utmoat ease ; but, unhappily, several Canadian voliinteors lost tln'ir lives, and some properly wa.s destroyed. The failure on the part of the Lnited Slates to prevent this most lawles.s iiuivenieiit, ami the expense, trouble, ami sorrow thus oeeasioiied, gave great concern to Canada. The population in I'pper Canada increased much more rapidly than in I.nwir Canada: the number of niembers, however, re- turmd by eacli province lo the As- inbly was einial. Hence arose the deiiKiml for representation by population, to which reference lia.s alnaily been made. I'lion this question tlu; Assembly was about cipially divided ; so were tlu y also upon other iiieasures. Party feiliiig ran high ; the miiiorily from one province, by uiiiliiig wilh that IVoiii the other, could and did ellcetually hinder legislation. No goveriiineiit could cinint on a majority. Five times between .May, 1 S(;-J, and .lune, I MM, new goveniniciits Were fiirnied. '{"lie credit of the country was damaged ; the Queen's (lovcrnnieiit could not be carried on. From this tlcadlock the creatinn of the Diniiinioii of Canada, which ushers in the fourth epoch of lliitish rule, delivered the country, lietween the early part of lSfi,j and 1 Mi" the gn\U c|uestioii discussed in IJritish North America was the L'nioii of the .several Colonics. Into that Union, Upper and Uower Canada, IS'uva Scotia, and New Ihunswiek decided to enter. Newfoundland and I'lince Edward's Island .stood TO Till-; PIIKSKNT TIMK. l!l filiKif. Ill M:irili Isi" till' Quicn's siimtiDii wn.s j^'ivcn to tin- Hiilisli Nurlli AiiuiicM Ai (, wliidi iili(ili-- raiion. Ill May of tiiat ynir, a mix(d force of re^'ulars anil militia \\a> SI lit to Fort dairy to insure j;ood order on tiie introdiletiua of lie new j^nvtrnnielit. The exjiedilion was it complete sueei fw ; the re iituriied to Canada liefore tlie winter; the militia remaiiieil behind until the s|ililij.' of ],s71. when, with the execjilioU of aliout eighty men, tiny weiv dL-liamled. One excellent fruit of the ex- mlitiiin was the rapid opening up of eomiiiuuicatioii lutwecn riiiee Arthur's Landing in 'I'liuiider J!ay, at the head of Lake Superior, and the lied Hivir. The jiroviiiee of Manit'iha compiir.cs that jiart of liiijiert's Land letweeu iiU and 'J'J West Long., and the L'nited States houndary ine and .ui' ;).s' Noilh Lut. The area exiceds '.i.uiili.tKiO acres; he poiiulatioii in lt>71 was nearly 1:2,<'U0. The ;-iiil is admindily ulajited for wheat an(l other cereals, potatoes, and many kinds of kcgetahlcs ; flax, hemp, and apples do well; wild fruits ahound ; •attle, horses, and sheep thrive excellently. The climate is liahle o sudden changes ; is very cold in mid-winter, but also very right and healthy. The early .-pring ia cuusideied the beat time for emigralioii. The ilisiancc from Montreal to Fort < larry is about ]||;» inihs; of this i [J, miles are tr.iNcr.sed by railway, :>'M miles by .steamer, and lietwceii Tliundcr liay and Fort (larry, by the l)awson route, there are ;ji>.") miles of water carriiige, and l;J,S of land carriage, of which h miles are portage. Ahnig this route, oil the ahiriii of a l''enian raid into Manitoba in 1S7I, the Dominion (lovcriimeiit was able to move a force of -Joti men from Thunder 15ay to Fort (larry, between the -.■)th of October ami the iMh of November, iilthough two of the steamers on the lakes were laid up, and the weather was unusually severe. I'.eyoiid the limits of Maniloba lies the vast remainder of tho north-west tenitnry, rich nut only in lands but in mineral le- sourees. The cliniale becniiics milder in proceeding westward front the lied Itiver. The province of llriti.di Coluiiibia contains an area of about 'J-(J,()tHi ,s(piare miles. Its coast-line is about OUO miles. Its popuhitioii is estimated at about Oli,y the ])ronioters of it, thai the value of the land <;ranted alniii; the line will more than cover its eosi. For the Canadian I'aeitii- Railway tiie surveys are in iiroi^ress. it is claimed for it that the distance lietwcen .Montreal and iiute lidel is in round nuiuhers only 2800 miles, as ajjainat ',VMO hetweun New York and San Fran- cisco; anil that between I,000,000 sterling. Towards this aro granteil lands nf)t exceeding twenty miles on each side of the rail- way ; and the Imperial government has guaranteed a loan of JE^.i'iOO.iiOO sterling. If to the through traflic, which it is esti- mated would jiay ■'i'^ I"''' '■'''!*• "" 'he cost of construction if e«jual to only half that whieh is even now carried by the Vn'um anil Central Pacilic ItaiKvay, lie added the traffic arising from settle- ment along the line, and from the vast extent of magnificent laud, of eoal-liehls, of gold, silvir, and other minerals, which the line will open u]), it cannot be doubted tli:il the Dominion of Canada has fviuced a far-sighted and wise policy in undertaking the construc- tion of their through line of railway. Coincident with the admission of Maiiitolta and l.ritish Colum- bia into the Confederation wa.s the withdrawal, in jnirsuanee of th(! general policy of the Imperial (iovernment, of the IJritish troops from I he Dominion of Canada, except Halifax. The force which had been sent out in eonseciuence of the Trent affair had gradually been diminished. In 18G0, London, Toronto, Kingston, Ottawa, ^Montreal and its outposts St. John and Isle aux Noix, uud Quebec, alone contained Ihitish troops. As the garri.sons were withdrawn from each of these stations, all the works, lauds, and buililings, belonging to the Imperial (iovernment, and the arma- 1»J CANADA: FHOM I'l'S DISCOVER V liit-'Ut ou t!io works witli ammunitiuii and stoirs, wore iiruscntt'd ;i3 a free gift by tlic Imperial to the Doniiuiitii Coveriniieiit.* By the winter of lb70, Quebec alone was oi'euiiieJ. Xuveniber uf the foUowini: veai' saw that irarrison also rrniovid. Their removal was a matter uf no less sorrow to the troops than to the Canadians. But tlmuixhtful men were not few who, regretting indeed the separation, yet had faith in the promise of the Im])irial Guvern- nient to assist Canada with all the might of England in ease of need : and who oven from the loss sustained, saw a hope of growth and energy whieh promised no small etJUipensatiou. They felt that the Dominion had in its people and natural resources that upon whleli under Providence they eould rely. Among other things its e.xeellent militia organisation became at once more fully recog- nised and more important. Under the militia system of Canada, every able-bodied man in the Dominion i.s enrolled yearly, in the aionth of February, for the defence uf the euuntry. The number on the rolls exceeds TdU.UOO men. These are divided into four classes ; unmarried or widowers witl'.out children forming the two first, marrii'd or widowers with • A consiileralilc rumntity el' stores were also jiurcliasid Ijy the "Dnmiiiion fioTci-nmcnt a.s ii reserve. .Siiuli of llie reiiiaiiuUT as weru worth frei^'ht were sent hoiLC. The rest were sold ou the si'ot. For one rensou and anotlier a variety of groundless aud silly reijorts were circulated, iirinci|ially in England, abuul these stores ; as for instance, that the sentry-boxes and snow-shoes wore sent liome. As a fait, the sentry-boxes were included in the gift to tho l)oniiniou Ooverniuent, and the snow-shoes were sold ou the spot. children the third, and men from fnrty-livc to sixty years of ago the foiirlh class. Each class must be exhausted before the ne.xt is totiehed. The active or regular militia is liniited to 4.5,000 men ; vuluiitei'rs, ur failing these, selected by ballut. Tluy are drilled annually in eanips of exercise, .\riillery batterii'.s are also cm- barked and drilled on buard ship. Two batteries of artillery have been raised at Quebec and Kingstun for niort> permanent duty, and a .small force of infantry at the Red Iviver. The preceding jiages suflleiently show the ability of the Cana- dian militia to defend their countiy. Their cunduct in the joint e.xpedition to the lied IJiver in 1870 leei'ived the highest praise. Many more vulunteercd for the expedition to Manitoba in tS7l, already n ferred to, thiin could be accepted. The same readiness and eflicieney marked their conduct in i'e]ielling the wieki d and .-^illy invasion of the Fenians in ls70. These cnts.sed in two places the Canadian frontier, but tied i)rccipitiitely on meeting the militia. The bubble burst a.s .soon as blown ; but it compelled Canada to tissemble a large force under tirnis for weeks, put the Dominion to a heavy expense jind gretit inconvenience, and created a feeling of extreme indignation that .such incur.sions .should be jKissible from the territories of a neighbouring state at profomid peace with Canada. In these dtiys of suilden attacks and immense forces, it niii'ht well be wished thiit in England, its in Canada, tdl able-bodied men were enrolled for defence of the countiy. Failing this, it is thought that the people might be more generally trained than they I'o 'I'lIK I'RKSKNT TIMIv 17 now aro to a knowlrdn-,! of arms. For iiistiiiCL-, if in our great pu1ilii;scliools, and also in all schools over which tlio government has in any way control, drill and a knowle(lcje of arms were taught, as a matter of course, )o ccc/v/ hoy, and if, under the }iresent coni]ieti- tive system, marks wore allowed for proficiency in such knowledi^e, it cannot he douliled hut that all the schools in the counti'y would aihipt suc'li instruction as a jiart of their regular teaeliing, Tiio interference with the hours of play would not lie felt ; the inter- fercnco with trades, jirofcssidns, or the other dailv duties of men would ho nil : the addition to the defcnsi\c pnwer of the eounlrv. in other woi'ils to the chances of jirace, would, it is c-onei'lvcd, ln' givMl, In considoriui,' the four epochs of liritish rule, it is impossiMo not to aiv througlioul an anxious desire for tho ju.-^t }j;overnment and welfare of Canada, rendered n U'o ditlicult of aecoin])lishmoiit by tho dill'oron<-cs in race, reliL;ion, and language, and nioro ap}iaront hy a consideration of the state of legislation and feeling liotwceli Protestants ami Koman Catholics, especially in (he earlier years of that nde. The steady allegianco of tho Canadians, wliothor of Froucli or English origin, to Great Ihitain; their ahility and fixed determination to defend thoir country ; the roeurrenco of attacks liy the I'nited States or from their territories and from no other i|uartcr, if th(> one rising of iho Indians in 171)4 he exeeptod ; aro also marked features. The political sti'uggles of tho people, and their gradual ami therefore surer growth from a military to full constitutional government, coiuplolo the |iicturo. If the advent be com]tarcd with tho present era of British rule, an advance in every ros])ect truly astoni.shing presents itself. The territoiy, which at tli(^ commoncoment of that rule was limited to the borders of the St. T,awrence and the northern shores of the (Jreat I,akes, now extends from Nova Scotia to llritisli Columbia, 'i'he population which under its first (Sovornor did not exceed 7(),0t»ti, numbered in Js71 for the rrovinee of Quebee aloue, 1,li)0,(iOO: for Ontario, 1,C>:21,000 ; for the entire Dominion, ;5,f)()(),000. The annual revenue of X'liO.OOO or so whioh had to lie SHjiplomenti'd from the military chest to meet the expenses of (iov<'rnnient, was ibr lS7i)-71 about .l!;!,i)()o,000 sf(.'rling, with an expenditure of £3,200, Ouo. 'J'hi' surplus income of the consoli- dated fund for the previous throe y(>ars, was in round luunber.s .£■ jH8,00(), while a sum not far short of this was spent from income on public works and services, which with propriety might have been defrayed from capital. The steady increase during the same throe years of the cajiital invested in banking, which amounted to over thirty-scvon per cent., and of deposits in the banks which amounted to over eighty-two jx-r cent., further marks the prosperity of the country. In.stead of .«onie 200 to 300 vessels manned bv a couple of thousand men, there ariived in the year 1S70 at QuebiH-, over If: 00 vessels, with a tonnage of over 1,000,000 tons ; and in tho ports of tho entire Dominion, DdOO vessels, with a tonnage of oxer 2,1)00,000 tons. There departed nearly 9000 vessels, with a tonnage of 2,500,000 tons, lu addition, employed in the inland IS f'AXADA: FHOM ITS I)IS( 'OVKIiV tnult' l>et\vcon Ontnrio, Quehcc, and the I'liiti-il States, ih'mi-Iv 18,000 vessels of ;!, 11)0,000 tons arrivi'il, ami nearly l!>,i)O0 vessels (lejiai'ti'd. '.l-d vessels of an iiu'LTi'i.'gate toniiaire o( '.•:!. 000 tons Avere built in the !>oniiiiion. ami iU') vessiJs of I10,0()0 tons in all wore registered. The value of the trade of the four provinees .luring the years 18(!9-70 was nearly .i.';iO.;)00,000 ; the ini|iorts exceeding the exports hy only about .C2."),").oo0. The iiierea>ed value of the tradi' in 1870, as eonijiared with ISTjO, was nearly sixfold. In Inisiness with the mother eountry in 187(), Canada rose from the eleventh to the eighth jilaei'. Kcr ex]iorts exeeeihd those of Russia, C'iiina, Brazil, and Turkey. lu prnpurtion to hi r population she carried on the greatest commerce with Great Britain of any iu the world. No other country owns under one firin a finer fleet of ocean steamers. In railways she has between :)(iOO and 4o00 miles in nperaticiii. (Itlii'rs, in course of construetiiui. or for which charters have been granted, will bring the road up to 5000 mill's, independent of the Canadian I'acilie itailw.ay. Kejit opin all the winter with great skill, lalmur, and expense, the existing railways are of the utmost value in opening up ami im- proving the country. France has only between 10,000 and I1,(hio miles, and Knglaiid betweiMi 1 4, (mo and 15,0ii0 miles of railwa\-. It is not too mueh to ai)tiei]iate that what with the lines to the north of the St. I.awreiiee and Ottawa Rivers, between (^luebec, Miintri'al, ami Oil.iwa, and new lines to comiect the great thniu'ih route with exi,~tiiig Canadian railways, (.'anada will in another ten years rival France in railway communication. Of more imjior- tance even than hi'r railways are at present her canals to Canada. These provide for tl.c eontiiuious navigation of the 8t. Lawrence ami Ottawa liivers, connci't them with the CJreat Lakes, and convey to them a share of the vast western tr.allic. The W'elland Canal, twenty-.seven miles long, connects Lakes Frie and Ontario. Six canals of an aggregate length of forty-three miles, overcome the rapids of the St. Lawrence The Sault St. Marie Canal, a mile lung, unites Lakes Hurim and Superior. The largest vessels that ean pass through these res|ieetively ai'c of 40(», (1(10, and ilOOO tons. F.y tliesi' canals there is uninterrupted water <'ommuiiie;ilion from the Straits of lielle Isle to the head of Lake Supeiior, a distanee of •J;!S4 miles, {•'iiim Livcrimol to the Straits is only •2-2M utiles. \ .second line coniiect.s Lake Ontario at Kingston with .Mnntreal, by the i!ide,iu Canal, and the Ottawa liiver and Canals ; a distance '>( •241) miles. \ third line extends frnm forty-six miles below .Montreal, to Lake Clianiplain. and thence by ihe canals of the Cnited Slates and the Hudson iJivci' to New Yurk, 45G miles away. Tiie principal objeet nov.' aimed at is the enlargement and deepening of the W'elland and St. Lawrence Canals, so as to allow \essels of . Still in tlie Nurth-West there exist trilie.-of Indians fewer ill number but otherwise much the same as e.visted when Canada was first diseovered. .Mivady they are e.\|iosed to great hard.shijis from the gradual disii|i|iearaiiee of the bulfalo, from the jioison used by the settlers to destroy the wolves and foxes, IVoni .small-pox, from drink, and from emitaet with luiners .sometimes more .savage than themselves, .\iuong them reside some i!iU)0 half- breeds, whose pnlitieal iiositioii is not altogelher unlike thai of the l-"reneli Canadians in the e;irly days of r.riti>h rule. The I'a.st .speaks the lesson of just and ei|Ual dealings towards bolii. From the I'liited States iiave hillierlo eome all atlaeks on the penee of Canada. Such attacks, it may be hoped, have ceased for ever. Slmuld this most unhappily not prove to be the ca.se, the Past teaches that Canada can keep lur owu. Nor docs there appear to be aiiv more serious ])rospcct of annexation by peaceful means than bv war. F.xcept perha[is by a very small section in Canada, an- nexation is not desired. At the meeting of the Dominion Hoard of Trade at Ottawa in January last, repre.seiiting l.")78 members, the idea of a Zollverein was generally repudiated, because of its possible tendency to annexation, and because, as one member icmaiked, ''a /ollverciii embracing Canada and the United States would simply be the extension of an organised illiberality towards J'jigland." And at the same meeting a member of the National ]!oard of Trascnc.' of tlie liu|ii'i-ial ti'oo|i.s affordcil, lia.s lnH^n wiilulrawn, — liy wliat links tlic connpclion bftwcen lii'i'self and tlio inotin'i'-cotiiitry can ln'st lie stivniitlicni'd. She looks to pmiLrration, and especially to omiirrants in conipaiiics, to tound in lur midst nrw Kiiulisli lionirs, and villasjcs, and towns; to vast imMic- works to jirovidc anijiK' employment for all who seek it: to trade relations ever iiiiavasinn; ; to a tide of travel a thousand-fold what it now is. when the Atlantie shall lie hut as a great ferry erossed ineessantly liy ships Iii.i.ido tons in hurden ; to till' increase of wealthy Canadians residini,^ in wlwjle or part at home, and in measure npresentinu' Inr there ; to some just, hroad, enliuhteni'd jHilicy wliieh >li,ill include not onlv lio'.-clf luit all the otlwr Colonics in one great Imperial Fedcr,..i(pn with the ^lotln'r- Cuuntry. Is it possihjc th.at tlie germs of a greater Dominion may be found in the .sy.stein estahlished for the Dominion of Canada ? At any rate, a Colony which at one and the .same time can receiv,' two lu-w Provinces into its organisation, defend its territory fioiii insult, see without ilisipiict the departure of tii(,' Inijierial forces, he prepared to treat on eipial terms with the United States in matters of comnicree. he able to undertake a railway from sea to .«ea, and canals to carry shi]is of nine hundred tons on inland waters that luea^uri' ihcir continuous course by thou.smds of mile.s, can lank itself among the leading marilinie powers of the world, lia.s .so large a surplus of revenue over expenditure and further sources of revenue as yet untouched, and is prejiared to stand or fall with the Molher-( 'ounlry, is worthy of all the consideration that man can give. Looking liack at its close mi the l'"n'neh jierioil of rule in Canada, the lliought nafm'ally suggi'sted itself, what North Aini'rie;i might then have been had I he Colonies of h' ranee and England, in place of a rivalry in dc-iruction, been content to strive how they could bc'st pronuite each the pros]ierity of the other, and both the \\clfarc of the Indians. JSince the I'Vench rule closed, a little more than a century has passeil. Inevitably the thought reeur,« with greater force, what may not Auk riia be if only through the eenlury to i-ome the struggle how all can best co-ojierate for the greatest good of all shall be the only struggle between the I'nited States and tin' lirilish Empire, ineluding her great I'rovinei', the Dominion of Canada. QUEBEC. T liiib been our fatu to wander rouiul tlie world, atid to sim; soiiiu of tliu I'airest .suciics iu Eurojiu and in its Antifiodcs — Austialia. lint with tlic exception of some two or three, wliieh are set in our memory as pietures unajiproaehal)le iu jrrandeur or in heauty, we liave never seen anything tiiat mlisficd ns nion; tlian dear old Quebee. And they may lie reekoned by thousands, we are sure, who will say the sanu'. We came upon it first towards sunset of a day early in .luly, and from our li[is and those arouiul us burst forth an irrepnss- sible eiy of admiration. Wo luivo sinec .seen it in every season of the year, in sunshine and in storm, at dawn and sunset, in tJie iieree noon(hiy and in the moonlight almost as clear as tiie, noonday ; but never have we looked upon it without the same feeling of satisfaetion gradually tilling our minds in the <'ontem- plation of this hiuuly-work of the (ireat Creator. We eouhl not tell — who ean that sees Quebec for the first time! — as we swept in the .steamer past the end of the Isle of Orleans, tide with us, whither the noble river ran. I'lefore us was spread a glassy lake, landlocked appai-eutly at the upfier end ; on our ri^ht the vallev of the St. (.'liarle.-. ami the far-^lnlehing lii'okeu lines of the blue Laureiitian ranges ; on our left the town on Point Levis, with its slopes wooded and dotted with houses niul tents, and everywhere around the soft green .sluules of spring. In the centre, as a (pieen enthroned upon the waters, .sat tJuel)OC. We marvelled, for we knew that we were in oidy one of the count- less nviches of the St. Lawrence. Through the .stitf cliffs at that upiier end the mighty waters had in the ages past fought their way ; ami still they rush .swiftly on, bathing, a hundred feet in depth, the .shores of t,)uebee. W'ry many are they iu whom a glance at our sketches will revive inmmierable " recollections." Very many to whom they will recall the genuiiu- hearty atleetion subsisting between the kindly, hiyal, jieople of Canada, and those who, like the army and navy, have lived anwng and with them. Esto j>erj>eftia ! Very many " young men and maidens, old men and children," who can speak pleasant things of Quebee. Every spot is replete with interest. There, where the waters of the tributary St. Croi.K meet tho.sc of the St. Lawrence, Cartier in September, l.j;i5, anchored his little fleet of three vessels, the hirgest only II tons, and the other two of liut t)*' tons each. On that right Ijauk, where the IMX'Ol.LKCrit )NS OF CA.NAhA. >ulim-li i'( Si, Kdcli- linw >l;ll!ils, WilS (ilc villnL;V of St .IclllcdllM , :ll|i| lliciic'i ihc tVii iidly liidiaii.s uiuli r llirir cliicl' I liiiiiKH'niia l'inUL;lil tlnir lii>t ]iiv~.':it~ nf lish ainl mj'i/y and fruit tn tlif |-'iviirli. ■Iii-t at tlio i'liiit of ihf pr.'sciit Mniiniaiii Sirr.i. duly iiiii> \rar al'tir till' J-ai^;li-li f'dtindid .laiins Tnwii. I'l' Cliainplaiii in li'iOs* inn-miii. ,1 lii< tii-i small l'"ni-t.and hdd tlir Inundations nl' (,iurlnr. I 'u thai luLili Liriiund \ir lir^an s.inir l\V(l\i' yi'ars lairr to liuild the t'asilr i.f Si. I.caiis. wiiliin whiidi tlir rally colunisls t'uund rcl'iij;!' ti'Hin till' li-o'iunis, and ainiind wliirli Inr many yrais wriv ilw jiriiii'i- pal Inililiialinn- nl'tlir Scttliiiiciit. Fruin it lir i^allaiilly d.'li.-d in Hill-- ill.' suiuinnns 1,1' iviikt.+ iuiil sheer (Icsliiulinn alone eoni|ielle(l liini to siiiTeiid,!- i! to Kirki's two ln-otlieis ill the folluwiiin- .lnlv. It e>ea|"'d unhurl IVoin tho.,. teirilile eaithcjuakes of Hit;:!, whirh la-nd for nioiv than -ix nionili>, and ehaii.^ed the t'eature.- of the eounliy tliroii-h whieh the St. I.a\vien,-e flows. 'I'ln' cannon L'ave lioiu It lie Kroiiteiiae's sutiii-ient answer in \i\'.iti to Sir William l'lii]'l.s, when in th.' names of William and Marv he suminone,! the l.rave old Ciaint to surivii,l,.|-. Within its walls Monsieur de' Aaiidivuil smiled a erim smile at the tidings of tln' disa-ters in in I of tile i;nji
  • '; nii.l a I'.w veins huT il.e i;ir(.||,-i |.n,>|s eliiuie. .1 the iiiuiiij (.r ihu Si. Cn.i.N, whi.li Ciirliir h;i.l L'iv.ii ihi. riv. r. inn. the Si. C'liiirKs. whieh it ,sii;i reti.iiis. ll i> iiei ceinhii wii.ihir ih',' ii;iini' •■Cana.ia" i^ a iiulivo niini" er not. t l;.tl'r kii. wn i..rh;,|,s l,_v niuiiv in Knuhiial a- Sii- |Pa\i.l lurk. vi'ssels wreekeil Mini s,iilors tline- t.iwii ; and the jieiehts ofS|,rii.er W.i..d,* wiih the lumln'r-yar.ls lii'iieath ; ami thi' French and l^iitilish catln'ilrals; the Faval I'liiversil y ; the I'ustoni-liouse ; 'Ills Ih.yal I at QiU'lj(<-, Iii;hiic>s j'riiiii' .Vrthiir i.siil..! ^t S|ii'n.'er W.....] whil.. fia\iii;r (JUb:i5K( till' Queen's Wliart', wliere so niMiiy ii, rej^'iiiniit :iii il siii-li in\l'iails of iiiililiirv stores liiivi eeli eiilliiirllati'il or alrcaily exist. Among tlic l:ittfr inv tlir forts, iis yet liarcly coiniili'tiil, at I'oiiit [,i'vi,s. Tlu'sc occupy tlu'ditiic'.ilt < nniiiil in advance of the fast -growing town of Levis, or South <,>ueliec, on tiie south lianii of the St. Law- rence, whicii tlows lietween tl.cm and the ancient fortifications and eitach'l of (^Uieliee. Coiistruoted with the Utmost care, witli ditches hewn out of the rociv, and soLily liuilt casemate,'!, they arc capalilo of receiving the heaviest ordnance necessary for tlic defence of the |io>ilioii ; and will douhtless lie Very useful, if ever waiileil. .\lriadv tlev /e//-( liceii ver\' n>cl'ul in nialeriallv addini; lo the j'Vo-iiicritv of (i>uelicc liy the money spent in iheir con- st riutnn. I( would lie tedious were we to give you their liistory fn )ni ic lieginiiiiig in words. I!ut you cannot fail to gather tlie ■adintr events reifafdintr No. I Kort from th<' annexed Sketcbcs ; and the si ones ot .\\ ■1 and U are verv similar a man o f strict vi'racilv, as.ser ts that lie took lir if tl lese sketches oil tile sp( Till •acy must therefore lie eoiisidereil as past doiilil. The striking rescmlilam'o lietwecii the sun and the C.U.E. is lemarkalile, while the early rising of liotll airnrd.s an e.\eellellt e.\aniple for ililitalion. So al.si) does the ".cai, even if somewhat mi-takell. of the two ollieera who. in llieir aii.xicty to conimciiec work, are at one time looking through the (lifl'erellt ends of the same tlieiidolite. The melan- choly all itUih' of the little dog deploring their oversight \n qtiile touching. And how true to nature is the fidelity with which the rchitive ".standard height" lietwccii the I'.A., the Infantry, and the '• Alarche-doiics " is maintained, and the "points" of genuine " niarelie-done " transport shown. The Masting and ma>niiic (i|icralions >peak fur thcm.iclvcs. Tho.sc who have sccii >. ^^ ^ / /^^ \ - ^y.,lJ^ •\ ^/, O c'tf c n d b rt e t 4 %' ' . 3 n U y that beheld the scene— alas ! too few— who can altogether appreciate the reality and value of the final Sketch. It was indeed refreshing in these days of nonchalant afloctation, or alTected nonchalance, whichever the right term may be, to sec a man, and he one of the best of fellows, so capable in every sense of the word of giving expression to such " unbounded bounding delight." " And when ho next doth ' dance ' abroad May I be there to see." SLIDING AND TOBOGANNING. UNTING snpplio3 in England to some- extent the want of toborrannin;,' ; thvy luiv,; indoe.! many featuu^s in common, liut tlio latter has advantage.'^ over huiitin;.'. In both there are f.esh air, rapid exercise, soei.'ty, fun, and a certain, or rather nnerrtain, amount of daiiLTcr ; but yr,u .-an tubo-an by night, at least on moonlight nights, as ^vell a. by day, and in frosty weather, and y,ni can't hunt ; and while in England only the wealthier classes can keep hunters, anyone in C'ana.la can keep tobogans. Lnok at that mob of boys and girls of all ranks and of all ac..s from four to fifteen. They are " sll.ling " or " coasting." and will make famous t.jljoganners by-and-by. Their stud, you per- ceive, is verj- simple. It rcfpiires for each mount (jnly a bit of wood just big enough to sit upon, with iron or even wooden runners underneath, and called a sleigh, pobder, cutter, or rounder. There is hardly a child so young or i o poor as not to possess one. Just sec that little mite, certaiidy not more than si.K years oM, coming down that baidc of snow some forty or lifty feet high, and shooting alnng that field of snow at the foot of it. How do.so she sits to her .sleigh ; what a jiaee she is gning at. How cleverly .-^ho has cleared that jump and hmdeil on tlie other side, and raced on nirain at some fifteen to twenty miles an hour, pulling up Ler slei._'h at last just in time to avoid running into that awkward fence at the bottom of the Held. There siie goes, dragging her .slei.'h over the sn.AV up to the t..]) of the bank, to come racing down again ; and so she will gn on for hours to come. Not much room for nervous complaints to germinate in there. I'.ut look out, or this mob coming one after another will be over us as sure as fate, for they are no respecters of per.sons, and it's no joke being knocked olf your legs by a sleigh. For that matter they are no resiicct.'rs of plaees cither ; wherever there is a liehl, or indeed a M ; ''^i m ^.Jjit of bare ice did for them. But the snow is as dry as dust, and if we may judge from their shouts of laugliter no one is hurt. They are all old hands, I see, and it's not the first time they have taken a header into the snow. nix 'OLr.KCrioNS OF CANAl'A. linw (1.1 vnu likr it I 'r""l< Mway my l.r.';iili : mvrv \v;is fii-litmua ill iiiv lif.'. llii : liii ■ .V..U \M ill ~,„ill -■< t I'V.r lli;it. iut I'liril'iii in vniir I I't i:M jll-t ptlill'i lV.>~l-li|tlrl|. Hull ii with this .-now, uv your lu .'ill Villi h;ivi' tra or niulli I'lir ulnvi'. All ri,::ht. Ami i hi\V mlUC il rlarrt .' XriliuT, thank ynu. h: hapi. ilavs at (Jui'htv. on the Cove Fhils tlif (ilaciM, tl„. l,,x\rr I'aik with its lirst ,slu|,oal ahoul 7ii , an.l tlim .Jnuii i:l>t tll< M.ss. Al i: linsl.llaiilr A C i;.A. il II. I-'.., an. ir'^mii'nts, am 1 IlillrS. (Inllr I'nr US al'l ih.iso .lavs, ii.'V.T it is to ho iVaml to ivtiini. 111. vniiM l.oltor havoMininliiiiL; hrl'oiv you -lait lor llio lop iiv'ain. ''■iir! •■; J;"^^*,'^.*"»{'^[A;- 'i'f.f- . * ,m ^ '' 4A i >>.- '^\:m ii: V, 1^1 f; J :.A •; \ ; hJ ^ L.. i^ •■',-;> -7- '-i ' , H r. A VV R ^ 'n; ' ('1J()SSIN(J Tiri^] ST. LAWin^.NCE-VVIXTEU. IflON the wiiilcr i.-< less seven' tli;iii iisiimI, tin' iiiiMs:i|iiLrll>. «r nIi'iuM lli>t iciiiiiiui'iiil vmi to Irv ilriv ill- n >lii._:li i;iiHltiii t'nr the tii~i m liini' \\illl the (IiiIk ^'"lll Wdlllil 111' |iri'tl_V >\\[;- |»i cnllll' to uii' I l>ii' ;' l'"l'' I'lM'tiii' \^ill iiiiik'- Villi i|iiitr ;u lidiiii'. 'J'lirv Imsi Imcii hiiiiliiti^' I" I'hiv tli«' -lait at .Mis. T 's, iici liail thin;.' Iiit'.iiv a tuiiity-iiiili' •\\'\\>\ ■! - - (i- -- uivrs ilniii a li.iil in-ilav. alnl 'I' - tiling- up llif \-<%iv and pav-- all tolls. Th' \ an' a^-iUililiiiL;' in lli:- I'lari; dWnncs. That is |) s -h i.-li. aliil that l"lnn-> I" !■' - S — — , mill thai to II , that to W \\' ' , ati'l ttiat to !•' , cli l.tat-.l for iiiis- takin-' tiiniin,^'s and plaiiiiii;/ his liadn- in tln' .-ikiu. Hut hi' i> ii oi'liial li Uow, ami takr- it all as it i ns Vrry ilii'i'i'ily. 'rhrlT arc liltnii taiidi'ins out to-day. What a ipivtty .-iojil it i> i'l tlii- ,-un- ^hiiii'. and with lhi> fiv-li kccii and furs, to sav iiothin;.' of thr " t;<'t-u|i '' of th.' ('lull, ami of tin.' ladii's tiny aiv ilri\iiij,'. 'I'hr loln'^ ju~t tourh till' .'-iiow lii'hiiid ; and it i> iii'Xt to iiMiio>>ili|i' for any lohl to ^'I'f tliioiij.di thi'-i' liirs wlnn \viai'|ii'd round you " .a la ( 'aiiadii iMii'.' llo\v li.'nid^iiiiii' iho-i' fur coal ^ and cloaks arr. and hox\ \riy 111 roiniii^' ill.' iloiid-. iImiIIl;!! liny will liiiiiiil lull lillh' lilori' than the ladi'"-' ryr> lo lir .-.itii. Tlii- is ihr li alK Hal iolial rosliinii' of Canada, .'iiid vny prrlly il is. Tiny air oil' to till' |.li','isiiil Miiiml of ihr tiiikliliu' lulls, (I -'rt iraimd tram .^liniiiir stradily as ii.-nal, T in fnar wailiii'.' till hi- linn loinrs to inovi'. and tin- ii'-l di>|ila\iiio llif ^a|■iol|s aiiamji'inriil-' of lini.-i'.'' rumiiion to a niinilirr ol laiidi iii.s stal'linu' lo-i'lln-r. Tlir\- all' to i;o tln'ollull ihr I ,o\M r Toun, wIhti' (i has two or ihivi' lv\i-|s and turn- and lorin'is for ill. Ill that will try ihiir pouir- of ilii\iiiL;. and linn away lo Moiilnioi'i'ini. rinii voy.rji'. if wrraii rat'h I hrlii ai^aili as I Iny uilnl douii ihi' '/.1'j:-/.:\;j^ to tin' fool of ihr I'alls. uc .-hall sn; a \i ly |iiiliy and lurious [liiinn'. ( 'ur dri\i', li)' thr way, will take Us liy ihi' Itoi'i'hi'-ti'i' lliidoi' across the St. Charles llivcr, and thioii'jii the \illaee of lliaiiiport. On the IniLrhls mar it wa.s Montcaliii'.s 1 ,iiii|i in I Trill, and in it, u|ii)ii the land of Coloinl (Juvy, still stands llie huii.sc oc(!Uiiieil a.i head'- i|ilarti'i-^. Tji^i^^^"l^% 1i : I- I vSi, V i! -N ■ f^-i ;.; ^ • •■■:• V^i % tin ."\. ^ ,:? / 1^ ....»1«-^. "X. V ^ M- V. M N TM R E U CI FALLS; w i N te ! MONTMOEENCI FALLS-WINTEE-SUMMEli. s^^ im OTJIINl! in initiin^ iiciliiqis |iiisciit,s stioiii,a'r cuiitrasts tluiii tlio Fall of tliu AldiitniDn'ru'i river in wintur anil in sunuiici'. In tin; wintur there strotchos, in place of the swift St. Lawiencc, acm.s.s to the Isle of Orleans iiiul far as the eye can see, from the base of the Fall a vast tielil of snow, with here and there great liare patches of uui'ven ice. The rocky precipitous hanks with the shruli.s and trees that line their ridi;cs and cover their sunnnits are white too with snow, or shinini;' with ice in every fantastic form of stalagmite and >talactite. Such of the waters of the Moiitmorenci Kiver itself as even a Canailian frost cannot liind, are rushing through casual narrow openings. i!ut up to the natural steps, where the narrowed river better holds its own, and up above again with rare .-traiglit intervals, all is ice and snow. Where the river in summer hiu'ls itself o\er the roi-ky ridge, tliat forms the top of the I'"all, are large ice-chaniu'ls or gigantic lubes, through which the waters iiin and h over the iVo/eii iMcks beneath. Sometimes thi'.M' channels or tubes descend a long way down the face descend far down ihcv seriuu.sly all'cct the height of the cone by lessening the amount of sj)ray. The cone varies greatly in luight with the .season and jirevailing wind. 'J'hus, in the winter of lsij;)-7o it was imn-i: than 100 I'eet in height ; in that of 1870-71 it was not more than 00. iUit in the latter year the cone broke u[> and sunk during the winter, and had to grov.' up again. \ wcstei'ly wind is the best for the increment of the c'one, and naturally thci'dbre the worst for "sliding" d(jwn it; for the spray driven in tlii<;k blinding clouds s[ieedily wi'ajis in a sheet of ice wliate\er it encounters. The first descent of the cone undoulitedly rcipiires " awel'ul " pluck; but many a Canadian lady has " slidden " down it times without inmdier, and would take anyone down without the slightest hesitation. It is rather "slidiiij;" than " tobocvaiuiincr " for the Vehicle used is a sleigh and nut a tubogan. The descent is Usually made with a guide, who sits in Iront. The sh'igh rushes with lightning rapidity down the surface of the cone, and then sh' ots far away over the frozen St. Lawrence. The novelty and vigour of the entile proceeding might eommuniciite u sensation even to poor " rsed-u[i' Sir t'liarlcs Coldstream. In summer the' I'"all of the ,Monnuoreni-i is simply luvdv. The i'i\er banks arc sluddcil with the piiie, the birch, the nioiUi- UKCDLLKCTlON^ OF CANADA. t:iin .-i-li witli its iiiinht I'fd licTrics, the ImttiT-nut. ami llir ina|il.'; Imt tlic liiiii' to sec llir la,-t in il~ Lilmy is in autuiiiii, wlii'i] its I'oliaur .-liiiii-s in iifivcn iuiil gcilil aiiil ii-inisun. Tiic ualri's iuiiry aiciii; lirtwriii tlir liaiiks. and i-liaULit' iVniii tlic swift slii'aiii to till' ruauiiiig ti'iTclit, tVdlu tile tiUTfiit tn llic wilil liiatiii^-iiitd-itsiir i-a[iiil, tVimi tlic rapiil to tlir luatllolig- lall some 7n or >(i I'rrt ill wi'ltli ami :2(mi t'rrt \n tlrjitli sIkti- into iliu St. I„iu Triici', sirikiii:.;- once only in its ili-.-ccut aliout half way ijowii on .-onic iuim' juttiiiu- ii"iwift St. i.awivnee. 'I'Ih. ,-torv runs that nothine; carried over the Fall eV(.'r rises there ayain, hut that it i.s borne away liy an under-pensiiiii-liridge, wliich was barely tinished when it gave way. .V poor hal.jitaii (.•ro.ssing at the time with hU hor.-c and waggon IVIl with il, and all wore swept over the Fall. Now the river is crossed a few yards iiigher up by a bridge holding to an excellent litth; inn, the Montniorcnci. V>y those steps you call descend until you can look into the very dejitlLs of the Fall, and never tired watch the wonderful ligiit-s wiiicji the waters rellect iis they break tlieni.selve.s up diishjng ag.^unst eacii other ami again.st the rocky ridge.s wiiich they hide. Nearly opposite is where S so nearly lost his life. Keaciiing after his .-tick which he had droj)peil, he slippeij and slid along the slimy wood with which the bank is there revetod 'il a .slight plank at tlic end arivsteil him as he hung over tie ■ ,o ■ . so remained until, with much time and labour, he was .i-j.-ued. Iieneath aiv the vast lunilier-yards of .Mr. II , from whoso house and ju'etly grounds you have such ii charming view of the, l'".ill, and of the lo\ely [laiiorania of the St. Fawreiiee. Nothing can ]"' 'nore beautiful than the .Montmorenci as you ascend it, narrowing as it rises until you reach the "natural steps," some distance above the Fall, iii'ie the river has eiit its way through the slialy linnstone, and brawls along its tortuous, steep, eonfined ehaniiel with headlong force and clamour. Tile left bank is pre- cipitous, rocky, and wooded; the right is fornii'd by a series of natural stejis, with very wide treads. It is an e.\i|iiisile place for a pie-nie, and tlieri; is no belti'r spring (jf pure fresh water known than bell! exists, either for teetotallers or — for cooling i;iiara|iagne. UPPER TOWN MARKET. OUFBEC' 1/ ^-Uvv i: ERO FA H THE MAlUvET-QUEBEC. ]ITERE is nothing more characteristic of Lower Canada than the Quebec JIarket in winter. You might have imagined that witli a country covered feet deep with snow, and the thermometer 17° beh)w zero, tlio stalls and their attendants would have been few and far between, and the market but poorly supplied at the i)e,st. Quite tlu; contrary, — it is as well or even butter fur- nished tlijui in summer. Tiiere is everything you can want, and jilenty of it too ; game in every variety, and pigs on their legs as if alive, and tish standing on their heads or tails in tlie most absurd way. They are all frozen as haid as hard can be, but tlu'y will be just as good eating as ever, after judicious thawing in eold water, and cooking by an intelligent Canadian cook. Tlu^ snow has made eajiital roads for market, e.veept where the wind yesterday blew it into drifts, as that ginup of haliilans are just aequainting (vieh other. And tlie cold (wliich, by the way, you will observe noliody minds) lanie on so .suddenly and .sharply tliat the river got blocked at Caj) Rouge, and then one of the best icc-bridgcs known for years formed at Ciuebec. So that wearisome " Arctic " is laid up for the season, and the ice-bound river makes the best of roads, across which froi 1 dl the country beyond provisions come pouring in with even more than usual briskness. It is a fine time too for that habitan with the load of half a cord of wood on his traineau, alongside of the carriole, for he is pretty sure of a good price this hard season. That boy with the baiTel is as " happy as a king," or as our friend in the corner there, who is smoking his " pipe of peace ; " but tlie boy will be hajjpier yet, when he has left his barrel at the big house there at the very top of the hill, and when he comes " sliding" home down it as fast as he can come, mi.s.sing by a hair-breadth only, as he shoots into the street, the fore legs of the old horse in the snow-.sleigh. Those snow-sleighs are indeed an admirable institution, for without them all locomotion would soon be stopped in the narrow :il TJECOLLECTTOXs OF CANADA. stivcts (if (,UicI)('c. Hut sraivcly li:i^* tlic lifaviosf f:ill uf smnv ceased, tlirtii out swarm llio primeval siuiw-sleiolis, liorses, ami ilrivers with tlieir lum,' wide siiow-sliuvt'ls (you may seu oiio stuck \\[i ill tJie eiinier of each laden siiow-sleij,di, and there are some more liy the friizeii cahbagps, near that corner stall, where those frozen caki'.s iif milk are for sale) and the [liled-up snow is carted oil', and the roadways lefi char again in a wonderfully short time. I.iiiidiiii itself might here learn an excellent lesson in civic admiiii-tratiiin. Iliiw very Fri'iali the market icioks, and what /s that language which they are talking so energetically together? That, any of tlic' iialiitaiis will tell ymi, is l''reiieh, as old, as good, and as [lure as the oiiiiinal settlers IVnm Nurmandy, lliiltany, oi' I'oitou. Yoii would he iiti/./.lcd to match it anywhere at present. Listen to that couple ill front of the old man, with lii> hot mutton pies: — l!ii jiiur, tomiiiont su vn-t-il ? .\s.-cz liiii, et vipus ? liiii Miir.i. Voir.- IV.-i-o i.ii i>t iin'ij est :- (eii |.>t.il fj riicz liii, il ii tiMp]"' li- fVi'l (cMi;.:!!! clil). lUn ! uvcz-vcus (Ics piitiicks ? (potalncs). Xcii, il tail tnip fret nujminriiiii perlcr, iiiais j'lii ilcs |iiiiiis dc let jr'li' (ciiki'H ef frozen milk) ct ilu lili' ilTiide lessili' (Indian cni-n linilcil in lye), ft iiisdcs Volleillos (I'cjwls). Li's ilii'iiiiiis done fiont-ils nmiivaa ? All niisero ! Mativ.ia seiil hens sens. Mauvaa, indeed, as that poor ohl fellow linils who is returning home from the market. For it is not all fun going to or returning from market, nor, indeed, is it fun at all, if you happen to meet such a wind and driving snow as he is facing. It is as much as he can do to croak out from under his ice-liouml moustache to the patient old horse his periodical " nuu'ihe-done," uiid to .shake the stitf reins to give the horse a lift. The hargaining has heen too hard for the old man, and he has failed this time to sell that very iiitelligent-lo(tking frozen pig, riding liehind him, and appe iriiig much the more cheerful ami animated creature of the two. lie will try to .Sell him again next market-ilay, ami let us liojii' will then succeed in getting the few additional sous, for the I'hanee of which he will carry his pig to and fro a matter of twenty miles, fJ — >-■- Vtt» T i. ti I. .i U I r I S i i. I I ^■^ C- ■ n r l.~ S I C i. I, W • — • ^^ 4^-- T'iU VwJ* V/ / «-aCt V — SCEN ES IN MARKET. ifc'/f 1 '^'^ 4''?^v ^'.< .j»*?"^'>*:'*rf. 1«i*-.' - ^..■*yr ..>.5*fe^-, ;ay!>*4H*(te«»..r'-t. '»;•.''» « ,*.-'^*'-^K^^4.: \ij!^'i^;' ■■■■ ■ ■ ■:■:<■■* ■ ■■'>< .■■'»'■ , . E'^UR NiNG FROM V^APKET 'I'l T I-: ^ I A T^KET - QU RIIEC. The trcrs, liciivily Ifuli'ii witli puow aiul ice, nre liciidiiii,' over with the wiiul, uiiil so iiri; tlie siipliiigs, stuck in tho snow by tho roiul- siilo to niiirk tlic now ncjuly oljlitinitcd truck. None l)iit a lioru Canaclian iiiul hi.s horse could f;ice sueli \ve;itlier lit all, or plod through the uncertain depths of soft snow ; and even '• Pierre " and his old horse " Brave " don't like such a journey as this, llut the niarlcet is Pierre's refuge from the .wlitudc of tho long winter. There ho meets all his friends, hears all the news, and turns an honest penny. Pierre would not miss the market at Quebec for the world. SKA'llNd IN rUK IJIXK. 1 IIICN il'.-= a iiiiiiiliL', I'l' tdi) I'lilil 111 drivi' nr ivcii \v;ilk, nr is liliiwiiiLj, nr niu' liiis 7ii)tliiiiu' lic'ttcr to ilo, m' wiints cxc-rcisr, nr (ill! iiliovc all wlicii "tlir luind jil.iy.-," the r.iiik lircnUR's till' mitri' (il'attractinii. It i- not a hauil.-oiiii', luir in itsrlf a ]iartic'ularly clirrrt'ul liiiiMinL'. t'li til'' I'oiiti'ary, it ivsi'iiiMc- a loiiu', rather low liani, w itli wiinlows at liotli siilcs, aiul .sk\liv;lit> in tin- roof, dir^-iiiL;- vimins for lailii'.- ami l;' ntlrmni on citlnr side as you rntir, and at the ojipositr I'liil a .-ri'i't (if clianicl for llic l>anil with a sto\c in il. Hut till-' lloiir i~ a lovely ,~l:eet of elear |iure iee. roiniil uliieh at alinllt fifteen ilU'lies or so al" i\ e tile ii/U lUlls a Wooileli lilatfuini ti\e or ^ix fee't wide, with >eats at intervals. From the roof deseend f;-asli(_'hts. for the rink is u-ually kept niun till nine' lU' ten o'lloek at night. Like the park in the .sea.-on the rink has its haliitUL's at li.xed hnurs. It opens almut y a.m., and is then fre(iuented hy .-mall eliililivn, male ;inil female, ami a few deterinimd learners. AImhu eleven collie the younu' ladie- ami attendant "swells,'' and iniietise till luneli. 'I'licM' le-appear in the al'leniuoii, " inagUi'i eomitaiitc eatir\,i;" and lastly in the evening eoliie, .--a)' after ]ialf-[iasl .>iix or sescn, tho~e whose engagements have prevented their skatiiij.; during the d.iy. The liaiid-, e.Mi'pt on special ocea>ioiis, sueh as a fancy dress carnival, ■■ plav in the after u. Tlieli is the time to see what liiii-heil .-k.itiii'j is, and to in' ciinvim.'cd that tiiere are no liiove- iiiciit-- ill the world mole i .Miui.-iteiy gr.iccfiil than those of aecom- |ilisli('d .-kater- : sav of a set dancing the i,aiicer> in lime to a good liaiid. It is the perfci lion ,,{' human motion. The centre of tile rihk is u~iiiilly left foi- the daneeis and lir.-t-rate " iigure " skaters. The minor, hut hy no me.in^ imlii fcreiit ,-katers, tly round 1 '. amd, with tiie left >ide alway.s towards the centre of the rink.t Vou will .^cc them in every pu.s.silile attitude, step, ami iigure. That little lady who skims * Tlicrc were twii .-ml. enriiiviils at Mmitri'iil in llic winicr el' lsi;;)-7ii, at l.nlli el' whiili Prince .\iiliiii' «as picMMil. ami in (lie lallcr el' wliieli Ilis Knval lli;.'lau-< ji.incil ill a liiMiy ilros, as "due oC llic OMi'il 'I'iiiiu." 'I'lie.sc who .■•aw tlie iliv.-ses ami fkuliliLT lliell will imt ea-ifv lor^iil llic scene. The iJishup of , whii hapiieiicil l.j he iiiesciit, (k'claicil il was wmth cms^iii;,' tliu Atlanlic tu see. t III MHiie rink.-, huwuver, ihey clian:.'i; the iliiv.-linn willi each tmie nl' Ihu hand. 'i^ r A !' ! >^ C I \ r H SKA'I'l.Nd I.N rilK IMNK. UT alonj» like II liiiil, 1111(1 sccins .-tciiivily to tniifli llic u't- i\^ A\r jlii\H put, yi)U liiickwiiiil-i, is Miss 1' . 'I'li.it slim little I'l llnw prc- toil'lillj^ to skiiti' likr ii lU'wIy-jiiiiiiMl i",imli,sliiiiMii, (111 iiiic Iniit, iilid kIkivIii),' liiniscll' timidly iildiij,' with the dtlifi', is .lack (i . !!<; 1111(1 his clmrmiiij; sistci's iiic imidiij^ the lust skater^ iircsciit. Thai i|uift, C'Kj;aiit skater is Miss M M .and that lady with the iH'Cll' 'ily )il(Mi,illt, iVaiik, hiilii'nt lace talkilij; to licf, is Miss 11 . f,oiil: , ■ that wcll-niatchcd (•(aii'lc' diiiii'.^' the "loll," the diii' liack- w 'fils and the dthcr I'drwai'ds, and lhd>c two "riiiiniiin" rdUiid lla' ('onuTs. Ilo'^ j" il'uctly that jiaif k('i'[i Idi^cthcf as llicy race roiiiid oil the outer edjic, and those lads heatinj,' time and ehaiij,'inj,' feet to that (|uiek iiolka. 'I'h '. inst as much at home on the ice as (ish are in water. And do hxik at tliat dear little child with her •golden hair, deii) dark Mile eyes, and i'air complexion, who conies niiiniiii;' out of the dressiiie-nioni, juni]is a (,'ddd Inur feet oil' the plati'orni on to the ice, and <,'des .spinnin;,' down the centre dl' the rink in a series ol' " ransdins " aloiif,' with F , who, hy way of a final flourish at the end, stands on tlie U\> of one of his skates and .spins round like a tee-to-tuni. That evntleiiian in the centre with the liij;li " .uills," ;ind his nose rather in the air, is — , and tla- hidv on his rieht who .seems .soniewhat nia;;netieally attracted towards him, is evidently, hy the way she is skatilii;-, a new comer. .Vnd there is elephantine II , .skating aloiu' as usual, and almost, makintj the ice shake under him as he jilunecs aloiiL', and in the other coiner is tall X apparently lieiit on ( utliiig out K with the lady he is talking td, and in e\cry sense of the ttnid going the wrong was- lo do it, and pretty sine in ll iid to make u nie.ss of it. llow Very well and snitnlih/ every one is dressed. Can any- thing lie helter thaii the kniekerhockei's, wide-awakes, and wcll- Iniilt coats of the men ; or than those very neat, Lieed, high-aiicled hoots, littill" like jiloves to those little feet ; iiv than the " .\cme " .skates that (it tli(i hoots t(j .such a nicety ; (a' the divss just long enough not t(j he in the way; or tln^ light seal-skin jacket, hat, and inuir, und tlu^ kid gloves exactly the right colour and si/e ? .\iid look at the glow uf life and health rellected from every sniiling face, (ilaiicc under the windows and along the platform, and y(ai will catch ([uite a dilfereiit pha.'fe of the rink. There's a sight lor parents to see! AVcll, my dear sir, not to .say madam, you were young once. There are most of the niamnias, and solium few of the papas, and no end of young people- of hotli se.xes sitting, talking, walking; and you will olwerve as curious, that tlio.se with skates on .saunter up and down the wooih'ii platform apparently uneon- scioiis of tliein, and (|uite as easily as if they had none on. Ah I was then' ever any (juiet shrubhery, or moonlit lane, or liall-rooni recess, hetter titled tliaii the rink for the recounting all the p;ist, the enjoying all the present, the making " engagements," le.ss or more .serious fur the future, or- -for catching cold ! Oh ye .savants of England! oaniiot ye, with .ill your t.'dent, energy, and money, (levi.se for us, liefore next winter, a iSkaling Uink at hon'.e! :\[UFFIN AND ]\n'FFTN T'.ELTJE). T \va> altiirfrfln'v ton liuil, tlio trick tliov phiyi^d on vouiiif D . Ilr caiuc nut nitliiT late ill tlic sea.'^oil, aliout tlic r:i(l of J>ri iiiilii r, liy way of I'ol'tlaliil, A iiiri', <,fooil-liMii<- iiiLT youiiListfr ; Imt as i;;iioniiit of Canmla as any oiu' well can lir. So after (liiiiKT, says I) , ''Now, iril iiic, what aliout llio -Mutliiis?" " W'liat," .-aiil tliry, " liavcii't you siMaircil a ^lullin, yit ;" ''N^i/'says i) , " how could 1, wlicn I don't know a soul oiit lici'c." "Ah," said they, "that's uafortunato ; Imt you're in luck after all. Thei'e's just one left, hut she's about the nicest girl here. You must secure her at once.'' " lUit who will introduce me T' .says D ■. "Oh!" said they, "you don't want any introduc- tion ; all you've got to do is to gii strai,L:lit down after luiicli to- nmrrow, ring at tin.' hell, and ask for .Miss ; then introduce yourself, ami say that you have come to ask her to he yijur .Mulliii ior tlic' season." J) c-allcd next day, aiiil saw as he entered the room a jiarticularly jaett}', ijuii t, lady-like wi.iniali wailing to receive him. " 1 only arrived a few ilays ago," lie .said, "Miss , and f have come without delay to ask if you will honour me hy driving out with me for the remainder of the season, as I am a.ssurcd that, fortunately for hh', you are still not engaged as a .Mulliii." ^liss gave one terrilied look at him, under a lirst not unnatural iinjiressioii that he was a lunatic, and then, with lu'r hand on the lull, gave poor 1) such a how and look, that the whole truth hur>t U]ioii him. And all that season wliere\er he ajijicared a sciund lik(^ the tinkling of a Utile hell, and a sulidue. like thr St. Foy, an I'.NiTllcnt inai-adamiznl road : ami '.vitli its pciiilrini'u's scats, lodiivs, jiavk jialings, anil Indi:'' -, frniinds one uvratly of a road at Imnu'. it passes, at alimit two niiK> from the eity, Speii'-er Wood, the former residene.. . the (io\irnois of Canada and present residenee of the Fientiiiant- (lovevnors of the Pi'ovinee of t.^Hiehec. Tin.' house is heautifully situated, overlookiiiL;' the St. Lawrehee. I'll] liiiLT iViini the eountry, as we are now doii.u;', the ajiproaeh to the St. Lewis (.late wa-, by a load windiiiu' with many ^liaip turniii'j- ail very -Imrt .straight piei'es through the mitworks. .\i tlie iiiimtrv end of tlii se windinj^s stood the raeket eoiirt oii one side and the rink on tli'' other. The.-e wiiidin,us have l.e.n eiit into .me ln'oad .-traight lii;jli road, in eontimiatioii of the line i.f St. I.ewi- Stii'el. down whieh, as ymi approaeh from the loumry, \ou ean iiuw .-ee a h'Ui^ way. The removal of the Cate and windiii"- ri "d has had the most ali.-urd eli'eet in makiiiL; the rink and racket emirt appe.n- lo h.ivi' mo\ed m.ateri.illy nearer into town. Old iiihaliitants are eon-iantly passing:' the.--e Imildin^'s liefore they are aware ol it, and havinii to turn liaek to i^o to llieiu. Lookinu- throitL;h the (late from the eniintry. as we are doinij;. one .saw the entrallee to St. Lewis Street, the lloyal lOllLlineer Cfliee, and one of the Fresliyteiian, or a> they eommonly e.ill them in (.Ulehee, Seet'il ehlirehes. Fji to the ridil is the ro.ld to tho Citadel, and lietween the EiiLlilieer dtlieealiil the Citadel lies the' ulaeis, down whieh so many merry ]ieople have toliooaned. In the l.iUL:hler-re>ounilini: rooms of that olliie how many have (aftei- olliee hours, ../' f'liii'sr.) ehatted while they dfaiik their nmlleil ( laret aiifl hot tea. To the left, round liy tin- oM ladv >ittinL; down to rest, is the IvsplaiKide,* and tiie way to the St. .lohirs (l.ile. The whole aspect of the phiee |iiiik.< more open, hriuht, and .-unnv, sinee the old ."^t. Lewi.^ (late w;is ,~\\ept awav ; hut We liaVe a. .-oft .spot in oiir hearts for it and its peri.-hed lirothi r, and .so rai>e to lliem this our " In .Miinoriam." * Ihri' in l.><70. I'laiire .\i-ilinr ir.ive their new eiilnurs lo llir (jaili ltr;jiiiiiMil; one ul'tlic 1110.4 iiiturc.-tiiig and inetly sifrlits ever .seen in (^iieliue. .HA ■ jiFi .. CPIAUDIEl^E FALLS. IlPi C'liMiiclir'n' is at :iliimt imu'li llic snmc (listaiicc from (,luc!i('(: ;is ihc .MiiiiliiKUvnci l'"iill ; liut it is on tin.' ()[i|iii- siti', th .sexes, ainl pairing oil' or lilting:' iiiti) little gniuiis \ei'y wi'U. (.»tu' nnly regret was that |[ _ wild hail n>'Vers.i'n tie' l'"alls, hail iieen iletaineil as wo were ivinu' QueliiM', anil hail nut airiveil, llmngh he had jiruniised to 1!m\v as ijuieklv as hr i-nnM. We hail di'laj'cd luiich as long as liii—ililr, nnt liking to sit iluwn w illmnt the dear old fellow; hut li\ iiig iiini up at la>t were on tin' ]>iiint of liegiiiiiing, wluMi a joyful ilioiir announi.iil his ari'ixal. lie was in a eomieal state of fun and \,'j.'-v. Hi' ill ilared that hr had nrver sutirred so nnirli in so .>hort liuu' in hi,~ life, that he had not a wliolr hone in liis jiody, tliat he ad lii'i-n tlyiug all till' lime in and out of the '■ thing " in whieh he lame, that thi-y had galloiied half the wa}-, and down all the hills, |iid that he would have heeu with US nuudi sooner had it not been r an old fellow in another " thing" in front of them, who would iihi-r go on himself nor let them jiass him. Thi " ihinu " in whiili 11 had travelled was a ealoehe, or i oa~h " as tie \ rail it at Qiii bee and fin tin- l.ower ."•;. I.uwnnee. It is of Frt'iu'li origin, and something like the London cah of I'iekwiek's time, except that ihc driver sits in front, ntid that no London eab ever liiul sueh wonderful sjiriugs. It holds two besides the dri\rr, and is usuallv opiii ; but the hood ean be drawn up for rain, and two scanty little curtains can bi tied across the front, and make believe to keep out the uet. There are sinular vehicles in -Malla, but covered and uglier. The caleche is ]n,idi' of the usual wood, iron, japan, and paint, that go to make up .similar carriages; but its most poctdiar feature is the springs, to which we have already referred. These consist of strong leatlurn bands, which in rear are fastened to cuivcd steel springs, and in front to a cross bar. As a rule the drivers jump out and walk up the hills, jump out and run down the hills n nis in hand, if they think the descent and load too heavy on tl: horse, jump in again without stojiping, and like the rest of the world arc civil enough fellows if you are (dvil to them. The machine, from its struiture, naturally makes travelling pretty lively work, anil if you hapjien to trot over a corduroy road, look out. J'>ut caleclics are ijuitc at home on tracks and up and down hills that nolhin'' else could face; and with a trillint; -i Hs'- '^'^-' 'I'l:. .') I f 5 ■ |. • ■ ' ^ I 1 f ' ' / ^'►rJ' ^ /J ' ' i ' : v'v, '4.';, f if; ^;^/^:«^^' A r ;'. A C'ALKCIIE AND BLTKBOAIiD OVER A COUDUliOY ROAD. 4;} "liinir-liiiiri'" to tlic diivcr you may miikn very !,'o(i(l tnivolliiig in tlicin. The " tliiiii; " wliii'li liiiil Mucked II 'h wmv wii.-i 11 " i'.iifk- liiii.nl." It is siiniily im iiii^'mimis ;i[i|ilii':iti(iii <>i the sjiriiiif liii:ii-(l. It is iiiMiIi' liy layiiij^ ii (•oiijiic or sniiictiiiiL's (iiic lidnnl, fixiil :it tliii I'lids, (HI two iixli'-tivrs, wliich, likr tlu' caloclie, Iiavi' liigh wiici'ls. A scut, soiiu'tiiiu's Iwff, wliii'h can Ik; made to slidu up and down the boards at ]ilfa.surc, eoinitletes tlie trn|>. It Ls a voliifld mit at all to 1)0 dcsfiisnd 011 corduroy roads, or on li. ivy road.s with liojcs (■ii,'lit(('ii inches or say wjiiii the frost is eoinin;^ it of the i;round two feet deep. It Usually carries two, hut can aceoiiiniodatt.' four, and some lii;lit things besides. II — was not only most amusing, but most useful on tliis occasion. For suddenly, while \vc were at lunch, the embers of our fire, wliieh wc had thought rxtiiiguished, burst into a blazo, and (he Veering Wind drove the smoke and line ashes straight towards us. II , an old Capo man, immediately seized u bough and began beating (hiwn tjn' lire, and all hands heljiing we .soon hail il unih'r, e\eept in one gully, too steej) for us to get at, where it went crackling down towards the vapids. As we cami^ away, towards evening, Ihu contrast of the sunset and of the firelight ou the foaming waters of the Fall, and on the wreathing smoke, proiUiced .some wonderfully striking olfects. liut before we reaclu'd home a lliuiiilei-stiirm, which had come rapidly up from the west, burst upon us in torrents of rain, and .satisfied us that no harm could jiossibly come from the fire; and also, that in Canada a remarkably short space of time only is reipiired in order to get wet through. SN ()\\-SIl() !•: I N(l, rfL dMI', a\v;iv," ^aiil <" t" lin' di'' lii'Tliin^' ; " uc ap' .'oiiiL' to (I"iuiii W'iimI — >iiiiu-sliiMiii;.f |i:irty." " 1 rali't," Siii'l I. '' rris.-UlV (ifi'lliclal liUsilir-^s." " rivv.^uiv til' lumiliiiy ! " saiil (' , invvi'iviiily : "vi'ii'il letter say y^u vM.n't ! " " Wrll ilh II." sai'l I, " it' yu liki' it licttrr tluit way — 1 w.m'i." And (' lli-io.llt. Illrdly (Irpaltrd. Till.' Mi(i\v--li.ic iiiv.iiialily I'liI- 111'' in liiiiiii d' a iiiaLrnitiril p,i, ;,, I. It iv l'"V 111' II. al'.'Ut tliiiiy-ii'./lit iiii'liis l.iii;.'- Iiy I'niirl' i ii iiirli' -1 wid.' ill ill'' uid'-t I'art ; and l'"r uniiuii, ali"iit Iwclvi.' ihrli.- will.' and ll.illv-lliiv ilirli' - I'lli'.:. Miira~-ili-i arc aluay-* will willi il, I'M]' wlii'h till' .-linu-.di.H' is l'a-|iind liy stliliv'-^ nf lalini'l d. illliilt' I'.illl' nf tivr tVit l.lll'J'. Till' IValllrWink of till' .-liiiW-jlini' is liiadi; I't' adi ; tin' li' 1 Wi.ik ili.-idi' tin- tValiir, nf raw I'f ^ivm d'-.lliidr. SiiMW-di'.iiiii: iiiu-t taki' it- plai'' willi >lriudiin,L' :ind -katiiiL', aui' II:: tla- aniii-i ni' ii!- "I a < 'aiiadiaii « iiili r. and tlin-r ari' simu- -jl lul.> whi. ll i\.-.UIr nial-M lli.U> feats ill tlir | ild' St liaii W.'iy. It i- llMliil, h.iw.M :■. ,is \\i 11 as .■nji.yaM.'. and il is .-uiiiri.-ilii: Imw far, witlii'Ut faliu'a'-, llii-n alal WiiliH'll will ill sliuW-slluiS walk (ivir a .-uifai.i' whi.li ill. a cnnld in iiu ntliir way travi-r.-r at all. Viaui'.:- i'l-'I'li', al.-'i, Ijntli at rarer and at ulhtr liiucs, will run willi a-tmiidrni;^' raindity and ra^-, all lliin,:.M I'liiiMiiriTil, uti siiow-sliui'rt ; I. lit this rlfiiit li.is alway.s strink iih' as liriii^', what 1 think it is Kiii^udaki' calls, a funny sjii'i iiin'ii "f niiMliiictcd liuiiian ('iii'r;,'y. Tlu; Indians have \\<>A a>nuw-shiM' fi tiiiir iiiiin.iiioiial; indrcil, tiny ci'uld linl havr ti'avillcd ill wilitrr, nor have ol.lailii'd .siw- tniaiii'i' fur iIi.ium'Ivis and fainilirs u iih'iut it. Tlu' himlirrincii in lln' wiii.ds arc al.-i) dc|ii inlcni ii|iiiii it ; and all who hunt the iii.Misc, caril""!, i\:c., ulnii the -imw i- mi llic .^rniind. The I'aily 111 lii.niin aiv all i.ld liaiiil>, jiid-in;,' liy the (Uliut fa'ile wav in whi. h llicy are culiiiliu' thnni-h the wnnd. 'I'lie snow is in e.\.i ileiit nid. r, iieilli.r t.ii. haul nor too .-Mill, and there \a Jill 111) nf It, iiidi ed, t.,r it >|.ieail- aii.iind far as thi' eye can ^cc, and is of unkn.iwn ilii'ih in plans. There will he no j,rood- jiiini.mnd fun t'l-.lay at the eat,i-liii].h.s of youti^' h.'inds who aro not uiia|it |.i .-tuiulile and liiid thiiiiMlves with their heels in tlio air, and heads in the stiow, |iro.Mrate until MHiie Iriiiidly hand [lick.s th.iii II]., Vet I .-..■ .-.iiiie i|iii.t fun nf aiioihrr .sort f;i>tinj,r(i|' ruiiiili ^lll■(ls iiiuili' III' luMuclics, liiii-h liark iiiul fir tops, or of Iol; liuts, fiiriii>lic(l witli liic iifcrssaiy tulps, lioilers, &o. Towards llic ciid of .March or licL;iniiing of .\[irii'' wlicn tlic thaws iii'c pivtly wi'U ailvaiic-til, tlir ilays .sunny :iiiii tlir ninlits frosty, tho saji rises in tliv' tivcs. Tlicsc arc then tappeil liv iiiakine; a deep slit throiigli tlie I'ark of tlie tree about two fe.t from tlie grouiul, in order to oiitain llie unater ([iiaiitity of sapi while it. is in the early stage a.seeiitling fnnii the grouiiil. Iiilo ilie slit is inserted a small seiiiieirciilar tin trough, ly wliii-h the sa|i is leil into large buckets or tins plaeeil beneath. In many sugiiries .small wooden spouts and " dug-out" wooden troughs are u.sed instead of tln' tin truugh.s and bueket.s. A good tree will give several pints of s:i]i, but the yield varies ; it takes from two to three gallons (jf sap to make a pound of sugar. The colliK'ted sap is boihnl down in large iron boilers over a .slow lire, till it is .so thiekened that if some of it is poured on * Thi- liiiic varies wiili leciilitius aiul seasons. the surrounding snow it becomes cri.sp and hard. When sufHeiently boiled it is poured into moulds of various forms, and usually made of bireli bark, and i.', left to cool and harden. It is sent to market Ixjth in and out of the moulds, and is seniped or broken ui) when reijuired to lie used. It varies in eolour from a dark to a liglit brown, but the latter is always prefeiri'd, as the dark colour is sujiposcd to imply either that some' sugar of a former year's make has been boiled down with the new sa|i, or that the sap it.self has not been good. A considerable part of the sap is never made into .sugar at all, but is reserved for synij), the boiling being .stopped before the proper consistency is obtainc(l for sugnr. Tin' .syrup is a very favourite substitute for molasses or golden syrup, of which large cjuantities are eat«?n in Canada and in the I'liiteil States with hot buekwiieat cakes, &c. The sugai itself is chiefly used by the habitajis ; indeed, they .scarcely u.so any other. A favourite dish with them is a quantity of fresh cream with ihis su^ar; it is very nourishing, but its saccharine propei'tiis are not as great as tlio.se of the common brown ainl other .sugars. This may, however, probalily be traced in a greiit deo-pce to the want of caro and knowledge in treating the sap. This when tir.-t 46 EECOLLECTION8 OF CATs^ADA. drawn is nn almost puro, (liougli very dilute, solutiun of cane s^nL'ar, the impurity usually consisting of a slight trace of tartrate of limo. This sohitiim, iVom want of skill in the nianufaitin-e, is changed into a strong grape sugar, not so delicate, and onlv two- fifths as sweet. It is confidently stated that were the (irifiee in the tree protected from exposure to light and air, the tin buckets and tubs kept scrupulously clean, and supjilied with close-fitting covers, the sap at each transfer passed through flannel strainers, and converted into sjiup in the shortest possible space of time, and with the least possible reboiling, the tartrate of lime would prnctieally be removed from the syrup, and a vast improvement lie funid, both in tiie sweetness and delicacy of the .sugar. If the trees are deprived of their sai) aiimially they .soon die. r>ut that this slioidil in soiiu.' cases Ijc dune i.- the less surprising when we reflect that many a fai'irer ii.is been known to cut down his maple trees and to .sell them for a trifle for fuel, though a nuiple sugary well managed is one of the most profitable branches of Canadian farminif. in OLD HOUSE IN ST. LEWIS STEEET. ■ 11 IS " old limiso," with its long, slojiing, .^^liin.qied roof, luigc chiiniiPV, ilouniT windows, low walls, ju-ojcrtiii,!;- ravoH. little (■aM'nicnts, and h'w don' is situaird in Si. Lewis Stivrt. It is cnrinns, iwt only on acrnnnt of its anti(iuity .and niedia'val ajiprarancr, Imt lircausc, as is allcui'd, to it tlii' l""ly of i'.nuadirr- (Irniaal Montgomery was eonveyrd after his death, on the lilst Detrinher, 1775, nearly n eentniy ago. IJiehard Montgimiery was a gentleman of go.ul family in the North of Ireland, and as a eaptain in the 17th iJegiineiit of hoot, had haight nnder Wdfe (in the I'linis tif Ahr.aham. He afterwards married a daughter .if .liidge l.ivingst.Hi, nf Livingstem Maimr, (Ui the North River, imhilied the pniitJ-s of his father-in-law's family, and joined the eaiise of the eohmisis against the mother-comitry. When Canada was invaded hy the forees of the Ameriean Ciiiigre.ss in 177.'), nearly all the regular trooii.s had been removed lo I'.ost.m. On the 17tli of Septemlier of tha. year, Urigadier- Ceneral Montgomery besieged the fort of St. .lohn, whldi after a uallant, defeiiee surrendered on the Urtl of Nove- her, the gan" m marching out with the honours of war. -Moni > .lieh was en- tirely defeiiecles.s, ( .ipitulated nine days later, .Meantime Colonel Arnold, an oflieer in the' .^erviee of the Congr.'ss, with about llUO men, foree'd hi.s way, notwithstanding all natural impedinuaits, freipieiit aeeidenls, and the desertinn ot one-third iif his numln'r, fr.mi Dostmi in thirty-two days, by Lake jMegantie ;ind the Chaudit.'ru Jtiver, to I'oint Le\is, where he arrived on the ittli of Novetuber. h\ the night of the i:!lh — 1 tth Novendier he erossed the St. Lawrence without; being nbserxed, with .")0U men, and landing at AWdfe's Cove, estalili>hed himself on the St. Vi'V anil adjaeeiif roads. On the 1st of Deeeiidier ^Nbnitgiimeiy- arrived from ^lontreal and toiik i-ommand. General (Jaihton was al tliis time tlovernor of t,>ueliee, and Colonel Allan ^laeleaii in inunediate eoinmand of the garrison. This eonsisted of about ISUU men of all arms, iiieluding detaeluneiits of the Pioyal Artilhiv, Royal Lusijeers, S-lth Regi- ment. Militia, Canadians, 4U0 seamen, masters and mates, marines and artificers. The blockade was maintained thi'oughout December, when .Montiiomerv ret-olved on a night attack. This took place on the ;Jlst of December, during a violent .snow-storm, and was led by Montgomery and Arnold. liut at day-break the storraing- parly under iloutgomery was di.seovered and fired upon liy 4:8 1 i' E( 'OLLECTIOXS OF ( 'AX ADA. tho ,D:unnl, wl,icli inn^id a piTi^ijiitatc rctivnt. Tliirtcu hoilics w.To in the iiKniiins l"iinil in the .snow, amoiiir wliich were tliose of .M..nt,^'oiiiery ai.^l ]i\< i wo ..IJes-de-c.inp. An inseri|.tion on the V'rk iKiw nKiik^ wli. • ■ .Mout<;oniiry fell. The attack of Aniohl was Li'ially r:i,-iuM.,-ruI, and he hinisi^lf wa.s wonn.letl. He, h.r.v, vc, .onii,.. I ,1 the siei^'o until Jiay 17:0, when on th.e airiv.u of .sliips-o.f-w:u- from Enghunl, he at oiiee retired. il,.nt- pi iniery was buried a little way within the St. f.ewis Oate ; Iml in 1818 lii.s reiuains were disinterred and conveyed liy his widow to New York.* ' Tlicse details resarilins,' Bri^adiur-Ciotioral .Mi.niLronun arc alihrcviiKcd fromaiiampldet ciitillcd "The Sword of liri.u'adicr.dciioral .Mciitu'oiinTV ;" a Jlomoir, eompilod liy .1. M. Lc lloinc, K.«i,.. of f!|.eiieer C range, neat Qiiokv. rrintuj hy Messrs. Middktou and Da\v8un, Quebec, I.S70. ><: , ft \\ ■6 - THE EVACUATION OF QUEBEC. II.W'I'] s|"ikcii til C ill vain iili(Uit tliis skctcli. Hi! /'•ill liavc tliut it is fxactly wliat he saw, ami lliat any niiu wild was at (^hiclicc at tlic tiiiii' wiil rcidgiiisc its Initii. ]|c says, wiiL'ii I jiross iiim l'uitlnr, '•(^Kuuin pai's magna I'ui," and I know that he had winii'thing to do with tlic sliipiping of stoivs wlicii till' troops wciv concentrated at Ilaiil'ax in 1871. Popuhirly he is sniiposi'd to lie the individual at the cxtivnio coriR'r of tliu sketch, wlio lias evidently lieeii getting " toko lor yiini ; " and it is said (liut hush ! speak with hated hreath), that tlie next iigure is tlu! C-ntr-1-r, or even the G-n-r-1 himself. ] have l)egge(l (' further tn consider how im[iossil)le it; would lie for any one, let aloin' an Assistant C-ntr-l-r, te has ke]it to the triangular form in accordance with tiio strict rules of art. nrtlly, That it's "all right ; " and 4thly, That he can't and nvii'l alter it. In his more reasoiialjle moments C says in a soothing tone that this sketch is an allegory, and meant to commemoi'ate the pressure of work occasioned hy tlu.' evacuation of (itueliec, and the siuce.ssful arrangements made to overcome it. When I toll him that no one will so understand ihe sketch, he replies, with a faint smili.', and the most provoking and self-satisfied air, that the object intended must ho obvious to the meanest capacity, because " birds of a feather fiock together;" but the wild gee.se in the .sketch are manifestly Hying away from and not towards the scone of action. Till-: ST. LAWiJEXci':-(,)rEr,i<:('. vv/!|v\'/1l", .In lint I ll\V lllr lllilll wll'l i.lll lie-' i Il'l lllr Si. I ,;l W Trllii' s w iiliioit I'l iii'i .-iraiii;' ly iii"Vril. A kin'j- aiiKHiv: iiv(i> it lull- I'lVlli Uii\n I.ak'' ( •niarid. :it ninr a iiii-lily >li'' am. Till .,iO ]M-l ( iaiialH'iiil', aiiii'l ill' 1" aiit il'ul 'l'li"ll-aliil i-lainls. liy IhVi Is- llrnrkvil'.' til IVr.-i'dtl .IIkI CiilllW.lll, ilnW II t llr ni>llillL: laj'ii U : ;iiiii ai-1'i'.-s ih.' '.viilr iak"i- til \ auilfi nil. I,arliiiii', liiiliaii Caii'jiliiia- • waLia. nil] Miiiitiial, ITn iiiilis away tVniii tlir l.akr (liitai-in .-Imri' iip]iii>it.' Kili;j-Ii Si'ivl, alhl away annllirr h'lH nf ITn inilr> to , (JlliliM-; alnl nllrr aLiaill •_' luiuiliv- ti' W In I'l' tlir ( Mill' lirL;ill>. tin' ' lli\i'lillU lill'' iXt'llilill'i I'l")!! ('aj' ' hal I'll lllr ,-uUlll. tn I'l'illli' ' ill s .Mniits uii till.' iimtli .^hui'i-', ;; (U.-taiirf if t\\iiity-ii,L:ht inili-> i ' aii'ii--. As y 111 a-iiliil till' rlxir frniii tlir (iii'l'. ki'i|iiii'_' liy tin' .^ruitli ! I'aiik, till' ili-laiit iiiiiuiilaiiis af'' Vi ly tiiir, aii'l iin\v aial tin ii mi f 1 !.ar ilays y.iu .atili l:!'iii|i.->'.- nl' tin- far awa\' vaiiuir- mi llif iimili I liaiik. At F.itliir I'l'iiit, -: •y-I'mir iiiilr- al 'V" Ca;"' Miat, tin' rivir I'ili'I is laki II. 'I'll! U'-i- ymi |'a-.s mii' lir.'inliriil laiiil-ra]"' at'li'f aiii'thi r. tin' li"rt!ii-ni -limv a- ynii a-i-i'liil lui'iiliiiaL;' far tin' fiiii;!' Ill' till' twn. It may si-rvi- to r ol' tin' I'nnriiinus trails of rmiiitiy thus clraiiiiil, ;iiiil nf the vast aiva I'rmii Kiiiestmi to the (liilf, all liml tlnir w.iy to tin' ( 'eeali liy the St. Lawfein e. ^'et siieli is the fniiiiatinii nf I'arl of tli" nmiitiy, that a little dill', reiie" in level wiuilil ili\ert all ihe walifs alioNc Lake St. Claire frniu all ea,-ti-rii tn a W' twanl iniirse, finin the St. Lawreine to tin; Missi-.-i].].i, hi its enllf.M' the St. LaWTeiiee is jnilieil at V.lllilrellil, aliollt luriiiy mill s aliiiM' .Mnntn'^il, ],y the " I'li'i L'iver," or iliver '■ t Ittaw.'i." .\ little way .'ilinve the juintinii are the \illaj,'i' ami ra^'iils nf St. .\iiiie mi tin' Ottawa ; tho river destined to lie the T»fSj^.V;>*lv '1 t.,-- ' ', ' - ^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 121 12.5 ^ 1^ |2.2 IIP 1 1.25 1 1.4 1 1.6 ^ 6" ► n w ^, *X .^.-^ '^ 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STRf ET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) •73-4503 m \ \ \ '- <. ^.> \ ,.v ^.^ TiiK s'l'. i,A\vi;i;.\(i:-()ii:i!i;('. 51 rival <>( ilii' St. r,.i\vi'ciini' I'nr tli,' tniiis|Mirt of tin' li'Mdic i'npiii tli(; far wist. At St. Anne was wriltiii liyTiiiii Munii,* the uiii\cr.-ally kiinun " How. linillirrs, mw ;" ami at St. Ainir the (irainl Trunk K.iilway criisscs thr rivrr liy a luidv'i' liMicatli which the rapiiis niii their heailldiij,' coursi'. In acMiiinti to tlm-r of the Otl.iua, till' Si. I.awiviiec receives tile waters ol" IM.IIiy ereat ri\ers. whicli have aheaiiy lireii I'rd liy Jouk aini ilee|) triliiitaries. We do not Wonder that much as ( 'anadians admire many ihiiies at home, they are !o>l in amazement at th.' I'l y little rills whieli we there call riM'rs. The Hne>t rajiids in the St. Lawrence are the F-oii!;; Sault and Cedar. ;ini| the Laehiiii'. In the sprinu' of I M'll), the .steamer (lirciiiii was wrecked in the Cedar rapid with a h.ittei-v of Itnval Artillery on hoard, and sonic scanty remains of her are to he seen to this day. .\ll on hoard e>ea]icd with lile, c\ee]it one man, ullo jnmi'c.l o\crlioard and ua.s drowned. .\ ra|iid ivscmliles lilth' ^^hal .il any rate we in our cliiidh I h.id coiiceixid it to he liki'. It is .always heralded ainl followed liy swirls in the waters, and smooth ,L;la,>sy circles as it' oil had l)i'eii |iouicil on the river. As * 111 Aic'ii-t l.siil. Tlio eri,:.'iii:il ;iir was in two sliarps, ami tlio nereis siiiii; le it Wen.' " Kii luvi'imal d'un licnilaiii^vr Dnii.s iiioii cliciiiin j'ai naicdiiln'' IK'iix cavaliers tivs liicii lanritcs.'' Sen viil. i. p;i?t' 17.'!, aiiil vol. vii. ]ia^(' 1(Il' ol' .\rfiii(iii'5. itc, ef Tliiiinas Minirc, edited liy llic l!i.i;lil Ilnauiinilile herd .(elui Ii'u>scll, .M.l'. l.nii^'iiiali and (V., Itf.'iC.. 'I'lie 1 liL'iiial air is ijiveii in llic hilUr jifirc rel'cn'd (e. Vol! near the r.-i|i;d ils a-peet moro r<'seinliles that of .-i he.avv surf folliiej oil to a lic.acli than aliythiiiLT else which we i-aii eonipari' it to, the wa\es a]i]iearini,' to ran contrary to the (■our.--e of the stream. .\s you I'lilei- the ra|iii|, if in a -te.anier, the .steam i.s usually shul oil', yi't you rush tossiiii;- with friL;hlfiil rapidity past islands and rocks, incessantly clianginu; your <'ourse, as the lioilinif waters leaji .around you. The de.sci'iit rei|uiri's the nicest and most jiractiscd steering'. Ascendino- steamers and iilliei- craft ]ia,-.s the rapids hy canals and locks. MiL;lity as is the St. Lawretire, the frost of Canada is ini'jhtiep, and all iiavij,'ation is suspended diiriiin' the winter; as iinleed nearly .all heavy tr.illie alon;;- ils li.inks would lie wi re it not for that eieatly ahiised and greatly ii-eil line, the Crand Trunk Kail- way. How that surmounts as well as it does the dilliculties il so (ifleii has to I'licounter, is a marvel. The two lirsl and the last skelches in this volume ei\e a full idia of the liarlioiir and am horae-e of Quehee at, as has hci'ii said, aliout -I'^O miles from the sea. l.ookine' east from Spencer Wood, one just eatille.s the points of f.evi- and the Nle of ( )rleaiis, which come more fully into view in the last sketch. Kelwi'cn Spciieer \Vrli,ins, lies (jhleln'c, as seen ill the .second sketch. Under the heiehts i\\' Spencer Wood, and botwoeii it ami the Citadel, iiS where Wolfe landed, and aluive are the Plaiiw of Aliraluim ; and all alone' this and the opposite .-^liore of Levin nre the va.st luiiilier yards of (Juehec. i.'KCOl.l.KCTIONS OF CANAhA. I.imiliiriii2 li;i> ln^i'ii fnv yi-.n-:. :imi1 .-til! i-. tin' -iv.it ti-;i.|r i4' • Jii.l 'cr. l.iniili. r ill Ninth AmrriiM is tlir ^fiiiTic ii;nii.' I'l.r rvci-v -rrijiiinn ot' timliir ili;ii lia- imt lui'ii unikiil ii|i into -nmi' till''. Tlic inuh- is iMl''iiil (Hit nil ;ill illlllli'll-i' m-mIi', alul I'lir- i-lii- itniiliiyiiiciii til Mil fMiiiiiiiiiis r,iiiit:il, iiiiil to ;:ir.it iiuiuImis r nil 11. It Wnlllil lir nut of l>hli-i' to L;i\r lllolv tllMIl a NrfV III r ilisi ri|itiiin 111' ilii- liii-iiir— Iiriv. l.iit \\r iiiiist not altoL'itlnr I nit it. 'Hir tiiiitirr limits arc vast 'rMft-i of cimiitry InM uiiiliT lii-ciisi' oiii till' Crown, at a tiiu' or Imiius of from tivn dollar- to foitv ollars [Ml- sijiiaiv inili', :iii aiiliil:il u'roiiinl ivnt of two ilollars jut |i,:irr mill', ainl a duty on all tiiulirr i-ut. Tin- triiiirr is a kind f 1' Mso ■■fli Jji'l]ii'tuitt'," wliili' tlir lioldir- fiillil all it.- roiiditions. With till' arrival of winli r. the lunilirriiirii |irorrii| to tin' iiiiits ill Uiinj^s, uai'li uiidi'i- a fori'in.iii. [laitii's haviiii; linn -riit in iKaiur to si iiirt' fnddi'i' for tin; lattli' ciiiiiloyrd in hauling; tin; inilirr, t^i'. Tlio pmii:.- livi' in lo^' shaiitii s, rovrri'd with liark, liL' slrc]iillU Imilks or hflllis liring round tlir sidi>, and tlir liiv- lai-r ill thi' ccntri', with a Imlr aliovr it in tlm roof for tlir israin; r till' snioki'. Thrir food roii-ists of >alt |iiirk, 1 f, tlour, imla— IS, ln-aiis, pras, .sii^iar, ami hoilid tra. All spirits aiv for- idd. II. ITIr' nci.-i'.s.sary roads lia\in;,' liccii clrarrd to thr ■watrrniiirsi'.s vhirh intC'l-SL'ct till' si'i'lH' of opi'l-aliolis, thr i^ali'js procml to fell llii' tii't's. This i.- doiii' with uiiiidiiful rapidity with a.xc- of ;t pirllli:ir sh.lpr. \ Lu-'^i' tirr will In' cut dnWll ill almill tlll'i'i' (|Uarti'rs of an lioiir. .\s snoii as it has fallen it is stripped of its lir.iiiilii's, and rut into various li'ii'iths for sawdoL's (twi-lvc fi'it i.s a i-oiiinioii Iriiuthl, or taken in hand Ky the seoreis, hy wlioiii and the hewei's thefoiil' sides ale soon liioiiuht into .sinootli surfaees. The 111'.'- or -ipiare tinilier are then hauled l>y ommi and horses in the wall reoiirses. This eoiilinues a- lom; as the snnw-rnads are suliii ielltly j;niid. When with the spriii;:-lh.iws the snow melts, and llie waters rush nif in fri->liits. the more Imny.int owiiijj; to their (■.vtreine cold- liess. tin II eonillli'llees wll.lt is e.illi'd the "drive.'' 'i'lljs lie^iiis e-1'iierally in the end of .\pril or early part of May, and on sonii' river.s la-Is ne.irly all the simiiner. it emisists in slii'[ilieriliii^, if one may use the e.xpres-imi. the lojrs and tiiiilier down the watereniir-es to the rivers, ofieii over e;reat disiaiiees, and amidst (oiist.int oli-taeli s from .settinj:, or f;roiiiiding, or janiiniiii,'. The last, when the lojrs ud nnis.sed together, is jierhaps the worst, and eail -ollletinies only he got over hy ellttillg through the logs whelt3 the jam ei'iiti'i-.s, a very iierilmis and sonietimes fatal work. \n opposite and perhaps even greater iiouMe than a jam oeeiirs when the waters do imt ri.si- .snllieieiitly to tloat the logs, and they lie Ktranded in the wateriourses, and require the most inee.s,sant watching and lalmiir to get them down, even if this lan he dniu; at all. W In 11 the logs arrive at the rivers they are cnlk'eted tngether TiiK ST. i.AWi]i:.N('i: nri:i;i:('. I'\ Imhiiii., ini.l Inliiicl iiilii "ilili.." liy f;i-.|. iiillU II milllli.'l' lii- i^'lli'i'. Till .<,. ci-ilis cii' >iiimI1 imI'is arc linn i^uidnl il,,\vii ihc -liv.iiii-, carli 1,\ lis uuil iivu, will, live ll|ii>ii il. As sihiii a^ llir rivc'j-s uill ailiiiii i.r il, a iiiniili.r ,,1' i|i,.>c ,iilis aiv licniml to'^rilicr li\ luisinl ||r.\il.|.. n.,l> ,,!■ uiiho, aiiil InriiK'd iiil ic ral'l, wliirli llirnlllis ill,. Illlllllrn r's 111 I'u|-«rc|;s 1 .)■ rVcll 1111 Mil 11-. llnlM'S an. I liir-plac.s .-iiv liiiili ii|inn il. ami ii i- prMviilitl uiih many liiiui' liars, an. I sails, aiul llic n. n-sary a).]ilianrr.s lor .-Ir.iiiig ami .nnli.ii-iiiL;. Ill ll M liln.'s lllr j.iMS u. IV all.iUi.l t.i niakr llir 1..-I wav liny iiiillil iiNir ill.' I'all-. aii.l ■j.n-.ii imiiilirrs wciv llius r.'mliiTil M-i lr>s. N.iw. al ill.' |iriiii-i|.al |".inl-, " >li.l.s " liavr I.mii niail.', l.y riillin- i.,i->a'iis tlir.iiiuli llii' im ks rnninl tlir Falls, an. 1 lliiis I'nnninL;' imliiiril |ilaii.s tlimivil .iml lin.il wiili wd.hI. |).i\vn lli. 'sr >uliiiii'lll vvalrr is all.iw.'.l In lun l.i ilhililr lli.' crilis Id ili-iiliil ia|ii.lly in -al'i}'. iinlil ni.'cliiiL;' tlir tlnaliiiL;' liinlii'i'-a|.rniis .-.lUivil I.I ilii' t'.iiii 111' i!ii' >liili', llir ciilis ^liil.' nil' ii|i.iii till' riviT, ar.' rc- iiiiili'.l au^iin iiilii I'.ifls. ainl tlnalr.l .jii until iiiuillv lanilnl : tlic liliiliiT al ihr slii|i|iiiii; |ilai-.'s, anil llir l.irs al the mills t.> In' sawn inlii himli.i- ami planks, ami in si.nii' rasi'.s iiiiiiiuracltircil into iliMii's, win. lows, -liinul.'-., ami cwii m.ilrlics, llii-inrss iniiliarls ari' usually mail.' in tlii' aulllimi ami winii 1. .\l (^Mii 111 r till' lar;;-.' c'.\|i.irliii'4' linns Imv iVoiii tin' mainilarliiri'i's of si|iiar.' linili.r Imlli wliiti' and rc.l jiiiic (soft Wood) and liaid wiiiid. uliirli is .-uii|ili('il IVoiii limits linmli'c.ls .iiid liniidii d- of mill's away, and also sawed IuiuIpcI', mh'Ii a- di ds. ^■'■- III ^"inc iii-laiii'is il]i. iminiirai'tiil'.'i's ari' tln'msi'lvcsAipv lar,^.' .'X]...!-!.'!',. Nin.'-ii'iiili> nf llir ,-.|Uan' I imlii'i' ami llii'.'oim li drals .jn IVnlll l,ln.'lii'r Id ihr IhoiH' liiarkrt. I Jt is cnlilidi inly -l.ilr.l that sinri' |||r |;r.i|.|iiri|\- Tr..i!v ('.\|mvd in I si;,-, marly all lli • c'.\|i,ii'| liinilirr iiadr whirh l!i.' I'nili'.l Slal' s liad from llnir >.'a]iiii-|s in il,r Soiitli Ann ri.aa .ui'l Aiistrali.iii marki'ts lias [■.■vt.'ritil to llir [loris of .Monlr.il .■.nd (,>U.'llrl'. .\iinlliri' ii-.-idr in wliiili (,iii.-li.'i' ilid a rpral liii,Mii.'>s u^tf :i'a. liuil.linr- ol' w.iiMlm .dii|.-. This liad alnm-l dii .1 ..iii, Iml i: is sali>ra.'|iii'y lo kimw thai il is iwivinr-, and not unlik.ly, fn.ni IH'i'si'iit a|i|i.'ar,'inrrs, t.i imrra,-.'. f.lllrl.r.- has lii'i'ii tlll-iil|r|l .'I |irliiid of d.'lirr.-don. lull lliciv IS .'Vri'v r.'.i-oii to lirlirvr that siitdi tiiiirs ai'i' |iassin,;;', or liavr m>- d iiway. Till- rfowtli of m.iniilaitoii.s. llir iiirr.'as.'d atirniion gi\rn to ill.' lishrrirs, ihr .■oniin;^ North Shorr IJailway and it- ta'il'U- liil-irs, and thr I'V.T-in.-i-.'a-inr- lra\rl and Ir.-illic from I'.iiiope, lli.' I nitr.l Stairs, and ihf rr.'al I''ai' Wi-.-l, all |ioiiil to that rmv.ih ami |ii'iis|M'i'iiy wliiih thr ]io-iiioii of t^Hirlu'c a|i|irai-s iialnnil]\ lo i-oniniaml. \\ i iv wr foriunalr rnoiirh to hr ouiirrs of j.i-ii|ii'rt\ in (^lilrlirr Wr think that w.' .-Ininld I.r ■•holdrrs." i Thr uivat mi>taki' that )iin|,l.. makr in xisitin;;; Cati.i.Li i.s that tiny I'onir ill snminrr, and rn.-h llii'oiirli thr i'oiinlr\- and ima,L'liir thai tliry liav.' srcn ali.l arc ari|naintrd with it. Wdur.a- alliio-l o-l l;i:< OLLKCTIONS OF C;A-NAI.)A. ill llir |ic'culi;mtic> exist ill till' wiiii.r. Tlnii it i> iliat tinir iDilmiKil ili-i'ss, iuiliits, iicccssiti.-:, (•(iiiirivaiiri-<, wm-k (in ;i vcrv ^Tiiit cxti'iit), jiimiM'iiu'iits, mill tViiiik, ^riuiinc, kiml li.is|,ii;ilii\ ' iiiiir til li,i.'lit. Nil oiK' can kiinw aiiytliiiii; nt' CaiKula ulm lia-t iml |ia.--ril at liast niic winter in it. Ahil liiiw tew ciiiniiaiativi-ly ilu kimw aiiytiiin'_' "( Taiiaila. il.iw !i'\v iiiulil tell wiiitliei- .Miiiitivai is east or we-l or inii-th nr >iiuiii lif (.luiliie, (ir whiiji is t!ie lar;.'er eity, iir wlinv nr what «»llava is. llnw few kliiiw tliat tile I )ijniiiiiiili i.|' Ciiiii'la is tlir iliii'l maritime nation in tlie wmiil, ami liijasts nnilrr une lirni '1 ■ a tk'et of niel'ciiant steaiiiil's sei'tuid tii linlie in the wiifiii ; lliiit slie lias a iiii]iiilatiiin of lietweeii :{,(HI1I,imiii anil I.oimi.iiiki ; that she extelul- ffnlii the Atlalitie to the I'aeilie ; thai e\eli imw her canals are inai'Xejs of utility, and are yearly lieiiii: enlar;.;eil iiiil iiiiiniiveil til tiy ami iiiec't the evei'-growiug traile from Enmiie .nul the West ; that while Engiaml herself Las only hetween N.iioii .iml 15,uiiO miles of railway, ami Fraucu only lietweeii I II, "I'll and 11,000 miles, Canada has already uinvard.i of ;}00() mile.*, and will .soon have nearly jDOO miles, indeiienduntly of the line whii h she i.s |iledi,'ed to construct within the next ten years, !o siiau the eontiiiunt and to eonueet the two grout ooeanH. That within her territories lie not only unlimited woods for the lum- liei'cr. and hinds for the emigrant, imt va.st stores of minerals and eiial. Ami last, imt least, that within lier licat hearta u,s truly English as any that heat at hmne. Whatever may have lieeii the hurry and work which so al'irai tcil !' '■. attentinii, as .shown in the |ireeeiling sketch, all, as seen in that liefnre us, is now [leaceful and (|uiet I'liongh .it (.•iieliee. Tile last of the autumii (li'et are homeward liound, and the last 111 lateil raft is elo.se to its yard; a little more and winter will he on lis. And oil' the )ioint of the Ishuul of Urlean.s, passing down hy the .south channel, steams II.M.S. the 0;v//to with tie. ':'.:;r garrison of (..hieliec. In our cars still linger the .soft sad .strains fioni the hand, "Good-bye, sweethearts, good-bye." Fare- well ; — hut not we liojie forever; not we hope for long ;— farewel I Canada, farewell Quebec. THK KNl). lm.vl>nrlt\ , i..vKM, ,t ■■(.,, i-iiiMKii , viilTKi'iiij