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 li 
 
THE 
 
 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA 
 
 A DESCRIPTIOX OF THE TREES WHICH GROW 
 
 XATI RALLY IX XORTH AMERICA 
 
 EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO 
 
 CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT 
 
 UIRKUTOK OF THK AR.VCILI) AKIIORETUM 
 OF UAKVAKU U.NIVKKSITY 
 
 JllujJtrateD tDitl) figures anti aitalvsicis Dratcn from i^aturc 
 
 DT 
 
 CHARLES EDWARD FAXON 
 
 ANi) kn(;kvvki> nv 
 
 PIIILIBERT AM) EUGENE I'ICAKT 
 
 VOLUME L 
 MA GNOLIA CEJ^—ILICINEM 
 
 
 
 nOSTON AND NEW YORK 
 
 HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN ANI) COAIPANY 
 
 Cljc nitorwiDc Prcfiftf, <CamDciDgc 
 
 MUCCCXCI 
 
CopyHKht, ISgo, 
 Bl CHARLES SI'UAOl'K ■'AUI.KXT. 
 
 Ail riyhls nsrrveti. 
 
 Till Itiverivtt rrtiit, rnmWt'lgr, .lf<ijj., U. S. A- 
 Elttctrotj-poj uid I'riuUHl tjy II. 0. Mougtiton •& Oo. 
 
 i4? 
 
 ■ 
 
 
To 
 ASA GKAY, 
 
 KUIKXU AND .MASTER, 
 THIS KIl'ST VOIAMK OF THE 
 
 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA 
 3b TtcUicattli 
 
 IN (IKATKFll, MKMORY. 
 
i 
 
I 
 I 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Maxy years ago, when I first realize'" tlie difficulty of obtaining any triR knowl- 
 edge of the trees of this country, I formed the plan of writing a Silva which should 
 contain an account of all the ^peci..'s that grow sponti neously in the forests of Xorth 
 America. Tlie books which had been written (m this subject related only to the trees 
 of comparatively limited regions, and therefore i)resented no general or systematic 
 view of the composition of our forests. Such works as existed were long out of 
 date, too, and included none of the infonnation collected by recent exjjlorers and 
 observers, and no account whatever of the trees discovered in late years west of the 
 Mississippi River. Many of our trees have never been fully described. All that can 
 be leiiriied about them from books is contained in a few words of purely technical 
 description of little value to the general reader ; and these descriptions are Avidely 
 scattered in American and foreign publications, to be found only in a few special 
 libraries beyond the r'.'ach of the general reader. The difficulty of studying our 
 trees has been increased, too, by the fact that many of them have been named by 
 differci'.t botanists in different countries without proper regard to names previously 
 bestowed ujjon them, so that such a mass of synonyms \ias been heaped u])on some 
 of the species tiiat it is ( xtremely difficult to deteriiine the names which they 
 should X'ightly bear. Books, however, are only guides towards obtaining a knowl- 
 edge of trees. To be really understood, they must be studied in the forest ; and 
 therefore, since the plan of writing this Silva was formed, I have examined the 
 tiees of America growing in tlicir native homes from Canada to the banks of the 
 Rio Grande and the mountains of Arizona, and from Rrifish Columbia to the islands 
 of southern Florida. I have watched many of them in the gardens of this coun- 
 try and in those of Europe, and there are now hardly half a dozen of the trees 
 which will be described in this work which I have not seen in a living state. 
 
 It mo' be useful to glance at the books which have been specially devoted to 
 the trees of North Anu-rica. The earliest is the Arbiisltim Antenctniiaii, which was 
 written by llunii)luey Marshall, and published in Philadelphia in 1785. Marshall 
 Avas a Peansylvania farmer and a kinsman of John Rartrani, who bore the title of 
 kind's botanist and enjoyed the frienilship and corresjjoiulence of many Euro])ean 
 men of science. Bartram established the first Botanical Garden in America. Marsliall 
 followed his examj)le, and collected several America:, trees cm his fiuin in Chester 
 County. Here, as well as during his numerous journeys, he acquired much infor- 
 mation with regard to the trees of the eastern part of the country, whicli lie 
 
•n 
 
 PRE FACE. 
 
 described in popular language, with much 'jjirit and considerable acumen. His book 
 includes an account of two hundred and seventy-seven trees and shrubs, and a few 
 original descriptions. 
 
 The next work devoted to American trees was published ^n Gottingen, in 1787, 
 by F. A. J. von Wangenheini, a Hessian officer in the employ of the king of Eng- 
 land, who fought in the war of the Revolution, and found opportunity in the pauses 
 of the conflict to study our trees with reference to their value for introduction into 
 the forests of (iermany. Wangenheini described one hundred and sixty-eight trees 
 and shrubs, illustrating his work with thirty-one plates of seventy-two rude figures. 
 
 The next book which appeared upon American trees was devoted to the Oaks. 
 It was published in Paris, in 1801, and was entitled llinluire des Chenes de rAine- 
 rique. The name of Andre Michaux is printed on the title-page as the author of 
 this classical work, but there is reason to believe it was really from the pen of the 
 distinguished French botanist, Achille Richard. Michaux was a hardy imd cour- 
 ageous explorer, with excellent powers of observation and great industry and perse- 
 verance. He possessed, however, little literary skill, and the account of our Oaks, 
 like the Flora of North America, which also bears his name, was a work beyond his 
 ability. Twenty of the Oaks of eastern America are systematically described and 
 very accurately figured in this book, which was the first to give any real idea of 
 the character and value of these trees. 
 
 Michaux resided in America during thirteen years as botanical agent of the 
 French government, and traveled here more widely than any of his botanical prede- 
 cessors. He was accompanied in many of his journeys by his son, F. A. Michaux, 
 who afterwards wrote the best book on the trees of North America which has yet 
 appeared. It was published in Paris, in 1810, and was illustrated with handsomely- 
 colored plates. It includes one hundred and fifty-five American trees, the descrip- 
 tions being based on observations carefully made in the forest, and carried on for 
 several years. An American edition soon appeared, and this was followed by two 
 American reprints, the latest bearing the date of 1859. 
 
 The work of the younger Michaux covered only the trees found in the region 
 cast of the Mississippi River and in some parts of we item Louisiana. It was sup- 
 plemented in 1842 by three volumes from the pen of Thomas Nuttall, a distin- 
 guished English naturalist, who devoted many years to exploring the flora of the 
 North American continent. Nuttall described one hundred and rine American trees, 
 including a large number of \Vest Indian species which had been found a few years 
 earlier on the islands of the Florida coast, and several trees from the interior of 
 the continent and from the northwest coast, which the naturalists attached to the 
 first transcontinental expeditions and the European botanists who early visited the 
 Oregon Territory had brought to light. Nuttall's supplement was hastily prepared, 
 and is very inferior in its descriptions and illustrations to Michaux's great work. 
 A second edition was issued with the third reprint of Michaux's Sylva, under the 
 general title of The Sijira of Xorf/i America, the only illustrated descriptive work upon 
 North American trees which has yet appeared. 
 
 r-~^-V> 
 
r RE FACE. 
 
 vu 
 
 • 
 
 In 1832 The Sijlra Americana was published in Boston, in ii single octiivo volume. 
 The author, Mr. 1). J. Browne, made no claim to orif^inality, and the work was a 
 hasty compilation from the writings of Michaux and other authors. A second edition 
 of this work, erilarged to contain accounts of several foreign trees borrowed from 
 Loudon's Arhoreluin lirilannicum, was pul)lished in New York, in 184G, under the title 
 of 'I'lie Trees of America. 
 
 About 1830, or a little later, Professor Asa Gray undertook to prepare, under 
 the auspices of the Smiths(mian Institution, an illustrated work on the trees of this 
 country. Twenty-two plates were lithographed for it from drawings made in color 
 by Isaac Sprague, but no text was prepared, and the work was then abandoned. 
 
 Another effort to prepare u Silva of America was miide in 1858, when Dr. R. IT. 
 Piper, of Woburn, Massachusetts, published sixty-four pages of 'I'hc Trees of America, 
 illustrated with thirteen well-executed portraits of various trees selected from dif- 
 ferent parts of the country, without regard, however, to any systematic arrangement. 
 The publication was then discontinued. 
 
 The next attempt at anything like an account of all the trees of this country 
 appeared in 1858, in which year Dr. J. G. Cooper published, in the Proceedings of the 
 Smithsonian Institution, a list of the arborescent species of the country, with special 
 reference to their geographical distribution, supplementing his first paper by a second 
 published two years later. 
 
 A catalogue of the forest trees of the United States, Avith notes and brief de- 
 scriptions of the most important species, was published in AV'ashington in 1876, by 
 Dr. George Vasey, the botanist of the United States Department of Agriculture, to 
 illustrate the collection of Avood sections which formed part of the Centennial Exhi- 
 bition at Philadelphia. Four hundred and nineteen species were enumerated in 
 this catalogue. 
 
 The last general work on American trees appeared in Volume IX. of the Final 
 Reports of the Tenth Census of the United States, published in 1883, to which I 
 added a catalogue of the forest trees of North America with their synonymy and 
 bibliography, with remarks upon their distribution, size, and uses, lUid with an account 
 of the value and properties of their wood, based on a scries of original investigations 
 made by Mr. S. P. Sharpies, of Cambridge. This catalogue contained four hundred 
 and twelve species. It was substantially reprinted in New York in 1885, under the 
 title of The I foods of the United States, as a guide to the Jesup collection of North 
 American woods in the American Museum of Natural History. 
 
 A few publications devoted to purely botanical accounts of particular groups of 
 trees, and others descri])tivc of the trees of parts of the country, have added largely 
 to our knowledge of the American silva. The most important of the former are 
 Dr. George Engelmann's papers on the Oaks and on different genera of Conifers, 
 the result of years of patient study. The most comprehensive of the latter is Mr. 
 George B. Emerson's Report on the Trees and Shriil)s (Iron-in;/ Xaluralln in the Forests 
 of Massachiisells. This work, which is ii model of its kind, was published in one vol- 
 ume, in 184G, under the auspices of the Conunon wealth. A reprint in two volumes. 
 
VIU 
 
 PKKFACE. 
 
 superbly illustrated with lithographs printed in color from drawings by Isiuic Spraguc, 
 was published in 1H75. 
 
 An account of the literature on the subject, however brief, will not be complete 
 without mention of Mr. M. A. Curtis's fVuodij Plants of Xorlh Caru/ina, of the val- 
 uable notes on the native trees of the lower Wabii-sh River in Indiana and Illinois by 
 Mr. Robert Ridgway, of the paper on the forest trees of British Columbia by Mr. 
 George M. Dawson, and of Professor Edward L. Greene's account of some of the Oaks 
 of California. 
 
 The line which divides trees from shrubs is a purely arbitrary one, and an attempt 
 to separate them is often unsatisfactory. A division based on habit rather than on size 
 seems, upon the whole, more easily applied than any other, and therefore less objection- 
 able. So, for the purjjoses of this work, I have considered as trees all woody plants 
 which grow up from the ground with a single stem, excluding all such as habitually 
 branch at the ground into a number of stems, whatever size or height they may attain. 
 The forests of North America exclusive of Mexico, the region embraced in this work, 
 are now believed to contain four hundred and twenty-two species of plants, besides 
 numerous varieties, which, under the ride adopted, can fairly be considered trees. 
 
 The sequence of the orders and of the genera adopted in the first volumes of this 
 work is that of the (irncra Planlarum of Bentham & Hooker, and of the standard 
 botanical works published in the United States. 
 
 The (juestion of nomenclature, which is beginning to occupy the attention of bota- 
 nists more seriously than ever before, is perplexing. I have adopted the method which 
 imposes upon a plant the oldest generic name applied to it by Linnaeus in the first 
 edition of the (ieiiera Plantarum, published in 17137, or by any subsequent author, and 
 the oldest specific name used by Linna;us in the first edition of the Species Plantaruin, 
 published in 17o.'}, or by any subsequent author, without regard to the fact that such 
 a specific name may have been associated at first with a generic name improperly em- 
 ployed. The rigid applicaticm of this rule loads to the change of many familiar names 
 and considerable ten ,)orary confusicm. But unless it is adopted, anything like stability 
 of nomenclature is hopeless, and the sooner changes which are inevitable in the 
 future are made, the moi easily students will become accustomed to them and acquire 
 a knowledge of the correct names of our trees. 
 
 Unless other sources of infin-matiim are specially mentioned, the figures represent- 
 ing the specific gravity and the weight of the wood of the difiicrent trees described in 
 this work are taken from the Report on the Woods of the United States, published in 
 Volume IX. of thi' Final Reports of the Tenth Census. In most cases these are averages 
 from several specimens, obtained, as far as possible, from trees growing under difierent 
 conditions in different parts of the country. The specific gravity is calculated from 
 specimens of wood from which all moisture was artificially expelled ; the weight of the 
 cubic foot is that of wood seasoned naturally and containing, therefore, more or less 
 moisture. 
 
 No one can realize more clearly than I that the chief value of this new Silva is due 
 to the accuracy and beauty of the drawings, upon which my associate, Mr. C. E. Faxon, 
 
PltEFACE. " 
 
 has worked assiduously durins the last oi^ht years, and to the skill oi" the admiral.k- 
 French engravers, who have reprodueed them under the general direction of Monsieur 
 A Uiocreux. tiie most distinguished European hotanical artist. I take this oppor- 
 tunity to express to them all the sense of my personal obligation for their zeal and 
 
 devotion. " . „ , » 1 1 » i 
 
 The entomological notes have been supplied by Mr. J. G. Jack of the Arnold Arbo- 
 retum. Mr. William I). Elv. of Providence. Hhode Island, and Mr. Francis (Skinner, of 
 Boston, have aided me greatly in collecting information relating to the early literatui-e 
 of many of the trees described; and Mr. Faxon's careful scrutiny of the proof-sheets 
 has freed them from many errors. A list of the other fnends and eorrespondents who 
 haye aided me in the preparation of this work would include the names ot the chiet 
 botanists and of the most intelligent lovers and zealous cultivators of trees in America 
 and Europe. My sense of obligation and of gratitude to them all is deep and sincere, 
 but their numbed is so great that I must content myself with this general acknowledg- 
 ment of their kindness and assistance. 
 
 C. S. Sargent. 
 
 Brooklixe, M.VSS.. September, 1890. 
 
T ^ BLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Prefack 
 
 Synoi'sh ok OrdeB3 
 
 MaoNOLIA FCRTIliA 
 
 Magnolia olauca . 
 Magnolia acuminata 
 Magnolia mackoi'hvlla 
 Magnolia tru-ktala 
 Magnolia Fraseri 
 liriooendron tulii'ifeba 
 
 AsiMIVA TRILOBA . 
 AnONA <iLAHRA .... 
 CaI'PARLS jAMAtCENSia . 
 Canella ALHA .... 
 Goruonia Lasiantiius . 
 
 GORDONIA AlTA.MAHA 
 
 Fremontia Californioa 
 Tilia Amkhicana 
 
 TiLIA PUBESCENS . 
 
 tlma iietehopuvlla 
 guaiacum sanctum 
 Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculls 
 Xanthoxylum cribrosum 
 Xanthoxylum Fagara 
 Ptelea trifoliata 
 Helietta parvifolia 
 
 AmYRIS MARITIMA . 
 
 Canotia iiolaoantha 
 
 SiMARUBA GLAUl'A . 
 
 Kokberlinia spinosa 
 
 Uuh-seha Simakuba 
 
 Swietf.nia Maiiaiioni 
 
 Ilex opaca .... 
 
 Ilex Cas-sine .... 
 
 Ilex vomitokia 
 
 Ilex deciiuia . . . . 
 
 Ilex monticola 
 
 Platca i., ii. . 
 
 Plate iii. . 
 
 Plates iv., v., vi. . 
 
 Plates vii., viii. . . 
 
 Plates ix., x. . 
 
 Plates xi., xii. . . 
 
 Plates xiii.. xiv. 
 
 Plates XV., xvi. . 
 
 Plates xvii., xviii. . 
 
 Plate xix. . ■ . 
 
 Plate XX. 
 
 Plate xxi. . 
 
 Plate xxii. 
 
 Plate xxiii. . . 
 
 Plates xxiv., xxv. . 
 
 Plate xxvi. 
 
 Plate xxvii. . 
 
 Plate xxviii. . . 
 
 Plate xxix. 
 
 Plates XXX.. xxxi. 
 
 Plate xxxii. . 
 
 FKites xxxiii., xxxiv. . 
 
 Plate XXXV. . 
 
 Plate xxxvi. 
 
 Plate xxxvii. . 
 
 Plates xxxviii., xxxix. 
 
 Plato xl. 
 
 Plates xli., xlii. . 
 
 I'lates xllii., xliv. . 
 
 Plate xlv. . 
 
 Plates xlvi,, xlvii. . 
 
 Plate xlvili. . , 
 
 Plate xlix. . 
 
 Plate 1. . 
 
 Zlll 
 
 ;{ 
 5 
 7 
 11 
 1.3 
 15 
 19 
 23 
 'J9 
 33 
 37 
 41 
 45 
 47 
 
 03 
 
 07 
 
 71 
 
 73 
 
 70 
 
 81 
 
 S5 
 
 88 
 
 91 
 
 93 
 
 97 
 
 1(11) 
 
 107 
 
 109 
 
 ni 
 
 113 
 115 
 

SYNOrsIS OF THE ORDERS OF PLANTS CONTAINED IN VOLUME I. 
 OF THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Stems iiicieasint; in diameter by the anuual addition of a layer of wood inside the bark. Leaves netted-veined. Kmliryo 
 with a i)air of opposite cotyledons. 
 
 Suii-C'las.s I. AngiospermSB. Pistil, a closed ovary containing the ovules and developing into the fruit. 
 Division I. PolypetalaB. Flowers with calyx and curolhi. the latter divided into sei>nratf jietals. 
 
 A. THALAMIPLOR.^. Stamens and petals free from the calyx and from the superior ovary, and inserted on a 
 usually narrow receptacle. 
 
 * Carpels distinct. 
 
 1. Magnoliace8B. Sepals and petiils in three or four rows of threes, imbricated in aestivation. Stamens 
 numerous. Kruit cone-like, formed of the numerous cohering carpels. Leaves alternate, stipulate. 
 
 2. Anonaoew. Sepals .'$, valval: in ie3tivati(m. Petals (i, in two rows, valvate or sometimes imbricated in 
 SBstivation. St-imens numerous. Fruit pulpy. Leaves alternate, exstiimlate. 
 
 * * Car]]els united into a compound ovary with parietal placentie. 
 
 3. Capparidaceee. Sepals and petals 4. Fruit baccate or capsular, indehiscent or dehiscent. Seeds destitute 
 of albumen. Kndiryo coiled. Leaves alternate ; sti|iules often spinescent, sometimes wanting. 
 
 4. CanellacesB. Sepals 3. Petals ">. Stamens monadelphous, the anthers adnate into a column. Fruit fleshy. 
 Seed albuminous. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. 
 
 * * * Carpels united into a compound ovary with axilc [ilacentse. 
 
 .'). TernstroemiaoesB. Calyx imbricated in (estivation. Stamens indefinite, more or less united together and 
 with the base of the petals. Fruit, a 3 to 5-eelled pud, Kmbryo straight or slightly curved. Leaves alternate. 
 8ti|)ulatc. 
 
 (). Cheiranthodendreffl. Calyx subcampanulate, deeply .'i-lohed, the lobes imbricated in a'stivation. Petals 0. 
 Stamens unituil into a column. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. Kmbryo straight, in Hesby albumen. Leaves 
 alternate, stipulate. 
 
 7, TiliaceSB, Calyx valvate in x'stivation. Stamens numerous, usually more or less united together. Leaves 
 alternate, the stipules usually small and deciduous, sometimes wanting. 
 
 H. DISCIFLORjE. Sepals generally distinc't. Stamens as many as the petals, or twice as many, or fewer, usually 
 inserted on a hypogynous or perigytious disk. Ovary superior, many-celled. 
 
 * Ovules pendulous, rB])ho ventral. 
 
 H. Zygophyllaoese. Sepals ■'5, or rarely 4. iis\ially free, destitute of glands. Filaments often provided with a 
 basal bract. Disk usually tleshy. Ovary angle or lobed. Branches jointed. Leaves usually oi)posite, L' foliolato 
 or pinnate ; stipules persistent. 
 
 9. RutaoeBB. Flowers usually dioecious or polygamous. Ovary 2 to .">-lobod, or the carpels almost distinct, on 
 a glandular ilisk, often produiid into a gyiiophore. Leaves compound, glandular-punctate, exstipulate. 
 
 1(». Simarubeee. Flowers regular, polygamous, or rarely perfect. Calyx 3 to .l-lobed or diviiled. Petals 3 to ."i 
 or wanting, iniluici.ted or valvate. Disk annular, lobed lU' entire. Ovary 2 to ,'i-lolied, or rarely entire ; ovules usually 
 Bolitary. Si'eds albuminous. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, i)innate or rarely 1 to ,3-fciliolate, exstipulate. 
 
 11. BurseracesB. Flowers perfect m imlygamiwlimcious. Calyx 3 to ."i-lobed, imbricated or valvate. Disk annu- 
 lar or eup-shape.l, free m ndnato to the calyx. Ovary entire, 2 to ri-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves opposite or 
 altornate, .'t-loliolate. unecpudly junnato, or rarely 1-foliolate, exstipulate. 
 
 12. MeliaoeBB. Flowers usually perfect. Calyx imbricated or rarely valvate in a-stivation. Petals cimtcuted 
 or valvate in lestivation. Anthers united into a sessile or stipitate tube. Ovary entire, 3 to ,")-eelled. Seeds usually 
 destitute of albunu'n. Leaves allernale, usually pinnate, exstipulate. 
 
 * * Ovuh's ponduliuis, raphe dorsal. 
 
 13. IliciueoB. Flowers dicceionsly polygamous, axillary, 4 lo ,S-pai'ted. Disk minute. Ovules 1 to 2 in each cell. 
 Embryo niiinile, in copious allmnu'u. Leaves allernat»!i stipules mijuite. 
 
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 MAGNOLIA. 
 
 Flower-bud inclosed in a stipular caducous spatho. Flowers perfect, solitary, 
 terminal ; sepals 3 ; petals G to 12, in series of 3's ; anthers introrse ; pistils indcifinite, 
 imbricated on an elongated receptacle. Carpels drupaceous-baccate, persistent, opening 
 on the back at maturity. Seeds drupaceous. 
 
 Magnolia, Liiiiia?us, Gen. 102. — Ailanson, Fum. PL ii. 
 3C4. — A. L. <l<i Jiissieu, Gen. 281. — Endlielier, Gen. 
 
 837 — Mcisner, Gen.Z. — Gray, Gen. III. i. 59. — Ben- 
 tham & Hooker, Gen. i. 18. — Baillon, Hist. PL i. 188. 
 
 Trees, or rarely shrubs, with fleshy roots, ashy gray or brown, smooth or sometimes scaly, bitter- 
 aromatic bark, and terete branclilets conspicuously marked by large round leaf-scars and narrow stipular 
 rings. Buds terete, acute ; their scales large membranaceous stipules adnate to the base of the stout 
 petioles, deciduous with the unfolding of each successive conduplicate leaf. Leaves alternate, entire, 
 sometimes auricidate, deciduous or sempervirent, feather-veined, often minutely punctate. Flowers sessile 
 cr slightly pedunculate, conspicuous, sometimes precocious, often fragrant, white, green, or yellow, rarely 
 purple or rose. Spathe thin, membranaceous, or, when the flower is precocious, thicker and densely 
 covered with wool. Sepals spreading or rettexed, deciduous. Petals imbricated in the bud, hypogy- 
 nous, concave, erect or spreading, deciduous. Stamens indefinite, imbricated in many raidcs upon the 
 base of the receptacle, stout, early-deciduous ; filaments nuich shorter than the adnate introrse twu-celled 
 anthers ; the fleshy connective apiiulate. Pistils densely ind)ricated on the receptacle ; ovaries fleshy, 
 one-celled ; style short, recurved, stigmatose only on the inner face ; ovules two, collateral, horizontal, 
 anatropous. Fruit a scarlet or rusty brown cone, formed of the coalescent two-seeded carpels. Seeds 
 suspended at maturity by a long thin cord of unrolled spiral vessels contained in the short funiculus 
 and placenta ; testa thick, drupaceous, the outer portion becoming fleshy and at maturity pulpy, bright 
 red or scarlet, the interior crustaccous, grooved along the inner side; tegmen very thin, adherent to the 
 albumen. Embryo minute, at the base of the fleshy homogeneous alljumeu, its radicle next the hiliim ; 
 cotyledons short and S|)reading. 
 
 The genus Magnolia is now confined to eastern North America, southern Mexico, and eastern and 
 southern Asia. Twenty species are known. Of these, six are North American, with their centre of dis- 
 tribution in the southern Alleghany-mountain region ; two are Mexican ; ' ten are eastern Asiatic ; - one 
 is a native of the nunuitiiins of Ymi-nan ; ' and four are Himalayan.* Magnolia once occupied a nuich 
 larger area of the earth's surface, and its fossil remains are well marked and widely ''" tributed.' As late 
 
 ' Heinslcy, liol. ISiol. Am. Cent. i. 13. a flue tree willi persistent foliage, not unlike ilagnulia fatida of 
 
 " Miixiniowic!, ISM. Acad. Sn. Si, I'itmbourg, viii. fiOT.— the south Allantie sdites. 
 Forbes & llenisley. Jour. Linn. Sor. xjiii, iiH, < Houker f. /•'/, liril. Ind. i. 41. 
 
 'Magnolia Ddavayi, Frauehet, I'l. Ddaniyana, 33, t. 0, 10; '■ ^i\iimUi, Oriijine I'akontologique des Arbres,':i63. 
 
,SILVA OF XOliTII AMKIilCA. 
 
 MAGNOLIACE^E. 
 
 as tlie Tertiary period it was coininon in the Arctic Circle, in Greenland, in central Eiiropt-, anc cu the 
 inid-continentid plains of ?sortli America.' 
 
 The larjifcst of the <jeims is J/. Caiiijiht/lii.- a noble tree of the Sikkini Himalaya, where in elevated 
 siib-tropii'al valleys it attains the height of a hundred feet. M. h>/j>olii(iii,^ a. native of n>()u><tain forests 
 in northern Jai)an, is one of tiie largest, and perhaps the most useful of the genus. The Chinese M. 
 coiis/ili'iiit and .1/. (ihurnln, as well as several hybrids* between these species, have long been cultivated 
 for their conspicuous j;''_'cocious llowers.'' The North American species are interesting and widely cul- 
 tivated ornamental trees. 
 
 The wood of Magnolia is light or rarely heavy, moderately hard, close-grained, easily worked, 
 altiujugli not strong or duralile, creamy white or brown, (juickly becoming stained with decay. The sap- 
 wood is a little lighter colored than that of the heart. The medullary rays are thin and ineonspicu(.us. 
 It has few eeononiie uses.'' 
 
 All parts of Magnolia are slightly bitter and aromatic. The dried bark, especially of the root, and 
 the cone and seeds of several American species weic formerly used occasionally as a stiuu:lai>t and tonic.' 
 The Chinese employ the powdered seeds of Jf. coiinjiicKii in the treatment of inflammatory troubles of 
 the throat and eyes," and the dried flower-buds medicinally, and to season rice." 
 
 All the Magnolias grow freely and rapidly in cultivation ; they reipiire deep, rather moist, well- 
 drained soil, and thrive in peaty loam. They are easily raisod from seed, and may be propagated by 
 grafting or by layers. The American Magnolias are singidarly free from the attacks of injurious insects." 
 
 The genus Magn')lia was establi.slied by I'lumier in 17(Ki." Pluniier's species, however, a n(djle 
 West Indian evergieeii tree, with which one of the North American species of Magnolia was afterwards 
 confouiuled iiy Linna'us, is now the type of the allied troi)ical genus Talauma. The name commemo- 
 rates the laliors of Pierre Miignol (10138-1715), profes.sor of botiiny at Montpellier, who tirst indicated 
 the natural families of plants. 
 
 I 
 
 ' lli'or, /v. Foss. An-t. vii. ISO. Syin)|itical TiiMc. 
 
 '■i lloc.kiT f. /;;. Him. I'l. t. I, ."i. — (irimth, Awi. iv. t. 050. 
 
 • Ganlet, and Forest, i. :«)4, I'. I'.l. 
 
 * I.ouildii, Arh. hrit. i. '.iTS, 
 
 ® 'I'lio so-called Mittjnulia /.tsrata, n tall pvcrpreen slirirh from 
 soutluTU C'.iina, grown in garilt'iis in all tlio tt-niiu'rati' jiarts nf the 
 
 Japan nnrh lln.^ n und Studwn im Auftratje dcr Kihiiglich Prcum- 
 tirfifn Ittijierunfj dii yntAlt, ii. *J59.) 
 
 ■ I.l.iyil, i>ruti< 1111,1 Med. N. Am. ii. 11. 
 
 *■ Stiitvt'tiH Ihtfuimelt ii. -^.5. 
 
 » I'ifk.TiM};, Cl,nm. Ilisl. PI. GOO. 
 
 '' T. V. ChainlKTs {Hull. '/. S. (ieohi/. Sun: 1S7S, iv. lOS) mcn- 
 
 wnrM for its fragrant tlowiTs. is now ivftTi-ol to tlii' allii'd f^cmis tions a Icaf-niiiiinf^ larvaof a Ii-piilopterous iust'ct to whirb he gives 
 
 Alieliclia. the name I'h/ll.imisti.t magniiluiiUa. 
 
 * Maijnolifi hypoieucii furnishes the wood n.sed by the .Japanese ^^ Suv. VI. Am. Gen. 38. 
 in the manufacture of sword-sheaths and lac(|uered ware. (Keiu, 
 
 CONSPKCTirS OF TIIK NOHTII AMERTC.VN SPECIES. 
 
 Lc.nvcs se.tttorcil iiloni; the i raiielies : leat-linds silky. 
 
 Leaves ))er»is;enl ; sliuots of tho year and carpels densely pulHsecnt 
 
 Leaves snlipersi.stent : yonnj,' shouts j.uljeseent 
 
 Leaves ilecidiious. 
 
 Ohlong. ovate, or sulieordato : flowers small, green or yellow 
 
 Ohovatc or oblong, cordate at the narrow ba>e : tbiwers very large and while 
 Leaves crowded at the summit of the llowering braiuhesi leaf-buds glabrous. 
 
 Leaves obovate-lanceulate. pointed at both ends 
 
 Loaves obovate-spatulate uuricululc al the ba.se 
 
 , 1. v., t'fETIllA. 
 
 . 2. M. (ii,.uc.v. 
 
 . M. M. Aif.MIN-.VT.V. 
 
 I. >L M.Vi Hill'llVI.L.V. 
 
 . "i. M. Tiiii'irr.vLA. 
 
 . (>. M. KHASKKI. 
 
\GNOLlACEyE. 
 
 . auc cu the 
 
 MAGNOLIACE.E. 
 
 SILVA OF NORTH AMEPilCA. 
 
 i in elevated 
 "X-Mix forests 
 Chinese M. 
 11 cultivated 
 I widely cul- 
 
 iily worked, 
 . Tile sap- 
 .'onspieuoui. 
 
 lie root, and 
 
 : and toiiieJ 
 
 troubles of 
 
 moist, well- 
 )pagated by 
 ms insects.'" 
 er, a noble 
 < afterwards 
 ' comnienio- 
 st indicated 
 
 mglich Preum" 
 
 S, iv. 108) mcn- 
 whii.'h he gives 
 
 S-ATA. 
 ll'iTVI.LA. 
 
 ALA. 
 KI. 
 
 MAGNOLIA FCETIDA. 
 
 Magnolia. Bull Bay. 
 
 Leaves evcrp;rccn, coriaceous, fcrrugiiious-tomcntosc beneath. Pistils woolly. 
 Fruit and shoo' ; of the year densely pubescent. 
 
 Mngnolia fcstida, Saifjent, (rurili-n ainl Forest, ii. 1115. 
 
 Magnolia Virginiana, /i. foetida, Linna?iis, .S'/ztv. ."iSO. 
 
 Magnolia grandiflora, Liiinieus. S/iec. eil. 2, T.'ij. — Miller, 
 Uiit. ed. 8. - Eilwarils, liril. Ilerh. 40, t. 9'.'. — Marshall, 
 Arbiist. All. 8i.^ Ifoii. Am, Gewiich. ii. 45, t. 185, 
 180. — Waller, Fl. Car. 158. — Giertner, /V«c^ i. 343. t. 
 70. — Lamartk, Di-f, iii. 072; III. iii. 35, t. 4',)l).— 
 Moencli, .U>'f/i. 274. — WilUlenow, .S/w. ii. 12L'5. — Jli- 
 cIkiux. /■'/. lior.-Am. i. 3L'7. — Xoitveau Diihiiiiiil. ii. 21'.), 
 t. 05. — Uesfoiitaines, Hint. Arli. ii. 5. — Andrews, Jlot. 
 
 .30. — Aiulubon, liinh, t, 5, .32. — Don. Geii. Synf. i. 
 82. — Loiulon. Ai-'i. Ih-it. i. 201. t. — Turrey & Gray, Fl. 
 y. Am. i. 42. — Dictrieh. *'//«. iii. .308. — Spaeli, //-•.^^ 
 Veij. vii. 470. — Cliaiiinan. /'/. 13. — Curtis. Geoloij. .'iufi: 
 N. Cur. l.SOO. iii. 00.— Haillon, Ifixt. I'l. i. 133. f. Km- 
 lOi) ; Dirt, i. 557, f. — Kfjch, Dcndr. i. 307. — KeisuUe 
 Ito. Icon. Hot. G'irtl. Koiihibiira. i. t. 18. — Sargent. For- 
 est Trerx X. Am. lOt/i Cnisii.^ U. .S'. ix. 19. 
 M. grandiflora, var. elliptica and obovata, Pursli. Fl. Am. 
 
 Heiit. ii. :;,so. 
 
 ii*f//. viil. t. 518. — MIcliaux, f. i//V. Arli. Am. iii. 71, t. M. grandiflora. var. lanceolata, PursU, Fl. Am. Sept. \\. 
 1. — I'lirsli, Fl. A m. .Sept. ii. 380. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 1 8. — 380. — Uot. ilwj. t. 1952. 
 
 De Candoile, Si/st. i. 450 ; Prodi: i. 80. — Elliott, SL ii. 
 
 A noble tree, of strict pyramidal habit, sixty to eipfhty foot in height, with a tall str.iight trunk 
 sometimes under favorable conditions four to four and a half feet in diameter. The bark of the trunk 
 on fully grown individuals is a half to three (juarters of an inch thick, gray or light brown in color, 
 covered witii thin appressed scales rarely more than an inch long ; that of the branches is smooth, light 
 gray, and much thinner. The leaves, which fall in the spring at the end of their second year, are brigiit 
 green, shining, coriaceous, oblong or ovate, strengthened bv a prominent midrib and primarv veins, and 
 borne on stout petioles an inch or two long. They are five to eight inches long and two to three inches 
 broad. The underside, as well as the petiole, winter-buds, and spatlie, is coated with a thick dark rusty 
 tomentum, varying greatly in length and density. The deliciously fragrant creamy white protcrogynous 
 flowers, seven or eigiit inches across Avlieii expanded, continue to open from April or ^I.iv until July or 
 August. The p"taloid sepals and the six or sometimes nine or twelve petals are aiiriiptly unguiculate, 
 oval or ovate, those of the inner rank often somewhat acuminate, concave and coriaceous. They are 
 three or four inches long, and one and a half to two inclies l)road. The base of tiie receptacle and lower 
 part of the tilaments are bright purple. Tlie fruit is ovate or oval, rusty iirown and pubescent, three 
 to four inches long, and one and a half to two and a half inches broad. The seeds are nearly half an 
 inch long, s(miewliat triangular, often flattened on the face opposite the raphe by mutual pressure. 
 
 The northern station of Jfuf/nnHa fitt'idit is on the coast of North Carolina south of the Cape 
 Fear Kiver. In South Carolina and Georgia it is rarely found more than iifty or sixty miles from the 
 coast ; ill Florida it extends across the peninsula as far soiitli as .AIos(|uito Inlet on the east coast and 
 the shcu'es of Tampa Ray; it is common in the inaritime portions of the Gulf states as far west as the 
 valley of the Hra/.os Iviver in Texas, exten<liiig through western Louisiana to southern Arkansas, and 
 appearing on the blurt's of the lower Mississippi River as far north as the mouth of the Yazoo River in 
 Mississippi.' M(i(/iioliii futiihi flourishes in rich moist soils. Near the coast it is generally confined 
 to the borders of rivcr-s\vaiii|)s and pine-barren ponds ; in western Louisiana it is often the character- 
 istic and most consjiiciious feature of the forest ; and here, and on the rich high rolling hills of the 
 Mississijipi blull's, this tree reaches its greatest develojit-K'nt. It is usually found associated with -ho 
 
 ' M'limiliii Iniilriifl'li, Ihe i\ii'i'it :iiii'0';tiir, porliiips, i)f .U, faliilo, was funmiuH in the .\ietie reyion dmin;,' the Tortiiiry periiid. (Ileor, 
 
 Fl. /■•«, -. .{rci. vii. I'ji, t. c'.i, f. 1, 1. s.-,, f. ;i, t. 80, r. ;•.) 
 
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 MAGN'OLIACEJE. 
 
 Swamp Cliestnut Oak, the Water Oak, the Willow Oak, the Beech, ti <; Hornbeam, the Black Gum, the 
 Water Gum, the Great Tupelo, and the Liquklamber. 
 
 The wood of MitijnoUa fa'tida is iuu'der, heavier, and more valuable than that of the other 
 North American Magnolif.s. The thick sapwood generally consists of seventy to eighty layers of annual 
 growth ; it is creamy white, soon turni.ig ligiit brown with exposure, and is not easily distiugniished 
 from the rather lighter heurtwood. This when perfectly dry has a specific gravity of 0.G3G0, a cubic 
 foot of tile dry wood weighing '^dM-i pounds. The wood of this tree is little used except for fuel, 
 although well suited for the finer kinds of cabinet work and the interior finish of houses. 
 
 It does not appear who first brought Mmjnolid /(ttida to the attention of European botanists. 
 The earliest account, that of Plukenet, wsis published in his AmaUhtinn JUitmuciun in 170;).' It is 
 not known who first introduced living plants into Europe ; a single specimen, sjiid to have been brought 
 from the banks of the Mississippi, was planted near Nantes in 173'J ; '^ and two years later, according to 
 Aiton,' it was cultivated in Sir John Colleton's garden at Exmouth in Devonshire. Marjnolla fid'aln 
 is the most splendid ornamental tree of the North American forests. It is now widely cultivated in the 
 extreme southern states, and has become a striking and beautiful feature in the gardens and streets of 
 many southern cities. It is precariously hardy as far iiortli 'is Philadelpliia. It has been gv nerally 
 introduced into tlie gardens of temperate Eur«i)e and Asia, although in Great Bribiin often requiring 
 the protection of a wall to insiu-e its blooming. 
 
 Several varieties have appeared at different times in European nursery-gardens, especially in those 
 of central and western France, where the propagation of the evergreen Magnolia has been a'' important 
 industry since its first introduction. These varieties differ principally in the form of the lea^ and in the 
 duration of the flowering period. The variety Mnjnieiisis* raised in England early in this century, with 
 a rather i.istigiate habit of growth, oblong elliptical leaves densely clothed with tomentum on the lower 
 sm't'ace, and somewhat (.outracted flowers, is considered in that country the most distinct, and, from its 
 habit of flowering when only a few feet high, the most valuable for cidtivation. The variety angustl- 
 /o//V^ wiiich a))peared at Angers about 182.'>, is one of the most distinct and permanent of these seminal 
 varieties.' The variety prcKCOX, another French variety, is distinguished by early and continuous 
 bloominjr. 
 
 * Tttlipi/tra arbor Fhridnntif lattri huge ampliorihus splendentWus 
 el (tenxiorif'UH/oliii, Jlorf mnjore albo, *J(M). 
 
 Magnolia dllUtima, jiore ingenli crtnilido, Catt'sby, A''«^ Hist. Car, 
 ii. t. 01. — Diihamcl, Traitt' ties Arhrf:i, ii. 1, t. 1. 
 
 Maynolia /nlii,i ohlongiA nuiitas ffrruijiuiix,jiore ainpUssimo candido, 
 harm ruheUis, Trfw, PL Ehrel. 8, t. ;i3, IW, f. •>. 
 
 Maijnolia foliiit tanceotatia persistenlibuSf ctiule erecto arhoreo, Miller, 
 Did. Icon. ii. 115, t. 172. 
 
 ' Morlct lie la Bonlaye, Nouvean Duhamel, ii. 220. 
 
 • liort. Keic. ii. 2.51. 
 
 * Louuuu, Arb. Brit. i. 2til. — Loddiges. Rot. Cab. t. 814. 
 
 ' Aiiollicr iiarri)\v-Ii.'avcd form wii'. curiously undulating Icaf- 
 iiiargiiis, of unknown origin, is now found in tlic gardens of north. 
 cm Italy under the uome of " Magnolia Harlicegus." 
 
 EXPLANATION OF r..IE PLATES. 
 
 Platk L M.vcnoda fietida. 
 A tlonrcring branch, imtur.al nhv. 
 
 Plate IL 
 
 1. A fruit, natural sb.e. 
 
 2. Diagram of the tiowcr. 
 
 3. A llowcr, the calyx and corolla removed, natural mt 
 
 4. A stamen, enlarged. 
 
 5. Vertical section of the gynieciuni, natural size. 
 0, An ovule, enlargeii, 
 
 7, Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 
 
 Mac'-oi.ia fcktida. 
 
 8. A seed, the base of the pulpy portion of the testa to- 
 inovcd, showing the stony interior portion, enlarged. 
 
 9. A seed, the fleshy part of the testa removed, showing the 
 grooved stony portion, enlarged. 
 
 10. Cross section of a seed, enlarged. 
 
 11. An embryo, much enlarged, 
 
 12. A winter-bud, natural eiie. 
 
■i,m, u^iu 
 
MAGNOLIA FOiTIDA, o^.ir. 
 
i 
 
:i 
 
 n 
 
 **, 
 
MAGNOLIA 1'''ET1DA 
 
MJ 
 
 ail 
 
 M. 
 
 fin 
 ill 
 li.' 
 l)ii 
 gn 
 olr 
 hu 
 
 4" 
 wli 
 
 till 
 
 I'll 
 
 I'lii 
 
 ll» 
 
 (Ml 
 
 tw 
 loi 
 
 r.i 
 1.(1 
 Bl 
 in 
 
MAGNOUACEiE. 
 
 SILVA OF NOUTII AiMERICA. 
 
 MAGNOLIA GLAUOA. 
 
 Sweet Bay. Swamp Bay. 
 
 Lkavks subpcrsistcnt, pale on the lower surface. Fruit gla1)rous. 
 and winter-buds pubescent. 
 
 Young shoots 
 
 M. glauca. Linniein, Spec. ed. 2, 755. — Miller, Diet. ed. 
 S. — Jliu'shall, Arhiist. Am. S.S. — Wangenheim, Xordam. 
 Iloh. 00, t. 11), f. Ui. — Walter, /Y. Cai: 158. — /toh. 
 
 Sett. Am. Gen'iich. t. 40. — Lamarck, Dkt. Hi. 074 
 
 Moench, Meth. 274. — Willdcnow, Spec. ii. 1251). — 
 Sclikiilir, lliintU). ii. 1441. t. 14.S. — JliiOiaux, Fl. Bor.- 
 
 Am.'x.'.'i'll yoiii'rau Dnhimfl. ii. 221!. t. 00. — Des- 
 
 (ontaines. Hist. Arh. ii. 5. — I!oii|)land, I'l. Mulm. lO.S. t. 
 42. — Micliaux f. Ilist. Arh. Am. iii. 77. t. 2. — Pursli, 
 Fl. Am. Sept. ii. ;i81. — Bigelow, Me^l. Hot. ii. 07, t. 27 ; 
 Ft. Boston, ed. 3, 244. — ISarton, Mat. Bot. i. 77. t. 7. — 
 Niittall. Geii. ii. 18. — LoddiRcs, Bot. O;/-. t. 21.">. — Ue 
 Candollc, Sijst. i. 452 ; Pro,h. i. 80. — Hayiic, Dai'lr. 
 Fl. 1 1(>. — Klliott. .S'A-. ii. ;{7. — Torrey, Fl. X. Y. \. 27, 
 t. 5. — Audubon, Birds, t. 118. — Don, Gen. Si/st. i. 82. — 
 Keirlicnliach, Fl. Kxnt. v. ;i7, t. .'f42. — Toney & Gray, 
 Fl. X. Am. i. 42. — Dletiidi, Sipi. iii. .'!l)8. — .Spacli, Hist. 
 Vi'ij. vii. 47.'i. — Liiiulon, Arh. JSrit. i. 2(i7, t. — Knierson, 
 
 Trees Mn.is. ed. 2, ii. 00,'?. t. — Gray, Gen. III. i. 61, t. 
 
 2.'!. — Schnizlein. Iron. I. 17l'i. — D.-irlingloii. /'/. Crulr. ed. 
 
 ,'i, 8. — Chapman. Fl. l.'i. — Curtis, (ieolmj. Sure. X. Cur. 
 
 1800, iii. CO. — Koch, Demlr. i. ;iG9. — .Saigent. Fore.it 
 
 Trees N. Am. lOtli Census U. S. ix. 19. — Lloyd, Drugs 
 
 ami Med. X. Am. ii. 25. t. 28. f. 115. — Watson & Coul- 
 
 ter, Grai/s Man. ed. 0, 40. 
 M. Virginiana, u. glauca, Linnaeus, Sjn'c. 535. 
 M. fragrans, .Salisbury. Proflr. ',i~'J. — Ralinusiine, Fl. Lndo- 
 
 vir. 01 ; Med. Bot. ii. Wl. 
 M. longifolia. Sweet, llort. Brit. 11. — Don. Gen. Sij.^t. i. 
 
 S:!.— Dielricli, Sijn. iii. ;J08. 
 M. glauca. var. latifolia, Alton, Ilort. Kew. ii. 251. — 
 
 l'iir>h. FI.Am. Si/if. ii. ;>,S1. 
 M. glauca, var. longifolia. Alton. Jlorf. Kew. ii. 251. — 
 
 I'ursh, /'Y. Am. ,'^'7-Mi. ;!S1.— UuHnesiiii.'. /Y. /.»./..(■/<•. 
 
 01. — Haync, Dendr. Fl. 110. 
 M. glauca, var. pumila. Nnttall, Am. .Imr. Sei. scr. 1, v. 205. 
 
 A slender tree, fifty to seventy feet in lieii;lit, witli a trunk two to tliree. or, unilei' exceptionally 
 fiivonilile conditions, three and a half feet in diameter ; often niiicli snialler, and at the north reduced to 
 a low sliruh. The hark of the trunk on fnlly j;rown individuals is three eij;htlis to half an iiuh thick, 
 li^lit hrown in color, and covered with small thin appressed scales ; that on .small trunks and lar<;e 
 hranches is smooth and lif;ht ^ray. The bark of the slender branchlets, dnrinj;' the first year, is hrij-ht 
 f>'reen, ffradiudly t>irniiii>' dnrinjv the second summer to reddish hrowu. The leaves are ol)loni>- or oval, 
 obtuse or sometimes olilonj^'danceolate, fonrtosix inches lonj^- and one and a half to two and a half inches 
 l)roa(l, with a conspicuous midrib and primary veins; they are borne on slender petioles a half to three 
 quarters of an inch h)n<>-. The leaves are covered, when they first uid'old, with lonj;- white sili:v hairs 
 which soon disappear, and at maturity they are bright green and lustrons on the upjicr siu'faee, which is 
 then (piite glabrons and minutely pubescent, pale or nearly wliitc on the lower. They fall, in the noitli- 
 ern states, late in November or in early winter, and at the south remain on the branches witii little 
 change of color until the ..ppearaiu'e of the new leaves in sr,ring. The creamy white fragrant globular 
 flower.s, two or three inches across when expanded, continue to open during several weeks in spring and 
 early sinnmer. The sepals are membranaceous, obovate, obtuse, concave, and shorter tiian the nine to 
 twelve obovate, often iniguicnlate, concave petals. The dark red fruit is oval, glabrous, two inches 
 h)ng and one and a half inches broad. The secj is a (piarter to iialf an inch long. 
 
 Miiijiii)H(i (jli(iir<i is fonnd at its most northern limit in s\vani|is in the town of riioMcester in llssex 
 rounty, Massachusetts. It reajtpears in a swamp at the north end of Tnrtlc Pond in ' ■ !l'olk County, 
 bong Island.' and extends from New .lersey southward, generally near the coast, to the .v.orcs of Hay 
 niscayno and of Tampa Hay, Florida. It is not found in the .\ileghany-monntain regvm, lint abounds 
 in the Gulf states, extending west to sotitliwestcrn Arkansas and the valley of the Trinitv Kiver, Texas. 
 
 ' (I. .M. Willinr, lUdl Tun: llol. Ch,!,, xii. H7. 
 
^ILVA OF XOliTII AMFIUCA. 
 
 MAGNOLIACE.«. 
 
 M(i(jnollu ijJtiuvn inlia1)its at the nortli, di'ep wet swamps,' where it is associated with the lied ^Iai)le, 
 the Wiiite Cedar, the Ilii>li-bush Bhieberry, tiie Aiuh-omechis, the Red-berried Prinos, and the Poisonous 
 Sumach ; in tlie soutii Athiiitic and Gulf states it is found alonj>; the borders of pine-barren ponds and 
 shallow swamps, where it forms, with the Loblolly Hay and the lied Hay, low, almost impenetrable thick- 
 ets, roaihinfr its <rrcatest development in the interior of the Florida peninsula on the rich hummocks or 
 islands which rise above the level of the pine-lands. 
 
 The wood of Mdijiiiil'id ijlaiiat is soft and lii;ht. The color of the heartwood. which is found only 
 in old specimens, is lij;ht brown tinyed with red ; the thick sapwood, consistin<if of ninety to a hinidred 
 layers of annual <;iii\vth. is creamy white, turnini;' darker with exposure. This has, when perfectly dry, 
 a specitic };iavifv of ().."i())!."), a cubic foot of the dry wood weij'hins'' lil.lJS pounds. The woovl of this 
 tree is now occasionally used in the southern .states in the manufacture of broom-handles and other 
 articles of wooden ware. 
 
 The earliest mention of Mmjiiolia (jhntva is of '"the tree that beareth the rine of blacke Sinamon, 
 of which Master Winter brouf;ht from the streifrhts of Ma<;ellan,"' which Piiilip Amadas and Arthur 
 Harlowe found in loS-t on an island in Pindico Sound.'- It was lirst cultivated in Europe by lii.shop 
 Gnnpton,^ in his jjfarden at Fulhani, near London, who received it from clohn IJanister* in 1G88; and 
 the earliest deMription is that of Plukenet.'' 
 
 The value of MnijunHu ijluiirn as an ornamental plant was at once reconjnized ; and it has always 
 been a favorite in gardens where, at different times, several varieties have been distinjiuished. Jfiujiio- 
 /i<i (//itiicii l<)iit/ifi)/i(i, with lanceolate leaves and a bloominj;' period which scmietinies extends through 
 two or three months, is the only one of these that has survived.'' J/mjiioHu 77i(iiiijisoti'iiiii(i,~ a probable 
 hvbrid between Miii/iiuliii ij/diica and .Miii/iiolin trijn tain, rai.sed early in this century by a Mr. Thomp- 
 son of .Mile End in England, has been preserved in gardens, where it is esteemed for its handsome 
 foliage and large and deliciously fragrant tlowers.'' 
 
 MnijiKjIiii ijliiiivii thrives in rich and rather nuiist soil, and is found to grow more rapidly and 
 vigorously when grafted on Mii'jiinlid (iciniiiiintn than it does on its own roots. 
 
 1 Miigufiliii ijUiuau 'A^ tlit^ tlf>liy mots wtTo eaten I»y lieuvers, liO, t. liO. — Duhainel, Tniih ilex ArhreUt \'u [V — Trew, PI. Khnt. 
 
 WHS kiunvii ti> the eailv >eltlirs in reuiisvlvaiiia as Heaver-tree ; '_', t. !l. — DiDiiiiiis, llnrt. Ellh. 1!07, t. 108, f. 'M:,. 
 
 anil lieavers, aeeoidiii); to Kalui, were eaui;lil in trigis liaiteil with Mttfinoliii fnliis nintii-luiireolalU, LiniiiL'ns, Ilorl. difl'. ii-".'. — 
 
 pii'fes iif the rent, (TntrtlA into X'trth Amrrlnt, Kti^lisll ell. i. -0(.) Chiyt()n, i'V. Viri/iii. (11. 
 
 'J First veya^e to the coast of Virj;inia. ( llakhiyt, Vi'it'iflf, eii. * This variety does not. aiipfav to he known in a wihl state, and 
 
 Kvans, iii. I(0'_'.) its o,"i;;in is nneertaill. It is, jierhajts, tiie MaifiK'liit limijifaUn of 
 
 ■I Henry Coiiipton (liKi'.'-IW), liishop of l.oniUm, first enltivated Sweet and of Dun (/. e.), hnt as the enllivatcd phint thrives in 
 
 in Kn|;tand many North .Xlneriean |ihints. New l-'.nj;hind it ean hardly he, as they supposed, a nativi^ of C'aro- 
 
 * .lohn Hauister, a inissiojiary to Vii-^inia, where he ilied ahout Una and (tem'j'ia ; its jjarih'n taiyin seems more proltahte. 
 
 lO'.l'.; J author of the llrst rntah>KUi' of North .Vineriean jihints (pnli- ' liul. Ma<j. t. L'Kil. — London, Arh, Hrlt. i. 2(i7. — ilanino St. 
 
 lislied in Hay, /lisl. PL ii. I'.I'JS). His herhavinm in preserved in Ilihiire, I'lure rl Pomoiie, v. t. I.Tl. — Keiehenbuch, Fl. lixul. v. t. 
 
 tlie Hrilish Museum. 31-'. — Srrlum Bnlanirum, v. t. — Garden and Foreft, i. 1!08, f. 43. 
 
 ^ Tulit>ihrn Viri/inkinn, Ln'irinis fnlii.it ttver^a parte mre civrnlm * .\ seeoiul supposed hybrid between tliese species, deserilH'd by 
 
 tincti.i, fnni-t,iirri/,r<i, I'bikenet, .\lm. Hal. :)"!l, t. (IS, f. 1. I.inubui (/. v.) as Mtiijnolia glaucu longi/olui, has now probably dis- 
 
 Mftijnnliii litnri folio nul'tu.i iitfjieunte, Catesiiy, Xat. Hist. Cor. i. appeared. 
 
 EXl'LANATION OK TIIK I'l.ATK. 
 
 1. A tlowerinj,' braneli. natural si/e. 
 
 'J. A fniil, natural si/.e. 
 
 ii. Vertical seclioii of a carpel, cnlarjjeil. 
 
 4. A stuiiieii, c'iilai'){pd. 
 
 .". Vertical seilioii of « seed, eiilar),'0(l. 
 
 Pl.VTK III. M.VC.NnJ.IA (il..Mr.\. 
 
 Ii. A seed, the tiesli;,' pnrt o( tho testa removed, shuniiig tlm 
 grooved stony (Hirtiou, eiilarned. 
 
 7. ('loss section of a seed, enlarged, 
 
 8. An embryo, nmch enlnrgetl. 
 
 9. A winter-bud, natural size. 
 
 )« 
 
MAGXOLIACE.'E. 
 
 the Red Maple, 
 
 I the Poisonous 
 rreii ponds and 
 enetrahk? thifk- 
 h huninioi'ks or 
 
 li is found only 
 ty to a hundred 
 
 II perfectly dry, 
 le wood of this 
 idles and other 
 
 )lacke Sinamon, 
 das and Arthur 
 ■ope hy Bishop 
 Mn 1(188; and 
 
 lid it has always 
 ished. Jfaf/iio- 
 jxtends throuj^h 
 am,' a probable 
 y a Mr. Tlionip- 
 ir its handsome 
 
 ore rapidly and 
 
 I. — Trc'W, /'/. Khrit. 
 
 Ilorl. aijr. 22'2 
 
 1 in II wild stuto, iiiul 
 fdfjnitliu limijifvlut itf 
 itcd itliint thrives in 
 it'd, ;i liiitivo ()f t'urij- 
 I't' jirifliiililc. 
 
 i. -(i7. — Jnumo St. 
 ■tibiLcIi, Fl. Exol. V. t. 
 Forest, i. 'J08, f. 43. 
 
 spL'cies, dt'sorilH'd by 
 iiLS now |jrob:UiIy dis- 
 
 uiOTcd, shoeing the 
 
l'«" 
 
 . Mr. r\. 
 
Tlv. 
 
 MAONOI.IA GLAUCA 
 
AL 
 
 tc 
 
 Ml 
 
 or 
 
 US! 
 
 da 
 
 rcM 
 
 SOI 
 
 ve 
 
 loi 
 ail 
 an 
 or 
 iiK 
 to 
 iiii 
 al 
 
 SOI 
 
 an 
 wc 
 
 fei 
 ail 
 tai 
 till 
 liii 
 
 It 
 
MAGXOLL\C£L«. 
 
 SILVA OF NORTU AMERICA. 
 
 MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA. 
 
 Cucumber Tree, Mountain Magnolia. 
 
 Leaves deciduous, ov;itc or subcordatc. I'ruit glabrous. Young shoots and win- 
 ter-buds densely pubescent. 
 
 MaernoUa acuminata, Linnieus. Spec. cd. 2, "oG. — Miller, 
 /»/./. eil. 8. — iMaishall. Arbiixt. Am. K!. — Walter. Fl. 
 Cur. 1")!). — Lamarck, Diet. iii. 074. — Willdeiiow, Spei: 
 ii. lli'iT. — Michaiix, Fl. Uor.-Am. i. 'VJ8. — Nouoeau JJa- 
 hiimi:l, ii. 'Jl.'2. — Ue.'ifontaiiie!., Hixt. Arb. ii, 5. — Mi- 
 chaiix f. Il'mf. Aril. Am. iii. 82. t, ;i. — Piirsli. Fl. Am. 
 S-i>t. ii. ;!81. — I)e Candolle, 6>Y. i. •».".;{ ; Proilr. i. 80. — 
 LoiUliges, lint. Oili. t. 418. — Nuttall, Geii. ii. 18. — Hot. 
 
 2.")1. — Loiulon. Arb. lirit. i. 273, t, lauiiie St, Ililaire, 
 
 Floi-e et J'umoiii', v, t, 4.">1), — Turrey A; (jray. Fl. X. Am. 
 i. 4,i. — Dietricli, S;/ii. iii, ;i08, — iJarlingtoii, Fl. Ceatr. 
 ed, 3, ',1. — C'liaiiinaii, Fl. 14. — Curtis, Genlmj. Siirv. JV. 
 Car. 1800, iii. (>7. — liaillon, y//.sY. /'/. i. 140, — Koch. 
 Denih. i. ;i71. — Sargent, Forest Treix X. Am. Mth Cen- 
 siw C. S. ix, 20. — Lloyd, Uriii/x anil Meil. X Am. ii, 
 2'.», t. 20, (. 110, 117, — Watson ,!l CoiiUer, Grnijs Man. 
 ed, 0. 4'.t. 
 
 Miiij. t, 2427, — Hayne, Demlr. Fl. 117, — Elliott, .SV., 
 
 ii, ;?7. — (iiiinipel, Otto & Hayne. Abblld. Jloh. 18, t. M. Virginiana, c, acuminata, LinniBii.>i. Sjiec. ij.'iO. 
 
 17 Toirey,/y.X l',i.28. — Sertum Iiotuiiieinn,\.i M, De Candollii. Savi, liihl. Ital. i. 224, t, 
 
 Don, Geii. Syst. i. 83. — Ueifhenbach, Fl. Fxot. iv. t. Tulipastrum Amerioanum. Simdi, y//»7. (V7. vii. 48,S, 
 
 A tall slender tree, attainiiijjf in its native forests a heifrlit of sixty to ninety feet, with a trunk tlu-ee 
 or four feet in diameter, or, wjiere it finds sufficient room for tlie development of its lower liranelies, 
 assuming a broadly pyramidal lialiit. Tiie l)ark of the trunk i.s a third to half an ineli tiiick. fiirrowe<l, 
 dark brown, tiie surface broken into numerous thin scales ; that of the .slender younj;' braiieiies is bri;;lit 
 red-brown, turnin-r jjray durino- their third season. The leaves are memhranaeeous. oblonj.-. jiointed, 
 sometimes rounded or slij-iitly cordate at the base, strengthened liy a prominent midrib and primary 
 veins, and borne on slender petioles an inch o\ an inch and a half lonj-'. Tiiey are seven to ten inches 
 Ion"- and four to six inches broad, aiul are coated, when they first appear, with wliite silky hairs which 
 are lonj^est and most abundant on the lower surface. TJieso soon disappear, and at maturitv the leaves 
 are <>hibrons on the upper and sli,i;iitly pubescent on tlie lower surface. Tiie bell-shapec' glaucous j;reen 
 or pale yellow flowers ajjpear from April to June. The sepals are membranaceous, acute, an inch or an 
 iiu'h and a half hmjr, and soon reflexed. The six petals are obovate, concave, pointed, two and a iialf 
 to three and a half inches htno- ; those of the outer row rarely more than an inch l)roa<l ; those of the 
 iiuier row narrower and often acuminate. The fruit is ovate or oblong, often ciu'ved, dark red, two and 
 a half to three inches long, and rarely more than an inch broad. 
 
 Mniinolid nruminntii first appears at the north in western New York ; it extends westward through 
 southern Ontario to soutiiern Illinois, and southward on the Appalachian ranges to southern Alabama ' 
 and northeastern Alississippi.' It occurs sparingly in central Kentucky and Tennessee, and reappears 
 west of the ]Mi.ssissippi River in northeastern and in southern and soutiiwestern Arkansas, 
 
 MmjiHilia aciimliiold is rare at the m l and is iiowliere sufficiently conunon to be a characteristic 
 feature of the forest. It flourishes on the io\ . Jopes of mountains, on ;!.e rocky banks of streams, 
 and in narrow valleys, reaching its greatest .size and ab indance in those ahoiit tlie ba.se of tiie Jiigli moun- 
 tains of Carolina and Teinies.see. Its usual companio is in the forest, the Tulip Poplar, the White Oak, 
 the White Ash, the Hickories, and the Sugar iMap'.e, indicate the presence of the generous soil and 
 humid climate es.seiitial to its multiplication and best develoinnent. 
 
 The wood of Miiijnulia acumitiula is light, soft, satiny, not strong, but close-grained and diiralile. 
 It is light yellow-brown in color, and has, when perfectly dry, a specilic gravity of 0,iG<IO, a cubic foot 
 ' ■^'"'■kton, V. Jlol.r. a Meridian, C, Mohr. 
 
% 
 
 8 
 
 SI/A'A OF XDJtTU AMKlilCA. 
 
 MAGN0LIACK.1C. 
 
 of tliu dry wood wi'ijjhinji; 20.23 pounds. Tlic tliin siipwood, I'oiisistiiif; iisiiiilly of twenty-five to thirty 
 laviTS of annual ^rowtli. is lifflUcr colori'd. often nearly wliite. The rarity of the Cueuniher-tree de- 
 prives the wood of coinniercial iiiiportanee ; the truiiiis, however, were formerly cut for water-jjipcs ancl 
 trouf^hs, and are oeeasionally manufactured into hnnher used for Hoorin;^ am' in ca'uiiet-makiiifi;, for 
 wliich it is well suited. 
 
 MailiKil'iii iKinnliinld was first made known in M'Mi hy John Clayton.' A few years later John 
 Bartrani'- sent plants to P'j«^er Collin.son,^ in whose gardens and in those of Lord Petre'' it was first culti- 
 vated in Kinippe. The earliest description is that of Cafesliy.'' 
 
 MiKjiiiiliii Kiiiiiiinntil is now often planted in the I'nited States, and in n(U'thern and central 
 Europe. Its hahit of retaiuinjj its lower hranches when it is allowed sutticieiit room for their develop- 
 ment, its rajiid jjrowth and handsome foliajro and flowers, make it a desirahle ornament for the lawn ; its 
 pyramidal hahit and lofty stem, for the formal plantations of the highway. It has heen found that the 
 Ma<fnolias of eastern .\sia with precocious flowers, their hylirids. atid MdjiDilin ij/iiiivn, grow more rap- 
 idly and make iarjjer and more vi<;(»rous plants when they are grafted on Jliii/nolin (icinnlnntd than 
 tlii'y do when grown on their own roots, and it is now often used for this purpose in American nurseries. 
 
 JIiKj/iu/iii curddlii,'' a variety of this species, lias heen cidtivated in gardens for nearly a century. 
 It is distinguished hy its hroader, darker green, ind more persistent leaves, sometimes cordate at the 
 hase, and hy its smaller hright canary-yellow flowers.' This tree was prohahly introdm ed into Europe 
 hy the elder Michaux, hut the exact counterpart of the cultivated plant is not known in a wild state.* 
 Forms approaching it in the shape and text\ire of the leaves, and in the size and coh)r of the flowers, are 
 occasionally found, i'owever, on the Blue Ridge in Carolina and in central ALihama." 
 
 ' Juhii C'lajtiiii (tr>80-l"7:!) ; born at Fulli.im in Knglaixl. IIo .1/. rnnluln, .Muliaux, Fl. llor.-Am. i. <Ti8. — Poirct, Lam. Did. 
 
 cmif^ratfil to Virpinii* in 170.1, and is lit'st known by the Flura Tir- Suppl. iii. ."»T4. — Miclmuz f. IliM. Arh. Am. iii. HV, t. 4. — Pursh, 
 
 girucft puhlislied in 1 TIM) at Lfvilen by (fronovius, from specimens /•'/. Am. Sept, ii. IW'J. — Liudley, Hot. liftj. iv. t. 3iio. — Nuttiill, 
 
 and descriptions fnrnisbi'd by Clayton. 6V«. ii. 18. — Do C'andolle, Sysi. i. 455; I'rmir. i. 80. — Uayne, 
 
 2 ,Iobn Barlnini (lii'.ltt-1777) ; tbc first botanist lioni in North Demlr. Fl. 118. — Klliott, AT. ii. ;t8. — LodJigcs, ft)/. CdJ.t. 474. — 
 
 America, and tlie founder of ilie first Imtanieal jjarden on the con- Serlum liotauii'um, v. t. — Don, Gen. Sifst. i. sa. — Heichenbach, Fl, 
 
 tinent. Ilartrain traveled extensively throujjh the eastern p.irt of tUol. iv. t. 'SM. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. i. •!''>, t. — .laiinic Si. Ililaire, 
 
 the country ; he was in active corresponilenee with the principal Flure el J'omone, v. t. 4.5"J. — Torrey & (iray, Fl. jV. Am, i. 43.— 
 
 botanists in Knrope, and discovered f .1 intriuluced many American Chapman, Fl. 14. — Curtis, iieolotj. Surv. .Y. Ctrr. 18tjO, iii. (i8, ^ 
 
 plants into f;ardi-ns. 
 
 ' IVter C liiisi)n (lti!VH7tJH) ; a Friend and Lomion woolen- 
 draper, in whose j;ardens, first at IVekham and then at .Mill Hill, 
 many -American trees were cultivated in Knrope ftir tli" first time. 
 
 * UolHTt ilamcs, eighth Lord i'ctre (1713-1741.*) ; an entlinsias- 
 
 Koch, Demlr, i. 371. — Lloyd, Drugs ami Med. N. Am, ii. 37. 
 
 TuiiiHistrum Americtmum, var. subcordatum, Spach, Hist. Vty. vii. 
 4811. 
 
 ' Miehaux's specimen njwn which Richard fo;;ndcil his .)/. eor- 
 tlfita, preserved in the ,\[us'um tVIlistuire Saturtlle in I'aris, repre- 
 
 tle lover of plants, wluisc {gardens at Thorndon Hall in Kssex are sents a common form of .)/. (irumind/rt. 
 
 thought to havi' been the HniMt in Knf,'land in their day. His early • Accorilin;; to Alton (II"''- '»'»'"'■ cd. L', iii. 331), .1/. corihtit was 
 
 death was descrilicd by CoUiiison as "the greatest loss that botany intriKlueed into Kngland in 1801 by .John Krascr, a .v'otehnian wlio 
 
 or (;arilcninj: ever felt in this island." travelcil in North America between 1780 and IHIO, and sent many 
 
 ' Magnolia jJore albo,/tilio majore ftmmlnnto hawt albicante, iVn/. .American plants to Knrope {Camp. Hot. Mag. ii. 300). 
 
 Hift. Car. ii. Appx. 15, t, 15. — Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 01. * Our fijjure is made from specimens taken from one of the two 
 
 Magnolia Jiiliu nvato-lanceolatig, Liniueus, Hurt. Cliff, 222. trees in the botanic (,'arden of Harvard University, which were iin- 
 
 * Magnolia acuminata, var. eordata, Sargent, .4m. Jour. Sci. set. ported from Kurope, probably not long after the garden was estub- 
 
 3, xxzii. 473. lishcd in 1805. 
 
MAGNOLIACK.K. 
 
 inty-five to thirty 
 utuniber-tree ile- 
 L- water-pipes and 
 '»inet-nuikiiig, for 
 
 years later Juliii 
 it was first culti- 
 
 lern and central 
 or their develop- 
 t'or the lawn ; its 
 n found that the 
 , grow more rap- 
 iicinn'iHida than 
 luricau nurseries, 
 learly a century. 
 i cordate at the 
 ed into Eurcpe 
 in a wild state.* 
 t the flowers, are 
 
 — Poirct, Lam. Did. 
 iii. Hi, t. 4. — Pursli, 
 iv. t. ai!o. — NiittuU, 
 ■mlr. i. 80. — llayno, 
 js,Bo(. Cai.t.474. — 
 '. — Reii'lienbacli, Fl. 
 
 — tTaiinie Si. llilaire, 
 , Fl.N.Am. i. 43.— 
 . Car. I«li0, iii. G8. — 
 '. N. Am. u. 37. 
 Spacli, Uisl. Vttj. vii. 
 
 foumU'd iiis .1/. cor- 
 mile ill Paris, rcpre- 
 
 331), .V. corddltt was 
 ier, a ^^cuU'liiiiaii who 
 1810, ami sc-nt many 
 ii. 300). 
 
 from Olio of the two 
 •sity, wliiL'h were im- 
 bc garden was cstub- 
 
 I 
 
KXPLANATIOX OF TIIK I'LATKS. 
 
 H. 
 
 !». 
 
 10. 
 
 PlATK IV. JlAliXlUlA Ad'MIXATA. 
 
 A flowering branrh, natural size. 
 
 PlATK V. MauXOLIA ACITMINATA. 
 
 A fniiting Iirnnch, natural shv. 
 
 A flower, tlip calyx and corolla rcniov.il, natural nize. 
 
 Vertical section of tlie gyn(eciuiii. enlargctl. 
 
 A stonien, enlarged. 
 
 Vertical section of a need, enlargcil. 
 
 A seed, the base of the pulpy portion of the testa remove.!, showing the ,tonv i.M.rior portion, enlarged 
 Cross section of a seed, enlarged. 
 
 A .eed the fleshy part of the testa removed, showing the grooved stony portion, enlarged. 
 An embryo, much enlarged. 
 A winter-hud, natural size. 
 
 PlATK VI. .AlA(iNllLIA A( L-.M1.NATA, V8r. tOHDATA. 
 
 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 
 
 2. A fruiting branch, natural size. 
 
 ■i. Vertical section of a carpel, enlargeil. 
 
 4. A stamen, enlarged. 
 
 .">. A seed, natural size. 
 
 t>. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 
 
 V- An embryo, much enlarged. 
 
 >* A wintet-bud, natural size. 
 
ir iportion. enlarged 
 urged. 
 
MA(iN()I,lA A'';iMINAT.A 
 
'I 
 
« 
 

 [) 
 
 <^^y 
 
 (^ 
 
 MAGNdl.lA ACI'MiriATA 
 
MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA , COB-UATA 
 
MAUXOUACE.E. 
 
 aiLWi OF NOIITII AMERICA. 
 
 11 
 
 MAGNOLIA MACROPHYLLA. 
 
 Large Leaved Cucumber Tree. 
 
 Lr.AVKs (k'ciduoiis, obovatc or oLloiii--, corclntL" at the niirrow baso. Pistils woolly. 
 Fruit and yoiiiiy shoots pubcscL'iit. Winter-buds covered with thick silky white hairs. 
 
 Magnolia maorophylla, Mieliaiix. /•'/. lior.A in. \. ?>2~ . — 
 X'iii''fiii Iiiiliiiiiifl, ii. '2'-\. — Di'sfuntiiiiies, Ilhl. Arli. \\. 
 "i. — Mi.lKiiix f. ///,</■. Arl). Am. iii. '.)!». t. 7. — lion|il;inil, 
 /'/. Mnli,,. 81, t. .•!:!. — I'liish. ri. Am. .Sept. ii. ;i,Sl.— 
 Xuttall. den. ii. 18 ; ,syc<i, i. 8;'..— De Cimlolle, Syst. i. 
 ■l,"il 1 J'lv/r. i. 80. - - Hot. Mu,j. t. L'KSl). — Ilayne, ntiidr. 
 t'l. 1 17. — Elliott, Sic. ii. 10. — Rnfiiicsfinc, .Miil. Hut. il. 
 ;fl, t. O'J. — Sertum li'it'tniriiiii. v. t. — Dun, Oi'ii. Sijnt. i. 
 
 81!. — IkMclieiil>acli. Fl. Ex;t. 41, t. 139. — London, .1//.. 
 lti'!t. i. '.'71, t. — Toripy & Griiy, /'/. A'. Am. i. 4.!. — 
 Oiutilcli. .S'//". iii. .'!08. — Spiich. ///.s■^ {'»•,'/. vii. 471). — 
 Griflitli, Mi:il. /Jo^ il8. f. .">7. — Cliainnan, /•'/. 14. — Cm- 
 tis, Geulitij. Sun: X. Cur. 18C0, iii, 07. — KoiIj, llimh: i. 
 ;{74. — Sargent, Fmvut TiVfit X, Am. UUli t'l-nisiin !.'. S. 
 ix. '.'1. — Uoy<l, Drinjn an<l Mfd. X. Am. ii, ;J8, t, 30, — 
 Watson & CoiiltLT, Grui/'s Man. cd, G, HI). 
 
 A spreailiiiji; tree, thirty to fifty feet high, witli a straigiit tnnik whicli sometimes attains, under 
 f ivoiaMo eoiiditions, a diameter of eii>'ht('eu or twenty inilies. Tlie hark of the trunk on old trees is 
 thill, oenerally less than a ([uarter of an inch tiiitk, the surface divided into minute scales, smooth and 
 light gray in color. The hark of the stout brittle branchlets is green, turning reddish brown during 
 the second, and hecomiug gray during the third season. The leaves are niemhranaceous, oliovate or 
 ohloug, narrowed a-.id cordate at the base, strengthened by a prominent midrib and prhnary veins, and 
 borne on stout petioles three or four inches long. They are often twenty to thirty inches long or more, 
 and nine or ten inches broad, and are bright green and glabrous on the upper surface, silvery gray and 
 sliglitly pubescent, especially along the midrib, on the lower surface. The great creamy white cup- 
 •shaped fragrant flowers, ten or twelve inches across when e:.panded, appear in May and .June. The 
 sepals are mend)ranaceous, ovate or oblong, rounded at the end, five to six inches long, and much nar- 
 rower than the six ovate concave petals which are six or seven inches long and three or foiu' inches 
 broad, those of the inner row being narrower and often somewhat aciuninate. They are thick, creamy 
 whit», marked on the interior surface near the base with a small rose-colored spot, and at maturity are 
 refli':;cd above the middle. The fruit is broadly ovate, or often nearly round, two and a half or three 
 inches long, and when fully ripe bright rose-colored. The seeds are two thirds of an inch long, often 
 flattened on the face oppo.site the r.iplie. 
 
 Mmjuolui iixicroplnjUit is found in the region about the base of the southern Alleghany Moiui- 
 tains, from North Carobna and southeastern Kentucky to middle and western Florida and southern 
 Alabama ; it extends through northern Mississippi to the valley of the Pearl River in Louisiana ; and 
 west of the Mississippi River it occurs in central Arkansiis in Garland, Montgomery, Hot Springs, and 
 Sebastian counties. 
 
 Mdijiiol'ia inncrnplijiUd iidiabits sheltered valleys in deep rich soil, protected from the wind by the 
 forest of Swamp Chestnut Oaks, Gun.-tree.s, Hickories, and Dogwoods, which are usually associated with 
 it. It is nowhere a common tree, growing generally in isolated groups of a few individuals. In the 
 Atlantic states it has been found in a fi >• widely separated regions only ; west of the mountains it is 
 more abundant, reaching its best development in the limestone valleys of northern Alabama. 
 
 The wood of M(t<jnoHit miicrojihijlla is hard and close-grained, but light and not strong. It is 
 light brown in color, and has, when perfectly dry, a specific gravity of O.oiJO!), a cubic foot of the dry 
 wood weighing :];5.09 pounds. The thick sapwood, consisting of about forty layers of annual growth, 
 is lioht vcllow. 
 
 i'l 
 
 .1 
 
12 
 
 SUVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 MAGNOLIACE/K. 
 
 MmjnoUn viacrophyUa was discovered by the elder Micliaux in June, 1789, neiir Cliarlotte, North 
 Carolina.' It was introtliiced into Eurojwan gardens in IHCX) ; hut it lias never become widely distril>- 
 uted in them or in those of the United States, although few trees w\}Xi\\ it in beauty. The Howers and 
 the leaves are the largest of any sjMXjies of the genus, and they are Lirger and more consjiiiuous than 
 those produced i)y any other tree of the North American forests. Mnijnol'ui mnrrophijlht is hardy as 
 far north as eastern Massachusetts. It requires no special care in cultivation, and young plants begin 
 to flower when they are only a. few years old. 
 
 ' Micbnux, Jour, in Proc. Am. Phil. Soe, xxyi. 83, 01. In hU Flora Micbaiu makaa do reference to the Carolina station, and Magndm 
 macrophylia ia credited to the rcgioD west of the mountains. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.S. 
 
 Pl.vtk VII. Maonolia macrophvlla. 
 A flowering lirancli. natural ithe. 
 
 Plate VIII. Maunolia mackopiiylla. 
 
 1. A fruit, natural size. 
 
 2. Vertical section of the gynoecium, enlarged. 
 
 3. A xtamen, enlarged. 
 
 4. A seed, the base of the pulpy portion of the testa removed, showing the stony interior portion, enlarged. 
 
 5. A seed, the fleshy part of tlie testa remored, enlarged. 
 
 6. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 
 
 7. Cross section of a seed, enlarged. 
 
 8. An embryo, much enlarged. 
 
 9. A winter-bud, natural she, the outer scale expanded. 
 10. Cross section of n winter-bud, enlarged. 
 
MAONOLIACEX 
 
 ear Charlotte, North 
 3C«mo widely distrilt- 
 y. The flowers ami 
 )re consjiicuoiiH than 
 rophijUit is liardy as 
 young plants begin 
 
 Una itation, and Mai/nuhn 
 
 «rior portion, enlarged. 
 
MAGNOI,:,- 
 
'^^^ 
 
 M AG NO I,:; 
 
 ii! 
 
 Ill 
 
 lljl 
 
)1 MACKOHHYLLA 
 
 ^■w/fTSv; ' ,..^. .^;w«:grta3feEt^!W 
 
)! MAClxOHllYLhA 
 
 fAT\ 
 
 \ 
 
 HI 
 
 liii 
 
 ' 
 
 'M 
 
u\'l 
 
 •A 
 
 1 
 
 li 
 
 ' ! > 
 
 m 
 
 li 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 '{ \ 
 
 
 1 
 j 
 
 1 
 
 . 1 
 
 ; i 
 t 
 
 j 
 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
\i 
 
 ^<S!^ 
 
 ) 
 
 MAGNOLIA ?.;AC.fn:iPHYL.LA 
 
 ii ' /'. 
 
 J 
 
 A 
 
 /,/ 
 
 
 
 ^1; 
 ,111 
 
 '•*^! II 
 
 Mi 
 
 \V- 
 
 I i 
 
 <,:■ 
 
j^jj|aKr.jgLFWep^---^5Kgg|| 
 
 MM 
 
 MM) 
 
 -1 
 ■'''3 
 
 
MAGNOUACEiE. 
 
 SUVA OF NORTH AMKIilCA. 
 
 13 
 
 MAGNOLIA TRIPETALA. 
 
 Umbrella Tree. Elk Wood. 
 
 Leaves obovate-lanceolato. Fruit and winter-buds glabrous. 
 
 Magnolia tripetola, LinnxMis, Spec. eil. 2, T.'iG. — Jliller, 
 /)/<■^ ed. 8. — Marshall, Arhiist. Am. 81. — Walter, Fl. 
 Cur. !.">!). — WilMciiow, Spi'c. il. 12.J8.— Micliaiix, /"/. 
 Bor.-Ain. i. 327. — Ue»font.iiiies, Hist. Arh.W.Tt. — Mi- 
 clmux f. Hist. Arh. Am. ill. 90. t. !>. — Piirsh, Fl. Am. 
 Sr/,f. ii. ,'i81. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 18. — Guiiiipul, Ottd & 
 Ilavnc Alihll,!. Jfnh. 20. t. 18. — llayiio. Demli: Fl. 
 IKi. — Elliott, .%. ii. ;i8. — Union. Arb. lint. i. 2C',». t. — 
 .Taume St. Hilaire, Flnre el Fomoiie, v. t. 41'.l. — Koch, 
 Drii.lr. i. .'iTO. 
 
 M. Virginiana, S. tripetaJa, Linnieus, Sjiee. .'i.lS. 
 
 M. Umbrella, Lainarrk, />»■^ iii. 07.3. — Xniirenu Ditlm- 
 mel. ii. 221. — De Caiulollc, S;/.if. i. 4.")2 ; Froili: i. 8(1. — 
 Loiseluiir, Iferh. Amnt. iii. t. I'.'S. — D.in, Gen. S'jM.i. 
 8.'!. — Torrpy & Gray. Fl. N. Am. i. 4^i. — Dietrich, Syn. 
 iii. .'iOS. — .Kp.ich. liiaf. /Vy. vii. 475. — Gray. Gen. III. 
 i. 02. t. 24 ; J,-in: Linn. So,: ii. KUi, f. 1-18. — Cliaiiiiian. 
 Fl. i;i. — Curtis. Gealrif/. Sun: jV. Car. 1800, iii. 07.— 
 S:irj;ont. Fnrext Tree.i X. Am. 10th Censii.i 0'. S. ix. 21. — 
 AVatsim & t'oiilter. Geny'n Man. cd. G, 49. 
 
 M. frondoaa. Salishiirv, Prodr. ;?79. 
 
 A small tree, tliirty to forty feet \\v^\, ■svith a straiglit or often indiniiiiif trunk rarely more tlian 
 eighteen inches in diameter, frenerally mueli siiiiiUer, and sometimes surrounded liy several stems .spring- 
 ing from its base and growing into a large hush surmounted hy the head of the jiriueipal triuik. The 
 l)ranehes are often developed irregularly ; they are contorted, or are wide-spreading nearly iit right 
 angles with the stem, or turn up towards the extremities and then grow parallel with it. The hark n old 
 trunks and branches is half an inch thick, light gray, smooth, and marked with numerous small blister- 
 like excrescences ; that of the stout brittle branches is green diu'ing the first year, turning brown during 
 the second, and gray during the third season. The large winter-biid.s are purple and covered with a 
 glaucous bloom. The leaves are membranaceous, bright green, obovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, 
 and covered on the lower surface, when they first appear, with a thick silky tomentum. They are tpiite 
 glabrous at maturity, and are then eighteen or twenty inches long and eight or ten inches broad, with a 
 short stout petiole an inch and a half long, a.id a prominent midrib. The creamy white flowers, four or 
 five inches deep, appear during the month of May and exhale a strong disagreeable odor. The sepals 
 are narrowly obovate, five or six inches long, one and a half inches broad, thin, light green, and retlexed. 
 The six or nine petiils are concave, coriaceous, ovate-unguiculate ; those of the outer row are four 
 or five inches long and sometimes two inches broad, those of the inner rows being shorter and much 
 narrower. The filaments are bright purple. The fruit is ovate, two and a half to four inches long, 
 and bright rose-colored when fully ripe. 
 
 MwjnoUa trlpetula "'■ widely distributed in all the Allegliany-mountain region from .southern Penn- 
 sylvania to central Alabama, extending in the south Atlantic states nearly to the coast, and west of the 
 mountains to middle Kentucky and Tennessee and noitheastern Mississippi, reappearing beyond the 
 Mississippi River in central and southwestern Arkansas. 
 
 MntjnoVin frijxfula is nowhere connnon. It grows natiu'ally oidy in deej) and rather moist rich 
 soil. It occupies the banks of nu)untain streams, springing from masses of the Great Ivhododeiulron, or 
 is found on the margins of the great swamps which extend along the rivers in tiie middle districts where 
 it is shaded by forests of the Swamp Chestnut Oak, the Scarlet Maple, and the dill'erent Gum-trees, and 
 reaches its greatest size in the valleys which extend from the western slopes of the Great Snu)ky Moun- 
 tains in Tennessee, 
 
 The wood of Magnolia tripetala is light, soft, close-grained, but not strong. The heartwood is 
 
 (i; 
 
 
 Ii 
 
14 
 
 MZrj UF yoUTII AMKIUCA. 
 
 MAUNOLIACE.K, 
 
 lirown .inJ has, when perfectly dry, ii specitic {Gravity ff 0.4187, .1 cubic foot of the dry wood woijfh- 
 iii<j 'J7.!Ki pounds. The rather lieavier sapwood, eonsi.stiiig of thirty-live to forty hiyers of annual 
 {jrowtli, is creamy white. 
 
 Mii/jiio/iii tflji(lii/ii was first described by Catesby in his Xnttind IJlxlori/ of Carolina, published 
 in 1711},' and was introduced into the <ifardcns of Europe ius early aa 17ijli.' The arran<jeuient of the 
 leaves at the eiul of the branches, rescuiblin<;; somewhat that of the ribs of an undirella, led the early 
 .settlers in Vir<j;inia and Carolina to call this Maj^nolia the I'arasol-tree, or Umbrella-tree;'' and the 
 specific name, I'lJibnlla, was i;iveu to it by Lamarck, who discarded the older Linna>an name referrinfj 
 to the three conspicuous rctlexed petaloid sepals. Such a chanj^e, in spite of the technical inaccuracy 
 of the name, is contrary to the modern ideas of botanical numcicluture, however, and the Linna'an 
 tri/ii laid is now <jenerally adopted. The hardiiu'ss of the Und)rel]a-tree, its ample foliajje, larf^c flowers, 
 and brilliant and conspicuous fruit, have made it a favorite in {gardens and parks, in spite of its small 
 size and sprawlin<j habit ; and it is one of the most commonly cultivated of the American Maji^nolias in 
 the northern United States, and in northern and central Europe. It is often used in American nurse- 
 ries as stock upon which to profiajifate the less vifj;orous species. It grows in cultivation with rapidity 
 and vigor, and is hardy as far north as New England. 
 
 * MiignoUa wiiplimmnjlurc alfio, J'ructu ciHTiiitfi, ii. HO, t. HO. Mtignolia foliit ovdlo-ofilotiffit, wl bwtin et apicetn angustis, ••'riii'/it 
 
 Maijnoim jloTe maximo iiltio/atidiuJ'oHii tltriiiuiH iitnplif,jl'>ran tut vircutihitu, PI. Khrh. 'M, t. 02, 03. 
 
 ramiitfirum seritnn .tpharice ciiitjtmtibitSf Jructu majuri, Claytuu, Fl. '^ Aiton, Ilort. Keiv. ii. iiuli. — Louduii, Arb. lirit. i. -09. 
 
 Virgin. 01. • Catesby, /. c. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 Pl.VTK IX. MaOXOLU TltU'KT.VL.V. 
 
 A ttciwering branch, natural size. 
 
 Pl.VTl: X. JI.VH.S'OLI.i TUH'ET.VL.V. 
 
 1. A fniit, iKatiiral size. 
 
 2. A HoHcr, the calyx ami cDiolla rumovetl, natural size. 
 ii. A stamen, posterior view, enlarfjeil. 
 
 4. A stamen, anterior viiw, enlnr^'cJ. 
 
 Ti. Vertical section of the g}'na"ciuni, enlarged. 
 
 (>. A carpel laid open, c^nlari^ed. 
 
 7. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 
 
 8. Cross section of a seed, enlarged. 
 
 9. A seed, the llesliy part of llie testa removed, sliowing the grooved stony portion, enlarged. 
 
 10. An embryo, nuicli enlarged. 
 
 11. A winter-bud, the outer scale removed, natural size. 
 
 J 
 
MAGNOLIACE.E. 
 
 y wood \veij>li- 
 'ers of uiiimul 
 
 'ilia, ptililished 
 
 :feinent of tins 
 
 I, led tlif I'jirlv 
 
 ree;' and the 
 
 lauie referi'iiifr 
 
 eal inaccuracy 
 
 the Liniiivaii 
 
 large flowers, 
 
 :e uf its small 
 
 , Magnolias in 
 
 inerican nurse- 
 
 witli rapidity 
 
 m auguslis, ■"riJcyu' 
 rit. i. ;;g9. 
 
 arprcd. 
 
 t 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
 , i . 
 
 :;U: 
 
I.DaI 
 
MAGNOLIA TRIPETALA,:, 
 
 !,«) 
 
 
I 
 
 ill 
 
 1 i 
 
 ! 
 
 i^ \ 
 
 li^ 
 
 >^, 
 
 ti 
 
 ! 
 
V%i, 
 
t 
 
 flf Ilorth Art'.>>r!':si 
 
 ■ i'.ji 
 
 \ 
 
 MAf.NiH lA TRIFFTALA 
 
 i li 
 
 iU 
 
MAGSOLIACE.E. SJLVA OF XORTII AMEBIC A. 
 
 MAGNOLIA FRASERI. 
 
 Mountain Magnolia. Long Leaved Cucumber Tree. 
 
 Leaves obovatc-spatuLitc, auiiculatc at the base. Point of tlie carpel of fruit 
 long and recurved. 
 
 Magnolia Fraseri, Wiiiter, Fl. Car. 1.19, t. — Torrpy & 
 
 (liay. Fl. jV. Am. i. 4:i Diutridi, .S'y/i. iii. ;i(>.S. — 
 
 Cliapiiian, Fl. 14. — Curtis, Gcoliiij. Siiiv. X Cm: ISliO, 
 
 ili. 68. — Kocli, Ilciidi: i. ^72 Sargent, Fii-esf Tm:i 
 
 y. Am. 10th Ceimi.1 U. S. \x. 22. — W.itson & CouUit, 
 Gray's Man. cd. 6, 50. 
 
 M. auricillata, Lam.arck, DiH. iii. G7.3. — Hartrain. Tri. r. 
 ;i:i<,). _ Willdeiiow, S/ier. \\. IL'.'.S. — Mioliaux. /•'/. Hor.- 
 Am. i. 328. — Xourvmi Dn/iamcl, ii. 222. — Dosfontaiiics, 
 /f!.it. Arh. ii. .").— llichaiix f. Ilhf. Ark Am. iii. ".U. t. 
 (i. — Anilri'ws, Hot. YiV/j. ix. t. .">7i!. — Hot. Maij. t. 
 ILMII'i. — CubiJTPS, Mnii. Mar/ii. t. — Tiirsli, Fl. Am. Sept. 
 ii. ;!S2. — Niittall. Gen. ii. IS. — I)c Candoll 7//^■^ i. 
 
 4."4; Prmlr. i. 80. — Hayne. Demlr. Fl. 117. — Elliott, 
 
 .S7,'. ii. '.V.}. — Rafincsqiio, Med. Hot. ii. H2. — Auduhon, 
 
 /;//■./.«, t. •■',». — Don, Gen. .S'/'.vi'. i. 8;!. — Spacli. If iff. I 'eg. 
 
 vii. 477. — Ijjudnii. Arli. ]i-it. i. 27r), t. — Jauiue .St. Ili- 
 
 lairp. Fhire et Punmne, v. t. 4.13. 
 M. pyramidata, I'liisli. Fl. Am. Sejd. ii. ,'582. — Do C'an- 
 
 dc.Uf. Si,.fl. i. 4.14; /'/•')./)•. i. 80. — Ilayni'. />«•«-//•. Fl. 
 
 1 1 7. — Limllcy, lint. Iie,j. v. t. 407. — LoddiKcs. Hot. I -al.. 
 
 t. 1002. — Uafiiicsquf, Med. Jlof. ii. 3,3.— Don, Ge,i. 
 
 S;/.it. i. S3. — London, Arh. Ilrit. i. 277, t. — Surin^'c, Fl. 
 
 ■ r.ird. iii. 2.'!0. 
 M. auricularis. Salisbury, Piirinl. Lund. i. t. 43. — Koriipr. 
 
 Hnrt. t. 300. 
 
 A tree, thirty to forty feet liif^Ii, witli a .straij;lit or ineliiiiiii^ trunk twelve or eioliteen inches in 
 diameter, often undivided for lialf its lengtii or separated at the "'round into a number of stout shruh- 
 liiie diverging stems. The branches are reguhir and wide-sjireading, or they are contorted or turned 
 up towards the extremity. The baric of the trunk rarely exceeds a tliird of an inch in thickness ; it is 
 dark brown, smooth, covered with small excrescences, or on old individuals broken into minute scales. 
 The bark of the stout brittle branchlets is bright red-brown, turning gray during their third season, and 
 marked with numerous small white dots. The large winter-buds are purple. Tlii' leaves are niend)ra- 
 naceous, obovate-spatidatc, pointed, cordate and conspicuously auriculate at the base, and borne on 
 slender petioles three or four inches long. They aiu bright green, often marked on the upper surface, 
 when young, with red along the principal veins, glabrous, ten or twelve inches long and six or seven 
 inchi 5 broad, or, on vigorous young plants, sonetimes twice that size. The creamy white sweetly 
 scented flowers, eight or nine inches across when expanded, appear in May or .Time. The sepals, which 
 fall almost immediately after the opening of the bud, are narrowly obovate, roinided at the extremity, 
 four or live iiudies long, and shorter than the six or nine obovate acuminate membranaceous .spreading 
 petals, wiiich are con' acted below the middle, those of the inner rows being narrower and conspicu- 
 ously unguiculate. The fruit is oblong, four or five inclies in length, one and a half to two inches 
 broiid, bright rose-red when fidly ripe, and distinguished by tiie long persistent subidate points crown- 
 ing the carpels, which are bright yellow on the inner surface. 
 
 Mayitolla Frasvrl is the least widely distributed of the American Magnolias. The northern limit 
 of its range is in the moinitains of southwi'stern Virginia ; it extends southward to tlie valley of the Chat- 
 tahodcliee Hiver in western Florida, and to southern Alabama, and westward through cast Tennessee 
 and northern Mississippi to the valley of the Pearl Uivt'r. It grows in great abundance on the lower 
 slopes of the high Allegliany Mountains, and of the l?li;e Uidge in North and South Carolina at an 
 elevation of two to three tiiousand feet above the sea-level ; while at lower elevations and remote from 
 the mountains it is found only occasionally in isolated siinafions. Its real home is in the valleys of the 
 nuunitain streams which flow from the Blue Hidge to form l lie principal tributaries of the Savannah. 
 and from the slopes of the Black and the Big Smoky Mountains. It is a conspicuous feature in these 
 
 l\^ '■' 
 
 % 
 
 .!! 
 
 I 
 
 i 1 \ 
 
 M 
 
IG 
 
 SILVA OF NOItTir AMERICA. 
 
 MAGNOLIACE.t 
 
 valleys, growing with Black Oaks uikI White Oaks, Hi( kories, the Black Birch, the Buckeye, the Sorrel- 
 tree, the Cucuniher-tree, and the Yellow Poplar. 
 
 The wood of Mi((jnuHa Fntntri is light, soft, close-grained, hut not strong. The thick creamy 
 white sapwood, consisting of thirty to forty layei-s of annual growth, has, when perfectly dry, a specific 
 gravity of 0.5003, a cuhic foot of the dry wood weighing iJLlH pounds. The heartwood, wliich appears 
 in large specimens only, is light hrown. 
 
 McujuoVm Frdxi ri was discovered by William Bartram ' in May, 177G, on the headwaters of the 
 Keowee in South Carolina. It was intioduced by Bartram into England ten years later, and was sent 
 l)y the elder Michaux'- to France in ITS!). The oldest specific name bestowed upon this tree commemo- 
 rates the services of John Fraser, who shares with Bartram the honor of having introduced it into 
 gardens. 
 
 Jltdjiiolid Frasi ri is rarely found in cultivation. It is not generally a robust or vigorous plant 
 when removed from the humid climate and rich soil in which it naturally grows, and it is less easily 
 propagated than the other American Magnolias. In New England it is only precariously hardy. 
 
 ' Willioni liartrnm (1739-1823), a son of John Itartmm, .iml the els thrnugk North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and Wot Flor- 
 first Lot.inist to explore the hi<;h Allef^hany Mountains, in whieh ho iila, the Cherokee country, etc., published in I'hiliulelphia m 1791. 
 uiadc many interesting discoveries. He is rciucuibered by his Trail- ' Michaux, Jour, in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxvi. 40. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 Fi.ATE XL Magnolia Fkaskri. 
 A Howering branch, natural size. 
 
 Platk XI L Magnolia Fbaseri. 
 
 1. A fruit, natural size. 
 
 2. A flower, tlie calyx and corolla removed, natural size. 
 li. Vertical section of the same, enlar(,'td. 
 
 4. A stamen, jiosterior view, enlarged. 
 
 5. A stamen, anterior view, cnlargcil. 
 
 G. Vertical section of a cariiel, enlarged. 
 
 7. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 
 
 8. Cross section of a seed, enlarged. 
 
 9. A seed, the base of the pulpy portion of the testa removed, showing the stony interior portion, enlarged. 
 
 10. A seed, the fleshy part of the testa removed, showing the grooved stony portion, enlarged. 
 
 11. An embryo, much enlarged. 
 
 12. A winter-bud, natural size. 
 
% 
 
 ! I 
 
 :i»'. 
 
 ■I 
 
^ 
 
 X 
 
 ^ / 
 
 X 
 
 FR 
 
V 
 
 / 
 
 FR 
 
 i 
 
 l:i 
 
1 \i^'^ 
 
 FRA3ER' 
 
FRAOER' 
 
 .\) 
 
 \: i 
 
 1 ' 
 I 
 
 i: t 
 
 ' \ 
 
 ill' 
 
;'" 
 
 lil 
 
 ill 
 
"'"^' 
 
"flf^' 
 
 1 
 
 wi 
 
 m 
 
 
 i\ 
 
 % 
 
 I 
 
 n 
 
 li 
 
 1 
 
 k 
 
 MAO NOMA Ki-vA.'KH; 
 
 J 
 
1 
 
 MAGNOLiACE^. SUVA OF NORTU AMERICA. 17 
 
 LIRTODENDRON. 
 
 Floweu-BL'D inclosed in a two-valvccl stipular caducous spathc. Flowers perfect, 
 solitary, terminal ; sepals 3 ; petals 0, in two rows : anthers extrorse ; pistils indefinite, 
 imbricated. Carpels saiuarx'lbrin, indeiiiscent, deciduous from the receptacle at ma- 
 turity. 
 
 Liriodendror. Linnmiia, Oi-n. Sn]H)l. 0. — A. L. do Jussicii, Orny, G,n. lU. \. {">,, x.'2'>. — nentlmm & Hooker, Gen. i. 
 
 Gen. '.'SI. — EndlichiT, Gen. 838. — Muisiicr, Gen. X — 10. — Itailloii. Ilitt. I'/, i. 188. 
 
 Tulipifera, Alaiison, /'am. I'l. ii. 305. 
 
 A tree, with fleshy roots, deeply furrowed Inown hitter l);irk, and bninchlets marked hy round leiif- 
 sc.ars and narrow stipuhir riufjs. Buds c(juii)ressed, obtuse, their scales membranaceous stimulus joined 
 at the edges, tardily deciduous ' after the unfoldinj;- of the leaf, which is recurved in vernation by the 
 bendin<f down of the petiole near the middle, liringing the apex of the eonduplicate blade to the base of 
 the bud.'- Loaves alternate, smooth, long-[)ctioled, feather-veined, siniiately four-lobcd, heart-shaped, 
 truncate or slij^htly wedge-shaped at the base, the extremity truncate by a broad shallow sinus minutely 
 apiculate.' Flowers pedunculate, cup-sha]icd, conspicuous ; spatlie nicnd)ranaceous. Sepals indiricated 
 in the bud, spreading or reflexed, ovate-lanceolate, concave, greenish white, early-deciduous. Petals 
 imbricated in the bud, hypogynous, erect, broadly ovate, rounded at the extremity, light green, retieu- 
 late-veined, marked with orange at the base, deciduous. Stamens indelinite, ind)ricatcd in many ranks 
 upon the base of the rece|)taele, two thirds the length of the jietals, deciduous; filaments filiform, half 
 the length of the elongated linear two-celled anthers adnate to the outer face of the connective, the con- 
 tiguous cells opening longitudinally. I'istils densely imbricated on the elongated sessile receptacle into 
 a .spindle-shaped colunni ; ovary inserted by a broud face, one-celled ; style narrowly acuminate, laterally 
 tlattened, ajipressed ; stigma short, unilateral, recurved at the summit ; ovules two, collateral, suspended 
 from near the middle of the ventral suture, anatropous. Fruit a narrow light brown cone formed of 
 the closely indiricated carpel.s, which fall when ripe from the slender elongated axis persistent during 
 winter.* Carpels dry and woody, indeiiiscent, consisting of a hiteially compressed foui--ril)bed i>ericarp, 
 the lateral rilis conHuent into the margins of the large wing-like^ lanceolate com])ressed style marked 
 vertically with a thin sutural line. Seeds suspended, two, or single by abintion ; testa thin, dry, coria- 
 ceous, and marked with the narrow pronunent raphe. Knd)ryo minute, at the base of the ile-'lis all)U- 
 men, its radi<'le next the hilum. 
 
 The genus Liriodendron, with a single species, is found in eastern North America and western 
 China.° It was represented by several species in the Cretaceous age, when the genus was widely distrib- 
 uted in North .America and KiU'ope. It continued to exist during the Tertiary pciiod. wilii a spc( ies," 
 
 ' Tliu Hli|iiil('S Ii rullj ilo iiiit full until llic li'iif is fully (;niwn, liii'lis ifiitlicri'il nii llic nicMiiililiim lU'iir Kiukiaii;; wi ri' lli^t snpiiusci) 
 
 Hiiil «iinn'tiini'a rciiiuii; on vijjnrnns slmnU until tin' cnil i\f suuinii'r. to lii'long tonilislimt ..ipi'iMi's (I.f .\riivliiint .Mouio, Jm.r. /inf. lS7>i, 
 
 ' .Miil)i-I, l-:i:'mrtia lie I'hiiHioloi/ie il lie lliiliiiiir/iie, u •M—'i'n'eu\, '^^."1)1 liiliT it wiis I'olli-i'ti'il nifiiin in tlii' sanio clislriel liy Murloi, 
 
 Aim. .S'li. .Y(i(. KIT. ;i, XX. L'lK). anil the Cliiiii'iio plant wan i-onitldiTcil i\ vnrioly of llif Anii'iionn 
 
 " Tiiis ininiilu point in tin- I'xtri'mily of iho niiiliili prolnnpMl spiTii'n, or llif .Vnu'rii'im spei'ios ituclf Introilui'iil iiinl luilumlizud 
 
 williunt I'l-lliilHrtiHxnc lu'vouil tin' Inif-liliidi'. ((MidriHi, Ohmrnitioiu in Cliiinv. (lli'innli'V, i/onr, l.iidi. .S'.ic. xxiii. -"1 : Hniilrti iiii'l l'iire.^1, 
 
 siir lf.< llmrijniM rl siir le.i I-'eiiiUra tin I.ii\ntle)iilrnn TiiUiii/erti, Hull. ii. l.:!.) Dr. .\. Ili'un- tuund llu' 'I'Mlip-ln'i' iilmiuliinl and gtuvt- 
 
 .Viic, lliil. I'riiiii-e, \ iii. ;i;t, t. 1.) iii)r spontam'un»ly on llu' nmuiilains luirth and auutli of tin' Yaiiu-tso 
 
 * Tilt! t'arpi'lH of (ho outer rowH arc alino'*t idwnyi ftlcrilc, and lliviT in tlio dintrict of nupch, luid Iii^ spcfinu'ns ri't'civcd in Kng- 
 oftrn iTnuiiii attai'hi'd lo tin' axih dnriuj; the winter, (jlvin^jto tho land in ISSl) Icuil Mr. W. Iluttinj; llt'insli'y to pronouni'i' tin' Chi- 
 nakt'cl Itraiu'lu'H Ihr appranuu'c ttf tri'niinatin^ in hi'tiwii tulip- lu'so trco iilcnticid uilli tin' North .Vnu'rii'an fpi'cii'9. (fiarti. 
 "Iinpi'd llowiTs. Cliron. M sit, vi. 71S, Di'ii'nilii'r 'Jl, ISSII.) 
 
 • Tlio 'riili|i.tn'« win di»i'ovt'rcd iu I'hiiLa in 1S7j. 'I'hu Bpcci- • LirioJcnJroit I'rueitceinii, L'ligt'r, Gen. el S/iir. I'l. l'os>, llil. 
 
 i( 
 
'•' ■■"'"'•■■■ 
 
 ■£ia 
 
 tflii'tjli mit 
 
 18 
 
 siLVA OF your If amfhica. 
 
 .MAONOLIArK.r 
 
 luinlly different from the one now livin;^, extendiiijj; over eastern North Amoriea, uii'l Knojv a.s )';ii- 
 south as Italy,' tui' il the advent of <;la(i,d ire destroyed it in Kuroije, and restrieteci i's '•an'.^e hi An "ici 
 to thi' shores of tho V-i dt of Mexico. 
 
 The >v' II 1(1 if Liriodendvon is li>rht and soft, brittle ard not stronjj; it posse -.-,;':< a 'Oos,' str.i'f;)it 
 I'raiii ;'" it is readily woiked, and does not easily split or shrink ; the numerous medullary ray - are thin 
 and ineonspi<'uous. Tho ciihir of the heartwond is li^lit yellow or lirown, with a specific fjjravity, win ?i 
 absolutely dry, of (t. I'JIKt, a culiie foot of tho dry wood weij>hinij 2G.i!(] pounds. The thin sajiwood. 
 which varies in the numher of layers of annual {growth in dilVerent individuals, is relatively thin ami 
 ercaniv white. Tiie wood of Liriodendron, known as yellow po[(lar ami as whitewood, is one of lie 
 most valuable products of the Ainevican forest, ("anoes made from it were used by the aboriiriiu's when 
 this country was f'rst visited by Kurnpeans,'' ami ever since, it has been larijely manufactured intu lum- 
 ber used in eonstructicm,* in tiie interior iinisli of houses, in boatduiildnij;', and for shingles, p,[nip>. 
 and wooden ware.'' 
 
 All parts of Liriodendron are bitter and slightly aromatic. The inner bark, especially of the rocit. 
 is intensely acrid and bitter, and has Ion;:; been used dunn'slically in thu United States as a toirc and 
 stinuilant.'' llydrochlorato of tulipiferine, an alkaloid recently separated from the bark id' Lirioden- 
 dron. possesses the power of stimulating^ tho action of the heart.' 
 
 No vitally destructive inseets are known to prey upon Liriodendron. Larvie of a small moth [Plujl- 
 Jdciiin/ls liridddiilri llii)^ make louix linear channels thronnh (he leaves. The folia^j'e is occasionallx 
 distiijjuied bv a dipter ins insect'' which, when abundant, covers tho leaves witli .mall iirM\vni>h spots. 
 causlnL\' them to become drv and fall from tlu^ branches; an a[ihis ( Siji/idi/o/i/ntrd //;'r </i //(//■/)'", sonn- 
 tinu> blackcM.s the foliat;v, ami a scale (/,(C(/;((V;/(, liilijii/i nn." found upDU the bark of the branches, 
 injures the trees in the western states. 
 
 The earliest )j[eneric name </f the Tulip-tree, Tulipifera, was published by Paul IIcmmimi iu l(iS7.' 
 and was adopted by Linmeus as his speeilie name for this tree. The Fanna'an ;;"neric iiaue ('/.i^tior ami 
 (V'k^joi) is descriiitive of the lily-like or tidip-like flower. 
 
 I 
 
 MAci' 
 
 1 M;is.^a!un^'n, Fi. .SVno.v IHl, t. 7, f. SA, t. ;V.I, f, :Mi. 
 
 * Iiuliviiliml trees :ire ocejiHuiii:illy fi-iim! with llie ^rjiin nf tlu» 
 woodht'iiiitifiilly curled or euiitorfi'ti. The wooil nf .m • h trees is 
 vjilueil highly fnr C!il)iiiel-m:ikinf;. 
 
 * " KakiiM'k, n. kiml of trees so eaUeil tliiit ure Hweet woni! of 
 wiiieli tiie iiihuhitans tliat were neore unto us tliH* eoiimioiily make 
 thfir boats orCaiHH'sof tlie (orui of trowes," (.1 brir/f tvul trur re- 
 port of the tifw/oiintl hind of Vinfinia, 'J.'J, Tliouias Harlot.) I'lek- 
 eriiiK (('/iron. Hist. /V. !MI!t) eohsiders, pntliaiily e.irreetly, that Ha- 
 kiink was the Tnlip-tree. Tlie inethoil^ Nseil liy 't..* (i!)ori^iti.'s of 
 \*i ;I,»iia in fi'llin;; trees anil sliapiiij^ their eaiUM's whh (lie aid cff 
 (h't urv deserihetl und iltii-^trahd in Appendix \II. to Harlot's 
 :::i!-utivc. 
 
 Cuioe-trer wa." oneo n eonnuon name fur Lnioili'iiilrnn ainun^ 
 till' early setth-rs in Virj^inia iind rennsylvnnia. 
 
 * Kulm, 7'rrn't/.i into Morth Atwrini, Kn^iHsh ed. i, 'Jl*"-'. 
 
 ' Lund)ermei) rerofjni/o varieties of yelhiw pophtr, dltTerinj; 
 slij^litly iu eohir and in thi nninunt of sapwood, and helieve that 
 sneli varieties ean he tlistift^tiisheil hy the shape of tlie h-aves and 
 liy the habit of the iiuiividual trees whieh pruduee them. Sinh 
 
 eharaeters, if tli\v fxist, are eertainly I'oL i in;*tant, and hear no ap- 
 parent nda'ton to the nature of the wriod, dt^tt-nnined prolial'ly hy 
 the 8oil in whith the individual tree hru grown, 
 
 « Moyd, l^ru/nand Me<L A'. Am. ii. 12. 
 
 ' Idoyd, /. e. IH. 
 
 e Huh. Ilnij'lu'n r. S. fi,n!,»f. Snrv. 1878, iv. 11)8, 
 
 * (Wiilomi/iit liruult'tiilri, Osten-Saekcn, Mrtnoij. Piptom, N. Am 
 i. "O'J —,]. (;. Jiiek, Gtinhn nnil i'oreM^ ii. (UCt, f. 1.V2. 
 , . Ii.t;plm\i r. S. aroUuj. Snrv. 1878-H(), v. liO. 
 
 '• « 'k, Ainmran \itlumlijitf xiii. .I'Jl. 
 
 ' '^Hi-fiifrnt (\rhor yirfp'tutnat Cut, lf'*r, f.Hipi. Intf. I5I-', t. 
 
 T'l/ijii/frri Ciruliniiinit foliU pnuliirlinrihus nuii/is (itn/'ii-utt'', IMnki' 
 net, Pf,>/t. i. tW. f. -X 
 
 Tulijiij'frn Virtitniitnn triftttrti'to .■lecri.'' folio medin hnniittii, vtlut 
 nhti'i.ssiu Plukenet, Aim. Hot. :»7!), t. 117, f. r>. t '.'18. f 7, — Hay. 
 1/i.^t. VI. ii. 1708. — Didianud, Trmt< dfs Arl.n.% u. Ml. t UY2. - 
 Cateshy, A'.i/. Uu< Car. i. -18, t. 48. 
 
 Liriodrudnim, I.innii'us, /A»W. ^Vi/T 2'JM. — C'l.iUon, Fi. IVryin 
 
 t;o. 
 
 L. foiiiji amjuUilis truuaitui, Trew, /*/. ixhrit. 'J, t. Kt. 
 
I 
 
 MAtr ■■' ililACEiK. 
 
 SIL VA OF XORTII AMElilVA. 
 
 LIRIODLNDRON TULIPIFERA. 
 Yellow Poplar. Tulip Tree. 
 
 19 
 
 LiiinKUs, Spec. i. 535. — Dii Uoi, Ilarbk. llaiim. i. 374. — 
 5Iarshall, .( rhiist. A ni. 7H. — Wangeiilieini, yunliim. llol~. 
 ;i'J, t. 13, f. 3-. — Walter, Fl. Car. 158. — Gteitiier, I'riicl. 
 ii. 47."), t. 178. — Bot. Mmj. t. 1!75. — Alibdt, InsetlK vf 
 Gcoiyiu. ii. t. lOli. — Schkuhr, lluiulli. ii. 93, t. 147. — 
 Willdenuw, Sjicc. ii. 11254. — Micli.iux. /'/. lior.-Am. i. 
 31iG. — XiiiH<ean IhihameJ, iii. 62, t. 18. — Desfuntiiiiu's, 
 llisl. Aril. ii. 15. — I'oirut, Lari. Dirt. viii. 137; Jll. iii. 
 3('>, t. 4'Jl. — Jiiuinc St. llihirc, /'/. Franre, iii. t.377. — 
 Jlicliiuix (. J/lst. Arh. Am. iii. 20L'. t. 5. — Tuisli. /■?. 
 
 Am. Sept. ii. 382. — Niittiill, Gen. ii. 18 Uaildii. Mi;l. 
 
 Jlot. i. 91, t. 8. — Ue Candulle, Si/st. i. 401; J'm,/,: i. 
 82. - - liigeliiw, Med. lint. ii. 107, t. 31.— Ilayiic liemh. 
 Fl. 115. — Kliiott, .S7,-. ii. 40. — Torrey. Fl. .V. Y. i. 28. — 
 Ka.incsciuo, Meil. Hot. ii. 239. — Giiiiiipil. Otto it llayiii'. 
 
 AhbiU. Jluh. .34, t. 29. — Audubon.- Ilinh. t. 12.— Dm, 
 a,' II. Si/sf. i. 8(>. — Sih-icli, J/i.it. Ve;/. vii. 488. — L.iudmi, 
 Aril. ISrit. i. 284, t. — Toney & Gray, Ft. A'. Am. i. 
 44. — DIctiieli, Si/ii. iii. 309. — Grillith, Me,l. ll„l. 98, 
 f. ,")8. — Kuii'i'scsn, Trees Miss. cd. 2, ii. (105, t. — Dar- 
 liii^'ton, /■'/. Cestr. ed. 3, 9, — A-jardh, Tlie<ir. ct Si/st. 
 PI. t. 11, f. 2, 3. — Chapman, FL M.— Curtis. Henl,,,,. 
 Sun: .V. C'ir. 1800, iii. 77. — I.imairi;, 111. Jhn-t. 15. 
 t. 571. — Haillun. IFtst. Fl. i. 14.!, f. 17.5-178. — K.kIi, 
 Deii.lr. i. ,'!S0. — Kicldi-r, I'erhnii'll. J!ot. I'er. Hi-'iml. 
 xxii. 82, f. 1-3. — Sargent, Forest Trees .V. Am. U)lli 
 Census r. .S'. ix. 22. — Lloyd, Dnujs ami Mi.l. X. Am. 
 ii. ,3, t. 20. f. — Watson & Coulter, Gnii/'s .Van. ed. 0. 
 50. 
 Liriodondron procerum. Sali^lmry. Fro'lr. ."79. 
 
 The Liriodemlron is one of tlio Lirgest aiul most bt>;i\itifiil tii'u> of tlii' Aiiu'i'ii'un forust. Tlio Occi- 
 (leiital Plane and the Soiithein t'ypre.ss ai'e tlie only Anieiicaii ilcfidiiou.s tiees wliich irrow to a lafpT .siz(?. 
 It sometimes attains, untler favortiblo conditions, a iieifrlit of one hundred and sixty to one hitndred and 
 i.inety feet, with a straifflit trunk eijjilit or ten feet in diameter, (h'stitiite of branches for eij^hty or a liiin- 
 dred feet from tba ground.' Individtials a hundred or a iuinthed and lifty feet tali, witli trnnhs live or 
 six feet in diameter, ;ire still common. The Itranebes, wliieh tire short and small in projiortion to the 
 size of the triink, give to this tree a pyramidal habit, ex('ei)t in the case of old or very large individuals 
 on which the head is spreading. The winter-buds are dark red, covered with a glaucous bloom. The 
 smooth Itistrons bark of the young branches is red or red-brown during their tirst and .second seasons, 
 turning dark gray during the third. The leuves, supported on slender angled [u'tioles five or six inches 
 long, are dark green and shining on the u])per, and p;der (,n the lower surface. They are live or six 
 inches long by as many broad, and (piiver with the slightest movement of the air." The llowcr.- nhich 
 are borne on stout peduncles an inch and a iialf to two inches long, appear in May. The fruit iii oe-j 
 late in September and in October. 
 
 Ltriotliiidroii 7V//y*//"(;vMs found from lihode Islaml' to southwestern Vermort and w < < the 
 .southern shores of Lake Michigan, and extends soittb to northern Florida, southern Alabai.ia and 
 Missi.ssippi. It occurs west of the Mi.ssi.ssippi River enly in southeastern Missoitri ami the adja( ;■ .1 j^arts 
 of Arkansas. It prefers deep rich and rather moist soil on the intervales of streaiiis or om moiiiitaii! 
 slopes, and is most abundant and reaches its greatest development in t' r valleys of the rivers t! wing 
 into the Ohio, and on the lower slopes of the high mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. Tne 
 Tulip-tree, idthough widely distributed, is nowhere common enough to become the eharaeteri-;''" feature 
 of the forest, and even in regions where the soil and climatic conditions are most favoraI)le to it, more 
 than four or live large specimens are seldom found growing on a single acre of ground. 
 
 * ltii)f(way, rroe. U. S. \iit. .Muf. IKS'J, Tnt. WIIhoii, wlut dis.-nvi'n'd his l)ody n fi'w days latiT 1 liis tree 
 
 Tlu' ((rcrtt 'I'uli|i-treu ou the steep iilopes ef Moinit Mitchell in vviis vi'tited hy Mr. W. .M. Cuiiliy in ISiUi, and was tlieii iit p-i ifi'ct 
 
 North t'uroliiiit, the higlu-st point of land in North .\nu'rica eitst (tf health. 
 
 tin- Itoeky Moiuitains, lia« a trniik thirty-three feet roinul at thno ' It was perhaps this liahil, reeallin); th" .\speu ami otlier sjieeien 
 
 foot from (lie |rrninid. It stainls at the head of the eove Iwtweeu of Tophir, whitli led the early settlers in Anieriea to apply tho 
 
 the ptK)l ni wineh Professor Klisha Mitchell lost his life ,luno nniniMtf *' Poplar'* to tins tree. 
 
 'J7, 18C7, and tho hut uf the well-kuuwu luouutiuucer, "Turn" ' L. W. liusuM, Garden end ForeX, ii, 'M, 
 
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 20 
 
 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 MAGNOLIACE.t:. 
 
 John Tradeseant,' who visited America about the middle of the seventeenth century, sent several 
 plants from this country to England, and the TuHp-tree wtis perhaps among them.'' It appeared in 
 several English gardens soon after Tradeseant's return from America, and was cultivated by Bishop 
 Coinpton at Fulham as early as 1G88,^ a year later than the date of the publication of Hermann's 
 description, which was drawn up from a tree in tlie Leydcn garden. 
 
 Few permanent varieties of Liriodendron have been developed in cultivation, although for more 
 than a hundred years it has been a favorite ornamenfcd tree in America and Europe.* A form with 
 nearly entire leaves, and others with the leaves marked with yellow or silver blotehes, are known in gar- 
 dens ; and a seedling with strictly fastigiate branches ai)peared a few years ago in the nursery estiiblish- 
 ment of Simon-Louis at Metz in Germany, where it has been propagated. 
 
 Liriuihndron Tullpifvm is easily raised from seed," the seed germinating during the second year 
 after sowing, and it is eiisily transplanted. It grows rapidly ; it is extremely hardy, and is one of tlie 
 moot beautiful and distinct Amei'ican trees for ornamentul or roadside planting. 
 
 ' .I.ilii; TnidescMiit, ii Dutch E^irdi'iicr «lio ciniKriiti'd to EnBliiud giiiia to collect curiosities for this museum, ami puhlishcd in lO.'C. 
 
 to«-.i.-<is the cihl of the sixteenth century, obtaiiicl in ItVJl) the title a few ye.iis ..fter the death of his father, a catalogue of hU plants, 
 of gardener to Charles the First. He had a garden and museum at ^ Kvelyn, Sdm, 7'.). ' Miller, Diet. ed. 8. 
 
 Lambeth. His son, the second John Tradcscant, traveleil in Vir- « Itay, //«(. /'/. u. 1798. ' Cohbctt, Woodlands, No. SL-a. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THK TLATES. 
 
 Platk XIII. Liuioi>r.M)iio\ Tvlu'Ifeba. 
 1. A Dowering branch, natural siie. 
 'J. A winter-bud, rmttiial si/.c. 
 
 PUTE XIV. LntlODKNDmrX TlLU'IFEKA, 
 
 1. A fruit, r.ntiiral size. 
 
 2. L'iagrani of the (lower. 
 
 ;>. A tlciwcr, a 8i'|ial and tv.o petals removed. 
 
 4. A stamen, anterior view, enlarged. 
 
 5. X utanien, ]>osterior viett-, unlurged. 
 C. A pistil, enliirged. 
 
 7. A stigma, enlarged. 
 
 8. Wrtieal stetion of an ovary, enlarged. 
 !>. An ovule, much enla/ged. 
 
 10. A carpel, enlarged. 
 
 11. Vertical section of a c.-irpol, nidargcd. 
 
 12. A see<l, showing the raphe, enlarged. 
 
 13. A seed, showing the side opposite the raphe, enlarged. 
 
 14. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 
 
 15. Cross section of a eeed, enlarged. 
 IG. An enibiyn, much magnified. 
 
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ANONACEjE. 
 
 SILVA OF NORTH AMElilCA. 
 
 21 
 
 ASIMINA. 
 
 Floweus axillary, solitary or in pairs ; sepals valvatc, 3 ; petals 6, in two series, 
 unequal, imbricated in Aestivation ; stamens inserted on the subglobose receptacle, 
 indefinite ; pistils 3 to 15, distinct, many-ovuled. Fruit baccate ; seeds horizontal, flat- 
 tened, inclosed in a pulpy membrimaceous aril ; albumen ruminate. 
 
 Asimina, Adanson, F(tm. PI. ii. 3fi5. — Meisner, Gen. 4. — 
 Gray, Geiu III, i. C7 ; hot. Gazette, xi. IGl. — Uentlium 
 & Hooker, Gen. i. 24. 
 
 Anona, LimiiGus, Gen. 158, in part A. L. do Jussieu, Gen. 
 
 283, in part 
 
 Orchidooarpum, Midmiix, Fl. Bnr.-Am. i. 329. 
 Porcelia, Persoon, Sijn. ii. 9."i. in part. 
 Uvaria, Endlicher, Gen. 832, in part — Baillon, Hist. I'l. i. 
 281, in part. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, emitting a heavy disagreeable odor when bruised, with fleshy roots, minute cinereo- 
 puhescent caducous bud-scales, and terete slender brunches marked with conspicuous leaf-scars. Leaves 
 conduplicate in vernation, destitute of stipules, alternate, entire, membranaceous or subcoriaceous, 
 feathei>veined, reticulate-venulose, deciduous. Flowers pedunciJate, nodding, dingy green, purple or 
 white, proterogynous, bad-smelling. Sepals ovate, smaller than the petjils, green, deciduous. Petals 
 •lypogynous, sessile, ovate or obovate-oblong, rcticulately veined, accrescent ; the three exterior alternate 
 with the sepals, spreading ; those of the inner row opposite the sepals erect and much smaller than 
 those of the outer row. Stamens linear-cuneate, densely packed on the receptacle ; filaments shorter 
 than the fleshy connective terminated by a broad truncate glandular tip ; anthers extrorse, the cells 
 oblong, separate, opening longitudinally. Pistils sessile on the sununit of the receptacle, projecting 
 from the globukr mass of stamens; ovary one-celled; stigma sessile, unilateral at the tip; ovules four 
 to twenty, horizontal, two-ranked ' on the ventral suture, anatropous, the raphe towards the suture. 
 Fruit sessile or stipihite, thick, oval or oblong, smooth, sometimes slightly torulose.'^ Seeds in one or 
 two ranks ; testii crustaceo-coriaceous, smooth ; the tegmen adherent to the tesfci, its membranaceous 
 appendages dividing the corneous albumen nearly to tha axis. Embryo minute, next the hilum ; cotyle- 
 dons short. 
 
 The genus Asimina, as now known, Ls confined to eastern North America.^ It contains the only 
 species of tiie great Custard Apple family, widely distributed in both hemispheres, which extends fur 
 outside the tropics. Six species are distinguished: one, Asimina triloha, the most northern in its 
 range, is a small tree ; the others are low shrubs, confined to the south Atlantic and Gidf regions. The 
 handsome white flowers of A. (/miidijhni are the largest of the genus. The fruit in all the shrubby 
 species is small and barely edible. 
 
 The genus Asimina was separated by Adanson from Anona of Linnieus. Some later authors have 
 united it with the allied old-world Uvaria, and the species have also been referred to the little known 
 Peruvian genus Porcelia. Asimina is well characterized, however, by the lieterogeneous petals of the 
 
 ' Tlio ovulea in Aiimina parv\flora arc indistinctly two-ranked, 
 appearing nearly in a single series. 
 
 ' Ilnrely more than three carpels mature from one flower, often 
 only one or two. 
 
 • Tlireo Cuban plants referred by Griaebacli {Cat. PI. Cub. :t) 
 to Asimina are still imperfectly known. Their coridcemis nejirly 
 honio^encuus pctiiln seimrate them, however, from this genus. 
 (A. Groy, Hot. Oazelte, xi. 10^'.) 
 
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 SUVA OF NORTU AMERICA. 
 
 ANONACEit. 
 
 two rows. Those of the outer row are accrescent and spreading, and always larger than those of the 
 inner, which are concave and erect ; and in spite of their imbricated arrangement in iestivation, depended 
 on to unite the species with Uvaria, tlie genus is generally maintained by botanLsts. 
 
 Asimina is formed from Asbn'mier, an early colonial name used by the French in America for 
 Aaimina triloba} 
 
 > Asiminicr from Aaimiiw, the Algonquin corruption of the soutli- sleeve, «nd " mi'n," pi. " mina" fruit, from its shape. Centurii Dic- 
 ern Illinois roMimim, used probably for the fruit ("rassa," a tiomry, 1889). 
 
 ,; 
 
 CONSPECTUS OF THE SPECIES. 
 
 Flowers from axils of decidaous leaves of the preceding year. 
 
 Leaves membranaceons, mostly acute at both ends, obscurely venulose. 
 
 Flowers large, long-pediceleU ; seeds flattened 1. A. TRILOBA. 
 
 Flowers small, nearly sessile ; seeds turgid 2. A. parviflora. 
 
 lAiaves retuse or obtuse, pubescent when young, subcoriaceous and conspicuously reticu- 
 late-venulose at maturity. Petals white. 
 
 Outer petals three or four times as long as those of the inner row .... 3. A. GBAJfDiKLORA. 
 
 Outer petals twice the length of those of the inner row 4. A. cu.neata. 
 
 Flowers from the axils of existing leaves. 
 
 Leaves subcoriaceous, reticulate-vcnulose. 
 
 Leaves linear or narro*Iy spatulate ; flowers large, usually erect ; petals white, 
 
 those of the outer row one and a half to two inches long 5. A. ANOUStifoL",!, 
 
 Leaves cunea'e-linear to oblong ; flowers nodding, petals green turning purple, those 
 of the outer row less than half an inch long, twice the length of those of the inner 
 
 row 6. A. PYaSI.KA. 
 
 ^ 
 
ANONACE^t. 
 
 I those of the 
 ion, depended 
 
 I America for 
 
 ipe. Cenlurii Oic- 
 
 .OBA. 
 VIFLOBA. 
 
 NDIKLORA. 
 ISATA. 
 
 M.f:A. 
 
 AXOXACEiB. 
 
 SUVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ASIMINA TRILOBA. 
 
 2:5 
 
 Papaw. 
 
 Flowers solitary ; styles distinct, introrsoly stigmatic ; ovules numerous. Leaves 
 ample, membranaceous. 
 
 Asimina triloba, Dtinal. Mmi. Anon. 83. — De Candollp, 
 ^"ys^i. 479; Prodr. i. 87. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 42. — Giiiiii- 
 pel, Otto & Hnyno, Ahbild. Hoh. (>6, t. .53. — Hayne. 
 Denilr. Fl. 118. — Don, Gen. Sijut. i. 91. — Loudon, Arb. 
 lirit. i. 293, f. 39. — Gray, Oeii. 111. i. t 26, 27. — Dar- 
 lington, Fl. Cintr. ed. 3, 10. —Chapman, Fl. 15. — Curtis, 
 Geolug. Sum. X. Car. 1800, iii. 94. — Hot. .Vug. t. 5854. — 
 Koch, Dendr. ii. 383. — Sargent, Forent Trees X. Am. 
 Wth Census U. S. ix. 23. — Lloyd, Drugs and Med. X. 
 im. ii. 49, t. K?, f. 120-123. — Watson & Coulter, Gruys 
 Jliin. ed. 6, 50. 
 
 Anona triloba, Linnieus, Spec. 537. — Du Roi, Ifurbk. Jidum. 
 i. 59. — Marshall, Arbust. Am. 10. — Lamarck, iJirl. ii. 
 125. — Walter, Fl. Car. 158. — Willdcnow, Spec. ii. 
 1267. — Kuureaii Duhamel, ii. 83, t. 25. — De.sfontaincs, 
 
 ll'ist. Arh. ii. 21. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 161, t. 
 
 9. — Schkuhr. Ilandh. ii. 95. t. 149. 
 Anona pendula. Salisbury, Prmlr. 380. 
 Anona palustria. Abbot, Inserts of Georgia, i. t. 4 (not 
 
 Linnoius). 
 Orchidocarpum arietinum, Michaiix. Fl. lior.-Am. i. 329. 
 Poroelia triloba, I'ersoon, Sgn. ii. 95. — Pursh, Fl. Am. 
 
 Sept. ii. 383. — Rafinesque, Fl. Lwlovie. 92. — Nuttall. 
 
 Gen. ii. 19. — Poirct, L'im. Diet. Suppl. iv. 529. — Audu- 
 bon, Birds, I. 2 ; ed. 8vo, iii. t. 147. 
 Uvaria triloba, Torrey & Gray, /•'/. X. Am. i. 45. — Tor- 
 
 ri'v, Fl. X. Y. i. 30. — Cinul. Ann. Mus. Flrense, 1864. 
 
 9. t. 1, t. 1-7. — Baillon, jn.it. ri. i. 193, f. 220-228; 
 
 Diet. i. 290, f. 
 A. campaniflora, Spacli, JUsf. Veg. vii. 528. 
 
 A shrub or h)w tree, ri.sing sometiines under favorable conditions to a height of thirty-five or forty 
 feet,' with a straiglit trunk, rarely exceeding a foot in diameter, and slender spreading branches. The 
 bark of tiie trunk, rarely more titan an eighth of an inch thick on full-grown individuals, has a dark 
 brown surface marked with large ash-colored blotches ; it is covered with small wart-like excrescences, 
 and divided by numerous shallow reticulate depressions. The inner bark is tough, fil)rous, and separates 
 easily into thin layers. The bark of the branchlets is light brown tinged with red, and plaiidy marked 
 by longitudinal, j)arallel or reticidate, narrow shallow grooves. The winter-buds are acuminate, Hattcned 
 on the side next the stem, an eighth of an inch long, and covered thickly with rusty brown hairs. The 
 leaves, which are glabrous, light green on the upper and pale on the lower surface, are obovate-lanceo- 
 late, ten or twelv" inches long, and four or five inches broad, sharply pointed, aid gradually and regu- 
 larly contracted at the base into a stout petiole half to tlirce (piarters of an incii long, and .strengthened 
 by a pronunent midrib and primary veins. They are covered on the lower surface when they first 
 appear, as are the petioles and young shoots, with a short rusty brown caducous tomentum, reduced on 
 the upper surface of the young le.",ves to a few scattered hairs. The flowers, which are nearly two 
 inches across when fully grown, appear at the extreme south in March, and open at the north in May 
 and June. They are borne on stout club-shaped peduncles an inch w an inch and a half long, covered 
 with long scattered rusty brown hairs. The sepals are ovate, acuminate, pale green, and densely pubes- 
 cent on the outer surface. The petals are green when they first unfold, and are covered witii short 
 appressed hairs ; they gradually turn brown, and at inatiu'ity are deep vinous red and conspicuously 
 retictdate-venulose; those of the outer row are broadly ovate, rounded m point"d at the apex, reHexid 
 at maturity above the middle, and are then two or three times longer than the sejials ; those of the inner 
 row are pointed, erect, the concave base glandular, nectariferous, and marked by a broad band of a 
 lighter color.' The fruit, which is attached obliijuely to the enlarged torus, is oblong, nearly cylindrical. 
 
 ' Uidgway, Vror. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, fiO. 
 
 ' Baillon {Adanionia, vi. 253) suggcata that the nectar secreted 
 
 in considerable quantities from the glandular aurfaco of the pctaN 
 of Asimina scrrcB to bold the pollen which fulls from the uiilliers 
 
 ,.< 
 
 :^; 
 
 ■ i 
 
 .' 
 
 ■1 
 
r 
 
 UL 
 
 24 
 
 SILVA OF XOUTfl AMERICA. 
 
 ANONACE^. 
 
 rounded, or sometimes slightly pointed at the extremities, more or less fulcafe, and often irregular from 
 the imperfect development of some of the seeds. It ri])ens in September and Octobe;. It is three to 
 live inches long, an inch or an inch and a half in diameter, and weighs from six to twelve ounces. The 
 seeds, which separate readily from ihe aril conllnent with the pericarp, are an inch long, half an inch 
 broad, ovate, ai>d rou'ided at the extremities. The brown shining outer coat becomes paler on exposure 
 to the air, and wrinkles by the shrinking of the albunu'n in drying.' 
 
 The western part of the stiite of New York and the northern shores of Lake Ontario ^ are tl'e most 
 northern points reached by Aslmina triloba ; it occurs in eastern and central Pennsylvania, and thence 
 spreads west to southern Michigan, southern Indiana, and eastern Kansas, and south to middle Florida 
 and to the valley of the Sabine River in Texas. It is comparatively rare in the region bordering the 
 Atlantic seaboard ; in the valley of the Mississippi River it is often very common, forming the thick 
 forest-underwood on rich river-bottom lands, or sometimes exclusively occupying the ground with dense 
 thickets many acres in extent. The jjresence of tiiis tree is always r" indication of deep rich and ratlier 
 moist soil ; it attains its greatest size in the ferti!> valleys t)f the streams flowing into the lower Ohio 
 River, and in those of central and southern Arkansas. 
 
 Tiie wood of Asuniiia (rUohii is light, soft ai'd weak, coarse-gr- ined and spongy, with the layers 
 of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large ope; ducts. Tiie color of the heartwood is 
 light yellow shaded with green, and rather darker than the thin 8ai>wood composed of from twelve to 
 twenty layers of annual growth. It has, when perfectly dry, a specific gravity of only 0.39()9, a cubic 
 foot of the dry wood weighing 24.74 poinids. The inner bark, stripped from the branches in the early 
 sfiring, is still used by fishermen on the Ohio and other western rivers for stringing fish ; formerly it 
 was often employed in making fish-nets, and for similar pui-poses.' 
 
 The Papaw was first noticed in 1541 * by the followers of Do So :o in the valley of the Mississippi. 
 It was not described, however, until more than two centuries later, vhen Catesby published a figure of 
 it in his NaUiral Ilixtorij of Curolhia!' The Papaw was first cultivated in Europe in 17HG by Peter 
 Collinson, who probal>ly received it from John Bartram. Although rarely seen in cultivation outside of 
 botanical gardens, it is w jll worth a place in ornamental plantations for its large and conspicuous foliage 
 and for its handsome flowers and fruit. The Papaw" is only precariously hardy in New England. 
 
 into (lie oup iif the corolla. It seems more proli.ililo, IiowevcT, that 
 its ohji'ot is to attract insects, without wliost* aid tlic proternj^ynotis 
 llowcrs would be obliged *o depend for fertilization on the dubiuus 
 chkiice of the pollen of one tic .ircr dropping or being blowru upon 
 the stii^in.i of another. 
 
 ' Tile skin of tin fully grown fruit is at first green covered with 
 a ^huicou:' bloom. The tiesh at this time is gi'*en, gradually turn- 
 in;; white towards the centre ; it is linn and may be broken \vith a 
 sharply djflned fracture which generally intersects a seed from 
 which it separates easily, and has a fetid wlor and a most disagree- 
 uhh' tiavor. As the fruit ripens the Hesb changes fn)m green to 
 yelliiw, the tough grain iK'coming soft. When fully ripe the skin is 
 dark brown or almost black ; the flesh is then semi-transparent, 
 sweet and luscious to the taste* the delicacy of the flavor increasing 
 after the fruit has been slightly frozen. The fruit of the I'upaw in 
 this stage is wholesome and can be eaten freely. It is sold in large 
 quantities in cities and towns in those parts of the country where 
 the tree grows naturally, although it ia not sent to the large eastern 
 markets. 
 
 " I'apaw eaters recoguizo two varieties of the fruit, the white 
 and the yellow. The yellow papaw flesh is edible, but there is 
 no dilTcrence in the trees. White papaw; retain their disagree- 
 able odor until they decay ; they do not turn yellow upon ripening, 
 
 and will sii-kcn those who highly relish tlie other fruit " (Lloyd, 
 Driti/n tinil Mid. X. Am, ii. ,51.) 
 
 « .1. W. liurge:s, Hot. (lazelk; vii. 'Xt. 
 
 ' A white olurless and tasteless alkaloid, Asimine, has been ob- 
 tJiined by I.loyd from the seeds of Animinn triloba. (Lloyd, I. c. ii. 
 54.) I*reliminary studies ( f this new jinMluct show that it acts 
 on the brain of nnimaU, c;>-.ts;ng somnolence and finally stupor and 
 unconsi'iousness. 
 
 * "There is a fruit thnjugh nil tho countrio which gruweth on a 
 plant like ligoacan, which the liuliaus doe ])lant. The fruit is like 
 unto )>earvs riall ; it hath a verie good snu'll, and an excellent 
 ta.sto." {The DLtcorery aiut Cont^ncil of Term Florida, Hakluyt, 
 Uye'scd. 1G9.) 
 
 ' Anoiia /ructu Uittsrente, loivi, scrotum Arit;tii re/trente, ii. 8ti, t. 
 85. — Trew, Pt. Ehrel. i. t. .'i. — Duhauul, Trnite d.!s Arlires, i. .W, 
 t. in. — Claytim's description in the fVorfi I'lVf/tuim, 01, published 
 in 17.'iO, refers to the Papaw, which was confounded, however, by 
 Gn>novius with a West Indian species of Anona. 
 
 Awmii foUis tatireotiitii, fructittus trijidi.i, Miller, Diet. Icon. i. 23, 
 
 t. ;«. 
 
 " Tlic popular namo Papaw was probably given to Atimina tri- 
 t'jSa from a fancied resemblance of the fruit to the true papaw, the 
 fruit of C'un'ea I'apai/a, L., of tropical America. 
 
I 
 
 I t 
 
 .1-^ 
 
 ,< 
 
 ii 
 
 ( '. 
 
 il'i 
 
\ i 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11, 
 
 Plate XV. Asimixa triloha. 
 A flowering branch, natural size. 
 Uiagram of a flower. 
 Vertical section of a flower, natural size. 
 A flower, the sepals ami i>etal8 removed, enlarged. 
 An anther, anterior view, enlarged. 
 An anther, posterior view, enlarged. 
 A gj'ncecium, enlarged. 
 Vertical section of a pistil, enlarged. 
 Cross section of an ovary, enlarged. 
 An ovule, much enlarged. 
 A leaf, natural size. 
 
 Plate XVI. A.simixa triloba. 
 
 1. A fruiting branch, natural size. 
 
 2. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 
 ;!. Cross section of a fruit, natural size. 
 
 4. A seed, with its aril laiil open, natural size. 
 
 5. A seed, natural size. 
 
 6. Vertical section of a seed, natural size. 
 
 7. Cross section of a seed, natural size. 
 
 8. An embryo, much enlarged. 
 
'\ 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 il 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 .■;i 
 
 
 1. 
 
 
!: iili 
 
 \ 
 
 h I 
 
 ''J 
 
 ASIMINA TRILOBA 
 
ii f 
 
;i 
 
 : ■ :{i 
 
 r 
 
 A\ 
 
 I ' s 
 
 / 
 
1 t 
 
 •% 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 A.S1M1NA TRllA^^A 
 
 ! » 
 
Indies 
 
ANONACE^ 
 
 SILVA OF NORTU AMERICA. 
 
 27 
 
 ANONA. 
 
 Flowers solitary, fascicled, or rarely cymosely racemose, terminal or extra axil- 
 lary ; sepals 3, valvato ; petals usually G, in two series, valvate or rarely imbricated in 
 iTstiviition ; stamens inserted on a hemispherical receptacle, indefinite. Carpels con- 
 fluent into a many-celled fleshy fruit ; seeds inclosed in an aril ; albumen ruminate. 
 
 Anona, Linnieus, Gen. 158, in part. — Adanson, Fam. PI. ii. 
 365. — A. L. de Juasien, Gen. 283. — Meisiier, Gen. 4. — 
 
 P^ndliclior, Gfn. 83-1. — Bcntliam & Hooker, Gen. i 
 Baillon, Uhf. I'l. i. 285. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, emitting a pungent aromatic otlor when bruised, wth fleshy roots, glandular and 
 often reticulated bark, and terete slender branches marked with conspicuous leaf-scars, and often pubes- 
 cent during the first season. Leaves conduplicate in vernation, destitute of stipules, alternate, entire, 
 coruiceous, feather-veined, often glandular-punctate, persistent or tardily deciduous. Flowers nodding 
 on bracted peduncles. Calyx small, three-lobed, or composed of three concave subcordatc acute sepals, 
 green, deciduous. Petiils hjpogynous, sessile, ovate, acuminate or obtuse, concave, triquetrous at the 
 apex, thick and fleshy, generally white or yellow, the exterior alternate witii the sepals ; those of the 
 inner row opposite the sepals often much smaller than those of the outer row, and sometimes reduced 
 to minute scales or absent. Stamens club-sliaped, densely packed on the leceptade ; filaments shorter 
 than the fleshy connective terminated by a broad ovoid truncate often glandular tip extending above 
 the extrorse anthers ; their cells oblong, contiguous, opening longitudinally. Pistils sessile on the 
 receptacle, free or united ; ovary one-celled ; stigmas sessile or slightly stipitate, oblong ; ovules one, or 
 rarely two,' erect, anatropous ; raphe ventral. Fruit ovate or globose, the surface muricate, squamulose 
 or smooth, many-seeded. Seeds ovate or elliptical ; testa crustaceo-coriaceous, smooth, chestnut-brown ; 
 the tegmen adherent to the testa, its broad appendages penetrating the albumen nearly to the axis. 
 Embryo minute, the radicle next t!ie hilum ; cotyledons appressed. 
 
 The genus Anona is found in tropical America and in tropical .Vfrica. About fifty species have 
 been described by botanists. A single species extends north of the tropics to the coast of southern 
 Florida and to the Bahama Islands. Six African species are known;- twenty-eight species, including 
 two or three naturalized from tiie West Indies, are found in Brazil ; ^ ten or twelve species are Central 
 American,'' one at least extending south of the equator to Peru ; ^ the remainder inhabit the West 
 Indies" and the northern countries of the South American continent.' 
 
 Several species cultivated for their fruit have become naturalized in the tropics of the two worlds." 
 The Sweetsop or Sugar Apple {A, aqiKtmosoY is now perhaps the nwst widely distributed and the 
 most firndy fixed in the Old World.'" The yellow-green fruit, two to four inches across, is oblong and 
 embossed with oblong, obtuse scales ; the flesh is soft and white, with an agreeable perfume and insipid 
 flavor. The seeds are acrid and are used as an insecticide. The soursop, the ovoid or nearly globular 
 
 ' Baillon, Ui»l. PI. i. 220. 
 
 ' Hakor, Fl. .Vatir. ami Sei/ck. 3. — Oliver, Fl. Trap. A/r. 14. 
 
 • St.llilairc, F/. ISmn. Merkl. i. 24. — Martins, Fl. lirmil.\\\\.\, 3. 
 
 • Hcmslcy, Bol. Kol. yim. Cent. i. 18. 
 
 • A. Cherimolia Miller, Did. (A. Do Caiiilullc, Origlne ties 
 Plantei Culliirfu, 138.) 
 
 • Slnano, X(U. UiM. Jam. ii. 1(W. — Hrowiie, KiU. Hint. .Tarn. 
 255. — Mnycnok, /•'/. Ihirli. 2:12. — MiicfiidjiMi, Fl. Jam. 0. — liicli- 
 anl, Fl. Cub. 27. — Grisebacli, Fl. Brit. W. 1ml. i. 
 
 ' Aulilot, Fl. Guian. i.Hll. 
 
 * .\. Do Ciindolle, O'lographie Kotaniqiie, ii. 859; Origine Jes 
 PUmtfn Cullin'en, IIW. 
 
 • J.iiiiiiBus, Spec. 537 — Pescoiirlilz, Fl. Med. Aniii. ii. 05. t. 
 83. — firf. Mar/, t. 30U5. — Tussac, Fl. Aiilil. iii. 4. — Van Nootcn, 
 Fteurs .Im: t. 19. 
 
 '» Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Iml. i. 78. — Brandis, Forest Fl. Iml. (1. 
 The fruit of .1. .I'/wimosd is ealled "ouptard apidc" in India, the 
 American name uf the fruit uf A. reticulata. 
 
 I, 
 
 t\ 
 
 1 \ 
 
 \ \i 
 
 I T 
 
 i 
 
28 
 
 a^ILVA OF XORTII AMElilCA. 
 
 ANONACE^. 
 
 fruit of ^l. iimrimtrt, is three or four inches across, covered with short incurved points.' The green or 
 yellow surface hiis a terebinthine odor and a disagreeable flavor ; it is easily removed from the white 
 subacid aromatic flesh, which is eaten with or without sugar, or is cooked as a vegetable when partly 
 grown. The fruit is considered an antiscorbutic and febrifuge, and a powder prepared from the dried 
 unripe fruit is used in the tr^ainu-nt of dysentery. .l«o)(rt reticulata- is now generally naturalized 
 and widely cultivated in the tropics,^ but its fruit, the custard apple or bullock's heart, which is sub- 
 globose with a rough skin marked with pentiigonal areoles, is less esteemed than the fruit of the other 
 culti\ated species. The clierimoyer, the fruit of ^1. Chcrimolia, a native i)robably of western tropical 
 America from Mexico to below the equator, and now cultivated and naturalized throughout the tropics, 
 is the l)est fruit produced by any species of the genus. Many travelers have declared the flavor of the 
 cherimoia, recalling the strawberry and banana, nune delicate iind excpiisite than that of any other fruit. 
 The pulp of the fruit of all these species is refreshing, aronatic, and agreeable ; but, as is the case with 
 many tropical fruits, it is really inferioi' lo the best jjroducts of the temperate zone. The fruit of Anona 
 eaten with sugar before it is fully ripe is a useful tonic, and the fermented juice is manufactured into a 
 sort of sweet wine or cider in the West Indies. 
 
 The genus was first established by Plumier as Guanabanus ; * thi name was discarded by Linnaeus 
 for Aiiona,^ the name given by early authors '' to the Soursop. Linn.eus changed Anona to Annona 
 (the year's product) in the llortus Vliffortiawix in order to avoid the use of names of barbarous origin. 
 
 ' Liniiii'us, HiKc. M7. — Dcscourtilz, /'■"/. Med. Aniil. ii. t. 87. — 
 Tiiss,ii', Fl. Antil. ii. t. 24. — Van Nootcn, Fleura Jar. t. 39. 
 
 - I.iiinipus, Spec. 537. — Dcscourtilz, Fl. Med. Aiilil. ii. t. 8'J. — 
 Bol. .Mag. t. '-"Jl-'. — Van N'ootcii, Fleurs Jav. t. 'JO. 
 
 ' Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Iiid. i. 78. 
 
 * A'ui'. P:ant. Am. Gen. 4:!, t. lU. Guanabanus, from the Indian 
 
 Guanabano, was adopted by Ovicdo to designate A.imrlcala. (,HLil. 
 Geii. Niil. Ind. lib. 8, cap. 17.) 
 
 ' From Ilauoti, used by Oviedo (/. c.) to designate .4. .Vjuaimm, 
 lib. 8, cap. 18, t. 3, f. 7. 
 
 » Coinmclyn, //Dr(. i. IX\ t. (iO. — Hermann, Cal. Uort. Lugd. 
 Hal. Ivto. — riukcuct, Aim. Uul. 31, t. 134, i. Ii. 
 
ANONACEiE. 
 
 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ANONA GLABRA. 
 
 29 
 
 Pond Apple. 
 
 Glabrous throughout, peduncles solitary, opposite the leaves, 
 smooth, faintly marked v.ith pentagonal areoles. 
 
 Petals 6. Fruit 
 
 glabra, Linimnis, Sjief, '>•'>'. — Marshall, Arliimt. Am. 
 10. — Lamarck. D!i>. ii. IL'"), cxc syn. — Dii Uoi. Ilnrbk. 
 liuum. i. (')-. — WilUlcnow, Sjiec. ii. lL'(i7. — Uunal, Moii. 
 Anon. 74. — De Cundollc, Si/.if, i. 4".j ; I'lvilr. i. 85. — 
 Dietrioli, Si/n. iii. .'iO(). — Cliapnian, JM. (Jiizette, iii. '2. — 
 Sargont, Gnnlfin nml Fofesf, ii. (UG. 
 
 A. laurifolia, Diinal, 3tnn. Anmi. 0.". — De CandoUe, Sijsf. 
 i. KiS; I'loi/r, i. 81. — Diutricli, Si/n, iii. M04. — Grise- 
 liacli, Ft. Ilrit. W. hill. 4. — Chapman, Fl. cd. '.'. .Supi.l. 
 003. — Cooper. Sinit/moni'in Iti/i. 1800. 4.'ii>. — Sargent, 
 Fnrrxl Ti .< X. Am. \Ot/i C'n.iiis V. S. \\. 'Si. 
 
 Porcelia parviflora, Audubon, Ilinh. t. 10'.' (not Pcrsoon). 
 
 A low tree, thirty to forty feet hisli, with a, sliort trunk often eijrliteen Indies in diameter above 
 the swell of tlie thickened tiipering base, which is sometimes strengtiiened by spreadinjj buttresses, and 
 with .stout wide-spreadinjj often contorted brandies. The bark jof the trunk is an eiLflith of an inch 
 thick, dark red-brown, divided by broad siiallow anastomosing fissures, the surface se|>:irating into 
 numeri>'.<8 small .scales. The bark of the branches is brown or yellow during tiieir first :,eason, turning 
 brown di ring the second, when the surface is broken by numerous dcj)ressions, and marked by small 
 scattered wart-like excrescences. The persistent leaves are bright green on the upper, and paler on the 
 lower surface, coriaceous, oval or oblong, acute, tapering or rounded at the base, with a prominent 
 midrib .lud stout petiole half an iucii long. They are three to five indies long and one and a half to 
 two in jhes broad, and in Florida appear in Marcii and April. The nodding flowers, borne on short 
 stout peduncles thickened at the two extremities and bearing at their basi- a pair of minute acute mem- 
 bran.iceous deciduous bracts, open in April from an ovoid three-angled bud. The calyx is three-lobed, 
 wit'i broadly ovate acute divisions. The petals are valvate in icstivation, connivent, acute, concave, pale 
 yeJiow or dirty white ; those of the outer row are marked on the inner surface near the base with a 
 blight red spot; those of tlie inner row are narrower and somewhat shorter. The fruit ripens in 
 November. It is broadly ovate, truncate or depressed at the base, roiuuled at the other end, three to 
 fi re inches long and two to three and a half inches broad. The color of the thick leathery skin is 
 liifht green when the fruit is fully grown, turning yellow as it becomes fully ripe, when it is often 
 m.irked by numerous dark brown blotches. The flesh surrounding the thick dongtited fibrous torus is 
 lig'it green, slightly aromatic, insipid, edible but of no comestible v;ilue. The seeds, inclosed in a thin 
 aril, are half an inch long, slightly obovate, turgid, rounded at the extremities, the margins contracted 
 into a narrow wing formed by the thickening of the outer coat. 
 
 Ai"i)ui (jhtbra is found in Florida from Cape Malabar on the east coast to the shores of Bay 
 Bi.scayne, and on the west coa.st from Pease Creek to the Caloo.sa Hiver.' It occurs on the Bahama 
 Islands, oi San Domingo, and on St. Thomas and St. Croix.- 
 
 ..l/(o/ia (jJ libra gi'ows in Florida in shallow fresh-water ponds, on swam])y hummocks, or by the 
 borders of small fresh-water streams flowing from the Everglades. It reaches its largest size on the 
 shores of Bay Biscayne near the Miami liiver, where it is found surrounded antl overshadowed by 
 
 * A imin'cr of trccH of Ano»n glabra are growing in a small pond 
 within the .resent limits of the eity of Key West. This tree is not 
 found, however, elsewhere on the island, or on any of the neighhor- 
 ing keys ; and as it v, not notieed by 1),. Hlodgett, who explored 
 the Key West lli)ra lifty years ago, it was perhaps introilueed hero 
 from the mainland, or more probably from the Uahamas, aa there 
 
 was early and conatort communieation between New Providence 
 and Key West. 
 
 '■ I have not seen West Indian specimens ; and these stations are 
 given on the authority of Diinal {/. c.) and of Kggers. (Fl. St. 
 Croii and Ike I'lri/in Islands, Hull. U. S. Nat. Mm. No. Ill, 
 
 !li 
 
 'J 
 
 Ii 
 
 m 
 
 f 
 
 
 ii 
 
 h t 
 
 i: 
 
 I I 
 
30 
 
 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ANONACEjG. 
 
 the Live Oak, the Mastic, the Pijjeon Phim, the Liincewood, the Red Mulberry, the Gumbo Limbo, and 
 the Bhick Calabash. 
 
 The woud of Anonn yhihra is lijijlit, soft, and not stronpf, and contains numerous large open scat- 
 tered duets ; it is liglit brown strtviked with yellow, and has, when perfectly dry, a specific gravity of 
 0.5053, a cubic foot of the dry wood weii^hing 31.49 pounds.' 
 
 AnuiKi tj/iihrii was first made known by Catesby.- He gave no locality for the plant, which he 
 probably obtained from the Baham;!, Islands, where it was seen by Michaux in 178!)." The excellent 
 figure of AiiuiKt ijUthru in the JJiriln of Aiiurivd shows that Audubon, who visited south Florida in 
 1835, was the first naturalist to detect tliis tree in North America. Hia iliseovery was overlooked, 
 however, by botanists, and ^liioiid (j/ahrd was not recognized as a Florida plant until 1851), wli»'?: d 
 was found by Dr. J. G. Coojier'' on the snores of Bay Biscayne. 
 
 ' Xu ililfi'rcTiw' liiii lie lUtci'ted between the lieartwood ami snp- 
 wtiod ill tlio siK'i'iiiu'iis exaiuiiieil, nltliuugh it is jiossiblo tluit the 
 trees frt)ln wliicti tliey were talveii were not oI<l enoujjh to form 
 Iieartwotid. 
 
 ^ Anomt imixima, fr.lii.-i laiis fructn iitaximn luUo comiiile, eortice 
 glahro, Atil. Jlisl. C<ir. ii. Ill, t. (>l. 
 
 Aiwna fructn viriili lari, P'/ri liivtrsi format Xal, Ui^t, Car. ii. 
 G7, t. G". 
 
 8 Jour, in Proc. .im. Phil. Sot: xx\i. 51. Tliere are two entries 
 in Michanx's Jintnial whk-h indicate that lie may liavo fountl .-1 )i(>;hi 
 ijhibra on the east cojuit of Florida. No speeimens, however, are 
 preserved in his herbarium, and his remarks may refer to ono uf 
 the larj;e-llowert'd tiwjirf Asiniinas. (.hm titil^ IVJ, '.V,V) 
 
 * tf. (r. Cooper, born in New York .Tunc l'.>, 1KK\ graduated from 
 the C'.ille;;e of I'hysieians and .Surjjeons in New York in ISuli. llo 
 reeeived soon after j^radnation the appointment of naturalist and 
 Burgeon to the exjiedition organized under the leadership of General 
 
 Isaac I. Stevens, to explore a northern route for a railroad to the 
 I'aeilie Oeean. The ^eientitie fruits of this journey were published 
 in vohnne xii, part '.i of 'no I'aeitie Railroad Reports. Dr. Cooper 
 devoted mueh attentiiui tor several years to studying the geograjih- 
 ieal distribution of North American trees, the results of these 
 investi^^ations Ix'iug published in the reports of the Smithsonian In- 
 stitution Tor IHoH and IStJO. He visited south Florida in ISoO, and 
 made several interesting botanical discoveries there. Dr. Coo- t, 
 lis surgeon of a government exploring expedition, had an c^ .a- 
 nity in IStM) of seeing the country between Fort Hentou on the Mis- 
 souri River and the waters of the Columbia. The results of his 
 observations upon the trees of this region were published in tne 
 third volume of the Aiiiericfm Naturtili-<t, in an article entitled The 
 Trt'f'S of .Montana. He joineil during the same year the Natunil 
 History .Survey of California m. a member of the zoulo^'ical staff, 
 and is still u resident uf that state. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 10. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 Pi.,VTi-. X\'II. Anoxa olabra. 
 A flowering branch, n.itiiral .size. 
 Diagram of a Hower. 
 Vertical section of a flower, natural size. 
 A flower, tlio sepals iind petals removed, natural size. 
 A flower, tlie petals ai'd stamens reinov d, natural size. 
 A stamen, anti*rior view, enlarged. 
 A stamen, posterior view, enlarged. 
 Veitieal section of an ovjivy, enlarged. 
 Cross section of an ovary, enlarged. 
 An ovule, nmch enlarged. 
 
 Plate XVIII. Anoxa glabra. 
 
 1. A fruit, natural size. 
 
 L'. Section of a fruit, natural size. 
 
 8. A seed, with its aril laid open, natarai size. 
 
 4. A seed, natural size. 
 
 5. Vertical section of a seed, natural size. 
 <). Cross section of a seei!, natural size. 
 
 T. Au embryo, much enlarged. 
 
 / 
 
."5!., 
 <- •. 
 
 i> 
 
 ir 
 
 I 
 
Jii^SStJi^fe^ 
 
 ^1 
 
M I 
 
 t 
 
 > I! I 
 
 !!'■ 
 
 :| 
 
 ANONA Cl-ABRA 
 
:^M^::i^,f'&& 
 
w 
 
 
 '/ 
 
 1 1 
 
 1.1 
 
Mf:pf?SwlP*'^f!? 
 
 m 
 
 i^- ■ lilmVfr'lfliS'ti 
 
 ^.mmmm»'ii:-^-- 
 
•H1^i 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 AN UN A i".! AHInA 
 
CAPFAEID 
 
 Fl( 
 dcstitut 
 
 Linnoius, ( 
 de Jusi 
 
 Tre( 
 unarmed 
 Leaves c 
 veined, n 
 ren shoo 
 terminal 
 outer uni 
 surface, 
 nite, inst 
 anthers, 
 orbieuhit 
 sili([uif()r 
 nite, inui 
 foliaceoii 
 
 The 
 than a 1 
 species is 
 extendin 
 Orient,' 
 is Hawai 
 two of t 
 station t 
 
 Th( 
 fruit of 
 
 > The K 
 fuiiml ill tl 
 wliitli linvc 
 is tuniiposi' 
 Worlil. ( 
 i. lost.) 
 
 « Kiehlc 
 
 • Liniur 
 icon. SeL i 
 018. 
 
 • Tlookc 
 ^ littisaii 
 " Iliirvo 
 ' Dlivoi 
 
CAFFABIDACE^. 
 
 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 31 
 
 CAPPARIS. 
 
 Flowers perfect; sepals 4, rarely 5; petals usually 4, imbricated; torus short, 
 destitute of basal appendages. Fruit baccate, stalked ; embryo convolute. 
 
 Linnieus, Gen. 155. — Adanson, />(«i. PI. ii. 407. — A. L. 
 de Jussieu, Gen. 24.'{. — Meisner, Gen. 17. — Endlifher, 
 
 Gen. Sai. — Hentham & Hooker, Ge«. i. 108. — BaUlon, 
 nut. PL iii. 174. 
 
 Trees or .shrub.s, witli watery acrid or often punjreiit juice, sometimes climbinjr or prostrate, 
 unarmed or armed with short, often recurved, stijiular spines, jrhibrous, pubescent or variously lepidote. 
 Leaves conduplicate in vernation, alternate, rarely opposite or more rarelv wantinjj. entire, feather- 
 veined, membranaceous or coriaceous ; stipules spinescent or setaceous, often confined to young or bar- 
 ren shoots. Flowers regular or irregular, axillary or supra-axillary, solitary, fascicled or arranged in a 
 terminal cyme or raceme, usually bracteate. Sepals valvate or imbricate, in two series, free, or the two 
 outer united in the bud, and splitting irregularly as the flower opens, naked or glandular on the inner 
 surface. Petiils rarely more than four, inserted on the base of the receptacle. Stamens usually indefi- 
 nite, inserted on the receptacle ; filaments filiform, free, much longer than the short two-celled iutrorse 
 anthers. Ovary long-stalked, one to four-celled, with two or more parietal placentas ; stigma sessile, 
 orbiculate, rarely slightly two-Iobed ; ovules indefinite, campylotropous. Fruit globose, elongated or 
 siliquiform. indeliiscent or rarely separating into three or four valves ; seeds reniform, numerous or indefi- 
 nite, immersed in pulp, exalbuminous ; testa corneoii > or crustaeeous. Embryo convolute ; cotyledons 
 foliaceous, fleshy.' 
 
 The genus Capparis is widely and generally distributed over the warmer parts of the earth. More 
 than a hundred species, chiefly tropical, are distinguished. Its greatest development in number of 
 species is in Central and South America ; '" one species, Cupprtrii. spinoxa^ abounds in sout'.iern Europe, 
 extending through the Orient to India, where about thirty species are known ;■* two others occur in the 
 Orient," eight are found in south Africa," thirteen are tropical African,' twelve are Australian.' and one 
 is Hawaiian." Five species are known in China'" and eighteen in Central America and Mexico," while 
 two of the nine or ten West Indian '■ species reach the shores of southern Florida, the most northern 
 station of the genus in America.'^ 
 
 The useful properties of Capparis are not numerous. The flower-buds and sometimes the young 
 fruit of C. spinosa pickled in vinegar furnish the well-known capers of connuerce.'* The bark of the 
 
 ' Tlio Ki'iiim Cnppnris iiiny bo divided, cliiefly upon clinraclors 
 fouml in tlio riiniirknbli' clittVrcneos in tlio calyx, into nine seetiims 
 whit'li liavo been suinetinn's considered penericuUy distinct. Kacli 
 is composed of sp.'<-it'S contlncd eillier to the Old or to tlte Now 
 World. (Do L'aiidoUe, Pr^nir. i. 'Jl,"i. — lientham & lluoker, OVii. 
 
 i. Km.) 
 
 " Kiehlcr, Murlius Ft. Ilrasll. xiii. 1, 'Jd?. 
 
 • I.iniueus, S/irr. ~Mi. — Sibthorp, /•'/. Gnrc. t. 1811. — Pelesscrt, 
 Jmn. Sd. iii. t. 10. — Ituillo.i, lli»l I'l. iii, lOU, i. 174-171); Vicl. i. 
 018. 
 
 • Hooker f. /V. Jiril. Iml. i. 17;l. 
 
 • IloiRsier, Fi Orient, i. 41U. 
 
 ' Harvey & Sondcr, I'l. Cnp. i. 01, 
 ' Oliver, Fl. Twp. A/, i. UJ. 
 
 » lieiitliam, Fl. .•|r..</ra/. i. Oil. 
 
 » llillebrand, F!. lime. /.-. II. 
 
 '" Korlies & '.leinsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 50. 
 
 » Uenislcy, Unl. Ilinl. .Im. Cent. i. IM. 
 
 " Cri.-ebach, Fl. lirit. II'. Imi. 17. 
 
 ^^ CnpiH\ri$ eynophixlhphorit (I.inniens, Sfwe. TM. — ,Taequin, Stirp. 
 An. l.")H, t. yS. — Desconrtilz, /•'/. Mtd. Anlil. v. l'.i;i, t. ;U",. — 
 Kiclilcr, .l/itrhfw Fl. lintsil. xiii. 1, 'J.**2, t. (Jil, ti) a slirnbby ■ ^s 
 with oblong, blunt or cniargiiiate. coriaceous leaves and linear i t, 
 widely distributed tbroii);h tropical America, is the seeunil s-.ceies 
 found in Florida. 
 
 '• I'lipparin fpinofit U a trailin); nnderslirnb, with larpe white 
 showy axillary pedunculate llowers, prowiufj naturally in the crev- 
 ices of roeks and walls Its cultivation gives cniploynicut to a 
 
 I 
 
 I iM 
 
 \ 'i 
 
 i 
 
 (!i 
 
32 
 
 SILVA OF NOUTII AMERICA. 
 
 CAPPAHIDACEiE. 
 
 root of this species has a. sharp bitter taste, and was formerly used as a tonic. The flower-buds of 
 C. (iphijlhi are used as a pickle in India ; the unripe fruit is cooked and eaten, and a bitter condiment 
 is ]irepareil from both the ripe and the unriiie fruit.' The bark of the roots of several American species 
 contains, according' to liaillon," t'xcitinjf and episp;istic properties. The fruit of V. lirci/nia and j)rob- 
 ■,ih\\ ni ('. JdiiKiicciisis is believed in the West Indies to be antis|)asnu)dic, and its flowers and roots 
 anthysteric and aperative. The fruit of Cfrondosd and of ('. /iii/c/i< rriimi is considered poisonous in 
 the West Indies; and iu)rses and nndes are killed, accordinij; to Martins,'' by eatinji; the leaves of ('. JVo, 
 a IJrazilian species. The leaves of (,'. Da/il and C. MHIiridatlva are used in Africa in the treatment of 
 snake bites.^ 
 
 The wood of two or three Indian species is hard and durable, and is used by the natives in the 
 construction of small houses, for aj^fricultural implements, and in boat-building.'* ('. srpinrid is em- 
 ployed in India as a hedge-plant, for which purpose its stout branches with sharp hooked stipular spines 
 adapt it." 
 
 C'ap])aris, the classical name of C. Kjiiiiosd, is from the Greek xdnTtapig, the name given to this 
 plant by Dioscorides, and derived from the Persian kabar, capers. 
 
 I;ir<;«' iiiiinbiT of persons in soutliorn Krant'c .inil Italy, anil permits 
 the |irofitiible use of dry and j^terile lauil unsuitable forotlier crops. 
 Poniet. lliM. (im. Droij. 'J 15. — Aouv. Cours WAgr. iii. 414. 
 
 ' Hr;inili.s Fim^l Fl. InJ. 11. 
 
 ■' Hat. PI. lii. lO'J. 
 
 « .^>•^ Mat. Meil. llrasil. 74. 
 
 ' Haillon, //isf. /•/. iii. lliO. 
 
 ^ (lanible, Man. Ind. Timber:*^ 15. 
 
 ' Clegborn, Forests and Gardens, S. Ind. 211. 
 
 
HIDACEiE. 
 
 r-l)uds of 
 iiindiment 
 III spt'C'ius 
 ind j)r()l)- 
 iiiil roots 
 sonous ill 
 n: JVo, 
 itmt'iit of 
 
 r'cs in the 
 •id is ein- 
 lar spines 
 
 lu to this 
 
 CAPPAUiDACEiE. tilLVA OF NORTU AMERICA. 
 
 OAPPARIS JAMAIOENSIS. 
 
 Flowers in a terminal cyme ; sepals valvate, glandular. Fruit silicjuif'orm, valvular- 
 dehiscent. 
 
 Capparis Jamaicensi8. Jacquiu, Kiium. PL Carib. '1\\; C. emarginata, Richard, /V. r»//. 78, t. '.». — Walpers, A'c/y. 
 tStirp. Am. 100, t, 101, — /™«. Am. (Icwuch. W. ,'!S, t. i. 'JCl. 
 
 171. — Alton, Hurt. Kciv. ed, li, iii. 'lib. — Oe t'aiiilolle, C. JaiHaicensis, var. emarginata, UiiscLacb, /'/. JU-il. W. 
 Frmtr. i, '.'52, — Mm'fa.lyen, I'l. ,/am. ;«>. — Uiutricli, /W, 18. 
 
 Si/n. iii, L'31, — Clia|iiuan, /V. 32. — Eicliler, Miirtiitu 
 Fl. limsil. xiii. 1, 270, t. 04, f, 2, 
 
 A small slender sliriil)l)y tree, growing in Florida to a height of eighteen or twenty feet, with a 
 straight trunk sometimes five or six inuhes in diameter. The hark of the trunk is rarely more than an 
 eighth of an inch thick, slightly fiss'ired, the dark red-brown surface i)ri)keii into small irregalarly-shaped 
 divisions ; that of the branches is dark gray, smooth or slightly rugose. The Ijranchlets are angled and 
 covered like the under surface of the leaves, the petioles and inflorescence, with minute ferruginous 
 scales, which are most abundant and darkest colored on the Howei'-buds and their stout angled stems. 
 The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, rounded and emarginate at the apex, slightly revolute, coriace(JUS, with 
 a prominent midrib and inconspicuous primary veins ; they are two to three inches long and an inch or 
 an inch and a half broad, the upper surface rather light yellow-green, smooth and lustrous. The Howei'- 
 buds are obtuse or acute, four-angled by the prominently reduplicate margins of the sepals. The showy 
 fragrant flowers open in Florida, in April and May. The sepals are ovate, acute, lepidote on the outer 
 surface, and furnished on the inner with a small ovate gland ; they are recurved when the Hower is fully 
 expanded, and are about half the size of the rounded membranaceous white petals which turn puqjle in 
 fading. The filaments of the twenty to thirty stiimens are jiurple and conspicuously villose towards the 
 base, and are an inch and a half to nearly two inches long ; the antiiers are yellow. The slender stalk 
 of the ovary is an inch and a half or more in length and (juito glabrous. The fruit is nine to twelve 
 inches long, terete, sometimes slightly torulose, pubescent-lepidotc, the long stalk appearing jointed by 
 the enlargement of the pedicel and torus below the insertion of the stipe. The outer coat of the seeds 
 is light brown and coriaceous.' 
 
 Capparis Jamnivvnsis grows on the Florida coast from Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, on 
 which, although nowhere common, it i , generally distributed. It grows with the small Eugenias, the 
 Exostema, the llhamnidium, the Condalia, and the Pisonias, which form a large part of the siirubby sec- 
 ond growth wliich has replaced the original forests on Key West and some of the neighboring iskinds. 
 The largest trees noticed in Florida are on Upper Metacomiu' and Umbrella Keys, two small islands east 
 of Key West. It was first distinguished in Jamaica, and occurs in Cuba, Dominica, the Bahamas, and 
 probably on some of the other West Indian Islands. 
 
 The wood of Capjiarix JioiKiiiriisis is yellow faintly tinged with red. It is heavy, hard, close- 
 grained, and siitiny, and contains many evenly distributed large open ducts and obscure medullary rays. 
 The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0,()i)71, a cubic foot of the dry wood weighing b'M-l 
 pounds. The sapwood, composed of about fifteen layers of annual growth, is rather lighter colored. 
 
 Cii/i/i((riK JdiiKtirdisix was (liscovere<l in Florida by Dr. John L. Hlodgett." 
 
 ' r^ff/)/inrw .Aimai'v /i.^i.i lii'lonjjs to till' soi'tion (^i/(('/r(//(i (Itcntliimi vati' ^iiiiKtuliir »ti'p:ils mid silii|iiit'iinii (leliisooiit fruit ; tlicy an- iin- 
 & Iluoki'i', (/ill. i. 111!).— Kii'liliT, .Mtirliiia h'l. Ilni.^il. xiii. 1, Ui'iT). uniu'il, dfslituli' <if si'prds, :iiid li'piiloto. 
 'I'ho aiUTJi'.H HIT nil .Vnirri.'iui, iiiid luv di.iliiiguisliL>d In- lari;i' val- '' .loliii Lnonii.s lllo(l;;ill (ISii'.l |S.1:l).ii iiiilivcof Soulli .VmliiTst, 
 
 
 i 
 
^SS^£^SS|a„»~ -■/^■^^- V<-mm!ii£i:.:i.' 
 
 34 
 
 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 cappabiuacea;. 
 
 Massachusetts ; receired a medical diploma at Pittsfleld ; moved 
 to Oliio in 1834, and theu, ia search of a milder climiite, to Mobile, 
 Alabama ; was appointed physician and surgeon of the Mississippi 
 and Louisiana Colonization Society engaged iu the removal of lib- 
 erated slaves to Liberia, where he remained during two years. 
 Returning to America, Dr. Blodgctt settled, in Uecember, 1838, 
 in Key AVest, where he established himself as a physician and 
 druggist, ai;a where he continued to reside until nearly the time of 
 
 his death, which oceurred in Amhetat. Dr. Blodgett is the first 
 botanist who explored the flora of the south Florida keys ; his col- 
 lections were communicated to Torrey and to Nuttall who pub- 
 lished several of the trees in his continuation of Michaui's Sylra in 
 184a. llis collections of seaweeds, in which ho became specially 
 interested in the last years of his life, were sent to Dr. W. H. Har- 
 vey of Dublin, author of the Nereis Boreali-Americana. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 
 Plate XIX. Capparis Jamaicensis. 
 A flowering branch, natural size. 
 A fruiting brancli, natural size. 
 Diagram of a flower. 
 A flower, the petals and all but one stamen removed, showing 
 
 the glands at the base of the sepal.i, natural size. 
 An anther, posterior view, enlarged. 
 An anther, anterior view, enlarged. 
 Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 
 An ovule, much enlarged. 
 
 Vertical section of a portion of a fruit, enlarged. 
 Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 
 An embryo, much enlarged. 
 Au epidermal scale, much cnkrged. 
 
; is the flnt 
 eya j his col- 
 li who pub- 
 ux'tt Sylva in 
 me specially 
 W. H. Har- 
 
 u 
 
 U! 
 
 ; 
 
 I! 
 

 w 
 
 > I 
 
 > i 
 
 I i 
 
 CAPPARIS .'AMAI'IENSIS 
 
.•A».«-.>£«aK4'»<^ 
 
CANKM.ACEil':. 
 
 aiLVA OF NUliTU AMKIUCA. 
 
 'io. 
 
 <n'M 
 
 CANELLA. 
 
 Floweks perfect, regular ; sepals 3, imbricated, persistent ; petals 5, inil)ricated ; 
 stamens monadelphous. Fruit baccate, indehiscent, 2 to 4-seeded. 
 
 Canella, Urowno. A'«<. Hist. Jmii. "JTu, t. "J", f. -', '.'>. — Muis- Winterania, I,iniiii'ii«. Si/sf. cil. 10, 1045, Appz. 1300 ; Oen. 
 iier. den. 41'. — KiulUclier, (ien. lO'J'.t. — lieiitlum i& ed. 0, '.'l!8. — A. L. ilc Jussicu. Gen, 203. 
 
 Hooker, Gen. i. 121. — Haillon, IJUt. H. i. I'Jl. 
 
 A tree, with sciily aromatif bark, .stout ashy pray braiichlet.s ('(uispii'iiniisly iiuukod witli large 
 orbicular leat'-scars. Leaves petiolate, alternate, destitute (tf stipules, ]ieiiiiiveiiie(l, entire, pelhicid-punc- 
 tiite, coriaceous. Flowers arranged in a niany-tlowered subcorynibose terminal or subtcrniinal panicle 
 composed of several dichotoinously branched cymes from the axis of the upjjcr li Mves or of minute cadu- 
 cous bracts. Sepals suiwrbiculate, concave, coriaceous, erect, their margins ciliate. Petals hypogynous, 
 in a single row on the .slightly convex receptacle, oblong, concave, rounded at the extremity, fleshy, 
 twice the lengtii of the sepals, white or rose-colored. Stamens about twenty, hypogynons, the filaments 
 connate into a tube crenulate at tiie summit, and sligiitly extended above the linear anthers, which are 
 adnate to its outer face, and longitudinally twi>-valved. Ovary free, intludi-ii in the andnecium, cylin- 
 drical or oblong-conical, one-celled, with two parietal placentas, few-ovuled ; style short, fleshy, the sum- 
 mit two or three-lobed, stigmatic ; ovule.s arcuate, horizontal <n' descending, imperfectly anatropous, 
 attached by a short funiculus. Fruit globular or slightly ovate, Heshy, minutely pointed with the base 
 of the persistent style. Seeds renifonn, suspended ; testa thick, crustaceous, shining black ; tegmen 
 soft, membranaceous. Embryo curved, near the summit of the copious oleo-Heshy albumen, its radicle 
 next the bilum ; cotyledons oblong. 
 
 The genus, consisting of a single species,' is West Indian, extending to southern Florida and to 
 Venezuela. 
 
 The wood of Canella is very heavy and exceedingly hard, strong and close-grained, with numerous 
 thin inconspicuous medullary rays; it is dark icd-brown, the thick sapwood consisting of twenty-five to 
 thirty layers of annual growth, light i)rown or yellow. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood 
 grown in Florida is 0.1)803, a cubic foot of the dry wood weighing Gl.O.') pounds. 
 
 The pale inner bark of Canella, under the name of Corti x CimvUm alba, furnishes an aromatic 
 stimulant and tonic.'- It has a |)leasant cinnamon-like odor, and a bitter acrid taste. It is now 
 
 * A second species (Plue, Uerb. Mm. Parit. N'lt. 720) from 
 Mnrncuibd in Vciirzuelji, descrilwd liy Miers as Oiuftla oht'.L<i/utiti 
 (Cnnlrih. i. 118, t. -3, H.), i:i probably, na DaiUun supgest.s, a vari- 
 ety of C. tilfiii, from whicli it diifers priiieipjUly in its shorter leave* 
 and in the slutrtcr toruiinal intloreseenoe, ternately branched. Tlie 
 Howers have not Iwen seen. 
 
 ■^ Canelhi bark is nnw pritu-ipally obtained from tlie iiahania Isl- 
 ands. I'reparalory to the stiippinj;, tlu' bark is jjenerally beaten 
 with a stick for tlie pnrpose of removing^ the suberous ontcr layer ; 
 the iinier bark is then sepamted by a furtlier bcatinj;, peeled otV and 
 dried, and is then ready for export uitliout furtlier preparation. 
 •'Fliiekipcr & Ilanbiiry, P/ianniirngmphiii, (!H.) 
 
 The drnjT was first descrilK'd in KK)."* by Clusius in tlie ^xnticfh' 
 rum Lifiri Ika m. (f %inttla dlha ijunrumlam^ 78 ; L'ujnum aromnti'um, 
 ;i*j;i ; lAijnum si'u }ii>tin.'i (^ortt'x nrnmatknSy '.\'1\), by Parkinson in 
 ItMO, in the Tbeatrum liotfinii'um (C^tulhl alfni. l.-)81), and by .1. 
 nailhin in 10.->0 in tlie IliMoriti Phinttirum Uiiiirrsalis (Ointtlit folio 
 omit /umirir, i. lib. I, ioo ; IJfftiwil (tronifltirum .«cn potiti^i corttx Mth. 
 mirden, I. lib. 4, 41 M) ; Cantlla alUi iiuornwlmn, i. lib. 4, 4(11, also 
 Ilay, //i«(. PI. ii. 18t)-J). It wxs early confounded with the bark of 
 l)rimi/H Wittteri, a native of Pata|;onia, and was stdd as Winter's 
 bark previous to IfJDii. (Dale, Pharmacohgia, 4li*J.) It was well 
 described by I'ierre I'oniet in l('i'.)4 ( //is/, (ien. Drori. 130), who pub- 
 lished a fanciful portrait of the tree. Accordiiii; to I'onict the bark 
 
 ^l 
 
 ■ji 
 
 ''I 
 
 I: I 
 
36 
 
 S/LVA OF NORTH AMKlilCA. 
 
 CANELLACK.K. 
 
 rari'ly used, except perhaps locally in iiipdiiine, atul jis u condiment by the neproes of the West 
 Indii's. 
 
 Ciinelln, the diminutive of the Litin (•((/('/ or niniui, a cane or reed, was first applied to the bark of 
 some old-world tree ' from the fonn of a roll or (juill which it assumed in dryinjj, and was afterwards 
 transferred to the West Indian tree. 
 
 wiiH kiiHwii ill hit tiiTH' also a» Cisim hintir and Cttiu rnrtinis or ' Cassia lark was an artiilo of oonimeroc in London nndiT the 
 
 i»r/i,-.i../,<. Till' innfiision n-pirdin); the trei- diwoviTod l.y Captain name ut lanrl in tho thirli-cnth century (KliiekiRi'r & llanbury, 
 
 Wintir on llio shoris of the Sirait of Mat'ellan in l."i7S ami the Wist Vhiirmnroiiraphm, I7ti) ; unil the bark of the true Ciiniamon {Cin- 
 
 Iiidian Ciinella lasted during; two oTiluries. (I.innaMis, Milt. Med. namomum /iri/lamfum) was known in Kuropc as Cauclhi bark before 
 
 t'lli ; Harhani. //"rt. ,lm. '.'Oit ; Miers, Ann. jViK. Uisl. ser. 3, i. ai'J.) tlic introduction of West ludiau canella. 
 
CANELLACEiE. 
 
 SILVA OF NOItril AMERICA. 
 
 S7 
 
 i 
 
 CANELLA ALBA. 
 Oinuamon Bark. White Wood. Wild Oinnamon. 
 
 Ml '>; 
 
 Cnnella alba, Murrey, Linn. iSi/rt. e<l. 14. iv. 44;i. — Svpurtz, 
 Oh. 100; Tram. Linn. Siic. i. 9G, l. 8. — WilMeiiow, 
 .S>cr. ii. K<\. — Titfiird. Hurt. Rot. Am. .Suppl. iii. t. ID, 
 f. 4. — I)c Caiid.illo, /V.«/r. i. .■>(•.;». — Di.s.our'.il/. Fl. .1/../. 
 AiilU. viii. L"_".t. t. ."if'iM. — lluviio, .Jran. It, t. .">. — Su^ 
 vi'iiscm & Clitircliill. .)/'■'/. Itiit. ii. t. Wt. — Wuoilvillc, Meil. 
 Il't. iv. (194, t. '.';!4. — Liiiclley. Mi'l. Hot. IK!. — Carson, 
 .Mr.t. Il.,t. i. '.'4. t. Hi. — (irillith. Miul. lU. 181, f. 98.— 
 A. Kifliaril, Ft. Cub. L'4H. — Dictrirli, Si/ii. iv. 811.— 
 MiiTs, Contrih. \ lUi, t. '.'.!. A. — (iiiscliacli. Fl. Ilrit. W. 
 
 Iiiil. lo<». — C'linimian. Ft. 4:t. — Giiibourt. Hist, Droij. 
 
 ed. 7. iii. li'Jl, f. "tl7. — Ik'ntley & Trimtn, Mrtl. I'l. i. 
 
 2(>. t. I'd. — lluiilon, llUt. in. i. KM, f. 211-21.".. — Sar- 
 
 ),'C'nf. Firrsl TiVfx .V. Am. iOtli Ceiisim I'. S. ix. 'Jl. 
 Laurus Winterana. MnnaMia, S/ief. .'iTI. 
 Winterania Canella. Linn.tus, .'^/"■i: ed. 2, tjJiO I'oiret, 
 
 Lam. nut. Suppl. iii. 799, t. :«li». 
 C. Winterana, (JiiTtner. Frnrt. \. ,'i77, t. 77. 
 C. laurifolia, Loddifjen. Cut Sweet, llort. Ilrit. (Ju. — 
 
 Don, den. Si/.it. i. 1179. 
 
 CoiH'fld alhd iittiiiiis in Florida .a lieijifht of twciity-fivc to tiiirty feet, with a str.iifjlit trunk eiuilit 
 or ten inchos in dianu'ter. On tiic mountain.s of .laniaica it is s;iid to f^row .sometimes to the heijjlit of 
 fifty feel. The principal hranehe.s are .slender, horizontal and spreadinjj, formiiifr a eompaet round- 
 headed top. Tile bark of tlie trunk is an eifi;iith of an ineh tliiek, ii<rlit f^.ay, the surface broken into 
 many sliort tiiick scales rarely more than two to three inches lonjj, and about twice tiie thickness of the 
 pale yellow aromatic inner bark. The leaves are obovate, round or .slij^iitly eniariijinate ;<.t tiu- apex, and 
 contracted into a short stout grooved petiole ; they are three and a half to five inches lonfj, an inch and 
 a half to two inches broad, brij^iit deep green, and lustrous. Tiie flowers open in tiie autumn, aTid tiie 
 fruit ripens in March and April, when it is bright crimson, soft and tlesliy, and is devoured by many 
 birds. 
 
 Canella alha is widely distributed, and not uncommon on the Florida keys, where it was first 
 discovered by Dr. .1. L. Blodgett. It generally grows under the shade of larger trees in dense forests 
 composed of Sideroxylon, Lysiloma, Swietenia, Bursera, Hypelate, Dipholis, and Nectandra. 
 
 Canella alba was one of the first American trees to attract the attention of Europeans,' and it is 
 mentioned in the accounts of many of the early voyages to America.- 
 
 ' Cintiamoilfudron corticosum (Miers, Contrih. i. l:il, t. 'J4), n 
 sniaU tree of tbe inountnin forests of Janiaiea, of the same family 
 an,! with the same properties, was doubtless confounded with tlie 
 true Canella in the early aeeounts of that island. The bark of the 
 two trees is not distingui.shed t^ommercially, and the pharmaceutical 
 descriptions of Canella bark published prior to lu'JH cover in some 
 eases at least tbs bark of Canella and of Cinuamodendron. (Fluck- 
 igcr & llanbury, I'hannovngraphia, 19.) 
 
 ' " AlK hallamos un arbol, cuya hoja tenia el mas fino olor de cla- 
 vos ipie nuiH-a vl, y era como laurel, salvo que no era ansf f^rande ; 
 yo ansl pienso quo era laurel su especie." La carta del Doctor 
 Cfiatica, fjue efcribin a la Cindaii de Sevilta. Sepunda viape de Co- 
 lon, 1 193. {Select Letters of Christopfter Cotumbtts relating to J\mr 
 voyages to the New Worlds Major's ed. 23.) 
 
 " .\lonni alberi ehe uel sapore & odore parevano di Cannella." 
 Fernando Colombo, //(,*/. fob 9*1, and " Alberi <li CanneUa selvatica," 
 fol. lOI. 
 
 t^inamornHm sive Canellft I'emaoa, C. Ilaubin, Pinax, 409 
 Kay, ///.<(. I'l. ii. l.TtW. 
 
 ■' There hath beene Cinnamon and somethin)^ else jriven me as 
 fruits of the islands." (l.aylleld in Purchcs hvt I'iltjrimeSt 1174.) 
 
 De .irhoribtis, .Tu'-oiir, Nieremberj^, Uist. Xal. -91. 
 
 De Cassia f.iyuni, Citmamorno, .vcii Canella, Francisco Hernan- 
 
 dez, -Voe. PI. HLU. (eu. Ritma, Ki-ll), lilt. ii. cap. 11 ; Dc Cani'uja 
 arborr, lib. ii. cap. -5 (and Xiuienes, Spanish etl. Mexico, Kll.",). 
 
 De la Canellft de nueatran Indiai, Nicolas Moiiardes, Ilitt. Med. 
 Scvilltt, l,-.74, fol. 98. 
 
 "Ex conci.sis arboribus, cinamonii forma." (Peter Martyr, A r- 
 ades, dec. i. 7.) 
 
 " Tliey suppose to be the Cinnamon-tree." (Tfie /lislorie of the 
 West l-dies, 77. Knglish ed. of Peter Martyr's Decadf.-f.) 
 
 " llois de Canelb ," HLitoire Naturelle et Morale des Antilles de 
 r.imeriipiey 80. 
 
 Canella alba Chisii, .lonston, Deudnirjraphia^, IIUI. 
 
 Canella Americana, Cuttana, ,lonston, //i..7. Aat. .irb. (ed. Ecke- 
 breeht), i. 170. 
 
 " De la Canelle qui se trouve dans la prande terru de la Guade- 
 loupe." (Du Tertrc, llisl. Gen. Aniil. ii. 145.) 
 
 Ca.tsia Cinamomea, s. Cinamomntn sylcestre liarbadeosium .\rb<>r 
 baecifera fructn cnhjctdato tetrapi/retio, folio enerci, Plukenet, .Mm. 
 Hot. 89, t. KK), t. 7. 
 
 Cassia liijnca .fitmaiceix^ifi, Lanreoltr Jhli's subciuerei.'', eortice PipC' 
 ris mndo arri, Plukenet, .1/m. ^'(»^ 8*1, t. 81, f. 1. 
 
 Cassia lifjnea Laurifolia, Aoierit-ana, cnrtice albo, cable acri el 
 aromatico. Plukenet, .-ilm. Hot. 89. 
 
 .■Irbor baecifera lanrifotia aromatica, .Sloane, Phil. Trans, wii. 
 
 ^i 
 

 38 
 
 i>ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 CANELLACE^. 
 
 The white bark, the hrilliiint deep green foHage, and crimson fruit make tiie Canelia one of the 
 most ornamental of the smaller south Florida trees. !t was introduced into Englai'.i in 1738,' and was 
 first cultivated in Europe by Philip Miller.'- 
 
 4(m, t. ; Cat. PL Jam. Itio ; A'iK. Ihsl. Jam. ii. 87, t. I'Jl, f. ii. - 
 Catesby, .Vnr. Uisl. Car. ii. ;jO, t. 50. 
 
 WiiUerania, LiiiiuiMls, I/orl. Clijj. 488. 
 
 ^ .'Viton, Uort. Kew. ii. 1*J5. 
 
 ' I'hilip Miller (1G91-1771) ; " Hortulauorum princeps;" gar- 
 denvr of the Chelsea i'hysie (tardeii ; author of the Gardener's Dic- 
 titiuary^ uf which eight editious were puhliiiheil duriug his life. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 
 
 Plate XX. Canei.l.v alba. 
 
 1. A flowering br,iiieli. natural size. 
 
 2. A fruiting branch, natural size. 
 
 3. Di.igram of a flower. 
 
 4. A flower, enlarged. 
 
 5. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 
 
 C. A flower, the sepals and petals removed, enlarged. 
 
 7. An ovule, much enlarged. 
 
 8. \'ertical section of a fruit, somewliat enlarged. 
 
 9. A seed, enlarged. 
 
 10. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 
 
 11. An embryo, much eidarged. 
 
ZhhACKM. 
 
 le of the 
 and was 
 
 ;ep8 ; gar- 
 'ieney\s Die- 
 ia life. 
 
 '7 
 
 Si 
 
(id III 1 7 <>■>,' ami w 
 
 t::\i.- 
 
 
Silvd of North Amenra 
 
 
 I 
 
 W 
 
 
 ■'ffloJX *■© / 
 
 
 't^ 
 
 l!:l 
 
 i\ 
 
 1 
 
 Ui 
 
 \~^ 
 
 i 
 
 y 
 
 V. 
 
 / 
 
 CANEILA AIHA 
 
 '/*>'>,', '■f'^t, ,fir.\r^ 
 
 M 
 
w& 
 
 W^' 
 
 mimimi^ 
 
TEUNSTRCEMIACEVE. 
 
 SUVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 39 
 
 <^ ri 
 
 GORDONIA. 
 
 Flowers solitary, regular, perfect ; sepals 5, hypogynous, unequal, imbricated ; pet- 
 als usually 5, hypogynous, imbricated ; stamens pentadelphous or united into a tube. 
 Capsules dehiscent ; seeds exalbuminous. 
 
 Gordonia, Ellis, I'liil. Tntns. Ix. TilS, t. 11. — Liniiieus, 
 Mmit. b't<o. — A. L. do Jussieu, Gen. 275. — CambcsseJes, 
 Mi<m. Mils. I'liris, xvi. 408, t. 16, B. — Endliclier, Oeii. 
 1022. — Meisner. Gen. 41. — Gray, Gen. III. ii. 101.— 
 Kcntliaiu & Hooker, Gen. i. 180. — BaiJ'on, Hist. Fl. iv. 
 252. 
 
 Pranklinia, Marshall, Arlnist. Am. 48. 
 
 Lacathea, Sivlisbury, I'nrml. Lmiil. No. 56. 
 
 Polyspora. Sweet, Ilnrt. llrit. 01. 
 
 Carria. Ciardner, Cnlr. Jour. Sut. l[i:t. vii. 7. 
 
 Antheiachima. Kortliiils, I'erk. Xnt. (iesr/i. Hot. 137, t. 27. 
 
 Dipterospermum. Grillitii, yitiil. i.\. 504. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with watery juice. Leaves ample, alternate, piniiately veined, entire or crenate, 
 exstipulate, senipervirent or membranaceous. Flowers iong-[)e(luncle(l or subsessile, solitary in the a.\ils 
 of the leaves, or collet'ted at tlie ends of the branches. Calyx witli two to live caducous l)ra(ts below the 
 flower ; .sepals rounded, concave, coriaceous, jrraded from tiie I)racts to tlie petals, persistent. Petals 
 (rarely six or indefinite) alternate with the sepals, free or often slij;htly united with each other at the 
 base an<l with tlie clusters of stamens, obovate, concave, white or rarely rose-colored, deciduous. Sta- 
 mens indefinite, the clusters opposite the petids ; filaments short and united at the base into a fleshy cup 
 adnate witli the base of the petals, or long and inserted directly on the petals ; anthers inserted near 
 their base, versjitile, introrse, two-celled, the oblong cells opening longitudinally. Ovary sessile, tliree 
 to five or rarely six-celled ; style elongated, erect, simple, the stigmatic apex spreading ; ovules anatro- 
 pous, four to eight in each cell, pendulous in two series from tlie inner angle, collateral. Capsule 
 woody, oblong or subglobose, five-celled, locidicidally five-valved, with a jiersistent axis angled by the 
 projecting placentas. Seeds two to eight in each cell, pendulous, flat or compres.sed, the woody testa 
 produced upwards into an olilong wing (rarely obsolete). Embryo mostly straight or oblique, with 
 ovate flat or crumpled cotyledons ; the short radicle superior.' 
 
 The genus Gordonia is confined to the south Atlantic states in North America, and to tropical 
 Asia. Tea species are described ; two are American, six occur in India' and the Malay peninsula, and 
 one in .southern Ciiina.' Gordonia exceha* is common to the Indian and Malay peninsulas and the 
 East Indian islands, where u second species occurs." 
 
 Gordonia has few economic properties. The bark of the American O. Litxinnthu>i is rich in tannin, 
 and has been locally used in tiiuniiig leatiier. The wood of G. ohtitsit, a fine tree of the mountain 
 forests of India, is manufactured into lumber aud used for iloors, rafters, and beams." 
 
 ■ The goiius baa l>eon divided into tvo sections : — 
 1. EuyoTiitmia, with short filtunentH rising from the partly free 
 Nunimit iumI inner face of tliu thickened lobes eonllucnt at tlie base 
 into a llesliy cup, and a cnpsnle pointed with the base of the aliort 
 stylo, the valves entire, with four, or by abortion two, winged seeds 
 in each eell. 
 
 'J. Frnuktinin, with long tUanienl.-! connate with the ba.se of the 
 petals i an elongated deciduous style ; a capsule locullciilally llvo- 
 vulved frcun the obtuse iipex to the middle, and sejiticiihdly live- 
 val\cd from the base ; and six tt) eight, or by abortion fewer seeds 
 
 Id each cell, their louse testa hardly produced into a ^^'ing. (Gray, 
 6'eti. /;/. ii. io;i.) 
 
 •' Thwaitcs, Enum. PL /eijl. 10. — Hooker, f. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. iiOl. 
 
 ' (lorilonia aiinmnla, Hprengel, Si/m. iii. I'M. — Uentham, Fl. 
 Iloiiqk. 'JO. - - Forbes & llcmalcy, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. HO {CameU 
 lilt oiilliiri.i, liol. Ilfi). t. .W}. — llnl. Mar), t. '-"'47. — Polyspora <iz- 
 ill(iri.<, Sweet, llorl. Ilril. (!!. — Don, dVn. Si/sl. i. .")74). 
 
 < Illume, llirlr. iii. 1;10. — Mlipicl, Fl. Neil. Iml. i. J8U. 
 
 * fi'unhmia nnimiiuita. Miipiel, Fl. AV*/. Iml. i. 481), 
 
 " iiedilouie, /•■/. Sill, S. Iml. t. 83. The wouil is described "as 
 
 i; 
 
 I 
 
 <*' 
 
 fi 
 

 r 
 
 n 
 
 40 
 
 SILl'A OF NOirril AMEIUCA. 
 
 TERNSTHOCMlACi:^. 
 
 All the species bear handsome foliage and flowers, j-.nd are desirable ornamental plants. The 
 American G. Altaiiidha is perhaps the most coaunoniy found in gardens. G. (tmimadi has long been 
 cultivated under glass in Europe. 
 
 The genus Gordoiiia, founded by Ellis' on the American G. LfiKiniit/iHn, was named by Dr. Alex- 
 ander Garden -' of Charleston, South Carolina, in honor of Dr. James Gordon " of Aberdeen. This 
 honor was transferred, however, by Ellis to James Gordon,^ a nurseryman at Mile End near London. 
 
 nliitu with u straw tint, evcu-graintil unci ploiisaiit to work, uiiil not 
 nnliko lii.'1'ili ; it warps if not well seasimcil." 
 
 ' Jobn Kllii (17lO-177()), .1 LoniUm inerelmnt, agent for West 
 Florida anil for Doniijiiia ; a oorrespomli'nt of Linn.t<us, anil the 
 author of the A'uturri/ llistorij of Coraliines, anil of si-voral papers 
 on !)otanv. 
 
 -' Alexaniler Carder: (17'JS-17!)1), a Seoteh physieian who n'sided 
 in Charleston. .South Carolina, for thirty years from 17,"):; j a eorre- 
 siiondent uf Linjia'us, F.llis, and Collinson. Dr. (iarden returned 
 to Kiifiland on the lireakiuR out of thi' Kevolutionary War, and 
 died in London. 
 
 ' James Gordon, "a very ingenious and skillful physician and 
 
 botanist who first iutorcsteil mo in th^se studies, and tinctured my 
 mind very early with n relish for them." (Letter of Alexander 
 (iarden. .Smith, Conettjnmflf'mr n/ Lmmtus, i. 378.) 
 
 ' .lames (iorilon (d. 1780), nursernnan (17.")0-177l'>) ; introduced 
 into Kiii,'lanil rVmnf Aiiifrirtvui (17.VJ), Si>/ifii>ni J'tportiai (17.~i:(), 
 and the (;ink;;o (17,">l) ; he was " bred niuler Lord I'etre and Dr. 
 Slierard. and knows systcinatienlly all the plants he cultivates. He 
 has more knowledge in vcgi'tation than all the ({ardeners and writ- 
 ers on pirdenini: in Knglaiul put together, but he is too modest to 
 [lublish anything." (Letter of John Ellis to Liinuuus. Smith, 
 Correspomlnnci of LinnauSf i. t>3.) 
 
 CON.SPECTUS OK THE NOKTII AMERICAN SPECIES. 
 
 Flowers long peilmieulatc ; lilaiiicnts united into a tube ; caiwule ovoid : seeds furnislieil with 
 
 .1 membranaceous wing: leaves evergreen 1. G. L.vsianthu.s. 
 
 Flowers subses.sile : tilameiit.s distinct : caj)sule globose ; » '' without wings ; leaves iiieiii- 
 l.r:iiiaceotis '.'. G. ALTA.MAUA. 
 
tehnsthcemiacka;. 
 
 SILf^A OF NORTH AMKIilCA. 
 
 41 
 
 GORDONIA LASIaNTHUS. 
 Bay. Loblolly Bay. 
 
 Flowers on lonj? slender peduncles; tul)t' of the tilanients short, ;)-h)l)ed, adnate to 
 the base of the petals. Capsules ovoid ; seeds winj^ed. Leaves evergreen. 
 
 Qordonia Lcisianthus. Ellis, I'liil. Trims. Ix. TilS. t. 11 ; 
 Leftet:: t. U. — Liiuiieus, M'liit. .">"(). — L'lloritiiT, .SV/c//. 
 A'.c. ir>G. — C'livaiiillcs, /)/.-s. ii. iiOT. t. Kil. — WiilUr, 
 Fl. Cur. 177. — Itartiani, Trm: Ifll. — Lamiirck, Dirt. 
 ii. 770: J/!, iii. 140, t. .">1U. f. 1. — .Swartz. 0/«. 'J7].— 
 Willilenow, S/icr. iii. 840. — Mirlmux. /•'/. Ilor.-Aiii. ii. 
 42. — /^^^ J//J//. t. •ICiS. — A'i)»iV'(H Duhimel. ii. 2;t0. t. 
 <)8. — I)e.sfi)iitaiiies, lli.-it. .irh. i. 484. — Micliaux f. llht. 
 Arh. Am. iii. 131, t. 1. — I'uisli, Fl. Am. Scjit. i. 4,")!. — 
 NuUall. Gen. ii. 84. — I)e Can.loUc. Frm/r. i. ,")L'8. — Elli- 
 ott, iS'A-. ii. 171. — Don. Gen. .Si/st. i. ,")7.'!. f . 99. — Audu- 
 bon, llinl.i, t. 1G8. — Iteirlionborh, F/. Kxnt. t. l.")l. — 
 
 Spacli ///'.</. JV;/. iv. 79. — I^uuilon, Arh. llr'it. i. 379, f. 
 9.'). — Tuney iV (iray, /v. .V. .Iw. i. L'L'.'i. — Gray, 6Vh. 
 ///. ii. 10'.', t. 1411. 111.— Choisy, J/.',«. Tervst. ,•/ Oniiel. 
 .■>!.- I'ayiT. 0,-7„H. Coini't. r,;V.>,. t. 149, f. l-'.'.'i. — Chap- 
 man, /'/. (10. — Curtis, (ifiilnij. .Sun: X. Cur. 18G0, iii. 
 80. — liaiUon. //^■^^ PI. iv. L';iO. f. L',")4. '.',".; Dirt. ii. 7'.'5, 
 f. — Sari,'ont. Firi'st Tree.i S. Am. lOf/. Censii.t C. .S'. ix. 
 'J.J. — Watson it Coultur, Grm/s M'in. ed. G, 9G. 
 
 Hypericum Losianthus. Linna;u», S/iec. 783. — Hill, Vei/. 
 ,V//>7. XV. t. 1, f. 3. 
 
 G. pyramidalis, Salisbury, Fnnlr. 386. 
 
 H'';> 
 
 ■'I 
 
 i I 
 
 II 
 
 A tree, .sixty to seventy-Hvo tVet in iu'iirlit. with a tall .straifrjit trunk eii^'iiti'cn or twenty iiichus in 
 diameter, and brandies wliii'li <renerally <jrow iijirij^lit at first, and then spread into a rather narrow eoni- 
 |)act liead ; or rarely a low shrul). The hark of the trnidt of fnll-<;'rown individuals i" nearly an inch 
 thick and deeply divided into rej;idar parallel rounded ridges, their dark red-l)rown sealy surface liroken 
 into many rejjfidar shallow furrows. The hark of the stout branehlets, marked durinj;' several years with 
 larpje cireidar le,:*'-scars, is dark hrown and rn<j;ose. l)eeoniin^ furrowed diiriuf;' the second or third 
 sea.son. The winter-huds are narrowly acuminate and covered witli pale silky hairs. The leaves are 
 coriaceous, laiiceolate-()hlon};f, pointed and narrowed jfradually at the base into stout channeled petioles, 
 minutely erenatcly-toothed usually aliove the middle only, dark <;'reen, smooth and shininj]f. The ilow- 
 ers, which begin to expand in July and continue to open successively durinj;' several weeks, are borne 
 on slender peduncles two and a half to three inches long. The sid)tloral bracts, of which there are 
 usually three or four, are ovate, minute and caducous. The sepals are ovate and a third to half an 
 inch long by as niucii broad, fringed on the margins with short white hairs and covered on the outer 
 surface with a dense velvet-like pubescence. The petals are rounded at the extremity, gradually and 
 regularly contracted to the ba.so, and silky pubendent on the liack. They are white, an inch and a 
 (piarter to an inch and a half long and an inch broad. The staminal cu)i is fleshy, deeply iive-lobed, 
 and pidiescent on the inner surface. Tiie anthers are yellow. The ovary is j)ubescent, ovate, and grad- 
 ually contracted into the stout style which e(pials the stanu-ns in length. The seeds are Hat, nearly 
 s(|uare, slightly concave on the iniu>r aiul rounded on the outer siu'face v'*)i a black rugose outer coat 
 dotted with small pale l)rown excrescences. Tluy arc lu'arly one sixteenth of an inch long and half the 
 length of the thin membrar.' "ous oiiloiig or oblicpu' wing, wiiiidi is pointed or r(unuled at the extremity 
 and pale brown. The emliryo fills tiie cavity of the seed, and is nearly straight. The cotyledons are 
 oval, si'.bcordate, foliaceous; the short radidi' centri|u'tal supeiior. 
 
 (■(trdiiHia J.intitiHtltH,^ is confined to the regioi: adjacent to the .south Atlantic and Gulf coasts. 
 The most northern point where it is found growing naturally is in the scuithern part of Virginia ; tiienee 
 it extends sotith to Cape Malabar and Cape Homano in Florida, and westward to the valley of the Mis- 
 sissi]ipi River. It is most connnon in Georgia and cast Florida, much less coiuuion in west Florida and 
 Alabama, and rare towards the western liudts of its range. 
 
 ! 
 
 ! il 
 
42 
 
 SILVA OF Nonril AMERICA. 
 
 TEllNSTRfEMIACE^. 
 
 Gordonla Las'innthun j»tows in shallow swamps or on moist sprinfjy lands, scattered with the Great 
 Mufjiiolia, the Red Bay, the Searlet Maple, and other moisture-lovinfif trees, throu<!fh forests composed 
 principally of the Watei--fifuiu ; or with the Small Maijnolia it almost exclusively occupies shidlow depres- 
 sions, often several huncU-ed acres in extent, in the pine-barrens near the Atlantic coast. It is occasion- 
 ally found in the sandy swamps which border the rivers of the Gulf coast, covered with almost impen- 
 etrable forests of the \Vater-fj;um, the White Cedar, the Devil-wood, and the Swamp Red Bay. On the 
 poorest pine-lands of South Carolina, usually covered with a dense underj^rowth <if the Saw Palmetto, 
 (rort/iiiiiii Ltisidiithus is sometimes found bloomin<j as a shrub, and on such soils it rarely j^rows to a 
 heii;ht of more than three or four feet or lives more than a few years, (iorihnun LdKidiil/iiin is never 
 lonn-lived, and the insecure hold which the superficial roots have in the wet soil in which this tree 
 grows causes it to be blown down easily after it reaches its full size. 
 
 The wood oi (t(tr<li)iil<i Ldsidiit/iiis contains numerous thin medullary rays ; it is light, soft and 
 close-grained, but not strong or durable. The coh)r of the heartwood is light red; when absolutely dry 
 it has a specilic gravity of 0.4728, a cubic foot of the dry wood weighing 'J!(.47 i)ounds. The s;ipwood, 
 consisting of forty to fifty thick layers of annual growib, is lighter colored. The wood is simietimes 
 used in cabinet-making, for which purpose, were it not for its want of strength, its fine grain and good 
 color would make it valual)le. 
 
 (rurdonia Lasidiit/ms^ was first described by Plukenet in the AmaUhcum Botnnician? It was 
 introduced into Kiigland about 17(>S,^ and is occasionally seen in gardens, although no great suc- 
 cess has ever attended its cultivation.* It is precariously hardy in the United States as far north as 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 ' Till' LiiiiKoaii use of the capital in Lnsmnthw (!i.iirv-i!')werLMi) 
 is rt'tainiHl, althuit^h Linii:iMi.-i's reason for so writiiiL^ the word is 
 nut a|)|iarent. His •|uotatioii, " Lasiaiitluis (imimvii vide Syst. 
 NatM*' as 11 syiionyni uiuUt his spct'it's i:i the IIorULt Clijlorliantts, is 
 not clear. The iiaiiie does not apiiear in tlie tii-st edition uf the St/s- 
 tema Nalunc, the only one piihlished t»t'ioi;e the Ilnrtus CUjfortiantL*, 
 and the only nse *>f the wiird by (iruiioviiis \\i\& in the Flora Vir- 
 ijinica, where this phrase occurs as a note to hia fii/jteriaim jlore 
 curtieo: "Lasiantho anini.>t fuUIs nvatis intep'is ; llore specioso nlbo, 
 extcritis puhi'seentr, fundii rubro, Clayt." (l"-^). Linnipns, wlien 
 it was found that tliis plant was not a Ilyperienm, seems to have 
 sugfjested f.u.'iiatith'Li tu KUi.s as the (jenerie name for it. The siij:^- 
 gestioii, however, eanie toij late, ils KUis, writing to Linnieus on I)e- 
 cend)er -8, 177(>, ei;;lit days after his paper on (lordonia was read 
 btfore the Koyal Soeiety, regrets that " I eannot oblige you in 
 changing the name (lordonia to Lasianthus." The eharaeters of 
 Gordunia iMsiftnthus are given in this letter. (Smith, Cnrrvspond- 
 ence of Linntius, i. 2i>\.) 
 
 Loblolly, a loutish or foolish person* imutically loblolly-lKiy or 
 surgeon's assistant, is a nautical name also ior water grucI or spoon 
 meat, and is ap]iHt'd to medicines collectively. It was early used 
 in tiie West Indies as a plant name, and appears in IMukenet's 
 Almfif/^sfum linUitiirutny published in I^ondun in ICtiKJ, when- this 
 phra.se occurs on page 118 : " Arl)or Indica baeeifera Verha.sci foliis 
 lanuginttsa, Loblolly Ibirliadi-nsibus dicta " I'bikeuet's plant is 
 Conliii nut<riiphi)l!n, Mill., whicli thus appt-ars to b< the tirst tree to 
 which the name I^iblolty was applied in print. 
 
 A Cupania, probably C. ijlahrn, Sw., is culleil by liniwne in the 
 Saiural liisUirif of Jtimittca, pidtlished in I7S*1, '* LoblolIy-wocMl." 
 In tlie description it is stated that " tho wuvaI is soft and useless, from 
 whence Its name." Tliis seems to connect tlie name of loblolly, a 
 soft, fuolisb person, or hoft mixture of jwrridge, with a tree with 
 
 soft wr-od. Laphcea fictmatoxf/lon, t'amb., Pium f'u/it'fwu,(irlseb., 
 ScitKlotih'/lltim Jnc'iulnii, (iriseb., and Pisonia sufn'finhita, Sw., arc 
 also, according to (irisebach (/•'/. lirit. IV. Itul.)^ called Loblolly. 
 " liloUy." a corruption, tut doubt, of I.,<)blolly, is used Ity the inhab- 
 ita'its of the Florida keys, and probably by those of the llalianui 
 Islands, as the common name of Pmmid ohtttsata, Sw. 
 
 Catesby first called fionlimia Ltisianlhus Loblolly Hay {yat.IIutf. 
 Car.). The use «)f the name as applied tu this tree is nut, however, 
 clear. Catesby may have given it the name from a fancied resem- 
 blance of the (rordunia to a West Indian tree seen by him on the 
 Bahamas ; or the name may have been used from the fact that old 
 trees, attached to the grouiul by their lateral surface roots only, arc 
 easily blown down. The name is more coinnuHi in biKiks tliau it is 
 in familiar use by the people of the southern states. 
 
 - Alcen Floritlana. tiuimiuecnpsularis Laurinit j'oUi.t, levitrr crena- 
 lin, sptniti ihun Cotii/trarum hislar alati^t 7, t. ^oli, f. 3. — Catesby, Nat. 
 Hist. Car. i. 41, t. U. 
 
 Hypericum jiorihus peutagynis, foliii lanceolatis serratU, Linnirus, 
 flort. Clif. ;W(). 
 
 " fror'lnnin Ka.tmnthux was first eidtivated in England, acconling 
 to Aiton (fhrt. Keu\ ii. "SM), by a Mr. Henjamin Hewick, of whom 
 I have no infornuition in addition to that contauK <' in the following 
 extract fnuu a letter from Kllis to Linnieus : •' Vou must know 
 then, that we have lately got into a inetluKl of cultivating that ele- 
 gant evergreen, "ailed in South Carolina and the Kloridjw the Lol>- 
 lolly Hay. This tree has lately priMlnced some well-blown Mowers 
 in the curious botanic garden tif Mr. Hewick at Chiphain, near Lon- 
 don, who was so obliging to m-w\ them to mo to examine their char- 
 acter while fresh." {I'hil. Trans, Ix. 518; read December liO, 
 1770.) 
 
 * Loudon, /lr6. lirit. i. 379. 
 
(EMIACE^. 
 
 the Great 
 composed 
 w depres- 
 
 oecasion- 
 st impen- 
 On the 
 Pahnetto, 
 rows to a 
 X is never 
 
 this tree 
 
 soft and 
 utely dry 
 sapwood, 
 iometinies 
 ind good 
 
 2 It was 
 
 ;reat sue- 
 north as 
 
 nsis, Oriseb., 
 nta, Sw., are 
 ed Loblutly. 
 )y the iiihiil)' 
 the Uahanm 
 
 y (Xat.Hisl. 
 ot, liowever, 
 [K'ied resein- 
 him on the 
 fact that old 
 ots "Illy, are 
 •ks than it is 
 
 (evitrr crena- 
 aiesby, Nat. 
 
 '.is, LiniiiDus, 
 
 d, aceurdiiig 
 i;k, i)f wliom 
 lie following 
 must know 
 nj; that ele- 
 UH the Lol»- 
 iiwn Howers 
 :), near Lon- 
 ' their chiir- 
 'cenibor 20, 
 
 !M 
 
 '> 
 
 (i! 
 
 •I i 
 
 -A 
 
..;i^MisftiA,ftn 
 
 f i! 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 
 
 PLATr. XXI. (ioRIXlNIA LasIANTHUS. 
 
 1. A 1 iwcring branch, natural size. 
 
 2. A fiui'ing branch, natural size. 
 
 3. Diagi..'" of a flower. 
 
 4. Vertical section of a flower, natural size, 
 i"). An anther, posterior view. 
 
 (>. An anther, anterior view. 
 
 7. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 
 
 8. An ovule, much enlarged. 
 
 9. Vertical section of a capsule, natural size. 
 
 10. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 
 
 11. An embryo, enlarged. 
 
 12. Cross section of an embryo, enlarged. 
 
h 
 
 J I 
 
i?lt.i<^.a»- 
 
 rWT 
 
 
 ! ^ 
 
 ' 
 
-J 
 
 !< 
 
 '/ 
 
 ^! 
 
 I ! 
 
 ii 
 
 
 ' I 
 
 GORDONIA LASIANTHUS 
 
TEKNSrii 
 
 Fi. 
 the bas 
 
 Qordonia 
 
 GIC. 
 Franklin 
 
 tram, i, 
 Q. pubesc 
 
 ii. 770. 
 
 Spee. ii 
 
 J(irJ. 
 
 funtain 
 
 iii. rx 
 
 Gen. ii 
 Sk. ii. 
 
 Si/sf. i 
 
 At 
 branchle 
 spicuous 
 covered 
 apex, am 
 rate usue 
 and tun 
 Tlie Hoi 
 until tilt 
 finally g 
 wears of 
 nearly ci 
 pale hai 
 splu'rica 
 long l)y 
 are yelk 
 nous sty 
 eai'li eel 
 centii ; I 
 
 (rO 
 
 Hart ram 
 Altainai 
 Bart ram 
 eight y(! 
 iiad so i 
 
 ' Ilnrtrt 
 
TBHNSTRtEMIACEyE. 
 
 aiLVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 45 
 
 i :: 
 
 QORDONIA ALTAMAHA. 
 
 Franklinia. 
 
 Flowers subsessile ; fihimcnts distinct. Capsule "globose, septicidally o-valved from 
 the base to the middle ; seeds destitute of wings. Leaves membranaceous, deciduous. 
 
 i* 
 
 Oordonia Altamoba, Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 
 CIC. 
 
 Franklinia Altamalia, .Mmslmll. Ar/m.^t. Am. 4"). — Har- 
 tiani, Trav. 10, 407. — Kaliiicsqiic. Atbuit. Jour. 79, f. 
 
 G. pubescens, L'Heritier, Stirp. Nov. 156. — Lamarck, Dirt. 
 ii. 770. — Cavanilles. Diss. ii. 308, t. 162. — WilUlenow. 
 Sper. iii. 84 1 . — Mii'liaux. Fl. Bur.-.l m. ii. 42. — Veiitenat, 
 Jitrd. Malm. I. \. — \<iitreaii Dnhamel, ii. 2;37. — Dua- 
 fontaines. Hist. Arh. i. 4S4. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am, 
 iii. i;t,">, t. 2. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 451.— Nuttall, 
 Gen. ii. 84. — Loiseleur, Herb. Amat. iv. t. 236. — Klliott, 
 Sk: ii. 171. — Dc Camlolle, ProUr. i. .WS. — Don, Gen. 
 Si/st. i. 573. — Audubon. lUnls, t 185. — .Spacli, //i.it. 
 
 Veij. iv. 80. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. i. 380. f. 94. — Torrey 
 
 & Gray. Fl. \. Am. i. 223. — Oay, Gen. 111. ii. 102, t. 
 
 141, f. 11-14, t. 142. — Choisy, Mem. Teriist. et Camel. 
 
 51. — Chapman. Fl. 60. — Goodalu & Spraijue. If'lld 
 
 Flowers. 193, t. 47. — Sargent, Forest Trees X. Am. U)th 
 
 Cen.ius U. S. ix. 25. 
 Q. Franklini, L'Heritier, Stirp. Noe. 156. — WilUlenow, 
 
 ."ipee. iii. 811. — Xouremi Diihumel. ii. 237. — Dest'on- 
 
 taines, //^s^ ^rA. i. 484. — I'oiret. Lam. Diet. Suppl. ii. 
 
 810. 
 Michauxia sessilis, Salisbury, I'nidr. MSli. 
 Lacathea florida. Salisbury, I'arnd. Lond. t. 56 Colla, 
 
 llort. Jiipiil. A])px, i. l.')4. 
 
 A treo or shriil), " fifteen or twenty feet high branchinjr alternately." ' with stout slij^htly anu'leil 
 branclilets covered with dark red-brown hark, dotted with uiinute pak' wart-like excreseenees and con- 
 spicuously marked with larfje prominent leaf-.scars. Tlu scales of the stout acuminate wintei'-buds are 
 covered with a thick pale silky tomentuni. The leaves are ohovate-ol)lon<r. rounded or pointed at the 
 apex, and gradually and regularly narrowed at the base into a short grooved petiole ; they are sharply ser- 
 rate usually above the middle only, bright green and lustrous on the upper surface, and pale on the lower, 
 and turn scarlet in the autuniii before falling ; they are five or six inches long and two inches l)road. 
 The Howers, which in Philadelphia begin to appear about the middle of .September, continue to open 
 until the buds are destroyed by frost. They are borne on short stout jieduncles, at first pubescent, and 
 finally glabrous, |)roduced from the axils of the upper leaves, and marked with the broad conspicuous 
 scars of the two minute lateral subHoral bracts, which are pubescent and early-deciduous. The .sepals are 
 nearly circular, half an inch long, with ciliolate margins, and are covered on the outer surface with short 
 pale hairs. The white membranaceous pettds, which before the expansion of the flower form a large 
 spherical bud, are obovate with more or less crenulate margins; they are an incii or an inch and a half 
 long hy an inch broad, and are ilensely coated with fine pubescence on the outer surface. The anthers 
 are yellow. The ovary is conspicuously rivlged, pubescent, truncate, and crowned with the slender decid- 
 uous style which nearly eipial.s the stamens in length. The seeds, six or eight, ov hy aliortion fewer in 
 each cell of the woody capsule, are closely packed together on the whole length of the thick axile pla- 
 centii; they are nearly half an inch long and angled by nuitual pressure. The emiiryo is not known.-' 
 
 (iurdunin Altamithn is not now known to grow anywhere naturally. It was di.scovered l)y .luhn 
 Hartram in 17(55, during one of his journeys through the southern states, near Fort Harrington on the 
 Altamalia Uiver in (ieorgia, occupying with I'iiir/,-iii i/n pubni.'i an area of two or three acres, William 
 Bartram, who had accompanied his father during the journey of I7()i), revisited the Altimaha iiiver 
 eight years later, and again in 1778, and collected roots and seeds of the iieautiful flowering trei' wiiich 
 had .so impressed his father and himself that they had thought it worthy of the name of Franklinia, 
 
 ; i 
 
 ^i 
 
 I f 
 
 s * 
 
 ' Ilnrtrnni, 7'nir. U17, 
 
 ' I liiive never seen the Imrk of iiii oKl plant of Kninkliiiiii, or 
 )K>elt iihle to extiniine its wood. 
 
■I^: 
 
 46 
 
 i<ILVA OF NORril AMERICA. 
 
 TEKNSTRCEMIACKiK. 
 
 which they proposed for it in honor of their distinguished friend and neighbor, Benjamin FrankHn.' 
 Di'. Moses Marshall^ visited the same loeahty in ITiK) and saw Frankliuia. No botiinist sinee 171*0, 
 however, has seen the phmt growing wiUl, and all efforts to find it in the original locality or elsewhere 
 have been unsuccessful.'' 
 
 Gwdonid Altitmtdui was introduced int.. gardens by the Bartrams,^ and reached England as early 
 as 1774.'' In cultivation it forms a low spreading shrubby tree, with a short stout trunk covered with 
 smooth dark brown bark. It is hardy in the United Stiites as far north as Philadelphia, and ♦Unirishes 
 in England and in central Europe. It grows well in rich light loam near water, and may be projiagated 
 by layers. 
 
 ' Williiiin Hartrnm, Tmv. 10, 467. 
 
 '^ Miisi's JIursliulI (1758-18i;i), n nephew of the distiiigtiislied 
 \Vest Chester butanist, Iluniplirey Marshall, aiithur of the . I rlnixium 
 AtmriraruKti, with whom lie was associated during several years in 
 botauii'at enterprises, made several long exploring journeys through 
 the soutiiern and southwestern parts of the eountry for the purpose 
 of eoUeetiug plants and seeds for Knglish correspondents. 
 
 * \V. H. Ravenel, Am, Xat. xvi. -3.j. 
 
 * AU the specimens of Frankliuia in cultivation ape dcftccndnnts 
 of the plants eoUeeted by the itartrauis and by Marshall, or of those 
 niiseil from tlie see<l gathered by \VilIiam Hartrani in 177S. Tlie 
 spei'inu'u planted by .lohn Hartrani in his g.irden near Philadelphia 
 was described aa tU'ty feet high by William Wynne, writing to Lou- 
 
 don's Gardener's Magazine (viii. 272) in November, 1831, when the 
 tree was in llower A notice of this tree, or pcrlmpsof a younger 
 one, as it is said to be oidy about thirty feet in height, was pul>- 
 lished in 1 853 by Mr. Thomas Meehan in The American Hand Book 
 of Ornamental Trees, 127. llie large tree in Ilnrtram's garden was 
 blown down a few years ago. There is one of its descendants, now 
 about twenty-tive feet high, in the garden of Mr. William l)e Hart 
 in Philadelphia, ami there are trees nearly as large in Fairmount 
 Piirk in that city, and iu the nurseries of Mr. Thomas Meehan at 
 (•ermantown. Our Hgure has been made from specimens from the 
 (leruumtown tree. 
 
 '> .\iton, Uort. Keu: ii. 231. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 
 
 Platk XXII. GoHiMiNiA Alt.vm,\iia. 
 
 1 . A flowering branrli, natural size. 
 
 2. A fruiting bramli, natural size. 
 
 3. Diagrnin of a llower. 
 
 4. Vertical sectio'i of a flower, natural size. 
 r>. A stamen, enlarged. 
 
 6. A pistil, enlarged. 
 
 7. An ovule, much enlarged. 
 
 8. Vertical section of a curiwl, natural size. 
 
 9. A seed, natural size. 
 
•■^0^ 
 
 > h 
 
 1 ,/ 
 
 Jii 
 
 d; 
 
 ii 
 
owl 
 
 3 
 
 r \ 
 
(ii: 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 I 
 
 ^1 
 
 \\ 
 
 GORDONIA ALTAMAHA 
 
 
CHEIKANTIIOUENDKE^. 
 
 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 47 
 
 ^ V'i 
 
 FREMONTIA. 
 
 Flowers solitary, terminal or opposite the leaves ; calyx hypopynous, subcampan- 
 ulate, deeply 5-lobecl, the lobes imbricated in lestivation, persistent ; petals ; stamens 
 5, united into a column. Capsule 4 to 5-valved, loculieidally dehiscent. 
 
 Fremontia, Torrey, Smithsontau Contrib. vi. 5 Bentliain CheiranthodendroD, Baiilon, Hist. PI. iv. 127, in part. 
 
 i Hooker, Gen. i. 212, 982. — Gray, Proc, Am. Ami/. 
 n. ser. sxii. 304. 
 
 A tree or fihriib, with stellate pube-sceiiee and mucilajifinous inner bark. Leaves alternate, pal- 
 mately lobed, furnished witli minute deciduous stipules, tliick, prominently veined, usually rufous on the 
 lower surface. Flowers pi^tiolate, subtended by three or rarely tive minute caducous bracts. Calyx f left 
 nearly to the base, the yellow lobes spreading, obovate, often mucronate, an inch long, the three outer 
 a little smaller, pubescent on the outer surface, with a hairy cavity at the base of the inner surface. 
 Staminal column divided to the middle into tive slender divisions alternate with the sepals, each beai'- 
 ing on its summit an adnate oblong-linear curved extrorse twocelled anther, longitudinally dehiscent. 
 Ovary five-celled, the cells opposite the sepals ; style filiform, elongated, terminated by an acute undi- 
 vided stigmatic point ; ovules numerous in each cell, horizontal, anutropous. Capsule ovate, acuminate, 
 an inch long, densely coated with long stinging hairs, the inner surface of the four or live cells villose 
 pubescent. Seeds oval ; testa crustaceous, minutely pubescent, furnished with a small fleshy marginal 
 deciduous arilloid iippcndage on the chalaza. Embryo straight, in thick Heshy albumen ; cotyledons 
 oblong, foliaceous, three or four times longer than the short radicle. 
 
 Fremontia ' is represented by a single California species. 
 
 \l 
 
 .(! 
 
 FREMONTIA GALIFORNIOA. 
 Slippery Elm. 
 
 Fremontia Californica. Torrey, Smit/imniiui Cmitrih. vi. 
 ,">. t. 2. f. 2; /'/•«■. Am. .Uso,: I--. I'.ll i Pncifi,- H. R. 
 Ii'i'/i, iv. l.">. 71. — Ni'wlicrry. Pni-ijic li. K. Jif/i, vi. C8. — 
 Walpcrs, Ann. iv. HIS). — (Jray, .four. limt. Stic Snt. 
 Jlisf. vii. 140. — liof. Miiij. t. .'ir>91. — Ixsmaire, ///. Ilorl. 
 xiii. t. 490.— /.''/./ tfiirt. xvii. 220, t. I.i. — CarriiMc, 
 Hi'i: Hurt. l,Sli7, 91. t. — Kooli, D.'iiilr. i. 48a — Miu- 
 
 ters. Giird. Chron. I.S09, 010. — Seeinann. Jonr. Hot. vii. 
 297. — Giirili'n, iii. 'ti, t. — I'htiulioii, Ft. rfis Serres, 
 xxii. 17.">, U — liri'wer & Watson, Hut. Cut. i. .SS : ii. 
 4.'f7. — Kotlmick. U'/iei/ir's Hi'/i. vi. 41, ,357. 
 Cheiranthodendron Californicum. liaillon. Hht. I'l. iv. 
 70. 
 
 A small tree, twenty to thirty feet high, with a short stout trunk twelve or fourteen inches in 
 diameter, and stout rigid branches spreading almost at right angles with the stem ; fu' more often a low 
 intricately branched shrub. The hark of the trunk is rarely more than a (juarter oi an inch thick ; it is 
 
 ' Tl» iicnn'st ally to Frpoioiitia is tlii' Mi'xii'aii Iliiiiil-lrt'c, Chei- ('lii'iriiiithodi'iiilron, wliilf (Jray retains tho (ji'nus, .iiiil I.tmi^ a new 
 
 mulhiiilfnilrim iiliilnnniilis, hail., wlncli ilillVrs frniii Krciniiiitia in ils family, ('lirimiii/imliiiilnir. founili'il priniarily on the stronply iinin- 
 
 lnr(?o sulilloml bracts, its iiiori' dfi'iily piltcil puri.li' I'alyx, and its iMuu'ial I'alyx, for tliuat- two Koni'rm whifli ho rooiovi's from .Sinrnli- 
 
 olili(iuo stuniinnl tuliu with connoetivus iiroilucid bi.yond tlie an- amc and Miilnicae. (/'roc-. .Im. .laiil. u. sor. xxii :Wi.) 
 thcra. linillon, in spite of thcso ditrvrvncos, iinitva Fremontia with 
 
 i 
 
 VI 
 
48 
 
 ,SJJA'A OF AOJiTJI AMEliKA. 
 
 CIIEIKANTIlODKNDKKiK. 
 
 (k't'jily t'liiTowi'il, the dark ri'd-hronn surtacc brokt'ii into nir.iii'rotis short thick scales ; that of the stout 
 teri'ti' liranchk'ts thiukU' c()ate<l. when ihey tirst appear, with rufous pul)oseeii(;e, is hj-ht red-brown. 
 Tlie leaves are usually three-lobed, rarely entire, or Honietinies five to seven-lo!)ed, an ineli and a half 
 across, and are borne on stout petioles a half to two thirds of an inch lout'-. The ilowers, which appear 
 in July, are produced in the greatest profusion from short spur-like lateral branches. 
 
 Fi\tiuinl'tit Cali/onticK grows on the lower slopes of the California mountauis from Mariposa, at 
 least, to Lower California. It is nowhere very common west of the Sierra Neva<la, although it reaches 
 its greatest size on the foothills of the western slope of these mountains. East of the Sierra Nevada, in 
 the region of the Mohave Desert, Fremou'ia is nuich more conuuon, always growing as a low shrub, and 
 sometimes forming thickets several acres in extent, which may be seen miles away when the plants are 
 covered with their brilliant yellow flowers. Here the ordinary associates of Fremontia iii the dry grav- 
 elly and rocky soil are (iurnjii jhirtscvns, Prmmn fnsc'ivuUtta, C'<(i)i(il/tii>< cuiiedtus, I'lirxhhi tr'uUn- 
 t(i((i, Aj)/oj)aj)jjii.f )iiiiiiiiit!s, Lychitn Coopvri, and the other shrubs of the California desert, while above 
 it on the higher slopes appear open stunted forests of the Desert Nut Pine (J'iiiiifi niuiiDp/ti/llii), West 
 of the Sierras Fremontia grows also in dry gravelly soil, generally occujjying the slopes of narrow val- 
 leys with Qmrcus (htmond, various species of Ceanothus, Prunun ilicifoHa, Ccrcocarjms parcifoVius, 
 the Manir.nitas, etc. 
 
 The wood of FrcmoutUi CuHforuivd contains iiiunerous groups of small ducts parallel with the 
 thin conspicuous medullary rays. It is hard, heavy, close-graintil, and dark brown tinged with red ; the 
 the thick sajjwood is lighter colored. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7142, a cubic 
 foot of the dry wood weighii.g 44.50 ]iounds. 
 
 The mucilag'nous inner bark of Fremontia is sometimes used in California in poultices ; and its 
 resemblance to thi' bark of the Red Elm of the eastern states caused the tree to be called Slipj)ery Elm 
 by the early settlers of the region it inhabits. 
 
 Fremontia Colifornica was discovered in the spring of 184(i hy Fremont, whose service to botany 
 the genus commemorates, during his third transcontinental journey.' It was introduced into cultivation 
 in 18ol by James Veitcli & Sons, the London nurserymen, and Howered in their establishment in 18G5. 
 
 ! 
 
 5 
 i 
 
 ' More recent eullcotionii than Fremont's do not extend the miigo rest onl; on Fnimont's collection. Diit tho labels attached to his 
 of Fremontia north of Mariposa, and the authority for Pitt Uiver specimens (»ive no indication of the plufe where Ihej* were discov- 
 and nortliirn California, published stations for the plant, appears to ercd. It was probabl; in tlie central part of the state. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THP: PLATE. 
 
 'I 
 
 Plati: XXin. Kkkmontu Califobxica. 
 
 1. A flowering branch, natural siic. 
 
 2. A fruitin),' branch, natural size. 
 .S. DiaKrani of a flower. 
 
 4. A Hower, cut vertically through the staminal tube. 
 
 5. An anther, posterior view, enlarged. 
 
 6. An anther, anterior view, enlarged. 
 
 7. Vertical section i;' an ovary, enlarged. 
 
 8. All ovule, iiiucli enlarged. 
 
 *J. Vertical section of a capsule, natural size. 
 
 10. A seed, enlarged. 
 
 11. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 
 IL*. Cross section of a seed, enlarged. 
 
 13. An eniliiyo, much enlarged. 
 
 14. All epidermal stellate scale, much enlarged. 
 
(< 
 
 H 
 
 
 Il' 
 
 
 ? > 
 
■!| 
 
 !; tiK' 
 
 
 ir£ •■: iLc M'.ii'' 
 
 
 
 "•\ ^ ,^ 
 
a- 
 
 r(?fl; till* 
 
 t>'it ioy 
 
 ion 
 
 I '/ 
 
 ll 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 FREMONTIA CAI..IF0FN1CA 
 

lILIACKiK 
 
 SUA' A OF J\()liTU AMERICA. 
 
 4» 
 
 ii 
 
 TILIA. 
 
 Flowers in axil'.iry or terminal cymes, rcj^ular, perfect ; sepals 5, distinct, valvate 
 in ii'stivation, hyj)0};ynous, deciduous ; petals 5, imbricated in icstivation, hypojiynous ; 
 stamens numerous, j)olyadelplious or free. Fruit jflobose, iiulehiscent, 1 to 'J-seeded. 
 
 Tilia. LinnoDiis, den. loCi. — A. L. df Junsicu. (ien. L"J'.' — 
 AJaiisun. Fitiii. I'l. ii. .'i8J. — Knillicliur. (Jen. lUOH. — 
 
 Gray. (ifii. ///. ii.'.U. — IU'miIkiiii A; Hunker, (leu. \.2'M. — 
 Ilocciailloii. Mem. Til. IS. _ llaillun. ///.-V. PI. iv. 1«.".. 
 
 Trees, witli teivti' slender braiielies, mucila<^iinms juice, iiiul toiij^li fibrDus inner l)iirk. Leaves eini- 
 duplicate in vernation, petioiat*', alternate and two-ranked, usually olili<|uely cordate or truncate at the 
 base, acute, serrate, and furnished with membranaceous li<i;ulate caducous stipules. Peduncle connate 
 to the middle with the axis of a membranaceous lifrht jrrcen lijfulate and jiersistent conspicuou.sly reticu- 
 late-veined bract, and bearinj^ minute caducous bracts at the ba.se of the branches of the tennina' cyme. 
 Flowers nectariferous, franfrant. Sepals hmceolate. Petu's alternate with the sepals, oblong-obovate or 
 spatulate, the narrow base sometimes thickened and glandular, creamy white, deciduous. Stamens 
 inserted on a short hypogynous receptiide ; filaments filiform, distinct, or collected into Kve clusteis and 
 united at the base with each other and with a spatulate petidoid scale' placed opjiusite each petal; 
 anthers fixed hy the middle, two-celled, extrorse, the oblon<^ cells separated by the forking of the 
 filament. Ovary sessile, five-celled, the cells opposite the sepals; style erect, the dilated summit with 
 five introrsely stigmatic spreading lobes ; ovules two in each cell, ascending from the middle of its 
 inner angle, semi-anatropous, the micropyle centripet;il-inferior. Fruit nut-like, woody, globular or 
 ovoid, sometimes ribbed, one-celled by the obliteration of the partitions. Seeds obovate, semi-anatro- 
 pous, ascending ; testa cartilaginous ; albumen lleshy. Embryo large, often curved ; cotyledons folia- 
 ceous, reniform or cordate, palmately five-lobed, the margins irregularly Involute or crumj)led ; the 
 radicle inferior. 
 
 The genus Tilia'- is widely distributed in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, occur- 
 ring in all its great geographico-botanical regions with the exception of western America, central Aai:;, 
 and the Himalayas. It is repre.sented in eastern North America by four species, of which one is Mexi- 
 can.^ Six or seven species are found in Europe* and the Orient,'' and six species are known in China, 
 Manchuria, and Japan.'' 
 
 Tilias are trees generally of large size.' with soft straight-g.'uned pale-colored light wood unable 
 
 ' Bocquillon conceived this scale to be the upper part ri the stam- 
 iiial receptacle projected 'ntn a petaloid IxMly. To IfaiUoii it was 
 the terminal interior and sterile stu;:>en of tlie fD.>cicle developed 
 iui'} a petaloid scale. 
 
 '-' Tiii.t appears first in the ancient Tertiary formations of Grinnell 
 Land in 82^ north latitude, and Spitzliergen, where Titin Malm- 
 greni, Heer, is found. This speeies, whicli existing; Tilias of Kuropo 
 and Amcrii'ii resemble, is believed by Saptirta tu In' the ancestor 
 from wbieli the Lindcn.s of the two continents have descended. 
 {Oriijiue l\ili iniliiltiijii[ue ties .\rhres, -70, f. 3'.*.) 
 
 * T. Afexicanti, Schlechtcndal, Linn:ta, xi. 37tJ. — lleuisley, ISot. 
 liiol. Am. Cent. i. 141. 
 
 * Nyman, (^'onsfKct. H. Kurop. 130. 
 
 ' lioissier, Fl. Orunt. i. 84l>. 
 
 * Franehet & Savi.'ier, Knum. I'l. Jap. i. 00. — Maximowicz, 
 Bull, .ifiiil. .Sri. St. Pi'ttt ^hounj, K. 584. — Forbes & ileuisley, Jour. 
 Linn. Sot: xxiii. 111. Or. .V. Henry's explorations in western China 
 have recently adtled two line Linitens to the Chinese tlora. 
 
 ' .\eeounl3 of several reiui rkable Kuropean Linden-trees have 
 been published. The trunk if a tree planted in the town of Fri- 
 bourg in 1 17*» to eoininemorate the battle of Morat attained a di- 
 ameter of thirteen feet nine inches in Ji-M years. The Linden-tree 
 of Trons in the (irisons, a celebrated tree as early .is 14'J4, had a 
 trunk tifly-one feet in circumference ni 1798, ami was believed by De 
 Candulle to be oHIl years olil. The truidc of the Linden of Vilh-u,- 
 en-Muing, near Morat, was thirty-eight feet in eircuniferenee fut r 
 
 
 \\ 
 
 ill 
 
 ! I 
 
"WJ 
 
 iinifjii 
 
 •^i* 
 
 ■ tA.ifc'.llc. 
 
 50 
 
 SILVA OF NOliTII AMERICA. 
 
 tiliacea;. 
 
 ti) withstand decay when exposed to the elements, but esteemed and largely used for the interior finisli 
 of Imildinjjs. for cabinet-makinjj, for the soundinjjf hoards of pianos, for wood oarvinjj, and for all kinds 
 of wooden ware, and in the United States for tiie manufacture of pa|)er, and the shavinj^s used in stuf- 
 Hng furniture. Tlii' principal economic value of Tilia is in the touijii iiuier hark or hast. This was 
 usi'd I ly tile ancients for paper and for mats and in t; 'liij {garlands,' and is now larf^ely manufactured 
 into mats, cords, fish-nets, coarse ciotii, and shoes, espci dly in sonw parts of Russia and in Sweden 
 where forests of Tilia abound.- The leaves of the ditfercnt Tilias are <^atlu'red in some European coun- 
 tries and fed, either fresh or dried, to cattle,^ and the young branches of TiViti h(tern}ilnjlhi are cut in 
 winter in the mountain regions of the southern United Stiites for the s;ime purpose. Linxe-Hower oil, or 
 Linden oil,' obtained by distilhng the tiowers (if the Euro[)ean Tilias, has a ph'usiint odor and is used in 
 j)erfmnery. An infusion of the tiowers is a popular domestic remedy in some European countries in the 
 treatment of indigestion, nervousness, and hysteria.'' The tiowers yield large (juantities of nectar, and 
 honey made near forests of Tilia is unsurpassed in tlavor and delicacy. 
 
 Tilias, especially the species of western Europe," have for centuries been favorite shade and 
 ornamental tree.s, particiJarlv in Europe at the period when the formal style of gardening, under the 
 inspiration of Le Notre, prevailed ; and .ivenues of I^ime-trees were long considered an essential feature 
 in every park and town of central and northern Europe. Tin- ability of the Lindens to thrive with 
 severe pruning renewed year after year tit them for the decoration of forimd gardens, and their free 
 habit when allowed to grow naturally makes them desirable park and roadside trees. The Tilias of 
 eastern Europe,' less known in cultivation, are all beautil'ul hardy trees." Numerous varieties of the 
 European Tilia have appeared in gardens, especially anu)ng seedlings of Tilid plati/plujUoH, and are 
 cultivated for their abnormal habit or curious foliage. 
 
 Tilias grow freely and rapidly in cultivation, tlourishing in strong rich soil ; they may be propa- 
 gated bv grafting or by layers as well as from seed. They are subject, however, to the attacks of many 
 insects which sometimes destroy the trees by boring into the trunk, or distigure them by devouring the 
 foliage." 
 
 feet fnmi the {^rciiiiit in IH;10, .\v'\ was <>stiiiiat«>(l to Imvt' l*vi'tl S(i-4 
 yi':irs. .Mi>ri> f;iriunis stilt is tht- l.iiutt'ti of NiMistiult on tlii' Kot-luT 
 in ^Vii^t^'nl^e^l,^ which was hirj^i! t>non;;h in l.V>e to rfrjiiire stono 
 I'oliiitiiis to siipjiort its enormous liranclies. This tree li.ol, in I'>(>l, 
 n trunk thirty-seven tVet four iuehes in ejrcnniferiMiee, and WiUs eoin- 
 puteil to be from SIK) to l.tHHI years ohl. (Sniice sur In Longi villi 
 (lea Arfirra, A. V. (le Cniulolle, lUh. Vuiv. xlvii. tU. — Scimtijic l\i* 
 pers, .\8a (irny, 11. SSI.) 
 
 ' Horace, Oi/m, i. ;I8, -i. — Ovid, Fasti, v. XVl. — I'liny, xvi. 11. 
 •J5 i xxiv. «, ;i:t. 
 
 '■' Trees twelve to twenty years old are usually eut in llussia for 
 h.ist, j^euerally in May or .lune when the sap is ilowiuf; fretdy ami 
 the I ark ean he most easily removed. It is divided into hui^itndi- 
 n-I sirips four to six feet huijjj, loosened with a sharp knife, anil 
 then torn otV hy lianil and spread on the ground to dry. The hark 
 ia then soaked in water, when the lilier is easily separateil from the 
 coarse cortical layi-rs. 
 
 I..iiiden-l)ast id expo:''Ml from Itussia priiu'ipaUy in the form of 
 mats six feet long and tlireo and a half fci't wide. They are used 
 ill packing machinery, furniture, and other large olijeets, and hy 
 Ifiirdeni'rs ft^r tying their plants. The Iiu.Hsiaii product of hast mats 
 ill estiinali'd at M.IHKI.iKMI pieces, a large part hi-ing exported. 'I"he 
 principal domi'stic use of hast in Kussi.i is in slioeiiniking, several 
 million pair of hast shoes being ninde in the govcrninciitH uf Nijnii- 
 Nov^iortsl, Wiatka, Kostroma, and Minsk. (Spoue, Enrtjrloiitntm 
 nf Indrnttrini Art^, Mnwtl'iirturpii,uuit i \immi rciiit /Vof/ncM, IMHt.) 
 
 • l.innionH, Ikr. Saiinl. aflti. — Vciiteiiat, Mem. Arail. Sci. iv. 18. 
 
 I,innaMis observed that the milk of cows fed on the leaves of Tilia 
 was (»f poor (piality and had a disagreeable tlavor. 
 
 * Henry Watts, /)ic/. CbimiMrtt, iii. tJlMi. — .Spone, EunjvtnpdiHa 
 of Ititiiistriul Art^t Mtinufticturig, itiui dtminfrfint I'roihiclti, IV1\, 
 
 '• .Still.' \ Maisch, iViK. IH.yirm. ed. 'J, 1 i:il). 
 
 " Tiiia ftiili/phi/llo^, Seopoli, Ft, (\ini, i. liTa, — Garilrti ami F-ir- 
 esl, il. 'J'lti, f. 10!» ( T iiaiinjhlin, Ilayiie, Alihilil. flolz. I l.j, t. lOS). 
 Tiliti ulmi/iilifi, Seo|Mdi, Ft. Cam. i. It74. — (iar'len ami Forent, ii. 
 •2.", f. Ill ( T. imrrifolia, llayiie, AMM. Ilnh. Ml, t. lIKi). 7i7i(i 
 nilijaris, llaync, Alihilil. Iloiz. i. 1 H, t. 107. — Garden and ForesI, 
 ii. ■.'.■>(1, f. 1 10. 
 
 " 7'i7irt anjrntfa, I)e Candolle, ('fit. /'/. Ilort. Mnn^p. ITiO (T.atfia, 
 Wald.stein & Kilaihil, /'/. Wiir. Iluui/. i. 2, I. 11. — Keichenbach, /•'/. 
 Gtr. vi. («l, I. ;U1). 7'i/mi /xttolari.i, l)i> Caudidle, /'rr»/r. i. fil I. — 
 lliil. Mill/, t. (i7;t7. 7'iVi'i daxiisliilii, London, Arb. ISril. i. IKiti. — 
 Ih./er, \':rhiimll. Ilnl. IVrcm, U'ini, xii. 'M, I. i), f. i.' {T. eiichlurn, 
 (' Koch, Ihmlr. i. 1711). 
 
 " Two or three Asiatic species of Tilia have been introduced into 
 tbo I'liiteil .Slates anil Kurope. Their iiitro<luctioii, however, in 
 BO recent that it is iin|H>ssible to speak of their hardiness or of their 
 value iLs ttrnamental trees. 
 
 * The ditferent species ap|)ear to bi^ attackctl by the name insects. 
 All the American and lairopeim species are liable in America to 
 injury hy a borer, .Saprnin rt:tlita. (Harris, luJurinuH IiLsffls, leil.) 
 'I'lio larva> of two species of moth, (.'o.t.fri.i liifnipnila and /i'u:tra 
 trsntii, bore into the wood of Lindens and other trees. The /,. ii/era 
 hiMi iHMHiiiie iiatnmlir.ed in tlio L'liit^'d .States, and has liOfili found 
 
TiuACK^. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ^1 
 
 TUia (0(Xi'pa), the classical nuiiu. of the Limkn-trce ' adoi.ted by Tournef ort -' for this genus, was 
 retained by Linuajus. 
 
 attiickiiig Kliii-treus in Ni'w .IiTScy. (G<inle:i md Foresl, iii. ISO, f. 
 li.) Thf foliugo (if Limluiis in sonic Anicriiiui titi.'s is fiuiiuuntly 
 dfatroyed by Oriji/ia leuco.iliyma. The cUtt'creul, Tilius an- iiften 
 injnrc<l by the lull Web-worm (Ilyphanlria cimea), the Torest Tcnt- 
 ciileriiinur (Clmonimpn siilvntim), by an Incb-worin {llibernia lilia- 
 riii), ami by a Leaf-beetle (Chnifomda militris). Tbey are tnueli 
 infested in Enriipe by tlie larva of a moth (Oriuria i/i.-ymr). It has 
 been intrmlnecd into the I'niteil States, and is almndaut at Med- 
 ford, Massaelnisetts (Ihill. Exp. Ski. .1/<i,m. Agric. Coll. No. 7, IH). 
 Several speeies of A|ihide» often ocenr in hirgo numbers, and seri- 
 ously dialiKure the foliage of Linden-trees, and red mites ( Te.tmiiij- 
 chus) live on these trees in America and in Kurope, where they are 
 
 sometimes so abundant as to " almost denude the trees of their fo- 
 liage." (A. Murray, Enmnmic EntnmnliKjij, Aptem, 1U7.) Lists of 
 the inseets infesting Tilia in Kurope eau be found in Kaltenl);uli's 
 Die l'hm:m-l-Vmile ilus •Ur Cla.w. dtr Insedeii, 70 ; and of llio.-,e 
 found on thes> trees in America in A. S. Packard's lusnts InjunoiLs 
 10 I'oresl and Shade Trees (Hull. 7, U. S. Ihpt. ,./ luleriur, I'll). 
 
 ' Lime, previous to about tlie year 17tX>. appears to have beeu 
 usually written Line (Lino-grove, Shakespeare, Tempe.il, v. 10), a 
 corruption of Lind which by the su«ix en becomes Linden or Lm- 
 di'n-lree. The family name of Linu:eus was derived from that of 
 the Linden-tree. 
 
 - Eliineii.' dc Hulanu/ue, 48-1, t. ;)81. 
 
 ( '/ 
 
 I' 
 
 ' w 
 
 CONSP?:CTUS OF THE NOKTH AJIEUICAN SPECIES. 
 
 Stamena united to a pelaloid scale. 
 Leaves green on both surfaces. 
 
 Leaves glabrous or nearly so ; fruit ovoid .... 
 
 Leaves pubescent on the under surface : fruit globose 
 
 Leaves pale on tlie lower surface ; fruit globose . . • 
 
 1. T. Amkkrana. 
 
 '_'. T. rUllKSCKNS. 
 
 3. T. UETKliOl'ilYLLA. 
 
 (■; 
 
 il 
 
SILVA OF NUirni AMEUILA. 
 
 I'lLIACEvE. 
 
 'I 
 
 TILIA AMERICANA. 
 
 Linden. Basswood. 
 
 Li:avi:s i>ici'n on both surlaccs, jjubesci'iit only in tlio axils of the principal veins. 
 Peduncnlate bract usually taperiuii; at the base. Fruit ovoid. 
 
 Tilia Americanii. Liiina'ii^. Sj.,,-. ,'11. — .MilUr, y^/ci'. eil. 
 8. No. S. — Dii Hoi. //.</•/,/.■. Ii,iiim. ii. -n;;. — Miirsliall. 
 Athiist. Am. l.Mi. — Wanirciilieim, Si'i'ilmn. llnl:.. T>T\. — 
 
 Will.U'iiiiw, .S'/..r. ii. UtVJ, — Di'sfiinlaincs //;.<^ .!/■/.. ii. 
 ■ u. — IVrsiHiii. Siin. ii. (il.'). — llicliaux f. lUst. Arl: Am. 
 iii. :;il,l. 1. — Wals„n, l>,„,h: llr!'. ii. I.'U. t. l:il.— 
 Toirey. /'/. .V. )'. i. 1 Iti.— Um.loii. .1;/.. Hrlt. i. ;!7;{, t. — 
 TiHTi'V lit (iray. F/. .V. Am. i. -■»1*. — Ilit^oluw, /'/. thmt'nt. 
 cil. .">. L'L'T. — ImiuT'^uii. yVv'.-.' MiiSA. t-d. '-*. ii. .">NI, I. — 
 (I'.ay. Hfii. ii. '.•!.'. I. l.'id ; I'ror. Am. Acnil. n. svt. xxii. 
 .'.ii."i. — l)al•lill^'tllll. /'/. Civtr.cA ;i. ;i.S. — Payer. Onjnn. 
 Coin/it. U IS. — C'lia|>iiian. /■'/. ."'.l. — Curtis. lii/i. (litihuj. 
 Sun: X. On: IStill. iii. 7".). — Kocli. Iinnlr. i. 4.S(I. — 
 .Sargent. Furr.^t Tnt.i .V. Am. IIV/, ( Vii.nix I'. S. ix. '-'(>.— 
 Watson \ t'lHilter. (intt/'.s Jinn. v\\. t», 1"1. 
 
 T. CaroUniana. .Miller. Iiict. ed. S. No. 4. — I)n Hoi, llni-U: 
 Jl'inm. ii. -UV,). — Wani^enlieiin. Xni-ihtiii. liih. .^(J. — 
 .Marshall. Arlnixt. Am. l.-.l. 
 
 T. nigra. Itorkli.iusfn. llnmlli. t\.rstl;,t. ii. IL'l'.l. — Haver. 
 
 1'fr/iiniill. JSi't. I'firin, Wicn. xii. .").">. — Sparli. ///'.</. Tc;/. 
 iv. 'J7. 
 
 T. Blabra. Ventenal. .lAv/i. Arm/. Sri. iv. It. t. 'J. — Xaii- 
 I'r'iit Ihiltiunef, i. 'Jl'S. — Wnvvi, Lnm. Itirt. vii. OSI. — 
 I'ursli. /••/. Am. Sfiit. ii. ;ilC'. — Niiitall. Hvii. ii. ,'i. — Do 
 t'andolle. r™//-. i. .M:!. — llayne. Dnuh. Fl. 112. — Kl- 
 liott. ^'A-. ii. 'J. — (iuiinpel. Otto iV ILiyne. Ahtiilil. llnh.. 
 tht. t. I."i. — Dietricli. Sijn. iii. 2.(7. — Hooker, Ft. lior.- 
 Am. i. 1(),S. — Don. Orn. Sijst. i. TiWA. — Darlington, Fl. 
 (Vftr. eil. 2. .'!I2. — Hiclianlson. An-f. Fxjieil. 422. 
 
 T. latifolia, .Salisl>nry. /';•>«/;•. 307. 
 
 T. Canadensis. Michaiix. F/. llnr.-Aiii. i. .SOU. — Persoon. 
 Sijii. ii. Illl. — I'oiivt. l.tim. Diet. vii. (KJ. 
 
 T. pubescens. Koiifmn Ihi/iamrl, i. t. .">1 (not Aiton). 
 
 T. stenopetala, Ualinesiiue, F/ Luilnrir. ".)2. — Kobin, Voij- 
 II,,,: iii. 4,S4. 
 
 T. neKlecta. Spaeli. Aim. Sri. S,it. ner. 2. ii. :i4(). t. 15; 
 lllxt. IV;/. iv. 2'.). — \Val|>er», /iV/i. i. Xt'.). 
 
 A tivc. usually sixty to scvi'iity, or soini'timcs one liiiiKbcil iinil twenty to one huiidi'oil and thirty 
 tVft in licioiit, with a tall slciidci' trunk three or I'oiif feet in diameter, and slender, often jiendnloiis 
 iirant'lu's, the ultiiiitite divisions s|irt'ailiiig nearly at rij^ht ano;les. The hark of the tnnik is about an 
 ineli thick, furrowed, the liolit brown surface broken into small thin scales. The bark of the branuhlets 
 is smooth, li<;iit fjray, faintly tinjred with red, and marked with numerous oblonjj dark wart-liko excres- 
 cences; it liecoines daVker in the second year, and in the third is dark ^\"\y or brown and eons|iicuously 
 riinose. The dark re<i winter-buds iire stout, ovate, and pointed. The leaves are olili(|iiely cordate 
 or .soinetimcs almost truncate iit the ba.se, the tuanuinate apex (tfteii contracted into a loufr slender point, 
 ^ilar^lly and deeply "landidai'-serrate, fi;lai)rous, with the exce]ition of the tufts of rusty brown hairs on 
 tile lower surface in tiie axils of the j)rincipal veins ; they are thick and tirm. lustrous on the upper sui-- 
 t'aee, five or six inches lonj;', three or tour inches broad, and tu'e btnaie (ui slender petioles an inch and 
 a half or two inches lonj;'. They tiuii pale yellow in the iintumn before fallinj;-. 'i'lie |ieiliincidate bract 
 is four (a live inches lim<r. an inch or an inch and a half broad, riuiniled <u' ptiinted at the apex, and 
 taperino- ustially to a short-stalked base. The cyme of ilowers is prodiu'cil on a peduncle three and a 
 half t(t foin- inches liai'j;. The ilowers, borne on slender slijjhtly aiifjled pedieels, open during the lirst 
 wicks of .Inly from buds .sliohtly aii^le(l by the reduplicate marfrins of the sepals, and densely coated 
 with white toinentmn. The sepals are densely hairy tit maturity on the inner, and minutely pubescent 
 on the outer surface. The ovary is hairy, and the fruit, tipped with the reinniuits of the style, is densely 
 covered with shfu't rufous tcanentum. The seed is netu'ly a ijuarter of an inch lonjj;. 
 
 The ncuthern limits of Til'iii Ann rtciiiiii tire in iKU'thern New iiriniswick ; thence it extends west 
 to the eastern shore of Lidie Superior, and then northward and westward to the siuithern shore of Fiake 
 \\'inMi|ieo' and to the valley of the Assinihoine Kiver.' It extends southward thi'ouf^li the Atlantic 
 
 I lt..l„ rt Hell, It, p. (IwUtii. Sun: I'm. 1S7H-HII, Xi. 
 
I'crsoon, 
 
 TUAACKAi. 
 
 SILVA OF XORTir AMERICA. 
 
 53 
 
 states to Virffinia and aloncf the Allprflmny Mountains to Alabama and Georjfia, and west in the United 
 States to eastern Daifota, eastern Neltraska and Kansas, the Indian Tenitory and eastern Texas. 
 
 T'llia Aimrivdiin is one of the most eonnnon trees in the noitliern forest. It ocenijied, before the 
 coinitry was {generally cleared, larj^e tracts of the richest land to the exclusion of other trees, or often 
 formed two thirds of the forest j^rowth. Its usual associates in the forest, when it <«tows with other 
 trees, are tlu! Suf^ar Maple, the White Elm, the White Oak, and the Hickories. It is less eonnnon 
 towards the southern and western limits of its rann'e than it is near the northern l)oun(hiry of the I iiited 
 States; ieaehin<i[, however, its greatest size on the i)ottom-lan(ls of the streams which How from the nortli 
 into the lower Ohio Ri\er.' 
 
 The wood of Tillit Ainiricdiiii contains numerous obscure medullary rays; it is li<;'ht brown, 
 faintly tinged with red, and hardly distinguishable from the thick sapwood consisting usually of from 
 tifty-Hve to sixty-five layers of annual growth. The siiecitic gravity of tlie alisolutely dry wood is 
 ().4r)lJ;"), a cul)ic foot of the dry wood weighing 28.20 pounds. It is largely sawed into lumber, and 
 under the name of whitewood is used in the manufacture of wooden ware, cheap furniture, the panels 
 and bodies of carriages, and the inner .soles of shoes. It is one of the woods principally used in 
 America in the manufacture of paj)er pulp, the (piick dec(miposition of the sap, however, making it 
 untit for white paper. The inner bark is occasionally maile into coarse cordage and matting, although 
 this industry has never attained any importance in the United States. 
 
 The earliest mention of the Linden in America appears in the remonstrance carried to Holland in 
 lG4i( by a delegation of the citizens of New Netherlaud under the lead of Adrien Van dcr Donck, and 
 printed at the Hague in Ki/iO.- It was described by Plukenet^ in 17(R), and was first sent to England 
 by Catesby, and cultivated at Chelsea by Philiji Miller in 17")2.* 
 
 The large size which the American Linden attains in good soil,'' its graceful habit, rapid growth, 
 ample dark green foliage and fragrant flowers, make it one of the most desiralili' ornamental trees in 
 the northern p;..t of the United States, where it suffers less from insects than any of the foreign species 
 which have been 'planted there. Several Lindens have appeared in Einopean nurseries which must be 
 considered varieties of the American Linden, or as hybrids inlluenced by it.'' 
 
 I HiilKwiiy, I'm: U. S. \iil. Mus. 1H8-J, (il. 
 
 J " Tlifrc iiiv tliree viiricties uf beec-li, — watiT I)ihh'1i, coniiiioii 
 U'l'cli, :iiul Iit'ilj;!' Ih'ci'Ii, — alst) iixi'*hiuulli> wckhI, two spct-ics uf Oii- 
 nm> wDtii), iisli, hire]), lir, lirf'-'vuixl. wild cciliir, liiuton, uldcr. willow, 
 tln)rti, i'lilfp, antl many other kimis, useful for various purposes, luit 
 liukuown to us hy nanu', and wliieli tlu' earpeliters will be glati to 
 Rubiuit for exauiiuatit)!!." (Itf'iirf.-ftntatiiiii fnmt \'w-Xi'thfr-htiid, 
 t'liiictmini/ tht' SiliKitinii, Fniitfulufsn, iiml /thtr ( 'nintitiint of ihr mniit'. 
 KugViah I'd. rioiiry ('. Murphy, 1 1.) 
 
 "The Line-true with lon^ nuts, the other kiiul 1 eould never find ; 
 the wooil of this Tree, Laurtd, Khanuuis, Holly, and Ivy, are ae- 
 counted for woudt) that eause tire liy attriliiui." {An Ai'ivunl of 
 Tint rovm/u III Xrw hUnihviil, hy .John ilosselyn, (ient., 0!), 10".").) 
 
 ■' Tiliii ntiijiVtnaimis tfliihri^ j'liius^ noslritli .liittills.ex T'rrii Miiri- 
 .Hid, Mm. Iliil. Miiiil. ISl. 
 
 Tiliit /unit mnjorifius miirroniili.t, Clayton, /•'/. \'in/iii. .'»S, — Uuha- 
 nud, Triiit-' ilfa Arlmn, ii. Il'll. 
 
 Titiit fnliii riirilillis iiriimiiiillU't si-rntli-; .tnlitit.t fiilnsisjlnrihits inrln- 
 riit iiixlnicli.1, Miller. Ilirl. eil. (i, Xo. :i, 
 
 Tiliit fitULt nirilitlit olilli[iu,-t f/liihris .tufis' rrutU rum (tciiiiniii\ l/finfnis 
 nMiiriu iiLtlrurtix, Miller, Du't. ed. 0, No. .!. 
 
 < .\iton, lliirl. Keir. il. 'J'J9. 
 
 * 'I'iliii Amenritiiit is kiH>\vu in some parts vif theeouutiy a^ I.irrje- 
 tree, \Vhitewoo<l, Liu, and llee-tree. 
 
 * 'I'lUti AmiriL-ana MuUkt, — Tilia hi/firiiln ^u/wrtm, eie. 
 
 I , 
 
 '7 
 
 
 I 
 
 f il 
 
 I 
 
 Atlantic 
 
ikM-'^*i:i- 
 
 ~ 
 
 EXPLANATION OK THE PLATES. 
 
 Pl.ATK XXIV. TlMA AMKitll ANA. 
 
 1. A flowering branch, natural sizt 
 
 '-'. Diagram of a tlowcr. 
 
 ;i. A flower, witli two of tii« sepals and Detals removed, enlarged. 
 
 4. A cluster of stanuns. with their petaloid scale, enlarged. 
 
 5. A stamen enlarged. 
 
 0. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged, 
 
 7. A cross section of an ovary, enlarged. 
 
 8. An ovule, nuicli enlarged. 
 
 Pl.ATK XXV. TiLlA AmKKK ANA. 
 1 . A fruiting branch, natural si/e. 
 'J. N'ertical section of u fruit, enlarged. 
 H. Cross seciion of a fruit, enlarged. 
 
 4. A seed, enlarged. 
 
 5. An embryo, with the Uve-lobed cotyleduus displayed, much eidarged. 
 
 
•'•/ 
 
 (ii 
 
 j^ 
 
 1 ' 
 
 i 
 
li L 
 
I! 
 
 !( 
 
 .'I 
 
 ii 
 
 \i 
 
 s ;i 
 
 ;iL!A AMERICANA 
 
Ill 
 
 < ^ ■» 
 
 
 ^^:^^m 
 
I i 
 
 I 
 
 ii 
 
 '( 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 i" 
 
 
 1 
 ! 
 
 !> 
 

 Mm^U:.: 
 
 i-M 
 
 > ^ ■» 
 
 V 
 
'■y 
 
 
 \\ 
 
 » 
 
 I, 
 
 i; 
 
 rr 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 It 
 
 'ILIA AMKHiCANA 
 

 H' 
 
 HI 
 
 TILIAC 
 
 Podi 
 
 TlUa 
 8p 
 
 Si. 
 (or 
 iii. 
 <)<>] 
 
 r.9 
 
 Itn 
 
 Vi 
 
 30 
 
 T. Ar 
 
 T. la 
 
 in di; 
 niinii 
 of tl 
 secoi 
 with 
 brow 
 renii: 
 
 Kti()ll 
 
 are i 
 
 loiifj 
 loilj^ 
 pedii 
 icdU 
 May 
 hrov 
 
 swai 
 Geo 
 the 
 
 apiK 
 
 ' 1 
 
 ■' I 
 
 (liatr 
 It wi 
 
 I I 
 
 b V^ ^, 
 
ii 
 
 TILIACKiG. 
 
 SILVA OF iXOHTIl AJimiJCA. 
 
 55 
 
 TILIA PUBESCENS, 
 
 Linden. Basswood. 
 
 t '■/ 
 
 Yoixii shoots and lower surf'acf of the leaves covered with rufous pubescence, 
 i'cclunculatc bract usually rounded at the base. Fruit globular. 
 
 Tilia pubescens, Aiton, Uorf. Krw, ii. L"J'.). — Willdeiiow. 
 S/in: ii. 1 IG'J. — Veiiti'imt, Mifin. Anid. Sei. iv. 1(1, t. ;(. — 
 Suiiniiu iJiihiinul, i, 'J'-'H. — Penoon, Syn. ii. (iO. — Oen- 
 fontnincs, Ui.it. Arli. ii. '^'. — Micliaiix f. J/ist. Arl>. Am. 
 iii. ;!17, t. ;(. — I'urHh. /•'/. Am. Sr/it. ii. .'Jti:?. — l)e Ciiii- 
 cliiUe, J'niilr. i. ."illi. — lliiyne. Ihiitlr. Fl. 11:.'. — KUii)tt. 
 .S'^-. ii. ,'!. — Wtttnoii, Detulr. lirit. ii. t. 13r>. — Don, Geii, 
 Syst. i. r>')'A. — Diutricli, Si/n. iii. 237. — Chapman. Ft. 
 59. — Curtis. Jii\'j. Uvnlnij. Sun: N. Car. 1860, iii. 79.— 
 Bayer, Verhamll. Hot. I'iniii, Wiiii, xii. M't. — Kooh, 
 iJrnilr. i. 479. — Gray. /Vw. Am. Aniil. n. str. xxii. 
 ,30.">. — Watson & Coulter. Griii/'.i Man. cd. (i. 101. 
 
 T. Americana. Walter, /'/. Car. 153 (not Linnajus). 
 
 T. laxiflora. .Midiaux. Fl. lior.-Am. i. 300. — I'oiret, Lnm. 
 
 Dirt. vii. 08.'!. — I'lrsoon, Syn. ii. 60. — I'lirali. Fl. Am. 
 
 Sipt. ii. 36;t. — Klliott. Sk. ii. '.'. — I)e Can.li.llc, fn„lr. 
 
 i. 513 Hayne, Dfitdr. Fl. U.'l. — Diutricli, Sy)i. iii, 
 
 237. — IXin. Urn. Synl. i, ,5.53, — .Spaeth. Ann. S'i. Xnl. 
 
 '.' ser, ii. :U;!, t. 15; ///.<^ ('.;/, iv. 32. 
 T. grata. Sali^l.ury. I',„,/r. .m. 
 T. truncata. .Spaoh. Ann. .S'./, Xnt. 2 »er. ii. ;<12 : Hist. I'nj. 
 
 iv. 3(1. — Diftiich. .S''/«. iii. 2.'17. 
 T. Americana, var. pubescens, I.imuIoii, .!/•//. Itrit. i 374, 
 
 t— (iray, .I/"", ed, .5. 103; ll.ill I'l. Tij-ns. Tt. — Sat- 
 
 gent. F>i;sl Tma S. Am. \()tli Cmsiis I'. S. ix. 27, 
 T. Americana, var. Wolteri. Wood, CI. Ii'>nl;, 272 : lint. A- 
 
 Fl. tU. 
 
 A ,sniall tree, tliiitv or forty i't'i't in lit'if^lit, with .i trunk ran-ly exi'ccdiiifj twelve or fifteen inelies 
 in diameter. The hark of the trunk is a half to two thirds of an ineli thick, furrowed, and divided into 
 nunienuis parallel ridfjes, the reddish hrown surface l)n)ken into iiunierous short thick scales. The bark 
 of the hranches, densely covered with jiuhescencc durinjj their first season, is ]iuhernlous duriiifj the 
 second, and does not hecome j^jlahrous until the third year, when it is red-lirown, rui;osc, and marked 
 with occasional small wart-like excrescences. The winte!'-i)uds ai'u flattened, acuminate, dark reddish 
 brown, and covered with short due jiubesceiice. The leaves arc i)blii|uely trun<ate at the base, rather 
 remotely jjlandidar-serrate, pulu ■.cent when they fir.st unfold, esjiecially on tlu/ lower surface, petioles ami 
 stipules, the upper surface becoming (piite <r|abrous, and the lower surface nearly so at niaturity. They 
 are thin, membranaceous, and vary in lenijth from two (>i three inches to four or five, and are Ixn'ne on 
 lon<r .stout or sometimes exceedinjjiy slender ]>etioles. The pedunculate bract is three or four inches 
 \mv^, usually .sessile or very short-stalked, rounded at cho two extremities, the midiib, as well as the 
 peduncle and flower-buds, covered with jiuheseence. The Howers are smaller than those of TiJia Aimr- 
 iriin'i, with shorter and narrower calyx-lobes and narrow petals. Tiiey open in South (Jarolina late in 
 May and durinj; the first days of June. The ovary is covered with dense white tomentum which is pale 
 brown when the fruit is full grown. 
 
 The northern station of TUla jntb('.tr('ii.'< is on Long Island, where this tree has been found in a 
 swamp in Wading Hiver, Suffolk (Jounty.' It grows on the coast of North and South Carolina and 
 Georgia, in northern Florida, Louisiana, and occasionally in Texas, where it has been seen as far west as 
 the Kio 'Uanco.'- 
 
 Tilf iiiihi.'ircii.'< is nowhere a common tree. On the coast of South Carolina and Georgia, where it 
 appears moie freijuently perhaps than in other parts of the country, it is usually fomid growing on the 
 
 * E. S. Miller. Ill Iferh. Graij. several |H>ints lietweeii it.s isolated iiortlierii station and Nortli Car- 
 
 * By N. .]. Reverehoii in 18K,"> near the town of lilaneo. The oiiiiii. and any Linden npproarliinj; the eoast of southern New.ler- 
 »listriliiition nf Tilia puitfarnis i.s not yi't satisfaetorily dfterniined. sey, or southward, niijjht he 'iiis species, which will no douhl he 
 It will probahly he found growing along the Atlautiu seahoanl at found, too, on the (iult eou.st of Aluhama and Mississippi. 
 
 - \ 
 
^Mj^^Mmkm 
 
 50 
 
 SUA A OF NORTH AMKlilCA. 
 
 TILIACEiE. 
 
 low bluffs of the sea islands in rich loam mixed with oyster-sbells, the remains of Indian settlements or 
 feeding-places, or along the banks of tide-water streams in rich sandy humid soil. It grows here with 
 the Live Oak, the Hickories, the Palmetto, and the Carolina Cherry or Mock Orange ; never, however, 
 ni sufficient numbers or of sufficient size to possess any commercial importance. 
 
 The wood of T'did jndu .^•«;^s does not differ in appearance from that of Tilia Amtricaiirt. The 
 specific I'-ravity of the ab.sohitcly dry w> od of a tree from Bainbridge, Georgia, is 0.4074, a cubic foot 
 of the dry wood w\^i'j-hing _'">.I>!) pounds. 
 
 7'i/iii /iiihisriiis VMS. accovding to Aiton,' who first distinguished the species, introduced into 
 England by Mark Catesl>v about 1V:2(>. The variety /c^jtoy^/iy/f/, with larger and thinner leaves, was 
 established by Venteni-.t on the LouisisMia tree." 
 
 ' Ilorl. Keic. ii. 'J'."J. fi'. 'ublua puhescmlibut, AUin. Ami. .S'ci. iv. 11. — I'ursli, tt. Am. 
 
 '' F')iit.< basi uMi'/w iruncatif, ta-" str'atif. tmumimis, subpapyrn- Sepi. ii. 363. —Gray, Prat. .iwi. Acad. n. acr. xidi. 305. 
 
 EXPLANATION OK THE PLATE. 
 
 l'(..\TK XXVL Tilia Puiiesckn.s. 
 
 1. A floweriiif; branch. 
 
 2. A group of ."tamens, with iheir petoloid scale, enlarged. 
 .■?. A pistil, enlarged. 
 
 4. A chister of fruit. 
 
 '>. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 
 
I 
 
 V* 
 
 f':). 
 & 
 
 Ul 
 
 
fool, 
 
1 
 
 
 w 
 
 ^ 
 
 a(^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ,1A P!!liK;"i:FN; 
 
 v« 
 
 (.y 
 
 I' 
 
 .i i 
 
WitWi^tiidmm.: »», 
 
 I 
 
 V i 
 
it 
 
 ;.i.^<.KiK. 
 
 i>ILVA OF NOllTU AMERICA. 
 
 67 
 
 TXLIA HETEROPHYLLA. 
 
 Linden. Bee Tree. 
 
 Leavls pale OH the lower surface. Poclunculato bract tapering to a short-stalked 
 or sessile base. Fruit globose. 
 
 Tilia heteropbylla, Ventcnat. Mini. Acml. Sri. iv. ICi, t. 
 C). — NoHceaii DuhaniiL i. L'2'.l. — Pniret. L'lin. IMrt. vii. 
 083. — I'ursli, M. Am. Sr,.f. ii .mX — Xiittall. (ini. ii. 
 3; Sylm. 1.9(1. t. 2.'!. — Ife CiiiuloUc. /'/We. i. r.l.S — 
 Dietrich, Si/ii. iii. 2ii7. — Oon, Gen. Sijst. i. 'tTi'A. — Spaeli, 
 
 II. sei'. xxii. 305. — Watson A; Coulter, fjtiitjA M>in. ed. 
 C, 1(11. 
 T. alba. .Micliaux f. Hist. Arh. Am. iii. \\\:>. t. 'J (nut 
 Aitoii). — Katun i\c Wri-lit. IM. 1,">1.'. — Diiiliy. /.'"/. .S'. 
 Slilt.:!. '.'(IL'. 
 
 Ann. Hci. Xiit. »eT.'i,n. 'M'>; l/inl. ('<';/. iv. .'54. — 'I'oiicv T. Amerioana, var. heteropbylla, Loudon, Arli. Jirit. i. 
 & Gray, Fl. A'. Am. i. 239. — Chapman, Fl. (10. — Cur- .'>7.">, I. 
 
 ti.s. Heji. Gi'oliy. Sun: X. Cur. ISOO, iii. "'.). — liaycr, 
 Verhanill. lio:. Verehi, JVicn, xii. 51. — Uid(;way, J'roc. 
 t'. ... Nat. Mus. 1882, 61. — Sargent, Forest Trees .V. 
 Am. Will Census U. S. ix. 27. — Gray, Fror. Am. Acail. 
 
 T. heteropbylla, var. alba. Wood. CI. Jim,/.: 272 ; Jht. it 
 
 F/. til. 
 T. heterophyllo-nigra. liayer. VerhamU. Hot. Vereln. 
 
 Willi, xii. ,'i2. 
 
 A tree, fifty to sixty feet in height, with ;i trunk three or limr feet in diameter, and slender 
 branches wliieh form f];enerally a narrow rather pynunidal head. Tlie bark of the trunk is half an inch 
 thiuk, furrowed, t!ie surface broken into siiort thin li<^ht brown scales. The l)ark of the branclilets is 
 glabrous, jrreen, or, when they iiave grown fully exjiosed to the sun, bright red, gradually turning brown 
 during their second year, aiul plainly marked with many large oblong wart-like excrescences. The stout 
 broadly ovate flattened winter-buds are bright red, covered witii a slight glaucous bloom. The leaves 
 are ol)li(juely triuicate or cordate at the base, the ajiex usually contracted into a short point, serrate with 
 rather remote short glanduLir teeth. They are nienibranaceoiis, six or seven inches long, fotu- or five 
 inclies broad, and are borne on long slender jietioles ; they are bright green and glabrous on the uiijier. 
 pale or often silvery white on the lower surface, which is covered with short fine pubescence. The 
 pedunculate bract is four or five inches long, obovate, generally less than an inch broad, roinided at 
 the apex, iind gradually narrowed into a .sessile or short-stalked base. The flowers appear early 'i •June, 
 or, on the moinitains of Tennessee and Carolina, late in dune or early in .luly. They are larger tjinn 
 those of the other American species, with narrow calyx-lobes, pubescent on the inner, and pu's'inlc , r 
 the outer surface, and narrow jietals rather shorter than the long style. The ov.iry is ci, . witli 
 dense white tomentum, and the fruit i.s pubescent with short closely appressed ciiu'tcoiis hairs. 
 
 Tile northern limit of 'J'illri In li roji/ii/lid is in the mountains of Peiinsyh.niia ; it ext"iicl-^ -'i\itli- 
 ward through the Alleghany-mountain region to northern Alaliania and to western and centra! Fidrid •, 
 and westward to middle Tennessee and Kentiuky and southern Indi;i ; and Illinois. It is coni'non on 
 the slopes of the iiigh mountains of the southern states, reaching its best develo|imcnl on thosf of e ist- 
 ern Teinie.ssee. 
 
 Tilia /utiroj)hi/lla Ls found on rich wooded slopes in rather humid soil, or near the banks of 
 streams, often growing in limestone soil. The trees with which it is often assrxiated arc the Tulip 
 roplar, llie Yellow Uuckeye, the White Ash, tlie Sorrel-tree, the Wiiite Hirch. the Mountaii' Mignolia, 
 tile lb iiilnck, the (ireat Khododendroti, and the Chestnut and lied Oaks. 
 
 The wood of 'J'iliii III l( rn/i/ii/ll(i resendiles that of the other .Vieeriean Lindens. Tli(> sapwuad is 
 mucli lliinner. however, being reduced sometimes *•) five or six layers of annual growth with a thickiu'ss 
 of only half an inch. The specific gravity of the al).soliiteiy <lry wood is 0.-I'J.")l(, a cubic foot of tiie 
 
 ' l.iiki' C'htirni, CJrun^u County, 'rhi'uiloi-e 1.. .Mi'udc. 
 
 4 \ 'I, 
 
 hi ■ 
 
 !i I 
 
 i 
 
V' 
 
 -*5»'fc^. 
 
 58 
 
 sjLVA OF xoirni ameiuva. 
 
 TIl.lACK.l- 
 
 « r ! 
 
 dry wood wei«^liiii^ 20.51 pounds. It is coufouiuled eonnuercudly with the wood of TiUa J^avrknna, 
 and is used for the s;une purposes. 
 
 T'tliit /ufcroj)/i//Ii(( was first distinguished hy the French l>i»tanist Ventenat,' whose monograph of 
 the genus Tihii was puhlished in 1802. It had heen previously iijtroihieed into Euiopean gardens by 
 the ekler Miehaux ■ and by Fraser, although the fact that two species of Tilia were growing in the Alle- 
 ghany Mountains seems to have escaped their notice, as well as that of the other botiinists who visited 
 that part of tlie country before the beginning of the present centiu-y. 
 
 77//"// //( fcrnj}/f////(( probably soon disappeared from gardens ; and in cultivation it is still one of 
 the rarest of the trees which inhabit the cooler parts of North America. Few North American trees, 
 however, surpass it in beauty of foliage ; and the contrast made by the silvery whiteness of the under 
 surface of its ample leaves, as they flutter on their slender stems, with tlie dark green of the Hemlocks 
 and Laurels on the banks of rapid mountiiin streams, produces one of the most beautiful effects which 
 can be setn in the splendid forests which clothe the valleys of the southern Appalachian Mountiiins. 
 
 ' Etienne Pierre Ventenat (17ri7-1808) ; a distinguished French 
 botiinist, author of several iir.portant works, the l>cst kuuwn \wing 
 
 his Desrription des PlanUs J^dmvelles <yn pen Connu€S, CHltivt'en dutis 
 le Jiirdiu dc J . M. Cels, jmblislii'd in Paris in 1H(K), and the smni>- 
 tiious Jttrdin de la Malmni.^on, published in Paris in 1H(K^— t, under 
 the auspii'es nt" the Kuiprt'ss .lost'phiiio. 
 
 '^ Andrd Mii'hiiiix (ITlti-lHO'J) ; a Kreiu-h bcitanist wl'n residi'd 
 in AnuTiua from 178."> to IT'.M), fur the purpose of studying for tiie 
 Frciu'li LTovt'rnnunt the plant." and natunil rt-HOurees of tlie eoniitrv. 
 Mm uaux tnivi'led extensively in the region enst of the Mississifipi 
 
 River, from Hudson's Bay to Florida, and discovered many planU 
 afterwards described by A. Uiehard in the Flora lioreiili-Aynericatia, 
 published in Paris in 1S03. Michaux's name as author appears on 
 till? title-piige of this classical work, which was nut published until 
 after his death, and upon that of the HUloire df.f Cfune.f de CAmi- 
 riifUf, published in ISOl, after Michaux hud left France for Mada* 
 gasci.r, where he died of fever. The journal of his travels in 
 America, presented by Ids son, F. A, Michaux, to the American 
 i'hilosuphical S<H'iety, was published in 188U in volume xxvi. of the 
 PrMceeibngs of that society. 
 
 KXPLANATION OF THK PLATE. 
 
 
 I'lATi; XXVII. TlI.IA IIKTKI ;!YI.I.A. 
 
 I. A cluster of ilowers. witii its pt'duncuIiUe In-act. 
 
 '2. W'rlical seotinri of a tlower, ctilar^cd. 
 
 3. A fruitiiisj lirancli. 
 
 1. Cross section of a fruit, witli iwn seeds developeil, onlarjjed. 
 
 •'>. A seed, eiilarffi'd. 
 
 t). Vfrtioal section of a seed, enlar^'ell. 
 

 ! 1 
 
'M^J^Mis^im 
 
 [fTT 
 
 
 AOH 
 
! 
 
 Ii 
 
 .-«-«-< -^ 
 
 /•> 
 
 in \ 
 
 (ii 
 
 i (I 
 
 ' U 
 
 /;. 
 
 i 
 
 TILIA HETKROPHYl.l.A 
 

 ,~.;xmm..'Mui« 
 
i 
 
 ZYUOPUYU^CEjK 
 
 SJLVA OF AOliTJJ AMERICA. 
 
 m 
 
 H 
 
 GFAIAC UM. 
 
 Flowkrs perfect, terminal, solitary or umhcllate-fasciclcd ; calyx 5 or rarely 
 4-lobed, inil)ricatecl in iustivation, decicluous ; petals as many as the lobes of the calvx, 
 imbricated in aestivation, hypogynous ; stamens hyj)ogynous, the filaments naked or 
 squamate. Fruit fleshy, 2 to 5-celled, dehiscent ; albumen corneo-cartilaginous, rimose. 
 Leaves tbruptly pinnate. 
 
 Quaiacum, Linnicus, lift\. 140. — A. L. de Ju»aieu, (rf/t. 
 290. — Adaiison, Fam. t'l. ii. .'>07. — Kndlioher, Geii. 
 1164. — Meisner, Gen. 59. — Gray. Gen. III. ii. 121; 
 Proe. Am. Acad. ii. scr. xxii. liOiV — lieiitham & lIoDker, 
 Oen. i. 207. — Baillon, Hist. I'l. iv. tJOS. 
 
 Porlieria. Rui?. i I'avim. Prmlr. m. t. 9. — Meisucr. Gen. 
 r>9. — Kudlielier, Gi-n. 1104. — Uentkam & Hooker, Gen. 
 i. 208. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with white scaly bark, .stout terete alternate l)raiieli('s often witli swollen nodes, and 
 hard resinous wood. Leaves petiolate, opposite, al)ru[)tly pinnate, witli two to fourteen entire retieuhite- 
 veined leaHets, and minute more or less deeiduoiLs stipules. P'lowei-s pedunculate from tiie Mxils of 
 minute deciduous bracts, l)lue or purple. Sejiais sli<jhtly united at the \y.i--v. uiuMpuil. Petals l)roadly 
 obovate, more or less unguiculate. Stamens ten, inserted on tlie siiort iiieonspieuous or elevated tlisk 
 opposite to and alternate witli the j)etal-; filaments filiform, naked or bearinjr at the base on the inner 
 surface a minute membranaceous scale ; anthers obloni^, fixed near the base, introrse, two-celled, the cells 
 opening lonj^fitudinallj'. I'iNtil of two or five united carpels ; ovary raised on a short thick stalk, obo- 
 vate or clavate, two to Hve-iobed and two to five-cellrd, contracted into a slender sui)ulate acute style ; 
 Btijjma minutely two to five-toothed or entire; ovuh's eight to ten in each cell, sus]iende(l in pairs from 
 its inner angle by a slender funiculus, anatropous ; the ra])lie ventral. Fruit smooth, coriaceous, nar- 
 rowed at the base into a short .stem, with two to live wing-like angles, ventrally and .scmietimes dorsjilly 
 delii.sccnt. Seeds solitary or sometimes in pairs in eai'h cell, suspended, ovoiil ; testa thick and Heshy, 
 easily separating fi'im the hard l)ony nucleus closely invested with a thin indistinct tegiMcn. Kinbryo 
 straight or nearly so ; cotyledons oval, foliaceou.s, incumbent or sometimes accinnbent to the axis of 
 the fruit ; radicle short, superior.' 
 
 The genus Guaiacum, extended to include Porlieria, is found in the West Indies, in the countries 
 adjacent to the Caril)bean Sea and the gulfs of Mexico and ('aliforiiia. and in the Andes of IVru. Bot- 
 anists have distinguished about eight species, although further ex|)lorations in southern Mexico and in 
 Central America, where seem to be the headquarters of the genus, may be expected *!> increasi' the nuiii- 
 ber. Tiie two- species first known occur in the West Indies, One of thcM' rej.clies the South Ameri- 
 can continent, and the other the keys of southern Florida and the Bahama Islands, the most northern 
 stations of the genus. One species^ is found in western Texas anil the af'ijacent regions of Mexico, 
 
 * Ami (iniy lias |H)iiit(Ml imt (/'/. H nijht. i. 'JS. — Smiths/mian 
 Cotilnf'- iii.) that the pusitinii of the ,''>tyUHlolLJ of Pnrtorm ■ '/ijnh. 
 fnitnrtt. Kiti/ ,\: Piivoii, is imt iiniforin, thiit they are occ:Lsiiiii;ill\ in- 
 fiiiiibcnt in Guaiantm orJifinale. U. (Pnic. Am. .iiiiii. ii. ser. xxii. 
 ;UK>). anil tliiit thi' si)uaiiMlrrmis hhuin'iits ilrpi-iiihil uii to si'paiMti- 
 I'lirlieria frolii (iiiuiiu'iitu air suiiii>tinit>s fiMiiiil in linih ^i-ni'Mi. wliih> 
 thi> tluwiTH ot' (itiatiwitm jHtn'ijIorum art' Hunietinu's tctrauioruini as 
 
 wi'U as fu'iit<llnt'rn:iM. iiaiiion (.If/dNAViiiiVi, x. 31,~>) ri'at'ht'il I'lU'liiT 
 till- sitiiK' (HaK-lusion, anil uiiiti'd Porlieria to (iuaiacum. 
 
 - (iuitiiirum ufficinali, l.iuna'us, .S/i,t\ ItSI, Cruaiiimm sanctum. Lin- 
 iiiiMis, S/tcr. 'M'l. 
 
 ■' (iiiititifuw tintf'i.ftii'iilinm. Knixt'liiiann, Wi.ilucnu.t Memoir of a 
 Tour in Sorthem Mexico (Senulf Ooc. 18-4S), Hut, .\|i(ix. llli, — 
 (iriiy, (Jen. III. ii, l'J3, t, 14U. 
 
 P\ 
 
 It 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 laia ■2.5 
 
 150 ""^^ IrnlSBi 
 
 ^ 1^ 12.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.4 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sdences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 23 WIST MAIN STRiET 
 
 WIBSTIR.N.Y. 14S80 
 
 (716)872-450 J 
 
 ■^' 
 
s ^^ 
 
 <5? ..W 
 
'i 
 
 60 
 
 SILVA OF iXOJiT'i AMERICA. 
 
 ZYGOl'IIYLLACE^. 
 
 where it is common on the dry yjravelly mesas of the valley of tlie lower Rio Grande. A second North 
 AniLM'iean species' is common m Sonora. and at least three little known species are found in southern 
 Mexico and in Gautcmala. One species- is widely distrihuted through the northern countries of South 
 America from Cartagena to Venezuela, and a second South American species inhabits the Andes of 
 Peru.;' Ouaiaiiou olJirlii'lc, (iuaiiwuni K(iiivtiiiii,aw\ Gn(ilnci())i (irbomnn are small trees. The other 
 species which with GiKuavum (irhorcinn form the section Porliur'iu or GualucidiuDi * are distinguished 
 hy their usually sijuamulose filaments, and are all low shrubs. 
 
 Heavy dense close-grained resinous wood is peculiar to all the species of the genus. The cells of 
 the heartwood are tilled with dark-colored resin, which gives it a dark greenish or yellow-brown color, 
 while the sapwood, which is not resinous, is clear yellow. The Lignum-vitie and the Guaiacum resin" of 
 commerce are produced principally by the two West Indian species, G. officinale and G. sanctum.'' The 
 wood of these two trees, which is not distinguishable, owes its great strength to the peculiar intricate 
 arrangement of the wood-fibre." The medullary rays, whicii are numerous and equidistiint, are not 
 visible to the naked eye, and the layers of annual growth are hardly distinguishable, although the 
 numerous circles formed by alternate darker and lighter bands which appear in the wood of these treos 
 are sometimes mistaken for them. Lignum-vitie is largely used for the sheaves of ship-blocks, for mal- 
 lets, skittle-balls, and ten-pin balls, and for similar purposes. 
 
 Guaiacum wood enjoyed for centuries after the discovery of America a repuUitiou as a remedy for 
 syphilis ; " it is now, however, only retained in the materia medica as an ingredient in the compound 
 decoction of sarsaparilla. The resin is a stimulating diaphoretic and alterative, and is sometimes 
 employed in the treatment of gout and rheumatism." 
 
 Guaiacum, owing to its reported medicinal virtues, was one of the first plants of the New World 
 to attract the attention of Europeans. Oviedo y Valdes, who landed in America in 1514, describes the 
 tree under the aboriginal name of Guayacan, the Palo Suiicto of the early colonists.'" This was the 
 ^r. (ijficinale ; Oviedo knew, however, of the existence of a second species which he found on the island 
 of Porto Rico or Sanct .Tolian, where it was known also as Palo Sancto, the name which Linna>us 
 has preserved for it. Oviedo's first work on the Natural History of America was published in l.'32G. 
 Guaiacum, however, was known in P^uropc some years earlier. The stories of its medical virtues, told by 
 the natives of San Domingo, were soon repeated in Spain and attracted the attention of European physi- 
 cians. One Gonsalvo Ferrand has the reimtation of having carried it to Europe about 1508 ; " and 
 three works describing its virtues were published in Germany previous to 1520.'- 
 
 * Guaio'itm Coutteri, (imy, /V. Xnv. Thurb, U12 {Mem. Am. Acad, 
 n. scr. v.). 
 
 '^ fitiaionim arhoreum, De Camlolle, Protlr. i. 707. — (iuibourt, 
 Hial. /Jrni). I'd. 7, iii. RIU (XiigophiiUum arborcum, Jiu:(|uiii, /'/. .\mcr. 
 i;)0, t. NO). 
 
 * f'ttiitvum Ay^i/ro/Hf/riVum, Hailloti, /If/rin.fofu'd, X. 315 {Porlitriti 
 hitgroih'rii, Hiii?. & I'livnii, Si/.^l. !•!. — Guibouit, Z/inl. ifroi/. ud. 
 7, iii. iWill), till' tyi>e of tlii) gcmis I'urlicrin. 
 
 « Crny, f-V.,. ///. ii. 121. 
 
 * In tlie isliuiil of Sftii I)omiii|^o, whore (iiiaincuni rosin is oliiotiy 
 produucti, it is collootod from the trunks of the troos in part iis ii 
 niituriil rxudution, iiiul soniotinios from inoi.sions niudo in tlio Lurk. 
 It is otitninod also by boating oliips of tlic wootl, or by sotting llro 
 to thu onds of logs supportoil in a borizontjil position abovo tlio 
 grouiul on upright bars, a birgo incision having boon niado provi- 
 ously in the niiddlu of tho tnnik ; tho rosin, liipioiioil Ity tlio lioat, 
 Hows from tho otit in tho trunk in rousidorablo abuudunoo. (KIUt>k< 
 igor iS; Ilanbnry, Phitniuwoi/rnithiii. 9."i. ) 
 
 " Tho wood of fiuaittriint wufii,^lil'iiliiim is looally oniploycd in 
 mcUicino in the sanio niunnor as that of tbo Wcat IniJiiui trees, 
 
 Wislizcnus, Memoir of a Tour in Northern Mexico {Senate Doc. 
 IH4H), Hot. A]tpx. li;t ; and tho wootl of (f. arboreum is said to bo 
 sonu'tinios exported in small quantities from the United States of 
 C'ohunbia. 
 ' lirowne, Nat. Ili.it. Jam. 220. — I.iiidley, Nal. Sysl. Hot. ed. 2, 
 
 i;n. 
 
 ** The troatnu'Ut with (luaiacum oonsisted in eonHning the piu 
 tiont in a elosod room boated to a high temperature, and in admin- 
 isteriug twice a day, for several days, eopiuns doses of a milk-warm 
 deeootiou propartMl from tho wood. It was generally reeugnized in 
 the boginniug of the present ooutury that (iuaiaoum w.is powerless 
 to eradicate the vonoroul poison. {Mat. Mril. lirit. od. 1807.) 
 
 " Ilerg, I'harm. Anal. All. 53, t. 27. — Flllekiger & Ilaubury, 
 Phannaeo(jraphiii, IHi. — • (iuibourt, }Iisl. Drat/, od. 7, iii. 551. 
 
 '** .VuwKiri'o, cap. Ixxv. ; lii.tt. Gen. Nat. fnil. lib. 10, eap. 2. 
 
 " •lonatluiu IVreira, KleminU Mat. Metl. ed. 2, ii. 105;i. 
 
 '* De nira Morhi ttalliri per Litjnnm Gwii/iicanum tifiettm, printed 
 in l.-i:t5, but ilatod Doeendier Ii), 1517. 
 
 he mnrbo fiallieo tractatH.1, Salisburgi, November, 1518. 
 
 Ulrichi de llulten tquitii de Uuaiaci medicina el morbo Oallico liber 
 
 \ ^ 
 
 li 
 
li 
 
 i'iiyi.lacka:. 
 
 iL'oiul North 
 in southern 
 ies of South 
 le Andes of 
 The other 
 [istmguished 
 
 The cells of 
 brown color, 
 um resin " of 
 dum:'' The 
 liar intricate 
 ant, are not 
 ilthough the 
 )f these trails 
 icks, for mal- 
 
 a remedy for 
 lie compound 
 is sometimes 
 
 B New World 
 describes the 
 This was the 
 on the island 
 liich Linnajus 
 lied in 1526. 
 irtues, told by 
 iropean physi- 
 iLTOS;" and 
 
 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 _ 61 
 
 zygoi'hyllacea;. 
 
 The jreneric name Guaiacum, derived from the West Indian Grmiaco or &««y«c«n, the aboriginal 
 name of r7c.««/e and of G. sanctum, first used by Plumier,' was afterwards adopted by L„.n.us. 
 
 ,,n,«, Morgiinthe, ir.lO. Those tracts, which 1 have not seen, iirc 
 ,,„„tca by Fliickigcr & Ilanbury, (. .-. Tw.. early tmcts, ,„.bhsh«l 
 i„ (Icrman, and believed to have Iwen translated from the hpa.ush, 
 are contained in the John Carter Brown Library at Providence. 
 The first of these, pnblished in l.Vit, is entitled Ayn limpl ran 
 amem, hollz zU hrauche fiir die kranckhait der franczowi n,d amier 
 jUi^aig off-en "rhi'den, «.«= Hi^pmy^rher sprach zii teuUeh yemnchi, 
 darza dz. RegemenI wie mm sich darin haUen vn audi darzii Hchchen 
 
 soil. (Colophon:) Gedmckl vn lolendt m d,r Kmserlu-I.f Slal 
 Augspurg, an de achtemlen la,, des AprUlen, der. jars unrh drr gtburl 
 Chmti vnsers henen, Tmccnt fUnff Imnderl vnd im. xxiiii. J are. The 
 second, witliout date, but believed to have been printed about the 
 same time, is entitle.l Egn Bewert KecepI, wie man das hollz Guagnca 
 fiir die knmckhegt der Frantzo.mi hrauchen sol. 
 ' Noe. Gen. I'l. Am. 6% t. 17. 
 
 I '•/ 
 
 id) 
 
 I 
 
 ?xico {Senate Doc. 
 >reum is said to be* 
 United States of 
 
 a 
 
 at. Syst. Bol. ed. 2, 
 
 II confluing the pa- 
 ture, and in adniin- 
 ses of u milk-warm 
 Tally recognized in 
 cum w,is powerless 
 Iril. ed. 1S07.) 
 kiger & Ilanbury, 
 I. 7, iii. 551. 
 ib. 10, cap. 2. 
 1>, ii. ItlKl. 
 lum UMlus, printed 
 
 iber, 1518. 
 
 I morbo Oallico liber 
 
'<Vt t H itm 
 
 m 
 
 g! ^mMip^m^W 
 
 W:>m 
 
 I tl 
 
 y ^. 
 
ZYGOPlIYLLACEiE. 
 
 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 63 
 
 GUAIACUM SANCTUM. 
 Lignum-vitas. 
 
 Flowers solitary ; filaments naked. Fruit 5-celled, 5-anglcd ; cotyledons aecum- 
 bent to the axis of fruit. Leaves composed of several pairs of leaflets. 
 
 Guaiacum sanctum, Linnieus, Spei: 382. — De Candolle, Q. vertioBle, Ortega. Der. viii. 98. — De Candolle, Prmlr. i. 
 Prodr. i. 707. — Nuttall, Sijlvn, iii. 16, t. 86. — Gray, 707. — Uichard, /";. C«i. :i21. — Hemsley, ifo(. /i/o/. .Im. 
 
 Gen. III. ii. 123, t. 148. — Sdinizlein, Imn. t. 2.")3, f. 21. — Cent. i. l.")i). 
 
 Grisebacii, Fl. Brit. iV. Iml. 134. — Cliapinan, Fl. 64. — G. sanctum, var. parvifolium. Nuttall, Sylvi, iii. 17. 
 Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. Vdth Census ('. S. ix. 28. 
 
 '■/ 
 
 A low I 
 
 rled round-headed 
 
 height of 
 
 j^-five or thirty feet, with 
 
 L", jrrowing sometime.s 
 
 ii short stout trui.'c occasionally two and a half to three feet in dianietei', and slender pendulous brandies. 
 The bark of the tmnk is rarely more than an eij^lith of an inch thick, the surface separating into small 
 thin white scales resembling those covering tlie trunk of a vigorous Wiiite Oak, The branches are con- 
 spicuously enlarged at the nodes, sliglitly angled, and covered when tliey first appear with a short fine 
 pubescence ; this gradually disappears during their first season, and in the second year they are gla- 
 brous and covered with white slightly furrowed bark, roughened by mimerous small excrescences. The 
 leaves are three or four inches long, and are composed of three to five pairs of olilicjuely oblong or obo- 
 vate mucronate sessile leaflets an inch long and nearly half an inch broad. TIic stipules are broadly 
 acuminate, tipped with a short mucro, and covered with pubescence ; they are an eighth of an inch long, 
 usually caducous, but sometimes persistent duriug the season. The leaves remain on the branches until 
 the appearance of the new growth, which, in Florida, is in March or early April. The young leaves 
 when they first appeal .ire pubescent, es])ecially on the midrib and on the under surface of the thin 
 membranaceous light green leaflets, which become glabrous at maturity ami are then rather coriaceous 
 and dark lustrous green on both surfaces. The flowers, which are two thirds of an inch across when 
 expanded, appear almost immediately after the beginning of the annual growth, and continue to open 
 during several weeks. They are borne on slender pubescent peduncles shorter than the leaves, and gen- 
 erally produced thr'"- or four together at the end of the branches from the axils of the upper pair of 
 leaves. The three pedunculate bracts are acmninate, minute, the two lateral rather smaller than the 
 outer one. The sepals are obovate, slightly pubescent, especially on the outer surface near the base, and 
 smaller than the broadly obovate unguiculate ]ictiils which have a half twist from left to right near the 
 base, giving them the appearance of being inserted obliipiely. The ovary is obovate, prominently five- 
 angled, glabrous, and contracted at the ba-se into a short stout stalk. The fruit is broadly obovate, three 
 fourths of an inch long, half an inch broad, and bright orange-colored. It opens at maturity by the 
 splitting of the thick rather fleshy valves, disclosing the large seeds with their thick fleshy scarlet 
 aril-hke outer coating. 
 
 (rii(tUicu)ii naiivtttin inhabits, in Florida, the southern keys from Key West eastward. It was 
 form .ly common on Key West, where a few old specimens with large hollowed trunks still exist ; it 
 abounds on Upper iMetacombe and Lignum-vitie Keys, and is less ('(munon on Lower Metacombe and 
 Umbrella Keys. It grows also on the Bahama group, on San Domingo and I'orto !\ico, and perlia]is on 
 Hai'badoes.' Its coiii|)anions in the forests of the Florida keys are the Eiigciiias, the (riimbo Limbo, 
 
 ' The only Jiiitliority for Itarl):u)(ios ha a stution for this trci- U 
 (Irlfllth Hiiphi's' llislorii nf ihf ISiirliiiilnis, |iulihslii'<l in 17.")(). Ilia 
 dvsvriptiuii, oil ptige 14-, uf " Liginiin-vitii' or liuaiaciitii," iitight 
 
 rpfor tofitluT of (lie Wust Iiuluiuspucii's ; his li^urt', however, vrry 
 well represeuts G. miiettim. 
 
 (ii 
 
 W 
 
 i I 
 
M 
 
 SILVA OF ^•UliTII AMKIUCA. 
 
 /viiiii'iivi.i.AcKA;. 
 
 the Pisonias, the CitliarGxyhim, the Florida Coccoloha, the Drypetes, the BunieUa, the Anlisia, and tlic 
 Exosteiiia. 
 
 The speeiHc <jfravity of the ahsohitely thy wood of (iuitinvHin umiclinii prodiiet'd in Fh)rida is 
 1.14152, a cubic foot of the dry wood wciirhiii}-- 71. '2-1 pounds. The tree is not al)un(hint enoufrji within 
 the limits of the Unit-d States to j^^ve tlie Florida-jifi'own wood any commercial importance; on the 
 naiuuna Islands it is more common, and is the soun'e of all the Lignum- vit;f whicii at dill'erent times 
 lias been exported in c(msiderable (juantitics from those islands. 
 
 Giuttitvitni .•iinictinii was first distinguished by Oviedo, and it was noticed and described by several 
 of the early autluu's wiio wrote upon American plants.' The fact that it grew within the limits of the 
 United States was first establislied i)y Dr. J. L. IJlodgett. 
 
 Tlie whiteness of the bark of this tree, its dark green lustrous foliage, and the gracei'ul habit of its 
 branches, make it a striking and attractive object at all seasons of the year ; its beauty in the early 
 s]>ring, when the delicate new foliage is unfolding and the branches are covered with the bright idue 
 Howers, is not surpassed by that of any of the plants which inhabit the Florida keys. 
 
 ' Del (runiianim y pnlv mnrtn, Muimnles, Hint. Med. fitl. I'J (od. (luajacum foiiis Lentisci, Hreyne, I'rmlr. ii. G9. 
 
 Scvilla, ITtTI). Kuonifmiutrlflnit, Occidfiilalis, (ilnlit liiutri /o/jw, AWj/Vra, cortict! 
 
 Ouajantm, prn/wmmlttm nine matrirr, i/uihuaitam lifjtium annctttm, aii <f('ttinila,/tw(fosn, VhiVvuvt, Aim. /Jo/. 139, t. 1>I, f. 4. 
 /«//(.< Itottritcan .y MtUUilijiumhitl, .Tunstuii, Deruimloffraphittt 4-0. ilnmtmtmjtore aeritleo, jimhritito, frurUt tetragouo, riiiuiiur, i/ou. 
 
 Gutijarum pro/temotlum .vi;i*' ma/riVf, C. Itnuhiii, Pin, t-lH. PI. Am. Gen. 39. 
 
 Guajarmn Americanum alteram, /ructu Euonymi, hteync, Prodr. Guajamm foUis pinnatlitfoliolisobvernc ovatis integerrimU, UoyiiOf 
 
 i. -.ii Fl. Lend. Prodr. liOS. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE I'LATE. 
 
 Plate XXVIII. Ouaiacum .sanctum. 
 
 1. A flowtriiif; brniicli. nutural size. 
 
 2. Diagram of a flower. 
 
 3. Vertical section of a flower, tlic pistil entire, enlargt.i 
 
 4. Anterior and posterior views of a stamen, enlarged. 
 
 5. Vertical section of a pistil, enlarged. 
 C. An ovale, nnicli enlarged. 
 
 T. A fruiting branch, natural size. 
 
 8. Vertical section of u fruit, natural size. 
 
 9. A seed, the outer coating removed, natural size. 
 
 10. Vertical section of a seed, natural size. 
 
 11. An embryo, much enlarged. 
 
 IS L 
 
H'lIVI.l.ACKiK. 
 
 isiii, and the 
 
 in Florida is 
 iiou<;li within 
 uht; on the 
 itVeieiit times 
 
 ii\) 
 
 od by si'veial 
 limits of the 
 
 ul hahit of its 
 \l in the early 
 le brifrht hlue 
 
 i.», Kucifem, corlice 
 
 »1, f. 4. 
 
 jouo, Pliimier, .Toii. 
 
 inlegerrimis, H oven, 
 
 / 
 
 ff 
 
 is 
 
i^ite 
 
 «•?' 
 
 aiS„***?r 
 
 ^i 
 
 %Mtll I 
 
 Mi: 
 
i 
 
 i\i 
 
 t K /'it.n''-, .u't 
 
 GUMACUM SANCTUM 
 
 ('V* .'» ..t/hn' > >'"■:< 
 
witeiM 
 
 'iiiiiiTiii-^---'^'^' 
 
 '/;;^^afe^**a;f%te;*** 
 
 :• I 
 
 ■•i\ 
 
« 
 
 RflACl'..*:. 
 
 .s/AT^l OF iXOliTlJ AMEltlCA. 
 
 (i,*) 
 
 Xantboxylum, LiiiniBUs, Gen. eil. 6, "il'.t. — A. L. i\v .liis- 
 «ieu. Gen. 374. — Endliclier, Gen. 1140. — Meisiier, Gen. 
 64. — Gray, Gen. III. ii. 147. — licntlmin & Iluuker. Gen. 
 '.'il7. — Biiillon, //;»/. /v. iv. 4(18. 
 
 Fagara. Aduiisoii, F'lni. I'l. ii. MtU. 
 
 Pterotn, lirowne, Sat. Hist. Jdni. 18'.t. 
 
 Blackburnia, Kurstur, Cliar. Gen. t. G. 
 
 Curtiaia. Silnelicr, G'li. I'.t'.). 
 Ochroxylum. .SchrcbiT, Gen. SiCi. 
 Pseudopetalon. U.itiiics(|iii', Ft. Lmlneii: 108. 
 Langsdorfla. Liaiidro, Aet. Mmne. ISl'.t. l.'3'.l (c". End- 
 
 i;,l„rG,i,. 1147). 
 Tobinia. Desvaux. Il'iiiillt'in I'm,!,: Fl. Intl. Or,: ,■,(>. 
 Fohlana. Ntea & Jlartiiis. Sue. .Id. .Vnt. Cnr. ii. \X't. 
 
 Trees or 8hriit)a, with acrid aroniiitic bark and pellucid aromatic-punctate fruit and foliajje. u.sualh- 
 amied with stipuiar prickles. Leaves alternate, usually unequally i)innate. or rarely one to three t'olio- 
 late, the petioles .sometimes prickly, rarely winjjed ; leaflets fjenerally oiipositc, often olpli(|ue at the base. 
 entire or crenulate. Flowers small, often unisexual, };reenisli white or white, proiluced in a.\illary or 
 termuial, broad r contracted, pedunculate cymes. Disk small or obscure. Stamens as many as the 
 petals and alternate with them, hypof;;ynous ; ell'ete, rudimentary or wantinj; in the female flowers; 
 filaments tiliform or subulate ; anthers uitror.se, two-celled, o|>enin<^ lonjjitudiiially. Pistils one to five, 
 obhque, rai.sed on tiie summit of a fleshy <;ynophore, connivent, soiiictimes slinhtly uniti'd below ; ruili- 
 luentary, simple or two to Hve-partcd in the sterile Howers; ovary one-celled ; styles slioit and slender, 
 connivent or connate towards the summit; stigmas ca))itatc ; ovules two, collateral, pendulous from the 
 inner angle of the cell, anatropous ; the raphe ventral. Follicles of fruit as many as tiie pistils, or 
 by abortion fewer, broadly obovate, sessile or stipitate, ventrally dehiscent. Seed oblong (U' globular, 
 8U.spended on a slender funiculus, often hanging from the carjiel at maturity ; testa thin, bony or crus- 
 taceous, blue or black, shiny, conspicuously marked by tiu' broad hilinn ; tcgnien thick, crustaceous. 
 Embryo axile, straight or arcuate ; cotyledons oval or orbicular, foliaceous ; radicle short, superior. 
 
 The genus Xanthoxylum is widely distributed through tropical and extra-tropical regions. Eighty 
 to one hundred species are distinguished, of which a large part inhabit tropical America. The genus 
 is represented in North America by five species ; three attain the size of small trees, the others are tree- 
 like shrubs,' 
 
 * Xanthoxylum .inwrieanuin, MiUiT, Difl. — Xanthonjlum fmiir- 
 ginatum. Swart/,, Fl. Ocr. i. ~)1'2. 
 
 .V. .imerifonum is coiimioii in tho northern stiiti's fruni ca.-^tern 
 Mil.ss.ii'lnjst'tts U\ Minni'scita, t'Xti'niUnj; soutli to tlie tuountain^ of 
 Virjfinia, and to fastorn Kansas. It is a siuTaUin;; shrub, attaiiiin^r 
 80ini>tinu'S in t'ultivation tho hahit of a small tror. 'I'hf tlowiTS. 
 which are prtMliu-fil Itpforr the leaves in axillary elustei-s, are desti- 
 tute of sepals. The bark, leaves, and fruit art* exeeediugly acrid 
 and aronmtie, and are a |H,|iidar remedy for toothaehe. 
 
 A', anarffinntum is a West Indian species with coriaeeoas shining 
 leaves, composed (>f two or four pairs of entire leallcts, anil a three- 
 parted calyx. It is described as a shrub or small tree. The wood 
 
 is said by Haillon (llUt. /V. iv. 4.'tS) to be white, heavy, and aro- 
 matic, anti to be one of tlie so-eallcd rosewoods exportcil from the 
 West Indies. It is described by Macfadyen {Ft. .htm. V.H). who 
 makes no mention of its eeouomie properties, as a shrubl)y tree. 
 This species was found by Pr. .\. I'. (larlkT, on an island in Hay 
 Hiscayne iu IS77, j^rowinj; as a small shi-nb. It has mil sinci' been 
 seen in the I'uited States, althiuij^b the shores of Hay Hiscayiu' have 
 been several times carefully exphu-ed by botanists. 
 
 Abndiani Tascal (iarber (1S:W-1SS1), who fouiul this plant in 
 Khu'itla, was a native of C'obnubia. IVinisylvania, a jjrraduate ()f 
 I. a Kayette Collcjje, where he aeipiircd a taste for botany, and of 
 the nu-dical s- 'moI of the I'niversitv of IVniisvlvauia. l*r. (Jarber 
 
 ( '■/ 
 
 XANTHOXYLUM. 
 
 Fi.owKUs (litrcious or polygaiuoiis ; culyx .'{ to .)-lol)(.'{l, hypogynoiis, iiiibricatfil in 
 a'stivation, rarely wantiiif?; petals ,'{ to o, hyi)ogynoiis, iinbricatid or rarely in(lui)licatc- 
 valvate in aestivation. Fruit coniijost'd of 1 to ."> coriaceous or fiesliy 1-seedetl carpels. 
 
 \u 
 
'.;?i8PgK?. 
 
 ■i^mmsmn. 
 
 m 
 
 S/LIA OF Xonril AMHUKA. 
 
 RUTAlEiK. 
 
 k ■. 
 
 Nuiiu'i'oiis .s|UM'i«'s occur in the West liiclics,' in Mexico mihI Central America,' in Hrazil'' where 
 nearly titty sjiecics arc rcici^^nizcii. and in t'le otiier countries of tropical America. The fjenus lias 
 several re|)reseiitatives in tropical Africa.' in India,''' China,'' and •lapan,' in the Malay Archipclaj:;o, und 
 in Australia, where three species oecnr.^ 
 
 The hark of Xanthoxylum, especially that of the roots, contains a hitter [irinciplc.' which has heeii 
 found identical with ISerberina,"' an acrid resin, and a yellow coloriii<r matter. It i.s u powerful 
 stinuilant ami tonic, sometimes used in thu treatment of rheumatism, to e.Kcite sidivatiou and to alle- 
 viate toothache. The liark of several West Indian s|>eiies is considered anti-syphilitic. The roots of 
 Xiiiillio.i'iihni) iiUiilinn are deemed sudorilic in China, and are th(iu<;ht to furnish a valuahle fehrifuge. 
 The fruit of X(iiil/ir).ri//iiiii iliihini is used in India as a condinu-nt, and the seeds to poison fish;" and 
 the leaves and fruit of this specii's are used l>y the Chinese as a stimulant, sudorific, and anthelmintic; 
 and .silkworms aro fed u])on the leaves.'^ The capsules of A'. jiijiiritiii>i furnish the .Japanese pejiper 
 of commerce, and are used medicinally in China. '^ The wood of A', briic/ii/iiciiiil/iinn of Australia is 
 used in cal)inet-makiiii;." and the wood of some of the West Indian species is cimsidered valuahle. 
 
 Xanthoxylum,'' derived from farOii; and ii'/.of. ai)pears to have heen first used as the name of a 
 plant hy IMukeiu't."' who ap|ilicd it to a West Inilian tree. The nanu- was afterwards used l)y ("ateshy, 
 and adopti'd hy Linna'us, who credited the ltcuus to Cadwallader Colden '" who had published a descri|)- 
 tion of the northern I'rickly Ash with j^eneric eharauters.'" 
 
 prai'tii'dl his jtrot't'.''.>'iiin for a slun-t time in I'ittslmr^li, Init was ftm'i'd '* Tin' wDrd was written 'Attnthojiflntn l>y PhikiMit't and LinniciiM, 
 
 )iy ill-lit'allh tti seek a iniMcr i-liiiiatc. Wv pa.sst'il fiiiir winters in anil many authors have tulhtwrd tliis fanlty orthtt^niphy. It waH 
 HDUthrrn Kloriila, where he iliseiivereil many new specie.s »>!" phint.s c<irrected, however, hy .MiHer, whose spellinf^ of the worti Ii!i.s Im'CU 
 (/iuyniri (uirwrit Lititri\ iinrhfri, liufittmriti iiiirhcri, ete.),an(l de- mlupteil hy sevenil prominent Iiotanists. inclatliug Asji (iray (Prnc. 
 ti-rmined the presenee in Khirida of several \\'est Indian Iree.s. l)r. Am. AewL n. ser. xxiii. 'J'J.*i). 
 (jarher made a h.itanical exenrsiun to I'orto Uieo in lS.sn, (iartn- 
 riti of a single spet^ie.s — a Florida Nliruh with I.iatris-Uke liowers — 
 commemorates I>r. (iarln'r's Aerviees to Ataerican hotany. 
 
 ' (;risehaeh, Fl. lirit. II'. />,</. lliti. 
 
 - Ilemsley, lUil. Hud. Am. Cent. i. lliS. 
 
 '^ Kiehler, .Martiits Fl. Ilnisit. xii. 'J, I.^l. 
 
 • < Hiver. /•■/. '/'rfv-. A/r. i. IMH. — liaker, Fl. .l/r.ur. ,v Sei/i-k. 'S'X 
 '- Hooker f. /■•/, Hril. Iml. i. 4!)'J. 
 " Korhes \: Ilemsley, Jf)rir. Linn. Sor. xxiii. 105- 
 ' Kranehet A: Savatier, Kiiiwi. Fl. Jap. i. I'l. 
 
 • Heniham, Fl. Ani'lnil. i. :t(i'.'. 
 ^ XanlhniiirriU', Chevallier & Pidletan, Ann. Cftrm. Fhj. Her. -, 
 
 xxxiv. am. 
 
 '■' Dyson-l'errin.s, I'lmrm. Jour. ser. "J, iv. 40;t. 
 
 '' Hnindi-s, Fore.it Flor. Brit. Intl. 17. 
 
 '■ .Smith, Conlrib. .Mnt.Mfl. Chiuii.SM. 
 
 '• ,S ■•h, /. ,-. 
 
 " Maiden, i'sflnl Stiiire I'I.diIs nf A'uHrnlin, (il.'i. 
 
 '" .Urn. lint. ;i!Mi, t. -j;!!), f. I!. 
 
 '^ Cadwallader I'oldeu ( l(>HK-177r.) ; a native of Dunse, .Scotland, 
 gratlnated at the medieal .sehmd of Kdinhnr^li in 177<'j. Dr. C'oldi'n 
 praetieed his professiuu in Pennsylvania from 170H tu llVt, and in 
 171i* received the appointment of .surveyor-general of New York, 
 and that of lieutenant-governor of the province in 17('il, perform- 
 ing; the duties of pivrnor fiir nmeh of the time until 177."*, when 
 hi> retireil to l.on;^ l.slaud, where he died in his ei<;hty-ninth year. 
 Dr. (-'olden wa.s one of the most ilistiu^uished of the early cultivat- 
 ors of acieru'e in .Vuu-rica. lie hecanie interested in liotany through 
 the puhlications of Linna-us, with whom, and with other European 
 men of science, he carriei' on an active correspondenc" during many 
 years. His paper on the Plttntir Colit-nhttmiir, puhli:ihed in the 
 Tran.sjietitnis of the Koyal Society of .Science at L'psala, in 174-, is 
 the earliest contrihutiun to a knowledge of the hutany of the State 
 of New York. It w:w considered an extraorilinary performance, 
 and received the hi;;hcst praise from Linmens and (irouovius. 
 
 i» /'/. ' •itlilm. 107. 
 
 i 
 
 CONSPKCTUS OF THK SOKIW A.MKUICAN SPECIES, 
 
 Inriorescence terminal. 
 Calyx lobes ."». 
 
 Leaves deciduous, stems arnieil 1. X. Clava-FIekculis. 
 
 Leaves persistent, stems nnarined 'J. X. ruilimisc.M. 
 
 Calyx lolies .'!. 
 
 I,caves ever<;reen .'i. X. kmakhinatum. 
 
 Inflorescence axillary. 
 
 Flowers complete 4. X. F.vhak.v. 
 
 Flowers destitute of ealvx ."i. X. A.MKKI'A.NCM. 
 
 vs ^ 
 
RUTACEiK. 
 
 azil' wliere 
 
 fTLMius lias 
 
 pi'lago, an<l 
 
 li has lifcii 
 
 il |l()W('l't'ul 
 
 and to allt- 
 'lic roots of 
 t<'l)rifiij;i'. 
 tisli;" and 
 itlifhiiintic ; 
 
 lIll'SL' |H'](|lt'r 
 
 Australia is 
 aoie. 
 
 naino of a 
 l)y (!ati'sl)y, 
 L'd a desfrij)- 
 
 ii't iiiid MiiiiiPu.H, 
 »j;r:iphy. It waa 
 If word hjw been 
 Asii Gray (Pnic, 
 
 DuiiHc, Scotland, 
 ",. Dr. Ciiia.'H 
 >H to ITI.'i, mid in 
 nil <pf New York, 
 ill IVdl, pLTforin- 
 iiiitil I"T.~i, wla-n 
 •iKlity-iiintli year, 
 the early eultivat- 
 in botany tbron^b 
 1 other Kiiropeau 
 eiic" during many 
 publi:ilied in the 
 I'psabt, in 171-, i-s 
 itaiiy of tlie State 
 lary jierformanec, 
 I iironoviui}. 
 
 IfA-FlEKC.L'LIS. 
 KIWt '.M. 
 
 Kiil.SATl'M. 
 
 AK.\. 
 
 :U1I ANl'M. 
 
 nLTACK*. SILVA or NOHTJl AMKltlCA. 
 
 XANTHOXYLUM CLAVA-HERCULIS. 
 Prickly Ash. Toothache Troe. 
 Flowkhs in terminal clusters; sepals and petals 5. Leaves deciduous. 
 
 07 
 
 Xanthozylum Clava-Heroulis. Miuia'us, .s><f. 'J7n (c.\el. 
 loc. n.-it. .Jam.). — llartrani. Tnir.HH. — Wilhlcniiir, .S'/>»r. 
 iv. ''t\, in part. — Klliott, Sk. ii. ti'JO. — I'lanebim A- Tri- 
 ona, Ann. Sci. Sat. ser. .'», xiv. JUT. — Sargent, Foivxt 
 Trees N. Am. 10/A Ceimu U. S. \\. ;«>. — Watson & Coul- 
 ter. (Iriiij's Mmi. ed. 6, 10". 
 
 X. fraxinifolium. Walter, Fl. Cnr. 'J4.'i (not Marshall). 
 
 Fagara fraxinifolia. l.aniarek. III. t. .'>.'!(. 
 
 X. Carolinianum, Laiuarck, Din. ii. ;«•; ///. |(i;i, t. 811. 
 f. 1. — Ga'rtner, frwl. i. lUi, t. CiS. f. «. — Torrey & 
 Gr.iy, Fl. .V. Am. i. ■.'14. — Gray, <i,-n. III. ii. 14S, t. l."(i, 
 f. l;{, 14. — Sclieele. Knenier I'lxns. 4;i-. — Nuttall, .S'y/iv/, 
 iii. 8, t. S,'!. — Cliapnian. Fl. ('•>>. — C'urti.s, Jirji. Oeolwj. 
 Sun: N. Car. IStJO, iii. loa. 
 
 X. aromatiotun. Willdenim-. »"f/<tr. iv. "."> (exel. syn.). — 
 
 .lai.piiii f. A'./..;/, i. lo:{. t. 70. 
 X. tricarpum. .Miiliaux. /■'/. li'n-.-.ini. ii. 'JH.'i. — I'oiret. 
 
 L'im. D'i!-t. Sujipl. ii. 2',M. — Aitoii. Ih>rt. Knr. eil. '.'. v. 
 
 ;«;{. _ I'ursh. Fl. Am. S^j.t. i. '-'1(». — Do Camlolle, I'mUr. 
 
 i. 720. — Klliott. .S7.'. ii. IV.K). — .V. do .lussieu, .W'/«. il/'i.t. 
 
 xii. t. '.'.">. f. ;t.S. — .Sprentjel, Si/.if. i. i)4.j. — Don, Gen. 
 
 .S'v.«r. i. ,S();!. — Spaeli. Ilht. IVy. ii. Ijl).'). — Loudon. Arh. 
 
 ISr'it. i. 4HS. _ Dietrieli. Syn- ii- lOOO. 
 Kampmania fraxinifolia. Itafinesque. Mi''t. /I'c//. v. '.STt'i. 
 Pseudopetolon glanduloaum. Katines<iue. Fl. Lmlurii: 
 
 Kl.S; M'J. I!',t. ii. 114. 
 Pseudopetolon tricarpnin. Hai'inesipie. .M>'l. lint. ii. 114. 
 X. Cateabianum. Ualinesiiuc. Mnl. IM. ii. 114. 
 
 A rounil-headfd trw, tweiity-Kve or thirty, or L'xt'i'ptioiially lilty tVi't in hi'ii;ht, with a short trunk 
 twelve to t'ifjhteeii inciius in diaiiiL'ter, and nnnieroiis hi-anclies siireadlnj^ nearly at rif;ht aiif^les ; or often 
 a low shrub. The hark of the trunk of fully frrown trees is harely a sixteenth of an ineh thick, li^rht 
 gray, and studiled with corky tuhereles wit!i ovoid dilated bases sometimes an inch or more across, and 
 thick and rounded at the ajiex. The bark of the branches is covered, when they first appear, with 
 brown pubescence, and is }j;lal)r(ius and lij^lit {?ray the second season. It is marked with small "glandular 
 spots and armed with stout straij^ht, or sometimes sliy;htly curved, sharp chestnut-brown prickles, half 
 an inch or more lonjj, with perpendicularly tlatteneil, enlarji^ed ba.ses. The winter-buds are short, obtuse, 
 and dark brown or nearly black. The leaves, which remain upon the branches until late in the winter, 
 or until the tree bej^ins to grow in early spring, are live to eight inches long, and are comi)o.sed of three 
 to eight pair of leaflets borne on .stout pui)escent or glabripus armed leaf-stalks teiniinated by single leaf- 
 lets. The leaflets are ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes slightly falcate, usually olpliijue at the ba.se, 
 crenately serrate, sessile or short-stalked. They are an inch to two and a half inches long, f.'i'een and 
 lustrous on the upper surface, paler and often somewhat pubescent below, especially when they first 
 unfold. The sterile and fertile flowers are borne on diiVereiit trees. The intlore.sei'iice, which is an 
 ample wide-branched cyme four or five inches long and two or three inches broad, that of tiie fertile 
 tree being somewhat contracted, appears when the leaves of the year are about half grown. The flowers 
 are borne on slender pedicels a third to a (piarter of an inch long, with a minute lanceolate deciduous 
 bract at their base. The sepals are minute, membranaceous, persistent, barely a (juarter of the length 
 of the oval greenish white petals which vary from an eighth to a cpiarter of an ineh in length. The tive 
 stamens with slender Hliforni Hlameiits are conspicuously exserted from the male flowers, and are rudi- 
 mentary or waiiiing in the female flowers. Theu are two, or most freipiently three, pistils with .sessile 
 ovaries, and short styles crowned by a slightly two-lobed .stigma. The fruit is borne in dense often 
 nearly globose clusters and ripens in August and September. The ripe car|)els are obli(|uely ovoid, 
 one-seeded, chestnut-browni, a (piarter of an inch long, with a rugose or pitted surface. The seeds are 
 black and lustrous, and hang at maturity outside the carpels. 
 
 Xantho.i:i//uiii CliiL'ti-J/crculi.s grows from the southern part of the State of Virginia southward 
 
 I ■/ 
 
 !C| 
 
 <.\ 
 
Mi 
 
 iWMiriaii 
 
 *L;«ft;R -■;■:.. L--i:^ 
 
 SJLVA or NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 RUTACE^E. 
 
 near the coast to the shores of Bay Biseayne and Tiimiui Bay, Fh)ri(la ; it extends westward tlirough 
 till' C.iilf states to northwestern Louisiana and southern Ariiansas, and throufjh Texas to tlie valley of the 
 Devil's River, in the western part of the state. It is nowhere eoninion in the Atlantie states, wiiere it is 
 confined to the inunediate neighhorhood of the coiist, growing in Uglit sjindy soil, often (tn the low bluiTs 
 of islands or river banks, or occasionally in abandoned fields. Its lussociates here are the Live Oali, 
 the Water (Jak, the Loblolly Pine, the lied Bay, and the Dwarf Palmetto. It extends farther from the 
 coast in the Gulf states, especially west of the Mississippi River, and it is not unusual to find it in south- 
 ern and central Alabama and Mississippi, growing along the margins of swamps, in rich sandy soil with 
 Pine.s, Live Oaks, the Florida lUicium, the Styrax, the Syniplocos, the Holly, and the Nyssa. It is very 
 comuion in eastern Texjvs, attaining its largest size on the rich intervale lands of the streams flowing 
 into the Trinity River. Farther west it is greatly reduced in size and of rare occurrence. 
 
 The wood of Xaiif/ioxt/hoii C/acd-ILraiHn is light, soft, and clo.se-grained, with numerous thin 
 medullary rays ; it is light brown, with yellow sapwood, and has, when absolutely dry, a specific gravity 
 of O.uOoO, a cubic foot of the dry wood weighing in.y] pounds. 
 
 The bark of Xiin/li(i.ri/li(ni Chivd-Ihrculh contains the active properties found in that of the other 
 species of the genus, and, as well as the leaves and fruit, is used for the same purpos(^s.' The bark is 
 hehl in high esteem by the negroes, w'lo 'ollect it in large (juantities, and are fast exterminating the 
 tree, especially along the Atlantic seaboard. 
 
 The earliest account of Xiuitlioxiihiin Clat'd-IIcrctilia seems to have been that of Ray,'' published 
 in 10G^. It wa.s known to Plukenet,^ and described by Catesby in his Xatiiral Jlistori/ nf Carol hui.* 
 It appears to have bden introduced into England at least tas early as the beginning of i.ie eighteenth 
 century," and was cultivated in ITJiO by Philip Miller at Chelsea." 
 
 There is a form ' of this tree in southern Florida and in western Texas with short, sometimes three- 
 foliate,* more or less pubescent leaves with small ovate or oblong blunt and conspicuously erenulate 
 rather coriaceous leaflets. This is the common form of west Texsus, where it grows usually as a low 
 shrub, attaining sometimes in the region immediately adjacent to the coast the size and habit of a small 
 tree. 
 
 II 
 
 * " It is used to curi' the Tt)oth-ache, by putting a Piece of the 
 Bark in the Moutli, #hii'li bi'iiig very hot, ilraws a Ithuiiie from the 
 mouth, and causes muoh Spittle.'* (Lawson, The History of Ciinf 
 iitta, KM).) 
 
 U. S. Harton. Coll. i. 'JO, ."il ; ii. 3«. 
 
 U. s. Xiii. hisp. eil. •_*, ir>;r». 
 
 " Arfinr sjiiunm Virf/iiiidnti, rautllce A' ramts Lnnirfertt spitw^tre 
 MahhnricfT similin ; an Herculis rlava J/iw. Soritt. lirifkt ? //w/. /*/. 
 ii. IHtH). 
 
 * Arbor acttleahtt Caroliniava, .yiitiit tfrntultoribuit, rr> hrit tuftcrcuUs 
 innasrentihis ; cartice urem, Aim. Hoi, 4U. 
 
 Euovymo mifinis arnmaticnt s. Xnnthortjlum FloriilnuuTn, Fnirini 
 J'oliiji, miniu xyiiHtwum, Amallh. Hot. ~i\. 
 
 * ZanthoxijUim spmomm^ Keulisri loufjiorihu.'i fnliit Euouymi fructn 
 capsuUiri ex imulu JttJiuiicen,si, i. 'JO, t. 'JO. — Unyen, Fl. I.ngil. I'ro'ir. 
 
 5;r». 
 
 ZiinlhoTtflumy Linnirun, llort. Cliff. 187 (excl. Hyn. IMukinet). 
 The name of Clani-lfercuHs np])eurs to have been tlrst used by 
 Trew to fleseribe tlie .sjiiiu-y trunk of a Xanthoxybnn from the snuth- 
 ern part of North Anu'rioa in the nniwnni of the Itoya) Sneiety at 
 Loudou. This i.s the plant described by LiunieuH as H. Clava-lier' 
 
 culis in the Sf>ee-t€X PlanlantfUy as ttbown by his reference to Catcs- 
 by's excellent figure. Misled, however, l)y rate8l)y'a orroneous 
 rcfcrenee to Jamaica, LiiinaMis mipposed that the Carolina and Vir- 
 ginia plant was a native also of that island. The error was copied 
 by Wilhlenow ; Swartz and De CandoUo suppresLied the North 
 American station entirely, describing a West Indian tree as A'. 
 ("liiv(i-HercitlL<t ; but that name being preoccupied for the Carolina 
 plant, the West Indian species, as shown by Triana & IManchon 
 (Ann. Sc'. Ndt. scr. 5, 11, 319), becomes A'. Caribaum of Lamurck 
 (/>jW. ii. I Id). 
 
 ''' " In Horto InduKtrii Hortulani 1). Darby, apud Hoxtoniam, vi- 
 cum I..ondoni nostri suburbanani, ex feuiinibus natum eonspeximus," 
 IMukenct, ^lma//A. liot.lii. 
 
 « Ilort. Ken', iii. '.VM 
 
 ' XaiiifttiTylum Clnm-Herruli.t, var. /rij/iVo»um, (Jray, /V. Wright. 
 i. 'M) {Smilhs'^'iiiw Contrih. iii.) ; Proc. Am. Aciid. n. scr. xxiii. 
 'Jlia, — Torrey & (Jray, Ptwifir Ii. Ii. Hep. ii. 101. — Toney, Bot. 
 Mex. liounti. Surv. IIJ. — Chapman, Fl. 00. 
 
 A', hirsutum, Ituckley, Proi\ Phil. Acad. 1801, 460. 
 
 * Wutson, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 'MiT}. 
 
vard through 
 } valley of the 
 ,es, where it is 
 the low bluffs 
 :he Live Oak, 
 rthcr from the 
 111 it in south- 
 iindy soil with 
 5a. It is very 
 reams flowing 
 
 lumerous 
 
 thin 
 ipecific gravity 
 
 at of the other 
 ' The bark is 
 irminating the 
 
 lay,'^ published 
 / of Carolina.* 
 t.ie eighteenth 
 
 nmetimes three- 
 lously crenulate 
 jsually as a low 
 habit of a small 
 
 ■ reference to Cates- 
 Ciitosby's erroneous 
 lie Carolina anil Vir- 
 rhe error was copied 
 ilipresaed the North 
 it Inilian tree as A', 
 pied for the Carolina 
 Triana & Planclion 
 ^aribavm of I.amarck 
 
 npud Iloxtoniain, vi- 
 uatum conapexiuius," 
 
 urn, Cray, /'/. Wright. 
 
 Aaid. n. ser. xxiii. 
 
 i. 1(11. — Torrey, Hot. 
 
 ;i, 460. 
 
 i(!) 
 

 1^ 
 
 
 i 1 
 
 ill 
 
 EXPLANATION OK IHK Pl-ATK. 
 
 Platk XXIX. Xantiidxyli'M Ci.ava-Hekc i'lis. 
 
 1. A staminate inflorescence, natural si/.e. 
 
 2. A pistillate inflorescence, natural size. 
 
 3. A staniinato flower, enlarged. 
 
 4. Vertical .section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 
 .I, A pistillate flower, enlarged. 
 
 6. Vertical .section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 
 
 7. A fruiting branch, natural size. 
 
 8. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 
 
 9. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 
 
 10. An eniliryo, much cnlargeil. 
 
 11. Diagram of a staminate flower. 
 
 12. Diagram of a pistillate flower. 
 
 13. Portion of a young branch with prickles. 
 
 is ^ 
 
i^j^- 
 
^msrn^' 
 
 I 
 
 II ! 
 
 » \ 
 
XANTHOXYl.UM Cl.AVA IlKHv-UI.b 
 
wmim^mB, 
 
 ^iB^^ *:jB('»^<'-»ft*fe?' « ■■^'^.■^ 
 
 UUIA 
 
 #1 
 
 Xan 
 ti 
 
 X. 1 
 / 
 
 iucl 
 face 
 the; 
 (lur 
 lar. 
 sho 
 
 C(?I1 
 
 to 
 
 sIk 
 
 wit 
 
 aki 
 
 fal 
 
 net 
 
 L'lH 
 
 vi'v 
 an 
 at 
 be 
 
 IlK 
 
 cil 
 wl 
 111 
 t,r 
 a 
 ti 
 ol 
 
 is V 
 
^1 
 
 UL'TACK/K. 
 
 SUVA OF NORTH AMKRIVA. 
 
 71 
 
 XANTHOXYLUM CRIBROSUM. 
 Satinwood. 
 Unaumkd. Flowers in terminal clusters; sepals and petals 5. Leaves persistent. 
 
 Xanthozylum cribrosum. Sprfngel, Sijut. i. 940. — Die- X. CaribEeum. AViitson, Imlex, !."> (not Lamarck). — Sar- 
 
 tric'li. Siju. ii. 1001. — Sargent. Uitrdeii utiil Forest, ii. tiKi. gent, t'nri'sf Tnes X. Am. lOt/i Census ('. S. ix. .'iO. 
 
 X. Ploridanum. Xiittall. Si/Ira, iii. 11, t. 85. — Chapman, X. Caribaum, var. Floridanum, Gray, /'/•«<•. Am. Antd. 
 
 Fl. tit). n. MT. xxiii. 2L'."i. 
 
 A siiiiill round-headed tree, thirty to tliirty-five feet in heijrht, with a trunk twelve to ei<i;liteen 
 inches in diameter. The bark of the trunk is a (jiiarter of an inch tiiick, with a smooth liijht f^ray .sur- 
 face divided by shallow furrows and broken into numerous short appressed scales. The branchlets, when 
 they iir.st appear, are densely coated with thick silky pidiescence ■ they are stout, very brittle, puberulent 
 during their second and third years, and covered with light gray rugose bark conspicuously marked with 
 hirge triangidar leaf-scars. The winter-biuis are narrowly acuminate, half an inch long, and coated with 
 .short thick pale tomentum. The leaves, which appear in Florida during the nujnth of .lune, are usually 
 composed of four ])airs and a terminal leaHet ; they are sometimes three-foliolate, and are rarely reduced 
 to a single leaHet, They vary usually from six to nine inches in length, although sonu'tunes much 
 shorter, and are borne on stout glandular petioles with enlarged ba.ses. The leaves are densely covere<l 
 with tomentum when they Krst unfold, and retain at maturity a few scattered hairs on the petioles and 
 along the midribs of the leaflets. These are ovate-lanceolate, or elliptical anil obtuse, often slightly 
 falcate, regularly contracted into a stout petiole, or sometimes distinctly obliijue at the base. They are 
 nearly sessile or long-.stalked, two to three inches long, an inch and a half to two inches broad, with 
 entire or slightly crenidate margins, and are coriaceous, pale yellow-green, and conspiciKuisly marked 
 with large pellucid glands. The staminate and pistillate flowers are produced on separate plants, and 
 are borne in wide-.spreading pidiescent sessile cymes, those of the female ])lant being usually divided 
 at the base into three principal branches. The flowers appear in Florida in .lune soon after the trees 
 begin their annual growth ; they are borne on slender pubescent pedicels a quarter of an inch or 
 more long, the basal bract covered with thick white tonieutmn. The minute acuminate calyx-lobes with 
 ciliate margins are barely an eighth of the length of the ovate greenish white i)etals, which are reflexed 
 when the (lowers are fully expanded. The staminate flowers have five stamens with slender lilanients 
 nnub longer than the petals, and a minute depressed rudinuMifciry ovary. The fertile flowers show no 
 trace of stamens, and contain usually two, or sometimes a single pistil with a stipitate obovate ovary and 
 a short style with a spreading entire stigma. The fruit ripens in autunui or early winter, and may some- 
 times be f'ouiul attached to the branches late in the spring of the following year. The ripe carpels are 
 oblitpiely obovate, shcu't-stalked, one-seeded, j>ale che.stnut-brown at maturity, a third of an inch long or 
 less, the surface faintly marked with minute glaiuls. The seeds are black and lustrous. 
 
 Xiinl/i(i.fi//iini cribrosinn now grows in Florida on the Manpiesas Keys, and on South Bahia 
 Honda and Boca Chica Keys.' It occiu's in San Domingo,- Porto Hico,^ the Bahama Islands,* and 
 Bermuda.' 
 
 * Tlipro is reason to believe that this tree was formerly niuch '^ Sjtren^i'l, /, -•, 
 
 more eiimmon nn the Kloriiia keys, where it is siiu^ht fiir its valualile ^ P. .Sintenis, Plnnltr Pnrlorii'en.-ii^, N'o. ;i7((8, 18SG, in fierb. 
 
 w<kh1. Dr. Hlo(l^ett,us (jiioted hy Nuttall (.Vy/r-r, lii. 1(), spiike of Keu\ 
 
 it as a large and coinuiun tree on Key West, from which it haa now * liriee, No. 110, Kggors, No. HU7, in Htrh. AVtiv 
 
 entirely disappeared. * Lefroy, in lltrh. hitv. 
 
 i '■/ 
 
 '•i«i 
 
i*' 
 
 ^il 
 
 72 
 
 SUVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 RL'TACK*. 
 
 Tlie wmxl of Xdnthoxi/him vrihrosiim is vt-ry heavy and exceedingly iiard, altlioiigh brittle and 
 not strong; it possesses a clear Hrm grain and is easily worked, ad the surface can ite made to receive 
 a beautiful polish ; it contains numerous thin conspicuous medullary rays and is light orange-colored, 
 the thin sapw':od being rather lighter colored. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 
 0.1)002, a cubic foot of the dry wood weighing .IG.IG pounds. It has, when first cut, the odor of the 
 true siitlnwood, a peculiarity which causes this tree to be called Satinwood by the inhabitants of the 
 Florida keys, by whom it is used in the manufacture of various articles of furniture, the tiandles of 
 tools, and other objects ot domestic use. 
 
 X(iiit/i().ri//itni rrlhro^Kni was discovered in San Domingo during the first quarter of the century,' 
 and was detected in Florida by Dr. J. L. U'.otlgett. 
 
 ' Spec.'inens collected in San Uomiiipro by Hcrterio, uiid coniinu- hcrburiuin tif tin* Berlin Botanic (lanleit. where there are also Sau 
 nicated in \6'H by Professor Bolbis of Turin, are preserved in tlie l)ominf;u specimens from KuntU's herbariu'i . 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 Pi.ATK XXX. Xavtiioxvi.um cribrosum. 
 
 1. A Howerinj; lirniicli of a staminiite tree, natural si/.e. 
 
 2. A Howeriiig branch of a |iistillate tree ;tural size. 
 ;i. A Hower-bud, enlarged. 
 
 4. A staniinate flowrr. cnlargeil. 
 
 fi. Vertical section of a slaniinutu flower, enlarged. 
 
 6. A jjistillnte flower, enlarged. 
 
 7. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged. 
 
 8. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 
 
 Platk XXXI. Xa.ntho.xvlu.m cbibkosum. 
 
 1. A fruiting lirani'li, natural size. 
 
 2. The ripe fruit, enlarged. 
 
 3. Vertical section of a ripe carpel, enlarged. 
 
 4. Cross section of a seed, enla' ged. 
 
 5. An embryo, much enlarrji/d. 
 
RL'TACKA 
 
 gh brittle mid 
 nade to receive 
 orange-tolored, 
 ly dry wood is 
 the odor of the 
 ahitants of the 
 the Handles of 
 
 of the century,' 
 
 sre there are also San 
 
 '.J 
 
 i^l 
 
{ : ( 
 
 \ 
 
 it 
 
 ', I 
 
 IP 
 
 I » M 
 
 Is L 
 
X AN T 1 1 X^■ 1 i' M C R I E R S U M 
 
i' 
 
 >|ii 
 
 I i 
 
 n; 
 
 i ' 
 
 Ml li 
 
* 
 
 1 1 '•/ 
 
 *» ijli' •->' 
 
 h 
 
 < dI 
 
 :. I 
 
 I>i0 
 
i 
 
 Pi 
 
 i • 
 
 iM! 
 
. ■••/' 
 
 XANTHOXYLUM CRIBROG'JM 
 
i. I 
 
^1 
 
 BUTACK^. 
 
 iSJ/A'A OF NOliTh AMEUWA. 
 
 73 
 
 XANTHOXYLUM FAGARA. 
 
 Wild Lime. 
 
 Flowers in axillary clusters ; sepals and petals 4. Leaves persistent. 
 
 Xanthoxylum Fagara, Sargent, Garden and Forest, iii. 
 
 1X(J. 
 SchinuB Fagara. Linnieus, Spec. 389. 
 Pterota subspinosa, Browne, Nat. Hist. Jam. 14G. t. .'>, 
 
 f. 1. 
 Fagara Pterota. Linnieiia, Amrpii. v. 391! : Mant. 331. — 
 
 Miller, Diet. cd. 8. — Lamar.-k, Diet. ii. 444 ; ///. i. 335, 
 
 t. 84. — Willdenow, Spec. i. OGO. — Lunan, Hort. Jam. 
 
 ii. 140. — Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 40. — Turpin, Diet. 
 
 Sci. Nat. xvi. 107, t. 127. 
 Fagara tragodes, .lacquin, Kniim. I'l. Carih. 12: Stirp. 
 
 Am. 21, t. 14. 
 
 Fagara lentisoifolia. Willdenow. Eniim. i. 105. — Grise- 
 
 \,m\x. /v. Brit. W. Ind. 137. 
 X. Pterota. Humboldt, lionpland & Kuntb, Nor. Gm. et 
 
 •Sjiec. vi. 3. — Kuntli, Syii. iii. 325. — De CandoUe. I'rodr. 
 
 i. 725. — Don. Ge». Si/st, i. 802. — Torrey & Gray. Fl. 
 
 y. Am.i. OSO. — Macfadyen. /■'/. .fam. 100. — Dietrich. 
 
 Si/n. ii. 111(10.— Nuttall. Si/Ira, iii. 11. t. 84. — Seeman. 
 
 Hot. Herald. 275. — Torrey, Hot. Me.r. Hound. Sure. 
 
 43. — Chapman, F/. 00. — Triana & I'lanclion. Ann. Sei. 
 
 Nat. ser. 5, xiv. 311. — Engler. Jfartius Ft. Hrasil. xii. 2. 
 
 1.54. — Henisley, Hot. Hiol. Am. Cent. i. 1011. — Sargent, 
 
 Fore.1t Trees N. Am. iW/i Census i'. S. ix. 31. 
 
 A tree, occasionally reaching the height of twenty-five or thirty feet, with ;i slender, often inclining 
 trunk and fustiglate hranehes ; or more frequently a tall or low shmh. The hark of the trunk is an 
 eighth of an inch thick, the smooth light gray surface covered with small appressed persistent scales. 
 The branchlets are more or less zigzag, slender, covered with smooth dark gray hark, and armed with 
 sharp iiouked stipular prickles. The leiives are three or four inilies long, with broadly winged jointed 
 petioles, and are composed of three or four pairs and a terminal leaflet. The leaflets are obovate, 
 rounded or emargin.ate at the apex, minutely crenulate-toothed above the middle, sessile, half an inch 
 long or less, eoriacicus, glandular-punctate, bright green and lustrous especially on tlie upjicr surface, 
 and furnished with minute hooked deciduous stipular prickles. The stiuuinate and pistiUate flowers 
 are produced on separate plants. The short axillary contracteil cymes a])pear singly or in pairs from 
 April until June on the branches of the previous year from minute dark brown globular buds. The 
 flowers are small and are borne on short pedicels from the a.xils of minute ovate-obtuse deciduous 
 bracts. The sepals are mend)ranaceous and much shorter than the ovate yellow-green petals. The 
 sterile flowers have four exserted stamens with slender filaments and a rudimentary pistil crowned by 
 the incurved rudimentary styles. The fertile flowers are destitute of stamens, and have two pistils 
 with ovate-sessile ovaries, gradually contracted into long slender subulate exserted styles, connivent near 
 the apex and crowned with obli(piely spreading stigmas. The fruit, which ripens in September, is 
 obovate, rusty brown, rugose, and le.ss than a <|u;irtor of an inch long, and eont.iins a single seed coveti'd 
 with a bright shining coat. 
 
 Xuittho-n/hnn Futjtini is widel\ distributed on the coast and ishmds of Florida south of Mo,s([uit() 
 Inlet, and latitude twenty-nine ninth on the west coast ; and in Texas from Matagorda Bay to the Rio 
 Grande. It is connuon in iioith Mexico, and is widely distributi'd through the West Indian islands, 
 southern Mexico, and Central and South America as far south as Brazil and Peru. This species is one 
 of the commonest of tl'.e south Florida plants, where it usually grows as a tall slender shrub, assuming a 
 truly arborescent habit on the rich lunnmock soil of P^liott's Key and the sliores of Bay Hi.scavne. In 
 Texas it is generally shrubby, althi)ugb occasionally reaching tic ie proportions in the neighborhood 
 of Matagorda Hay. 
 
 The wood of Xtiiillin.ri/luiii Finjoi'd is heavy, hard, and vei y close-grained ; it is brown tinged with 
 red, and contains numerous thin medidlary rays. The thin sapwood, composed of ten or twelve layers 
 
 -h \ 
 
 4.,-j. 
 

 Tf 
 
 II I 
 
 74 
 
 S!JA\l OF NO urn AMEBIC A. 
 
 uutacea:. 
 
 of nniuiiil jjrowth, is yellow. The spetific {^avity of .he ahsoiiiteiy dry wood is 0.7444, a cubic foot of 
 the dry wood weighing 4().I}0 pounds. 
 
 Paul IIiTniaiin' published in 1(589 the earliest account of Xanthoxylum Far/ara ; the first figure 
 is that of I'lukenet,' pulilished in 1()!)1. It was discovered in Florida by Dr. J. L. Blodgett, and in 
 Texas on Matagorda Bay in February, 1S4;'), by Mr. Ferdinand Lindheinier.^ 
 
 X'ail/iii3-i/h(iii Fiii/iira* was cultivated in England as early as 17iS'2 by Philip Miller.'' 
 
 I! 
 
 ^ **An Coriaria Arhor spinosa Acacite foim if fncie, Purnd. Bat. 
 Proiir:* 
 
 ^ Jihm Ohsntiiiirum similts leptiphi/lloi^ Trii;fi''ilef, Americana, !>iti- 
 twsa, rachi medio appetuiicihu.'f aut'to, Aim. }>«t. .'iI9, t. Id", f. 4. 
 
 Laura n^finis Jn,tmitn jhlio alato, ro.tta media mfmbrntiulis utrin- 
 que fTlantihus alnta, liiftii tlurilie ferro vix vrt!rnn, Sloaiie, Vat. PL 
 Jam. l:l7; Xat. IIi.st. Jam. ii. 2r.. t. 102. f. 1. — Kay, Hist. PI. 
 Dendr. ili. SO. 
 
 Schinoideft petiolis suhtus aruleati.i, LiniiiPiiit, ifurl. Cliff. ISO. 
 
 Schinu.i/tniis piunaliit ; foUoli.'i (n:~<)hlimffi.-t, pttiolo marf/inato artic- 
 ulato inertiii, Kiniui'iis, Mat. Med. 1H7. 
 
 • Fenliimnd KimlliMmer (1S01-1S70), a ruTinan n-sidi'iit uf 
 Texas, wliurc he was a most OMHiilttuus and succt-ssfiil Itotnuioal eul- 
 lector aiul observer during a periwl uf mure tlian tliirty years. He 
 was a member of the German colony at New Uraunfels, where he 
 
 edited a newspaper and where he died. He discovered a largo 
 niunbcr of new plants, among them Liudhetmera Texana, a well- 
 known garden annual. Many of his discoveries were published liy 
 Kn^hnann.'iml (iray in the Journid of the Boston Society of Nat- 
 ural History (Planlte Lindheimerianat). 
 
 * Faj^ara was early used by the Arabians to designate an aro- 
 matic plant of wliit'h the name is now lost (Wittstein, Ktymolog, Bot. 
 Hand.). It was afterwards taken up by C'lusius and the apothO' 
 caries to designate, under the name ()f Fagara majnres, tht* an>- 
 matie fruit of some eastern tree, probably of Xauthoxijhim Bhetsa, 
 DC, of India. Linnieus, under tlie impression, perhaps, that the 
 American plant was identical with the tree which produced tho/^a* 
 gara of commerce, gave it the specific name Fagara. 
 
 ^ Aituu. Hort. Kew. i. 101. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THK PLATK. 
 
 Plate XXXII. Xantiio.xyh^m Faoara. 
 
 1. A riowerini; branch of a staminnte treot natural size. 
 
 2. A flowering branch of a pistillate tree, natural size. 
 
 3. A Btaminate flower, enlarged. 
 
 4. Vertical section of a staniinate flower, enlarged. 
 r». A pistillate flower, enlai%'ed. 
 
 6. Vertical section of a ]iistillate flower, enlarged. 
 
 7. Cluster of fruit, natural size. 
 
 8. A ripe carpel, enlarged. 
 
 9. V^ertical section of a seed, enlarged. 
 
 b ^ 
 
RUTACE^. 
 
 cubic foot of 
 
 le first figure 
 dgett, and in 
 
 Bcovered a large 
 
 I Teiana, a well- 
 JCTC published by 
 
 II Society of Nat- 
 
 leaignate an aro- 
 >in, Kli/molog, Bol. 
 1 and the apothe- 
 
 tnajorPH, the aro- 
 nlhoxi/him Rhetsa, 
 perhaps, that the 
 
 produced the i'li- 
 ira. 
 
 ■4 
 
 m 
 

 i' 
 
 ^:J hv V 
 
« 
 
 I •■) 
 
 i**) 
 
 'J 
 
 I 1 
 
 XANTHOXYLUM FAGARA 
 
Ml 
 
 ^iM^mmm^^m^'^j^- ^^^^^^^ 
 
 I'M 
 
<l 
 
 KUTACEA. 
 
 SILVA OF NOliTlI AML'lilCA. 
 
 <a 
 
 PTKLKA. 
 
 Floweks polygamous ; calyx 4 or o-ijartod, the lohcs* imbricated in aestivation ; 
 petals 4 or o, imbricated in icstivation, hypogynous. Fruit, a '2 or !3-cellcd broadly 
 winged, or rarely wingless, indehiscent samara. Leaves trifoliate, or rarely ])innately 
 quinquel'oliate. 
 
 / 7 
 
 H 
 
 Ptelea, Lii)iia;us. (iiii. 20. — A. L. <le Jussieu, Gen. .'i73. — licntham & Ilnoktr. <;>//. i. WU. — Buillon. Jtisl. I'l. iv. 
 
 KnJlichcr, (ri'ii. 1117. — Muisuer, den, ti,). — Giay, (ien. -l.S'J. 
 
 III. ii. 141); I'roi: Am. Acad. n. sit. xxiii. L".'l. — Bellucoia, Ailansoii, /'aw/. 7V. ii. :U4. 
 
 
 Small unarmed trees or shrubs, with smooth bitter bark, slender terete braiuiies. small depressed 
 almost subpetiolar buds, and thick Heshy acrid roots. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, destitute of 
 stipules, long petiolate, usually trifoliate, the leaflets conduplieate in vernation, ovate or oblonij, entire, 
 crenate or serrulate, pimctate vith pellucid dots. P'lo'vers proiluied on slender br;'.cteolate pedicels in 
 terminal cymes or compound corymbs, greeuisli white. Receptacle convex, inconspicuous. Calyx 
 parted nearly to the base, much shorter than the petals, deciduous. Petals spreadiiis;', deciduous, Sta- 
 mens three or four, alternate with and as long as the petals, hypogyuous , much shorter in the fertile 
 flowers with imperfect or rudimentary anthers ; fllaments suliulate, more or less pilose towards the base, 
 especial!)' on the inner surface ; anthers ovate or corilate, introrse, two-celled ; the cells opening longi- 
 tudinally. Pistil raised on a short gynophore ; abortive ami nearly sessile in the sterile flowers ; ovary 
 compressed, two to three-celled ; style short ; stigma two to tiiree-lobed ; ovules two in each cell, 
 inserted one above the other, ascending, aniphitropous, raphe ventral, micropyle superior, the upper 
 ovule only fertilized. Fruit orbicuLir, surrounded by a broad reticulate wing, or rarely nut-like and 
 wingless. Seed oblong ; testa smooth or slightly wrinkled, coriaceous ; albumen fleshy. Embryo 
 straight ; cotyledons ovate-oblong ; ratiicle short, superior. 
 
 The genus Ptelea is coniined to the United States and Mexico. Four or flv- species are known. 
 Ptelvn trifulldtd, a small tree, and the only arborescent species of the genus, ranges from soutiiern 
 Ontario to Mexico. I'tcha (tixjiiKlijh/iii ' inhabits the Atlantic-.', >ast region from South Carolina t(» 
 Florida, and is common fron» Texas to California, extending north to the mountains of Colorado and 
 south into northern Mexico. One, and perhaps two species occur in southern Mexico.-' and one .sjjecies 
 in the peninsula of Lower Califoriua,' 
 
 The bark and foliage of Ptelea is bitter and strong-scented, and possesses tonic and anthelmintic 
 properties. 
 
 The name Ptelea, deriveil from the Greek 7tTf?.fa, a ohussical name of tlie Eliu-tiee. was transferred 
 by Linmeus to this genus from the resend)lance of its winged fruit to that of the Elm. 
 
 * Beiitlmm, Pi. Ilarhceg Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. i. 97. ' Pttlta ajiJcra. \\ivT\, l*rw. liairnport .4t*(i'/. Set. iv. ,19, a low 
 {P. Baldirinii, Torn-y & Gr, , , ^'. .4m. i. 'J1.5. — C'bapiuau, Fi aroiiiatii' sliriili from tlie shores of I'ihIos-SuiUos Biiv, ilistiiiguisheil 
 67.) b\ its remarkable imt-Iike glanttular turgiil fruit, surrouuded by a 
 
 • Henisley, liol. liiol. .4 m. CeiU. i. 171. narrow rudiiueutary wiug, or quite wiuglcss. 
 
'^^M^^mmmixijsim^' 
 
 n 
 
 V 
 
 w 
 
 SILl'A OF XlHiTII AMKIllLA. 
 
 PTELEA TRIFOLIATA. 
 
 Hop Tree. Wafer Ash. 
 
 BUTAOK^. 
 
 Fi.owKUs polyj^anio-mona'oious. Fruit broadly wiiifijctl. Leaves usually trifoliate. 
 
 jl 
 
 Ptelea trifoliata. U'lnwiis. Si'tr. 1 18. — SlilliT, l>iet. cd. 
 S. — Mciliiiis, lint. Dinharht. '.'l.').— Marshall, .l/■/.»^^ 
 .l»i. IM. — Wall.T. Fl. Oic. 8.S. — Laimirck, ///. i. ;!:!<;. 
 t. .><l. — Moivich, M'th. .">. — WilUleuow, .S/.«v. i. CTll; 
 Eii<iiii.\. Itlli. — yniiriiiK I>ii/i'imel. i, 2.">t. t. ."i". — Mi- 
 iluiiix. /v. lt„r..Am. i. '.I'.l. — Schkulir, Uamll,. i. ,S;i, t. 
 '.'.■>. — l*i)irct, L'lm. Dirt. v. "(Ki. — I'crsDon, Si/n. i. 
 1 l."i. — Di'st'onlaiiii's. lliit. .irii. ii. 1144. — Koliin. I'ni/n'/f.i. 
 iii. .")ll<).— I'uish. /'/. .Im. .•>,-/,l. i. 1(17, — NiittiiU. Ilni. 
 i. 104. — Guiinpel. Otto & Havne. .■Ubil,/. llnh.. '.)4. t. 
 74. — H.iyiie, Dt'mh. Fl. .S. — Klliott. .Sk. i. '.'10. — 
 Koi'iner & Scliulti's, .*>y.<^ iii. 'J'.tl. — Torrcy. Fl. I', S. 
 18',>; Fl. .V. r. i. l;i;i. _ Oo Camlollo. /'n«/r. ii. 8'.'. — 
 Sjirengel, Synt. i. 441. — Turiiin, Did. .SV/. Sat. xliv. '2, t. 
 
 r.'S. — A. lie Jii.«8ieu, .Wm. .M11.1. xii. t. 20, f. 4'J. — Don. 
 (iin. Si/sl. i. 8(10. — Siiucli, /li.it. I'e;/. ii. ;«!».— l-imlliy, 
 Fl. .Veil. 'J 1."..— Loudon, Arh. />ViV. i, ISi). t. — Torm 
 iV (iiay, Fl. .V. Am. i. L'l"). — Dii'tiidi, .Vy«. i. 41)7. — 
 Ciray. Gfii. 111. ii. 150, t. I."i7. — Aganlh, T/ieor. et Si/mI. 
 I'l. I. 10, f. 7. 8. — Cha|.man, /7. (iC. — Curtis, HrjK 
 Geolni/. Siirr. A'. Car, 18(10, iii. 107. — Schnizlein, Iron. 
 t. '.',-)0. f. 1. -.-•-•«.— UaiUon, Hist. Fl. iv. ;«».5, f. 44.5. 
 44(1. — Kuril. Di'iiilr. i. ,"ill(l. — ilcnislcy, ]lot. ISiul. Am. 
 Villi, i. 171. — Sftr(;ent, Forest Trees S. Am. Wlh Censiin 
 
 r. .S'. ix. ,'11 Wataon & CouItiT. (Jnii/'s Man. ed. (), 
 
 107. 
 
 P. pentnphylla, Falirioius. Fninii. Fl. Ilelmst. Iltl. 
 
 P. viticifolia, Salialmry, Frmlr. 08. 
 
 A small roiiiul-lieii(U'il tree, rarely twenty or twenty-live feet in lu'i<;lit, with a straijjht slender trunk 
 six or eight inches in ilianieter ; or, more often, a low spreading slirui). The bark of the trunk is rarely 
 more than an eighth of an inch thick, with a smooth dark gray surface marked with numerous oblong 
 wart-like excrescences which also appear on the dark brown lustrous bark of the young branches. 
 These are conspicuously marked during the winter by the scars left by the falling of the leaf-sUdks, 
 which almost surround and cover the depressed nearly round buils which are pale or almost white, and 
 covered "vitli scattered silky hairs. The leaves are alternate, or rarely opposite, and are borne on stout 
 petioles with thickened bases, and two and a half to three ■•-.ches long. When they first appear they 
 are covep'd, as are the young shoots, the branches of the inflorescence, and the petioles, with short tine 
 pubescence, and become glabrous at maturity. The leaflets are se.ssile, ovate or oblong and pointed, 
 the terminal one generally larger and more gradually contracted at the base than the others ; they are 
 entire or finely serrate, rather coriaceous at maturity, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale 
 on the lower, four to six inches long by two and a half to three inches broad, with prominent midribs 
 and primary veins. The flowers appear in the extrenie .south as early as March, and in the north dur- 
 ing the early part of the month of .lune. The fertile and sterile flowers are produced together in com- 
 pound terminal spreading 1 ymes, the sterile flowers being usually less numerous ;ind falling soon after 
 the opening of their anther cells. Tlif slender pedicels, an inch or an inch and a half long, are thickly 
 covered with pubescence, as are the calyx and the ovate-oblong jietals. The ovary is puberulent. The 
 fruit with its wing is almost orbicular, or sometimes slightly obovate, and nearly an inch across. It 
 ripens in Florida in early summer, or at the north late in the autumn, and hangs at maturity on long 
 slender reflexed ]i('ilicels, the remnants of which remain u[)on the branches until the plants begin their 
 growth the following spring. 
 
 I'oint Pelee on the north shore of Lake Ontario is the point farthest north where Ptelea trlfoliatd 
 has been observed growing naturally.' It is found on Long Lsland, New York ; it is common in Penn- 
 sylvania, and thence extends west to Minnesota and .south to northern Florida and through Texas and 
 
 ' .1. W, Hurjji'ss, Iltj(. liazrilf, vii. il5. 
 
 h ^ 
 
HirrACKiE. 
 
 ly trifoliate. 
 
 iL't;, f. 4'.'. — Don. 
 |. ;itl'.».— Lindlty. 
 
 ■»«!>. t. — rorrev 
 
 k Sijii. i. lit' 
 
 li, Thenr. el Si/sl. 
 i'l Curtis, h'fji. 
 
 Schni/.lein, /<-uii. 
 
 w. ;)'.i5, f. u'k 
 
 y. Hot. lilul. Am. 
 
 Am. U)t/i Cen.sii.s 
 
 rittj's Man. ed. (>, 
 
 I mat. lit!. 
 
 it .sli'iider trunk 
 trunk is rarely 
 iinvrou.s oblon}.; 
 Dimg hranehes. 
 the li'iit'-stiilks, 
 most wliitu, and 
 ! borne on stout 
 rst appear tliev 
 with short Hno 
 ig and pointed, 
 thers ; they are 
 er surface, pale 
 minent midribs 
 1 the north dur- 
 )f^ether in coni- 
 Uin^ soon after 
 m\r, are thickly 
 berulent. The 
 iich across. It 
 iturity on long 
 iits begin their 
 
 'telea frtfoUato 
 innion in Pcnn- 
 u<r!i Texas and 
 
 H! 
 
 HUl'-VCKiE. 
 
 SIJA'A OF MJltTil AMKliK'A. 
 
 77 
 
 New Mexico to the valley of tin- .Mimi)res River and the mountains of Colorado' and northern Mexico. 
 I'll li II Iri/'olliilii generally grows on rocky .sloj)es near the borders of the forest, often in the shade 
 of larger trees. 
 
 The wood of I'll /ill Iri/ii/iiilii is heavy, hard, an<l close-grained, with a satiny surface. The iiied- 
 ullary rays are thin and not iiuiiieroi'.s, but the layers of annual growth are clearly nuirked by two m 
 three rows of open ducts. The color of the heartwood is yellow-brown, the thin sapwood, composed of 
 six to eight layers of annual growth, being hardly distinguishable from it. The specific gravity <>( the 
 absolutely dry wood is 0.81}!!), a cubic font of the dry wood weighing .')1.S4 poiuids. 
 
 Herbalists employ the bitter bark of the roots of I'lifni Iri/uHitln in the form of tinctures and 
 Huid extracts as a tonic in the treatmi'ut of dyspejisia and debility;"' and the bitter fruit is siiid to be 
 sometimes used domestically as a substitute for hops in beer-brewing.' 
 
 The earliest description of I'tilut Irifolld/n is that of Plukcnet, ])ublisiied in KIDfl in the Almn- 
 iji.flinn JJutiiiiiiiihi.* It was cultivated in England as early as IT'Jl' by Dr. .lames Sherard,'' in his 
 garden at Eltliam, and has since been an esteemed plant in gardens, where, at dill'ercnt times, forms 
 with variegated or blotched foliage have appeared. 
 
 I'll li II Irifiilintn is i\w. favorite food of a Tree-hoj)per which punctures its branches,' and the larv* 
 of a Tineid moth " are known to disKgure the leaves.'' 
 
 Ptelea trifo/luta flourishes in rich rather moist soil, and may be easily iirojtagated from seed 
 which, if planted as soon as it is ripe, germinates the following spring. 
 
 There is a shrubby form of this species, >!naller in all its parts than that represented in our figure, 
 more ])ubescent, and with the under surface of the leaves often coated with thick white tomentum.'" It 
 is not rare in the south Atlantic states near the coast and in Florida ; it is the common form of western 
 Texas and New Mexico. 
 
 ' Canon City, IluokiT & Griy (1S77), in llrrh. Gray. 
 
 ' Am. Jimr. I'htirm. IHIW, lUS ; 1807, .'i;i7. — .Va(. Di.<p. ed. '-', 
 1170. 
 
 ^ Tlii.s statement »)f tlie use of tlie fniit of Ptele.i has been re- 
 peated in most of the published aceounts of the tree. I hare no 
 reason for supposing that it is now used for this purpose. 
 
 * Frulex I'iri/iiiiafius Iri/olim I'lmi Samarm /JaHW'cn, 159. — Uil- 
 lenius. Hurl. EUh. 117, t. lli'.', f. 1 IS. — Catesby, Nal. Hist. Car. 
 ii. H;t. t. S;i. — LinlOTUS, Unrl. Cliff. ;«!. 
 
 Pleleafiiliin lrmnli.i. Miller, /foti. />irt. ii. Ul, t. 'Jll. 
 
 * Aiton, Hnri. h'eii: i. K'lL'. 
 
 ' James Sher.ird, M. 1>. (l(>C(>-17,'i7), brother of the more dis- 
 tinguished William Sherard, who woa one of tlie most eminent bot- 
 anists of his ti ne and the founder of the llotauio Garden at Oxford, 
 •lames Sherard, a suecessful i.undtm physieian and apothecary, was 
 devoted to botany and horticulture. Ilis garden at Kltham in Kent 
 
 was one of the rieliest of its time in Knpland, and was made famous 
 by Dillenius in iiis sumptuous Hnrlus Klthaineiisi.-<. publi.shed in 17.'t'J, 
 in which he ligured many of tl»' plants eultivuted by Dr. Sherard. 
 ' Erhenopa hiniitiltn, Say, FirsI .1 fiii. lit ft. Suite Kutuimd. .V. }*. *J87. 
 
 * Nppticnlii pipleiTfiUn. 
 
 • The foliage of Ptelfa Iri/nlinlii is ruined every year during the 
 month of August in the ueighborlKKMl of Coviiigti)n, Kentucky, by 
 tlie larv.'p of tliis species. ( T. V. Chamb>rs, I'/i/fhr, iii. 137.) 
 
 ^^ Ptt'li^a tril'tiliittn, var. nwlli.<, Torr; , & rir-ay, Fl. \. .-Im. i. (iSO. — 
 Kngelmaiui & (iray, .fo'ir. /.'<)<(. *■. .Vd'. //i.«(. v. X\ (PL Liml- 
 keim.). — Torrey, Miirci/s Hep. 'JfiO. — tiray, PL Wright, i. 31 
 (Smillisonian Coiilrih. iii.). — Watson, Proc. .Im. Actid. xvii. 'SK. — 
 Siu-gent, Fure.ll Tries .V. .Im. llIrA Cemm I'. .S'. ix. 111. 
 
 P. mollin, Curtis, .Im. .lour. .Sri. ser. '.', vii. IlKi ; Pep. Geohij. 
 Sure. S. Car. IStX), iii. 107. — Walpers, .Inn. ii. •iTiQ. — Chapman, 
 Fl. (•>7. 
 
 i^'^ 
 
?1 ;>'*»t.^^ *&m%:i^rt'kr 
 
 El' 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATER. 
 
 Fl.ATE XXXIII. I'IKLEA TRIFOLIATA. 
 
 1. A Howering branrh, natural size. 
 
 2. Diagram of a fertile flower. 
 
 3. A sterile flower, enlarged. 
 
 4. Vertical section of a sterile flower, enlarged. 
 
 n. Posterior an.l anterior views of a stamen, enlarged. 
 
 (). A fertile flower, eidarged. 
 
 7. Vertical section of a pistil, enlarged. 
 
 8. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged. 
 
 Plate XXXIV. Ptelea trikoliata. 
 
 1. A fruiting branch, natural si/.e. 
 
 2. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 
 'A. A seed, enlarged. 
 
 4. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 
 
 5. An embryo, much enlarged. 
 

 
 is i 
 
J 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 (I 
 
 'V. 
 
 •(.) 
 
 ! 
 
 PTi^l,KA TRlFOLiATA 
 
Ml 
 
 Mi^ 
 
 m 
 
 li; 
 
 1 1 
 
<( 
 
 ' •-!> 
 
 I i< 
 
 \\ 
 
/ 
 
■ ^J! 
 
 \ 
 
 1 / 
 
 1 
 I / 
 
 I ^ 
 
 t"^ 
 
 V 
 
 ^.^ 
 
 i>:.,^ 
 
 ^f 
 
 PTELFA TRIFOLIATA, 
 
t( 
 
 I ! 
 
HiTALi:^ SILFA OF NORTH AMERICA. 79 
 
 HE LI ETTA. 
 
 Flowers regular, perfect ; calyx ;{ to 4-parted, the divisions imbricated in icstiva- 
 tion ; petals ;j to 4, imbricated in x-stivation, liypogynous. Fruit composed of 3 to 
 4 winged indehiscent cocculos. Leaves trifoliate, persistent. 
 
 Helietta. Tulasiu', Ann. .'<i-i. Xnt. scr. '■'>. vii. L'80. — liuiitliam iV llookiir, Gi-ii. i. :i(ll. — liaillon. Jli.^t. I'l. iv. 477. — Knyler, 
 Martins FL IlrasU. xii. -, 1H4. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with slender terete branches. Leaves ojiposite, lonij-jietioiat , leaflets sessile, obo- 
 vate-oblonj^, obtuse, entire or erenate, subeoriaeeous, <>laiKlular-iiunctate. the teriuii 1 uiueli lari^er than 
 the two lateral. Flowers produced on slender biln-acteolate pedicels in terminal or axillary panicles. 
 Sepals .slightly united at the base, persistent, much shorter than the oblonjj; concave glandulai--punctate 
 petals rctlexed at maturity. Stamens inserted under the disk ; filaments shorter than the jietals. sliglitly 
 flattened, glabrous ; anthers ovate, sligiitly cordate at the base, attached on the back below the middle, 
 intror.se, two-eelled, tiie cells opening longitudinally. Disk free, cu]i-shaped. erect, subcorrugated,with 
 a sinuate margin, entire or fonr-loi)ed, the lobes entire or cri'nate and (tpposite the petals. Ovary 
 minute, sessile, depressed, three to four-lobed, glan<lular-verrucose or minutely pilose, the lateral lobes 
 slightly compressed ; styles united into a single slender column, crowned liy the globose three to four- 
 lobed stigma ; ovides two in each cell, collateral, anatropous. Fruit obeonieal, composed of three to 
 four dry woody carpels with prominent horizontal wings, separating at maturity into three to four one- 
 seeded indehiscent coccules. Seed linear, oblong, inclosed in a cartilaginous indehiscent endocarp ; testa 
 erustaceous, fragile, black. Embryo axile, surrounded by thin tlesiiy albmnen ; cotyledons straight, 
 obtuse ; radicle terete, superior. 
 
 The genus Helietta is widely distributed from the valley of the Kio Grande in Texas to Brazil and 
 Paraguay. Four species are now recognized by i)otanists. ILI'dltn /i(irri/<ili<i is peculiar to northeast- 
 ern Mexico and the adjacent portions of Texas. Uelicttn Plannn,^ the type of the genus, is a native of 
 Colombia. Ildli^tta mnltijhini ■ is Brazilian, and IL/icitd (iplfiilutu,^ described as a small tree, is found 
 in Piiraguay. 
 
 The genus Helietta was named by Tulasne in honor of Louis Theodore Ilelie.' a distinguished 
 French physician who studied the poisonous properties of the Uue." 
 
 IN 
 
 ' Tuliisnc, .'Inn. AVi. Xdl. ser. ',i, vii. 281. 
 
 ■' EngliT, .Marliun Fl. flnml. xii. 2, 1«3, t. ,'iO. 
 
 ' Beiitliiuii, Hfink. Icon. xiv. (17. 
 
 ' I.oiiis Tlu'ddorn Hdlie (l.S(H-18(i7) ; born in Nantes, graduated 
 in medicine at Paris in 18'J7, and professor of anatomy and pliysi- 
 oloj;y in the school of medicine of his native cit; n which he 
 
 founded a museum nf anatomy. He contributed numerous articles 
 to mediciil journals, ;'.nd at the time of his dealb was an oflicer of 
 the I.e(;ion of Honor, and a member of many learned societies. 
 
 ' " Oe Taction vi'ni'neuse dc la Kue, et ile son influence sur la 
 grossesse." (.innates tl'Hygirie PubtitjuCt Paris, 1838, ix. 180.) 
 
 i i 
 
/ 
 
RUTACKjE. 
 
 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 81 
 
 HELIETTA PARVIFOLIA. 
 
 M 
 
 Baretta. 
 
 Sepals and petals 4 ; disk l-lobtd. 
 
 Helietta parvifolia. licntham. //'<"X-. /•»«• xiv. iltl. — V. Ptelea parvifolia. Hemsloy (ex. char. A. Gray in Ihrh. 
 Ilavaril. /'/■-"■. ('. S. \.it. .Uii.i. viii. No. 'JH. I7:i. — Sar- Keir.}. ll,i>. Hint. Am. Ci'/it. i. 170. 
 
 gent. G'tnfi'ii 'tin/ F"ir.^t. ii. .'J.'ili. 
 
 A slender tree, twenty or twenty-five feet in iieif^lit. witii a trunii five or six inches in diameter, 
 and rather erect liranciies t'ormin<^ a small irregular head ; or a low shruh. The hark of the trunk 
 is an eighth of an inch thick, the surface covered with dark brown closely ajipressed scales which sepa- 
 rate in large irregidar patches, leaving when they fall a smooth pale yellow surface. The hark of the 
 hranchlets is pale, covered with minute wart-like excrescences ; it is uunutely puberulous when they first 
 api)ear, soon becoming glabrous, and is marked during the second year with small inconspicuous leaf- 
 scars. The leaves remain on the branches until March or April, when the new growth begins. They 
 are borne on stout slightly club-shaped petioles, which are at first puberulent, and become glabrous at 
 maturity. The leaflets are oblong or narrowly obovate, rounded or sometimes slightly emarginate at 
 the apex, and gracbially and regularly contracted at the base ; they are entire or slightly and remotely 
 crenulate-serrate. vellow-green .ind lustr-ius on the upper surface, paler below, and (•onspiciU)Usly marked 
 with black glandular dots; the terminal leaflet, which is sometimes wanting, i.s half an inch to an inch 
 and a half long, sometimes half an inch broad, and nearly double the size of the two lateral leaflets. 
 The lb)wers, which open in April and May, are produced in dichotomously-branched sidisessile panicles 
 on the shoots of the season from the axils of the upper leaves above which they hardly appear. The 
 flower-buds are round, obtusely-flattened, and covered with pubescence. The bracts of the pedicels are 
 minute, acuminate, and early-deciduous, and, like the petioles and calyx, are covere<l at first with short 
 den.se pubescence. The petals are white, ovate, an eighth of an inch long or nearly so. with se;i\ered 
 hairs on the outer surface, and thin scabrous margins, and are four or five times longer than the caly.x- 
 lobes. The disk is four-lobed with entire margins, and, like the four-lobed ovary and slender style, is 
 minutely glandular-puncfcite. The fruit, of which only two or three specimens appear to mature from a 
 panicle, ripens in ()ctol)er ; it is oblong, a quarter to a third of an inch long, and produced into a rigid 
 broadly ovate, sometimes slightly falcate wing, rounded at the apex, half an inch long, and conspicu- 
 ously reticulate-veined. 
 
 //(/!, lilt pt in- [fill in forms thickets of o(msiderable extent near Rio Grande City in Texas, where it 
 is a common shrub. It was first noticed there by Dr. Valery Ilavard ' in 1SS;J, and is not known else- 
 where within the limits of the United States. Helietta is rather common on the mesas south of the 
 lower Uio (irande, where it is found with the Acacias, Huckthorns. Yuccas and Cacti, the Texas Pei 
 simmon, and the I'arkinsonias, which form the characteristic features of the flora of that region, and 
 
 \\ 
 
 i ) 
 
 ' Vali'ry llavani was ljo:-n near Ciiiiiiiii')'!"' i" Franci' in ISKi, 
 ami was I'diKated at Hoauvoia, wliiTi' In' fulUiwi'il assiducaisly in 
 thf .\(;rii'ultunil Institute courses in botany ami in utlu'r di'part- 
 nicnts of Natural History. Ilavard emiKratod in Mv'iC, lo tlie 
 Initi'il States, and obtained tlie appointinint of iirofcsaor in Man- 
 hattan C'olli-Ki'. Sew Y.pik. Four years later be );railuati>d in ined- 
 ieine from the Iniveisity Medieal t'ollejte of New York, and in 
 lS7t reeeived the app untnient of assistant surgeon in tlie I'nited 
 States army. Dr. llivard's knowledge of botany has enabled biiu 
 
 to make many interesting and important discoveries in connection 
 witli bis iilliiial iluties in various parts of the country, especially in 
 Ilakota, M<uitana, ami western Texas. His description of the nat- 
 ural feature., of western and southern Texas, published in tlu' I'ro- 
 eerili'iiis o; thr Vnileii .S(ii(c.« .Viiioiki/ Mmrmn for l.sS.-i, gives a 
 detailed account of the distributioi of the plants of this interesting 
 region, ami of their economic prop'rties and uses, ami is an impor- 
 tant botanical paper containing mi eb iutonnation which had not 
 previously been nuule known. 
 
i« 
 
 / 
 
 .S2 
 
 >7Ar.l OF NORTH AMElilCA. 
 
 KUTACK.t. 
 
 ii'iulu's the Kiwer slojics of tlii' Sit'rni Madrc, uloiiif wliich it cxti'iids soiithwiinl tln'(m}r|i tlii^ State of 
 Niit'vo I.iMHi, tloiirishinj^ on limestone li'(l<jes where it iittaiiis its laijjest size and tree-like hiii>it in the 
 fertile soil and comparatively humid atniosiihere of that retjioii. 
 
 The wood of //i/iiltii /mrrifn/id is hard, verv heavy and elose-i^raitied ; it contains numerous thin 
 medullary rays, the layers of annual ijrowtli heint; marked l>y several rows of minute open duets. It is 
 lijjht oranifi-hrown. the sapw(Mid. wliieli is not otherwise distin<ruishal>le, lieinif rather liijiiter colored. 
 Tile s|ie(ilie gravity of the absolutely dry wood is O.STS.*). a cubic foot wciifhinjr .")4.7.') pounds, it i^ 
 proiialilv used for fuel only. 
 
 JI( /litlit parrijolid was discovered mar .Montere\ by .Mr. .1. L. iJcrlandier ' in liSliS. 
 
 ' .loan I.imis Hi>rl:iniliiT. a iiativi' uf Mt'I;;iiini. was a pupil nf I>f 
 Clntiulle, lilldor whose auspu-os he piililislii'il at (teiievit. in IH'JS. a 
 Mtmnire unr la Famille tifx Urnss'tlnrit'^, also elalioratin;; these 
 plants for the I'nulrnmnf of lie C'anilulle (iii. 177-lS,'!). Iterlamlier 
 left Kurope probably in 18'J7 ur IS'.'.S, ami established himself as an 
 npotlieeary at .Matamoro^ in Mexieo. I!e *.vas the first botanist to 
 explore Nnevo Leon, where he made lar^e eolleetions and many 
 diseovi-ries, as ne did later in western Texas also. .\t the breakin;^ 
 out of tlu' .var between the I'nited States and Mexieo. Herlamlier 
 espoused .ho eausu of the former, and u:ui present as };uide at the 
 
 battle of Kesaea ib> la I'ahiia and at some of the otlier ecmibals 
 wliii-ji took plaee at the be^innini; of the war north of the Uio 
 (irandi*. He was drowm-d in IHol in attempting to eros.s on horse- 
 baek one uf thi' Hjn.ill streams whieli ttuw into the (iiilf of Mexieu 
 south of the Hioiirando. The inanuseripts of llerlandier's pidv 
 lisht'd papers, the notes of some of his Mexican jiturni'vs, and a 
 nuudH>r of his unpoblishi'd paintiui;s of .Mexiean plants, ai-e pre- 
 served in the herbarium of H.trvard l'ni\ersily. The pniis /.'- r- 
 liiu'liini, dedii-ated tu hiui by Of CandoUe, eominemorates his 
 Berviees to botanv. 
 
 KX1'I..\.\.VTI()N (IK II11-; I'L.UE. 
 
 I'|..\TK XXXV. llKI.IKri A lAHVIKIil.l.V. 
 
 1 A flowering' brancli. natural si/.e. 
 
 -. I>ia;;raiii of .1 llower. 
 
 .'i. A tbiwer. enlai'^etl. 
 
 •I. Verlie.al seetion of a tlower, enlarged. 
 
 ."1. A tlow-i'r. the ealyx and petals removed, cnlar^'ed, 
 
 (>. .\ii ovule, iiiui h iiia','nilied. 
 
 7. A fruiting; braneli. natural size. 
 
 H. Vertieal section of a earpel. enlarged. 
 
 '.I. A seed, enlar^eil. 
 
 lU. An embryo, much ma(;nitied. 
 
rutacka; 
 
 h the State of 
 m hul>it in the 
 
 immerous thin 
 1 ducts. It IS 
 Iflitcr loloi'i'd. 
 )oiinil>. It IS 
 
 ■ till' iitiicl- fiiliil);its 
 !■ iicirlh of thf Hill 
 ^ to cross oil horsf- 
 
 lu- dull' of Mi'sifu 
 f lii'rlaiulicr's \m\t- 
 liii journeys, uiid a 
 an plants, iin* pn-- 
 ,'. 'I'lii- j^rniis I'" r- 
 
 uoniuii-'niorates lii.s 
 
 •'' 
 
 !(. ) : 
 
^ ?Tf 
 
 IM 
 
 nil I 
 
 >Hl lli %' 
 
 •€. 
 
 ■^ 
 
 Vr !}# 4^ 
 
 HI 
 
 of 
 be 
 
 III 
 
 .1. 
 
 is 
 
of 
 he 
 
 ill 
 
 is 
 ,1. 
 
 
 -K : A^^ 
 
 i ? I 
 
 v__^ 
 
 fek 
 
 4h ' 
 
 i 
 
 HKIIETTA PARVIFOI.IA 
 
1 
 
 I I 
 
f 
 
 UUTACE^. 
 
 aiLVA OF NOnril AMERICA. 
 
 AMYRIS, 
 
 83 
 
 Flowkus horiuiiphrodite or polygiiinous ; ciilyx iiamosL-palous, 4-toothcd ; petals 4, 
 imbricatfd in icstivation, hypogynous. Fruit, a 1-seocled drupe. Lfavus 1 to 3-1'oliute 
 or unequally pinnate. 
 
 Amyris. LiniKi'Us, 6Vh. wl. ll, IS.S. — A. L. dr .lussieu. den. 
 ;i7l (in part). — KiullicluT, '.''•". ll.i'J. — MeisiuT. 'rV'f. 
 74. _ Uuntliam & Hooker, Gen. i. '.'d. — Iriaiia A: I'lan- 
 
 clioii, .!/'«. Si-i. y.it. s( 
 tl. iv. 4,S:i. — Grav. /'/■. 
 
 . 5. xiv. .12(1. — liaillon, His 
 
 . Am. Acii'l. n. ser. xxiii. .-0. 
 
 'T 
 
 ! .' 
 
 Glabrous <;hniilii!iu-piiiK'tate trees or slu-ubs, with balsainie ivsinous juice. Leaves ojiposite, or 
 rarely opposite and alternate, destitute of stii)ules, piTsistent, the (letioles often winded ; leaflets oppo- 
 site, petiohilate, entire or erenate. Flowers white, minute, produced neueially in three-flowered corymbs 
 in terminal or axillary bianclied panicles. bil)iacteolate at the base of tlie l)ran(hes. Pedicels slender, 
 bibracteolate. Petals niueh longer than tlie minute calyx, spieailino- at maturity. Di.-k of the stami- 
 iiate flowers inconspicuous ; that of the pistillate and perfect flowers tiiickeiied and pidv'/uite. Stamens 
 eight, hypogynmis, oi)posite and alternate with tlie petals; lilaments tiliform, exsert'd ; anthers ovate, 
 attached on the back iielow the middle, introrse, two-celled, the contiguous ee!l„ i.pening longitudinally. 
 Ovary elliiisoidal or ovoid, one-celled, rudimentary or sterile in the staminate flowers; style short, 
 terminal, or wanting ; stigma capitate; ovules two, collateral, suspended near the apex of the ovary, 
 anatropous; micropvle Miperior. Drupe gK)bose or ovoid, aromatic ; putanicu one-seeded by abortion, 
 ehartaceous. Seed pendulous, exalbuminous ; testa meiidiranaceous. EnduTo minute; cotyledons 
 plano-convex, fleshy, glandular-punctate ; radicle very short, superior. 
 
 The "enus Amyris' is tro|>ical American and north Mexican. Twelve or fourteen species'- are 
 distinouished, two extending into the territory of the United States; (me of these, .1. niiiri/imu, a small 
 West Indian tree, is common on the shores of south Florida. Aiiii/rl.-< jmrri/nl !'(,■' a shrub of the Sierra 
 Madre of Mexico, has lieen noticed in Texas near tiie moutii of the Kio Grande. 
 
 The plants of tiiis genus are fragrant and yield a balsamic resin which, in Am'/ri.-^ ni/lfnl'icK.' is 
 aronmtie and stinudant. Aiiii/rix bitlxuhilfi ra'' of the same region is reputed poisonous. The brandies 
 of this tree produce in burning an agreeable odor, recalling that of roses, and lires are made with them 
 to perfume dwellings.'' The wood of Amyris is iieavy, hard, and close-grained. It fiiniishes valuable 
 fuel, and is sometimes emiiloyed in cabinet-making. According to naillon, the Lcinoii-wood ' of com- 
 imrcc is produceil liy Aiiii/ri.'< si/lrdtiva. 
 
 The name Amyris, derived from uv()f-a, relates to the balsamic properties of tlie plants of tliis genus. 
 
 1 Amyris was formerly unit,,! with /;'.™™,w. 1 looker, in the Mlrnwne, \.,l. Ili<i. .I;,,, 'JdS. - .laoqnin, .Wr/.. .■!'". H>7.— 
 
 (;,,i,n, I'laiK.imm. althouyli lie retained ilie pMms at the end of llundM.ldl, ISooplimd & Kuiith, .V..i'. f,', ... ,/ .V;»v. vii. ;t7, t. lUO.— 
 that family, sn^fKestei. that it niijjhl he united nmiv properly with 
 
 .liiriiiid'f.p in Uulnrnr. Triana vS: IManelion (.Inn. Sci. A'.ir. ser. ■"), 
 xiv. a'iti) adopted tins view, pointing out that the tlower ami fruit 
 of .\niyriii and (ilyeosmis are so similar that these two types ean- 
 lu.t he separated, ami that if (llycosmis, in spite of its short |»'raisl- 
 ent style, is to renuiin in lluliiirir, it is necessary to place Amyris 
 with it. The Kemis is, however, wiilely separated (jeoKraphieally 
 from the other .1 iinmlirce which arc eoulined to the ( lid World, and 
 ar.> destituti', nmreover, of the resinous ^'uni peculiar to Amyris. 
 
 DeCaudolle. I'rf.lr. ii. SI. — Walpcrs, /I'./i. i. .")IUI ; ii. 8;il ; v. VM ; 
 ,1 Nil. vii. .ML'. — .Macfadyen, I'l. ./iim. '.'DO. — ( i risehach, /"'. Uril. W. 
 1,1,1, 171, — Triana & I'lanehon, .Inn. S,-i. Xiil. ser. 5, xiv. ;)'Jl. — 
 Karsteii, /•■/. Columh. t. 1,-|.S. — Ilemsley, /W. liiol. .Ira. Cm. i. ISO. 
 
 ' (Jray. I'm,: .\m. .{onl. n. ser. xxiii. ;!'J(1. 
 
 * ,hu'i|uin. .s/ir/', .!».. ll'7. 
 
 " l.iiinaMis, .N'/i..-. ed. 'J, l',K! (A. toii/era, Willd. Spec. ii. a;ili). 
 
 ' Triana & I'lanehon, (. c. 
 
 ' lli.<l.ri. iv. lis. 
 
 'I 
 
H 
 
 r » ' 
 
 ll 
 
 I * 
 
 ! 
 
 f ? 
 
 ', 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 i 
 
 r 
 
ii 
 
 ui:r.\t'K.i;. 
 
 SUA' A OF XORTII AMERICA. 
 
 AMYRIS MARITIMA. 
 
 Torch Wood. 
 
 So 
 
 Flowkus perfect. Leuvth y-fbliolute. 
 
 Amyris maritima, Jaccmiii. Knum. I'l. C'iril>."'A- Slii-/i. Iiach. Ft. lirit. IV. Iml.Vii (in part). — Sargent. /•orf.\7 
 
 Am. Iu7. — I.inniuus, .S>'.'. cil. •_'. 4'.t('.. — I)e C'.iiidoUf. Tm-s X. .Am. lOt/i Ceii!<iiii f. 5. i.x. 3;i. 
 
 yVw/c. ii. HI. — .MarfadytMi. i't. ■Imii.'l'M. — Hiohard. /'/. A. dyatripa. Sprengel, yviie Eiitt.Wx.Mi. — I)c CaniloUe. 
 
 Cut). .'!!)'.', — Gii.sL.l.a<li. /'/. ISrit. U". In,l. 174 (in part i. — /'/•'„/,•. i|. XI. 
 
 Plunchun & Tiiann, .i'l"". >S''('. ..V"'. sor. ."i. xiv. ;i'J4. — 
 Baillon, UUt. PI. iv. 3'.)7, f. 447-1.") 1 ; Du-l. i. l.V.t. f. — 
 Gray. I'ror. Am. Aeml. n. ser. xxiii. liLHi. 
 
 A. Elemifera, Linnajns. S/iec. cil. -, 4".(."i. 
 
 A. sylvatioa, l)e CumloUe. PmUr.ii. SI (in part). — Grisc- 
 
 A. Floridana. Nuttall. Am. Jmn: &•/'. v. U'H4 : Si/lni, ii. 
 
 114. t. 7.S. — I )i' C'anduUe, /'/-<./;•. ii. SI . — Torrey & Gray. 
 
 /■'/. .V. Am. i. 'JL'l. — Lijudun. .//■/.. Ilrit. ii. otil. — C'liap- 
 
 niiin. /v. (J.H. 
 A. maritima. var. angustifolia. Gray. Prar. Am. Acud. n. 
 
 ber. x.\iii. --'tJ. 
 
 '/ ! 
 
 A small slender tree, torty or fifty feet in lieifjlit, with a trunk sometimes, iilthoiigh rarely, a foot in 
 diameter, covered with thin i^ray-hrown hark slii;litly furrowed and hroken into short ajipressed sfale.>i. 
 The hranehes are slender, terete, covered with wart-like excrescences ; they are lij;ht hrown at first and 
 hi."ome pay durin<^ their second season. The winter-hnds are acute, flattened, an eijihth of an inch 
 lonjr, with hroadly ohovate scales slij^htly keeled on the hack. The leaves are home on slender petioles, 
 an inch or an inch and a half in lenj^th, sli<;htly thickened towards the hase. The leaflets are hroadly 
 ovate or roundish, ohtuse, acute or acuminate at the a|)ex, distinctly wedne-shaped at the ba.se, or some- 
 times ovate-lanceolate or rhond)ic-laneeolate.' They are entiie or remotely crenulate, coriaceou.s, lustrous 
 on both surfaces, dark yellow-fjfreen, eonsi)ieilously reticidate-veined, anil covered on the lower surface 
 with minute i)hick {j;landidar dots. They are an inch to two and a half inches lonj>'. and are borne on 
 slender petioles, that of the terminal leaflet beinj;' often twice the leiij;lh of tliose of the lateral leaflets. 
 and often an inch or nun'o lonf^. The panicles of flowers are terminal, pedunculate or nearly sessile, 
 and appear in Florida from Aufiiist to I)ecend)er. The filaments of the four stamens which are opposite 
 the sepals are .sometimes a little loiiirer than those which alternate with tiiem.- The fruit ripens in tile 
 sprinf"'; it is ovoid, nearly half an inch lony; or sometimes much snt.iller. The flesliy outfr eoverint;' is 
 black, covered with a glaucous bloom when fidly ripe, and po.s.ses.ses an aromatic oily rather ai;reeal)le 
 flavor. 
 
 Aiiii/rls iiinritiiii'i is found in Floriila from Mosipiito lulct on liie east coast to the southern keys, 
 where it is a conniion plant, f^rowinf;' in different situations, from tlie imnu'diate nei<;hborhood of tiu' 
 shore to the rich Innnmocks of tiie interior. It ^rows also on tiie Hahama Islands, on St. Thomas, 
 (Juba, Jamaica, and no doubt on several of the other West Indian islands. In Florida it attains its 
 ffreutest size on Umbrella Key, where trees fifty feet in hei<;ht are not inuommon. 
 
 The wood of Aiiii/rl.i miii'lllntu is heavy, excee(lini.;ly hanl, stronn. and close-i>iiiined ; it is very 
 resinous, extremely durable, and can be made to take a bcautilul |ioli-.h. The medullary rays are thin 
 
 ' In tin* viirii'ty (intitistifhliit, which dues ni)t iippi-ar tit ditViT itth- thi- t'lmr stariu'iis itpposiio the petals as ftdly a third shtirti-r tliaii 
 
 iTwisc fniiu Ihi' iniiri' niliust fnrni« I'xwpl in tin- fi'rliliT giowlh lh.i«i' whi. h altcrnati' with Ihi'ni. 4'hi'iT is. hiiwi'vcr, luisiuUililliT- 
 
 aiid llu' snialliT fnliagc anil fruit dui' lii thr pnor snil and I'xpiiscd I'lu'c in llic li'iijjih «t the lilunu'iita in any of the I'lorida spi'dnifiis 
 
 Hitualiiin nil thi' liDi-diTs iif si'a-lii'mln's wliiTi' it is found. 'I'hi' I haM' ixaiiiiiuii. In a spcriini'ii ( No. ITS) I'nlli'i'li'd liy Uaron Kg- 
 
 rMrrnii' forms, rharinliri/rd liy (!ray (/. •■). puss iini' into llii' ({its un St. Tlionms in 1SS7, ihc staini'iis sliow a gri'ati'r inrliiiiition 
 
 itlliiT as siirroundin^js and cnnditions nf growth an' inori' or less to vary in h'tigth. This spi'cinirn was t'olli'rti'd in full tlowrr in 
 
 fiivonihli'. .\pril. showing that tho liowfriiig period of this Iwv varies nni^id 
 
 '' Ihiillun, in his llgiiri' of this spfi'ii-.s, represents the lllanients of eraht\ in ditVerent latitude^ 
 

 ^ 
 
 ii 
 
 86 
 
 SILl'A OF NOKTIl AMERICA. 
 
 IIUTACE.E. 
 
 and oliseiire. It is lij;lit orange-colored with a thin, rather lighter colored sapwood composed of twelve 
 or fifteen layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the ahsolutely dry wood is 1.0459, a cuhic 
 foot weighing (i/i.lS pounds. It furnishes excellent fuel, and is used for this purpose hy the iuhahit- 
 ants of the Florida ki'vs. The hardness, strength, aiul durahility of this wood wouUl make it valuable 
 in the arts if it could he ohtained in large (piautities. 
 
 The earlii'st account of Ahii/ri.i iiitirilliiin appears to he that of ('ateshy, who published in his 
 yntiii-itl lUstiinj (if Curolliiit a very good figure of the suiall-leaved littoral variety.' It was first 
 noticed in P'lorida on the east coast in 18'J1 by Mr. N. A. Ware,'' and was collected later on Key West 
 l.v Dr. .1. L. Blodjiett. 
 
 Ml) 
 
 ' Frnfex tri/oHits rc^inosu"- . tiarihus ietra-p* talis albi.* rucctnosis^ ii. 
 
 ■x\, t. ;u. 
 
 f^lfmi/ero /olii.< trrmtlis, Liniia'us, Uorl. ('lifl'. IH(i. 
 
 Amiiris ; fruticusHS minor, /olils nrliirnhitis miosis, pitinatit'ttrnittis ,■ 
 ritrtmts Urmindtririhus, Hrowiu*, Xnt. lUst. Jam. 'JOl^. 
 
 - N*;illi:iiii(.'l A. Wiirc (silnmt ITSlMHrdt) ; ii imtivc uf Miissacliii- 
 sotts, and a tt-ai-lier ami l.iwycr in Smith Carolina and thi-n at 
 Ntttclii'Z. Mississippi, wbere lie bfcauic a major of militia ami the 
 
 seeri'tary of the tt'rritorial governinent, and wIm re ho ncijuired a 
 *- ^e f(jrtuiie hy the pnrcha.si' of laiuls. IIo travelc<l extensively in 
 I't southern states, and wx-? knuwn for his attainments in geogra- 
 pli\ and the natural seienees, and as the author of works jn the 
 IVstalo/./ian system of ediioation, on the federal eonstitution, and 
 tin politieal eei>tiomy. His services to science are commemorated 
 in the geims Warea established by Nuttall in his honor 
 
 KXI'LANATION OK THK PLATE. 
 
 I'latr XXXVI. Amyuis makitima. 
 1. A Hnwerin^' liraneh. natural size. 
 'J. I^inj;ram of a flower. 
 .*i. A Ihiwcr, enlar^'ed. 
 
 4. Verlieal section of a flower rut transversely, enlarjjcd. 
 r». A flower, the petals and Ktanienfl removed, enlari;ed, 
 (i. A fniitih)^ hrandi. natural si/e. 
 7. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 
 H. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 
 9. Kmbryo, much ma^nitietl. 
 
 b «j 
 
KUTACE.E. 
 
 id of twt'ls-e 
 159, a cubic 
 the inhiibit- 
 B it valuable 
 
 ished in his 
 It was Hrst 
 n Key West 
 
 E! he acquired a 
 L'd extensively in 
 mcnts in peogra- 
 jf works jn tlie 
 cunstitution, mid 
 commemoratetl 
 .onor. 
 
 f 
 
 ■■> 
 
 r*j 
 
 , u 
 

 If 
 
 
 >! 
 
 I 
 
I 
 
 AMYRiS MAKITIMA, 
 

 tMi^m. j^^Mfummmmm^ 
 
 III 
 
1( 
 
 KUTACEiB. 
 
 SILVA OF NO It Til AMhlilCA. 
 
 rAX(>TIA 
 
 87 
 
 Fi.owKKs perft'Ct ; calyx iVlobcd, imhricatfd in iotivation, persistent ; petals 5, 
 iinbricated in lestivation, hypogyuous. Fruit, a woody ")-telled eaj)suk'. 
 
 Canotia. Turrey. P'ti-ilii' A'. //. Jt'r/'. iv. ti«. — lii'iilli:iiii iV 
 Iluoker. den. i. 010. — HuiUoii. .Uhiiianiiin. x. l.S; ll'ii'l. 
 
 l'l.\\. VI: li'cl. i. I'lrj, — (ir.iv. I'nie. Am. A'-ml. xii. 
 I'i'J. — Muxiiiiowic/. A'i. Il'irt. St. I't-ti'i'shiiitfj. vi. ■.">♦>. 
 
 A pflahroiis leaHt'ss trt'e, witli iij'lit brown (Ift'iily fiiirowt'd haik. Hraiiche.s stoat, ti-rcto. alti'iiiatc, 
 ti'i'iiiiiiati'il in rlifiil spines, |ia!e i^rccn, striate', their liases and tluise of tile |ie(luncles sinroundetl witli 
 blaeii trianj^ular jiersisteiit ciisliion-bke [noeesses, with a minutely papillose smt'ace iiavinn' the appear- 
 ance of uppressed scales. Flowers three to seven to<;'etlier in siiort-steinnied fascicles or eorviabs near 
 tile extreniiiies of the brandies, from the axils of minute ovate suliiilate iiiacts. I'edicels sh^nder, sprcad- 
 ini^, jointed below tiie middle. Calyx niiniite, the lobes much shorter tliaii tile oiilonj;- obtuse sessile 
 white [letals retUxed at maturity above the middle, deciduous. Stamens live, liypoijynous. opposite the 
 lobes of the calyx ; filaments awl-shaped, rather shorter than tlie petals, persistent on tlie fruit ; anthers 
 olilontr, conhite, introrse, niinutelv a|)iciilate, attached below tlie middle, grooved on the back, two-celled, 
 the Cells opeiiiiifj; longitudinally. Ovary raised upon and conllueiit with a tlcsliy slightly ten-aiinled 
 gynoplion>, |iapillose-<>laiidular on the surface, live-celle<l, the ecll^^ t _ ^losite tlie jietals. tcrniinateil in a 
 fleshy elonirated style ; stij;'ma slif^htly (ive-lobed ; ovules six in each cell, inserted in two ranks on its 
 inner anj>'le, sub-horizontal; the micropyle inferioi'. Capsule terete, obloni;-, taperiiijf at each end, 
 crowned with a subuhite persistent style, live-celled, scpticidaily iive-valved, the valves two-lobed at the 
 apex; epicarp thin, Heshy ; elidocarp woody. Seed solitary or in pairs, asceiidiiii'-, subovate. tlatteiied ; 
 testa subcoriaccoiis, papillate, produced lielow into a broad subfaicate nieiiibranaceous wini>'. Kinhryo 
 Rurrounded by thin llesliy albiinu'ii. erect ; cotvledons oval, compressed ; tlie raclicle very short, inferior. 
 
 The wood of Canotia is lieavv, hard, and cl()se-i;raiiied, with nuiiierous thin rather obscure medul- 
 lary rays. It is lii:;lit brown with thick lii;hter colored sajiwood. Tlie s|)ecitic gravity of the abNoJuIeiy 
 dry wood is U.tiHSili, a cuiiic foot wiMnhinj;' \'1.\)\ pounds. 
 
 The <i;eneric name Canotia,' sjiveu to this tree by Torrey, is the name liy which it was known to the 
 Mexicans of Arizona at the time of its discovery. The treiius is reiireseiited liy a siuu'le species. 
 
 ' t\iiu)tia was ('uni{Kiri'i) Iiy Torroy, wlio know tlit* fruit mily with firny, rrlyiiis; nn tlu' struoturt' uf the jxyiioltasf ami tlit- faint tract's 
 
 it.-, iH'l^^istt'lit i-alyx .ami tii.aiiH'lits, to Kiu'hryphia. wiiirh Liiidlfy, uf Hutaot'oiis oil-i^laluls in tin' lirai-ts <tf tlif ititinresL't'lli'o. tin' sfpals 
 
 fullowinj; Clujisy, liatl ri'ft'rrcil to //'//» ricaoT. Ht'titliain ^: Ilouki'r, ninl petals, plai't'd it ill iinlact'ti in spiti' of the iiifi'rior railii'li'. 
 
 to whom the liowers wi'i-i' also luikiuiwii, plaoi-d it with Kui'lirypliia (/'rot*, .t'fi. .Ictvl. xii. ItjU.) 
 in liiKiaceiF. IhiiUuii referred the genus to Ctiaiitniceir. and liiially 
 
88 S//.VA OF XOliTIl AMt'li'ICA. ki tacic.k 
 
 CANOTIA HOLACANTHA. 
 
 Canotia holnoantha, Torroy, J'acijic A'. A', h',/,. iv. (iS. — L't. Ml, t. i. — Uusliy. Hull. Tnrrfij Hot. Club. \x. lOfi. — 
 
 finiv, Ivis' li'if. l."i; J'nir. Am. .Irml. xii. Kill. — Itriwcr Sarijint, l-'orint Tnvs S. Am. HUli Ceiiaus I'. S. ix. 'S'2. 
 
 \ Wataoii. /!nl. c\il. I llHl. — Uotliiiick. U'/iirlfr'.H li'iji. Koeberlima {:), b'.ngvlmaiin, Jimory'ii J{e/i. iri8, f. \4. 
 
 CkhiiIiii IiiiIiiciiiiI/ki is a small sliiuli-likc tit'c, sonu'timi's twenty to thirty feet liijjli, with a short 
 stout trunk rarely a toot in (liauictcr. or ot'tcii a low spruadini^ shruli. It f^rows on tlu' dry {gravelly 
 mesas of the Arizona foothills, from the White-mountain region to the valley of Hill Williams Fork in 
 the northwestern part of the territory, and on I'rovidi'nee Mountain in southern California.' 
 
 Ciiiiotla holiwiintlui was diseovered in .lanuary, \S'A, on the hills ahove White CliiV Creek, a small 
 tril)utarv of Hill Williams Fork, hy Dr. .1. M. Hif^elow.- hutanist of the exjie'Iition under Lieutenant A. 
 W. Whipjile, I'nited States army, to exjilore a route for a railroad from the .'Hssissippi Kiver to the 
 I'aeilie Oeean near the thirty-lift li jiarallel. 
 
 * Itifwrr & Wiit.foii, Hot. Col.. 1. r. 
 
 ■ Julni Mill. Ill lllj^i'liiw (ItilM 1S7S) nus Imrii in Mi.lilli'liiiry, 
 \'iT]ii<)iit. His fiiliitly iiiiivril to < Miiti ill IHl'i, ami in ls:t-j tlio snii 
 (fniilii.-.'cil fniin tlw .M.'ilii'al C'..lli');c of ( lliio. Hf .'slalilishfil 
 iiiiu.^clf in tlio jtrai'tiri' of Inn proft'ssion in I.aiii'nster, Oliio. and 
 rt'i'i'iM-il ill IsriO till' a[iiioiiitiiifiit of siir^'i-on of the Mrxit-aii 
 Hoiiiitlary (\iiiiliii>siuii, anil thrci' yrars latiT, on tlio roinplftinii of 
 till' liouiiilary survey, tliat of snrj;i'on and tiotanist of tlit» povcni- 
 iiiiMit I'ViM-dition orjjanizfd to exitlore. under enniiiianit of l.ienti'ii- 
 ant ^VlliIll.!^', a route nlon^; tlie tliirty-tiftli parallel for a railroad 
 from the .Mixsissippi River to the I'atilic (leean. In IStKI Dr. 
 Rigt'low made his home in Detroit, where later he was appointed 
 
 siir<;eoii of the .Marini- Hospital, and I'rofessor of Medieal Itotany 
 anil Materia Mediea in the .Medieal Colle^i'. The list of Dr. Itif;- 
 elow's hotanieal eoiitrihiitions ineliides a paper on the medieal 
 plants of Ohio, piiKI'shed in tSl'.l; iiii]>ortaiit papers on the ho- 
 tanieal eharaeter of the eoiintry traversed hy Lieutenant Whip- 
 ple's expedition, ami a ileseriptitin of its forest trees ami of soilio 
 of the valiialile and reinaikahle trees of California, piihlished ill 
 the fourth volume of the I'lifirir Itnilnmil Ue/uirlf ; a iiunihi'r of 
 papers on the inedieiiial properties of plants, written during the hut 
 years of his life, and puhlislieil ill the Iktroit Journal / .Mttlicine 
 awl Pharviary. 
 
 KXri.ANATION UK TIIK PLATK. 
 
 Pi..vTi: XXXX'II. C'.VNoTr.v holacantim. 
 
 A tlowcriiij; hraneli, natural siz.c. 
 
 Diaf;'"''!"' "f ■' ll"»('v. 
 
 A llower. enlarfjeil. 
 
 Vertical section of a tlowcr, enlartjed. 
 
 Anterior and posterior views of a stamen, eiilarfjjed. 
 
 A fruiting' liraneli, natural si/.c. 
 
 Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 
 
 A seeil, enlari,'ed. 
 
 N'crtical section of a seed, enlarged. 
 
 An cmhiyo, inueli enlar(;ed. 
 
KlTACE.i;. 
 
 Club. ix. KH").— 
 a U. S. ix. 3L'. 
 1.-8, f. 14. 
 
 , with ;i short 
 ' (h'y f^riivelly 
 liiiuis Fork in 
 
 1 
 
 I. 
 
 tliei'k, a small 
 
 Lieutenant A. 
 
 River to the 
 
 of Mwlkiil Botiiny 
 riu' list of Dr. Kg- 
 iiT nil till' im'ilic:ll 
 n.'lju-rs oil tlu' hi*- 
 Lii'iitfiiiint Whip- 
 tri'i's mill of .soiiip 
 loniiil, iiulili»lieil ill 
 'ftorLt ; 11 liiliiiln'i' "^ 
 ittcii iliiriiiK till' lii.it 
 foumal f Medintie 
 
 ( •/ 
 
 i « 1 
 
 i 
 
 1< 
 
'' I 
 
 f^joMiMmiAy 
 
1i 
 
 *' t 
 
 Oj G ^^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 (' 
 
 Y' 
 
 CANOTIA HOLACAMTllA 
 
' ■IMII J 
 
 
 fM^P 
 
 ' I 
 
 is ^1 
 
SIMAUUUEiK. 
 
 aiLVA OF NOHTII AMEltlCA. 
 
 81) 
 
 Flowers dioecious ; calyx 5-l()bccl, imbricated in a;stivation ; petals 5, imbricated 
 in a}stivation, hypogynous. Fruit composed of 1 to 5 drupes. Leaves alternate, 
 abruptly pinnate. 
 
 Simaruba, Aublet, PI. Ou'uin. ii. 859. — Meisner, Gen. 6") 
 Haillon, Hint. I'l. iv. 490. 
 
 • EnJlielier, Gex. 114;{. — Hentham & Houker, Gen. i. 309. — 
 
 ' Aubli't, /•;. (luitm. ii. H(!0, t. Ml, •.V.Vl. — .\. dc ,Iu»siiMi, Mem. ' I'lhnri, .Uihrlmch K.miij. Dm. (Itirl. lirrlm, iv, 'IXb. 
 
 Ii, /■'/. IWil. \V. Imi. V.V.y — < .\ulil.t, /'/. Iluuvt. ii. 80(1.— l.iliJl.'V, /■•'. .1/../. '.MI.S, 
 
 Mm. xii. TAX, t. -JT, f. II. — (Irisi'hai'l 
 IIlmusIov, Hot. Ifiol. Am. Cent. i. 17M 
 
 ■^ .St. Ililiiiri*, /v. /■'.■(uW/cj* /^rd.'ii/. I, t. ■'» ; /■'/. />Vu.v. .UenV. i. 7(t. - ■ .^miv iv itiut.>4riii t^tii. insf»n;.. vw. -, 
 
 KiibKt, Miirlim Fl. llrmil. xii. Ii, 'Jlifl. — Hoiuslny, /io(. Iliol. .[in. Drug. m\. 7, iii. ri70. 
 Cent. i. 17.). ' Miufadyi'ii, Fl. J,im. 108. — Stilli' & XI 
 
 <■ WiHulvilli', .Mai. r,ol. ii. i;U, t.7ll. 
 
 • Stilli! N: Miii.<i'li, A'lir nupiw. vi\. •-', lU'.l 
 
 ..(iuiboiirt, liiat. 
 
 MAch, I. 
 
 1( 
 
 •/ 
 
 SIMARUBA. 
 
 / ! ■ 
 
 Trees, with bitter resinous juice and tonic properties. Leaves persistent, long-petioled, destitute 
 of stipules, abruptly pinnate ; leaflets usually alternate, conduplicate in vernation, entire, coriaceous, 
 glabrous or slightly puljerulous on the lower surface, feather-veined. Flowers subcyniose in elongated 
 widely branched axillary and terminal panicles. Disk cup-shaped, depressed in the sterile Hower, pubes- 
 cent. Stamens ten, inserted at the base of the disk, as long as the petals ; reduced in the fertile Hower 
 to minute scales ; filaments free, filiform, thickened towards the base, inserted on the back of a minute 
 ciliate scale ; anthers oblong, .slightly eniarginate, introrse, attached on the back below the middle, two- 
 celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary se.s.sile on the disk, deeply tive-lobed, the lobes opposite 
 the petals, five-celled ; rudimentary, lobulate, minute or wanting in the sterile flower ; styles united into 
 a short column crowned by a three to five-lobed spreading stiguia ; ovules solitary in the cells, suspended 
 from fheir inner angle towards the apex, anatropous ; raphe ventral ; mii'ropyle superior. Drupes 
 sessile, spreading ; sareocarp thin, fleshy ; putamen erustaceous. 8eeil inverse, exalbuminous ; testa 
 membranaceous ; cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy ; the radicle very short, partly included between the 
 cotyledons, superior. 
 
 The genus Simaruba, of which four species are known, is confined to tropical Americ.i. •Sltituntbo 
 tjlititcd, a widely distributed tree in the West Indies, and in Central and South America, extends to the 
 coast of southern Florida, the mo.st northern station of the genus. iSiiiifirnbii (utiarti,^ the type of the 
 genus, is a native of Guiana and the islands of the Caribbean Sea. Shintruhn cir.iivulor' inhaiiits 
 Brazil and Guatemala, and Siniiiritlxi TuUr ' the island of Porto Kieo. 
 
 Simaruba, in common with several other genera of its family, contains a small amount of resin, a 
 volatile oil, and an exceedingly bitter principle', qua.ssin, which give it tonic [jroperties and make it 
 digestible. The bark of the roots is most active, although that of the trunk and branches, like the wood 
 of all the species, is bitter, aromatic, and tonic. The bark of the root of >'. iDimrn furnishes a valuable 
 tonic ; it is j)urgative and emetic, and is used in Guiana in the treatment of fevers and diarrhiea.' 
 Simaruba bark w;us fir.st .sent to Europe in 171I{,° where it was at one time used in considerable (juanti- 
 ties, and is still occasionally met with in commerce in the form of long narrow tpiills." The bark of tiie 
 root of »S'. tjltmrn pos.ses.ses the .same properties, and is occ;isionally u.sed for the same purposes.' The 
 
 1 
 
 I ( 
 
Mil 
 
 mbt 
 
 SILVA OF XOIiTIl AMERICA. 
 
 SIMAUlIiK.K 
 
 90 
 
 ,,,,!< of >■ <v r.Uol.r is valued bv th. Brazilians f.,r the treatment ..f fevers, and a. a remedy for snake 
 l,ites. The wood of this speeies is reputed to he so hitter that insects Nvdl not attack it. 
 
 The generic name sLruha is formed from .S;..<ro»6<,, the Carib name ot the spectes descr.hed 
 
 hy Auhlet.' 
 
 fi„t ,„o.l bv Linnaeus in the Mnlrria ite.Uca (188) to .losisimtc a 
 
 ,„;„,,,; .-^. _ i,. S,„,„n,ui,- n ; iV.. «m,r. Lo. Mar.lK.i., r,»,«,v.» Liumfau .pclUug of tl.o word. 
 .-1 Guime d U Caytwie. ii. IZi) Simaruba appears to have beeu 
 
 IS 'I 
 
SIMAULUEjK, 
 
 ly for snake 
 us described 
 
 ) to (U'si^jnate a 
 U' Sptriis /V(ifj- 
 the liiirsora of 
 
 vu followed tlio 
 
 II 
 
 siMAKUUE/K. aiLVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 1)1 
 
 SIMARUBA GLAUCA. 
 
 Paradise Tree. 
 Li:ai'Li;ts glabrous, obtuse or luinutt'ly luufroiiiitu. Pctiils fleshy. 
 
 Simaruba glauca. Do Candulli', y<i,M, .Ihh. J/«.v. xvii. ,SL'.'! ; tiii.-< Fl. lifisil. xii. '_'. '_'L'.S. — Ilt'iusloy. I'fl. Jll'il. .Im. 
 
 I'l'i'ili: i. T.l.i. — lluinliolJl, lioiipliuul i Kiuitli. .V"c. (Ifii. ('. //^ i. 173. — Sai-geiil. J-'uffst I'ru.i X Am. int/i C'l'iisi's 
 
 I't S/,i'-: vi. ll!. — Di'scoiirtilz. /'V. ,Vc(/. Aiitll. i. (!il. i. T. .S', is. .'>'.'. 
 
 II. — riiiiiclion. J.oii'l. Jour. lilt. V. ."iflT. — Nutliill. S. officinalis, Macliulyin. 7-'/. .A(w. 1 OH (not Do C':inclullii. 
 
 Si//f'i, iii. 'JO, t. 87. — Walpera. .Inn. i. 104. — (irisubach. S. mediciniilis, KiuUiclni'. .lA'/-. /;/'. ."iL'."i. — Itcig. //■iiii/li. 
 Fl. lirit. W. Ind. Kill. — C'lia|iiiiaii. Fl. 07. — rianclimi i. ;i7;i. — liei'i; A. Sclnniill. O;/'. Urn. ii. 1. 1.!. 
 
 & 'I'riaiia. .inn. , Sri, Xnt. scr. .">, xv. .'v)7. — Kiiylor. .Mm- 
 
 A low r()un(l-luM(U'(l tree, ^I'owiiiir oecasioimlly in Florida to the lieif>lit of fifty feet, with a straii;ht 
 trunk eii;liteen or twenty inche.s in diameter, and slender s[ireadini>' hranehes. The hark of the trunk 
 is a half to three (juarters of an inch thiek, its li<rlit red-hrown surface broken into broad thick aiipressed 
 scales. The hark of the stout i)ranehlets is |)ale areen and j;hibrims wjien tliev lir.st aiipear ; it turns 
 lifrht brown befiue the end of the sunniier, and is rui;ose ami conspicuously marked durinLf thi' seciuid 
 season with the larj^e oval scars left by the fallini'' of tiie leaves. The leaves are six to ten inches huii;, 
 on stout petioles two or three inches in length and dilated at the base, and are i;'enerally com)iosed of 
 six i)airs of leaflets. The.se are op|)osite or alternate, ovate, obovate or oval, two to three inches in 
 leue'th, and an inch or an inch and a half wide, with revolute niar<;'ins. a prominent nudrib, and remote 
 n.irrow eons|)icnous primary veins ; they are rounded or slin'htly nuieronate at the apex, and are often 
 olili(lue at the base, which is contracted into a short stout petiolule a (juarter to a third of an inch in 
 lenifth ; they are thin, mend)ranaeeous and dark red when they lirst uid'old. hut soon become coria- 
 eeous, dark jijreen and very lustrous aliove. and pale ami glaucous (Ui the lower surface. The |ianicles 
 of (lowers are twelve to ei<;hteen inches htUff and eif>hteen to twenty-four inches broad, with stout pale 
 f^laueons stems, and spreadinij branches from the axils of small acute searious ileeiduous bracts. The 
 inllorescence of the pistillate plant is often hir<][er and less compact than that oi the staniinate plant. 
 The panicles appear in Florida early in April or at the time the trees bet;in their annual j^rowth. the 
 flowers openini)' irrej^ularly, a few at a time, and continnin<>' to appear durinji' several weeks. They are 
 borne on short stout chd)-shape(l <>;laueous pedicels, and are an eiijhth to a <piarter of an inch loiiii'. 
 Tile oval or often acute pale yellow petals are four or five times longer than the alaucons calyx. The 
 fertilized ovaries j^row rapidly, and the fruit is almost fully thrown by the end of .Vpiil. when it is brit;hi 
 .scarlet, nearly an inch lon^', ovate or sonu'times falcate, and slightly anijleil on the ventral suture. 
 .\ecordini;' to .Macfadyen it is dark pur|)le when fully ri]ie. The outer eoatinj;' of the seed is papillosi' 
 and oranj(e-l)rown. 
 
 Sliiiiiri(h(i ij/inira prows in Florida from Cape Canaveral on the west coast to the southern keys 
 and the neiifhborhood of iJay UiscayiH>. It has been found in Cuba and tfamaica. in Nicaragua.' and in 
 iSrazil. in Florida, where it is nowhere eonnnon. it reaches its best development on the rich iuuumock 
 lands near the shores of Hay Hi.seayne. 
 
 The wood of Siiimnilid (/Imird is light, soft, and close-grained, jiossessing little strenglh or value. 
 It contains many large scattered open ducts, and thin remote meilull iry rays. The thick sapwnod is 
 rather darker colored than the light brown heartwood. The specilir gravity of thi' alisolnfi'ly dry woml 
 is (l.lllKi. a cubic foot weighing 'J.~>.7S jiounds. 
 
 ' My I'liiirli'.s Wiifjht, un ihi' N'mtli I'.irilh' l!s|il>irinL; l'.x|ii'ililiiin. 
 

 02 
 
 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 BIMARUBEi£. 
 
 Shncmiha ./lauca was Hrst distinguishcl by IlumboUU, who found it near the port of La Tnn.dad 
 on tho island of Cuba. It was discovered in Florida by Dr. J. L. Blodgett. 
 
 The Paradise-tree, as Simnruha >,lanca, perhaps on aec.unt of its beauty, .s sometimes ealled by 
 tlu. inhabitants of Key West, is the handsomest of the tropical trees found in southern Flori.la It is a 
 desirable ornanientaftree to cultivate in the gardens of the tropics for its excellent halnt, brilliant and 
 ample foliage, and bright-colored fruit. 
 
 KXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PlaTK. XXXVIII. SiMABUIlA (ILAUCA. 
 1. A staminiite inflorescence, natural si/.e. 
 '.'. A staminate flower, cnlargeil. 
 ;i. Vertieal section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 
 4. Anterior and jiosterior views of a stamen, enlarged. 
 
 I i 
 
 Plate XXXIX. Simabuha ulauca. 
 1. A pistillate inflorescence, natural si/.e. 
 •J. Diaijram of a jiistillale flower. 
 :(. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 
 4. An ovary, enlarged. 
 't. A panicle of fruit, niitural size. 
 G. Vertical Motion of a fvuit. enlarged. 
 
 7. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 
 
 8. An embryo, much enlarged. 
 
 
SIMARUBEJG. 
 
 ja Trinidad 
 
 es called by 
 ida. It is a 
 jrilliant and 
 
 i^ 
 
 I 
 
 . ' 
 
 *>*«Ss»»-.. 
 
till 
 
 
 ■' ^^^^rw^'.'^i 
 
 Wf^^d^ 
 
 mkmm:' 
 
L<t Tn'-ii i-ii1 
 
 >|( 
 
 ( ' 
 
Ill 
 
 ■mmm^ 
 
 ! i 
 
 . i . 
 
 
 11 
 1^ 
 
 'i\ 
 
I 
 
 i i ) 
 

 V 
 
SIMARUBA r-i.AUCA 
 
 \ 
 
 (:! 
 
 i <i 
 
 < 
 
 J' 
 
f 
 
 WlMmmm^ 
 
 iMA .mUWMMMtaMX'. 
 
 ' i 
 
 f ': 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 hi: 
 
 
 h 
 n 
 
SI.MAKUUKi£. 
 
 SUVA or Noitni ameiuva. 
 
 V.i 
 
 KOEBEIILINIA. 
 
 Floweus perfect; sepals \, iml)rieated in icstivation, deciduous; petals 4, convo- 
 lute in icstivation, hypogynous; disk 0. Fruit, a 2-celled berry. Leaves bruet-like, 
 minute, early-deciduous. 
 
 Koeberlinia. Ziiceurini, I'l. llnrt. it /Ifrh. Mumu: i. .'i")8 
 {Miiiidiiier Iiriiks'hrift, 18:!'.'). — Meisner, (jni. GO. — 
 Kndlicher, Gen. 1084. —Gray. /'/. Wri'jht. i. 30 (Smith- 
 
 .I'iniiiii Ciiiitrili. ill. tlli). — lientliam & Hooker, Geii. i. 
 31.").— liiiiUuh, ///,^^ /'/. iv. r,WX 
 
 An intricately branclit'd, alnuist leafless tree or slirul), with thin red-hrown scaly bark. Branches 
 stout, alternate, ijlahrous, covered with pale fi;reen bark, and terniinatinfr in sharp ri<j;i(l straifjht or 
 sliirhtly curved spines. Leaves minute, alternate, narrowly obovate, rounded at the ai)e-:. deciduous. 
 Fh)wer8 minute, in short unibel-liko lateral racemes prctdueed below the ends of the branches. Pedicels, 
 from the axils of minute scarious deciduous i)racts, slender, club-shaped, puberulous. Calyx coni]iosed 
 of three or four minute sepals with scarious marjifins, nuich shorter than the obovate-oblonjr subunf,fuic- 
 ulate white petals. Stanu-ns eit^ht, free, hyjioj^ynous, as lonij; as the petals ; tilaments thickened in the 
 middle, subulate at the two extremities ; anthers oval, attached on the back near the base, two-celled, 
 the cells openinij loufjitudinally. Ovary ovoid, two-celled, contracted at the base into a short stalk, and 
 above into a short sini[)le subulate style ; stij^na terminal, obtuse, sli<rhtly emarfjinate ; ovules numerous, 
 adnate in several series to the llesby placenta, horizontal or dc])endent, anatropous. Fruit black at 
 maturity, subjjlobose, tipped with the renuiants of the pointe<l style, two-celled ; sarcocarp thin and 
 fleshy ; the cells one to two-seeded by abortion. Seed vertical, eircinate-cochleate ; testa crustiiceous, 
 slifrhtly rugose, striate ; albumen thin. Embryo annular, tilling the tumid inner seed-coat ; cotyledons 
 semi-terete ; the radicle ascending. 
 
 The wood of Koeberlinia is very hard, heavy, and close-grained ; it contains numerous small ducts 
 in narrow lines faintly marking the layers of annual growth, and many thin medullary rays. It is dark 
 brown, somewhat streaked with orange, turning almost l)lack with exposure, with thin pale yellow or 
 nearly white siipwood composcil of twelve to Hfteeii layers of annual growth. The specitic gravity of 
 the absolutely dry wood is 1.1201, a cubic foot weighing o!).S0 pounds. 
 
 The genus Koeberhnia was named by Zuccarini in honor of C. L. Koebcrlin.' It is represented by 
 a single species. 
 
 I 
 
 ' 1 * 
 
 KOEBERLINIA SPINOSA. 
 
 Koeberlinia apinoaa, Zticcarini, PI. Unrt. et llerh. Mavar. 
 i. :C)'.» (Miiiicliner Deiik.ti-lirift. ISIiL'). — Hcntli.im, PI. 
 llartireij. 35. — Wi-ilpcrs. h'l/i. i. 2.")8. — Kiiijclm.inn, Jf'i.i- 
 lizftuiit He/t. 20; Kmonfs h'e/i. I."i8. f. 1.'!. — Oniy. /'/. 
 
 Wi'i'lht. i. 30; ii. lili {Smiths'niMii Contrili. iii. v.). — 
 Torrcy. />V>^ Mej: liounil. Sun-. 11.'. — Hemsley. Bot. 
 Iliiil. Am. Cent. i. 17.">. — .Sargent. Garden and Forest, ii. 
 .TvL'. 
 
 Koeber/iiiid spiiiosa is a small shrub-like tree, rarely twenty or twenty-five feet in height, with a 
 short stout trunk sometimes six or eight feet long and a foot in diameter ; or more often a low branch- 
 ing shrub forming impenetrable thickets, often of considerable extent. It grows on dry gravelly mesas 
 
 ' ■* Diximus hoc jjpiuis in lionorem L. K(H'l>erlin. iiiiiici caiitiidissiuti, biJtnnici itideffssi. do [tatria tlora uptime lueriti," Zuccarini, /. c. ;i."J9. 
 
-r ^ .f: 
 
 tiAiammi' 
 
 f I 
 
 P4 
 
 >7Ar.l 0/^ NOliTll AMKIUCA. 
 
 SIMAKUItE.I::. 
 
 t'nun the vallov of the lower l\io Grande in Texas southward throiiijh nortltern Mexico to the neiuhbor- 
 hood of San Luis Potosi, and to the i)huns near tlio Altar River in Sonora.' 
 
 Kthhu'/iNiif sjiin(is(t \\-df> diseoveretl in Mexico by Karwiusky,' a Bavarian naturahst* about 1830, 
 and in Texas by Mr. Charles Wri';ht ' in 1848. 
 
 - Willielin Krt'ilicrr K;ir\viiisk_v vixi Karwiii (I77S-1S,M) vis- 
 it-J Mfxico ill 1SJ(), ri'iitiiiiiiiij; for tive vt'iir> ia l\w pi'i'vinct' of 
 Oiixnc:'-. lUiu i\}rii\n in is 10. lU- miuU' many intcrL'stin^ ilisiHivcrirs, 
 ami .ritrn laced iu:iny pl:uits, ciju-fiiillv of tin- I'lu-tas family, into 
 Kuropcan ;; 'nleas. Ktinriuskia, w genus of H/uiintifiCtii, cstnlilislifd 
 In /iai'L-aiini. anil ropri'scnti'il liy half a ilozcn slirabs of Mt'\iio, 
 Texas, anil C'alilt)rnia, iirescrvi's Ins memory. 
 
 ' Cluules Wri-jht (ISll-lSSfi) ; horn at Wothersfichl, ronuctti- 
 eat, a gnulnate of Yale C'o'lep' in ISiTi, ami one of the most assid- 
 :. tiiv intlastrions. and sauces if al botanical eollectors. Wri^jht 
 Viovt'd to Texas in l.s;t7, ostahlishinf; h-nisflf tliero as a land-.sar- 
 veyorand srhool-teaehcr. hut devotiajj miu'li time to hotanieal study 
 and e-llfetin<;. Me visited the Uio drande in 1H17. ami in ISIK 
 accoiiipaniud u small body of L'uited States troups on au expedition 
 
 from San Antonio to Kl Paso. The discoveries he made on this 
 journey were published by (i ray in his Plautit Wr'njhtiaufr. Two 
 years later lie wiu* attached as hotamst to one of the parties of the 
 I'nitcd States and Mexican Houadary Survey. In IS.Vi lie wast 
 appnitited lH>tanist of the North I'aeitic Kxphuini; Kxp4>dition, the 
 iluties iif this position eagagiuj; hint duriuL; nearly three years ; 
 while from \iy'A\ to IHti,") he was actively employed in the botanical 
 exjiloration i)f the t.»land of t'uba. In 1S7I he aadcrtook his last 
 long journey, gwinj; to San Uomingo as a member of a government 
 exploring party. Wright discovered large numbers of new plants 
 in the ditVerent parts of the world whieh he visited, and none of his 
 eontcniporario.s did nua'c to make kiuiwn the pecaliar Hora of the 
 region along the southern boamlary of the I'nitcd States. Curio- 
 wrli/hlifit an Acanthaceous genas of his discovery established by 
 (irav, commcmurates his services to science. 
 
 KXPKANA'nON OK TlIK IM.ATK. 
 
 I*I.ATK XL. KoKHKHI.IVl.V SI'INHS,\. 
 
 A branch showing the new growth and leaves, natural size. 
 
 A (lowering branch, natural size. 
 
 A leaf, enlarged. 
 
 Diagram of .1 Hower. 
 
 A flower, enlarged. 
 
 Vertieal section of a Ihiwer, enlarged. 
 
 A fruiting branch, natural si/o. 
 
 Vertical section of a fruit, showing the seed, enlarged-. 
 
 Cross si'etion of a fruit, enlarged. 
 
 Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 
 
 An embryo, much enlarged. 
 
 1 
 
SIMAUL'llE.E. 
 
 the iH'i<;hlj<>i- 
 t, about 1830, 
 
 1 hi' uiailc 1111 tliis 
 W'riijhiiana: Two 
 t the ]iiirtios of the 
 In 1S."j2 hi' was 
 "g Kxiii'ilitiii". ''"= 
 cavly thrc'i' years ; 
 ■cc\ ill thu hntaiiieal 
 .' unilertook his last 
 itT of a gaveriimi'iit 
 iiliers of new (ihiiits 
 toil, ami none of his 
 [loi'iiliar llora of tlie 
 itcil States. Ctirh- 
 vory I'stablishi'il by 
 
 (1 
 
w 
 
 I 
 
 
 i^M^'^SMmsm^kmi 
 
i 
 
 1: 
 
 li 
 
 |r 
 
 />. 
 
 ,^^ 
 
 KOEbEHLlNlA ;:P!NOr,A, 
 

 W 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 i ■ 
 
 «'■ ' 
 
 I 
 
 ■ i i 
 
 M 
 
 i! 
 
 I 
 
^' 
 
 llLUfti;iiACE.«. 
 
 SILVA OF NOIITII AMEUICa. 
 
 o.-j 
 
 i? 
 
 BURSERA. 
 
 Flowkrs polygamous; calyx 4 or o-partcd, the lohcs imbri. .itu iii scstiviition ; 
 petals 4 or 5, imbricated in aestivation. Fruit, a drupe witii valvate cpicarp. Leaves 
 (•onij)ound, alternate. 
 
 !! 
 
 
 Bursera. .lao(|iiin. Stli-p. Am. ',14. — Liiinmis. Gni. kA. (i, (e\c\. Pf>tUim. Muri'in'iii. ;mA Ii'ic"). — P^nfjlor, /'i' ('"«- 
 
 174. — A. L. (le Jussii'U, di'ii. .'iT'J. — JUmsiilt, (leii. 77. — ilulh' Minrnif. I'hdner. iv. 30. 
 
 KmlluliLT, (leu. ll.'it!. — liiMilliiuii iV: Honker. Gi'ii. i. 3-4 Blaphrium, .laiciuiii. .V/r//. Am. i. 105, t. 71. — Meisner, 
 
 (txcl. Mnriijnin and Icirn.). — IJailloii, y/i'.sY. /V. v. 30',l Gfii.'T. — Kiiilliclier. (jfii. ll.'id. 
 
 Trees, with l);ilsiimie re.siiious juices. Leiive.s destitute of stipules, membrunafuous, often confined 
 to tlie ends of the branches, unequally jiinnate, or three or rarely one-folinhite ; the rhaehis terete, some- 
 times winf;x-d ; leaflets ()|)posite, jietioluliite, entire or sub.scrrate. Flowers small the pedicels fascicled 
 or rarely solitary, in short cl()n<;ate(l lateral sim]ile or branched panicles. Calyx minute, membranaceous, 
 tlie lobes much shorter than the ovate-oiilon<>' petals in.serted on the base of the annular crenate disk, 
 and reflexcd at maturity aiiove the middle. Stamens eii;ht to ten, inserted on the l>ase of the disk; 
 filaments free, subulate ; anthers oblong', attached on tiu' liack above the ba.se, introrse. two-celled, the 
 cells opening; loni;itudinally ; usually effete in the iiistillate (lower. Ovary free, sessile, ovoid, three- 
 celled ; rudimentary in tlie staminate (lower. Style siiort ; stif;-ma capitate, obtuse, thrc-lolnMl ; ovules 
 two in each cell, suspended below the apex from th;' central anu'lc, collateral, aiiatrop.ius ; micropyle 
 superior; raphe ventral. Drupe jjlobose or obl('ii<>-(ibli(jue, indistinctly threc-;!i\L;leii ; cpicarp coriaceo- 
 earnosc, two or three-valvcd ; nutlets one to three, usually solitary, or wlua "iiire than one, closely 
 uniteil, adnate to a [icrsisteut tleshy axis, one-celled, oni-seedcd, covered with i ihin mcmijianaceous 
 coat. Seed ovoid, destitute of all)umen ; te^iia mendiranaceous ; liilum ventral, l)elow the apex. Em- 
 bryo straight ; cotyledons foliace(ais, contortuplicate ; radicle shot snjierioi'. 
 
 Bursera is Mexican, Central and South .\merican, and West In;!' n wi!', ,. siiif;le sjiecies reaching; 
 the siiores of southern Florida. About forty species' are desciiiie.l > i. wind more tiian half b.lonir to 
 the warmer rcjiions of Mexico.' Four or live species .-row in • \\'est Iiiiiies,' and eif^lit or nine are 
 .scattcre(l over Central' and South America from (Suatemala to rfiM'/.uela.'' Hrazil,' and I'eiii.' T!ie 
 plants of tills nt'inis have few properties useful toman. It wu^ : •! dili.^-licd by .lacipii.., and named in 
 Inmor (d' .loachlm Hurser," a German botanist an<l physician of the sevm; 'cii^li century. 
 
 ^ I)e C'liiHluUe, /V"(/r. ii. 78. — KiiRlcr, /V f 'aiiJ'hle .lAitim/r. 
 I'haner. iv. 'M. 
 
 • IliiiiiliDhtt. Hniiplnnil & Kuiith, Xoi'. fie.ti. et Siter. vii. 'JO, t. 
 (Ill, lir.'. — Si'hlcilili'iiJal, l.iiiiiiKi, xvi. ,V.';i I xvii. 2K, tiil. — 
 Hontliitiii, r»>t. Siilpfi'ir, ii. t. 8. — iJniy, Prtic. Am. .{I'nit. v. l."i."» ; 
 xvii. JIIO, — lli'insli'V, /(()/. /(ill/. Am. I'nil. i. 177. — Wiasuii, I'nu: 
 .Im. Aiitil. iii. 4lil ; xxii. 40'.', |ii!l ; xxiv. I '. — Itriiudipc, I'n'c. 
 Cal. A nut. ser. '.', ii. IIW. 
 
 I UielLiiril, Fl. Cull. IWll. — (irisi'lwull, /■■/. lint. \'\ Iml. 17a ; 
 Cixl. I'l. Cii/i. Ii."). 
 
 * 'rriiuia it IMiiiH'lion, .-11111. .Sri. .Vu/, scr. .~», xiv, ;10'J. 
 '' Eiijxk'r. Itr i'lViituiU' Mnni'fjr. Phurttr. 11. 
 
 " l-:iiKli'r, .l/.irf.i.., l-'l. I!rii.iu. xii. L', 'Sil. 
 
 ' rriiiiiii \ I'hiiiclioii, /. 1 ma. 
 
 ' .liKU'liiiii MIT (l."i\i:t-HilH) 1 11 iKitivo lif Camoiilz in r|i|iop 
 Liisiitiit, a tli'^ciplc of Kiis{)itr Ilaiiliiu, titt- butatii.st ui B.iscI, ami 
 iiiinst'lf a (listint^uiHlied [iliysii-'iait ami liiitani.st, aiitl prulessor vi 
 jihysii' aiul iiu-ili^-iiit' in tin' aciuU'my I'f Sunio in lU'timark. I'l.t' 
 I'ataliK'UiMif lii.i Ih'rliai'iiiii], ^atliercil in ituiiicr'ius jom-iivys, t spe- 
 cially ill till' Alps aii'l Tyri'iu'i'S, ami presiTvi'd in the liiiveisily of 
 I'psaia, \\i\A pn-paffil dy IVter Martin, ami pntili.slied in 17'J1 in 
 tlu' Transaetions nt llu' .\fadi'niy uf L'psala, under the title uf Ccir- 
 oloijiut Phiularum .Viiiviru"! .foachini Bursm. 
 
."'5''^' 
 
 
 F 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 i 
 
 r.f 
 
^i 
 
 BUUSEUACli^K. 
 
 aiLi'j OF sonrn ameiuca. 
 
 BURSERA SIMARUBA. 
 
 Gumbo Limbo. West Indian Birch. 
 
 Ski'ai,;^ and petals 5. Fruit 1 to 2-seeclecl. LcaHets green on both surfaces, prom- 
 inently reticulate-veined below. 
 
 Bvirsera Simaruba. Sart,'L'nt. (inrtli'ii nml J'orest. iii. 2G0. 
 
 Piatacia Simaruba, l.innaju'i. S/ifr. lO'JO. 
 
 Bursera gummifera. .lacqiiin, Stir/i. A,n. 'M. t. O.'i. — Lin- 
 
 iiiiHis. S/iec. ed. 2, 471. — Lamarck, ///. ii. "tlT, t. 
 
 'J.")('>. — Willilcnow. S/iir. iv. IIIU. — Talnrd, Jforf. Jint. 
 
 Am. U)~, — I)c CaiuloUe. I'mdr. ii. 7.S. — Deacourtilz. Fl. 
 
 Mi'it. Aiitll. ii. 117, t. 97. — Spaih. llUt. (V;/. ii. '.'.'J'.t. — 
 
 Macfadyei), FL Jam. '.'!.';).— Nuttall, Sijlca. ii. 117, t. 
 
 70. — Kichanl. Fl. CI,. ,T.M». — Ciis.Wli. Fl. Hi-lt. W. 
 I ml. 17.!. — t'liapman. Fl. 08. — Maicliaml. Or'j'ni. liur- 
 si'niree.f, l.'j. — 'I'liana A: I'laiichoii. Ann. Si-I. y,il. scr. 
 f>. XV. ;tO'J. — IK.maley. Hot. 1S,:1. Am. Cent. i. 177. — 
 Englor. !>'• Vmnlnlli' Mnimr/i'. IVtinief. iv. 39. ^ Sai-geiit. 
 F>,;-<t Tr.rs .V. Am. In//, r,.«,s-,-.< r. S. \\.[V1. 
 Elaphrium integerrimum, TulaMio, Ann. Sci. Xnt. ser. ;i. 
 vi. ;i(i'.l. 
 
 A ffliilirous true, fifty or sixty feet in heififht, with a trunk two and a Iialf to three feet in diameter, 
 and stout massive primary liranches spreading nearly at rij^lit an!i;les. Tlie bark of tlio trunk and 
 principal l)rani'ii('s is an inch thick, marked witli <;landular dots, and seiiaratini;' freely into thin papery 
 scales which are lirij>ht red-hrown, while the surface, whicii is exposed when they fall, is dark brown or 
 {;ray. The hranchlets are stout, terete, lifjht gray during their liist season, becoming reddish brown 
 during the second year, covered with lenticular spots, and conspicuously marked with yellow leaf-scars. 
 The winter-buds are short, round, <ibtuse, an<I l)>ve broadly ovate daik-red scales with slightly scarious 
 margins. The leaves are confined to the ends ot the hranchlets, and are usually com|)osc(l of five leaf- 
 lets, although they sometimes have three or seven ; they are six to eight inches in length and four to 
 eight inches broad, with a long slender petiole; thev fall in the earlv winter, or occasionallv remain on 
 the branches until the beginning of the new growth in the spring. The leaflets, which are slightly 
 coriaceous at maturity, are oblong, ovate, obliipie at the base, and contracted at the apex into a long or 
 short point ; they are two and a half to three inches in length, and one and a half to two inches broad, 
 and are borne on stout petiolules, often half an inch long. The flowers appear before the leaves or 
 while they are unfolding. They are jiroduced in slender raceme-like panicles, those of the sterile plants 
 heing four or five inches long, or nearly twice the length of those of the fertile pL'uts. The slender 
 pedicels, wiiich appear two to five together in lateral fascicles, are a third to half an inch long, and 
 two or thret^ times longer than the flower-buds. The petals are ovate-lanceolate, acute, with revohite 
 margins, and are four times as long as the slender acute lobes of the calyx. Tiie stamens of the sterile 
 flowers are as long as the petals, and in the pistillate flowers not more than half as long with smaller. 
 often effete anthers. Tlie fruit, which is produced in short raceme-like clusters, is a (piarter to a third 
 of an inch long, thre(i-angled, with a thick dark red leathery outer coating separating readily into three 
 hroad ovate valves. It contains one or rarely two bony triangular nutlets rounded at the base, pointed 
 at the other end, ami I'overtul with a thin membraiiaceous light jiink coat which separates from them 
 easily when tlu' fruit is ripe. 
 
 Jtiir.:i ni Sliiiiiriiliii grows in Florida from Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, and on the west 
 coast on the Caloosa River and the shores of Caximbas Hav. It is foiuid on most of the \Vc-.t Indian 
 islands, in tropical Mexico, in Guatemala, New (ircnada, and W'nezucla. It is one of the largest and 
 most common of the south Florida trei's, and the only one that sheds its foliage during the autunui and 
 winter. 
 
 The wood of Ihir.ti rn .^'Diiiiriilin is spongy, very light. i'\cccdingly soft and W(>ali. and contains 
 
 !1 
 

 08 
 
 SfLVA OF XOltTIl AM Kill V A. 
 
 nUUSEHACK.K 
 
 ( i ' 
 
 :,l 
 
 many numerous open duets and thin medullary rays. It is liiflit brown with a thick sapwood of the 
 same color, and soon becomes discolored by decay. The specific pruvity of the absolutely dry wood is 
 O.IJOCXJ, a cubic foot of the dry wood weiifhing 18.71 pounds. The wood of only three other North 
 American trees is lijjliter than that of liiirsi ni Sinmnilxi, which decays .so rapidly that it is useless 
 in the arts and even for fuel.' I'ieies of the trunk or the larj^e branches cut and set in the j^round 
 (piickly develop roots and j^row rapidly into large trees, a peculiarity which renders it valuable in niak- 
 inn' hedges or fences.'- The aromatic resin obtained from incisions cut in the triuik of this tree was 
 tormerly used under the name of t'aranna in the treatment of gout/ and in the West Indies it is man- 
 ufactured into varnish. An infusion of the leaves is sometimes used in Florida as a substitute for tea. 
 
 lii'mcra Simnniba was one of the first American trees which attracted the attention of Europe- 
 ans, and many of the early autiiors mention it. It was noticed by Oviedo y Valdes ; ' I'aul llerniaini° 
 descriiied it in KkSil ; and it was iirst Jigured by Plukenet.'' 
 
 JJitrsd-d Siiiiiifuhit, according to Aiton, was cultivated in the gardens of Hampton Court palace, 
 near London, in 10110." 
 
 ^ " Kruiii.ipo lU' ilotlaiul :i -ausc ([uc son 1)ols pst le plus tomlre 
 tU' tout li's liois <|ui soifiit <!:ius les isli-s," I)u TiTtrc, I{istoirt' (tfin- 
 ralf '/f.* IMpit tie St. Chri»tnphe, etc. --0. 
 
 - "Tlie Hmnclies of this Tree being stiikiMl into the Earth, will 
 grow ; anil, I have known a Branch of it, tlu>' stripped of its Leaves, 
 and exposed to Wind and Weather (as Part of an Arbour for a 
 (.Jrape-vine), wliieli, in this Situation, budded alul put forth younj; 
 Shoots, ,S: Leaves." (GriJiith llnghes, .V(ff(j;vi/ Ilisltir;/ a/ Iht' lifir- 
 Imlois, nr,.) 
 
 " Henry \\'atts. Diet. Chemtstri/, i. 749. — Gnibourt, Hist. Drog. 
 ed. 7, iii. iJl^O, f. 74'J. 
 
 • IVist. Gen. .\at. Iml. lib. 9, cap. 10. 
 
 ' Tfrthiitthu.'! .lincric. piilii/ihi/lhi, I'alamalatta dicta, Parail. tint. 
 Pmlr. ;!7il. — Plnkenet, Phyt. t. 'J'JS, f . 0. 
 
 •■' /ittttitt ar'tnr Americnna, seminibiis Litbonpermi frumentacci a;mu- 
 lit. liirch-trie Iittrhtitleimhu.t dicta, Pfti/t. t. 1.>1, f. 1. 
 
 TiTthiiitfnt.< major, hettdir cnrtire, friictu triatti/'dnri, .^loane, Cat. 
 Jam. 1(17 ; Hint. Jam. ii. S'J, t. ' M, f. 1, 1!. — Catesby, .Vu/. Hi.it. 
 Car. i. [VI, t. ;«). 
 
 TcrthiuthuA f,diin cordattt-wati.t pinnatin, cortict' Ifivi ru/egcunte ^fiori' 
 htts inasetditiig sptcatin, Browne, iV«/. Hist. Jam. ',Hrt. 
 
 ' Hort. Keic. i. 470. 
 
 EXPLANATION OK TIIIC I'LATES. 
 
 Plati; XLL Buii-sKKA .Simauuba. 
 
 1. A floweriiig branch of stnminntc flowers, natural size. 
 
 1'. A tlowerinf; branch of pistillate flowers, natural size, 
 
 ii. A tlower-bud. enlarged. 
 
 I. A staininatc flower, enlarged, 
 
 ."p. Vertical section of a staininate flower, enlarged. 
 
 Ci. Anterior und posti'rior views of a stanien. enlarged. 
 
 7. A pistillate (lower, enlarged. 
 
 8. Vertical section of a pistillate tlower, enlarged. 
 
 9. Diagram (jf n pistillate flower. 
 
 Pi. ATI; XI. II. HiH.sKUA SniAuunA. 
 
 1. A fruiting branch, natural siy.e, 
 
 2. A fruit, the valves partly open, natural size. 
 •i. \'ertieal section of ,i drupe, enlarged. 
 
 4. A nutlet, enlarged. 
 
 .'). Vertical section of a .'Utlet. enlarged. 
 
 (j. An einbrytt, much ei.larged. 
 
 7. An embryo, the cotyledons displayed, much enlarged. 
 
 l\ ^1 
 
V 
 
 KSEUACK.V,. 
 
 oo(l of the 
 dry wood is 
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 t is useless 
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 lie ill uiak- 
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 ourt pahice, 
 
 icia, ParwI. Bnl. 
 
 frumentacei ttmu- 
 
 1. 
 
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 tes\)y, yal- Hift- 
 
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MEMACK^. 
 
 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 99 
 
 SWIETEXIA. 
 
 Flowers perfect ; calyx 5-lobecl, the lobes contorted in rostivation ; petals 5, con- 
 volute in aDstivation ; filaments united into an uru-shaped tube. Fruit, a 5-eelled 
 capsule. Leaves alternate, abruptly i)innate. 
 
 Swietenia, Jacquin, Stirp. Am. 127. — Linnaeiis, Gen. ed. Mahagoni. Adanson, Fam. PI. ii. 343 (excl. syn. Guitlonia, 
 6,2011. — A. L. de Jussieu. Gen. 2C6. — Meisiier. Gen. I'lumier). 
 
 47. — Eiidlielier. Gen. i. 10.')3. — lienttiain iSc Hookur, 
 Gen. i. 338. — Baillon, Hist. PI. v. 504. 
 
 Noble trees, with heavy dark red wood. Leaves glabrous, destitute of stipules, long - petioled ; 
 leaflets opposite, petiolulate, usually oblique at the base. Flowers small, in axillary or subterminal pani- 
 cles produced near the ends of the branches. Pedicels slender, bibracteolate near the middle. Calyx 
 minute, much shorter than the spreading petals. Staminal tube connate with the petals, ten-lobed, the 
 lobes convolute in iestivation ; anthers ten, fixed by the back below the sinuses of the stiiminal tube, 
 included, introrse, twoKielled, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary free, sessile on the annular disk, 
 ovoid, five-celled, the cells opposite the petals ; style erect, exserted from the tube of stamens, dilated 
 into a discoid five-rayed stigma. Ovules many in esvch cell, suspended from the central axis, semi-anat- 
 ropous ; raphe ventral ; micropyle superior. Capsule five-valved, septicidally dehiscent from the base. 
 the valves bilamellate, separating from a persistent five-angled axis thickened towards the a])ex and 
 five-winged towards the base. Seeds susiKJuded from near the summit of the axis, imbricate in two 
 ranks, compressed, emarginate, produced above into a long membranaceous wing with the hilum in its 
 apex and transversed by the raphe ; chalaza lateral. Embryo transverse ; cotyledons conferruminatc 
 with each other and with the thin fleshy albumen ; radicle short. papilUeform, opposite the chalaza. 
 
 Swietenia, of which three species are recognized, is tropical American and west-tropical African. 
 Swietenia MalnKjoui, the type of the genus and one of the most valuable' timber trees known, is distrib- 
 uted from south Florida, the most northern station of the genus, to Mexico, Central America, and Peru. 
 Swietenia humilis,^ perhaps a form of the last species, is found on the Pacific coast of Mexico. .S«'/< - 
 tenia Aiifjolensis,^ a large deciduous tree, inhabits the mountain forests of central Quitta in west- 
 tropical Africa.' 
 
 The genus was named by Jacquin in honor of Baron von Swieten, a distinguished physician of the 
 eighteenth century.* 
 
 ' Znccaiini, PI. llort. el Herb, .Monac. ii. 355, t. 7 (.^fiine^lner 
 JJetihchri/'t). — C de CandoUe. Monoijr. Vhiimr. i. 7'J3. — Uemsley, 
 liul. lliol. .im. Cent.l 1S3. 
 
 " Wehvitscli, " Apoiit. .Inn. do Connlh. CCl." — C. do C'audollc, 
 Monogr. Phaner. i. ~'1\. 
 
 • A fuurtli -HpGcios, Steietenia macwpht/Ua, King (Ifooker Icon. 
 xvi. t. 15")0), i.s described. It was rui.sod sevcrnl years ago in the 
 Calcutta Hutanie Gardeu from seeds said to tiuve been sent from 
 Central America. Tbc leallets anil tbe fruit are nmeli larger tLan 
 
 tliose of ordinary forms of SieieUiiiti ^faha(|oni. from whicb, bow- 
 ever, it does not ajuicar to ditTer in any otlier respect. 
 
 * (lerard von .Swieten (17»M)-177-) ; a native of '.eyden, where 
 be became a protVssoi of medicine in tbe Universi'v, and ■• disciple 
 of liocrbaave. Ucing a Uoman Catholic, .Swieten was obliged to 
 resign bis professorsliip in tbe Protestant University of I.eyden ; 
 but Maria Theresa invited him to Vienna, where lie reformed the 
 study of mcdiciiu' in the t'niversity, induced tbe empress to estab. 
 lisb tbe hotanie (iarden, and laid the foundation for tbe celebrated 
 medical .si-liool. 
 
 i\ 
 
 I ii 
 
 
 J 
 
Ma^M^^^i^^ 'rK:^f 
 
 f«fifcJ*8S<- 
 
 I I 
 
 luo 
 
 61 LI' A OF JSOUTU AMEltWA. 
 
 SWIETENIA MAHAQONI. 
 
 HELIACB^. 
 
 Mahogany. 
 Leaves persistent ; leaflets ovate-lanccolute, falcate, unequally narrowed at the base. 
 
 Swietenia Mahagoni. Jncqtiin. Enum. PI. Carib. 20 ; Stirp. 
 Am. IL'7. — Liiiim>u:<. S/'ve. cj. 'J, oi^\ Mant. 37'.l. — 
 Cavanilli's, Dins. ii. ;i(i.">. t. 2(t0. — Gitrtiier, Friiel. ii. 8'.), 
 t. DC). — Lamarck. Diet. iii. liTiS. — W ilKlonow. Siier. ii. 
 557. — Tiiforil Uort. liol. Am. 04. — Descotirtilz, Ft. 
 Meil. Antil. ii. 125, t. 9'.». — Do Caiulollo. I'mlr. i. (125. — 
 Turpin, Diet. Sri. Xat. Atlas, t. 170. — Tussik", f'l. Aittil. 
 iv. (),">, t. 2:i. — llayne. Arsii. i. t. 19. — A. dc Jussieu, 
 JiVw. Mils. xix. 248. t. 11. — Don. Gen. Syst. i. (>87, f. 
 116. — Spach, Hist. Veg. iii. 164, t. 21. - Macfailjen, Fl. 
 Jam. 175. — Torruy & Gray, Fl. X -Im. i. 242. — Wal- 
 
 pci-s, J{ep. i. 436 — Nuttall, Si/h-a. ii. 98, t. 75. — Ricli- 
 ard, Fl. Cub. ;J04. — Sehnizlein. Icon. t. 220, f. 1. — 
 Chaiiniaii, Fl. 02. — Gri.seba<li. Fl. Ilrit. H'. /«</. 131. — 
 UaiUon, Hist. Fl. v. 478, f. 472-470. — Tippel & Hollc- 
 var, Au.4iinil. Cult. Pft. Atlas, i. t. 2, f. 1. — Hrandis, 
 Forest Fl. I. , it. Iml. 70. — C. do Candolle, Alonoyr. 
 I'lianer. i. 723. — Henisley, Bot, Biol. Am. Cent. i. 
 183 — Sargent, Forest Trees X. Am. 10th Census U. S. 
 i.\. 33. 
 
 CedruB Mahogoni, Miller, Diet. No. 2. 
 
 S. macropbylla. King, Hooker Icon. xvi. t. 1550. 
 
 A tree, with a trunk forty or fifty feet in height and six or eight feet in diameter above the swell 
 of the {Treat l)iittres.sos wiiicli sometimes expand ten or twelve feet from the trunk, and with massive 
 sjireading brandies. In Florida the Mahogany-tree is nit now found more than forty or fifty feet in 
 heinht. or with a trimk exceeding two feet in diameter, and is desatute of the buttresses which are 
 developed on large individuals in regions more favei-able for it:i growth. The bark of the trunk of the 
 Florida trees is only one half to two thirds of an inch thick, with a dark red-brown surface broken into 
 short broad and rather thick scales Tiie branchlets during their first season are glabrous, angled, and 
 covered with pale red-bt )wn bark, becoming lighter, or gray faintly tinged with red, and thickly covered 
 with lenticels during the .second year. The winter-buds are very siuu't, with broadly ovafo minutely 
 apicidate light red .scales. The leaves are four to si.^c inches long, with slender glabrous peti)les thick- 
 ened at t!ie base, and are composed of three or four pairs of leallets. These iire ovate-1 mceolate, 
 rotiiuled at the base on the upper side, and narrowly wedge-shaped or nearly straight on the lower ; 
 they are entire, couac*>ous, pale yellow-green or slightly rufous on the undi-r surface, three or four 
 inelies h)ng and an .nch or an inch and a half broad, with stout grooved petiohdes a quarter of an inch 
 long, prominent reddish brown midribs, aiul conspicuous reticulate veins. The flowers appear in ,Fuly 
 and August, and are jiroduced oiu' or two together at the etuis of the branchcj of the slender panicles 
 which are developed from the axils of the leaves of the year. The flower-biids are ovate, an eighth of 
 an inch long, or half the length of the slender pnbertdous pedicels which bear near the middle a pair of 
 minute acute membranaceous bracts. The calyx is glabrous, eup-shaped, and much shorter than the 
 ovate elliptical white pet^ils v/hich are an eighth of an inch long and slightly emarginate at the apex. 
 The staminal tube, with its acute lobes, is glabrous, as are the ovary and the fleshy disk ; the anthers 
 are elliptical and slightly ei.iarginate at the apex. The fruit, which ripens in the autumn or (Ntrly 
 winter, is long-stalked, four or five inches in length and two and a half inches broad with thick dark 
 brown valves rugose and pitted on the stirface. The axis of the fruit is three or four inches long and 
 an inch or an inch and a half thick, dark red-brown, and marked near the a[)ex with the small scars left 
 by the falling of the seeds. These are three iiuarters of an inch long, almost stjitare, thickened at 
 the base, and nearly a (piarter tb.e length of the thick ovate rugose red- brown wing which is rounded or 
 trtuicate at the apex and gradually contracted below. 
 
 I I 
 
MKLIACO^. 
 
 at the base. 
 
 8, t. 75. — Uidi- 
 
 1.'20, f. 1. — 
 
 if. Iml. VAX. — 
 
 Ti|i)iel & HoUe- 
 
 f. 1. — Krandis, 
 
 indolle, Monoijr. 
 
 Am. Cent. i. 
 
 )th Ceruma U. S. 
 
 1550. 
 
 hove the swell 
 1 with massive 
 ar fifty feet in 
 sses wliich are 
 le trunk of the 
 ce broken into 
 IS, unified, and 
 tiiickly covered 
 )vafo minutely 
 petides tliii'k- 
 vate-1 mceolate, 
 on the lower ; 
 , three or four 
 rter of an inidi 
 appear in July 
 lender panicles 
 e, an eighth of 
 liddlo a ])air of 
 Drter than the 
 .te at the apes. 
 k ; the anthers 
 tumn or early 
 vith thick dark 
 iiches long and 
 small scars left 
 I, thickened at 
 I is rounded or 
 
 MSLIAIE.K 
 
 aiLVA OF XORTH AMERICA. 
 
 101 
 
 Swieti'iii'i Mitluujoni grows in Florida on Key Largo and on Elliott's Key.' It is found on the 
 Bahama and West India islands ; it is widely distributed in tropical Mexico and Central America, and 
 occurs in I'eru." 
 
 The wood of Swiettuhi MaluKjoni, the mahogany of commerce,' is heavy, exceedingly hard and 
 strong, close-granied and very durable. It contains runierous obscure medullary rays, and possesses a 
 rich red-b'' vvn color which beconii's darker with age and exposure. The yellow sapw-jod consists, in the 
 Floritla trees, of about twenty layers of annual growth, and is not more than an inch thick. The 
 specitic gravity of the absolutely dry wood grown in Florida is 0.7282, a cubic foot of the dry wood 
 weighing 45.38 pounds.* Mahogany is probably the most esteemed of all woods in cabinet-making,' and 
 is also largely used in the interior finish of buildings and railroad cars ; formerly it was employed in 
 ship and boat building, for which purpose it was particularly adapted by its combination of streng'^ 
 and lightness and its power to resist decay." 
 
 The bark of Sirii/ailii MdlKKionl Is bitter and astringent, and although not admitted into the 
 Materia Medica, is sometunes used with iju'nine in the treatment of interni'ttent fevers." 
 
 The Mahogany-tree did not attract the atten'ion of early Europeai iiavelers in Ameri.'a. They 
 were seeking spices and plants possessed of modiciial virtues, and had little interest in trees principally 
 valuable for their timber. Sloane, who carefully explorid the forests of Jamaica, overlooked Swietenia 
 entirely, and it was Mark Catesby who, having discovered it in the Bahama IsLinds, first described this 
 tree in his Natural Ilistori/ of Carolina, published in 1734.' The earliest mention of the Mahogany- 
 tree it'; an inhabitant of Florida appeared in William Stork's Di.svrijitiuii af tJa.tf Fhirlda:' 
 
 Sic'ntvnia Manaijoiii was probably first sent to Europe by Catesby. It was cultivated in the Chelsea 
 Phjiiic Garden neir London in 1739,'° and was planted in the Botanic Garden at Calcutta m 17'J5." 
 
 * It is prolmble that the Mahognny-tree w.is once more common 
 on tlie Florid.i knys tliun it is at present, as thirty or forty years 
 a|^o, or even earlier, eonsideralde quantities of the wood were eut 
 and sent to the Itahania Islands fur export to ^Uirope, and all the 
 large trees were destroyed. 
 
 ^ Kniz, in Ilrrli. liirM.fde C. do Candollc, /. r. 
 
 * The wootl of other trees sometimes appears in commerce under 
 the nanio of mahogany, although very inferior to that of Swietenia. 
 Madeira mahogany is the wood of I'rrnca Inilica, Spr^ . Khatjti 
 SinefialeuKitt A. .luss., a large tree of west-tropical Africa, supplies 
 the so-called African mahogany, and >*()'/'«"/« /ehri/iif/a, A. .luss., 
 the Indian wood sold in Kngland as mahogany. The H<utard ma- 
 hogany of the West Indies is the wo.k! of Ceilnda otlorata, I... 
 
 * The Mahigany-tree grows rapidly under favorable conditions 
 in Central \\ lerica, sometimes attaining in two hundred years a 
 trunk dianiet t of four feet. In Florida it grows much more 
 slowly. The two Florida logs in the ,1 '"p collection of Xorth 
 American wowls in the American .Muse'.m of Natural History in 
 New York measure respectively twen'y-two and a half and eigh- 
 teen and a quarter inches in diameter ; the tlrst has two hundred 
 ami four layers of annual growth, and the second two hundred and 
 
 IOUkt"en. 
 
 * Labat, Nowtaxi Voyage tt<ix hliit df l\-^m>'riqne, v. IDli ; vi. IWVt 
 (ITT'J). — (iivelt, EnryrloptTilia of .irchilecturr, 'Ml. — M'CuUough, 
 DiftiDtuiri/. Prtu'tica^, Thenr^lit'tll iind /iitt'iirh-a!, of Commercp untl 
 Ciimmi'miil Xariijalii i. — Honori Havard, Didionnaire </c I'ameuble- 
 ment et tie devoration, 1. 
 
 * Laslett, Timh.rc'id Timber Treest 170. 
 
 Several grades of mahogany are recognized by timber merchants. 
 They are distinguished by the weight, the character of the grain, 
 and the color of the wood, which are alTectcd by the soil and situa- 
 tion in which the trees have grown. Trees in high rocky situations 
 
 on mountain slopes, especially on limestiuie soil, *»roduce the most 
 vaiuable wood, while the poorer (pialities come from trees grown in 
 the forests which border the rivers ncr the coast of Central .\mer- 
 ica. The Hnest mahi'gany came originally from San Domingo, 
 Cuba, and .famaica, where the supjily i;i now practically exliausted. 
 The best now grows on the lower slnpfs of the mountains of south- 
 ern Me:^ico, British Honduras, and ffuatcniala. 
 
 The methods employed in cutting the Mahogany-tree and in get- 
 ting the logs to the coast are described in the article on Swit'lenia 
 Mnhagoni in Hooker's litttanival Mi dlimy, i. -1. Descriptions of 
 the tree and of the modes of cutting it will also be found in Wells' 
 EiplnrationAWid .idvetUuren in H'Hi'tuni^, 'M\'t, in Morris's Colony nj 
 Briti.'ih IlowiuraHf and in Urigham's O'latemata, the Land ot the 
 Guet:al. 
 
 ' Woodville, .^fed. Bnl. cd. H, iii. O'JO, t. -I-IO. — U. S. Dispens. cd. 
 14, 17tJ8. — Guibourt, Hist. Ihoij. cd. 7, iii. .".it."). 
 
 ^ Arbor foiiis pinnatin, .-Ham claudente, nulto impttri: nervo ad 
 iatun unum excnrretite, etc., ii. 81, t. 81. 
 
 Cedrela foliii /itnnafi^, Jioribtu sparxi-tt ligno grafiori, Browne, 
 \al. Hill. Jam. l."<8. 
 
 ^ " Mahogany grows only in the southern and interior parts of the 
 peninsula ; it is in size and quality inferior to the Jamaica, but good 
 enough to become an article of trade. The wooilcutters from the 
 province eomo to east Kloritla N) eut Mahi<gany and carry it otf 
 clandestinely." The first edition of this book is not dated. The 
 third edition, which appeared ])robably oidy a few years later, was 
 published in 17G9. 
 
 '"' Alton, Horl. Kew. ii. 50. 
 
 " The trees in Calcutta had attained a large size in 1804, when 
 they were blown down by the hurricane which devastated the gar- 
 den. In IStj."* efforts were made to introduce the Mahogany-tree 
 into India on a large scale. They were only partially successful. 
 
 I I 
 i 
 
 n 
 
1 1 
 
 i ! 
 
 ? ! 
 
 ; I 
 
 102 ISILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. mfxiacea. 
 
 Mahagoni,' first used by Jaoiiuiii as tlie specitii' name of this tree, is of aboriginal derivation. 
 
 but Af rx'ing continued in both Ilcngftl and Itiirmah with sci'ds ob- 
 taint'd from America, luid it is now bclii'vid tluit the Indian furesta 
 will eieiituiilly produce nmhogiinv in lurge quantities und of eicel- 
 lent ((uality. ((ianible, Man. Jiiil. T.mlicrs, H. — Iiep. Forest Dipl. 
 1ml. lass-Ad, M.) 
 
 ^ The change in •Iac<iiiin's specific name from Mahagoni to Maho- 
 goni waH ii"Mle by MilU'r in the eighth edition of his dictionary; 
 and Maier's orthography was afterwards adopted by Ue Can- 
 dolle. 
 
 EXPLANATION OK THE PLATES. 
 
 Pl,ATF. XLIIL SwiETEN'IA SLlHAOOVI. 
 
 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 
 
 2. Diagram of a flower. 
 
 ;{. A tiowcr buil, enlarged. 
 
 4. A flower, e'llargeil. 
 
 r>. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 
 
 C. A jiistil. with the staminiil tube displayed, enlarged. 
 
 7. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 
 
 Pl.\te XLIV. S\vikte\i,\ Maha(ion'i. 
 
 1. A fruiting branch, natural size. 
 
 2. A fruit, with one of the valves and the outer lamella of 
 
 another removed, natural size. 
 
 3. The axis of a fniit, natural size. 
 
 4. A seed, natural size. 
 
 .'i. Cross section of a seed, natural size. 
 0. Vertical section of a seed, natural size. 
 7. An embryo, much enlarged. 
 
MELlACEiK. 
 
 ivation. 
 
 fahngoni to Maho- 
 )f Ilia ilictioiiary ; 
 ited by Ve Cnii- 
 
 •. I 
 
 ; ii 
 
• f ; 
 
 1 '< - 
 
 \i 
 
t 
 
 v 
 
 SWIETENIA MAHAGONI Jarq 
 
 Ji 
 
:3n?%fi*r..5S=r 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 . 5 * 
 
 ^r 
 
 \ 
 
 ': 
 i": ' • 
 
 !U r 
 
 li ' 
 
 \,^ 'I 
 
 !l 
 
 Mf 
 
 ! 
 
 
 ,:■ 
 
 
 ^'^ 
 
 L 
 
 
 1 
 

 'f 
 
 % 
 
 Ji 
 

 5 
 
 
\'\ ^ 
 
 SWIETF.NIA MAHAGONl 
 
>ii 
 
If 
 
 ii.insE^. 
 
 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 103 
 
 ILEX. 
 
 Flowers usually polygamo-dioDcious ; calyx 4 to 6-l()bcd, imbricated in aestivation, 
 persistent ; petals 4 to 6, free or united at the base, imbricated in a;stivation, hypogy- 
 nous. Fruit, a berry-like drupe. 
 
 Ilex, Linnieus, Gen. .'53. — A. L. de JuBsieu, Gen. 379, — Ageria. Adanson, Fnm. PI. ii. IGG (in part). 
 
 Endlicher, Gen. 1092. — Meisner, Gen. 252. — lieiitham 
 
 & Hooker, Gen. i. 356. 
 Prinos, Linnieus, Cor. Gen. (i : Gen. ed. 2, 952. — A. L. de 
 
 Jussieu, Gen. 379. — Endlicher, Gen. 1092. — Meisner, 
 
 Gen. 252. 
 Aquifolium, Adanson, Fam. PL ii. 166. 
 
 Macoucoua, Aublet, PI. Guian. i. 88, t. 34. 
 Paltoria, Uuiz & Pavon. F/. Periir. i. 54, t. 84, f. b. 
 Cbomellia. Vello/.o, /•'/. Fliim. i. t. IOC. 
 Pileobtegia. Turczaninow. lin//. MuKf. xxxii., i. 276. 
 Pseudehretia, Turczaninow, Ball. Moac. xxxvi., i. 607. 
 
 Trees and shrubs, with watery juice. Leaves alternate, petiolate, persistent or deciduous, often 
 nitidous, entire, dentate or spinescent, stipules minute, deltoid or sul)ulate, cliartaceous, or filifoim and 
 membranaceous, deciduous. Flowers minute, in axillary cyiui's, fascicles, or unibcUules. Calyx minute, 
 four or six-lobed, persistent. Corolla roUite ; petals oval or ohlonj^, obtuse, free or united at the base, 
 white or greenish white, deciduous. Stiimens inserted on the base of the corolla, as many as and alter- 
 nate with its divisions ; filaments subulate, exserted in the sterile, much shorter in the fertile flower ; 
 anthers attached on the back, oblong, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally ; effete or 
 rudimentary in the fertile flower. Ovary free, sessile, subcylindrieal, two to twelve-celled ; rudimentary 
 in the sterile flower ; style short or wanting ; stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary, distinct or eon- 
 fluent ; ovules one or two in each cell, suspended from near their apex, collateral, anatropous ; raphe 
 dorsal or rarely lateral ; the micropyle superior. Fruit drupaceous, subglobose, crowned with the rem- 
 nants of the stigma; sarcocarp fleshy; nutlets usually four to eight, ijouy or crustaceous, one-seeded. 
 Seeds suspended ; testa membranaceous. Embryo minute, in the apex of the copious fleshy albumen, 
 subglobose, two-lobed ; the radicle superior.' 
 
 The genus Ilex is widely <listribiited over the tropical and temperate parts of the world with the 
 exception of western North America, Austraha, New Zealand, Tasmania, and New Guinea. About one 
 
 * Tlie gonus Ilex was Hcpnrated by Ana (iray {Man. Bot. N. 
 Stfilra, cd. ,5) into the following HOL'tiuns ; — 
 
 t. AqriFOLii'M. Parts of the tlower usually in fours, sonio- 
 tinies in flves or sixes ; dnipe red, nutlets ribbed, veiny or one- 
 grooved on the baek ; leaves coriaceous, persistent. 
 
 2, Pkinoioes. Parts of the tlower in fours or fives, or rarely in 
 sixes ; drupe red or purple, nutlets striate, many ribbed on the 
 brteic : leaves deciduous. 
 
 X >*RIN(i8, Parts of the staniinate tlower commonly in fours, 
 fives, (;r sixes ; parts of the pistillate liowers commonly in sixes, or 
 rarely in fives, sevcns,or eights ; nutlets smooth. 
 
 Maiimowicz (.Vi'm. Acail. Sci. Si. I' ''rslumrii, set, 7, xiix. 'JO) 
 proposes the ftdlowing scctit)U8 fur the ^'I'uus : — 
 
 1, PA:.ruHlA. Parts of the llower in fours of very rarely in 
 
 fives ; pedicels prodiiced from the shoots of the year. Intricately 
 brani'hed evergreen shrubs or snudi trees, with small coriaceous 
 often punctate leaves destitute of spiny teeth. 
 
 U. Ilkx. Parts of the tlower generally more than four ; pedicels 
 prmluced with the young leaves from the shoot.^ nf the year. Trees 
 or rarely tall shrubs, with ample persistent coiiaccoua or cliarta- 
 ceous entire or serrate leaves, never spinescent, even when young. 
 
 ',\. AijfiKoi.ifM. Parts of the tlower generally in fours. Trees 
 or usually tall slirui)s, with ample persistent or rarely cliartaceous 
 and usually spino-sernite leaves ; cyuu's age* iitcd from the old 
 wood or iH'casi<»nalIy Military from shoots of .oe year. 
 
 •I, PuiNos. Parts *if the tlower usually in fives ; pedicels pro- 
 duced from shouts of the year. Trees or shrubs, with deciduous 
 membranaceous leaves and succulent drupes. 
 
 ^J 
 
fl 
 
 ■ I 
 
 104 
 
 ;SILVA OF NOliTll AMERICA. 
 
 ILICINKiB. 
 
 huiulred ami sevcntv-five species are now recojjiiized,' the liead(jiiarters of the fjenus. as represented hj 
 the largest number of species, hei/ig in Brazil and Guiana," where sixty-seven are known. The moun- 
 tain regions of western South America contain at least ten species;' seven have been distinguished in 
 southern Mexico and Central America,* and ten in tlie West Indies;" while in eastern North Ar.ierica 
 there are thirteen or perhaps fourteen species" of which four are small trees. The genus is, theref-'-e, 
 nearly two thirds Anicncau. The flora of Europe contains a single species of Ilex ; the Canary Island.i 
 and Madeira possess three species ; ' one is south African," and ont is found on the island of Madagas- 
 car." Twenty-four species grow in India ; '" twenty-eight or thirty are already known in China and 
 Japan ; " three species have been found in the islands of the Indian Archipelago,'- and two in Poly- 
 nesia." 
 
 In the early Tertiary period Ilex existed in the Arctic regions " with several forms, among them Ilex 
 sjj'uwiici'iiti, in which Saporta finds the probable remote ancestor of the existing European species and of 
 the spiny-leaved Holly of North America," and I/cx xtt iiojthi/lla,^''' which is reproduced in Ihw CassDie 
 of the southern United Sbites. The genus had several representatives at this period in westeri*. North 
 America, whence it has now disapi)eared." 
 
 Ilex contains a bitter principle, Ilicine, combined with glutinous matter and an aromatic resin, and 
 possesses tonic, and sometimes diuretic, diaphoretic, and emetic properties. lUx Paraguariensis,^^ a tree 
 widely distributed from Brazil to Paraguay, furnishes the mate or Paraguay tea of the South Ameri- 
 cans, and is the most useful s])ecies to man. The leaves of the European Holly were formerly sometimes 
 used as a febrifuge ; " the fvuit is purgative and emetic ; bird-lime is prepared from the inner bark,-'" and 
 the hard close-graiu'd white wood is used in turnery and cabinet-making. The European Holly has been 
 a favorite garden i)lant for centuries, and innumerable varieties, with variously shaped and curiously 
 variegated leaves and with abnormally colored fruit, have been produced and are esteemed by European 
 gardeners.-' ? he Holly is also a favorite hedge plant."- Branches of Holly were sent by the Romans to 
 their friends i s emblems of good-will at the festival of the Saturnalia. The early Christians of Rome 
 used them to d. 'corate their places of worship,-^ and this custom still pre ails in Europe and in America, 
 where bunches i)f the native Hollies are now in great demand for Christmas decoration. The shrubby 
 
 I ' 
 
 ' Maxiniowicz, ^f< m. Acad. Sci. Si. Pitershourg, set. 7, xxix. 18. 
 
 ' Keissuk, Mardhi Fl. limsil. xi. 1, 39, t. l:i-l!l. — Maximuwicz, 
 ;. c. 25. 
 
 ' Humboldt, Bonpland & Kuntli, Sov. Spe.. el Gen. vii. 70. 
 
 • ilt'in.sley, Hot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 18(i. 
 
 ' Grisi'ljatli, Ft. liril. W. Ind. 14ti. — Maximuwicz, I. c. 27. 
 
 " Trelt'iise, Triinn. St. Louin Afail. Sri. v, '.Via. 
 
 ' liarktr-Webb & U.Ttbc!ot, Phytoijr. Canar. ii. Vio, t. 68, 09. 
 
 ■* Harvey & Sunder, Fl. Cop \ \TA. 
 
 " Tiila.1110, Ann. Set. Nal. viii. 111. 
 
 '0 Hooker f. Fl. Ilril. Ini'. i. ."i98.- -Maxiniowicz, /. c. 24. 
 
 " FrantlH't & Savaticr, Enum. PI. ^ap. i. 70. — Maxiniowicz, 
 /. c. 3'-'. — Forbes & Hemslev, Jour. Linn. Soe. xxiii. ll.j. 
 
 '•■ Miciui-l, Fl. Ind. Hat. li. .V.U. 
 
 " (liay, Hut. N. Pacific Explor. Eiped. i. 295, t. 25. — Maxinio- 
 wicz, /. e. 23. 
 
 " Ileer, Fl. Foss. /irct. vi. ; Fl. d. Ataneschicht. 97, t. 27, f. 1, a ; 
 Gr„nland. 15, t. 0, f. 0. 
 
 '* Oriijine Pati'ontolotjique de.^ Arhre.t, 289. 
 
 *^ .Snpurta. /. c. 
 
 " I,esi|ut'reiix, C(,nlrih. Fms. Fl. West. Territ. ii. Tertiary, 270, t. 
 .jO, f. l-'.l (Hoyden'.- /(,/.. vii. 1H78). 
 
 " St. .Hilnire, .1/. m. .Win. ii. IVil. — I). Ittm, Lamlirrt f m. ii. 
 Appx. t. 4. — UuiiML'k, .Martius Fl. liraail. xi. 1, 1U2, t. 13, f. .5 ; t. 
 l!l, 20. 
 
 The leaves of Ilex Paraguariensis, which contain a principle 
 identical with the caffeine of tea and coffee, arc stripped from the 
 trees once in every two or three years during the summer months, 
 tliat is, from December to August. As fast as gathered they are 
 dried over slow fires, and are then reduced to powder a»(t jarefully 
 protected from moisture during the seasoning period, wl.ieh some- 
 times lasts for several inontlis. The powder is then packed in sacks 
 and is re&dy for use. It has a bitter taste and a balsamic odor, and 
 is used in the form of an infusion, which lias a pleasant stimulating 
 effect on the human stomach. Matd has wuuderful power in in- 
 creasing the ability of the human frame to endure sustained phys- 
 ical effort ; but the habit of using it being unco acquired is not 
 easily given up, anil taken in excess iiiati' produces the same pnys- 
 ical and mental derangemcuts whieb follow the excessive use of alco- 
 hol. (Hooker, London Jour Hot. i. IV), I. 1-.'). — hiudlcy, Treasury 
 of liotany, ii. (118. — Wittstein, Vierttljahnwehrijt, xvi. 107. — (Jui- 
 bouct, nut. Drag. ed. 7, iii. 51-1. — U. S. Dispens. cd. 14, 107O. — 
 Nauilin, Manuel de VAcctimoleur^ 315.) 
 
 '» IJndley, Fl. Med. 3y3. — (iuibourt. Hist. Drog. ed. 7, iii. 543. 
 — U. S. Dispent. ed. 14, 070. 
 
 * Kvelyn, Silra, I'd. Hunter, i. 208. 
 
 •' I>ouilon, Artj. Hrii. ii. .500. — Nicholson, Did. Gard. 
 
 «> l,oi.(liin, /. V. Mi, 
 
 '" London, I. c, 511. 
 
ILlClNEiB. 
 
 jpresented hj 
 The niouii- 
 itinguisheil in 
 loith Ar.ierica 
 s is, theref'ce, 
 ^a-.uiry Islands 
 I of Miidagas- 
 iii China and 
 two in Poly- 
 
 long them Ilex 
 species and of 
 1 Ilex CassDie 
 westerp. North 
 
 latic resin, and 
 '/t';(.s(«," a tree 
 ! Soutli Anieri- 
 lerly sometimes 
 iner bark,-'" and 
 Holly has been 
 1 and curiously 
 d by European 
 the Romans to 
 stians of Rome 
 nd in America, 
 The shrubby 
 
 contain n principle 
 ; strijiped from the 
 he summer months, 
 8 gatbercii they are 
 mwder ant' jarcfuUy 
 period, wLioh some- 
 tlicn paiked in sucka 
 a balsamic odor, and 
 pleasant stimulating 
 iderful power in iu- 
 lure sustained phys- 
 uuce aciiuired is not 
 luces the same pnys- 
 excessivc use of alco- 
 — Lindley, Treasury 
 \rijt, xvi. 107. — (iui- 
 petis. ed. 14, 1070. — 
 
 Drag. ed. 7, iii. 543. 
 
 Did. Card. 
 
 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 lor, 
 
 ILIClNEiE. 
 
 North American species of the section Prinos are cultivated for their showy persistent fniit, and some of 
 the Asiatic species are also occasionally seen in gardens. 
 
 The name of the genus was bestowed upon it by Linna-us. who discarded Tournetoit s gener... 
 name, AquifoUum,' .-nd adopted the classical name of the Evergreen Oak of southern Europe, Ilex, on 
 account of the resemblance .f its leaves to those of the European Holly. 
 
 ' Iml. WW, t. ;)71. 
 
 CONSPFXTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES. 
 
 Aquifolium. Parts of the flower in fours; pedicels bracted at the base; nutlet, prominently few-ribbed on the back and 
 sides ; leaves evergreen. 
 
 Leaves armed with spiny teeth. 
 
 Young shoots glabrous or sparingly pubescent 
 
 Leaves serrate or entire. 
 
 Young shoots pubescent ; calyx-lobes acuminate 
 
 Young shoots puberulous : calyx-lobes obtuse 
 
 PrinOides. Parts of the flower in fours or fives, rarely in sixes ; pedicels destllutu of bracts ; 
 nuUeU striate, many-ribbed on the bark : leaves deciduous. 
 
 Calyx-lobes broadly-triangular ; leaves cuneate, oblong-spatulate, or lanceohite-obuvate . 
 Calyx-lobes acute ; loaves ovate or la' .ceolate-oblong 
 
 1. I. OP.\lA 
 
 2. I. C.VSSIN-K. 
 
 'A. I. VOMITUKIA. 
 
 4. I. DF.l IDUA. 
 b. I. MONTICOLA. 
 

 
 H 
 
ILinSEA 
 
 SILVA OF NOliTU AMElilL'A. 
 
 107 
 
 ILEX OPAOA. 
 Holly. 
 Parts of the flower in 4's; calyx-lobes acute; leaves spinosc-tlentate. 
 
 Ilax opaca. Aiton. Hurt. Kfii: i. 1G9 WillUenow, Sjuc. i. 
 
 "OH; Kniim. 17-; lierl. Baiimz. 189. — Souveuu Ditha- 
 mil, i. 8.- itlii'lmux. /■'/. Jlor.-Aiii. ii. "-H. — IVnooii, 
 6'y«. i. 151. — Poiret. Liim. Did. Siippl. iii. ()."i. — Mi- 
 clmux, f. Jlint. Arb. Am. ii. H»l, t. 11. — I'ursli. Fl. Am. 
 Sipl. i. IIV. — Itafinestiue. F'.. Liului-ic. Ill ; Mnl. But. 
 ii. 7, t. 03. — lioemer &, Sclmites, Syst. iii. 487. — Link, 
 Kniim. 147. — llayiie, Dcinli: /',' 10. — Tmrey. F/. U. S. 
 I'.M ; /7. A'. 1'. ii. 2. — Klliutt. Sic. ii. Cn'.). — \)o Ciiii- 
 (loUe, Prodr. ii. 14. — Sprengel, iS'/^.v . 49.\ — Watson, 
 Dendr. Brit. i. 3, t. 3. — Loudon. Arli. Brit. ii. ."ilO, t. — 
 Hooker. Fl. Bor.-Am. \. IL'l. — Uigelow, Fl. Boston. 41. — 
 Don, Gfn. Si/st. ii. 17. — Spacli. Hi.st. I'eij. ii. 4'_'7. — 
 Dietricli, Si/ii. i. ."154.-01111101. Jlleil. But. 4:i2.-Km- 
 enoii, Trees Huss. ed. 1'. ii. 3.S"i, t. — Darlington, Fl. 
 Cestr. L'll. 3, 17.5. — CUaptnan, Fl. 269. — Curtis, Bep. 
 
 timluij, Sure. X. Cur. 1.SGU, iii. .58. — Maxiiiiowic/.. Mini, 
 
 Aritd. St. I'etersloii rij. ser. 7, xxix. -9. — .Sargent. Fun-nt 
 
 Trres N. Am, \\)th Census (\ .S. \\, .'i4. — Trulcase. Trims. 
 
 St. Lunis Acad. v. 345. — Watson iSc Coulter. Gr'iijs Jinn. 
 
 nl. f,. 10,S. 
 I. Aqulfolium. Linnieu.s, Sjier. l'J5 (in parti. — Marshall. 
 
 Ar/.iisl. Am. 03. — Walter, Fl. Car. ■J41. 
 I. laxiflora, Laniarck. /)/<■'. iii. 147 ; HI. i. .!."."). — Pursli. 
 
 /■". Am. .Sfjit. i. 117. — Uoemer ik Scliultes. Syst. iii. 4'.I4 ; 
 
 Miint, iii. 334. — Ue CaiuloUe, Prodr. ii. 14. — Sprenjjel. 
 
 Si/st. i. 495. — Don, (jen, Syst. ii. 17. — Spacli, JIl.it. I'ly. 
 
 ii. 4'_'7. — Dietrich, Syn. i. 555. — Loudun. Arb. Brit. ii. 
 
 517. 
 "I. quercifolia. Mecrburgli, L-on. t. 5." 
 Ageria opaca. Kafinesiiue. Sylvu TiUnr. 47. 
 
 A tree, forty to fifty feet in hei<i;ht, with a trunk two or three, or exceptionally four feet in diam- 
 eter, with sliort slentler liranelies forming a narrow jiyramidal head, and thick Hcshy roots. The liark 
 of the trunk is lialf an inch thick, with a light gray surface rougliened by wart-like excrescences. Tiie 
 stout branclilets are covered, when chey first appear, witli fine rufous pidjescence which disa|)pears l)y 
 the end of the season, when tliey are glabrous and pale brown. Tlie winter-buds are sliort. obtuse or 
 acuminate, with narrow acuminate scales ciliate on the margins. The leaves are elliptical or obovate- 
 oblong, pungently acute, with thickened wavy margins and a few stout spinose teeth, or sometimes (juite 
 entire, especially on the ujiper brandies ; ' tiiey are two to four incites long, witli a prominent midril) 
 and conspicuotis veins, and are borne on short stout petioles thickened at the base, grooved above, and, 
 like the midrib, sliglitly pul)erulent. They are thick, coriaceoits, dull yellow-green, paler and often 
 quite yellow on the lower surface, and remain on the branches for three years, falling when the growth 
 begins in the spring. The stipules are minute, broadly acute or nearly ileltoid and persistent. The 
 sterile and fertile lloweis are produced on dill'erent plants in short peduncidate cynics from the axils of 
 the young leaves, or are scattered along the base of the young shoots. The iiiHore.scence is tliieo to 
 nine-flowered on the .sterile plant, and one or rarely two or three-flowered on tlie fertile. The sit'iulcr 
 pe<luncles and pedicels are puberulous with minute acute bracts near their base. The flowers open in 
 spring ; tliey are citaracterized by acute calyx-lobes with ciliate margins, and by the broad sessile stigma. 
 The fruit, which ripens late in the autumn, remains on the branches until the early spring of the follow- 
 ing year; it is spherical or ovoid, a ipiarter of an inch across, dull red or rarely yellow. The nutlets are 
 prominently few-ribbeil on the back anil sides, nearly triangular, and rather narrower towards the apex 
 than at the ba.se. 
 
 The most northern station of TItx opnra is near the coast of Massaciuisetts Bay in the city of 
 Quincy. It is rare on the coast of New Englanil and New York where it never grows to a large size, 
 becomes larger and more common south of the Hudson Kiver, and extends south, generally near the 
 coast, to the shores of Mosquito Inlet and Charlotte Harbor, Florida. It is exceedhigly rare in the 
 
 ' McUiclianip, Hull. Turreij Hut. Club, viii. \V1. 
 
T 
 
 ! 
 
 f 
 ii > 
 
 'I I / 
 
 (Pi 
 
 |i|h 
 
 
 loe 
 
 siLVA OF xonrii ameiuca. 
 
 lUCINEiE. 
 
 Allojjlmny-moimtain region and in the cou'itry iininedi.'itely west of it, liut reappears in the valley of 
 thi- Mississippi River, extending frum southern Indiana to the Gulf of Mexico, and through Missouri, 
 ^^ rkansas, and Louisiana to eastern i.'Xi's. 
 
 //( .1- <)/i(Hii generally grows at •iie north in dry, rather gravelly soil, and often on the margins of 
 Oak woods; at the south it is four.d on the borders of swampy river-bottoms in rich, rather humid soil, 
 often growi?ig under the sluule uf Water t)aks, Gums, and Bay-trees. It reaches its greatest size on the 
 fertile bottom-' inds of the >!treams of southern Arkansas and 'Xiu, where it is more abundant 
 
 than in otiier parts of the eountry. 
 
 Th v.ood of //(,(• ojiiKii is light, tough, although not strong, and very close-grained. It contains 
 nunienMia thin and inconspicuous medullary rays, and is nearly white when Hrst cut, turning brown with 
 age and exposure, the thick sapwood being rather lighter colored than the hcartwood. It can be easily 
 worked, and will receive a beautiful polish, and is valued and now much employed in cabinet-making, in 
 the interior Knish of buildings, and in turnery. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 
 0.5818, a cubic foot weighing !{G.2() pounds. 1 Heine has been obtained from the fruit of Ilcv ojnica,^ 
 whicii furnishes the principal supply of the Holly branches which are now used in this country in large 
 (piantities for decoration at Christmas festivals. 
 
 The American Holly, owing to its resemblance to the familiar Holly of European gardens, naturally 
 attracted the attention of the early voyagers to America, and it was notice<l as early as 15G-t by the 
 party of French Protestants who landed near the mouth of the St. John's River in Florida under the 
 leadership of Laudonniere." It was first described by Clayton in the Flora Virijinica,^ and, according 
 to Alton, was first cultivated in Europe in 1744 i>y the Duke of Argyll.* It may still be occasionally 
 seen in European gardens, and is sometimes cultivated in the United States.' The number of insects 
 known to injure the American Hollies is not large, and the damage they inflict is not serious." 
 
 i? 
 
 * Am. Jtmr. Pharm. xxviii. .'tl t. — U. S. Dujmis. ed. H, 1070. 
 
 ^ " Freqiieiitt-s cedri, I'lipressi, Imiri, palinie, aquifoliip & vitus 
 sylvestri." (Ac Moyne lie Morijne, De Ury Voyagi'itt I'lirt II. 3.) 
 
 * llfT foliiif ovatU afti/u dentatis^ 18. 
 
 * Archibalil Campbell, third Duke of ArRvli (l«8O-I701) ; 'ho 
 most asfiduouH I'ullector aud planter of exotic trees of his time in 
 Kngland, and Horace Walpole's "Tree-Monger." Many of the 
 trees wliioh were planted in the grounds of his villa of Whitttm, 
 near lluunslow, were after his death removed to tlie Koyal (iardens 
 at Kew, where tbej formed the basis of the present Arboretum. 
 
 ' The thii'k lleshy roots of this tree make it difficult to transplant 
 successfully. The seeds, like those of many species of Holly, do 
 not germinate until the second year after planting. 
 
 ' The Fall Web-womi (Uijphantria cunen, Krury) is sometimes 
 (juito injurious to the foliage uf species of Ilex (Hull. No. 10, Div. 
 Entomnl. Itept. Ayr. U. S. 10). Larvro of a small nioth, Crt/ptole^ 
 chia crifptotechiella^ Cbamb., fasten leaves of llrx ojkwh together 
 and feed upon them (Dull, llayden'a U. S. Geulog. Surv. 1878, iv. 
 pp. »t, UC). 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 
 
 PlAIK XLV. IlKX Ill'ACA. 
 
 1. A branch with staminate flowers, natural size. 
 
 2. A brancli with pistillate flowers, natural size. 
 
 3. I)ia(^am of a flower. 
 
 4. A staminate flower, enlarged. 
 
 5 Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 
 
 6. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 
 
 I. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 
 
 8. Cross section of nn ovary, enlarged. 
 
 9. An ovule, much magnified. 
 
 10. A fruiting branch, natural size. 
 
 11. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 
 
 12. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 
 
 13. A nutlet, enlarged. 
 
 14. An embryo, much magnified. 
 
 li'i. Part uf a leaf with a stipule, enlarged. 
 
 ' (1 
 
ILK'INEA 
 
 ;ho valley <>f 
 rh Missouri, 
 
 e margins of 
 r humid soil, 
 it size on the 
 ire abundant 
 
 It contains 
 T brown Vrith 
 can be easily 
 et-making, in 
 r dry wood is 
 
 Ili.e optica,^ 
 intry in large 
 
 lens, naturally 
 9 ir)U4 by the 
 rida under the 
 md, according 
 le occasionally 
 ber of insects 
 
 0U8.° 
 
 ifficiilt to tmnsplant 
 pccies of Holly, do 
 iig. 
 
 Irurj) is sometimes 
 (Hull. So. 10, /)iii. 
 imll moth, Crijplule- 
 llei ojnca together 
 tolog. Sun. 1878, iv. 
 
llfF/. , 1 
 
 ^n 
 
 It 
 
 
 ; i 
 
 
 '• » 
 
 
 if 
 
 
 ft 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 B*^.- — :i.« 
 
.1" 
 
 ^ *:. 
 
 ■>~*i' 
 
 ,00 
 
 m 
 
 I I .i.t,-n ./W 
 
 \^^r 
 
 ^J 
 
 < , 
 
 ILEX OPACA 
 
 ■/ fiw tfu.i ■''•■-1 
 
 '-,/■ ,' .-//.. f.v 
 
^!1 
 
 li 
 
 L i 
 
lUCJNE.K. 
 
 SILVA OF NOUTII AMERICA. 
 
 ILEX CASSINE. 
 
 Dahoon. 
 
 109 
 
 Pakts of the flower in 4'.s ; calyx-lobes acuminate. Leaves entire or sharply ser- 
 rate towards the apex. 
 
 Ilex Caasine. I-iiinoBiis, .S/ycr. 125 (excl. fi.). — Marsliall. 
 Aibiist. Am. (11. — Lainarek. Dirt. iii. 1 17 ; ///. i. 'X<'>. — 
 Willdenow. S/ier. i. 'm ; Eiiiim. 17'.'; H'lrt. Urml. I i. 
 yi. — Nonvean Diilinmel, i. 'J. — I'ersoon. •%». l.)l. — 
 DestoiiUiiiics, IlUt. Arb. ii. 'Afi'l. — Poiret. Ltim. Diit. 
 
 Suppl. iii. 0."). — I'ursli, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 117 Kocnier 
 
 iV Sehultes. Sijsf. iii. 490. — Ilnyiie. Demlr. Fl. 10. — De 
 C'andnlle. Prmlr. ii. 14. — Spreiifji'l. Si/.tt. i. 4',t5. — Don, 
 Ci-ii. Sij.it. ii. 17. — Simcli, lFi.it. (V;/. ii. 4i;S. — Diftrich, 
 Sijn. i. 5">4. — LiMulun, Arb. Jiril. ii. ")17, f. 1X4. — C 
 Koch, Vnii/r. ii. L".'.'i (excl. syii.). — Goeppert, Del, Sem. 
 I'nitisL IS'iL' [Linim-a. xxvi. 74()). — Sargent, Garden 
 iiiifl Forest, ii. (ilfJ. 
 
 Ilex Dahoon, Walter, Fl. r,,/-. :'41. — Michaiix. Fl. linr.. 
 Am. ii. 228. — Pursh. Fl. Am. Se/,f. i. 1 17. — Nuttall, 
 (Jen. i. lOi). — Roeiner & Schultes. Si).if. iii. 48'J ; M'liif. iii. 
 332. — Ue CaniloUe, Froilr. ii. 14. — Elliott, Sk. ii. ti80. — 
 
 Watson, Dewlr. lirit. ii. 114. t. 114. — Sprengel, Sijxt. i. 
 4115. — Auduljon. />'i;v/,«. t. IS. — Don. Gen. Si/st. ii. I'.l. — 
 Spacli. Hint. I'l'i/. ii. 428 Dietrich. ,Si/n. i. i^A. — Lon- 
 don. Arb. Jlrit. ii. ."illl. — Gridilh. Meil. But. 433.— 
 Chapman. Fl. 2li'J. — CnrtLs, Heii. Geolug. Siirr. X. Car. 
 1800, iii. .")8. — Maxiniowicz. Mini. Arml. St. Peter.ibounj, 
 ser. 7, xxix. 2!). — Sargent, Fore.it Trees X. Ant. lOt/i 
 Crnsn- o. S. ix. 3"i. — Trele.asc, Tran.i. St. Lmili Arait. 
 V. ,'i4."). — Watson ik Coulter, Gray's Jfan. ed. <>, 108. 
 
 I. Cossine, vac. latifolia, Aiton, J/orf. AVic. i. 170. 
 
 I. cassinoides. Link, Enum. i. 148. — Roeiner & Schultes, 
 
 Mant. iii. ;;:i2. 
 
 I. laurifolia, Nnttall, Am. Jour. Sri. v. 289. —Eaton, Man. 
 
 ed. (>. ISli. — Katon & Wright, Hot. 282. 
 Ageria palustris, Itafinesque, Si/lra Telliir. 47. 
 Ageria obovatn. Katiiiesque, Siilea TelUir. 48. 
 Ageria heterophylla. Hatine.s(pic, Si/U-a Tellur. 48. 
 
 A small tree, twenty-tive to tiiirty feet in height, with a trunk twelve to eighteen inehes in iliaineter ; 
 or, in some forms, a low tree-like slmih. The bark of the trunk is hardly more than one sixteenth of an 
 inch thick, with a dark gray snrface thickly covered and ri'i">hcned with lenticels. The young branches 
 are coated with dense silky imbescence which does not disa|HH'.>r until the end of the second or third 
 year, when they are dark brown and marked with occasional lenticular sjiots. The winter-buds are 
 acute with lanceolate scales thickly covered >vith palo silky pubescence. The leaves are oblanceolate or 
 obovate-oblong, acuminate at the base, acute, miu-ronate or rarely rounded at the ajiex, with revolute 
 margins entire or sometimes serrate above the mitUUe with sharp niucrimate teeth; tliey are imborulous 
 above and densely covered with pubescence below when they first un*'old vhibrous at nuiiurity with the 
 exception of occasional iiairs on the lower surface of the broad tnidrib, which is con.spicuously grooved 
 on the uj)per surface, and on the short thick petiole which is thickened at the base. They are dark 
 green and lustrous on the upper surface, and pale on the lower. The miiuite caducous stipules are 
 filitorm. The intloresence is sometimes nearly an inch long, generally much shorter, peduncuLite, and 
 produced from tlie young shoots or occasionally from the braiiclics of the previous year. It is three to 
 nine-tlowereil on tlie sterile i)lant, and usually tliree-flowcred on the fertile. The pedicels are covere<l 
 with iuiirs, and furnished at their base with acute scarious l)racts. The calyx-lobes are acute, with ciliate 
 margins. The fruit, which ripens late in the autumn and remains on the branches until the following 
 spring, is globose, sometimes a ipiarter of an inch in diameter, bright or occasionally dull red or nearly 
 yellow, with stiuit densel\ pubescent pedicels, solitary or often in clusters of threes. The nutlets are 
 prominently few-ribbed on the back and sides, 
 
 Ih.r CiDtxiin grows from .southern Virginia scuithward in the iinincdiate neighborhood of the coast 
 to tlie shores of IJay Biscayne and Tampa Hay, Florida, and westward along the Iridf coast to western 
 Louisiana. It is f<uind in colil swamps, or more often along their borders in rich hinnid soil, and occa- 
 sionally near the Gulf coast on the high sandy banks of pine-i)arren streams. I'he Dahoon is nowhcie 
 
1 I 
 
 11 
 
 110 
 
 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ILICINEiE. 
 
 common on the AJantic seaboard. It occurs more frequently in Florida and in southern Alabama, 
 gi-aihially disaiipoariuji towards the western limits of its raufife. 
 
 The wood of llix Vnxxinn is lij^ht, soft, and close-<rrained, but not strong; it contains many thin 
 medullary rays, and is pale brown with tiiiok nearly white sapwood. The sj)ecitie gravity of the abso- 
 lutely dry wood is 0.4800, a cubic foot weighing lJi>.95 pounds. 
 
 The Dahoon Holly ' was first described in the JS'iiliira/ JJistori/ of Corolina '' by Mark Catesby, 
 who sent seeds to Europe which produced plants in the Physic Garden at Chelsea.^ 
 
 I/i£ Cii,<,'<iiii' varies remarkably in the size anil shape of its leaves, passuig through forms with 
 elongated narrow leaves^ into the variety //(///'/;/'o//'(.''' This is a low shrub, or occasionally a slender 
 wide-branching tree with pale nearly white bark, pui)erulous branchlets, and crowded, generally entire 
 niucronate leaves which are half an inch to nearly an inch in length and an eighth of an inch broad, 
 with rcHexed margins, very short petioles, and broad prominent midribs. The fruit is short-stalked and 
 much smaller than that of I/i r Cas.iiin', This plant, which is found in the neighborhood of the coast 
 fro)n North Carolina to Louisiana, always inhabits cyjjress-swamps and pine-barren ponds or their 
 margins, and is much more common than the Dahoon, from which many careful observers are inclined, 
 perha[)s with reason, to consider it specifically distinct. The wood is heavier and lighter colored than 
 that of the Dahoon, with a specific gravity, wiien absolutely dry, of 0.5873, a cubic foot weighing 3G.G0 
 pounds. 
 
 ' The confusion in the names of the two arborescent Hollies 
 of the soutllern states eontlnenced in the Unrtun Clijfortiatius, in 
 wliieh Linnitnis united them uniier his Ilex /'tliiit m-ato-laurt'tiluti!', 
 etc. It Vfos inerejused in the S/m-ies Phintarwii, in whieh the Da- 
 hoon of the .Vnierioan Indians was made the type of the Ilex Cas- 
 sine, and the nlHtri^inal Cassina a variety of it ; so that tlie nlilest 
 Liinuean speeilie name of the Dahoon IIi>Ily is the well establislied 
 and familiar vernacular name of a diiTercnt tree of tne same region. 
 
 *^ Aijri/Dlium Cariutineuse fuliU ilenttUin Imrdu rnbritt i. 31, t. 111. 
 
 JtexfoUis ovato-lam'tohtU gerrntin, I.innieus. Jhrl. Cliff. 40 (exel. 
 syn. riukenet). — Kuyon, Ft. Leyil. I'rojr. 100. 
 
 Ilex nitirilima ramttmi f'tliin nbltintjis tton sinuatUf glandibus esculeri' 
 tU, Clayton. /•"/. Viri/iti. 18. 
 
 • .Miller, IHri. 
 
 * Ilex C(i.tHiiu\ var. anqustifnlm, Willdenow, Spec. i. 700. — .\iton, 
 Hort. Keir. i. 170. ~ .V(;ucf(i(j Ihiliiimel, i. 9, t. 3. — Sary:ent, '.r(jr</(?fi 
 ami Forest, ii. tllO. 
 
 I. tintjmtifolin, Willdeiiow. Enum. 17'J. — Pursh, Fl, A>i\. Sept. 
 i. 118. — Nuttall. 6p>i. i. 109. — Koenier & Schultes, Si/st. iii. 489. — 
 l>e CandoUe, I'mlr. ii. 14. — Watson, Demtr. Ilrit. i. 4, t. 4. — 
 .'"prengel. .Syxt. i. 40.">. — Don, Gen. Sytt. ii. 17. — .Spaeh, llift. i'eij. ii. 
 4'J8. — Dietrich, Syn. i. ,J54. — Loudon, Arli. lirit. ii. .in, f. 183. 
 
 /. ligualrina, Elliott, Sk. ii. 708 (not Jacquiu). — Spocb, Hist. Veg. 
 ii. 4-J9. — Darby, liol. S. States, V13. 
 
 ? /. Walsunia, Spach, Hist. Veg. ii. 429. 
 
 /. Diihoon, var. anguslifoUa, Watson, luiUx, l.'jS. — Sargent, For- 
 e.it Trees S. Am. \\)th Census U. S. ix. 'do. — Treleose, Trans. St. 
 Louis .icail. V. ;U.j. 
 
 This is the common form in southern Alabama, where it is abun- 
 dant. 
 
 ^ Ilex Crtssine, var. myrli/otia, Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 016. 
 
 /. myrti/olia, Walter, Fl. Car. '^41. — A'oui'eau Ihihamel, i. 10, t. 
 4. — Michaux, Fl. lior.-Am. ii. 2'J9. — Poiret, Lam. Din. Suppl. iii. 
 0."). — Willdenow, Fnum. Suppl. 8. — Koemer & Schultes, Sysl. iii. 
 489. - Link, Fmim. 118. — Spacli, llisl. Veg. ii. 4l'9. — dniy, .1/an. 
 ed. o, :''H3. ^Maximowicz, M^'m. .iead. St. l\tershourg, xxix. ser. 
 7, L'O. 
 
 /. rnsmarifolia, Lamarck, ///. i. 3."jC. — I'ersoou, Syn. i. 151. — 
 I'oiret. Lam. Diet. Suppl. iii. 05. 
 
 /. lignstrifolia, Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 19. 
 
 /. iJahuon, var. myrti/olia. Chapman, Fl. '_'C9. — Sargent, Forest 
 Trees X. Am. lOlli Census V. S. ii. 30. — rrelea.se. Trans. St. Louis 
 Acad. V. 340. — Watson & Coulter, Gray's Man. ed. 0, 108. 
 
 EXPLANATION OK THE I'LATES. 
 
 1'i.ATi: XLVI. li.E.x Ca,<.<ixe. 
 A llowerini; branch of tlie staniinutc planl, natural si/.e. 
 A tluwering branch of the pistillutc plant, natural size. 
 A staniinate tlower. enlar(,'e(l. 
 
 A staininatc tlowir. tlie condla removed and laid oiieii, en- 
 larged. 
 A pistillate Hiiwer, eiilar;;cd. 
 Vertionl section of a pistillate Howcr, enlai'(,'ed. 
 A fruiting bnincli, natural size. 
 A fruiting branch (var. angiislifolia), natural size. 
 Cross sect ion of a fruit, enlarged. 
 
 10. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 
 
 11. A nutlet, enlarged. 
 
 Pi..\TK XIA'II. Ii.K.x Cassi.vk, var. mvktifolia. 
 1. A branch of a sterile plant, natural size. 
 '.'. A branch of a fertile plant, natural size. 
 
 3. A stcrili' tlower, enlarged. 
 
 4. A fertile lluwor, cnlargetL 
 
 5. A fniiling branch, natural size. 
 C. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 
 
ILICINE*. 
 
 rn Alabama, 
 
 s many thin 
 of the abso- 
 
 urk Catesby, 
 
 1 forms -n-ith 
 Uy a slender 
 lerally entire 
 inch broad, 
 t-stalked and 
 of the coast 
 nds or their 
 are inclined, 
 colored than 
 ighing 3G.G0 
 
 Spach, Hisl. Veg. 
 
 i. — Sargent, For- 
 olease, Tram. St. 
 
 t where it is abuu- 
 
 aii'l Forest, ii. CIO. 
 IMiamel, i. 10, t. 
 m. Dirt. Huppl. iii. 
 Scliiiltt'S, Si/st. iii. 
 129. — <lm.v, Man. 
 enbourg, xxix. »er. 
 
 on, Sijn. \. 151. — 
 
 . — Sargent, Fnresl 
 w, Tniim. .St. Louii 
 . ei. 0, 108. 
 
 .MYKTIFOLIA. 
 
f 
 
 I ^ i ') 
 
 I 
 
 
 m 1 1 
 
 imiiilfl tfT liiesr 
 
 ....... ^ t~ ^ 
 
 'ir;-A 
 

 • / * .^lU-a'l ■•>'. 
 
 U.KX CAStMNK 
 
 'rar fif'Vf ' 
 
f ' 
 
 il^' 1 . 
 
 ; I 
 
I 
 
 '■ 
 
 i .: 
 
 S 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 
 I; 
 

 ^^ 
 
 
 ILKX r.ASSlNE, MYKTIFOI.IA 
 
I ■ 
 
 ? f 
 
 '!l 
 
ILlCINXa. 
 
 SILVA OF NOltTIl AMEIiJCA. 
 
 Ill 
 
 ILEX VOMITORIA. 
 
 Oassena. Yaupon. 
 
 Parts of the flower in 4's ; calvx-lobes obtuse. Leaves crcnulate-serrato. 
 
 Ilex vomitoria, Aiton, Hort. Kew. i. 170. — SalUhury, 
 I'rvilr. 70. — Wilklcnow. Sfiee. i. "OU; JCnum. Suppl. 
 S. — Nouueaii Duhamel, i. 10. — Peraoon, iSy". i. 1.51. — 
 DesfontaineH. Illsf. A rb. ii. .3CL'. — Titf ord, Hurt, lint, 
 ^l«i.41.— I'lirsh, Fl. Am. S-'pt. i. 118. — Nuttall. a,'ii. i. 
 109.— Roenier& Spliultes. .^>^ iii. 491 : Mint. iii. ;!.i.( — 
 De CanduUe, Frmlr. ii. 14. — Sprengel, Sijst. i. 4'.l."). — 
 Don. Gen. Syat. ii. 17. — Spach, UUt. Veg. ii. 430. — 
 Lindlcy, Fl. Mril. ;5'.(3. — Dietrich. .S'^n. i..'>5.'>. — Loudon, 
 Arh. llrit. ii. .".18, f. 180. — Griffith, Med. Hot. \M.~ 
 Sargent, Gnrilrn ami Furi:it, ii. 016. 
 
 I. Cassine, (3. Linnicu.s, S/ier. IL'.I. 
 
 Cassine Peragua, LUmieua, Maut. 220 (in part). — Mar- 
 shall. Arhu.1t. Am. 20. 
 
 Cassine Caroliniana. Laniarrk, Dirt. i. 652. 
 
 I. ligustrina, Jacquin, Icon. PL liar. ii. 9. t. 310; CoU. iv. 
 105. 
 
 I. Cassine. Walter, Fl. tar. 241. — Alton. Ilort. Kfii: i. 170 
 (in part). — Chapman, ^Y. 209. — Curtis, liep. Geoloij. 
 Sun'. A'. Car. 1800, iii. ,")9. — Maximowicz, Mem. Arad, 
 
 St. I'eterxlimirij, ser. 7, xxix. 22 Sargent, Forest Trees 
 
 N.Am. \Uth C-'nuii.i V. S. ix. 30. — Tfeleiise. Tran.i. St. 
 L'jiii.i AraJ. V. 340. — Watson ib Coulter, Grai/'n Man. 
 ed. 0. KW. 
 
 I. Floridana. Lamarck. ///. I. 3.".t'). 
 
 I. Cttsaena, Michaux. Fl. Bnr.-Am. ii. 229. — Poiret. Lam. 
 l)i:t. Suppl. Iii. 0,">. — Kocnier iV Schultes. Syat. iii. 490. ^ 
 Elliott. Sk. ii. 081. — Darbv, Hot. S. States. 420. 
 
 I. religiosa. Barton. /". Vinjin. 00. 
 
 Cassine ramulosa. R.ifinesque, Fl. Lmloeic. 110. 
 
 Hierophyllus Cassine. liafinesique, Med. Hot. ii. 8. 
 
 Emetila ramulosa. I; ifinesque. Sylca Tellur. 45. 
 
 Ageria Cassena. Italintsiiue, Syli-a Trllur. 47. 
 
 A small ramulose tree, twenty to twenty-five feet in iiei^Iit, with a slender often inclining trunk 
 rarely more than six inches in diameter ; or generally a UiU shrub sending up many stems from the ground, 
 and forming dense thickets. The bark of the trunk is from a sixteenth to an eighth of an inch thick, 
 with a light red-brown surface broken into minute thin scales. The Iiranchlets are stout and placed 
 nearly at right angles with the stems ; they are slightly angled and pul)eriilous during the first season, 
 and become glabrous or nearly so the second year, when they are terete and covered with pale gray 
 rugose bark. The winter-buds are minute and obtuse, with narrow dark brown, or often nearly black 
 scales. The leaves are elliptical or elliptical-oblong, obtuse, coarsely anil ri'motely crcnulate-serrate ; 
 they are coriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale and opaque below, an inch to 
 sometimes two inches long, a (juarter jf an inch to an inch broad, and contracted at the base into short 
 broad grooved petioles. They remain on the branches during two or three years, generally falling just 
 before the appearance of the new growth of the third sctison. The Howcr* ai'i- prodncei', in short 
 glabrous cymes from the wooil of the previous year; on the sterile plant they are short-stemmed and 
 many-tlowered, and on the fertile i)lant sessile and one or two-flowered. The slender club-shaped pedi- 
 cels are glabrous and furnished at the base with minute bracts. Rounded obtuse calyx-lobes with slightly 
 ciliate or entire margins, and an ovary contracted below the broad Hat stigma characterize the flowers. 
 The fruit, which is borne on short stems not more than a ipiarter of an inch in length, is produced in 
 the greatest abundaiu'e ; it ripens late in the autumn or in the early winter, and falls during winter, or 
 sometimes remains on the branches until the new growth begins. It is scarlet, nearly spherical, and a 
 (piarter of an inch across or rather less. The nutlets are prominently few-ribbed on the back and sides. 
 
 Ilex vomiUir'xt is found near tiie coast from southern Virginia to the St, .Tolin's River and Cedar 
 Keys, Florida ; it extends along the Gulf coast to the shores of Matagorda Bay. and west of tiie Missis- 
 sippi River penetrates the interior to southern Arkansas and the valley of the ujjper Rio Blanco in 
 western Texas, the extreme western stition at which it has been noticed. In the Atlantic and west 
 Gulf states the Yaupon is rarely found very far from salt water, or growing to a greater height than 
 
I 
 
 i 
 
 
 112 
 
 siL\'.\ OF xoirni .\Mi:i{i<.\. 
 
 ILiriNKiK. 
 
 tell or tifteen fuut ; and it is only on tiic ricli liottoni-lantlH of ensterii Ti'X.in, where it attaiuH itN largest 
 size, tliat it a.ssunies a rually trce-liki' lialiit. 
 
 Till' wood of //'.'• niDuliii-iii is lii-avy, hard, and (losi'-jrraincd. It is nearly white, tuiiiin;; yellow 
 with e\)iosure, with thiek li<;hter-eiilored Ha))woo<l, and contains niimennis eonspieiions nii'dnllaiy rayx. 
 The sjn'C'iKe gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7270, a euhie foot id' the dry wood weighing 4').'>\\ 
 
 |IOIUIlls. 
 
 Hranelies of this ])hmt t'overed with fruit are sold during the winter months in the northern lities 
 for deeorative imrjioses. 
 
 The Indians of the southern part of the country formerly visited the coast in large nundiers evorv 
 spring for the imrpose of drinking an infusion of the leaves of the Vau[>on, which are emetic ami jmrga- 
 tive.' These medicinal properties attracted the attention of early travelers in America, and tlu' [ilant, 
 according to I'lukenet, was conunoii in the gardens ahout London in 1700, the date of the pulilicatioii 
 of his Miiiilissii, in which it was lirst descrihed." The Yaupon was early introduced into liermudu, 
 where it has become naturalized.' 
 
 * Nuui'Z C'ala'Vii tie \*aca saw the I'utali'liirlics drinking; a tea 
 made friiin the U'aren uf tliii* tree. " Hehen tambien utm cona, <|ue 
 sat-aii (le lafl hojajt de )<is .Vrhulex, oonii> de Kiit-ina, i tiicstanhi eu 
 Ulio!} btites al fllffro, i despiies que hi tieneii ttmtada, hilu-heli el hitte 
 dL- u^ua, i asf lo tieiieii sulire cl fite^if. i i|iiaiidt) ha herviilo doA 
 vt-i-fi, ccliauli) en una Vunija, i estitn eufi-iaudola eon nu'ilia Cahi- 
 ba^a ; i quandn osta eon lliuiln' i-s|iuuia, betanla tan ealiente, ({uauto 
 pucilen i4ufrir ; i dende que la sacan del Bote, hiista ipiu la Ih'Ih-u, 
 est.in daudo voees, diciendo ; (jue quien i)uiere Ik'Ikt. . . . i estan 
 bebieudola tre» dixi, Hn comer, i emlailia bebeeaila uno arroba i me- 
 dia de ella." {Saufraijtiiit^ ea]). 'Jt'i, littrnit, litM. Prim. luit. On: ii.) 
 .Vnd the followers uf I.audunuiere fouutl the Indians iu I'li'A fre- 
 quenting the shure uf Florida near the mouth uf tho .St. .John's 
 Uiver for a similar purpose. "They drinke this C'assine very 
 butte ; . . . they make so ^reat aeeount of tbi.s drinke that no man 
 may taste thereof in this assembly unlesse bee hatb made priM,fe of 
 his valure iu the warre. Moreuuer. this drinke hatb such a vertue 
 
 that assiKjne as they bane drunke it. they become all in a sweato 
 which sweate Ihmu); passed, it taketh away hunger anil thirst for 
 foun> and twenty hours after." (Hakluyt, Voi/'iife.^t eil. Kvans, iii. 
 IITC ) There is a pielun' representing the Indians of Kloriila drink- 
 ing "('asinam'* in the narrative of the French artist, l.e Moyuo 
 de .Morgue, who acciuiipanicd Laudonnit'Tc lo Florida {l>e Itry, 
 Vmiwjff, I'art II. t. 'J'.l). .\ccounts of tlu' •• Black Urink" of thu 
 southern Indians are fouiul also in Charlevoix's Hi.^lntir tie hi .Vuii- 
 vAU Fnini'e, vi. li'JI, and in .lolin l.awson's UtMnrii n/ Caniliini. IM). 
 .See also U. S. Barton. l\ilt. i. :W, ,">!). — U. S. Itupeim. ed. H, 11170 ; 
 \ftu Itiytftti. ed. -, ".M. 
 
 ' Cwtsirie vent I'lorulanorum Arhtisrula haccifern AUilerui Jenne 
 facie, /oliit ntleruatim titii, lelrapyrem, 40. — Catesby, Nat. Hut. 
 Car. ii. 57, t. 57. 
 
 O1.M1W, Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 33 (excl. syn.). 
 
 ' Lefroy, /lot. Iknnuda, Bull. U. S. .\al. Mua. No. 'Ju, 59. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 
 
 Plate XLVIIL Ilk.x vomitoria. 
 
 1. A Howering brand) of the sterile plant, iiktaral the. 
 
 2. A Huwering branch u( the fertile plant, natural size. 
 
 3. A sterile tlower, enlarged. 
 
 4. Vertical section of a sterile (lower, enlarged. 
 
 r>. Posterior and anterior views uf a stamen, enlarged. 
 
 6. A fertile Hower. enlarged. 
 
 7. Vertical section of a fertile flower, enlarged. 
 
 8. A fertile flower, the jietals removed, 
 it. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged 
 
 10. A fruiting branch, natural si/e. 
 
 1\, Vertical section of n fruit, enlarged. 
 
 12. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 
 
 13. A nutlet, enlarged. 
 
f ' 
 
 SjSi 
 
«^ 
 
 inl^ 
 
 
 ILEX VGMITORIA , Ai 
 
 ..( ,'.(.,' ..if .1.- 
 
w^ 
 
 ^tci'S 
 
 '^i^WKfcafe^vttt 
 
 
 si • 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 : 
 4' 
 
 
ILlCINli.E. 
 
 i^ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 113 
 
 ILEX DECIDUA. 
 
 Parts of the flower usually in 4's ; calyx-lobes broadly triangular, 
 spatulatc, or lanccolato-obovate. 
 
 Leaves oblong- 
 
 Ilex decidua, Walter, /V. Car. 'J41. — INiiixt. Lam. Diet. 
 Suppl. ill. C5. — Cka|)iuan, Fl. L'OO. — Curtis, A'c/'. Oeolmj. 
 Siirv. N. Car. 1860. iii. 59. — Kocli, Deiidr. ii. '.'•-■7. — 
 Maximowicz, Mem. Amd. St. Vrtvrslnirtry, ser. 7, xxix. 
 30. — Sargent, /■bn.s^ Trees N. Am. \Oth Census U. S. 
 ix. 37. — Treleasc. Trans. St. Louis Amil. v. 3 IC. — Wat- 
 son & Coulter, Gray . " .i. eil. G, 108. 
 
 I. prinoides. Alton, Hort. Kew. i. Uiit. — Lani.irek. ///. i. 
 355. — Willdenow. Sjier. i. 70'.). — ynuremi Diili'iiinl. i. 
 11. — Mlclmux. Fl. liur.-Am. ii. 'J29. — I'crsoon, .S'^//, i. 
 
 151. — Destonlaincs, Wsl. Arh. ii. .^02. — Pursli, Fl. Am. 
 
 Sept. i. 1 18. — N'uttall. den. i. 1(19. — Hocnier & Scliiiltes, 
 
 5//sMii. -188 ; Maiit. iii. .'IS'.'. — Wiitson. Demlr. JSrlt.i. 
 
 115, t. 115. — Sprengel, S'/st. i. 495. — Audubun. Birds, 
 
 t. 89. 
 I. ffistivalis. Laiuiirok. Dirt. iii. 147 : ///. i. 35G. 
 I. Prionitis. WilMenow, Fmnii. .Snppl. 8. 
 Prinos deciduus. I)c Candulle, I'rwir. ii. IC. — Don, Gen. 
 
 Sijsf. ii. 'JO. — Lou.lon, Arh. llrir. ii. 5'.'0. 
 I. ambiguua. Elliott. .S7.-. ii. 705. 
 
 A small rainiilose tree, twenty to tliirty fot't in height, witli a slenilef trunk six tt> ten inches in 
 diameter, stout spreading braneiies, and thin Hhroiis roots ; or more often, a tall straggling shrub. The 
 bark of the trunk is rarely more than one sixteenth of an inch thick, with a light brown surface rough- 
 ened with wart-like excrescences. The brandies are terete and covered with glabrous pale silver-gray 
 bark. The winter-buds are minute and ol)tuse, with ovate light gray scales. The leaves are deciduous, 
 and, except on vigorous shoots, are fascicled on the ends of short spur-like lateral branches, which in 
 winter are conspicuously marked by tiie scars left by the falling of the petioles. They are oblong- 
 spatidate or spattdate-lanceolate, acuminate, obtuse or einarginate at tiie apex, gradually contracted 
 into slender grooved pubescent petioles, and remotely cremilate-serrate, the lower teeth tip])ed witli 
 minute glands. They are two to three inches long, and a tiiird of an inch to nearly an inch in l)readth, 
 membranaceous, becoming thick and firm at maturity, pale on the lower surface, with a few scattered 
 hairs .ilong the narrow midrib, light green and grooved along the midrib above. Tlie stipides are 
 filiform, membranaceous and deciduous. The ilowers are jiroduced in one or two-tlowered glabrous 
 cymes aggregated at the ends of the lateral brandies of tlie [irevious season, or rarely solitary on tiie 
 shoots of the year ; they appear with the leaves, the sterile ilowers on .slender pedicels half an inch long 
 anil longer than those of the fertile ilowers. The calyx-lobes are triangular, the acute apex often dark 
 colored, the margins smooth or sometimes slightly ciliate. The fruit is globose or depressed-globose, 
 orange or orange-scarlet, and a iiuarter of an inch across ; it is borne on sjiort stout stems, and ripens in 
 the early autumn, often remaining on tiie brandies until the a[)pearance of the leaves in the following 
 spring. The nutlets are many-ril)bed on the Iiack. 
 
 Hex ihrlilidt grows from southern Virginia to western Florida in the high country whidi lies 
 between the eastern base of the .\])palaciiiaii .Mountains and the immediate neighboriiood of tlie coast. 
 It occurs in southern Illinois, and extends southward to the Gulf of .Mexico and through southwestern 
 Missouri, Arkansas, and eastern Texas to the valley of the Colorado Kiver. 
 
 I/fx (hc'ulun ' inhabits the borders of .streams and swamps in low wet soil. It is usually a strag- 
 gling shrub in the states east of the Mississippi River, and only in some parts of .Missouri and in soutli- 
 eru Arkansas and eastern Texas does it assume the habit of a tree. 
 
 The wood of Ih.r (Icc'iilud is heavy, hard, and close-grained. It is creamy white with rather lighter 
 
 ^ This plant in not suflleiiMitly coniniun or RufliL'icntly wi'll kuuwn, apiiarcntly, in any part i>f the country, to have ucipiirod funiitiar 
 popular nanioH. 
 

 IV- f 
 
 lU 
 
 SUVA OF XORTII AMERICA. 
 
 ILICINEJE. 
 
 colored sapwood, and contains nuineious tliiu medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely 
 dry wood is 0.7420, a cubic foot of the dry wood wei<;hin<^ 4().'25 pounds. 
 
 //( ,-■ ih vidua, accordin-r to Aitou,' was cultivated in Enj^land by the Duke of Argyll before 17G0. 
 It is rarely found in gardens, and is only doubtfully hardy in New England. 
 
 > llorl. Keic. i. 1G9. 
 
 \ '! 
 
 t ii 
 
 ^ I 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 
 
 iij 
 
 Plate XLIX. Ilex DErinuA. 
 
 1. A flowering brancli of a sterile plant, natural size. 
 
 2. A flowering branch of a fertile plant, natural size. 
 .1 A sterile flower, enlarged. 
 
 4. A fertile flower, enlarged. 
 
 ,'i. X branch showing the mature leaves, natural size. 
 
 6. A fruiting branch, natural size, the leaves just expanding. 
 
 7. A fruit with iwrlions of the nutlets exposed, enlarged. 
 
 8. A nutlet, enlarged. 
 
Ii.ICINEjE. 
 
 I absolutely 
 sfore 17G0. 
 
I 
 
 liiri 
 
 II 
 
 [f| 
 
 f^M: 
 
w 
 
 
 11 !■ X i'F,rinnA 
 
'■^■'4^;} 
 
 nMtkmt. 
 
 At\£iiiimimiiH:acj...,. 
 
Il.lCI.Ni:,K. 
 
 ;sn.VA OF ^OltTH AMElilLA. 
 
 Ho 
 
 ILEX MONTICOLA. 
 
 1'auts of the flower usually in 4's or j's ; calyx-lobes acute, ciliate. Leaves ovate 
 or lanceolate-oblony. 
 
 Ilex monticola, Oay, Mnn. ed. 2, '.'61. — Kucli. Pi'in/r. ii. n/i'l t'orest, ii. 35'.'. — Watsun A; Coulter, (jniy's Mmi. nl. 
 
 '■i'M. — Miixiiiiowic/.. Mr III. Ai'uil. Scl. St. I'l'ti-rnlwiiiy, (i. lllH. 
 
 ser. 7, xxix. .'iO. — C'liaiJiuan, /■'/. eil. '.', Suppl. I'l'M. — Tic- I. ambiguus, Tiirrey. f'l. .V. )'. ii. 2 (i-xcl. syn.). 
 
 lease. Trans. St. Luiiis Aiad. v. 347. — Sargent, Gunlin I. montana. Gray. .)/((;/. 270 (nut J'riiKis munlaim. Sn-.i 
 
 A tree, thirty to forty feet in height, witii a short trunk sometimes ten to twelve iiiclies in diam- 
 eter, slender branches forming i\ narrow pyramiihil head, and fibrous roots ; or more often, a hiw shrub 
 with s|)rea(Hng stems. The l)ariv of tiie trunii is usually less than one sixteenth of an inch thick, with 
 a light brown surface covered with lenticels. The branchlets are more or less zigzag, glabrous, and cov- 
 ered when they first appear with pale red-brown bark, which becomes dark gray by the end of the first 
 season. The winter-buds are obtuse, with ovate keeled apicidate light Itrown scales. The leaves are 
 ovate or lanceolate-oblong, wedge-shaped or ioundc<l at the base, and acute at the apex; they are decid- 
 uous, mendjranaceous, long-petioled, sharply and rather remotely serrate with minutely glanduLir teeth, 
 glabrous or sparingly hairy along the veins on both surfaces. They are four or live inches long and a 
 half to two inches broad, or at the north often much smaller, light green above, pale on the lower 
 surface, with a prominent midrib and primary veins. The flowers appear in .lune when the leaves are 
 more than half grown, and are produced in one to two-How ered cymes aggregated at the ends of the 
 lateral .spur-like branches of the [)recediiig year, or solitary on the .shoots of the season. The pedicels 
 of t'.ie sterile flowers are half an inch long, and much longer than tli().se of the fertile flowers. These 
 are characterized by acute calyx-lobes with ciliate margins and by an ovary contracted below the broad 
 flat stigma. The fruit is globuhir. nearly half an inch in diameter, bright .scarlev, and crowned with the 
 remnants of the large .stigma. The nutlets are deeply ribbed on the back and sides. 
 
 The most northern stations where Ilix inniilico/d is known to grow naturally aic the Catskill 
 Mountains and Catfciraugus Comity, New Yorlc ; it extends through the mountains of Pennsylvania, 
 its eastern station in that state being in Northampton County, and southward along the mountains to 
 northern Alal)ama. It is only on the lower slopes of the Alleghany Mountains in North and South 
 Carolina that /A .i; )iioiitii ■iln attains the habit and size of a tree, reaching its greatest development on 
 the banks of streams flowing from the Blue Ridge, where it is often found growing in peaty soil in 
 thickets of the Great Rhododendron, and accompanied liy the Mountain Magnolia, the Yellow Poplar, 
 the Hlack Birch, the Yellow Birch, the Red Maple, and tiie Mountain A.sb. 
 
 The wood of //(.): montlrnlii is hard, heavy, and close-grained. It is creamy white, and contains 
 numerous thin medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is O.G503, a cubic foot 
 weighing 40. iH) pounds.' 
 
 //( .1- manticula was apparently overlooked by the early botanists who explored the forests of the 
 Alleghany Mountains ; and it was not distinguished until about 1(S40, when Mr. John Carey" discovered 
 it on the Catskill Mountains. 
 
 1 This tree apprtrcntly grows very slowly. The specimen in tlie rotiiriied to Kiiglaiid and engaged in eonimercial pursuits. On his 
 
 .leanp eoUeetinn of North .-Vineriran woods in the .Xnierii'iin .Mti- arrival in AniuriL.' Mr. Carey tiOttled tirst at Touawanda, Xew 
 
 scum of Natui-al History. New York, is tive inulies in ilianieter, and York, tlien in Vermont, and finally in the eity of New Y'ork. I'e 
 
 shows Olio liundreil and seven layers of annual growth., of whioh had aeipiired a taste for the study of botany before leaving Kng- 
 
 Bovonty-nine are sapwood. land, and on his arrival in Ameriea began at once to devote liimseli' 
 
 ^ .lohn Carey (17i*8-lH80) ; a native of London, w lo removed nssiduonsly tt> tlie study of the flora of the northern states, form- 
 
 iu 1830 to the United States where he resided until I'.*")-', when he ing intimate relations with l)rs. Torrey and (iray. With the last 
 
^.^■i:>ff^^ 
 
 116 -S/y, r.l OF yoUTU AMKIUVA. ilkink.k 
 
 Tlie large brilliant fniit and ample foliai,'e of this speeies make it the most ornamental of the 
 deeiduous-leaveil Hollies of North America, and ii desirable garden plant. It was introduced into cidti- 
 vation in 1S88 at the Arnold Arboretum. 
 
 he niiule in 1841 u long journey tlirouKh tin- mountains of tl.o ami on Salix to the lirat edition of Ciray'ji Manunl nf Ihf llolany 
 southern 8t-..es. Mr. Carey occupied himself specially with the of Ihe Sorlhem Umled Slalts. IIi» herbarium of Aniericnn plantJ 
 stuu., oi the genus Carex, and contributed the articles on that genus was presented several years ago to the Royal Gardens at Kew. 
 
 ' l:i 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 
 
 Plate L. Ilex mostiiola. 
 A flowering branch of a staminate plant, natural fhe. 
 A Howerini; liranch of a pistillate plant, natural size. 
 A Rtaniinate floner. enlarged. 
 A pistillate flower, enlarge<l. 
 A iiistillate tlowr, i)etals removed, enlarged. 
 A fruiting bninch, natural size. 
 Cross .-section of a fruit, enlarged. 
 Rear view jf a nutlet, enlarged. 
 Side view tf a nutlet, enlarged. ' 
 
Pi 
 
 i 
 
■ 
 
 .^#^. 
 
 '-—^4^ 
 
 ILKX MONTICOLA 
 
INDEX TO VOL. I. 
 
 N«mes of Orders are iu SMAIX CAHTAL, ; of ,uln„.to,l (U-.era »n.. Species and other proper ,„uues. i„ ro,„.u, type, 
 
 of svimnyius, in ilaltcs. 
 
 Ageria, 103. 
 Ageria Cassma, 111. 
 Aijeria helirophyllti, 109. 
 Agfria obovata, 109. 
 Ageriii afaca, 107. 
 Ageria paliistrLt, 109. 
 Anivris, 83. 
 
 Anivris balsaniifcra, 83. 
 Amyris dgalripa, S3. 
 Amiirii Etemifera, 85. 
 Amgris Ftori'laiiaf 85. 
 
 Amyris iniiritinia, 83, 85. 
 
 Amgns mariliiim, vnr. an jusd/oiia, 85. 
 
 Amyris parvifulia. 83. 
 
 Amyris sylviitieii, 83. 
 
 /I »j//r(^ sgtvatica^ 85. 
 
 Amgri^ toxifera, 83. 
 
 Annoiia, -8. 
 
 Anonii, -7. 
 
 .4r(i)na, -1. 
 
 A.N(INACK.t:, 21. 
 
 Anoiia C'lieriniolia, 28. 
 Anoiiii fjlalirn, 20. 
 Aimmt laiiri/olui, 29. 
 .\noiiil murieuta, 28. 
 .1 iimm /mluflrii, 23. 
 
 Allonil flfllilulit, 23. 
 
 .\noim reticulata, 28. 
 .Vnimii siiimnuisii, 27. 
 Aimmt Inhihit, 23. 
 Aitlh-iafltiiiiti, 39. 
 Aipiifoliuni, 103. 
 A'iMlnlnuii, 103, 10.5. 
 Argyll, Duke of, 108. 
 Asiiuiiia, 21. 
 Asiniina anpistifolin, 2L. 
 Asimimi t'ttiiipaiiitdirfit 23. 
 Aainiinil eiuieiltil, 22. 
 A>iiniim ^'raiidillorii, 21, 22. 
 Asiniiiia piirvitlora, 21, 22. 
 Asiniiua pyt;""ett, 21, 22. 
 Asiuiina triloliu, 21, 22, 23. 
 Asiniine, 24. 
 Asiminier, 2'.2. 
 
 Uaiiister, ,Iohn, 0. 
 liari'lta, 81. 
 Ilarlrani, .lolin, 8. 
 Hartriiui, William, 10. 
 HaMs\vo(Hl, .")2. 
 Hay, H. 
 l!eaviT-tree, li. 
 Ilee-tree, .">3, 57. 
 Iklluom, 75. 
 Derlwrlnn, (it). 
 
 lierlaudicr, .lean l.ouis, 82. 
 liewiek, Henjaniin, 42. 
 llij;ilow, .lolni Milton, 88. 
 rAiH-kfiurntii, G.>. 
 HIixlRelt, .lolin LoomiB, 33. 
 lllollv, 12. 
 Hall Hay, 3. 
 Bullock's heart, 28. 
 Hursi'r, .Joachim, 95. 
 Hursera, 95. 
 Ihiraera gutnnit/''ra, 97. 
 Hurseru Simaruba, 97. 
 
 BlIlSKHACK.I-., 95. 
 
 Camellid ariUnm, 39. 
 t'amplH'll, Archibald, 108. 
 Cauel, 3(i. 
 CancUa, ^C). 
 
 C'ANF.LLAlK.F., 35. 
 
 Canella alba, 37. 
 Vn\iilln Inuri/iitiii, 37. 
 C'iinella obtusifolia, 3.5. 
 Canella W'mU rana, 37. 
 Canotia, 87. 
 C'aiiotia holacantha, 88. 
 Caitauiiiacf..!-;, 31. 
 Capparis, 31. 
 Capiiaris apliylla, .32. 
 Capparis lUeyiiia, 32. 
 Capparis cyuophallophora, 31. 
 
 Capparis Pabi, 32. 
 
 C'(i/i;wiri.« emargiiMla, 33. 
 
 Capparis froiulosa, 32. 
 
 Capparis .lamaii'cnsis, 32, 33. 
 
 ( ■ni'/iam Jtimaieetmii, var. emargitmta, 33. 
 
 Capparis Mithridatioa, 32. 
 
 Capi>aris pulcherrima, 32. 
 
 Capparis sepiaria, 32. 
 
 Ca])paris spinoaa, 31. 
 
 Capparis Yco, 32. 
 
 Carev, ,lohii, 115. 
 
 Cama. 39. 
 
 Cass, ua. 111. 
 Cii.«i"i Cari'lhiiana, 111. 
 ('il.<,«irif Peragnii, 111. 
 Cas.^ltie rantnlt'sa, 111. 
 Cecidomyia liricHleiuIri, 18. 
 Ccilrclla odorala, 101. 
 Colrus Miilin.iMii, UK). 
 
 CllKlllAMIlOPKXlMlK.K, 17. 
 
 Cheiraiillioilrmlnm. 17. 
 Cheiranlliodiiiilru't Culihiriueum. 17. 
 Cheiranlboilendron plutauimlcs, 17. 
 Cherimoia, 28. 
 fhiimllia, 193. 
 
 Clirysoniela sialaris, 51. 
 Ciniianaidenilron corlicosum, 37. 
 Cinuanionium Zcylanicum, 30. 
 Cinnaniiai Hark, 37. 
 Clayton, .lobn. 8. 
 Clisiocampa .sylvatica, 51. 
 Colden, Caclwallader, 00. 
 CoUillson. IVter. 8. 
 Conipton, Henry, G. 
 Cooper, .1. (i.. :io. 
 Cortex Canella' aline, 3."). 
 Cossus li<;niperda, 50. 
 Cryi)toleebia cryptolccbiella, 108. 
 Cucnmbi'r-tree, 7. 
 Cucumber-tree, Large-leaved, 11. 
 Cncnniber-tree, Long-leaved, 15. 
 Cnpania (,'labra, 12. 
 Citrti^ia, 05. 
 Cnstard apple, 28. 
 
 Dahoon, 109. 
 
 Dliileri'sivrmim, 39. 
 
 Kchenopa binotata, 77. 
 
 Elaiihriiim, 95. 
 
 Elaiihrliim inlegrrrinwm, 97. 
 
 FUk-wood, 13. 
 
 Kllis, .lohn, 10. 
 
 Einttila rani'ilo^a. 111. 
 
 Kui;ordouia. 39. 
 
 Fagara, 05. 
 
 Eagarn I'mtinil'iilia, 07. 
 I'ligani Itiili.vifiliii, 73. 
 I'agiira I'tirnia, 73. 
 Ea'iam tragtnle^t 73. 
 Kninklinia, 39, 13. 
 Franklmul, 39. 
 Friinkliiilfi Ailamalia, lo. 
 Kraser, ,lohn, 8. 
 Fremont ia, 17. 
 Fremonlia t'alifornicn, 17 
 
 Oarber, Abraham Pascal, 05. 
 (iarden, Alexander. 10. 
 Gordon, .lanu's, 10. 
 (Minloniii, 39. 
 (inrdonia aeundnata, .39. 
 (iindonia .\ltamaha, 10, 13. 
 (iordonia aiainnda, 39, 10. 
 (lordonia I'xcelsa, 39. 
 Oiinldiiia Frariklhil, 15. 
 (i.irdonia I.asianthns, 39,41. 
 (iorilonia obtnsa, 39. 
 (ior:li'tiia piilicMvits, 15. 
 
I f 
 
 118 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 \ ' 
 
 Gordonin fii/romuinlis, 41. 
 (iimiaeiiliuiii, t\0. 
 
 VrUu'v.WO. til. 
 
 Guuiac'iiii), ."»i). 
 
 Iiiiiiiiicuin an;;iistit'oliuni, '>9, GO. 
 
 (luaiiieiiiii iirlioroutn, tK). 
 
 (Miaiiu-uni Coultrri. i»<>. 
 
 (luaiiU'mn livj^rinni'trii'iim. itO. 
 
 (iiiaiac'iiin oHiciiuilt', 'i*X (>(l. 
 
 (iiiaiaciuu parvitliinitn. -Mt. 
 
 (iiiaiacuni rosin, VA). 
 
 (iiiaiai'iini siiiu'tmn, TiO, t>(), t)^}. 
 
 (juniiintm sanctittn, \siT. parvi/uHum, G3. 
 
 (iituiacum verliralt't 03. 
 
 (tiiaiai-iim wuchI, GO. 
 
 (iiiaiiabanua, 28. 
 
 (tuayai'uii, Gl. 
 
 Gumlu) Limbo, 97. 
 
 IlaiHHi. L*H. 
 
 Havanl, Val.'ry, 81. 
 
 Jit lit'. Louis Tln5tMlor*', 79. 
 
 IL-Iii-tta. 7!». 
 
 Hi-lii'tia apii'iilala. 79. 
 
 IK-lii-tta nmltitlora, 79. 
 
 lii-Ii.'tta parvifolia, 79, HI. 
 
 H.Iiftta I'b'aiia, 79. 
 
 Hihcrnia liliaria, .M. 
 
 Hitritf.hi/ltiis (.'assinr. 111. 
 
 llulh, 107. 
 
 Hop-tree, 7'j. 
 
 Hfjpt ricuin Lasidfithw, 11. 
 
 Hyphaiitria euuen, t'll, 108. 
 
 lU'K, 103. 
 
 JUr (istit'dlis. 113. 
 
 Ilrr nmhiijuHS, 113, 115. 
 
 lUx anguMijolia, 110. 
 
 Ilex A'luif'olium, 107- 
 
 Ilex Citsiitta, 111. 
 
 Hex Cassine, 109. 
 
 IlfX Ctissitif, 111. 
 
 Ilex Ca^sitif, /9. HI. 
 
 Ilex CiiAsiiie, var. an^iistifolia, 110, 
 
 Ilex Cimsiue, var. lufi/olio, 109 
 
 llfx Ciissiiie, var. niyrtifnlia, llo. 
 
 Ilex ra.tsinoiiit'S, 109. 
 
 Ilex Ihihonn, 10i>. 
 
 Ilex Dnhoim, var. wirfustifhlia, 110. 
 
 Ilex Ihihoitn, var. myrtijolia, 110. 
 
 Ilex (ItM'iiiiia. 113. 
 
 Ilex h'lorMnn, HI. 
 
 Ilex hunjnlin, liHI. 
 
 Ilex iiinjlora, 107. 
 
 //rj- litjuMrifnlii}, 110. 
 
 //("X liifuslnnti, 110. HI. 
 
 //^/ muNMnd, 11. "i. 
 
 Ilex inonticula, 1 1'k 
 
 //'J- tut/rti/olin. 110. 
 
 Ilex iipaea, 107. 
 
 Ilex I'arn^iiarieiisis, 104. 
 
 Ilex priuniiies, 1 13. 
 
 Ilex prioiiili.s, 1 13. 
 
 //ex tjuerfi/olht 107. 
 
 y/fij rfli(/i(isii, HI. 
 
 //#z rnsmnn/oliit, 1 10. 
 
 Ilex ppineseens, KKl. 
 
 Ilex Rtenopliylla. 104. 
 
 Ilex votiiitoria. 111. 
 
 Ihx Wadoiwi, H(>. 
 
 h.K-iNK.i-:, 103. 
 
 luim/'m'tnia /niTiui/itlia, 07. 
 KArwitisky, Willu'hn l-'reilierr, m. 
 
 Khaya Sonepilcnsi.s, 101. 
 Koeberliii, C. L., 93. 
 Koelierlinia, 93. 
 Koeliirliuia, iiH. 
 KoelH-rliiiia spinosa, 03. 
 
 Lacathea, 39. 
 
 Litcathca jtoritln, 4.">. 
 
 Lnufpdnrjia^ (w. 
 
 Laplacea ILematoxylon, 42. 
 
 La r|.(e- leaved (.'ueumber-tree, 11. 
 
 Lasiaiitliii^t, 4'J. 
 
 Lotiru,-> U'i'fi/f niMii, 37. 
 
 Leeaiiiuiii tulipil'eiw, 18. 
 
 Li'inuii-wuml, H3. 
 
 Lij;imiii-vita», GO, 03. 
 
 I<iiue-tree, .>3. 
 
 Lin, Xi. 
 
 Linden, .^-'J, .V), .~i7. 
 
 Liiitlt 11-hast. •'•0, 
 
 LiiiillieinuT, Ferdinaml, 74. 
 
 LiriiKleMilron, 17. 
 
 I^iriodi'udnm IVoeaeeinii. 17. 
 
 Lirioilt'mlniu fin»'eniin, 11*. 
 
 Lirimlendron I'ulipifera, 19. 
 
 Li.liloUy, 12. 
 
 LohluUy Buy. 11. 
 
 L.)blolly-vvoo.l, 12. 
 
 Lini^-leaved t'ueunibcr-tree, 15. 
 
 Mni'oun.un, 103. 
 
 Magrutl, I'ierre, 2. 
 
 Ma^MM.lia, 1. 
 
 Magnolia aeiiniinata, 7. 
 
 Mapfnolia aeiiminata, var. curdato, 8. 
 
 Mitffuulin nui'iruhirls, I'l. 
 
 M'ttjuiiliii luriruldfii, l."i. 
 
 Magnolia C ,unplM>llii, 2. 
 
 Magnolia eonspieua, 2. 
 
 Maijtuiiii} conltita, S. 
 
 Mmjunlin, Ik ('tjtuliillii, 7. 
 
 Majjnolia t\i*tida, 3. 
 
 Magnolia ftetitla, var. angUj^tifoUa, 4. 
 
 Magnolia ftetida, var. Kxunieiisis. 4. 
 
 Magniplia fietida, var pr:eeux. 4. 
 
 Miii/t.iiliii frittjriiiis. ."». 
 
 Magnolia Kra-sei-i. 1-"). 
 
 MiilfHulin froHiluMi, 13. 
 
 Mnymilai ftmriita, 2. 
 
 Magnolia glanea, .*>. 
 
 Mmjiiiilin ijlttunt, var. latlfolia, 5. 
 
 Magnolia glanea longifolia, G. 
 
 Mnijtiolin (jliiurn, viir. lunijifoUay 5. 
 
 M(i<jniilitt ijlaucti, var. puiinUi, 5. 
 
 MikjudHii (frati'lljloni, 3. 
 
 Mit'/nnlia ffnunlijlora, var. tlliiilirn, 3. 
 
 Mtiijuoliii ifnin'lijinnt. var. liimntliUiit 3. 
 
 Mnijnolia fjrnudijiurn, var. ubovatay 3. 
 
 Magnolia Ilartwegns, \. 
 
 Magrioliii hypoleiiea, 2. 
 
 Magnolia Inglflieldi. 3. 
 
 Mtiijtutlin tnr,ffif'oli(t, .">. 
 
 Magnolia iinu'rt>pliylla, 11. 
 Magnolia, Mountain, 7, 15. 
 Magnolia otiovuta, 2. 
 Mnijiinlia pf/riimiihitu, \!\. 
 Magnolia 'riioinp'iDniaua, G. 
 Magnolia trip4-tala, 13. 
 Mmjiiolut Vmhrrllii, 13. 
 Mu'fholid I'lrf/iniVimi. a. tjld'trn, 5. 
 Moijfiitlid Virtjinidtto, Q./nttiiti, 3. 
 MiKjunlid Vinjiuiann, *, urumimila, 7. 
 SfiifjuiiltH Virifinmun, i. tripetith, 13. 
 ^L\ONl)UACl■:.K, 1. 
 
 Mahagoniy 99. 
 Mahogany, 100. 
 Maliogiiny. At'riean, 101. 
 Maliogany, llastard, 101. 
 Maliugany, Madeira, 101. 
 Marshall, Moses, 40. 
 Mki.iack.k, im. 
 Mirliaux, Andn?, 58. 
 Mirhatixin scssilis, 45. 
 Miohelia, 2. 
 Miller, Thilip, 33. 
 Mountain Magnulin, 7, 15. 
 
 Xepticula ptelesella, 77. 
 
 Ochroxi/lum, G.">. 
 Oeneria dispar, 51. 
 Orrhiiiiicarpum, 21. 
 Orrhidoitirpum arutinnm, 23. 
 Orgyia leucostigmu, 51. 
 
 Paltnria, 103. 
 
 Tapaw, 23. 
 
 Taradise-tree, 91. 
 
 IVrsea Indiea, 101. 
 
 IVtre, Uoliert tlames. Lord, 8. 
 
 Phylloenisti.s liriodendrella, 18. 
 
 I'hylloenistis, inugiijIia>eUa, 2. 
 
 Pllivstti/in, lo;j. 
 
 Pinus Cubensis, 42. 
 
 risiMiia obtusftta, 42. 
 
 Pisonia sui.. nrdatn, 42. 
 
 Pi.'itfiriii Simuruba, 90, 97. 
 
 Piililandy (m. 
 
 P'lh/spora, 39. 
 
 P'ilif,*pom itxillariA, 39. 
 
 Pond Apple, 29. 
 
 Porceliit, 21. 
 
 Pnrrcliit jmrviflordy 29. 
 
 Ponrliit Iril'thii, 23. 
 
 Porlieriit, 59. 
 
 Porlurui hi/(frometrica, 59, GO. 
 
 Priekly Asli, G7. 
 
 Prinoides, lt)3. 
 
 Priiios. 103. 
 
 Pniios, 103. 
 
 Prlims tieriiiutm, 113. 
 
 Prino.* moHtatuj, 115. 
 
 Paeiulehrftiii, 103. 
 
 Psfwlnpt'ttilon, G5. 
 
 Pseutiopetulon t/liintiuhftum, G7. 
 
 Pseiiilofyetiilon tricarpumy 07. 
 
 I'telea, 75. 
 
 I*telea anguatifolia, 75. 
 
 Pti'lea aptera, 75. 
 
 Plilift littlilwiuiiy 75. 
 
 Pttlfd mollis^ 77. 
 
 Pitied pdrrifhlid, 81. 
 
 Ptrid prnUiphylUi, 70. 
 
 I'teh'a tril'oliata, 75, 70. 
 
 Pteleu trifoliata, var. luuUiS} 77. 
 
 Ptrl^d ritirif'olidt 7G. 
 
 Pttrold, 0."). 
 
 Pteriitd suhspitiosa, 73. 
 
 guadrella, XS. 
 
 Ki'T.\rK.*., (i5 
 
 Saperda vestita, jjO. 
 Satiii\M)(id, 71. 
 Sl•flil^ti.^ Piii/nrd, 73. 
 S('iado|thyllitn) Jaci|uinii, 42. 
 iSliorard, Jainett, 77, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 119 
 
 Siinaroiiba, 90. 
 Siiimrulm, 89. 
 Siinuruba aiiiara, 89. 
 Shnaniba glaiiea, »9, 91. 
 Simaruha medicmalU, 91. 
 Simiwihu qlfiriiialu, 91. 
 Siiiiarulia Tulic, 89. 
 Siiiiaruba versicolor, 89. 
 
 SlMAIllUK.K, 89. 
 
 Si|ihi>iiophi)ra lirioilendri, 18. 
 
 Sbppery Elm, 47. 
 
 Suursop, 27. 
 
 Soyiuida febrifiiga, 101. 
 
 Sugar Apple, 27. 
 
 Swamp Hay, 5. 
 
 Sweet liay, 5. 
 
 Sweetsop, 27. 
 
 Swiotcn, Gerard von, 99. 
 
 Swioteiiia, 1*9. 
 
 Swietenia Aiigolcnsis, 99. 
 
 Swictciiia bimiilis, 99. 
 
 Swietenia macrnphylla, 99, 100. 
 
 Swieteiiia Mahagoni, 99, 100. 
 
 Tilia, 49. 
 
 Tilia alha, 50, 37. 
 
 Tilia .\merieaiia, 52. 
 
 Tiliu A mericana, 55. 
 
 Tihii Americana, var. helernphylla, ill- 
 
 Tilia Americana Moltke, ."ill. 
 
 Tilia Americana, var. puhescrns, 53. 
 
 7"i/iVi .1 mcricana, var. Walleri, 55. 
 Tiliu prgentea, iV). 
 
 Tilia Canwlensis, 52. 
 
 Tilia Varolii. iana, 52. 
 Tiliailasysty.a, 50. 
 
 Tilia euchlora, SO. 
 
 Tilia (jlabra, 52. 
 
 Tilia grata, ."kj. 
 
 Tilia hcterophylla, 50, 57. 
 
 Tilia heterophijlla, var. aiha, 57. 
 Tilia helrroph>)llani(jra, 57. 
 Tilia bybrida .supcrba, 53. 
 7'i7ia lutifolia, .V.i. 
 
 7'i/m laiijiora, .")5. 
 Tilia Malingrciii, 49. 
 Tilia Mcxiiaiia, 49. 
 
 Tilia nef/lecta, it'd. 
 
 Tilia niijra, .52. 
 
 7'i7iii purci/olia, .50. 
 
 Tilia paucifolia, 50. 
 
 Tilia petiolaris, .50. 
 
 Tilia platy])liyllos, .lO. 
 
 Tilia piibcscciis, .55. 
 
 7'iVia pube.icens, 52. 
 
 Tilia pubesceiis, var. leptopbylla, 56. 
 
 7'i7i(l alenopelala, 52. 
 
 7'(7i'i truncata, iV>. 
 
 Tilia ullliiloliii, 50. 
 
 Tilia vulgaris, .50. 
 
 Tll.IACK.K, 49. 
 
 Tohinia, 05. 
 Tootluiclie-tree, G7. 
 Torcb-wood, 8.5. 
 Tradoscaut, .lolin, 20. 
 Tulip-tree, 19. 
 Tulip-tree, Chinese, 17. 
 
 Tulipo.ilrum Americanum, 7. 
 
 Tutipaslrmn Americanum, var. subcorda- 
 turn, 8. 
 
 TulipiJ'era, 17. 
 
 Umbrella-tree, 13. 
 Uvaria, 21. 
 Umria trilolm, 23. 
 
 Ventenat, Eticnne Pierre, 58. 
 
 Wafer .\sb, 7fi. 
 
 Ware, Nathaniel A., 80. 
 
 West India Birch, 97. 
 Whitewond, 37, 53. 
 Wild Cinnamon, 37. 
 Wild hinie, 73. 
 
 Wiiit^rania, 35. 
 
 Wintt:fania Canrlla, 37. 
 Wright, Charles, U4. 
 
 Xanthopicrite, 66. 
 Xanthoxyluni, 0.5. 
 Xanthoxylum .\nicrieanum, Go. 
 Xanthoxiftitni aromalicum, *)7. 
 Xanthoxylum brachyacanthum, 60. 
 Xanthoxijlnm Carihteum, ti8, 71. 
 Xantliox;ihm Carnlininnnm. I>7. 
 Xtinthuxylnm Calesliiamim. 1)7. 
 Xanthoxylum Clava-lliTiulis, 07. 
 Xanthoxyhiui Clava-Herculi.s, var. frutico- 
 sum, 08. 
 
 Xanthoxylum cribrosum, 71. 
 
 Xanthoxylum elatuni, 00. 
 
 Xanthoxvluiu eniurgiuatura, 03. 
 
 Xanthoxylum Fagara, 73. 
 
 Xanlhoxi/lum F/oriilamm, 71. 
 
 Xanthoii/lnm fraxinifolium, 07. 
 
 Xanthoxylum hir/uliim, 08. 
 
 Xanthoxylum nitidum, 00. 
 
 Xiinthoxylum piperituni, 00. 
 
 Xanlhoxylnm I'Icrola, 73. 
 
 Xanthoxyluni Khetsa, 71. 
 
 Xanlhoxylnm Iricarpum, 07. 
 
 Yaupon. 111. 
 Yellow Poplar, 19. 
 
 Zanthoxylum, 66. 
 
 Zeuzcra lesculi, 50. 
 y.iiiiophyllnm arlmreum, CO. 
 
 ZvOOl'llYLLACE-t, 59. 
 
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