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HARVh:Y, F.R.O.S, Author of '' Xiiofoiniffland — the Oldrst Briliah Colonii ;'"' " f.tr/Nrrs, Liteniri/ and Iliot/raphicdl ;" Artichs, ^' Xi irfhuHdland" and" I.ahradnr,'" in Incyrhptrdia liiitamiica ; " Jf'hcrc are We, itiid U 'hither Tc/idihi/ /" etc. SECOXD KDiri0. F • » .• "■» Si(>+ ; 3 t. PJIEFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. ]r is gratifying to met to find tliat tljis littlo l»oolc lias met MJtli .such a ilcgroe of acceptance that a second edition is called f(Ji', tlu^ first having heen issued in 18o."). J have cai-ctully revised it, antl hrouglit down tlie infor- iiijition it einl)odies to the |»i-csent date. 1 have added three cliapters — ones heing a continuation of the history fi'om 1884 till 1800. The chapttu-s on " Education" and " Ifow we are od largely to buiKl up hiUgland's greatness. For many years the fisheries of Newfoundland werj the best nursery for her seamen. Great and lieroic men took part in the early colonisation of the Island, and the glory which their names shed on its history should never be forgo' .^en. On its shores a race of hardy, v? ■^^i VI. Pvpface. industrious men created a home for themselves iu s[)ite of difficulties and oppression. The battle of freedom was here fought and won by determined, much-enduring men, though it was almost a bloodless conHict. A knowledge of the changes, struggles, and sufferings through which the country has passed, cannot fail to be of deep interest to its people. This is especially true regarding tiie young, on whom the hopes of the future largely depend. They should be early familiarised with the history of tlieir own country. Before they can love it intelligently, and cherish such an honest, patriotic pride in their island-home,, us will lead them to labour for its advancement, they must acquaint themselves with its history. It will be a source of gratification to me if this brief historical sketch of Newfoundland should be found a means of interesting and informing the minds of the young, and kindling in their hearts a warm and intelligent love of tlie land in which they live. 'As- -I M. HARVEY. St. Joun's, Newfoundland, 1890. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. First Discoverie'?, Fa OK 9 CHAPTER II. The Kki) Inpiavp, or Aboriginal Inhabitants of New- foundland, CHAPTER III. Exi'LOPvATioN AM) Setti.kment OF America, - CHAPTKPv IV. Englani' takes Possession of Newfoundland, CHAPTER V. FiSIIEKIKS, CHAPTER VI. "Whitbourne's Commission, CHAPTER VII. Contemporary Events, CHAPTER VIII. The French in Newfoundland, CHAPTER IX. Condition of the Early Settlers, 21 29 36 45 51 57 62 6Q CHAPTER X. Renewed Efforts of the Fkknch to Conquer Newfound- land, 74 VUl. Ci/nft'iifi^. S ( "HA IT J: II XT. The Skven Ykaus' Wak,' - Paluskh's Alt, CHAPTKIl Xir. CHAITKII XIII. Coil.MKKClAL DlSASTi:i:S, Lmi'oktant Evjonts, - KlX'KNT EVKNTS, I'^DICATIOX, CHAPTEIi XIV CM AFT 105 1 XV, CHAPTKIl XVI. CHAI'Ti:i; XV IT. Huw wi: AiiK CinKiiMio, CHAPTKH XVI II. COCLUSIOX. Ari'iiNDix. » • I'Ar;B m $9 103 125 138 14.3 JUl ^^1 ^ <) «■<; $9 HISTORY or NEWFOUNDLAND. -♦•••• ■# CHAPTKM I. 1001 149S. First Discoverers. THE COMIXO OF THK NORTIIMKN, — DISCOVERV OF THE NEW WORLD. — JOHN' CABOT AND HIS SON SEIJASTIAX. 1, A Gi-AN'i: Ht a iii;i|» of North America .shows us a larg*' ishiiul, somewhat ti'iaiiLfulai- in shape, Ivinji; right across tho entraiico of the (Julf ot" St. Iiawreiic«% to wljich it atlui'ds access at its iiorthej'ii and southern extremities. Tlus is the ishind ot" Newfoundhind. It oecu])ies an important position, l)einij near the niaiidand of Anieiica, whihi its most eastern jtrojectioa is but IG4() miles from the westein coast of Irehuid. Its south- Avestern extiemity is within fifty miles of the Island of ■(•ape lireton, and its northern point approaches within ten miles of the coast of Lahradoi-. It thus forms, as it were, a stej»]»ing-ston(5 between tho Old World and the iSew. In regai-d to magnitude, it ranks tenth among the islands of the globe, its greatest length l)eing ol7 miles, its greatest breadth o\i> miles, and its area 42,000 square miles. It is thus one-sixth laiger than Ireland, and <^<[ual in area to two-thirds that of England and Wales, its coast lint' naki'd rocks. This must liave been Xewfoundhiiul, Avhic'h lay directly in their course. Woon after, they came in sight of a low country, thickly wooded, wliich they called, in conse(|uence, Markhmd. Probably this was Nova Scotia. After a few davs thev arrived at a jilace whei-e tliey found tiie wild vines growing, and calleil it A'inland. Here they spent the winter. Some of the inhabitants of the country came to them in leather boats, and they traded with them for fius. Tlie Norse legends call these peojde Skj-aelings. Prol)ably they were Es(|uimaux (pronounced Es-ki-iiw), as they are described as being of dwartish statui'e and swarthy com- plexion. It is believed that Vinland was the northern part of llhode Island, where the f()X-graj)e still grows wild. IJesides, the story mentions that, at that place, tiie sun remained nine hours above the horizon on the shortest day. This would indicate the latitude of iihode Island. The Norsemen i-eturned to Greenland in the spring, and spread enthusiastic accounts of their new dwelling-place, praising the climate and soil, the grapes and salmon. The consetpien(!e was, tiiat ]argnt at length it was abandoned, pi'obably owing to the hostility of tlie Skraelings. The Norsemen sailed away from Vinland to return no more, and all traces of th<;ir colony tliHap[)eared. In course of time their colonies in Greenland were also abandoned. The memory of Helluland and Vinland almost faded away, and were only jin^served in tlu; Icelandii; and Norwegian Sagas, or stoiy-books, where (hey have heen found in rec(!nt times. So lar as », known, no Earo[iean vessel foilowct.1 12 Flrd Discoverers. [I(H)1- in the track of tlie Noitbiuen, or crossed the Athmtio in any otlier tlirection, for five liundred years, till (,'ohinibus discovered tlie Xew World, far away to the south, at the close of the iifteenth century. 6. There can, hoM'ever, he no doubt that these North- men were the Hist white men who saw Newfoundland, and that they were fauiiliar with ])ortions of the north- east coast of America. It is also not improbable that traditions of their discoveries would linger among the ])eoj)le of Iceland for generations. Around their winter tii'esides, tlie old Icehuxlers wouhl tell to English and Spanish sailors, avIio visited their shores, how their great- ifrandfathers had found a viue-growing country, fii- away to the west. Columbus is said to have made a voyag(i to Iceland, and these legends may liave helped to tire his enthusiasm for discovery. Sailors from JJiistol traded to Jceland, and may have carried the same tale to the ears of (.'abot, wjio was to re-discover Newfoundland ; and thus his hopes of finding land across the Atlantic, in the north-west, may have Ixien st)-engthened, 7. At length the day arrived when these aclii(!ve- ments of the jiioneer Norsemen were to be altogether cast into the shade, and when the curtain that had so long shrouded the 'e of geographical discoveries and maritime adventun^s. Xew itleas regarding the world and men's destiny in it bt^gan to make way. Suspicions ;irose in the mijjds <(f thoughtful n>en that the narrow strip of earth, e(»nsist- ing of parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa — all that was then known — could not be thn, Ik; at length induced Ferdinand and rsal)ella, sovereigns of Spain, to ininist him with the command of three small ships for pui'poses of dis- covery The little s(piadr<)n carried only one hundred and tw(uity men. On tlu^ ."jrd of August, 1102, lit; sailed from the port of Palos, in Andalusia; and on the 12th of October he landed on an island which he called San Salvador, one of tli(^ iJahanias. On that day connec- tion ix^tween tht; twn worlds Ix'gau. A noble deed was done, such as can never be I'epeated — one that must stand alone in the records of time, encircling the name of the doer with inip(M-ishalil(^ nMiown. II is discovery may be said to have doul)Ied the; habitaltle gloite. Once and for escr the Uno\vledg<^ of a New W'orUl was secured for all men. 9. 'I'he tlariiig acliie\(Muent of Columbus was soon 14 First Discoverers. [1001- fol lowed by another, which, though not so brilliant and dazzling, has secured for Cabot a fame second only to that of the discoverer of the New World. We can easily fancy what an effect on men's minds the news of Coluni- bns's great discovery must have produced, as it ffew from nation to nation. All the noble, energetic spirits of Europe longed to explore the wonders of the new country. Among those who felt this impulse most strongly were John Cabot and his son Sebastian, who were then living in the city of Bristol, a seaport on the west coast of England. John Cabot was a native of Venice, who had for some tiini^ resided in Bristol, where his children were 1> »rn, and where he had successfully carried on business as a merchant. He was an intelli- gent, thoughtful man. Kis son Sebastian was an able navigator ; and both father and son had given much attention to the great maritime enter[)rises which then tilled the minds of men. To them the thought presented itself, that by taking a north-west course, instead of the track which had led ColumV)us to Sau Salvador, they would reach, by a shorter rout rs. 15 and, in iuUlition, barj^aiiied with tliein for a tifth part of all the prorits. Not much credit is due to the king. The wliole honour belongs to the Cabots, who adventured, not oidy their fortunes, but their lives, for the glory of their a.d(ipted country. 11. And so, early in the month of May, 1497, in a small caravel called The Maltlteii), probaljly under one hundred tons burthen, these bold navigators sailed from the port of Bi-istol. Their course lay to the north-west, across tilt' stormy wastes of the Xi)rth Atlantic, where, since the days of the Northmen, European ship had ne\er ventured. 12. Unfortunately, vtuy few rticords of this voyage, fi"om which such important consetiuences were to How, have been preserved. l>ut, in fancy, we can follow the little vessel as it ploughs its way over tlu'. heaving billows of an unknown sea. Wi; can see, in invagination, the I'e.solute commander ami his hei'oic son as they [tace the deck, vigilant, hopeful, breathing cc^urage into the hearts of the half-territitul saihu's, blessing every breeze tliat wafts them away from the habitations of civilised m(Mi. Onwai'il tlu^ little vt>sscl ylidt's, a mere s[)eck upon the waters. On the (n'cning of June 23rd the sun went down on the weary round of waters, and as yet th(;re was no sign of land. Hope began to waver. But as ihe mist cleared away on the morning of June 2ltth, the glad ciy of " Ijand Ho!" rang out from the mast- head of Tli.e Mdtthtiv, and a I'ound of hearty cheers from stout English sailors greeted the first sight of the island of Newfoundland. We can fancv how <;lad and thankful these brave; m(!n must have felt at the succ(!ss- ful teruiimition of their j)erilous voyage. 13. l^'or a long tin)e it was doubtful what part of the K) Flrd DUcovcrcrs. [lOOl New World was first seen by Cabot, and named by him " Prima Vista." Some said it was Capo Bonavista, on the eastern coast of Xewfouiuihind. Others decUired it was a part of the Librador coast. Such doubts havt^ lately been set at rest l>y the discovery of a map, bear- ing the date of 1-144, and mad«' by Sebastian Cabot, or under his direction. This map shows that his *' Prima Vista" was near the eastern point of the present island of Cape Breton. After ujaking land here, Cabot a[>pears to have steei'ed in a noi'th-westerly direction, i)assing round Prince Edward Island ; then north-easterly, till he fell in with the coast of Ijalu-ador ; and then home- ward, through the Straits of IjcIIi! Isle, round the north of Newfoundland. The main fact, however, is, that on this first voyage he discovered Xewfoundland, and was also the discoverer of the continent of Americ:«. At this date, only some of the West Inilia islands had been discovered by Colum- bus ; and Amerigo \"espucci ([)ronounced Ah-iadre-ijo Ves-pout-chc), whose name has been given to the Xew Worhl, had not made his first voyage across th(^ Atlantic at the period of Cabot's discovery. Thus the honour of discovering continental Amei'ica belongs of right to Cai)Ot. 14. As there is no mention of John Cal)ot after this time, it is probable that he did not long sui'vive his first famous voyage. 11 is son, Si'bastian, now took his [>lace as a discovc'rer. In i\n\ folh)winLj vear, 1 IDS, he was authorised by King lltMiry to sail again, with six ships, to the land and islands whii-h he had found. On this second ex[)edition he saihsd along the coast of Labrador to the (iOth degree of north latitude. Deterred by the cold and ice from i»roceeding farther, he turned south, ■■>H i uns.j Fh'st DiHcovererH. 17 liini erer ^i OIllH it Hill- P e-, without fear or pity. They regarded the sea as tlieir proper domain, and all that was to be found on it as their lawful prey. England felt the weight of their strong arms. They ravaged it.s oities and planted a powerful kingdom within its boundaries, which required all the skill and courage of the Saxon King Alfred to subdue. In Prance the Northmen seized and held N(n-maiidy, and from this vantage ground, in lOiiG, they invaded and compiered Saxon England. Witli all their wild energy and destruetiveiiess, we can now s(;e, on enlndy looking back, that this people, mingling with the other nations of Europe, rmparted to them many elements of valour, strength, and greatness. The Englisli of to-day have a large; mixture of Scandinavian blood in their veins, to which they ow(; some of their best (qualities. Such weie the wild sea-rovers, who, before all other pale-faced men, looked on tlio shores of Newfoundland, and ttrst colonised the Americnm continent. The Norsemen's Sagas. — Saga is a Norse word, and denotes a, tale or poem founded on orul tradition, and gradually moulded into a wi'itten form. The old Icelandic, Norwegian, and Danish literature has of late years engaged the attention of scholars, and cfinsists largely of Xofcs; (1 11(1 E.cplanations. 10 iriio icir tho Itho a |) a of lluM' liair-lu.- hundred and fifty years afterwards, to Havana, in the island i iba. In the Cathedral of Havana, on the right hand of the h., » altar, is an insignificant mural tablet, with a Latin inscription. There is nothing else to mark the grave of tho Discoverer of the New World. But ho w liose monunient is a whole continent needs no inscription on marble to perpetuate his deeds, which are indelibly inscribed on the memory of mankind. Sebastian Cabot.— The memoi-y of Cabot has received a similar iinwortiiy tveatnnnt. Ili.s nia))s, charts, and journals, documents of immense value, were never publislied, and were i-ither hwt tlirougli ■carelessness or wilfully destroyed. Nlcholls, in his Memoir of Cabot, who was one of the noblest and bravest men who ever trod an English deck, says, " Tlie date of his death, like that of his birth, b: unknown, and wo can only infer that it was in or near London, from tho fact that Kicliard J-^h'ii, his faithful and attaclied friend, who lived there, was .present. Even whi'ro his aslies lie is a myslery; and ho who gave to ! 4 20 Notes and Explanations. England a continent, ami to ttpiiiu an empire, lies in sonic unknown tomb. Tliis man, who surveyed and depicted three thout-and mile.-* of a coast which he had discovered ; who gave to Britain, not only the con- tinent, but the untold riches of the deep, in the lisheries of Newfound- land, and the whale lishery of the Arctic Sea ; who, by hid uprightness and fair dealing, raised England's name high among the nations, placed her credit on a solid foundation and made her citizens respected ; who was the father of freti trade, and gave lis the carrying trade of the world : this man has not a statue in the city that gave him birth, or in the metropolis of the country he so greatly enriched, or a name on the land Ik; discovered. Emphatically the most scientific seaman of his own, or, perhaps, many subsequent ages — one of the gentlest, bravest, best of men — his actions hav( been misrepresented, his discoveries denied, his deeds ascribed to others, and calumny has Hung its filth on his memory." The world knows not its prophets ; stones them when living, leaving after ages to build their sepulchres. Amerigo Vespucci — or Americas Vespucius, as he is commoidy called — was born at Elorence in 14-31. Under the auspices of the King of Portugal, he made two voyages to South America, of which ho pub- lished accounts, declaring hiinsclf the discoverer of the mainland of the Western Continent. Some years afterwards a (Jerman geographer pro- posed that the name America should be given to the new laud in his honour. By some strange caprice of fortune the i)roposal found accept- ance, and Columbus's claims to name the land he had discovered were unjustly set aside. Marco Polo. — B im at Venice. He visited in 127'2 the court of Kublai Khan, the ruler of Chinese Tartaiy, who intrusted him with mis- sions to China and India. lie; was the first European who visited China proper. After his many wanderings, he returned home and wrote an account of liis travels, whicii excited the greatest interest, and helped to kindle the passion for discovery in the lands he had traversed in the mind of Columbus himself. "Prima Vista." — Though Cabot's map seemed to indicate the eastern point of Cape Breton Island as the first land he approached — or his " Pinma Vista " — yet as Newfoundland is but fifty or sixty miles distant from that point, and was probably seen soon after as the vessel glided along the coast, and as most of the histories of the voyage rej^resent Newfoundland as tlie tirst land discovered by Cabot, I have followed the common account in the text, and represented the sailors of The Matthew as greeting the sight of the ishmd with British cheers. ■:^' 1 I M ■^ Tlic Red Indians. 21 SSi r-1 I vere :S: , of ^ uis- liiia ail peel the 'yt. ern '■''■;;■ his aut ■ 0^? led r5; cnt ■jj :lie ■'w "he ■ i-.V CHAPTER II. The Red Indians, or Aboriginal Inhabitants of Newfoundland. THKIU OFilGIN. MEMBERS OF THE AIXJONQLTIN FAMILY. THEIR MODES OF LIFE. — SAD FATE. 1. When tlio island of Newfoundland was discovered by C'aWot, it was found to be inhabited by a savage tribe of Red Indians, wlio lived by hunting and fishing. They enlled thenistslves iiethucks or Bdoothics. Their appearance and modcis of life prove that they were a branch of the race of rnl men who were found sjjread over the whole continent of North Auunic I. At what time this tribe wandered away from the ]>arent stock, and found their way to Newfoundland, is utterly unknown. Most likely they crossed originally from Canada, by the Straits of Belle Isle, or from the neighbouring island of Cape Bi-eton. l[owever this may have been, they were widely si)read ovnr the island when the white men arrived. In all ))i-(jbability, for many centuries before, they had been hunt- ing the leindeer and bear, trapping th^ otter, fox, and beaver, and gliding over the lakes and rivers in their birch canoes. The herds of reindeer, the ptarmigan, wild geese aneople "American Indians." They presented a great diversity in aj)pearance and modes of life, and yet thei"(? was a family likeness, common to them all, which has led learned men to conclude that they were all d(!scended from the same stock. Their origin is unknown. They were all of the same swarthy and cop})er colour; had long, straight, black hair, high cheek bones, long eyes, and scanty beards. The most natural division of them is into two great families, one called the Toltecan, and the other the American. The Toltecan nations include the Mexicans, Peruvians, and Chilians, who were found in a much more advanced state of civilisation than the American division, which comprehended all the l)arbarous tribes of the New World. 3. It is believed that the whole of the American aborigines numbered in the vicinity of 20,000,000 when the Euro[)eans. arrived. Those tribes who lived along the Atlantic coast of North America occupied both sides of the Alleghany mountains, from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada and New 1 The Med Indians. 23 Ihnnswick. Nearly all of tliese bolonqed to two great fiuailies, called the Algonquins and the Iroquois. The Aigonquins were spread over the space between the river Mississippi and the Atlantic, and as far north as Hudson's Buy. They all spoke dialects of the same language. This great family included such trilies as the Ottawas, Ojibways, Oliippewas, Abenaquis, and many more. Tlie Iroquois^ called also the "Five Nations" and the "Six Nations," lived to the south of the great lakes of Canada, and compre- hended such tribes as the Mohawks, Hurons, Seuecas, and many besides. They also spoke dialects of one language. It is believed that both together numbered a quarter of a million of Indians. 4. The question arises, to which of the two great familie.9 did the Indians of Newfoundland belong? From an exami- nation of their language, learned men are satisfied that they were a branch of the wides[)read and warlike Algonquins. Li their habits, appearance, and m')de of life they resembled the Algonquin tribes who lived in Nova Scotia, Ca})e Breton, and Canada. 5. Cabot said of them : " The inhabitants of this island use the skins and furs of wild beasts for garments, which they hold in as high estimation as we do our finest clothes. In war they use bows and arrows, spears, darts, clubs, and slings." Like the other Indians they shaved their hair, exce})t one lock, called the "scalp lock," which was tied on the top and ornamented with birds' feathers. The women wore their hair long, and had closer fitting garments than the men, and their waists girded. They had an original method of kindling fire by striking together two pieces of iron pyrites, a kind of stone which is very common in the island. Their bows were of sycamore or mountain ash, the strinn eight to ten feet \\vj\\, so that no deer could overleap them. 'e3"> 8, Their canoes were made of the bark of the white birch, were light, often gracefully shaped, and could be easily paddled, as they drew little water. The whole rind f a birch tre(! was stripped otF without beini* torn, and ot then j)ut round a light frame. The edges were sewed together with thongs made of the tough roots of certain trees, and the seams were covered with a kind ot" pitch, made from the gum of trees, so as to render them water- tight. When injured, the canoe could be easily patched with ])ieces of bark fastened in the same way. 9, The Indian snow-shoe was nnule l)y stretcliing a network of deer's hide on a light frame, three or four feet long, curved and ta})ering. The network was fastened to the foot by thongs, and the foot was covered oidy with a light moccasin made of deer skin. On these shoes an Indian could travel forty miles a day, and even run down a deer whose hoofs cut through the crust of the snow. 10. The Indians of Newfoundland, like those of the continent, were tall, well-proportioned, r()l)UHt, but not ecpial to Euroj)eans in bodily strength. They had not such strong arms, and could not sti'ike such heavy blows. J>ut they were active, light of foot, and possessed wonderful j>()wers of endurance. Theii' eari'iage was graceful and dignilied. So keen were their perceptions that they could niak(5 their way through a trackless forest with ease simply ))y observing tin; ai)pearance of the moss and bark upon the trees. They had the virtues and vices of savage life. They were devoted to their tril)e, faithful to one anothei-, brav(!, and [)<)ssesse(l of a wonderful fortitude ; Imt in war they wen; tierce, vindictive, merciless, and cruel to prisoneis. 26 TJiP lied Indians. They treated their vvoTiKiii with cruelty, and made them work like beasts of burden. They had no idea of restraining their animal a[»petitp.s, and ate voraciously when food was plentiful, without any regard to the future. 11. The early voyagers to tiie shores of the island described them as lively, tractable, and disposed to be friendly with white men. The good understanding, uu- hap|)ily, did not last long. When the settlers began to spj-cad over the shores of the island th(\v seized on the best tishin'' stations, and drove away the Indians. Quarrels arose. l)oubtle.ss tluM'e were faults on botli sides. The savages, when op'portunity oflVu-ed, stole tlu^ goods of the whites. Ti) them such objects as knives, hatchets, nails, and lines pivsented a teni[)tation almost irresistible. Tho rude lishermen and trap[)(n's of thos(! days were an innnoral, lawless order of men, and punished the thefts of the savages mercilessly. These, again, retali:ited fiercely ; and thus a state of savage warfare was estal)lished, and terrible deeds were done. 'J'he red man became the implacal)le foe of tho white man, and tiie latter regarded the Indians as V(!rmin, to be hunted down and destroyed. That the poor savag(\s were treated with brutal ci'iuilty admits of no doubt, 12. Ihit what could clnlts and arrows avail against tire- ai'ms \ (rradually tlie red men wtu'e reduced in numbers, 'i'hey were ilriven from their tishing-[)osts on the bays and livers; their hunting-grounds wimc invaded l>y the furriers. Hunger !ind disease thinned tlieii" ranks. Another tribe of Indians, from Nova Scotia, called Micmacs. attackfid them, iind had the advantage of kntiwiu^ the usi^ of tire-arms. Slowly but surely the uidiappy tril»(> wast,-d away, and at length (lisiii»pt'ared from the i'ace of the earth. 13. l>efor«! tlu'y were (|uite exterminalcd the spirit of limuauitv awoke, and zealous etloi'ts were made to Kotes and Explanations. 27 save them from desti-iiotion. Proclamations forbiddinjr any one to injure them, under heavy })enalties, were issued by tlie Britisli Government. An expedition was s(!nt to the river Ex[)loits to open friendly communica- tions with them, but ended disastrously. A female called Mary March, from the month in which she was captured bv some hunters on Red Indian Lake, was brousrht to St. John's in 1819. She was treated with great kind- ness, and sent back to her tribe with presents, but died on the way. Another Indian woman, called in her language Shanandithet, was also taken at a later date. She lived six years in St. John's, and died of consuni))- tion. She declared she dared not go back to her tribe after having held intercourse with the whites, as they would kill her. Wiien, in 1828, an ex[)loring [)arty was sent by some benevolent ])ersons to their head-(piarters at Ued Indian Lake, not a living Lteotliic could be found. Thus the efforts to atone for past wrongs and cruelties were too late, and proved fruitless. NOTES AND EXPLAXA'lIOXS.— CIIAPTHIl TI. The Religion of the Indians. —Littlo id known nf the rclif^ions idi'ii.s and ohscivniifc.-* ul' the red inon of Ni'wt'oundland. Like tliis otlicf tribes of Noi'tli Ann'ricii, tlioy probably bi'licvcd in the i'xistcn('(! ol a Snprcmt! IJcin^;-, whom tlicy called tlio (rrcafc Spirit; and also of an inferior .•«i)irir, wiiose natnre was nialioiou.-' and evil, 'riieir worship was chiefly adilressed to the evil spii'it willi a view of propitiating; him. They thonf^ht the Good Spii'it neeiU'd no prayers lo securo his protection . and bles-sin;:;. Tin'ir relij^ious observances consisted chieHy of .son^s and dances, willi mncli noise and (excitement. They believed that all animals hud pi'otectini^' spirits, and tliat thewindsanil tlie stars had also spirits. In lionuiVlJow's poem of " Hiawatha," many of their le^jcnds and rc'li;;ions idea.s and (icremonies Inivo bi'cii ju'esiij-ved. In nome of tlieir fi'raves nroniul lied Indian Lake have been fonnd bows, arrows, fiml oth(M' weapons, and articles of i)rop(>rty which had b(>lon>,n'd to tlie deceased in tiieir lifetime. This iiulicated tliat the Bctlniok.^ I ) I 28 Notes avd E.i'planations. bolievod tlioy wduld live iif^ain after deiitli, and uso theso weapons in the happy hiuitiii^-yrouiid.s i>f llie l.ilc^t in iicaven. All brave warriora and good women were to bo liappy there forever, following the same pursnits as on eartli. Numbers of the Indians.— "Witliin the limits of the United States there are now alxnit 1«3U,0U0 Indians, wlio aro cared for by the Govern- ment. Oidy a few of tliem have adopted halnts of civilised life. Altogether, tlien; are oOO.OOO Indians in 'the United States. In the older provinces of Canada tliere are ;50.000 Indians who are in charge of a department of the State. Including i^ritish Columbia, the North- west, and Labrador, the Indians and r,s((uimaux in tlie whole of the Dominion of Canaila number bVi.OdO. In both countries they are fliminishing in numbers, and in lifty or a hundred years few will probably remain. Haunts of the Indians.— Th'V :i[ppear to liave inhabited chiefly the nortli-eastern, nortiieni, and nortli-wi'sti rn portions of Newfound- land. Many of tlieir implements and weapons have been dug up on tlie sliores of Trinity and Bonavista Bays, at Fogo and Twillingate, and in Wliite Bay. 'L'heir head-i]uarters were in the neiglibourhood of Ited Indian Lake. "Wiien Cormaek. the traveller who crossed Newfoundland in LS'ii', jienetnited to Ked Indian Lake in 1828, he found numerous ruins of tlicii- winter and summer wigwams, their storehouses for smoking and ver, inferior to the Canadian tribes. The wholi! rae<' i>r' American Indiaiis were greatly inferior to Europeans, and even to Mongolians, in mental powers. In constructive and imitative famUties tlu'y were very h)w ; and to tliia day, though in contact with white men, they have made little progress. I :H.i 1497.] Exploration and Settlement. 29 CHAPTER III. 1497-1534. Exploration and Settlement of America. THE SPANISH, FRENCH, AND ENGLISH. — IMPOllTANCR OF THE NEWFOUNDLAND FISHERIES. 1. Now that the New World was discovered, and some idea obtained of its vast extent, the question arose, wlio were to explore it and take possession of it? Tlie most wonderful tales were told about it. Sailors, and other adventurers who had l)een there, related stories about rivers which thnved over pebbles of gold, and sands sparkling with precious geuis ; of vast forests, and lovely flowers, in lands teeming with fertility. Here was a boundless field for human energy. The wildest hopes of obtaining vast wealth were kindled ; and all the adventurous spirits of Euro])e wore eager to undertake voyages to the new land. The S[)aniards, who were the first discoverers, rushed away in such multitudes \x\wi\ these expeditions that sonu; large towns in Spaui lost half their inha))itants. Portugal and France followed in the same track, aiiirit, De Soto died. His men formeil a rude collin oui. of } ! I i I { I J I! 32 Exploration and Settlement. [149: \ :i III 1 " ' the trunk of a j)ine tree, and, in the darkness of the night, sunk liis body in the niidiUe of the rivei-, that his death shonkl not be known to the Indians, who might treat his leniains with iiidifjnitv. He rested beneath the waters of the river lie had discovei-ed. His men constructed some rude vessels, and floated down the Mississipjti to the Gulf of Mexico. Only 5u0 managed to escaj)e, and they reached Cuba in a wretched plight 5. Im[)ort;int cons(;quences were to follow from these disastrous failures of the tirst ex}>lorers. On the strength of this discovery of Florida, Spain at one time claimed as her own the whole coast of North America as far as, and includ- ing, Newfoundland ; and even to the extreme north of the continent. TIk; name North America was not then heard of, and Spain called the whole Florida, and claimed it as part of her vast dominions. Yet she had not occupied a harbour, or marked out a settlement, or built a fortification, on the whole coast, and had acquired no right by discovery, exce})ting over Florida. 6. Those vast claims, on the j)art of Spain, were not at first disputed by any other power. France, however, was now about to enter the field, and to contend for her share of the New World. Gradually, as events disclosed them- selves, and discoveries extended, a grand scheme was formed in the minds of French monarchs and statesmen of creatinir a " New France," with feudal institutions, in the western liemisphere. Tiiis i)lan was pursued by the French with determined energy for two centuries and a half. It was in carrying this scheme of empire into execution that they were l)iought to Newfoundland, and tried so often to conquer and annex it. Indeed, at one time, it seemed as if France was to bo the ruling power in North America. 7. The attention of France was first drawn to North i I in 15:^4. PJxploration and Settlement. :V-i t America Ity tlu; discovery of the tislieiie.s of Newfuimdlaud. The same holds good regarding Enghind. The .-ittractioji which first led Englishmen to these western seas, and awoke in the national mind an impulse to colonise these new coun- tries, was the immense fish wealth in the seas around the island discovered by Cabot. Here, they saw, was an inexhau^itible sui>i)ly of the finest food, at a time when lish, salted and fresh, entered very largely into the diet of the people. France and England early engaged in tlu; prosecu- tion (»f ihc cod-Hsheries on the banks and around the shores of Newfoundland. Both nations drew enormous w(>;ilth, year ;ifter year, from these industries, and thus increased their national gj-eatness. The English and French tishermen engaged in these tishej-ies supplied the navy and mercantile marine of l>oth nations with bold and skilful sailors, and thus develo[)ed their power at sea. Both nations found here the best nuiseries for seamen. Both were thus drawn to the region of the St. Lawrence, and were led to plant colonies, originally with a view to carry on the fisheries. The rivalry between the two powers for obtaining the sovereignty of the soil arose in connection with the fisheries. The long wars between France and England were avowedly for the fisheries and the territories around them. Thus the fisheries of Newfoundland really laid the foundation of the empire which England at length acquired in America, when her su})remacy was established, after a long contest with France. These fisheries were far more influential in bringing about the settlement of North America than all the gold of Mexico and Peru accom])lished in Southern America. 8. The humble, industrious tishermen, who plied their hard labours along the shores and on the Banks of N^ew- foundland, and in the neighbouring seas, were the pioneers of the great host from the Old World who, in due time. 1! \\ I I u I if :• 34 Exploration and Srttlement. rir)34. liuilt lip the United States and overspread Canada. They have done an honourable stroke of work in tlie great l)tisiness of the woi-Jd. England owes nuich to them. Till these fislieries drew her seamen from their narrow seas, and taught them to brave the storms of the Atlantic, her UKjrchant marine was of small 'iccount, and her navy had scarcely an existence, in prosecuting these risheries, England h'arned how to become mistress of the seas. It was in New- foundland, too, that the great mother of colonies made her first attempt at colonisation. Here her Hag tirst waved over hvv possessions in the western hemisphere. Newfoundkmd is her oldest colony. f ; t > I Notes and Explavations. 35 NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS.— CHAPTER III. Cortes. — Ilernan Cortes was born in 148.5 at a village in Estremadiira, an Spiiin. He distinguished himself in the conquest of Cuba, and was selected to undertake the conquest of Mexico. He sailed in 1518, with 10 vessels, 600 infantry, and 18 horsemen. After three years of desperate fighting, and a terrible slaughter of the Mexicans, he seized their emperor, Montezuma, took their capital, obtained immense quantities of gold, and completely conquered the kingdom. He returned to Spain, and died at Seville in 1547. Pizarro. — Erancisco Pizarro, conqueror of Peru, was bom in Estrema- . Ho was with Bilboa when he discovered the Pacific Ocean. In his various expeditions and voyages about Panama lie disco- vered the vast and prosperous Peruvian empire, abounding in gold, silver, and precious stones. In 1529 he obtained from Charles V. of Spain antliority to conquer Peru. In 1531 he set out with 3 vessels, 180 men, jind 27 liorsemen. He was guilty of the direst cruelties and treaelieries ; 1)ut with a handful of men he defeated the hosts of Peruvians, took tlieir capital, and executed their emperor. He lived at Lima almost like ii king, but died by tlie hands of an assassin in 1541. Florida. — Though Ponce de Leon gave Florida its name, Sebastian Cabot was its first di-:u 'I h 1 ; 1! in its consequences. He j)iisse(l tliroiii.,'!! the Sti-aits of ]jelle Isle, entered the Buy of Chulenr, nnfiirled the French flag at Oaspe, discovered the liiver St. Lawrence, and, on his second voyage, ascended it as far as Montreal, and built a fort at Quebec. Thus Cartier was the discovei-er of Canada, and secured it for France. 'J'o a Krenclnnaii belongs the honour of this gieat discovery, for the English never ascended the St. Lawrence iu any of their early vova"es. The hold thus obtained by France was not relinquished for '2'2Q years, when (Quebec fell Ijefore the oon(juering arms of Wolfe. 4. Other adventurers folhjwed in the track of (Jartier. Roberval's expedition ended in disaster. De la Roche, hftv years after, was equally unfortunate. But the l>rave and high-minded Chanqdain and De Monts carried on the work of ex[)loration, colonisation, and the extension of French commerce, and thus laid the foundations of French enqdn^ in the West. All Canada and Acadia (the name given by tihe French to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) was held I v' France. Newfoundland, with its tisheiies, seemed likely to jihare the same fate. Marquette, a Jesuit Father, starting from t.^e great lakes of Canada, follow(,'d the river Wiscc^nsin till h; reached the Mississippi, and sailed down the rivi.-r for sjme distance. It was a deed of true heroism. Jia Sal ". a French cavalier, followed courageously in the situ'.; ct .rse, and sailed down the Mississip[)i to its outlet in the C .'f of Mexico — a UKunorable achievement. Frances then cKu »ied all the vast territory through which the great vivuv riowe\l, and La Salle named it Louisiana, iu honoui of Louia XIV. 5. Thus it looked as if there were to be no FngHsh settlements in North America. All tiie southern uortion. •vvHi:. called Florida, and belonged to Spain; and ''New; Ho I MS.'^l England Takcx Ponfics.'ilon France " seemed destined to absorb jill the rest. And yet tlie day was coming when neither France nor Spain w(/iilil own a foot of land in the whole continent of America, north and south, and when, of all the vast possessions of France in the New World, her Hug would wave over but two small islands — St. Pierre and Mi(iuelon — at the mouth of Fortune Bay, Newfoundland. 6. All this time the English had never forgotten that Cabot and his stout west-country sailors had Hist discovered Newfoundland and the mainland of North America, which were theit's by right of discovery. And now, at length, the hour arrived for enforcing their rights, and claiming their share in the western world. The great movement was begun by taking formal possession of Newfoundland, and making a Hrst, though unsuccessful, attempt to plant a colony there. This is the way in which it "ame about : 7. There was living in Englaml, in the reign of Queeu Elizabeth, a brave, patriotic nobleman, named Sir Hump'irey GUbert. His residence was Com[)t,on Castle, near Tori ay, in Devonshire. He had a half-brother, also a knight, called Sir Walter llaleigh, whose name is famous in English history. Sir Humphrey Gilbert had won high distinction as a soldier in his youth. In his mature manhood he gave much attention to navigation, geography, and the great hrey, no doubt, ol)tained his information. He considered that the right way to ca-jy on these Hsheries was by settling English people on the inland >. I I i . 40 L'lt'flaud Takes i-'ostictidKJii. [\r)U- ■o who could both tisli aiul cultivate the soil, and make a home for tiiemsclvcs as \V(!ll. Besides, he thoui,'lit it a sliaiiie that his cor.i.rrviueu should be ooiitcat to look on with indiirerouce while the Fivuch •uid Spaniards were dividiiiL' aiuon*' theinselvcs the soil aitd riches of the New World. He knew that Eni^dand had acquired rights by disc(»v«;rv, and he believed that it was her duty to do lier ])art in eXjdorinGj and settling these new counti'ies, and thus open a held for the enterprise of her i)eoj)le. 8. His half-brother, Sir Walter lialeigh, held the same views, and together they laid the matter before Queen Klizal)eth. She at once gave Sir Humphrey letters-patent autlioiising hini to take i)ossession of Newfoundland on her btihalf, to colonise it, and to exercise jurisdiction over it and all the neighltouring lands within two hundred leagues in every direction. 9. An (expedition was organised, consisting of five vessels. Sir Walter lialeigh embarked in one of these, but an infectious disease broke out on board, and compelled him to return to port. (Jilbert, with the other four vessels, I'eached the harbour of St. .John's early in August, 1583. The largest of the.se vessels, the Delh/hf, was only of I'JO tons; the (JoHeii Uiin!, of 50 tons; the Sivallow, of 51) tons; and the S(p(irrd, of 10 tons. The number of adventurers on board was liGO, most of them Devonshire men. 10. At that time tht^re were lying in the harbour of St. dohn's tiiirty-six vessels, o*. which nearly half were English ; the rest \\v\v. Portuguese, l''r(!nch, and Spanish, all engaged in lishing. On the r)th of August, ir)8;5, Sir Humphrey, his ollicers and nun, all landed. The captains and crews of the lishing-vessels were summoned to attiMid. \\\ the miilst of the mothey asseml)lage the Knglish knight stood up and read tlie paU'iit authorisiiig him to take pos.session of the 158.1] Etujlaad Tid'os Possession. 41 islaiKl on bel.alf of liis royjil mistress. Aftcn- tlie custom of the times, twig and sod from the ishuul were ])resented to him, und he solemnly declared Newfoundland a portion of the British em|>ire. Tiie banner of England was hoisted on a flagstaif; the royal arms, cut in lead, were athxed to a wooden pilhi.r near the water's edge ; and with some i-ounda of hearty British cheei-s the ceremonial of the day was brought to a cl(»se. 11. Ve-y soon, however, troubles arose. Many of the men on board Sir llumi)hrey's little fleet were not of the right stamp for colonists, and they l)ecame discontented and troublesome. Sickness broke otit, and Gilbert sent the sick hon\e in the SkxUIow. With the remaining three vessels he set out, on the "JOth August, to prosecute further exjdora- tions. He got as far as Cape Race, where his largest vessel, the Deliyht, struck on a shoal and went to pieces. The brave ca})tfMn, Mori-is Browne, refused to leave his ship, and perished with the greater part of those on l)oaril. Only tifi-een escaped in a boat, and reached land after terrible suflerings. Sir Humphrey had been on V)oard the little Squirrd survtjing the ditl'erent harbours. Disheartened by the loss of his largest ves.el, on board of whicli were most of the storifs, h(i deemed it wise to return to England, especially as winter was at hand. 12. His men ])ressed him to go on board the Golden Hind, tli(! lar,v,er vessel ; but the gallant knight said "he would not abandon his bravo comrades whose perils he had shared," and ho remained on board the littlt! nutshell of a vessel, whei-e his flag was flying. A terriide storm overtook them near th(5 Azoi'es. The (to/deu Jl'nal kept as near the little Squirrd aa possible, for (ivery moment it seemed as if she would be bwallowed up. In the midst of the tem[)est the crow of { ! '• li i 'i i' '1 42 England Takes Possession. 1.JS3.J, the lai-ger slii]) saw tlie brave knight, who was a stranger to fear, sitting eahnly on tlie deck, with a book before liini, and heard him cry to his companions, " Cheer up, Tl lads ! We are as near heaven on sea as on land." 1 Jje darkness of niglit closed in. Snddenly, about midnight, the liglits of the S'/uirrel disap[)eared, and Sir Hum- ])hr(iy Crilbert and his men sank amid the dark biliows of the Atlantic. 13. Thus perished one of the noblest and l)i-avest of those who, in that age, sought to extend the dominion of Knproached. For the benefit of a few gn.H'dy, selfish men, the island was kept for a long time a mere fishing-station^ and all the money made by fishing was spent in other lands, and the country left in a wilderness condition. Notes aiyl E.rphi net inns. 4.S NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS.— C II APTEIl IV. Consumption of Fish.— The con.suinptlon of fresh iiiul suited fish in Em'ope before the discovery of America, iiiid for a long period afterwards, was immense. It mnst be remembered that all Europe, England included, was then Catholic ; and during tiie fasts of the Church the pickled herring of Holland was the principal food. The foundations of Amsterdam were said to be hiid on herriiig-boniis. The Dutch became immensely wealthy by their monopoly of the herring- fisheries. In noblemen's families in England, at that period, retainers and servants lived on salt beef and mutton ; but for tliree- fourths of the year on fish, with little or no vegetables. In the great Earl of Northumberland's establishment, it is on record in their household book that "'my lord and lady had for breakfast a quart of beer, as much wine, two pieces of salt-lish, six red herrings, four while ones, and a dish of sprats." No wonder that Cabot's discovery of the Newfoundland fisheries created such a sensati(ni and led to an excite- ment on the subject of fishing. Persons of tlie highest distinction took part in the fishing adventures of those days, and a ra^iid extension of the Bank and shore fishery followed on tlie part of France and I'ingland. Thus the enterprises of the hardy fishermen of both nations, to procure an article of food for the fast days of the Church, led to the most important political results. Even when England had become Protestant, laws were passed to promote the consumption of fish among the people, in order to encourage; the fishing industries, especially tliiose in American waters. In l.)53, in tlie reign of Elizabeth, a law was passed whicii prt)vided "tiiat as well f )r tlie maintenance of shipping, the increase of fishermen and mariners, and the repairing of ])ort-towus as for the sparing of thi' fresh victual of the realm, it shall not be lawtul for any one to eat flesli on Wedni>sday3 and Saturdays unless under the forfeiture of £3 for each offence, exc'cpt in case of sickness and those of special ' icnces to be obtained." Other laws followed, until there were one liuudred and fifty-throe days on which only fish could be eaten. The punishment fi>r the violation of these laws was, for the first offence, a fine of ten shillings and ten days' imprisonment ; for the second, double these inflictions. No wonder fish was in great demand. Francis I. — King itf Franei! fnnn lolo till 1647. His famous inter- view with Henry Vlll., of England, on "the Field of the Cloth of (iold," took place in \oH), He was taken prisoner at the battle of Pavia in lo'J-j. Jacques Cartier.— A native of St. Malo, a peaport in the nortli- west of l''ran(!e, on tlio nortii coast of tli') proviiu;o of hretagne. Ht> was the discoverer of Canada and the St. Lawrence. He and Roberval luot in 164'2, in the harbour of St. John's, Newfoundland. Roberval was ; 1 li :' I 'I I ! ' ! I'll fill -14 Xofes and ICj'pUf nations. on liis way to Ciuiiida; Ciutii-T was ou his way home to l"'nnice. Itober- val, iis commander of tiio oxpodition, ordennl Carticr to return to Canada; but lie rct'tised, and .mailed for Fi'ance. lloborval w<'nt on, built a flirt on the St. liawrent-t', and iicrij^hed with his men by cold and famine duriiiLc rh(! fnllowing winter. Samuel de Champlain, Imi-n at lU-nuap', a >*n)all seaport on tlio Bay (if liiseay. lie fouf^iit under llonry of Navarro, or Henry IV., the first kinp of the IIousi' (if 15()urh(iii. Ueinp; a •avourite it Court, he obtained (•dinmand of an expedition to Canada to exjiloro and colonise. He was a man of noble cliaraeter, coiu'ageniis, disinterested, kind, and courteous. His remarkable exploits and labours belong to tlie iiistory of Canada, in who.se interests he toiled for thirty years, and of which he was the Father and Founder. He was appointed at lenfj;th Governor of Canada in Ifjo;}. and die(l two years after, universally lamented. Lake Cham- plain, of which h(i was the diseoven'r, beai's iiiis name. Sir Humphrey Gilbert was a son of Sir Otho (filbert, of Conipton Castle, Torbay. His mother was a Cliampernoun, of pni'cst Norman descent. Sir Otho had three sons by this lady — John, Humphrey, and Adrian— who all proved to be men of .superior abilities. Tliey were all three km'fjhted by Elizabeth. Sir Otho died, and his widow married Walter Raleigh, a gentleman of ancient blood, but impoverished. To her second husband she bore a son whose fame was destined to be world- wide, and who was knighted as Sir Walter Raleigh by P^lizabeth. Not many women could boast of being the mother of four such sons. 1583. 1683.] Fisheries. 45 CHAPTER V. 1583-1615. Fisheries. INCREASE OF THE ENGLISH COD FISHERY. — GUy's SKITLE- MENT IN' CONCEl'TION BAY. — ITS FAILUUE. 1. Though the voyage of Sif llumpbrey Gilbert ended 80 disastrously to himself and others, it was far from being fruitless. It fixed the attention of Enulislimen on Newfoundland and its valualjle fisheries, nnd prepared the way for other enterprises designed to promote its settlement. Not only so, but Gilbert's attempt at colonisa- tion awoke in the minds of his countrymen that spirit of adventure which led them to plant colonies in New England which have since grown into thi; great Kei)ublio of the United States. 2. Undeterred by the sad fate of Gilbert, his half- brother, Sir Walter Raleigh, obtained a ])atent from Queen Elizabeth for planting colonies in America. In loS^ lie fitted out two ships and founded a colony, whicli he named Virginia, after the maiden queen. No colony can claim to date so far back, and hence it is often called " The Old Dominion." This gallant Englishman stamls ibremost among the colonisers of the New Woild. lie uinlanuredly pursued the.se enterj)rises, and lavished his fortune on them. He dill'used among his countrymen such a kncnv- ledge of America, and such an interest in us tU'stini(\s, as bore abundant fruit long after \\v. was laid in tlu! grave. No bravisr or moie patriotic Englishman evei* lived. No greater disgrace attache(l to the nana; of .iauies ll 11 40 Fisheries. ji ' [15S3- I' l! : ill / ll'l ;i '1 I- iir I., of England, tluui the act of sending to the Ijlock, in his old age, and after twelve year.s' imprisonment, Sir Walter Raleigh, the \gallant soldier, the accomplished scholar, tlie far-seeing statesman, the persevering coloniser. It was not, however, till thirteen years after lialeigh's first etTort that tlie first ])ermane]it English colony was formed in Virginia, in 1620, nnrler a charter from James I. It was ]»]anted at Jamestown, on the shores of Chesa|)eake Bay. 3. For twenty-seven years after tlie failure of Gilbert's expedition, no fresh attempt was made to found a colony in Newfoundland. War between England and Spain broke out in 1584. The bold sea-rover, Sir Francis Drake, was despatched with a small squadron to Newfoundlatid, where he made prizes of a number of Portuguese vessels, laden with fish and oil, autl carried them to England. The attention of English adventurers was once more turned to Newfonnublic mind, that a company was formed to carry out the r of colonists, landed at ^Nlostpiito Cove, near Harbour (.iraee, on the north shoie of Conce[)tiou Bay. Hvvo temporarv habitations weic erected. Bv kindlv and pruileut measures he conciliated the native luiliaus and Ig 161 T).] Fisheries. 49 sp-^iired their friendship. Little is known regarding the liistory of this settlement, which, according to Whithourne's account, continued for four or five years in a fairly prosperous condition. For some unexplained reason, Guy and some of the colonists returned to England, and those who remained moved to other localities. It is not improbable that })iracy was the cause of the failure. In 1612, Peter Easton, a noted pirate, with ten well-appointed ships, made himself complete master of the seas, and levied a general contribution on vessels employed in fishing. He made a descent on Conception Bay, seized a hundred of the fishermen there, and carried them off to man his own fleet. It is not unlikely that the infant settlement of Guy was so harassed and plundered by this freebooter that it was broken up. 8. The year 1613 is memorable as that in which the first child of European [);'.vents was born in Newfoundland. I) es ot iV- ar V. id id 50 Xotrs and Ex/>la)ire in 1055, at the age of liftv-si.x. ! 11 Notes and ExphuKiflnns. oa NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS.— CHAPTER VI. Captain Whitbourne was nonnoctcfl with tli(^ irade of Nt'wtoiiiidlaiKl for forty yeur.-^, and had foi'med a liigh opinion of tlie oapahilitios of the country. His memory desorvos tr bo hehl i i histin;"' rc.-^puct for the riervict'i* ho rondcrcd in drawinj? attention to the i.sland and tirping its colonisation. Like most seamen he had his supci'stitions, and believed firmly in tht> oxi-^tcnoe of mermaids. In his book he gives an amusing acc^ount of seeing one (jf these falmlons creatiii'es in tlie l\:ii'l)oiu' of St. John's. He says it came swimming towanls iiim, "looking eiieei'fully into his face," tlie face, nose, eyes, and forehead beau'^iful as a woman's, with " blue streaks" about tlie h(;ad like hair. This fascinating creature (•amo so boldly and swiftly towards tliC gallant captain tliat he thought f^lie meant to sjiring asliore to him. He had commaiKleil a ship, and fought bravely against the Spanish Armada, l)Ut he tliouglit it )»ru(lent to run when he saw the mermaid appioacliiiig. Perhaps he tlumght she intended to carry him off to her sea eaves. Thi! mermaid tlien swam ■■-way, "often looking back towards me;"' tlie biie.k and shoulders were "white aTid smooth as the back of a man." "Tliis," says the cai)tain, "was, I suppose, a mermaid or merman; but I leave it to otliers to judge.'' 'i'liero can be no doubt that the honest ca])taiu had seen a seal di.-iiorting in tlic waters of tlie harbour in the ha/.e of the UKjrniny, and his excited imagination did the rest. Ferryland is thirty-five miles soulli of St. Jolm's. Avalon was the ancient name of (ilastonbnry. The old Roman town of Veriilam occupied the site there of wliat was afterwards St. Ail»an'ri Al>bey. Calvert, to perpetuate these memories, called his province Avalon and his town Verulam, which was corrupted first into Feriilam and then ii to Feri'yland. Roimv<'astle, however, savs it oriuinal naim^ wa- Forclslaiid, which is applicable to tlie locality. 'I'liis was tiorrupleil into Fii'/iiland. and then into Ferriland, which name it bon^ in tlie days of Calveit, as it is wrillen so in a letter from the place dr.fed KiJ'J. The changes antion.N of tiic original French names are often curious. IJay of Hulls is a eorrni»tion of the French words JJtiif ifis lioiihft. Catalina Harbour, from St. Catlieriu was onuiiiallv namei U.^ by the Spanianls Catalina, being the musi"al Spanish name \'nv ('iilhcrinr, like the Ir, li Kathleen. The French /liii- iP lisihilr i^liay of Hope) is bv C''i'nuitii>n of th iio\v, iiy ci'i'ntptioii o ii.Hue, IJay Despair, 7/ Kir ,1, I. ii rrr i.- Bi IV Deliver. Hnir fr Itialni' has become .Inbboiils. l.niK'f an Ithihlf is Nancy .)ol)l)l(>. It, lie ifi' l'iin.r, r Old Man's Ray, is I5ay-tlie-\'ie\v. Jlaie il'AvU'on is now Aberoon. TwiUingate was originally TunCuiguet, Tidi.se (I I'ltrpnit is Toslleojohn. Iltdn Boi)> i-s iJolioy. 56 Notes and Explanations. Tlio iirc't<(nico of tlic Frcixli in Nowfouudlimd i.s iittosted by countless names of l)lil(•^^'^, .sucli as Notro Daiuc J5ay ; Capo Freehel (now Freels) ; Pliiisantif 01' IMatuiiitia, on account of il^s beautiful situation; St. Jude's (now ('ape Juily) ; 'I'lvpa.si^ey, the Bay of tin; Trepasses, ov All-Souls; Audi(!i'n(' (iiuvv Oderin) ; Cajx- d(! llaz, or Cape Kaco, bare cape (Cape Itace) ; Capo Ray (Rayc), or tsplit cape, from its appearance at sea; IJur-^oo, La Poik', La llnno, Hose Blanclie, and numberless planes on the aout)i(;rn sliore. Formosa, now Fcrmeuso, the beautiful, and Renews, the rocky, must liavi; been named by tlie Portuguese. Ui! ,1 ' I i. I IGOO.l ConteniporaTy Emnts. 57 CHAPTER VII. 1600-1650. Contemporary Events. I'ROGUESS OF THE NKW ENGLAND COLONIES. FKENCII COIONl- SATION IN CANADA AND ACADIA. — CONFLICT BETWEKN ENGLAND AND FRA.NCE IN NORTH AMERICA. 1. We must now ]>aiis(> for a moment, in following the fortunes of Newfonndland, in order to learn what ICnglish- nien had been doing, during the half century from IGOO to lG50j in planting colonies on the shores of North America, and how the French progressed in colonising Canada and Acadia. This is necessaiy in order to understand thoroughly tlu^ history of Nowfjundland. We haye already seen how the first permanent English colony was formed at Jamestown, in Virginia, in 1G07. At tirst it did not [)rospor, and several times it was on the ])(iint of extinction. At length, howeyer, emigrants of a 1 tetter sort found their way to Virginia, and the colony hegan to grow, and s(^veral other towns arose. The early settlers found tobacco in extensive use among the Indiana. When introduced into England it s[)eedily obtained f'a\our. Tlu^ Vii'ginian settlers soon found the cultivation of it a source of great jirofit. in eighty years Virginia nund)ered 50,000 inhabitants. 2, The 21st of I)ecend)er, 1620, was a meinorable (hiy in the history of the New World. On that day a little band of 100, called afterwards " tho Pilgrim Fathers," landed from the Majjiower on Plymouth Ivock, a granite boulder III I'! ' I I «' 58 Co a tempo ra 1 7/ Even ts. [1()00- j . ii R I -i w I on tlie shore ot" Ca})e Cod Bay, wliich is still reverent]}' jireserved 1)} their descendants. They had fled from tyranny and persecution in England, first to Holland, and then they determined to seek for a home and freedom amid the great forests of New England. They had terrible har(lshi[)s and ditliculties to encounter, ])ut they ])ravely on fiv( surmounted them all. Nine years aftei", in IG vessels sailed into Salem Harbour with another band of emigrants on boai'd, direct fi-om Juigland ; and tlio next vear 800 more arrived. These M'ei'e "Puritans" seekinuc freedom of worship and safety from })ersecution. They founded the towns of Salem iind Boston, and the new colony was called Massachusetts Bay. Afterwards Plymouth colony united with this one nndei' the name; of Massa- chusetts — an Lulian word signifying, it is said, "Blue Hills." 3. These were the fir.st of the New England colonies; others s]>eedily followed. Bhode Island was established in 1()36 ; Connecticut in l(l.")8 ; then New Hampshii'e and Vermont. Twenty-four years after the landing of the "Pilgrims" the Dutch discovered the Hudson river, and buili a trading-jiost on jNlaiduittan Island. They called the whole territory along the river "New Nether- lands," and founded a settlement named "New Amsterdam, ' where now stands the great city of New York. 'J'he colony pi-()si»ered. At length, in 1GG4, certain English ships of war entered the bay. New A msterdam surrendered ; the whole colony passed under Briti.di rule, and in honour of the Duke of Yoi'k, afterwards James 11., was named New York. 'I'he southern portion of the territory was named New Jers(>y. 4. Thus rapidly was tlm work of colonisatii>n cairied on, while in Newfoundland so many eliorts at settlement !,'• KioO.] Contemimrary Events. 59 ]»roved un.successful. Peinisylvjiiiiii, Xorth and South Cai'olina, and Georgia "*/ere founded at a l;'ter date. These early New Enghind colonists were men of brave hearts and stiong aims, possessed of a free, bold spirit, with abilitv and dt^te'rmiiiation to niaiiasie their own affairs. They oaiue of their own free choice to make a home for themselves, ;iiid tlnnr rise to strength and greatness was i'a[>id. One noble purjiose these colonists never lost sight of was the education of tlieir children. 'J'liey knew that no success could attend their etlorts if their children wei'e allowed to grow nj) in ignorance. One of their earliest (iffbrts was to establish everywhere couimon schools, in which every child should receive a good education. We need not wonder that colonies ]>lanted by such men soon attained a rol)Ust growth. When, in 1774, the American Revolution began, the thirteen ccdonies had a po})idation of between two and three millions. It is not wonderful that they won their independence. At that time England had but G,Oi 10,000, Scotland 1,000,000, and Irehind 2,000,000 inhabitants. 5. Meantin;e, let us see what }>rogress the French were making in Cansida. We have already seen how tlu'v were led, Ity taking ])arb in the Newfoundland tisheries, to take possession ot" Canada and Acadia. Here they iletei'mined to establish a dominion worthy of the great name of France. No ex})ense was s[)ared to })romote the growth of colonies, which would give them a firm hold on these magniticent possessions. Able and wist* gov(!rnors were aj)i»ointed ; soldiers for defence were furnished ; food was supplii^d in seasons of scarcity. In this way the dominion of Franco gradually extended itself along the St. Jiawrence, amid ceaseless and destructive vars with the native Indians. Qucl)ec and Montreal P! i i 60 Confemporavy Events. [lOOO- 3.. 'hi were foiinded. Fi'oin tin; groat lakes the French pushed their discoveries and explorations do'.vn the Mississippi to the Gulf of ]\Iexico, and claimed the whole territory drained by it and its tributaries. Soon they came in collision with the New Erii^land colonists, who were ex- tending themselves northward, and wanted to secure for themselves the valuable Canadian fur trade. At a later date the two nations also met in the valley of the Ohio, whero the French prohibited the English colonists from trading. Bloody and wasteful wars were carried on, iind both sides endeavoured to secure the assistance of the Indians. The oonllict thus commenced went on for a centiiry and a half, during the greater part of which time England and Frai\ce were at war. England assisted lier colonies in carrying on war against the French, with *he view of yx))elling them altogether from the American continent. The Fi-cnch fought with great bravery in defence of their possessions, but in vain. Gradually their power was v;eakened. One after another their stronghohls were captured ; and at length their last battle was fought on the Heights of Abraham, in 17f)9, and Quebec was taken by General "Wolfe. This wuh one of the decisive l)attles of the woi'ld ; and after it the white llag of France no longer waved on the continent of America. 6, It is not dillieidt to see how i.lie French were driven from Canada. They have never been successful as colonisers. \n the Isew AVorUi they si)ent their strength mainly in military adventures, in discoveries, and trading operations They did little in cultivating the soil and making per- maniint h(.nu>s for themselves. They carried the feudal institutions of old France into the l^anadiau wilderness, and the land \.7is parcelled out among a few nobles, who oppressed the pcojde. ]\rono})olies of trade were given 1650.] Contemporary Events. 61 to favoured individuals. Few Frenclunoii emigrated volun- tarily to Canada, and the colony remained feeble and iinjjrogressive. When the New England colonists had grown to be over a million strong, iho Fi-ench in the valley of the St. Lawrence numljered only sixty-tive thousand. These could not stand before the sturdy English colonists, backed by the military resources of the mother-country. Great names adorn the history of New France, such as Chami)lain, De Monts, Lr Tour, La Salle, Frontenac, Montcalm. These men well sustained the fame of their country, and employed all their genius and bravery in establishing her ])Ower. The self-devotion and zeal of the J«,'suit fathers, in [)rosecuting their missions among the Indians, awaken our atimirution. iJiir all f.iiled in giving Fiance a perniaiifut hold on (.'auad,;. h il I ill if I 'I i !;! li;? n^ J '^ CHAPTER YIII. 1655 -1697. The French in Newfoundland. TLACFONTIA FOUXDKD. FHENCH KFB'ORTS TO GET POSSESSION OF THE ISLAND. — EXPFDITION OF d'iHKRVILLF:. — TRKATV OF RYSWICK. — ITS EFFECT ON NEWFOUNDLAND. 1. The great events referrocl to in the last chapter Were closely connected with tlie history of Newfoundland, and greatly inHuenced the fortunes of the colony. In carrying out their plans for founding an ein})ire in the Xew World, tlie French statesmen were eager for the conquest of Newfound hind. The possession of the island they knew would enable them to control the fisheries, and aiso to command the narrow entrance to the St. Law- rence 'and their ])ossessions in Canada. Hence, they never ceased their efforts to obtain a fuoting in the island; and their j»resence and encroachments were a constant source of annoyance to the English and Irish settlers. 2. In 1G35 the French obtain(;d permission from England to dry fish on the shores of Newfoundland, on ])ayment of a duty of five per cent, on the i)roduce. In IGOO the French founded Placentia, ou the southern coast. Tlie entrance to this beautiful and commodious harbour is a narrow strait, which they defended by the erection of Fort St. I.ouis, a strong foititication that stood at the foot of a rocky height. A French lieutenant-governor was nominated to take command and reside here. In 1675 Charles II. was persuaded by Louis XIV. to give up the Latei K !l! ^ I 1G97.] lite French in XcwfoumUand. G3 tured and burned. The garrison and principal inhabitants were allowed two ships to carry them to England. The rest made their way to Carbonear and Bonavista. D'Iberville then followed u}) his succes.ses by destroving all the Encflish settlemcmts on the eastern coast. Carbonear, however, where the descendants of Guy's settlers had establi.sheol themselves, made a gallant resistance, and beat off the enemy. Bonavista, also, was too strong for him, and made an equally successful resistance. The whole of Newfoundland, wdth the exce[)tion of these two places, was now in the hands of the French. 7. As soon as the news of the hjss of N(;wfoundland III' I ( !■> Ill I* ,K 1697. Xotc'.n\ the bay of that name, on the southern coast, eighty miles from St, Jolin';*. Bay of Bulls, ciulitci'ii niilc- :-i>utli of St. John's. M I : \\ K 66 Condition of the Early Settlers. [1654- '»P i t CHAPTER IX. 1654-1729. Condition of the Early Settlers. SLOW PHOfiRESS OF THE COLONY. ITS CAUSE. UNJUST l^AWS. — TYRANNY BY ACT OF PARLIAMENT. — THE FISHING ADMIRALS Ol'PHKKSION OF THE WEAK.— APPOINTMENT OF THE FIRST GOVERNOIi. 1. While the population of the New En,<,'hin(l colonies "Was iucreasiiii' rapidly, that of Newfoundland li'.ade very •slow proiiiess, though its settlement was of ninch earlier date. In 1(554, sevonty-one years after the ai-rival of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, the island contained a population of only iiaO families, or about ITaO persons. These were distributed in tifteen small settlements alonjj; the e!\stern shore. The ])rincipiil of tiieui were Torbay, C^uitii Vidi, St. John's, Bay of Bulls, Ferryland, Reuewse, Atpniforte. Twenty years later, in 1060, the nsident population was 2280. In eighteen years uu)re these had only increased to 2640, this beiug their lunnher in the year 1098. it nuist be reuieinbered that, in adilition to these, there was a lai'ge llo.iLing population of niany thousands wIk) tVecpicnteil tlie shores during summer, to aid cultivation, the tisheries were luost j>roductive. Out of th(5 many thousauds who visited it, how came it that so few took up their peruian<'nt abode in the ishind / 4 1729.] Condition of the Early Settlers^. 67 There was a very sutHcieiit reason for this, which we must now explain. So far as the English were concerned, the Hsheries Ijad been carried on by merchants, shipowners, and traders who resided in the west of England, They sent out their ships and fishing-crews to Newfoundland early in the summer. The fish caught were salted and dried ashore. When winter approached the fishermen took their departure for England, carrying with them whatever poitiop of the fish had not been i .eviously shij)ped for foreign markets. These English " merchant-adventurers," as they were called, found that it was for their interest to discourage the settle- ment of the country, as they wished to retain its harbours iind coves for the use of their own fisl ing captains and ser- vants while engaged in curing and drying the fish. They got at length to think that the whole island was their own, and that any one who settled there was an interloper who should be driven away. They actually thought it right to keep an island larger than Ireland in a wilderness condition, in order that they might use its shores for drying their fish, and enjoy, in their own country, all the riches thus j^atluired. 3. But, in s})ite of all their ('H'orts, a few hardy, adven- turous [teraons began to form little si^ttlements along the shores. The island had strong attractions for them, and tluiy wanted to maki^ homes for themselves, and comhiiui cultivation of th(! land with fishing, 'i'he fisliing merchants and shipowners took the alarm, and went to war with tlu'se settlers, determined to root tluMU out, or, at all (events, to kee[) their numlx^rs as small as pOHsil)l(\ I'x'ing wealthy capitalists, tluT had ufreat influmiee with the successis'e poor settlers ay: P had none. They were al)le to [(crsuade the English states- men and j)(iopl(! that the fisheries would be ruined if a [I'll \\ 68 Condition of the Early Sdllcr.'^. [1654- resident poj)\iliition should be allowfid to grow ii|t in tlio island, and the tisheries would no longer l)e a nursery t)f seamen for the navy. Further, thay misled the public by representing the island as hopelessly barren, and. in regard to its soil and climate, unfit for hunian habitation. 4. In this way it came about that unjust and injurious laws were enacted by the English government, to prev(;nt the settlement of the islantl, and to keep it foi-t^vcr in the degraded condition of a stage for drying fish. These laws forbade any one to go to Xewfoumlland as a settler, and ordained that all fishermen should return to I'Jigland at the close of each fishing season. Masters of vessels were com})elled to give bonds of £100, binding them to bring back each year such persons as they took out. Sci^tlenient within six miles of the coast was [)rohibited und(!r heavy penalties. No one could cultivate or enclose the smallest piece of ground, (U- cNen rei)air a liouse, wit]u)ut license, which was rarely granted. This oi)pressive policy was maintained for more than a hundred years. 5. Notwithstanding these hardships and discouragements, the sturdy settlers lusld their ground, and slowly but steadily increased in nund)ers. Between them and their opi>r(^«sors a bitter antii)iithy si)rang u[), and it is not wonderful that it should have been so. There must have been among these settlers a manly, independent spirit. Had there not been among them men ])ossi'ssing mu<;h vigour of character and solid worth, they could not have carried on the contest so brav(,'ly against the fishing ■. [)italists, and at last conquered them, and won their freedom. The conllict, however, was very trying, and greatly retarth^l the progress of the colony, entailing terrible siillerings on men who were kept outside the pah) of law, and without any ei\ilising inlluen<.'es. J'inding their own fishery declining, whiUi that carrit'd on I7'2i>.l Condition of the Early Settlers. 09 )»y the settlers was iucreHsini,', in 1G70 the merchant ail ven- turers applied to the Lords of Trade and Plantations, and declared that, unless the settlers were removed, the fisheries would he destroyed. These Lords of Trade immediately sent out Sir John Berry, a naval officer, with orders to drive out the lishermen and burn their dwellinf^s. 6, This barbarous edict was not revoked for six vears. Though it was not strictlv carried into effect, owing to the humane spirit of Sir John Berry, yet it gave the mercantile monopolists such an advantage that, sooi] after, they had 270 vessels and 11,000 men engaged in the fisheries. When the decree to burn and drive away was recfdled, strict orde»\s were given that no farther emigration to the doomed island shoidd be allowed. At length the Lords of Trade relaxed so far as to allow 1000 persons to reside in Newfoundland, as they might be useful iti building boats and l:shing stages, and t -king care of pi'operty. TIk; I'epressive policy reached its luiight when a certain ALijor Elford, lieutenant-governor at St. John's, veiy stronglv urged the ministers of the dav *' to allow no woman to land in the island, and that means .should 1)0 adopted to remove those who were there." It does not appear that any one tried to carry out this sweep- ing proposal. 7, As years rolled on, though the settlers were increasing in numbers and importance, they were as much as ever at the tender mercies of the mtu'chants. One of the enactments of the notable Star Chamber, in the reign of Charles 1., was, that if a per.son in Newfoundlaml killed another, or stole tJie valuta of forty shillings, the offender was to be sent to i'lngland, and, on conviction of either offence, to be hanged. Another law was tiiat the master of the lirst ship entering a harbour was to bo aduural for the s(!as(Ui ami magistrate of the district, with unlimitetl power to decide all questions 70 Condition of the Early Settlers. [iCw-t^ re<,'ardiug property a)ul all other disj)ute.s. Thus arose government by the Fishing Admirals, perhaps the most aVjsurd and tyrannical pi-etenee at the administration of justice ever put in practice. 8. In 1G98, in tlie reign of "William III., this arrange- ment was contirmed and extended in an Act ])assed by the British ParUament. In this statute, which long obstructed all imj)rovement in the country, it was ordained that the master of a vessel arriving tirst in a harbour was to be admiral for the season, and was allowed to take as much of the beach as he chose, for his own use. The masters of the second and third vessels arriving at the same harbour were to be vice-admiral and rear-admiral, with similar privileges. No attention was paid to the (jualitications of these admirals. The tirst rude, ignoivint skipjjer who made a short passage, was absolute ruler for the sctison. Tliey were the servants- of the merchants, and therefore personally interested in (piestions of j)roj>erty that arose. They were the enemies of the poor residents, whom they v/anted to trample out. 9. The triumph of the merchants over their fellow- subjects in this lone isle was now as complete as that of st warrior who storms a city. Their servants, the Fishing Admirals, took possession of the best fishing-stations, drove out the inhabitants from their own houses, gardens, and iishing-grounds ; took bribes when determining casi\s, and carried on, for l<»ng years, a system of robbery and ojtpression. All accounts agree in re[)res<3nting them as at once knaves and tyrants, though, no doubt, theio were individual exceptions. 10. In vain did the resident people, groaning under the lash of these potty tyi'ants, |tetition the Lords of Trade, and lay before tluiui their grievanci^s. The mei-chaiits wore aide- to get their petitions thrown aside with contempt. Agaiih it, 1729.] ComVition of the Early Settlers. 71 ai id igain they asked for the appointment of a governor to i-egiilate the affairs of the ishmd. That, of all others, was a measure the merchants and ship-owners dreaded. It might disturb t.ieir jjleasant monopoly, and weaken their control over the fisheries . A governor might take the part of the settlers ; and they stoutly resistt'd his appointment. What they wanted was, as one of their own party ex})ressed it, " that Newfoundland should always be considered as a great English ship, moored nea»* the Banks, during the lishing season, for the convenience of Enjilish fishermen." 11, During this hard struggle tlie lot of these jwor fishermen must have been very bitter. It is not wonderful to find thiit numbers of them, utterly disheartened, escaped to America, and there aided materially in building up the New England fisheries. In their little wooden handets, sprinkled along the sea margin, their outlook was dreary enough. They had but a bare subsistence. They had no schools for their childreti, and no ministers of religion among them. All around were the dense woods, extending to the sea-shore, with a few paths cut through them. Before them was the great ocean, from which alone they were ])ermitted to draw their means of subsistence. Tlieir treatment was so hai'sh thiit if, in these days, the inmates of a prison or a woi'khouse were to he treated in like fashion, the public would raise a shout of indignation. How could they advance in any of the ai'ts of civilised life ? 'I'hey still hold on, how- ever ; and, conscious that they had right on their side, they courngeously rcsistiHl their sellish ojipressors. The day of deliverance at last dawned. The Bi'itish government at length found out that they had been misled and deceived by tlie i-epresentations of inteiested, selfish men, l)oth in regard to the country and its tisheri(!S. Kesti'ictions 0!i the st^ttle- ment of the island were slowly renu)ved one after iinother. i 1 72 Condition of ihc Ediiy Setth'ri^. [1654- ,r '■■ TIk! oUnoxious statute of Williiiin IIF, was, however, left iiiir()j>oal(Kl, and greatly liiiidered iiiiproveinents. It was not till less than eigiity years ago that the last of these (iiijust laws was repealed, and i)eoj)le were allowed to possess land and build houses, and take suuio steps towards self- government. 12. The change for the better was brought about by the oouunodores and ca[»tait»s of the royal shii)s, which were pei'iodically appointed to this station. They saw the terrible injustice whicii was inflicted on a patient, inolfensive peoj)le. One of theui, named Lord Vere Beauehn'k, a clear-headed, l»enevol(Mit nobh;maii, made sucli strong rej>reseutations to the Board of Trade, that they apj)ointed Captain Henry Osborne to Ite the first governor of Newfoundland. The merchants protested against the a])p(»intnient, but in vain, riu! new governor arrived in il'Jd. 13. A new era now l)egan. Ntjwfoundland, for the first time, was recognised as a British colony. Though the Wishing Admirals were not abolisheil till long afterwards, they were now undtu* control, and theii* power was more limited. The suflei-ings of the peo])h^ were not ended, but they were diminished. The naval government of the island, under admirals and captains of the ! British navy, now began, ami was continutid for many yeais. Jt was far from being the most desirabh^ way of governing a colony ; but it was a great improvement on anything yet enjoyed. The new system at least prepared the way for a h)cal civil government, ami finally for j>olitical freedom. In 1729, when the; first govei-nor arrived, the resident population had grown to bo tiOOO strong. 14. Whatever nuiy have been the wrongs inflicted on the early settlei's, we should clearly understand that no man or bodv of men, no\.' li.ing, should be held accountiiblo for 1729.] yofes unci Explanations. 73 wliat was done in those distant days. The injustice of fofnier ages has happily ])een rectified. The niereliants and ca])italists of to-day are men of a very different s])irit, and are in a very different position from those who once carried on the fisheries froni England. They have no connection witli old oppressions. Between them and the peo})le of to-day the relations are cordial and friendly. Both can now unite for the advancement of their common countiy. Kesertinents and animosities between the two classes are, happily, things of the past. NOTES AND i:\i'L\XAl'10NS.-CII.\PrKK I X. Lords of Trade and Plantations.— This Board was ( rcatcd to takes charge of tlio ciiloiiie.s hi America, Ijut was of no .sei'vidi; to tliciii. In niio of his spoechos in the House of ( 'oinnions, Burke said of it : '' Tliis Board is a sort of temperate bed of indui'uce — a sort of gently-ripening liot- liouse --where eiiilit members of Parliament receive salarieri of a tiKMisaud a year for a given time, in order to mature, at a proper season, a claim to two tlKuisand, granted fordoing h^ss, and on the credit f)f having toiled bo long in the infciinr labni'ious department." " It is a Board which, if no/ misrh'wrotis, is of no itsc ut. aUy This Board issvied the inliiiman oi'der to Sir John Berry to burn the houses of the residents in Newfoundhmd and drive out tlie settlers. In 1(J7<', six yeai's after. John Downing, a resident, by his strong appeals, succeeded in proeuriug an order from tlie king to annul it. Sir Joshua Cliilds, the j)rineipal nien'hant connec^ted with the fisheries in England, was the means of procuring this bai'barous edict from the Lords of Trade. He must have realised much wealth from th{> fisheries, foi-, when his daughti'r married liie eldest son of the Duke of Bcanfoit, he gave Iht a ]iortion of X')0,l)i)(). He had lisli-jxinds in Ejjping Forest, ''many miles in cirunit." He was also engaged in the East India frade. I .: I« 74 Efforts to Conquer Kevjfoundland. [1097- :!i 1 1 1 CHAPTER X. len? - 1764. Renewed iiLorti> IHe French to Conquer New- fcu..dland. TRKATY OF UTRE(;UT. DISPUTES CONXECTKD WITH IT. CONFLICT BKTWEKN THE GOVEIiXOUS AND FISHING ADMIKALS, — COMMISSION OF OYER AND TERMINER. 1, We must now take \\\) the }ii,story of the isUind from the treaty of RysNvick, in 1G97. Tl»e thirty years which followed constituted the dai-kest and dreariest period in tlie (!\])erience of the oi)i)rt'Ssed settlers, Tluur difficulties and sufferings were such that it seems marvellous that they were not driven to settle in some more favourable rt'gion, and to abandon in despair the effort to make homes for themselves in Newfoundland. 2, The })eae(' between KMgland and France, secured by the treaty of liyswiek, was of short duration. In 1702, in the commencement of (^ueen Anne's reign, wai" recommenced. The French were strongly estal)lished in Placentia and other jdaces along the HOtithern shore. Froiii these centres they carried on their fisheries round the island, and greatly interfered with the English and r(\sident fishermen. Captain Leake, a distinguislied naval officer, was sent to check tlieir encroachments. He destroyed stsveral of their settlements on the southern shore, and dismantled tluur fortifications at the Island of St. Pierre; l>ut he left them still in ptissession of their chief stronghold, I'laeentia. An unsuccessful uttein[)t was. mad the leni St. thp 17r)4.] Efforts to Conquer Keiufoundland. 75 made to reduce tliis ])lace in the following year. Then the French became bohler -id more couHdent, and at length determined to sei/e the whok^ island. They attacked 8t. Jolm's, but were there repulsed. Then they assailed thf^ sniar ir ^.vittlements, burning and destroying, inflicting great miseiies on the j)e()j)le, and carrying otF a number of tiieni as })risoners. L^n«ler the protection of their war- vessels, they carried on their fisheries in the northern harbou's. A force was organised in St. Jolm's liich made a successful raid nj>on these French \var-shij»;: v i captured six out often of them. Tavo years after, . \'t .t, the Frencli, in the middle (»f winter, despatch ' a *"jrce from Placentia, which landed within fifteen miles »ador, in 18l}8, on the 8ubjei;t of the French claims to an exchi-jive litfliing right in Newfoundland, may be regarded as c(jnclusiv('. In it he says : " The IJritish Government has never under.^tood the declaration to have had for its object to deprive the Briti.-ih subjects of the right to participate with tlu; Freiich in faking fisli at sea off that coast, provide' thev did so without interrupting tlie French cod-fishery." lie further st,. s tliat in no public doi'unient or Act of Parliament " do(>s it appear that ti. ■ light of French subjects to an exclusive fishery, eitlier of cod-fish (U" fish I'l'iicrally. is sjiccificallv recognised." [[trecht is the ■ ipital of tht; Dutch province of that name, which lies botweeii Holland, Geldcrland, and the Zuyder-Zee. The city is divided into two parts by the Rhine. At th(! IJritish minister's house in Utreclit, in 1713, was signinl the treaty which ended " the War of the Spanish .Succession," or, as it is called in America, "Queen Anne's War." 'i !i>; Duke of Marlborough's great victories were Hlenlunm (1701); K.uii.iijd (nOGI; Oudenurae (1708) ; Malplaciuet (1709). 80 "The Seven Yedrii War,'' [1 :,-)(;. C H A V T E R X I. 1756-1775. *'The Seven Years War." CAI'ITl'I.A'CIOV OK LOUISHUKO AND (^l IMilii . (APTL'IIR OF ST. jftiix's liY Tin: FKi.N('ii.--Trn;ii{ i;\i'ui„sion'. — tkkatv (»f I'AKIS. — J.AIiKADOK ADDF.I) TO NKWFOUN DLAM). — IN'l'lUJ- DrCTfON (»F CUSTOMS ANI> TIIK XAVICATIOX LAWS. — KKI.KMOrS INT()LFltAN(M': IN N KWFm M » N \ M). 1, TiiF tiiuil stnii^'iilo Itctwccii Miiulaiid iind l''r;ince for ^lic control ot" Noitli AiiR'vii'ii coiiiiiienci'il in I Tod. 'J'lio contest is known as " 'l'h(^ Seven Years' War." Warlike opoi'ations on l»oth sides Ijci^an on sea and land ; hut the cliief Uattlo-v Franco, The miiiiaiy command of tills e\]iedition was ^ivtu to Cohjnel .Jellrcy Andiersi* Colonel James Wolt'e beinj; second inconniiand, and Admiral Tioscawim commander of the fle"t. ]jouisl)uri^ was captured, and two years afterwards tla^ fortilications of that formidable fortress were ra/ed to the t,'round. The crow iiini,' (expedition in IT-")'.' was dii-ected against (.^>neliec. Wolfe, who had ureatlv disiiniiuislied himself for Itiavei'v and skill at the sieye of Lnuishur:,', was placed in su|)i'em(! command. C»>ueliec fell, and Wolfe "died happy," in tlie moment of victory, on the IMains of Ai)raham. The pouer of l^'rancci in tlie New World was completely hrokeii. The whole of North Ameiica passed into the possession of the IJritish crow II. H I I ! 1775.1 ''The Seven Years War." 81 II 2. Though the Flench h.ul now lost the inagniHe<'nt cohjny of CVuiiiihi. they still chinij most tenaciously to the idea of connueriui;' and holding Newfoundland. They knew its value, in connection with the pi'osecution of tlieii" lisheiies. which they still looked to as the great tituning school for their seamen. Accordingly, in 1762, they resolved on another expedition for the conquest of the islarid. A strong naval squadron was collected at Brest, and on the 2-tth of June it ai'rived at the Bay of Bulls. Here a force was landed, which marched overland, and surpi-ised and over- powered the small gaifison at St. John's, consisting of Itut sixty-three men. The French then proceeded to strengthen the fortifications. Their fieei --nchored in the harbour. They succeeded, soon after, in capturing Carbonear and Trinity, and devastated the trade and iisheries, inflicting great snflerings on the j)eople. ('aptaiu Graves, the governoi", was then on his way out from England to the ishmd. On the Banks he was met by a sloop, whicii informed him of the capture of 8t, John's. lly this vessel lie immediately sent despatches to Lord (^^olville, commandiu- at Halifax, who at once sailed with a strong naval force, and blodcaded the harbour of St. Johns, where the French fleet lay. 3, Meantime Goviu'iior Graves landed at Placentia, and proceeded to }mt the fortifications, which were in a ruinous state, in a pi'oper condition of defence, i^ord (Jolville was speedily joined by Colonel Amherst, with 800 Highlanders, from lioui.sburg. These troops were landed at Torbay, six miles north of St. John's, under a heavy fire from the Fr(!ncli. They advanced on the capital, ovei- hills and very di'licult ground, suH'ering from a continual bush-tire from the French, who had taken t(» th(5 woods. The gallant Highlanders then iiisheil on (he sti-ong |>ust of Quidi Vidi, 82 " The Seven Years' War:' [i7r>6. I M which tliey Ciifiiccl .sword in hund. Signal Hill, a lofty eminence overlooking the harhour, was held hy the Fi-ench, in considerabh; force. Led hy Captain Macdonald, the Highlanders charged np the rugged iieights, in the face of a heavy fire from the enemy ; and the hill was taken V)y stoi-m. The brave leader and his lieutenant both fell mortally wounded. Four men were killed in the final assault, and eighteen wounded. In all, the English lost twenty nuMi. 4. The Fri^nch fieet were now slmt in the harltour by Colville's blockading squadron, and their surrender seemed inevitable, lint at this critical time a, storm arose wiiich drove oil" the iMiglish ships, 'laking advantage of this, and favouicil by ;i fog. the French fieet put to sea and escape(l. The garrison, after a brief struggle, surrendfM-ed, on conay to the mouth of the J\lississip])i. Fi-anc*; renounced all claims to (Canada, Acadia, Cape J>reton, and Newfoundland. Unfortunately, howe\oi', this treaty <'onlirmed and extended *.he French lishing privileges in Ntfwfoundland, which liad be(ui secured by the treaty of Utrecht. The islands of St. Pierre and ]\li(pielon, at the mouth of l^'oi-tuuf! iJay, were transferred to France as a sheltv r loi* her tisiievmen, on condition that nn fortifi- cations wei'(! to 1)0 erected, and that only a guar r rt^nch on the island, in connection with tlnai- fisheries, and led to perpetual i li a n:.").] " TJif Scrrn IVn'.s' War." 83 Jcalotihics iiiid discords, gi-piitly I'etarding the progi-ess of the country. 6. In oi'der to establish at T^abrador a free fishery, open to all British subjects, tlu; whole of its extensive coast was placed ujider the care of the Governor of Newfoundland, whose title henceforth was to be " Governor and CoTutnander- in-chief in and over the island of Xewfoundland, and of all the coast of Lal)rador, from the entrance of Hudson's Bay to tlie river of St. John's, opposite the island of Anticosti." This addition conferred increased importance on tht; govern- inent of the colony, and led its peo|)1e, in after years, to prosecute the valuable fisheries at Lal)rador, where, at the present time, one-third of all the cod-fish exported is taken. 7. Another important step in advance was taktm in IT'il-. On th(i representation of the Boan' of Trade a collector and <-outroller of customs for Newfoundland was api)ointed, and th(^ navigatioti laws wein; extend(!d to the island, which Wiis now formally declared to be '* oju; of His Majesty's IMan- 'tations " or colonies. 'J'his was a fatal blow to th(; (jld system, by which it was kept merely as a fishing-,station for the benefit of a few monopnlists. 8. A i-eiisus was taken at the close of 1763, from which it apjteared tiiat th(! po[iulation of the island urimlxTed 1.").112. Of these, T'/iit) were constant residents in the island, of whom 47!).") were Koman Catholics and -70.') were Protestants. The cod-iisheiy was in a thriving liondition, .S8(l,ll71 (piintals of cod having been made that yt ai', of wliicli two thirds were caught and cured l>y the resident population, who were gra of provisions. In 1765 the export of cod was 41)3,654 'piin- tals, being an increase of 145,360 quintals in two years. There was, of course, a corresponding increase in the wealth and geneial comforts of the people. 9. But, tliough improvements were thus slowly making way, the social condition of the people was still deplorable. The administration of justice, especially in the outlying settlements, was very defective. The magistrates were often ignorant, incompetent men, who were grossly partial in their decisions, and at times open to bribery. The high charges by emi)loyers for advances in food and clothing, at the com- mencement of the tishing season, often left little at the close to enable the i)oor tishermen to ])rovide necessaries during the long winter. Too often the fishermen found thenis<;lves in debt when the season's work was over. Tempted by want, some of these were guilty of acts of violence or theft ; others fled to New England to escape the miseries of theii- condition. As yet no one could own any portion of the land for purposes of cidtivation ; and if any one enclosed a plot of ground it was lawful for any other who chose to take down such fences and enclosures. The stormy ocean alone was free to the people ; and on its uncertain harvests they had to subsist. The wealth won by \heir toil did not remain in the island, but went to enrich oth ji' countries. We must admire the b})irit and ener^'v of a f eople who, amid these hardshijjs and tyrannies, c jntinut^u to cling to the soil, and ')i>ively (Pioneered the way for happier generations. 10. But at this time another bitter and shameful j«';reditMji \'':!8 uJch 1 to tlicir social opijrcssions. I'oligions mtuh-rauai and persecution l)r()ke out, and for over thiily I; 177.-).] 77/ f? Scceii y ars W (ir 85 ypars continued to exert a biuieful influence on society, and to sow the seeds of bitterness and strife. The objects of this intolerance were the adherents of the Rinnan Catholic faith, and tliose who subjected them to persecution were the ruling authorities of the colony, who then wielded despotic power. We wh.o live in hap])ier and more enlightened days now look back with sorrow and shame upon these deeds of intolerance, whicii wo see to have been wrong .and unjust. Tlie inter- course with Ireland had led to the settlement in Newfound- land of numl)ers of Irish, and these; were constantly increas- ing. Souie of them had fled from the op])ression of penal laws in their own land ; but the exiles met the same spirit of intolerance in this distant colony. The successive governors appear to have regarded these Irish emigrants with dislike and distrust; and, in order to discourage their coming, and to lessen their numbers, laws were en'».cted to piTvent them from enjoying the exercise of their religious woi'.sLip. Priests could only enter the country iu Hsguise ; and, if discos ercd when engaged in the administration of the rites o^ their religion, were liable to be arrested. -Masters of ships wei'e ordered to carry back such Irish passe^igers as they brought out at the; close of each hsidng season. Thesv- harsh and unjust i-egulations continued to be enf ced by successive governors. As usual, persecution : iled to accomplish its objiict. I'hnigrants continued to ai ' ive from Ireland iu spite of the disabilities under which tlu ulherentH nf ('ath<)licism laboured. Their clergy f()llo^ d them in disguise, and secretly ministered to their (locks. At length a b«^ttei' spiiit prevailed. In 1781: a royal proolanuition ended for ever religious persecution. Liberty of conscience was granted, and tlu; free exercise of their modes of worship was secunul to Kouuiri Cathf)licH. 11, In judging of thesi! errors of the past, let us remember 86 Kotps and E applanations. [1775„ ^11 'it that the })rincij)les of i-eligious freedom are of very slow gi'owth, and even yet are far from being fully recognised in many Clii'istian countries. When these pers(icutions were going on in Newfoundland the spii'it of intolerance was- strong in England, and nsligious freedom was neither under stood nor i)ractised. The very men who were most conscien- tious in maintaining their own religious views were often tlie most zealous in })Utting down all who differed from thrju. A'ery few had yet learned to acknowledge the great principle that men have a right to worship God according to the way they believe to be best. Souie claimed toleration for them- selves, but were unable to discovcn" that jx'oph' who ditl'erecl fj'om them were as truly entitled to be tolerated as they themselves were, 12. Our condemnation of these acto of intohn-auce in the- ])ast should l)e mingled with })ity for those who were so blinded as to be guilty of them. Those who now enjoy a clearer ligiit should never lose sight of the great truth that nu^n sliould be free to hold their own religious views, and to- Avorshij) in the way which their consciences apprcne. Ifthi.s be acted on, harmony, kindness, and mutual good-will auu)ng nil classes of worshippers will prevail, and sectarian strileti and persecutions will be unknown. fl'yt \ NOTKS AM) EXlM.ANAriOXS.-CIIArTKU Xi. William Pitt. —]5i>ni in 170S: died 177S. Ihi was duc oi' tlu' iiiD.^t; ( luiiH'iiL of Eii^lif*!! i^tatot^iuon. lit; was notod for his brilliant powcis of (lcl)at(', his chxiueiico, and llie ki'fiiuess of his siu'casiu. Hi' ciiicivd ParliaiiKMitbd'oriUicwas t\V(>iity-on(' years ola^c, and took the lead ai^ainsi Mr ll(jlx'rt Walpolc. lie o\v<.s his (;hi"f fame as a niiiiistcr to Ids coiidiicl ot till' war in wlui.'li hi' fiamd his country iiivolvrd wlim Ice was cdli'd lo. the head of ulTairs. In ITtiiJ lu' r(!tir<'d fi'oai tiu' House of Comnions -tiiu- K'fiu^ of liis j;iiii'y and wont to tiic House of Iva'ds as J''.arl of Cluitiiaia- He was hurled in Westminster Abl)ey, and a niontinient was civcii d to Ids nieiniwy at the puldic cxixinsc. His dislinmiisiicd son, tiic iUi^lit iioimnr- li III Notes and Explanations. 87 fililc William Pitt, bociimo prime minister in 1783, when but twenty-four years of iif^e ; fi jiost whicli lie held lor seventeen years, (lurin<;- a most jiiimientous period in the history of Enyhmd. He died in 180(J, ut the age of forty-seven. General Wolfe.— Born at "Westerham, in Kent, m 17-7. Ho dis- tinguished himself in continental wars. Thedisoerninf? ej'e of Pitt selected him for the preat (Miteri)ri>e ap,ainst Quebec. On the nij,'ht of Seiitember I'J, 17o9, Wolfe, with a detaehment of his troops, embarked in boats on the St. Lawrence, bound on the desperate entoi'prise of scaling the Ileif^hts of Abraham. The ni;;|it was clear and calm. "Wolfe was in the foremost boat, and as the flotilla dri/ppcd down with the tide, his low vtiice was beard repcatinp- to his oi1icer.s the stair/as of " (Jrey's Elt'sy in a C'o.mtry Cliurchyard," which had recently appeared. It may be that a presenti- ment of his own approaching death gave a mournful ]>atho,s to his voice iis lie uttered the tomOiing words, " The paths of glory lead but to the grave." When he had finished, he added, " Now, gentlemen, I woidd laliier have written those lines than take Qn(>bec to-moi I'ow." When the i~un rose next morniiig the Fri'nch saw with astonishment the I'lains of Abiahani glittering with arms, and the British gat'-ep >' in battle array. The gallant Montcalm marched out to meet his foe. '^dl J', inleading on bis soldiers, fell mortally wounded. Ere he breathed his last, one of his ollicers exclaimed, " See, they run ! " " Who run ? " asked Wolfe. " The enemy; tliey give way everywln re." "N(nv, (iod be prai.si'd," said the hero; " 1 (Xiv. ha])i>y.'" Montcalm was al.'^o fatally wounded. Being told lie coidd not live long, he replied, " So much the better. I shall not livi; to .'^ee the surrender of Qu<'bec." "Tlii^ victory on the Plain.-, of Abraham and the downf:dl of (Juebec,'' .•-■ays Parkman, " lilled all J'lngland with jiridtt and exultation. From noi'th to :()utli the land bla/.ed with illuminations, and resounded Mith the ringing of bells, the tiring of guns, and the shouts of the multitude. In one village alone all was dark and silent amid the general joy, for there dwelt the mother of Wolfe. 'I'he pojmhuc, witli unwonted delicacy, respected her lonely sorrow, and forbore to obtrude tlie .sound fif their rejoicings upon the grief for one who had been llirough life her pride and solace, and had repaid her love with a tender and constant devoti(m." Wolfe fell at tlie early ag(^ of thirty-four. His remains w.'ie brought to England, and inti-rred at Gri'euwi: U> the relief of St. Jolni's, was Captain Cook, afterwards celebrated tor his voyages round the world. He then lield tlio i)osition of "'master" (in board the fl:ig-sliip, having entered the navy as a cummon sailor. (Jovernor Graves liml tornied a high oj)inion (it Cook, and secured f(»r ";im the coiiduet ni a naval survey of Xewfoundlaud, on whieii he spent .iirei- years. His chaits of thl)ell was ajjpointed govei-nor of the island. The increasing im))ortanc(^ of its trade and fisheries had le(l to the appointment of oihcers of a higlier rank than tliat of captains and commodores to take charge of its government, the first of whom was llear-Admirid ]Monta<;ue. Governor Camp- hell proved to he a man of an enligiittmed and liberal sj>irit. To him the ])eo])le were indel)ted for terminating the I'eign of religious intolerance and ])ersecution. He issued an oi'der, in 1781, to all magistrates throughout the island, which j-an as follows: "Pursuant to the king's instructions- to me, you are to allow all pei-s(>ns inhabiting this island to have full liberty of constrience, and the free e.x of all such modes of religious worsiiip as are not ])rohibited by law, pi'ovided they be content with a (juiet and peace- iilde enjoyment of the same, not giving oilence or scandal' to government." I'he - n which witnessed this happy ehange brought tlu^ Pvev. Dr. O'Donnell, a Konian Oatiiolic ch'i-gyman. to the islaixl. He at onc«? obtained full libei-ty to erect a place of worsliip, to celebrate mai'i'iages, and to perform all the rites and ceremonies of his churclu ,%. ^. *>, .^, «►. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 1^128 |2.5 ia||22 £ m 2.0 U ill 1.6 V] 'a '■y "^? %. ^J^ ^e' ^V'* /^ '> > OT -(^ Photographic Sciences Corporation ^^ 4^ <\^ \\ ^s^ ^o ^ 6^ as WEST MAIN STRUT WEBSTIR. NY. 14580 (716) S72-4S03 # 'I* 4' '« fZ 92 Pallisers Act [1775- :-i» m\ 'i ] H(i Wiis the fii'st authorisay of Bulls, and, after this small exploit, disappeared. No hostile force has, since that exciting day, fired the warlike ardour of the iidiabitants or threatened the peace of the rising «ettl(»ments. 9, The gigantic struggh; between Kugland and France, which did not end till IS 1 4, gave a remarkable impulse to the prosperity of the colony. KiUgland was mistress of the seas; the French could no longcu' prosecute the fisheries on the Banks or around tin? shores (>f the island. The supply of the fish-nuirkets of FiUrope fell exclusively into the hands of the Newfoundland merchants. Fish rose to an unprece- dented j)rice. In 1799, 400 vessels were engaged in the trade of the coiuitry, and about 2000 boats. The export of tish reached f)00,()00 quintals. The capital invested in the lisheiies of cod, salmon, and seals was not less than i'jMii 1814.] Pall 180) 's Act. 95 to tho on ply nds 3ce- Itho )ort in IliUl £1,500,000 sterling. The seal tisliery, which had before been prosecuted only on a small scale, now attained large dimensions, and brought in much wealth. In 1801 the number of seals taken wsis 106,739. Population rapidly iucreased. In 1804 the resident population was 20,380, while the fishermen who returned to England at the close of the season numbered over 4000. In 1807 the population of St. John's had risen to 5000, and in 1812 to 7075. The war between Eugland and the United States, which Itegan in 1812, removed the competition of AnuM-ieau fishermen, and a complete monopoly of European tish- niarkets followed. Fish rose to three times its usual price, reaching at length 45.'*. sterling per quintal. The tisluM-ies, too, were aV)undant during several years. The wages of the tishermen increased in proportion. Large ntimbers of emigrants arrived from Ireland. In 1814, 7000 came, and the following year 4000 more. From 1812 to 1810 the population of St. John's nearly doubled. Princely fortunes were made by the cai)italists engaged in the tisiieries, many of them securing from 60,000 dols. to 100,000 dols, of profits in a single season. Persons who commenced the business entirely destitute of capital shared in these enormous gains, and accumulated hirge fortunes in a short period. In 1814, the quantity of fish exi)orted was over 1,200,000 (piiutaU, of the value of more than 12,000,000 dols In 1815 the* t^xport was almost as large. But if the war rai.sed wages, it also immensely incr(.'ased the price of all the necessaries and luxuries of life. Flour was £8 per barrel ; pork .£12 per barrel. The fishermen sj)ent their wages lavisldy at the stoi'es of the merchants, never dreauiing that tlas good times were not to last forever, or that a fearful eomuuMcial crash, destined to cause much sulfering. was at hand. 10. During those years of [)roHperous lisheries am 1 l! > i! if 1 1 1 f I: ( I ] ' I it 96 PalUsrrs Act. [1775- increahiing population — from 1796 to 1811 — improvements of various kinds were slowly working their way. But the old restrictive system was still maintained in full force, and prevent;;d the jjeojjle from cultivating the soil, making comfortable homes for themselves, and securing their indepenilence. The vast wealth realised by the lisheries went to enrich other lands. None of it was spent in tiie improvement of the island or for the promotion of civilisa- tion among its resident population. No other British colony was ever dealt with so harshly. Millions of money were lavished in promoting the settlement of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Canada; but not oidy was encourage- ment denied to settlers in Newfoundland, l>ut all grants of land were sternly refused. 11, Many of the governors who were appointed, and who held office for three or four years each, were enlightened and humane men, and quite alive to the (nils of the system and the miseries which it caused. But they were naval officers, who resided only a few months each year in the island. Naturally they were inclined to sustain the old order of things, which regarded the country as a fishing- station and a training port for seamen, not as a home for a civilised community. They, therefore, strictly enforced the policy which reserved the shores of the island for the use of the migratory fishermen from England, and denied all applications for land grants^;. 12. As an illustration of the working of the system, two instances may be mentioned. In 171)0, Governor Milbanke discovered that a house had been erected in St. John's without i)ermission. He immediately issued orders to the sheriff to [>ull it down, declaring that no property in land would bo allowed except it were actually employed in connection with the fishery. In 17DI) Governor Wuldegrave * ! 1814.] Pallisers Act. 97 found, on his return from his winter sojourn in England, that a fence and two sheds had been put up during hi.s absence. He sharply rebuked the sheriff for his laxity, and ordered both erections to be removed. Yet he was an intelligent, humane man, and was the first to institute charitable societies for the relief of the ]>()or, with wiiose deplorable condition he showed much synij)athy. He also did what he could to promote education, and he secured tlie erection of a new church in fet. John's. But the governors of those days considered that loyalty to England obliged them to enforce the harsh system, however hardly it pressed on the people. 13. Good influences, however, were at work among the ])eople, who had long been suffering from social disadvantages. In many of the smaller settlements successive generations had hitherto lived and died without education, ur almost any religious instruction. It is not wonderful that, among a people so circumstanced, irreligion, immorality, and dis- order should have prevailed more or less. J3ut now a change for the better commenced. Churches had })een springing up in various localities, and, in connection with these, secular and Sunday schools were ojiened for the education of the young. Clergymen, both Protestant and Catholic, left the old country to minister to the spiritual wants of the long-neglected people. Amid hardshijis and privations of the severest kind, these good men toiled with commendable devotion among their flocks. Under all theses beneficial influences a striking change for the better was gradually effected. 14. A serious alarm was created, in the year 18U(J, by the discovery of a mutinous })lot among the soldiers stationed at St. John's, composing the Royal Newfoundland Regiment, which had been enlisted chiefly from among the poi)iilace. :n ll^ 98 FalUscrs Act. niio. .;.' .1 { 1 1 1:^ 1^ The conspirators appear to have had sympathisers aiul adherents among the more turbulent and ignorant of the lower classes, who were prepared to act in concert with the mutineers. Their plan was to desert with their arms, and, being joined with their friends outside, to ]>lunder St. John's, and afterwards escape to the United States. Had the cons})iracy not been detected in time, terrible i-eaults would have followed, involving robbery and as.sassination. The discovery of the plot was made by the Roman Catholic bishop. Dr. O'Donnell, who promptly informed the com- manding olHcer of the impending jteril. Prompt nusasures were taken. The rinfjleaders among the soldiers were tried by court-martial and executed. The regiment was relieved by another from Halifax, and the alarm speedily subsided. All classes felt and acknowledged the debt of gratitude duo to Bishop O'Donnell fur his conduct on this occasion, To mark tlnsir sense of his patriotic conduct, the British Government bestowed on him a pension of o£50 pci- annum, an inade(piate reward for such an important sei-vice. 15. During the administration of Governor Sir Ei-asmus Gower, which commenced in 1804, a vtuy im| ortant improvement was etfected in St. John's. Previous to this time the ])rincipal buildings of the town were huddled into a small space, extending around the margin of the harboui*, and at no great distance from high-water mark, there being no permission to erect i)ernianent dwellings elsewhere. Governor Gower succeeded in obtaining the consent of the British Ministry to a new arrangement, by which the groimds near the water were reserved for the purposes of a mercantile port, and the land higher up was sold in small lota for the erection of houses. The improvement of the town dates from this more liberal arrangenuMit. The pro- hibition against building had led to the erection of wooden 1814.] P all her s Ad. 99 imts in a narrow space, and in such a way as to present a •continual danger from fire. In one place the thoroughfare was not more than six feet wide. All the streets were narrow, unpaved, and unlighted. 16. Thus the old system of prohibiting the erection of houses without a written permission fi-oni the governor at last received its death-blow. Governor Sir John Thomas Duckworth, who arrived in 1810, carried out this great improvement by leasing the ground around the harbour for wharves and sites for mercantile premises. At the close of liis term of office he reported to the British Government that the resident population had now so largely increased that the fisheries were mainly carried on by them, and that it was vain to attempt lessening their numbers or checking their increase. He recommended that all in)pediments to the cultivation of the soil siiould be removed, so that the population might provide for their wants by agriculture as well as fishing. His successor was autiiorised to carry out these suggestions, but he did so with a very niggardly hand. 8mall plots of ground, four acres in extent, were gi-anted on «hort leases, and with a rent attached. There were no roads, and yet, under these unfavourable conditions, the applications for land were more numerous tlian could b(5 met. It is evident that, with such lestrictinl land gi-ants, agriculture could make little progress. The illiberal jtolicy ■continued still for more than twenty years, and was only ellectually ended when the colony obtained a Legislature and the power of self-government. 17. Governor Duckworth provetl to be a ruler possessed of activity and intelligence. He made a voyage to the northern settlements and Labrador, in order to ac(piaint himself with the condition ind wants of the people. He r \ ;>' V^ ■, ^^: ^^ .'■) NOV ;5 100 Notes and Explanations. 1814.] Indians of the country, but his efibits unfortunately failed. lie established an hospital in St. John's, Nvliich proved to be a great boon to the poorer classes of the city and its suburbs. His memory is still deservedly held in resi)ect. 18. The years 1805 and 1806 witnessed the introduction of two of the great resources of civilisation — a post office and a newspaper. Previously letters were sent ])y any casual conveyance; now a postmaster was ai)poiutod, and merchant vessels carried the mail bags. The first nowsj)a]»er was the Koyal Gazette. It was published by John Ilyau, and is still in existence. NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS.— CHAPTEK XII. French Fisheries in Newfoundland Waters.— Tho importaiico attached by Frauce to tliesD tislieries nuiy be judged from the fact that, in fortifying Louisburg, in Cape Breton, she spout over a iiiilliou storliug. "T^his," Bald Abbe Ilayual, "was not thouglit too groat a sum for the support of the iisheries, for securing tho connimuication betweon France and Canada, for obtaining a secuinty or rotroat to ships in time of war, I'oraing from the Southern islands." In theconfusicm whicli followed tho French Revolution, bounties were discontinued, and, in consoijuonco, tho immber of French fishermen engaged in these lishorios foil fiom lo,OUO in 1777 to 3400 ii. 1793. Subsequently they were abandoned ahnost entirely till the return of peace in 1814. At the present time the number of French fishormen engag(^d in the Newfoundland Bank and Shore fisherios is over 7000 ; and tho average value of their catcli is £280,000 sterling. Chief-Justice Reeves. — He deservedly holds a first place among the benefactors of Newfoundland. His able " History " ofL'octually oponed the eyes of British statesmen to the evils of the existing system in tho island ; and by his personal, judicious efforts, he accomplished much good. Of the Fishing Admirals he said, "They are ovor tho servants uf tlio merchants. Justice was not to be expected from them; and a poor planter or inhabitant, who was considered little bettor than a law-breaker in being such, had but a small chance of justice in opiHj.sitiou to any great west-country merchant. They considered that Nowfoumlland was theirs, and that all the planters were to be spoiled and devoured at tlioir pleasure." Xdtri^ and Explanations. 101 , I I The tonii "pltviiter" in Xowfoundland ni-nns ii sort of middlo-niim who obtains supplios for tlie lisherictf from the niercliant, and employs fisher- men, to whom he distributes these supplies, in the locality where he resides. At the end of the season he sells tlic fish he has collected to the merchant, and pays the fishermen their wages. At first the merchants and their immediate servants were the only classes of jjersons engaged in the fislii'ries. Then a third class was added, called " Bye-boat keepers," who also kept a certain number of servants, and were supplied by the mer- chants, to whom they sold the produce of their voyage. In course of time these became resident " planters." Fires in the woods are very common in Newfoundland, and destroy an immense amount of tim'ucr. In the summer of 1812, wliich was unusually hot. Harbour Grace had a narrow escape from destruction by one of these flies, which approached close to the town. The scene is said to have been one of terrific grandeur, as the flames leaped from thicket to thicket with a roaring noise and huge volumes of smoke. The inhabitants rushed out, anvl by cutting semi-circular spaces between the town and the blazing woods, with great difficulty arrested the progress of the fire. Colonisation in Newfoundland.— The contrast between the treatment of Newfoundland and that of the neighbouring colonies is very striking. While capital, skill, and labour were directed to the improvement of the fither colonies, the adventurers to Newfoundland extracted millions from its resources witlmnt expending anything on its internal improvement. If only a i^ortion of the wealth drawn from its fisheries had at an early period been spent in promoting the cultivation of the soil and opening up the interior, its now unoccupied wastes would long since have been covered with a prosperous population. But, wliile in Newfoundland the most strenuous efforts were made to prevent settlement and cultivation, in Nova Scotia, money was lavished by the British Government in promot- ing colonisation. Burke stated in the House of Commons that Nova Scotia had cost England £700,000. In 1740, the first settlers landed at Chebucto Harbour (now Halifax), and for their assistance Parliament voted £40,000 sterling. The settlement of Lunenburgh, Nova Scotia, in seven years, cost England £445,584. On roads, canals, mines, and other public works in Canada, millions were expended, while protective duties secured a monopoly for its products in English markets. Contrast with this the harsh treatment of the Newfoundland colonists and the injury done to the fisheries by unwise concessions to the French. New Zealand and New South Wales present a similar contrast in the bountiful encour- agement they received in their infancy. The West-Country Trade with Newfoundland. — The following extracts from an article which appeared in The Western Times, an Exeter newspaper, in 1872, refer to the time when the fisheries were carried on from England: — " The places nearest to us most engaged in the trade of ; i 102 Notes and Explanations. Newfoundland, townrds the ond of the last century and tho begiiininp: of the present, were Teigninouth, Slialdon, Torquay, Dartmouth. Many old hands will remember the large concern carried on by the house of Newman, at Dartmouth, from which has sprunj^ the baronet of Mamliead House ; and also the names of Job, Codner, and Hunt. At Torquiiy tliei e were the Stabbs, Prowses, and others ; at Teipnmoiith, Warren ; at Shaldon there were the Rowes, Wilkings, Harveys, and divers others, who owned a considerable fleet of craft employed in fishing' on the Banks, and in carrying the cured fish to the ports of Spain, Portugal, and tlie Medi- terranean and Great Britain. It was one of the ways by which the- country-side was relieved of its redundant rustic population. The yountir fellows who had a little pluck in them left the mattock and shovel, and betook them to the hook and line. Many Duvonsliire men si)ent tlieir lives in going annually to the Newfoundland fishing work, either on tlie Banks or in lai'ge boats along the shore, from March till November. The- return of the vessels in November was a time of great anxiety to hundred* of wives and families in South Devon, as well as to the merchant adven- turers concerned therein. To them the year's luck in cod-tishing wa* everything, and the arrivals of the returning vessels in this dreary month an exciting time. " Employment was given by the Newfoundland trade, in the shipbuilding yards, to rope, sail, and net-nuikers, and to the manufa(;turers of all kinds of clothing. The cordage, sail, and net-making was, for the most part, carried off by Bridport. Nor has Exeter been without its interest in New- foundland matters. The manufacture of the hooks uesd in the cod-fishing was carried on here — among the last, by a family in Fore Street, among whom it appears to have been hereditary. Serges, woven in Exeter, were largely exported to the Peninsula by the vessels wliich carried the cured cod and other fish to the Catholic countries of Spain and Portugal —the fish for food on fast days, the serges to clothe the monks. " The change that has since come may beget a feeling something stronger than feurprise; for not only is the trade, the shipping, and all the local interest vanished, but a generation has arisen that seems to have f)r- gotten how much cod-fish and seal-skins contributed to raise the conditioik of several very pretty and flourishing towns, not to mention the fortunev «f private men." 1814]. Commercial Disasters. 103 ll CHAPTER XIII. 1814-1861. Commercial Disasters. FIKST OF 181G-1817. — PAUF'ERISM. — FIHST UOADS IN 1825. — UEPRKSKN'TATIVE GOVERNMENT GRANTED — CONDITION OF THE FISHERIES IN 1832. — POLITICAL DISTURBANCES. — CAUSES OF THESE CONFLICTS. PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS.— GREAT FIRE OF 181G. " RISE'ONSIBLE GOVERNMENT" GRANTED IN IS')!. FIRST ATLANTIC CABLE IN 1858. VISIT OF THE PRINCE OF WALES IN 18 GO. — POLITICAL TROUBLES. 1 , We liiive seen how jirosperous were the fisheries dming the long European war.s which followed the French lluvolution. The i>riee of tish trebled, and all the fish markets of Europe w«;re su[)plied from Newfoundland. Neither French nor American fishermen were to he found on the Banks. Great numbers of emigrants were attracted to the island by the high rate of wage.s, and the population rapidly increased. Immense fortunes were quickly made by the cai)italiHts. The middle classes, too, increased in wealth and numbers. No one dreanied that this artificial and exceptional pros[)erity could not last, or imagined that the sunshine was soon to be overclouded, and disaster and ruin to descend on the community. In prosperity, no provision was made for the dark days of adversity. 2, The battle of Waterloo, in 1815, brought the great European confiict to a close, and peace was re-established Ly the Treaty of Paris. By this treaty the French right of fishing on the Banks and shores of the island was restored i! ^! M 104 Commeixia I D Isaste ) vs. [isit. to its former footing. Americans were also allowed extended privileges of fishing in British waters. Both French and Americans at once established a system of bonnties to enconrage their own fishermen, and, at the same time, by high dnties, prevented the admission of Newfoundland fish int'> their own markets. The result was a i"apid extension of .he French and American fisheries. Newfoundland had now to compete, in the fish-consuming countries, with Frenchmen and Americans, whose governments paid them a lil)eral sum for every quintal of fish caught over and above the price for which it sold. The British Government granted no bountie:., and thus the Newfoundland fishermen had to com})ete with the others on ^/ery unequal terms. 3. The consequence of the new condition of things was that the price of fish fell speedily from 45.y. to \'2s. per quintal. This brought on a commeicial crash at the close of 1815, involving a large proportion of the merchants and planters in bankruptcy and ruin. Numbers of the large mercantile firms became hopelessly involved, and were unable to pay their creditors. Others, who were not insolvent, became so disheartened that they realised what- ever pi operty remained and left the country. Only a few managed to weather the storm, and these were greatly reduced in their means of cai-rying on business. No less than 900 cases, arising out of extensive failures, came before the civil courts. Losses by bankrui)tcies amounted to i: 1,000,000 sterling. The middle and working classes surtered with the rest. There was little use made of banks in those days, and })lanters and fishermen were in the habit of leaving their savings during [)rosperous years in the hands of the merchants for safe keejjing. The bankruptcy of the merchants swept away all their hardly-earned savings. It is calculated that the working-classes lost in this way the ISGl.] Co mme re lal D Isa ste / 's. 105 largo sura of £400,000, a great part of what they had accuumliited in the Lite prosperous period. 4. Those were dark and trying days. Supplies for the fishoi ies were suddenly cut otf or greatly lessened. Multi- tudes were thus deprived of the means of earning their bread. In many instances the wages earned during the summer of 1815 wore not paid to the tishermen, owing to the insolvency of their employers. A large population had been attracted by the prosperity of previous years, and these could not now be sustained in the depressed condition of the hshories. Large numboi-s were left unenn)loyed, and became dependent on public charity. It was absolutely necessary to remove some of tliem. At the public expense many of the most destitute were shipped to Ireland. Over 1000 were sent to Halifax. 5. Such was the state of affairs at the close of 1815, and this was but the beginning of disasters. On the 12th of Febi-uary of the following year, 1816, a terrible fire brok«' out in St. John's during the night, when a heavy gale was blowing. It was a night of terrors. The Hames, fannec^ by a furious wind, spread with inconceivable rapidity among wooden houses huddled together without any stone or brick partitions or any provision for safety. Hundreds had barely time to escape from their dwellings with scarcely any covering, and stood shivering in the piercing blasts, while all they j)ossessed was perishing before their eyes, and they were left without a shelter. No less than 120 houses were destroyed, and 1500 persons left without a home. The loss of pro[)erty was estimated at £100,000. 6. The fisheries of 1817 were disastrous failures, and the price of iish was very low. The sutl'orings of the poor fishermen were terrible, although every ellbrt was made to alleviate their distress. Food riots broke; out, and men with 106 Coinmevc lot Disasters. [1814- lit t, . 1 1 H arms in their hands, rendered desperate by starvation, demanded relief from the magistrates, and broke into the merchants' stores and carried off provisions. Order, howevei', was soon re-established. The British Parliament sent relief to the distressed colony, and ])rivate charity was active. 7. But now arrived what seemed to be the crowning calamity to complete the wretchedness of the peoj)]e. On the 7th of November, 1817, another destructive tire bioke out in St. John's, and in a few hours 13 mercantile establishments, 140 dwelling-houses, besides stores and wharves, were destroyed, and 1100 persons were left without homes. The loss of property was nearly X500,(M)0 .sterling. Many of those involved in the former fire were .severe sutltn-ers now, and numbers of the most res[tectable inhabitants lost all their proj)erty. The long and dreary winter was before them. Tiiey were congratulating them- selve on the fact that one-half of the town was still left to .shelter them, when, only a fortnight after, on the 2 1st of November, the terrible cry of " Fire ! " again startled them from their slumbers, liefore the flames could be arresteil, ^)G houses, with several stores and wharves, were burncsd. These tires left 2000 persons houseless, many of whom had lost all tlu'V j)os.se.ssed. 8. Scenes ofheartrending distress followed. When news of therse calamitous events spread, sympathy was at once awakened, and help s^teedily arrived. Provisions were despatched from Halifax to save the inhabitants from star- vation. The geneious people of Boston loaded a vessel with l)rovisions of vaiious kinds, which proved a most welcome gift. The British Government sent prompt and liberal aid. The governor, the merchants, and the wealthier classes exerted tliemselves to relitive the wants of the nu)re destitute portion of tiie people. A number of those who had been ISGI.] Commerc ial I) misters. lor left without homes removed to the out-harbours, and some went to other countries. 9. Though there were a few instances of disorder arising from the pressure of want and misery, the people, on the wliole, met their cahimitios with fortitude and }>atience. It was not long till the dark hour became brighter, and began to pass away. The seal and cod fisheries of 1818 were unusually successful. All over the commercial world prosperity began to revive. The })rice of lish in the home and foreign markets rose considerably. The people wliO' liad suffered so sorely took fresh courage, and soon industrial activity was everywhere visible. The inhabitants of 8t. John's set to work to clear away the blackened ruins, and, ]>huonix-liko, the town soon rose from its ashes. The streets were widened, precautions against fire were taken, and more substantial dwellings replaced tlie old wooden structures- which had furnished fuel to former conflagrations. 10. Adndial Pickmore had been governor during those calamitous years. He was the first resident governor — tlie jtiactice formerly being that the governors arrived in July or August, and left for England in October or Noveuiber. Henceforward they were recjuired to reside in the island. Governor Pickmore died in St. John's in February, 1818, and his remains were sent to England for interment. He was succeeded, in July of the same ytsar, by Sir Charles Hamilton. 11. St. John's was not the only place which suffered by fire. In 181G a fire broke out in Carbonear which destroyeil bixteen houses and much property. The Methodist Churcii was one of the buildings consumed in this fire. The Parish Chui'ch of Harbour Grace, which had recently been enlarged, was burned towards the close of the same year. 12. Though the country had begun to recover from theso ! h J II II 108 Co mmerc led D isa ate i 's. [1814- severe blows, yet the efFects of those three years of adversity were felt long afterwards, and greatly retarded the progress of the colony. The losses sustained by the working-classes reduced many of them to a state of poverty ; and each winter season, owing to partial failures of the fisheries, numbers became dependent on public charity. Relief of this kind, extended to able-bodied men, had a demoralising effect, destroying their self-respect and self-reliance, and rendering them reckless and improvident. The governing j)Owers in after years found great difficulty in dealing with this constantly riicurring i)auperism, which became a heavy burden on the revenue of the country. Stiil, it is not to be wondered at that these public calamities should have created a serious amount of poverty. Almost universal bankruptcy had deranged business from one end of the island to tht^ other, and an enormous amount of capital had been swept away by fires. But all difficulties were met with spirit and energy, and were eventually overcome. 13. Up to this time the peo))le had no voice in the management of their own affairs. The power of the governor« was absolute, and their rule a despotism. They were gene- rally inclined to sustain the old order of things, and, as a rule, were opposed to changes and improvements which the altered circumstances of the colony demanded. A desire for self-government now took j)osse8sion of many minds. In 1821, an agitation was begun for the introduction of such institutions as would confer on the people the jtower of making their own laws, and, through their chosen represen" tatives, regulating all matters affecting their well being. Such a desire was a proof of advancing intelligence and self-reliance among the people. At first the British Govern- ment would not listen to the petitions for local self-govern- ment. The supporters of the old despotic system in the 1861.] Commercial Disasters. 109 colony were opposed to it ; and it required an agitation of ten years to secure this right. 14. The administration of justice was greatly improved in 1824 by an Act of the British Parliament, which provided that the Supreme Court should be held by the Chief- Justice and two assistant judges. The island was divided into three districts, in each of which a Circuit Court w^s appointed to be held annually by one of the judges, from the decisions of which an appeal to the Supreuie Court was permitted. A Court of Civil Jurisdiction was also instituted for Labrador. This arrangement secured for the })eo))le the pure administration of justice on the princijjles of English law — one of the greatest blessings. 15. In 1825, Sir Thomas Cochrane was ap])ointed governor. By his commission it was ordered that a Council should divide with him the responsibility of his government. Before this time governors had been sole rulers, acting on their own discretion. This Council, nominated by the Crown, consisted of the three judges and the connnander of the garrison stationed at St. John's. It constituted a decided improvement on the old despotic system, and j)rove(l to be the first step towards government by representatives chosen by the people. 16. Sir Thomas Cochrane proved to be an excellent governor. He made liberal grants of land, though his leases contained unwise restrictions. He saw the necessity of roads, if agriculture was to make any })rogn'ss. His government was rendered memorable by the construction of the first roads in the i.sland. It speaks volumes for tiic injustice with which the colony had been treated, when, not- withstanding all the wealth drawn from its fisheries, two hundred and forty-two yt'ars elai)sed from its annexation to the British Crown by Sir Humphn^y Gilbert till the con- it '■ !ill l-i 110 Commercial Disastcvfi. [1S14- . ff 51 11 It stiuction of tlie first road. One of Governor Cochrane's roads extended to PortUj^al Cove, nine miles distant from •St. John's ; another to Torbay, and another to Waterfonl Bridge. Along these roads farms were sj)eedily laid off, neat cottages and farmhouses were erected, and cultivation advanced. A foundation was thus laid for future improve- nients, and |)eo[)le learned l)y experience the value of roads, (jlovernor Cochrane also commenced and completed a hand- some Government House in St. John's at a cost of j£3(),000, which amount was furnished by the British Government. 17, ]\leantime, as the ideas of the peoi)le continued to advance, and the prospects of the country brightened, the desire for local self-government began to pervade the minds of all classes. Public meetings on the sul>ject were held, petitions to the British Parliament poured in, and the foico of public ojjiuion at last became irresistible. In 1832 the great boon of llejjresentative Government was bestowed on Newfoundland. The island was divided into nine electoral assed through periods of 112 Commercial Disasters. [1814- l! I ; I opjiression and tiial, had now attained to a position of freedom; and its liCgislaturt composed of representatives chosen by the people, was the safeguard of its liberties. Tlie people were no longer subject to the knavish and despotic " fishing-admirals," or to the quarter-deck mandates of their successors, the captains and commodores of the royal navy, who regarded the inhabitants as " subject to naval disci- pline." The rule of a few merchants, armed with the ordinances of " the Lords of Trade and Plantations," who once controlled the whole business of the island, and even the domestic life of the residents, had closed long since. The boon of self-government })laced the destinies of the jx'ople in their own hands, and awakened new life and self-reliance among them. They now began to feel that for thcnisHlves, their children, and their country, a brighter and better future was openii.g up. 20. They had yet to learn, however, through 1 titter experience, that freedom is a gift which may be readily abused, and that its benefits can only be (?njoyed when moderation, intelligence, and morality guide the conduct of its i)ossessors. The years which followed the introduc- tion of re})resentative government in Newfoundlainl were, unhappily, marked by strife and bitter contentions, leading to social discords, and, at times, to scenes of turbulence and disorder, in connection with the election of representa- tives. This was the price which had to be paid for liberty, and it proved to be heavy. To understand the causes of these troubles, it must be remembered that ilie population of the colony was composed of two great bodies, differing in race and religion, whose numbers at this time were nearly equal. Half of the inhabitants were llonian ( 'atholics of Irish descent, among whom it might naturally be expected memories of Old- World strifes, wrongs, and 18G1.] Commercial iJisasters. 113 op])ressioiis would be rife. 1 he other luilf were Protestants, of English descent, who were for a long time accustomed to hold the ascendency. These were headed by a wealthy mercantile class, who were not disposed to give up their time-honoured claim to lule. Further, as we have seen, Catholics had been at one time harshly j)ersecuted ; and, though this had ceased long since, thr memories of old wrongs and grievances were not yet effaced. 21. When, then, representative government was intro- duced, old jealousies and distrusts were revived. Each ]»arty dreaded the political superiority of the other, and each sought to gain the controlling power. Religion was unhappily dragged into the political aiena. A licentious j)ress stimulated the strife, and the worst ])assions were evoked. The peace of social and commercial life was disturbed by the political excitement of the hour. Some outrages, which were i)er[)etrated by the more ignorant and turbulent, added fuel to the flame. Over this period of political and religious contention it is better to draw a veil, and consign the memory of it to oblivion. It produced only evil results, rancour, hatred, and evil passions, and seriouslv retarded the i)ro<'ress of the countrv. 22. It should be understood that these contentions wt ■ only seriously felt at election .seasons, which recurred at intervals of four years ; and that the stormy passions thus evoked quickly subsided, and that the i>eoi)le forgot their differences, and lived in harmony. Apart from these political turmoils the population was orderly, and serious crime was almost unknown. Gradually both parties learned the folly of such proceedings, and the injury they entailed. Each learned to respect better the rights of the other, and to recognise the equality which the constitution established. As kindly feelings prevailed a good under- H « If I If: u fl u 1 114 Commercial Disasters. [1814- standing was restored, and old strifes were forgotten. In the present day, the love of country is gradually rising above these strifes and contentions, and the people are learning that their true happiness is to be attained by living together peacefully, and labouring together to pro- mote the interests of their common country, and to secure for it a high place among the rising communities of the New World. We can hardly expect that these political and sectarian strifes will disapi)ear all at once. They have, unhappily, re-appeared at intervals since the times we are describing, and always with injurious results. But, as intelligence spreads, and higher feelings are called into play, they disappear for ever. 23. Notwithstanding these political disturbances, the benetits of self-government were soon felt by the j)assing of many useful measures in the Legislature. An Act was passed for the erection of lighthouses at various ])oiuts along the coast. An annual vote of money for the pro- motion of education was adopted. An academy, for the promotion of a higher education, was established in St. John's. In 1834 Sir Thomas Cochrane was succeeded l>y Captain Prescott as governor. Liberal grants of land were made to hundreds of poor families. The House of Assembly voted £30,000 for roads and bridges. 24. In 1841 Sir John Harvey was appointed governor. He used enlightened and energetic efforts to promote agriculture and the settlement of the country. He founded an agricultural society, which accomplished much good. The Legislature appropriated £40,000 for roads and bridges — a proof of the wonderful revolution people's ideas had undergone since the days when the country was pronounced unfit for settlement, and only valuable as a rock on which fish might be dried. To remove all impediments to agri- 1S61.] Co mmercial D Isasters. 115 111 culture, an Act was passed which secured the sale of all Crown lands at a moderate price to settlers. This proved to be an invaluable boon to the country. Other improve- ments followed. In 1840 a mail sailing packet was appointed to ply fortnightly between St. John's and Halifax ; and in 1844 this was followed by the first steam- packet bearing a mail for Newfoundland. 25. While the country was thus ])ro8pering and improv- ing, another ten-ible calamity from tire, greater by far than any of the preceding visitations, fell u})on the capital, inflicting terrible losses, and for a time checked all progress. On the 9th of June, 1846, a tire broke out in the western •end of St. John's, which swept everything before it, and before night closed in three-fourths of a wealthy and populous city were a smoking mass of ruins. The rapidity ■of the terrible conflagration was owing in part to a high wind which prevailed at the time, and which hurled the blazing brands far and wide, and also to the fact that the greater part of the houses were wooden. Even the mercan- tile establishments, built substantially of stone and brick, presented no barrier to the })rogress of the tierce conflagra- tion, and, with a single exception, they were totally destroyed. Nearly all the public buildings, except Govern- ment House, perished. The Post-ofiice, Savings-bank, Bank of British North America, Custom-house, Pc lice-othce, Exchange Buildings, Ordnance Store, and many others were burned to the ground. To add to the terrors of the scene, while the red tongues of flame were leaping from street to street, the huge oil-vats on the side of the harbour took tire. Liquid flames s[)read over the whole surface of the water, and set fire to a number of vessels. Before the day closed twelve thousand people wei*e homeless, and property- valued at a million pounds sterling Avas destroyed llff 116 Commercial Dlmsfers. [1814- ■y t \ ^ : ; I: fAlt^: 26. Still there was no al)ject dospair among the i)eoi>h% thoiigli their condition was sutKciently dislieartening. Vessels were at once despatclied for ]»rovi8ions. \Vlien news of the terrible calamity reached England a sum of £5000,' was sent for immediate relief, and Parliament voted £25,000 more. To this was added a very large sum collected in the churches, under the sanction of a letter from the Queen to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York. The neighbouring colonies sent liberal contributions. Cheered by this generous sympathy, the inhabitants at once set to work to rebuild their city. A law was enacted prohibiting wooden houses in tlie business part of the town, and enforcinij increased width of streets. Some years after- wards an abundant supply of Avater was introduced, so that St. John's is now as secure against fiie as any other city of the New World. A recurrence of such a terrible conflagration as that of June 9, 18-tG, may be regarded as impossible. A much handsomer city has arisen on the ruins of the old, having improved sanitary arrangements, an abundant suj)ply of excellent Avater, and safeguards against fire. 27. Another public calamity was destined to mark the memorable year 184G. On the 19th of September a storm of unexampled severity swept over the island, causing an immense destruction of shipping-houses, tishing-stages and flakes, boats, and bridges, and in many instances engulfing the fruits of the tisherinen's toils during the previous summer. These two calamities, in a single year, were a serious drawback to the prosperity of the colony for a long time. 28. Sir Gaspard Lo IMarchant was appointed governor in 1817. Previoiis to his arrival, a strong agitation had sprung up in favour of what is known as " Responsible a f ISfil.] Commercial Dit^asfp rfit. 117 (xoveiTiment," sv form of which had heeii nlreudy conceded to all the other North American colonies. The ohject was to attain a more comi)lete ]>o\ver of self-jjovernment tiian the Constitution of 1832 had secured. The appcnntments to the principal ollices in the colony were still held by the Crown, and were »'di that between Newfoundland and Ireland there is a great level submarine i)lain, a thousand miles wide, admirably adapted by the hand of nature for the reception of tlie cable which constituted a nerve of communication between* the two woilds. But for these facilities such communica- tion might have been delayeil for many years. 32. In 1860 His Royal Highness the Prince of Wah^s visited St. John's on his way to Canada. He met with a most loyal and enthusiastic welcome from all classes of" the people. 33. The year 1861 was darkened by political com- motions, in which the old animosities, whicii had been long dormant, were once more revived. A change of government litid taken place, and general elections were held in April, 1861. In a work like the present, designeil ISHl.] Notes and Explanations. 119 mainly for the use of the young, it would not be profitable or desirable to dwell upon the scenes of tumult and violence which unhappily took place. It is enough to mention that in Harbour Main one life was lost, and that in St. John's, during the suppression ;)f a riot by the military, who were called out, three persons were killed and srveral wounded. Harbour Grace was also the scene of serious disturbances. The fact that for more than twenty yetira afterwards no similar scenes occurred at elections, may be hoj)efully regarded as a proof that a better spirit is prevailing, and that old animosities will gradually be forgotten. NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS.— CHAPTER XTII. Commercial Panic of 1816-17. — The sufEeriiifjs of the people during the comintTcial disasters which followed tlie clo,ve the wants of the peojile. Tlieir own stock of provisions was nearly exhausted, and their purses drained by such constant con- tributions as were lalljd for. The spring of 1817 was dismal in the extreme. Enormous ice-tields around the coast stopped navigation for three months, and the sealing-vessels were so late in getting Xo sea that they returned with only .'57.000 seals — a jxior return for their labours. The summer of that year was almost as dismal as the winter had been. The catch of cod-fisli was small, and the price low. Multitudes were utKMuployed. T'heii came the terrible lires of November, 18)7, and the . In 1G70 it is on rcch, and to build up handsome fortunes for their employers. Only twenty-five years afterwards, Sir John Harvey became governor. He had enjoyed a large experience in the neighbouring provinces, and, in addvesshig the Legislature in 1843, he said : " Here I will not deny myself the satisfaction of reconling this public declaration of my con- viction, derived from sucli observation and information as a residence in the island for upwards of a year has enabled me to acquire : that both as respects climate and agricultural capabilities Newfoundland, in many I'esppcts, need not shrink from a comparison with tlie most favoured provinces of British America. Its summers, though short, enjoy an extraordinary degree of vegetative power, wliich only requires to be duly taken advantage of; its winters are neither unusually long nor severe, and its autumnal seasons are as opeti and as fine as those of any of the surrounding colonies. In point of rich, natui-al grasses no part of Britirih North America produces greater abundance. Newfoundland, in fact, appears to me to be calculated to become essentially a rich grazing country ; and its varied agricultural resources appear only to require roads and settlements to force them into highly remunerative develop- ments." Later still came the geological survey under Mr. Murray, who declared that, in the principal valleys alone, there were three million of acres of land well adapted for scttleiuent, without taking into account areas fitted for grazing, which were of very large extent. And yet for a long period these mercantile monopolists were al)le to dui)e the British Government and people, until it became a settled belief that this large island, with a healthy climate and good soil, situated in a temperate latitude, presented insurmountable obstacles to agricultur(\ It is but justice to state that the pioneer of agriculture in Newfound- land, in 1806, was Dr. William Carson, a native of Scotland, who for many years practised as a physician in St. John's, and was succeeded by his son, Dr. Samuel Carson. Ho courageously denounced the in- itjuitous laws whicli prohibited the cultivation of the soil, and by tongue and pen arfsailed the venerable system. He ran no small risk of being transjjorted for his temerity, which, in those days, was regarded as treason against the government and mercuiitocracy. Ho persevered, however; declared that the soil was (Mpuil to that of liis native Scotland, and would well repay cultivation. He was regarded as a visionary, and subjected to ridimde and the coarsest abuse. But he lived to see his views approved by a hirg(! nuijority. In 1819 he olitained from tlie governor a grant of a tract of waste hind near St. Jolm's, where he cleared and cultivated a valuable farm, and practically ilhistrated hi.-* doctrines. Two other agricultural j)ioneers may be mentioned : Mr. H. P. Thomas, a merchant, in 1827 cleared 2oO aei-es, four miles from St. John's, and occupied it several years, until it repaid the whole of Notes and Explanations. 123 his outlay, when he leased it to a Scotch farmer, who is said to have cleared £4000 during his occupaiicy. Mr Robert Pack, mercliant, of Carbonear, also obtained a grunt of waste land, a mile from tliat town, whi(jh he brought to a state of excellent cultivation. These good examples stirred up the iishing population to enter on the cultivation of the i*oil, and the enclosure and reclamation of land rapidly advanced. It must be remembered, too, that these experiments were made near St. John's, where the soil is, perhaps, the poorest in the island. Now^ by cultivation, the whole couTitry round is transformed into smiling farms and covered witli homt.'steads. When .'^o much can be done with the poorest soil, what may be expected when the fertile valleys of the interior, where the harsh winds from the Atlantic an^ not felt, and where a higher temperature jjrevails, are occupied and cultivated? The climate of the intei'ior and of the western coast is unaffected by the Arctic current, which chills the eastern ."hores, and is much more favourable for growing and ripening crops of all kinds. The Banks of Newfoundland.— The Banks of Newfoundland are tho most remarkable submarine elevations in the world. They are at some distance from the shores of the island, the nearest being less than 100 miles distant. It was once supposed that they had Ix-en formed by masses of sand and rock, borne thither by tin; river St. Lawrence, the Gulf Stream, and the Arctic ciu-rent. It is now known tliat they are immense rocky elevations, forming submarine plateaus, whose eastern anat Bunk extends over fully 9 degrees of latitude from north to south ; from east l() west it covers in some places ,') degrees. The depth of water on the Bank varies from 50 to 360 feet. Beyond the Grand Bank to tlie ( astward lies the Outer or False Bank, upon which the sea is from 600 to 1)00 feet in depth. To the west there are several smaller banks. At tho west end of the Great Bank soundings have shown a depth of 9000 feet. Tlie depth around tho Bank is fmni 10,000 to lo,000 feet. The tisiiiiig- grounds do not extend over the whole Bank, but have an extent of about 200 miles in length and (37 in l)readtli. For nearly 400 years tliis "I'od-meadow " luis been fished by large Ileets of various nations, without showing any decrease in productiveness. The cod taken on the Banks are larger and finer in ([Uiility tliiiii tho fish taken on the sliores of the isliind or on Labrador. Tliey are known as " Bank-lish." An average of tliirty Bank cod, when dried, will make a quintal. They bring a higlier iiriee than shore lish. The prevalent oinnion is tliat the Bank cod are a different species from those taken on till' siiore. Tlie eminent Swedish naturalist, Sars, has nceiitly pr()v<'d by his researclies that this is a mistake, and that tho shore and Bank cod aro really the same sjiecies. Tht! Bank cod are merely the mature, full- grown cod that have reacht'd their fourth year or uinvanls; their lialiits at that ugu leading them to pretVr the Banks to the sluire as feediiig- ' ( ' V 1 1 ■ 1 if! i . '1 1 I I' 124 Xotes and Explanations. proiiTids. Tlio t\vf)-yoar old and tlireo-yeni- old cod remain on tli<3 yliore ill! the year, passing to aud from tlio shallower water. "When four yeara old their reproductive iiistim^ts are developed ; and after spawning they retire far from the coast, and are found on the submarine slopes and valleys of the Great Hanks. On the Labrador coast and on Fiiunark, in Norway, great numbei-s of small cod are taken, from 18 to 22 inches in length ; and these are probably schools in their second or third year, which in a season or two, when mature, will change their mode of existence and become Bank fish. The cod begin to appear each year on the coast of Newfoundlatul about tlie first of June, and are i)receded by enormous schools of caplin, on which tliey feed. On the coast of the island the fi.shing-season lasts about 143 days ; on Southern Labrador, 87 days; on Northern Labrador, u2 days. In October the cod begin to retire to their winter feeding- grounds in deep water, where they remain till the following June. Tlu'ir migrations are thus from the deep water to tlie shallower water near the phore, which, being warmer in sununer, is favourable for spawning. Each colony of cod appears to have its own winter feeding-ground, in deep water, at no great distance; from the coast, and passes thence to its funnner-feeding and spawning-grounds by the shortest route. It is a peculiarity of the cod, and of all fish, that they return to the locality where they were spawned to "repeat the story of their birth" by a continuation of the speci' s. Hence the same varieties of cod are found on the same fishing-grounds yi-ar after year, and are easily distinguish- al)le one from the ot,. 2. Sir Alexander Eannerman, the governor, when opening the legislative session in 18G0, referred to this K i <: i I II 120 Important Events. [1801- coudition of the working-classes, and uiged that " no pains should be spared to give encouragement to agriculture, and to every other source that can give employment to the labouring-classes, to prevent as far as possible their resorting to pauper relief." The revenue of 18GI fell to £81,000, and the public debt, which had been nuvinly incurred in meeting the necessities of the destitute, now amounted to £180,000. The governor's si)eecli in 18G3 again announced '* wide-spread pauperism " in consequence of the failure of the previous year's tisheries. In 1864 Mr. Anthony Musgrave was appointed governor. He had to repeat the same sad tale for four successive years in addressing the legislators. No improvement in the tisheries took i)lace, want among the people deepened and extended, and the tinancial condition of the country became worse and worse. During this period of depression large numbei's of the people emigrated to the United States and Canada, despairing of their prosi)ects in the colony. 3. The cause of these sufferings was very easil}'^ discovered. The great bulk of the people were entirely dependent on the l)recari(>us fisheries, and when these gave poor returns they had no other resource on which they could fall back. The population had been steadily increasing. The census of 1857 gave the total })Opulation of the island as 124,288, The census of 18G9 showed that the population had increased to 14G,53G. Meantime the })roducts of the fisheries had fallen off, and it became evident that a rapidly increasing po])u- lation could no longer be sustained by a single industry. The plain remedy lay in opening nj) other sources of em})loyment for the people. The soil and climate were well adapted to the requirements of the farmer ; but the old restrictive system had rei)ressed agriculture in former periods, and the want of roads still rendered it impossible to 1884.] Important Events. 127 /^ered. •n the they The 1857 Tlie ed to alien )01)ll- istiy. es of well e old settle the fertile valleys of the interior. With rich natural resources all around, large numbers of the people were sinking into destitution and misery. To all discerning minds it became clear that the remedy lay in promoting the cultivation of the soil, and encouraging other industries of a local kind, in which the surplus population might lind remunerative employnr nt. 4. It was at this dark period in the history of the colony that a most important discovery was made, which aided largely in bringing about an imj)roved condition of aflairs, and in diffusing new spirit and energy among the people. This was the discovery of valuable mineral deposits on the shores of Notre Dame Bay, leading to the introducti(jn of mining enterprises. The first copi)er mine was oi)ened at Tilt Cove in the year 1861. The honour of being the pioneer in mining belongs to Mr. C F. Bennett, who for a iength of time was almost alone in prosecuting the search for minerals in the island. The honour of being the Actual disco\"erer of the first copper-mine belongs to Mr. Smith Mackay. In 1857, when exploring in the northern })art of the island, Mr. Mackay found what proved to be a large deposit of coj)per ore, at a little fishing handet called Tilt Cove. It was not worked effectually by Messrs. Bennett & Mackay, the i)roprietors, till 1801. At the close of 1871) this mine had yielded nearly 52,000 tons of ore, valued at more than a million and a half of dollars. In 1875 another copper mine was o[)ened at Bett's Cove, which at the end of 1879 had yielded 125,550 tons of ore, valued at 2,982,8.'}0 dollars. The total quantity of ore expt)rted up to the close of 1879 was valued at 4,629,899 dollars, or nearly £1,000,000 sterling. A third mine was oi)ened at Little Bay in 1878, which proved to be more valuable than either of the others. Various other mines have been worked with more or less V 128 Important Events. [1801- siiccoss, sind mininij is now an estiblislied iiidiistrv in the island, which ranks sixth anionc; the coi>j>ei--j>fodncing coun- tries of the world. It is now known that there are in Newfoundland over 5000 square miles of mineral lands, in wjiich there can be little doubt rich discoveries await future explorers. 5. The beneficial ofTects of this new industry were speedily felt. Hundreds received renninerativ(i employment at the mines. Capital was attracted to the country. Large amounts of money were distributed as wages. The working- classes were better j)rovided with the necessaries and comforts of life. A more hopeful and enterprising sjjirit was awakened ; and greater confidence in the future of the colony bef'an to be felt. 6. These hopeful views regarding the natural ca[>abilities of the country were greatly strengthened and extended by the results of the geological survey of the island, which was commenced, under tlie aus[)ices of the Government, in 1864, This survey w.is conducted by Mr. Alexander Murray, assisted latterly by Mr. James P. Howley. The work was prosecuted for eighteen years. For the first time the natural resources of the country were examined and reported on by ■well-qualified scientific men. People learned from the reports of this survey, j)ublished yearly, and on authority that could not be (piestioned, that the interior of Newfound- land contains many fertile valleys, in which thousands of industrious settlers may find homes ; extensive forests of great value ; beds of coal, marble, and gypsum, and mineral tracts which the labours of many generations are not likely to exhaust. Messrs. Murray &, Howley 's reports showed that there are nearly three millions of acres more or less adapted for settlcnnent, and immense tracts fitted for raising sheep and cattle. It is now placed beyond all doubt that 1SS4.] ImpoHcnit Etrvfs. 121) the isliuid presents u jiromising field for mining enterprises, and contains enough of fertile land to sustain a large popu- lation in comfort. 7. The year 18G9 brought a favourable turn in the tifle of affairs in the shape of alamdant fisheries — the tii-st for nine years which could l»e called generally successful. Many of the people had been devoting themselves more to the cultivation of the land, and the harvest of this vear was good. The improvement in the fisheries in 1SG9 j)roved to be the commencement of a series of productive tisheric^s, which continued up to the summer of lo84, when a decline took place. This increase was accompanied by an advance in the j)rice of the cofl-tishery products in foreign markets. The sun of j>rosperity once mote Jjegan to shine. The wonderful elasticity of the business of tht^ coiuitry was shown in its rapid recovery from dej)ressiou. Harvests proved to be fairly good. The revenue derived from duties on impor- tations increased as the jieople were able to purchase more freely the necessaries am) comforts of life. ]n 1871 the revenne amounted to £207, 790— the largest ever received. The new industry of mining advaiiced ra])idly. The improved condition of the revenue ])ermitted increased grants to be made for the construction of roads, briilges, wharves, light- houses, and other works of public utility. 8. A general election took place towards the close of 1869, when Sir Stephen Hill was governor. The important question was then submitted to the electoi-s whether steps hhould be taken to unite the colony with the newly formed Dominion of Canada, so as to constitute one of its i)roviiiCes, The results of the election showed that a large niiijority of tL'e people were oi)p()sed to confederation with Canada. So strongly did public feeling show itself that the (juestion of union with the Dominion has ever since been laid aside. iilf I -^ 9, III 1873 direct steam oominunicatiou witli Knglaiid and Aineriua was estaldislied. The airangeuient entered into with the jVlontreal Steamship Conipan}' for tlie convey- ance of mails, ])assenger.s, and goods, secured fortnightly calls of homeward and outward bound ships of the Allan Line at St. John's during nine months of the year, and monthly trips, via Halifax, during the remainder. The latter have recently become fortnightly trips also. The trade and commerce of the country were greatly benefited by this improved means of communication with the outside world. Loi-'al steam communication l)etween St. John's and the most important towns and settlements north and south was also im})roved and extended. The interests of education were not forgotten. The legislative grant for the support of schools and acailemies was increased to 93,9.") 2 dollars per annum. In 1881 there were in the island 416 elementary schools, attended by 24,292 pupils, and 674 pupils attending the academies ; while there were 84 pupil teachers under training to take charge of schools. In St. John's factories of various kinds began to K[)ring up, atibrding increased employment to considerable numbers. These have pn-.^d so successful that every year witnesses an increase of their number. 10. These were all substantial and cheering improve- ments, indicating an advance of the colony in all the great essentials of civilisation. But the gi-eatest stride in progress still remained to be taken. While in all the neighbouring colonies extensive lines of railway had been constructed and worked most advantageously, in Newfoundland not a mile of railway had yet been built. Now, however, when a knowledge of the great natural resources of the country had been diH'used, and when the necessity of providing new means of employment for the increasing population had [ISGl- their ) rove- great I'ogress acted not a hen a ■y liad I new had 1884.] Important Evnita. mi i secured tlie attention of thoughtful men, tlie construction of a railway, to open up tlie country to industrial enterprise, began to be discussed. At first many objections were raised, and many shrank from the proposal, believing a railwny to be unnecessary, and beyond the means of the colony. New projects of this kind are sure to encounter more or less opposition. The question, however, still presstnl lor solution : *' What are we to do in the future with our ever-increasing population, who cannot find sustenance from the employment furnished by the fisheiies ? Here are fertile lands and great forests. How are we to bring together the idle hands and the unoccu])ie(l lands ? " The ])roject of a railway continued to grow in public favour, and at length, in 1875, the Legis- latiire voted a sum of money for a preliminary survey of a line from St. John's to St. George's l]ay, which was carried out the same year. It was afterwards found that the British Government could not be induced to sanction the construc- tion of this line as its terminus would be on the so-called "French Shore," regarding which negotiations with France were then in progi-ess. The matter, therefore, had to be laid aside for a time. 11, In the summer of 187G the Fishery Conmiission in •connection with the Treaty of Washington met in Halifax. The Hon. W. V. Whiteway was the delegate from New- foundland. The Commission awarded five and a half millions of dollars as compensation for fisheries' rights extended to the United States by the British Provinces. Of 'this sum Newfoundland received one million dollars. 12, Sir John Hawley Glover was appointed governor in 1876. He ])roved himself to be possessed of enlightened •and progiessive views, and energetically urged forward ;public impi-ovements. In order to acquaint himself with 'the condition of the country and the wants of the people, he IS P ' j 1 ; made repeated voyages to different places around the coast. In the autumn of 1878 he made a journey across the island from Hall's Bay to Bay of Islands. In opening tlie Legis- lature the following year, he said: "^ly visit forcibly impressed me with the rich agj-icultural resources of this portion of the inland, and the valufj of the forest lands — provisions of nature destined soon to attiact and reward large numbers of industrious setlleis.' 13. During the legislative session of 1880 decisive steps were taken towards the construci/I«;a of a railway. Sir W. v. Whiteway, j)re)ni('r, moved that the colony should, out of its own revenues, construct a railway of about IJ40 miles in length, from St. John's to Hall's Bay, in the mining district, having Vjranches to Ifarbour Grace, Brigus, and other centres of population. Such a line, he showed, would open up the fertile lands in the valleys of the Gambo, Gander, and Exi)loits, and would connect the mining region and various populous districts with the capital. 1'ho question was referred to a joint-committee comjjosed of members of both brat}<:hG:8 of the liCgislature. Their re}>ort was highly favoui.ble to the construction of this line of railway, and recommw. led that .£1,000,000 sterling should be borrowed on the c-'dit of the colonv, and the work at once com- menced. In the following year, 1881, the Legislature enverH,x into a contract with '• the Newfoundland Hallway Com; ny '' for the construction and operation of this line, for w.'ch they agrcHid to give th(! coujpany an annual sub- sidy, . T'd olso grants of land on each side of the i-aihvay. On the i*i,ii of August, 1881, the first sod of the railway was turned. The event marks an iuiportant epoch in the history of the colony. Jn Decembei", 1881, the first SQ miles of the line were compl(5ted and opened for triilllc l)etwetn St. John's and llaibour (jracc— the second town in the island. Large [ISGl- 1S84.1 Importavt Events. 133 botli liglilv ', mid •lowod cotn- ilatiire iiilway s litie, sub- y. On ly was listory of the Johu'a Largo Runis of money were ])ai(l to the labouring-cla.ss who were emj)loyed on the work, while the trading-classes also shared in the benefits. 14. In 1881 Sir Henry Fitzhardinge Maxse was appointed gov(!rnor. At the ojiening of the Legislatiu-e in 1882 Sir F. B. Carter, who acted as administrator of the Government in the al)sence of the governor, caused by ill health, announced in the opening si)eech that the imperial authori- ties had at length authorised the local government to make land grants and issue mining licenses on tliat part of the coast on which the French have tishiiig ])rivilpg;?s. He also stated that the jteoplo residing on that part of the coast were in future to elect two representatives in the House of Assembly. Thus the boon for which the people of the colony had been })leading in vain for many ytury was at length gi-ai'ted. 15. Another great public work was entered on in 1882. This was the construction of a drv dock in the haibour of St. John's. The Legislature entered into a contract for its construction and o[)eration v.'ith Messrs. J. E. Simpson *k Sons, of Ne'.v York. The cost of tht two-thirds of it consist of wooden houses. The water-works wore constructed by a joint-stock company, with Ri eapital of 400,000 dols., the interest on which is guaranteed by Government at thc; rate of (3 i)er cent., and paid by a rate levied on the consumers. The importance of such a sujiply of water eivnnot be overrated, as it has greatly improved the public health and promoteii habits of cleanliness among the working-classes, na well as pro\ led a security against fires.. The reduction in the rates of lire insurance since the new supply of water covers the water rates. History of the Seal-Fishery.— While the c(.'l-lishery has boon prose- cuted ftr nearly 400 years, the seiil-lishery is not more than 80 years old, BMd may bo said to date from ISO.j. llackliiyt, the historian of tlie eany voyageis, lolls us that ''in 1503 lliore were on the shores of the island of Ramea, within the Straits of St. Puter, on tlu* buck of Newfoumlland, ehieily in April, May, and liune, multitudes of auiphibitHis croaturo.-* called m('C(f »iiirhia\ or morses, the two large teelli of wliich (ri'.-*eniMing ivory) and their oil were considered as valuiilile iii'tirles of eomiiieree; tiiat Oaiilaia Drake found tliero a ship behmging to the iiiliabituuls ol,. 1884.] Notes and Explanations. 135 St. Miilo almost full freiglv <.l with morses; tliiit he also observed sevtjral whales of an enovmoii.T size, together with great numbers of seals and poi'poises, of which they killed several." Up to 1774 this fish(>ry referred to by Ilackluyt was pi-osecutud around the island. The " sea-eow or morse" of those days was the walruj., and was valuable for its oil, skin, and tusks, the hitter fuiiiisliing the l)est ivory. These tusks, two in number, hang from the upper jaw, and !)y them the walrus lifts itself on the ice. Gradually the ."ninial becauKi extinct in those .'i-is, and is now contined to the Arctic regions. A wliale-tishery was carried on from 1760 for a number of years in tlie gulf and river of St. liiiwriiice, to which the New Englnnd people at one time sent from fifty to <'ighty vessds annually. A tew whales are still taken in Fortune liay, but the fishery is now unimportant. The first mejition o^' a seal-fishery is by L'Abbo llaynal, who tolls us that as early as 17(53 some iJnglish fishermen used to repair to certain parts of the coast of Newfoundland during winti-r for the prosecution of the seal fishery. This was an inshore net-fishery, and was carried on upon a small scale, and is still fo- lowed along slmre in some favourable li)caliti(>s. The fishermen place their nets between the shore and tlie islands or rocks lying at ft short distance from it. iind the seals, 'u passing tin'se narrow jdaces, are caught. Tlie next step in the seal-fishery was tiie shooting of seals from large boats, which left port about the middle of April. As Lite as 171)0 the whole catch of seals was under oOOO. Soon after, the sealing-boats gave place to small schoone-s of 30 to oO tons, carrying twelv(! to fourteen men each, and not leaving jiort till after March 21st. CoiuM^ption Bay led the way in this new industry, and its people showed much energy, and many of them became wealthy in the prosecution of the seal-tishery. In 1807 about fifty of these small schooners were engaged in seal-hunting from various ports. It proved so remunerative that its growth was rapid. In IHOo, H1,0«.S seals were taken; in bSlo, ]'2(),31o; in 1820, 213,679; in 1830, or;8,y42; in 1810, 631,38.",; in 1814, ()8.'vJb''l oeals, the hirg(!st numlier ever taken in one yciir. In 18.57 there wore nearly 400 vessels, of from 80 to 200 tons, engaged in tin? seal-fishery, tlioir united crows inimboring 13,600 men, tlie total catch of that year bi'ing close on half a million seals, worth 1,700,000 dols. The catch of seals has not iiicreas(vl since that date, and occasionally :t has t'allcii low, as in 18S_', wlieu only 2()0,/500 seals were taken, and in 1881, wlien 238,-387 were taken. In 1863 the first steinn^r took part in this fishery. Since then the number of steamers has rajiidty increased, and tlie number of sailing vessels lias steadily diuiiiiished. The sauin worlc is now douo by fewer hands, 80 that fewiu- men find cmploymout in tliis industry. It is not unlikely that in a few nioro years this tlshory will be entirely carritid on l)y powerful steam(>rs. In competition with steamers sailing-vessels have but u poor chance of siicceaa. Altout 8000 to 'JOUO men are now engaged i ! : ? il \ '. I <:,. Hi 1i ; III lift ir' ■ ■ \ '■ i h f > ! i \\\ i . 136 Xof in 1858, a cable had b(;en laid over the same route between Ireland and Newfoundland, but worked only for a short time. i^s, for 138 Recent Events. [IPS-t- iM I'M ; 1>'.' ( 'i II 1; ! m CHAPTER XV. 1884-1890. Recent Events. 1. In 187 1 the total population was 161,380. On the decennial census being taken in 1884, it was found tliat the population of Newfoundland and Labrador was 197,589; so that the increase in ten years auiounted to 36,209, being at the rate of 22-34 per cent. 2. Of the total po})ulation the census showed that 69,616' belonged to the Church of England ; 75,330 to the Roman Catholic Church; 48,943 to the Methodist Church; 1495 to the Presbyterian Church; 768 were Congregational ists ;. and 1414 belonged to other denominations. The total number of families was 32,252. 3. It further appeared that, of the whole population,. 60,419 were engaged in catching and curing fish; 1685 were farmers ; 3628 were mechanics and handicraftsmen. 4. The (piantity of cod-Hsh cured in 188 t was 1,2."55,279' quintals. The number of acres of cultivated land was 46,996. The population of the city of St. John's was 31,142, being an increase of 7252 since 1874. 5. In the great International Fisheries Exhil)ition m London, in 188:i, Newfoundland took a [)art and was creilit- ably reiiresented. 6. Ill August of the same year Piince George, second son of the Prince of Wales, paid a visit to the colony. 7. The year 1884 was mark; d l>y a dolicient shore and Labrador tisl/ry, and a successful Bank fishery, 'i'he seal- fishery of the veai- was much below an averaijo. i [IPS4- ISUO.] Recent EvfiiiU. 181) 8. In October, 1885, Sir John H. Glover died in London. He was first a})j)ointed Governor of Newfonndland in 187G, and held the office for five yeais. On the death of Sir Heniy Maxse, in 1884, he was re-a{>})ointed governor, lie was popular among all classes, and laboured zealously for the promotion of progressive measures. 9. A. dissolution of the Legislature was followed by a. general election in the end of October, 1885, The Hon. Robert Thorburn (afterwards Sir Robert Thorburn) became jiremier, and Sir William Whiteway retired, after having held the oHice of premier since 1878. 10. The year 1885 is memorable for two storms. One occui-red in June, which swept the coast of Newfoundlanil and caused great destruction of fishing craft and gear. The other, on the coast of Labrador, was far more severe, and attended with most calamitous results. Over 80 vessels were wrecked, 7 lives were lost, and nearly 2000 person.n — men, women, and children — were fiung ashore in :i destitute condition. 11. A new Post Ofiice, commensurate with tJje increa;-- ing requirements of the public service, was commenced in St. John's in May of this year. A ])ortion of the building was set apart as a public museum. The Cliuich of Enghuul Cathediul was completed and consecrated in September. 12. In February, 1886, Sir George William Des Voeux was a})pointed governor of Newfoundland. 13. The most important matter wliich came before the Legislature during the session of 188G was a new "Arrange- ment" which had been entered into between tiie IJritish and French Governments, with a view to the settlenii'nt of what is known as the '* French Sliore (.^Juestiou." The Legislature refused to iiccept this "Arrangement," on the ground lliat its provisions would operate injuriously 1 I s IK ll 1' fT' : ' 1 * '• ^ ■ ! • i ■ 1 1 ; ^ 1 6 i I i 1 m tti : ? 'MM I in 140 Recent Events. [1884. to tlie interests of the colony, and it was consequently tibiindoned. 14. The Labnulor lisheiy of 188G provetl to be a disas- trous failure, and the shore tisherv alon;x the eastern coast of the island was very deficient. Tiie consequence waa much destitution anion;^ a larjje section of the working- classes. Their sufferings were greatly mitigated by eniploy- nunit fnrnishcd on ])ublic works of vaiious kinds, and the trying season was tided over without any permanent injury to the general interests of the colony. 15. In June, 1887, Sir G. W. Des Voeux was appointed governor of IIong-Kong. By his removal the colony lost an able and experienced governor. He was succeeded by Henry Arthur Blake, Esq. (afterwards Sir II. A. Blake), who arrived in September, 1887. 16. At the Conference of Colonial Ilepresent;itives, held in London this 3'ear, the honour of ])recedence was given to Newfoundland, as being the oldest British colony. 17. An Act ])assed this year for the regulation of the currency rendered it imj)erative that all accounts should ill futnre be rendered in dollars and cents. The British sovereign was to pass current for 4 dols. 80 cents., and the silver coinage in like ])ro[>ortion. 18. Another Act prohibited the crews of steamers from taking seals before the 12th of March, or after the 20th of April, and also j>rohibited steamers from proceeding on a second or subsequent trip after the 1st of April. This Act was designed for the protection of the Ht?al tisliery. 19. By another Act j)assed this year the ballot system was introduced in the election of members of the Le;;isla- tive Assembly. The object of this change was to secure |)er8onal freedom in the exercise of the elective franchise. The Act was supplemented by other Acts for the prevention 1890.] licceiit Events. ]41 of corrupt and illegal practices at elections, and for ])ro- viding for the trial of controverted elections by a judge of the Supreme Court, It may be reasonably hoped that the effect of these constitutional improvements will be to secui'e greater independence, purity, and intelligence in the exercise of the electoral franchise ; while, at the same time, the preservation of the public peace will be promoted. 20. A Bait Act, to regulate the sale and exportation of bait fishes, was passed by the Legislature in 18S7, and came into operation on the 2nd of January, 1888. 21. The last ten years were marked by the (lev(!lopment of a new industry in the packing and exj)ortation of lobster.s. From a small beginning in 1873, it gradually increased till, in 1888, the annual export reached 3,360,072 lbs., the valun being 385,077 do^j. 'J"he same ])eriod was marked by the restoration of the Jiank fishery, in which about 400 vessels and 5000 men are now engaged. 22. On the 0th of March, 1888, a despatch was received by the governor from the Governor-General of Canada, inviting this colony to send a deputation to Ottawa to discuss the question of the ailmission of Newfoundland into the Federal Union. A courteous re})ly was given ; but, in the end, it was found to be inexpedient to s(Mid a deputation. 23. An Act j)as.sed this year provided for the election of a Municipal Council, under whose control would be placed the sewerage, li^dlting, cleansing, and all matters connected with the improvement of St. John's. 24. In Novembei-, 1888, Sir Henry A. IJlake left the colony, having received an imperial appointment elsewhere. During his i>ri«'f administration lu^ showed an earnest desire to pronu)te the best interests of the colony, and his remov;il was widely regretted. He was succ(;eded by Sir Terence ? i j; !ilf 142 Recent EveiiU. [isoo. fi] t! i I- ; N. 0'Bric>n, whose connnission bore the date of 24:th November, 1888. 25. The Phicentia Raib (I Novenib( T was op( 1888. At tlie International Exhibition, this year, in Barcelona, the colony was well represented. The exhibits attracted much attention, and gained a large number of prizes. 26. The industrip.l operations of both 1888 and 1889 were, on the whole, successful. The fisheries showed an improvement as compared with previous years ; and agri- culture, mining, and shipbuilding made fair progress. 27. In the Legislative session of 1889 an Act was passed to secure the extension of the railway to Hall's Bay. Another Act appointed a Board of Fishery Commissioners, to take charge of all matters connected with the preserva- tion and development of the fisheries. The principle of manhood suffrage in the election of members of the House of Assembly was establisiied by another Act. The voting age was first fixed at twenty-five; but, in the session of 1890, it was altered to twenty-one. Every man, on reaching the age of twentv-one, is now entitled to vote in the election of representatives for the House of Assembly. 28. On the Gth of Xovember, 1889, the general elections took })lace. They were everywhere characterised by good order and a careful compliance with the requirements of the new electoral law. 29. The result of the elections was that Sir William Whiteway was again called on as premier to form a government. He assumed office on the IGth December, 1889. Education. 143 CHAPTER XVI. Education. 1, Too much attention cannot be bestowed on the educa- tion of the youth of any country. It lies at the foundation of all true progress and national greatness. An ignorant peo))le can make no real advances in those arts which •beautify and bless existence, and raise them in the scale of being. To neglect the education of the young is to doom them to degradation and suffering. To secure for them a wise and enlightened system of education, which will qualify them for the right discharge of life's duties, and render them intelligent and moral members of the social body, is to confer on theni the grejittst conceivable benefit. With such an education a people can hardly fail to advance in intelligence, virtue, and happiness — in all that constitutes true greatness. Without it, all attempts to elevate and improve a community will be, to a large extent, fruitless. Those, therefore, who devote their energies to the development of a jiidicious and compre- hensive plan of education, are engaged in a good and noble work, which will confer lasting benefits on the whole community. 2. -For what is education, ri^;htly understood ? The grand aim of education ought to be to develo() rhoroughly the whole man, physical, intellectual, and moral, and thus to fit Inmian beingf. for life's work and varied duties. Its importance, therefore, cannot be over-rated. Its interests are dee[) and abiding. The well-being of a nation depends largely on the character and comprehensiveness of the education imparted to each generation. 1 f" ij ! fii ' 1' ■■: •T 1 i( 144 Education. 3. When wo consider the disadvautjiges under which tlie pPOjile of this country fornieily l.iltoujc'il, as described in former chapters, in regard to the means of education, it must he admitted that the educiitional jtrogross of tho last thirty or forty vears is of a verv •'ratifviu'' character. Among the great body of the ])eoplo, the importance of education is now more widely felt, and their interest in it is deepening and extending. Within the last lifteen or twenty years, a great advance has been made in the quality of the education imparted ; in the qualifications of the teachers ; in the school books, and in the character and equipment of school buildings. ]\Iucii, no doubt, remains to be done ; but the advances already made, anil the enlightened zeal in the cause of educatiim now awakened, aflbrd sutiicient guarantees of future progress. The attention recently directed to the higher education emjihatically points in the same direction. 4. The beginning of common school education dates from 18'2:), when "The Newfoundland School Society" was founded in London by Samuel Codner, a Newfoundland mei-chant. Its name was afterwards changed to "The Colonial and Continental Church Society." The schools it planted were maintained mainly by the liberality of the members of the society, aided, at a later date, by a grant from the funds of the colony. It has still twenty schools in operation, attended by L'DOO ]>upils. Its central school in St. Johii's is used by Church of England Boards of Education as a training school for their teachers. The society has done much for the cause of education in New- foundland. 6. It was not till 1843 that the local legislature granted the annual sum of £5100 for the [)romotion of common school education. In the same year the Legislature made Education. 14:) i "The .•I provision for tlie higher education l>y founding an acudcniy at St. John's. This institution was discontinued in 18')(>, and in its room tliree acaden»ies were founded on the ro- vided for the more talented and aspiring of the young to attain distinction and tit themselves for the higher posts of dutv. 8. As a further encouragement to those who aspire after the higher education, " The Newfoundland Jubilee Scholai- shfi> " has been founded. The Governor in Council appropriates the annual sum of 480 dels, "for the institution of a scholarship in the London University, to be given and awarded to the student who shall take the higliest ])lace among competitors in and from this colony at the matriculation examination holden in June and January of any year; and where there shall be no competition, then such scholarship shall be awarded to the student who shall pass in the first division in such examination : I'lovided that such student shall 1)0 a native of this colonv, or shall have resided in it for five years preceding such examination, and 14G Education. U m n \ S ' ■ t- Hi slirtll have stiulit'd untltM- masters of the board schools or iicadamies of this cohiiiy : and provided that such student shall, for two years thereaftei", prosecute his or h^r ':tadita at some British [Jniversity. Such scholai-ship shall he tenable for only two years by the student winning the same.'' 9. F )i' many years the Christian Brotiiers have had in operation an excellent establishment in St. John's, in wliich between 400 and 500 pupils receive a good education Recently a second school has been opened in the west end nt tlie capital, and St. Bonaventure's College has been placcrd in charge of the (.^hristian Brotliers. 10. In th(^ elementary s-chools, the denominational i)rin- <,'iple has been carried out, aiul each religious denomination now receives a grant for education, fi-om the public funds, in proportion to its nui>d)ers. Sej)arate Boa"ds of F^lucation in the different districts have charge of the schools. Thret^ su[)eriutendents of education are apjjoi'ited by Government. The Bev. William Pilot, B,l)., is at preseni. suj)erintendent of Church of England Schools; .lames J. Wickham, |]s(]., of Roman Catholic S' hoois ; and th(! R(!v. Ceorge h', Milligan, LL.D., of Methodi:;t Schools. Their annual reijort.'-; show that these able and zealous educationists i.re using every etlbrt to imj)rove the schools under their chai-ge, and to raise the standard of education, in recent years, the progress made has been of a very satisfactory character. 11. The following figui'es will show how education has been expanding daring thelasteight years : — In 1881, then^ were in all 410 elementaiy schools. Of th(>se, 157 belonged to the Clnn-ch of Knglaud, 158 to the Church of Home, 99 to the JSleihodist Churr;h, and '2 to tlu? Congregational Chui'cii. The total number of puj)ils in thes(^ schools, in 1881, was 2i,2d'2. Of these, 91G3 belonged to the Church i ^!i. Education. 147 •of Eni^'land, 90 U to tlie Cliurch of IJomc, " _'S4 to tb(3 jMotliodist CluuT (i, '^11(1 92 to the Congrej^ational Church. The total nninl) t of pupils in the acadp^aies and fjj-'ainmar schools was u74. Thus the total number of scholars in counnon schools and academics was 2^971,. or about one in seven of the entire pojnilation. 12, The reports of the ISu[)erintendent of Education for the year ending December 31st, 1889, showed tii«t there were in all 543 elementary schools. Of these, 197 belonged to the Church of Eiiglmd, 207 to the llonian Catholic iJhurch, 135 to tlie Methodist Church, and 4 to the Con- gregational Church and others. The total numl)er of pupils in these schools wa^ 31,422. Of these, 11,783 belonged to the Church of f^ngland, 11,914 to the Roman Catholic Church, 7610 to the Methodist Cl.urch, and 83 to the Congregatiorinl Church and others. The total number of ))upils in the colleges, acadenues, and grammar schools was 909. Tiie total number of pupils in all was 32, "^91, or one in 6 '14 of the entir population. 13. Tt is thus apparent that education is gradually attain- ing to that place in the regards of the ])eople to which its supreme imi)ortance entitles it. AVc: can venture to hope that, ere long, all the elementary schools will be free, and that a law will be passed rendering it imperative* on all parents to send their children to school up to a ciH'tain age, so that none may be allowed to grow u[» in Ignorance. 14, Now tiiat by law eveiy man, on reaching the age of twenty-one, liecomes <'ntitled to vot<', l»y ballot, in the (election of members of the ITouso of Assembly, the safety and well-being of the commonwealth recpiii-e that such a power should not bo exercisiMl by an uneducated p(>o|)le. More than ever the thorough education of tlie whole people I ^ ■Hv vmri' '? 1' T' M i i'. 148 Education. I .' ■M / m%n is now called tor. us their votes are to control the government of •''^lio country. 15. It is, no (lou])t, true tlmt "Tlie (^rowiiiii;^ I'lict, Tlif kiiislit'.>rovided that " the country should bo g()v;'rned according to the well-unilerstood wishes of the ]»eop1e." Tlie party who wen; sustained by a majority in the Legislatnn^ had at their disposal the appointnumts t(» the ])rincipal otlices in the colony. I>y them, too, the Kx(TUtive Council was sidected. Tho House of Assembly Y.iis to b<5 elt!cted by tho i»eoi»le — tho liCgislativo Council to be nominated by *' Tlie Covernor in Council." 3. This form of governnHmt, which lias worked satis- factorily, is that by which the affairs of the country are at jireseht regulat • ^ > 3 • • a Holu lue are Governed. L 6. The members of tlie House of Assembly ui3 now e\ected by ballot. All males, on reaching the ago of twenty- one, are entitled to vote. 7. The members of both branches of the Legislature are l)aiil, ? 'embers of the House of Assembly, if resident in ht. John's, receive 194 dols. per session; if resident else- ^vhere, 291 dols. })er session. The members of the Legislative Council receive 120 dols. ]»ei- session, the piesident 240 dols. The Spetiker of the House of Assembly receives I'tOO dols. per session. 8. The governor, who is also commander-in-chit^f in and, over the colony and its dependencies, has the power, in the Queen's name, to connnute the sentence of a court of justice ; to summon, open, [)r()rogue, and on occasions dissolve the local ])ailiament ; to give or withliolu assent to, or reserve for the royal consideratiou, all bills which liave ))iissed both Chambers. 9. The Legislature must meet once a year, and is usually summoned " for the despatch of business " in tlu; month of Februarv. Thus the colon v is now iiracticallv self- jroverninij. Its history shows the steadv yiowtli of demo- cracy, or government by the people. At present the electors, iu reality, govern the country, as thcjy choose the meuibers of the Assembly, who, l)y their votes, maintain in ollice or overthrow the government of the day. Newfoundland, like England, enjoys " Kesponsible GovernnuMit ; " that is, each government is responsible to the p(>o]»le, through tliet members of the Legislature they elect, to carry out their wishes. 10. The Supreme Court was institutcvl in 1820 by the ])romulgati()n of a royal charter. 'JV) it ami to magisti-ates belong tilt! c()rre(;t interprt^tation and ))ro|ter enforcement of the laws of the country. The Suprenu! (Jourt is composed i -I M in 1 11 in' t: 1 ' • i- ' ■ 1: . 1' ! i ' 1 ' jif'i; ly i:)2 How we are Governed. of a chiof-just'ce und two assistant judges. It holds twa tm-ms or sessions each vear, oii the 20th of Mav and tl;e 20th November. There are circuits of the Sii})reme Couit Iield in the northern and southern districts of the ishmd, at such times and j)laces as may he fixed by the proclamation of the governor. These are })resided over by the cliief- jnstice, or one of tlie assistant judges, in rotation. The salary of the cliief-justice is 5000 dols. ; of each assistant judge, 4000 dols. Tiiey hold their appointments for life. 11. The Court of Labrador has eivil and criminal juris- tion Bay. it is ])residcd over by a judge who is, «.<; oj/icio, a justice of the peace. There is a sherill' for each judicial district of the ishmd, wlio is apjtointed by the Governor in Council. 13. Courts of general and cpiarter sessions are held in tlie island in sucli place.« as may be determined by the ]>roclamati()n of the governor. They arc presided over by the stipendiary magistrates or justices of the peace. I Coiidusion. i:>3 CHAPTER XVin. Conclusion. ni:TR0SPKrT ami puospkct. — imco';rkss of 'nn: coloxv. — - IMPUOVKMENTS IV ST. JOIIn's. — (.ICVEHAL PROSI'KIUTY OF Till': pkopfj:. -A cheat fctuuk i.v stoue for nkw- FOL'NDLAXI). 1, We have now broiiglit tlio liistory of the oklost Britiyli colony down to ilw. hitcst dale. Wn ha\(; seen the vicissi- tudes and trials thro»<^h which it lias passed ; the mis- govcniineiit uiiich so long retardcul its ]»ios))eiity ; the adversities IVom whicii it ever lose triinnphaut. In hattlinj^ Avith their ditlicidties wt^ have set'n how its ])eo|)le trained in energy, courage, and intelligence, and won their freedom by tlnur activity and ])atient endurance. A Vtrightei" and lia|»i»ier future now opens l)efoK! them and their chihlreii. Their country is advancing in importance and strengtli in all that constitutes the essentials of well-being for a IVeo ]»eoj>le. Th(fy now regard it ius a home for tJieniselves and their posterity, wjiich, by industry and wise guidance, may ]>e beautilio(l and developed into greatness, and made a country which will occupy a, j)i'o>id position among suriound- ing communities. 2, That Newfoundland has recently made grciit and substantial progj-ess, esjtecially duiing the last twelve yeai-s, cannot Ix^ dijnied by any one ac<|uainted with its condition. A glanct! at its capital iinnishes abundant proof of this. The town of St. John's, which, at the beginning of tins ('(nitury, was a small collection of mean, wooden houses, hudiUed into a narrow spaco around the harbour, w ithout l.u Conchisioyr. 4 any sanitary arrangements, and continually subject ti> by tire, has i^rown into a well-built, prosperous city of more than 30,000 inliabitants. It [)Ossesses two stately catlieilrals, hamlsome churclies, creditable public lialls, an atlienieum building, museum, \)ost-otiice, fishermiMi's and seamen's home, hotels, clubs, banks, stores of all kinds, mercantile premises, and sho})3 of imposing dimensions, coniiijiious and well-built houses, exteusiv-^ wharves. Ev(!ry year witnesses the erectiou (;f new and better house* for the accommodation of t'le iucreasing population. Under its municipal coimcil sanitarv imorovements are carried out. its factoiies of various kinds, its iron foundries and mael'ine shops, give em))loyment to large numbers, anil testify bo the healthy growth of native industries. I^s supply of excellent water is abundant. Its harbour can boust of what is believed to be the lai'gest dry dock in the world. A railway has Ix'cn commenced, which, in the rouisc; of years, will connect it with all the centres of p()j);dation throughout the island. A busy, thriving population throng its streets, Its ti-ade is very lat-ge. Lectures, concerts, and social entertainments of all kinds show that its i)eoj»le are advancing in cultui'e and education, its charitalde and benevolent institutions and societies furnish ample )/i'()of that the poor are cared for. Numerous schools and academies show th;«t the interests of ♦'ducation ai'e not overlooked. Many in)i)i'ovem( nis liavi> yet *o be introduced ; many reforms are needed ; but that genuine and striking progress has betui mai^e, eve»'y own must allow. This it; a guarantee of greater progress in the future. 3. Other towns throughout the island are sharing, nu)re or less, in the s^^irit of progress; and, as they are more brought into connection with the capital, civilising inliiiences will be more f( It. Hai-bour (.trace is ii handsome town of nearly 8000 inhabitants; the streets are wide and wiii laid Conclihsion. 1 )•> %' out. It is liglited with giis, uml lias ati excellent system of ■waterworks. Carbonear lias also obtained an abundant su]t]»ly of good water; and will soon be reached by the raihviiy. In Plaeentia, Trinity, Lonavista, Catalina, Twillingate, ini])iovenients are steadily making way. 4. Turning to the general condition of the colony, we see on all hands evidences of progress. The revenue has more than doubled within the last twenty years, and now reaches nearly a million and a quarter dollars annually. As it is derived mainly from duties on imj'ortatioiis, the increase of revenue shows an improvement in the condition of the ])eo})le and in their means of i)urchasing the nect'ssaries and luxuries of life. In 1 883 th< > total val ue of imports was 'J, lv>l. 401 dollais ; of exports, 7,D'.)G,7G.) dollars. In 1870 the value of exjiorts was G,'.)8l,r)43 dollars ; of imi)orts, 0,055,841) dollars. The increase in tliiiteen years is signiticant. In 18(S0 the value of the exports was 0.0O7,'tO5 dollars. ()u l)ecember 31, 188'J, the icuistcred tonnage of the colony was 21roduce that year was 2,592,000 dollars. TIk; seal-iishery, jtrosecuted at a time when no other marine industries are practicable, yields an average of a million of dollars annu- ally. The geograjdiical position of the island for connnercial )»urposes could not be surpassed ; it is but 1010 miles from the coast of Ireland ; it commands the entrance to the Gulf Conclufiton. l.u I I of St. Lawrence ; its nohle bays stretch tlii'ir anus iulaiid from oO to 100 miles: its barliouis are anioui' the tinest in the workl. Ijefore many years have })asseii a steam-fen y will connect it with the eastern terminus C)f the C anadian system of railways. Among the wonders in stcire for the future, it is not impossible that the shortest and safest travel-route between the Old and New World should yet be found across the island of Newfoundland. 8. The present po})ulation of Newfouiulland has sprung from two of the •'reatest and most euer<'etic races of the world— the Saxon and Celtic. In the healthy, in\ igorating climate of the island the blood has not dctt'riorated. Its climate is admiraVdy fitted to nurture a jieople of gn-at physical ])Ower and mental energy, who will be able to hold a distinguished place among the English-speaking communities of the New World. To this end they shoubl take care that their educational system shall keep pace with their material prosperity ; that no child shall l)i' allowed to grow up in ignorance; and that due provision be made for the higher education which is neeih'd to promote the intellectual life of the people. ^lany of the troubles of the past have arisen from difierences in race and religion among the ])eople. Thence have come, at times, jealousies, antij)athies, and injurious contentions. In th(; better spirit which now prevails, these will gradually disappear. The distinctions of English, Scotch, and Irish, Protestants and Catholics, will merge into the couimon nanie of Mewfoundlandors, which all will be proud to l>ear; and the lov(^ of a common country will obliterate the diflrrences and rivalries of the past. Then the great rivalry will be as to who can turn to the best advantage the gifts of Providence, and most etlectually advance the best interests of a free, united, and happy people. 1 :)S Xotes and Explanations. NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS.— CHAPTER XVIII. The People of Newfoundland- Their Physique.— NowfouTidliindors arc, in their genenil {)liysi(£iie, a pDWdt'iilly-lmilt. nihiist. aiul liardy race. They and their fathers have buffeted the biilinvs, fou^iit tlie terrible ice-floe.^, and drunk in the health-fiiving foa breezes. Enj^ajicd largely in open-air (Kieupation.*, and breathing an invignrating atmosphere, a strong, energeti(! race has grown U]), who are well litted for the \vor]d'.s mugli work. Emin tlie hardy, iinu:h-endiiring raeo wlio liave been developed here, often fighting cold and hunger, di'awing their scanty subsistence mainly from the boisterous st'i.s, fearlessly pursuing their avocations amid storms and iee-lields, will spring a peojile who, when duly educated and cultured, maybe ixpected to play a woi'tliy part in the world of the future. The noblest nations of tlie earth, past and present, were not nurtured amid the llowers of the sotith, but in the cold and stern north, where nature had to be cou'iucred by labour and sweat of brow, and where the barren wiMciiiess h id to be transformed by hard toil into the waving corn-field. Kingslcy, in iiis " Ode to the North-East AVuid," says :— Lot the luscious s(mth wind Breathe in lovers" ••~ighs, While the lazy gallants Bask in ladies' eyes. Wiiat does he but soften Heart alike and pen ? Tis tlie }iaril, (ifinj rvcather Breeds hard Knylmlimoi. What's the soft south-wester? "L'is the la(li<'s' breeze. Bringing home their true loves Out of all the seas ; But the black north-easter, Through the snow-storm hiuled, Drives our l-higlish hearts of oak Seaward round the world! Come as came our fathers, lEeralded by thee, C'onciut'ring tVom the eastward, Lords by land and sea. Com(>, and strong within \is, Stir the Vikings' blood, Bracing brain and sinew — Blow, thou wind of God! I \ Xofr.^ (Did Ej-pI((iiatiiJiist. l.-)!) Names of Places. Till' eliiuif.'t's in muiirs of places ;irc cuiinii-, mihI ^()lll('tiIU(;s ditlicult to truce. ('arliDiiciir was toriuci'ly vviittiu ('arliipinir, mIIkI was nri;iiiially ('■iilioiiici'o (Spanish or roitu;;iU'<(' rvidiiitly). Tor'iay, ill old books is 'riionii' F5ay. Bay of Hulls is sai-l to have lurii lial'^iil liay ; otlitrs make it a corniiJtion of tlu; French Il'iir (h Ilonli^. Ire- lia.ssey Bay, Aiispach says, was foriucrly Ahrain Ticfxissi. I''eriiiii-e was aTiciuntly Ft,'niios4' or Feniiosii — beiuitiful. lli'iiewes. lonnerly Kenowes, or lleneau's Ifaihoiir. I,a Poilo, so named by the Frcneh in.iu its supposed resemblance to a fryinj^-iiaii. Great Biirs'eo Island is also •called Kcliiise Island, troni the fact that Captain Cook observed an <e •of the sun there in 17')."). Point F.nragee, so named from its exposed situation. Ca])e Spear, near St. John's, was ori^nnally Cape l%siieie or Fs[)oir, or Cape Hope, frreat Bruit, j;reat noise; liose Blaiirhe. whit'- ro.se; Bay-of-Cimi-CJi'rfs. or Five Sta^s, explain their own ori^^in. 'I'lu* small river which falls into the liead of St. John's H.irbour was onco •called Tiittle Castor's River, a name not heard now. Richard Hakluyt, whose narratives of early voya.ses and di^covci ics flre so valuable, and so often quoted, was a clerpryman of the Church of I'lnglanil, and at one time prebendary of the eathedral of Bristol. He was born in ];J;)o, and studied at Clirist Church, Oxford. He made a special study of •.■■eography, or cosmography, as it was then called, and was made a h'cturer on this subject at Oxford. He took an active pan. ill eiicoiira^iin^' and directing the spirit (jf discovery in tho.-e day<. He was associated with Sir Walter Raleigh in his effort at planting \irginia. In loS'J he publislnd his ''Collection of Trav(;ls," in one volume, folio, which be afterwards enlarged and published in three volumes, folio, under the title, ''The Principal Navigations and Di.scoveries of the Fhiglish Nation, by sea or overland to the remote and farthest distant r the Old World and the New found a resting-place, as it em rged from the depths of the ocean. From that moment the great crystal dome of the Atlantic became a %vhis})eringgall('ry between two worlds. On the lighining's pinions thought flew between East and AVest. Modern civilisation obtained a new birth. Humanity throbl)ed with a new life and a great hope. The English-speaking communities on opposite sides of the Atlantic, the leaders in the van of civilisation, were united ; and from that instantaneous inter-communica- tion of thought what vast possibilities aiv o[)ened u[) for the im})rovement and happiness of the race ! Once mort; tiuie and space were annihilated. "And J saw a great angel stand with one foot on the sea and another on the land ; and he swore by 11 im that liveth, tlud titan sk'ill Ixi no more." The grand (»ld prophecy has received a partial fultilment. To Mr. Frederick X. Gisborne. F.Pt.S.O., engineer and electrician, belongs the high lu)nour of being the originator and first practical prime mover in the great enterprise which lUrst established telegraphic communication between tlie Old 1. r:i. M' i! 1G2 Appeyidix. World and tho New. He commenced the work in 1852 by the construction of a telegraph landdine from St. John's to Capo Ray. His project embraced the laying of a cable betw«!en Capo Ray and Cape Breton on the one hand, and between Newfoundland and Ireland on the other. Circumstances compelled Mr. Gisborno to transfer his enter]>rise to Mr. Cyrus Field, who won the high distinction of carrying it to a successful issue. His heroic perseverance in the face of dilliculties that would have overwlielmed ordinary men, his wonderful labours in connection with it, ;ind his penetrating insight into its importance to the world, merit the highest admiration. For thirteen long yeaivs, amid repeated disappointments, he clung to tho great ])i-oject when others ))ronounced him a dreamer. At length, on the ath of August, 1858, the cabh; was landed on the shore of Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, and the first m(>ssage was transmitted. I)isap{)ointment, however, followed, and the first cable Ix'came useh^ss. It was not till 18UG that ]\lr. Field won his final triumph, and the world rejoiced over the completion of his great woi'k, Tho services thus rendered to the ca»is(^ of civilisation are incalculable. With the name of Mr. Fiekl should be associated that of Mr. Gisborne, as the oiiginator of the great enterprise. Additional cables followed soon after. The following figm-es show the lengths of tho various cables laid across the Atlantic : — Longtli ill Knots. First Atlintic cable, isr,8 'i'JOO 5 ciiblcf* t'rniii Ircluiul to Nowfoinulliiiicl, iivciiif^n , . 1S7() From N('\vt'oiin(lliiii(l to Sydney, C.li., vvi Piinu'iitin, Hiiy . . 2S0 From NcwfoundliiiKl to Syduoy, via St. Picrro .... oOO From l''niiicc to St. Picriv -•')St From Si, I'lcrrc to Mii.^.'^ai'lmsctty 71!* From Kii^limd to Nova Sdotiii direct '2-") 10 From Nova Scotia to Miissacliu^ct Is . .... oOO viiots. 2200 1S70 2S0 MOO 2.»St 710 2.") 10 oOO Value of the Fisheries. 163 LAND LINES. There are row about 1800 miles of land-lines of telegraph in Newfoundland. The number of telegraphic stations ■is 67. APPENDIX II. Value of the Fisheries. COU-FISIIKRY. TiiK pj-incipal commercial fishes taken from the waters around ^Newfoundland and Labrador are the cod, the seal, the herring, the salmon, and the lobster. The cod-fishery is by far the most important, its ])roducts averaging in value three-fourtht' of the entire I'eturns of the fisheries. The average annual value of the cod-fishery mny be stated in round numbers at six millions of dollars. This cik-uhi- tion includes the dried cod-fish exported, the (juantity ■consumed in the colony, and tiie oil extracted from the fish. The following table shows ihe quantity of dried cod-fish •ex[iorted in the years named : — Vfur. Qiiiiitiils or Cwts IHliO .... 1,;J79,80-1 18()1 1,214,;{26 18r,2 1.211,830 I8(i;{ 1,012.;{22 18(11 i,()i:i.();}7 ISC,) 1,010,081 isiii; !(;iii.it7 1807 1,0(1(1,21') lS(iS 1,100.018 18()1) l,2oi.(*s(; 1870 i,2i;{.7;r/ 1871 l,;i28,72(j ¥ IG-t Appendix. I i Year O.uintiih or Cwls. 1872 . . . . 1,221,1.)G 1878 1,;}()0,20,5 1874 i,ooy,72-t 187.) 1,136,23.5 1876 l,110J9l 1877 . . . . l,02!).()(;i 18;8 1,074,()4(» 187J l,419,.)0d ;!i, The following table shows the exports of cod-(isli, together with their estimated value, from 1880 to 1889, inclusive :— ill <'!f Year. Quintals. 1880—1,583,132 1881—1,463,43',) 1882—1,231,607 1883—1,624,037 1884—1,397,637 188.)- l,284,7i > 1886-1,344,180 1887—1,080,021 18S8— l,17o,72n Vahie-l)i.lliir.s. r),066,032 o,8.J3,7o6 6,042,231 6,496,148 6,324,487 4,061,600 4,200..51.3 4,2y.),.588 4,938,048 1889— 1,076,.")U; . The quantities consumed in the country are not included in the foregoing returns. At i)resent the annual con- sumption may be estimated at 100,000 quintals or cwts. THE SEAL FISIIEIIY. The following table shows the number of seals taken in the years named : — Year. Isc). of Seals 1879 .... 4.57,8.w 1880 261, .308 1881 408,470 1882 178,812 1883 322,60;! 1884 206,2'JO 188.3 238,.39() 1886 272,6.36 1887 230,3.3.3 1888 286,161 1889 • 207,081 Value of ihe Fisheries. 1G5 ;etlier /e : — ■ liuled cou- s. taken The following table shows the quantities of lobsters e:< ported in the years named : — Year. 1M79 ISSO ]SSl 1SS2 18s;j 1SS4 ISS.) issr, 1SS7 18.S8 Lb9. 1,108,808 1,124.580 1,299.812 1.2().3.224 8(i2,528 031,236 821.064 1.4.)1.912 2.09", :*92 ;!,;?fH).()72 The value of the lobsters exported in 1888 wa' 385,077 dols. IFFPniXO FISHERY. The chir^ centres of the herring fishery are T/vbrador, St. Cleorge's Bay, Bay of Islands, Fortune 15ay, Placentia Bay. The average annual Viduo of the herrings exported and consumed in the country is about 3r)0,()00 dols. SALMON FISIIEUY. Tiie salmon fishery has declined «if late years, and its annual value is now under 100,000 dols. The number of persons engaged in catching and curing fish, in 1881, was G0,419. KlM'.NCIf con riSlIKHIKS. The Tslcs of St. Pierre and Mi<(iielon, on the south coast, ceded to b'ranee by the 1^-eaty of Paris, occupied by the French as a lishing station, have nearly GOOO inhal»itants. A lleet of over 'JOD sail of French fishing vessels, from 100 to '1 00 tons, arrive here every sjtriug from France, and make it their headquarters for the fishing season. The Mill; t r I i. II IGG Appendix. following figures show the quantities and value of cod-fish shipped from St. Pierre from 1879 to 1888, inclusive. \-l Year. Quintals. 1879—398,826 1880—409,725 1881—374,017 1882-411,986 1883—530,04.5 1884—632,005 1885—820,350 1886—908,300 1887—754,770 1888—594,529 Value— Dollars 1,372,003 1,480,716 1,142,719 1,981,759 2,320,038 2,156,568 2,781,744 1,176,425 2,507,321 2,081,248 NUMBER OF FISHERMEN. According to the census of 1873 there were 45,S45 persons emphjyed in fishing and curing fish. At jtresout that number has increased to about 60,000. In 1874 the number of able-bodied fishermen in t\w colony was 2G,377 ; at present they number about 37,000. Agricidtural JRrmv, reo>^. 1G7 ]-fish ,845 sent tho 1\ APPENDIX III. Agricultural Resources. The Vjest answer to tlie iissertion, so oftc.n re])eate(l, that the soil of Newfoundlaiiil is unfit for cultivation, is that even on the limited and iuiperfect system now pursued, the average annual value of agricultural products is 612,350 dols. ; and the value of the land now under cultivation, together with the cattle, shee}), and horses, is 2,500,000 dols. The geological survey has shown that in the regions near and surrounding St. George's Bay, including the Codroy valleys, there are 730 square miles suitable for settlement. Bay of Islands, inchuling the valley of the lliimlicr, Deer Lake, and Grand Lake, contains 630 square miles suitable for settlement. These valleys sire, for the most jtart, covered with valuable tim})er. In the Gander, Gambo, and Terra-Nova valleys there are 1700 square miles available for settlement. The Ex|)loits valley and lied Indian Lake;, Avith the lauds surrounding the estuary of the Exploits, contain 1620 square mihi.s. Thus, in these great valleys alone, we have 4650 square miles, or 2,976,000 acres, tit for settlement, and capable, when cultivated, of sustaining in comfort a larg(^ population. In aihlition to thes(! large and extensive tracts thei-e are many smaller portions of excelhmt soil arouiul the heads of the bays, along the margins of the smaller rivers, and on several of the islands. When we add to these tho land already under (adtm'(! around the various settlements, and the wide area in the peninsula of Avalon, which is admirably adapted for cattle and sheep raising, we have 2,000,000 acres more; or, iit all, 5,000,01)0 acres fitted for agricultui'al and grazing jairposes. What the interior proper may contain is as yet unknown. r.: I I '■!■ p:5 "11; 1G8 Appendix. FORESTS. The cliiof varieties of forest timber are white pine, wliite and black spruce, tamarack or larch, fir, yellow and white birch. Ill the Gander districts alone there are, accordinij to the geological survey, 850 sqi' re niil< ; tf pine lands, or, includi: soire o^' the r.ei 'h'^c: '^^a;,; i ^ ^i^ .u., a total aiea of 1000 square miles. Mr. ?>Iux,Vv (.(enounces this a splendid lumbering region, where an ..mei. ■ +imber trade could be successfully carried on. Groves of pino are occa- sionally found here in which the average girth of trees is nine feet, and many individual trees reach twelve and even fourteen! feet. Other timber regions are the valley of the Exploits, lied Indian Lake, the valley of the Huniber, and the valleys around St. George's Bay, and in the Codroy district. The soil in these districts, when, cleared, will yield (.creal and other crops in abundance. APPENDIX IV. Mineral Resources. So far as ex[)lorations and mining operations have gone, Xewfoundland ranks high among the copper-producing countries of the world. The chief seat of copper-mining is around tlu; shores of Notre Dame Bay. The ore is found in oonuectiou with the sor[)entine rocks, and these rocks are spread over an area of 5000 square miles, most of which is yet unexplored. Up to 1879 the value of copper and nickel I il »i 1/ .k> ,• Populdtion. 100 ore expo cd was 4,G29,8«9 d^^^.., or nearly £1,000,000 sterling. ^ - oM has been fo'uicl, l.>ut as yet only in small quiui- tilies. Ptif liclr))osiU laces, <.. Meciai.y at Port-a-Port. C'ypsnni is found in inimens* developments, ynd marbles on both eastern and western shores. Rooung-slate is another valuable iiiaterial found in abundance. The coal area of St. George's Day is 25 miles wide by 10 in length. A large deposit of iron-ore has lately been discovered close to tlie coal-beds. Fresh disoveries of coal-seai. s were made by Mr. llowley, of the Geological Survey, in 1889. La Mauche lead mine has been re-opened, and is now worked vigorously. It is on the shore of Placentia Bay. appe:;dix y. Population. The census of 1871: showed that the [)opulation of New- fonndhind and Laiira(h)r was 1G1,371-. The numerical strength of tiie leligious denominations at that date was as follows : — Koninn Ciitliolics. Cliuivh of Eiiyliind, Metliodist?*, I'l'csbytci'iiui?', . CV)ii;^r('^'':ili()iuilists, Baptists ami others, 04.:} 1 7 ;VJ,.K)1 .•].}.702 11(18 4(U IGo The censtis of 188t showed that the total ))opulation wns 1'J7,5S9. Increase in ten years, 3G,'209 ; 22*43 per cent. 170 Appendix. 'il. The followinjj table shows the numerical sti-ength of the leligious denominations in the variotis districts in 1884 : — District. 1|o 03 C 'J S -5 c '- z - 5^ H C3 £^ St. 15,vrl)e, . 2,910 1,874 1,099 13 Twilliugate, . 3,H40 1,858 8,220 43 97 FoiTO, .... •.',905 1..305 2,041 11 • > IJoiiavista, S,3S5 2.979 5,101 14 / Ti-iuity, 9,492 1.402 6,057 '^)\\ J>ay-(le-Verd, 592 2,243 7.2(i3 — 1 Carl)oiioar, . 1,034 2,202 2,897 13 — Harbour Grace, 8,t)33 3,931 1,908 191 4 rort-(le-(jlrave, 3,. 338 2,200 2,753 — 400 Harbour Main, 1,9()8 6,829 1.30 2 St. .John's Fast, . 5,131 13,534 2,481 685 302 St. Jolni's West, . 3,130 10,247 2,034 363 188 Ferryland, 151 0,318 — 3 — riacentia, 1,543 9,874 363 9 — Burin, .... 1,7!>7 2,097 4,007 1 — Fortune, 5,l(i5 1,012 30 1 103 i^jur^eo and La rnili-. . 5,519 152 1,205 2 St. (ieorge. 1,893 3,315 147 117 1 l^abrador, 1,974 566 305 17 — Total, . 09,000 75,254 48,707 1,495 1,47(! The following tai)le shows tiie distribution of tiie j)0}mhition along the shores of the island : — • South coast, from Cape Ray to Cape Race, . . 33,752 Of wliieli 10,455 an; euyaged ui catching and curing lisli. East and North Ea.-^t coar^t, from Cape Race to CapeJohu, 117,399 Of whicli ■i;i.95U are engaged in catching and curing fisli. On tliat part of the coast Avliere the French have treaty rights of fishery, from Cape Ray to CapeJolm 11,973 Of whicii about 3,217 are engaged in the iii-limics. Lalu'iulor, A:;l\\ The Piihlic Deht. 171 t. = « -1 a ;»7 I 4 400 3(i2 1»S 103 a 1 tlie Newspapers. Three daily pi\])ei-s are published in St. John's— two bi-weekly and one weekly. In Harbour Grace, one bi-weekly ; in Trinity and Twillingate, one weekly. APPENDIX VI. Table of Imports, Exports, and Revenue. Year. l!ii])ort8, ExiJortd. 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 18b9 Uollai'.s. G,!H;G,213 6,883,708 8,3r)0,222 9,131,404 8,075,792 6,098,500 6,020,036 5,397,408 7,420,400 6,122,9^5 llcvenue. Dollars. 5,635,797 7,818,880 7,001,222 7,058,738 6,567,135 4,726,608 4,862,951 5,176,730 6,.582,Oi3 6,607,500 Dollars. 985,111 l,04(i.341 1,129,734 l,2n2,702 1,209,316 1,009,222 1,042,424 1,272,660 1,370,029 l,362,s93 The Public Debt Year. iScSa 1SS4 1885 1886 1S87 ISSS 18S9 Dclit— Dollars. 1,-)4'.),'J13 2, 14 'J, 1.53 2,149.1.33 2.288,391 o.OO.J.OlO 3,335,.38y 4,133,202 The interest on tho ])ublic debt in 1880 amounted to SOlV-H-l dollars per annum. 172 Appendix. APPENDIX VII. Relig-ious Denominations. CHURCH OF ENGLAND. " The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts" first sent a niissionarj to NewfouncUand in 1703. In 1787 tlie first colonial bishopric was created — that of Xova Scotia, to which Newfoundland was attached. It was not, however, till 1827 that Bishop Inglis, of Nova Scotia, was able to visit this portion of his extensive diocese. Ho 4 found but 9 clergymen and missionaries in the whole island. In 1839 Newfoundland and the Bermudas were erected into a separate diocese, and the Kev. Aubrey S. S[)encer was ap])ointed bishop of the new See. In 1844 Bisliop Spencer was succeeded \)y Dr. Edward Feild, of Queen's College, Oxford, who continued bishop till his death, in 187G. His successor was Dr. J. B. Kelly, who was com))clled, by failing health, to resign in 1877. In 1878, he was succeeded by the Rev. Llewellyn Jones, D.D., who is now bishop of the diocese. The diocese is now divided into 8 deaneries, aud the number of clergy is 50. The total number of churches in. Newfoundland and Labrador is 102. nO.MAN CATHOLIC cnuKCiL The Roman Catholic Church in Newfoundland was first jmblicly organised in 1784, by the appointment of \)v. ()T anell, as Prefect Apostolic, by Pope Pius VI. ]n 179G Dr. (J'Donnell was appointed Vicar Apostolic and Bishop. In 1807 he was succeeded by Dr. Patrick Lainl)ert, who held office till 1817, when Dr. Thomas Scallan was I Rd bjloui^ De nomi nut /o /.-) 5,488 7.434 15.077 13,008 !.-),! 35 0,410 0,8.17 7.(i78 5,7SS 5,008 8,054 158,058 .-,1..- 101,380 Chuvdi (if Eii'.^- lillKl. Rdiiian Ciithu- lic. 11,200 8,740 5,301 2,002 4.013 2,180 1,775 l,.-)83 2,50!) 1.950 0,240 8,254 2,080 1,387 125 3,710 0.3,841 470 04 317 Uftli.i- (Ih.l. otliors. St. .lolm's East 8t. -lohn's West Harbour Main 3,085 2 551 1,710 3,415 7,2:{!> 930 4;{!l 8,417 <),.S(;o 0,081) 173 1,351 l,(i.S3 4,;ioi 4,21 (i 3,708 1 ,838 1,088 97 2,501 1,0)5 2,:{02 5,220 5.(;(i3 3,531 0,172 230 .3, .351 8 731 091 788 378 Port-de-rjn'/'M Harl>(>nr ( i race Carboiioar liay-tie-Voids I 188 8 Trinity l>av 14 l)Otiavi.sta Twillinuatc and Ko^o 18 18 Kerrylaiid Placoiitia 5 Burin 13 Fortuiio •2 BuPi^'Do and La Poik- 20 8t. (liuorgij'.s and 8t. IJarliu*. ... 179 Total 58,072 1,480 35,407 295 35,702 1,038 10 Labrador .. Total 50,501 1,800 * (ii ISTI St. ( i CI irytc's (111(1 St. liiu-lio were nut si'imrato lOstricts, iuiil, for oim- riuriHiiii, their iKiimliitidii is also miitod in the taMc for issi. st (U'oru'c's has n total iHipulalioiiof .y'l.'t.i, of wiiicli ;t:i'.t;( is K'niiaii ('atholif. is"s ciiinvii ,,f llnuland, 117 Mftlioilists. St. Marhu lias ii t,olal iio|nihili(iii of il'js, of which 'J'.UO is ('hiiicli ■of KiigluiKJ, 1(1311 Miithudist, 187-' lloiiiaii I'lUholic. I, Rd Ig to u :< Den om! mtfioi}}^. t ) 788 378 I ISS 8 14 18 18 5 13 •> 17t) 1,()38 III 1,S00 — O X) -- t^ '."^ r: re 'M re rt -r re x ''^ c. r. 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APPENDIX YIII. Area of Newfoundland. Area, 42,200 square miles; coast lines, .'33S5 miles. It is one-tliir'd larger than Ireland. The following comparative btatement will show its extent : — N('\vf(iiui(llaiiil Irclinid . Scotliiiid New Ijiiuiswirk Nova Scotia . 42,200 square miles. . ;ii,7o;) . ;!o,()()() . 27,147 . 20,'J17 Newfoundland lies l*6tween the ])arallels of 4G' HG' 50'' and 51^ 39' north latitude, and between the meridims of trr a:' and 59" 24' 50" west longitude. Its greatest length iVoni Ca)»c Ray to Cape Norman is 317 miles, and its greatest hr-eadth from Ca})0 S[»ear to Cape Anguilh^ is 31() miles. Among the Islands of the glo])e it ranks tenth in reganl to size. Its figure approaches an etiuilateral triangle. Two large peninsulas project from the main body of the island. One points northerly, and is named Petit Nord by tilt' French; the other is Avalon, ))()inting south-east. List isr)4, 1858 18()1, 18G5, I8G9, 1873 1878 1882 1885 1889 APPENDIX TX. of Premiers under Responsible Government. , — lion. Philip Francis Little. , — ITon. John Kent. Hon. Hugh lloylos (aft<'i'wards Sir Hugh). -Hon. F. IJ T. Carter (afterwards «ir F. 13. T.). ,— Hon. C. F. Pennett. Hon. P. 11 T. Carter. . — Hon. W. Y. Whiteway (afterwards Sir Williaui Vallance Whitt^way). .—Sir William V^ Whiteway. .—Sir Robert Tliorliurn. . -Sir William Whiteway. 3 Z^sY of Gofrrnoi's of Xcrfninidhnnf ]JJ 3 APPENDIX X. List of Governors of Newfoundland. Appninteil. 1729.~Caj)taiii Ifcniy O.sbonio, P.X. 1731, — fjiptain Clinton. 1734. — Captain Lord Viscount Muskrrv. 1737. — Cai)tain N'anlxii-i,^ 1740.— C;ii)tain U'v^ht Hon. Lord (icort^e Graliaiu. 1741. — Captain ilon. John llymr. 1744.— Ca]>tain Sir Charlos Hardy. 1749. — Captain Lord Georije P.rydges Kodncy. 1750. — Captain iVancis H. Drake. 1703. — Ca))tain Ponfoy. 175.5. — Caj)tain Dorril. 1 757.— Captain lOdwai'ds. 17G0.— Captain W(>1)1). 1761.- -Captain Lord rji-ines. 17G4, — Captain l^dlisfr. 17G9. — Caj)tain lion. .Tolin TU-ron. 1772. — Commodore IMoiynonx, afterwards Lord Sliuldliam, 1 775. — Commodore 1 )utl'. 177G. — Pear-.\dmir,d INIontiiijiu'. 1779.— lieur-Admiral Edwards. 17S2. — A^ico-Admiral .lolin Caniplirll. 17Sn. -Rear- Admiral Kllint. 1789.— Admiral Mark Mill.anl;e. 1792.— Admiral Kim;. 1794. — Admiral Sir .lames W'allnee. 1797. — Vieo- Admiral Waldograve. 1800.— Vice-Admirai Pol-. M 178 Appendix. 1802. — Admiral TiOrd Gambler. 1804. — Admiral >Sir Erasmus Gower. 1807. — Admiral Holloway. 1810. — Vice- Admiral Sir Thomas Duckworth. 1813. — Vice-Adn)iral Sir Richard G. KeateH. 1816. — Vice-Admiral Pickuiore. 1818. — Captain Eowker (Administrator). 1818. — Admiral Sir Charles Hamilton. 1825. — Captain Sir Thomas Cochrane. 1834. — Ciiptain Henry Prescott. 1841.-- -Major-Genei-al Sir John Harvey. 1846. — Liouteiiant-(!olonol Law (Administrator). 1847.- — Sir John Gasj)ard Le Mardiant. 1852. — TTon. James Crowdy (Administrator). 1852.— Ker Baillie Hamilton. 1857. — Hon. Lawrence O'Brien (Administrator). 1857. — Sir Alexander Bannerman. 1864. — Hon. Lawrence O'Brien (Administrator). 1864. — Anthony JMusij^rave. 1869.— Sir Stephen J. Mill, K.C.M.G., C.B. 1876.— Sir John Hawley Glover, K.C.M.G. 1880.— Sir Fred. B. T. Carter (Administrator). 1881. — Sir Henry Fitzhardinge B. Maxse. 1883. — Hon. Edward Morris (Administrator). 1883.— Sir Fred. B. T. Carter (Ad'uinistrator). 1884.— Sir John IL Glover, K.C.M.G. 1885.— Sir Fred. B. T. Carter (Administrator). 1886. — Sir George AVilliam Des Voeux, 1887.— Sir Hcinry Arthur Blake. 1888.— Sir Te'-.;)X'e N. O'Brien. ^ ^ (I French Tirnhi Un/Jifs in Xcinfonndland. 17f) APPENDIX XL ^ French Treaty Rights in Newfoundland. Newfoundland difrers, in one rospect, from all other Tjritisii colonies. While the sovereiritiiiii;" tliat "it shall bo allowed to the sul))ects of Franco to catch tish and to dry them on laud," on that ]»art only of the coast already refcrretl to ; that ''it shall not he lawful for the .suhjects of France to fortify any place in th(3 said island of Xewfoundland, or to erect any buildings ther(> besides stages luaih^ of boards, and huts necessary and usual for di'ying of iisli, or to resort to the said island beyond the time necessary for lishiug and di'ving of tish." The next treaty dealing with this matter was that of Paris, 17(>.*>. it renewed and contirnu'd the previous treaty, and added the following article : '' The king of Great Britain cedes the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, in full right, to J lis iNIost Christian Majesty, to servo as a shelter to French fishermen ; and liis paid Most Christian ]\raj(^sty engages not to fortify the said islands, to erect no buildings upon them but merely foi- the convenience of the fishery, and to kee[) upon them a guard of tifty men only for the police." 'I'ho Treaty of Versailh>s, ITS.'l, confirmed the ])revious treaties, and by it the limits of the coast on which privi- leg(,'s were allowed to the French were altered and fixed to begin at Cape; St. John, ]>assing to the north, and descending by the western coast to (.'ape P^ay. Further: a Declaration was attached to this treatv, in which His ]>ritannic jNlajesty, "in order that the lisnermen of the two nations might not give cause for daily (piai-rels," engaged to " take the most positivt; measures for ])reventing his subjects from interrupting in any manner, by their competi- tion, the fishery of tlie Frencli duiaig the temporary exercise of it which is gi'antod to tliem upon the coasts of the island of Xewfoimdland ; but he will, for this ]»ur[>ose, cause the fixed settlements which shall be formed there to bo removed.' \ Fi Click Trent II J{is were great; but at length, a few years ago, the British Government permitted the a[)poiutment of magistrates and the election of two rei>resentatives in the local legislature, (grants of land were also allowed, sulyect to the treaty rights of the French. Matters have improved since then. Schools have been introduced, custo!u houses established, and the ))i'otection of law extended to the inhabitants. ( colonisation has advanced. The discovery of coal and ij'on in the country around Bay St. George has awakened the s))irit of industrial enterprise. ]\Ieantime, the French fisheries along the shore have declined, till now only .some eight or ten tishlug vessels visit that extent of coast. From St. Pien-e, the French carry on their i)ank fishery on a large scale, but the shore fishery has iH'come of small vahu-. Still, howiner, they abate no ])ortion of their ehiims, and continue to assert their rights as formerly. N'exatious quarrels are constantly recurring, LS4 A/ipendic. and it is iieeessarv f'oi' ciicli nation to maintain thi'ee war- Rliil)S to ci'uiso along tin; coast during tlio tisliing season to preserve tlie peace. The insecurity of titl(!s to j)ro}terty, and tlie constant efVorts of the Frencli to jtrevent the pro- secution of industrial enter))rises, ju'csent insurmountable obstacles to the settlement of the country. Witliin the last two years a new complication has ])resented itself. The new industry of canning lobsters lias l)een introduced by British subjects, and al)()ut thirty-tive lobster ^•i^*^o*'ips have been erected along this part of the coast. The French jiavc; also commenced this industry, and erected on the shon; a number of factories. Not only so, but they have set np an exclusive claim to the lol>ster fishery, and have been endeavouring to i-eniov*^ the factories of the F>ritisli from such i)la('es as they wish to occupy. The colonists contend that the treaties give the French 110 right to occupy the shore with such jjermancnt erections as loljster factories. Only cod-fishing was known when the treaties were madt;, and the liberty of " taking and drying lish " was limited to cod, and could not include lobsters. In this view the colonists are sustained by the highest legal authorities and ))y th(> British Government. It becomes more and more evident that tln^se antiquated treaties, which are inapplicable to the ])r(^sent condition of affairs, must be revised. From a resident population astlan Cab«)t born at B.ristol. 1492.— America discovc^red l)y Columbus. 141)7. -Newfoundland and the continent of Am .riea dis- covered by the Cabots. lH)7..._Vasco de Gama doubh-d the ('ape of Cood II))»h. l.',i)(;. — Ucath of Columbus. 151 7.__J<],u-opeau fishing ves.'-Ads fi'cquent the, '•naidvs''of Newfoundland. l,'')^!., — John Y(U'a/.zani's voyage from Floiiui to New- foundland. 1534. — Jacijues Cartier enters the Culf «)f St. Bawreiice. 'iu ^V. "" -^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. > .^ .^4. y^S' 51, ,V^ A z 1.0 I.I 1.25 2.8 ^ ^ I 2.2 1^ m U 11.6 % V] A .^^ c*l o 7 M Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WeST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (716) 873-4503 m ,\ v \\ \ ^. ^^ '^o Kl i * 'li^ Appendix. 186 ir)7()-78. — Martin Frobislior: voyage to Greenland and Labrador. 1583. — Sir Humphrey Gilbert takes possession of New- foundland. 1588. — The 8[)!inish Armada invaded Enghind, 1593. — Richard Ai)sham's expedition to Newfuundhind. 1G07. — Jamestown founded in Virginix 1G08. — Quebec founded by Champhiin. IGIO. — Guy's settlement in Conce[)tion Bay. 1613, — First child of European parents born in Now foundland. 1615. — Whitbourno's Commis.sion to Newfoundland. 1620. — Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers in Plymouth, New England. 1623. — Sir George Cah'ert's [)atent for colonisation of Newfoundland. 1630. — Arrival of first Irisli settlers in Newfoundland. 1638. —Sir David Kirke's patent in Newfoundland. 1649. — Execution of Charles 1. 1670. — Sir John Berry ordered to destroy settlements in Newfoundland. l'"!72. — Father Marquette and M. Joliet discover the Mississippi. 1 688. — English Revolution. 1696. — Nesmond's rejjulse at St. John's, Newfoundland. 1696 — First cai>ture of St. John's by the French. 1697. — Treaty of Ryswick. 1707. — Union of English and Scottish Parliaments. 1708. — Second capture of St. John's by the Kr«!nch. 1713.— Tn^aty of Utn^'ht. 1729. — Oaj)tain Henry Osborne, first Governor of New- foundland. 1745. — Louisliurg taken by the English. and New- Ch ronohxjlcal TuhJr. 187 Now New w of ts ill the 1. Nosv- 1759. — Quebec taken by General Wolle. WwA of French rule in Canada. 17G2.— St. Jolm's captured l)y the French; i'ccaptured hy the British. 1 TO;).— Treaty of Paris. 17t);>. — Labrador attaclied to Xewfoiindh-md. 17^4. — Customs and Niivi!j;ation Laws introduced into Newfoundland. 1776. — Declaration of American Independence. 1782. — Indepcmdence of United States acknowledi^ed by Knij;]and. 1783.— Treaty of V^ersailles. 1789. — Fi-ench llevolntion. 1793. — Supreme ('Ourt established in Newfoundland. 1805. — Post Oliiee introduced. X(^wfoundland. 1805. — F)attles of Trafalgar and Austerlitz. 180G. — First newspajter published in Newfoundland. 1812. — England and the United States at war. 1815.— IJattle of Waterloo. 1815. — Second Treaty of Paris. 1815. — Commercial disasters in Newfoundland. lylG. — Admiral Pickmore tirst resident Governor of New- foundland. 181G-17. — Three ,«rreat tires in St. John's. 1824. — Supreme (Jourt reorijanised in Newfoundland. 1825. — First roads made in Newfoundland. 1832. — Kepi'esentativo government granted to Ntiwfound- land. 1837. — Queen Victoria b(>gan to ihmiju. 184249. -" Amalgamated Assembly" in Newfoundland. 184(5. — Great fire in St. John's, Newfoundland. 1817. — jlesponsiltle government granted to Canada. 1S54. — llesponsible government granted to Newfoundland. l! 4<'. 1.S8 Appendix. i| ill 1854.— Russian War. l'^')4. — Iloci[)rocity Treaty with United States. ISoT. — Indian mutiny, LS58. — First Atlantic Calde landed in Trinity Bay. 18G1, — American Civil War commenced ; ended 180."). 1865. — Termination of tlie Reciprocity Treaty. 18G4. — Canadian contederatioii carried in Quebec Con- ference. 18G4.-— First copper mine opened in Newfoundland. 1 8GG. — Dominion of Canada lu'oclaiined. 18G9. — Newfoundland anti-confederate. 1872. — A''ote by ballot in England. 1875. — First Government railway survey in Newfoundland. 187G, — Fishery Conunission met in Halifax. ]S78.— Treaty of Berlin. 1881. — First sod of Newfoundland Railway turned, Aug. 9. 1883. — ^Craving dock, St. John's, Newfoundland, commenced. 1884. — Railway to Harbour Grace opened. 1884. — Dock, St. Johns, opened. 1885. — (rreat storm on Labrador. 1 88G. — Placentia Railway commenced, 1887.— A^ote by ))all(»t introduced in Newfoundland. 1888 — Municij)al Council for St. John's aj)pointed. Pla- centia Railway opentMl, 1889. — Manhood Suffrage Act passed. Harboiir Grace Roman Catholic Cathedral destroyed by lire. * Pla- NEWFOUNDLAND. -J — t^ : 1 r ^ 56 J - J, ,1 - 1 ; J I I . _i L, -L. 5 L jA B R A D O R 52 f.. Q U^fV. % ^TWt/w j-ySRrJ/f l.^l'f T 52 SI f.ngliah liies ^o^ Ha.e Bay -.rC; I'D \.^^' //ir/i f .i^ \ -g, l ^ 1 Hf/cninctioi, ■•■ » V, _; „ I Mnl/HL ^^ I GULF OF 50 /hy/miiiC'j %:"V':.J',-frrJ , „ „ A^ ^ ri Mir irriref, .•^. una //' A T L A ;V T / o \r /•; .1 yV ■' , /-„„*,-,.,„->;;...? vifh^Vf^':''" (I Uq. c^-^ ■ , - ,H^""' '■'■/ nr^r.f% 5*^ B O n 3 V 1 S "" Bay llaNtVgad^ „„,,,,, (■'"Xj-' AV;rr/l -W ^"* Bay, , ^li„nxm-fr' C.B|oni>/i8t8 WartiK - I>'''i "i f itiui 7 (u-nny / 'i"i(f_ I r l-«aM«l ''y.f'iV'^ ,-^^' <° /Iriyial ^ J ' 4« /. A Lsngl^y or ' '"^ ■ l.il.MiqiialoriL^ , . linnrfrt, 'iimwi.h "••fl c t O^i "i/lif Wt,'il S*i yHOA- (jithlhiw/i'ti A 4- 1 '■ pi I- ' !f!| T ]2 X T - B O O K OK NEWFOUNDLAND HISTORY (EXULisif i-:j)irii)X), OK A SHOUT llISTdUV 01' NEWForNDLANH. v,\ TiiK im:v. Ai. haiivi:y. {AtUinttc MuHthly.) Wliile this littl; book nocossarily appeals lirst to Now t'oiuullaiul people, it is so clear and wi'U arnni^'.'d an aeemmt of a history whith. iii its early passages, is ideiitilied with the I'.iiglish posses>ioii of America, that it will be found of Vidiio to all students of our history. The writer is Biuguhirly well iMpiipped for his task. {L'lhtcntioiial I'liitir.) This little work, of some 'JOO pages, is written in tlie sinoutlie-t and most effective manner o'l any similar text-book which his mme tn mir knowledge. Its autlior, the llev. M. Harvey, is the lie.-t knuun niiiii in Newfoundland. Altliough we have jienised liis hirgcr woi k en N,.u- foundhind-'-a history which reads almost like a romanc.—- we have n ad over again th." abridged story with a plea>ure wlii. h jii^rhaps wa< enly cnluuu'I'd by our previous knowledgv. Tin- thread of development i- never lost in the neeessary change of scene; and a bij-.i's-.ye view of the whole i.s given, with details suflicient to give colour md life to the ]>anorama. A series of appendices give most vahnble statistical information respecting the Island. Any one who has not time to read the larger history ui Newfoundland, <'au in this volume save the time and obtain the ' otory in a very readable and beautifully digested foni . ill r fi m Press Xoficcs. i I !|: .1 ! {Montreal (Jixzcltc.) No iiiiin livinp, wo iitiiy fciirlfssly f^iiy, \v:is licttcr f[Uiilili('(l {o uiidcrtake tilt' conipilatioii of tmcli a voluiiu?; and we need scurccly add that it bears alltlic marks of intiniiite kiiowledj^e, and of {.•oiisciciitious and ])ainstakin^ accnracy. It is written, like all that proceeds from the author's jien, in clear and finiplo lan;i\ia;:;e, whieh is at the yanio time vigorous and graceful. Though containing not quite 200 pages, it is extremely full in its conciseness, nothing in the annals of topography being omitted. {Boston Traveller.) "We cordially commend Mr. Harvey's little work to all who are desiro)M of learning the history of this interesting islantl. With this little volume in htind, the next generation cannot possibly be as ignorant respecting the island as have all that have preceded it. {Boston Daily Trtmseript.) It i? the oidy handbook we know of that gives a clear and well detined idea of Newfoundland — its natural, geograidiical, and climatic pecu- liarities, the people, the form of government, the social and industrial progivss of the country. We warmly recommend Mr. Harvey's excellent little volume. {Quebec Cli ronicle. ) In every way the book is full of merit, and ought to become exceedingly popidar with the public. It is accurate, reliable, and delightfully written. {Cincimtotti Commercial Gazette.) As clear and complete a little historical work as could be found. The writing is sijuple and vigorous, and the arrangeuKMit is admirable. {Jlnlifax Jferald.) Mr. Ilarvey has long been held as the recognised authority on all nuitters connected with Newfoundlaiul. His wide and extensive know- ledge of the country, his large and careful study of its history, joined to his great ability, combine to give a pre-eminent value to this little work. Press Xoticrs. 8 lie Works by the Same Author, NEWFOUNDLAND, THE OLDEST BRITISH COLONY. PUICK ElOllTKKN SllII,LIXr;S, LON])ON : CHAPMAN A: HALL, ISSI]. {Forfiiliihtly Jidirir.) Tins work on Newfoundluml is a difficult task extrcMiiely will rxccuted. It is an adinirablu account of the oldest Engli.-^h colony. {London AcadeiDy,) In no other work is the Newl'oundland staple trade treated so fully and t^o well, and the chapters on the tislieries ah)ne wo'.ild j^ive the voluuie a lasting value. It is an admirable book, worthy of soon atUiining the second edition, (/'-/// Mall (iazctte.) An interesting ami well-written book. (Zon(lo)i Graphic.) A standard book of reference. (/.oiidon Spectator.) A most entertaining and useful book, wliicli we liope will find many readers. {St. James's Gaze/It.) A complete and graphic account of tlw. oldest dei)endency of England. {European Mail.) No more interesting work has ever come under our notice, {T/ie Scotsman.) The book is a piece of solid workmanship. {The Literary World.) Au exceedingly interesting and valuable work. {Atla)itic Monthly.) An interesting wo"k by a ])ainstaking stuilent, wlio set3 about a thorough representation of the country. {Xriv York Herald.) The Ijest account of Newfoundland ever printed. f Press Xoticc ■'s. 1 1 H J I m WHERE ARE WE, AND WHITHER TENDING? Price, 2 6. LONDON: TliriiNKU .t CO., ISSG. ( irrstiii'iDsfer Jii-rinr,) Tlio iiutlior, whilo admitting' that tin; iH'sriiiiii.-t cmii lY-.'ulily find ri Cf'itaiii Justitifution of liis views in tlii' niuny - huniau piogrofs to bo a ^n'aiwl reality. {Satidtliiy L'dicir.) C'liei'iful ill tDiie and popular in style. {/.iiitffon Jlornuii/ J'o.sl.) 'I'lie autlidr of those lectiu'es is lu-st known as :in authority on Newfoundland, where he lias lonj;- resided; Imt his itre.-ent wmlc shows tiiat he has studied niueli deeper (questions than tiiosi; of tin," history of liis far-off home, and has kept himself posted in the intellectual contro- versies of the day. lie denies that an aeeejjtance of the Darwinitiii theory necessitated any doubt of the fjreat truths of Christianity. {Scof.'