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N«w Yorli 14609 USA (716) Ab2- 0300 - t'hooe (716) 288-5989 - Fok OlC -2 192* \\ DOMINION OF CANADA V x^^^T^ARYnfiyARTMEXT OF AGRICULTURE •KNTOMOLOCICAL HHANCK ('. (iuHlloN HtnrTT. DaMINluN Kn TOM )Llllll»r. ct-^r M^ UMMr«% IMrtriM f no 417 IM • RESULTS FROM SPRAYING IN NOVA SCOTIA G. E. SANDERS Field Officer in Charge Dominion Entomological Laboratory Annapolis lioyal, M.S. W. H. BRITTAIN Provincial Entomologist .\ova Scotia Agricultural College, Truro. X.S. CIRCULAR No. 7 Published by direction of the Hon, Martin Burrell, Minister of Agriculture Ottawa, Ont. 91866 OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 1916. To the HonourHl)lc The Minixtcr of AKricultiin-, Ottawa. Ottawa, Juiiuurv 25, 1016. Sir.— I have the honour to «ul.niit for your approval Knton>olo({ical Circular No. 7. entitled " Results from Spraying in Nova Scotia, " which has been prepared by Mr. C.eorne E. Sanders, Field Offirer in eharRe of the EntomoloRieal Laboratory at Annapolis H,.yal, N.S., and Prof. W. H. Brittain, Provincial EntomoloftiMt for Nova Scotia. Sinc-e 1911 Mr. Sanders has been investiRatinR the control of the bud- moths and green fruit worms of apple and Prof. Brittain, since his appoint^ ment m 1913, has co-operated in the investigation of fruit in.sects by studyinK the suckinR insects, and he has also been responsible for the work on the control of the plant disease's such as apple scab. As a result of this excellent co-operative work splendid results have been obtained in experimental and demonstration orchards. This has increa.sed the number of those who sprav and has improved spraying methods. With a view to convincing growers whose methods require improvement and those who may feel that our experimental results mav perhaps have a more rosy hue than could be obtained l.;; the practical fruit-grower, Messrs Sanders and Bnttain have also secured the results obtained by practical gro .- < in the Annapolis Valley and have analysed these in such a manner as to dem istrate •T St cleariy from every point of view, both practical and economical, that >r spraymg pays, and in fact is essential to profitable fruit growing thus .,;ortmg the conclusions to which their investigations have led them. A c,.,eful perusal of this Circular and the putting into practice of the imncip. s that govern correct spraying will mean the production of more fruit of better f,uality with increased profits to the grower and greater satisfaction to the consumer. I have the honour to be. Sir, Your obedient servant, C. GORDON HEWITT, Dominion Entomologist. 91866—11 RESUITS FROM SPRAYING IN NOVA SCOTIA By (J. K. Haniikhh and \V. H. Bkittain. Ill this publication wt- wish to tlriiw the rt'iidcrV littcntiun to uctiml ri-sults olitaiiMMl by owners spmyinn for profit in their own orchiirds in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Seotia. We know that thorough sprayinn increases the quality of the fruit by preventinK insect injury and protecting it from fungus diseasi's. It also increas«'s the (|Uantity even more than the ciuality by preventing ins»'ct injury to the blossoms and by protecting the stems of the l)lossoms and the U-aves froni apple scab. Well sprayed leaves are retained until late in the fall, thuf enabling larger and stronger fruit buds to be formed and a con8e<|Ucnt stronger bloom on the sprayed trees in the following year. Another Iwnefit not often realized to its full extent is the economy with which good, clean sprayed lots of fruit may be hantded. and we have included in this publication a state- ment showing the economy with which one lot of giHxl apples was handled litis year. The following four articles have been sele<'ted from the best that have been public' I during the season, — the first showing Increnxe in Qunlitij due to spray- ing, ;i ell as the large profits from spraying received by those who sprayed thoro !y, and the very small profits received by those who only half sprayed. Our second article deals chiefly with Jncreuxe in Quantity due to continued spraying, but shows the increa.se in (|uality to a certain extent. Our third article shows the Economy in Handling (lean Fruit as well as the co.st of spraying and the excellent results obtained by thorough spraying in 1915, w' i-n few un.sprayed orchards gave over 5 per cent. No. I and 2 (iravensteins. Our fourth article gives the Actual Profits from Spraying, and as tlieje results are given in terms of dollars and cents, they will appeal to many to Vthom percentages do not appeal. The spray calendar published herewith is the result of several years investigation of spraying problems by the authors in the Annapoli-s Valley, and i.s the best advice that we can give a{ the present time on spraying. I. INCREASL IN QUALITY OF APPLES DUE TO SPRAYING. The following " pack .lUt" sheet is similar to tho.se now in use through- out the Annapolis Valley, showing number of sprays applied, character of spraying, kind of nozzles used and character of orchard with the pt^rcentage of No. I's and 2's packed out, and clear profits from same after deducting cost of spraying. I m Urn X . o t2 U — as s s > I e 8 a! 1 1 n I i I J 1: is £ niMmmm. t>^' ^'!^ <^^V!^ ||.l.l|l:l|,1l|.ii.5Ji .1 a;a«f.?.i5252t!»''---" In I Hi r' t I .9 8. St x ■Si' -41 5?^ M rt rt tc M i M* w w w M ?i M e-i N « « ^ *^ X 5SS5Si;5:$3RSSS8SSJSg2* — «ps<»«»«i-«a>o — 22222S22S I 3 I TACK THIS UP FO Spray Calendar for Nova Scol W. H. BRIITAIN Agricultural Collaga TRURO, N. S. FIRST SPRAY FIRST SPRAY SECOND SPRAY fTlme: — When loaves about blossom "lusters are -liowing green. Fc I Material:— Lime Sulphur 1.009 sp. gr., or 3 gals, commercial strcngtl Application:— Drench thoroughly at 200 lbs. pres.sure, using a drive i Pests Destroyed: — Apple Scab, Budmoth, Brown-tail Moth, Cankei gals, water. fTime: — When blossom buds are showing pink at tips. For Ciinkor ) THIRD SPRAY Material: — Lime, Sulphur, 1.008 sp. gr., or about 2% gals, to 100 of v\ SECOND SPRAY ■' Application —Drench thoroughly at 200 ll)s. pressure, using a drivt Pests Destroyed :— Apple Scab, Budmoth, Brown-tail Moth, Cankei Blackleaf 40, 1 pint to 100 gals., making certain that every ins trees must be banded before spraying, with tree tanglefoot and 1 jTime: — When blossoms fall. i' ! Material :— Lime Sulphur, 1 007 sp. gr., or about 2| gals, to lUO oA w: Application : — Use 200 lbs. pressure and a calyx nozzle. j) Pests Destroyed: — Apple Scab, Codling Moth, Fruit Worms, Budmi previous sprays. (Time: — Ten days or two weeks after the third spray. I Material: — I.,ime Sulphur slightly weaker than in third spray, ad FOURTH SPRAY • Application:— Use 200 lbs. pressure and a calyx nozzle. Pests Destroyed: — Apple Scab, Fruit Worms, Codling Moth, Tu>soc [ feeding Brown-tail Moth Caterpillars. FIFTH SPRAY /in very wet seasons a fifth spray may be necessjiry to control Al'J'LK S( \ application as the fourth spray. When Tussock Moths )r Bro COPIES OF THIS CALENDAR MAY BE OBTAINED ON APPLICi ; UP FOR REFERENCE kotia Apple Orchards for 1916 G. E. SANDERS Dominion Entomologlcml Laboratory ANNAPOLIS ROYAL, N. S. THIRD SPRAY FOURTH SPRAY green. For Canker Worm defer this spray for a few days. ■ial strength to 100 of water, adding lead arsenate 5 lbs. to 100 gals. ig a drive nozzle. ith, Canker Worm, Tent Caterpillar, etc. If Aphids are present, add Blackleaf 40, 1 pint to 100 )r Canker Worm apply slightly earlier; for Green Apple Bug, leave until just before blossoms open. to 100 (if water, adding lead arsenate, 5 lbs. to 100 gals. ;inp a drive nozzle. ith, Canker Worm, Fruit Worms, etc. If Green Aphis, or Green Apple Bug are present, add t every insect is covered with the spray. For very severe infestations of tJreen Apple Bug, the glcfodt and kept clean cultivated until July 7th. u UK) oA water, adding lead arsenate 5 lbs. to 100 gals. ms. Budmoth, etc If Green Apple Bug is present, add Blackleaf 40, using a drive nozzle as in spray, adding lead arsenate, 5 lbs. to 100 gals th, Tu>sock Moth, Fall Webworm, Red Humped Caterpillar, Yellow Necked Caterpillar, fall Al'J'LK SCAB. This is applied 10 days to 2 weeks after the fourth and is the same in material and hs )r Hrown-tails are present in injurious numbers, the application of this spray is recommended APPLICATION TO EITHER OF THE ABOVE ADDRESSES. In the table, Spray 1 refers to that applied when the leaves were the size of a ten cent piece, Spray 2 immediately before the blossoms, Spray 3 immediately after the blossoms, and Spray 4 and 5 ten and twenty days after. The two highest lots, it will be noticed, were sprayed twice before and three times after the blossoms, with a Drive nozzle in both cases. The next two lots were spruyed once before and three times after the blossoms, the four lots receiving the fifth spray coming at the top of the list — showing up the importance of the fifth spray in 1915. Of the three lots sprayed twice before and twice after the blossoms, the one sprayed with the Drive nozzle leads; and in the next lot to it the fruit was thinned on the trees. Of the lots sprayed once before and twice after the blossoms, the two top ones were sprayed with a Drive nozzle. Others of these lots were sprayed with the Drive nozzle, but in each case there was some defect in time or thoroughness of application, which modified the results, '"'le lots at the bottom of the list speak for themselves and show that one or two sprays — and those perhaps not thoroughly applied — are very little better than no spray in giving quality to the fruit, although Spray 2 and 3 will give enough benefit in insect control to increase the crop by about 80 per cent. The best sprayed lot averaged $2.08 per barrel through the Fruit (Company, while the best unsprayed lot. No. 18, averaged $1.43 per barrel through the same company. The best lot was grown in a very close planted, thick orchard, while lot No. 18, the best unsprayed lot, was grown on open, scattered trees, giving it every advantage. It cost a trifle less than 15 cents per barrel to spray five times the best lot which packed out 68 per cent. Nos. 1 and 2; and from this and other evidence it is apparent that the average cost of spraying once for one barrel of apples this year, at the price at which spray material was purchased through the Fruit Companies, was about 3 cents per barrel. In the column marked "Profit per barrel over cost of spray", No. 18, the best unsprayed lot of Gravensteins seen this year, was used as a basis. The returns averaged $1.43 per barrel. In the remainder of the column we have reckoned up the average selling price of each lot on company prices, and have subtracted the cost of spraying and the price obtained for lot No. 18, the best unsprayed lot, and the remainder stands as clear profit attributable only to spray- ing. This profit does not take into consideration the increased quantity of fruit, which amounts to some 80 per cent., but the increased quality only. Examination of this column shows that even though the cost of spraying has been all charged against quality, the profit from quality is still greatest where the most spray material was used, and least where the least spray was used. Only one exception is found to this — that in lot 8 and 9, which goes to show that three sprays with a Drive nozzle bring the grower more than his neighbour who applies four sprays with a Mist nozzle. In lots 14, 16, 17 and 19 there are glaring factors which show why good results were not obtained. This profits column is decidedly interesting and shows that if a man desires to sec are profits he must spray thoroughly. Those who half spray, such as Nos. 13, 14, 15. 16, 17 and 19, do not get the mo.st profitable returns. A sheet similar to this, but with the ov/ners' names attached, is posted in the Round Hill warehouse, following the plan of last year. This plan has resulted in the Round Hill Company's lot of fruit being one of the best lots in the Valley this season. It gives each man a chance to compare his own with his neighbour's spraying and his actual results, for, after all, the packing table is where we get the final impartial record of the results of our work. The posting of the sheets of the Gravenstein pack-out in every warehouse will, without doubt, instil a com- petitive spirit into the spraying of next year, and cause more thorough spraying to be done. We would heartily recommend the general adoption of such a plan. 8 II. INCREASE IN QUANTITY OF APPLES DUE TO CONTINUED SPRAYING. The Yield from One Sprayed and One iNHPHAyED Orchard during the Years 1911, li)12, 1913 and 19H. The preceding artido shows very well what many people realize, namelv the increase in the quality of fruit ' "'■'''ly "PPlr tree in the Annapolis Valley had a full crop of clean truit. Ihc value of spraying was at its minimum in that year. It could not have increase.1 the quantity nor quality by controlling fungous diseases since o a.nn?,nt''f^T ' ""'^ '"'*'"* '"J.^^v, whil,. present, passed almost unnoticed e.Hmn?iV.i fl ♦ 7«™"us quantity of apples. We are approximately correct cro 1^1911 sprayed and unsprayed orchards had a full 100 percent. The following tables show the numl)er of barrels packed out from the spraved b"l912, "iSl' mi." '■■''• "' ^'"" "' '^^ P'"-'-''"^"'?' "f th^" 191 1 «-rop' obtained XOXPAKEILS. \'<'ar. 1911 1912 191.3 1914. rsSPHAYEI) ORrHARD. Actual Crop. 197-2.5 645 41 "6 -".I I'lTcontiiKc ot 1911 Crop. 100 .■{2 -5 20-7 38-8 .SpRAVED Orchard. Actual ( 'rop. 162-75 303 107-5 IVrcpntane or 1911 Crop. 100 42 7 189-8 102-9 Wp find by tntalliiiK the perpentaRP of 1911 prop polumn that during the years 1012-13-14, the unsprayed orchard averaiied 30.6 per pent, of the prop of 1911. While the sprayed orehard durinR the same year, averaged 111.8 per pent, of its 1911 prop, or, in other words, the sprayed orehard averaged comparatively over three and «)ne-half times as many Nonpareils as the un- sprayeii during; the three years. GRAVESlSTEINS. Year. I'nhprayed Oh< hard. SPH.WID OKI'HARD. Ai'tua! Cnip. Pi-ri-entaite of 1911 Crop. .Actual ('n>p. Perrentaup i)ri911(V(.p. ISll 57 13 Noni' lU 100 22-8 None. 33-3 1.W 9f 5 110 75 .344 5 100 1912 62-5 1»I3 690 1914 216' 1 By totalling the pereei tage column of Gravensteins we find that d'trin^ the year." 1912-13-14, the unsprayed orchard averajjed 18.7 per cent, of its l*'ll crop, while the sprayed orchard during the same years averaged 116 percent, of its 1911 crop; or, ir other words, the sprayed Gravcnstein or'-hard averaged com- paratively over six times as many apples as the unsprayed during the .same three years. Looking «t e figures in another light, the man who sprayed increased h' crop of Nonparti.s by 265 per cent, and increased his crop of Gravensteins by 520 per cent, by his spraying. V e have not considered the difference in quality of fruit in the two orchards, but it is enough to say that the unsprayed orchard paclced out 31 per cent. No. I's and 2'-i, in Graveuateins in 1914, while the sprayed orchard packed out r. fraction over 90 per cent. No. 1 and 2, the same year. When we know that the spraying costs about fifte* "> cents per barrel of apples picked, we can realize that a man cannot afford not to spray, that he cannot invest r...''.y money in his orchard, or in fact in anything else, that .vill pay the profits that the money invested in spraying will pay. A return of 520 per cent, more Gravensteins, and in 1914, 56 per cent more No. I's and 2's amorig them, is the advantage the man who sprayed, ootained over his neighbour v, lio did not spray, at a cost of about fifteen cents per bane) III. ECONOM* IN HANDLING CLEAN FRUIT. A Record in Gkavensteins. In reckoning the value of spraying Gravensteins in 1915, when 15 cents worth of spray material made barrels of apples worth $3, which would other- wise have been worth $1.50, besides producing from 50 to 80 per cent, more of them on the trees, one should also take inti) consideration the economy with which this clean fruit can be handled. In this regard Mr. Frank Fowler of Bridgetown has set a record which will be hard to equal. 10 Mr. Fowler had a total crop of about !,200 barrels. He wpn yed four times with a power outfit, umdr calyx noMJe.^. His spraying material cost him $35, his labour to apply the spray cost $60. He reckons a depreciation on his spray outfit of $40 and $.5 for Ka^toline uiid oil, making a total of $140 to cover co.'' from apple scab, hudmoth, green fruit-worms and codling moth. The«e conclusions were confirmed by actual counts from the picked apples as shown in the following table: — PEWENTACiE OK APPLE SCAB AND INSECT INJURY ON SPRAYED AND UNHPRAYED TREES.' No. Varii'ty. Trratiiifni. PinrE.MTAdi: (f Imi'Riih. trwii. Appl.- Scab. 1 Hud-niiih. Icireen Fniit- worm. f'ndling Moth. 10 10 9 9 Ciolflrn Ru.-f fruit obtained by spraying, which is by far the greatest benefit derived. This faci is brought out by tho following table: — RESULTS OF SPRAYINfJ AN'^ PRICE HECEIVED KoR CROP FROM .'^PRAYED AND UNSPHAVEl) PLOl ~ .No of trees. 10 10 9 9 Variety. Treatment. No. or H.tRR£:LH pii ked. CJolden Russets (ioUlen Russets. Kings Kings Sprayed 4 times.. . Unsprayed .Spray" d 4 times... Unsprayed No. 1. I No. 2. I .\o. 3. I Culls I I in bus. ) 1 21 Total priee reeeivetl. t ets. 24 60 6 9.5 .if) 0.-1 11 .50 These figures show striking'y the folly of attempting to grow fruit com- mercially without spraying. Ir the case of the Golden Russets, the number of No. I's "was increased "seven t^mes. In the case of the Kinji ihe gain is much greater, namely, the No. I's Wf re increased ten times and a greater net profit per acre. . • , Further discussion of ihe above figures is unnecessary as the mference is sufficif iy obvious. It is evident that there is nothing that a fruit grower can do to his trees that will yield him such a handsome return as careful and timely spraying. The foregoing figures are only the results from one season, but it is our "intention to continue the work over a series of years so that accurate averages can be secured. We are indebted to Mr. Fred Johnston, of Bridgetown, by whom the spraying was done.