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Mapa. plataa. charts, ate., may ba filmad at diHarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly includad in ona anposura ara ^ ^%ii.%it ^1 a a:S »gmM "■■n x%ij:il 41 RON 'lli' (Baflc'0 20tb Centura Scrtc? elementary English Grammar FOR USB IN CANADIAN SCHOOLS BY D. J. GOGOIN. M.A., D.C.L. Sii/tfriiifnidfltf of E-himtinu in (h> A'f«/A- M'.-^/ '/'< rrltnri- ^, /onif r/i/ I*iinci/Ml of fhf Mmiihiha Xoriint/ Sihool . IN(I,rhlN<: Elhmkntary Composition (Hart VI.) (tY \V. J. ALEXANDKR, Pii.I). Pi-off,.-'snr nf Eitijli^tt in Unii-ty^ilit ('"//';/', Titrmitn. W. J. GAGH & CO. I.IMITKU TORONTO. PItEFAOE. IK all miWecU conftno yotir taiclilne to the Iciidlng outlines In Iho l.rxt ln>(«nce. . . . Turn cvcrylhlnic to u«in«yuu teach lU . . . amnmar hn» to be Bludiod In anil through ncntcnccB, anil to bo txln«-t«( fn.ni «,nl«nce» bj- Iho pupil H It ta to bo rtatly tAuaht.-lTofo-sor LiUHlli, Univereity oi Edinburgh. Three-lourtlu of the pupils %. lo outer our elementary scUooIh do not proceed beyond tho stage of ailvuncouuuit reprosentod liy a Fourth Reader. Tho average ago of pupils who enter our High Schools is fourteen. For such pupils lessons in graninmr should bo simi>le, should deal with e.Hs.-ntiul», and shouUl lie turned to uso in readinj; and comiiosition. For years the child has bee'i thinking thoughts and uttering them in sentences. He has been studying thoughts ^ they apiiear iti tho sentences of his reading and literature lessons, and has lieeii giving the substance of them in his own words ever since ho entered school. The substance of grammar is implicit in his mind, and tho teacher's problem, when the grammar stage is reached, is to make this know- ledge explicit and to cause the child to do in a formal methodical way what he has been doing in an informal way. Accordingly the pupil begins with thoughts, their e'-ments, and their classes, and proceeds to sentences as the forms in which these thoughts are clothed. In his study of the [.ontence he perceives that each word has its own work to do in t', expression of thought and so, from the standiwint of thought, he classifles v o.ds as parts of spaech and describes their rehitions. Ho observes that a change in the use or meaning of a won! is freiiueni ly followed by a change in its form, and so he studies inaeotioii as it affects words used in the expression of thought Thatgeoeral analysis which brings i.to relief IV PHEPACE. Il'o IiiKiciil BtniclUTO of a cor„i,lir„(„,i ure irregular in for..,. ""Joot., ts, a.„I verbs tl.at It hlielieved that the PuMjc School .,„„il ^. ^a^ .ooU founaatio.. for aa.a..«. .„r. »,.„,, ,::-:i~ TABLE OB^ CONTENTS. PART I.— Thoughts and Sentences '■» KiiitUof Thuuglita U KintU of Sentonces liJ PART Il.-The Parts of Speech in The Noun 19 Tho Pronoun 20 T ho Verb 22 Tho Adjective . . 2(j The Phraw . . 27 The Adverb . . 'JO Adverb* modifying Adjt'rtivt's 80 Ad\orbs modifying Adverbs HI Adverb PhraseR 32 Tho Clause at Tho Preposition fti The Conjunction ;i7 The Interjection 41 Different uses of tlio same wurd 42 Application 42 PART III.— Classification of Parts of Speech Ac, Thn Noiin 4fi Concrete and Abstract Nouns 4(; Common and Proper Nouns 47 Collective Nouna 48 The Verb 60 Notional and Relational Verba BO Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 61 The Pronoun 53 Personal Pronouns . . . . 63 Conjunctive Prononna 50 Demonstrative Pronouns 69 Interrogative Pronouna 60 Indefinite Pronouna 61 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS, The Adjective "'*«'« Qualitative Adjectives ^ Quantitative Adjective^ ^ Proiiominal Adjectives ^ Attributive Adjectives ^ Predicative Adjectives. ^ Tlie Articles .. .. 64 The Adverb . . . . 65 According to meaning .'.' ^ According to use 66 The Conjunction . . . . 6' Co-ordinative Conjunctions ^ Subordinative Conjunctions ** Correlative Conjunctions .. •• ■• •^'' Phrasal Conjunctions ''" Sentences: Classification !! . .' ™ The Simple Sentence .'. '. ''' The Complex Sentence .. ''' The Compound Sentence ^' • Analysis .... 72 PART iv.-inneetlon.' '.'. 74 Infiection of Nouns ,. 77 Number.. .. .' 77 Gender ' 77 Case .. .. .' " 79 Declension . . 80 Parsing 85 Inflection of Pronouns 85 Personal Pronouns ^ Conjunctive Pronouns ' ' ^ Demonstrative Pronouns ® Interrogative Pronouns . ®* Indefinite Pronouns . . " 68 Special uses of " It " ,, ■• 69 Parsing a Pronoun 6P Inflection of Adjectives .. 69 Comparison of Adjectives ^ Parsing an Adjective *• Inflection of Verbs 96 94 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vll .. 64 .. 64 .. 65 .. 66 .. 66 . 67 . 68 . 68 . 69 . 70 . 70 . 71 . 71 71 . 72 74 77 77 77 79 80 85 8S 86 90 90 9S 94 PAGiE Person 94 IS'uiiiIht 95 The Infinitive 91) fion.n.l< 97 The Partuiplo 98 Aiixiliario!! 100 Vciira 101 Tense 108 Mo.)d 110 Conjugation 11^ Auxiiiar}', Peft'ctivc, iin'l IniporsnnEil Verba .. .. 120 Conjui^atitms : Old and Xt'vv ; Strong and Weak .. 128 Principal P.irts of a Verl 130 Parsing a Verb or Vcrli- Phrase 132 Inflection of Adverl)s 133 Pi-eposition ,. 134 t'oujunction 135 Interjection 135 PART V.-Syntax 130 Sentence — Klemeiits 136 Position of tlio EloTiients . . . 136 Position of tlio Subject 137 'I'ha No\in 138 Tlie Sutijective Case 188 Tlio Objootivo Case 138 The Possessive Case » 140 Tlia Pronoun 110 Rclatitin and Position 140 Tlie Adjective 141 Relation 141 Position Ill Tlie Verb 112 Relation 112 Sequence of 'I'cn^es . , . , 143 •I'he Adverb 143 Relation 143 Parking the Adverl) . . , , , 144 Peculiar Adverbs 144 Position of Adverbs 146' viir TAIifj.; •ri„ t:„. <;, • '''■'■i«>>iii„ ''"-itioji.. "y CON-TKN-Ts. iMJIIJHlic, Rll,-.h„ ''"-'l|(lj||;,ti Pi F.w. PART vi, ( < '>nt.J„„v,. C„„j,„„.„„„,, "'I'-lM.Kion.. •-Composition. '"•»''"lH'ivnco,„KlI>,.„,,„,,j. ^:r;;::r^'"^' '^--e«: """"I ''>m|«.s,tio„ PART VII. ■IV An,.so„ tliu Kii.rlj,)', 'r Appendixes.. .. ; '^I'li'iiilix.V I''<«ul„- Murals flMPif-ll I>1,„,;|, fi''l.l.T N„„„s. . 'iTofriiliir A.lje,.tivos Sl.w„gV,.,|,s,„„, J,,.. K'"^lyKM>;li»l,(Se,„i:s.u;: index •"■;'""■ ^-^"-'- 'S.-ixdiii n fSiwphiien.s „f Kii^lisl,) '■ «',.„k v^.,!,. m) PAOK ■■ .. 14li ■ ■■ lid ■■ ■■ ua .. 117 •• ..US ■ 148 .. H8 ■ UH • 149 • • . l.W ■ . 162 ..161 • KW-213 ..170 ■ 189 .. Ifll .. 198 .. 20.'! .. 2tfs .. 210 .. 213 .. 214 .. 215 . 218 .. 219 ■ . 220 .. 221 ■ ■ 222 .. 22( ■ . 225 ■ ■ 225 ■• 225 . 22(1 . 220 . 227 . 228 ■ 282 2.S2 282 2.13 . . 237 TAQE ■ .. ur. ■ .. Mli ■ ■■ Uii .. 117 ■ ■■ UH ■ -148 .148 ■ • 14H • 149 • • l.W ■ . 16a .. 181 JW-213 .. 170 ISfl .. ini • • 198 • ■ 20.') .. 20S • . 210 • . 213 .. 214 . . 215 218 . 219 . 220 . 221 PART ONE. i THOUGHTS. -SENTENCES. I. Tliink of some object. (The dog.) Think of sometliing to say about tliat object. (Barks.) Express your thought in a sentence. (The dog barks.) Think of tlie olijects : cats, the grass, a small Ih)V, T.iondon. Think of something to say about eacli. E.xpress these thoughts in sentences. II. The bird sings. Flowers grow in tlie gardens. The strong liorse carries a lieavy load. (1) Aljout wluvt are j-ou led to think in tlie first sentence? (The bird.) Alxjut what are you led to think in the second sentence ? (Flowers.) Al)out what are you led to think in the third sentence ? {The strong liorse.) Tlie hinl being the si'bject of thought in the first sentence may be called the thoUght-SUbject. What are the thought-subjects in the secoml and third sentences? (2) What are you led to think about the bird in the first sentence ! (Bings.) 9 10 KLElIKNTAIiV CilCAJIMAli. -.-r. ■",=;::,:;::*; > ..■™», -"•■"■-. Xw-iJ^dS" ■■'■ ""-"'"-.-.• .."■:tr "" "•"■<"-<^'"- ". *■ .»„ „ in. "-undo, ti, to \,r" ':'"'''-^"''^^^^^^ thus: Tl;e«ra™ ij^ "'"' ^"^""^^ "'" ">"%'l.t-p.--.lieate, The .Mi.nmo;i;;;;,,„,.e come again. ' •^•'° » 'j'a«k cloud iu tlio ^-est. The woods with music ring. With many a curve my banks I fret Down swept the ciull wind from t e n.onnf.n Wrthhis'l'''"*"""^^ hedgehog With his sleepy eyes looked at him %h.m sported on the green His little grandchild, Wnhelmine tile sff-ouil '"■«'■ in tile ' limy |,c anil tliiriJ Irinv one tiiiiij two aicilieate, ^ trees. ' in the ELEMENTAKY GKAHMAK. 11 V. Supply tlioujjlit-sulijectH til tlic folldwiiif; llii.ii(,'lit- prediuates :- lltjlllj. - is the Premier of the Doiiiiiiion of Caiiiulii. had the value of all lamls written in the Doomsday Book. - is the capital of British Columbia. — ■ revolves around the earth. is the author of "David Copperdeld." is made from the wool of the sheep. vt. Supply thought-predicatps to tliu followiu),' tliouglit sub- 1 jects : — Alfred, the Great . • The Canadian Pacific Eailwiiy . The claws of the cat . The song of the lark . VII. A complete thought is made up of two iiienilieis, a thought-subject and a thought-predicate. A complete thought expressed in words is a sentence. KINDS OF THOT'flHT. VIII. I Think of something to assert (tell) aljout John. Kxpress "■ it in a sentence. (John w^alks.) Think of a question you wish to ask. Express it in a sentence. (Who is he!) Think of a command you wish to give. Express it in a ^( sentence. (Shut the door.) 12 ELEMENTAKY fiKAMMAIi. Think a complete thouglit tl.at h n„ assertlnn ^- it.nas,.„t,.,K.e. (Undon is a city) *^^'*^'"»- "'"1"^'^ Tlunk a o..,„plete thougl.t that is a question l.'v ■t.nas,.„t.„oe. (Where is I.,n,lon ?) ''"*^"°"- '"P"-"'^ ^'""'"'•e""'plete thought that is a t.n«,^o«j ... ■t in a sentence. (Come here.) command. Express About each of the followins think fi. i . ., tions, q„e.,tio„s, or co,n„,a2 :_ "^"""^ ""'' are asse, Robert Victoz.ia, Ju^e, Moufreul, Winnipeg Express these ti.ou.-hts in sentences ^ il"* many kinds of tliou.'lits l,-,v„ i sentences ? " '" '*''"" '"''P'es.sed in these Tell which of these kind., ,.f n w . of the following :_ """«'"" '" "^P'"''*'' i" ''aeh What is the u.se of delaying? liie breaking waves da.slied liigh R>"g out, wild belk, to the wild 'sky Why does a rolling stone gather no'„,oss? ^o endeavor is in vain • Its reward is i, the doing. Be not false, unkind, or cniel • Banish evil words ai.l strfe- pop thy heart a temple holV. Love the lovely, aid the lowly.' -"ger, etc., it may be ca,l«l 1 T7' '^^'' ""P^"''"'-. beautiful t ,e flowL «,.«' x "" ^^<=la«ation, e.g., I.,. -n their glory fade" " '"" "" *^"'*" ' ^^'-" ELEMENTARY ORAMMAB. 13 H-xjire»s Give a name for each thought expressed in the following stanza. Tf any of the thoughts are also exclamations, men- tion that fact. Tht fi'8 a merry brown thrush sitting up in the tree: . He's singing to me! He's singing to mo ! And what does he say, little girl, little boy! "Oh, the world's running over with joy! Don't you hear 1 Don't you see I " KINDS OF SENTENCES. XII. Each kind of thought is cxF-^ase.! in its own kind of sentence. A sentence which expresses a thought that is an assertion is an assertive sertcnce. A sentence which expresses a thought that is a question is an interrogative sentence. A sentence which expresses a thought that is a command or request is an imperative sentence. A sentence which expresses a thought that is accompanie.1 by strong feeling may be called an exclamatory sentence. XIII. Bead the following sentences and tell whether they are as- sertive, interrogative, or imperative, and why. M any sen- tence is also exclamatory, mention the fact. Observe the marks of punctuation at the close of ea«h sentence. How beautiful is the rain in summer! Is he not able to pay the money! Remember never to be ashamed of domg right. Brightly shines the morning sun. 14 ELKMENT.AltV OJiAMMAK. Each „f „.s l.,,s J.i,s own fanlt.s. roll for the ,n-avoMhe brave that a..o no morel XIV. .4:;!;";;ir "™ ^""'■"™^ "•"- -- p>«- in ,„„ 'eaves U,efli:,:t,:rb;::r"'-^ ^'^"'"'- "'-t tl. c„,or, of XV. .oi,s. ' "*''• '""" ">'«" "liS" » low, .,v„l F.I.KMF.NTAKV (iUAMMMt. 15 ItiMil the ilii<'f wciiil usud ill cxiiirssin;.' lliu llmu^jlil- i,if(ii(iitc (Fussfil.) This word iiwy li« cuilwl ilie bare word-predicate. HcimI tliu complcto »iiiil-i>mli™i.'s and llll^ liiuv »>ii'- % «toek! *■«""-.' .s.u.«-fl„k,i th ; ,^1?' ''■"'" *'- ^^y a.'o 'l'^ 1<"H1 and cJast; Ir* 1*" Jr*"' «'«'' «'-• XXITI. Turn to voup Po„ i --e of euch kind of .ente.eo 2 ."'T'"' '■" '^■''' ""= PART TWO. THB PARTS OF SPEECH. THE NOUN. I. John owns a lum.ii! in Viiiii'i>u.iM\ Wliiit work does tlio woiil ,/i,/i« do in ihis sniti'iife I It giii'H tlio Hiiiiie of till' iKTHon thought of. ^'"'■rtt work dot's the word Inmxr do in this sciiti'iice ! It ^ the tiiiiiii' of till) lliiiij^ t'louyht of. hilt work dix'S the word rii/i'"»ii<' do in this .sciitenLi ! It gl s thu HtliHt' of tho phioo thouglit of. Ill the foMowiiiy Neiiteiicus eoiiy the words thiit are iiiiiiiin of jK;rsoiis, places, or tilings. CoflEee grows iu Brazil and Arabia. The earth and moon revolve around the sun. Tlio King of Enghind is ruler of a va.st. empire. He sjK)ke of tlio griis.s and flowers and trees, Of the singing birds atid the humming bees. A word that is used as the name of a person, place, or thing is a. Noun. II. la tho following pasaage^ piok out the nouu.s. Wliy is '>ach a uouu ? 20 KLEMENTAKY OBAMMAK. Alvvay.s ho broad St. Lawreuce soo.ned to be viudiug from buadlan.l to boadlund amo,,! l^eputplo hills: ia sunlight a mirror bit Mi\ci 111 tlie mooii-tract. (f<), strajigor! track tho dee.,— Free, tree tho white sail spivad ' .»™:rr-';:=:::-«; •■•- THE PRONOUN. III. John OW11.S hor.so.s and ho is fonk tluMii lioni.'. Eobort knows Willimn's horse mid ho will fiiul it for liiin. A word used histewl of a 'l-.»» in a. PrOnOUn. TV. William has bought a hieyclo .lud he rides it. Wiuuipog has wi(ie stro(;ts and thoy are i>avod. I„ tlioso seiiteiicos read tlic words tl.at mliM did go. Joii" may },;u-e go„e. Til the fi,-«t spntp,,,,, '" -ako the as..e..t,-;:,, 'ilrV'"? '"'^ •" ^ "'■" '-i"'- Tn each of the f„no„.,„„ „., -".cI verb-phra.ses . . " ^■^'''^'"' l''^''' "ut ^.H the vorhs J .see,, ^ '^"^ -'fe'"'" ^^-h'^t I ],ad already Til * ^ F.LEMKN PAUV (iUAMMAK. -J a wfijroii witli hay. Tho sh(>op iiibhlo grass as tlu'V j'o. Tlio sliopliordoss stops and vosts now and tlioii wliilo slio pi<'ks np dropped stitches in hor knitting. Tlioro is stilhiess in tho nir, that calm sileneo wliicli Millet said was tho gayest thing ho knew in nature. XT. Acccmliii^' to tliiMi- uses i" ii sontoiioo words are divider! into (•Iiiss,.s." So far wo Inivo dis,-ov.Mv,l tlirco Hasses-tl.c, „„„„, tho 7.r..H..»", and tlie nil, witli Hs oxpansion tlie vnli- [lll^iLs^^ Tn tlio f..l1owin<; si'lifonccs cni.y tlio l)iin) Nvord-sul)jcct» I and bare xvonl lavdi.'atos. >r.Miti..n wl.ifl. class ..f words oacli sliould 1)0 (ilacod in. Tho south -wind searches for tht! flowers. A little child shall h'ad them. Cast thou tliy l>read upon th(^ waters. In n>y youth I studied law. Call my hrother hack to me. Why should ho forfeit his hard',y-won prize ? Th'aVd ye not the shrill call of the bugle? Homo they hrotight him, slain with spears. Mention too elassos in wliirli .ill tlie bare wonl-subji'cts lla\<' Itotui placi d. Mention tlie class in which all the liaro word-pi-odical^'s have been placed. liLKJIiiMAliV (iliAMJUK. THE ADJECTIVE. XII. IIojso.s eat. Black JioiNcs eat l""iig I,la,.k hoi-ses oat. They are beautiful. T" the first .s™fonrotl„.„„„„ , t «ition. ■ ^'"^^"' '« "" iiriiit to its appli- to l,ors,.s of ,, „nai„ „,lo,' "iTlu-ahV.,, „f tl,o „„„., (affi.ctst^',!!,!;,,-;':,"!^''',,'''' "■"?' ^'.'""^ '"'■""-'• "•"-Jifies toho..so.ofae.rta->„io "" ''^' '■■"■«"« ''-I'P'.eatio,. T" t!,e fourth .s,.ni™,.o ll„. ,,„,,, , ,., , Tall treo.s from Ilttio aeon,« jnw J l''T,'^ eold a,Kl „a,.k a.^l Z,,.,. '' sfatei^i is :r"^'r'"'-^''''^ """•-• Timt vol.; ;;f ;:!i'3' *«" --t,.! t,.,.. A won! used Adjective. to m,„/,ri/ a nonri or pi'oiioun IS an EliEMKNTAllY GUAMMAU. 27 XTIT. C.py tl,o ,ul.ir.-tiv..s in the fo^o^vl,,^' imssasos. VOl ^vl,y cacli is an luljiictivp. All that spring with lioniiteous liimil Scatters <>'or a smiling laml; All that liberal autumn pours From her rich o'erllowuig stores. Above our heads the sullen clouds Seud, bla<'k and swift, across the sky; Like silent gliosts in misty shrouils Stand out the white lighthous»>s liigh. The plain was a weary flat of loose red sanO, sparsely covered by dry karroo bushes, that cracked beneath the tread like tinder, and showed the red earth everywhere. Hero and there a milk bush lifted its pale- c„l<.relii;is...i Ji, ir... * n ■ Tpllwl„.f..i I •-'"'■''■•'"" tl'u following wnt.Mices. ipil what euch jilinwe iiKHlilics. Tlie sound of guns -.vas liojinl Tho wivok of 11,0 vessd floatod in. llio .it.dg,, was a ,Mai, witlio„t uuw.y Want of deocncy is want of sonsc " Bolun.1 it rose the firs with .ones n^.on ,1,..,„, His flaxen hair of sunnv Inie, Curled closely i-o„nd ius l.onnet blue. XV. X;,i„g .,„i,a,,,o adjoetives or a,l,i..o,ive j.h.,.,,..,, ,,„„,„„.. MX a.»e.-,ve .sentences de.senbin., tI,o following „1,.k. Rol.,n redbreast, a„t«„„,, „,„UMtain, prairie, sea ' V.\n^ snitable adjeetives, co„,,«so six exclan.a.orv sen tences about tbe following objects: Koses, r b „.:., infant, sunset, Niagara. ' ' each of tbo following : .Snow, gold, avalan.-i,,. M-illi,.,„ „; Conqueror, Columbus, Ii„,.sia. Compose sentences illustrating ti.e uses „f tl,e foll„wi„„ adjectives: Pretty, bandsome, ..auHfnl; eorre,.;; I!! I !" ,/)■./, ELF.MK.NTAUY OUAMMAU. 29 ],l,ca.ljoctivoi.lm«.s.iuatl»!«..Mls«i. } THE ADVERB. xvr. Ileiiry spoiiks. Hem y fuiiks now. Hemy speaks lu've. lloiuV speuks .. -'•" '"• -'•^-/"-''- '^ "" ^*'*''*- 30 IXEMENTAJtV OUAAIMAB. XVII. «"Mftly swiniy fl„„. ,1,0 sliip O" iimaloiioit bl,.u-. """"— SilonUy, slowly, sf,.(,.|v nn.l f,,.e <'!■;« ot <.,„,,1 ,„Hl,.- ,1,0 so- ' Little by ]i„ie ,,,„ ,,„|;;,';f;" I'orth i„to the forost Mnw-hUviv P'oudly, ^vuh Li. bows and an-ows. -■HIU1HIN(; AdjKCTIVES. XVIII. The muu ^as ni,g,y The .„au ,v„., extrouu.Iy an^^y -eanin,, of the a.ijeeU ;:;;:;;.;;' ""'' ^■'" -"^ - "«-■* the The m, Sextrenichj "j wry ^'^^"""^"'""""''^>"'""(^-^-i«a„ Adverb. ELEMENTARY OICAMMAIU XtX. 81 t«]| I„ tl,o f.-ll.-wi.,;; «..„ti.n.-s pi.k ..ut tl- a.lve.bs llmt •ii.«lify ailjiH;tiv«'» ; - It wiis 11 l)itt lh,-i,ni. v,.|l) M«ii/,», and is tluMvf(irc an wlwrli. I„ the Bonm.l s.M,lenco ivn, aireds tl.o n.-ai..n ,„lvctl) IwlMiu-tbj, and is tl.eiofoie an advu.-li. Other words ran In) .sulistitutcl for r, ;v/, as .«", „„/,,,• and «K-h will "i.»Ufy the adv,.,!. in,l!slh,.tl:i. „t the <>? the iihirliiil, SO j The man spea^^sj^^,^,,,,, ^.'Ustinetly. A word used to vln,U/if -«. ii''i;rh is all Adverb. xxr. In the following sentences [.iek out the adverhs that modify other adverlis : — She walks su gvaecfiiHy. Tlie farmer works vi y har.l. 32 ELEMENT.uiV Oli.VMMAIl. TlK.y a,Tiv..,I .,„i,o ,„.oxiKv(,.,i|v. --.':» .r::;;;,x*j:^ ' - *.„ -wir. TJioy wiilk tli.'iv. Tl'-y WMlk l.y ,|,„ ,iv.,, ^\W «„nl in.Kl,li,.s „„//, i„ ,, ,. ^^■'■"t «.■..„,. .,f „„,,,. „ i ""'''"' :■""■"••■• ■' (TlK.,,..) (I'y tl.o rivr.) " """■■ '■' 'l'--v...„l .,.,„„„,„ , (rn'';::2;:;;rr''''" ""^ «-^-i. ,„:,..,... ^\ liafc sliduld W(. f..ii (I - '^S;;:::!,:?-'-'^^-^--'---'''^ - He looked upon ],i.s peo,,lo. T1.0 slnp ,vill ,u,■i^•o in a fow ,!,„ ti. .,ppo„,,„ „„^ ^,^^ ^^^^_«^ ^^^^^_^^_^_^^ _ ^^^ M.RMEKTABY QRAMMAB. 33 My heart with pleasure flUs and dances with the daffodils. Early in the morning a sudden storm drove us within a mile of laud. XXIII. Place in «parate columns the adjective phrane. and wlvrrl. phr.«« in the following «>nt«nceH. Tell what each phra«. modiftea : — I stood aiuoug the fragrant stooks of wheat. She spins beneath the shade of the old honey- suckle. We piled with care our nightly strn-k Of wood against the chimney back. In my ear is the moan of the piiifs, In my heart is the song of the sea, And I feel his salt breath on my face As he showers his kisses on me. Thk Clause. XXIV. The ship sailed at sunrise. The ship sailed when the sm rose. Compare at mnrUe and when the xin ro>e. They are groups of words doing the duty of a single word. In meaning they are alike. They are adverb phrases modifying saUed. lu form they are unlike. The second phrase contains a word- ™hj.o.t (sun) and a word-predicate (rose). The first phrase contains neither word-subject nor word-predicate. 34 ELEMENTAKV GRAMJIAB. these pI„uso. :„ Ji;; ;1 ""' ^-"•''i-"-'-- Mention wl.„t The man arose at davI)roak. llie mau arose wheu'day dawi,ei-odicato of each. He b..„ght the horse that won the race. 1 hat house wlnoh ..tands on the hill is mine re boy cheered wh... ho heard the bu^Je call T e nno when this happened was six o'cto k The I.n^s tly south when the leaves be;in to He isjhe free mau whom the truth makes Water that is stagnant is unwholesome. TmI is Zt r, 'r -^ ""' '''' ^"" -"t ^^^■ KLEMENTAKY (iUAM.MVil. 35 phrases )n wliat XXVI. ii iirlvorb CorapoKe four assort iv.'s<-nt™ci-s<':i' 'i> "t^i I'l'g " clause. Compose four i.iterro^'ativo s,Mitenc.-s, v.u-h c-o.,tain.n- a,. ailjective elauso. Compose four imp-rativo scute • ■, oa.-li .•oi.taiuiu- an lulverb clause. Compose assertive sentences i.. which tlic hare wn-.I-subjcct is mo(U6ed (1 ) by a phrase ; ('2) by a clause. Co«,pose assertive sentences in which the verb « modifie.1 (1) by a single vvonl ; (2) by a phrase. I i SlIMMAHY. XXVTT. Tlu,s far we have .liscvercl that, a sentence has two elen.e,.ts_a WOrd-SUbject an,l a word-predlCatC. The chief word in the wora-subje.-t is a noufl or ,.rom.un. The chief word in the word predicate is a verb. The noun or pronoun n.ay have as „.o.li,in. an adjective, an mljertiir I'hrtm; an ailjectiiv chiiM: The verb may have as wn,l!,i,-r. a., adverb, an „,h,;-b pUrme, an mli-cih daus,: The Sentence Noun or Pnmmm Word-subject -in'^ iiiiv of tlioir Modijicrti mid Word-predicate f Verb ' .and [ any of its modifiers. 36 ELEMENTARY OEAMMAB. THE PREPOSITION. xxvm. Read the phrases in the following .sentence, each phrase niorfifies :— ™tence.s. Tell what He skated ou the pond The bird flew over the barn. The principal of the school governs it. The horse on the tether fell He walked across the street — '",r r,r "zr ™ "- '-.-" •«■■ ... -^ .»r«:::sr:i."r ,5,:' "• '- "••■ •- What word connects the phrase of ,„, ,,/,„„; with H . ^ pnncipal which it modifies? (Of.) ' """^ What word connects tho phrase ,„, tl,. , „ • , . which it modifies ? """"''■ "'"^'' "'« ^"■■d XXIX. tea'lttTh^rcre::!!''"^ ^" '"^ '""-'"« -— and The hunter shot at the deer The broken plate lay on the floor. bhe was sick unto death Give me a little home in the country Are you speaking to me f The roof of the house is made of shingles ELF.MKNTAUY C.UAMMAK. 37 I Far away by tho sea in the south, The hills of olive and slopes of fern Whiten and glow in tlio sun's long drouth, Under the lieavens that beam and burn. XXX. Compose Hent^-ncea illu«trali..g tho uses of tho folU^wiriK prepositions : R^twecn, anions; ; in, into ; in, within ; beside, licsides ; under, beneath. THE CONJUNCTION. XXXI. Tliink tlie same tliought about hilh and ralUys. Kxpress this thought in a sentence. (Hills and valleys were covered with snow.) What word shows that these two are connecte«■ a stream rum. Express these in one sentence. (The stream runs silently and slowly.) Give the use of tho word and in this sentence. It connects tlie words dnwbj, silently. In the following sentences pick out the wonls that connect words : — John and James were tliere. Slowly and sadly we laid him down. He sang and danced. She was beautiful and good. Tho boys or the girls did it. 38 KLKlIKNT.MiY GJiAMJIAIJ. ■i ', Tho,na. or WiHia,a,„„st have taken it Tl.ey were jmku- but lionost ^\lMil ..rings l.inlsa.Hl flowers Mary rs lieat and faithful thougl, slow ,'"•"■"'""'"•'"""■'■'»"■'■'■''--' Conjunction. N..,H.f„no, e„,mec(i„g wo,,), ^„. j,, ,„,,.,,^^ ^,^ ,_ j;^M,TJa„u.sorJohnmustgo. lJ.ogro..,.rha,l,..M,vtea,..;-,.offe,. He purcliasedi.//, cattle „«,n.orses; XXXII. "'M=.?3tr„'»™ ■"■" '■■ ->"»>. '« A w„„r ,1,., „„,„,„„ ,^.„^ .^ _ Conluncttoi,. xxxriT. i-. ,:* :; """•'■' '"- ■'*■ K"i.™. 11 (j.,1. .^ ELEMF.NT.MIV GllAMMAlt. 39 I Coml.ino these relate,! tl.ou^lits i.,t,. m.o tlHmj,'l.t, uml express it. (Jolin nxJo into town and Imuglit a liat.) Wliatword indicates the e.mneetim. ..f the th.n.^hts! (And.) Tliink a thiiusht ahcmt tlu- ,a,,Ui!n. Express it. (The captain gave tlie cuniniand.) Think a thought ahont th. men. Express it. (Tlie mon fell in.) , , Co„,hino these related thoughts into one thought, and expre.ss it. (The captain gave the cnnnand and the me,i fell What ^vora shows the conn,.ction of the .senten.^es . ,.\nvor.i shows the c- nieetion of the sentences? (Because.) When two or more sentences are ,-on,bin,.d t.. n.ake one longer sentence, each may be called a Clause. ( onjuncUons cunnect thae eli'uscf. ^ Road the clauses in the following sentences, and give the conjunctions that connect these groups of words :- Fear God aiicl keop bis comiiiimdments. He called them but they made no reply. She nutst wG(>p or she will die. They toil not neither do they sphi. The winds werehiRh and the clouds wore dark, And the boat returned no more. 40 A word that Conjunction. ELEMENTAUY (;1UMMAR. ^7*^1,^ the fl«n Of the lashing hail And laugh as I pass i,, thunder. conneetn mirth xxxrv. tfroK/)a „/ mmis is thef Irit'fr"^""""""^ '" ">« f-'^-g. and tel, wW Honor thy father and thy mother. Neither a borrower nor a lender be. "^sib^trir-"-"-- aSo? uttternorth?^''^ "°%"«'^^' To stir men4 bWd ' P'^'^"'' *** «?«««*> She look, and her heart is i„ heaven, but they XXXV. Construct sentences containing :_ Two nouns connected by ami; by or Two verbs connected by ««rf,. by „r. Tv.o adjectives connected by and,- by or Two adverbs connected by and; by or ELEMENTAKY GBaMMAB. 41 Two adjective phrases couneeted by and; by or. Two adverb phrases conn'icted by and; by or. Adjectives connected by neither— nor. Two cUiuses connected by hut ; by and. THE INTERJECTION. XXXVI. A word that is used a8 an exclamatory .IKFKHKNT I'SKS OF T„K SA,iB AVoKD. /'"- is six foettt h!::'?"--'^^"' "'--'■'<'*: That 'r.rc/,„,, is a verb.'' ' '" " """"• ''"" "" "^"l^- iUW; iliS:!^™'^"^''^ "•" -'- J^- "f «P-e,. each il'o di, ,1 ^v■as m a soiohI slumber 1 lie loavos decay and/,,//. ^"// IS another name for Autumn Jt\vasaraw/fl!//day. William runs fast. William is a fast runner. The brothers /«*■< on Triday The boy walked rfo„« the street. The horso fell ,7o,.« in the street. Uio cushion was filled with rfom This is hard icnrk. They «t-o,-A hard. APPLICATION. xxxrx ™Sin;::^r'^::; j;----'! '^ p- to .e in g.amma, .study may aid' t! 1 7'"^ '""'''''"'^ ''"^ '^e intelligent oJ„.Hingtj" "^™«'"-»"'-Jy -^ich p^eedes ELEMENTAltY (lUAMMAlt. 4:; filt.VMMAK S'lUllY. I stooil Oil \]\i' liriilj;!^ at iiiiihiiglit As tlio clcM'ks well! st.ikliiy tlio lumr, Ami tho iiiooii I'oso o'l'i- tlio city, Behind tho dark church-tower. Wliat kind of scntent'o 1 All assertive seiitoiict! cdiitiiiriiii:,' two fliius<>s iDiim'fti'd liy UHil, Read tlio woid-suliject of tliu lii-st cliuiso. /. Read tlio word-preilicato of tliis clause. Ston.l . . hour. Read tlio phrases and inodifyiii}; clauses and give tlioir uses. On the hrilijc, an adverb phrase modifying xtanil. At wiihu'iht, an adverb phrase incidifyiiig s(i«"/. Ah t!ic clucks. . . A.iHC, an adverb clause modifying s( the^:s £rr :r °^ """"" '"»' ■^'-^^ ^" --pp^« ^^ What el» in the«, two lines helps to show when ■ was ELEMENTARY OKAMMAE. 4r) In the second clause what is tlio umi of the phrase " of autumn," of "all around our vale"? Where, then, were the woods that had " put their glory on"? On the hills. Where were the trees that still had their " Hummer tresses " ? Tn the valleys. Briefly, what outline picture of the place liave you in your mind? A valley Burrounde «-•' - «oo,l and "f /«"./.,. ap...t f,.o,„ .,.e p.,..,on who performs that aTtiH: f (n) Ohjeets of sen.se. Wocanthinkof i ('') ^'""'''ies states, or actions apart fio.n the objects of sense to wliich [ tliey ! dlong. T" the fnll,nving sentences pick out („) words th»f nan,es of objects of sense; (/) words ti 46 ELEMENTAllY flUAMMAU. 47 The boys fllle Hudson was full of wonder aud romance. Oft in sadness and in illin'ss I h-vp .s''r'liod thy cuni-nt glide!, Till v.v .... 1.-, of its stilhi.'ss Ovoriivv.iu UiO like a tide. Saint Augustino! well linst thou said That of our vices wo can frame A ladder, if we will Imt tread Beneath our feet each deed of shame;. Common and Pbopkk Nouns. III. book, man; Ivanhoe, Cohimbus. These are all concrete nouns, but there is a diiTei-ence in their uses. 48 ELEMENTARY OBAMMAB. The word book is not the name of any particular book but « a common name for a oW^ of similar Ejects. iT^yt used to denote any book. ^ The word man is not the name of any partiouiar pe.«,n but.sa^eommonnameforacIass. It may ^ used to ^^T^ The word Ivanhox is the name of a particular book a8 dis- tinguished from all other books. The word CV«„A« is the name of a particular person a, distinguished from all others. person as obArracot^otNor" — "^ ^ ■'- ^^ ^-"- whether tZl"*' "'""''"" """"' '" ""^ *°"°"'"8 and tell wnether they are common or proper :— The smoke of their wigwams and the fires of their councils rose in eve.y vaUey f^m HuK Bay to the farthest Florida, from the ocean to the Mississippi and the lakes. ^ likechS; ^ brittle, bright stubble Ii!!i "a'"n''''P*'"'^'° * dome-spire sprang white And GaUop," gasped Jons, "for Aix is in siSit.^' Note that proper nouns begin with a capital letter. COLLECTIVB NoDHS. IV. soldiers birds army flock lENTARY GRAMMAR. 49 " Soldiers " is a common name for individuals of the same class. "Army" is a common name for collections or groups of individuals of the same class. In the following sentences pick out the common nouns that are names of collections of individuals of the same class : — The crew deserted the ship. The congregation sang a hymn. My friend is an officer in tlie navy. The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea. Nouns that are names of collections of individuals of the same class may lie called Collective NOUns. We may think of the collection as one uniUruted vhole ; aa The jury has considered the matter. We may think of the collection as composeil of individuals acting separately ; as The jury are divided in their opinions. Give abstract noun ■, suggested by the following : — A Stone, an orange, trae, free, unjust, grieving, equal. Give common nouns suggested by the following : — Halifax, New York, August, Thames, England, Mississippi. Give collective nouns suggested by tlie following : — Bii-ds, pupils, singei-s, books, listonors, sailors. 4 50 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. Pick out the nouns in the following and state, with reasons the class to which eiich bclonns : The Czar of Russia, iiltliongh lie is lord of a miglity einjiire in Euiope iiiid Asia, besides beiug master of a htiRe nniiy and a large fleet, does not live m pence witli his suhjeets, and canuot leave his palace without some anxiety. I Concrete ( Common. — ( '. 'oUeftif Noun *'-■■'- 1 „ J ( Proper. y Abstract. THE VERB. VI. Differences in their uses divide verbs into classes. John works. John has a fann. John will buy a fann. In the first sentence the verb i-f.Wrs, in itself, expresses a distinct idea or notion— that of labor. In the second sentence the verb haa, in itself, expresses a distinct notion— that of possession. In the third sentence the verb-pliiase nill buy, in itself, expresses a distinct notion— that of pujchase. A verb or verb-phrase tliat in itself expresses a distinct mtlon is called a Notional Verb. John is happy. Carrots are \-egetables. Robert seems tirtil. In the first sent<-!ioo there are two ideas, "John" and "liappy." The relation between these ideas is expressed by ELEMENTARY GKAMMAE. 51 the verb m. Tlie verb i'«, in itself, does not express a distinct notion. In the second sentence tliere are two ideas, " carrots" and "vegetables." Tbe relation between tliese ideas is e.t- pressed by the verb am. The verb an; in itself, docs not expres-s a distinct notion. In the tliiril sentence the relation between the ideas "Rolwrt" and "tired" is expressed by the verb seemn. This verb, in itself, y tlieir form distinguish between the pfi-mn .y„a!dn;,, the ,„rs„n spoken to, and the person or thing »/»i/,v«./ are called Personal PronouMS. Tlie pronoun tliat desigimtcs tlie person speaking is said to be a pronoun of the First Person : that winch designates the person spoken to is said to be of tlie Seeoml Person; that whicli designates the person or thing spoken of is said to be of the Third Person. Observe that "person" in grammar is not the same as "person" in ordinary speech. It has reference not to a human being, but to the form of the pronoun used to dis- tinguish between those speaking and those addressed. XT. Kll In the following blanks with pronouns of the First Person : — - know John. William has book book IS . Tho book belongs to — That Fill in the following blanks with pron juns used when the speaker includes others with himself ;_ love Rocket. Eocket is — Eocket is dog. Yes, -. Eocket loves ■. Make a list of these pronouns in the First Person. Observe that 7, ,»;/, mine, and we are used when the .-ipciker refers to himself, and that n-e, oicr, ours, and t« are used when the speaker includes others with himselt ELEIIENTAUY GUAMMAll. 55 XTI. In the following select the pronouns of tlie Second Person ;— The oppovtuiiity is yours aii"^ Compose sentences illustrating the use of each of the com- pound personal pronouns for emphasis, as reflexives. Conjunctive Pronouns. XVI. The boy who studies will succeed. He bought the horse that won the race. ELEMENTABY OKAMMAH. 57 'boy"! (Pronoun.) the word that it The sun which rises each day shines on the just and the unjust. Pick out the modifying claune in the first Hentence. (Who studies.) What does the clause »7>o ntuilita imKiify 1 (Boy.) What word in the clause h used instead of (Who.) What part of speech, then, is " who " t What word eimnerts this clause with modifies? (Who.) What part of speech, then, is " who " 1 (Conj unction.) Then " who" is both pranoun and conjunetion and may be called a Conjunctive Prononn. Such pronouns are sometimes called Relative Pronouns. Pick out the moflifying clauses in the second and third sentences. Tell what word each clause modifies. Mention the word that connects the clause with the word that the clause modifies. What are these words called ! The modified word (Iwy, horse, sun) is called the antecedent of the Conjunctive Pronoun. XVII. The ordinary conjunctive pronouns are : who, uhieh, that, II hat. To these may be added whose, urhum, and as when it occurs after smh and same. Who, whose, whom refer to persons chiefly ; what, that, as refer to persons or things ; which refers to things only. WJiat unites in itself the functions of both antecedent and conjunctive pronoun; as He ''ea'''l|"/,a" „.Ai<,i} y°" ^''^• Select the Conjunctive Pronouns in the following sentences and mention the antecedent of each : — 58 ELEMENTAltY GKAMMAR. I fiiuv II Sold that WHS full of cowslips. I sfliiil you tlu) money which I have. I niu he whom yo sock. That is tho inim whoso house wo occupy. Ho rcmemboi's what yoii said. They gave to the traveller such food as they had. A pronoun tliat cnnnirtH it.i tiiiune with itn antecedent is a Conjunctive Pronoun. CoNJUNTivK Clauses. XVIII. Water that is stagnant is unwholesome. The sun, which shines above, is golden. They called a policeman, who aiTosted the culprit. The flfniso "that is stagnant" reittricts its antecedent to " water " of ii particular kind. This clause cannot be left out of the sentence witliout changing the meaning. Tlio chiuso " wliich shines aliove " descrihes its antecedent "sun." It does not restrict tlie antecedent and may be omitted witliout changing the nieaiii'ii' of tho sentence. The clause " who arreste former; thus :— Work and play are both necessary to health; this (play) gives us rest and that (work) gives us energy. 60 BXEMENTAKY GKAMMAR. The pronouns t.'ii'f and that may be uwil aa auUtitutea for a clauae, thus : — I am tired ; thin inuki's me cross. The day ■was storaiy ; that was why I remuiued at huine. A pronoun used to /mnt out the object to wh:-;. it i-efeni ia a Demonstrative Prononn. The DemonHtrative Pronouns are this, that, tlimr, thote. When thit, that, thf, thim are followed by nouns they are adjectives, thus ; — This book is mini,. That book is yours. These books are miu>i. Those books are yours. Intehkouativk Pronouns. XX. Examine the italicisal pronouns in the tollowinjj sen- tences: — Who spoke f Of whom did he speak T What did he say! Whose book is that t Which book do you prefer t What does eacli pronoun do ? A pronoun that asks a qiustinn is an IntetTOg'ative I'ronoun. Observe that ic/w, whose, and uhom ask for the names of persons; uhat for the names of things; which for the selection of a particular individual from a group. CompLte the following senteu..: V supplying Interro- gative Pronouns :^ GLEMRNTAKY (tKAHMAR. 61 Hits there t did you call ! is that photograph t are you reading t do you like the hettcr, cricket or hmikoy t When i(7ii>/i aii ELEMENTAKY GlIAMMAK. 71 SENTENCES: CLASSIFICATION. The Simpi.h; Skntknce. XXXV. Examine tlio foUowinj; NcntciiccH : — (a) Ellin fell. (b) Eiiiii mul hail foil. ((■) John .sung and danced. ((/) Boys and girls laugh and play. Eacli KL'iiteiice consists of a iiriiicipul clause. (a) is composed of a sinj^ln subject and a single pretlicate. (Ji) is composed of a group subji-ct (rain, liail) and a single predicate. (c) is composed of a single subject and a group jiredicate (sang, danced). ((/) is composed of a group subject (iK)ys, girls) and a group predicate (laugh, play). Group subjects or ifninp predicates are said to be cumpuuml. A sentence that contiiins but one subject and one jiredi- cate, either or both of wiiicli may be comiiound, is a Simple Sentence. It is the expression of a single complete thought in one clause. Note. — When the subject is compound each wubject lielongs to every verb. I The Comple.t Sentence. XXXVI. John heard the stori/. John heard -r/frtJ ivas said. That he will fail is improbable. 72 ELEMENTAItY (lUAMMAll. I. iiimn ftiiil tho cLiuso tlwU leplucea it w a, noun 111 tlio (irNt «.iit..nc(> '• story " names wliat John lienrd. Ill tho sfcond «,.,iti.nle-tree. ((/) Out on the apple-tree. . Adverb phra.so nuxlifviiig " is swinging " and " is singing." The min lias ceased and in mj' room The sunsliine pours an airy flood. 76 ELEMENTAKY GKAMMAK. (a) A compound assertive sentence. • . I The rain lias ceased. Principal "1 Co-ordinate \ In my room flood. Principal./ clauses. ('•) ( The rain | lias craafd. \ Tlie mmhiiif \ pnurs an airy HockI in my rixmi. ((() In my room. Adverh phrase niudifyinp; " pours." XLI. Give a general analysis of the following : The sun that brief Doceinber day Eose cheerless over hills of gray. I roam the woods that crown The upland where the mingled sjiieudors grow. The cow.slips spring in the marshes, The roses bloom on the hill, And beside the brook in the pasture The herds go feeding at will. For additional examples XXXVIT. in Part Three. see Exercises XXX VI. and mm '^^ PART FOUR. lNFI,ECTION. I. Observe carefully the forms of tlie italicised words in the following : — The hoij is here. The hoifs books are here. I love books. John loves books. The ivoman slept. The women slept. They sing now. They stwy then. In the first group eacli oliaugo of form was caused hy a change in the use of the word. In the second group each cliange (»f form was caused by a change in the vtcaniufi of tlie woi J. In the first gijoup each change of form was in the fmUmi of the word. In the second group each cliango of form was in the hothj of the word. Inflection is a change in the Jorm of a word, caused by some change in its use o.- its meaning. This change may be in the body or in the ending of the word, or in both. INFLECTION OF NOUNS. NUMBEK. II. dog man brash ox dogs men bnish^s oxen I" F.r.EMKNTAIiY (!I!AJIMAE. What number .if olijects is ilciioted l)y each word in the first line ; in the second line ? What ehanao of form accompanies the change in meaning in each example ? Number !•< a change in the form of a word to express morr than niw. A nomi tliat denotes one object is said to be of the Singular Number, and a noun that denotes wore than one object is said to lie f Drnntiinj iiNs,'ssi(,n is in I lie Possessive Case. /'/((■ S uhjt'ff i I,' i use. y. 'Iliere uro four uses nf Uio suhjcctive Cftse : — ' ti f Tilt' Snlijt'ftiir. Tlio noun is tiie liare word-subject of the verb : as, JiJin waiki. 82 KLEMENTABY OEAMMAK. ,';,; Tin- rmUnle SiihjfrHr,: Tim ii"un follows (i rc^Ia- ti.mal verl), forms jmrt of tlie inclicati', iind mmm tlic winio iici-sdii or tliini,' lis tlie .sul>ji'<-l : as, Kihvard is Kliui, Henry U'camo faplohu (,■) The Suhjfi-liir of A,hhrss. Tlie noun is used incrcly to name tlie person or tliini? aildrcssoil : as, Arc you coming, my frirml .' ■h>lin, come liore. (,1) rif AhsnhiW Suhjertiir. Tlie r.oiin is used indelion- dently of governing words : as,Thei/.'y l>cing fair, we drove to town. " Day " is set free from tlie rest of tlio sentence so far as its grammatical rela- tion is concerned. Read the subjective cases in tlie foUowin-, and tell what kind eaeli is :- - " O iii.V <-liililr»>ll, Lil'c is Miiisliiiie, lifo is shadow; liifo is cliei-kored shade and siiiishiiie. Kiilo by love, O Hiawatha ! " All loose hi>r iiofjlifrorit ottivo, All loose hfi- golden haif, Hung Margiifet o'evhor slaughtefod sive. Use the following noun in sentences : (.1) as subjectives ; (/.) as predicate subjectixes; (.) as subjectives of ad.lress : (./) as absolute subjectives : — Colnnihns, o<'eaii, roliiiis, Koeky Mountains, mother, my ooiiiitry. Till- <)l>i,rlire ('else. VT. TheiT are four uses of the obji'.tivo ease :— (,i) The I'lmt Ohj.vlh;: The noun that is the receiver or pnxluct of the aclion exia-cssefl by a tnmsitive verb is the ;)i>,r« (thj.,t: as, He taught Urarnvmr. ELEMENTAKV OKAMMAlt. h:', (b) The Jnitireit Olijirtivr, Tlie noun tliiit denotes the person or tliinj^ toward wliicli the netiuii ex- pressed by tlio verb is directed is the Jiultriit Oliject: as, IIo taught his soiii Griimniar. John lent Janii.i his skates. The position of the indi- rect object is immediately after the verb. (c) Tlie Coijnate (Vijntiir. The noun that repeats the idea already implied in the intransitive verl) is the CiMfttatf Ohjert : as, lie dreams Jri'ams. Jle wept tftirx. (il) The Ohjirtire aj'trr a P)v/i(j«iVh<». The noun that is used as the object of a preposition is in the OhJHtivf CauL' after a Pr-ep4isition. Construct sentences illustrating each use of tVio Objective Case. Give, with reasons, the cases of the noun« in the follow- ing :— H() boro tho Tmiiiier of tlio f foo And fouglit the fight whoreof our children know. Build thee more stately inansioiis, O my soul, As tho Kwit't seasons I'olL The Pussessire t^axe. VII. Tlie Possessive Case, singular number, 5s usually formed l)y adiling an ajKistioiihe and " s " (s) to the noun : as " book " "iKxik's." When the plural ends in "s" tho apostrophe only is addei l.l."i«<; coiisistin- ..t thi. ,.n.iM,»it..... "..f " 'i.i.l itsot.j.Tt ; m " Thoy.irs.!/- ».'<" u.e ft.w," f.,r "....u.-x }■.-...» u.-.. tV.w," Tl.u i...«»i'ssivo cus.! is usmillv .•.infin.M t.. n.ii.ns .lcn..li.i- liviii.K iioiitm-cs or things lH.rs.ji;ifi..l. TI.UH, WL. say "l,„y's l,.«.ks," li..rs..s' e,i.-s, " s,...-» .-..ys " ; l.ut «f Miy " tl.f .'..l..!- o/ h,r hair," " tl.(^ lu'ij-l.t I,/' III!' Iinnr," " tlie sui-wss .;/' (/.'■ /•'■'". Til.! ii"**-"*'™ ""••■■ '"»' "'" P'"''""' ''•ri""'"fe' ^*'''| ""*'' ,1,-.. ii,.t .ilwavs .•.i.iivulciit ill iiimiii...; ; -is " Green's llistevy mi.l the " liisUiry of Cireuii." 'J ;r foniicr .lu-.iiis a lnstor> writtiMi l.v (liTim ; tlm latter, tl.. .istoiy of (iiv.M.'s lif.". H.. ,i1ho "The Ijir.r« "lay" "'"' " *''" ''")' "^ "'" ''""'' "Jloth.'r'sl.iv.i" lin.l " l..vi> ..f n...lh.T." CoiiilKis.- s.-ilene.'s eoiitaiiiiii- the p..ss,.ssiv.! .-.iso, singular an.l iilunil, ..f .■aeh ..f the f.>ll..win^' ii.i.ii.s : Miiry, (liiy, sol.li.T, fm-iiiy, moiiiiivli, wife. Coinposo seiiteiiros eontaiiiing either the possessive of e.i.-h of the f.ilU.wing n..uMS, or lui ,;/-/./.-■.'«.■ iiist.'.ul .>f the p.iss,-s sivi\ (iive reasiilis for your elioi.-.' : I.oiijj:tVll()w, siiiiinifv, inountaiii, fni!i)ilsliii>, liDVsos, -wisdoiii. Yiir. A noun is wii.l to he in apposition «ith aiaither n..un, or with a pronoun, wh.'ii it ri'fers to the same person or thing : as MilUm the iu«t was hlin.l. He a.hni.e.l Franklin tl,.' .■.qji-ctivB caiH!, oliji'ct of the veil) " rends." Some pilfer a fuller Htatement, an : - WilUiiiii : Noun, concrete, proper, siiixuliir, inanculine, Huhjei-live ease, Mubject of (ho verb "reiuis." hi»il;n: Noun, concnto, cominoii, i)lural, neuter, objective ease, object of the verb " reads." [As it is not proliablo that a pupil will err in stating the niimlx;r and {{eiicier of such nouns it is not deemed wise to ask for more than the class and construction.] Parse (state the class ;itiil cenisiruitiou of) the nouns In the following sell : ences : - A dress suit boeomt's a iii;m. lie gives his pai-oiits no anxiety. I pray tlio pi-aycr of I'Uito old. .\.dvei-sity tries ii luiin's friends. liryaut tlie i)oot Avioto ThiUititopsis. The sun beiiii,' risen, we dcparledon our journey. First Person Stcond Person Third \f"- ,, [rem. J'erxiii ., , INFLECTION OF PRONOUNS. Pkkson.vl Pk( nouns. XI. Singular. I, nun J or my, Thou, lliineorthy, lie, She, It, liers or lier, its, Oltjfrtiiv. liie. thee. him. Iter, it. fev^i t^^iiifV^ ELEMENTAltY OUAMJIAll. 87 Plural •iil\,J,,tir. /■...... •..•./i-. . Oh;,,-Hir. I'lisl I'lisiiii AVi', "HI'S or I mr, us. Sicuml I'lrsuii Voiior ye, youi'soryinir, you. Third Vir^iDi l''i III. Tlii'v, tlifii-s, tln'iii. ' Xfiil. S Give tli«' cjiM's lit' tilt' jMTsiiiijil jii-iinmiiis i-niituiiiod in Kxeivise X I V',, jiii^'n rill. Tiis4'rt the |)i'o|H'r foi-in (if tlio fiisL prrsoruil pi-nnuuii, Hiiiguliir, ill I'iU'li bliiiik ; tlii) tliinl ])<'i'siiiiiil |>niiiiiuii, sin;,'ul.ir, iiiaNCuliiiu ; tlic tliird jitTsuiial jii-otiuuii, |iliiral. It is . Who st flick ! Wlio will go! . jriiiy is Hot so olil ns . AVlio is tlio okk'f, Miiiy of — f That liook is . Willitiiii WHS kind to you tiiiil . 1 1' \< m wcfc would you go f John kiii'W it to he . (iivo this for Mniicl ami . You mid wi-ro there. Johu is stfoiiirof thiiii . TTow would you like to he - — .' Ouisti'uct scntt'iict's Nln)\viiit,'a persoiuil pr'oiioiin iisoil hs v — ■ {,t) Thr KtilijiM-tivr; (/-) tlie Pmlicnte Siilijertivr; (v) tlit' DinMt 01ijreti\<'; (si- tioii. CoMI'OL'Nl) I'KHSilNAL pRONOUNS. xir The f<»miM>unil personal in-oiiouiis aro usol *m\\ in tlic suli jectiveaiid objective (;ases. MICROCOPY RESmUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) ^ APPLIED INAHGE Inc S; 1653 Eosl Moin Street CJ- Roctieslef. New Vo'li 1*609 USA '■^g (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone ^^ (716) 286-5989 -Fax 88 KLEMI X'JAKY (iKAMMAK. Fii'-^f I'l rsoii. Sri-fiiiit i'lrMHi. Thiril I'trmu. Siwfular : ^lyself. thyself, ymirseif Iiiiuself, licrsclf, itself Plural : Ourselves. vourst hes. themselves. XIH. Singular and Plural. Singular and Plural. Si(hic(tirc : WllO. AVhifli. Possrsslrc : Wliosi". Wlios... Olijertirc : Whom. Wliit-b. The eoiijunctive jH'uiiouiis " tliJiI, " uihI 'what" arc not iiiileeted. Give the cases (if the conjunctive pronouns ciintained in Exorcise XV IT , page 5IS. Insert the proper form of the conjunuti\e pronoun *' wiio' in each hhuik : — The >»;irl work plotist'd you is my jsistoi*. That is a man J know is lionest. Tluit is a man I know to be honest. She you adnuro is ill. I n'^'omniciid only those I can trust. Dkmonstrativk Pronouns. XIV. The demonstrative pronouns ** this" and " that," witli their plurals "tiiese" and "those," lia\e no inflection lor gender and case. IXTEHHOGATIVK PltOVOUNS. Tlie intuj,'Ii to hp niitieeil : iis, /( is a snmll )mhv. (h) As an Tm|)er-siiiial Suliject ; thus, It lias iieeii laiiiiii;;. It gntwH dark. ('■) As an Tiiiper.soiial Ohjeet ; thus, Tliey nui^lied it on tlio jirairie. He will fight it mit alone. ('/) As a suhstitute for a [ihlase or elause : tlius, /« is pro hablo tliiit III- iiill I/O. I xiiiil so, and he knows //. P.^KSIXi: A PliOXOUS. \VF. The jwnon, tllllnhir, :it\il ,i,iiil,r of a ].ronollii are the same as those of its anteeeIAU. Now wlio luis planiK'd out all tliese things J "Who liliuinod and made tliein all '. Tho Oin! who coiiiits tho shining stars and suffers none to fall. INFLECTION OF ADJECTIVES. XVII. Oliserve tlie forms of the adji'ctivos in tlie following seii- teiict's : — This is a )iarison — the Positive, the Comparative, and the Superlative. The Positive Degree denotes the simple quality of an object : as, "a rich man.' The Comparative Degree denotes that one object has a highei- or lower dei;r-ee of a c|iiality than another object has : ,*is, " a ftihri- man.'' Tlie Superlative Degree denotes that an object has a quality in tlii^ highest degree ; as, the rivliest man." Oixliuarily the comparative degree is used when twn objects or groups of objects are compared, and the supei'lative degrei^ when one object is compared with all others of the same kind. ELEMENTAKY GKAM5IAK. 91 xvin. Observe tlie folIuwiiiLj fnnns : — PoHitive : fair. j^imiU. bciiulifiil. fiuiious. Ciimiiarativc : fuircr. siriall' r, ;yi"/'c I'taiilirul. /'-■-« filiioii . Superlative: fiiin,^*^ sin,ill(«/. musf tifaiil ifiil. /( (i.s7 i.uinm.-. A(ijectivt;3 of u/w si/lhil>li'^ umi .somi aii jcctivrs ut" t\\o syl- lables are compared by nddiiii; '*er'' ami " ot '' to tiit^ (mkI tive to form the comparativt; and supci'Iatisp ri-;|iiTtlvfly. Adjectives of .»/;»;;(' ^''(//^ tin) si/Hnl-lrs, and most adji'ftivi"; of two syllables are usually compared by pn-fixiiiji; "mure " and "most," or "less " and "least," to the positive to form the comjMirative and suj orlative res|H'ctivelv. These general rules are nnt strictly adliered to but are varied according to tlio taste of tiie writer, tluis : That was the tntevf Avanior tliat ever Imckled Rword. It is most true. Most iiohle Felix. He "was the noblest IJomau of tliein all. Write the three degrees of coiniMirison of the following adjectives : — Great, brave, proud, careful, tliin, able, luippv unkind, handsome, hot, magniticent. lKKK(UL.\lt CuMl'AHISON. XTX. Some adjectives have irregLiI;ir fmnis of ectnparison, as : — Positive. Good, well, Bad, evil, ill, Far, Little, Much (quantity), \ Many (number), j Late, Comparative. Superlative. l)etter, best. worse, worst. fiirtliPi', fai-tbest. less, lesser, least. iiu>i-e, most. later, latter. latest, last. J- i;m:mi:xtai!V (iii.\M>i\i!. [Fill- coiiiiKirisdii i,t' othiT iirc,i('inlix.] .\l).rKITlVP;.s fvi-Al'Alll.K UK Ci IMl'AHISOV. .\,\ Sumo ailji'divcs .niin^ to their lucHiiiny do not uduiil of any co]n|miis,in. They dcniitc iin absolute degree of a iiuality : as, peifeet, universal, round, two, straight, exaet. Yet giM.d wrili'rs use su.-h words in a relative rather tlian alisoltite sense, and siN'ak of a strai;ilil,i- path, a mure prrfirt .■xatn(ile. l^sage sanetions sueh exjirossions because they are convenient. XXT. Classify the adjectives in tlie following sentences and gi\e the degrii! of comparison : — I said ail ddoi- solcHcf, not a licttci-. So doth the grciitc'f glory dim the It^ss. His utmost effoi-ts were fruitless. Till) wosteni waves of ebbing day Eolled o'er the glen their level way. They find in the thick ivaviug grasses Wheio the scarlet-lipped strawberry grows. They gather the earliest snowdi-o[is And the first crimson Imds of the rose. Ci>nstruct sentences illustrating the uses of the following luljectives in (<() the positive; (/.) the comimrative ; (c) the superlative : Pretty, handsome; correct, accurate; big, large; latent, lust ; many, much ; mad, angry. KLEMENT.VJiV (iKAMM.Ui. j»;{ I'.viisjxii .\v Aii.rKi Tivi:. xxir. In parsing nil ai-e. This nnti(iue, yellow, Mooiish-lookinj,' strong- hold, wLieh modern giinnerv would d(>str(>\- in ten minutes or le.ss, is pieturesipie to tiie last degi-ee, with its erunilplin^r, honev-eombed battle- ments and queer little flanking tower.s. REVIEW. XXIir. (a) Give a general analysis of tlie fiillowing pas.siiges. {!>) Parse the nduns, pronimns, and adj«'tives. ((■) Classify the \-erb.s. 'Ji ELEMENTAMY (iKAMMAK. Till' iK'ciiii c.-ij^lo soured Fidiii liis nest Ijv tli(i wliit(> wave's foiirii. I sle|if iirnl (liviiiiit lliat life was Beauty, I woke and t'oiiiid that life was Duty. ' I5y tlie (Ion- i,i' tlie inland river, W'lii'iice tlie fleets of iron liavo fled, Where the lilades of the grav(V};rass quiver, Asl(>ei) are the ranks of the dead. Never to the bow tliat bends ( ouies the arrow tliat it sends; Xever conies the ehanee th.it passed: That one luomeiit was its hist. Sill lias iiiniiy tools, but a lie is the handle which flts tilt 111 all. The book which makes a man think the most IS the book which strikes the deepest root in his memory and understanding. INFLECTION OF VERBS. XXIV. Kxiiniiiie the folli™in<,' fciriiis : — I go. Thou go«7. He goes. Wlipn the siil)ji'ct is a First Personal Pronoun the form of the \('rlj is "gii."' ^^ lien the subject is changed to a Second Personal Pronoun the foiTO of the verb is changed to " gocrf." When the subject is changed to a Third Personal Pronoun the form of the verb is changed to "goes." ELEME.NTAKV ORAMMAK. 95 When tlie fiinn of tlic mtU is oliaiii;i'il iis tlic /.. is../i nf iis ■suiijirt is clmngi'il, tiic mtIi is saiil to n./c.v with its sulijcct ill Person. '" '■" \ci-li tonus tlii'iT is MO rriilin^' to indicalo tiic |»'rson ; as, \Vi' go. Yiai },'o. Tin y ,i;o. In sui-ll ras,.,s tla' jK'ison ot' tlie voi'b is indirati'd liy tlie prison of its sulijiit. Ximukk, xxv. Tlio still- shims. Tiic Imy plnys. lie is oond. Tiio stars shine. The tioys piny. They iiri' oood. The subject "star' is in tlie sin^'iilar niiinlifr ami tlio loi-- l-esiionilin,;,' Vfi-liforni is "sliiiws." Whi'ii the siilijcit Ih'coiiu's Iiliii-ai tliruii;,'h adding "s" (■ tai-s) the M-jhfoiin is clianj;eil hy drojijiing "s" (shine). Ohseive what takes jilaee 'vhen the number of the subjeet is ehanj;ed in the tliiid group of sentences. The subject " he " being sin;.'ular has the singular verb "is," but when the subject bei'oini's plural then the verb is changed to "are.'' A\ hen the form of the veil) is changed as the umiih, r of its subject is changed, the verb is said to »./,>,. with its subjwt in Number. We may now .say tliat a verb ih/m.i iiiih ilx siil,j,rt in T'n- >iiin ami XiiiHh'r, Tell the per.son and numlwr of the verbs in the following sentences : I am a man in aiitliority. He .said toat you did that. They know that she is ill. Whither thou goest I will go. It is his misfortune. »i F.MCMENTAHY (IKAMMAK. Thr Inkinitivk. VXVI, KMiiiiiric till' itiilirisnl WMiils in ilio CuIIoh iii;;wnt«'iii-i-.s : Miiry lovi's Jaiic. Muvy loves to mill. .Kiiiir is human. To cir is Imiiiiiii. In the first Mciiteiic-i' "Jiini'" is tin' cilijiit i,{ tl,,, vn-l) " lo^cs," and is a noun. In the spcdiid sentence " to read " is the ..hject nt' the verh ' loves," and is the ei|uivalent of a noun. In the thii-d sentence "erroi" is the snlijeet of the veil) is," and is a noun. In the fourth sentonniiiici-s : To sen is to hi'l'irn'. Sniiif/ in To n'we is bfttor tliau to rcveifi tLiiii receiciiit). In tli(! Rocdtid Kcntpncn " Nc<>inj{ " nnil " U'licvin;,'" liiive the same use as tlie innnitives "Id »intli smtcnci" "Oivinj;" and "receiving" h. -e the same use as the infinitives "to give " and " to receive " have in tlio thinl sciitcncp. The words "seeing, " "Ix'lieving,' "givinff " and "nwiv- ing " as used here are infinitives ending in " ing." Infinitives in " ing " are called Gerunds. There ai.? tlici. lo forms of the Infinitive : — (a) The form with "to" expr'-ssed or uoderstoiKl : as, It is better take doiij^ht iji exciting admiration. He found difficulty in arranging them properly. He wishes to ktiow wlien you will be ready to assist him in .soh-ing his problem. 98 IXEMENTAllV (iKAMMAU. CiiBtniet Brntoii,-,.« n.tiluiiiin^ tho f.,II.,«i„^' infinitive and geruniln, ..itlicr us Hulij.rls or ..l)j,.,t.s : - To Study to iii.iniro, to wo, to n-iiK.i,il,oi-, to roni), to expl^iin, hraviug, puyiiig, imitutiug, i.ick- iiig, umusiug, living. ' ThK PARTlCIl't.K. xxvrii. Kx«min« tlm itnlieis,.,! w„nls in tl„. f„ll,nvin« ».mtoncps:- Tlio offi(-or iomnifonn which hns no subject but which as an adjec- tive expresses action i>i such a w.y as to modify a noun is called a Participle. In the following sentences tell why each italicised word is a participle : — That boy drawing jMctiirPs is my brother. I see Jflin amiisim; the ehilcb'eu. Tlie glass hokcn into fragmoiits lay upon the He discovered a mro extended across the road. KLEVKSTAIIV (lliAMMAli. !HI ) XXIX. The partlci[ili>s "ilni«iii);" iiri'l "mniisin^'" n- ciillc'il Imperfect Participles Utjium' iIk. actidnsfxi.nssni i.v tlieni ai« r<'|)n's<>iitccl as inniuijilri,-. '[" ,-y arii fiv.|iiiMill\ Cttllwl I'rrarnt l'iirti,ivli» l»rau«n tlicy fv| »s |ircMrit. (iiui- Imperfect Participles ernl in "iiij,'." Tlie iiiirticipli-.< "linikcn" ami "extencleil " are e.illi'il Perfect Participles l«>cans" tho aiii.ni^ .vprvwici iiv lliem are represented as innijil.i Tliey are freijuently ealleri I'aHt Partiii'iilii lycause tliev express past time. In the folliiwi..,' .sentences seli-c^t tlie partieii les, (ell «liii' they modify, andHtate whether tliey .ire irnpiTfet. -fnrni tliiit I'cprcsontM its subject as tlio ilner of an action is said to !)<> in tljo Active Voice. A vci-1] foi-m tiiat repn'sents its sul)jc<-t as tbo rm-inrui an action is said to iio in tlie Passive Voice. Arraime tb(! followinj^ sentences in two gi'oups accordinj; as tbo subject is reiiresonted as tlie diu'r of tlie action or the rcct'iri'f of the action :-- Tlio boys cfuiglit fisli. Tennis was jilaycd liy tlio girl?. Tlio mbliit was caught by the dog. LightiKiig stiui'k the house. Our troops were oaptured. He has bought a house. What is the voice of the verbs in tlie first group! In the second group! Wiiy! Tiive, with reasons, the voice of each verb or verb-phrase in the following : — By whom was this drawing done ? Gentle deeds make known a gentle mind. A tiek(>t will lie given you at the door. The birds that sing most sweetly are most loved. "When llio sled is loaded the jirocession starts for the woikIs. That Scene was taken to heart by many boys before they slept. ELEMENTAKV GKAMMAK. 103 XXXTTT. The passive voice of a veil) is formed ]}y plaeinj; some form of the auxiliary "l>e" Ix'fcM-e the perfect participle of the principal verb; thus, in tlie first example, "struck" in the active voice In'came in the jiassive "was struck" — ii vcrl>- phrase consisting of the auxiliary verh "was," and "struck" the }>erfect participle of the verb "strike." Change the following sentences from the active to the passive form : — I watched tlio iioisoless work of tho sky. He committed tho crime in broad ws iif the Inilejinite Times. XXXVII. The Present Indefinite Tense is used : (a) To express an action which is always and necessarily true : as, Heat ejrjian.h metals. Two and two make four. (h) To express what is habitual in lite or character : as, He keepit his promises. She shtijx and plays well. He 1ms good health. ((■) To express a past action vividly: as, Edward wakes a truce with Philip, returns to England, and wan-hes against Wallace. (This is the historic present.) ((/) To express a future action assumed as fixed and near at hand : as, School chi.ws next Tuesday, and the children arriee home on Saturday. (e) To introduce quotations : as, Shakespeare says : •• To thine own self be true." The Past Indefinite Tense is used : — (n) To express some action absi;lutely ]>ast. It excludes all reference to present time: as, Columlnis I'iscueered America. 108 IXEMEVTAHl OlfAMMAH. m (*) To express an actio,, J,abit„„l i,, tl,e past W„ ; , golf and tennis. The utaco r,,// / ' ', I"*"'' He/,;«y«/ morning. *" '""' "' "'« Po-^^offi^e every The Future Indefinite Tense is used •_ T, ^'^ ^' ^'"^>'''''""P"y<'™'ly for that (threat) ro express snnple futurity «,o " shall " in tl fi . and •;«.„■• in the second and thi d ^1 rTr"^" futurity and deter,nina(ion use " will " i.rtCfl . '"""*' "shal... in the second and third r^^L: ^ '"' ^^^"^ ""' helect the verbs and verb-,,h,-ases in th„ f n • give, with reasons, the tense of eaZl "°"'"« ^"'^ I am enjoying every niomeut. He has lost his best friend. I thought of a mound in sweet Auburn. IsLhT ""^^ ^'=""" "' *^« gloaming I shall be surpnsed if he succeeds. ^ Truth crushed to eaith shaU rise again. XXXVIII. iive the'su^ject If iri- ""■ ^^"°' ""• """"^^ "^ -'^.• we^MT,^ ''■" P"""'*^ "^^ -d the tinimpets AU things that love the sun are out of doors. KLEMENTAHV (IHAMMAK. I Oil What wo liavo (IfscrilM'd occupied but a few minutes. Tliat tree has been undennined Ijy tlio recent floods. Something will bo gained In- delay. On either side th(> river lie Long fields of barley aiirouted, that streams are flowing, Inat the liver is bluer than tlie sky, That tho robin is plastering his hoiiso hard by. f Othfr TetiHi' Forms, XXXIX. Present Perfect Progressive ; I have been seeing. Past Perfect Progressive : I had lieen seeing. Future Pci-fect Progressive ; I shall have been seeing. Such forms are called the I'erftct I'rwirniire 'I'nws. They are used to indicate that an action has Ix'en (had Ix'cn, or will have been) in progress and that it still is (was, or will con- tinue to be) in progress. I do walk. I did walk. He docs walk. He did walk. Such forms are called the Fm/ihatie present and past tenses. They are used (ri) to make assertions more emphatic, and (b) to ask questions : as. He ,li the fi.t »e„te,K.. the t..u«ht is presented to the ^W a. a":,!::;? ^'""'"™ ""^ """•«'" '^ ^— '« «•« .i„. mmd IS a fact, a supposition, or a ccnmand. He went with us. Were he here he would go with us. Refuse to obey his instructions. FXEMENTAltY (iUAMMAlt. Ill If wo ivfusn to oLcy lii.s iiislnictions wo xlmll "O punished. Wo refuso to olioy liis instniciions. Call my brother liack to iiif. Goveni well thy ui.i».tito lost sin surprise tli<.o. A ihanK(. i„ 1... f..riii „f a vrrl, to sl„>w ili,. inaniHr .«• nifxlo in wliicli „• tlinuKlit is pr..«..rit..(l i.s call..,! Mood. Tlio fiirm .,f tlio veil, uscl (., jin-wiit ii tlimifrl.t „s „ /■„,,( 18 callwi tlic Indicative Mood. Tlie form of tlie vitI, us../. I gave you tliia bwlc that you mi.jht stwhj. I kept your Ixwk lest you shimhl luse it. (c) A wish : ,-v,, G.Ki s«(v the king. O that I «>•,•,. . .,ian. Thy kingdom come. Hay you live long. lU ELEMENTUIY «lHAMM.\n. I III i-"wZTr:;r7i';,;:i:rr:'7"H--'" " I .--V y„» J „,,„|,, „„, ^,, '"") K'™ Im." thi, note. ■«M«Pnfe: a«, U l,™ ,.„„„.„ / ' """luvjon or con- i-iti...; I c.:,,. ':::;::; '" • t'' "^ - '-' •"•"' -"'^ ''«-t'.-i<-^c,,i,:/:.:;:,':"S;r:; "''--"'' *"•<• •■ .kkI : „, Ji t.MiioiTow / . , , ' "'" ""''June- VVl»-n ti,e nut.,,, of ' "" "'"'" "'"^t «-"rlv. '■"true or ■,,.,"'"''",""'"" .■■""'- "■" eon-lusiJn «e„S:r: '!' '^°""' *'"' '"^^ "" -h -b '•» the following They were wat.-hing fh„ di^.I.t ,.f tl^e bir.l^- Give eveiy ma., i),i„„ e,,,.",,,,. flJ- If he was guilty ho des.nU'" L L^e^r"" earnSiS """ '""■" ^'^''''•^ "^^ ^'^ -it work EI.EMENTAIiV (IHAMMAll. 113 I < I'l' I w.ml.l ]„.v,. ,,ai,l tnn money. fi.i,.Mls tl,„t iiotlii,,,; 1„. ]„st H« th.m familiar l„.t l.y „„ „„,,„s vi.l-ar C..nsi,l."r tho lili,.s „f tho li,.l.i, h,,w th.^y lt-w they toil not, n..itli..i' do fli,.y sjiin. CoSJlJIiATION. xr.rr. Tl-e Conjugation of h v,.,), U „„ ,...|..rlv Hnu„«,.„„.nt ..c»d.ffi,m.t form, f,„-v„i,.e,„„».l,t..„s,., ,„.,.„;,,,., ,„„,.,, The Prcs,.„t I.Hl,.fi„ito, Past I>,.l,.|inil,., „,„| ].•„,„,„ |„ definite T..n»..,.,f,l„.v,.,l,",l,iv,.",.,o ™„juKat.,l i„ t|,„ f.,1. lowing fuiin ; AITIVK Voiik: IMIIIATIVK MiMili. I 'mill Illilrlhliti' Tills,. Singular. pi„„i. I (liivo Wo drive Tliuu drivest Y„u („r jv) drive Ho (liivcs Tlicy ilriv<; I'lmt Inilifiniii- 'I'liis,-. Singular. I di-tive 'I'llnu (lr( ^ ""'*' '■"'''>■ "««d ••-«».v,= VO.C. : ,s„„:at.v„ moo„. Prewnt Imi.- finite. Tnisp. Singular. -i . In 1 ■ Plural. Ia,„dnv..„ Wo are driven Thou art c'nven You „,.„ ,,,;,«„ lliej are driven Piisl I ml,- fi, ill,: T,.„s,: Singular. », T „ 1 ■ Plural. I«as,l,.,ve„ We «,.re driven Thou .a^t driven You w»re driven He Was driven Fimt Pnviiii, >i,K,ii,d P,-rmn Thl.d Persuii First Person fyeroml Permu. Third Person First Person Se,:„nd Person Third Person Future Indejinit,, _■ Singular. I sliall Ix) driven Tliou wilt bo driven He will be driven They were driven Plural. We sliall be driven You will Iw driven They will 1« driven First Person Seeond P,-rsi>ii. Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person ACTIVK VOI.K : s,-aioxCTIVE Mon„. Present Indefinite T,n,s,: Singular. p,„^., (It) I drive /fn «- , . (Tf Thou .Irive (If) You .Irive (ff) He drive (rf) They drive Past Imlefinite I'ense. r drove (If) We drove (If) Thou drovest (If) You drove (It) He .Irove (If) They drove ELEMENTARY GKAjrSIAH. 115 I " If" ia no part of tlie .sul.junutive ii.Hcetion. It is nhicv,! before each of ti.ese fonns l>«a„se tl,e .sul,ju„eti,e m .rost frequently found in clauses Ix-giniiin^' witli "if." Si'ctmd ) , J- Drivfi or ilrive tin I t-rsnit \ IMl'ERATIVK M(H)I). I'reM'Ht 'I'l'iisr. Singular. 111. Drui Plural. Ill- drive Villi (,„• ye). liave Ihe fl.llowill^' If we use t!ie transitive "lei' forms : — Singular. piural. l-trst Permn Let me dl■i^•,! Let us drive Second Permi Let I,ii„ drive Ix;t them drive XUII. The various niotxls and tenses of the veri) " Ije ' 'onjugatwl in the foilowin;; f,,rm : INDIOATIVE MOOD. Prexftlt Tiiijii'if.rt Tnise. First Person Singular. I am Plural. \Ve;iro Secontl Person Thou art Yuli ai'O Third Person He is Tlicy jiro Present Perfert 7V«», Singular. Plural. First Person I have heen W'o liavt' Ix'en Seconei Person Thou hast been You Jiave U'cii Thirtl Person He has been i'dst Tense. They liave Ik-oi Singular. Plural, First Person I was We were St-contl Person Thou wast You were Third Person He was They were 116 ELEMENTARY GHAMMAll. P'irst Person Siniinl Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person I'ttst Perfect Tense Singular. I had Imh'11 Tliou liadst 1k>i> He ha(i l«eii Future Tense. Singular. I slmll be Tliou wilt )«■ He w ill be Future Perf ■■: Tense Singular. I shall liave been Thou wilt have Ixiun He will have been Plural. \Ve had Ix-en 1 You liad l)cen They had lieen Plural. We shall he You will be They will be Plural. We shall have been You will have Ijeen They will have been SUEJUNCTIVK MOOD. (Often preceded by "if.") First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person ■ First Person Second J' 7'hinl Person 'U First Person Secmid Person Thinl Person Present Teitse Singular. Ibe Thou ]k^ Hebe Singular. I have been Thou have Ijeen He have lx«n Past Tense. Singular. I were Thou Wert He were Singular. I had been Thou have been Ho have been Present Perfect Tense. Plural. We lie Y'ou be They he Plural. We have been You have been They have been Past Perfect Tense. Plural. We were You were They were Plural. We had been You liad been They had been ELEMENTARY UKAMMAK. 117 J Phrasal Present : I may be; Phra.sal Past : I might, should, or wouldbf; Plirasal Past Pcrftct : I might, should or would have l>een. IMfKKATIVB MOOD. Singular. Plural. Secoitd Person Be or he tliou. Be or be you, or ye. I).) Ije. INFINITIVES. Present : (Tu) !«. Present Perfect : (To) have been. GKKUNDS. Present Imi>erfcct : Being. Present Perfect : Having K-en. rXHTUM VLV.fi. Present Imj^rfeet : Boini^. Present PtM-feet : ] laviny been. Past: Been. XLIV. These examples illnstrate how the ordinary forms of a verb are arranged to sliow its conjugation. As a type, and for convenient reference, the variims forms of the verb "drive" are grouped together in tlie following table. Only the third [HM-son singular of each tense is given, and the subject is omitted : — Tenw. ( Indbtiiiite ! Iinixirfect ; Perfect I Perf. Progressive 1 Em phut ic Iiidctinite I in lie r feet Perfect Perf. Progressive Kiiipbatic INDHATIVK MOO- Arfhr Vo!'-f. (hives is driving hiis driven li:is lieen driving tloes drive drove w;is driving h;ie l>eing driven) have l)eeii driven were driven were hcing driven had J»e*'n driven I IndeHnite Imperfect Kiiiphatic Indefinite Im[K'rfect Perfect) Perf. Progressive Imperfect Perfect Perf. Progressive IMPERATIVE MOOD. Arf ire Voir.. p^^^-^.^ j,^.^^_ f'-'^-^ bo.lriven »« driving, let ^.nc, let (,„e. you. etc.) be etc., he driving (],iven do drive .i^ i i ■ do t>e driven INFINITIVKS. Act ire Voin . (to) drive (*'>) he driving (to) have driven (to) have heen driving Ptvinii-^ Voire. (to) l»e driven (to) have hcen driven (■EKUNDS, Active Voice. driving having drivf-n having l>een driving Pasm'e ^'oicn. I*eing driven Ii ing been driven ELEMENTAUV (il'.AMJIAlt. 119 I Im|)erfept. I'erf. I'rojrressi Past (ijerfeutj fARTIdHLKM. Arflre I'oic. driviiiir liaviiij; rlrivcn hiiviiiji I'rrii driving' In-'ini^ (liivr Imvin.-l..,-, Voir,: (irivcn .Ir XLV. ((/) Write out, with a personal pronoun as sul)ject, tlie third ptM'son siuijular of each tense of the verh "finisli" in the indicative mood, active voice. (h) Write out, with a personal pronoun as subject, tlie first person plural of each tense of the verb " break " in the indica- tive iuooerfect participle passive of the verb " buy," the perfect participle progressive of the verb " sell." 120 ELEMENT.AHY flB • MMAR. M.vr. ne us a ii()tii)mil v,.ili is us..,) t,. '-" tl.o s„.,i„..t a,,., t,„. p.e„ir : ''Z2A T"" **• A« an liuxiliai-y „f V„i,.n ;, ; ■ " , ^ '" '""■• ti"-™ us,.., i„ tons,! ,•':•::',"<""-"■ i^i-o.... T...y «.. fallen. Ti„..se ...l^Z^^ i^T "f " «""« active v„ice. "-pnrasea in the perfect tense, JIAVEiHAST, ,US, luu.) Jlave as H noti„naI verb is iis,.,l f„ He /,„,, a fann, As an auxili- "" T ""T^ '"""'■"'"" ^ '^^■ >-eAnc>.weoiX::;::::r^ He .„,.,„,„ Singular. i.cat,ve l,ave, J.a.st, l,as (Subjunctive have,l,ave, I.av ) Indicative ) ( Subjunctiv,. J '""'• '""'st. li;i,l I'nxeiit I'tlxt Plural. Iiave Iiave ]ia(} M.tV (MIGHT). He -«,,,,:.. there ' ' ' "'"" ™°"- ^'-' '"'i"'' •» tLl quests permission to go. .'C„„ t j™' , '^'•'.>^ «»' re- go ? " ^ t-an I go ! " asks " Am I able to ELEMENTAKY GKAMMAK. 121 Singular. ) „ , . ^. ( may, iiiiiyrst, nmv (• hubjunctivf . , J ( "ii;!lit> inifjlitoat, iiii^'lit mif,'lit Plural. niav 1 XLVII. HilAI.l., wrt.l,. Shall mwint ori;>iiml|y ohli,,,aini,, "\ViII" intfiitUm. The.fe verbs express a contrast lictwccii ilnin;,' a tiling' from compulsiun and from clioiec. "Shall" as an auxiliary in tlic first iicrsoii pxiircssos futurity : an, I .ihall go. In the second ami third persons it expresses (/i*nHiH« "'" "e Ih3 fifteon h.s next birtli- .IH.It'I.O AND MdlT.D. Should an tlie iiiist tcnsp i.f " d, ii >> j or ,/»/„• „« V '7/'"- "f xliall" denotes „hli,,ati„n '"":/ . as, \ „u .s|„a,|,[ ,j„,,,;^ ,„„_.^. distinctly. Would as till) past ronsp of " i„;?i " i ^ Hon: as, TI. w,„.|d 'not ytL t " T '"'""'"'■''■ wi«h : a.. Would that he :2 l!^] '' "''' '''" "^P'''^'^ "^ ^ ELEME.NTAltV GKAMMAli. 123 i As auxiliaries of Tciisi- tliry I'xprt'ss fiiluiily fnmi tlio »tttn(liM)iiit nf tlio piLst : as, Slii- said islie kIiouIiI jin. II.- sjiiil lio wimld go. As auxiliaries of .\loil he go! (c) As a substitute for other veihs ; as, ]Ie plavs well and sorfo you (play well). He caunlit a worse cold tlian you (lid (catch). Siigalar. Plural. I'ment do, doest, dost, doi-s, do Past did, didst, did, did CAS (corr.i;). Can is a notional verb, meaning " to Ijc able," and is followed by an infinitive .vithout " to " as its oliject : as, " I can lift that weight," that is, I "am able" "to lift" that weight. As it is not used in forming moods or tenses of verbs it is not an auxiliary. It has neither infinitives nor participles of its owti and so is soiiie!imes classed as a ilifectice irrh, that is, a verb -'ri wliich some of the parts are wanting. In this sense "may," "shall," "will," "must," and "ought" are defective verbs. 124 KI.F.MKNrAltY (IKAMMAIl. Ohm ivp tliiit in Miicl, \iM'l>-|ilinis('s iis " 1 can go" (I am aliln to go), " I iniiy KD " {' ml |HTmitti'il I., gii), " I iiui.it go" (I am oliliijeil to go), wo ar j now ai'custonioil to tliiiik tli« vcrli- |>iiras(t as a whole, and not as a |>riiit'i(ial verb t'ollowt-d by an infinitive witliout *' to." SlDgulM. Plural. Vn'Ufttt can, canst, can ran Pttitt couM, couldst, could could Mun. Must is a notional vci'li, nu'anin.') WAX. Fill tlie follnwins liliiiik-t with "hIiiiU" of " will," iis tin sense requires. Give reasons in eueli euse. We W.» I — 1)0 glml to sec yim. — give you whiit you m'cd. slioot lit least ouo j;oosn it' I ifiiiaiii 11 week. I 1»( eighteen in July. He fears that lio ■ uot bo iil)lo to iilay- They say that they ue'.ei foi-jret his ki-id- uess. The iiiau who interuled to coinniit siiiciile siml, "1 fall into the water ami iiohixly pull mo out and I ho drowiieil." Give the meaning of ea.-h of the followin- >.entene.-s, :,s "shall" or "will" is used; — I will (shall) go. You shall (will) go. He will (shall) go. She shall (will) not speak to nio. Shall (will) I buy you that l.ookf Will (shall) he read to you! Shall (will) we see you at the lecture? If Johu does wroug he ^llall (will) ho punished. Fill the blanks with "shoulil" or "w.mlil" as the sense requires. Give rea.,ons. I like to win the medal. ■^liat we do without railways t Oue always do one's best. KLEMKNTAIiY OIIAMMAH. fall ]>.' )w killed. you liclp iiic if I full! Till')' doclurod tlu'V iiovcr forgot liis kiuiliii'ss. iLOl. Kriiirs HIT fi(M|\iriitly nmili" in tin- iisi' iif /iV iinil Aiy, nit uMi] /t'-t^ r'lHt^ Hill) ntisf. 1.1 K (lulrnimlil-r). I'r'sriit r lie on my Ixil. J'nufiU J'irf'ri-i I liuvi) liiiii on my 1m«I. /*'"*' r Iiiy (111 my Im'iI. I'liKt l','rf,i-l \ Imd lain on my IkiI. Fiiliire. \ sliiill liii (111 my l„.,l. Fiiliiri' Per/ill \ sliiill liiivo lain on my bcil. l.AV (Tmn-. Fill tlip fdlliiwing l)liuik-s witli tli(> proper funns of tliv verbs "rise" or "riiise." The sua is . He • good wheat. Tlio jtiiee of wheat has . The bread is . They up early in the moi-ning. They will tliut building four feet. TiiO river has four feet to-day. Old and Nf.w Conjiciatioss : Stronh and Weak Verbs. LI. Sound (as in " Plionics ") the letter "t" in the word "tip." Oljserve that tlie "t" sound is made by putting tin- tip of the ^./«/He against tlie roof of the mouth just behind tlie teeth and then separating tliem after sluppimj the breath for an instant. .Sound tlie letter "d" in the won] "dip." How is the "d" sound made? From the mode of forming them, "t" and "d" are called tonfjup-ntopt letters. Observe the following verb-forms :— Pre.ieiil. Piui, love loved kill killed dejd dealt ELEMENTAUY ORAMJIAR. 129 The past inilefinite tense of each vorb is fornicd l)y adding "d," "cd " or 'it" to the pri'si'iit, that is liy {ir/rlim/ n luni/iii'- slnpt letter to the prexent. Exan"-1 - : '(itnpai'e, tornparw/ ; defend, defen(]«/; dwell, dw .. Tliese i.;v . died verhs of the New Conjugation, a» t \^ in this «ay that verbs introduetK] into modern EnHliKl ' '"'■'■' tlj'ir p .sb tenses. Observe the following v Prtsfiit. arise fall blow ■b-t"ornis : — Ta't. arose fell blew The past indefinite tense of eaeh verb is formed l>y an internal rmrel chnmje. Thus in the first pair " i " is changed to"o"; in the seeond pair, "a" to "e"; in the third ]«ir, "o" to "e." These are called verbs <.f the Old Conjuga- tion, as it was in this w-'v that verbs in English formed tlieir pasts long ago. Examples: drink, drank; ride, rode J swim, swam ; run, ran. Verbs then are divided into two classes the Old Conjuga- tion and the New Conjugation, according io the way in which the past indefinite tense is formed. A verb that forms iis past indefinite tense by ti'lflhuj a titmjue-atopt letter to its present is a verb of the NcW Con- jugation. All other verbs are of the Old Conjugation. The real distinction lies in the addition of the tongue-stopt letter, and not in the internal vowel change. Verb-forms like : .sell, sold ; tell, told ; say, said, have an internal vowel change, but as they add a tongue-stopt letter ("d") to the present to form the past they are verbs of the New Conjugation. Verb-forms like : lend, led ; feed, fed ; meet, met, have an 130 ELEMENTAKY GRAMMAIi. ..itcrnal vowel dumgo an.I ,!„ „„t a,.,,,.,u- to ,.,1,1 a tongue- stoptMter tofonn the past t,.„s,., l,„t tiny are really verbs of tl.o New Co.ijuyation, tl.e " ,1 " „■• " t " of tl„. a,l.le,l endi„c, hav,„g been absorlxid into tl.e final "cl " or -t" of the present" Tims the past t,.nso of "leametime3 said to I» " irre,«ular " and weak verbs " regular," but the terms are misleaiiing" for stron" verbs are truly " regular," since their parts are torme,l accord" ing to rules. A discu.ssion of these rules lies outside the scope of this text ] '^ f Principal Parts of a Vkrb. LH. The present, the past, and the perft'ct participle of a verb are usually called its Principal Parts becau.se when these are known any required p., t of a verb can be given KLi; lEXTAIJY (iliAJfMAU. i;ii I'UINCII'AI. l-AKTS, /iirise - fill 1 llilow ;li'\e jkill i.l.^l Putl. arose fell lilcw I(,v..,l killed dealt ari'^eii fallen lll.AVM leved killi'd dealt 01)»ei-\e that the |«']-feet pai-ticipio of the \er't)s of the Old Conjugation is formed by adplirase, notional, transitive, weak (catch, caught, caught), passive voice, indicative ino.Kl, present perfect tense, third person plural, to agree with its subject " fish." • ' lie: Verb, relational; si.ong (am, wa.s, been), subjunctive mood, present tense, tliird person singular, to agree with its subject "he." KLEMENTAKY GKAMMAR. 133 Oiri': Verl), imtinnHl ; transitive, stroiij,' (give, pave, itivi-ii), active voice, imperative niond, sccoiid person singular, to agree m ith its sulyect " vou " (iiMilorsto.Hl). Can: Verb, notional, transitive; defective (can, coulil), active voice, inrlicativo mood, present tenst;, first person singular, to agree with its subject " 1." (td) lift: an infinitive, ohjcct of tlie verb "can." We may parse "can lift " as a verli-plirase, thus : (an lift: Verl)-phrase, notional, transitive; weak (lift, lifted, lifted), active voice, indicative mood, present tense, lirst jKM-son singular, to agree with its subject " I." Parse the verbs and \(m l>-phrases in the following i_ Roal fi-ioiiul,l havo been juinished." unlrxs: Conjunction, subonlinative, connecting tlie clauses of which the verhs are " shall go " „„,! " . „i„s." ami: Conjunction, co-oi,li,iative, connecting the ailjcctivas " wide "and "still." aiKl: Conjunction, co-orflinative, connecting the phrases '■ on the lone wood " anil (on the) mighty hill.' THE IXTERJKCTION. As the interjection is not related grannnatically to tlie rest of the sentence we parse it by giving merely its name. PART FIVE. SYNTAX. Syiitiix tiiata s<'ntenc('. .f tl liu / flati.niH „i,.l i«mti„„« of wonis i,i a Skntknce-Klemkn™. Tl,„ essential elements .f . sentence a.e t.,e .uJ„rct :"'' '"•'"'" • T'- ™''J-t -'>• '-a , or pronoun, or ..on.e ::^i:::z'"™'""'"'-" ^"-^- ^^^p-^-'-e Tl,o subordinate elements of ,. .sentence are the "-';..« of the .uhjeet and ,„.e,licate. T.,e n.o.,ifier of the sul.ject .,s an «,/,,,„>,. or a group of words doing the .luty of - "clje.t.ve The n,o ,|oct.ve(page m) and expletives hke " there " in • There is no courage but in innocence. Position op the Elements. The subject of an assertive sentence is usually placed tefor,. .0 predicue because this is the natural order of forming a thouglit We must have something to think of before we '-•an tlunk of anything to say about it. 136 ELEMKNTAltV (JKAMMAlt. 137 Eacli iii.Mlifi.T hhoulil Iw |ilait>(l as ii.iir as jwissililo to tlin won! or wcinis it iii.KliHcs, since tilings wliiuliaii' to !).■ thought of tot,'i>tlii'r should 1« niciitioiicil to;,'i'tlier. Word niiKliticrs are generally placed Ix^foro the words they Mio( piciicli, MT,,.,.,«|,,,,>,,M,„„„., s:„M,..TnHt.,„.,r.Hi,l,l„. ,„,,„,„, ('').'Mll.Juril-||VUfl,lllscs witll.Mlt "if "iirn-tli r sli„„I,I ,,,,( NM.it tliiis. as, (.'(.,„ int.. all tin, w„r|,| ,„i,l •iH, Unci / a giant's THE NOUN. IT. Till-; Si luKcrivK Cask. Tl,. nv„ ...;,.,/,.. „.|at.,,,-,Jll.,,,, ,„„„.,,, t,,e subjec- - "■I-la.at.. s„l,j,.,,iv., tl,„ ..ul.j,...tive „f a,l,|re.,«, the Hl~h,., M.l,je.t,ve, «„,| thesubjctivein app.,.si,i„„ ar; de- .scTiU-fl ■„, pp. 8 1, i^-> a,K] page Si. r.ually ,!,„ j„„iti„„ .,f „„ „„„„^ .^ ^,_^ subjective C8.«t .'.xcpt tl,e p,c..Ii,.at. .ul,j,.ceive, i.s l.,.f„,„ tl.o verb. TiiK Ou.>k(;tivk Cask. ' i;latio.v. ITI. \\ 1,™ a noun i. a,i,l„l toa n„„„ i„ the objective ease after . .. s ,vo ^e,.b, ,o describe it and also to con,pletethe n,ean- '"S "f the verb. ,t ,s called a predicate Objective: a. i:i.i;mi:\im;v (iii\MM\ii. I .HI 'I'lli'V rhH.lr .l..l,,i, /.,„,,. '|'l„.y ,. I, .,.!,., I Kiv.lr, i.k, . ,„/.. , u.,l.s "n|.|...ir,l," ",.„ll," ",-l„K,„.," ",.i,.,.|,- ••iM,-,l,.-,"„„.l ll„,„. "f siriiiliii- iiiTOilirii,' HIT fnllownl l.y ll s ih llir |.iv,liialr ..I) JiclUv. Whni ;! ,.,.li, w!li,-|i |„ til,, iirliu. v,,i.-,. iMkrs l>ntli ,i. , I,,-,.,! and MM in.lii..,! ,,l,j,.,.i, is ili,,,,^,.,! iiii,,tli,^ |.,i,vn,. i,,i,.,.^ ,,,1,. "''j''<'t '"- riirs th,. Mllij,.,! /|,„1 ll Iliri.ivl;,ill.-.|;,,,,l,'i,.,l ; tlm», "TlM.Vii.n.. MM-a I k" 1m.,,.„m.s "A I k WMs -iwn ""■•" "''ll- '-111''":- .-.iii.-.i ti /,„•,„,/ i,„ii,,.,.|, ,,i,i,.,.i!" 1,1 lll«l»,ssiv,. f..rMl •• I »„si;iv,.„ „ A.,,,/,," " |„„,k ' is ,.„ll,.c| tlie rt'tilim-'i tUl-rrt ciliji.i-t. All ir.lniiisiiiv,. m-iI, is s,„,i,.ii„u.s f(,II,i«-...l l,v ii iicrsniml I"'""""" '" !'"■ "''.ii''-liw. i;, ,.„„ti,i;r ,|„, s,.„„. il„|ivi,lu;,l lis tin. sulij,.,-! :,is, II,. ,s,,i /,„„.„,;,■ ,i,,„„. K-,,-,. (/„r «,.ll. This is lulled tl.i. reflexive objective. Till. :iiilij(.i-t ..f the. iiilliiilivi. is in tli.- oliji.r'i i v,. ,us,. : ,is F liclii'vo liiiii t.i l«. iin ii.-l.ir. I krii'iv il I,, l„. hi,,,. \V,. saw hir gi>. Usually the ]).isiti,,n „f a noun in ilie ulijfi-iiv,. ,-ase is im- mediately after its m.|.1,, l,ut th,- iiidiiv.-t ohj,.,'! jt, ,l,.s th,. diiwt cilijeet : as, Me b„u};lit »;, .'i il.,- yesr.Tday. The ,il,j,.et in appusitiim is plaeed after the ti,,uM «illi which it is in aii]KJsitiijn ; as, T klle>v Dieken.s, tlie imnlist. The piedieate iilijeetive fiillows the nnun whieli it (leserilwa : as, Thev eallnd John a ntiianl. If the ohjeet iif the verh is a eon juneliv,. iiroinain it is lilaceil before the veil, : „.s, The d,-sk ll,„t J m-eupy suits me. The man irl,„m we i,„.t is „iy eou-ill. Tf the ijl.jeet of the verb is iiiodilied by an interroyativ,- ai!iii-live it is pi*.,.,) Ix'fore the verb : as, Uhut seat did you ehiwse'/ 140 KI.HMKMAIIV (lli\MMAIl. i illK IVlMHKMHIVK t'.WK. hKI.ATlMN. IV. ■^~::/rr^r;::i;l;;:r;rs--~ It Mi'lNimto o«liri'sl,i|, i,s I,, 1„. ,„,l,„„, 1 ,, ■ . '-— -' - ^- --;;;:i:':^:!-:;i I'lisrrrnv. Tlif n.iiiri in tlii. pcisscssivc ,■.!«,. ;- . i i i .■ itiii„li«,., Ti ■, ""'" I'''"'"'"»''"i'^ till" noun THE PRONOUN. V. KkI.ATIOV AVI, PcMiTKiv. ■ Tl„. Pr„n,,u,. ha-s .1,,. .«„„. ™.. .vkticns as ,l„. „„un (,,. 81) w;;::;;:'v^^"'''T'™''''''™''''''""''"''^ '/'.. to ilial of a noun in ii|.iiosiiion. Tlic cli'nionstialivr ailjrrliviM "ilii.!," "tliiil. "tlii'so" "those " «','«•(• in nurnlK'i- wiih ih. ii- noinis. Tlir ilisiiilmtivc adjectives "cacli," "every,'' '■ eitln-r." "neither" are sinirular in construction: as, A,',,,/, i,,,,i, st.'|.|i.il forward in /i/s turn (not //(!'(> turn). fore its e after Position. Tlieattrihutive adjective i^ |ilaceil ^'I'tierallv jii-t lie noun : as. The Inii.i day want's. The \ iiin idjeetive is ]i!aeed in the |iredicat the vei : : I - ■ in . i- is mht. The u|i|iosilive adjectivi. is ]ila I ;.'encnilly after- its noun as. The sportsrnarr, ici« and /irowcy, hastened horrre Ohservc the ert'eet of in\'ertin',' th(> order- : The gate is ^\-i(lp ami tlio way is l.i-oad. Widti is tlin gnlo iiml Irroad tlio wav. Tn the first example the rninil ilwells on " ^-ali' " and as the important ideas. In the second example the p tivo adjectives are out of their usual positions and, as scjucnce, tlie cinpha.si.s of llioui;iit falls oa "wide "broaJ.'cls are tl.onirl.t of «.parat,.Iy " '"'°""- ^'«' *";i:;::;;;: :;;:,;:«:;"s''i"'" -*• -< « ™ Tf tl,e s„l,je,.t is a eolle-tive „„„„ the verb is i„ the u»'':':;;r,7,t';;:;;;,:;" 'r-' ■■■» "-">■ \f„.„l • . ' i^-" •'•'I'Siil.ii . as, No news u mnxi news Measles (s a troiDIe.someilise-i..., Ar »i • fe"^> "i-ws. study. Jfathematics m his favorite The relational verb "to )i.. " f ,i .1 Worrit-.,, /am/ Tl '"'''"'""' ™™« ^-^'^ after it a« re It . .,,, / am A,, r knew It to be liim. ELEMKNTAllY (IHAMMAlt. 143 HKyUKNCK |»F TeNSKS. VIII. When a principal clause is folldwcil l>y a .suWilinattM-laiiso the rules for tlio sequence ()f tenses aco ; — ■ A Past tense in tlio principal clause is followed In- a Past tense in tlie dependent clause: as, He mi'iil tliat \"««'%. &unple adverb of manner, positive decree modifying the verb "siK^ks." " ' "g such work. Even in ln'a iiri'irfist rat/i- he spared women and children. I would not do so even //* //'"« nrrr to thrcatm mi. It is an intensifying; ad\erb. "Like" is historically an adverl) e used as a eonjunetiim. Instead of "He writes like I do" sjiv "He writes oh I do." POSITIOV OF AnVKRBS. XL The adverb should lie placed as near to the word it mollifies as the conditions will ])eriiu't. The adverb is place'l immediately In-fore llie adjective, adverb, preposition, or conjuncliuii iliat it miKlifies : as, That apple is quite ripe. 8he sjieahs i-nj distinctly. His work is far below the standard. He likes fruit ouhj when it is ripe. Tlie adverb is generally placed iunnedlately after the intransitive verb which it mcxlifies : as. Ho spoke si-mihhf. The adverbs always, lu-ver, oj'teii, .soinrtinu-H, generally^ rarely, 10 14(i Kr.F.MKN-TAKY ORAMMAI '«,„,%, ,u„l ../.In,,, ,u;.. as ,t n,I,., |,la,.,.,l l„.f,„-,. ,,,,,1 „„t after tl,n v,.rl, tl„.y „„„lifv : as ll.ahvavH .|,„kn woll „f l.i.s frien.l^. lie iifli'ii iiii'ijliiini'il ymir iia The a,lv,..-l, is „„t ,,la,v,l l„.t «■,.,■„ a t,-a„sitivo verl, a,„I its object. It .s usually pimv,! aflei- the ol.j.rt, though it n,av appear Irfcre (he verl, ; as, He p,epare,l ),is less„n.s ,•,„■,/««,;. lie /;-,(«W// i-(Hlfessi,: his faults. The mlverl, is geuer.Llly pl.uv,! U-f „ the auxiliary an.l the pr,„e,pal v,.rl,: „s, I l,a,l „,„ heani „f his arrival.' He will ,„„« „. here. The a.lverb .shouU „..t. ]u: placed l^.twe,-,, t.> an,l the i„(l„i,ive: „s, He strove to unrlerstnn.l the St. .,i..et tl,.,r„„,,/,l,,. .. He strove to (/„„■„,„,/,/,, un,lersta,„l the subject ,s not in strict u.ronlauc,, with the best usa-o. \\ hcu , - adverb is inl.„,le,| to nuKlify the whole sentence It should » ,laced first : as, ;/„/,/,//,, )„. l„„,,,i .,f ;t ;„ ^j,,,^ The adverb "„,dy" shouM Ih, pla.-ed i„nm,liately l«fore what .t ,s inte„,Ied to ,„odify : a-s, He o„!y ..,,r,r,l to «i„ a journey ; genius A> a llasli of lightning. One thing is compaml irllh another to show rliirereiicc, though sometimes similarity. The things are of the same nature : as, Compare liis answer irifh mine. Com|iare .lolnis farm irlt/i Henry's. Differ from, differ with. One ohjeet differs /r.™ another when there is unlikeness between them. One iierson differs iiilh another when they disagree in opinion. Thus: One star differs ym/» another star in magnitude. Two men differ ivilh each other on tlier ? (For what are you waiting 1) ^■*''^ ELKMEVTAIIY IlIiAMMAIi. THE CONJUNCTION. -XIII. Hklation. ,- fnrT""'"" """""■" "'"''^ "'"' K'™'f'^ "f -'■'•''» (I>P- •3- ■ <0). The use, of c,M„,li„«tiv,. ,.,,,1 .sulx.r.liuativo cmunc- tic.iis are di'»cnl)e:d thegu-ls were present. X„t ..„,,, t,,„ j,;,,, f,„^ „;^„ j^ Imys were present. with V'tr""i •■. ^' "'"' """ '^""""'""^ i-^ ««"»'--ted vv.th another winch ,s opposed to it in thought : as. He was contented. _ AH t he n,en,l,ors opposed hin, ; he held h,n„ever to his opinion. Ho was .sad hut lu.peful. (-■) ^Z^«-»«,,V.. By these an alternative is offered between two statements: as, He apologised .,• he would have been punished. Either this man sinned ,„■ his parents. It wa« neither a sm nor a crime. (./) Carnal. These are used when the second elau.so i., an H.>r™r. or conelusion from the first clause, or when the .second clause is the r,„.on for the statement in the first clause : as, He was found guilty and therefore he was hanged He will die some day, /,„• all men are mortal. Correlative Co.vjln-ctions. (Page 70.) The relations tetween clauses are emphasized by correla- tive conjunctions. ^ r.LKMKNTAUV (ili.VMMAIi. 149 Unlit - - ,iif\. 'riii'MTiirini'ct I wiistiiliMiiciils 1111(1 finpliiifize their (•(juHlily : a^, Jlu is lj.4li I'iinifst ami fiiitliful. (One as much as thu othw-.) .Vo( nnlij - h»l alsii. Tlics(? fk) if he were tired. " As " when it follows " such "or " .same " is a conjunctive pronoun : as, He is not such a fool nn ho looks. Tears, such aa angels weep, burst forth. He diives the same horse aa his brotlier. "As" indicates a kind of appositi\e coimection in: He gained fame aa an orator. He did his duty aa captain, l.)0 Kl^EMKNIAHV (iltA.MMAU. PUNCTUATION. Piin.:tii„ti„n iiuuks Hssist tlio iviuh,- in finnpi,,;- tl,,- M,.-,m- lli),' .if (I pnssiiL'i'. Maiiks I'sEn IV Plvctiati.in. j^*''**"* interrogation Mark 7 Colon : Exclamation Mark | Semicolon ; Dash _ Comma , Quotation Marks, dniM; '< >> „,„i siiin/c ' ' Parentheses ( ) Brackets [ ] The Period is „„.,! „t tl„. ..,,,1 of a.s«.rtiv. «,ul i„nH-,.ative sentences, „„<1 „fte.. a1.1,r..viati,.„s. i„i,ials, 1,™,!!,,.,, ,„„1 1!„ ■iiaiiiinm(Talsusi.(lin numlxTin^'ias, CI.- D \ Smith Punctuation. ; XXV. ' ' ' ' ' Tlie Colon is iisid Ix'foifi ; (a) A di,-,...t ,,u.,tation, a,, liacon «tid : .Crafty n.encon- team «tu,hes ; .snnple men a.lmire the,,,; and wise „,en u»e ('-) Asumman-, as. The kin.ls of cu-o.-clinate conjunctions are four: copula,,,., alte.-native, adver.aive, and causal. M A cause that Bee.ns .., b,. a.lded as an afterthouRht, •as, Stu.ly to a...,u„-c a hahit of accu,.ate expression : no stu.i; IS ni.d-o nnportant. •' The Semicolon is used : — («) When seve,al in.lepen.Ient clauses are united in one sen^„cetoexp,...ssa».„„ewhat complex thought, as, In the. >outh of a state, arms do fl.,urish ; in the middle a.-e of a state learnm. ; and then both of them together fora time ; in the dccJuung age ..f a .state, n.echanical arts and n.e^handke. mark,.d by cm.n„as as : To watch the corn grow, or the bios- .,oms set ; to draw hard breath over ploughshare or spade ; to ELEMKNTAltY (lUAM.MAH. 151 rciifl, Icp lliiiik, to Icivc, to pniy, Hii' llii> lliiri','s iliiii niiiko iiii'ii hiijtjiy. ♦ wIm'ii usiil (»» inlnHliicf lists ilistiru-I liiit rloNflv rflatt'd ((■) ]tt>foi-(' Its, iimih/ii, i.i ., I-. of cxaiiiplcs or illustmt lolls. The Comma !» usi-i ; (r of wonis <(r groups of words of the siiiiie class wlirii they follow oho aiiolliiT: as, Kwiiliiig, writlii;f, siM'llIng, and i-oiii|H)sitioii aii^ tiiimlit lifie. Hiiik or swim, live or di.', survive or |«Tisli, I give my li.iml and my heart to this vote. (<•) To separate from the rest of tlie .sentence I in- siilijeetive of aildre.s.s, the alisoliite sulijeeti\e, and plira.ses In iijiposltion : as, O my children, life is sunshine. Night having fallen, the chase ended. Paul, the apostle to the (li'iitiles, was weak in body. (d) To separate any jihrase or clause jilaccd out of its usual position: as. Fie, in his passion, used harsh language. (i) To mark an ellipsis : as, Caesar came, .saw, I'omiuenHl. The Interrogation .Mark is used as I he sign of a ijiiestion. The E.xclaniatlon Jlaik is used after any wonl or group of words thai/ exjircs-ses strong feeling. The Dash is used : — (a) To indicate an abrupt break in the thought, or a change in the m(«Ie of expression : a.s, I have often told you that he , but I will not rejieat it. He is very generous with other people's money. (b) To eneli Marn in his steed. ose turned— i short parenthetical expression ; a.s, ijord well was his need — and dashed his rowels 15:] ELEMEVTAUY OHAMMAK. Tlie I),.„l,|„ Quotation Murk is usikI I„ n,„.l EXERCISES. I ('() Classify tlio followiliL' scntfiirps en „, ]■ preS^::; :!:,:"■"-'"" ^"'"'-^'"^-' -"' --p-' wo.^. 1. Unto tlio pure all things are pm-e joyous and .,..,. „,.., fresC VLuSflf S T 4 (iin storiMl iiiu or animate.1 bust back to its_inai,s,o„ call tlio (loetiug breath f i). Hapjiy ho with such a mother! <>. He laughs best who Innghs last 7. In the workshop, ou the farm, or wherever ELEMKNTAliV (IHAMMAIl. 1.').! t vt yoii limy lie, from y<>ur fiitui ffi.its, Ikivs, i-onics a nation's ilcstiny. 8. Hn is tli«( fViM'iiiiiu whom tlu' li-iitli iniikcs free. 9. Dust tliou art 1o dust ii'tinncst was not spoken of tlio soul. 10. Not wliut \vi^ tliiiik liiit wliiit we do mnii.'s saints of us. 11. All that's great and good is .loiio just ))V patient tiyinjf. 12. A f'hill no coat, liowovcr sloiit, of liomc- .spiin stuff could (iiiite shut out ; a hard dull l>it- terness of cold, that ch.'cked, mid-vciii, the circliiif; race of life-blood in the sliai-iK>ned face, the comiii'; of the storm foretold. 13. Half-a-loaf is better than no bread. 14. Thrice is ho armed that liath his (juai'rel just. 1"). That which should ai'<'onipany old age, as honor, love, obedience, troojis of friends, I must not look to have. 10. Beneath those rugged elms, that \. v-tree's shade, where heaves the turf in manv a"m< uldei-- ing heap, each in his narrow cell for ever laid, the rude forefathers of the hamlet slee].. 1". Ho who acts ill spite of fear mav be even more brave than he who has no fear. 18. The face you wear, the thoughts you bring, a heart may heal or l)reak. 19. Thou hast a tongue, conn', let us hear it • tune. 20. There's a divinity that shai.es our ends, rough-hew them as we will. 21. The chastity of honor, which felt a stain like a wound, which inspii'ed courage while it mitigated IM Er-KME\TA1IY illlAMMAit. «iS;-:i;!r;i.*:;;;,";i,;ii;;ii::;;ir' (.')n,.»if,.,l„.f„Il.,„.i„.„.,„...„.„^ ■..n,ii„«,.,f„.,„ (') J"™"l„-,-,„,|»,K.li,mS„M,l,„V,„,si,i,„„;., sidt^I;;/''''''' ''" '"'^^ '''"^ ••^■'■■- Wst into that •). Tl;i' .lari'iit wlio ki'imIs Iris noii Ihi., ti. n titUfu and iRMinwitli.s to it a nuisuu.-e ™~f t- „!:;^ Siis; ir^ij .» N- <.. Kli„ l,„i t,.l,l T,„„ il,„, ,!,„ „.„„,,, ,n I . ^^^a.Non. p,«u.],.s ...ttorthanth,, ant, who says KI.EStKNTAIlY (lIlVSUrMi. 155 10. Tlio iiiipniilcMt iii.'iii ivdccis on wh.it Iii> li.is Hiiiil: tlio wise 1111111,011 wii.it; lie was {^oiiij,' to .say. 11. Olio wlio in coiitoiitc'd wiih uli.it lio Ims "lolio will novel- Ihm-oiiic fiiiii..;is for wliat lie will t gold. fi. I think of tlK)Sp upon wliose rest he tranipli's. 7. Slow and steady wins the raee. 8. Birds of a feather flock together. 0. Truth crushed to earth shall vise again, the eternal years of God are hers. 10. Our todays and yesterdays are the blocks with which we build. l.-)li ELEMKNTAKY (1HAMJUH. 11. Neco>s.sity is the motluu- of iiiveution. native Inml ! » ' ' -""'^ '" '"J" o^^". "'.v 13. Enough i.s as good us ii fcust. 1 ^'^•./l! ^'"''' ""iiisiou used to Iio fr.... liP-i.-tu,l 1(). Little ami often fills the purse 18. Every person should strive to do his best. 1-|. Wlieii she had passed it seemed like flm ceasing of exquisite musie. ^^ ""* haJe ^r;!'"'*^" ''""^ "''''""' f"'-fi-"m1.dnj?one paystJ^!]r;^^'^^^^"••*"^'--^« t'-^viee 22. We supposed it to have Imh-u him ELEJIENTAKY GRAMMAR. Lh 25. Sho scut flin dcatliloss imssiou in her oj-os thro' him, ami nmilo him licrs iiiid laiil her jiiiiid on him, and ho believed in lier belief. 20. She is a ereatniv not too briglit and fjooil for human nature's daily food, for transient sor- row.'*, simple \vile.s, praise, blame, love, ki.sses, tears and smiles. 27. There was onee a jjrettv cliieken, but his friends were very few, for he 'tliiMi-iht that there was nothiuj; in the world but what he knew. So lie always in the fai-myard had a very forward way, telling all the heu.s and turkeys what they ought to do and say. IV. Parse the veilis and vcrl) phrasfx, iMliiiitivcs, gpruiids and participles in the following; :— - 1. The evil that men do lives after them. 2. Into each life some rain must fall, some days must be dark and dreary. 3. Cheerily then, my Utile man, live and laugh as boyhood can. 4. Tru" worth is in being, not seeming. 5. To know the beauty of cleanness the heart must be clean and sweet; we must love our neighbor to get his love,— as we measure he will mete. (>. The gifts that we have, heaven lends for right using, and not for ignoring, and not for abusing. 7. Failing in this they set themselves, after their custom on such occasions, to building a rude fort of their own in the neighboring forest. 8. If wishes were horses beggars might ride. 158 ELEMENTARY GEAMMAR. So lioro liiitli Im-ou .liiwiiinj; u.K.tlifr ))lne day ; think, will thou 1ft it slii> iisrl<>ss nway ♦ 10 Early to ImmI jiii,1 ("arly to rise makes a man lieulthy, wealthy, ami wise. 11. Ah ! tlion and there was liuri-ying to and rio, and f,'atheiing tears and trtunbliiiirs of dis- tress. 12. I .saw him ran. after a gilded Imtterfly. in. Ei'e lio hhnv three notes small feet were Iiatteiiiig, wooden shoes clattering, little hands <'lni|i.iMg, and little tongu.'s chattering, and, like towls 111 a tarniyard wljeii barley is seutteiiug, out came the cluklreii running. 14. And out again I eun-o and flow to ioin the brimming river, foi' men may come and men may go, hut 1 go on forever. 15. Doing nothing is doing ill. 16. Tliey are slaves who will not choose hatred scoffing, and abuse, rather than in .silence shrink iroiu tiie truth they needs must think. 17. I would my daughter were dead at my loot and the jewels in lier ears. 18. (ri-ving is better than receiving. _ 10. If a line is parallel to a line of a plane, it IS jiarallel to that phme. 20. If a plane intersect two parallel lines, the Inies of inteiscction shall be parallel. 21. It is better to fight for the good than to rail at the ilL 22. Let us be content in work to do the thing we can, and not presume to fret because it's little! 23. The blue deep thou wingest, and singing still (lost soar, and soaring, e\er singest. ELEMENTARY GRAMIIAR. 15!) 24. If ho wei-o my own l)n)lhiT 1 sliould i^oii- deniu liiiii. 25. Till! p'oatest plcasui-c I know is to do n j^ood action by stwdth and to liiivc it found out l>y accident. 26. It is not growing li]«> a tico in hulk doth make man hettw be; or standing long an o.ik thri'c hundred years, to fall a log at last, diy, bald, and sere. 27. Though He slay me yet will I trust in Iliin. 28. To scatter jdcnty o'er a smiling land and read their history in a nation's eves their lot forbade. 2!). Get ready, lest occasion call us and show us to be laggards. 30. The angles at the base of an isosceles triangle are <(jual, and if the e(|nal sides bo pro- duced the angles on the oilier side of the base shall also be equal. 31. Tor good lioth not in pursuing, nor gaining of great nor of small; but just in tiie doing, and doing as we would be done by is all. 32. What man would dare to describe the setting of tho sun t (a) Give the name iinil relation iif earli phrase in tho fol- lowing. ('') Parse the ailjeetives and a^lverlis. 1. I never was on the dull, tame shore but I loved the gi-eat sea more and more. 2. With a slow and noiseless footstop comes that mes.seiiger divine. im P.LKMF.NTAltV onAMMAn. 4. Umtoil w,» st„ii,I, .liviileii wo full. S. "Voiy few iiKMi, propoi'lv sneakino- 7;,m o+ .i»V%t;SeS,st,j,' «"■• -»■' "-3'. >••• 13. It lie h„t. touch tho luountaius, they smoke. ELEMENTAllY GRAMMAIl. ](il .-..V",'^,*'?''-'' ,'■''■''' "^ •^'""""•■••« tlinv, M...kiiiK Ik'I' httlH l),..l lit iiij-ht, tun.e.l ,.11 til., .lurk stiiir tiiiiiillv 0, inotli.T! tiiko niy Imml," sai.l .slio, "andtlR.i; till) (iiirk will all 1h> li. 'Tis hoavcu aloiio that isgivou away 'tis only (io(l may lio had for tlio asking. Ifi. Bo not rightooTis oveniiiicli. 17. Bosidos, tliis Duncan Initli Loinc Jiis faculti.'s so meek, liatli l)ceu so t-lfar in liis great oflici' tlinl his virttu.s will i.load like angols, trninjict-tongiiod against the dei'i) dainnatioii of liis taking off. 18. Under Ood wo ai-e determined that whereso- ever, wheusoev.M-, or liowsoever wo sliall he eallod to make our exit, wo shall die free iiu'ii. 10. The air is full of farewells to tho dying, and mournings for tho dead ; tho ]i(>art of Iflichel, for nor childrou cryiug, will not ho comforted. 20. Yet not nnmoot it was that one, like that young friend of ours, so gentle and so beautiful, should perish with the flowers. PASSAGES FOR ANAI^YSIS. 1. To me the m^«" to her sister JJolded close under deepening snow in. 1 ELEMENTAUY (llt.VMMAH. Hi:! 13. Ilf) tlmt caiiiiot foi^ivo others hiviiks tli,. l-n.lgo „vor whi,.li l,o ,i,„.st puss Iiimsclf; i-viv iiiiiii lias ufod to 1)0 foi-givfii. , • ^^- ,yi'?^?"''' l'''>i«'lf ^vith liis alms f,M.(ls tlin..': luinselt, his hungcniij,' iu'ij,'libor, and ,M,.. 15. Dry .'laslifd liis hai'iioss in tlie icv caves an.l ban-on «:luis.ns, and all to loft an.l lif^lit tlio l,aro black ••lifl <■ ang'd round him, as Im baswl liis fV,.t oil juts of slii,,,cry craj? that rung sharn-sniittcn with tho dmt of armed hods. IC The mayor sent oast, west, north an.l soutii, to otfor tho i,i].or by word of mouth,— wlnMrver it was men's lot to find him,— silver anred : — First : The themes ossiguwl should Im such that the pupil may have ulnnidant niat.^rial u|>ou which to draw. This may 1« seeure.l ('•) by pr,)vi,lii.g the material, e.,,., l,y r«piiring the re|,r.«luetion of stories (or accounts of concrete things and pnx-osses with w l,i,h the pupil is alremly familiar, or with whi.,h he has U-cn made nnipiaintod for the purixjsos of the comiiosition. The jiassajies to Ihj ri.pr-oduccd should l» short and simple, and of a character lik.ly to interest the class. The same ol.ject may Ikj secured (h) l,y drawing u,„n the I>upil's actual ex|>eriences. In this case, it is nee.lful l,y c|ueslioning to make the child aware of the fact that he do... imsscRs material, and to indicate the selection he ia to make. Without such assisUincii his experiences are likely to seem to himself so commonplace, so much a matter of course, that he feels helpless, and thinks he has nothing to say. Judicious questioninj,' must reveal what he actually has in store, and indicate its salient [mints. He shnulrl, finally, lie rci|uired to express the result of the questioning in a continn'ous oral sUitement. This method may, indeeil, be cm|.loyed with advan- tage in all sorts of themes, not merely as a preliminary to writing, Imt for the purixwe of developing auency and correctness in utterance. In teaching other subjects, it may be distracting to turn aside from tlie mnlter of the answer to correction of the form ; but hero a much-needed opi«rtuaity is afTordetl for drawing attention to mistakes in pronunciation and grammar, to incoherency, and other defects of orJinaiy »iieech. 166 ](i(i Er.KMF.NTAItV (lltAMMAU. Il Swonfl I Tlio M.„„l„nl .,f »h„t i, p,,..,...,! i „„., ~li..iil.l U.,M,vr„liy,„l|,„t,.,| I., iho i„„„„i„,.i,y „f ,|,„ ,,,,.,11 'P' '" '''"' '""" "'" '"'"'"" ^ = «'V|-H,„,«I «,ii,.,.» k„„. ,h..,t >■'•"" "i'..i-ll„.i,.„„„ works i,„..,,„i„al,l,. It >, imtcritiriMn w.lnu.;i,,w l,el,, ,u„l on m>K<-mr,a timt ll„, l»j;iinior ner.ls. T,. ,«.mt .mt t.VC.Jtl.i„f. ,l,;a ,ui;;l,t. I„, i,„|„„v,..l i„ ,1,0 c,„u,H,Hili.„, .,f H i'hil.l,«to,.v,.,«l,dinl,i.,i«itl, ll,os,.,i,«„f l,o|«.l..s«iK..H. Fn.,„i|,o >mts,:t, KiiU'iul lK-;:li,i.,„ „,„1 coiTf<(i„.„ in nmtt.-r!. ci.vore.l ).y Iho /.■,/,„„„.„•.,/ ol„ii,lcr(|,|,. IWl 170) „l,„„i,l 1„ ri^,i,||y ^„„.,..,| p,„. 1I..T, ,.l,.s,.luloc-n„rs in pmnnmr un,l in the u»o of »„»i,hh„„l,l l« l"..nto.l ,ut not »ilh LVMMiro, hnt ,iH inniouNuies to l«„>ui,lo,l in l"tu.o. In Inno.n, ho gains oo, n,-.., his mtontion .nny l«. ,i,„« n to «nrl, things a, ll.o oxoes,,ivo u« of ",u,.l " a.ul tho nuu.l of moro IJi-ii.i. ». At a h.ter stnj;,,, ,l,.fo,-ts in tho arranj-onient of hi, "'""-''•" '"">- ''O I""""''' ""I -Ihat th ,,.s,i„„ of „,.nl,.n™.s w not the l,o»t, an.1 that h.lo and Ihoio i,l.,« havo )«■,.„ oiniii.Kl which sl,onia ),avo l*on insntod. Tho oarlier <,Titi,i»m sh, I« .na.nly ,li,,.,.t«l to tho ,l,o„^l,> ; tho U-j. or Hhonhl not l« maclo M.|t...on».-ioaH l,y n.urli ,ofo,on„, to -*y/, -to tho fart for .vaniplo, that tho WMit^ncos are short and jVrky, Again. Iho con- ' "'""" "' "'" "ff-'C'ivo ordoring of tho tl ght in tho wholo i-Nwy and in tlio paia^jraph shouUl pr,.,,.,io tho consi.loiatioii of tho Scntonoo Tho h.ttor »l hi conio only in tho lat-st stag,., of tho I nl.lic S,.h,K.l course, and th.i, tiino should l« lil,.,.ally devoted to ll.«slr,i,.|nre of tho sentenecs, tho stndy of its laus, tin. aimlvsis of g.««l sintenecs, tho |K,inling out of tho eomnun, mistakes in s,.nleneo stniotnie, an,l tho making of h.ngor a, ,ore o plieafnl .s..nton«s '>■ ";" ' '"'"*"• 'J''" l"^t n.e"tion..d exeroiso may l« p,a..tis,.d l.y tho synthesis of shorter seolenees, hnt iH.rhaps U.ttei- l,v tho imraphraso of suitalile |K»-tic |«,.sa.Ts. PRELIMINARY. TiiK Aim. Tlio main aim of tlie teaeliiiij; and prnclice o£ compositioti 1.S to eiialile us to express our tliouyhis so tl.at otliei-s may witli the least possible diineulty know exaelly v liat we wish lu siiy. Tills is a power that is very necessary to all, whether F.LEMENTAIiY (IIIAMMMI. lliT it Im I'mpliiyi'il iti iMiliiiiiry tiilk, iir in I.miit-i In mii fi i.n.l-., or in liiisini'sM ('oniiiiuninttinns nlluT liv uiml nf hjou.Ii m- In wiiling. It! nil tlii'su cusps, hs wrW n* in wrilinv' I"'"!;-' ■■>■ '1 ill nmkini; spcechoM, it is lilylily drsirililc tliiit »ii si I.I L' able in tlie fowost wimls to mnko exiictly elixir to otli.Ts » Inil wo wish to siiy. In nil tliesn msi's llio iilius am nln-uily in our minils, and tlio prol)lem is |iri>|)iMlv to cyprpss tlifrri in languago. fn ConijHwilion wi> li'arn to I'nllr.i our- tli.iuu'ln-. in ri'^nril to a.^no sul)jpi't, l.i arranKi- iImmii in tin- U-st oid. i, anil to express ihcin in Hear, l.iii'f ami appiLpiiati' liin,i,'iiM^'c' In C.irn|»)sitl(>n, llicii'forc, two tests slioiiM Is' runiinniillv nppliisl: l»i»'s my pxprnssion represent my lliouijlils aeeu ratelyl Will it eonvry tliern with eeriainlv ami i-ii-e t<> tho niimis of i.iliers? Now, Ixiys and fjiils ofi.^n niaki' their work in this suhja-t dillieult and disin;ri-e,il.l,- tlirouu'li supiKwinjj that tho idivis whi.-li tliey should put in theij- coinjHisitions ounht to Iki soincthini; wiser or inon- unusual than their ordinary thou;;hts, or slioulil he put into fine words and phrases. On the contran, the pro|K'r material for compositions are the th"iii,'hts that come to us most easily anil naturally in renaid to the snhjeet as- \' I, and the more simply and direelly these tliouj,'hls are expressed the l»ater. If a hoy is asl^ed to write alsiufc horses, or expe riences on a fishing expedition, it is not exi)eeted that lie will have anything new or inUresiinL' to say on these suhjeets, liut that ho shall tell what he knows aliout horses, or what happened to him wlnie fishiii',', in a elear, eorreet and orderly fashion. TkhMINAI. PirXf'TUATION. Turn to p. l.'i and notiee llie marks at the close of eaih of the sentences in XITl. ; then turn to pp. I.W I.">1 and leain tho rules for Period, Interrogation Mark, and Ex- clamation Hark. im KI.KMKNrAKV (lltAMMAII. •^AI'ITAIS. ;V"''""""" f"'i'i'"iHM. ii„. f„ii,.„,„.,. Kl»..„.,_ ■ "■" '- ■"••l""in...,l wi,|, ,1,.. ' O limy my Boiil .,„ -III,.,. if|«,„. ;^,"'' "";>•"••••■'■' -'•••■I' •„y,„.li,l'sol,„,.- Sliip that Muiy ,„„ ,„„„, vi^^„,„„ ,„,,^^ TowrvoinyOoilwl,,,,, I „„„k,..' ft. «„., wiitt™ l>v Ili,!,,,,, K,,„ „i,„„. ... ,, ' " ■•••■•'"■ kJ.u,:.:;::l!;z-''^ A capital letter -.Im.uI.i i,.i,in,_ 1- Tli- fir,t «„nl „f ,.v..,y s,.„t'.„,.,, 2. Till, first w„„| „f .,v,.,y |i„„ „, |„^.„.^. of the siM'ukiT s niiiil,,,-,.,! /p „ ■ . ""i-"'i>,(- """'• Villi imiv iKil '" of,. 1,,,, speaker ure not reiK^itol ) ri. Piiijier „„u„,s ,„„1 ,„. .„r adjoctivos ! ^l"' P''""""" I ' "- "''-> .^.iim O (n,.t, however „A) (Fore ::;!:,ri "^ tiH..s,un.lw..r,i„„s,..l ,. proper J. (rorojiiimple. Jt wn,s wntten l.y Bishon Ken ir,. i- the shores of I,«ke Erie), ' ' "" '"'" "" th« Ji'.ir, but „„< the i,aM,cs of the seaso„s Slave). A'lveutures of a Faithful KI.K.MKNTAia (ii;AMM\i;. It;t) I'llAI-l'IIK. U..«,i„. ,1„. follnwi,,. ,.„,|,|„vi„« tl.c ,.,■„,«.,• t,.r...ll„ll iiiincluuiii.n marks ii:h| n,],it,t[ l.ticrs »!„.„, n.-cilfiil : clinstiiins (liiycimio on Miiii.luy tliis wl ,(, i-- l,is lii.Mt words wiTc Mioi'o li«lil -«lio wmt.. .in: novel j'iille.1 tho mill on tlio (loss- ,li.l von '■■•iv S.'oit-- how absnnl-tho )...st lov..,| of en-..,,,.;,,, rn'or wus(|no,.n vi.-turiii in tim ii.'ts of t|, . ,K„,sii,.s w.. lire told tiiat tli,< jM.oplo <,f oplu'sus ,;\',] ,,„t I u tho s|iiici) of two jionrs jjivat i^ ,li ui.-i ,.f ii, ■ e|>licsiiins. Ok.NKKU, I)niKITI()XS KMI! ('oMr(>.slul,xs. 1. Writ.' noiitly iind lcj,'il>l_v. •J. !!«' cim'fiil al).Mit s|H.|lirif,'. 3. The title of ,i c„,n,,„siti,.,, s|„„.l,| 1». „t Irnst hi, i,„h «... a half f„„„ tl„. t,,,. of tl„. page, u„.l shoul.l ,K.cu,.y the miilillo pait of n line. I. Tl.e.o «l,..ul,l 1« an ev.i. ina.;;!,,, at le.ist an inch a.id a l...lf w„le, on the ],.ft ha,„l si.ie of the p,.,K.,.; hut on the .-.ght han.l the h.ies shoul.l 1« l]]M out. (Only at the close of a paiajiiaiili ih.. line may Ik.- un/illcHJ. .Sec p. IS3.) ■'■ '^^■'"'" '' i" " ''■<''^v t" l.ieak a wo.-,l bi-tween two hnos, ,lu„le a,Tor,li„^. to Kvilahles a.,,1 pnmu.ieiation, an.l ....l..-.ite that the «onl is inun,„,,lete hy a hyphen ( - ) at the ..lose ..f the fi,-»t lin,., for e.xa.npl.. : .„„-,7„*, „,„./,„„, „.,.„,„ Do not hiMik monosyllahles or short dissvllahles like ,v„/ Itnn. W !„.„ in .louht, .K, „,.l Imak the wo.d; a little ear^ in spaein;,' will avoid a hlank or umlue crowiling. fi. The rules for punctuation >,nd for capitals°alrea.ly Kive.i should he ohserved. 7. Wiite each composition ,U /«,..< twice-the first time fix.n.iivour all,.,..ion mainly on your thouKht; the second time on tlio expression. 1"" ELEMENTAUY OHAMMAR. PliACTICK. Wi-ilc the f.,ll„winf,' piLsw-u, olwcrvin- all the (iii-ec-tions wl,R.|, l,„ve l,«.n giv,.„, and making th« firxt plira-se tiio title : Tho fox and the giapes— have you iievor heard peoploexc'laim o the gi-apes are sour— the expression IS used when someone pretends to despise what he really would hko but cannot get— i will tell a story to account for tho use of these words— long ago thci-e was a fox called reynai'd— he Uved among the beautiful vineyards in france— one day ho was returning hungry and thiisty from a walk— it was a hot septeml)er day and the ripe flusters of grapes hung temptingly from the vines- he thought to himself o what a delightful supper these giapes will make me— he juniped to seize them but they were beyond his reach-ho tried again and again but in viiin— ;it last he gave up and went away muttej'iiig the grapes are sour. COMPOSITIONS: FIRST SERIES. MODKI, I. A CLKVKR I'dNY, On a V>eautifnl estate wliich stretelied along the banks of a pivtty stream, there lived the little tlangliter of an English gentleman. She hud many pliiythings, but of all her possessions she loved best a tiny iiony. She not only rode upon his liiick, but, having no brothers or sisters with whom to pl.-iy, she even made him, in some measure a companion. He, in return, would follow her about the park, and when ;slio was amusing herself 111 tlie .nea?— What tiiiio iit Iho yoar was it! — W!iat did ho soot What did l.o say I.. Iiirnsolf ?_Wliat did ho do? How did it Olid ? With these (|uosiioiis hoforo \ou write tho stor\' of The Fox and the Grapes. lU. Read carefully tho story .1 C/ulil .s'.nvi/ hi/ n Dutf, on pji. 01 96 of l\\K Fii'iit Jli'iiilir (a iiiji'h XfirCfiKJuliidi lt'-mi''rH). Questions on A Child Saved by a Dog : Where and when did the fire he^'iii ( -Where was tlie cliihl? Whatdid tlieinotlierdo) -What liappcTiod to her? What did the do^' do? -What wore the eoiisei|ueneos for thi! eliild? With those (|uestions liofore you as a L;uido, u rite the sth rases may lie employed which aio not sufficiently waiianted hy ginnl usage to lie permitted in the more literary sorts of com]M)sition. Though fiiendly letterH may, accordingly, lie regarded as the simplest and easiest kiml of writing, the vagueness and lireadth ..f the suhjis^t will lie felt by the beginner as a ditti- luity. The choice is .so wiile that he (hn's not know what to select. In lettei.s written for practice, it is therefore better to fix on some particular theme: an account of a visit to 11^ cousin ; what I did last Sunday ; « hat I do at school, elc. In course of time, the learner will allernpl letters of the I'haracter most usual in a friendly corres|ioiidenie which are intended to bring the wriier into touch with his corre spondent, to give an impression of what the writer is doing, feeling and thinking. In business letters the chief aims are ali-solute clear- ness and the utmost brevity compatible with elearne.ss. Kverything that ilm-s not Ijear upon the object of the letter must lie rigidly excluded. The external form "f a letter is exhibited in the fol- lowin:; in lodel : Fit Model II.* Jul'u cS^' /go3. aOd.llUuAcont'^rCo, I J CmicotdcfUccl: ClicullottctoLOn: mcmtim tm JAand Sanrnl": J ('n/ U i^ tyiactclLtxl tc Uvc jV(/nv c^ Q^txvl'keAt "¥ Co;S' /Ouo'i t/ Saixc.tdcjicii, and rUxutkf :dJiotcUt ycLv coTuicdc^ mA^ ap- /aUccttuDx ^imvioM/A/, J ux>ttfd -5c a (/t( fc toh u/icn niy dtdtu L77i/mxduzU/ '/. l/ am. Ijouu U^tuxtf-touy. ( dUjJ) Ja/ru ^a t/ Let . £-11 ' Kl-f :'. lucwU'l nf a fiirrMily h-Ihr, -,. > .,.;„/ tt'Otlrr. p. IIH o f, ELKMENT.MiV (IKAMMAK. li li Notice jiarticulariy in tlie mhmIcI : 1. TIm^ Heading: tin* j'ljir.- an'l (hilr, in the iiji|MT ri,i;lit- luinci ('i)rin'r. :•. TIi« Direction: tin- nairi<' uf tiif .orri'^lMHulL'nt ah'l his a(l ntU- luftt, >Sirn, I>fnr >'-p. tiu; is formal, and not necessary ; indei'd, this whole line may Ik; omitted l''or the second line may l)e sultstituted Yours njf't-i'fiumih'hj, Y'>nr» tifry sim-efeltj, Ytttirs irnhf. Yours r''sju-rff'nl!if. The ia^t two are esjiedally fitie*! to more formal CDunnutiieations. The ordinary signature f<)Ilows and sliould Ite written very liistinetlv. With relati\e,s ami intimate trlr'ids, ilie Chris- tian name nieiely may U; employed. The pupil must jtai'tieularly notice and imitate the place and arran«n marks. Do nut crowd the beading, or direction; leave abunda^^t space (alwmt a third of the page) 176 KI.KMKNTAUY (iUASLMMl. '"■'"'■'■ '•""•'""'"••*»« tl Hiri U„ly .,( ihe |,.tt,.,.. L..,iv« „„ ...arg.n; .1,. „„t us,, n,!,.,! ,,a,K.r. I„ friendly letters ..o.p- m»-v sliouM l« ,.,n,,l„y...l, alHl tlic civ,.), .sl,„ul,l 1„. ,„„. ...t,. wl,„h tiM, .sl,„..t, ,vl,..„ f„l,l,-,l „v,.r a,T„s, tl,., ,„i,|,||,. (■„, exactly; ... business letters luti(u,lc i.s all,.w,.,l i„ ,|„.s„ matters. The -liieetiun up,., tl,e p,.vc1„i« sIi„„|,1 1,, «.,.i,t,,„ ,,.,.,. li-yiWy in the folli)wing manner : .Stamp. I // CorvocyuL e/tuet', Th,. i,u,„i„atmn at the enils „f the lines,,,, the cnveN.iK. may !«., ami |,e,-li,i,,,, usually is, i,i„itte,l. The {„llo«i„g is a,i exa„,|,le of the s,,rl „t i,-i,..,- a l.„y ...iKht natu.ally a,„| ,„.„perly w,ile. Cj.y ,t „n n„te.,,a|.,T '" V'-'nor /"rill. : MoiiKr, ITI. 6;i7 B,.a,.„,i Stroet, Quol)o,'. Jmio SCtli I'JO:! Doat- ]\I„(1k,,--I writ,, tiii.s h'ttm- to-iii-lit u.s T i,r,,- niiscd but I urn ..o tit..! aiul sloopy timt it will U, veiy short. Wh,ni y,.i, k-lt tko deck, I did le,.l ,i ELEMENTARY OIIAMMAU. 177 httlo Ipnosoino and liomesiok; l.ut as soon as we wero taiily off I got intci-osteil in wliat was Koini? on an.l in tlie l.eaiitifiil scenery. I struck up an acquaintance with some boys on board, and tlie time passed pleasantly onougli. As you tliought, I grevv tenil)ly hungry and devourcf every bit of tliat nice lunch. When wo came near the end of our journey, I began to wonl yon make the visit 1 -Whom cli.l you visit! I'.iiefly ■le.s,-,ib,; the sort of plaee (town, village, ete.) you were in.- What hail you cxpeeted from your visit, and how wero these .■.X|».,iathms realized?^ What did you enjoy mo»t!-Tell some of tlie things whieh you did. Iloiv long di,l the visit last? Your return. — Remembrances to friends. X. To one of your parents, deserihing your life during a particular day, ..r during a typical day. liegin l,y giving a reason for writing ,m this suhjeet, and th.'n descrilK, the day, f..llowing the chronoh,gi>:al order.-A wish for your parent's speeily return. XI. To an uncle, aunt, or some other cMerlv fri.^nd who tak.'s special inlcicst in you, telling of y..ur progress at .s,-l„K>i iluring the past few months. This letter may 1« l»Md on 17H EI-EMENTAIIY (lUAMJIAli. the fi>llowiii„-- What jnu iir« Koiiij; to write aUnit, niid why you write on this subject. Your BulijeclH of study. Which you prefer and why.— How your favorite stuily is tauHlil.-- What progrcHH you Imvo nuide of late. How you get along with your Huliool feMow.s. -What speeial friend.siiiiw you enjoy. 'Conclusion. Xir. To an intimali^ fr ' ' of your own a;,'" "" various topics: How you liapijen . write. Some iriliicsiinj; c.\|«- rienee you have i-ecently ',.'.il.— News of what has liapiicned in the circle of friends kri-.wn to your lorrespondenl a.s well as yourself. Invitation to make you a visit, hacked hy your mother's approval. XIII. To an intimate friend soon after your return fi i a vi.sittoher. Pleasant recollections of your visit. DilHculty in settling down, after the visit, to the ordinary life at home and schcsil.- Some changes at school. —Something al»mt an interesting hook you are reading.— Ix'tter cut short hy .some one coming to see you. XIV. To Doml)ey A Son, Household Furnishers, I-JCheap. side, Boston, Mass., United States, ordering from their catalogue the Arctic Refrigerator, price !?I0.00, and one Domestic Wringer, SS.oO ; you enclose jiost-otlicn order for the amount. XV. To the lioaril of Trustees of your own s<^liool, apply- ing tor the jiosition of teacher. AlonKi. IV. (Miri'l:jril /rt,iu Ciiir/ier'.i /.'■//■nv.) OlA'KV, Allse to sjiy, and submit it to your ttw-'hcr. COMPOSITIONS: THIRD SERIES. MOUEI. \'. JAeK AMI TIIK IIKASSTAI.K. LoiiK iigo, when Alfred was kiim, a l.oy immed Jack, with his widowed mother, inhabited a lonely eotfage in a remote part of England. All they possessed in the world was a red cow ; and even that, they at length con, liidtHl, must be sold to buy bread. The selling, however, was no easy matter; the market was distant; the widow, feeble ; so that to Jack the task must needs be eiitrustetl. Off ti-.imped the boy, very proud of his ivsponsi- l)iiil>. with the cow before him. Now, Jack was neither very old nor very \vi ^o ; and when a stranger ELEMENTARY (lltAMSIAU. JHl whom Im OM,.<)uiitoiv.l ,„i flio ron.l, ,ln>w fr,„„ 1,,, p<..'k.f iv„ nmrvellously houutilul Loans, wl .. e asserted weio extro.uolv valu.ible, Jm-k Wuseusilv vemM to a-..opt tlie.n f ,r the rod o nv I o Hastened joyfully home with his prize; but j ,y "m Boon ..hundred to sorrow, wl,.,. his moth..ri.st7,^ of a m.huid.njf h,s s,„.,.ess, l.,„-st into toa,-s, tiX iZ to bod? """"'"^ "'"^ ^""* J""»' ^"Pl''"^ Next inoi'iiing ho was astonished to see that the r_y tl,ut the stalks seemed to reach the sky. F,-oni h,s wmdow he cla.nb''''« ^ "'«^I of :, onf /, "^"'' ''"^e^"'^''. «s it tu,-„«l out, was T.'l V "JT'"/";- compassionate; and i),-esently dhine? ^ ' "^ '''"'^'"■' ^•'^'^ "l"^'<'»Hng an ample He had just satisfied his appetite, wlie,,— thud! MICROCOPY RESOIUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No, 21 A APPLIED IIVMGE Ine ^^ '65 J East Mom Street r^ Rothesler. Ne* Torfc 1--609 USA S (716) *e2 - OJOO - Phone S ("6) 288- 5989 - Fa. 182 ELEMENTAUY GRAMMAR. tliu.l!— the sound of gigantio footstops stniok his ear. Ill a trico, tlio tervifietl <'voiio had liiddeu .hu'k in the oven, wlii<^h was lii.'kily cold. The giaiit entered, sniffing withliis nose, and loaniig: Fee! fo! fi! fnm! I smell the blood of an Englishman ! " Foolish man," said his wife, "'tis but the blood of the calf you killed for dinner ; here it is, ready tor you" Still the monster snifl:>;d lu the neigli- Ijorhood of the oven ; but, finally sitting down, quickly disposed of the whole calf. The meal over, tlie woman placed on the table a beautiful live hen. "Lay," said the giant; and forthwith she laid a golden egg. "Lay," repeated the giant, and another eg" appeared, until there was a whole pUitetul ot gofdeu eggs. " Ah ! " thought Jack, who through a crack saw everything, "a hen like that would be better even than the red cow." Presently, the monster fell asleep; the woman had gone; Jack, who did not lack daring, crept towards the table. In a moment the hen was under his arm, and he darted through the door. At that instant the hen uttered ."> loud cackle, its master awoke, and Jack ran for dear life. When the top of tlio beanstalk was reached, his purs- .:er was at his heels, but in the descent the nimble lad had the advantage. Jack reached the ground, and, seizing an axe, with a few blows severed the stalk, l^own it crashed; and, falling from a tremendous height, the giant lay dead at his feet. Alarmed at the noise, the widow rushed to the door. See, mother cried Jack, "all our troubles are at an end." Gently stroking the heu he said "Lay," and a golden egg fell upoa the ground. Fr.KMENTAUY (IHAHJIAU. 18:5 P.VK.\<;itAFHS. Xulico tlifit tliis sldiy is Innkt'ri up into liiirif- r:\\\ri\ Paragraphs. A imrMLfriiph is iiiiliciitt'rl }>y a line bci^'iiininj; t'ai'thor to tlio ri^'lit tliaii tlio otlu'r lines; tho lilank sjuk-o {Imhnt'tt'niii.) sliimld in MS. oxton'nt>tn-f'. is a j^coup of cliLUsos and plu'iises wliic'h hiivo a iiatuiul conncctinn, so a /)f'/'"_'/r"/>/t is a i^nmp of sentonces wliirli are conncctfd with one another. Para- j;rupli.s D'prestMit sucocs-sive steps in ilie trf-atnu-nt of a tlu'ino ; tlu'V Hghten tlie reader's task by indicating Ijrcatliinj; plares wliore the attention may be relaxed ; and are particularly important in treating matters whirh put sotne strain on the mind. In narratives, sueh as we have have been writing, the In-eaks Ix'tween tlie paragraphs usunlly mark sueeessivesta;;es in the story, tt.ij.^ the first paragraph in .hnk ami thf Jtaiu stalk gives the gc'rieral circumstances of Jaek's life ; the second, how lie came int<» possession nf the beans, etc. This is indicale f>err>'ss: Now did Jaek get tlie hen ?— How did he escape ? — What did he tell his mother I 184 ELEMENTAKY GKAMMAE. XX. With this outline Ijcfore you, writo ino story of Jack and the Beanstalk, •lividin^ it into luirii^iujihs, un till! subjects iiiilicattxl by the worils in itulics. In a similar way repr.'- mi/iiiiiivs v/ihp law: The action of Daniel, of the great men and of the king. X Daniel in the Den. 4. Ciindnamn. XXIV. The Finding of Moses : Rtad E.r,^,ui, chap. i. vv. 8~L'2 and ii. vv. 1-10, and Imse u|«)n it a narrative arran','ed on the following plan: 1. Intmrluelmn : Condition of Israelites in Egypt.* 2. The pliin of Jfmes' mother. .■). What I'hamoh's daiiijhter did. ^. CoMlimioii. Write a story on the following .subjects, lia. . each para- graph on the verses indicated in the following plans. The pupil will write with the original passages Ijeforc him. XXV. The Rebellion of Absalom : 1. ^ *««/<»«'« ■/rrejjuriitioiui (II. Samuel, cliiip. .\v. vv. 1-6).— 2. Alim/om rebels (vv. 7-12).— 3. Darid's relrenl (vv. 13-18, 2.1, .10). - 4. The buttle (chap, xiiii. vv. 1-8).— 5. Darid hears lidinyn (vv. 2t-1:!). — 6. CiinrliiKioH {cha.p. xix. vv. 1-4). XXVI. David and Goliath : 1. Who Dmid imx (I. Mamuel, chap. xvii. vv. 12, U, n, 3.1_37^ 42).— 2. TIte condition of the coiiiitrij (vv. 1-11).— 3. Dm-id in the camp (vv. 13, 17-39).— 4. neJI,/lit{vv.M-5]}.-r,. The result (vv. 51-54, chap, xv , 13). ' i)o nut luako this part ilis|>ro|iortioiiately large. 18<; F.LEMEXT.MiY OUAMMAK. XX\'n XXX. (hlicr iiJirr;iti\('s rimy ljil under sujiervision of tlie tfaclipr, »■.'/■, Joseph Sold into Slavery ('/- ».«w, clmp. xxxvH. vv. l-.'i5), The Wooing of Rebekah (f/c/c-tV, clmp. xxiv.), The Victory of Gideon (./'»/;/<■«, chap, vii), The Flood {(f>'wsts, chaps. \i., \ii. and viii). PUNCTUATION. Compare the two following passai^es .-is to tlio ease with which you catch the meaning : {«) Wh(!ii tbo SiKinisli bells stiy.s Frouilo wei'e about striking twelve iiiiil sii> e the watch on deck sol(Uoi'.s and seanioii lay stretched in sleej) oevtaiu dark objects which had been seen dimly drifting in the tide near wheie the galleons lay thickest sliot suddenly into pyramids of lighi f1a?nes leai)ing from ruddy sail to .sail tlii'kering on the ropes anil forecastles masts and bowsprits a In .id 1 mze of con- flagration. (h) "When the Spanish bells," says Fronde, "were about striking twelve, and, save the watch on deck, soldiers and seamen lay stretched in sleep, certain dark oltjects, which had been seen dimly drifting on tlie tide near where the galleons lay thickest, shot suddeidy into pyramids of light, flames leaping from ru(ldy sail to .sail, flickering on the rojies and foi'ecastles, masts and Ijowsprits, a lurid blaze of conflagration." As nmy Im? seen from this example, tiie ol)ject of punctua- Jon is to group together words that nioi-e closely l)elong to one another, and to mai'k places wlier-e the construction is not ELEMENTAnV OKAMMAK. 187 coiitiimoiiH;»ii that, lliinui,>h tlii't'vc, I lie iriiiid iniij- iimii'i-iisily and cMU't.iiiily calch tlio mcaiiintj. It Kci-vt's a similar |>tii'{Hisr to tlio ),'''o"riiiK "■ li'Wers iiitu wonis liy leavini^ s,iaiTs b'twwn till! words. Tf we aie to write su that mil- reader may liave tlio least [inssililo dillieulty and dipul)t in appre- lieiiding imr meaning, we must luinetuate. Fipaniers are prone to tliink punctuation is a very dillieMlt matti'i', and to shirk the lalior whieli it involves ; and, indeed, the larf,'e numlMT of rules « hieli an exhaustive tieatineiit of punctuation ni'eessitatc's, is a real eause of ditlieullv. But the majority of tlieso are only oi'casionally needful, and may he left to l)0 gradually aeipiiri'd ; whereas att<'nlii>n to a few general rules, such as are given on pp. loO i'rl of this luKik, will enable ordinary vvriteis to make their meaning apparent, and will free them finm the neei'ssity of .seattering eommaa and dashes at random, or of not punctuating at all. It should also bo rememljereil that punctuation is to some e.xtent a matter not absolutely fixed, but T''h'iifh''/ ? If it does 'itoi, (fn not pniu-fnutt!. /irftrr it ii'hr jmui'htnh' thiitt orer-puitctuatf^. The points most freipiently used, and most likely to be iLiis- used, are the period, semieolon, and eonnna. Of these the periiKl marks the strongest, the comma the weakest break. The period is used between .sentences ; the semicolon between (Causes (the cases where it is used In'tween pinases, may bo neglected by the beginner), the eonnna l)ct\veen clauses, or plira.se.s, or woril.s. A simple aenteneo with llie woids and phrases in their natural order does not reipnfe internal punc- tuation. In short sentences, pmictuation which \^•ould be refiuired in a longer sentence may he dispensed with, l)ecause 188 ELEMENTARY (iUAMMAIl. the lircvity of tlie st*nti*iire cimlileH tlin ryw to calcli tlie cnn- iiertioii easily. TllK ('oMMA. Witliiii tl'O scnteiico tlie COtnma in the iii.iik iimst fre ing the sense of the remainder of the sentence. Hen(^e they are u.sed with words of aildress, absolute phrases, a|>position, etc. (see p. 151 fij ), as : Oliver Cromwell, a membei from one of the eastern shires, rose to speak. — Men, they say, ai*e but children of a larger growth. — I think myself happy, King Agrippa, because I shall answer for myself this day.^ These logs of wood, kept in their places by mud and stones, make a dam. — His eyes, which grew lighter with age, were then of a deep violet. Compare the last example with : " The eye which was injured by the explosion, had ultimately to be removed." There is no comma between "eye" and "which "in the latter ease, because the clause that follows is not parenthetical, but is restrictive, i.e., the relative clause is necessary to determine what eye is spoken of. Restrictive clauses, unless very short, have a comma at the end. 3. Commas are used between words having the same rela- tion in a sentence, unless there are conjunctions between them, as : The greatest, wLsest, meanest of mankind. — T will a plain, unvarnished tale deliver. —How dull it is to pj use, to make an end, to rest unburnislied, not to shine in use : — The field was oblong, twenty rods in length, fifteen in breadth. EJ.EMKNTAUY (il!.\M>fAI!. 18!) 4. C'limiiiMs lire uscil In scpunili' iitY pliinni ^ hihI iIhusoh wliiili iliinoi t'oiiio in tlinr iintiinil |x>sitinii in tlic sfiid'iurs, as: On licr road to silm..), wlien a viiy siiiiill child, she Imd to J.11S8 a gate where a liorrid tiirki ycnck was guiicriillv standing. -In what is familiar and near at liand, lie diBcrrns no coiiiolincss, 5. The comma is uscil to mark an ellipsis, as : To err is human; to forjiive, di\ ine. My lirotlier went to Manilolrii; yours, to tlie Klondike. UNITY, COHERENCE AND PROPORTION. CoilKUKNCK. What has U'en said of parngraphin^ indicates that sen- teiues expressing thoughts naturally Is'longing to om^ another, should lie grouped together. If we are to express our thoughts on any .sub;ect so that another person may follow them with the least possible effort, it is evident wo must not set down the sentemvs at random. On the contrary, one of the main requisites in Composition (the word means i>l■■ a reason why one sentence and not another comes at a certain place. Tn narratives, of which we liave been treating, the li', ill ■lurk mill the liittmldlk I'luli fiiit (,'!"«» out (if tliu |iir(Ciliii!{ : pdvi'ity - wilo of cow Ik-hiis liciin- utalks— c'liiiibiii;;— iirw touiitiy— fiistlc - {,'miit lien- iiihi». rNlTY. But not only imiHt llio tliouj,'lits Ih- iiimiij,'i'il so that tlic ii'ailcr niiiy piisn ra-*ily from one to imotlii'r, Imt tlifio must lifl srlrclion in tliosi' llion^lils. Kiim_> . ling tliiit i-onM'« into llu' iiiiiid wlion Uiinkiri;; of a topic, xlioulil not !»■ set r„lh ,,/ »■,,//-,■ {lliin/ /.'../.A.', |.|). 170 M), 1111(1 1111 tliiOiiisH iif 1 Ills Mii; a ('<>hi|>iisi'i. ! Ih-Iow. As tlio ai'ticle in tliu Itrailt-i- is iiioi-t^ tliun four tiircs tlii' li'll;{tll of tl ssiiy, j.'I'™L coliiii'iis.ilioii ami iviri'ful si'iiTLJoii Hi-e iliijH>l'ati\('. XXXr. The Capture of Quebec: 1. Tli.^ pvssa«e clown llio river. ■_'. Uivirliinj^ tlie siiiiunit. .'). Picp. nations of Iho Fiviicli. I. Th,. Iiallli'. "i. Tll« (lealll of Wolff. 6. Till! (li'alli of MoL'Ic'aliii. 7. Tin' siirii'inli f tlic ritv. Wlii-n your coinjiositioii is roinplt'tc, I'oiiipjiro it with ihi' followillj^ ; Moi.Ki, VI. Till, . VI-TIKK UK i.'|-i;iiK' . It WHS (III the evoniii;; (if twi'lfiii (if Si'iitciiiliiM-, 17')!>, tliiit tlio iiliiii f(ir .'III attiick (ni (^iiclicc wji.s put iiit(j exccutiiiii. 'J'lic iii<;lit was clciir Imt tlioro was 111) moon, and tiikiiif^ advaiitajfti of tlii> dark- ness and of tlio elili ticlo Wolfo witli an advaiico body of sixteen lnindi'(>d iiicii, in tliiity boats, di-ojiped silently (town the li' :_'i- j)ast (^tielicc. As the English neared their landing jilace — a tiny liay now known as Wolfe's Cov — they wer mi<\cv the noeessity of apin'oaehing the jireciiiitous, wooded heights whioli t'ovni the liank of the i-ivt^f. Here tlu!y uttracteil the notice o ' the sentries, Imt ^vcre able to pass themselves off as French .ff(»(?ted a liinding without nioleslatioii. When Wolfe saw the st(K>p path which they must take to reach the sunimil, anl the French guards l!fj lil.KMKMM.V (.l:\MM M:. ntlli.i t()|. <>r it, \m .•".illy iviMiirki-.l ti. iiii oIVh'it l,.-si,l.) liiiii: '• V.iii may iiy it, I'Hi I .l-.n't tluiik yoii will S1UMM..-.1-' Tho nscfiit ]»-i:i\u. A l""ly "i lliKhliiM.liMS cticotiiitoivil ) of tilt) sentries, \vIm> giiv« tho iilaiiii; Imt l.y thy linn- the pmnl lin.l tiiiin'aity w.tc fairlv iiuiikt- oiis; ami, aft.T ii sharp <-..iilli.'l, sii(m-.m'i1.'(1 in ov.'i- i>(>\veriii« their adversaries ami reachiii^ llie sntii- mit, They were sodii followed l.y the niaiii l""ly, wholiad liieaiiwhiliM-onie down the rivi'r; and at dawn, the Enjilish army, five tlioiisantl stronjr, was iirrayed on the Plains of Ahraham. Tidinf,'s of what liad liai.iienerMAIt. l!i:! "!■ tiikiMi jiri-iiiiifis. 'I'lio viclcpiy wiis s|i.'fi|y ami ili'cMsivc. Tlici |iiiisiic.s wcic ii'ciilli'il, till' liiili.-li iiiiik^f ri'-fi>riii('il, so lliiit wLcii liniijriiinx illi- willi IVi'sh fiilieMt to witliilnnv. Hut tliii joy of virtoiy wiis ovi'icust with j;iii'f, whi'M tlif iii'wssiirciiil tlii'il Woll'iiliiiiiM'lf hiiilt'iill.'ii. Ill' li'il 't rliiili;oot' till) LonUlioiilX f;i'' ililii'is; iiiiil, tlioiij;ii twii'ii woiiimIimI, still pivsscil on ll tlin lll'inl of liis ciiluiiiii. A thinl Imllct sti-ikiiiu liiiii on lln' liri'.ist liidUiilit liiiii to the t'ii;tli liioiliilly woiirnli'il. l!i'iii),'tolil, in iiiiswcrto liis iiii|iiiry, lliiit tin' Ficiirh niii, 111' siiiil, "(loll lin priiisc' ' f'dii' Imiijiy," niij tuiiiing on his siiln cnlnily liii-iitlicil liis last. Ills j;ri':it o|)|ioMi'iit Moiiti'ahn was not long in following liim. lie, too, hail lii'i'n woimdi'l in thn liiillli', ami was noiiii' to the hospital in (^ui'licr. Wlii'M lie hcaiil that hi' hail lint alVw hoi s to livi-, " I am glail," ho sni'i, "I shall not sooth, iirronilor of (^lll l)00." Aftor tho liattlo tho British vigorously imshi il foiwaiil tlioir i)iupara''ons for a siogo; hut no siogo Was noi'ossary. On tho eigiitoontli of tho luouth tho famous citailol of (juolioo surii'iiiloroil. Heiiil fuix'fully Liiira Sr,;„tl (riiinl /ir,ii/ei; |i]i. '.'■.'9-'j;!.'!) iiiid write in viuir own wonis a I'oiiijHisitiMii (iilxuit 100 wnrcis ill li'ii^tli) on llie fiillowiri),' tlieini! in a si'Hrs .)sition of from 400 to 600 wuicl», with tlie following ;.«rr»-/nv-A plan ; 1. How tlic Viiiico laii.o to sail in tlie Whito Ship. 2. What happeiie2. t COMPOSITIONS: FIFTH SERIES. Model VII. I^OROS.SK. Lacrosse i.s a field gaino, phiyed with a liall and stick (five or six foot in loiijirth) of liglit liickory, bent at the top like a bishop's crozier (French rrosse). Strings of deer-skins aie stretched di- agonally from the hooked portion of the cro.s.se to the lower part of the handle so as to form a net- work — not so tightly as in a battledore or a tennis racquet, nor so loosely as to make a bag. A single ball is einployed, made of India rubber and eight or nine inches in circumference. Four posts or poles, about six feet in hsngth, with a small flag at the top of each, complete the equipment. The playoi-s are usually twelve ou each side, but their 196 ELEMENTARY (iRAMMAll. niiinber, as well as oxtent of the liolil, is usually optional. At ea(!h end of the tit'ld the goals avo marked by two of the flags, placed sf>me twolvo feet from cue another, and it is the aim of each party to drive the ball through their opi)on(!nts' goal. Siwcially to i)revent this, a player — called the goal-keeper — is stationed between each pair of flags. The other players, having been distributed at various iM)ints over the field, the game opens by two opponents, who have taken positions iu the middle of the field, trying to impel the ball, placed between their crosses, in the desired direction. When the ball is free, the other players attempt to scoop it up with the bent end of their crosses, and then, carrying it horizontally upon the netting, to ran with it towards the goal. The adverse party seek to prevent this by striking it from the netting with their own crosses. When the person iu possession of the ball .judges that these efforts are likely to. be successful, iie throws the ball to some friend more favorably situated, who usually, unless prevented by adversaries, deftly catches it in his crosso and bears it on its way. The ball may be struck off by means of the crosse only, and may iu no case be KHiched by hand or ft)ot ; nor may any playt^r intentionally strike, trip up, or lay hold of another. Notice tlio ordi-r in this description. TJsing it as a model, descrilw other games with which you are famihar: CfOquet, Lawn Tennis, Football, Baseball, Hockey, Basket Ball, Cricket, Draughts, Ping Pong, etc. In a similar fashion, describe processes with which you may he familiar, always niakiiif; a plan and submitting to the teacher Ijefore writing the composition, such as : Thresh- ing, Butter-making, Making of Maple Sugar, ELEMENTARY GUASIMAR. 107 1 \ Trout-fishing, Skating, Potato Planting, Hay- making, Bread-making, Preserving Pniit. Write an account of XXXVir. Iron, Uswl on tlie Thiiul Reader, pp. 106-111, accoiiling to followiiij^ pliiii : General doseription of iron in its natural state. —How is it obtained ?— For what purpo,ses? — l)e«eril)e tlie preparation of the ore for tlie manufacturer.* XXXVIII. The Goat (»eo Third Rea.ler, pp. 65-67), according to tlio following plan : General description of tlie goat. — Its habits in a natural state. — Its habits in domestica- tion. — Its uses to man. XXXIX. The Peacock (see T/.m/ TJ^rt./,;-, ])p. 12,-)- 126), acconling to the following plan : Description of the more striking points in its appearance. —Where it originated and how it lives there, — How it came thence. — Some of its habits, its character, and its use. XIv. The Beaver, (study i;,i,rlh I'.m.ler, pp. 1.-. 20, and determine the s»l)je<>t of each paragraph ; then, with these subjects as a plan, write your composition.) In the ca.se of the four following composition.s, the facts ai-e to 1)0 obtained from the articles in the Reiulers. As the arrangement of the originals is opi'ii to criticism, the pupil .should make his own plan and submit it to the teacher : XLI.-XLIV. The Dog (Third Header, pp. 39-45); The Horse (Third Header, i)p. 91- 96) ; The Elephant (Fourth Header, pp. 39 45); The Tiget (Fiairlh Header, jip. 99-103). * Tho |iii|)il will notice that lliis essiiy re lonj^er represent what lie wishes to say. His thduglits, he fi'els, are not all of the same importance, and ought not, therefore, to Iw strun;,' out side by side in a .scries of coordinate clauses. The cliild telling how he met with an accident on the crowded streets, may begin : " My father gave mo ten cents. I wanted to buy a tin horse. I went down town," etc. The purpose of these sentences is to explain how he came to l)e where the accident occurred. The last is, then, the important sentence ; the others should be subordinated to it : " My father having given me ten cents, I went down town to buy a tin horse." By bringing our asser- tions thus into larger sentence units, we represent our thought more accurately. We gain in force, inasmuch as we put the main idea into the princi|Mil clause ; we gain in clp.nr- mss, since we indicate more exactly the relation between our ideas, and save our readers the trouble of inferring theirs ; finally, we gain in comjnictnpfm. The art of combining our thoughts into effective compli- cated sentences may l)e mastered by the study and imitation of the sentences of gcxid writer.s, and the unsparing criticism of our own. We should particularly consider each sentence under certain general aspects : Unity. "A well-constructed sentence contains one and but one leading thought, and presents it from one and but one point of view." (Hill's Foundations of Rhetoric.) This condition is evidently fulfilled by the following: "On a bye-street stands a wooden house." It is not the less fulfilled in the ELEMENTARY (iUAMMAR. 199 following iiioro ehilHinile si'Mtoiice : " Half-way down a live- sticet of one of our Ni'w Knglnnd towns stands a rusty wo.Klen house, with si-vpn acutely peaked gables facing towards various points of the compass, and a huye, clust«red ehininey in the midst." Here the assertion is the same; the a(l(le*iiipi)r'al rlausc. 1. T() maintain tin- sarni' jinint of view tliniu<;lH»ut tlio M'ntcncc ; fur t'\ainpU>, llie upcnirii^ pln-aso of tlio fullowini; scnlcncft is written fntrn tin* point of view of the spy proximity. Consequently, the followiiie the onteccdont of wA.-) ; for exiuiiph', tliere is a hvck of clearness in tho fol- lowing : A pound of flcsli was to be out off by Sbvlock from wlmtevcf part of bis body he slioiild diwire. The nionntain stiviim M] into ii basin, vlitch was bliick fro:n tlin sbadows of tlio iiiountains wbicli sun-ounde'l H. 3. By improper ellipsis. Words should not be omitted which are needful for perfret clearness ; for example, "Matthew Arnold admired Woi-dsworth mu -e than Tenny- son," might mean either than "did Tenny8on,"or "than he adnii"-ed Tennyson." 4. By needless change of construction, which, though it may not mislead, embarrasses the reader, as r "Tom and East became goinl friends, and tho tyranny of a certain insolent fellow was sturilily resisted by them together." "Torn and East" is as much the subj(H-t in the second statement as of the first ; and the change to the pas- sive voice merely intrinluces an obstacle, a small one no doubt, to the comprehensibn of the sentence. He was resolved to use patience and that he would often exercise chanty. Here the infinitive construction should l)e repeated. ■). By neglect of due emphasis. («) The chief way to give emphasis i» to put the main idea in the principal clause, sulwrdinate ideas in subordinate 1 ELEMENTARY (lUAMMAlt. 20:'. i clmisos, and Iras important di'tails in phrasoi iir woiils. A l)<>y wiiling tlio lii.stjiiy of Ills cducati «iys : " Wliiln [ wiis 8till youn^', scarlet fever lieeaine epideinif in our villaj^e, and I was kept away from seliool for a whole te.in." Tlin writi-r puts tlin apfioaraneo of scarlet fever anil liii alisence from school on the same level of importance ; Imt, evidiMitlv, from the point of view of his theme, the epidemic is only men- ticmed liecause it livl to alisence from scli<«il. Amend, " While I was still young, an epidemic of scarlet fever in our village preventwl my attending school during a whole term." (b) BmphssiS ia further indicated hy {Hisition. An un- usual position gi\es emphasis. Compare " I >iana of the Eph sians is great," and "Great is Diana of the KphcNians." In general, the imjiortant places in a sentence are the lifijiii- niiuj aiid endj especially the en should, in most cast s, be expressed as a sulsmliiiate, as in : " Jly father was desirous that I should t«'ach for a time, so I entered a normal school." Sentences containing the conjunc- tion for are often open to a similar objection, as in the following : The choice of a pi-offissiou is a niattei- of gt'eat importance, /or on it (lepcuds tlit; success of failuie of our life. 204 ELEMriNTAKY OltAMMAR. t. Avoid and lit lilt" li<>j;iiiiiiii^> of a si'iiti'iu'c. T). Avoid making ii ri'liitivti si'iita'iiccdi'iH'iiil iipoiin ri'liitive scnh'iiiT ; 11 noun oliiusn upon ii noun eliiuso ; im in(initivi> U|)on tin infiiiitivi^, etc. A sliort (listaiifo fnmi tlio shovo is a siiinll liouso wliicli Ims ft ('iii«>la, tmiii fliir It' may ]m kccii vessels roniKliiiK llio point irltidi juts out a mile into the liiiy. 0. Tlio final placo in a sentence is usually the most empha- tic ; no wt himself alive wilh the fish lie cauijht and with the Koats he killed," and " With the fish he caujjht and the goiits he killed, he kept himself nlive." 7. " Watch for trailin;; relatives, ihinKliu),' participles, and strat^giing generalities at the end of senUTices " ( ll'.7«(,)). There is especially a constant temptation to put some thought which has licen omitted, hut which the writer feils he sh result in feehle senttmces. It is better to group the modifiers anniml and not all on one siili! of the main clause ; a certain amount of balance i.s, other things U'ing equal, desirable ; for e.Miinplc : " We came to our journey's end at last with no small difficulty, after much fatigue, through deep ioads and l)ad weather." liett<>r : " At last, with no small dilllculty, and after much fatigue, we came, through deep roads, to our journey's end." KLEMENTAllY (illAMMAU. COMPOSITION : SIXTH SERIES. Xf.V. Writi! an lucnunt c,f The Fight Of the Revenge (xhmic ">00 wc.nls in Ungtli) ill |iiiiai,'iu|ilis liiixi.,| uiKiii (Ire follow ill},' I'li^"!?;!"* "f Tciiiiysiiii's l:,r,ii,i,: Introilui' tioii (SS I il) \Vl.,it Sir Uiiliiiid diil (S III) -Tlio met in;,' with the Spaniards (SS V-VI) The tifjhl (SS VII IX) TIir end of the fiKhl (SS M XII) Hcalliof Sir l!ii hard (S X 1 1 1 ) — T!ie end of tlii' llovon(,'e " (;; XIV), and coiii|mie it willi tho following; : MoDKi, VI ir. TIIK KKillT t>K TlIK (/h«,l,„i Ttuiii,-;,,:-, IMI,„/.J In the couise nf tlio uiK'cusiiij; conflict whicii, in the daj's of Hli/.iibctli, wii.s nm''itiiineil at sen between Enghmd tmd .Sjiain, it hiipponcd tlmt mIx English ships of tlio line, nndcr the coniniand of Lord Thomas Howard, wore b ing at FIoivs, in the Azores Ishmds. Suddenly tidings were hroiiglit thill a Spanish fleet of lif^y-threo vessels was close at han ELEMENTAUV (IIIAMMAII. Tim task \nu\ just Imh'ii sui-pcssfully ii >«ii- plislipil wlioii tlio Spaiiisli flt-et liovo mi sight. Tlicrt! was still >\ have iKissiliility of cscaiMs but Ownvillc, (lisilainiiij? t<> fixe, sailed lK>ltlly out to liieot tlm ciH'iny. Tlii' aiiiiroacli of tlio littlo "Kovfiim'" was hailfil with mocking lauKhtt'r liy tins Hpauiarils, who, from their lofty decks, jfaw'il down with ustoMishiiieut at I ho iiuul teineiity of the English. But llie laugliter was not to last long. The >'oveng" " ennio to closo iiuarters with the " Man l,uliii,"a ship of l,r)()() tons, and presently found hoiKtilf ongage sink the ship. Against this the sailors protest( 1 as a useless waste of life; their dyinp; commander could not resi.st, and the " Revenge " was surrendered. The remnants of the English wore put aboard tho hostile fleet, and tlio " Revenge " manned with a Spanish crow. Sir Richard himso:f was bonio to tho fittgship, and hoiioralily treated by his ELEM KNTMl Y ( I II A M M A 11. •J(»7 cnurtoous ciijitois. II.! iliil licit luiii; Hiirvivi', iiml tliod hiippy III llm thoiinlit tliut Im hml <1 i lii« duty ami liiwl falloii for (^iiccii uinl rmmtry. Soino of tlio spint of ln'f iiilt( imhii- iiituiilor might Im siiiiixi-i'd to liiivo iiiiiiiuiti'd iIk! "kevoiigo" herself. In a storm which foiiowi-d tho Imttlis siio wniit to tho liottom, riiiTyiiig along with hor tilt) ermv of her ulii'ii masliTs. Writo tlic fnllowiiiK i-uiii|M)sitic>iis luisid ii|n>ri tin' iKieiiin nu'ritioiH'*! in t'uch ciim?:* John Gilpin's Ride C"^'' l "" <-""»i"'i'» •'"'"' '"'/"")• Inchcape Rock (Uwd mi Hii[). Herv^ Riel (liased on i!.i.« iiin«'s i>o.Nii). The Wreck of the Hesperus (iiaswlon l,uii-fi'll.iw's)»«'m). Hora- ti"*? at the Bridge (iwiswl on ,MttCi"iluy's ll,ii-<^fii on Trnnyson's Miirte d'Arihur). he Ancient Mariner (l>iise;c In-fttro him, »Iiould tlieii in his own iniii() divrst it of its purely piH'tic qualities, ami cum-cive tho same idciw from a prosaic, mattor-of-fact point of view. 2. Tho reijuirementa of rime and nictre, and other con- siderations lead poets to put their words and ideas in a different order from that which would Iw natural in prose. Hence, we must see that the order of the original (hM>s not lead us to an unnatural arrangement of words, clauses, etc. 3. Certain words are used only in poetry, and w<)rds may be used in certain senses in poetry not iH'rmissiblo in prose. 4. Poetry expresses ideas in a figurative and concrete fashion wide' must often, in prose, bo rendered less striking, or be wholly shunned. 5. The poet wishes to bring out what is l>eautiful, what touches the feelings ; but it is the first aim of pi-oso to state things clearly and accurately, and to waste no words. Clear- ness may require us, then, to include or expand ideas that the poet omits, or passes over lightly; to indicate the exact connections which the poet trusts his reader to make ; to Cimdense or omit that which is dwelt upon for tlie sake of its iH'auty or emotional effect, but which is not needful for understanding the main drift of tho thought. JIODKL IX. AtTER THE BATTLE. Night closeil around the conqu- ''a way And lightniug;s showed thedioLaiit hill, Whore those who lost that dreadful day Stood few and faint, but fearless still ! The soldier's hope, the patriot's zeal, For over dimmed, for ever crossed, — O who shall say what heroes feel When all but life ami liunor's lost 1 212 ELEMENTAKY (iU.VMMAB. The last sad hour of freedom's ilream, And valor's teiak, moved slowly by. While mute they watched, till morning'a Iwani Should rise luid give them light to die. There's yet a world where souls are free, Where tyrants taint not nature's bliss ; If Death that world's bright opening be, O who would live a slave in this'? Pahapiikase. The appvoai'h of davkiioss pvcvoiilcd tlio victors from fompletiuj? their work ; an<' still, as the oct-a- sioual flashes of lightning showed, a scanty ami exhausted but courageous remnant of the van- quished occupied a distant hill. All their hopes were at an end, all then patriotic zeal had proved unavailinf!. Who can say what their fecaiiigs were, as, everything lost except life and honor, they silently watched through the long hours of the night, waiting till the morning light might give them the opportunity to crown by death their heroic work ! Death, indeed, they could not dread, for it opened the doors to a world where no tyrant rules, where every spirit is free. Paraphrase: The British Soldier in China (see Third Render, pp. 237-2.38). The Water Fowl («-e Fourth E,'mhr, p. 56). The Eve of Quatre Bras (-ce Fnurlh Kumh-r, pp. 2,36-237, stanzas 1-.3). Consolation in Exile (Fifth Reader, pp. 179- ISO). ELEMENTAIJY GUASIMAU. •2\:\ BOOKS USEFUL FOR COMPOSITION. Hart, Essentials of Prosu C"m|insitiim (ospocially vnlualilp for its treatment of sentences). Hii.i., l!eginnini,'s of Com- position and Rlietoric. Lewis, First Book in Writing Kiig lisli. Nesfield, Junior Course in English Conii«wili"n. SvKEs, Elementary English Composition. Alexandek and Liiiiiv, ComiKisition from Mixiels. Tlie last three contain mmleis and other material for com- positions. This may also bo ohtained from ^fCsnp'n Fttlt/>:<, MissMul(M^k's Fairy Hunk, (/rlmm'n Fair;/ 'fiileit, MissYonge's /iddk ofdiililfH Ih'pih and Jlnnk of Wnrllii'-n, and oilier collec- tions of stories and anecdotes, etc., to 1m» fountl in the catalogue of almost any reputable eilucational publisher. PART SEVtN. GROWTH OT THE LANGXTAGE. During the nineteenth century the use of the English language has greatly increased tlinmghout the world. It is now spoken on the continent of Europe to such an extent that it liids fair to become the most efiectivo means of com- munication on which travellers of all nationalities can de- pend for making their wants known. It is the ordinary language of the United States as well as the British Empire, and as each of these is increasing from time to time in area its use is constantly spreading with them. At the beginning of the century the English language was used less extensively than the French, the German, the Spanish, and probably also the Italian. It was spoken then by twenty mill.ans of people ; at the close of tho century it was the ordin.ary means of communication anxmg one hundred and thirty millions, while German was used by sixty-five, Spanish by fifty five, French by forty-five, and Italian by thirty-five millions. It is interesting and important to ascertain where this most progressive of all historical languages originated, how it adapted itself to the growth of civilization, and what changes it underwent during this long process of evolution. It is im- possible to do more in this place than furnish a mere outline ; the studenc who wishes to procure more detailed information can easily do so by consulting one of tho many available treatises on the subject. A brief list of these is given at the close of this section. 214 ELEMENTARY GKAMMAR. PERIODS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. •JM The evolution of tlio Englisli language runs concurrently with the development of English literature, and lH>th have kept pace very closely with the progress of English history. It is necessary, therefore, to define briefly the v-rious stoges through which the country called " England " passed until it was merged first in " Great Britain," then in " The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland," ami lastly in that nondescript political organization popularly called "The British Empire," sending out hy the way cohinial off- shoots which have sinie lieciinio "The United States of America," " The Dominion of C'aniuia, ' and " The Common- wealth of Australia." In each of thes<-, as in the mother country and in the other colonies not yet so completely organized, the English language is not merely the otficial but the popular language of the nation, and steadily if not always rapidly it is superseding all other means of linguistic communication. This preeminence of the English tongue ia due in part to its inherent qualities as an effective mode of human speech, in part to the high excellence of the liU-ra- ture of which it is the vehicle, and in part to the adventurous spirit and adaptive genius which have mode the English- speaking people the most efficient colonizers known to his- tory. As these causes are enduring so probably will be the already achieved pre-eminence of the English language, which, if any one tongue has a chance to become cosmopoli- tan, is in the best position to secure that dis unction. The British. When the British Islands were visited by Julius Caesar, 5ft B.C., they were occupied chiefly by people of the Keltic race, s!>eaking various Keltic languages. Their descendants are to ix! found to this day in Wales, the Scottish Highlands, •21(1 ELEMr.NTAIlY OHAMMAR. anil parts of tho south ami west of Irrlanil. The! Ronmiis know little of tho hittiT coiintiy, liut they brouglit ii very large iiroiM>rtion of Kngliinil mid Siotliiiid under suhjvclioii U'fore they aliaiidoiicd the island in the middle of the! fifth century of the Christian ura. On thi-ir dojiarturc it bucanio a pny to invaders Itelonging to the Teutonic race. The English and Danes. After the departure of tlie Romans alxiut 4r)0 A.D. the Angles, Saxons, and other tril)os from across the North Si'ii began to settle in Britain. They gradually spread over the Bontliern and western jiarts of England, the northern region being occupie.! largely by Scandinavians from Deiiiiiark and Norway. The languages spoken by these invadei-s were all Teutonic, though they differed gi-eatly among tlieniselves. Ultimately the English language, which included many dialects used by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Panes, was spoken over all England outside of Wales, ovi'r all tho Low- lands of Scotland, and over a great liart of Ireland. The NoiiMANs. Early in the middle ages Northmen of the race of those who, under the name of "Danes," miule their homes in Britain formed settlements in Italy and in France. After dwelling for over a century and a half in the northwestern part of the latter country, and establishing there a powerful dukedom, which is still called after them, they invaded England under the name of "Normans" in 10C6 A.D., and made themselves masters of the country. By this time their own Scandinavian language had passed out of use, and they spoke one that is generally called Norman- French, to distinguish it from the dialect of the south of France. It consisted largely of Latin words uswl by the Komanizcd Gauls, and it ultimately liecamu the modern elfmf,\tai:y r;K\MM\n. lM7 FriMirh liingimjun, Tlum^iti tlic roiMiucst of I'n^land, and uflprwjinl.s of Wales, wjw i-innplctc iind i>t'riMii»«nt, it wuM for tlio most imrt only n i>oliticiil coiHiucst. TIio Kii^'lisli iK'oplo wt'w so nnu'li nntro numerous tlian tlio Nnrmnn-P'rerich that tho lattei oxercised eonii>iirutively littlo intluence in any ot!n'P wiiy, ami eventmilly tlieip langiin<;e, never used l>y tlie masses, ceased to Ix- tho Hpeeeli even of the nohility. Tliis ivsult wjw Iiastenod by tho AVars of the I [uses, in tlit^ eoui-se of wliieh many tioUe fainilu's were extiii<,'uishe-1603) intluenu's were at work which rapidlv revolutionized tlie religious, soeial, ami intelltHitual life of the En;rlis!i ami S(!ottisii pe<)ples, and paved the way for tin-ir union into a singh; kingdom. Tiie discovery of Ami-.'iea and of tiie Cajwj of Good Hojx; in tlie last decade of tlie fifteenth century set a host of ml- venturers of different nationalities at w.irk ex])Ioriny new reijions and colonizin;^ those most available for that pur- p»t of tho n»rtl«.rn Imlf of tho corititM-nt to form on.' "Dominion" in I8t)7. (>a tho fust (Uy of the '.wontioth century the gn^at isUii'l- contincnt of Au«trali.^ -arly anncx.^.! in parUi by BritiKh naviKaton., Ikh.i „.•, with the mldition of Tu8uuui.a, one " Commuiiwealth." PERIODS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. It is in the nature of things irnp.«sil,le to fix a yrrcim date wh.n 01<1 EnRlish nn.l Norinan-FrLnch Ravo place to m.Kl.Tn KuKlish in l>opular use, hut tho change haerintcndence. Tho ps^try of Filmund HiK-nser who wrote his "Fairy Queen" in the reign of Queen ElizaV«th, and tho plays of William Shakespeare whose literary activity covere.1 parta of tho reigns of Eliza^ beth and James I., show that the English language had by the end of tho sixteenth century become very much what it now is in all essential respects. The same kind of prcH.f is afforde EnKliiiiil from Oprmaiiy in 1477. The griiinniur of the languBgB xineil in the reign of Queen Elizulwlh wiw for all priictieal purposes tlmt of the ltinguat,-o used in the reign of Queen Victoria, ami though there are many more worils in the English vocahulary in the twentieth century than there were in tlio Hlxth liinguaije, the following stages and dau^s uuiy usefully 1h! taken as approximately correct :* Anglo-Saxon . . . 4111 1100 Early English (Somi Saxon) 1100-1250 Mi.mio English . . . viM-irm Modern English . 15(»-19CK) I. Anolo-Saxos (4.-)0-U00). The only means wo have of knowing tlio kind of language spoken !>y the Teutonic races in England between their cdvent thire and their aul)jugation by the Norman- Fremli are the fragments of Anglo-Saxon liteiaturo pnsluced at various times and places within that long interval. Tlio inoro imjiortant of tliese are "The Gleeman's Song," supixMcd to have lx»n written in the fifth century ; fragments of a metrical paraphrase of liible history by Caedmon, a North- umbrian monk of the latter part of the seventh century ; the poem, " Bc b<-giniiin){ of the ninth to tlie middle of the twelfth century. The Kngli»h liiii){uii;;c, OH at present used, defwnda to some extent on iiillections, ■wliich are cliangcs in the forms of words to iiiiiicttto chnnsfcH in their use or meaning (see pp. 77-135). In the earliest stage of the language, called "AngU> Maxth ullileralioii and rime ; Ormiii used neither. They wrote late in the twelfth century or ELEMENTAItY (iltAMMAK. :.'LM (»ftriy ill till' tIiirt»n»Mlli. Tim rxtnirls jrivt-n in A{i[N'iii)ix It will ^i\(! a ^hkI i)lra (if tlic |irtigi't'^.s iiia.'>0 inoo). The jinK't"*s anL;land wais a jiriest hy eailinj;, and his oecupation liroui^lit him into close eontaefc with the misery which sul)se<|ueritly caused the uiirising led by AVat Tyler and John liall ; Oeoflrey Chaucer w;is a courtier, diplomatist, and scholar, who had ample opportunity to iH'conie acfjuainted with Italian literal ure, then risiiif; to a condition of the highest excellence. He used liotli rhythm and rime with a skill that has seldom heen surpassed liy nMHl(>rn jioets, and thus (Titabli.shed the jirus.nlic.-d eh.ir:iclcr of Kiiijllsh vinsi^'. Hi:; chief work wa.s tho "Canterbury Tales.'* AImiuI half a J-- ELEMENTAllY GRAMMAR. century after his drjith Ix-j^aii tlin "Wars of the Jloaos," which clicckcd the dovrlopinciit of iiiLtional literature but favorcH tlie (It'vplopment of tlio national hmguage, so that bt-iore the at'ceasion of Ilcnry VITT. in 1509 tl;e latter had become in both grammar and vocabulary quite intelUgible to any ordinary reader of ' -uring the first of these thei-c (K'curred that revival of learning which is known as the Uenascen<'e, but not till toward its close '''d greiit literary works began to apiKvir. Early in the century Sir T)u)mas More distinguished himself as an orator and a proso writer, but his preoccupied life and untimely death prevented him from doing all he miglib havo done to add to English prose that elasticity the want of which w-as its greatest defect. He was beheaded in 1535. The latter half of the century was signalized by the publication of Edmund Spenser's " Fairy Queen " and by sevc al of William Shakespeare's plays. The language used by Spenser was made designedly more archaic than the ordinary speech of his day ; that used by Shakespeare may, with allowance made for his exceptionally ample vocabulary, \m taken as fairly repre- sentative ()f contemjMirary speech. Richard Jlooker, Sir Philip Sidney, and Francis Uacon were contemporary proso writers. During the earlier half of the second century prose was ELEMENTAHY ClliAlIlIAR. rcpicsrnlrd rliipfly \,y Ffaiicis (then Lord) Bacon, .Icilin Milton, anil Tlioiniis lloljljus; in the lallcr liiilf of it liy Jeremy Taylor, John Locke, and John liunyan. Of the latter three the influence of liuiivan on the form and char- acter of English prose was -uli '.!:» ^leatost. The Author- ized Version of the Bib.j wa.; iiuhiiilieu in Ifill. Like .Sjienser's poetry of a genera, on earlii.T it vas in its own day somewhat archaic in vocahula. •, '.;■.! ■'• liri;ical and rhetorical structure it was sinj,'ularly modern and extremely inlluential. Shakesinare continued to write plays tor the first few years of tlio century; AVilliam l)ruinmond published his exiiuisito sonnets during the same jk^i. 1; Milton's earlier poems were given to the world before 1G40 ; his later and greater works were publislu'd after the Kestoration. John Dryden, wh,> was a skilful prose writer as well as a poet, died in the last year of the century. Samuel liutler's satiric poem, "Hudibra-s," was published in IOCS, and exerted great in- fluence on the lanyuagR oji account of its jMipularity. The interval iK'twi'cn Dryden's death in 1700 and William Cowp'r's in 1800 is filled up with many distinguished names in literature. Alexander I'ojk) and James Thomson were the prominent fK«ts of the fi>riner half of tliO century, and Thomas Gray, Oliver Goldsmith, IJobert Burns, and Cowper of the latter lialf. Joseph Addison (1672-1719) w.is by no means the greatest scholar or thinker among the prose writers, but he was pre-emii.,iit in his influence on the art of writing. Since his day f;nglish prose has l«'n completely modern and free from the stiffness which had previously characterized it. Daniel DcfiK', Sir liichard Steele, and Jonathan Swift were his contemjHiraries. The succcediii" generation produced Samuel Jolnisou, Edmund liurke, Golil- smitli, iMvid Hunu', and Edward Gibb->i ELF.llKNTAHY ttUAMMAR. Tim proat names in lin^lisl. i«H.t.y .lurins H.-^ f";«t K""" eratinn of tl,. ninotcntl. century, -l.i.l, «.s ..mmaU.ly aff«-te.l l.y tl.o Kr,M,>l. llevolu.io,.. >v..,o S..mu-1 layW- CuU-ridge, William Wonlsw.rll.. Lor.l IJyrm,, IVTey Byssl.c ShcUevrand Jolm Keats; their .n.uo illustrious .ueeesso.s of tl>r.,.i>Mle of tl,c century ^vero Alfred Tenny.s,.n and Robert Browning in England an,l ";'"'y W^';^-'";; '. ^^i:^; fellow, Oliver Wemlell Ilol.nes, and Jan.es Russell I.o«,l in A,n..ri,a. The cl.ief prose writers of tl,o former ,>er.« w«re Sir Walter Scott, Walter Savage Lan.lor, Tlu.mas D. Quincy, Charles I.unh, and Coleridg . ; -f «"' '''tter, Tl.onras Carlvle, Ix.rd M....aulay, John Ruskin, W dhan. Make,.'-'-' Thackerav, a,>d Charl..s I.ickens. To their generation ui time but'to a later one l.y the publication ot bus greate. u-orks iK.longs Mr. Gol.lwin Snnth, who has never been surpassc-d as a stvlist in the nse of English prose. TREATISES ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Cka.k, a Ma..u:il ..f English Literature and uf the History of the Eii-Ush Lai.guago. Emeuson, History of tho English l.auguaao. Kbllnkii, Ilistorioi.l Outlines of Kuglisli Syntax. LocssBCKV. The English Language. MmK..uoHS,Tho English Language (riranunar. History, anil Literature). .Mouais, Historical Outline of English A.-^aeuee (Ke- viscd hy Kelliier ami Urudley V KEATll, Tlie High School English (ira.nii.ar. .S,AU.iNo, .V History of English Literature (with an .mt- line a the origin au.l growth of the English tongiiv). Sweet, \ Now English (iraniniar. WBlon™.K, The Functional Elemeuts of th. KagU.h Rentt-uut). APPEISTDIX A. IRRF/JtILAK i'LUUALS FOR REFKRENCR Siiujuiar. 1 irother penny die 6sh jrenius Jinrse index floth shut Phirai. ( brothers (of the mime family). \ bretliren (of a society), j pennies {single coins). \ pence (collectively). ( (lies (used to stamp coins). \ dice (used in games), f fishes (singly). \fish (collectively). f geniuses ([Kjrsons of great ability). \ genii (spirits). ( horses (animals). \ horse (cavalry). I indexes (in liooks). \ indices (in algebra). ( elotlis (pieces of clotli). \ clothes (garments). / shots (discharges). I shot (balls). Simpihir. Mr. Brown Mrs. Robinson Mias Smith Muster Taton man-servant woman -servant fatber-ln-law jnotlierin-law court-martial Plnral. Messrs. Brown, tlie Mrs. R(il)inson8. (the Misses Smith or the Miss Smiths. the Masters Paton. men-servants, women-servants, fathers- in-law. mothers-in-law. courts- martial. m a 7 m'a a's 7*8 ■'lit; ELEIIENTAIIV (lIUMlIAli. FORF.IC.N I'UJRALS. [The Dictionary should be consulted for such words.] radius radii. incmorandum memoranda. curriculum curricula. iixis axes. appendix appendices. phenouionon phenomona. analysis analyses. hyi>othesis hy I Ki theses. I>arenthesis parentheses. bandit (" bandits \ banditti. oasis oases. Btratum strata. tableau tableaux. GENDER NOUNS FOR REFERENCE. Different Words. Mn$niHpe. fcminui bachelor maid boy girl beau belle brother sifter buck doe bull cow buUock heifer drake duck earl countess lather mother friar nuD gander goose gentleman lady hart roe 12 yfa.^ruUnc Frminint husband wife k'^'g queen lad liLSS landlord landlady lord lady man woman master mistress nephew niece papa mamma ram ewe stag hind son daughter uncle aunt wimrd witch ELEMENTAKV GHAMMAK. DlFFKRKNCK ii p Tkrhinathin. Masculine. Fnnininc. Ma-ictifin''., Fetninint. ablwt a}»I)ess hos6 hostess ac'tor artreas hunter huntress administrator administratrix idolater idolatress umhjissjwJor ambassadress Jew Jewess advtiiturei- adventuress lion lioness author authoress marquis marchionesa liiiron baroness margrav") margravine l)enef actor benefactress master mistress liridegTooTi bride iwtron patroness count countess I)eer peeress czar czarina priest priestess dauphin dauphinesa prince princess deacon deaconess jireceptor preceptress